Contents
Keynote Lecture & Plenary Session………………………… S3
Symposium…………………………………………………………… S9Free Paper_Oral Presentation……………………………… S101
Free Paper_Poster Presentation…………………………… S211
Author Index…………………………………………………… S399

Keynote Lecture & Plenary Session

Keynote Lecture & Plenary Session

IFAA 2024

IA-0212

anatomical studies alone are insufficient to fully support or
predict improved clinical results within the context of contemporary medical practices. The rapid advancement of medical
technologies and the desire for innovative clinical and surgicalprocedures are driving substantial advancements in clinicalanatomy. The clinical anatomy of the head and neck is particularly significant due to the complexity and vital functionsof these regions. Modern anatomical investigations have transcended conventional cadaveric dissections, incorporating a
range of advanced imaging modalities and innovative researchtechniques. This comprehensive approach is essential for understanding the intricate anatomical structures and variations
that are crucial for successful clinical and surgical interventions. This presentation aims to highlight the critical insights
gained from comprehensive anatomical research of the headand neck, focusing on the implications for clinical practice.
By integrating classical dissection techniques with modern
imaging technologies, such as ultrasonography (US) and 3D
scanning, clinicians can achieve a more detailed and accurate
understanding of the anatomical intricacies. This enhanced
knowledge is vital for identifying anatomical variations, planning surgical procedures, and improving patient outcomes.
Emphasizing the vital role of clinical anatomy in the head andneck, this presentation underscores how ongoing researchand technological advancements are paving the way for more
precise and effective medical practices. These developments
present new opportunities for improving diagnostic accuracy,
refining surgical techniques, and ultimately enhancing patientcare.

Imagining the Future of Anatomy
Education: Innovation throughCollaboration
Claudia KREBS

Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Abstract: As we look towards the future of anatomy education, we have to acknowledge that the integration of technology into anatomy education has already transformed our discipline with lasting effect. Emerging visualization technologies,
including the use of AI, are accelerating at a breathtaking paceand as anatomy educators we need to define our role in navigating this changing landscape. While anatomy will remain
at the core of medical and health professional education, how
we educate the next generation is likely to change over time.
It is critical to ensure that anatomy content experts, anatomy
educators and researchers remain at the forefront of developing new pedagogical and technological approaches to learning.
This type of transformative innovation can only develop froma collaborative, interdisciplinary environment, which promotes effective development of educational apps and interventions based on the convergence of a plurality of perspectives
and opinions. The mindful, research-based determination ofwhat is an effective technological intervention will benefit ourlearners everywhere. This presentation will showcase some examples of how innovations were developed and implemented
through collaboration across disciplinary boundaries.
Keywords: Anatomy Education

Keywords: Clinical anatomy, Minimally invasive procedure, Face, Ultrasonography, 3D scanning

IA-0067

Comprehensive Anatomical Research of theFace and Neck: Clinical Implications andInsights

IA-0069

Morphological and Developmental
Evolution of the Early Vertebrate Cranium

Hee-Jin Kim

Shigeru Kuratani

Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei
University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan

Abstract: Anatomy serves as the cornerstone of both medical and dental practice, exerting its influence across various
scientific domain throughout human history. As clinical procedures evolve with scientific advancements, the techniques
employed in anatomical research must also evolve. Traditional

Abstract: Cyclostomes are the sister group of the living
jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, and are thought to still retain some of the features possessed by the common ancestor of
the entire vertebrates and already lost by the jawed vertebrates.
However, it is the lampreys among the cyclostomes that have

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been well studied, and the development of the other group, thehagfish, has not been well understood. The laboratory I hosted
until last year succeeded for the first time in 2007 in obtaining fertilized eggs of a hagfish species, Eptatretus burgeri, andsince then we have been carefully observing the embryonicdevelopment of this animal. As a result, it became clear thatembryos of both the cyclostome groups show remarkable morphological similarity at the early pharyngeal stage, and that asimilar stage does not exist in the gnathostome embryogenesis.
Based on the arrangement of craniofacial primordia at this
cyclostome-type stage, it became possible to establish homologies of the cartilaginous elements in cyclostome chondrocrania, and to infer cell lineage origins of the cranial cartilages.
Based on this, the evolutionary process of the vertebrate neurocranium will be discussed.

