3.54.Family TACHINIDAE
Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Flies with subscutellum (postscutellum) welldeveloped, strongly convex in profile (Fig. 3; except Litophasia Girschner and Cinochira Zetterstedt: Figs 107-log), meral (hypopleural)bristles present (Figs 3, 104, except Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve); body often strongly bristled.
Body length from less than 2 mm (Catharosia
Rondani) to 20 mm (Tachina Meigen).
First instar larva with strongly developed labrum fused to the rest of cephalopharyngeal skeleton; maxillae (oral hooks) developed only in second and third instars. Larva endoparasitic in insects, rarely in other arthropods.

Adult. Head large, usually higher than long or
subquadrate, seldom hemispherical (Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy, Halidaya Robineau-Desvoidy,
Fig. 23). Vertex wide (Figs 63-64) to narrow(Fig. 68), very wide in Gonia Meigen and related
genera (Figs 14, 49, 65), in majority of males
narrower than in females, in Phasia Latreille infemale narrower than in male. Inner vertical bristles usually strong, reclinate (Figs 64-67) ormedioclinate and crossed (Fig. 63), in males withstrongly narrowed frons proclinate and hair-like
48, 54). Outer vertical bristle usually preFigs 2, 64-66), often hair-like or absent in; (Fig. 63), rarely absent in both sexes (Figs25, 68). Ocelli present (Figs 2, 63-68), partiallyor entirely absent only in Therobia Brauer and
Aulacephala Macquart. Ocellar bristles usuallystrong and proclinate (Figs 63, 64), less often
lateroclinate or reclinate (Figs 14, 28, 37, 65),
sometimes hair-like or entirely absent (Figs 16,24). Frontal vitta (frontal stripe, interfrontalarea) usually well-developed (Figs 63-67), practically absent in some Phasiinae (Fig. 68). Frontal
bristles usually medioclinate, descending more orless far on parafacial (Figs 3-20), in most Phasiinae (Figs 25, 44) and Dexiini (Figs 21-22, 46)
extending forwards only to level of base of antenna. Fronto-orbital plate (parafrontalia) usually with scattered or dense hairs or setulae lateral to row of frontal bristles (Figs 3-16), rarely
entirely bare (Figs 21, 25), with one or more ad-ditional rows of medioclinate or reclinate bristles
mainly in some Goniini (Figs 14, 49, 65). One(Figs 8, 10, SO), two (Fig. 6) or more (Figs 11,52) reclinate or lateroclinate upper orbital bristles present, in many genera not distinguishable
from uppermost frontal bristles (Fig. 23) or absent (Fig. 25). Proclinate orbital bristles usuallypresent in females (Figs 2-3) and in males withwide frons (Figs 14-15), rarely absent in both
sexes (Figs 25,68); the number of proclinate orbital bristles is usually two (Figs 2-3), less often
only one (Fig. 17); few genera bear a completerow on fronto-orbital plate (Fig. 23). Face usually more or less concave or flat and not visible
in lateral view (Figs 4-1 l), sometimes slightly
convex and entirely visible in lateral view (Figs
13,16,38,39), in most Dexiinae and a few othergenera with a distinct median longitudinalcarina, separating antenna (Figs 21-22, 33).
Lower facial margin straight and not visible inlateral view (Figs 8-1 1) or protruding forwards
and more or less visible in lateral view (Figs 13,
16, 20-21). Vibrissa usually well-developed andstrong (Figs 4-21), rarely not differentiated fromhairs on vibrissal angle (Fig. 22); arising nearlevel of lower facial margin (Figs 4-11) or lessoften distinctly above (Figs 20, 25). Facial ridgewith setae on lower fifth or less up to lower fivesixths (rarely without any seta above vibrissa,
Figs 24, 3 9 , the setae may be weak, decumbent
and becoming hair-like above (Fig. 18) or strong,more or less erect, and retaining their bristle-likeappearance up to the uppermost seta (Figs 4, 7,50); the facial ridge may be concave (Fig. 9),
straight (Fig. 10) or convex (Figs 8, 12, 49) inlateral view. Parafacial entirely bare (Figs 9, 7,56) or with hairs or setulae in its upper part only
(Figs 4, IS), sometimes with hairs or setulae overmost of its length (Figs 32, 35, 49, 51) or alsowith proclinate bristles (Figs 16, 26, 29,57); thewidth of parafacial varies from width of arista(Fig. 30) t o nearly as large as horizontal diameterof eye (Fig. 14). Gena very narrow and not visible in lateral view (Fig. 30) or exceptionally high(Figs 4, 53); all intermediate forms are present.

692

Genal dilation usually well-developed (Figs 6,
10, 16), in several genera not (Figs 21, 24) or
only scarcely developed (Figs 4, 15); hairs on
genal dilation usually fine and short, sometimes
long and stout or accompanied by one or twobristles. Back of head usually slightly convex, lessoften strongly convex (Figs 13, 43), sometimes
flat or slightly concave (Figs 6, 23), hairs or setulae on it pale or black or a mixture of both. Eyebare or nearly bare (Figs 20-25) or covered withhairs (Figs 6-8, 63).
Antenna usually inserted at level above lower
half of eye (Figs 4-8), rarely at level of lower halfor below (Fig. 21), in Halidaya Egger at levelnear lower third (Fig. 23); antenna usually
longer than height of gena (Figs 4-11), shorterin most Dexiini and a few other genera (Figs
21-22, 34). Scape (first antennal segment) short,in Richteriola Mesnil with a basal hook-like prolongation (Fig. 35). Pedicel (second antennal segment) usually short (Figs 4-11), elongate in a few
genera (Figs 16, 76); a strong dorsal bristle pre-Fig. 54.1. Bracbymera mgosa (Mik), male.

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

sent in many Dexiini and several other genera(Figs 21, 70-71, 77). First flagellomere (third antennal segment) sometimes strongly elongate
relative to preceding antennal segments (Fig. 41),
sometimes shortened (Fig. 76), subtriangular(Figs 47, 74), or apically pointed (Fig. 70, Acemyini), bifurcate only in male of Peribaea fissicornis (Strobl) (Fig. 78); anterior margin straight(pigs 60, 80), less often convex (Figs 16, 55, 76),or rarely concave (Figs 71-72). Arista inserted
near base of first flagellomere (Figs 69-80),
rarely near middle (Fig. 47); thickened only atbase (Figs 71, 80) up to near apex (Figs 4, 14);usually bare, except for microscopic pubescence(Figs 72-74, 80), less often with short hairs (Figs58, 71), in most Dexiini and a few other genera
plumose (Figs 21, 33, 48, 77), lancet-like widened apically in male of Cylindromyia pusilla(Meigen) (Fig. 79). First and second aristomeres
usually short (Figs 69-73), in several genera
elongate to a varying extent (Figs 31, 47, 75).
Proboscis well-developed (Figs 4-1 l),seldom

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

very small (Fig. 22). Prementum sometimes elongate, with short labella (Figs 21, 31-32, 38, 56,62) or seldom with elongate slender labella (Figs
15, 60); sometimes shortened (Fig. 22). Palpus
usually well-developed, slightly swollen apically(Figs 61-62) or filiform, parallel-sided (Figs 32,60); rarely strongly thickened apically (Figs 22,58), more or less reduced (Fig. 16) or completely
absent.
Thorax: postpronotum (humeral callus) usually with three or four bristles (Figs 90, 93, 97),
less often with five (Figs 91-92, 94), two (Fig.
101), or rarely only one; the three basal bristles
arranged in a more or less straight line (Figs 90,
93, 98) or middle basal bristle displaced anteriorly (Fig. 91-92, 99), sometimes an additional
parabasal bristle present (Fig. 96). Proepisternum(propleuron) usually bare (Fig. 103), less often
covered with hairs (Fig. 102), always with one
or two anterodorsally directed bristles at lower
margin. Proepimeron with one or more anterodorsally directed bristles (Fig. 102), the lower
bristle inclined anteroventrally in a few genera(Fig. 103). Prosternum bare (Fig. 134) or with
one or more hairs or setulae along lateral margins (Figs 135-136); in Ormiini the prosternum
is strongly swollen (including the articulating
membrane, Fig. 137), which is considered to bea receptor of acoustic signals of their hosts(Lakes-Harlan and Heller 1992). Scutum usuallywith four (rarely five) narrow dark longitudinal
stripes (Figs 81-82), in some genera (especiallyin Minthoini) with only two broad narrow
stripes (Fig. 83) or sometimes entirely dark or
densely pruinescent, without stripes. Scutumwith four pairs of longitudinal rows of bristles:
the median paired row of acrostichal bristles, lateral to it one row each of dorsocentral, intra-alarand supra-alar bristles (Figs 2-3, 84-89). The fullnumber of setae on scutum is: three presuturaland three postsutural acrostichal bristles, threepresutural and four postsutural dorsocentral
bristles, one presutural and three postsutural intra-alar bristles, three postsutural supra-alar bristles. Many genera (mainly in Phasiinae) have a
reduced number of bristles (Figs 87-89); in rarecases there are one or two additional bristles. A
strong presutural bristle is almost always present,

inserted anteriorly between the rows of supraalar and intra-alar bristles (Fig. 2). It is usuallyplaced near the supra-alar bristles, but sometimes
before the intra-alar bristles; a clear decision,
whether this bristle really belongs to the row ofsupra-alar bristles is not possible, thus the usualreference to it simply as 'presutural bristle' is justified. Additional bristles on scutum between
postpronotum and postsutural supra-alar and intra-alar bristles are either referred to as 'posthumerals' or as presutural supra-alar or intraalar bristles, but a clear assignment to one ofthose rows is usually not possible; (presutural
bristles on scutum before the rows of both supraalar bristles and intra-alar bristles are of no importance in the key t o the genera). In most Phasiinae (but also in several genera outside thisgroup) two widely separated postsutural intraalar bristles present (Figs 88-89), or its number
is reduced t o one (Fig. 87) or even none. First
postsutural supra-alar bristle (pre-alar bristle)
strong (as in Eryciini and Goniini, Figs 2-3) or
weak (as in Exoristini and Blondelliini, Fig. 85),
sometimes entirely absent; in Exoristini an additional smaller bristle usually present between second and third postsutural supra-alar bristle (Fig.
85). Notopleuron with two (Figs 2-3, 84-89) or(rarely) three bristles. Postalar callus usually withtwo (Figs 2-3), rarely one or three bristles.
Scutellum usually with four pairs of bristles
along its margin: basal, lateral, subapical and apical bristles (Figs 117, 121-122). Basal scutellar
bristles seldom absent or hair-like (Figs 116,
120). Lateral scutellar bristles usually distinctly
shorter than subapical bristles (Figs 119, 122),
sometimes absent or hair-like (Figs 124, 128,
130, 132-133), as long and strong as subapicalbristles (Figs 114, 120, 123), or two or morepairs are present (Figs 118, 131). Subapicalscutellar bristles usually the strongest pair of bristles on scutellum (Figs 119, 122, 130), rarely
weak and not extending back to level of apices
of apical bristles (Fig. 117); usually divergent(Figs 114, 120) or subparallel (Fig. 119), rarely
convergent (Fig. 122). Apical scutellar bristles
usually weak (Figs 119, 121-122), less often
strong (Figs 117, 128, 130-133) or absent (Figs
114, 120, 123); they may be crossed (Figs 117,

694

122, 130-133), parallel (Fig. 121) or divergent(Fig. 119), horizontal (Fig. 125) or more or lesserect (Figs 3, 126-127). When only two pairs ofscutellar bristles are present on margin (Figs 115,
124, 129), i t is sometimes difficult t o decideHans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

whether the most apical pair belongs to subapicalor apical bristles. In rare cases the subapical bristles are the only pair of marginal bristles (Fig.
116). Dorsal surface of scutellum with (Figs 119,
121) or without one or more pairs of discal bris-Figs 54.2-3. Morphology, chaetotaxy and terminology of body of Lydella GabMlans (Meigen), female. 2: dorsal and 3:
lateral view (abbreviations: abd tg: abdominal tergite, acr S: acrostichal bristle, anatg: anatergite, anepm: anepimeron, anepst:
anepisternum, ant: antenna, ap sctl S: apical scutellar bristle, ar: arista, a spr: anterior spiracle, b pprn S: basal postpronotal
bristle, b sctl S: basal scutellar bristle, dc S: dorsocentral bristle, fr: frons, fr S: frontal bristle, gr amp: greater an~pulla,hlt:
halter, ial S: intra-alar bristle, i vt S: inner vertical bristle, kepm: katepimeron, kepst: katepisternurn, gn: gena, gn dil: genal
dilation, gn S: genal bristle, Ibl: labella, 1 m S: lateral marginal bristle, 1 sctl S: lateral scutellar bristle, m ds S: median discal
bristle, m m S: median marginal bristle, mr: meron, mr S: meral bristle, npl: notopleuron, npl S: notopleural bristle, ocp:
occiput, oc S: ocellar bristle, oc tr: ocellar triangle, o vt S: outer vertical bristle, pafc: parafacial, pal cal: postalar callus, pc
orb S: proclinate orbital bristle, plp: palpus, pocl S: postocular seta, poc S: postocellar bristle, pprn: postpronotum, premnt:
prementum, prepm S: proepimeral bristle, prepst: proepisternum, presut S: presutural bristle, p spr: posterior spiracle, psut
spa1 S: postsutural supra-alar bristle, rc orb S: reclinate orbital bristle, sbap sctl S: subapical scutellar bristle, sbsctl: subscutellum, sctl: scutellurn, spa1 S: supra-alar bristle, trn sut: transverse suture, vb: vibrissa, wg b: wing base).

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

tles, sometimes with one or more pairs of straightand more or less erect preapical bristles (Fig. 123).
Subscutellum (postscutellurn) well-developed,
strongly convex in profile (Fig. 3), except in Cinochira Zetterstedt (Fig. 108) and Litophasia
Girschner (Fig. 107). Anepisternum (mesopleuron) always with a row of bristles along its posterior margin (Fig. 3). Katepisternum (sternopleuron) usually with three bristles (Figs
109-1 10), less often two (Fig. 111)or four (Figs3, 112), rarely more (up to five or six) or fewer
bristles (Fig. 113). Anepimeron (pteropleuron)with hairs (Fig. 3) and usually also with a bristle
near base of wing (Fig. 104), the bristle sometimes very strong or even duplicated. Katepimeron (barrette) bare (Fig. 112) or with at mosta few hairs (or rarely a short bristle) on anterior
fourth, sometimes fully haired (Fig. 111). Meron(hypopleuron) with a vertical row of bristles(Figs 3, 104), less often with only two or threebristles, meral bristles are absent or hair-like in
Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve. Postmetacoxal area
membraneous (Fig. 139), rarely sclerotized, i. e.,posterior edges of metepimera meet each otherat midline between hind coxae and base of firstabdominal sternite, forming a postmetacoxal
bridge (Fig. 138). Anatergite (mediotergite) usually bare (Fig. 3), in some genera with a groupof minute hairs or setulae below lower calypter
near anterior margin (Fig. 104). Anterior thoracic spiracle usually narrow and closed byfringes of hairs (Figs 3, 102-103), rarely rounded
and broadly open (Sepseocara Richter). Lappetsof posterior thoracic spiracle usually distinctly
unequal in size, the posterior lappet subcirculur(Figs 104-105); in several genera about equal insize (Fig. 106).
Wing: lower calypter (squama) usually welldeveloped, its inner margin more or less contiguous to lateral margin of scutellum (Figs 128,130-13 1, 133); rarely small and divergent fromscutellum (similar to Rhinophoridae, Figs 129,132); strongly reduced in Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve; exceptionally enlarged in some Leucostomatini (Fig. 130); its lateral margin strongly convex and bent ventrally in Ethillini (Fig. 128); its
dorsal surface usually bare, covered with long
hairs in a few genera only (Fig. 131). Wing usu-

ally unpatterned, transparent, sometimes whitish
or evenly darkened, rarely with distinct dark pattern (Figs 168-170, 173). Second costal section
bare ventrally or with fine hairs (similar t o dorsally in Fig. 156). Base of costa usually without,rarely with a strong costigial bristle (Fig. 165).
Costal bristle (before subcostal break) not differentiated from the other costal setae (Figs 165-172)or strong, differentiated as costal spine (Figs
155-157). Fourth costal section usually longer
than sixth costal section (Fig. 155), sometimes
sixth costal section absent (M or the petiole of
r4+5 ending at apex of wing, Figs 162-163, 182),
in a few genera fourth costal section about aslong as sixth costal section (Figs 178, 181) or
shorter (Figs 177, 179). RI usually bare, rarely
with setae dorsally (Fig. 162) or dorsally andventrally. R4+5 usually with a few hairs or setulae
at base (Figs 155, 158-159), less often entirelybare (Figs 167, 170), with a single large seta (Fig.
160), or with setae reaching to crossvein R-M(Figs 163-164, 175) or well beyond (Figs 162,
166, 177-178). CuAl usually bare, rarely setose(Fig. 162). M usually with a distinct bend (Fig.
155), rarely gradually and evenly curved ornearly straight up to wing margin (Fig. 171), or
not reaching wing margin, ending about wherebend should be (Fig. 160). Bend of M distinctly
obtuse (Figs 162-163), blunt-angled (Figs 173,l 8 l ) , right-angled (Figs 164, 175-176) or rarely
acute-angled; without (Fig. 155) or with a shortstub (Figs 175-176, 182) or long extension (Figs
164, 180); wing membrane in a few genera(mainly in Exoristini) creased for a short distancedistal to bend of M, appearing from above as acontinuation of M (Figs 158, 179). Wing cell
r4+5 open (Figs 155, 169), closed at wing margin(Figs 159, 163) or with a short (Figs 164, 182)
or long petiole (Figs 170, 173);in case of a petiole M joining R4+5 usually at an acute angle (Figs
175-176), less often at an right angle (Figs 170,174), in Elomya Robineau-Desvoidy the petiole
is bent forwards (Fig. 167). Crossvein R-M always present. Crossvein dM-Cu usually present,
distinctly oblique in Voriini (Figs 166, 177), absent in a few genera (Fig. 160). Anal vein notreaching hind margin of wing (Fig. 155), except
in a few genera (Fig. 163).

697

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

Legs elongate in males of some Dexiini and ina few other genera, rarely shortened (females of
Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidy). .Inner anterior
surface of fore coxa bare, in a few genera entirelyor predominantly covered with appressed setulae(Fig. 140). Fore and mid femora rarely with tworows of spines ventrally (Fig. 142). Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly longer
than preapical dorsal seta (Fig. 145), about equalin length (Fig. 144), distinctly shorter (Fig. 143)or even absent. Fore tibia with one (Fig. 144) or
two (Figs 143, 148) posterior bristles, rarely
none (some Phasiinae). Fore tarsus laterally compressed in some Minthoini. Fore claws usually
longer in male than in female. Mid tibia with one(Fig. 148) or more (Figs 146-147) anterodorsal
bristles, up to a complete row, rarely none (somePhasiinae); one ventral bristle usually present(Fig. 148), rarely absent (Fig. 149). Hind tibia
with two (Figs 151-152), three (Fig. 150) or
rarely more dorsal preapical setae. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia usually distinctly
shorter than preapical anteroventral seta, sometimes hair-like or absent (Fig. 152); in several
genera (mainly in Tachininae) nearly as long as
preapical anteroventral seta (Fig. 151). Anterodorsal bristles on hind tibia usually irregular inlength and spacing (Figs 150-151), in several
genera with a comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform length, with (Fig. 154) orwithout (Fig. 153) a longer bristle at midlength;
the anterodorsal bristles are flattened in Blepharipa Rondani. Hind coxa with one or moresetae on posterodorsal margin in several genera(Figs 139, 141).
Abdomen usually oval-shaped (Figs 183-1 85),
sometimes elongate (Fig. 189), rarely flattened(Fig. 187), subglobular (Fig. 188) or laterallycompressed; usually more or less covered withpruinescence, less often shiny, without pruinescence. Abdominal tergite 5 usually about as longas abdominal tergite 4 (Figs 183-184, 203), in a
few genera strongly elongate (Fig. 204) or short-ened (Fig. 186). Intertergal sutures usually distinct (Figs 183-187), rarely abdominal tergites
more or less fused, without intertergal sutures(Fig. 188). Middorsal depression on abdominal
syntergite 1+ 2 extending back to hind margin ofthat segment (Figs 2, 184), or not reaching it(Figs 183, 185-1 89). Abdominal tergites usuallywith marginal bristles (Figs 2-3, 203), they areoften absent on syntergite 1+ 2 (Figs 183-185),
or rarely all marginal bristles are reduced (Figs
187-1 8 8, 204). Discal bristles on abdominal tergites 3-5 may be present (Figs 2-3, 183, 203) orabsent (Figs 184-1 85, 189, 205); occasionallythey are also developed on syntergite 1 + 2 . Abdominal tergites of male in several genera of Exoristinae with one or more pairs of patches ofshort dense hairs ventrally or laterally (Fig. 196);
a similar big patch present on dorsal surface oftergites 3 and 4 in some species of Besseria Robineau-Desvoidy. In females of some Blondeliini
and Cylindromyiini which deposit eggs directlyon the host, the ventral margins of tergites become modified and are often more or less covered with spines (Figs 194-195, 203). Abdominal sternites usually overlapped by the ventral
edges of tergites (Figs 196-197), less often sternites more or less exposed (Fig. 193).
Male terminalia (postabdomen, Figs 214-215)
usually retracted within abdominal tergite 5 (additional information to male terminalia see
Tschorsnig 1985). Tergite 6 usually more or lessreduced, joining segment 7 8 by membrane orfused to it, sometimes completely reduced; spiracle 6 usually situated on membrane. Sternite 6
as a rule asymmetrical, its left part being longer
and wider than the right one; it may become
symmetrical or nearly symmetrical in certain genera, or is sometimes reduced to a flat symmetricalplate; on its left side sternite 6 is articulated withor less often fused to segment 7 8, on its rightside it is attached to it by membrane. Segment 7
8 (syntergosternite 7 8) bears hairs and bristles; segment 7 usually much shorter than seg-

+

+

+

+

Figs 54.4-11. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 4: Istocheta cinerea (Macquart), male; 5: Admontia n~aculisquama(Zetterstedt), male; 6: Carcelia bombylans Robineau-Desvoidy, male; 7: Phorinia aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, female; 8:
Eumea lineariconzis (Zetterstedt), male; 9: Townsendiellomyia nidicola (Townsend), female; 10: Catagonia aberrans (Rondani), male; 11: Phehellia nigripalpis (Robineau-Desvoidy), female (abbreviations: he: vertical diameter of eye; hg, heightof gena, rc orb: reclinnte orbital bristle).

699

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

ment 8, the border between them often visible asa lighter suture o r groove; spiracle 7 situated anterolaterally on segment 7 8, sometimes bothspiracles or only the right one in membrane.
Sternite 5 functionally belonging to the male
genitalia complex, differing from preceding sternites in larger size and the hind margin usuallycleft, often with protruding lateral lobes and a
tranversal membraneous stripe adjacent to themedial margin of the cleft; the cleft is reducedor absent in Acemyini, most Dufouriini and Phasiinae, the transversal membraneous stripe absent
in Phasiinae; the lateral lobes medioapically or
also medially covered with microscopic hairs (absent in Phasiinae). Epandrium (Figs 197, 213)
convex, sometimes elongate, seldom flattened(Labigastera Macquart); the posterior margin is
prolongated dorsolaterally into a more or less triangular lobe articulated with the cerci; thelateroventral margin may form a separated lobelike projection in certain Ernestiini. Cerci usuallywith a distinct dorsal medial suture, apicallyseparated from each other, with apices often
slightly bent ventrally, median margins of theapices rarely with some teeth; cerci present alltransitions t o a completely fused syncercus; they
may also be concave on its dorsal surface anddensely covered with long hairs (some Exorista
Meigen), strongly shortened (Peleteria RobineauDesvoidy), or bearing large dorsal projections(Eurithia Robineau-Desvoidy a. 0.). Surstylus
rather elongate and narrow (many Exoristinae and Tachininae) or broad (Dexiini a. o.), strongly
shortened in most Exoristini and Phasiinae; in a
few genera surstylus more o r less fused withepandrium or with basal part of cerci. Bacilliform sclerites long o r shortened, rarely fused t oeach other o r completely reduced. Hypandrium
nearly always with arms which may be drawn together or completely encircle the base of phallus;
the gonopodes are articulated t o the hind marginof 'the medial part (medial plate) of the hypandrium; in Phasiinae the medial plate is length-+

ened backwards, hypandrial arms may be reduced or fused t o the medial plate, which resultsin gonopods seeming to be attached t o the ends
of hypandrial arms. Gonopod (pregonite) usuallylobe-like, with sensillae, hairs, or bristles on its
dorsal margin, rarely with some spines (Cadurciella Villeneuve) o r teeth (Actia Robineau-Desvoidy); gonopod separated basally from hypandrium by narrow light membrane o r fused t o it;
gonopodes become strap-like, mostly without
hairs o r sensillae in all Dexiinae, some Exoristinae (Acemyini), Ormiini and some Phasiinae (Imitomyiini, Eutherini); sometimes strongly elongate and fused gonopods may form a tube t o the
distal end of which parameres and phallus are attached. Paramere (postgonite) usually hook-like,with sensillae o r hairs; rarely more or less reduced (Gwenda Richter, Elfia Robineau-Desvoidy; see Richter 1984). Basiphallus more orless elongate, the shortest in Phasiinae, with orwithout an epiphallus in various position dorsally. Distiphallus usually separated from basiphallus by ventral membrane and attached t o it
dorsally by dorsal sclerite; lateroventral surfaceof distiphallus either occupied by a sclerite
whose halves are more or less fused ventrally andspreading on the lateral surface (most Exoristinae) or membraneous with or without a distinct
ventral sclerotization; lateroventral surface ofdistiphallus nearly always covered with microscopic spinules. Distinct apical membraneous orsclerotized parts of the distiphallus are usually referred to as acrophallus; such structures are usually well-developed in Dexiinae and many Phasiinae. The distiphallus may be strongly elongate,especially in Voria Robineau-Desvoidy and allied
genera, or shortened (Strongygastrini) up t o acomplete reduction (Labigastera Macquart). Distiphallus and basiphallus are more o r less inflexibly linked by the dorsal sclerite (Exoristinae, Tachininae, Phasiinae), or the distiphallus is attached t o the basiphallus by a flexible membrane(Dexiinae, Fig. 215). Phallopodeme more or lessFigs 54.12-19. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 12: Pexopsis aprica (Meigen), male; 13: Bithia gorbunoui Tschorsnig,
male; 14: Gonia distinguenda Herting, male; 15: Siphona geniculata (DeGeer), male; 16: Peleteria varia (Fabricius), male;
17: Petagnia subpetiolata Rondani, male; 18: Phryxe prima (Brauer et Bergenstamm), male; 19: Myxexoristops blondeli(Robineau-Desvoidy), female (abbreviations: fc rg: facial ridge, Ibl: labella; 1 fc mg: lower facial margin, oc: ocellar bristle,
premnt: prementum).

t131H31N eJaA Pue 9INStlOH3Sl Jalad-SuEH

0O.l

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

elongate, usually with a process (intermedium)
ventrally near basiphallus. Ejaculatory apodemeof sperm pump strongly variable in shape andsize, rarely completely reduced.
Female terminalia (additional information see
Herting 1957): Tergite 6 intact dorsally as a rulein Phasiinae, most Dexiinae and several Tachininae, not retracted in segment 5 and bent ventrally in Cylindromyiini (Fig. 207); in nearly all
Leucostomatini it has a short flexible base andforms two lateral hemicircular narrow processi(referred to as pincers in the key, Figs 189-192),usually with some enlarged black spines on the
medial margin of each processus (Figs 189,
191-192). In Exoristinae and most Tachininae
tergite 6 is more or less strongly interrupted mediodorsally, forming two sclerites bearing setae. Spiracle 6 on lateral margins of tergite 6, less often
in intersegmental membrane before it (Lixophaga
Townsend, Campylocheta Rondani); in Blondelia Robineau-Desvoidy, Compsilura Bouchk andVibrissina Rondani tergite 6 is reduced on sides,
and spiracle 6 is situated also in membrane. Tergite 7 as a rule also intact in Phasiinae, many Dexiinae and some Tachininae; in Exoristinae andmany Tachininae it is interrupted mediodorsally,in Paratyphera minor Shima and Nemoraea pellucida (Meigen) reduced or completely absent.
Spiracle 7 shifted on tergite 6 in most tachinids,
less often remains on sides of tergite 7 (Prosena
LePeletier et Serville, Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy), sometimes in intersegmental membrane
between tergites 6 and 7 (Linnaemya RobineauDesvoidy, some Campylocheta Rondani). Sternites 6 and 7 as a rule wider than the preceding
ones. Sternite 6 narrowed anteriorly in Winthemiini and Goniini. In most Goniini (except Myxexoristops Townsend, Ocytata Robineau-Desvoidy, Prosopea Rondani) sternite 7 is on thehind margin with a short projection densely covered with hairs. In Blondelia Robineau-Desvoidy, Drinomyia Mesnil, Compsilura BouchC
and Vibrissina Rondani sternite 7 is modified
into a strongly sclerotized pointed stylet of ovi-

70 1

positor, directed ventrally and forwards (Fig.
203). In Leucostoma Meigen sternite 7 forms
two elongate palp-like projections directed backwards and dorsally. Sternite 7 may be reduced(Winthemiini) or completely absent (Winthemia
Robineau-Desvoidy, Trigonospila Pokorny). Tergite 8 usually not noticeably reduced in Exoristinae (except Paratyphera Rondani where it is absent) and Phasiinae; in Dexiini it is well developed in Trixa Meigen and Prosena LePeletier andServille, distinctly reduced in Estheria RobineauDesvoidy and absent in the rest of genera; inDufouriini it is strongly elongate in Rondania
Robineau-Desvoidy, divided in halves and fused
to sternite 8 in Chetoptilia Rondani and Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy. Complete reduction of
tergite 8 is typical of Tachininae, rarely only rudiments of it present. Sternite 8 never subdivided
or emarginate on hind margin, may be narrowed
posteriorly, with protruding, rounded or pointed
hind margin (Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy,
Pelatachina Meade a. 0.)which is considered to
be an adaptive feature of ovolarviparous females
depositing eggs directly on the host. Sternite 8 isconcave, narrowed to the rounded hind margin
and reaches apex of abdomen in Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy, strongly reduced in Linnaemya
Robineau-Desvoidy, Ernestiini, Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy; its reduction occurs also in Exoristinae, from Winthemiini with well-developed
sternite 8 bearing marginal bristles t o Exoristini,where it is rudimentary or completely absent. In
Phasiinae sternite 8 may be modified in astrongly sclerotized stylet of ovipositor (Phasia
Latreille, Leucostoma Meigen, Dionaea RobineauDesvoidy, Cinochira Zetterstedt), may be slightly
sclerotized (Cylindrom~iini)or absent (Opesia
cana (Meigen)). Tergite 9 fused to tergite 10
forming so-called endtergite present in part of
Exoristinae, Tachininae and Phasiinae though reduced in many genera of each subfamily (onlyone pair of bristles remains of it in Ernestia Robineau-Desvoidy, Eurithia Robineau-Desvoidy,
Tachina Meigen, Peleteria Robineau-Desvoidy a.

Figs 54.20-27. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 20: Stomina tachinoides (Fallen), female; 21: Prosena siberita (Fabricius),
female; 22: Trixa caerulescens Meigen, male; 23: Halidaya aurea Egger, male; 24: Dexiosoma caninum (Fabricius), male;
25: Phasia pusilla Meigen, female; 26: Cyrtophleba ruricola (Meigen), male; 27: Voria ruralis (Fallen), male (abbreviation:
car: carina).

t131H31tl eJaA Pue 3lNStlOH3Sl Jalad-sueH

ZOL

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE0.). In Dexiinae the endtergite is reduced completely, its rudiments remaining only in Trixa
Meigen. Postgenital plate (sternite 10; fused sternites 9 and 10) may be slightly sclerotized, except the margins only or is strongly sclerotizedin Dexiinae, flattened and triangular in somePhasiinae, elongate and bent parallel to the stylet
formed by sternite 8 in Catharosia Rondani.
Different adaptive modifications of female
terminalia are typical of tachinids depositing eggs
directly on the host. In Exoristinae tergite 7 andsternite 7 of females of Medina Robineau-Desvoidy and Paratrixa Brauer et Bergenstamm are
drawn to each other, their margins forming a
blade which may be passed under a beetle's
elytrae (Figs 194,211-212). In Dexiinae femalesof Rondania Robineau-Desvoidy and Pandelleia
Villeneuve have a long tubular telescopic ovipositor formed by segments 6, 7 and 8; the segment 6 forms a tube not drawn into abdomen,
short and directed backwards in Rondania (Fig.
208), long and bent forwards under abdomen in
Pandelleia (Fig. 210). In Phasiinae the females of
Cylindromyia Meigen and Lophosia Meigen
have tergite 7 and sternite 7 fused, with posterolateral angles forming a strongly sclerotized curved
hook.

Egg in oviparous species elongate-oval tobroad-oval, with length 0.4 to 1.6 mm (macrotype egg); upper chorion thickened, convex,
marked with reticulations, of milky white colour
caused by the air contained in chorionic structure; the lower surface flat or concave, with anadhesive coating on it to stick to host. Larva may
hatch by cutting the thin underside of the chorion or opening an operculum deliniated by elevage line which is present in most Exoristini andsituated at the anterior end of the egg; the hatching larva of Bessa selecta (Meigen) may use it or
get out of the egg through the under surface ofthe egg (Mellini 1960). Different kinds of operculum are described in Ethillini and Eutherini. In
Ethillini the operculum is situated on the upper703

surface of the egg in its anterior half or in thecentre (Tschorsnig 1988). In Redtenbacheria insignis Egger and also in Euthera fascipennis(Loew) an oval window is situated on the dorsal
surface of the egg immediately before its posterior end (Herting 1966). Aeropyle is developedon both or one of the ends of the upper surfaceof the egg; the size and number of pores may bedifferent even in related species. Some of oviparous species have modified membraneous eggs
with thin chorion and sometimes also with finereticulations, without aeropyle; they are deposited on intersegmental membranes or inserted
into the body of the host (Phasia Latreille, Leucostomatini, Cylindromyiini). In ovolarviparous
species of Blondeliini and most Eryciini the egg
is subcylindrical, with thin chorion but with still
remaining difference in the upper and under surface, the upper one with air contained in chorionic structure. In some subcylindrical eggs of ovolarviparous Voriini and Dufouriini only the ends
are transparent, the rest of the surface is white
due to air in chorionic structure. Tachininae andDexiini also have membraneous eggs containing
larvae ready t o hatch. The membraneous egg ofmost species of Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy has
a short posterior pedicel varying in different species; the pedicel may be expanded at distal end
and glued by it t o the integument or to a seta ofcaterpillar (Nielsen 1911).
Microtype eggs containing a larva ready tohatch are glued onto host plant and swallowedby host with the food. They are oval t o almost
round, smaller than 0.4 mm, about 0.1 to 0.4
mm in maximum diameter. The upper surface ofthe egg is thick, the lower surface thin, the colour
is usually dark, less often white. The upper chorion examined under electronic microscope showsa network of columnes and interconnected cavities, while the ventral chorion is a homogenous
fibrillate structure; a clearly defined aeropyle issituated dorsally near the anterior pole of the egg(Salkeld 1980).

Figs 54.28-35. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 28: Leucostoma semibarbata Tschorsnig, female; 29: Engeddia hispanica
Tschorsnig, male; 30: Bampura angustigena Tschorsnig, female; 31: Rhynchogonia algerica Brauer et Bergenstamm, male;
32: Hypovoria defrtata Richter, male; 33: Riedelia bicolor Mesnil, male; 34: Ciala veleda Richter, male; 35: Richteriola
heata Richter, male (abbreviations: car: carina, 110: basal hook of scape, oc: ocellar bristle).

704

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

Larvae. First instar lama with strongly developed labrum fused to the rest of cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Homology of the anterior partof cephalopharyngeal skeleton of tachinids is
widely accepted (Hennig 1973, Teskey 1981).
Labrum elongate and ~ o i n t e din most Exoristinae, some Tachininae, Voriini and Phasiinae,
broadened with more or less pointed apex in all
Dexiini, some Tachininae and Voriini; the anterior margin of the labrum is often serrate in Exoristinae. The ventral margin of labrum is serrate
in Gymnosoma and Ectophasia. Observations onliving larva of Tbrixion abewans (Schiner) showedthat the working labrum moves from the front
backwards making by this move both perforationof the egg shell and the cuticle of the host. Mandibles not developed; no ventral pharyngeal
ridges; a lateral sclerite whose shape varies withspecies on either side of labrum; a small sclerotized plate termed salivary gland sclerite beneath hypopharyngeal sclerite. Antenna1 sensory
papillae usually small, may be flattened, discoidal
or elongate cylindrical, two-segmented (Admontia Brauer et Bergenstamm, Nemoraea pellucida(Meigen), Palpostomini, Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy, all Dexiini), also two-segmented but short(Hyalurgus sima (Zimin), Atylostoma towadensis(Matsumura)). The discoidal antennal papillae
may be unusually large (Cavillatrix calliphorina
Richter). Rarely the antennal papillae are elongate and ending in a long hair 1.6 of the lengthof the first thoracic segment (Triarthria setipennis (Fallen)). Maxillary sensory papillae small,elongate, inclined forwards and ventrally, with
inflated apex in Dexiini and some Tachininae.
Cuticle of the larva primarily transparent,with bands of rows of microscopic spines on theanterior margin of thoracic and abdominal segments or on anterior and posterior margins ofabdominal segments. The dorsal surface of thoracic segments is seldom strongly pigmented (Loewia brevifrons (Rondani)). Modifications of
cuticular armature include: differentiation ofspines in size, shape and sclerotization, especially705

on abdominal segment 8 with most spines directed forwards, development of bristles on the
body segments in some Tachininae (Angiorbina
Brauer et Bergenstamm, Parhamaxia Mesnil, Microphthalma Macquart) and most Dexiini, anddevelopment of cuticular scales. In Dexia bristlesof the hind surface of abdominal segment 8 aremuch longer than stigmophores; in Billaea intermedia (Portshinsky) and B. pectinata (Meigen)the stigmophores bear bristles; leaning on them
the larva may raise itself t o a height of 1.5 cm(Tolg 1910). Cuticular scales covering the bodysurface occur in most Tachininae, Stomina Robineau-Desvoidy (with poorly visible pale elongate hexagon plates), and nearly all Dexiini,
which has a protective function for larvae searching for a host. Cuticular scales may be polygonal,transversal, oval, rounded, rhomboidal, bearing
spines on anterior margin directed forwards oron posterior margin directed backwards, bearing
longitudinal or transversal keels. One larva may
possess many types of cuticular scales; they areespecially variable in Dexia Meigen. Cuticularscales may be present only on thoracic segments(Macquartia praefica (Meigen), Dinera grisescens(Fallen)). In Tachininae the ventral surface of the
body usually bears no cuticular scales but only aband of spines along the anterior margin of segments. Development of large cuticular plates isalso typical: in Triarthria setipennis (Fallen) andAnthomyiopsis plagioderae Mesnil they cover thedorsal surface of each of thoracic segments andabdominal segments 1-7, in Glaurocara flava
Thomson also the lateral surface of the body iscovered by cuticular plates (Crosskey 1965); in
Tberobia leonidei (Mesnil) similarly arranged cuticular plates overlay the anterior margins ofhind plates forming a real armour. Reduction ofspines is less frequent: they are absent on all thoracic segments dorsally in Ligeria angusticomis(Loew) and Campylocheta praecox (Meigen), on
the dorsal surface of all abdominal segments in
Drino inconspicua (Meigen), Gonia Meigen andClausicella suturata Rondani, and on the dorsal

Figs 54.36-43. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 36: Gemaria mficeps (Falltn), male; 37: Campylocheta dentifera Richter,
male; 38: Fischeria bicolor Robineau-Desvoidy, female; 39: Eriothrix apennina (Rondani), male; 40: Hasmica xanthocera
Richter, male; 41: Magripa autumnalis Richter, male; 42: Naira nata Richter, male; 43: Corybantia flaviaristata Richter,male (abbreviation: oc: ocellar bristle).

