Nanjing Agricultural University
Wuxi Fisheries College

International Conference on Eritrean Studies (ICES 2016)
July 20 - 22, 2016, Asmara, Eritrea

Title: Sustainable aquaculture development and its rolein the food security and economic growth in Eritrea:
Trends and prospects
By:
Dr. H.Michael Habte-Tsion (PhD)
E-mail: mike2692011@gmail.com
Website: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/H_Michael_Habte-Tsion2
July 21, 2016

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Overview of Aquaculture development in Eritrea
3. Major Aquaculture species in Eritrea
4. Consumption level and consumption preferences in Eritrea
5. Fish processing status in Eritrea
6. Key institutions for Aquaculture development in Eritrea
7. Policy for short and long term Aquaculture development plan inEritrea
8. Constraints in Eritrea’s Aquaculture development
9. Rationale and recommendations for sustainable aquaculture
development in Eritrea

1. Introduction

Chapter 1. Introduction












The contribution of aquaculture to world food production has increased
significantly over the last few decades and this sector now supplies nearly
half of the total fish and shellfish used for human consumption (FAO,
2010).
Advances in culture techniques and the introduction of new species, havecontributed to the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry.
The rapid growth of this sector has also brought forth the need to ensurethat development is based on environmentally responsible practices,
including those concerning feeds.
Therefore, considering its importance in the world food sector, it is widely
recognized that the industry should become sustainable from every angle.
As the catch of wild fish declines, aquaculture is the only way to meet theincreasing demand of fishery products.
As many scientists suggested that the future of aquaculture sector ischallenged by the need to produce more fish for food security andnutrition in a further sustainable manner entailing technical feasibility,
social license, environmental integrity and economic viability.

….. Chapter 1. Introduction












Eritrea is a small developing nation in the Horn of Africa with total area
124,320 Km2 and has a population of about 6 million.
Eritrea is situated in a strategically important part of the Red Sea (Map 1).
Eritrea has an extensive 2,234km coastline, 1,151km of it coming from its
mainland and 1,083km coming from its 356 islands on the Red Sea, whichis the 6th longest coastline in Africa (Denison and Paice, 2007).
Most of the coastline is gradually sloping beaches and shallow bays withthickets of mangroves along the water’s edge – and hence, a perfectenvironment for fish farming (Wallace and McKeehan, 2006).
Aquaculture in Eritrea, if properly developed and managed could be areliable source of food security as is the case in many developing
countries.
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the sustainableaquaculture development in Eritrea and its role in food security andeconomic growth: trends and prospects.

2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

2.1. Background








Eritrea has the 6th longest coastline in Africa after Madagascar (4838km),
Somalia (3025km), South Africa (2798km), Mozambique (2470km), andEgypt (2450km) (Map 1).
Eritrea’s coastline is 2,234km, with 1,151km of it coming from its
mainland and 1,083km coming from its islands on the Red Sea.
Eritrea has 356 islands scattered around its coastal waters, 20% of which
are in the Dahalak Archipelago, with average water depth of 35 m
(Denison & Paice, 2007).
The temperature at the coastline is 25-30oC between November and April,when it starts to warm up, reaching temperatures of up to 45oC in June to
September. Tidal fluctuations are small, ranging between 50 and 120cm(Denison & Paice, 2007).

Map 1: Map of Eritrea showing physical setting Eritrea’s
fisheries and coastline1

1Source: Adopted from Grofit (1971)

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

2.2. Aquaculture (only marine aquaculture) trends










With pristine waters of the Eritrean Red Sea and clean environment,
aquaculture in Eritrea can have a strong competitive marketing advantage.
Aquaculture in Eritrea is a new form of agriculture as in many Africancountries.
An American - Japanese Expert – Gorden H. Sato (PhD) in the year 19871988, with the idea of self-reliance and food security - has initiated
Manzanar project, and cultured Mullet and Milk fish species in areas undercontrol of EPLF in the Northern Red Sea Region.
Members of the EPLF navy have been engaged in the work under thesupervision of Dr. Gordon H. Sato (PhD) and a Chinese Aquaculture expert(Dr. Lou, PhD).
After independence, similar efforts of the Manzanar project continued in asmall scale, mostly in research oriented manner in the port city of Massawa
and Haleb Island.