IA-0101

Efferent Projections from Paraventricular
Thalamic Nucleus Related to Chronic Pain
Comorbid with Anxiety and Depression
Yun-Qing Li

Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre,
The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China

Abstract: Chronic pain, which always comorbid with negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression, is one of themost challenging clinical problems over the world. Clinicalevidence shows that only when chronic pain and negative
emotions are simultaneously treated can an effective analgesic effect be achieved. But the neural circuits and underlying
mechanisms associated with chronic pain and its comorbidity have not been clarified yet. Neurons in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) receive nociceptive informationtransmitted mainly from lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN),
and then, in turn, project to extensive cortical and subcorticalregions, especially to limbic system, such as prefrontal cortex(PFC), insular cortex (IC) and central amygdaloid nucleus(CeA), but the function of these efferent projections, especially
their involvements in the chronic pain and its comorbidity
have not been elucidated yet. To reveal these problems, themorphological and functional approaches were used in thepresent investigation. Morphologically, it had been observedthat the neurons in the PVT receiving noxious informationfrom lPBN, sent efferent projections to PFC, IC and CeA in a
topographic manner, respectively, and these projections wereinvolved in chronic pain sensation transmission. Functionally,
when optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques were used to
specifically activate PVT-CeA and PVT-IC pathways, resulted
in addition to the pain- promoting effects, the PVT-CeA pathway activation produced pain-related aversion, fear, and anxiety-like behaviours, while activation of the PVT-IC pathway
induced anxiety-like behaviour. When these pathways were
inhibited with optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques, almost the exact opposite results could be obtained, respectively.
Activation of the PVT-PFC pathway could significantly alleviate
hyperalgesia and emotional comorbidities induced by chronic
pain. These results suggest that PVT-PFC, PVT-CeA and PVTIC pathways are play different roles in chronic pain and its
comorbidity, and these pathways might be potential targets for

Keywords: Vertebrates, Cranium, Evolution, Morphology
IA-0217

Exploring Cellular Heterogeneity in Healthy
and Diseased Skin
Fiona M. WATT

EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Abstract: The advent of single-cell transcriptomics provides
an important opportunity to explore the different subpopulations of epidermal cells and fibroblasts present in human skin.
Furthermore, the integration of techniques that provide spatial
information about these subpopulations is guiding us in thedesign of studies to explore cell functionality. In my talk I will
give an update on our studies of epidermal stem cells and thedifferent types of fibroblasts that are present in fetal and adultskin. I will also summarise changes in cell populations observed in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and basal cell carcinoma.
Keywords: Cellular Heterogeneity

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cal issues associated with the digital and artificial intelligencecontent to assure that anatomy that we teach has high intrinsic
and instrumental value.

pain and negative emotion treatment in clinical work.
Keywords: Chronic Pain, Negative Emotion, Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus, Efferent Projection, Limbic System

Keywords: Anatomy education, Digital platforms, Authentic learning, Virtual environment, Phronesis practical wisdomIA-0148

Teaching Anatomical Sciences through theDigital Platform: Changing Perspectives on
Instructions
Wojciech Pawlina

Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States

Abstract: Anatomical education has been undergoing constant changes over recent decades. Pre-COVID-19 approaches
in anatomy education were focused on creating relevant andmeaningful educational experience that had impact on student’s professional identity formation. The emphases wereplaced on authentic learning that provided medical students
with dynamic tools for real-world problem-solving strategies
in preparation for clinical clerkships. The other approaches
widely introduced to anatomy education included blended
learning and self-directed learning constructs, team-basedlearning, integrated curricula with emphasis on interprofessional learning and humanities, near-peer instructions, andemphasis on development of non-technical skills. During COVID-19 pandemic, a massive amount of anatomical sciences
teaching has been rapidly shifted into digital platforms. The
development and expansion of virtual environment has enabled students to participate in virtual dissection laboratories,
experienced virtual and augmented reality. In addition, various features of artificial intelligence (AI) are being considered
for inclusion in anatomical sciences teaching. These changes
resulted in the significant decline of traditional dissection
experience and loss of face-to-face interactions with pears,
anatomy instructors, and clinical mentors. Therefore, the anatomy educators should rely on their experience and practical
wisdom (phronesis) to understand the outcomes of proposedinterventions. Challenges with utilization of digital platform
for anatomy teaching are also related to multimodal assessment of knowledge and non-technical skills. The major question arises how digital approaches in education are changing
perspectives on anatomy instructions. Will digital platform beable to maintain authentic learning and be cognisant of ethiACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 1: Clinical Anatomy]