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

surface of the entire body except thoracic segment 2 in Phyllomya volvulus (Fabricius). The
ventral surface of the body also may lack spinescompletely (Campylocheta praecox (Meigen);spines are lacking on all segments except for agroup of spines around the hind spiracles inThrixion aberrans (Schiner).
Most first instar larvae are metapneustic; eachspiracle with two slits or rarely with a single Vshaped aperture. Stigmophores are present in
Dexia Meigen, Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, andMilada Richter (long, sinuate, non-pigmented),and Ciala Richter (short, narrow, directed backwards and dorsally). First instar larvae of some
Goniini and Voriini are apneustic.
Second instar larva. Antenna1 and maxillary
sensory papillae considerably less developed(small and rounded in Triarthria setipennis(FallCn)). Labrum reduced; paired mandibles
well-developed in most species. One short cylindrical mandible in Voria ruralis (FallCn); a sole
medial mandible, replaced in the third instar
larva by short paired mandibles in Phytomyptera
nigrina (Meigen) (Mellini 1954a); mandibles
completely absent in Thrixion aberrans (Schiner)
as in the first instar larva. Usually the hypopharyngeal sclerite is fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite, leaving one articulation between mandibles and hypopharyngeal sclerite.
Cuticular armature strongly reduced or completely absent; if present, consisting of microscopic spines only. A large median sclerotizedplate on the ventral surface of thoracic segment
2 is present in Sturmia bella (Meigen) and Nemoraea pellucida (Meigen). Usually larvae are amphipneustic, but some (Acemyini, Ocytata pallipes (FallCn), Pales pavida (Meigen), Clausicellasuturata Rondani and all investigated Phasiinae)
remain metapneustic. Anterior spiracle usually
elevated from surface of prothorax, with one ormore (up to 50) papillate openings at apex. Eachof posterior spiracles usually with two (sometimes three t o six) slits, sometimes cuticular processes and groups of stout spines around spiracles

707
present. Few species remain apneustic: Loewia
foeda (Meigen), Leskia aurea (Fallkn), Anthomyiopsis plagioderae Mesnil.
Third instar larva (additional information see
LConide 1969, Mellini 1954-1990, Ziegler 1998).
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton strongly sclerotized,
except Anthomyiopsis plagioderae Mesnil, withmandibles sclerotized only and remaining skeleton parts membraneous. Mandibles of variable
structure, fused postero-dorsally in Nemorillamaculosa (Meigen) and Sturmia bella (Meigen),absent in Thrixion abewans (Schiner). Usually
two articulations between mandibles and hypopharyngeal sclerite and between hypopharyngeal
and tentoropharyngeal sclerites, but sometimes
there is only one articulation behind mandibles(Nemoraea pellucida (Meigen), Phytomyptera nigrina (Meigen), Voria ruralis (Fallen)) o r also one
articulation but behind hypopharyngeal sclerite(Phryxe vulgaris (Fallen), P. nemea (Meigen),Eumea linearicomis (Zetterstedt)). Intact dorsal
cornua of tentoropharyngeal sclerite is typical oftachinids; ventral carinae are fused forming aconcave ventral sclerite in Glaurocara Thomson.
Also typical of tachinids is the lack of parastomal
bars. Body with numerous longitudinal and transversal grooves concealing distinct segmentation;
ventral locomotory projections on the anterior
margin of thoracic segments 2 and 3 and on abdominal segments 1 to 7 rather common. Cephalic segment bare, a group of spines may bepresent only near atrium. Cuticular armaturecomprises bands of microscopic spines; in Cylindromyia Meigen the body is covered withrounded or polygonal scales. Most larvae are amphipneustic; larvae of Acemyini, Therobia Brauer,
Glaurocara Thomson and Phasiinae (except Phania incrassata PandellC) remain metapneustic. Anterior spiracles of variable form and number oflobes and apertures. Posterior spiracles situatedon the surface of abdominal segment 8, sometimes on conic projections (Anthomyiopsis plagioderae Mesnil) or stigmophores (Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy, Ocytata Robineau-Desvoidy,

Figs 54.44-51. Heads of Tachinidae, lateral view. 44: Arcona amuricola Richter, female; 45: Emporomyia caucasica Richter,
male; 46: Dinera grisescens (Fallen), male; 47: Scomma gobica Richter, male; 48: Cavillatrix calliphorina Richter, male; 49:
Manola xenocera Richter, female; 50: Dolichocolon paradoxum Brauer et Bergenstamm, male; 51: Pseudalsomyia hyrcanica
Richter, male (abbreviation: rc orb: reclinate orbital bristle).

3.54.Familv TACHlNlDAE

Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, Phasia Latreille, Clytiomya Rondani, Leucostoma Meigen), , very
rarely sunken within a common cavity as in Sarcophagidae (Estheria picta (Meigen), E. petiolata(Bonsdorff)). Slits of the spiracles usually straight,
sometimes curved or sinuose, with raised rims
delimiting them; the slits may become subdivided or broken into a number of shorter slits orthere may be a large number of pores instead ofslits. The number of slits is usually three, it may
increase to four, five or occasionally more.
Sometimes the spiracular plate has one or several
cuticular processes o r spines.
Biology and behaviour (endoparasitic life oflarva mainly from Mellini 1990). Endoparasitism
in insects should be considered as the primary
biological characteristic of Tachinidae. In theworld fauna of tachinids, only three genera are
known to parasitize centipedes, one genus spiders (Vincent 1985), and one genus scorpions(Wood 1987; Williams et al. 1990); typical of allthese genera is ovolarviparity, an advanced modeof reproduction. The endoparasitism in insects
distinguishes Tachinidae from all related families.
Attaching an unincubated egg on the host is
considered to be the most primitive mode of infesting the host in Exoristinae and Phasiinae.
Oviparous females deposit a moderate amount ofeggs (100 t o 200); each ovary has only a small
number of ovarioles (about 10), the oviducts areshort, the common oviduct (vagina) is short andmembraneous. The gravid female appears always
to have one fertilized egg ready for ovipositionin vagina, irrespective of the presence of hosts.
The fertilization of an egg in all oviparous species of tachinids occurs immediately following an
act of oviposition (Herting 1965). Attacking thehost takes often a fraction of a second, the female
approaches the host, raises on its legs, extends
the telescopic ovipositor forwards under the abdomen and lays the egg on the host's body; inmany cases only mobile hosts are attacked. The
egg undergoes embryonic development on the709
host's skin within .two t o twelve days and may
be destroyed by the host or becomes lost due t omoulting of the host. Eggs are usually depositedon the anterior part of the host's body, in a position where they cannot be destroyed easily bymandibles of the host larva (which can be done
however by some neighbouring larva). The mostusual distribution of eggs on the host's body may
only appear t o be selective, resulting from the
fly's method of attack and the victim's habits anddefence mechanisms. This type of reproduction
is typical of Phasiinae (except Imitomyiini, Strongygastrini, and some Eutherini) and in part of
Exoristinae (Exoristini, Winthemiini, some Blondeliini, very few Eryciini). Adaptations of female
terminalia in several genera enable them t o deposit the unincubated egg on intersegmental membranes (Elomya Robineau-Desvoidy) or into thebody of host (Phasia Latreille, Leucostomatini,
Cylindromyiini).
Females of more advanced genera of Exoristinae, very few Phasiinae, all Tachininae and Dexiinae are ovolarviparous, ovolarviparity being evolved in tachinids several times independently. In
ovolarviparous tachinids the number of ovarioles
in each ovary varies from 1 0 t o 20 up t o a big
amount; the enlarged and elongate common oviduct forms an elastic uterus (ovisac) with'increased tracheal supply containing the fertilized
eggs until the end of their embryonic development. The shape of uterus varies from a n elongate strap-like one containing 40-60 fertilized
eggs in one row (Ethillini) t o a much broader one
which contains up t o 4000 eggs in the uterus. As
it fills with eggs the uterus increases in length,
may curve into a spiral and occupy most of thefemale's abdomen. Although larvae may hatch
within seconds after the deposition of egg, all tachinids are ovolarviparous, unlike viviparous
Sarcophagidae (Herting 1960, Wood 1987). The
larva of ovolarviparous tachinids depositing theegg directly on the host hatches within minutes
and penetrates the host (some Blondeliini, mostEryciini, few Tachininae, and Voriini).

Figs 54.52-59. Heads o f Tachinidae, lateral view. 52: Crapivnicia donabilis Richter, female; 53: Haracca pamassiina Richter, male; 54: Dicarca puviatilis Richter, male; 55: Hyleorus elatus (Meigen),male; 56: Clausicella puella Rondani, male;
57: Periscepsia turkmenica Richter, male; 58: Actinochaetopterix patellipalpis Richter, female; 59: Plesina asiatica Richter,female.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

A large group of Exoristinae, the Goniini,
produce minute, microtype eggs, with thick upper chorion; each ovary has up to 400 ovarioles,
up to 4000 fertilized eggs may be stored in theuterus. The eggs are deposited on the host plant(preferably on leaves already damaged by feeding
hosts, sometimes also on fruits) and swallowedby the host with the food; the thick chorion andits dark pigment in some species (Gonia Meigen
a. o.), makes it possible for the egg to survive several weeks after oviposition.
Many species of ovolarviparous tachinids!ere belong most Tachininae and all Dexiini but
so some Exoristinae), deposit membraneous
eggs not directly on the host, but in its vicinity
or on its food plant, with first instar larva waiting
or searching for the host. The fecundity of thesetachinids is often very high (235 with wide variations between 107 and 385 eggs in Triarthria
setipennis (Fallen) (Kuhlmann 1992) up to 8000
eggs in Ormiini and Glaurocarini). This mode of
reproduction enables them to infest hosts feedingat night or in habitats inaccessible to the ovipositing fly. Larvae of Ernestia Robineau-Desvoidy
and Tachina Meigen wait for a suitable host on
food-plant in ambush and are protected by astrongly sclerotized and pigmented cuticular armour; larvae of Lypha Robineau-Desvoidy andGymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy search actively
for the host and have a less thick cuticle. Larvaeof Microphthalma Macquart and Dexiini search
for the hosts mainly in the soil, decaying woodor under the bark of trees and have a thin cuticle.
Tachininae with this mode of reproduction havethe widest range of hosts, also including centipedes, spiders and scorpions.
To burrow through host's integument the first
instar larva uses the action of saliva softening the
cuticle and mechanical action of the labrum
which often has a pointed apex or in species
parasitizing adult beetles is saw-like. Penetrating
the host takes from five minutes to four hours(usually from 30 minutes to two hours in Metacemyia calloti (SCguy)). From microtype egg
swallowed by the host with food the first instar
larva hatches in foregut or in the anterior part of
midgut; the egg opens mainly due to chemicalfactors, specifically proteolytic enzymes, and dueto the activity of the larva ripping the vitelline
membrane and already somewhat softened chorion; the pressure of the mouthparts and prQventriculus of the host seems to have no significant
effect (Mellini 1990). Localization of the first instar larva in the host's body varies strongly; it
may remain at the place of penetration in host's
body with its hind end in the wound caused bypenetration, or migrate and live in salivary andsilk glands, muscles, nervous ganglia, or evenimaginal discs up to completion of the firstmoult. Larvae hatching from microtype eggs in
the digestive tract of the host perforate the wallsof intestine and usually migrate t o above mentioned organs inducing often their hypertrophy,
which allows them to avoid the haemocytic reaction of the host (incapsulation of the parasitoid). Some first instar larvae live freely inhaemocoel (Meigenia mutabilis (FallCn), Ocytata
pallipes (Fallen), Anthomyiopsis plagioderae Mesnil, Peribaea tibialis (Robineau-Desvoidy) ormove t o the walls of intestine, the integument between the epidermis and cuticle or into trachea.
Usually larvae of tachinids are feeding in early instars only on haemolymph and (sometimes) fatbody without damaging the host seriously, but in
Therobia leonidei (Mesnil) (LConide 1969) and-Athrycia trepida (Meigen) the first instar larva
feeds at least partly on host's muscles; the first
instar larva of Leucostoma simplex (FallCn) feeds
on muscles and other tissues of the host (Hendrick and Stern 1970). The third instar larva usually destroys internal organs of the host inducingliquefaction of its body contents by introducing
into it digestive enzymes. The extra-intestinal digestion by the parasitoid soon induces the deathFigs 54.60-68. Probosci and heads of Tachinidae. 60-62: proboscis, lateral view: 60: Ancistrophora mikii Schiner, female;
61: Ceranthia samarensis (Villeneuve), male; 62: Nowickia ferox (Panzer), female. 63-68: heads, dorsal view: 63: Linnaemya
haemowhoidalis (Falltn), male; 64: Bessa selecta (Meigen), male; 65: Gonia ornata Meigen, male; 66: Thelymorpha marmorata (Fabricius), male; 67: Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (Walker), male; 68: Opesia cana (Meigen), female (abbreviations: a: width of frons, b: width of eye, c: distance between posterior ocelli, d: diameter of prementum, e: length of prementum, frorb plt: fronto-orbital plate, fr vit: frontal vitta, Ibl: labella, plp: palpus, premnt: prementum, vrt: vertex).

,.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAEof the host; production by the parasitoid larva of
antimicrobial substances prevents decompositionof the liquid contents within exoskeleton of thevictim. The third instar larva of Dexia rustica(Fabricius) may temporarily get out of the host's
larva and penetrate into it in another place, leaving outside only the hind end of its body bearing
spiracles. The advanced third instar larva ismostly disengaged from respiratory funnel andfills almost the whole body cavity of the hostwith its own body. The larva defecate all at once
when it has reached maturity; after that it appears more or less contracted and significantly
smaller. Larvae of Phasiinae and few other tachinids feed only on host's fat-body and may
damage the internal organs only mechanically, so
the host may outlive the exit of tachinid larva;
heteropterous hosts may live after that from several days to two weeks (Dupuis 1963). Femalesof the ant Lasius niger (Linnaeus) may live several weeks after the exit of their parasitoid
Strongygaster globula (Meigen) (Gosswald 1949).
If the female of the walking stick Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) survives the exit of the larvaeof Tbrixion aberrans (Schiner), it may even deposit some eggs (LConide and LConide 1982).
Most tachinid larvae breathe atmospheric air.
Many of them use for it the primary entrance
opening in the host's integument, keeping in it
or sticking out of it the hind end of the body withspiracles; they generally induce the formation ofa primary respiratory funnel. The funnel isformed from the host's hypodermis (to a smallpart only) and mainly from haemocytes involvedin the process of cicatrization of the integument
and plugging by the haemocytes of the woundmade in the host's integument. A thin transparent membrane developes in about 1.3 to 2.3
hours after parasitoid's penetration. The continuation of sheath development is due t o the apposition of haemocytes on this membrane and t openetration of haemocytes inside the sheath
open at the distal end; the walls of the funnel
which gradually enlarges while the host is alive
include exuviae of the first instar and second instar larvae, become more strong and assume theappearance of parchment. In primary respiratory
funnels the flexible transparent sheath often cov-

ers the entire body of the first instar and young
second instar larva, feeding therefore solely on
the haemolymph which filters inside the sheath.
The third instar larva usually tears the sheath andprotrudes freely by its anterior end into thehost's haemocoele. Some first instar and certain
second instar larvae are apneustic, live without
connection with the outside air and obtain oxygen dissolved in the haemolymph of the hostthrough flexible integument. At the end of thefirst instar or at the beginning of the second instar these larvae establish a secondary respiratory
funnel, the integument being punctured byspines and sharp strongly sclerotized stigmatic
processus. Tracheal funnels are usually secondary; the trachea may be perforated by mouthparts or sharp sclerotized processes in theperitreme of posterior spiracles of tachinid larva.
There are many species (in particular parasitoidsof adult beetles) which d o not establish respiratory funnels; in the first instar the larva uses theoxygen from the host's haemolymph, in next
two instars obtains the air through temporaryconnections of the posterior spiracles with sclerotized perforating processes to the air sacs or t o
the tracheal branch of the host. The membraneous part of the respiratory funnel has not beenfound in some Phasiinae (Beard 1940).
Though most tachinids belong t o solitaryparasitoids, gregarious forms are not rare (80Drino atropivora (Robineau-Desvoidy) ex Acberontia atropos (Linnaeus)). Frequent superparasitation of host larvae (initial coexistence of several parasitoids of the same species in the same
individual of the host) and both intraspecific andinterspecific competition among larvae of tachinids occurs because of the inability of females
to recognise a host already attacked in cases ofdepositing an egg directly on the host and because of means of attack in indirect parasitation.
Competition among the larvae begins early andusually ends during the first instar, the excess larvae being as a rule eliminated by direct fighting(blows by labrum which cause large wounds). In
general the deciding factor in the competition is
the order of penetration: the larva which first inhabits the host will win. Multiparasitation is also
very common. In these cases of interspecific714

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

'

/

81

trn sut

82

Figs 54.81-89. Thoraces of Tachinidae. 81-83: presutural scutum, dorsal view: 81: Phebellia glauca (Meigen), female; 82:
Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius), female; 83: Mintho mfiventris (Fallen), female. 84-89: left side of postsutural scutum, lateral view: 84: Siphona flavifrons Staeger, female, 85: Exorista lawamm (Linnaeus), male; 86: Tachina praeceps
Meigen, male; 87: Ectophasia crassipennis (Fabricius), male; 88: Lubigastera forcipata (Meigen), male; 89: Cylindromyia
xylotina (Egger), male (abbreviations: dc: dorsocentral bristle, ial: intra-alar bristle, npl: notopleural bristle, psut spal: postsutural supra-alar bristle, trn sut: transverse suture).

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

competition the type of development is the deciding factor: in competition among tachinid larvae of Sturmia bella (Meigen) and Compsilura
concinnata (Meigen) or Ph y x e vulgaris (FallCn)
the larva of Sturmia bella perishes usually, because the larvae of the other two species undergo
development before pupation of the host's larva,
whereas larva of Sturmia bella begins t o growonly after host's pupation (Mellini 1957, 1990).
The pupation may occur outside or inside thehost body (always outside, if the host is still
alive); if the host is ectophagous, the larva usually falls t o the ground and burrows a few centimetres into the soil; if the host is endophagous,
the larva often pupates beside the host's body.
Synchronization of their own cycles with thoseof hosts is common in tachinids; some of them
may have one generation in a year, independentof the host's voltinism. In general, number of theannual generations tends t o increase with thelevel of polyphagy of the tachinid, which canthus take advantage of more varied possibilities
to complete its cycle. Usually tachinids hibernate
as a pupa in the ground or as a first- o r beginningsecond instar larva inside the host in diapause;in rare cases the mature larva hibernates in the
body of the host. Diapause of the host is always
followed by diapause of the tachinid larva; insome species a cessation of development occurs
at the end of the first instar or at the beginningof the second instar until the beginning of thecertain stage of the host (last instar larva orpupa); both kinds of diapause result in the synchronization of the cycles of parasitoid and hostand have adaptive significance for tachinids.
Insects known as hosts of tachinids belong toeleven orders (parasitoids of Embioptera havenot been found in the Palaearctic region):
Blattodea: parasitation of a larva of the desert
cockroach Anisogamia tamerlana Saussure (Blattidae) by Arama gobica Richter (Goniini) is recorded.
Mantodea: parasitation of Tenodera angustipennis Saussure (Mantidae) in Japan by Exorista
bisetosa Mesnil is recorded.
Phasmodea: three genera and three species ofPhasmatidae are parasitized by Thrixion aberrans(Schiner), Phaortes illipidus (Brunner von Wat-

tenwyl) (Phasmatidae) is recorded as a host of
Mycteromyiella marginalis Shima.
Orthoptera: grasshoppers of both suborders,
Ensifera and Caelifera, families Bradyporidae,
Tettigoniidae, Tetrigidae, Acrididae, are parasitized by Acemyini. Grasshoppers of the family
Tettigoniidae are parasitized also by Therobia
leonidei Mesnil (Ormiini). Females of Ormiini
are attracted by the songs of grasshoppers andcrickets; they may even be attracted by a loudspeaker reproducing a recording of the call notesof the appropriate host (Cade 1975).
Dermaptera: Forficulidae are parasitized by
Ocytata pallipes (FallCn) (Goniini) and Triarthria
setipennis (FallEn) (Tachininae) and Anechuromyia nigrescens Mesnil et Shima (Blondeliini).
Heteroptera. Most families include hosts oftachinids: Nabiidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Reduviidae, Lygaeidae, Stenocephalidae, Coreidae,
Rhopalidae, Acanthosomatidae, Cydnidae, Scutelleridae, Pentatomidae. All bugs are parasitizedexclusively by Phasiinae.
Coleoptera. Nearly all large families are parasitized by tachinids: Carabidae, Silphidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Cleridae,
Coccinellidae, Lagriidae, Tenebrionidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Attelabidae, Curculionidae. Among Scarabaeidae mainly species ofthe subfamilies Melolonthinae and Rutelinae andalso several genera of Cetoniinae, Dynastinae,
Aphodiinae are parasitized by tachinids.
Hymenoptera: sawflies (Pamphilidae, Argidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Tenthredinidae)
are the main hosts, known are also Formicidae
parasitized by Strongygaster Macquart. Symmorphomyia Mesnil et Shima is a cleptoparasitoid ofchrysomelid larvae in nests of Symmorphus sp.
(Vespidae) (Hamanishi 1996).
Lepidoptera comprise the most numerous
hosts of tachinids belonging t o the following
families: Hepialidae, Psychidae, Tineidae, Zygaenidae, Megalopygidae, Limacodidae, Sesiidae, Cossidae, Tortricidae, Choreutidae, Gracillariidae, Gl~phypterygidae,Yponomeutidae, Argyresthiidae, Plutellidae, Lyonetiidae, Scythrididae,
Elachistidae, Oecophoridae, Coleophoridae, Ethmiidae, Gelechiidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Saturniidae, Bombycidae, Lasiocam~idae,Endromidi-

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

dae, S~hingidae,Notodontidae, Thaumetopoeidae, Geometridae, Drepanidae, Th~atiridae,Tetheidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Ctenuchidae, Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae,
L~caenidae, Libytheidae, Nymphalidae, Danaidae, Satyridae. In the Palaearctic region the majority of tachinids are parasitoids of the families
Noctuidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, and Yponomeutidae.
Diptera. Larvae of Tipulidae are parasitizedby species of Admontia Brauer et Bergenstamm(Blondeliini), Allophorocera Hendel (Goniini)
and Siphona Meigen (Tachininae). Parasitizationof larvae of Limoniidae (Metalimnobia quadrimaculata L.) by Lixophaga limoniina Richter(Blondeliini) has been recorded.
From Chilopoda members of the family Lithobiidae are ~arasitizedby Loewia Egger andEloceria Robineau-Desvoidy.
The majority of tachinid species with known
hosts are widely oligophagous (hosts belonging
to different genera of one family) or polyphagous (hosts belonging t o different families of
one order or even t o more than one order). Despite incomplete information about hosts of mosttachinid species, some of them may be considered to be strictly oligophagous (hosts belonging
to different species of one genus), for example
Diplostichus janitrix (Hartig) (parasitoid of different species of Diprion), Myxexoristops abietis
Herting (Cephalcia), M. hertingi Mesnil (Acantholyda), or Frontina laeta (Meigen) (Smerinthus). Several species of tachinids are known asmonophagous, among them: Cadurciella tritaeniata (Rondani) (parasitoid of Calloph y s rubi
(Linnaeus)), Xylotachina diluta (Meigen) (parasitoid of Cossus cossus (Linnaeus)), Townsendiellomyia nidicola (Townsend) (parasitoid of
Euproctis chysowhoea (Linnaeus)), or Linnaemya olsufjevi Zimin (parasitoid of Leucoma salicis (Linnaeus)). Some genera or species show adefinite specialisation on a certain taxonomic
group of hosts, for example Leskia aurea (Falltn)
parasitizes Sesiidae, or species of Cylindromyia
Meigen parasitize Pentatomidae. From the subfamilies of Tachinidae only Phasiinae are nearlycompletely specialised on Heteroptera.

Longevity of adult tachinids does not exceed
four to eight weeks (Herting 1960). Emergenceof adults occurs mainly in morning hours, males
generally emerge one-two weeks earlier than females. Adult tachinids usually require a highlevel of light. They feed on nectar of flowers(most usually of Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, o r Asteraceae) and honeydew secreted by aphids andscale-insects, honeydew being the preferred foodsource in many habitats. Males generally wait for
the females on sunlit leaves of trees and bushes,
they may also meet females on the flowers where
they feed, o r in aggregations on hilltops. Malesof Carcelia puberula Mesnil hover on sunlit
clearings in forest (Herting 1960); aerial swarming of some species of Siphona Meigen is described by Andersen (19 8 2). Mating usuallytakes place soon after emergence of females. Females as a rule are monogamous. The durationof the period of gestation is different for oviparous and ovolarviparous species and depends
also on temperature.
Host searching activity of tachinid females isinfluenced by host habitats and food plants. Tachinids respond positively t o the host plantodors (Monteith 1955, 1958, 1960). Tachinids
may attack the same hosts in some microhabitats
more often than in others (Herrebout 1960, Weseloh 1974). Compsilura concinnata (Meigen)parasitizes hosts from groups of trees more often
than those from isolated trees, and from thelower canopy of trees more often than from theupper canopy (Barbosa et al. 1975). Because of
microhabitat responses the parasitoid may not
attack his hosts in all habitats where they occur.
Metacemyia calloti (Stguy) is a monophagous
parasitoid of Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus),though in the laboratory it successfully developed in five other species of Acrididae with suitable seasonal cycles but habitats not coinciding
with that of A. aegyptium (LConide 1969).
The important role of the visual stimuli inhost finding has been shown for Senometopia
pollinosa (Mesnil) (Herrebout et al. 1969) andAcemya pywhocera (Villeneuve) (LConide andLConide 1977). Ovipositing females are attracted
by the odour of the host as shown for Triarthria
setipennis (Fallen) (Kuhlmann 1992). Females of3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

Drino bohemica Mesnil and Bessa harveyi(Townsend) are attracted first to the food plantsof their hosts and then t o the host larvae. The
host finding of these tachinids is influenced by
the damage to the food plants of their hosts; they
made two to four times as many attacks on hostlarvae exposed on a food plant eaten by the hostas on larvae of healthy food plants. It was also
found from cage experiments that ovipositing females of Cyzenis albicans (FallCn) respond t o leaf
damage (in particular, some component of thesap that exudes from damaged leaf edges) rather
than to the presence of its host, Operophtherabrumata (Linnaeus) (Hassell 1968). Thus, a foodplant damaged by the tachinid host influences
the host finding in the females of members of different tribes of tachinids: Exoristini and Eryciini
depositing eggs directly on the host, Goniini producing microtype eggs and depositing them on
the food plant. Females of tachinids usually prefer larvae of the eldest instars, but there may bedifferent variants. Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) successfully parasitizes young hosts but thelarval development on second instars is twice aslong as that on fourth instars (Weseloh 1982).
When all stages of the host Agelastica alni (Linnaeus) are present, the female of Meigenia uncinata Mesnil deposits eggs mainly on the larvaeof the second instar which cluster in groups ofabout 30 each, preferring this to small groups ofthe first instar larvae and single scattered larvaeof the third instar; it remains unclear whether thesecond instar larvae or their groups are preferred(Mellini 1954b).
Classification and distribution. The family
Tachinidae comprises about 8000 species in theworld fauna; more than 1600 species are known
from the Palaearctic region where Tachinidae
may be the second largest family after Limonii-

719
dae. The monophyly of Tachinidae is evidenced
by synapomorphic characteristics of the first instar larva (strongly developed labrum fused to
the rest of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton), of
adult (subscutellum convex), and habits of larva
endoparasitic in insects.
Four subfamilies (Phasiinae, Exoristinae, Tachininae, and Dexiinae) are recognised there,
corresponding to the classification proposed by
Herting (1960, 1984) and Herting and DelyDraskovits (1993).
Phasiinae. Arista bare. Eye nearly always bare.
Frontal bristles not descending on the parafacials(Fig. 25). Prosternum bare. Presutural and anepimeral bristle absent or very short. Two widely
separated postsutural intra-alar bristles present(Figs 88, 89), less often only one (Fig. 87) ornone. First postsutural supra-alar bristle short.
Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite
1+ 2 usually not reaching the hind margin of thatsegment (Figs 187-1 89). Abdominal sternites
often broadly exposed (Fig. 193). Male terminalia: sternite 5 as a rule without cleft, its laterallobes almost always lacking transversal membraneous stripe and microscopic hairs; medial plateof hypandrium lengthened backwards; distiphallus nearly always without microscopic spines. Female terminalia often with segments especiallymodified for oviposition (Figs 189-192, 195,
199, 206, 207). Egg mostly macrotype. First instar larva without cuticular scales; second- andthird instar larvae metapneustic. Female oviparous (except Strongygaster Macquart, Redtenbacheria Schiner, Diplopota Bezzi); the egg is deposited on the host or into its body. Larvae parasitize Heteroptera (except Strongygaster Macquart and Arcona Richter).
The three remaining subfamilies differ from
Phasiinae in the following shared characteristics:
usually three postsutural intra-alar bristles (rarely

Figs 54.102-113. Thoraces of Tachinidae. 102-103: anterior portion of thorax, lateral view: 102: Meigenia mutabilis(Fallen), female; 103: Peribaea tibialis (Robineau-Desvoidy), female. 104: Macquartia grisea (Fallen) male, posterior portionof thorax, lateral view. 105-106: posterior spiracles, lateral view: 105: Dexia rustica (Fabricius), male; 106: Prosena siberita(Fabricius) female. 107-108: male scutellum and subscutellum, lateral view: 107: Litophasia hyalipennis (Fallen); 108: Cinochira atva Zetterstedt. 109-113: left katepisternum, lateral view: 109: Siphona flauifrons Staeger, female; 110: Actia
lamia (Meigen), female; 111: Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius), male; 112: Drino inconspicua (Meigen), female; 113:
Cylindromyia pusilla (Meigen), male (abbreviations! a spr: anterior spiracle, anatg: anatergite, anepm: anepimeron, anepm:
anepimeral bristle, kepm: katepimeron, mr: meron, mr: meral bristle, p spr: posterior spiracle, pprn: postpronotum, prepm:
proepimeral bristle, prepst: proepisternum, sbsctl: subscutellun~,sctl: scutellum).

720

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTERv/ L a p sctl

ds sctl

I

.-

'

'11

1 1

'

ds sctl."l sctl\/-sbap/ ap sctl \sctl

Figs 54.114-124. Scutellum of Tachinidae, dorsal view. 114: Oswaldia muscaria (FallCn), female; 115: Gymnosoma rotundatum (Linnaeus), male; 116: Gemzariochaeta clavata Villeneuve, male; 117: Synactia pawula (Rondani), female; 118:
Besseria melanura (Meigen), female; 119: Gaedia connexa (Meigen), male; 120: Torocca munda (Walker), male; 121:
Meigenia dorsalis (Meigen), male; 122: Ceromya bicolor (Meigen), female; 123: Masistylum arcuatum (Mik), male; 124:
Anthomyiopsis nigrisquamata (Zetterstedt), female (abbreviations: ap sctl: apical scutellar bristle, b sctl: basal scutellar bristle,
ds sctl: discal scutellar bristle, 1sctl: lateral scutellar bristle, preap sctl: preapical scutellar bristle, sbap sctl: subapical scutellar
bristle).

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

two, one or none); sternites almost always overlapped by lateral edges of tergites; sternite 5 of
the male as a rule with its hind margin cleft andprotruding lateral lobes, transversal membraneous stripe and microscopic hairs present; medialplate of hypandrium usually not lengthened;gonopods attached in the middle of hypandrium;
distiphallus nearly always with microscopic spines.
No Heteroptera host known.
Exoristinae. Arista usually bare. Frontal bristles usually descending on the parafacials.
Prosternum usually setose (Fig. 136). First postsutural supra-alar bristle short (Exoristini, Blondeliini, Fig. 85) or long (Eryciini, Goniini, Figs2-). Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia usually distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta
(Fig. 143). Male terminalia: tergite 6 more orless interrupted mediodorsally or completely reduced; gonopods lobe-like (Fig. 214); distiphallus attached to basiphallus by dorsal sclerite, witha strong lateroventral sclerotization (Fig. 214).
Female terminalia: sternite 8 strongly reduced orabsent (except Winthemiini). Egg macrotype,sometimes modified, also membraneous or microtype. First instar larva without cuticular scales;
second and third instar larvae amphipneustic. Female oviparous or ovolarviparous; the egg is deposited on the host or in its vicinity, rarely directly into host's body; microtype eggs are deposited on the food plant of the host.
Tachininae. Arista usually bare, less often
haired or (rarely) plumose. Prosternum mostly
bare. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia
usually as long as preapical dorsal seta or longer(Figs 144-145). Male terminalia: tergite 6 notinterrupted mediodorsally, rarely completely reduced; gonopod usually lobe-like; distiphallus
attached to basiphallus by dorsal sclerite, in most
species lateroventrally membraneous or scarcely
sclerotized. Female terminalia: tergite 6 more orless interrupted mediodorsally; tergite 8 completely reduced, rarely its rudiments present. Egg
membraneous. First instar larva with or without
cuticular scales; second- and third instar larvae
amphipneustic. Female ovolarviparous; the egg
is deposited on the host or more often on its foodplant or in its vicinity.

Dexiinae. Arista bare or haired (plumose inmost Dexiini, Fig. 77). Prosternum bare or setose. Male terminalia: gonopods plate-like; distiphallus attached to basiphallus by flexible
membrane (Fig. 215). Female terminalia: tergite
6 not interrupted mediodorsally in most species;
endtergite reduced completely. Egg membraneous. First instar larva without cuticular scales(most Voriini, Dufouriini) or covered with them
(most Dexiini); second- and third instar larvae
amphipneustic. Female ovolarviparous; the egg
is deposited on the host or in its vicinity.
Tachinids are most abundant in the forest,
steppe and desert zones of the Palaearctic region,
though the tundra zone and highlands are also
inhabited by them. Petinarctia Villeneuve, also
several species of Chetogena Rondani, Peleteria
Robineau-Desvoidy, and Macquartia RobineauDesvoidy occur in tundra. Everestiomyia Townsend is known from the northern slopes of Everest in Himalayas (4950 m); at least two speciesof Gwenda Richter are dwellers of highlands ofthe Eastern Pamir Mts (4200 m).
There are 56 Holarctic genera and 4 1 generaof tachinids common in the Oriental and Palaearctic fauna, the largest numbers of genera sharedby Palaearctic with other biogeographical regions.
The Palaearctic fauna of tachinids is highly
endemic: 176 endemic genera (43% of the whole
fauna). More than 60 genera have transpalaearctic or widely palaearctic polyzonal ranges.
Europe is inhabited by several endemic genera,
among them Sarromyia Pokorny or Psalidoxena
Villeneuve. Emporomyia Brauer et Bergenstammhas an Alpian-Caucasian disjunctive range. The
Mediterranean region has eleven endemic genera: Wardarina Mesnil, Eumeella Mesnil, Cestonioptera Villeneuve, Anurophylla Villeneuve, Lissoglossa Villeneuve and others. Synamphichaeta
Villeneuve has a Macaronesian range. Some genera are widely distributed in the arid landscapesof the Palaearctic, as Alloprosopaea Villeneuve-from Sahara Atlas Mountains in North Africa
to the east t o the Gobi desert in southern Mongolia. Bampura Tschorsnig, Ramonella Kugler,
Richteriola Mesnil, Sonaca Richter, Mitannia
Herting and other genera have Western-Asiatiq

lH31tl eJaA Pue 9INStlOH3Sl JWd-SueH

ZZL

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

Figs 54.134-142. Thoraces and legs of Tachinidae. 134-137: prosternum and fore coxa, anteroventral view: 134: Masicera
pavoniae (Robineau-Desvoidy), female; 135: Siphona pauciseta Rondani, female; 136: Masicera sphingivora (Robineau-Desvoidy), female; 137: Therobia leonidei Mesnil, male. 138-8-139: male hind coxa and postmetacoxal area, posteroventral
view: 138: Phania funesta (Meigen); 139: Carcelia bombylans Robineau-Desvoidy. 140: Dexiosoma caninum (Fabricius),
male left fore coxa, anteroventral view; 141: Tachina fera (Linnaeus), female left hind coxa, lateral view; 142: Gymnosoma
clavatum (Rohdendorf), female left mid femur, posteroventral view (abbreviations: f cx: fore coxa, h cx: hind coxa, pd m
S: setae on posterodorsal margin of hind coxa, pmtcx brg: postmetacoxal bridge, prst:prosternum).

724

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

areas. Six genera, Masistyloides Mesnil, Manola
Richter, Mesnilisca Zimin, Paralypha Mesnil,
Magripa Richter, and Stackelbergomyia Rohdendorf are endemic to Middle Asia; six genera,
Catena Richter, Isafarus Richter, Scomma Richter, Mongolomintho Richter, Ciala Richter, andCarbonilla Mesnil are endemic to Central Asia.
Siberia has one widely distributed endemic genus, Milada Richter. The Eastern Asiatic subregion of Palaearctic has a very rich tachinid fauna,with a large number of endemic genera (34) withmostly little-known ranges (Richter 1995b).

TO GENERA
AdultsMeasurements, definitions and other important remarks to the key:
Eye pilosity should be viewed against dark background, because hairs are often short, sparse and concolorous with eye.
,The width of the frons is measured at its narrowest point in dorsal view (Fig. 67, a); this point may be located distinctly
before vertex (Fig. 68).
The width of one eye in dorsal view (Fig. 67, b) is calculated from the quotient: (maximum width of head minus widthof frons) divided by two.
The lengths of pedicel and first flagellomere, and width of first flagellomere are measured as shown in Fig. 73.
Figs 69-76 show the point up to which the arista is regarded as thickened.
The diameter of prementum is measured at midlength in profile (Fig. 62).
If not indicated otherwise, the width of parafacial is measured at its narrowest point in its real dimension in horizontal
position, not in the position of head profile.
Height of gena and vertical diameter of eye are measured in the same position of head profile as shown in Fig. 4.
The lower margin of face is always to be understood without the frontoclypeal membrane (the latter may appear as
lower facial margin in certain cases).
The apex of wing is that point bf wing margin with the maximum distance to base of wing (most distal point of sixth
costal section in Fig. 155).
The length of abdominal tergites is measured in its dorsal midline, each tergite seen in its real dimension in horizontal
position.

1.

Arista short pubescent (Figs 58, 71) or plumose (Figs 48, 77), the longest hairs longer thanbasal diameter of arista
2-

Arista apparently bare (Figs 72-76); when pubescent, then the longest hairs at most as long as
41basal diameter of arista (Fig. 80)

2.

Prosternum setose (Fig. 136), at least one hair or setulae on each side (Fig. 135)3.

Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)6
Eye bare or apparently bare. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Prementum short,
at most three times as long as its diameter. Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long and straight4
as subapical scutellar bristles (as in Fig. 114)-

Eye densely covered with hairs. Lower facial margin strongly turned forwards, projecting beyond vibrissal angles in lateral view (Fig. 48). Prementum four or five times as long as its di5
ameter. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or hair-like

4.

First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles (as in Fig. 85). RI bare. %+Swith a few setae at base only. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Upper part of head with black
setulae behind the postocular row. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+2 confined~ a s t r o l e ~Rondanitat o anterior half or-less of that segment
1 sp., G. anthracina (Meigen); Europe, Transcaucasia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 722-723.