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea
2.2.1. Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)








The first commercial aquaculture farm in Eritrea is Seawater Farms
Eritrea (SFE).
SFE was established in November 1998 as a 50/50% joint venture
between the Ministry of Fisheries of the state of Eritrea and a USA-based
company, 10km north of Massawa.
With huge investment (over 20 million USD), SFE had metamorphosedfrom a 3.6 hectare prototype farm to about 1000 hectare Integrated
Seawater Farm and supporting facilities over its 6 years active existence.
The farm had 153 circular concrete shrimp grow-out ponds with a total
water area of 5 hectares, a Shrimp Hatchery facility, a small Pathologicaland Analytical laboratories, on site Feed Mill, over 140 hectare interlinked
earthen lakes fin-fish culture, Canals and Constructed Wetland, about 200
hectares of developed agricultural fields for Halophyte plants,
Maintenance Workshops, Offices, etc (Fig. 1-2).

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea………2.2.1. Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)

Implementation of the integrated Seawater Farms Eritrea is shown in Fig.
1: first, seawater is channeled from the sea into shrimps and fish-farms.
Rich nutrient from sea-water was used to grow salinity-tolerant, profitablespecies such as white-leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), Indian prawn(Penaeus indicus), tilapia fish and milk-fish (chanos chanos).
However, how attractive the project (SFE) on paper might have beenultimately it came to an end due to various complex reasons (see subsection: 7.1 in this paper (What went wrong with SFE?)).
Nevertheless, there is no doubt that highly experienced professionals on
the field were recruited, and lesson was taken especially on the merits anddrawbacks of the idea of integration for future initiatives.

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

Fig.1. Seawater Farms Eritrea

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

Fig.2-3. SFE activities (shrimp production, algae treatment, fishmeal processing
and feed production)

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea
2.2.2. Integrated Farming of Fish cum Chicken (IFFC)











Another aquaculture project was also conducted at a research level
entitled Integrated Farming of Fish cum Chicken (IFFC), Ministry ofMarine Resources (MMR).
The IFFC Project, a research based community development project wasestablished in 2010, 12km north of Massawa, at about 5 hectares coastal
area (Fig. 4).
IFFC was founded by local experts (Habte-Michael Habte-Tsion (PhD)
and Simon Z.-Mariam) previously were recruited in Seawater Farms
Eritrea (SFE).
The project was funded by the government of the State of Eritrea and theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
The project, after the pilot study phase, was aimed to provide alternative
livelihood or income augmenting opportunities for the coastal
communities to improve their living standards.
This project was also aimed to enlighten its mission to be a project thatwas completely committed to coastal community development withsustainability and optimal use of resources.

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

Fig. 4 (A & B): Five hectars Integrated Fish cum Chicken Farm (IFCF)
research project

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea

2.3. Aquaculture species in Eritrea

Major species in the marine aquaculture of Eritrea are: White-leg shrimp(Penaeus vannamei), Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus), Tilapia, Mullet(Mugile cephalus), Milkfish (Chanos chanos), Oyster, Sea-cucumber,
Lobster, Artemia, Halophyte plants (Salicornia and Mangrove) etc.
It can also be integrated with terrestrial animals such as poultry andruminants.

….Chapter 2. Overview of aquaculture
development in Eritrea
2.4. Aquaculture production in Eritrea
 The Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE) employed almost 800 people, shipped
1tonne of premium shrimp a week to Europe or the Middle East andcultivated over 100ha of the oil seed crop salicornia.