IA-0027

Relationship between the Layered Structureof the Musculature of the Anal Canal andthe Mechanism of Hemorrhoidal Fistula
Formation

IA-0136

Perfect Facial Symmetry or Subtle
Asymmetry - What Is More Attractive?
Mirela ERIC

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Keiichi AKITA, Satoru Muro

Abstract: Facial asymmetry is very often sub-clinicallypresented, and frequently not something others would evennotice. It could be anatomical and functional. Modern technologies and social networks, especially among young people,
can create unrealistic expectations in relation to the beauty
standards. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect offacial symmetry on the attractiveness applying the face-halfmirroring technique. This study included 60 subjects (30 males
and 30 females), average age 19.26 years, without history ofgenetic disorders, injuries or any diseases in the region of headand neck. En face photos of included subjects were taken. After
that, three versions of pictures were prepared: original face image and a perfectly symmetrical face images made of the righthalf and left half of the original face. Subjects rated the attractiveness of all three variants of their own images and other examinees images. According to the results, 86.67% of male and76.67% of female subjects rated their own original face image
as the most attractive, while their own left-left face image was
the least attractive (63.33% of males and 60.0 % of females).
When subjects evaluated images of the other examinees data
analysis shown that males rated as the most attractive original
face image of the other males in 61.49% and females in 70.46%.
Similarly, females rated as the most attractive original face
image of the other females in 57.36% and males in 51.03%. In
conclusion, right-right and left-left perfectly symmetrical faces
have been found less attractive than the original asymmetricalfaces. Absolutely perfect symmetry of the face does not have asignificantly positive effect on attractiveness. Discreate asymmetries of the original faces were not perceived by the viewers.
Keywords: Facial symmetry, Attractiveness, Beauty

Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract: Our studies have tried to clarify the three-dimensional configuration of the skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor
and the detailed histological properties of the smooth muscle
structures on the pelvic floor by combining the macroscopic,
histological, and immunohistochemical examinations. The mostdistinctive feature of the skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor is thatthey share muscle bundles and are continuous. The levator ani
and the EAS are not separated but are continuous. Additionally,
many tiny connecting muscle bundles exist among the skeletal
muscles, including the levator ani, the external anal sphincter, thebulbospongiosus, the ischiocavernosus, the superior transverse
perineal, and the external urethral sphincter. These continuous
skeletal muscles surround the lower end of the rectum and arecomposed of smooth muscle layers. According to the macroscopic and histological findings of the anal canal, small, circular,
low-intensity areas arranged in a row and a high intensity areasurrounding them internally and externally in the longitudinal
muscle layer were shown. Dense and sparse areas of smooth muscle fibers coexisted in the longitudinal muscle layer. The denseareas formed columnar muscle bundles approximately 1.0–1.5
mm in diameter, and they continued from the longitudinal
muscle bundles of the rectum. The columnar muscle bundles ofthe longitudinal anal muscle were internally and externally surrounded by sparsely arranged smooth muscle fibers that ran longitudinally. These findings have not been adequately explainedby conventional anatomical descriptions but were found to bewell observed on MRI. At the lower end of the anal canal, thesparse fibers of these longitudinal muscles were located between
the internal and external anal sphincters and further penetrated
the external anal sphincter. Ultrasonographic findings in patientswith hemorrhoids have revealed that abscesses are often found in
the area between the internal and external anal sphincters.
Keywords: Clinical Anatomy, Anal Canal, Smooth muscle,
Skeletal muscle, Pelvic floor

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IA-0215

IA-0066

Ultrasonography Guided Filler Injection on
Dorsal Hand

Ultrasonography Guided Minimally
Invasive Procedure

Plastic Surgery, Kim-Jong Seo Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei
University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jong Seo KIM