3

Family TACHlNlDAE

725

First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles. R1 setose dorsally. R4+5 setose nearly to crossvein R-M. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Upper part of head without
black setulae behind the postocular row. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2
Aneogmena Brauer et Bergenstamm
extending back t o hind margin
1 sp., A. secunda (Villeneuve); Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 220-222.

Anepimeral seta not differentiated from the usual anepimeral hairs. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2
with one pair of median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression not extending back t o hindmargin of that segment. Abdomen predominantly yellow. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapicalsetae (as in Fig. 150). R4+s, first and second costal section of male with long erect hairs ventrally.
Trichoformosomyia Baranov
Fore tarsus of female laterally compressed
1 sp., T. sauteri Baranov; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1953: 1462149 (as Malaisimyia Mesnil).

Anepimeral bristle well-developed. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles,
its middorsal depression extending back t o hind margin. Abdomen black. Hind tibia with two
Cavillatrix Richterdorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151). Male and female not as above
1 sp., C. calliphorina Richter; South of Russian Far East; Richter 1986: 98-101.

Dorsal surface of lower calypter with long hairs (Fig. 131), at least along outer margin dorsally
Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 321.

Dorsal surface of lower calypter bare, long hairs at most along outer margin laterally

7

Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark longitudinal stripes (Fig. 83). Fore tarsus of
8
female enlarged, distinctly flattened laterally
Scutum before suture with three, four or five narrower dark longitudinal stripes (Figs 81-82),
11or without stripes. Fore tarsus of female not as above
Postmetacoxal area sclerotized (as in Fig. 138). Proepisternum setose. Scutum with two pairsof postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Apical scutellar bristles absent or hair-like. Base of R4+5
bare. Abdomen of male with short tail-like prolongation
Dolichocoxys Townsend
1 sp., D. rossica Mesnil; South of Russian Far East.

Postmetacoxal area membraneous. Proepisternum bare. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Base of R4+s setose, usually a t least
halfway to crossvein R-M (Fig. 164). Abdomen of male without tail-like prolongation
9
Wing cell r4+s with a petiole at least as long as one-third section of M beyond bend. Ocellar
bristles well-developed. Lower calypter divergent from scutellum (as in Figs 129, 132). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles
Dolichopodomintho Townsend
1 sp., D. takanoi Mesnil; Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1160-1 161.

Wing cell r4+s open or with a very short petiole (Fig. 164). Ocellar bristles absent or hair-like.
Lower calypter not divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each10with one pair of median discal bristles
Arista long plumose, the longest hairs about five times as long as basal diameter of arista. Bendof M without a stub or prolongation. Pedicel, palpus, tegula, legs, and abdomen black
Sumpigaster Macquart2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1161-1163.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE-

727

Hairs of arista at most as long as two times basal diameter of arista. Bend of M with a longextension beyond bend, distinctly longer than crossvein R-M (Fig. 164). Pedicel, palpus, tegula,and legs yellow or red, abdomen usually predominantly yellow o r red
Mintho Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1163-1166.

11. Inner anterior surface of fore coxa entirely or predominantly covered with appressed setulae(Fig. 140)
12-Inner anterior surface of fore coxa bare or predominantly bare15

12. Head profile not semicircular (Fig. 24). Parafacial with fine hairs o r semlae over most of its
length (hairs sometimes pale and thus visible only against dark background). Vibrissa arisinghigh above level of lower facial margin; subfacial bristles crossed, vibrissa-like (Fig. 24). Heightof gena half of vertical diameter of eye or more. Bend of M with a long extension beyond bend,
at least two times as long as crossvein R-M. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal
bristles, its middorsal depression extending back t o hind margin of that segment. Abdominal
13
tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles-

Head semicircular in profile (as in Fig. 23). Parafacial bare. Vibrissa arising at level of lower
facial margin; subfacial bristles not vibrissa-like. Height of gena one-eighth vertical diameter of
eye or less. Bend of M at most with an extension as long as crossvein R-M. Abdominal syntergite
1+ 2 with median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression not extending back t o hind margin
14of that segment. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles

13. Hairs on parafacial black. Postpronotum with four bristles. Katepisternum with two bristles.
Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, two o r three pairs of presuturalacrostichal bristles. First postsutural supra-alar bristle present, sometimes hair-like. Legs predominantly black
Microphthalma Macquart
1 sp., M. europaea Egger; warmer parts of Europe, Transcaucasia, Middle Asia, southern Siberia; Mesnil
1944-1975: 1233-1234.

-

Hairs on parafacial yellow. Postpronotum with two o r three bristles. Katepisternum with threebristles. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, presutural acrostichal bristles lacking. First postsutural supra-alar bristle absent. Legs yellow
Dexiosoma Rondani
1 sp., D. caninum (Fabricius); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1233.

14. Scutellum with two pairs of strong bristles, without crossed apical bristles (Fig. 120). R1 bare.
Bend of M with a continuation about as long as crossvein R-M. Postmetacoxal area sclerotized(as in Fig. 138). Lateral margin of lower calypter with long white hairs. Mid tibia with a single
short anterodorsal bristle. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preTorocca Walker
apical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143)
1 sp., T. munda (Walker); Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1348-1349.
Figs 54.143-154. Tibiae of Tachinidae. 143-145: left fore tibiae, dorsal view: 143: Senometopia pollinosa (Mesnil), male;
144: Entomophaga nigrohalterata (Villeneuve), female; 145: Pelatachina tibialis (Fallen), female. 146-147: left mid tibiae,
dorsal view: 146: Thelaira nigripes (Fabricius), male; 147: Thelaira soliuaga (Harris), male. 148-149: left mid tibiae, posterior view: 148: Carcelia hombylans Robineau-Desvoidy, male; 149: Senometopia separata (Rondani), male. 150-152: left
hind tibiae, dorsal view: 150: Phytomyptera uaccinii Sintenis, male; 151: Linnaemya picta (Meigen), male; 152: Winthemia
quadripustulata (Fabricius), female. 153-154: left hind tibiae, posterior view: 153: Billaea triangulifera (Zetterstedt), male;154: Phehellia uillica (Zetterstedt), male (abbreviations: ad: anterodorsal bristle, p: posterior bristle, preap ad: preapicalanterodorsal seta, preap av: preapical anteroventral seta, preap d: preapical dorsal seta, preap pd: preapical posterodorsal
seta, preap pv: preapical posteroventral seta, v: ventral bristle).

728

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

--

CS,

-

CS2 -4

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE-

729

Scutellun~with three pairs of bristles, apical bristles crossed (as in Fig. 130). RI setose dorsally.
Bend of M without continuation. Postmetacoxal area membraneous. Lateral margin of lower
calypter without long hairs. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles (Figs 146-147).
Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
145)
Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1335-1341.

15. Eye densely covered with hairs. Frons without (male) or with two proclinate orbital bristles(female), bend of M without a continuation of M, palpus at least partially yellow, and postpronotum with three or more bristles
16-

Eye bare, but if covered with hairs (rare cases), then either frons with a complete row of proclinate orbital bristles, bend of M with a continuation at least as long as half of crossvein R-M,
palpus black or postpronotum with only two bristles
19. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair. Postpronotumwith three bristles arranged in a straight line. Katepisternum with two bristles. Lower calypter
divergent from scutellum (Fig. 132)
Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy, part
1 sp., M. pubiceps Zetterstedt; Europe, Transcaucasia.

-

Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white. Postpronotum with four or five bristles, but if only three, then distinctly arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum with three bristles.
17
Lower calypter not divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133)

17. Posterior thoracic spiracle very large, its diameter at least two times the diameter of the knobof halter. Prementum short, at most four times as long as its diameter. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2with median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression not extending back to hind margin ofthat segment. Legs and abdomen black. Ovipositor of female with piercer
Parerigone Brauer, partsee couplet 145.

-

Posterior thoracic spiracle distinctly smaller. Prementum longer, at least five times as long as
its diameter. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression extending back to hind margin. Legs yellow, abdomen predominantly red or yellow. Ovipositor of female without piercer
18
18. Tegula reddish, basicosta black. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Scutum with three postsutural
intra-alar bristles. Apical scutellar bristles crossed. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without mediandiscal bristles. Frons of male about as wide as half of eye in dorsal view. Hind femur of malewithout long bristles
Demoticoides Mesnil, partsee couplet 353.

-

Tegula black, basicosta yellow. Ocellar setae hair-like or absent. Scutum with one or two postsutural intra-alar bristles. Apical scutellar bristles absent or hair-like. Abdominal tergites 3 andFigs 54.155-162. Right wings of Tachinidae, dorsal view. 155: Eurysthaea scutellaris (Robineau-Desvoidy), male. 156-157:
dorsal view of first and second costal sections: 156: Ramonda ringdahli (Villeneuve), female; 157: Aphria longirostris(Meigen), male. 158-8-162: right wings in dorsal view: 158: Phorocera grandis (Rondani), male; 159: Elodia morio (Fallin),
female; 160: Phytomyptera nigrina (Meigen), male; 161: Eloceria delecta (Meigen), male; 162: Actia nudibasis Stein, male(abbreviations: AI: anal vein, bc: basicosta, C: costa, c S: costal spine, CS: costal section, CuA1: anterior branch of cubital
vein, dM-Cu: medio-cubital crossvein, 1 calyp: lower calypter, M: medial vein, RI, R2+3, R4+5: branches of radial veins,
r4+5: wing cell r4+5, R-M: radio-medial crossvein, Sc, subcostal vein, teg: tegula. u calyp: upper calypter).

U31H318 eJaA Pue 31NS8OH3Sl Wad-SueH

OEL

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

73 1

4 each with one pair of median discal bristles. Frons of male about as wide as one-tenth eye indorsal view. Hind femur of male with three or four long bristles posterodorsally (as long as
tergite 4)
Dexiomimops Townsend
1 sp., D. rufipes Baranov; South of Russian Far East, Japan, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1326-1328, Shima
1987b.

19. Antenna distinctly longer than height of gena (Fig. 58). Gena one-fourth vertical diameter of
eye or less, but if gena slightly wider (Figs 33, 58), then first flagellomere more than two times
as long as pedicel. Frons with at most three proclinate orbital bristles. Abdominal tergites without paired dark spots
20-

Antenna usually at most as long as height of gena (Figs 20-21, 34, 46). Gena one-third vertical
diameter of eye or more, but if gena slightly narrower, then either first flagellomere less than
two times as long as pedicel, frons with a complete row of proclinate orbital bristles o r abdominal tergites with paired dark spots (as in Figs 184, 186)
29

20. Parafacial setose over most of its length. Postpronotum usually with three bristles arranged ina triangle (as in Fig. 99)
Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1349-1354 (including Gibsonomyia Curran), Shima 1988: 11-17,
Shima and Chao 1992: 639-640.

-

Parafacial bare (Figs 33, 58) or with hairs at most on upper half. Bristles on postpronotum notarranged in a triangle
21

21. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 extending back t o hind margin of that seg22
ment (as in Figs 2, 184)-

Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 not extending back to hind margin (as in
Figs 183, 185-189)
24
22. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view (Fig. 58). Scutum with four pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. R4+5 setose to crossvein R-M; R1 setose o r bare dorsally. Mid tibia witha single anterodorsal bristle. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Prementum and legs yellow. Male with two proclinate orbital bristles
Actinochaetopteryx Townsend
2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1345-1346.
-

Lower facial margin visible in lateral view. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral
bristles. R4+5 setose only at base; R1 always bare. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal
bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles. Prementum and legs black.
23
Male without proclinate orbital bristles

23. Frontal bristles reaching only to level of base of antenna. Prementum less than three times aslong as its diameter. Katepisternum with two bristles. Postpronotum with four bristles. Basicosta
black. Abdominal tergites with transverse bands of pruinescence
Mitannia Herting
1 sp., M. insueta Herting; Turkey; Herting 1987: 10-12.

Figs 54.163-172. Right wings of Tnchinidae, dorsal view. 163: Siphovza flauifrons Staeger, male; 164: Mintho mfiuentris(FallCn), female; 165: Phyllomya voluulus (Fabricius), male; 166: Athrycia trepida (Meigen), female; 167: Elomya lateralis(Meigen), female; 168: Ectophasia crassipennis (Fabricius), male; 169: Ectophasia crassipenrtis (Fabricius) female; 170:
Catharosia pygmaea (FallCn), female; 171: Cinochira atra Zetterstedt, male; 172: Besseria anthophila (Loew), male. (abbreviations: AI: anal vein, cost: costigial bristle).

llH31tl eJaA Pue 31NStlOH3SlJalad-SueH

ZEL

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

733

Frontal bristles descending to level of middle of pedicel. Prementum about six times as long as
its diameter. Katepisternum with three bristles. Postpronotum with three bristles. Basicosta yellow. Abdomen uniformly covered with pruinescence
Bithia Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 370.

24. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles.

25

-

27

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles

25. Face with a broad carina, distinctly visible in lateral view (Fig. 33). Prementum more than seventimes as long as its diameter. Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles. Base of R4+5bare.
Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 150). Abdominal sternites broadly exposed. Terminalia of female with a pair of spine-covered lobes
Riedelia Mesnil
1 sp., R bicolor Mesnil; South of Russian Far East, China (Manchuria).

-

Face without carina, not visible in lateral view. Prementum about two times as long as its diameter. Scutum with presutural acrostichal bristles. R4+5 with a few setae at base. Hind tibia
with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151).Abdominal sternites concealed between margins
of abdominal tergites. Terminalia of female without spine-covered lobes
26

26. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, three postsutural intra-alar bristles. Katepisternum with three bristles.
Anepimeral bristle well-developed. Apical scutellar bristles absent or hair-like and divergent.
Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143)
Uromedina Townsend
2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Shima 198Sb.

-

Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly black. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles, two postsutural intra-alar bristles. Katepisternum with two bristles. Anepimeral seta not differentiated from the usual anepimeral hairs. Scutellum with strong crossed
apical bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta
(as in Fig. 144)
Chetoptilia Rondani
1 sp., Ch. puella (Rondani); central Europe, Caucasus, southern Siberia, South of Russian Far East; Mesnil
1944-1975: 1359.

27. Postmetacoxal area sclerotized (as in Fig. 138). Scutum with only one postsutural intra-alar bristle. Scutellum with two pairs of bristles along its margin. Legs and abdomen predominantly
yellow
Leptothelaira Mesnil et Shima
3 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Nepal, Japan; Mesnil and Shima 1979: 476-482, Shima 1988: 17-19.

-

Postmetacoxal area membraneous. Scutum with two or three postsutural intra-alar bristles.
Scutellum with three or four pairs of bristles along its margin. Legs and abdomen black28

28. Body with five distinct black transverse bands: scutum behind suture, anterior part or more ofscutellum, abdominal syntergite 1+2, and about posterior half each of tergites 3 and 4. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally (as in Fig. 9). Hairs on posteroventral half of head predomi-

Figs 54.173-182. Right wings of Tachinidae, dorsal view. 173: Plesina asiatica Richter, female; 174: Diplopota mica (Richter), female; 175: Ramonda plorans (Rondani), male; 176: Steleoneura czemyi Stein, male; 177: Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve, male; 178: Gymnoglossa transsylvanica Mik male; 179: Chetogena repanda (Mesnil), male; 180: Linnaemya comta(Fallen), male; 181: Manola xenocera Richter, female; 182: Arcona amuricola Richter, female.

734

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

m i d d dp

idd dpI. Family TACHINIDAE

735

nantly white. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Katepisternum with three bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143)
Trigonospila Pokorny, partsee couplet 316.

-

Body shiny black or uniformly covered with very weak pruinescence. Parafacial not or not asstrongly narrowed ventrally. Hairs on posteroventral half of head all black or at least predominantly black. Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles. Katepisternum with two bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 144)
Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 137.

29. Frontal bristles descending at least to l c v c l "1 middle of pedicel. Vibrissa arising as far above
lower facial margin as eight to twelve diameters of base of vibrissa (Fig. 20). Abdominal tergites
with paired dark spots (as in Figs 184, 186)
Stomina Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 362.

-

Frontal bristles descending at most to level of upper margin of pedicel (Figs 21,34, 46). Vibrissa
arising at level of lower facial margin or at a level not as far as mentioned above. Abdominal
30
tergites normally without paired dark spots

30. Abdominal ste)sed (as in Fig.
scutellar bristles not extending
back to level of apices of apical bristles (as in Fig. 117). Anatergite with a group of minute hairsor setulae below lower calypter (as in Fig. 104). Frons of female about as wide as one-sixth eye
in dorsal view, proclinate orbital bristles absent. Frons of male at most as wide as one-sixth eye
Ciala Richterin dorsal view, bare outside frontal row (Fig. 34)
1 sp., C. ueleda Richter; southern Siberia (Chita), Mongolia.

-

Abdominal sternites concealed between margins of abdominal tergites. Subapical scutellar bristles extending back at least to level of apices of apical bristles (as in Figs 132-133). Anatergite
usually bare below lower calypter. Frons of female at least as wide as one eye in dorsal view,
two or more proclinate orbital bristles present (Fig. 21). Frons of male at least as wide as onefifth eye in dorsal view, but if narrower (a few Estheria), then with hairs outside frontal row
31

31. Anterior and posterior lappets of posterior thoracic spiracle about equal in size (Fig. 106)-32

Anterior and posterior lappets of posterior thoracic spiracle unequal in size; posterior lappet
subcircular (Figs 104-105)
34

32. Prementum exceptionally long and slender, at least as long as 1.5 times height of head (Fig.
21). Bend of M without a continuation, at most with a very short stub. Upper part of head
without black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with one pair of presutural acrostichal
bristles. Anepimeral seta not differentiated from the usual anepimeral hairs. Tegula reddish
Prosena Le Peletier et Serville
1 sp., P. siberita (Fabricius); widespread.

Figs 54.183-192. Abdomens of Tachinidae. 183-189: in dorsal view: 183: Hyalurgus lucidus (Meigen), male; 184: Billaea
triangulifera (Zetterstedt), male; 185: Siphona maculata Staeger, male; 186: Pandelleia otiomhynchi Villeneuve, male; 187:
Ectophasia crassipennis (Fabricius), male; 188: Gymnosoma rotundatum (Linnaeus), male; 189: Leucostoma anthracinum(Meigen), female. 190-0-192: female tergite 5 and pincers, dorsal view: 190: Labigastera pauciseta Rondani; 191: Leucostoma tetraptera (Meigen); 192: Dionaea aurifrons (Meigen) (abbreviations: midd dp: middorsal depression, T: tergite).

736

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

Figs 54.193-202. Abdomens of Tachinidae. 193-195: in ventral view: 193: Ectophasia oblonga (Robineau-Desvoidy), male;
194: Medina multispina (Herting), female; 195: Catharosia pygmaea (Fallen), female. 196-197: ventral view of male tergites
4 and 5 : 196: Lydella grisescens Robineau-Desvoidy; 197: Leucostoma crassum Kugler. 198-201: lateral view of tergite 5
and terminalia: 198: Medina multispina (Herting), male; 199: Phasia pusilla Meigen, female; 200: Picconia incurva (Zetterstedt), female; 201: Phorocera assimilis (FallCn), female. 202: Phorocera assimilis (Fallen), female sternite 6, ventral view
(abbreviations: epand: epandrium, prc: piercer, S: sternite, T: tergite).

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

737

Prementum distinctly shorter. Bend of M with a continuation 0.5-3 times as long as crossvein

R-M (as in Figs 164, 180). Upper part of head with several rows of black setulae behind the
postocular row. Scutum with two or three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Anepimeral
33
bristle well-developed. Tegula black
33. Prementum short, about three times as long as its diameter. Katepisternum with three bristles
arranged in a straight line. Scutellum predominantly red or yellow. Basicosta yellow. Outer vertical bristle of male strong. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151). Male
Trixiceps Villeneuve
without proclinate orbital setae
2 spp.; Spain, Egypt, Israel; Mesnil 1980: 14-16.

-

Prementum longer, four t o eight times as long as its diameter. Katepisternal bristles not in astraight line. Scutellum entirely black in ground colour. Basicosta black (reddish in one species).
Outer vertical bristle of male usually absent or weak. Hind tibia often with three dorsal preapicalsetae (as in Fig. 150). Male often with a complete row of proclinate orbital setae
Zeuxia Meigen
18 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1980: 17-38.

35
34. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Postpronoturn with two or three bristles
Second costal section bare ventrally, but if with hairs (one species of Estheria), then postpronotum with four or five bristles
37
35. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 extending back to hind margin of that segment. Proboscis of normal length, prementum at least three times as long as its diameter. Palpus
not strongly inflated. First postsutural supra-alar bristle distinctly shorter than notopleural brisDexia Meigen
tles. Abdominal tergites often with median discal bristles
11 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1980: 38-52.

-

Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin. Proboscis very short, prementum at most two times as long as its diameter (as in Fig. 22). Palpus
strongly inflated. First postsutural supra-alar bristle about as long as notopleural bristles or
36
longer. Abdominal tergites without median discal bristles

36. Hairs of arista not or only slightly longer than basal diameter of arista. Parafacial at its narrowest
point about as wide as first flagellomere. Facial ridge with setae on lower one-fourth t o half.
Mid tibia with one to four anterodorsal bristles. Tegula and basicosta usually black or palebrown
Trixella Mesnil
4 spp.; South of Russian Far East, China, Nepal, Japan.

-

Hairs of arista about four times as long as basal diameter of arista. Parafacial at least 1.5 times
as wide as first flagellomere. Facial ridge with only a few hairs just above vibrissa. Mid tibia
Dexiotrix Villeneuve
with a single anterodorsal bristle. Tegula and basicosta yellow
1 sp., D. longipennis Villeneuve; China (Szechwan).

37. Proepisternum setose, but if bare (individual specimens of one species of Dinera), then abdomi38
nal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles-

Proepisternum bare. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles

40

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

739

38. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 150). Frons of male wider than one eye
in dorsal view, with two t o four proclinate orbital bristles. First flagellomere at most 1.5 times
as long as pedicel
Villanovia Strobl
1 sp., V. villicomis (Zetterstedt); Alps, northern Europe, Siberia.
-

Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151). Frons of male at most as wide as
one eye in dorsal view, without proclinate orbital bristles (Fig. 46). First flagellomere more than
1.5 times as long as pedicel (Fig. 77)
39

39. Fore tarsus as long as height of head or shorter. Frons of male wider than 0.45 times of one
eye in dorsal view. Hind tibia usually with comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform
length (Fig. 153). Frons usually with dense hairs outside frontal row
Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy
17 spp.; widespread; Kolomiets 1966.

-

Fore tarsus longer than height of head. Frons of male at most as wide as 0.45 times of one eye
in dorsal view. Anterodorsal bristles on hind tibia irregular in length and spacing. Frons bareoutside frontal row (Fig. 46) or with scattered hairs only
Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy
6 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 80.

40. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 with one pair of median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression approximately confined to anterior half of that
Milada Richtersegment. Male with a short outer vertical bristle
1 sp., M. asiatica Richter; eastern Kazakhstan, Siberia, Mongolia.

-

Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 without medianmarginal bristles, its middorsal depression extending back to hind margin (except in one species
with occasional median marginal bristles and the middorsal depression confined t o at least anterior three-fourths of that segment). Outer vertical bristle of male hair-like
Estheria Robineau-Desvoidy
25 spp.; widespread.

41. Prosternum (including the articulating membrane) strongly swollen (Fig. 137). Ocelli absent (atleast posterior ones). Proboscis exceptionally short, as long as or scarcely longer than diameter offore tibia. Abdominal sternites exposed. Body pale yellow or brownish in ground colour 42-

Prosternum not swollen (Figs 134-136). Ocelli present

43

42. Wing cell r4+s narrowly open or closed just at wing margin, rarely with a short petiole at mostas long as one-tenth section of M beyond bend. Crossvein R-M without a dark spot. Scutum
Therobia Brauer
with one or two presutural acrosticha1 bristles. Parafacial bare'

4 spp.; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Mongolia, China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1229-123 1 (as Plesiooestrus
Villeneuve).

-

Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as two-thirds section of M beyond bend. A small areaaround crossvein R-M darkened. Presutural acrostichal bristles absent. Parafacial with fine hairs
on upper half
Aulacephala Macquart
1 sp., A. hervei (Bequaert); China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1229.

Figs 54.203-213. Abdomens of Tachinidae. 203-207: in lateral view: 203: Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), female, 204:
Freraea gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy, female; 205: Cylindromyia brevicomis (Loew), male; 206: Sepseocara itians Richter,female; 207: Phania funesta (Meigen), female. 208-210: female tergite 5 and terminalia in lateral view: 208: Rondania
dimidiata (Meigen); 209: Microsoma exiguum (Meigen); 210: Pandelleia otiorrhynchi Villeneuve. 211-1-213: terminalia,
posterior view: 211: Medina multispina (Herting), female; 212: Medina melania (Meigen), female; 213: Xysta holosericea(Fabricius), male (abbreviations: cerc: cercus, epand: epandrium, prc: piercer, S: sternite, sur: surstylus, T: tergite).

,-(al!S~al:L ' s n ~ h s ~ n:Inss 'al!u~als :S' a ~ x q d s: ~ d 'luarrrSass:Ss 'axawexd :urd 'urn!~puedXy:pdXq 'podouoS :uo8 'urn!xpuada :puada 'aurapoda X~o~eln2e!a:pods!a 'sn11eqd!ls!p :yd~s!p' s n x a ~: x a s 'sn[1eqd!seq :ydq 'alpaps ur~oj!11!3aq: ~ J S3aq 'aurapode 1aBeapaa :pode pae :suo!le!aalq-qe) (ua3raw) sapo~aulauyu!g1a?!uayd :STZ!(u?ned) s!u!juo3 uXzuoldv : ~ T 'Ma!AZ
IaIalq 'a!1au!w-~alalaW - S T Z - ~ . T Z - SS!J
~S

\

\

\J

t131H31kl eJaA Pue 9lNSklOH3Sl-lalad-s"eH

OPL3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

741

43. M not reaching wing margin (Figs 160, 172) or M gradually and evenly curved or nearly44straight, extending to wing margin without an abrupt bend (Fig. 171)-

M with a distinct bend, reaching wing margin (Fig. 155)56

44. M gradually and evenly curved or nearly straight, extending to wing margin without an abrupt
bend (Fig. 171)45-

M not reaching wing margin, ending about where bend should be (Figs 160, 172)46

45. Parafacial with hairs or setulae over its whole length. Lower calypter not divergent from scutellum. Postmetacoxal area membraneous. Subscutellum convex (as in Fig. 3). Abdomen without
any bristle. Frons of male about as wide as one-tenth eye in dorsal view. Female: head covered
with short spines, without bristles; abdominal tergite 5 exceptionally elongate, bent ventrally(Fig. 204)
Freraea Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., F. gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy; Europe, Siberia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1373-1374.

-

Parafacial bare. Lower calypter divergent from scutellum (as in Figs 129, 132). Postmetacoxal
area sclerotized (as in Fig. 138). Subscutellum not convex in lateral view (Fig. 108). Abdominal
tergites with marginal bristles. Frons of male wider than one eye in dorsal view. Female: headwith normal bristles; apex of abdomen with pincers (distinctly shorter and weaker as in Fig.
190)
Cinochira Zetterstedt
1 sp., C. atra Zetterstedt; Europe.

46. Crossvein dM-Cu absent (Fig. 160)

47

-

49

Crossvein dM-Cu present (Fig. 172)47. Base of R4+5 with a single large bristle (Fig. 160). Arista thickened at least on basal two-thirds;
second aristomere three to six times as long as its diameter. Upper part of head with severalrows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Prosternum with one pair of setae. Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present
Phytomyptera Rondani
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1192-1195, Andersen 1988 (in part).

-

Base of R4+5 not as above. Arista thickened at most on basal half; second aristomere at mostas long as its diameter. Upper part of head bare behind the postocular row. Prosternum bare.
Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present, separated from each other by a wide distance (as inFig. 88)
48

48. Frontal vitta present. Palpus present. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white.
Anepimeral bristle present. R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Abdominal syntergite
1+ 2 with one pair of strong median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression extending backto hind margin of that segment
Thrixion Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; Mediterranean, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1246-1248.

-

Frontal vitta absent. Palpus absent. Posteroventral half of head with a few black setulae only.
Anepimeral bristle absent. Base of R4+5 bare or with one fine hair. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2
without median marginal bristles, its middorsal depression confined to less than half of thatsegment
Oblitoneura Mesnil
1 sp., 0. agromyzina Mesnil; Israel.

'

742

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

49. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 extending back to hind margin of that segment
50-

Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 confined to anterior half or less of thatsegment
51

50. Prosternum setose. Face deeply sunken, not visible in lateral view. Prementum about two times
as long as its diameter. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapicaldorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Scutellum, tegula, basicosta and femora red or yellow
Ocytata Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., 0. pallipes (Fallen); Europe, Transcaucasia, Israel, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 240-242 (as Rhacodineura Rondani).

-

Prosternum bare. Face completely visible in lateral view. Prementum at least four times as longas its diameter. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta
(as in Fig. 144). Scutellum, tegula, basicosta and femora black
Demoticus Macquart, partsee couplet 370.

51. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair-

52

Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly white, or at least several palehairs along posteroventral margin of head present
54

52. Base of R4+5 with a single large bristle (as in Fig. 160). Prosternum setose. Lower calypter notdivergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133). Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Lower
proepimeral bristle directed anteroventrally (as in Fig. 103). Second costal section with finehairs ventrally
196-

Base of R4+5 not as above. Prosternum bare. Lower calypter divergent from scutellum (as in
Figs 129, 132). One or two postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Lower proepimeral bristle
not as above. Second costal section bare ventrally
53

53. General habitus of a Phoridae. Antenna deeply sunlien in antenna1 grooves, at least basal halfof first flagellomere concealed within pedicel. Third costal section only one-fourth of fourth
costal section. R1 setose dorsally, R4+5 setose to crossvein R-M. Anterior margin of wing not
black. Claws absent or strongly reduced. Segments 1 4 of fore tarsus each with a strong bristle.
Abdomen of female without pincers
Stackelbergomyia Rohdendorf
1 sp., S. arenaria Rohdendorf; southern Russia (Astrakhan), Turkmenia.

-

Not resembling a Phoridae. Antenna not as above. Third costal section about five times as longs
Anterior margin of wing black at least up to R2+3.
as fourth costal section. RI and R ~ + bare.
Claws not reduced. Fore tarsus without strong bristles. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers
Dionomelia Kugler(similar to Fig. 189)
1 sp., D. hennigi Kugler; Mediterranean, Turkmenia.

54. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present, separated from each other by a wide distance (as in
Figs 88-89). Anepimeral bristle absent. Lower calypter divergent from scutellum (as in Figs 129,
132). Abdomen shiny, without pruinescence. Terminalia of male and female large, bent ventrally
Besseria Robineau-Desvoidy, part(as in Figs 205, 207)
see couplet 280.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

743

Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present (as in Fig. 84), but if only two, then separated fromeach other by a narrow distance (as in Fig. 86). Anepimeral bristle present. Lower calypter notdivergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133). Abdomen with pruinescence. Te'rminalia not as above
55

55. Parafacial with a row of setae. R1 and R 4 + 5 bare. M, CuAl, and crossvein dM-Cu faint andwhitish. Katepisternum without a descending row of fine hairs. Outer vertical bristle not differentiated. One proclinate orbital bristle present in male and female
Melisoneura Rondani
1 sp., M. leucoptera (Meigen); Europe, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1242-1243.

-

Parafacial bare. RI setose dorsally, R4+5 setose at least to crossvein R-M (as in Fig. 162). M,
CuA1, and crossvein dM-Cu well-developed. Katepisternum with a descending row of fine hairs(Fig. 110). Outer vertical bristle present. Two proclinate orbital bristles present
Actia Robineau-Desvoidy, part
1 sp., A. lamia Meigen; widespread.

56. Crossvein dM-Cu exceptionally oblique (Figs 166, 177). Forms with the following characteristics present simultaneously: R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M; genal dilation
not or scarcely developed (Figs 26-27, 32, 55); three postsutural intra-alar bristles present; preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Figs 144-145);57
basicosta black; male with at least two proclinate orbital bristles-

Crossvein dM-Cu not exceptionally oblique, but if so, then without such combination of characteristics present simultaneously
66

57. Hairs or setulae on back of head all black. Height of gena at least three-fourths vertical diameterof eye (Fig. 53). Scutum with one pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Abdomen without pruinescence
Haracca Richter1 sp., H. parnassiina Richter; Uzbekistan; Richter 1995: 748-750.

-

Back of head with white hairs. Height of gena usually distinctly less than three-fourths vertical
diameter of eye. Scutum with two or three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Abdomenwith pruinescence
58
59
58. Anepimeral bristle very strong, extending back t o hind margin of lower calypter-

Anepimeral seta not or only slightly differentiated from the usual anepimeral hairs

60

59. Parafacial with proclinate bristles (as in Fig. 26). Height of gena at most one-fourth vertical
diameter of eye. Prementum about two times as long as its diameter. Abdominal tergites 3 andAthrycia Robineau-Desvoidy
4 each with median discal bristles
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1263-1265, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 84.

Parafacial at most with fine hairs (Fig. 32). Height of gena about two-fifths vertical diameterof eye or more. Prementum at least three times as long as its diameter. Abdominal tergites 3
Hypovoria Villeneuve
and 4 without median discal bristles
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1278-1280.

60. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle (Fig. 55). Facial ridge with setae approximately on lower half. Height of gena at most one-sixth vertical diameter of eye. Scutum withfour pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Eye with dense hairs
Hyleorus Aldrich
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1258-1261.

744

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

Parafacial with proclinate bristles (Figs 26-27) or at least with hairs on its upper half. Facial
ridge with setae on less than lower one-third. Height of gena at least one-fifth vertical diameterof eye. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Eye usually bare (hairs present in most Cyrtophleba, Fig. 26)
61
Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+2 not extending back to hind margin of thatsegment. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with one pair of strong median discal bristles
Klugia Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., K. rnarginata (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1269-1271.

Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 extending back to hind margin, but if notextending back, then abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles
62
Prementum short, at most two times as long as its diameter (Figs 26-27). Frons at most 1.3
times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened at most on basal three-fifths
63
Prementum a t least 3.5 times as long as its diameter. Frons at least 1.5 times as wide as one eye
in dorsal view. Arista thickened on basal two-thirds or more
64
RI setose dorsally. Parafacial usually with only one proclincate bristle (Fig. 27). Eye bare
Voria Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., V. ruralis (FallCn); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1261-1263.

R1 bare. Parafacial with a complete row of proclinate bristles (Fig. 26). Eye usually covered
with hairs
Cyrtophleba Rondani
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1266-1269 (including Stackelbergula Richter).

Abdominal tergite 5 without median'discal bristles. Postpronotum with four bristles as in Fig.
100. Parafacial covered with hairs (as in Fig. 32)
Plagiomima Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1277-1278.

Abdominal tergite 5 with a row of median discal bristles. Postpronotum with three bristles:
outer basal, middle basal and inner anterior bristle; inner basal bristle hair-like or absent (Fig.
95). Parafacial usually with proclinate bristles
65
Lower facial margin strongly turned forwards, projecting beyond vibrissal angles in lateral view.
Parafacial at its narrowest point at most as wide as first flagellomere. Middorsal depression on
abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 extending back to hind margin of that segment
Chaetovoria Villeneuve
1 sp., Ch. antennata (Villeneuve); Europe (boreo-alpine); Mesnil 1944-1975: 1271-1272.

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Parafacial at least 1.3 times width of first flagellomere. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 usually not extending back tohind margin
Uclesia Girschner
8 spp.; Mediterranean, Tadzhikistan, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1272-1276.

Body (at least thorax and abdomen) metallic green, blue or copper-coloured. Facial ridge withsetae on lower one-fourth or less. Katepimeron bare (Fig. 112) or with at most four hairs on
anterior fourth
67
Thorax and abdomen not metallic, but if so, then either facial ridge with strong bristles at least
71
on lower two-thirds (as in Fig. 7) or katepimeron entirely setose (Fig. 111)

~ . 5 4Family.
TACHINIDAE

745

67. Parafacial with hairs or setulae over most of its length. Antenna entirely yellow or orange. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 with median marginal bristles
68-

Parafacial bare or with hairs on less than its upper half. Antenna black or predominantly black.
Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles
69

68. Eye bare. Face entirely visible in lateral view. Proepisternum with dense hairs (as in Fig. 102).
Apical scutellar bristles crossed. Hind coxa with fine hairs on posterodorsal margin (Fig. 141).
Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 extending back t o hind margin of that segment. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Bristles on abdomen thorn-like
Chrysomikia Mesnil
1 sp., Ch. grahami (Villeneuve); China (Szechwan); Mesnil 1944-1975: 945-946.

-

Eye covered with dense hairs. Face not visible in lateral view. Proepisternum bare. Scutellum
without crossed apical bristles. Hind coxa bare on posterodorsal margin. Middorsal depression
on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4
each with one pair of median discal bristles. Bristles on abdomen not thorn-like
Symmorphomyia Mesnil et Shima
1 sp., S. katayamai Mesnil and Shirna; South of Russian Far East, Japan.

69. Upper part of head without or at most with a few black setulae behind the postocular row.
Palpus yellow. Prosternum usually setose. Postpronotum with three basal bristles in a straightline and one or two anteriorly placed bristles (Fig. 94). Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. R4+5 setose at least two-thirds to crossvein R-M. Abdominal sternites usually concealed between margins of abdominal tergites
Chrysosomopsis Townsend
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1003-1004.

-

Upper part of head with at least two rows of setulae behind the postocular row. Palpus blackor dark brown. Prosternum bare. Postpronotum with four or five bristles, the three strongest
bristles arranged in a triangle (as in Figs 92, 97). Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. R4+5 setose at most one-third to crossvein R-M. Abdominal sternites broadly
exposed70
70. Blend of M without a continuation of M. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia as long as
preapical anteroventral seta (as in Fig. 151). Prementum at least four times as long as its diameter. Katepisternum usually with two bristles. Apical scutellar bristles crossed
Janthinomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1067-1069.

-

Bend of M with a continuation of M about as long as crossvein R-M. Preapical posteroventral
seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta. Prementum at most threetimes as long as its diameter. Katepisternum with three bristles. Scutellum without crossed apicalbristlesGymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1958, Mesnil 1944-1975: 1077-1080.

71. Hind coxa with one or more setae on posterodorsal margin (Figs 139, 141)

72

-

90

Hind coxa bare on posterodorsal margin

72. Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)

73

-

82

Prosternum setose (Figs 135-136)

746

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER

73. Postmetacoxal area sclerotized (as in Fig. 138). Parafacial bare. Gena narrower than width of
palpus. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present, separated from each other by a very wide
distance (as in Fig. 88). First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 confined to less than anterior half of that segment. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers (similar to Fig. 190)
Takanoella Baranov
1 sp., T. parvicornis Baranov; Japan.
-

Postmetacoxal area membraneous (Fig. 139). Parafacial setose over its whole length. Height ofgena at least one-third vertical diameter of eye. Postsutural intra-alar bristles not as above. First
postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 extending back to hind margin or nearly so. Apex of abdomen of female
without pincers
74

74. Parafacial with hairs over its whole length and two to four proclinate bristles on its lower third(Fig. 16). Ocellar setae absent. Proepisternum bare
Peleteria Robineau-Desvoidy
3 7 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1961, Mesnil 1944-1975: 948-972.

-

Parafacial with hairs or setulae only. Ocellar bristles well-developed. ~ r o e ~ i s t e r n u setosem(asin Fig. 102)75

75. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole longer than half of section of M beyond bend. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta. Postpronotumwith three bristles in a straight line. Apical scutellar bristles erect (as in Fig. 126). Prementum
at least ten times as long as its diameter. Hairs or setulae on back of head all black, without
any pale hair. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with strong median discal bristles
Sarromyia Pokorny
1 sp., S. nubigena Pokorny; Europe (Pyrenees, Alps); Mesnil 1944-1975: 975-977.