The average Shrimp production in Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE) in 20012003 was 14.32tonnes and 71% exported to Europe and the Middle East
(Table 1).

Table 1: Shrimp aquaculture production 2001-2003 in Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)1
Year

Export(t)Local sales(t)Total(t)

2001

9.84

1.59

11.43

2002

8.81

4.21

13.02

2003
11.50
6.73
1Source: SFE document, Massawa, Eritrea.

18.23

3. Fish consumption level andconsumption preferences in Eritrea

Chapter 3. Fish consumption level andconsumption preferences in Eritrea

3.1. Marine aquaculture fish








Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE) has been able to market fresh iced andfrozen shrimp to EU (France, Greece), Saudi Arabia, United ArabEmirates (UAE), and Egypt.
SFE’s shrimp has received excellent acceptance including in the countries
like France, which has very demanding quality requirements.
SFE was not able to exploit this high demand mainly because of limited
production.
Almost all of the buyers contacted look for consistency of both quality
and supply of the product, which SFE was unable to respond to the latter.

….Chapter 3. Fish consumption level andconsumption preferences in Eritrea

3.2. Progress in fish consumption level

Currently, the Ministry of Marine Resources as an agency of thegovernment with stakeholders in the fish supply chain channel is working
based on the following factors:(1) creating fish consumption awareness among the public through themass media; and(2) providing local distribution net works for easy access toconsumers at affordable price.
The ministry with stakeholders has established many new distribution
sites mainly in the cities and towns; likewise, to fulfill consumers demand,the Massawa Eri-Fish Processing Plant and Asmara Eritrean Marine
products Companies (EMPC) have been distributing fresh fish using cold
storage equipped vehicles throughout the country.
As a result the consumption level for marine fish is increasing from time
to time.

4. Fish processing status in Eritrea

Chapter 4. Fish processing status in Eritrea












Eri-fish Processing Plant was established in 1995 in Massawa, it has
processing capacity of 15tonnes of fish and 4tonnes of shrimps per day. It
currently sells fresh and frozen fish products in the regional and local
markets.
Eritrean Marine products Companies (EMPC) of Asmara and Assabbranches that were established in 1995 and 1998 respectively have also
been processing and distributing fresh fish to local markets and for export.
The EMPC Asmara is a processing and marketing company, operating aprocessing plant with a capacity of 10tonnes of fish per day.
Established in 2011, fish processing and depot plants in Gelalo, Tio andEddi have been playing essential role in collecting fish harvested throughartisanal fishing practices.
The facilities of the EMPC and Eri-fish Processing Plant have beenrecognized as meeting the standards required for eligibility to export to the
EU market (MMR, 2011).
These processing plants are also expected to play a vital role inaquaculture development.

5. Key institutions for aquaculture
development in Eritrea

Chapter 5. Key institutions for aquaculture
development in Eritrea

5.1. Ministry of Marine Resources (MMR)The MMR has overall responsibility for the management and developmentof the fisheries resources (including aquaculture) of Eritrea within thelegal framework provided by the Fisheries Proclamation (No.104/1998).
The Ministry has two operational departments: the Fisheries Resources
Development Department (FRDD), and Fisheries Regulatory Services
Department (FRSD); and two Divisions: Training and Human Resources
Development; and Administration and Finance.
The operations of the Ministry are decentralized into two regional
branches, Northern and Southern Red Sea Regions.

….Chapter 5. Key institutions for aquaculture
development in Eritrea

5.2. College of Marine Science and Technology (COMSAT)The COMSAT was established in June 2005 under the auspices of the
Ministry of Marine Resources and Ministry of Education to fulfill thefollowing objectives:(1) to produce graduates that will participate in the exploitation,
management and conservation of living marine and coastal resources,(2) to train seafarers that can serve in the maritime industry as engineers
and to train technical personnel that can install, maintain and repair
engines and cooling equipment, and(3) to generate and disseminate knowledge on the marine and maritime
resources of the Eritrean coast through research and publications.
The college is currently offering four degree and five diploma programs infour academic departments: Department of Aquaculture; Department ofApplied Marine and Fisheries Science; Department of Marine
Biotechnology; and Department of Marine Engineering (IFAD, 2010).