Hee-Jin KIM

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical andcosmetic effects of monophasic stabilized hyaluronic acid (mSHA) filler injections on the dorsal hand using sonography.
The primary focus was on assessing soft-tissue thickness,skin roughness, and stratum corneum hydration (SCH). A
prospective study was conducted involving 20 female patientswith prominent veins and tendons due to soft-tissue loss intheir dorsal hands. Each patient received a 1 cc injection ofmS-HA filler into the dorsal superficial lamina (DSL) anddorsal intermediate lamina (DIL) using a subdermal scraping fanning injection technique. Sonograms and topographic
computer analyses measured changes in soft-tissue thickness, skin roughness, and SCH at intervals of 1 week, and 1,
2, 3, and 6 months post-injection. Soft-Tissue Thickness: The
initial baseline thickness of 3.20 mm increased significantly
after treatment: Immediately: 4.52 mm 1 week: 5.52 mm 1
month: 4.89 mm 2 months: 4.25 mm 3 months: 4.08 mm 6
months: 3.86 mm Skin Roughness: There was a marked reduction in skin roughness, indicating improved fine wrinkles:
1 month: 16.17% reduction 2 months: 18.12% reduction 3
months: 23.91% reduction 6 months: 38.12% reduction Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH): SCH levels improved acrossall follow-up periods, enhancing skin hydration. Anatomical
Layers Identification: The study detailed the subdivision of
the dorsal hand into nine distinct soft-tissue layers: Epidermis
Dermis Dorsal Superficial Lamina (DSL) Dorsal Superficial
Fascia (DSF) Dorsal Intermediate Lamina (DIL) Dorsal Intermediate Fascia (DIF) Dorsal Deep Lamina (DDL) Deep Dorsal
Fascia (DDF) Interosseous Muscle (IOM) The injection ofmS-HA into the DSL and DIL effectively increased soft-tissue
thickness and improved hand appearance by reducing the visibility of veins and tendons. The procedure also enhanced skintexture and hydration, leading to a more youthful and smoothappearance. The study confirmed the placement of hyaluronic
acid materials within the specific anatomical layers without
adverse effects on hand function.

Abstract: The use of ultrasonography (US) guidance toperform diagnostic and therapeutic injections is increasing
rapidly, as is the evidence supporting its use. However, despite
the increased popularity of US, there remains a lack of formal
standard references, especially for procedures involving theface. Moreover, while there is a considerable amount of information available in the literatures related to US, there is very
little information related to US imaging of the face. Recently,
the importance on the facial anatomy has been reconsidered as
the interest on the facial aesthetics is increasing. In this reason,
it is speculated that the utilization of the facial US will be soon
broadened to prevent the side effects. Despites wide ranges ofcadaveric studies to prevent the side effects, the US-guided
injection technique could be the first choice of procedure thanother blind techniques. I believe that the procedures under US
leads to more accurate injections into the targeted area withless complications. Through my talks, I would like to introduce the US anatomical findings of the face and provide thereference images on each landmark of the face. Therefore, anin-depth morphological study using an US imaging system
can yield depth and orientation on the facial muscles, bloodvessels, and fascial structures of the facial area that were previously impossible to obtain. This provides crucial anatomical
knowledge that can be utilized in various clinical applications
such as the US-guided injections with safety and effectiveness.
Keywords: Face, Ultrasonography, Anatomy, Clinical procedures

Keywords: Ultrasonography
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IFAA 2024[Symposium 2: New Anatomical Insights of Anterior
Branches of External Carotid Artery: What Do Surgeons
Think?]

IA-0029

Anticancer Agent Flow Simulation in theExternal Carotid Artery and Its Branches
for Oral Cancer Chemotherapy Using
Computational Fluid Dynamics

IA-0064

The Branching Angle of the Lingual Arterywith a Focus on Superselective Intraarterial
Infusion Therapy

Hiroaki KITAJIMA

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Orthodontics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama
City, Japan

Norio KITAGAWA1, Keiko FUKINO1, Joe IWANAGA2
1

Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States

2

Abstract: In anatomy textbooks and atlases, the lingual artery is depicted that it originates from the anterior wall of theexternal carotid artery (ECA) as well as the superior thyroid
and the facial arteries. During superselective intra-arterial
infusion therapy to the lingual artery, surgeons empirically rotate the catheter medially which is not done for other anterior
branches of the ECA. We hypothesized that the precise courseof the lingual artery should be more medial than it has been
depicted. The origin of the lingual artery and other anterior
branches were observed anatomically. After that, The ECA
and the origin of the anterior branches were cut in the axial
plane. The angle between the sagittal plane of the ECA and theorigin of the anterior branch in the axial plane was calculatedusing Fiji/ImageJ (NIH). The origin of the lingual artery was
located more medially than the other anterior branches on all
sides. The mean difference in angle between the lingual arteryand other anterior branches of ECA was approximately 40 degrees. This might be related to the distribution of each anterior
branch of the ECA. The quantitative data in this study havepresented the anatomical evidence for the catheter rotation
technique to access to the lingual artery during a superselective intra-arterial infusion therapy.
Keywords: Lingual artery, Superselective intraarterial infusion therapy, External carotid artery, Facial artery, Superior
thyroid artery