-

Wing cell r4+5 without petiole or with a petiole at most as long as one-third section of M beyond
bend. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta
(as in Fig. 151). Postpronotum with more than three bristles, the strongest of them arranged
in a triangle (as in Figs 92, 96). Apical scutellar bristles horizontal. Prementvm usually distinctly
shorter. Hairs or setulae on back of head w+ite, yellow, red or pale brown, but if black, thenat least with several pale hairs on posterodorsal half. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 usually without-76
median discal bristles

76. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as one-fifth to one-third section of M beyond bend. Inner
anterior surface of fore coxa entirely covered with appressed setulae (as in Fig. 140)
Laufferiella Villeneuve
3 spp.; northern Africa, Iran, Turkmenia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 946-948.

-

Wing cell r4+5 without petiole or with a petiole at most as long as diameter of vein M. Inner
anterior surface of fore coxa bare or predominantly bare
77

77. Legs predominantly yellow (at least hind tarsus partially), but if entirely black (in one very large
species), then lower calypter black

Tachina Meigen

42 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 900-926.

-

Legs all black. Lower calpyter white or yellow.\

783.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

747

78. Scutum with three broad presutural dark longitudinal stripes. First flagellomere 1.2-1.7 times
as long as pedicel. First aristomere three t o four times as long as its diameter. Vibrissa arisingat level of lower facial margin
Mesnilisca Zimin
1 sp., M. trivittata Zimin; Tadzhikistan.

-

Scutum with four narrow presutural dark longitudinal stripes, or scutum lacking dark longitudinal stripes. First flagellomere usually at most as long as pedicel. First aristomere at most threetimes as long as its diameter. Vibrissa arising as far above lower facial margin as two to six
diameters of base of vibrissa
79

79. Prementum four to twelve times as long as its diameter (Fig. 62). Usually three postsutural in80
tra-alar bristles present. Wing unpatterned. Bend of M without a stub-Prementum short, at most four times as long as its diameter. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles
81
present. Wing usually patterned. Bend of M usually with a short stub

80. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without pruinescence, but if abdominal tergite 4 with traces of pruinescence along its anterior margin, then palpus black. Basicosta usually black
Nowickia Wachtl
18 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 926-940, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 64-65.

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with narrow basal bands of pruinescence, or at least with traces ofpruinescence along their anterior margins. Palpus yellow. Basicosta yellow
Cnephaotachina Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; widespread (except western parts of Europe and Japan); Mesnil 1944-1975: 932-934 (as subgenus of
Nowickia Wachtl).

81. Scutellum with at least five pairs of bristles along its margin. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae about equal in length. Genal dilation with yellow hairs only. Male with proclinate
orbital bristles
Mikia Kowarz
1 sp., M. tepens (Walker); Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, South of Russian Far East, China, Japan; Mesnil
1944-1975: 941, 944-945.

-

Scutellum with three pairs of bristles along its margin. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapicalsetae, but if with three, then posterodorsal one short. Genal dilation with yellow hairs and black
Anaeudora Townsend
setulae. Male without proclinate orbital bristles
3 spp.; South of Russian Far East, China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 942-944 (as subgenus of Mikia Kowarz).

82. Eye bare. Frons at least 1.8 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Ocellar bristles erect, lateroclinate. Arista thickened nearly to apex; second..aristomere six to eight times as long as its diameter. Katepisternum with four or five bristles. R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M
Pachystylum Macquart
1 sp., P. bremii Macquart; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 488-490 (as Chaetomera Brauer et Bergenstamm).

-

Eye covered with dense hairs. Frons narrower. Ocellar bristles proclinate. Arista thickened atmost on basal three-fourths; second aristomere at most 1.5 times as long as its diameter.
83
Katepisternum with two or three bristles. R4+5 setose only at its base

83. Upper part of head with at least one complete row of black setulae behind the postocular row
84

748

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera RICHTER-

Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row

84.

First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles. Second costal section withfine hairs ventrally. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Parafacial at its narrowest pointat most as wide as one-third of first flagellomere. Upper part of head with several rows of black
setulae behind the postocular row
Hemimacquartia Brauer et Bergenstamm85

1 sp., H. paradoxa Brauer et Bergenstamm; central and northern Europe; Mesnil 1944-1975: 733-735.

-

First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles. Second costal section bareventrally. Mid tibia with three or more anterodorsal bristles. Parafacial at its narrowest pointat least as wide as three-fifths of first flagellomere. Upper part of head usually with only one
row of black setulae behind the postocular row
90

85. Katepisternum with two bristles

86

-

87

Katepisternum with three bristles

86. Height of gena about one-fifth or one-sixth vertical diameter of eye. Lower facial margin
strongly protruding, visible in lateral view. Prementum five or six times as long as its diameter.
Abdomen predominantly yellow
Rhinaplomyia Mesnil
1 sp., Rh. nasuta (Villeneuve); China (Szechwan); Mesnil 1944-1975: 441-443.

-

Gena very narrow, its height usually distinctly less than one-eighth vertical diameter of eye (Fig.
6). Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Prementum short, at most three times as longas its diameter. ~ b d o m e npredominantly black
Carcelia ~ o b i n e a u - ~ e s v o i d y
31 spp.; widespread; Herting 1977: 5-7, Shima 1968a: 509-519 (as Calocarcelia Townsend), Shima 1969,
Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 55-56.

87. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at most as wide as one-fourth asat base of antenna. Postpronotum with three bristles in a straight or nearly straight line (Fig.
90), but if middle basal bristle slightly displaced anteriorly, then wing cell r4+5 with a short88
petiole-Parafacial not or not as strongly narrowed ventrally. Postpronotum with the three main bristles
arranged in a triangle (Fig. 91). Wing cell r4+5 open
89

88. Wing cell r4+5 open. Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Hind tibia
with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 152). Lateral scutellar bristles about as long as fourHuebneria Robineau-Desvoidy
fifths of subapical bristles. Palpus yellow
1 sp., H. affinis (Fallen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 391-394.

-

Wing cell r4+5 with a short petiole about as long as one-tenth section of M beyond bend. Costal
spine at least as long as crossvein R-M. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig.
150). Lateral scutellar bristles hair-like or absent. Palpus black
Tryphera Meigen
1 sp., T. lugubris (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 288-289.

89. Scutellum black. Frons of male at most as wide as three-fourths eye in dorsal view. Abdominal
tergites 4 and 5 of male with patches of appressed hair ventrally (as on tergite 4 in Fig. 196)
Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy, part
1 sp., Ph. nigricauda Mesnil; Japan.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

749

At least posterior half of scutellum red or yellow. Frons of male about as wide as one eye indorsal view. Abdomen of male without patches of appressed hair ventrally
Amelibaea Mesnil
2 spp.; central Europe, Mediterranean; Mesnil 1944-1975: 475-477 (as subgenus of Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy).

90. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin of thatsegment (Figs 183, 185-189)
91-

Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 extending back to hind margin (Figs 2, 184)
3 19

91. All of the following characteristics present simultaneously: R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M (Figs 162, 163); hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 150); second
costal section with fine hairs ventrally; subapical scutellar bristles convergent or crossing apically(parallel in only one species), apical bristles fine or hair-like (Fig. 122); parafacial without strong
bristles (Fig. 15); body length at most 6 mm
92-

Without such combination of characteristics present simultaneously

100

92. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta (Fig. 144). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with or without median discal bristles. Mid tibia with one or moreanterodorsal bristles
93-

Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143). Abdominal tergites always without median discal bristles. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
96

93. Frons at least 1.3 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Second aristomere at least three times
as long as its diameter. Proclinate orbital bristles strong
94-

Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Second aristomere less than three times as long95
as its diameter. Proclinate orbital bristles of male weak, sometimes hair-like

94. Mid tibia with at least two anterodorsal bristles. First aristomere at most as long as its diameter
Goniocera Brauer et ~ e r ~ e n s t a m m '4 spp.; Europe, South of Russian Far East; Mesnil 1944-1975: 797-803, Andersen 1996: 46-50.

-

Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. First aristomere 1.5-4 times as long as its diameter
Entomophaga Lioy
3 spp.; Europe; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 72, Andersen 1996: 51-54.

95. Eye bare. Parafacial at most with a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle. .Tegula yellow or
reddishProceromyia Mesnil
1 sp., P. macronychia (Mesnil); South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 829-831 (as subgenus ofCeromyia Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Eye covered with dense hairs. Parafacial with one or two rows of hairs. Tegula dark brown
Nipponoceromyia Mesnil et Shima
1 sp., N. pubioculata Mesnil et Shima; Japan.

1

Included is the species formerly placed in Galsania Richter.

750

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Lower proepimeral bristle directed anteroventrally (Fig. 103)

Peribaea Robineau-Desvoidy

9 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 803-813 (as Strobliomyia Townsend), Andersen 1996: 55-74.

Proepimeral bristle not as above

97

Anal vein not reaching wing margin (Fig. 162). Lower katepisternal bristle shorter than upper
anterior one (Fig. 110)98
Anal vein reaching wing margin at least as a fold (Fig. 163). Lower katepisternal bristle at least
as long as upper anterior one (Fig. 109)
99
Katepisternum without a descending row of hairs (as in Fig. 109). Upper part of anepisternum
with one setula anteriorly. Legs predominantly yellow. Basicosta yellow
Ceromya Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 828-839, Shima 1970: 187-192, Andersen 1996: 37-46.

Katepisternum with a descending row of fine hairs anterior t o mid coxa (Fig. 110). Upper partof anepisternum with two setulae anteriorly. Legs predominantly black. Basicosta black, brownor yellow
Actia Robineau-Desvoidy
13 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 813-828, Andersen 1996: 55-65.

Prementum short, but if elongate, then labella at most half as long as prementum (Fig. 61)
Ceranthia ~ o b i n e a u - ~ e s v o i d ~ ~16 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 839-853 (includingAsiphona Mesnil), Tschorsnig and Herting 1994:
74-75, Andersen 1996: 108-124 (including Aphantorhaphopsis Townsend).

Prementum at least eight times as long as its diameter, labella about as long as prementum (Fig.
15)
Siphona Meigen
25 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 853-879, Andersen 1982, 1996: 74-108, Tschorsnig and Herting
1994: 75-77.

Scutellum with only one pair of bristles (Fig. 116). Wing cell r4+5 open

101

Scutellum with at least two pairs of bristles along margin, but if with only one pair, then wing102
cell r4+5 with a distinct petiole
Arista thickened at most on basal fourth; first and second aristomere each at most as long as
its diameter. Prementum exceptionally long, at least 1.5 times height of head. Palpus present.
Proepisternum setose. Lower calypter strongly reduced. Abdominal tergites with strong marOxyphyllomyia Villeneuve
ginal bristles. Meron with a single bristle or none
1 sp., 0. cordylurina Villeneuve; China (Szechwan), Nepal; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1349, Shima 1983b.

Arista thickened nearly t o apex; first and second aristomere elongate, each at least four times
as long as its diameter. Prementum stout, about 1.5 times as long as its diameter. Palpus absent.
Proepisternum bare. Lower calypter not reduced, divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 129).
Abdomen without any bristle, covered with short appressed spinulae. Meron with the normal
Germariochaeta Villeneuve
row of bristles (as in Figs 3, 104)
1 sp., G. clavata Villeneuve; southern Siberia (Tomsk), China (Manchuria, Kiangsu); Mesnil 1944-1975:
1211-1212, 1219-1220.

2

Regarded as subgenus of Siphona by O'Hara 1989.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

751

102. Postmetacoxal area sclerotized, i. e., posterior edges of metepimera meet each other at midline
between hind coxae and base of first abdominal sternite, forming a postmetacoxal bridge (Fig.
138)
103

-

Postmetacoxal area membraneous (Fig. 139)

3. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as section of M beyond bend or longer (Fig. 173)
-

111
104

Wing cell r4+5 open or with a petiole at most as long as three-fourths section of M beyond
bend
106

104. Frons of male at most as wide as one-sixth eye in dorsal view, frons of female about as wide
as one eye. Parafacial with a row of hairs or setulae (Fig. 59). Vibrissa arising at level of lower
facial margin. Katepisternum with a single bristle. Wing with (Fig. 173) or without transverse
dark bands. Mid femur without spinules. Abdominal tergites with strong marginal bristles; abdominal sternites concealed between margins of abdominal tergites
Plesina Meigen
5 spp.; Mediterranean, Middle Asia; Kugler 1978.

-

Frons of male and female as wide as one-third to half of eye in dorsal view. Parafacial bare.
Vibrissa arising high above level of lower facial margin. Katepisternum with two or three bristles.
Wing unpatterned, transparent. Mid femur with two rows of spinules ventrally (as in Fig. 142).
105
Abdomen without any bristle; abdominal sternites broadly exposed (as in Fig. 193)

105. Abdominal tergites completely fused, without sutures between them. Abdomen subglobular,
without pruinescence. Sternite 7 of female not strongly developed Perigymnosoma Villeneuve
2 spp.; South of Russian Far East; Crosskey 1976: 20, 168.

-Intertergal sutures distinct. Abdomen obviously longer than broad, posterior margins of abdominal tergites with narrow bands of pruinescence. Sternite 7 of female strongly developed (as in
Phasia, Fig. 199)
Alophorophasia Townsend
1 sp., A. alata Townsend; Japan.

106. Terminalia of male and female prominent, well visible in lateral view (Figs 205, 207)

107

Terminalia entirely or predominantly concealed between margins of abdominal tergite 5, usually110
not visible in lateral view
107. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia present. Abdominal sternites entirely or predominantly concealed between margins of abdominal tergites. Postpronotal bristles standing on aline forming an angle less than 45O to longitudinal axis of body. Abdominal sternite 6 of female
without a process108-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia absent. Abdominal sternites well exposed (as in Fig.
193). Line of postpronotal bristles forming an angle of 45" or more to longitudinal axis ofbody. Abdominal sternite 6 of female with a ventral process, which is directed posteriorly (Fig.
207)
109

8. Palpus well-developed. Prementum stout, about two times as long as its diameter. First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia

752

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

shorter than preapical dorsal seta or absent (as in Fig. 143). Wing cell r4+s open or with apetiole at most as long as one-sixth section of M beyond bend
Lophosia Meigen
8 spp.; widespread; Herting 1983b: 7-29, Sun 1996.

-

Palpus strongly reduced (at most as long as diameter of prementum) or absent. Prementum slender, at least four times as long as its diameter. First postsutural supra-alar bristle distinctly
shorter than notopleural bristles or absent (Fig. 89). Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia
distinctly longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 145). Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole at least
as long as one-sixth section of M beyond bend
Cylindromyia Meigen
3 1 spp.; widespread; Herting 1983b: 30-88, Sun and Marschall 1995.

109. Back of head with pale hairs, at most with a row of black setulae on upper part behind the
postocular row. Lower facial margin usually not visible in lateral view. Hind margin of eye
indented. Prementum stout, at most three times as long as its diameter
Hemyda Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 92, Ziegler and Shima 1996: 462-465.

-

Hairs or setulae on back of head all black. Lower facial margin protruding, always visible inlateral view. Hind margin of eye straight or evenly convex. Prementum slender, at least fivetimes as long as its diameter
Phania Meigen, partsee couplet 273.

110. Parafacial bare. Proepisternum setose. Scutum with one pair of broad dark presutural longitudinal stripes, each wider than the pale median stripe. Scutellum with two pairs of bristles along
its margin, without crossed apical bristles. Wing cell r4+s open. Preapical anterodorsal seta on
fore tibia absent
Dolichocoxys Townsend, partsee couplet 8.

-

Parafacial with a row of hairs. Proepisternum bare. Scutum not as above. Scutellum with threepairs of bristles along its margin, strong crossed apical bristles present. Wing cell r4+5 with ashort petiole. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia about as long as preapical dorsal seta (asClelimyia Hertingin Fig. 144)
1 sp., C. paradoxa Herting; South of Russian Far East, Japan.

111. Eye covered with hairs (Figs 4,54), each hair longer than combined diameter of three eye facets112-

Eye bare or apparently bare; if hairs present, then each hair at most as long as combined diameter of two eye facets
154

112. Prosternum setose (Figs 135-136)

113

-

123

Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)

113. Parafacial bare or with fine hairs. Frontal bristles descending to level of lower margin of pedicel
or below. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white
114-

Parafacial with proclinate bristles and hairs. Frontal bristles descending at most to level of upper
margin of pedicel. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale
hair
135

114. Facial ridge with setae on lower three-fifths or more (Fig. 4)115'

3.54. Farnilv TACHlNlDAE

753

-

119

Facial ridge with setae on lower half or less115. Wing membrane creased for a short distance distal to bend of M, appearing from above as astub or continuation of M (Fig. 158); bend of M angular. Syncercus of male spatulate in posterior view, broadest beyond middle. Sternite 6 of female V-like (Figs 201-202)
Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 386.

-

Wing membrane not as above; bend of M distinctly obtuse. Cerci of male and sternite 6 offemale not as above
116

116. Mid tibia with two to five anterodorsal bristles. Palpus black or dark brown. Postpronotum
Lecanipa Rondaniwith three bristles arranged in a distinct triangle (as in Fig. 99)
2 spp.; Europe, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 745-748.

-

Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Palpus yellow. Postpronotum with middle basal
bristle in line with outer and inner basal bristles, rarely middle basal bristle slightly displaced
anteriorly
117

117. Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation.
Second costal section bare ventrally. Frons of male at most as wide as one-third eye in dorsal
view. Female without or at most with one proclinate orbital bristle
Biomeigenia Mesnil
3 spp.; Soutll of Russian Far East, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 697-701.

-

Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Occiput without genal dilation or genal dilation
scarcely developed (Fig. 4). Second costal section usually with fine hairs ventrally. Frons of maleat least as wide as half of eye in dorsal view. Female with two proclinate orbital bristles 118

118. Parafacial with hairs on its upper third or half (Fig. 4), rarely below upper half. Height of gena
at least one-third vertical diameter of eye. Arista usually thickened on much more than basal
one-fifth. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdominal tergites almost
always with median discal bristles. Cerci of male usually with a process dorsolaterally
Istocheta Rondani
3 1 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 684-697 (as Hyperecteina Schiner, Urophyllina Villeneuve, Urophylloides Brauer et Bergenstamm), Borisova-Zinov'eva 1964: 768-788, Borisova-Zinov'eva 1966: 420-439.

-

Parafacial bare or with at most a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle. Height of gena at most
one-fourth vertical diameter of eye. Arista thickened on basal one-fifth. Scutum with three pairsof presutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdominal tergites without median discal bristles. Cerci ofmale without a process
Compsiluroides Mesnil
1 sp., C. flavipalpis Mesnil; South o f Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 735-737.

119. First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles. Scutellum without crossed
120
apical bristles-

First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles. Scutellum with crossed apical121
bristles120. Frons at least as wide as 1.5 times eye in dorsal view. Height of gena about half of vertical
diameter of eye. First flagellomere about five times as long as pedicel. Costal spine, if present,
distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Abdominal

754

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

tergites without median discal bristles. Antenna, palpus, scutellum, basicosta and legs entirelyor predominantly yellow
Kallisomyia Borisova
1 sp., K. stackelbergi Borisova-Zinov'eva; South of Russian Far East.

-

Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Height of gena at most one-fifth vertical diameter of eye. First flagellomere at most two times as long as pedicel. Costal spine as long as or
longer than crossvein R-M. Mid tibia with three or four anterodorsal bristles. Abdominal tergites
with median discal bristles. Antenna, palpus, scutellum, basicosta and legs black
Lomachantha Rondani
2 spp.; Europe, Palestine, Crimea, Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 771-773.

121. Genal dilation on occiput scarcely developed, confined t o lower half to lower one-fourth ofgena (as in Fig. 27). Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 confined to anterior
half to seven-eighths of that segment
122-

Occiput with well-developed genal dilation (as in Fig. 18). Middorsal depression on abdominal
syntergite 1+ 2 reaching nearly t o hind margin, confined t o anterior nine-tenths or more of thatsegment
407

122. Prementum four to eight times as long as its diameter. Height of gena at most one-third vertical
diameter of eye. Parafacial usually with hairs on upper third or below. Hind tibia usually withthree dorsal preapical setae
Ptesiomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm3 spp.; Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Transcaucasia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 477-480.

-

Prementum about three times as long as its diameter. Height of gena about half of vertical diameter of eye. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Parafacial with only a few hairs below
lowest frontal bristle
Anurophylla Villeneuve
1 sp., A. aprica (Villeneuve); Algeria; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 8 3 4 8 6 .

123. Scutellum with only two pairs of bristles along its margin (as in Figs 115, 124)

124

-

125

Scutellum with three or more pairs of bristles along its margin124. Ocellar bristles well-developed (Fig. 54). Parafacial with a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle.
Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles (as in Fig. 124). Lower calypter small, rounded,divergent from scutellum. Abdominal tergites with marginal bristles
Dicarca Richter1 sp., D. flttviatilis Richter; South of Russian Far East; Richter 1993: 429-433.

-

Ocellar bristles absent. Parafacial with one or two rows of hairs or setulae. Scutellum withoutcrossed apical bristles. Lower calypter not divergent from scutellum. Abdomen without any
bristle158

125. First aristomere at least two times as long as its diameter. Bend of M with a continuation aslong as crossvein R-M or longer. Parafacial at its narrowest point 1.0-1.5 times as wide as firstflagellomere
126-

First aristomere distinctly shorter (Fig. 37). Bend of M without continuation or with a very
short stub, but if with a continuation nearly as long as crossvein R-M, then parafacial more127
than two times as wide as first flagellomere

126. Ocellar bristles reclinate. Parafacial with fine hairs over most of its length. First and second-arktomere each six to eight times as long as its diameter. Prementum exceptionally slender,

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

755

distinctly longer than height of head. Two strong postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Wing
cell r4+s with a petiole at least as long as half section of M beyond bend. Preapical anterodorsal
seta on fore tibia hair-like or absent
Lissoglossa Villeneuve
2 spp.; Morocco, Algeria; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1216-1218.

-

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Parafacial bare. First and second aristomere each two to four times aslong as its diameter. Prementum shorter than height of head. Three postsutural intra-alar bristles
present. Wing cell r4+s open or at most with a very short petiole. Preapical anterodorsal seta on
fore tibia as long as preapical dorsal seta or longer (as in Figs 144-145)
Barychaeta Bezzi
2 spp.; Ukraine, Caucasus, Siberia, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1218-1219, Richter 1981.

127 Facial ridge with bristles on lower two-thirds or more (Fig. 37). Preapical posteroventral setaon hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta or absent
128-

Facial ridge with setae on lower half or less, but if recumbent setae reaching two-thirds of facial
ridge, then preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral
seta
130

128. Male and female with.strong lateroclinate orbital bristles. Lower facial margin strongly turned
forwards, visible in lateral view. Palpus black. Ane~imeralbristle well-developed. Scutellum withdivergent apical bristles. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 with median marginal bristles
Policheta Rondani
1 sp., P. unicolor (Fallkn); Europe, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 660-662 (as Perichaeta Rondani).

-

Male without, female with one or two pairs of proclinate orbital bristles. Lower facial margin not
visible in lateral view (Fig. 37). Palpus yellow. Anepimeral seta hair-like or absent. Scutellum withcrossed apical bristles. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles
129

129. Ocellar bristles well-developed, reclinate (Fig. 37). Proepisternum setose (as in Fig. 102). R4+5
setose only at base. R1 bareCampylocheta Rondani, partsee couplet 351.

-

Ocellar setae hair-like, proclinate, or absent. Proepisternum bare. R4+5 setose nearly to crossvein
Elfriedella Mesnil
R-M. R1 setose or bare dorsally
2 spp.; Japan, Nepal; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1249-1250, Shima 1988: 24-26.

130. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair

131

Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white or yellow or at least with a few palehairs along posteroventral margin of head141
131. Postpronotum with the three strongest bristles forming a nearly right-angled triangle (as in Fig.
97)
132

-

Bristles on postpronotum not as above, middle basal bristle at most slightly displaced anteriorly
133

132. Ocellar bristles erect, lateroclinate. First flagellomere at most 1.5 times as long as pedicel. Arista
thickened at most on basal two-fifths. Height of gena at most half of vertical diameter of eye.
Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles
Zophomyia Macquart2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1082-1083.

756

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Ocellar bristles proclinate. First flagellomere at least four times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened nearly t o apex. Height of gena at least two-thirds vertical diameter of eye. Scutum withtwo pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles
Erebiomima Mesnil
2 spp.; Israel; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1081-1082, Herting 1979: 4.

133. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole at least as long as two-thirds section of M beyond bend

265

-

134

Wing cell r4+5 open or with a very short petiole

134. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles

135

-

137

Scutellurn with strong crossed apical bristles (Figs 117, 132-133)

135. Parafacial with proclinate bristles and hairs over its whole length. Lateral scutellar bristles atmost half as long as subapical bristles. Anatergite with a group of minute hairs or setulae below
lower calypter (as in Fig. 104). Base of R4+5 with a strong seta and occasionally one or two
hairs. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (asin Fig. 143). Abdominal sternites concealed between margins of abdominal tergites
Eulasiona Townsend
3 spp.; southern Siberia, South of Russian Far East, Mongolia, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1307-1310.

-

Parafacial bare. Lateral scutellar bristles at least as long' as two-thirds of subapical bristles.
Anatergite bare below lower calypter. Base of R4+5 bare or with two fine hairs. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia about as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 144). Abdominal
sternites exposed
136

136. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles. Basicosta yellow or reddish. Mid tibia withthree or four anterodorsal bristles. Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu longer
than section between dM-Cu and bend of M
Cleonice Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; central and northern Europe, Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1089-1091.

-

Lateral scutellar bristles shorter than subapical bristles. Basicosta black. Mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu about equal to or shorter
Gastroptilops Mesnil
than section between dM-Cu and bend of M
1 sp., G. ater Mesnil; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-197s: 1091-1092.

137. Ocellar setae short, usually hair-like. Anepimeral bristle hair-like. Lower facial margin protruding, visible in lateral view. Two strong postsutural intra-alar bristles present
Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1355-1357.

-.

Ocellar bristles well-developed. Anepimeral bristle well-developed. Lower facial margin usually
not visible in lateral view. Three or two postsutural intra-alar bristles present
138

138. First flagellomere two to five times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened on basal half or more.
Anatergite bare below lower calypter. Frons of male about 1.5 times as wide as one eye in dorsal
view, with one or two proclinate orbital bristles. Body length less than 5 mm
Synactia Villeneuve
2 spp.; Europe, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1223-1224.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

757

First flagellomere less than two times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened on basal one-fourthor less. Anatergite almost always with a group of minute hairs or setulae below lower calypter(Fig. 104). Frons of male at most as wide as one-fourth eye in dorsal view, without proclinate
139
orbital bristles. Body length more than 5 mm

139. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Scutum with three pairs each of presutural dorsocentral bristles and postsutural intra-alar bristles
Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy
12 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1093-1105 (including Bebricia Robineau-Desvoidy), Tschorsnig andHerting 1994: 70-71.

-

Second costal section bare ventrally. Scutum with two pairs each of presutural dorsocentral bris140
tles and postsutural intra-alar bristles

140. Parafacial with fine hairs on its upper half, at its narrowest point at most 1.5 times width offirst flagellomere. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation. Scutum with one pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Postpronotum with two bristles. Lower calypter divergent from scutelMacroprosopa Brauer et Bergenstammlum (as in Fig. 132)
1sp., M. atrata (Fallen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1105-1106.

-

Parafacial with proclinate bristles or strong hairs over its whole length, more than two times
width of first flagellomere. Genal dilation on occiput not or scarcely developed (as in Fig. 29).
Scutum with two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Postpronotum with three bristles. Lower
Angiorhina Brauer et Bergenstammcalypter not divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133)
3 spp.; northern Europe, Siberia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1243-1245, Herting 1982: 9.

141. Prea~icalposteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta
142-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as inFig. 151)
146

142. Parafacial with proclinate bristles or hairs over its whole length

143

-

145

Parafacial bare or with hairs at most on upper half

143. Scutum with two pairs each of presutural dorsocentral bristles and postsutural intra-alar bristles.
Postpronotum with three bristles in a straight line. Anatergite with a group of minute hairs or
140
setulae below lower calypter (as in Fig. 104)-

Scutum with three pairs each of presutural dorsocentral bristles and postsutural intra-alar bristles. Postpronotum with four or five bristles, but if with only three bristles, then arranged in a
144
nearly right-angled triangle. Anatergite bare below lower calypter

144. Parafacial with proclinate bristles and hairs. Prementum about two times as long as its diameter.
Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally
Blepharomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1311-13 14.

-

Parafacial with fine hairs only. Prementum about six times as long as its diameter. Lateral scutellar bristles present. Second costal section bare ventrally
122

758

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

145. Posterior thoracic spiracle very large, its diameter at least two times the diameter of the knobof halter. Hairs on back of head entirely or predominantly pale. Postpronotum with three ormore bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum with three bristles
Parerigone Brauer3
7 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan.

-

Posterior thoracic spiracle distinctly smaller. Hairs or setulae on back of head all black, except
a few pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head. Postpronotum with two bristles.
137
Katepisternum with two bristles

146. Lower facial margin strongly turned forwards, face entirely visible in lateral view (Fig. 39)147-

Face and lower facial margin not visible in lateral view (Fig. 45)

148147. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or hair-like. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Costal
bristle longer than crossvein R-M. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151).
Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 without median marginal bristles. Basicosta yellow or reddish. Abdomen red laterally
Eriothrix Meigen, partsee couplet 334.

-

Lateral scutellar bristles present. Second costal section bare ventrally. Costal bristle shorter thancrossvein R-M. Hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 150). Abdominal
29 1
syntergite 1 +2 with median marginal bristles. Basicosta black. Abdomen black

148. Frons about 1.5 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view or wider. Arista thickened on basal
two-thirds or more. Hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 150) 149-

Frons at most 1.2 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened on less than basal
two-thirds (Fig. 45). .Hind tibia usually with two dorsal preapical setae (as in Fig. 151) 150

149. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. The three strong postpronotal bristles arranged in a bluntangled triangle. Upper part of head without or at most with a few black setulae behind the
postocular row
Sonaca Richter1 sp., S. moderata (Herting); Armenia, eastern Turkey, northern Europe.

-

Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. The three strong postpronotal bristles arranged in anearly right-angled triangle. Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behind132
the postocular row

150. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Upper part of head without black
setulae behind the postocular row. Antenna entirely orange. Second aristomere two to three
Flavicorniculum Chao et Shi
times as long as its diameter. Body length 13 mm or more
2 spp.; China (Chekiang, Szechwan).

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles. Upper part of head with one ormore rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Antenna black, but if partially yellow,
then at least first flagellomere darkened along anterior margin. Second aristomere less than two
151
times as long as its diameter (Fig. 45). Body length at most 10 mm

3Included are the species formerly placed in Parerigonesis Chao et Sun.

3.54.Farnilv TACHlNlDAE

759

151. Postpronotum with two, three or four bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a moreor less straight line (as in Figs 90, 100-101)
152-

Postpronotum with three to five bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a nearly right153
angled triangle (as in Figs 92, 97, 99)

152. Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles. Basicosta black or dark brown. Wing cell r4+5
open or with a petiole. Frons of male at most as wide as one-third eye in dorsal view
Loewia Egger, partsee couplet 347.

-

Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. Basicosta yellow or reddish. Wing cell r4+5 open.
136
Frons of male as wide as half of eye in dorsal view or wider

153. Genal dilation large, covered with strong bristle-like setulae (Fig. 45). Costal spine about aslong as crossvein R-M. Sixth costal section as long as one-fourth of fourth costal section. Scutellum entirely black. Lateral scutellar bristles usually distinctly shorter than subapical bristles.
Parafacial of male at its narrowest point less than half as wide as first flagellomere. Abdominal
Emporomyia Brauer et Bergenstammtergite 6 of male covered with hairs
2 spp.; Europe (Alps), Caucasus; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1076-1077.

-

Genal dilation covered with fine setulae or hairs. Costal spine absent or at least distinctly shorter
than crossvein R-M. Sixth costal section distinctly shorter. Scutellum at least apically red or
yellow. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles. Parafacial of male about as wide
as first flagellomere. Abdominal tergite 6 of male bare or with at most six hairs
Hyalurgus Brauer et Bergenstamm11 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1069-1076.

154. Scutellum with only two pairs of bristles along its margin (Figs 115, 124, 129)

155

-

178

Scutellum with three or more pairs of bristles along its margin155. Parafacial setose over its whole length. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Vibrissa
156
arising at level of lower facial margin-

Parafacial bare (Fig. 25) or at most with hairs on its upper half (Fig. 41), but if with hairs below
upper half (one species of Phasia), then lower facial margin strongly turned forwards and vibrissa
159
arising high above level of lower facial margin156. Facial ridge with bristles on lower two-thirds or more (as in Fig. 4). Abdominal syntergite 1+2
183with one pair of median marginal bristles. Abdomen with pruinescence-

Facial ridge setose on lower third or less. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 without median marginal
bristles. Abdomen without pruinescence157

157. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole at least as long as three-fourths section of M beyond bend. Para248
facial with proclinate bristles. Scutellum with three bristles arranged in a triangle-

Wing cell r4+5 open. Parafacial with hairs only. Scutellum with two bristles or three bristles
158
arranged in a more or less straight line

760

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

158. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation. Prosternum bare. Katepisternum with a single bristle. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. Abdomen without any bristle. Abdominal tergite
5 of female bent ventrally (as in Fig. 204). Body black
Eugymnopeza Townsend
2 spp.; Austria (?), Transcaucasia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1372-1373.

-

Occiput without genal dilation. Prosternum setose. Katepisternum with two or three bristles.
Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles. Abdominal tergites with marginal bristles. Abdominal tergite 5 of female not as above. Body pale yellow
Hamaxia Walker
1 sp., H. incongma Walker; South of Russian Far East, China, Korea, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1237-1239.

159. Lower calypter divergent from scutellum (Fig. 129). Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half ofhead all black, without any pale hair
160

-

~1

Lower calypter not divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 133). Hairs or setulae on posteroventral
half of head usually pale, rarely black
165

160. Wing cell r4+s open or closed just at wing margin. Abdominal tergite 4 with median discal
bristlesi

Anthomyiopsis Townsend

2 spp.; Europe; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1108-1109, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 71.

-

Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole i t least as long as one-fourth section of M beyond bend (Figs 170,
174). Abdominal tergite 4 without median discal bristles
161

161. Face with a broad carina, visible in lateral view, completely separating antennae. Prementum
and labella strongly elongate (as in Fig. 15). Abdomen uniformly covered with dense pruinescence. Terminalia of female with two strong lobes covered with curved spines
Diplopota Bezzi
2 spp.; Hungary (?), Mongolia.

-

Face without carina, usually not visible in lateral view. Proboscis not as above. Abdomen without
162
or at most with traces of pruinescence. Terminalia of female not as above

162. Abdominal tergite 6 slightly shorter, but similar in shape to tergite 5 (Fig. 206). Postsutural
intra-alar bristles absent. Postpronotum with one bristle or none. Female resembling a Sepsidae;
back of head exceptionally convex, nearly semiglobular; abdominal sternite 4 exceptionally developed (Fig. 206)
Sepseocara Richter1 sp., S. itians Richter; South of Russian Far East; Richter 1986: 111-115, Richter 1993: 438-439.

-

Abdominal tergite 6 different in shape from abdominal tergite 5 . One, two or three postsutural
intra-alar bristles present. Postpronotum with two or three bristles. Female not resembling a
163
Sepsidae, head and abdominal sternite 4 not as above

163. Petiole of wing cell r4+5 shorter than section of M beyond bend. Prementum four to six times
as long as its diameter. Lower facial margin turned forwards, usually visible in lateral view.
Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median marginal bristles. Abdominal sternites concealed
between margins of abdominal tergites. Abdomen of female without piercer and spinules
Mesnilomyia Kugler
4 spp.; Tunisia, Israel, Iran, Transcaucasia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1109-1 11 1,'Kugler 1972.

-

Petiole of wing cell r4+5 as long as or longer than section of M beyond bend (Fig. 170). Prementum less than three times as long as its diameter. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral13.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

761

view. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 usually without median marginal bristles. Abdominal sternites
exposed. Abdomen of female with piercer and usually with patches of short spinules ventrally
164(Fig. 195) .
164. Subscutellum convex in lateral view (as in Fig. 3). Posterior pair of scutellar bristles crossed(Fig. 129). Proepisternum usually with one to three setulae. Petiole of wing cell r4+5 as long as
1.5 to 5 times section of M beyond bend (Fig. 170). Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae.
Usually at least anterior margin of wing darkened. Outer vertical bristle not differentiated.
Palpus present or absent
Catharosia Rondani
4 spp.; widespread; Kugler 1977: 10.

-

Subscutellum straight or slightly concave in lateral view (Fig. 107). Posterior pair of scutellar
bristles parallel or divergent. Proepisternum bare. Petiole of wing cell r4+5 as long as 1 to 1.5
times section of M beyond bend. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Wing transparent,
Litophasia Girschner
not darkened. Outer vertical bristle usually present. Palpus absent
1 sp., L. hyalipennis (FallCn); Europe.

165. Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 83). Wing cellr 4 + ~with a petiole
166-

Scutum before suture without stripes or with three, four or five narrower dark longitudinal
stripes (as in Figs 81-82). Wing cell r4+5 without or with a petiole
168

166. Arista thickened on basal half or less. Prementum four to six times as long as its diameter. Costal
spine one to four times as long as crossvein R-M
290-

Arista thickened nearly t o apex (Fig. 41). Prementum at most two times as long as its diameter.
Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M
167

167. Genal dilation not or only scarcely developed. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of headentirely or predominantly pale. Palpus present. Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles.
Anepimeral seta absent. Abdominal syntergite 1-t2 with a pair of strong median marginal bristles. First flagellomere of male at most seven times as long as pedicel
Mongolomintho Richter1 sp., M. longipes Richter; Mongolia.

-

Occiput with well-developed genal dilation (Fig. 41). Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half ofhead all black. Palpus absent. Scutum with one or two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles.
A short anepimeral bristle present. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles.
First flagellomere of male exceptionally long, about 1 5 times as long as pedicel (Fig. 41)
Magripa Richter1 sp., M. autumnalis Richter; Tadzhikistan; Richter 1988: 206-209.

168. One postsutural intra-alar bristle present (Fig. 87) or none

169

-

178

Three or two postsutural intra-alar bristles present

169. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole (Figs 167, 174)-

Wing cell r4+5 without a petiole (Figs 168-169)

762

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

170. Abdominal tergites completely fused, without sutures between them (Fig. 188). Frons about aswide as half of eye in dorsal view or wider. Abdomen subglobular, without pruinescence, usually
171
orange red in ground colour with dark markings, sometimes entirely black-

Intertergal sutures distinct (as in Fig. 187). Width of frons less than one-fourth eye in dorsal
17z4view (as in Figs 25, 68). Abdomen often flattened dorsally

171. Antenna extending t o or nearly to level of lower facial margin; first flagellomere at least two
Gymnosoma Meigen
times as long as wide. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin
19 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1966: 4 3 5 4 4 5 (including Stylogymnomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm), Tschorsnig
and Herting 1994: 86-87.

-

Antenna short, distance between first flagellomere and lower facial margin about equal to lengthof first flagellomere; first flagellomere about as long as wide. Vibrissa arising above level oflower facial margin
Cistogaster LatreilleS spp.; widespread; Zimin 1966: 4 2 9 4 3 4 (as Pallasia Robineau-Desvoidy).

172. Petiole of wing cell r4+s bent forwards, about as long as one-tenth section of M beyond bend
Elomya Robineau-Desvoidy(Fig. 167). Sternite 7 of female inconspicuous
1 sp., E. lateralis (Meigen); warmer parts of Palaearctic.

-

Petiole of wing cell r4+5 in a line with vein R4+5, at least as long as one-fifth section of M
beyond bend (as in Fig. 174). Sternite 7 of female strongly developed (Fig. 199)
Phasia Latreille2 1 spp.; widespread; Draber-Monko 1965 (as Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy), Ziegler 1994.

