Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Presentation Outline• Climate and Building Sector• Building Sector Life Cycle, Energy andEmissions• Building Sector in India – A Profile• Proposed Actions for Indian BuildingSector• Conclusion

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Carbon Emissions Per PersonIndia

Source: National carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita. (2005). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library.
Retrieved 09:56, Feb 15, 2009 from: http://www.grida.no/graphic.aspx?f=series/vg-climate2/large/16.jpg

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Climate and Building Sector• Buildings are responsible for 1/3 of allenergy related greenhouse gas emissions(~68% of electricity)• Climate change will influence building
energy use – more cooling, less heating• Stabilizing climate will require ~3x
reduction in energy use per square meter.

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Potential of Carbon Emissions Reduction

Source: IPCC
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Energy Use by Buildings Over the Life Cycle• First phase: Manufacturing of building materials
and components, termed as embodied energy.
• Second and Third phases correspond to theenergy used to transport materials fromproduction plants to the building site and in theactual construction of the building, referred to as
grey energy and induced energy.
• Fourthly, energy is consumed at the operational
phase (operation energy).
• Finally, energy is consumed in the demolition
process of buildings as well as in the recycling of
their parts

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Building Sector, Energy & Environment• Buildings are highly resource intensive– building materials, energy, water– Generates 5-15% of the GDP.

• 30-40% of world’s primary energy is used inbuildings– Building Construction– Operation & Maintenance– Demolition and disposal• High rise in demand for new construction– Greenfield projects– Re-densification (Demolition of low-rise zones to construct high-risebuildings)• Negative impacts on the environment– Contributing to GHG emissions– Depletion of resources & increase in waste generation
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Building Sector, Resource Use & Environment
Share of Building Sector in resource use

Share of Building Sector in pollution / emission

Source: Sustainable Building and Construction Initiatives, 2006, http://www.unepie.org/scp

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Building Sector end use energy consumption
100%• Buildings consumes
largest end use energy

29%

26%

80%

Building sector account for 40% of the worlds end use ofenergy.

60%

40%

20%

23%

26%

22%

22%

13%

14%

10%

11%

1990

2004

59%

54%

0%
100%
16

• Most used in building
envelope
For HVAC and water heating.
Especially in residentialbuildings

Sp aceheat ing

1480%

12A p p li ances

60%108W at erheat ing

640%
15%

Li g ht i ng

20%

420%
2C o o king019 9 019 95

20 0 02 0 040%

18%

17%

4%
4%

5%
4%

1990

2004

Source: IEA, Energy Use in the New Millennium, 2007,

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India© OECD/IEA, 2008

Building Sector in India - Diversity
SectoralRegional• Residential• Commercial• Industrial /Infrastructure

Climate Zone

• Hot & Dry• Warm & Humid• Moderate• Cold & Cloudy• Cold & Sunny• Composite
B u i l d i n gS e c t o rClassificationStructural• Kutcha (Temporary)• Pucca (Permanent)• Semi Pucca(Semi Permanent)

Urban-Rural• Residence• Residence-cum-other use• Shop, Office• School, College• Hotel, Lodge, Guest House• Hospital, Dispensary• Factory, Workshop• Place for worship• Non-residential use

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Building Sector in India – A Profile• 2.4% of land area with 16% of the world’s
population• Accounts for 5% of the GDP• Gross Annual business Volume: Rs.230,000
crores• Growth Rate: 8-10% in recent years• Second largest employer after agriculture• Employs about 18 million persons directly and 14
million indirectly• Recorded highest growth rate in employment in
the last two decades
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Change in Building Stocks and demand
Growing demand as per structural classification

Building Stock, Households, Housing Shortage (Mn)
(Permanent)(Temporary)

10.56

6.93

7.18

7.36

7.57

8.23

24.71

(Semi Permanent)

Source: National Buildings Organization

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Drivers of Building sector demand in India
Demand driversShare of Urban population ingrowth of total population of India

Houseless populationP O P UL ATIO N (in M illions)

2.34
2.1

1.98

1.94

1.72
1.52
1.82

1.26

1.16

0.97
0.46

0.62

0.72

0.79

0.19

Source: Registrar General of India

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Demand for Key Building Materials in India

BuildingMaterials(in million)

2001-06

2006-11

Residential

Residential

Urban

RuralUrban

Rural

Cement (ton)124.2649.01

195.8977.26

Steel (ton)

13.64

5.22

21.80

8.23

Timber (cu.m.)