Abstract: Surgery is the typical method for treating oral
cancer. However, advanced cases may lead to poor oral functions such as speech, swallowing, and mastication. To avoid
these adverse events, retrograde super selective intra-arterial
chemotherapy (SSIAC) has been developed. SSIAC involves inserting a hook-shaped catheter into the tumor-feeding arteries
via the superficial temporal artery or the occipital artery thatarises from the External Carotid Artery (ECA). In cases where
catheter insertion is difficult, a linear catheter is inserted andplaced near the tumor-feeding artery's bifurcation in the ECA's
main trunk instead of inserting a hook-shaped catheter. Thismethod is known as conventional IAC. However, clinicians
cannot directly observe the flow, so we use Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to simulate the distribution of
anticancer agents in the ECA and its branches. CFD is widelyused in simulating fluid flow that is impossible to reproduce
experimentally. One of the CFD studies showed that the distribution rate of anticancer agents into the tumor-feeding artery
tended to increase when the catheter tip was placed below andtoward the target artery. Although SSIAC can reliably supply
anticancer agents to the target artery, depending on the vesselgeometry of the patient, it can lead to high wall shear stress at
the target artery, which may cause severe complications during
the treatment. Next, we investigated the agent distribution in
the SSIAC for patients with the linguofacial trunk. The distribution is determined by the blood flow field, which differs
among patients due to the anatomical topology of the vessels.
Notably, the blood flow field in the zone within a 2 mm radiusfrom the catheter tip plays a vital role in determining the destination of the anticancer agent.
Keywords: Oral Cancer, External Carotid Artery, Intraarterial Chemotherapy, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Common TrunkACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IA-0036

Intraoral Perspective of the Facial Artery
Thewarid BERKBAN1, Joe IWANAGA2
1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Neurosurgery, Ulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, New
Orleans, United States
2

Abstract: The facial artery (FA) has been well describedin previous anatomical and surgical literature. The FA canbe identified by using an antegonial notch of the mandible
slightly anterior to the angle of the mandible, which is a helpful landmark for head and neck surgeries. A lot of anatomical variations of the FA have been reported, which can cause
iatrogenic injury that might lead to severe hemorrhage. However, many anatomical structures, including the facial artery,
have not been considered preoperatively or intraoperatively
in dental procedures, even though the facial artery can be
injured easily during standard dental procedures. In this session, examples of the transoral anatomy of the facial artery are
introduced to link the intraoral course of the FA and standard
dental procedures, i.e., mandibular third molar extraction andperiosteal releasing incision of the mandibular buccal molararea. Intraoral dissection of the FA and computed tomographic images will create a new perspective on the anatomy of the
facial artery.
Keywords: Facial artery, Dentistry, Hemorrhage, Mandibular third molar extraction, Computed tomography[Symposium 3: Advanced Imaging for Neuroanatomy]
IA-0155

In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Microglial
Dynamics in Neurodegeneration
Yong LIU, Zongqin XIANG, Bin MOU

Neuroimmunology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China

Abstract: Microglial cells, the resident macrophages ofthe brain parenchyma, exhibit highly dynamic processes andless dynamic somas, playing crucial roles in CNS development and post-maturation immune responses, particularly
in neurodegeneration. Current understanding of microglia inneurodegenerative disorders is predominantly based on static
pathological observations from fixed tissues, lacking insight
into their dynamic behavior during disease progression. In

this study, we utilize two-photon microscopy and transgenic
labeling techniques in mice to track microglial behavior at
subcellular resolution during neurodegeneration, induced bycytosolic TDP-43 expression. We have characterized two distinct behaviors of microglial cells. Firstly, phagocytic microglial cells extend processes to wrap around and engulf degenerating neurons. Secondly, ramified microglia exhibit a restinglike state, either attaching to neuronal somas or not. Our
observations highlight the cooperative behavior of microglia
in response to neurodegeneration, providing new insights into
their role in disease dynamics.
Keywords: Microglia, Two-photon imaging, Neurodegeneration, TDP-43
IA-0039

Optogenetic Stimulation of Cortical
Microglia Promotes Neuronal Activity andPain Hypersensitivity