173. Terminalia of male and female strongly asymmetrical (Fig. 213). Postpronotum with only one
bristle. Scutum with one pair of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, lacking presutural dorsocentral
bristles and postsutural intra-alar bristles
Xysta Meigen
1 sp., X. holosericea (Fabricius); southern Europe, Israel.

-

Terminalia of male and female symmetrical. Postpronotum with two or three bristles. Scutumwith two to four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, one or two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles and one postsutural intra-alar bristle
174

174. Wing patterned with dark spots (Figs 168-169) or entirely darkened, but when nearly transparent, then abdominal tergites without median marginal bristles. Abdomen often flattened dorsoventrally (Fig. 187)
175-

Wing unpatterned, transparent. At least abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with marginal bristles. Abdomen not flattened dorsoventrally
176

175. Scutum without yellow transverse bands. Abdomen more or less rounded, distinctly less than
two times as long as wide (Fig. 187). Frons with two or more rows of hairs outside frontal row
Ectophasia Townsend
S spp.; widespread; Dupuis 1963: 110-113, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 85-86.

4Specimens with a row of long flattened blade-like setae on hind tibia and dark wings with yellow anterior margin
belong to the American genus Trichopoda Berthold, which seems to be accidentally introduced in southern Europe.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE-

763

Scutum before suture and before scutellum with a transverse band of yellow pruinescence. Abdomen subparallel, about two times as long as wide. Frons with at most a few hairs outside
frontal row
Pentatomophaga de Meijere
1 sp., P. Iatifascia (Villeneuve); Japan.

176. Legs, antenna, scutellum and abdomen entirely or predominantly yellow. Height of gena onefourth vertical diameter of eye or more. Scutum with one pair of presutural dorsocentral bristles.
Abdomen in posterior view without pruinescence
Subclytia Pandellt
1 sp., S. rotundiventris (Falltn); widespread.
-Legs, antenna and scutellum black, abdomen black or yellow. Height of gena one-sixth vertical
diameter of eye or less. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen in177
posterior view covered with pruinescence (occasionally only on abdominal tergite 5)177. Frons of female with dense hairs outside frontal row, frons of male bare. Katepisternum usuallywith three bristles. Mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Second costal section with fine
Eliozeta Rondani
hairs ventrally. Hairs on abdomen of male recumbent
2 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 85.

-

Frons of male and female bare outside frontal row. Katepisternum with two bristles. Mid tibia
with a single anterodorsal bristle. Second costal section usually bare ventrally. Hairs on abdomenof male often erect dorsally
Clytiomya Rondani
4 spp.; widespread; Dupuis 1963: 130-131.

178. Prosternum setose (Fig. 136), at least one hair or setulae on each side (Fig. 135)

179

-

222

Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)

179. Face with a strong carina, separating antennae. Antenna and proboscis exceptionally short (Fig.
22)
Trixa Meigen, partsee couplet 299.

-

Face without carina. Antenna and proboscis not as above

180

180. First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles and usually longer than first181
postsutural intra-alar bristle (Figs 2-3)-

First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles and shorter than first post192
sutural intra-alar bristle (Fig. 85), or absent

181. Parafacial setose (Figs 14, 3 l),at least with a patch of small setae near midlength or below (asin Fig. 42)
182-

Parafacial entirely bare or at most with a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle

186

182. Ocellar bristles proclinate. Second aristomere short, not or only slightly longer rhan its diameter.
Katepisternum with three bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles
183-

Ocellar bristles reclinate (Figs 14, 65). Second aristomere four to twelve times as long as its
diameter (Figs 14, 31). Katepisternum with four bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without
median discal bristles
184

762

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

170. Abdominal tergites completely fused, without sutures between them (Fig. 188). Frons about aswide as half of eye in dorsal view or wider. Abdomen subglobular, without pruinescence, usuallyorange red in ground colour with dark markings, sometimes entirely black
171-

Intertergal sutures distinct (as in Fig. 187). Width of frons less than one-fourth eye in dorsal
view (as in Figs 25, 68). Abdomen often flattened dorsally1724

171. Antenna extending t o or nearly to level of lower facial margin; first flagellomere at least two
times as long as wide. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin
Gymnosoma Meigen
19 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1966: 4 3 5 4 4 5 (including Stylogymnomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm), Tschorsnig
and Herting 1994: 86-87.

-

Antenna short, distance between first flagellomere and lower facial margin about equal to lengthof first flagellomere; first flagellomere about as long as wide. Vibrissa arising above level oflower facial margin
Cistogaster Latreille5 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1966: 429-434 (as Pallasia Robineau-Desvoidy).

172. Petiole of wing cell r4+s bent forwards, about as long as one-tenth section of M beyond bend
(Fig. 167). Sternite 7 of female inconspicuous
Elomya Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., E. lateralis (Meigen); warmer parts of Palaearctic.

-

Petiole of wing cell r4+5 in a line with vein R4+5, at least as long as one-fifth section of M
beyond bend (as in Fig. 174). Sternite 7 of female strongly developed (Fig. 199)
Phasia Latreille2 1 spp.; widespread; Draber-Monko 1965 (as Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy), Ziegler 1994.

173. Terminalia of male and female strongly asymmetrical (Fig. 213). Postpronotum with only one
bristle. Scutum with one pair of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, lacking presutural dorsocentral
bristles and postsutural intra-alar bristles
Xysta Meigen
1 sp., X. holosericea (Fabricius); southern Europe, Israel.

-

Terminalia of male and female symmetrical. Postpronotum with two or three bristles. Scutumwith two to four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, one or two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles and one postsutural intra-alar bristle
174

174. Wing patterned with dark spots (Figs 168-169) or entirely darkened, but when nearly transparent, then abdominal tergites without median marginal bristles. Abdomen often flattened dorsoventrally (Fig. 187)
175-

Wing unpatterned, transparent. At least abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with marginal bristles. Abdomen not flattened dorsoventrally
176

175. Scutum without yellow transverse bands. Abdomen more or less rounded, distinctly less than
two times as long as wide (Fig. 187). Frons with two or more rows of hairs outside frontal row
Ectophasia Townsend
5 spp.; widespread; Dupuis 1963: 110-113, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 85-86.

4Specimens with a row of long flattened blade-like setae on hind tibia and dark wings with yellow anterior margin
belong to the American genus Trichopoda Berthold, which seems to be accidentally introduced in southern Europe.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE-

763

Scutum before suture and before scutellum with a transverse band of yellow pruinescence. Abdomen subparallel, about two times as long as wide. Frons with at most a few hairs outside
Pentatomophaga de Meijere
frontal row
1 sp., P. latifascia (Villeneuve); Japan.

176. Legs, antenna, scutellum and abdomen entirely or predominantly yellow. Height of gena onefourth vertical diameter of eye or more. Scutum with one pair of presutural dorsocentral bristles.
Subclytia PandellC
Abdomen in posterior view without pruinescence
1 sp., S. roturtdiventris (FallCn); widespread.

-Legs, antenna and scutellum black, abdomen black or yellow. Height of gena one-sixth vertical
diameter of eye or less. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen in177
posterior view covered with pruinescence (occasionally only on abdominal tergite 5)177. Frons of female with dense hairs outside frontal row, frons of male bare. Katepisternum usuallywith three bristles. Mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Second costal section with fine
Eliozeta Rondani
hairs ventrally. Hairs on abdomen of male recumbent
2 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 85.

-

Frons of male and female bare outside frontal row. Katepisternum with two bristles. Mid tibia
with a single anterodorsal bristle. Second costal section usually bare ventrally. Hairs on abdomen
Clytiomya Rondaniof male often erect dorsally
4 spp.; widespread; Dupuis 1963: 130-131.

178. Prosternum setose (Fig. 136), at least one hair or setulae on each side (Fig. 135)

179

-

222

Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)

179. Face with a strong carina, separating antennae. Antenna and proboscis exceptionally short (Fig.
22)
Trixa Meigen, partsee couplet 299.
-

Face without carina. Antenna and proboscis not as above

180

180. First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles and usually longer than first181
postsutural intra-alar bristle (Figs 2-3)-

First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles and shorter than first postsutural intra-alar bristle (Fig. 85), or absent
192

181. Parafacial setose (Figs 14, 31), at least with a patch of small setae near midlength or below (asin Fig. 42)
182-

Parafacial entirely bare or at most with a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle

186

122DC~~~~S&S~~//~~&~~~~H&/II~P&H~~H/H~HI/&~&~
Katepisternum with three bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles
183-

Ocellar bristles reclinate (Figs 14, 65). Second aristomere four to twelve times as long as its
diameter (Figs 14, 31). Katepisternum with four bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without
median discal bristles
184

764

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

183. Facial ridge with setae on lower two-fifths or less. Parafacial at its narrowest point at most two
times width of first flagellomere. Height of gena about one;fourth vertical diameter of eye. Upper part of head with one or two rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Bristles on
Wardarina Mesnil
postpronotum arranged in a triangle
2 spp.; Mediterranean region; Mesnil 1944-1975: 481-482.

-

Facial ridge with setae on lower two-thirds or more. Parafacial two to six times width of firstflagellomere. Height of gena about three-fifths vertical diameter of eye. Upper part of head
without or at most with a few black setulae behind the postocular row. Bristles on postpronotum
not arranged in a triangle
Baumhaueria Meigen
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 502-506, Mesnil 1963: 18-19.

184. Prementum exceptionally slender, about as long as height of head (Fig. 31). Wing cell r4+5 witha petiole about as long as two-fifths section of M beyond bend. First aristomere three to fourtimes as long as its diameter
Rhynchogonia Brauer et Bergenstamml

1 sp., Rh. algerica Brauer et Bergenstamm; Algeria (Sahara), Israel, Turkmenia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 546-547.
-

Prementum not as above (Fig. 14). Wing cell r4+5 without a petiole. First aristomere at most
1.5 times as long as its diameter
185

185. R4+5 setose at least on basal third to crossvein R-M. Upper part of head usually with black
setulae behind the postocular row. Abdominal syntergite 1-1-2 usually without median marginal
bristlesGonia Meigen, partsee couplet 478.

-

R4+5 with less setulae near its base. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 with one pair of strong median marginal bristles
Pseudogonia Brauer et Bergenstamm, partsee couplet 480.

186. Arista thickened at most on basal half. Frons about as wide as one eye or narrower. First flagellomere less than 2.5 times as long as pedicel
187-

Arista thickened on basal two-thirds or more. Frons at least 1.7 times as wide as one eye in188
dorsal view (Fig. 66). First flagellomere more than 2.5 times as long as pedicelI

187. Base of R4+5 with a single setula. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. Ocellar setae small,at most half as long as uppermost frontal bristle. Femur black, tibia red or yellow. Palpus black
Pelatachina Meade
1 sp., P. tibialis (Fallen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1112-1 113.

-

R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Scutellum with fine crossed apical bristles. Ocellar
218
bristles well-developed. Femur and tibia black. Palpus yellow

188. Facial ridge with setae on lower third or less

189

-

190

Facial ridge with setae on lower half or more

189. Upper part of head with several rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Costal spine
at least two times as long as crossvein R-M. R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Wing

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

765

cell r4+5 without petiole. Hind tibia with four or five dorsal preapical setae. Abdominal tergites
3 and 4 each with median discal bristles. Basicosta and palpus black
Masistylum Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., M. arcuaturn (Mik); Europe (Alps, Tatra); Mesnil 1944-1975: 500-502.

-

Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Costal spine at most as
long as crossvein R-M. Base of R4+5 with only one or two setulae. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole
about as long as one-fourth section of M beyond bend. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapicalsetae (as in Fig. 152). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Basicosta andpalpus yellow
494190. Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Fronswith hairs outside frontal row. Prementum four to six times as long as its diameter. Scutumwith two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles and three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral
bristlesBrachicheta Rondani
2 spp.; Europe, Transcaucasia, Palestine; Mesnil 1944-1975: 497-500.

-

Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Frons with reclinate or
medioclinate bristles lateral to frontal row (Fig. 66). Prementum at most three times as long as
its diameter. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles and four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles
191

191. Katepisternum with four bristles. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles, without erect preapicalbristles. Costal spine about two times as long as crossvein R-M. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole
about as long as crossvein R-M. Basicosta yellow. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 145). Hind tibia with three strong dorsal
preapical setae (as in Fig. 150)
Isafarus Richter1 sp., I. calceolus Richter; Mongolia.

-

Katepisternum with three bristles. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles, with one pair ofstraight nearly erect preapical bristles on dorsal surface just anterior to apex (as in Fig. 123).
Costal bristle distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Wing cell r4+5 without a petiole. Basicosta
black. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (asin Fig. 143). Hind tibia with two dorsal'preapical setae (as in Fig. 152)
Thelymorpha Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., Th. mamorata (Fabricius); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 506-508 (as Histochaeta Bezzi).

192. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair-

193

Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly white, but if predominantly black,197
then at least with a few pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head

193. Parafacial at its narrowest point at least as wide as half of first flagellomere. First flagellomere
at most 1.5 times as long as pedicel. Second costal section bare ventrally. Wing cell r4+5 witha petiole at least as long as half section of M beyond bend. Base of R4+5 usually bare, rarely
with a setula. Frons of male at most as wide as one-fifth eye in dorsal view
194-

Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at most as wide as two-fifths widthof first flagellomere. First flagellomere at least two times as long as pedicel. Second costal section
with fine hairs ventrally. Wing cell r4+5 without or with a petiole. Base of R4+5 with a single
setula or bristle. Frons of male at least as wide as 1.3 times eye in dorsal view
195

766

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

194. Prementum and labella short. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae
Graphogaster Rondanil l spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1197-1203.

-

Prementum and labella strongly elongate (Fig. 60). Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae
Ancistrophora Schiner
1 sp., A. mikii Schiner; Europe (High Alps); Mesnil 1944-1975: 1196-1197.

195. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as one-fourth to half section of M beyond bend. Second
aristomere at most as long as its diameter
Heraultia Villeneuve
1 sp., H. albipennis Villeneuve; Mediterranean, Crimea, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1186-1 188.

-

Wing cell r4+s without a petiole. Second aristomere three to seven times as long as its diameter
196

196. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with narrow basal bands of pruinescence, divided in the dorsal
midline of abdomen, or abdomen without pruinescence. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally,at its narrowest point as wide as one-eighth to one-fourth as at base of antenna
Elfia Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1188-1192, Andersen 1988 (as Phytomyptera Rondani, part).

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with pruinescence reaching to or nearly to their hind margins. Parafacial usually not as strongly narrowed ventrally
Gwenda Richter4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1188-1 192 (as Elfia Robineau-Desvoidy, part), Andersen 1988 (as Phytomyptera Rondani, in part).

197.Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole at least as long as one-fifth section of M beyond bend (Fig. 176)
198-

Wing cell r4+s open or with a petiole shorter than one-eighth section of M beyond bend 201

198. Facial ridge with setae on lower three-fifths or more. Arista thickened at least on basal half.
Katepisternum with three bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles half as long as subapical bristles or
longer.
199-

Facial ridge with setae on lower fourth or less. Arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths.
Katepisternum with two bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles hair-like or absent
200

199. Facial ridge strongly convex in profile. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the
postocular row. Postpronotum with two bristles. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen with pruinescence. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal
bristlesAlloprosopaea Villeneuve
2 spp.; northern Africa, Israel, Middle Asia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 655-657.

-

Facial ridge straight in profile. Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behindthe postocular row. Postpronotum with three bristles. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen shiny, without pruinescence. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 eachwith median discal bristles
Ligeria Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 662-664.

200. First flagellomere three to four times as long as pedicel. Scutum with one or two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Ab-

766

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

194. Prementum and labella short. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae
Graphogaster Rondanil l spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1197-1203.

-

Prementum and labella strongly elongate (Fig. 60). Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae
Ancistrophora Schiner
1 sp., A. mikii Schiner; Europe (High Alps); Mesnil 1944-1975: 1196-1197.

195. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole as long as one-fourth to half section of M beyond bend. Second
aristomere at most as long as its diameter
Heraultia Villeneuve
1 sp., H. albipennis Villeneuve; Mediterranean, Crimea, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1186-1 188.

-

Wing cell r4+5 without a petiole. Second aristomere three to seven times as long as its diameter
196

196. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with narrow basal bands of pruinescence, divided in the dorsal
midline of abdomen, or abdomen without pruinescence. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally,at its narrowest point as wide as one-eighth to one-fourth as at base of antenna
Elfia Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1188-1192, Andersen 1988 (as Phytomyptera Rondani, part).

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with pruinescence reaching to or nearly to their hind margins. Parafacial usually not as strongly narrowed ventrally
Gwenda Richter4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1188-1 192 (as Elfia Robineau-Desvoidy, part), Andersen 1988 (as Phytornyptera Rondani, in part).

197.Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole at least as long as one-fifth section of M beyond bend (Fig. 176)
198-

Wing cell r4+s open or with a petiole shorter than one-eighth section of M beyond bend 201

198. Facial ridge with setae on lower three-fifths or more. Arista thickened at least on basal half.
Katepisternum with three bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles half as long as subapical bristles or
longer.
199-

Facial ridge with setae on lower fourth or less. Arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths.
Katepisternum with two bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles hair-like or absent
200

199. Facial ridge strongly convex in profile. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the
postocular row. Postpronotum with two bristles. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen with pruinescence. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal
bristlesAlloprosopaea Villeneuve
2 spp.; northern Africa, Israel, Middle Asia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 655-657.

-

Facial ridge straight in profile. Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behindthe postocular row. Postpronotum with three bristles. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. Abdomen shiny, without pruinescence. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 eachwith median discal bristles
Ligeria Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 662-664.

200. First flagellomere three t o four times as long as pedicel. Scutum with one or two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Ab-3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

767

dominal tergites 3 and 4 of female with ventral processes covered with spinules; ovipositor flattened dorsoventrally (as in Fig. 194)
Phytorophaga Bezzi
1 sp., Ph. nigriventris Mesnil; South of Russian Far East, China (Manchuria).

-

First flagellomere at most 1.5 times as long as pedicel. Scutum with three pairs of presuturalacrostichal bristles. Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer (Fig. 176). Abdomen of
female not as above
Steleoneura Stein
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 714-717, Herting 1983a: 2-3.

201. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles, or at most tergite 4 with a pair of
weak discal bristles
202-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles

208

202 Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at most as wide as one-sixth offirst flagellomere
203-

Parafacial not or not as strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at least as wide ashalf of first flagellomere
204

203. Subapical and apical bristles of scutellum divergent. Base of R4+5 with a single setula. Hind
tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Palpus at least partly yellow. Abdominal tergite 4 of female with a strong process ventrally
Anechuromyia Mesnil et Shima
1 sp., A. nigrescens Mesnil et Shima; South of Russian Far East, Japan.

-

Scutellum with convergent subapical bristles, apical bristles absent. Base of R4+5 with two or
three setulae. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Palpus black. Abdomen of female without a process
Paracraspedothrix Villeneuve
1 sp., P. montivaga Villeneuve; central and northern Europe; Mesnil 1944-1975: 670-671.

204. Facial ridge with setae on lower two-thirds or more. Arista thickened on more than basal half.
118
Genal dilation strongly reduced (as in Fig. 4)-

Facial ridge with setae on lower three-fifths or less. Arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths.
205
Genal dilation not as strongly reduced

205. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle. Scutum with at most two pairs of presuturalacrostichal bristles
206-

Parafacial with hairs below lowest frontal bristle. Scutum with three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles
207

206. Prementum five to six times as long as its diameter. Scutellum with divergent apical bristles.
Hind tibia usually with three dorsal preapical setae. Abdomen of female without spinules, ovipositor not flattened dorsoventrally
Conogaster Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., C. pruinosa (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 743-745.

-

Prementum at most two times as long as its diameter. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Hind tibia
with two dorsal preapical setae. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of female with spinules along its
ventral margin, ovipositor flattened dorsoventrally (similar to Fig. 194)
Paratrixa Brauer et Bergenstamm3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 724-726.

768

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

207. Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view. First flagellomere at most three times as longas pedicel. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta
(as in Fig. 143). Scutellum and legs black
Zaira Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., 2.cinerea (Fallen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 701-702 (as Viviania Rondani).
Frons at least as wide as 1.5 times eye in dorsal view. First flagellomere about five times as longas pedicel. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta (asin Fig. 144). Scutellum and legs predominantly yellow
120208. Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin. Proepisternum setose (as in Fig. 102). Scutellum without apical bristles
209-

Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin (Fig. 5). Proepisternum bare, but if setose, thenscutellum with apical bristles
210

209. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Height of gena at least one-fifth vertical diameter of eye. Second
costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Abdominal tergite 5 of male with long recumbent hairs
ventrally, without tail-like process
Prodegeeria Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Korea, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 711-714, Shima 1979a: 130-134.

-

Ocellar setae hair-like. Height of gena less than one-tenth vertical diameter of eye. Second costal
section bare ventrally. Abdominal tergite 5 of male without long recumbent hairs, with a tail-likeprocess dorsally391210. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle

211

-

216

Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles

211. Parafacial with hairs or setulae below lowest frontal bristle (Fig. 5 )

212

-

214

Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle

212. Abdomen shiny black, without pruinescence. Facial ridge with setae on lower two-fifths to half.
Wing cell r4+5 with a short petiole. Body length 3-4 mm
Erynniopsis Townsend
1 sp., E. antennata (Rondani); southern Europe, Israel, Transcaucasia, Turkmenia; Mesnil 1944-1975:
671-672.

-

Abdomen with pruinescence. Facial ridge usually setose on distinctly more than lower half (Fig.
5). Wing cell r4+5 usually without petiole. Body usually longer than 4 mm
2 13213. Genal dilation strongly reduced (Fig. 4). Postpronotum with three bristles. Parafacial at its narrowest point about as wide as first flagellomere or wider
118-

Genal dilation not as strongly reduced (Fig. 5 ) . Postpronotum with two bristles, but if withthree bristles, then parafacial at its narrowest point at most as wide as three-fifths of first flagellomere
Admontia Brauer et Bergenstamm, partsee couplet 217.

214. Scutellum without apical setae. Height of gena one-sixth vertical diameter of eye or less. Last
section of CuAi (beyond crossvein dM-Cu) shorter than four-fifths of crossvein dM-Cu. Ovi-

769

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

positor of female flattened dorsoventrally (Figs 194, 21 1-212). Sternite 5 of male usually witha pair of tufts of curved setae, visible in lateral view (Fig. 198)
3 99-

Scutellum with hair-like apical setae. Height of gena one-fourth vertical diameter of eye or more.
Last section of CuAl as long as four-fifths of crossvein dM-Cu or longer. Ovipositor of female
not flattened dorsoventrally. Sternite 5 of male without tufts of curved setae
215

215. Facial ridge with setae on lower fifth. Postpronotal bristles arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum
with three bristles. Abdomen of female without piercer or spinules
Lixophaga Townsend'

4 spp.; Japan, south of Russian Far East; Mesnil 1944-1975: 731-733, Shirna 1979b: 3 0 4 3 1 1 .

-Facial ridge with usually strong setae on lower one-third to four-fifths. Postpronotal bristles
not arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum with two bristles. Female with piercer (usually concealed between margins of abdominal tergite 5), ventral margins of abdominal tergites 3 and 4
usually with spinules
Vibrissina Rondani
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 739-743, Shirna 1983a.

216. Postpronotal bristles arranged in a triangle (as in Fig. 99)

217

-

219

Postpronotal bristles not arranged in a triangle

217. Parafacial setose on upper half or below (Fig. 5). Facial ridge with setae on lower half or more.
Male with proclinate orbital bristles
Admontia Brauer et Bergenstamm1 1 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 673-684 (as Trichoparia Brauer et Bergenstarnrn), Tschorsnig andHerting 1994: 4 6 4 7 .

-Parafacial bare or with at most a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle. Facial ridge usuallysetose on less than lower half. Male without proclinate orbital bristles
218

218. Lateral scutellar bristles at most as long as two-thirds of subapical bristles; usually fine crossed
apical bristles present. Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer. %+S setose at least
halfway to crossvein R-M. First flagellomere usually at most two times as long as pedicel
Belida Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 748-752 (as Aporotachina Meade), Shima 1979a: 134-138.

-

Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long as subapical bristles; apical bristles absent or hair-like(Fig. 114). Costal bristle, if present, shorter than crossvein R-M. %+5 with setulae only at base.
First flagellomere longer than two times length of pedicel
Oswaldia Robineau-Desvoidy
12 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 761-771, Shima 1991.

219. Facial ridge with setae on lower two-thirds or more. Arista thickened on basal two-thirds ormore. R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Male without proclinate orbital bristles
Staurochaeta Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; Europe, Kazakhstan, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 659-660.

-

Facial ridge with setae at most on lower half. Arista thickened on less than basal two-thirds.
R4+5 with hairs or setulae only at base. Male usually with proclinate orbital bristles
220

220. Facial ridge convex in profile. Scutum lacking dark presutural longitudinal stripes, appearing
dark. First flagellomere usually more than four times as long as pedicel. Katepisternum withtwo bristles
Leiophora Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 667-669 (as Arrhinomyia (Brauer et Bergenstarnm) of Villeneuve)

770

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER
Facial ridge straight or concave. Scutum with dark presutural longitudinal stripes or uniformly
covered with dense pruinescence. First flagellomere at most four times as long as pedicel.
Katepisternum with three bristles
221

221. Height of gena less than one-tenth vertical diameter of eye. Upper part of head without black
setulae behind the postocular row. Anepimeral seta hair-like. Lateral scutellar bristles as longas subapical bristles; apical bristles absent. Costal bristle, if present, shorter than crossvein R-M.
Ovipositor of female not laterally compressed, with piercer
Metadrinomyia Shima
1 sp., M. proclinata Shima; Korea, Japan, Nepal; Shima 1980b: 259-263.

-

Height of gena one-third vertical diameter of eye or more. Upper part of head with one ormore rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Anepimeral bristle well-developed. Lateral scutellar bristles about half as long as subapical bristles; apical bristles divergent or parallel.
Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer. Ovipositor of female laterally compressed,
without piercer (Fig. 200)
Picconia Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; Europe, Transcaucasia, Israel, Mongolia; Mesnil 19441975: 664, 666-667 (excluding Robinaldia angtrstata Villeneuve)).

222. Subapical scutellar bristles not extending back to level of apices of strong crossed apical bristles(as in Fig. 117)
223-

Subapical scutellar bristles extending back at least to level of apices of apical bristles (Figs130-133); the latter may be absent (Fig. 114)
23 7'

223. Vibrissa absent, subvibrissal ridge exceptionally large, covered with fine setulae. Antenna shorter
than height of gena. Face with a distinct carina. One postsutural intra-alar bristle present. Antenna and legs entirely yellow
224-

Vibrissa well-developed, subvibrissal ridge not exceptionally large (Figs 43-44). Antenna at least
as long as height of gena. Face without carina. Two or three postsutural intra-alar bristles present, but if only one, then antenna and legs entirely or predominantly black
225

224. Parafacial bare. Proboscis exceptionally small, shorter than half of height of gena. Scutum lacking presutural dorsocentral bristles. Bend of M angular. Mid tibia with two short anterodorsal
Tachinoestrus Portshinsky
bristles
1 sp., T. semenovi Portshinsky; China (Kansu).

-

Parafacial with one or two rows of fine hairs. Proboscis not exceptionally small. Scutum with
two or three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Bend of M evenly rounded. Mid tibia
without anterodorsal bristle
Eutrixopsis Townsend
1 sp., E. javana Townsend; Korea, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1239-1240.

225. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly white, but if predominantly black,226
then at least with a few pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head-

Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair

23 1226. Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin (as in Figs 25,44). Base of R4+5 entirely bare.
227
Female without proclinate orbital bristles
5

Doubtful cases should be keyed out under both couplet 223 and couplet 237.

3.54.Farnilv TACHlNlDAE-

771

Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin, but if arising slightly above, then base of R4+5
with one or more minute hairs. Female with proclinate orbital bristles229

227. Frons less than one-tenth of one eye in dorsal view (Fig. 68). Lower facial margin strongly
turned forwards (as in Fig. 25). Anatergite with a group of minute hairs below lower calypter
Opesia Robineau-Desvoidy(as in Fig. 104). Wing cell r4+5 without petiole
3 spp.; widespread; Herting 1973: 14, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 87.
-

Frons at least as wide as one-fifth eye in dorsal view. Lower facial margin not or only slightly
visible in lateral view (Fig. 44). Anatergite bare below lower calypter. Wing cell r4+5 with ashort petiole (Fig. 182)228228. Scutellum with three pairs of bristles along its margin. Second costal section bare ventrally. Section of M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu about equal t o or shorter than section between
dM-Cu and bend of M. Body length at most 7 mm
Strongygaster Macquart2 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 89.
-

Scutellum with five pairs of bristles along its margin. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally (as dorsally in Fig. 156). Section of M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu longer thansection between dM-Cu and bend of M (Fig. 182). Body length more than 7 mm
Arcona Richter2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Richter 1988: 210-212.

229. Ocellar bristles reclinate. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers (as in Fig. 190)

285

-

230

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Abdomen of female without pincers

230. Palpus well-developed. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta. Abdominal tergite 5 longer than tergite 4. Ovipositor visible in lateralview (Fig. 208). Wing cell r4+5 with or without a petiole
Rondania Robineau-Desvoidy, females
see couplet 236.

-

Palpus absent. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as in Fig. 151). Abdominal tergite 5 about as long as tergite 4. Ovipositor not visible
in lateral view. Wing cell r4+5 without a petiole (Fig. 161)
Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; Europe, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1224-1227.

231. Arista thickened on basal half or more (Fig. 43). R4+5 with setae nearly halfway t o crossvein
R-M or more. Frons of male about 1.5 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view, with proclinate
orbital bristles
232-

Arista thickened on less than basal half. Base of R4+5 bare or with a few minute hairs. Fronsof male at most as wide as one-third eye in dorsal view, without proclinate orbital bristles
233

232. Parafacial with a row of fine hairs on its upper half or two-thirds (Fig. 43). Arista yellow. Scutumwith one pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 without middorsal
depression. Mid tibia with one short anterodorsal bristle or none. Abdomen without any bristle
Corybantia Richter1 sp., C. flaviaristata Richter; South of Russian Far East (Kunashir and Shikotan Islands); Richter 1986: 95-97.

772

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Parafacial bare or with at most two hairs below upper half. Arista black. Scutum with two or
three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Mid tibia with two or three anterodorsal bristles.
Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 confined to about anterior seven-eighths ofthat segment. Abdomen with bristles, at least with median discal bristles on tergite 5138233. Postpronotal bristles arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum with three bristles. Section of M
between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu longer than section between dM-Cu and bend of M. Wing
Gymnomacquartia Mesnil et Shimacell rq+S without a petiole. Body length 6 mm or more
1 sp., G. japonica Mesnil et Shima; Japan.

-

Postpronotal bristles not arranged in a triangle. Katepisternum with two bristles or less. Sectionof M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu about equal to or shorter than section between dM-Cu
and bend of M (as in Figs 159, 174). Wing cell r4+5 with or without petiole. Body length less234
than 6 mm

234. Abdominal tergites with marginal bristles and short recumbent hairs. Lower calypter strongly
divergent from scutellum (as in Fig. 129). Anepimeral bristle well-developed, sometimes short.
Ovipositor of female not visible in lateral view
Mesnilomyia Kugler, partsee couplet 163.

-

Abdominal tergites with discal and marginal bristles; erect hairs often not differentiated fromweak bristles, thus the whole abdomen covered with setae of uniform size (Fig. 186). Lower
calypter usually not or not as strongly divergent from scutellum. Anepimeral seta not differentiated from the usual anepimeral hairs. Ovipositor of female visible in lateral view (Figs
208-210)235

235. Scutellum yellow. Abdominal tergites 2-4 each with a pair of dark spots near posterior margin(Fig. 186). Legs entirely or predominantly yellow. Ovipositor of female tube-like, bent below
Pandelleia Villeneuve
the abdomen (Fig. 210)
6 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1360-1364 (includingAphrophasia Curran).

-

Scutellum black. Abdominal tergites not as above. Legs usually black, rarely more or less yellow.
236
Ovipositor of female not as above (Figs 208-209)

236. Abdominal tergite 5 longer than tergite 4. Hind ribia usually with only two dorsal preapicalsetae. (Ovipositor of female not bill-shaped, see couplet 230, Fig. 208)
Rondania Robineau-Desvoidy, males
7 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 19441975: 1365-1368.

-

Abdominal tergite 5 shorter than tergite 4. Hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae.
Microsoma MacquartOvipositor of female bill-shaped (Fig. 209)
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1368-1370.

237. Parafacial with hairs or bristles over most of its length (Figs 1, 57) or at least with an isolated
23 8patch of hairs or a few hairs below upper half (Fig. 42)-

Parafacial bare (Fig. 47) or with hairs below lowest frontal bristle at most on upper half 262

238. Facial ridge with setae on lower two-thirds or more (as in Fig. 4)

183

-

239

Facial ridge with setae on less than lower half

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

773

239. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as in
240
Fig. 151). Scape without a hook-like basal prolongation-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta,244
but if nearly as long, then scape with a hook-like prolongation basally (Fig. 35)240. Proepisternum setose. Second aristomere three to six times as long as its diameter. Upper partof head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Fourth costal section shorter thansixth costal section
24 1-

Proepisternum bare. Second aristomere at most as long as its diameter. Upper part of head withat least several black setulae behind the postocular row. Fourth costal section at least as longas sixth costal section242

241. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles and a narrow basal band of pruinescence. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Two strong postsutural intra-alar bristles present.
Schineria Rondani
3 spp.; Italy, Slovakia, southern Siberia, South of Russian Far East, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 972-975.

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without pruinescence or median discal bristles. Vibrissa arising above
80
level of lower facial margin. Usually three postsutural intra-alar bristles present

242. Prementum short, less than three times as long as its diameter; labella without lobes. Scutum
before suture appearing dark, without distinct longitudinal stripes. Abdomen black
Loewia Egger, partsee couplet 347.

-

Prementum four to eight times as long as its diameter; labella with two lobes posteriorly. Scutum
before suture with two to four dark longitudinal stripes, the lateral ones very broad. Abdomen
usually red laterally
243

243. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation.
R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M
Minthodes Brauer et Bergenstamm, partsee couplet 290.
-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Genal dilation not or scarcely developed (as in Fig. 29). R4+5 setose only at base
Hyperaea Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 290.

244. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole at least as long as one-sixth section of M beyond bend (Fig. 175)
245-

Wing cell r4+s open (Fig. 1) or at most with a minute petiole

25 1

245. Parafacial with strong proclinate bristles and hairs (Fig. 57). R4+5 usually setose on more thanhalfway to crossvein R-M (Fig. 175)
246-

Parafacial with fine hairs only (Fig. 35). R4+5 setose only at base or entirely bare

249

774

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

246. First aristomere three to five times as long as its diameter. First postsutural supra-alar bristle
longer than notopleural bristles. Lower facial margin strongly turned forwards, prementum six
t o seven times as long as its diameter. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae~etinaictiaVilleneuve
1 sp., P. stylata (Brauer et Bergenstamm); northern Europe, Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1302-1303.

-

First aristomere at most as long as its diameter. First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter thannotopleural bristles or absent. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view and prementum
distinctly shorter (Fig. 57), but if lower facial margin turned forwards and prementum elongate,
then hind tibia with four dorsal preapical setae
247

247. Postpronotum with two bristles (Fig. 101) or with three bristles in a straight line (as in Fig. 90);a weak additional anterior seta sometimes placed anteriorly between middle basal bristle andinner basal bristle (Fig. 100). Outer vertical bristle at least half as long as inner vertical bristle
Wagneria Robineau-Desvoidy
14 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1285-1292 (including Aphelogaster Aldrich).

-

Postpronotum with three bristles arranged in a triangle (Fig. 99) or with three bristles in astraight line and a strong additional bristle placed exactly before middle basal bristle (as in Fig.
93) or anteriorly between middle basal bristle and outer basal bristle. Outer vertical bristle absent (Fig. 57) or at most half as long as inner vertical bristle
248

248. Scutellum with at least four erect setulae arising on dorsal surface. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4
with strong median discal bristles
Ramonda Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1296-1302 (including Peteinomima Mesnil).

-Scutellum with at most two erect setulae arising on dorsal surface near its anterior margin. Abdominal tergites usually without, rarely with weak median discal bristles
Periscepsia Gistel
7 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1293-1296.

249. Ocellar bristles reclinate (Fig. 28). Occiput with well-developed genal dilation. Two postsutural
intra-alar bristles present, separated from each other by a wide distance (as in Fig. 88). Hind
tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers (as in Figs 189,
191)
Leucostoma Meigen, partsee couplet 282.

-

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Genal dilation not or only scarcely developed (as in Figs 29, 35).
Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present, but if only two, then separated by a distance lessthan in Fig. 88. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Abdomen of female without pincers
25 0250. Scape without a prolongation. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Prementum fourto seven times as long as its diameter. Scutum before suture with two to four dark longitudinal
stripes, the lateral ones very broad. Apical scutellar bristles crossed. Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer
243-

Scape with a hook-like prolongation basally (Fig. 35). Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial
margin. Prementum short, about two times as long as its diameter. Scutum before suture appearing dark, without longitudinal stripes. Apical scutellar bristles divergent. Costal bristle, if
Richteriola Mesnil
present, shorter than crossvein R-M
2 spp.; Middle Asia, Iran; Richter 1991: 238-241.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

775

251. Costal spine two to four times as long as crossvein R-M. Parafacial with a single row of strong252
proclinate bristles and hairs (Fig. 29). Lateral scutellar bristles absent-

Costal spine, if present, at most as long as crossvein R-M. If parafacial with a single row of
253strong proclinate bristles, then scutellum with lateral bristles

252. R4+5 setose only at base. Second costal section bare ventrally. Scutum with two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Anatergite with a group of minute hairs or setulae below lower calypter(as in Fig. 104). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with strong median discal bristles
Engeddia Kugler
2 spp.; Spain, Israel; Tschorsnig 1991.

-

R4+5 setose from base to beyond crossvein R-M. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally.
Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles. Anatergite bare below lower calypter. Abdominal
Peteina Meigen
tergites 3 and 4 without or with median discal bristles
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1303-1305.

253. Postpronotum with three or four bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a nearly rightangled triangle (Figs 1, 97). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles 254-

Postpronotum with the main bristles arranged in a more or less straight line. Abdominal tergites
3 and 4 without median discal bristles
25 8254. Parafacial with a patch of small setae near midlength or below. Frontal bristles descending below
level of base of arista. Hairs on posteroventral half of head usually predominantly pale. Apicalscutellar bristles divergent, often hair-like. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae, but ifwith three, then posterodorsal seta distinctly shorter than the two other ones. Palpus yellow
183-

Parafacial with proclinate bristles or strong hairs over most of its length (Fig. 1). Frontal bristles
descending at most to level of lower margin of pedicel. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral halfof head entirely or predominantly black. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Hind tibia with255
three dorsal preapical setae about equal in length. Palpus usually black

255. Prementum four to six times as long as its diameter. Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles (Fig. 1). Scutum with two strong postsutural intra-alar bristles, but if with three, then sidesof abdomen yellow. Abdomen uniformly covered with pruinescence. Abdominal syntergite l + 2
without median discal bristles. Male with proclinate orbital bristles and outer vertical bristle
256(Fig. 1)-Prementum usually less than four times as long as its diameter. Scutum with two or three pairsof presutural acrostichal bristles. Scutum with three postsutural intra-alar bristles. Abdomen entirely black, with transverse bands of pruinescence. Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 usually with median discal bristles. Male without proclinate orbital bristles or outer vertical bristle
257

256. R4+5 setose only at base. First flagellomere at most two times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened
on basal two-thirds or less. Lateral scutellar bristles about as long as four-fifths of subapicalbristles or longer
Neoemdenia Mesnil
1 sp., N. mirabilis Mesnil; Palestine, Transcaucasia (Armenia); Mesnil 19441975: 1086-1087.