8.40

5.87

13.249.26

Bricks ( nos)

318.29281.60501.76443.92

Source: BMTPC, India

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Energy use in Building Sector - Electricity
OthersRefrigerator

10%

13%
TV
4%

Lighting
28%

Trends in
Airconditioning
7%

EV Cooler
4%

Fans
34%

Total Annual Consumption > 100 TWH
Growth of service sector

Source: BEE, India
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Transition in Building Sector Energy Mix

Rural• Household energy mix is rapidly movingfrom inefficiently-utilized biomass to gasand electricity
Urban• Commercial space is increasing; andenergy use is commercial space isincreasing at a faster pace
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Proposed Actions for Developing LCS in Indian
Building Sector
IN
C
R
E
A
S
E
R
E
NW
A
B
L
E
S

R
E
DUC
E

Comfortable andHealthy Environment
with an Improved
Energy Performance
Use of Local Material andIndigenous Technologies

Retrofitting of Existing
Buildings for Energy Efficiency

Building Services
New Building material andleapfrog technology options

Use of Solar Technologies

SHA
R
ELowerE
NE
RGYCONSUM
PTION

Economical
۩Energy consumption - ۩”Life-cycle costs – ۩Carbon emission• Start with building fabrics to lower energy demand (life span: 50-100 years)• T h e n l o o k f o r d e v i ce s t o g e n e r a t e e n e r g y f r o m r e n e w a b l e ( l i f e sp a n : 1 0 - 2 0 y e a r s )Environmental

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Actions for Low Carbon Building Sector• Retrofitting of Existing Buildings for EnergyEfficiency• Use of Solar Energy Technologies• Use of Local Material and IndigenousTechnologies– Rat-trap Bond in Wall Construction– Brick Arches– Filler slab in roof
– Compressed Earth Block• New Building material and leapfrog technology
options
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Retrofitting of Existing Buildings for Energy
Efficiency• Efficient Appliances• Minimize loads– Insulation– Colors cut solar gain
– Vegetation– Orientation & Day lighting– Hot water management• Renewable– hot water– electricity– Lighting– Low voltage transformers– Refrigerators, etc.

• Efficient HVAC– Equipment efficiency– Controls– Design (separate H+V+AC)
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Solar Energy Technologies
Fulfilling Rural needs• Solar energy is practically inexhaustible• Widely distributed• Environment friendly• Cost free in raw form
• No need to transport raw materials tovillages• No towers, heavy cabling, etc.
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and IndigenousTechnologies• Rat-trap Bond in WallConstruction• Brick Arches• Filler Slab in Roof
• Compressed Earth Block

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and IndigenousTechnologies
Cost-Effective Technologies

In place of Conventional
options% ofSaving

I. FOUNDATIONS
1.

Pile foundation (under reamed)

Traditional stone/bricks

15

2.

Brick Arch foundations

Footings

25

II. WALLING (SUPER STRUCTURE)
3.

Stabilised mud blocks

Burnt brick walls

20

4.

FaL-G Block masonry

Clay brick walls

20

5.

Fly ash brick walls

Clay brick walls

25

6.

Rat trap bond walls

English/Flemish bond25

7.

Hollow blocks walls

Solid masonry20

Source: BMTPC, India
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
Technologies
Cost-Effective Technologies

In place ofConventional options% ofSaving

III. ROOFING
8.

Brick panel with joists

RCC20-25

9.

L-panel sloping roofing

RCC

1010.

RCC planks over RCC joists

RCC

1011.

Ferro-cement shell roofing

RCC

40

12.

Filler slab roofing

RCC

2213.

RCC channel units

RCC

1214.

Micro-concrete roofing tiles

Clay tile roofing
AC sheet roofing

2015

Source: BMTPC, India
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
TechnologiesIn place of Conventional
options% ofSaving

RCC door frames

Timber Frames

30

Ferro-cement door shutters

Timber shutters (secondclass timber)

RCC jallies (Grills)

Timberwindows/ventilators

18.

Precast thin lintels

RCC lintels

25

19.

Precast sunshades

Cast sunshades

30

Cost-Effective Technologies
IV. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
15.
16.

17.