Min-Hee Yi, Yi Liu, Priyanka Hanumaihgari, Sebastian Parusel, Long-Jun Wu
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical
School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Chronic pain following peripheral nerve injury
is accompanied by increased neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex. However, whether and how cortical microglia
contribute to these changes is less understood. To this end, weapplied an optogenetic strategy to specifically target cortical
microglia and investigate their function in behavioral pain
sensitization. We found that optogenetic activation of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) microglia via red-activatedchannelrodopsin (ReaChR) triggered pain hypersensitivity
and spontaneous pain in mice. Remarkably, S1-targeted optogenetic stimulation increased microglial landscape changes
and ATP release. In addition, optogenetic stimulation altered
the proteomic profile of S1 microglia and up-regulated c-Fos
expression and Ca2+ elevation in cortical neurons. Our results
provide mechanistic evidence linking cortical microglia withneuronal hyperactivity and chronic pain behaviors.
Keywords: Cortical microglia, Optogenetics, ReaChR,
Chronic pain, Microglial landscape change

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IA-0190

Image-Guided Surgery of Glioblastoma
using Biomarker-Responsive Fluorescent
Probes
Dokyoung Kim

Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Understanding the molecular interactions in biological systems is of fundamental importance. Various types of
assay and imaging tools have been developed to study diverse
biological processes. Among these tools, fluorescence-based
methods have received significant attention as they enable sensitive detection and imaging by a relatively simple operation.
Fluorescent probes with desirable sensing properties (analyte
selectivity, sensitivity, bioimaging capability, etc.) are essential
for the investigation of molecular interactions and, thus, havebeen extensively used in biochemical, clinical, and environmental research areas. In this talk, the speaker will present his
multidisciplinary research experiences with key results on image-guided surgery of glioblastoma using biothiol-responsive
fluorescent probes.
Keywords: Fluorescent probe, Bioimaging, Glioblastoma,
Image-guided surgery, Biomarker

pected, soleus atrophy and fast muscle fiber change induced by
microgravity were completely suppressed in artificial 1g (terrestrial gravity). On the other hand, 1/6g (lunar gravity) suppressed muscle atrophy but not fast muscle fiber change. These
results suggest that there is a threshold for the effect of gravity
on skeletal muscle, and that muscle atrophy and muscle fiber
type change are independently regulated. Therefore, to analyze
the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy and fastmuscle fiber change, we analyzed the genes that fluctuated in
response to the gravitational environment by gene expression
analysis. As a result, we identified Large Maf transcription factors that induces Type IIb fast-twitch muscle fiber, which had
not been clarified before. In this talk, I would like to discuss
the genes that fluctuate in response to the gravitational environment and the regulatory mechanisms of skeletal muscle
revealed from the genes.
Keywords: Mouse, International Space Station, Muscle,
Muscle fiber type, Type IIb
IA-0113

Positional Information during Polarizationof the Chick Embryo
Hyung Chul LEE

School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea[Symposium 4: Developmental Biology - Genesis]IA-0111

Elucidation of Skeletal Muscle Regulation
Mechanisms Using Mouse Space
Experiments
Satoru TAKAHASHI

Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Abstract: The effects of microgravity in space on skeletal
muscles have been analyzed by various space experiments,
but it has been technically difficult to scientifically analyze
the threshold of gravity effects. To solve this problem, a small
animal breeding apparatus with a centrifuge that can generate
artificial gravity in the space environment was installed on theInternational Space Station. In collaboration with the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), we used this device toraise mice under several gravity environments and analyzed
the effects of gravity on skeletal muscles. As a result, as ex-

Abstract: Cells in the developing embryo should adopt a
proper identity at an adequate time to accomplish tissue patterning. One of the main explanations for this is positional
information (Wolpert L, 1969) in which cells read a gradientof morphogen diffused from a local source, responding withdiscrete thresholds, representatively explained by the ‘French
Flag problem’. Positional information theory has been explaining successfully how a tissue generates spatial patterns
in many developing systems, such as patterning of vertebrateneural tubes and limb regeneration, imaginal discs (of wing,leg, and antenna) of fruit flies, anterior-to-posterior patterning in fruit flies, etc. Nevertheless, how cells interpret positional information in the mixture of secreting molecules andhow the positional field is scaled in differently-sized systems
are largely unknown. Here, using the process of forming theprimitive streak in the chick embryo, we explain how cells
assess their position while receiving different concentrations