776

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

R4+5 setose nearly to crossvein R-M (Fig. 1). First flagellomere three to four times as long as
pedicel. Arista thickened on basal three-fourths or more. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or at
most half as long as subapical bristles
Brachymera Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; southern Europe, Transcaucasia, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1085-1086.

257. First flagellomere about four times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened on basal two-thirds. Second aristomere three to four times as long as its diameter. Katepisternum with four bristles.
Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long as subapical bristles. Second costal section bare ventrally
Pseudopachystylum Mik
1 sp., P. gonioides (Zetterstedt); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1087-1088.

-

First flagellomere at most two times as long as pedicel. Arista thickened on basal fourth or less.
Second aristomere at most 1.5 times as long as its diameter. Katepisternum with three bristles.
Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally
Eubrachymera Townsend
1 sp., E. marginalis Mesnil et Shima; Japan.

258. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Genal dilation not or only scarcely developed (as inFig. 29). Bend of M distinctly obtuse. Abdominal tergite 5 about as long as tergite 4259-

Mid tibia with three t o five anterodorsal bristles. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation(Fig. 42). Bend of M nearly a right angle. Abdominal tergite 5 distinctly shorter than tergite 5260259. Frons without proclinate orbital bristles. Basicosta and legs yellow. Postpronotum with morethan two bristles. Scutellurn with one or two pairs of lateral bristles nearly as long as subapicalbristles. Abdominal sternites exposed
Hamaxiella Mesnil
1 sp., H. brunnescens Mesnil; China (Shanghai).

-Frons with proclinate orbital bristles. Basicosta and legs black. Postpronotum with two bristles.
Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Abdominal sternites concealed between margins of abdominal
tergites
310(Fig. 42). Three postsutural intra-alar260. Parafacial with a patch of very fine hairs below uy
bristles present. Abdomen uniformly covered witn aense pruinescence. Middorsal depression
on abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 confined to about anterior seven-eighths of that segment or more.
Naira Richter
Abdomen of female without pincers'

2 spp.; Transcaucasia, Middle Asia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1135-1136.

Parafacial with one or more rows of hairs over most of its length. Two postsutural intra-alar
bristles present, separated from each other by a wide distance (as in Fig. 88). Abdomen withtransverse bands of pruinescence. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+2 confined
to anterior half or less of that segment. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers (as in Figs
189, 191)
261
Bend of M with a continuation of M as long as one or two times crossvein R-M. Ocellar bristles,
if present, proclinate in male, reclinate in female. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae
Calyptromyia Villeneuve
about equal in length. Base of R4+5 with several hairs or setulae
1 sp., C. barbata Villeneuve; South of Russian Far East, Japan.

Il3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

777

Bend of M without a continuation. Ocellar bristles reclinate in male and female. Hind tibia
with two dorsal preapical setae. Base of R4+5 with a single hair or setula
Eulabidogaster Belanovsky
1 sp., E. setifacies (Rondani); warmer parts of Palaearctic.

262. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair-

263

Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly white, but if predominantly black,274
then at least with a few pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head

263. Antenna shorter than height of gena (as in Fig. 22). Proepisternum setose

38

-

264

Antenna longer than height of gena (Fig. 47). Proepisternum bare264. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as inFig. 151)265-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta
267

265. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole at least as long as two-thirds section of M beyond bend. R4+5
Bracteola Richtersetose at least halfway to crossvein R-M
1 sp., B. anthracina Richter; Caucasus, Transcaucasia.
-

Wing cell r4+5 open or with a minute petiole. R4+5 setose only at base266

266. Facial ridge with setae on lower fifth or less. Postpronotum with three bristles arranged in atriangle. Scutum with only one pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Two postsutural intra-alar
bristles present, separated from each other by a wide distance (as in Fig. 88). Hind tibia withthree dorsal preapical setae. Abdomen with weak pruinescence
Pelamera Herting
1 sp., P. atra (Rondani); Switzerland, northern Italy; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1180-1 181.

-

Facial ridge with setae on lower two-fifths to two-thirds. Postpronotum with three bristles arranged in a straight line. Scutum with two or three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Usually
three postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Abdomen
shiny, without pruinescence138267. Frons at least 1.3 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Male with proclinate orbital bristles.
Arista thickened on basal half or more (Fig. 47). Apical scutellar bristles absent or very short;
if present, then usually parallel or divergent (as in Fig. 119). Base of R4+5 with a strong single
268
seta or with a strong seta and several finer additional setulae or hairs-

Frons at most 1.2 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Male without proclinate orbital
bristles. Arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths. Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles (as in Figs 132-133). Base of R4+5 bare, with a single hair or with fine setulae of equal
length271

268. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as one-fourth to half section of M beyond bend. Second
aristomere at most as long as its diameter. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae, but ifwith three, then posterodorsal seta distinctly shorter than the two other ones
195

778

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Wing cell r4+5 open or at most with a petiole as long as one-tenth section of M beyond bend.
Second aristomere 2.5 to five times as long as its diameter (Fig. 47). Hind tibia with three dorsal
preapical setae about equal in length269

269. Face broadly visible in lateral view, lower facial margin strongly turned forwards (Fig. 47). Prementum at least five times as long as its diameter. First flagellomere subtriangular. Abdomen
uniformly covered with pruinescence
Scomma Richter1 sp., S. gobica Richter; Mongolia (Gobi-Altai).

-Face not visible in lateral view, lower facial margin usually not visible in lateral view. Prementum
about two times as long as its diameter. First flagellomere not subtriangular. Abdomen without
pruinescence or with transverse bands of pruinescence
270

270. Palpus present, sometimes short. R1 bare. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles
Neaera Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1183-1 185.
-

Palpus absent. RI setose on apical third or half. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without mediandiscal bristles
Neoplectops Malloch
1 sp., N. pomonellae (Schnabl et Mokrzecki); southern parts of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1185-1186.

271. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Bristles on postpronotum arranged in a triangle.
Scutum with two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles, three pairs of presutural dorsocentral
bristles. Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present
233-

Lower facial margin visible in lateral view. Bristles on postpronotum not arranged in a triangle.
Scutum with a single pair of presutural acrostichal bristles or none, two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present or less272

272. Frons with hairs or setulae outside frontal row. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal
bristles. Base of R4+5 with three or more setulae. Terminalia of female normally developed
Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 137.

-

Frons bare outside frontal row. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Baseof R4+5 bare or with a single setula. Terminalia of female with special adaptations (Figs 190,
207)
273

273. Ocellar bristles reclinate (as in Fig. 28). Second costal section bare ventrally. Abdomen of malewith pruinescence. Frons of male at most as wide as two-fifths eye in dorsal view. Apex of
abdomen of female with pincers (as in Fig. 190)
Weberia Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., W. digramma (Meigen); Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Turkmenia; Dupuis 1968: 16-23, 37-38 (as Lepidosyntoma Becker).

-

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Abdomen of malewithout pruinescence, but if with pruinescence, then frons at least as wide as three-fourths eye
in dorsal view. Abdomen of female without pincers, abdominal segment 6 strongly developed,
sternite 6 with a ventral process (Fig. 207)
Phania Meigen
6 spp.; Europe, Israel, Transcaucasia; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 93.

3.54. Family TACHINIDAE

779

274. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present, separated from each other by more the distance between the first bristle and the suture (Figs 88-89), or only one postsutural intra-alar bristle
present (as in Fig. 87)
275-

Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present (Figs 84-85), but if only two, then separated fromeach other by at most the distance between the first bristle and the suture (Fig. 86)287275. One postsutural intra-alar bristle present. Tegula and basicosta yellow

276

-

277

Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Tegula black, basicosta usually black

276. Ocellar setae absent. Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark longitudinal stripes (Fig.
83). R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Bend of M with a continuation longer thancrossvein R-M. Wing cell r4+5 closed or at most with a very short petiole. Abdominal tergites
with strong median marginal and median discal bristles. Pedicel and legs predominantly yellow
289-

Ocellar bristles well-developed, reclinate. Scutum before suture without stripes, appearing dark.
R4+5 setose only at base. Bend of M without a continuation. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole about
as long as section of M beyond bend. Abdomen without bristles dorsally. Pedicel and legs black
Carbonilla Mesnil
1 sp., C. luteicosta Mesnil; Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1292-1293.

277. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles. Ocellar bristles proclinate-

278

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles, but if with a few irregular discal
bristles between erect hairs, then ocellar bristles reclinate
280

278. Occiput with well-developed genal dilation. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head
predominantly black, only a few pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head. Postpronotumwith two bristles. Scutun~with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum withtwo bristles. Body length at most 6 mm
272-

Genal dilation not or only scarcely developed. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white. Postpronotum with four bristles. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocen279
tral bristles. Katepisternum with three bristles. Body length 6-15 mm

279. Facial ridge with hair-like setae on lower half to two-thirds. First flagellomere at least six times
as long as pedicel. Scutellum with strong crossed apical bristles. Wing entirely darkly pigmented.
Abdominal syntergite 1+ 2 without median marginal bristles. Ovipositor of female without piercer
Hermya Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; China, Japan; Sun 1994.

-

Facial ridge with setae at most on lower fourth. First flagellomere at most three times as longas pedicel. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. Wing transparent. Abdominal syntergite
1+ 2 with a pair of strong median marginal bristles. Ovipositor of female with piercer
Zambesomima Mesnil
1 sp., Z. hirsuta Mesnil; southern Siberia (Chita), South of Russian Far East, Japan.

780

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

280. Ocellar bristles, if present, proclinate. Frons of male at least as wide as three-fourths eye indorsal view. Abdominal sternites with connecting membrane exposed (as in Fig. 193). Abdomenof female without pincers, abdominal segment 6 strongly developed, sternite 6 with a ventral
process (as in Fig. 207)
Besseria Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 92-93.

-

Ocellar bristles reclinate (Fig. 28), but if proclinate (males of Psalidoxena), then frons at mostas wide as one-third eye in dorsal view. Abdominal sternites usually concealed between margins
of abdominal tergites. Abdominal segment 6 of female not as above, abdomen usually with pincers (Figs 189-192)
28 1

28 1. Scutum with a single pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Frons with hairs outside frontal row.
Lower calypter of male large (Fig. 130), extending to middle of syntergite 1 + 2 or beyond
282-

Scutum lacking presutural acrostichal bristles, but if with one pair of bristles (occasionally in
Brullaea), then frons bare outside frontal row. Lower calypter of male usually not extending to
middle of syntergite 1+ 2284

282. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole as long as two-fifths to four-fifths section of M beyond bend
Leucostoma Meigen
12 spp.; widespread; Kugler 1966, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 89-91.

-

Wing cell r4+5 open or at most with a minute petiole.

283

283. Postpronotum with four or five bristles. Katepisternum with three bristles. Abdomen with transverse bands of pruinescence. Ocellar bristles of male reclinate. Frons of male at least as wide
as three-fifths eye in dorsal view. Inner margin of pincers of female armed with peg-like setae(Fig. 192). Body length 6-9 mm
Dionaea Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Herting 1977: 14.

-

Postpronotum with two or (occasionally) three bristles. Katepisternum with two bristles. Abdomen without pruinescence. Ocellar bristles of male proclinate. Frons of male at most as wide
as one-third eye in dorsal view. Inner margin of pincers of female without peg-like setae. Body
length about 4 mm
Psalidoxena Villeneuve
1 sp., P. transsybanica (Villeneuve); Europe (France, Italy, Hungary, Rumania); Dupuis 1968: 23-30, 38-40.

284. Abdomen at least laterally red or yellow, without pruinescence or at most with traces of pruinescence on anterior margin of tergite 4. Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark
longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 83) or entirely dark
285-

Abdomen black, tergites 3 and 4 with transverse bands of pruinescence. Scutum without a pairof broad longitudinal stripes as in Fig. 83286285. First flagellomere less than two times as long as pedicel. Frons of male at most as wide as onethird eye in dorsal view, outer vertical bristle not differentiated. Abdomen of male without pruinescence. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers
Clairvillia Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

781

First flagellomere two to three times as long as pedicel. Frons of male at least as wide as twothirds eye in dorsal view, outer vertical bristle present. Abdominal tergite 4 of male with traces
of pruinescence on anterior margin. Abdomen of female without pincers
Brullaea Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., B. ocypteroidea Robineau-Desvoidy; Europe; Dupuis 1968: 10-16, 35-37.

286. Lower facial margin slightly protruding, visible in lateral view. Prementum five to eight times
as long as its diameter. Scutum before suture with four dark longitudinal stripes. Katepisternum
with three bristles. Apex of abdomen of female with pincers (Fig. 190). Body length 4-10 mm
Labigastera Macquart
3 spp.; Europe, northern Africa, Transcaucasia; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 91.

-

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Prementum at most three times as long as its
diameter. Scutum before suture entirely dark, without longitudinal stripes. Katepisternum withtwo bristles. Apex of abdomen of female with a pair of semiglobular corpuscles. Body length
about 4 mm
Clairvilliops Mesnil
1 sp., C. breviforceps (van Emden); Japan; Herting 1981: 14-15 (under Paradionaea Baranav).

287. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia about as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as in
28 8Fig. 151)-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta294

288. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or at most half as
long as subapical bristles. Scutum before suture usually with one pair of broad dark longitudinal
stripes, each about as wide as the pale median stripe (Fig. 83). Abdomen usually more or less289
red laterally, rarely entirely black. Tegula usually yellow or red-

Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae about equal in length, but if with two setae, thenlateral scutellar bristles distinctly longer than half of subapical bristles. Scutum without a pairof broad longitudinal stripes as in Fig. 83. Abdomen entirely black. Tegula black or dark brown
29 1289. Ocellar setae absent. Bend of M with a long extension beyond bend, distinctly longer than crossvein R-M. Wing cell re+s closed or with a petiole at most as long as one-tenth section of M
Mintho Robineau-Desvoidy, partbeyond bend (Fig. 164)see couplet 10.

-

Ocellar bristles well-developed. Bend of M without an extension. Petiole of wing cell r4+5 longer
290

290. R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M. Scutum with two postsutural intra-alar bristles.
Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Abdominal tergite 5 as long as two-thirds of tergite 4 or shorter.
Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 usually with median discal bristles
6
Minthodes Brauer et Bergenstamm11 spp.; Mediterranean, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1173-1180 (including
Pseudomintho Brauer et Bergenstamm), Herting 1987: 9-10.

6Included are the species formerly placed in Pseudomintho Brauer et Bergenstamm, because of the intermediate species
M. transiens Herting.

782

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

R4+5setose only at base. Scutum usually with three postsutural intra-alar bristles. Scutellum
usually with short lateral bristles. Abdominal tergite 5 as long as four-fifths of tergite 4 or longer.
Hyperaea Robineau-Desvoidy
Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles
4 spp.; Mediterranean; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1170-1 172, Herting 1977: 11-12.

291. Face visible in lateral view, lower facial margin strongly turned forwards. Proboscis nearly as
Munira Richterlong as height of head
1 sp., M. bella Richter; Transcaucasia.

-

*'

--

Face and lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Proboscis distinctly shorter

292

292. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal
bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Scutum before suture with three dark longitudinal
Palmonia Kugler
stripes. Labella with two lobes posteriorly
1 sp., P. hemonensis Kugler; Palestine, Bulgaria; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1166-1 167.

-

Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal
bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles present, sometimes hair-like. Scutum before suture with four
dark longitudinal stripes or longitudinal stripes absent. Labella without lobes
293

293. Apical scutellar bristles crossed. Scutum with two or three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles.
Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly black, but with at least a few
pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head. Frons of male at most as wide as one-third eye
in dorsal view
152-

Apical scutellar bristles parallel or divergent. Scutum with one pair of presutural acrostichal
bristles. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly white. Frons of male about as wide
as two-thirds eye in dorsal view
3 14294. RI setose dorsally. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Headsemicircular in profile (Fig. 23)
295-

R1 bare, but if setose, then upper part of head with several rows of black setulae behind the
postocular row. Head profile not semicircular

296

295. Male without, female with two proclinate orbital bristles. The three strongest bristles on postpronotum arranged in a triangle. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles, basal
bristles short or occasionally absent. Mid tibia with three or more anterodorsal bristles. Antenna,
basicosta and legs black
Phenicellia Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., Ph. haematodes (Meigen); Europe, southern Siberia, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1341-1342.

-

Male and female with a complete row of proclinate orbital bristles (Fig. 23). Bristles on postpronotum arranged in a straight line. Lateral scutellar bristles absent, basal bristles well-developed. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Antenna, basicosta and legs yellow
Halidaya Egger
1 sp., H. aurea Egger; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1342-1345.

296. Antenna as long as or shorter than height of gena (Fig. 22)

297

-

300

Antenna longer than height of gena (Figs 13, 38)

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

783

297. Parafacial with hairs on its upper anterior half. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral
bristles. Anatergite with a group of minute hairs or setulae below lower calypter (as in Fig. 104).
Mid tibia with a single short anterodorsal bristle. Frons of male about as wide as two times
basal diameter of arista
Parharnaxia Mesnil
3 spp.; South of Russian Far East; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1240-1242, Richter 1991: 234-236.

-

Parafacial bare or at most with a few hairs below lowest frontal seta. Scutum with three or morepairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Anatergite bare below lower calypter. Mid tibia with
two or more anterodorsal bristles. Frons of male distinctly wider
298

298. Proboscis very short, prementum less than two times as long as its diameter; palpus strongly
inflated (Fig. 22). Facial ridge with fine setae on lower one-third to two-thirds. Frons of maleat most as wide as one-third eye in dorsal view
299-

Proboscis of normal length, prementum five to eight times as long as its diameter; palpus notstrongly inflated. Facial ridge with setae on lower fourth or less. Frons of male as wide as halfof eye in dorsal view or wider
37

299. Arista bare (Fig. 22). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with numerous median discal btistles. Foretibia with a strong preapical anteroventral seta at least as long as preapical posteroventral seta
Trixa Meigen
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1980: 9-14 (including Murana Meigen).
-Arista short pubescent, the longest hairs nearly as long as basaI diameter of arista. Abdominal
tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles or at most with a few very short bristles on tergite
3. Fore tibia without a strong preapical anteroventral seta
36

300. Lower facial margin visible in lateral view (Figs 13, 38). Prementum four t o twelve times aslong as its diameter
301-

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view, but if slightly so, then prementum distinctly
stouter
3 07

301. Facial ridge with setae on lower half or more. Face deeply sunken. Arista thickened on basal
two-thirds or more. Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long as subapical bristles
190-

Facial ridge with setae on less than lower half. Face not sunken, usually visible in lateral view
(Figs 13, 38). Arista thickened at most on basal half. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or distinctly
shorter than subapical bristles
3 02

302. Two postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Katepisternum with two bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia at least as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 144). Hairs or setulaeon posteroventral half of head predominantly black, but with at least a few pale hairs alongposteroventral margin of head. Pedicel, tegula, abdomen and legs black
272-

Three postsutural intra-alar bristles present. Katepisternum with three or four bristles. Preapicalanterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Hairs
or setulae on posteroventral half of head entirely or predominantly pale. Pedicel, tegula, abdomen and legs usually more or less yellow, rarely black
3 03

784

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

303. Postpronotum with the three strongest bristles arranged in a triangle (as in Figs 97, 99). Ocellar
setae hair-like or absent. Height of gena about one-tenth vertical diameter of eye or less. Second
costal section bare ventrally
Atylostoma Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1131 -1134.

-

Bristles on postpronotum not arranged in a triangle. Ocellar bristles well-developed (Figs 13,38). Height of gena about one-sixth vertical diameter of eye or more. Second costal section
with fine hairs ventrally
3 04

304. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal
bristles. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles
Bithia Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 370.

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles and mid tibia with a single anterodorsal
bristle, but if rarely abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with short median discal bristles or mid tibia with
two anterodorsal bristles, then scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles 305

305. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Upper part of head with one to threerows of black setulae behind the postocular row
Solieria Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1117-1124, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 78-79.

-

Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Upper part of head without black
setulae or rarely with one row behind the postocular row
3 06306. Prementum distinctly shorter than height of head, about five times as long as its diameter. Scutellum usually with lateral bristles. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 usually, tergite 3 always with one
pair of median marginal bristles
Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1128-1130.

-

Prementum about as long as height of head, at least eight times as long as its diameter (Fig. 38).
Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3 without median marginal bristles
Fischeria Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., F. bicoior Robineau-Desvoidy; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Iran, Middle Asia; Mesnil 1944-1975:
1130-1131.

307. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles

308

-

3 11

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles

308. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutellum entirely or predominantly yellow, with three or four pairs of lateral bristles. Bend of M with a continuation
nearly as long as crossvein R-M. Legs yellow
Glaurocara Thomson
2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Korea; Richter 1988: 202-206.

-

Upper part of head with black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutellum entirely black, withat most one pair of short lateral bristles. Bend of M without a continuation. Legs black 309

309. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle-

206

Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Parafacial with hairs or setulae below lowest frontal bristle
310

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

785

310. First flagellomere about as long as pedicel. Wing without costigial bristle. Costal spine one tothree times as long as crossvein R-M. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole. Hind tibia with two dorsal
290
preapical setae-

First flagellomere at least four times as long as pedicel. Wing with a strong costigial bristle (Fig.
165). Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M. Wing cell r4+5 without
petiole. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae
Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 20.

3 11. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia nearly as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta
(as in Figs 144-145)
3 12-

Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143)
3 15

3 12. Prementum three to four times as long as its diameter. Scutellum with fine crossed apical bristles.
Postpronotum with the three strongest bristles arranged in a triangle. R4+5 setose at least halfway
to crossvein R-M. Hind tibia with two or three dorsal preapical setae. Palpus yellow
21 8-

Prementum about two times as long as its diameter. Apical scutellar bristles absent or parallel.
Bristles on postpronotum usually not arranged in a triangle. R4+5 with setulae only at base.
Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Palpus usually black
3 13313. Frons at least as wide as 1.3 times eye in dorsal view. Wing cell r4+5 with a short petiole. Midtibia with one or two anterodorsal bristles. Male with proclinate orbital bristles. Ovipositor of
female with piercer. Body length 4-5 mm
Robinaldia Herting
1 sp., R angustata (Villeneuve); Europe, Morocco; Mesnil 19441975: 664 (as Picconia Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Wing cell r4+5 usually without petiole. Midtibia with three or more anterodorsal bristles. Male without proclinate orbital bristles. Ovipositor of female without piercer. Body length 6-10 mm
3 14314. Scutellum without apical bristles. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles.
Base of R4+5 with a single strong seta. Femur black, tibia red or yellow. Abdomen not laced at187
intertergal sutures-

Apical scutellar bristles divergent or parallel. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral
bristles. Base of R4+5 with one to three fine hairs. Legs black. Abdomen slightly laced at intertergal sutures
Paralypha Mesnil
1 sp., P. aben-ans Mesnil; Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 11 13-1 115.

315. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Frons of male at most as wide as half of eye in
3 16
dorsal view-

Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles. Frons of male wider than half of eye in dorsal
view
317

A

786

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

316. Body with five distinct black transverse bands: scutum behind suture, anterior part or more ofscutellum, abdominal syntergite 1+2, and about posterior half each of tergites 3 and 4
Trigonospila Pokorny
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 19441975: 718-722, Shima 1979b: 298-304.

-

Body not as above

3997

317. Postpronotum with the three strongest bristles arranged in a distinct triangle (as in Fig. 99)
218-

Bristles on postpronotum not arranged in a distinct triangle

3 18318. Frons at most as wide as three-fourths eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened on basal fifth or less.
Tibia yellow. Abdominal tergite 3 reddish laterally. Male without proclinate orbital bristles
Drinomyia Mesnil
l sp., D. hobhidensis (~iranov);South of Russian Far East, Korea, Japan; Shima 1980b: 263-265.

-

Frons about as wide as one eye in dorsal view or wider. Arista thickened on more than basal
fifth. Tibia usually black. Abdomen entirely black. Male usually with proclinate orbital bristles
220

319. Dorsal surface of lower calypter with long hairs (Fig. 131), at least along outer dorsal margin
320-

Dorsal surface of lower calypter bare (Figs 128-130, 132-133)

322

320. Facial ridge with erect bristles on lower two-thirds or more (as in Fig. 7). Abdominal syntergite
1+ 2 with a pair of median marginal bristles. Prosternum setose
Austrophorocera Townsend
1 sp., A. birsuta (Mesnil); China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 606-607, 609-611 (as Spogposia Rondani).

-

Facial ridge with decumbent setae at most on lower half. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 without
median marginal bristles. Prosternum usually bare321

321. Eye bare. Arista thickened on basal three-fourths or more; first and second aristomere each
three to six times as long as its diameter. Parafacial with proclinate bristles and long hairs. Inner
anterior surface of fore coxa bare. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia as long as preapicalanteroventral seta (as in Fig. 151)
Hystriomyia Portshinsky
6 spp.; eastern Middle Asia (mountains), Altai, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 986-987.

-

Eye covered with dense hairs. Arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths; first and second
aristomere each at most as long as its diameter. Parafacial bare or at most with fine hairs. Inner
anterior surface of fore coxa covered with appressed setulae (as in Fig. 140). Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta
Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 987-995.

7

Specimens with a strong costigial bristle (as in Fig. 165) and with the genal dilation strongly reduced (as in Figs 22,29) belong to Parbamaxia Mesnil; return to couplet 297.

3.54. Farnilv TACHINIDAE

787

322. First flagellomere with sharply pointed apex (Fig. 70). Forms with the following characteristics
present simultaneously: eye bare; arista thickened at most on basal two-fifths; abdominal tergite
323
5 without median discal bristles; abdominal sternites exposed-

First flagellomere not pointed apically, but if slightly so, then without such combination of char3 25
acteristics present simultaneously

323. Prosternum bare. Frons of male without proclinate orbital bristles, at most as wide as four-fifths
Acemya Robineau-Desvoidy
eye in dorsal view
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 781-788.

-

Prosternum setose. Frons of male wider, with proclinate orbital bristles

324

324. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum with two bristles. Mid
Ceracia Rondani
tibia with two anterodorsal bristles
2 spp.; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 790-795 (as Myiothyria Wulp), Herting 1981: 9-12.

-

Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum with three bristles.
Metacemyia Herting
Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
1 sp., M. calloti (SCguy); Mediterranean; Mesnil 1944-1975: 788-790 (as Ceracia Rondani).

325. Prosternum bare (Fig. 134)

326

-

372

Prosternum setose (Fig. 136), at least one hair or setulae on each side (Fig. 135)

326. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia nearly as long as preapical anteroventral seta (Fig.
151)
327

-

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta349

327. First and second aristomere each at least three times as long as its diameter (Fig. 75)

328

-

331

First aristomere at most two times as long as its diameter (Figs 36, 39)

328. Proboscis nearly as long as height of head. Subvibrissal ridge with a tuft of numerous bristles
as strong as vibrissa. Bristles on postpronotum arranged in a triangle. Scutum lacking presuturalacrostichal bristles. R4+5 setose only at base. Basicosta black. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Body length 8 mm or more
Everestiomyia Townsend
1 sp., E. antennalis Townsend; Hirnalaya.

-

Proboscis distinctly shorter. Subvibrissal ridge not as above. Bristles on postpronotum not arranged in a triangle. Scutum with two or three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. R4+5
setose at least halfway to crossvein R-M (Fig. 178). Basicosta yellow or reddish. Hind tibia with
3 29
three or four dorsal preapical setae. Body length at most 7 mm

329. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle. Upper part of head without black setulae
behind the postocular row. Palpus reduced to a minute tubercle. Postpronotum with four orfive bristles. Anepimeral bristle extending back to hind margin of lower calypter. Wing cell r4+5
with a short petiole (Fig. 178). Hind tibia with four dorsal preapical setae Gymnoglossa Mik
1 sp., G. transsylvanica Mik; Rumania, southern Siberia (Tuva, Chita); Mesnil 1944-1975: 1004-1006.

788

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Parafacial setose below lowest frontal bristle. Upper part of head with several rows of black
setulae behind the postocular row. Palpus well-developed. Postpronotum with two or three bristles. Anepimeral bristle distinctly shorter. Wing cell r4+s usually without petiole. Hind tibia
with three dorsal preapical setae
330

330. Parafacial with proclinate bristles and hairs over its whole length. Face not visible in lateralview. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. R1 setose dorsally
Triarthria Stephens
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1213-1216 (as Digonochaeta Bezzi).

-

Parafacial with hairs or setulae on its upper half or less. Face visible in lateral view. Scutellum
with a pair of strong crossed bristles in apical position. RI bare or setose dorsally
Trichatia Stein
2 spp.; Europe, Canary Islands, Palestine; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1221-1223.

331. Second aristomere strongly elongate, six to fourteen times as long as its diameter (Fig. 36)
Germaria Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 978-986; Richter 1987.

-

Second aristomere distinctly shorter (Fig. 39)332

332. Postpronotum with three basal bristles in a straight line, a strong anterior bristle placed before
middle basal bristle (as in Fig. 93), and occasionally an inner anterior bristle (Figs 94, 98)
333-

Postpronotum not as above (Figs 96-97)

339

333. Prementum eight to fifteen times as long as its diameter (Fig. 39). Lateral scutellar bristles absent
or hair-like
334-

Prementum shorter. Lateral scutellar bristles almost always well-developed336

334. First flagellomere at most 1.5 times as long as pedicel (Fig. 39). Costal spine longer than crossvein R-M
Eriothrix Meigen
15 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1314-1323, Kolomiets 1967.

-

First flagellomere at least 2.5 times as long as pedicel. Costal bristle, if present, shorter thancrossvein R-M
335

335. Proboscis about as long as height of head. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Scutellum with one
to three pairs of nearly erect bristles on dorsal surface. Second costal section bare ventrally.
Section of M beyond bend concave. Mid tibia with three or four anterodorsal bristles. Pedicel,
scutellum and femur black
Trafoia Brauer et Bergenstamm3 spp.; Europe, Caucasus, Novaya Zemlya Islands; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1323-1326.

-

Proboscis longer than height of head. Ocellar setae small or hair-like. Scutellum without erectbristles on dorsal surface. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Section of M beyond
bend straight. Mid tibia with one or two anterodorsal bristles. Pedicel, scutellum and femur
353
entirely or predominantly yellow

336. Basicosta whitish, yellow or reddish. Bend of M usually with a continuation at least as long as
half of crossvein R-M (Fig. 180). Face and lower facial margin well visible in lateral view. Upper
part of head usually without black setulae behind the postocular row, rarely with one row.

.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

789

Palpus usually strongly reduced. Anterior and posterior lappets of posterior thoracic spiracle
337
unequal in size (as in Figs 104-105)-

Basicosta black. Bend of M without continuation, occasionally with a very short stub. Face andlower facial margin often not visible in lateral view. Upper part of head with one o r more rowsof black setulae behind the postocular row. Palpus well-developed. Anterior and posterior lap338
pets of posterior thoracic spiracle almost equal in size (as in Fig. 106)337. Eye densely covered with long hairs (Fig. 63). Frontal vitta not sunken. First flagellomere atleast 1.5 times as long as pedicel. Height of gena distinctly less than half of vertical diameter
Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidyof eye. Wing cell r4+5 usually without petiole (Fig. 180)
53 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1006-1037, Shima 1986.
-

Eye almost bare. Frontal vitta sunken. First flagellomere about as long as pedicel. Height ofgena at least half of vertical diameter of eye. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole about as long as
Microcerophina Kugler
one-fifth section of M beyond bend
1 sp., M. planifacies Kugler; Palestine.

338. First flagellomere two to four times as long as pedicel. Frontal bristles descending t o level ofbase of arista or below. Scutum with three pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Scutellum
with fine crossed apical bristles. Frons of male about as wide as two-fifths eye in dorsal view
Lypha Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 998-1001.

-

First flagellomere about 1.5 times as long as pedicel. Frontal bristles descending t o level of lower
margin of pedicel. Scutum with two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles. Apical scutellar bristles strong, divergent. Frons of male about as wide as one-fifth eye in dorsal view
Lyphosia Mesnil
1 sp., L. barbata (Mesnil); Japan, Sakhalin; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1001-1003.

339. Lower facial margin well visible in lateral view (as in Fig. 13)

340

-

345

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view (Fig. 17)340. Eye bare. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Parafacial with hairs overits whole length341-

Eye densely covered with hairs. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles. Para3428
facial bare or with hairs

341. Wing patterned with dark transverse stripes or bars (as in Fig. 173). Wing cell r4+s with a petiole. Face with prominent oval central tubercle or carina. Arista thickened on about basal eighth.
Euthera Loew
Proepisternum bare. Anepimeral bristle hair-like
2 spp.; Mediterranean, Turkey, Iran, Japan; Crosskey 1976: 35.

-

Wing unpatterned, transparent. Wing cell rs+s open. Face not as above. Arista thickened atleast on basal two-thirds. Proepisternum setose. Anepimeral bristle strong, duplicated80

8

The four genera which key out here are nearly related; after a thorough revision they may possibly turn out as
belonging to a common genus.

790

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

342. Inner vertical seta of male hair-like, slightly proclinate, not or only slightly differentiated fromsetae of postocular row; frons as wide as 0.15-0.50 times eye in dorsal view. Pedicel of female
yellow; posterior outer orbital bristle proclinate
Ernestia Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1960: 726-735 (as Panzeria Robineau-Desvoidy and Meriania Robineau-Desvoidy),
Mesnil 1944-1975: 1039-1046 (including Meriania Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Inner vertical bristle of male strong, convergent, crossed or reclinate; frons as wide as 0.25-1.25
times eye in dorsal view. Pedicel of female black or dark brown, but if yellow, then posterior
outer orbital bristle lateroclinate
343

343. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles; subapical bristles separated from each other by a distance subequal to the distance between prescutellar acrostichal bristles. Scutum before suturewith three dark longitudinal stripes. Posterior outer orbital bristle of female lateroclinate
Fausta Robineau-Desvoidy
5 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1960: 736-741, Mesnil 1944-1975: 1046-1049.

-

Scutellum with crossed apical bristles; subapical bristles separated from each other by a wider
distance. Scutum before suture usually with four dark longitudinal stripes. Posterior outer orbital bristle of female proclinate
344

344. Second aristomere two to three times as long as its diameter. Costal spine usually as long as orslightly longer than crossvein R-M. Bend of M usually with a continuation as long as crossvein
R-M
Appendicia Stein
4 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1957: 527-530, Mesnil 1944-1975: 1050-1051.

-

Second aristomere at most 1.5 times as long as its diameter. Costal bristle, if present, distinctly
shorter than crossvein R-M. Bend of M without continuation, rarely with a very short stub
Eurithia Robineau-Desvoidy
3 2 spp.; widespread; Zimin 1957: 506-527,530-537 (as Ernestia Robineau-Desvoidy, Eurythia Robineau-Desvoidy and Platychira Rondani), Mesnil 1944-1975: 1051-1067.

345. Scutellum without crossed apical bristles. Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu
shorter than section between dM-Cu and bend of M (as in Figs 161-163). Palpus reduced, at
most as long as diameter of prementum. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Parafacialwith a few short setulae below upper half (Fig. 17). Postpronotum with two bristles
Petagnia Rondani
1 sp., P. subpetiolata Rondani; central and southern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia; Mesnil 1944-1975:
1167-1168.

-

Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu as
long as or longer than section between dM-Cu and bend of M. Palpus well-developed. Hind
tibia usually with two dorsal preapical setae. Parafacial not as above, but if so, then postprono346
tum with three or four bristles

346. Frons about as wide as 1.5 times eye in dorsal view or more. Arista thickened on basal half or
more. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head entirely black, without any pale hair.
Subapical scutellar bristles usually not extending back to level of apices of apical bristles 138-

Frons at most as wide as 1.2 times eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened at most on basal half.
Posteroventral margin of head at least with a few pale hairs. Subapical scutellar bristles extend347
ing back at least to level of apices of apical bristles

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

791

347. Antenna inserted at level of middle of eye. First flagellomere not or only slightly longer thanpedicel. Wing cell r4+s usually with petiole, but if petiole absent, then scutum with four pairsof postsutural dorsocentral bristles
Loewia Egger
14 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1204-1211 (including Oestroloewia Mesnil), Tschorsnig and Herting
1994: 69-70.
-

Antenna inserted distinctly above level of middle of eye. First flagellomere at least 1.5 times aslong as pedicel. Wing cell r4+5 without petiole. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles
348

348. Eye bare. Ocellar setae hair-like. Scutellum entirely black. Lateral scutellar bristles distinctly shorter
than subapical bristles. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally
Ziminia Mesnil
1 sp., Z. masiceraeformis (Portshinsky); Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975:
1168-1170.

-

Eye densely covered with long hairs. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Scutellum at least apically
red or yellow. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles. Second costal section bareventrally
153

349. Eye densely covered with long hairs (Fig. 37)-

350

Eye bare or apparently bare; if hairs present, then each hair no longer than combined diameterof two eye facets
354

350. Lateral scutellar bristles absent. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 without median marginal bristles
351-

Scutellum with lateral bristles. Second costal section bare ventrally. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2
407
usually with median marginal bristles

351. Ocellar bristles reclinate (Fig. 37). Facial ridge with setae on lower two-thirds or more. Proepisternum setose (as in Fig. 102). Anepimeral bristle absent or hair-like Campylocheta Rondanil l spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1250-1255, Shirna 1985a.

-

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Facial ridge with setae at most on lower third. Proepisternum bare.
Anepimeral bristle well-developed
352

352. Hairs or setulae on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair. Face and lower
facial margin not visible in lateral view. Scutellum, legs and abdomen black. Frons of male narMacquartia Robineau-Desvoidy, partrower than one-tenth eye in dorsal viewsee couplet 139.
-

Hairs on posteroventral half of head entirely or predominantly pale. Face and lower facial margin well visible in lateral view. Scutellum, legs and abdomen at least partially yellow or red.
353
Frons of male about as wide as half of eye in dorsal view or wider

353. Proboscis shorter than height of head. Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin. Ocellar
bristles well-developed. Tegula reddish, basicosta black. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia
distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without
median discal bristles
Demoticoides Mesnil
1 sp., D. pallidus Mesnil; southern Siberia (Tuva), South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975:
1134-1135.

792

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Proboscis longer than height of head. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Ocellar
setae small or hair-like. Tegula dark brown, basicosta yellow. Preapical anterodorsal seta on
fore tibia a t least as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 144). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4
each with a pair of median discal bristles
Feriola Mesnil
1 sp., F. insularis Richter; South of Russian Far East (Sakhalin); Richter 1986: 102-105, Shima 1988: 19-21.

354. Parafacial with proclinate bristles (as in Figs 26, 57). Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole at least as
355
long as one-sixth section of M beyond bend (Fig. 175)-

Parafacial bare or with hairs, but if with bristle-like setulae (as in Fig. 14), then wing cell r4+5
open
356

355. Hairs on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair. First flagellomere at mostas long as pedicel. Frons of male about as wide as two-fifths eye in dorsal view
Kirbya Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; central and southern Europe, Turkmenia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1283-1285.

-

Hairs on posteroventral half of head entirely or predominantly pale or at least with numerous
pale hairs along posteroventral margin of head. First flagellomere more than 1.5 times as long247
as pedicel. Frons of male at least as wide as four-fifths eye in dorsal view356. Hairs on posteroventral half of head all black, without any pale hair-

269

Hairs on posteroventral half of head entirely or predominantly pale or at least with a few pale357
hairs along posteroventral margin of head

357. Frontal bristles reaching only to level of upper margin of scape (as in Figs 21-22, 46). Antenna31
at most as long as height of gena-

Frontal bristles usually reaching far below level of upper margin of scape (Figs 13, 40, 56), but
358
if near this level, then antenna distinctly longer than height of gena

358. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in
Figs 144-145)
359-

Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143)
3 64

359. Prementum exceptionally slender, 1.2-1.8 times as long as height of head. Postpronotum withfive bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a triangle. Genal dilation not or only slightly
developed
Rhamphina Macquart2 spp.; southern Europe; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1306-1307.