30

50

Source: BMTPC, India
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
Technologies
Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural Fibers andAgro-Wastes in Building Materials in Rural Sector
Waste andsourceCommercial productusing natural fibre& agro-waste

Traditional resource
fully or partly saved

EnergySaving %1. Coir fibre(coir industry)
2. Rice husk
(Rice mill)

Coir fibre-cement
roofing sheet & panels
Rick-husk- cementbuilding board

Asbestos

1020

3. Ground nuthulls (Oil mills)

Ground nut- hullcement building board

Resin (PF or UF)
bonded particle
board timber
Resin-bonded
particle board timber

4. Jute fibre(Jute mills)

Jute-fibre-polymer
bonded panel;
door and window

Timber, metal

10

5. Cotton waste(Textile mills)

Cotton-lint-cement
bonded board

Gypsum, timber

25

20

Source: BMTPC, India
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and IndigenousTechnologies
Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural Fibers andAgro-Wastes in Building Materials in Rural Sector
S. Waste andN. source

Commercial productusing natural fibre& agro-waste

Traditional resource
fully or partly saved

6. Bagasse(Sugar mills)

Bagasse-polymerbonded boards

Timber fibres(in insulation board)30

7. Corn cobs
(Corn mill)Corn cobs-cement
bonded boards

Timber, polymer

40

8. Sisal fibre(Sisal plant)

Sisal fibre-polymer/
cement bonded
roofing sheet, door, window

Asbestos fibre,
Timber

20-15

9. Rice straw&Wheat straw(Farms)Compressed andpaper covered
board

Timber, Polymer

40

10 Banana fibre(Banana plant)

Banana fibre +cotton pulp/paper
pulp and polymer
insulation boards

Timber, Traditional
Timber, Traditional
light weight mineralviz. vermiculite or mica

25

Source: BMTPC, India

EnergySaving %Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Wall

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
Technologies - examples

Fly Ash Hollow Blocks

Interlocking Fly Ash Blocks

Rat-trap
bondwalls

Fly Ash Bricks

Different Walling Options
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Roof

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
Technologies - examples

RCC Planks & Joists

Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles

Ferrocement Roofing Channels

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Use of Local Material and Indigenous
Technologies - examples

Rat Trap bonded brick masonry

Micro concrete roofing tiles

Ferro cement roofing channels

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

New Developments in Building Sector in India
Energy efficient building designing
Reduced embodied energy of the building
Designing concepts & advanced materials to lower theoperating energy

Green buildings
Low resource intensive
Least impact on the environment
Improved quality, health & comfort of the inhabitants

Zero carbon buildings
High performance buildings (low energy or zero-energy)
Energy-positive buildings (distributed co-generation)

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

New Development in Building Sector in India examples

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business CentreLEED - Platinum Rated 63% Energy Savings

Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon
LEED – Platinum Rated 40% Energy Savings

ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon
LEED-Platinum Rated 45% Energy Savings

IGP Office Complex, Gulbarga
LEED – Gold Rated

Source: Confederation of Indian Industry Report on Energy Efficiency in Building Design and Construction

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Mitigation counter measures in Buildings inIndia• sun shading and natural ventilation• improved insulation of the building
envelope• use of reusable building materials• adoption of the size and form ofthe building to its intended use

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Indiaスライド 32
A12

Advice please CAN iT BE DELELTED
A Deshpande, 2009/02/15

Leapfrogging with mitigation countermeasures in Building Sector• sustainable construction system
including– intelligent lighting and ventilation
systems,– low temperature heating and coolingsystems and– installation of energy saving household
appliances
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Leapfrogging possibilities in Indian Rural
Building Sector
Land line communication to Mobile phones is happening• Villages without electricity to Solar PV Cell
based lighting with Distributed co-generation• Incandescent lamp to LED• Natural gas cooking to bio-gas based cookingfuel• Regular building construction material tolocalised sustainable technology based building
materials and technologies• Gas/electricity based water heating to Solarwater heaters
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

To Sum up• Climate change resulting from human activity is anextremely serious global threat• Buildings sector is a major source of GHG emissions• Efficient appliances support efficient buildings• Environmental action by the building construction anduse is both cost-effective and can make a very large
contribution to LCS goals.
• Leapfrogging in new building material and technologies
can lead towards LCS.
Role of Industry and Government• Indian Industries increasingly adopting energy efficientbuilding practices.
• Indian Government adopting suitable policy andmeasures, and setting up exemplary practices.
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

deshpandea@manit.ac.in
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India