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of inducer and inhibitor morphogens. We propose the cells
sense the relative, rather than the absolute, amount of signals
compared to their neighboring cells (named ‘neighbourhood
watch’ model). Also, we explain how the embryo can set up
positional information across the large chick embryo (> 3mm).
We show that long-range communication by traveling calcium
activity generates positional information to locate the site ofprimitive streak formation by regulating the activity of thebone morphogenetic protein. Our study shows short and longrange communication to establish embryo polarity. This work
was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS2023-00239555).

after 72 h of injection, it was observed that the basal cells andbasement membrane had completely regenerated in the CVP,
but no taste buds were observed. By 2 weeks after the injection,
the taste buds were also regenerated in the CVP. Lineage tracing using K8CreERT2/+; R26RTom/+ showed that cells expressing
K8 from Von Ebners gland duct participated in the regeneration of taste buds. These data indicate that the differentiatedcells from the Von Ebners gland duct participate in the regeneration of taste buds by undergoing dedifferentiation in
the absence of a resident Lgr5 expressing stem cell pool. This
work was supported by the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP)(2022R1A2B5B03001627 and NRF-2021R1A2C1005506).

Keywords: Chick, Embryo polarity, Positional information,
Primitive streak, BMP

Keywords: Lgr5 ablation, Stem cells, Taste receptor cells,
Dedifferentiation, Regeneration

IA-0210

IA-0050Epithelial Plasticity Drives Circumvallate
Papilla Regeneration Following Targeted
Ablation of Lgr5+ Stem/Progenitor Cells

Species-Specific Deployment of Runx2
Isoforms and Differential Regulationof Target Genes During Avian Jaw
Development and Evolution

Jong-Min LEE, Anish Ashok ADPAIKAR, Senthil Kumar BASKARAN,
Yan CUI, Su-Yeon LEE, Han-Sung JUNG

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Division in
Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Taste receptor cells are sensory cells embeddedin the papilla of the oral cavity. These cells have a definite life
span of 8-12 days and are renewed continuously by a pool ofstem/progenitor cells present outside the taste bud. Genetic
lineage tracing has identified that Lgr5+ stem/progenitor cells
present at the trench of the circumvallate papilla (CVP) giverise to all taste and non-taste epithelial cells during homeostasis, as well as during regeneration. It remains to be identified
whether the CVP harbors another pool of stem cells that canregenerate the epithelium in the absence of Lgr5 expressing
stem/progenitor cells. Lgr5 expressing cells in the CVP of mice
were specifically ablated using Lgr5DTR/+ mice that has diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) gene knocked into the Lgr5 locus.
Administration of diphtheria toxin led to the complete loss of
Lgr5 expressing cells in the CVP. Ablation of Lgr5 expressing
cells led to the degeneration of taste buds and taste receptor
cells expressing K8 with degeneration of basal cells and basement membrane within 24 h after DT injection. Interestingly,

Richard SCHNEIDER, Daniel CHU, Spenser SMITH, Banjot SAINI,
Ganesan KANDAPILLAI, An NGUYEN, Tiange QU, Tiffany HUANG,
Austen LUCENA, Goutam KRISH

Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, UnitedStatesAbstract: Developmental regulation of bone formation in
the vertebrate jaw skeleton is essential for species-specific adaptation. The jaws are derived from neural crest mesenchyme(NCM), an embryonic progenitor population that directs skeletal patterning by exerting temporal and spatial control overmolecular and cellular programs for osteogenesis. One important NCM-mediated gene is Runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2), which is a transcription factor required for osteoblast
differentiation. RUNX2 protein binds many target genes involved in the deposition and resorption of bone. To determine
the extent to which changes in Runx2 structure, function,and expression underlie the evolution of the jaw skeleton, we
compare Runx2 across vertebrates and within birds. Runx2
contains two alternative promoters, tandem repeats of glutamine and alanine with variable lengths in different species, aconserved DNA-binding domain, an exon that is alternatively

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spliced, as well as two possible C-termini. Such alternative
splicing produces eight potential isoforms that show distinct
stage- and species-specific patterns in the jaw primordia ofchick, quail, and duck embryos. We also find that certain isoforms are strongly induced by Transforming growth factor
beta (TGFβ) signaling whereas others are not. Overexpressing
Runx2 isoforms in NCM reveals that some are transcriptionally activating, while others are repressive; we apply unbiased
high-throughput strategies to understand how widespread thisphenomenon is across the genome. Moreover, we assess how
these differences in isoform function affect jaw morphogenesis. We find that the developmental context of Runx2 isoform
expression appears to be critical since species-specific polymorphisms in the promoter of target genes such as Mmp13,
can modulate the effects of different isoforms. Overall, ourstudy indicates that the structure and species-specific deployment of Runx2 isoforms affect the transcriptional activity oftarget genes in ways that may have played a generative andregulatory role in the evolution of the avian jaw skeleton.