-

Prementum distinctly shorter than height of head (Fig. 20). Postpronotum not as above. Occiputwith well-developed genal dilation
3 60

360. Arista thickened on basal three-fourths or more. Frons about twice as wide as one eye in dorsal
view or wider
475-

Arista thickened at most on basal three-fifths. Frons distinctly narrower361

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

793

361. Lower facial margin well visible in lateral view (Fig. 20). Parafacial with hairs (at least a few
3 62
hairs below lowest frontal bristle). Scutellum with crossed apical bristles-

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal
3 63
bristle. Apical scutellar bristles divergent or absent

362. Vibrissa arising far above level of lower facial margin (Fig. 20). Upper part of head without
black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with two postsutural intra-alar bristles. Abdominal tergites usually with paired dark spots (as in Figs 184, 186). Frons of male at most as
Stomina Robineau-Desvoidy
wide as one-fifth eye in dorsal view
6 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1329-1334, Herting 1977: 13.

-

Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin. Upper part of head with several rows of black
setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with three postsutural intra-alar bristles. Abdominal
tergites without paired dark spots. Frons of male about as wide as one eye in dorsal view or
wider
260

363. Legs yellow. Upper part of head with several rows of black setulae behind the postocular row.
Anepimeral seta hair-like. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Wing cell r4+s open.
Abdominal sternites exposed. Frons of male about as wide as one-tenth eye in dorsal view
Redtenbacheria Schiner
1 sp., R. insignis Egger; widespread.

-Legs black. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Anepimeral
bristle well-developed. Second costal section bare ventrally. Wing cell r4+s with petiole. Abdominal sternites concealed between margins of abdominal tergites. Frons of male at least as
49 1
wide as half of eye in dorsal view364. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Facial ridge often with setae on lower half or
more
3 72

-

Lower facial margin well visible in lateral view (Figs 13, 40, 56). Facial ridge with setae on
3 65
distinctly less than lower half365. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle

366

-

368

Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles

366. Face entirely visible in lateral view, its height about as long as frons. Lower facial margin not
as described below. First flagellomere at most three times as long as pedicel. Postpronotum with
3 06
three bristles. Frons of male without proclinate orbital bristles-

Face (except lower facial margin) not visible in lateral view, its height at least 1.5 times as longas frons (Figs 40, 56). Lower facial margin with a pair of convex subtriangular sclerites anterolaterally. First flagellomere five to fifteen times as long as pedicel. Postpronotum with two bris3 67
tles. Frons of male with proclinate orbital bristles

367. Prementum at least six times as long as its diameter (Fig. 56). Upper part of head with one ormore rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with two pairs of presutural

794

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum with four bristles. Wing cell r4+5 without or with petiole.
Scutellum, tegula and abdomen black
Clausicella Rondani
3 spp.; southern parts of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1124-1128 (including Istoglossa Rondani).

-

Prementum at most four times as long as its diameter (Fig. 40). Upper part of head entirelybare behind the postocular row. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles.
Katepisternum with three bristles. Wing cell r4+5 with petiole. Scutellum, tegula and abdomenat least partially red or yellow
Hasmica Richter1 sp., H. xanthocera Richter; Middle Asia (Turkmenia, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Pakistan).

368. Lateral scutellar bristles at least as long as half of subapical bristles. Second costal section bareventrally. Face (except lower facial margin) usually not visible in lateral view
475-

Lateral scutellar bristles absent or hair-like. Second costal section usually with fine hairs ventrally. Face visible in lateral view (Fig. 13)
3 69369. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles, but if median discal bristles absent(one species of Bithia), then arista thickened on distinctly less than basal half
3 70-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Arista thickened on basal half or
more
371

370. Arista thickened at most on basal half; second aristomere at most as long as its diameter (Fig.
13). Basicosta yellow or reddish
Bithia Robineau-Desvoidy
20 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1137-1 148, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 77-78.

-

Arista thickened on basal three-fifths or more; second aristomere three to four times as long as
its diameter. Basicosta black or dark brown
Demoticus Macquart2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1154-1155.

371. Prementum at least as long as height of head, twelve times as long as its diameter or more.
Basicosta yellow or reddish. Costal spine usually distinctly longer than crossvein R-M. R4+5
usually setose from base to crossvein R-M or beyond, rarely only at base. Hind tibia with threedorsal preapical setae
Aphria Robineau-Desvoidy
7 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1148-1154.

-

Prementum shorter than height of head, at most six times as long as its diameter. Basicosta
black or dark brown. Costal bristle at most as long as crossvein R-M. R4+5 with a few hairs
only at base. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae
Prodemoticus Villeneuve
2 spp.; Hungary, Palestine, Turkey; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1156-1 157.

372. First postsutural supra-alar bristle shorter than notopleural bristles and usually shorter than firstpostsutural intra-alar bristle (Fig. 85), or absent
3 73-First postsutural supra-alar bristle longer than notopleural bristles and usually longer than firstpostsutural intra-alar bristle (Figs 2-3)
406

373. Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia nearly as long as preapical anteroventral seta (as inFig. 151). Anepimeral bristle strong, extending back to middle of lower calypter or beyond.
Eye densely covered with long hairs
3 743.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

795

Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta.
Anepimeral bristle usually distinctly shorter. Eye with or without hairs
3 76374. Palpus filiform, distinctly shorter than prementum. Bend of M with a continuation as long as
crossvein R-M o r longer. Basicosta yellow. Anterior and posterior lappets of posterior thoracic
spiracle unequal in size (as in Figs 104-105). Body length up t o 1 4 mm
337-

Palpus a t least as long as prementum. Bend of M without continuation, rarely with a very shortstub. Basicosta black. Anterior and posterior lappets of posterior thoracic spiracle each a fringeof plumose hairs about equal in size (as in Fig. 106). Body length less than 8 mm
3 75375. Frons wider than one eye in dorsal view. Katepisternum with posterior bristle distinctly below
level of anterior bristle. Lateral scutellar bristles usually shorter than subapical bristles. R4+5
setose on more than halfway t o crossvein R-M. Abdomen shiny, black, without pruinescence
Lydina Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 997-998.
Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Posterior katepisternal bristle almost at levelof anterior katepisternal bristle. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles. %+S setoseat most halfway to crossvein R-M. Abdomen covered with pruinescence with tesselated pattern
338
376. Wing membrane creased for a short distance distal t o bend of M , appearing from above as astub o r continuation of M (Figs 158, 179). Outer margin of lower calypter not exceptionallyconvex377-

Wing membrane flat a t bend of M, not appearing as a continuation of M (Fig. 159); if with areal short stub (as in Fig. 175), then outer margin of lower calypter exceptionally convex (asin Fig. 128)389

377. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row-

378

Upper part of head with a more o r less complete row of black setulae behind the postocular
row
3 85

378. Facial ridge with setae at most on lower half, but if reaching up t o three-fifths, then setae decreasing markedly in length and thickness dorsally, becoming nearly hair-like above (as in
3799
Fig. 18)
Facial ridge on its lower two-thirds o r more with long, stout, erect and evenly spaced bristles,381
retaining their bristle-like appearance nearly to the uppermost seta (Fig. 7)379. Arista thickened nearly to apex. Katepimeron fully haired (as in Fig. 111)

Crassicornia Kugler

1 sp., C. pilosa (Kugler); Israel.

-

Arista thickened at most on basal three-fifths. Katepimeron usually bare9

The three genera which key out here are very nearly related; they may also be placed together in the coninlon genus
Exorista.

380

796

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

3 80. Ocellar bristles well-developed

Exorista Meigen

48 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 560-603.
-

Ocellar setae absent or hair-like, at most half as long as uppermost reclinate orbital bristle
Neophryxe Townsend
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 563, 578 (as Prosalia Mesnil), 604 (as Phorcidella Mesnil).

381. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole about as long as two-fifths section of M beyond bend. R4+5 setosefrom base to well beyond crossvein R-M. Basal half of R1 setose dorsally
Chaetoria Becker
1 sp., Ch. stylata Becker; northern Africa, Greece, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 628-630.

-

Wing cell r4+5 open (Fig. 179) or with a petiole at most as long as one-eighth section of M
beyond bend. R4+5 setose at most to crossvein R-M. R1 bare
3 82382. Fourth costal section as long as sixth costal section or shorter (Fig. 179). Back of head convex.
Second aristomere at most two times as long as its diameter. Vibrissa usually arising slightly
above level of lower facial margin. Eye covered with hairs or apparently bare. Anterior reclinate
orbital bristle not exceptionally strong
3 83-

Fourth costal section longer than sixth costal section. Back of head usually flat. Second aristomere two to five times as long as its diameter (Fig. 7). Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial
margin. Eye densely covered with long hairs. Anterior reclinate orbital bristle usually exceptionally strong (at least in female, Fig. 7)
3 84383. Abdominal tergites with transverse bands of pruinescence, without dark spots. Apical scutellar
bristles crossed, more or less erect. Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer, but ifshorter, then eye covered with hairs
Chetogena Rondani
21 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 606-609, 611-628 (as Spoggosia Rondani).

-

Abdomen uniformly covered with dense pruinescence, abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with apair of dark spots near posterior margins. Apical scutellar bristles absent or hair-like, parallel.
Costal bristle, if present, shorter than crossvein R-M. Eye apparently bare
Maculosalia Mesnil
1 sp., M. maculosa (Villeneuve); northern Africa, Iran; Mesnil 1944-1975: 604-605.

384. Apical scutellar bristles erect. R4+5 setose nearly to crossvein R-M. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4
each with median discal bristles. Palpus black. Mid coxa and hind tarsus of female not as described below
Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 630-632.

-

Apical scutellar bristles horizontal. R4+5 setose only at base. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without
median discal bristles. Palpus yellow. Mid coxa of female with strong spines, first segment ofhind tarsus with two rows of spinulae ventrally
Ctenophorinia Mesnil
4 spp.; South of Russian Far East, Japan; Ziegler and Shima 1996: 442-451.

385. Ocellar bristles arising beside or in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 64). Second aristomere four
t o five times as long as its diameter. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Eye with very short hairs,
apparently bareBessa Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 632-634.

-

Ocellar bristles arising behind anterior ocellus (as in Fig. 63). Second aristomere less than threetimes as long as its diameter. Apical scutellar bristles crossed, sometimes hair-like. Eye densely
386
covered with long hairs!
l3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

797

386. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Fore tibia with preapical posterodorsal seta. Syncercus of male spatulate in posterior view, broadest beyond middle. Sternite 6
Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidyof female V-like (Figs 201-202)
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 634-635, 638-642.

-

Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Fore tibia without preapical pos3 87
terodorsal seta. Syncercus of male and sternite 6 of female not as above

387. Abdomen entirely covered with pruinescence with tesselated pattern. Syncercus of male with
Parasetigena Robineau-Desvoidy
long crisp hairs dorsally
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 635-638 (as Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Abdominal tergites with broad transverse bands of pruinescence, posterior margins black.
388
Syncercus of male without long crisp hairs

388. Section of M between crossvein dM-Cu and bend of M longer than distance between bend andwing margin. Fourth costal section slightly longer than sixth costal section. Palpus black. ParasiChaetexorista Brauer et Bergenstamm
toid of Limacodidae
6 spp.; South of Russian Far East, China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 644-645, Shima 1973.

-

Section of M between crossvein dM-Cu and bend of M shorter than distance between bend andwing margin. Fourth costal section as long as sixth costal section. Palpus yellow. Parasitoid ofDiprionidae
Diplostichus Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., D. janitrix (Hartig); Europe, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 6 4 2 4 4 4 .

389. Katepimeron bare (as in Fig. 112) or with at most three or four hairs on its anterior fourth.
390
Eye bare or covered with hairs-

Katepimeron with hairs on its anterior two-thirds or more (Fig. 111).Eye densely covered with
hairs
400

390. Proepisternum setose (Fig. 102). Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin-

391

Proepisternum bare (as in Fig. 103). Vibrissa usually arising at level of lower facial margin
3 92391. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Height of gena at least one-fifth vertical diameter of eye.
Katepisternum with four (or rarely three) bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles about as long as halfof subapical bristles; apical bristles erect, parallel or divergent (Fig. 121). Abdomen of male notas described below. Female with proclinate orbital bristles
Meigenia Robineau-Desvoidy
10 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 703-711, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 44-45.

-

Ocellar setae hair-like. Height of gena distinctly less than one-tenth vertical diameter of eye.
Katepisternum with two bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long as subapical bristles;
apical bristles absent (as in Fig. 114). Abdominal tergite 5 of male without long recumbent hairs,with a tail-like process dorsally. Female without proclinate orbital bristles
Urodexia Osten-Sacken
1 sp., U. penicillum Osten-Sacken; Japan (Ryukyu).

392. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles absent or
hair-like. Second aristomere two to six times as long as its diameter (Fig. 30). Outer margin oflower calypter usually exceptionally convex (as in Fig. 128). Body length at most 4 mm 393

798

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with median discal bristles. Lateral scutellar bristles at least as longas half of subapical bristles. Second aristomere at most two times as long as its diameter. Outer
3 95
margin of lower calypter not exceptionally convex. Body length 3-10 mm
First aristomere about three times as long as its diameter. Gena not visible in lateral view (Fig.
30). Upper part of head bare behind the postocular row. Scutum with three pairs of presutural
dorsocentral bristles. Basicosta yellow. Abdomen uniformly covered with dense pruinescence
Bampura Tschorsnig
1 sp., B. angustigena Tschorsnig; Transcaucasia, Iran.

First aristomere at most as long as its diameter. Gena visible in lateral view. Upper part of headwith one or more rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with two pairs ofpresutural dorsocentral bristles. Basicosta black or dark brown. Abdominal tergites with narrow394
basal bands of pruinescence, divided at the dorsal midline of abdomen
394. Eye bare. Bend of M a right angle or acute, usually with a short stub. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at most as wide as one-fourth of first flagellomere. First
flagellomere three to four times as long as pedicel. Second aristomere four to six times as longas its diameter
Atylomyia Brauer
3 spp.; southern pans of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 774-779, Herting 1981: 8-9.

-

Eye covered with short hairs. Bend of M obtuse, without stub. Parafacial not or not as strongly
narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point at least as wide as half of first flagellomere. First
flagellomere at most two times as long as pedicel. Second aristomere about two times as longas its diameter
401

395. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles (as in Figs 146-147)

396

-

397

Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle (as in Fig. 148)

396. Eye bare. Postpronotum with four bristles, the three basal bristles arranged in a straight line (asin Fig. 100). Parafacial at its narrowest point usually more than half as wide as first flagellomere.
Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in
Figs 144-145). Female with spinulae along ventral margins of abdominal tergites 3 and 4, sterBlondelia Robineau-Desvoidy
nite 7 modified into piercer (as in Fig. 203)
6 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 752-759, Shirna 1984b: 540-547.

-

Eye covered with hairs. Postpronotum with three bristles, middle basal bristle slightly displaced
anteriorly. Parafacial at its narrowest point at most as wide as half of first flagellomere. Preapicalanterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Abdomen of female not as above
120

397. Eye densely covered with long hairs. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles.
Ocellar setae (almost always) absent. Abdomen of female carinate midventrally and with sternite
7 modified into piercer (Fig. 203)
Compsilura BouchC
1 sp., C. concinnata (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 737-739, Shima 1984b: 548-550.

-

Eye bare or apparently bare. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Ocellar
setae usually well-developed, rarely hair-like. Abdomen of female not as above
398

1

1

I

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

799

398. Arista thickened on basal three-fourths or more. Scutellum with fine parallel or divergent apicalbristles. Frons wider than one eye in dorsal view. Facial ridge with more or less erect bristles
on lower three-fifths or more
Ligeriella Mesnil
1 sp., L. aristata (Villeneuve); Europe, Tadzhikistan, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 657-659.
-

Arista thickened on basal two-fifths or less. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Frons narrower than
one eye in dorsal view. Facial ridge with decumbent setae usually on less than lower three-fifths
399

399. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Scutellum with one pair of lateralbristles. Ovipositor of female flattened dorsoventrally (Figs 194, 211-212). Sternite 5 of maleusually with a pair of tufts of curved setae, visible in lateral view (Fig. 198); abdominal tergites
without patches of appressed hair
Medina Robineau-Desvoidy
8 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 726-731, Herting 1971: 3-7, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 45.

-

Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Scutellum with two pairs of lateralbristles. Abdomen of male and female not as above; ventral surface of tergites 4 and 5 of maleeach with a pair of patches of appressed hair (as on tergite 4 in Fig. 196)
Rioteria Herting
1 sp., R. suhmacula Herting; southern Europe, Israel.

400. Outer margin of lower calypter exceptionally convex (Fig. 128), in questionable cases second
aristomere at least two times as long as its diameter. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial
margin40 1-Outer margin of lower calypter not exceptionally convex (as in Fig. 133). Second aristomere
at most slightly longer than its diameter. Vibrissa usually arising above level of lower facial margin404

401. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Pedicel partially yellow. Body length
about 4 mm
Amnonia Kugler
1 sp., A. camzelitana Kugler; Israel.

-

Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Pedicel black. Body length usually
5-9 mm402

402. Height of gena about one-third vertical diameter of eye or more. Upper part of head with twoor three rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Anterodorsal setae on hind tibia ofmale irregular in length and spacing
Prosethilla Herting
1 sp., P. kramerella (Stein); Europe, southern Siberia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 59-60 (as Chaetinella Mesnil).

-

Height of gena less than one-sixth vertical diameter of eye. Upper part of head with at mostone row of black setulae behind the postocular row. Hind tibia of male with a regular row ofanterodorsal setae (as in Figs 152-154)403

403. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as apical bristles. Second aristomere nearly three to five times
as long as its diameter. Abdomen usually more or less red laterally. Palpus yellow
Ethilla Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., E. aemula (Meigen); central and southern Europe, Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 60-61.

800

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Lateral scutellar bristles absent or hair-like (Fig. 128). Second aristomere one t o three times aslong as its diameter. Abdomen entirely black in ground colour. Palpus black or yellow
Paratryphera Rondani
6 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 61-65, Shima 1980a: 8-13.

404. Postpronotum with five bristles, the three strongest of them arranged in a triangle (as in Fig.
92). Parafacial with hairs at least along anterior margin. Abdomen without metallic blue luster.
414
Katepisternum usually with two bristles-

Postpronotum with three or four bristles. Parafacial bare, but if with hairs on upper half, then405
abdomen with metallic blue luster. Katepisternum with three bristles

5. Parafacial entirely bare below lowest frontal bristle. Postpronotum with four bristles, middle
basal bristle slightly displaced anteriorly. At least posteriorhalf of scutellum red. Abdomen withMycteromyiella Mesnil
transverse bands of pruinescence, without metallic blue luster
1 sp., M. marginalis Shima; Japan; Shima 1976.

-

Parafacial with hairs below lowest frontal bristle. Postpronotum with three bristles in a straightline. Scutellum entirely black in ground colour. Abdomen without pruinescence, with metallic
Calliethilla Shimablue luster
1 sp., C. caemlea Shima; China (Szechwan); Shima 1979c: 147-151.

406. Eye covered with (usually dense) hairs; each hair longer than combined diameter of three eye
facets407-

Eye bare or apparently bare (hairs often present, but so sparse and short as to be easily over475
looked, each hair no longer than combined diameter of two facets)

407. Katepimeron with hairs on its anterior two-thirds or more (Fig. 111)-

408

Katepimeron bare (as in Fig. 112) or with at most three or four hairs on its anterior fourth 416

408. Outer margin of lower calypter exceptionally convex (Fig. 128)

409

-

410

Outer margin of lower calypter not exceptionally convex (as in Fig. 133)

Lateral scutellar bristles as long as subapical bristles. Postpronotum with four bristles, middle
basal bristle more or less displaced anteriorly. Body length 8-10 mm
Phorocerosoma Townsend
1 sp., Ph. vicariurn (Walker); Japan, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 65-68.

-

Lateral scutellar bristles absent or hair-like. Postpronotum with three or four bristles, the three403
basal bristles arranged in a straight line. Body length 4-7 mm

410. Postpronotum with five bristles, the three strongest of them arranged in a triangle (as in Fig.
92)
4 11

-

Postpronotum with three or four bristles, usually not arranged in a triangle

415

80 1

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

411. Arista about as long as first flagellomere, thickened on basal four-fifths or more (Fig. 69). Hind
Rhaphiochaeta Brauer et Bergenstammtibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae
1 sp., Rh. brewiseta (Zetterstedt); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 71-72.

-

Arista about as long as antenna, thickened on less than basal three-fifths. Hind tibia with two
dorsal preapical setae
412

412. Parafacial bare or with at most a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle

Nemorilla Rondani

2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975 : 1389-13 90, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 50.

-

Parafacial with hairs on its upper half or below

413

413. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Upper part of head with one or
Smidtia Robineau-Desvoidy
two rows of black setulae behind the postocular row
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 72-73.

-

Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Upper part of head usually without
414
black setulae behind the postocular row, rarely with one or two rows

414. Hind tibia with comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform length, with a bristle atmidlength about twice as long as the other anterodorsal setae (as in Fig. 154), or anterodorsal
setae on hind tibia irregular in length (as in Fig. 151). Hairs on abdomen erect. Katepisternum
with three bristles. Mid tibia with three to five anterodorsal bristles. Abdominal tergite 5 more
Timavia Robineau-Desvoidyor less conical, entirely black
9 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 73-77 (as Nemostumia Townsend).

-

Comb-like row of anterodorsal setae on hind tibia without bristle at midlength (Fig. 152) orwith a distinctly shorter bristle. Hairs on abdomen usually recumbent, rarely erect. Katepisternum with two (Fig. 111) or (rarely) three bristles. Mid tibia with one or two, rarely three anterodorsal bristles. Abdominal tergite 5 trapezoid, usually more or less red posteriorly
Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy
12 spp.; widespread; Shima, Chao and Zhang 1992; Mesnil 1944-1975: 79-98, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994:
48-50.

415. Facial ridge with setae on lower third or less. Vibrissa arising above level of lower facial margin.
Arista thickened on less than basal half
405-

Facial ridge with setae on lower half or more. Vibrissa arising at level of lower facial margin.
450
Arista thickened on more than basal half

416. Katepisternum with two bristles. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocularrow. Ocellar setae well-developed. Palpus yellow. Height of gena smaller than width of para417
facial at level of base of antenna (Fig. 6, both measured in lateral view)-

Katepisternum with three or four bristles, but if with two bristles, then either upper part ofhead with at least one row of black setulae behind the postocular row, ocellar setae absent or
hair-like, or palpus black. Height of gena usually at least as great as parafacial at level of baseof antenna, rarely smaller
418

802

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

417. Mid tibia with a ventral bristle (as in Fig. 148). Postpronotum with three bristles, the middle
bristle more or less displaced anteriorly
Carcelina Mesnil
4 spp.; Europe (North Russia: St. Petersburg), Japan, China (Kiangsi); Shima 1969: 238-239 (as subgenus ofCarcelia Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Mid tibia without ventral bristle (Fig. 149). Postpronotum with three or four bristles, the threebasal bristles arranged in a straight line
Senometopia Macquart
14 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 29,31-37, Shima 1968a: 519-532 (as Eucarcelza Baranov), Tschorsnig
and Herting 1994: 56-57.

418. Postpronotum with three to five bristles, the three strongest bristles arranged in a distinct triangle (Figs 91-92, 99)
419-

Bristles on postpronotum not arranged in a distinct triangle, the three basal bristles in a moreor less straight line (Figs 90, 93, 100)422

419. Arista thickened on basal three-fifths or more. Height of gena smaller than width of parafacialat level of base of antenna (both measured in lateral view). Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. Hind tibia usually with three dorsal preapical setae. Male with proclinate
orbital bristles
Thelymyia Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., Th. saltuurn (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 9 0 4 9 2 .

-Arista thickened on less than basal half (Figs 11, 19). Height of gena nearly as great as parafacialat level of base of antenna or greater. Scutum with four or (rarely) three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Male without proclinate orbital
bristles
420

420. Postpronotum with three strong bristles arranged in a triangle and one or two weak inner bristles, the latter often hair-like or even absent (Fig. 91). Lateral scutellar bristles 0.9-1.1 times aslong as subapical bristles. Subcranial cavity (measured in ventral view) 0.7-1.0 times as long asfrons (Fig. 11).Egg macrotype, with thin white or transparent chorion
Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy
19 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 5 3 4 7 5 , Shima 1981, Shima 1982, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994:
50-52.

-

Postpronotum with three bristles arranged in a triangle and two additional inner bristles, thelatter usually nearly as long as the weakest one of the .bristles arranged in a triangle (Fig. 92).
Lateral scutellar bristles 0.5-1.0 times as long as subapical bristles. Subcranial cavity 0.6-0.8
times as long as frons (Fig. 19). Egg microtype, with, strongly thickened chorion
421

421. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles. Mid tibia with one or (rarely) two
anterodorsal bristles
Myxexoristops Townsend
7 spp.; widespread; Herting 1964, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 58-59.

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Mid tibia with three or four anterodorsal bristles
Euexorista Townsend
1 sp., E. obumbrata (PandellC); widespread; Mesnil 19441975: 4 5 1 4 5 3 (as subgenus of Myxexoristops Townsend).

422. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles, or at most tergite 4 with short mediandiscal bristles
423-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles

446

803

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

423. Base of R4+5 with a single large bristle as long as crossvein R-M or longer (as in Fig. 160).
Upper part of head usually without, .or rarely with a few black setulae behind the postocularrow. Katepisternum with four bristles (Fig. 112)
424-

Base of R4+5 with several short setulae, but if in rare cases with a single large setula, then either
upper part of head with at least one row of black setulae behind the postocular row or425
katepisternum with three bristles

424. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest pointat most as wide as one-fourth of first flagellomere. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with anarrow basal band of pruinescence, divided in the dorsal midline of abdomen. Scutellum entirely
black in ground colour. Abdomen of male without patches of short dense hair. Body length
4-6 mmCadurciella Villeneuve
2 spp.; Europe, Israel, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 2 6 4 2 8 .

-Ocellar setae absent. Parafacial at its narrowest point at least as wide as three-fifths of first flagellomere. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 covered with pruinescence, their hind margins black.
Scutellum predominantly yellow. Abdominal tergites 4 and 5 of male each with a pair of patchesof appressed hair ventrally (as on tergite 4 in Fig. 196). Body length 7-10 mm
Drino Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 517.

425. Parafacial with one or more rows of hairs over most of its length-426

Parafacial entirely bare, with a few hairs below lowest frontal bristle or (rarely) with a small
428
isolated patch of hairs near lower margin of eye

426. Facial ridge with bristles on lower two-fifths to half. First flagellomere about two times as longas pedicel or less. Katepisternum with two bristles. Abdominal tergite 3 without median mar486
ginal bristles. Pedicel yellow, scutellum predominantly yellow-

I

Facial ridge with setae on lower third or less. First flagellomere three t o four times as long as
pedicel. Katepisternum with three or four bristles. Abdominal tergite 3 with median marginal427
bristles. Pedicel and scutellum black

427. Parafacial at its narrowest point at most as wide as half of first flagellomere. Scutum with four
pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum with four bristles. Second costal section
453
bare ventrally. Palpus black-

Parafacial at least as wide as four-fifths of first flagellomere. Scutum usually with three pairs of
postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Katepisternum with three bristles. Second costal section with486
fine hairs ventrally. Palpus yellow

428. Apical scutellar bristles inclined at 45-90° to horizontal (Figs 126-127). Mid tibia with a single
429
anterodorsal bristle-

Apical scutellar bristles, if present, horizontal or inclined at most 30° to horizontal (Fig. 125).
43 0
Mid tibia with one to five anterodorsal bristles

804

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

429. Ocellar bristles well-developed. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present (Fig. 10). Upper part of head with at least one row of black setulae behind the postocular row. Palpus black.
Abdomen of male without patches of short dense hair
Catagonia Brauer et Bergenstamm
1 sp., C. aberrans (Rondani); central and southern Europe; Mesnil 1944-1975: 149-150 (as subgenus of Sisyropa Brauer et Bergenstamm).

-

Ocellar setae hair-like or absent. Two or three reclinate upper orbital bristles present. Upper
part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Palpus yellow. Abdominal tergite
4 of male with a pair of patches of appressed hair ventrally (as in Fig. 196)544

430. First flagellomere as long as pedicel. Scutum with two presutural dorsocentral bristles. Tegulayellow. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole as long as one-eighth to one-sixth section of M beyond
bend. Hind tarsus of male with two rows of spinules ventrally; ventral surface of abdominal
tergites 3 and 4 each strongly concave, covered with short appressed hair
Cestonioptera Villeneuve
1 sp., C. mesnili Villeneuve; northern Africa; Mesnil 1944-1975: 274-276.

-

First flagellomere distinctly longer than pedicel. Scutum with three presutural dorsocentral bristles. Tegula black. Wing cell r4+s usually without petiole. Hind tarsus and abdomen of malenot as above
43 1

43 1. Costal spine two t o four times as long as crossvein R-M. Fourth costal section distinctly shorter
than sixth costal section
472-

Costal spine, if present, at most as long as crossvein R-M. Fourth costal section as long as sixth
costal section or longer
432

432. Facial ridge with strong erect bristles on lower two-thirds or more-

454

Facial ridge with setae on lower three-fifths or less, but if reaching up to lower two-thirds, thensetae decumbent and slender, becoming hair-like above
433

433. Basal two-fifths of wing black. Abdomen and scutellum shiny black with light metallic blue luster, strongly contrasting with head and thorax, which are entirely gold or yellow pruinescent.
Calozenillia Townsend
Scutellurn with two pairs of lateral bristles
1 sp., C. tamara (Portshinsky); Bulgaria, Transcaucasia, South of Russian Far East, Japan, China; Mesnil
1944-1975: 226-227.

-

Wing unpatterned, transparent. Abdomen with pruinescence, not contrasting with head and434
thorax as described above. Scutellum usually with only one pair of lateral bristles

434. Katepisternum with four bristles

43 5

-

439

Katepisternum with three or (rarely) two bristles

435. Abdominal tergite 5 0.2-0.6 times as long as tergite 4. Two reclinate upper orbital bristles present. Second aristomere two to four times as long as its diameter. Abdominal tergite 5 and mostof tergite 4 of male shiny black (except a very narrow basal pruinescent band on tergite 4)
Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975 : 329-334.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

805

Abdominal tergite 5 0.7-1.3 times as long as tergite 4, but if near 0.6 times, then only one
reclinate upper orbital bristle present. Second aristomere at most two times as long as its diameter. Abdomen of male not as above
43 6

436. Height of gena smaller than width of parafacial at level of base of antenna (as in Fig. 6, bothmeasured in lateral view)
Thecocarcelia Townsend, partsee couplet 543.

-

Height of gena at least as great as width of parafacial at level of base of antenna

437

437. Facial ridge with setae on lower half to two-thirds. Arista thickened on basal half or more. First
flagellomere three to five times as long as pedicel
Nilea Robineau-Desvoidy
S spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 362-363, 365-368, 382-384.

-

Facial ridge with setae on lower third or less. Arista thickened on basal two-fifths or less. First
flagellomere two to three times as long as pedicel
43 8438. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present. Second costal section usually with fine hairs
Sisyropa Brauer et Bergenstammventrally. Palpus yellow
2 spp.; China, Japan; Mesnil 1944-197s: 147-149, 152-156.

-

Two or three reclinate upper orbital bristles present. Second costal section bare ventrally. Palpus
black
Tlephusa Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., T. cincinna (Rondani); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 328-329.

439. Parafacial at its narrowest point 1.5-three times as wide as first flagellomere (Fig. 12)

440

-

44 1

Parafacial at its narrowest point at most as wide as first flagellomere

440. Facial ridge not prominent, straight or concave in profile. Katepisternum with two or threebristlesEuhygia Mesnil
2 spp.; South of Russian Far East, China (Szechwan); Mesnil 1944-1975: 225-226.

-

Facial ridge prominent, strongly convex in profile (Fig. 12). Katepisternum with three bristles
Pexopsis Brauer et Bergenstamm, partsee couplet 547.

441. Base of abdomen ventrally and sides of thorax with pale hairs. Postpronotum with three basal
bristles in a straight line and an additional bristle placed before middle basal bristle (as in Fig.
93)
Sericozenillia Mesnil
1 sp., S. albipila (Mesnil); Japan.

-

Abdomen and thorax with black hairs. Anterior postpronotal bristle weak, placed anteriorly
442
between middle and inner basal bristle (as in Fig. 100)

442. Wing cell r4+s with a petiole as long as half of crossvein R-M. Facial ridge with setae on about
Schembria Rondani
lower half. Basicosta and legs yellow or red
1 sp., S. meridionalis Rondani; Malta, Israel; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1380-1381.

-

Wing cell r4+5 without petiole. Facial ridge with setae on usually less than lower half. Basicosta
and legs usually black443

443. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Abdominal tergites 3 and471
4 of male each with a pair of large patches of appressed hair ventrally

806

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Abdomenof male not as above
444

444. Palpus black or dark brown. First flagellomere 1.5-2.5 (rarely three) times as long as pedicel
Alsomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm
4 spp.; central and southern Europe, Transcaucasia, Turkrnenia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 378-381 (as subgenus of
Platymya Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Palpus yellow. First flagellomere about three to five times as long as pedicel

445

445. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles. Second costal section bare ventrally
Nilea Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 437.

-

Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Second costal section usually with fine hairs ventrally
43 8446. Apical scutellar bristles inclined at 60°-90° to horizontal (Figs 3, 126). Wing cell r4+5 without
petiole447-

Apical scutellar bristles, if present, horizontal or inclined at most 30° to horizontal (Fig. 125),
but if erect as above, then wing cell r4+5 with a petiole
45 0447. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Outer vertical bristle absent
Paradrino Mesnilor hair-like. Palpus yellow. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
1 sp., P. longicornis Shima; Japan; Shima 1984a.

-

Upper part of head with black setulae behind the postocular row. Outer vertical bristle usuallystrong. Palpus black or dark brown. Mid tibia with one to five anterodorsal bristles
448

448. Posterior ocelli separated from each other by a distance 0.14-0.22 times width of the frons(Fig. 67). Anterior postpronotal bristle placed anteriorly between middle and inner basal bristle(as in Fig. 100). Arista thickened on basal half or less. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
or more. Frons narrower or wider than one eye in dorsal view. Scutellum entirely black in
Pseudoperichaeta Brauer et Bergenstammground colour
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 232-233, 409-411, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 53.

-

Posterior ocelli separated by a distance 0.20-0.28 times width of the frons. Anterior postpronotal bristle usually placed before middle basal bristle (Fig. 93), but if arranged as described above,
then arista thickened on at least basal two-thirds. Mid tibia with at least two anterodorsal bristles. Frons always wider than one eye in dorsal view. Scutellum usually more or less red apically449

449. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143). Facial ridge with setae on lower half or less, but if reaching up to lower two-thirds, thenPhryxe Robineau-Desvoidy
setae decumbent and slender (Fig. 18)
12 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 394-399, 4 0 1 4 0 9 , 411-422, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 52-53.

-

Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in
Figs 144-145). Facial ridge with erect bristles on about lower two-thirds
Madremyia Townsend
1 sp., M. clausa (Villeneuve); northern Europe.

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

807450. Parafacial with hairs or setulae over most of its length

45 1

-

454

Parafacial bare or with hairs at most on upper half

451. Frons about 1.7 times as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Parafacial at its narrowest point 1.5
times as wide as first flagellomere or more. First flagellomere five to ten times as long as pedicel.
Arista thickened nearly to apex; second aristomere four to six times as long as its diameter
Lasiopales Villeneuve
1 sp., L. pachychaeta (Villeneuve); Algeria, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 514-516.

-

Frons and ~arafacialdistinctly narrower. First flagellomere at most four times as long as pedicel.
Arista thickened at most on basal three-fourths; second aristomere at most two times as long452
as its diameter

452. Scutellum predominantly red or yellow. Abdomen uniformly covered with pruinescence withtesselated pattern. Male with proclinate orbital bristles
Cavalieria Villeneuve
1 sp., C. genibarbis Villeneuve; southern France, Russia (lower Volga), Transcaucasia; Mesnil 1944-1975:
320-321.

-

Scutellum entirely black in ground colour. Abdominal tergites with (usually narrow) basal bandsof pruinescence. Male without proclinate orbital bristles
453

453. Katepisternum with four bristles. Fourth costal section distinctly longer than sixth costal section.
Anterior margin of first flagellomere strongly convex
Epicampocera Macquart
1 sp., E. succincta (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 318-320.

-

Katepisternum with three bristles. Fourth costal section as long as sixth costal section or shorter.
Anterior margin of first flagellomere straight466

454. Apical scutellar bristles absent, but if present, then parallel or divergent

455

-

461

Scutellum with crossed apical bristles

455. Facial ridge with setae on less than lower half

456

-

45 8

Facial ridge with setae on lower half or more

456. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Anterior postpronotal bristle placed
before middle basal bristle (as in Fig. 93). Scutellum with one or two pairs of erect setae on
posterior third
Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 337-341.

-

Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Anterior postpronotal bristle, if present, placed anteriorly between middle and inner basal bristle (as in Fig. 100). Scutellum without
457
such erect setae

457. Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Postpronotum with four or five bristles. Section of M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu distinctly longer than section between
dM-Cu and bend of M. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Legs entirely or predominantly yellow
Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 341-343.

808

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Postpronotum with three bristles.
Section of M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu about equal to section between dM-Cu andbend of M. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Legs black
Erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 537.

458. Wing cell r4+s with a short petiole. First flagellomere at most two times as long as pedicel.
Arista thickened on less than basal fifth. Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark
longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 83)
463-

Wing cell r4+5 without petiole. First flagellomere at least three times as long as pedicel. Arista
thickened on basal third or more. Scutum before suture with four or five narrower dark longitudinal stripes (as in Figs 81-82)459

459. Ocellar setae absent or hair-like. Scutellum with two pairs of lateral bristles and with straight, nearly
erect setae on dorsal surface anterior to apex. Hind tibia with comb-like row of anterodorsal setaeof rather uniform length (except for a longer bristle at midlength)
Takanomyia Mesnil
6 spp.; Japan, Nepal; Shima 1988: 26-32.

-

Ocellar bristles usually well-developed. Scutellum with one pair of lateral bristles, without erect
preapical setae. Anterodorsal setae on hind tibia irregular in length and spacing
460

460. Bristles on facial ridge short, decumbent. Lateral scutellar bristles nearly as long as subapicali
bristles. Tibia red or yellow. Body length 7-12 mm
Bothria ~ o n d a nl0
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 334-337.

-

Bristles on facial ridge long, erect. Lateral scutellar bristles about as long as half of subapical469
bristles. Tibia black. Body length 6 mm or less461. Katepisternum with four bristles-

Katepisternum with three or (rarely) two bristles

437'

462. Scutellum entirely black, without any trace of red or yellow in ground colour

-

462
463

Scutellum more or less red or yellow, but if predominantly black, then with at least traces of
red colouring near apex
468

463. Wing cell r4+5 with a short petiole. Scutum before suture with one pair of broad dark longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 83). Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
Rhinomyodes Townsend
1 sp., Rh. emporomyioides Townsend; Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 289-291.

-

Wing cell r4+5 without petiole. Scutum before suture with four or five narrower dark longitu464
dinal stripes (as in Figs 81-82). Mid tibia with one t o five anterodorsal bristles

464. Facial ridge with weak decumbent setae on lower one-fifth to two-fifths (Fig. S), but if reaching
up to lower half, then upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row
465
10

Included is the species formerly placed in Anameriania Zimin.

i
l

~

i
l

i

~

;

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

809

Facial ridge with usually stout, erect bristles on lower three-fifths t o four-fifths (as in Figs 4-5,7), but if setae reaching only up to lower half, then upper part of head with at least one rowof black setulae behind the postocular row
467

465. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. Facial ridge with setae on
lower two-fifths to half. Arista thickened on more than basal half
Eumeella Mesnil
1 sp., E. perdiues (Villeneuve); Mediterranean; Mesnil 1944-1975: 354-356.