6. Policy for short and long term
aquaculture development plan in Eritrea

Chapter 6. Policy for short and long term
aquaculture development plan in Eritrea
 The Eritrean Constitution and macro-economic policies provide the wider
policy and legal context for the development of the fisheries sector,
including aquaculture.
 The policy goal is the long-term sustainable utilization of fisheries
resources for the benefit of Eritrea and its people.
 The objectives are: (1) The provision of employment opportunities for thecoastal population; (2) Improvement of the livelihoods of artisanal fishers;(3) Enhancement of food security; (4) Increase in foreign exchangeearnings through exportation of high value fish and fish products,
principally to the regional and European markets; and (5) Sustainable andbalanced use of fisheries resources, including aquaculture.
 According to the report in the Symposium of the Ministry of Marine
Resources in May, 2011; taking into account the given potentials andopportunities, a five-year plan has been charted out to introduce
community-based aquaculture in seawaters (Kesete, 2011).

7. Constraints in the Eritrea’s aquaculture
development

Chapter 7. Constraints in the Eritrea’s
aquaculture development

 Against the above opportunities for aquaculture development in Eritrea
must be set multiple constraints to their realization.
 These bear on critical areas of general levels of capitalization, production,aquaculture-related infrastructures and services, marketing, policy, etc.
7.1. What went wrong with Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)?
 SFE has failed as a business venture because it failed to generate
sustainable economic profit, which is the main measure of success of acommercial venture.


Although each unit has been projected to generate revenue and even profit the system
as a whole has generated little income that eventually led to the failure and cessation tooperate and manage the farm, as envisioned in its onset and development, as integrated
farm.

….Chapter 7. Constraints in the Eritrea’s
aquaculture development…..7.1. What went wrong with Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)?
Some of the drawbacks, mistakes and failure factors of SFE are listed
below:
 Lack of clear and binding national laws and regulations on aquaculture
development in Eritrea at the time of inception of SFE.
 Although the theoretical project concept was well developed and attractive
on paper it was not successfully implemented on ground. No thorough,truthful and professional techno-economic feasibility study was
conducted.
 Poor job on site survey, analysis and selection.
 Arguable production strategy: Extensive, semi intensive, intensive andsuper-intensive farming systems are all being utilized in aquacultureindustry today.
SFE employed super-intensive culture system that is at the peak of all culture systems
that demands the highest cost of development, operation, skill and technology, with ahigh risk.

….Chapter 7. Constraints in the Eritrea’s
aquaculture development…..7.1. What went wrong with Seawater Farms Eritrea (SFE)?
Super-intensive culture systems may be appropriate in the highly developed countries
where land is very expensive and technological advancement is at its crest.
Therefore, no thorough professional considerations were taken on the production
strategy in relation to cost of development, operation, return, risk, management,
Eritrea’s climate, economic, technological advancement, etc.

 Lack of responsible aquaculture practices:

especially associated with the protocols of live animal importation, quarantine and biosecurity measures etc.
As a consequences disease introduced from abroad.

 Poor business management:

SFE cannot just be regarded as an aquaculture facility.
It is rather seawater based integrated farm that integrates shrimp, fin-fish andcultivation of halophyte plants, and constructed wetland all functioning in a coordinatedinterdependent integrated fashion.