-

Upper part of head with at least one row of black setulae behind the postocular row. Facial
ridge with setae on lower one-fifth t o one-third (Fig. 8). Arista thickened on at most basal half466

466. Scutum before suture with four dark longitudinal stripes. Parafacial at its narrowest point about aswide as one-fourth as at base of antenna. Fourth costal section about as long as sixth costal section,
but if longer, then scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with one pair of median discal bristles
Platymya Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 370-377.
-

Scutum before suture with five dark longitudinal stripes. Parafacial not as strongly narrowed
ventrally (Fig. 8). Fourth costal section about twice as long as sixth costal section. Scutum withfour pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with two pairsof median discal bristles, with one pair anterior to the other
Eumea Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 372-373, 385-389 (as subgenus of Platynzya Robinenu-Desvoidy).

467. Arista thickened on basal two-thirds t o four-fifths. Frons 1.3-1.8 times as wide as one eye indorsal view. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male with a narrow median longitudinal stripe ofshort recumbent hairs
Ceratochaetops Mesnil
2 spp.; soutlzern parts of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 363-364, 368-369 (as Nilea Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Arista less thickened. Frons narrower. Abdomen of male with or without above-mentioned such
stripe468468. Facial ridge with stout, usually erect bristles on more than lower half. Hind tibia with two dorsal
preapical setae
469-

Facial ridge with usually weak, decumbent setae at most on lower half, but if bristles reaching
up to lower two-thirds, then hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae
470

469. Two reclinate upper orbital bristles present, the anterior one at least as large as the posterior
one. Abdominal tergites with broad transverse bands of dense pruinescence or. abdomen uniformly covered with dense pruinescence. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male usually with anarrow median longitudinal stripe of short recumbent hairs
Clemelis Robineau-Desvoidy
h spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 347-352.

-

One single reclinate upper orbital bristles present (occasionally two in one dark species). Abdomen shiny black, usually with bluish luster; pruinescence, if present, very weak. Abdomen ofPales Robineau-Desvoidy
male without above-mentioned stripe
12 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 121-134 (as Ctenopborocera Brauer et Bergenstanzm).

470. Face visible in lateral view. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia as long as o r longer thanpreapical dorsal seta (as in Figs 144-145). Preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia nearly as
long as preapical anteroventral seta (as in Fig. 151). Palpus more or less reduced
337

810

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Face (except lower facial margin) not visible in lateral view. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore
tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Preapical posteroventral seta on
471
hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta. Palpus well-developed

471. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row. First flagellomere at most
twice as long as pedicel. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male each with a pair of large patchesof appressed hair ventrally
Nealsomyia Mesnil
2 spp.; Egypt, Israel, Iran; Mesnil 1944-1975: 356-361.
-

Upperpart of head with one or more rows of black setulae behind the vostocular row. First-flagellomere more than twice as long as pedicel. Abdomen of male rarely as described above472
A

472. Costal spine two to four times as long as crossvein R-M. Fourth costal section distinctly shorter
than sixth costal section. Postpronotum with three basal bristles in a straight line and an additional bristle placed before middle basal bristle (as in Fig. 93). Scutum usually with three pairsof postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Hind tibia with three or two dorsal preapical setae. Palpus
black or dark brown
Phonomyia Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; southern parts of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 353-354.

-

Costal spine, if present, at most as long as crossvein R-M. Fourth costal section longer thansixth costal section. Anterior postpronotal bristle, if present, placed anteriorly between middle
and inner basal bristle (as in Fig. 100). Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae. Palpus yellow
473473. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present, but if two, then anterior one hair-like or atleast smaller than the posterior one. Pruinescence on abdomen whitish or grey
Nilea Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 437.

-

Two reclinate upper orbital bristles present, the anterior one at least as large as the posterior
one. Abdomen with dense yellow pruinescence474474. Height of gena about one-fourth vertical diameter of eye or less. Pedicel, basicosta and legs
black, but if yellow, then apical scutellar bristles strong
Zenillia Robineau-Desvoidy
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 321-326.

-

Height of gena one-third to half of vertical diameter of eye. Pedicel, basicosta and legs entirelyor predominantly yellow. Apical scutellar bristles weak, hair-like
457

475. Parafacial with hairs, setulae or bristles over most of its length (Figs 14, 49, 51), or at least witha patch of small setae or a few hairs below upper half (as in Fig. 42)
476-

Parafacial bare (Figs 3, 50) or with hairs at most on upper half

487

476. Ocellar bristles reclinate (Fig. 14) or (rarely) lateroclinate. Frons with one or two additionalrows of reclinate or medioclinate bristles lateral to frontal row (Figs 14, 49, 65)477-

Ocellar bristles proclinate. Frons with scattered or dense hairs outside frontal row (Fig. 51),
rarely with an additional row of reclinate bristles
48 1

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

81 1477. Prementum short, about two times as long as its diameter. Arista thickened on about basal twofifths; second aristomere about as long as its diameter (Fig. 49). Section of M between crossveinsr-m and dM-Cu shorter than section between dM-Cu and bend of M. Wing cell r4+5 with apetiole about as long as one-fifth section of M beyond bend (Fig. 181). Legs reddish as thewhole body
Manola Richter1 sp., M. xenocera Richter; Uzbekistan, Turkmenia.

-

Prementum three to twelve times as Iong as its diameter. Arista thickened on basa! half to apex;
second aristomere one to twelve times as long as its diameter (Fig. 14). Section of M between
crossveins r-m and dM-Cu distinctly Ionger than section between dM-Cu and bend of M, Wing
cell r4+5 without petiole (except in one species of Gmia). Legs black o r predominantly black478

478. R4+5 with setae on basaI third up to crossvein R-M, but if with Iess setae, then either tegula
Gonia Meigen
yellow or wing with an apical dark spot
23 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 517-532 (as Salmacia Meigen and Turanogorrid RoMendorf),
542-546 (as Redia Robineau-Desvordy and Eremogonia Rohdendorf).

-

R4+5 with a few setae at most on basal fifth. Tegula Hack or dark brown. Wing without apicaldark spot
479

479. Basicosta yellow. Second aristomere less than four times as Iong as its diameter. First flagelSpallanzania Robinearr-Desvoidy
lomere at most two times as long as pedicel
6 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 550-554.

-

Basicosta black or dark brown. Second aristomere four to ren times as long as its diameter. First480
flagellomere usually more than two times as long as pedicel (rareIy 1.5 times in females)

480. Hairs on abdominal tergites 3 and 4 erect, but if recumbent (in female of one species), thenabdomen shiny black, without pruinescence. Head yellow or red in ground colour, contrastingwith dark thorax and abdomen. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae
Onychogonia Brauer et Bergenstamm3 spp.; Europe (mountains), southern Siberia, Mongolia; Herting 1973, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 62.
-

Hairs on abdominal tergites 3 and 4 recumbent. Abdomen with pruinescence. Head not contrasting with thorax and abdomen. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae
Pseudogonia Brauer et Bergenstamm
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 532-538 (as Isomera Robineau-Desvoidy).

L. Base of R4+5 with a single large seta as long as one to three times crossvein R-M (as in Fig.
482160). Katepisternum with four bristles (Fig. 112)-

Base of R4+5 with several setae, rarely with a single, but distinctly shorter seta. Katepisternum483with three or (rarely) two bristles

482. Lower facial margin protruding, visible in lateral view. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Postpronotum with three basal bristles in a straight line and an additional bristle placed before middle basal bristle (as in Fig. 93). Abdominal tergite 4 with a pair of median discal bristles, inmale without patches of appressed hair ventrally. Scutellum black, palpus black or dark brown
Chetina Rondani
2 spp.; warmer parts of Europe, Israel, Transcaucasia, Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 2 4 4 2 6 .

812

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RlCHTER

Lower facial margin usually not visible in lateral view. Ocellar setae short or hair-like. Anterior
postpronotal bristle placed anteriorly between middle and inner basal bristle (as in Fig. 100).
Abdominal tergite 4 without median discal bristles, in male with a pair of patches of appressedhair ventrally (as in Fig. 196). Scutellum and palpus entirely or predominantly yellow
Drino Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 517.

483. Facial ridge with bristles on lower three-fifths to two-thirds. Apical scutellar bristles parallel ordivergent (Fig. 119). Wing cell r4+s with a petiole. Fourth costal section as long as sixth costal
section or shorter
Gaedia Meigen
4 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 270-274.

-

Facial ridge with setae at most on lower half (Fig. 51). Scutellum with crossed apical bristles.
Wing cell r4+5 without petiole. Fourth costal section longer than sixth costal section
484

484. Height of gena one-third to two-thirds vertical diameter of eye (Fig. 51). Facial ridge convex
in profile
485-

Height of gena at most one-fourth vertical diameter of eye. Facial ridge straight or concave in
486
profile485. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present, but if two, then anterior one hair-like or atleast smaller than the posterior one (Fig. 51). Usually two pairs of lateral scutellar bristles present. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male each with a pair of patches of appressed hair ventrally(as on tergite 4 in Fig. 196)
Pseudalsomyia Mesnil
1 sp., P. hyrcanica Richter; Transcaucasia (Talysh).

-

Two reclinate upper orbital bristles present, the anterior one at least as large as the posterior
one. Scutellum with one pair of lateral bristles. Abdomen of male without patches of appressed
hair
547

486. Frons at least as wide as one eye in dorsal view. Katepisternum with three bristles. Scutum usually with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Scutellum with one pair of lateral bristles; apical bristles horizontal or inclined at most 30° to horizontal (as in Fig. 125). Abdominal
tergite 3 with median marginal bristles. Pedicel and scutellum black
Buquetia Robineau-Desvoidy
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 300-302.

-

Frons distinctly narrower than one eye in dorsal view. Katepisternum with two bristles. Scutumwith four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Two pairs of lateral scutellar bristles present;
apical bristles erect (as in Fig. 126). Abdominal tergite 3 without median marginal bristles.
Sturmiopsis Townsend
Pedicel and scutellum entirely or predominantly yellow
1 sp., S. emdeni Mesnil; Palestine; Mesnil 1944-1975: 227-229.

487. Wing cell r4+5 with a petiole about as long as one-seventh to three-fifths section of M beyond
bend
488
-

Wing cell r4+s open or (rarely) with a petiole at most as long as one-tenth section of M beyond
bend
495

488. Abdomen shiny black, without pruinescence or at most with traces of pruinescence along anterior margins of tergites. Second costal section with fine hairs ventrally. Upper part of head

7

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE

813

with one or two rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Hind tibia with two dorsal
preapical setae489-

Abdomen with broad transverse bands of pruinescence or uniformly covered with pruinescence.
Second costal section bare ventrally. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row, but if black setulae present, then hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae
490

489. Facial ridge setose on lower fifth or less. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present. Arista
thickened on basal four-fifths or more. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral brisRamonella Kugler
tles. Costal bristle, if present, distinctly shorter than crossvein R-M
1 sp., R. mesnili (Kugler); Israel, Turkey.

-

Facial ridge with bristles on about lower two-thirds. Two reclinate upper orbital bristles present.
Arista thickened on about basal half. Scumm with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles.
Costal spine 1.5-three times as long as crossvein R-M
Erynnia Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., E. ocypterata (Fallin); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 276-277.

490. Facial ridge with setae on lower third to two-thirds. Basicosta black or dark brown. Scutellum
49 1
entirely black in ground colour-

Facial ridge with setae on lower fourth or less. Basicosta yellow or reddish. Scutellum more orless red or yellow, but if predominantly black, then with at least traces of red colouring near
apex
492

491. Ocellar bristles well-developed. Postpronotum with two bristles. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles, but if with three pairs, then body length less than 3 mm. Sectionof M between crossveins r-m and dM-Cu about equal t o section between dM-Cu and bend of
M. Abdominal tergite 5 about as long as or longer than tergite 4, conically pointed in female
Cestonia Rondani
5 spp.; southern parts of Palaearctic; Mesnil 1944-1975: 282-286.

-

Ocellar setae hair-like. Postpronotum with four bristles. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural
dorsocentral bristles; body length at least 5 mm. Section of M between crossveins r-m and dMCu distinctly longer than section between dM-Cu and bend of M. Abdominal tergite 5 distinctly
Simoma Aldrich
shorter than tergite 4, not conically pointed
1 sp., S. grahami Aldrich; Palestine, Japan, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 286-288.

492. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Prementum two to three times aslong as its diameter
493-

Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Prementum four to five times aslong as its diameter
494

493. Antenna not sunken in face; first flagellomere about two to three times as long as pedicel. Facial
ridge straight or slightly concave. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocuCestonionerva Villeneuve
lar row. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae
3 spp.; northern Africa, Israel, Middle Asia, Mongolia, China; Mesnil 1944-1975: 279-282.

A

814

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Antenna deeply sunken in face; first flagellomere six to ten times as long as pedicel. Facial ridgestrongly convex. Upper part of head with black setulae behind the postocular row. Hind tibia
with three dorsal preapical setae
Parapexopsis Mesnil
2 spp.; Palestine, Mongolia.

494. Frons about as wide as one eye in dorsal view. First flagellomere two to three times as long as
pedicel. Arista thickened on basal fourth or less; second aristomere at most slightly longer thanits diameter. Katepisternum with three bristles in a straight line
Catena Richter1 sp., C. serena (Richter); Mongolia.

-

Frons wider than 1.5 times eye in dorsal view. First flagellomere four t o six times as long as
pedicel. Arista thickened nearly to apex; second aristomere three to four times as long as its
diameter. Katepisternum with four or five bristles
Mendelssohnia Kugler
1 sp., M. sinaica Kugler; Egypt (Sinai).

495. Facial ridge with usually erect setae on lower three-fifths or more (Fig. 50)

496

-

5 11

Facial ridge with recumbent setae at most on lower half (Figs 3, 52)

496. Lateral scutellar setae absent or hair-like. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the
postocular row. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present (Fig. 50)
497-

Lateral scutellar bristles at least as long as half of subapical bristles, but if shorter, then upper
part of head with black setulae behind the postocular row. Two or three reclinate upper orbital
bristles present
499

497. Ocellar bristles reclinate. Prementum four t o five times as long as its diameter. Scutellum without
apical bristles, but with a pair of straight nearly erect setulae on dorsal surface just anterior toapex (as in Fig. 123). Tegula yellow
Goniophthalmus Villeneuve
1 sp., G. halli Mesnil; Israel, Uzbekistan, China (Yunnan); Mesnil 1944-1975: 547-549.

-

Ocellar bristles proclinate (Fig. 50). Prementum at most two times as long as its diameter. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles, without erect preapical setulae. Tegula black498

498. Second aristomere four to nine times as long as its diameter; arista thickened on basal two-fifths
t o apex (Fig. 50). First flagellomere four to ten times as long as pedicel
Dolichocolon Brauer et ~ e r ~ e n s t a m m "3 spp.; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, South of Russian Far East, Japan, China; Mesnil 1968: 175-176.

-

Second aristomere one to 2.5 times as long as its diameter; arista thickened at most on basal
half. First flagellomere less than four times as long as pedicel
Palesisa Villeneuve
4 spp.; Mediterranean, Turkey, Turkmenia, Altai, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 111-114.

499. R4+5 setose from base to crossvein R-M or beyond

500

-

501

R4+5 setose at most halfway to crossvein R-M

500. Bristles on facial ridge erect. Scutellum with crossed apical bristles. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 eachwith a pair of median discal bristles. Tegula and basicosta black
Synamphichaeta Villeneuve
1 sp., S. tricincta Villeneuve; Canary Islands; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1378.

11

Included is the species formerly placed in Kuwanimyia Townsend.

7

3.54.Family TACHlNlDAE-

815

Bristles on facial ridge decumbent. Apical scutellar setae absent or parallel. Abdominal tergites
Suensonomyia Mesnil
3 and 4 without median discal bristles. Tegula and basicosta yellow
1 sp., S. nudinerva Mesnil; Japan.

501. Legs entirely or predominantly yellow (at most tarsi black). Tegula reddish. Body length 4-7
mm
5 02

-

At least femora black or dark brown, but if (rarely) red or yellow, then body length 8 mm ormore. Tegula usually black
503

502. Bristles on facial ridge long, erect. Upper part of head without or at most with a few black
setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentra1 bristles.
Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig.
143)
Hebia Robineau-Desvoidy
1 sp., H. fi'auipes Robineau-Desvoidy; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 246-247.

-

Setae on facial ridge short, decumbent. Upper part of head with one to three rows of black
setulae behind the postocular row. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles.
Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in
53 1
Figs 144-145)

503. Height of gena one-tenth vertical diameter of eye or less, smaller than width of parafacial atlevel of base of antenna (measured in lateral view). Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at
its narrowest point at most as wide as one-sixth of parafacial at level of base of antenna. Periarchiclops Villeneuve
1 sp., P. scutellaris (Fallen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 8 6 4 8 8 .

-Height of gena one-sixth vertical diameter of eye or more, at least as great as width of parafacialat level of base of antenna. Parafacial not or not as strongly narrowed ventrally
5 04504. Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu about equal to section between dM-Cu andbend of M, the latter section as long as or longer than section between bend and apex of M
(Fig. 159)
Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 247-251.

-

Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu distinctly longer than section between dM-Cu
and bend of M, the latter section shorter than section between bend and apex of M
5 05,

Frons as wide as 1.4-2.5 times eye in dorsal view, but if only as wide as 1.2 times, then abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles. Arista thickened on basal half to apex
506
Frons about as wide as one eye in dorsal view or narrower. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without
median discal bristles or at most tergite 4 with weak discal bristles. Arista thickened on less thanbasal half
508

16. Upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row (rarely with a few setae).
Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore
5 07
tibia distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143)

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

816-

Upper part of head with one or more rows of black setulae behind the postocular row. Scutumwith three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia
532
about as long as preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 144)

507. Gena and sides of thorax with black hairs. Apical scutellar bristles inclined at 45-90" to horizontal (as in Figs 126-127). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 usually without median discal bristles
Gymnophryxe Villeneuve
5 spp.; Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, Middle Asia, Altai, Mongolia; Mesnil 1944-1975: 508-5 14 (asArchiclops
Bischof).

Gena and sides of thorax with white or yellow hairs. Apical scutellar bristles horizontal or inclined at most 30 t o horizontal (as in Fig. 125). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with two or
three pairs of median discal bristles, with one pair anterior to the other
Frontina Meigen
5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 19441975: 343-347, Shima 1988: 33-36.

Scutellum without apical setae, with one pair of short lateral bristles. Mid tibia with a single
anterodorsal bristle. Ocellar bristles well-developed, about as long as uppermost reclinate orbital
bristleClemelis Robineau-Desvoidy, partsee couplet 469.

-

Scutellum with crossed apical bristles and usually two pairs of lateral bristles. Mid tibia with
two or more anterodorsal bristles. Ocellar setae usually hair-like or absent, at least distinct1
509lY
shorter than uppermost reclinate orbital bristle
509. Pedicel and scutellum entirely or predominantly red or yellow. Upper part of head without
black setulae behind the postocular row. Male with proclinate orbital bristles. Body length
Crosskeyas Shima et Chao
10-16 mm2 spp.; China; Shima et Chao 1988.

-

Pedicel and scutellum entirely or predominantly black. Upper part of head with or without black
setulae behind the postocular row. Male without proclinate orbital bristles. Body length 5-1 1 mm
510

5 10. Palpus black or dark brown. Abdomen of male without patches of appressed hair. Anterodorsal
Prosopea Rondani
bristles on hind tibia irregular in length and spacing (as in Fig. 151)
1 sp., P. nigricans (Egger); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 389-391.

-

Palpus yellow. Abdominal tergite 4 of male with a pair of patches of appressed hair ventrolaterally. Hind tibia of male with comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform length(as in Figs 152-154)
544

511. Base of R4+5 with a single large seta, which is at least as long as crossvein R-M (as in Fig. 160
51211

-

R4+5 with several setae at base, rarely with only one fine hair

12

Specimens with strong proclinate ocellar bristles, four katepisternal bristles, a regular row of anterodorsal setae onhind tibia (as in Figs 153-154), one strong and one very weak anterodorsal bristle on mid tibia, and with erect,
crossed apical bristles on scutellum may belong to the American genus Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, which has been
accidentally introduced in Europe.
Any specimen with a single large seta and an additional fine hair should be keyed out under both couplet 512 andcouplet 521.

13

521

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

817

512. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles (Figs 2-3)

5 13

-

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles or at most tergite 4 with weak discal
bristles
5 15513. Height of gena at most one-tenth vertical diameter of eye. Scutum with two pairs of presutural
dorsocentral bristles
520-

Height of gena at least one-sixth vertical diameter of eye (Fig. 3). Scutum with three pairs of
5 14
presutural dorsocentral bristles (Fig. 2)514. Katepisternum with three to five (usually four, Fig. 3) bristles. Mid tibia usually with two or
more anterodorsal bristles. Pedicel and tibia black
Lydella Robineau-Desvoidy
7 spp.; widespread; Herting 1959: 427-428, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 53-54.

-

Katepisternum with two bristles. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle. Pedicel and tibia
yellow
Scaphimyia Mesnil
1 sp., S. takanoi Mesnil; Japan, China.

515. Scutellum predominantly red or yellow, but if predominantly black, then at least reddish near
apex
S 16

-

Scutellum entirely black, without any trace of red or yellow in ground colour

5 18516. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present (as in Figs 8, 10), but if two, then anterior
one hair-like or at least distinctly smaller than the posterior one (Fig. 9)522-

Two or three reclinate upper orbital bristles present; if two, then the anterior one about as large
as the posterior one
517

517. Ocellar setae distinctly shorter than uppermost reclinate orbital bristle (often hair-like or absent), but if as long as that bristle, then upper part of head without black setulae behind the
postocular row. Katepisternum with four bristles. Abdominal tergites of male usually withpatches of appressed hair ventrally (as in Fig. 196)
Drino Robineau-Desvoidy
14 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 156-197.

-

Ocellar bristles well-developed, at least as long as uppermost reclinate orbital bristle. Upper partof head with one row of black setulae behind the postocular row. Katepisternum with three orfour bristles. Abdomen of male without patches of appressed hair
536

518. Katepisternum with two or three bristles. Scutum dull black, without pruinescence or stripes
540
Katepisternum with four bristles. Scutum pruinescent, before suture with four narrow dark longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 81)
519
519. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Fourth costal section distinctly
shorter than sixth costal section. Ventral surface of abdominal tergite 4 of male concave, withappressed hair arising from shiny black cuticle. Hind tarsus of male usually with two rows ofstrong setulae ventrally
Amphicestonia Villeneuve
2 spp.; northern Africa, Israel, Transcaucasia, Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 4 2 8 4 3 0 .

818

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Fourth costal section slightly longer
than sixth costal section. .Abdomen and hind tarsus of male not as above
520

520. Lower facial margin protruding, visible in lateral view. Arista thickened on lower three-fifths
or more. Height of gena one-sixth vertical diameter of eye or more. Scutum with three pairsof presutural dorsocentral bristles. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles
Chetina Rondani, partsee couplet 482.

-

Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Arista thickened on lower third or less. Heightof gena one-tenth vertical diameter or less. Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral
bristles. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle
Thelyconychia Brauer et Bergenstamm5 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1957: 5.

521. One single reclinate upper orbital bristle present (as in Figs 8, 10), but if two, then anterior
one hair-like or at least distinctly smaller than the posterior one (Fig. 9)522-

Two or three reclinate upper orbital bristles present (Fig. 52); if two, then the anterior one atleast as large as the posterior one (as in Fig. 6)
529522. Abdomen shiny black, without pruinescence. Upper part of head with one or more rows of
black setulae behind the postocular row. Costal spine as long as crossvein R-M or longer. Scutellum entirely black in ground colour
Arama Richter1 sp., A. gobica Richter; Turkmenia, Mongolia.

-

Abdomen with pruinescence. Upper part of head usually without black setulae behind the postocular row, rarely with one row. Costal spine, if present, usually shorter than crossvein R-M.
Scutellum usually yellow or reddish at least near apex
523

523. Hind tibia with comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform length, with (as in Fig.
524154) or without a longer bristle at midlength (as in Figs 152-153)-

Anterodorsal bristles on hind tibia irregular in length and spacing (as in Fig. 151)

527

524. Frons wider than one eye in dorsal view. Scutum with dense pruinescence, longitudinal stripes
not or only slightly differentiated. Abdomen of male without patches of short dense hair. Outer
Datvia Richtervertical bristle of female absent
1 sp., D. deserticola Richter; Armenia (Arax valley).
-

Frons at most as wide as one eye in dorsal view, usually distinctly narrower. Scutum before
suture with four or five distinct narrow dark longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 81). Abdominal
tergite 4 of male with a pair of patches of short dense hair ventrally or laterally. Female with525
a short outer vertical bristle

525. Parafacial strongly narrowed ventrally, at its narrowest point as wide as one-sixth to one-thirdof parafacial at level of base of antenna (Fig. 9). Apical scutellar bristles inclined at about 45
t o horizontal (as in Fig. 127). Abdominal tergite 5 with erect hairs only (strong in male). Comblike row of anterodorsal setae on hind tibia with a longer bristle at midlength (as in Fig. 154)
Townsendiellornyia Baranov
1 sp., T. nidicola (Townsend); central and southern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Altai; Mesnil 1944-1975:
116-118.

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE-

819

Parafacial not or not as strongly narrowed ventrally. Apical scutellar bristles horizontal or inclined at most 30° to horizontal (as in Fig. 125). Abdominal tergite 5 at least with marginal
bristles. Comb-like row of anterodorsal setae on hind tibia usually without a longer bristle atmidlength (as in Figs 152-153) (sometimes present in females)
526

526. Subapical scutellar bristles separated from each other by 1.5 t o two times distance between
subapical and basal bristles. Katepisternum with four bristles. Mid tibia with one or two anSturmia Robineau-Desvoidy
terodorsal bristles
1 sp., S. bella (Meigen); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 134-137.

-

Subapical scutellar bristles separated from each other by about the same distance as between
subapical and basal bristles. Katepisternum usually with three bristles. Mid tibia with m o tofour anterodorsal bristles
Blepharipa Rondani
13 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 137-147 (as Blepbaripoda Brauer et Bergenstamm).

527. Frons narrower than one eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened on about basal fourth. Height ofgena about one-tenth vertical diameter of eye. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle.
Etroga Richter
Pedicel, scutellum, and basicosta black
1 sp., E. efetovi Richter; Turkmenia; Richter 1995: 743-745.

Frons wider than one eye in dorsal view. Arista thickened on basal half or more. Height of gena
one-fifth vertical diameter of eye or more. Mid tibia with two or more anterodorsal bristles.
528
Pedicel, scutellum, and basicosta entirely or predominantly yellow
528. Antenna not sunken in face. First flagellomere at most three times as long as pedicel. Scutellum
with one pair of lateral bristles. Wing cell r4+s with a short petiole. Male without proclinate
orbital bristles
547-

Antenna deeply sunken in face. First flagellomere about six times as long as pedicel. Two pairsof lateral scutellar bristles present. Wing cell r4+s without petiole. Male with proclinate orbital
bristlesParapexopsis Mesnil, partsee couplet 493.

529. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal bristles-

530

Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without median discal bristles or at most tergite 4 with weak discal
bristles
536

530. Scutum with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta o n fore
tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta (as in Figs 144, 145). Hind tibia with threedorsal preapical setae
5 31-

Scutum with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore
tibia usually distinctly shorter than preapical dorsal seta (as in Fig. 143). Hind tibia with two
533
or three dorsal preapical setae

53 1. Arista thickened on basal three-fifths or less; second aristomere at most as long as its diameter.
Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu about equal t o section between dM-Cu andbend of M (as in Fig. 159), the latter section longer than section between bend and apex of M
50
(as in Fig. 162). Tegula, basicosta, and legs yellow

820

-

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

Arista thickened on basal three-fourths to apex; second aristomere two to six times as long as
its diameter (Fig. 52). Section of M between crossveins R-M and dM-Cu distinctly longer thansection between dM-Cu and bend of M, the latter section shorter than section between bend
and apex of M. Tegula, basicosta, and legs black (at most tibia red)532

532. Lower facial margin not visible in lateral view (Fig. 52). First flagellomere not subtriangular.
Scutellum with a single lateral bristle and crossed apical bristles. R4+5 setose only at base. Male
without proclinate orbital bristles
Crapivnicia Richter2 spp.; northern Caucasus (Dagestan), Israel; Richter 1995: 740-743.

-

Lower facial margin turned forwards, visible in lateral view. First flagellomere subtriangular.
Two pairs of lateral scutellar bristles present, apical bristles absent. R4+5 setose about halfway
to crossvein R-M. Male with proclinate orbital bristles
Masistyloides Mesnil
2 spp.; Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan.

533. Middle.basa1 bristle of postpronotum displaced anteriorly (as in Fig. 99)
Allophorocera ~ e n d e l l ~7 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 667-671, 1394 (as Erycilla Mesnil), Wood 1994: 667-671.

-

Middle basal bristle of postpronotum in line with outer and inner basal bristles

534

534. Frons with additional reclinate bristles lateral to frontal row. Mid tibia with three to five anterodorsal bristles. Tibia yellow or red
Ceromasia Rondani
1 sp., C. mbrifions (Macquart); widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 312-314.

-

Frons without additional reclinate bristles lateral to frontal row. Mid tibia with one or (rarely)
two anterodorsal bristles. Tibia black
535

535. Section of M between dM-Cu and bend of M shorter than section between bend and apex of M.
Second costal section bare ventrally. Apical scutellar bristles horizontal, crossed, longer than halfof subapical bristles. Hind tibia with comb-like row of anterodorsal setae of rather uniform length,with a longer bristle at midlength (as in Fig. 154)
Xylotachina Brauer et Bergenstamm2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 302-305.

-

Section of M between dM-Cu and bend of M as long as or longer than section between bend
and apex of M (as in Figs 155, 159). Second costal section usually with fine hairs ventrally.
Apical scutellar bristles shorter than half of subapical bristles. Anterodorsal bristles on hind tibia
irregular in length and spacing
536

536. Section of M between dM-Cu and bend of M as long as or longer than section between bend
and apex of M (as in Figs 155, 159), but if shorter, then second costal section with fine hairs
537
ventrally (as dorsally in Fig. 156)-

Section of M between dM-Cu and bend of M shorter than section between bend and apex of
M. Second costal section bare ventrally
540

14

Included are the species formerly in Erycilla Mesnil.

821

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

537.Scutum with two pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Parafacial at its narrowest point as
wide as first flagellomere or wider. Hind tibia with three dorsal preapical setae. Parasitoids ofadult Coleoptera
Erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy
4 spp.; Europe, South of Russian Far East, Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 252-258.

-

Scutum with three pairs of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Parafacial at its narrowest point at
most as wide as first flagellomere, usually distinctly narrower. Hind tibia with two or threedorsal preapical setae. Parasitoids of larvae of Lepidoptera
538

538.Abdominal tergites each with a narrow basal stripe of pruinescence (narrower than one-third
length of each tergite). Scutellum with two or three pairs of lateral bristles. Male with two proclinate orbital bristles
Eurysthaea Robineau-Desvoidy
1sp., E. scutellaris (Robineau-Desvoidy); Europe, Transcaucasia, South of Russian Far East; Mesnil 1944-1975:258-260.

-

Abdominal tergites with broad bands of pruinescence or abdomen uniformly covered with pruinescence. Scutellum usually with only one pair of lateral bristles. Male without or at most with539
one proclinate orbital bristle

539. Apical scutellar bristles crossed, inclined at 45O to horizontal or more. Pedicel black
Bactromyia Brauer et Bergenstamm3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 260-268.

-

Apical scutellar bristles, if present, horizontal, parallel or divergent. Pedicel yellow
Rhacodinella Mesnil
2 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 253-254 (as Erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy).

540. Scutum dull black, without pruinescence or stripes. Hairs on posteroventral half of head predominantly black. Abdomen dull black, tergites 4 and 5 with broad bands of white pruinescence
Cadurcia Villeneuve
2 spp.; Mediterranean, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Tadzhikistan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 212-219.

-

Scutum pruinescent, before suture with four narrow dark longitudinal stripes (as in Fig. 81). Hairs
on posteroventral half of head entirely or predominantly white. Abdomen not as above 541

541. Either ocellar setae absent or short (distinctly shorter than uppermost reclinate orbital bristle)or height of gena smaller than width of parafacial at level of base of antenna (as in Fig. 6,
measured in lateral view), or both542-

Ocellar bristles well-developed, about as long as uppermost reclinate orbital bristle or longer.
Height of gena at least as great as width of parafacial at level of base of antenna545

542. Height of gena smaller than width of parafacial at level of base of antenna (as in Fig. 6, bothmeasured in lateral view). Apical scutellar bristles horizontal. Abdomen of male without patches
543
of short dense hair-

Height of gena at least as great as width of parafacial at level of base of antenna. Apical scutellar
bristles usually more or less erect. Abdominal tergite 4 of male with a pair of patches of ap544
pressed hair ventrally or laterally (as in Fig. 196)

822

Hans-Peter TSCHORSNIG and Vera A. RICHTER

543. Fourth costal section distinctly longer than sixth costal section. Ocellar setae distinctly shorter
than uppermost reclinate orbital bristle. Abdominal tergite 5 and most of tergite 4 of male shiny
black (except a very narrow basal pruinescent band on tergite 4) Weingaertneriella Baranov
1 sp., W. longiseta (Wulp); Japan; Mesnil 1944-1975: 199-200 (as subgenus of Drino Robineau-Desvoidy).

-

Fourth costal section about as long as sixth costal section. Ocellar bristles well-developed, usually about as long as uppermost reclinate orbital bristle or longer. Abdomen of male not as
above
Thecocarcelia Townsend

1l

7 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 1389.

544. Facial ridge with setae on less than lower half. Scutellum more or less yellow or reddish, atleast near apex. Height of gena about one-tenth to one-eighth vertical diameter of eye
Isosturmia Townsend
4 spp.; Japan, China; Mesnil 19441975: 200-206 (as subgenus of Drino Robineau-Desvoidy),Shirna 1987a.

-

Facial ridge usually with setae on lower half. Scutellum entirely black in ground colour. Heightof gena about one-fifth vertical diameter of eye
Blepharella Macquart~

545. Mid tibia with a single anterodorsal bristle

535

l1

-

546

l

1 sp., B. nigra Mesnil; Japan.

Mid tibia with two ni more anterodorsal bristles

546. Parafacial at its narrowest point about one to four times width of first flagellomere. Pedicel
yellow. Abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 usually without median marginal bristles
547
-

~

Parafacial at its narrowest point narrower than first flagellomere, but if about as wide as firstl
Abdominal syntergite 1 2 with one pair of median marginal
flagellomere, then ~ e d i c eblack.
bristles548+

547. Facial ridge strongly prominent, convex in profile. Outer vertical bristle absent or hair-like.
Wing cell r4+5 usually without petiole

Pexopsis Brauer et Bergenstamm

7 spp.; widespread; Shima 1968b; Mesnil 1944-1975: 206-212.

-

Facial ridge not prominent, concave or straight in profile. Outer vertical bristle present. Wing493
cell r4+5 with a short petiole

548. Arista thickened on basal three-fifths (Fig. 72)or more. Lateral scutellar bristles as long as fourfifths of subapical bristles or longer. Male with proclinate orbital bristles. Abdominal tergite 5
Masicera Macquartof female at most as long as tergite 4
3 spp.; widespread; Mesnil 1944-1975: 305-312, Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 61.

-

Arista thickened on basal half or less. Lateral scutellar bristles usually distinctly shorter thanfour-fifths of subapical bristles. Male without proclinate orbital bristles. Abdominal tergite 5 of549
female usually distinctly longer than tergite 4,sometimes conically pointed

549. Back of head convex. Scutellum more or less red or yellow; apical bristles crossed. Mid tibia
with three or more anterodorsal bristles

Erycia Robineau-Desvoidy

4 spp.; widespread; Tschorsnig and Herting 1994: 57-58.
-

Back of head flat. Scutellum entirely black in ground colour; apical bristles usually parallel. Mid
Erycesta Herting
tibia with two anterodorsal bristles
2 spp.; southern parts of Palaearctic.

,

823

3.54. Family TACHlNlDAE

REFERENCES

Andersen, S. 1982. Revision of European species of Siphona Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae). Ent. scand. 13: 149-172.
Andersen, S. 1988. Revision of European species of Phytomyptera Rondani (Diptera, Tachinidae). Ent. scand. 19: 43-80.
Andersen, S. 1996. The Siphonini (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Europe. Fauna Ent. scand. 33:
1-148.
Barbosa, P., Capinera, J. L. and Harrington, E.
A. 1975. The gypsy moth parasitoid complex
in western Massachusetts: a study of parasitoids in areas of high and low host density.
Environm. Ent. 4: 842-846.
Beard, R. L. 1940. The biology of Anasa tristis
Qe Geer with particular reference t o the ta:hinid parasite, Trichopoda pennipes Fabr.
3ull. Conn. agric. Exp. Stn 440: 597-679.
isova-Zinov'eva, K. B. 1964. Parasites ofmagines of Lamellicorn beetles-Tachinids ofhe genus Urophyllina Villeneuve and of allied genera (Diptera, Larvaevoridae) in the faunaof the Far East. Ent. Obozr. 43: 768-788.
Borisova-Zinov'eva, K. B. 1966. On some species difficult to distinguish belonging to thegenus Hyperecteina Schin. (Diptera, Larvaevoridae). Acta ent. bohemoslov. 63: 4 2 0 4 3 9 .
Cade, W. H. 1975. Acoustically orienting parasitoids: fly phonotaxis to cricket song. Science, Wash. 190: 1312-1313.
Crosskey, R. W. 1965. The immature stages andaffinities of the tachinid fly Glaurocara flava,
a parasite of the African bush-cricket Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus. Proc. zool. Soc.
Lond. 144: 203-217.
Crosskey, R. W. 1976. A taxonomic conspectusof the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the Oriental
region. Bull. BY. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.)(Suppl.) 26: 357 pp.
Draber-Monko, A. 1965. Monographie derpalaarktischen Arten der Gattung Alophora
R. D. (Diptera, Larvaevoridae). Annls zool.,
Warsz. 23: 69-194.
Dupuis, C. 1963. Essai monographique sur les
Phasiinae (Diptkres Tachinaires parasites d'H6tCroptkres). Mbm. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris (A)
26: 1 4 6 1 .

Dupuis, C. 1968. Contributions 3 1'6tude desPhasiinae cimicophages (Diptera, Tachinidae)
35. Recherches taxinomiques et biologiques
sur Clairvillia biguttata et les Leucostomatina
europeens affines. Cab. Nat. 24: 1 4 4 .
Gosswald, K. 1949. Pflege des Arneisenparasiten
Tamiclea globula Meig. (Dipt.) durch den
Wirt mit Bemerkungen uber den Stoffwechsel in den parasitierten Ameisen. Verb. dt
zool. Ges. Mainz 1949: 256-264.
Hamanishi, Y. 1996. Cleptoparasitic life of thetachinid fly, Symmorphomyia katayamai Mesnil et Shima, in the nest of host wasps hunting the chrysomelid-larva prey. Jap. J. Ent.
64: 843-860.
Hassell, M. P. 1968. The behavioural responseof a tachinid fly (Cyzenis albicans (Fall.)) toits host, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata (L.)). J. Anim. Ecol. 37: 627-639.
Hendrick, R. D. and Stern, V. M. 1970. Biological studies of three parasites of Nabis americoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) in southern California. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 63 : 3 82-391.
Hennig, W. 1973. Diptera (Zweifliigler). Handb.
Zool. 4(2) 2/31: 337 pp.
Herrebout, W. M. 1960. Host selection in theparasitic fly, Eucarcelia rutilla Vill. Archs
ne'erl. Zool. 13: 626.
Herrebout, W. M., Tates, A. D. and van derVeer, J. 1969. Habitat selection in Eucarcelia
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