8. Rationale and recommendations forsustainable aquaculture development inEritreaChapter 8. Rationale and recommendations forsustainable aquaculture development in Eritrea
8.1. Recommendations for sustainable aquaculture development inEritrea
For the development of a successful sustainable aquaculture industry in
Eritrea and aquaculture industry to reach its full potential, a number ofcritical success factors must be addressed and resolved.
1. The government should incorporate and endorse aquaculture into national
development plans and strategies and provide commitment to its
development as one sector of the Eritrean National Development Strategy
to contribute its share in Eritrea’s foreign exchange earnings, food security
and direct and indirect employment generation (e.g. China).
Given the availability of extensive coastal plains, unpolluted water, existing roadinfrastructures along the coast, relatively inexpensive labor, and some local
aquaculture operation experience, aquaculture has a bright future and good potentialof economic contribution.

….Chapter 8. Rationale and recommendations forsustainable aquaculture development in Eritrea……8.1. Recommendations for sustainable aquaculture development inEritrea
2. The government needs to put a great deal of effort to lay the necessary all
round basic foundation for the development of sustainable aquaculture in
Eritrea in terms of policy and regulations, establishing administrative
procedures for evaluation and approval of projects, developing Code(s) ofBest Practice etc, by promoting increased dialogue and communication
between all stakeholders including with due consultation of scientists(local and foreign aquaculture experts) and the experience of Seawater
Farms Eritrea.
3. The government needs to allocate resources for sustainable aquaculture
development, strengthen aquaculture related institutions including
research center, monitoring, regulatory systems, etc.
4. Identify appropriate funding sources (grants) and technology forsustainable aquaculture development (e.g. China).
5. Seawater farms Eritrea should only be taken as a learning experience andnot as a reference of aquaculture prospect in Eritrea.

Summary

All in all aquaculture in Eritrea, if properly developed and managed
could play key roles in food security and economic growth as the casein many developing countries, including China.
Eritrea is found at the very important strategic economic zone for
China’s new initiative Maritime Silk Road (MSR) and South-South
cooperation plans.
Indeed, aquaculture at Eritrea’s coastline is one of the potential
industries to be developed under this initiative.

Publications
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

Habte-Tsion HM, Ren MC, Liu B, Ge XP, Xie J, Chen R. Threonine modulates immune response,
antioxidant status and gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant-immune-cytokine-related
signaling molecules in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish & Shellfish
Immunology, 2016, 51: 189-199.
Habte-Tsion, H.M. Threonine affects growth, digestive capacity and immunity of fish. Germany,
Saarbrücken: LAMBERT Academic Publishing (2016-02-26) -ISBN-13: 978-3-659-82715-0, pp. 264.
Habte-Tsion HM, Ren MC, Liu B, Xie J, Ge XP, et al. Threonine affects digestion capacity andhepatopancreatic gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). British
Journal of Nutrition, 2015, 114: 533-543.
Habte-Tsion HM, Ge XP, Liu B, Xie J, et al. A deficiency or an excess of dietary threonine level affects
weight gain, enzyme activity, immune response and immune-related gene expression in juvenile bluntsnout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2015, 42: 439-446.
Habte-Tsion HM, Ren MC, Liu B, Ge XP, et al. Threonine influences the absorption capacity and brushborder enzyme gene expression in the intestine of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama
amblycephala). Aquaculture, 2015, 448: 436-444.
Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, Ren MC, Ge XP, et al. Dietary threonine requirement of juvenile blunt snout
bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Aquaculture, 2015, 437: 304-311.
Habte-Tsion, H.M., Liu, B., Ge, X.P., Xie, J., et al. Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth
performance, muscle composition, blood composition and digestive enzymes activities of Wuchangbream, Megalobrama amblycephala fry. Israeli J. Aquacult., 2014, 65, 1-9 (Bamidgeh 2013 IJA_65. 925).

……Publications
8. Sesay DF, Habte-Tsion HM, Zhou QL, et al. Effects of dietary folic acid on the growth, digestive
enzyme activity, immune response and antioxidant enzyme activity of blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerling. Aquaculture, 2016, 452: 142-150.
9. Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, et al. Dietary isoleucine requirement of juvenile blunt snout
bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2015, in Press, doi:
10.1111/anu.12396.
10. Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, et al. Dietary valine requirement of juvenile blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala Yih, 1955). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015, 1-7.
11. Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, et al. Dietary leucine level affects growth performance, wholebody composition, plasma parameters and relative expression of TOR and TNF-α in juvenile bluntsnout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture, 2015, 448: 162-168.
12. Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Xie J, et al. Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth
performance, diet digestibility and liver glucose enzyme activity in blunt snout bream,
Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture 2015, 438: 75-81.
13. Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, et al. Food deprivation of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama
amblycephala fingerlings and the subsequent effect of refeeding with different dietary starch levels
on glucose metabolism. Israeli J. Aquacult. 2015, 67: 1-9 (Bamidgeh, IJA_67.2015.1188).
14. Ren MC, Liu B, Habte-Tsion HM, Ge XP, et al. Dietary phenylalanine requirement and tyrosine
replacement value for phenylalanine of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala.
Aquaculture, 2015, 442: 51-57.

……Publications
15. Liang HL, Ren MC, Habte-Tsion HM, Ge XP, Xie J, Mi HF, et al. Dietary arginine affects growth
performance, plasma amino acid contents and gene expressions of the TOR signaling pathway in juvenile
blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture 2016, 461: 1–8.
16. Zhou QL, Xie J, Ge XP, Habte-Tsion HM, Liu B, Ren MC. Growth performance and immune responsesof gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with graded level of rare earth-chitosan chelate. Aquaculture
International, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10499-015-9937-0.
17. Qiang J, He J, Yang H, Xu P, Habte-Tsion HM, Ma XY, Zhu ZX. The changes in cortisol and expressionof immune genes of GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different rearing densities under
Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture International, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s10499-016-9995-y.
18. Liu B, Zhao ZX, Brown PB, Cui HH, Xie J, Habte-Tsion HM, Ge XP. Dietary vitamin A requirement ofjuvenile Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) determined by growth and disease resistance.
Aquaculture, 2016, 450: 23-30.
19. Cui Y, Liu B, Xie J, Xu P, Habte-Tsion HM, Zhang YY. The effect of emodin on cytotoxicity, apoptosis
and antioxidant capacity in the hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish Shellfish
Immunol. 2014, 38: 74-79.
20. Cui Y, Liu B, Xie J, Xu P, Habte-Tsion HM, Zhang YY. Effect of heat stress and recovery on viability,
oxidative damage, and heat shock protein expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idellus). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 40: 721-729.
21. Cui, Y., Liu, B., Xie, J., Xu, P., Habte-Tsion, H.M., et al. The effect of hyperthermia on cell viability,
oxidative damage, and heat shock protein expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idellus). J. Thermal. Biol., 2013, 38, 355-361.

Academic awards & rewards

1. National Reward entitled “2015 CSC Distinguished Foreign Student” from the
China Scholarship Council (CSC) in December 2015.
2. Institutional Reward entitled “2015 High Impact Factor Publication” from
Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences inJanuary 2016.
3. Certificate of Honor entitled “Excellent International Student” from College ofInternational Education, Nanjing Agricultural University in June 2016.
4. Certificate of Honor entitled “Excellent International Student” from College ofInternational Education, Nanjing Agricultural University in January 2016.
5. Certificate of Honor entitled “Outstanding Graduate Student in the Mid-term
Evaluation” from College of Graduate Students, Nanjing Agricultural University inJune 2015.
6. Certificate of Honor entitled “Excellent International Student” from College ofInternational Education, Nanjing Agricultural University in June 2015.
7. Certificate of Honor entitled “Excellent International Student” from College ofInternational Education, Nanjing Agricultural University in December 2014.

Acknowledgements

 I’m very grateful to my friend, Mr. Thomas Mountain for his great
help to report this paper May God bless you Thomas!!

Thanks for your attention!
谢谢！