nant mice exhibited higher levels of RORγt- or cMAF-expressing Tregs compared to non-pregnant females. Partial depletionof Tregs or removal of RORγt/cMAF in pregnant mice resulted
in offspring with MIA-associated behavioral abnormalities.
Enhancing Treg function prevented the development of these
phenotypes in offspring of H1N1-infected mothers. FoxP3+
regulatory T cells play a crucial role in suppressing MIAassociated phenotypes. Enhancing Treg function in pregnant
women exposed to infection or inflammatory conditions may
reduce the risk of inflammation-induced neurodevelopmental
disorders in their children.

Keywords: Jaw bone development, Runx2 isoforms, Neuralcrest cells, Evolutionary developmental biology, Transcriptional regulation

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis patients often have Staphylococcus aureus colonizing their affected skin areas, a condition
termed “dysbiosis,” which is linked to disease exacerbations.
Previously, we discovered that the phenol-solble modulin peptides promotes Th2-type skin inflammation and the releaseof alarmins from keratinocyte. To investigate how S. aureus
selectively colonize on AD skin but not on healthy humanskin, we performed whole-genome sequencing on S. aureus
strains collected from the skin of infants. Comparing strainsfrom infants who developed AD by one year of age to thosewith healthy skin revealed significant insights. Whole genome
sequencing of S. aureus strains isolated from infant skin revealed that loss-of-function mutations in the S. aureus agr locireduce skin colonization and protect against AD development.
This result indicates that the Agr quorum sensing system isessential for S. aureus colonization of infant skin and is associated with AD onset. In an another recent infant intervention
cohort study, we analyzed the longitudinal shifts in the skinmicrobiomes of newborns treated with a topical moisturizer todetermine if the intervention could mitigate the skin dysbiosis
associated with AD. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we
observed that infants who later developed AD at one year old
exhibited skin dysbiosis as early as their third day post-birth,characterized by an elevated presence of Streptococcus sp. and[Symposium 5: The Defense Mechanism of Our Body with
Immunity]
IA-0214

FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells Safeguard
Fetal Neurodevelopment by Suppressing
Maternal Immune Activation
Hokeun KWON

Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: To investigate the role of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) in controlling maternal immune activation (MIA) and its impact on offspring brain development
and behavior. We conducted experiments on pregnant mice,comparing Treg levels and their expression of the Th17 celltranscription factor RORγt in pregnant versus non-pregnant
females. We also partially depleted Tregs or removed RORγt/cMAF expression in the Treg compartment of pregnant mice.
Additionally, we examined the effects of enhancing Treg function in mothers infected with the H1N1 influenza virus. Preg-

Keywords: T Cell
IA-0208

Role of Skin Microbiome and Staphylococcus
Aureus in Atopic Dermatitis
Yumi MATSUOKA-NAAMURA

Cutaneous Allergy and Host Defense, Osaka University, Suita, JapanACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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a diminished presence of Cutibacterium acnes compared tohealthy counterparts. The volume of moisturizer applied inversely correlated with the abundance of Streptococcus sp. anddirectly with that of C. acnes. This correlation suggests that C.
acnes may proliferate by utilizing essential lipids (cholesterol
and ceramides) in the moisturizer as nutrients. Our findings
imply that skin dysbiosis in newborns increases the risk of AD
by one year of age, which may be mitigated by skincare.
Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Skin
microbiome, Infant, Quorum sensing
IA-0058

Endothelin-1 from Endothelial Cells
Promotes Tubular Injury, Myofibroblast
Formation and Ischemia in Kidney Fibrosis
Model in Mice

were examined using western blot. Kidney ET-1 system wasmeasured by ELISA and real time PCR. Double PDGFRβ and
ETAR immunostaining was done to observe ETAR expression
in interstitial cells. We found significantly lower fibrosis, tubular injury, myofibroblast area fraction, and TGFβ1 protein expression (p<0.05) in VEETKO mice compared WT after UUO.
Kidney ET1 and pre-pro ET-1 mRNA levels increased after
UUO, however significantly lower in VEETKO mice. VEETKO
mice also had significantly higher capillary number and renal
blood flow (p<0.05) after UUO. We observed ETAR expression
in myofibroblast area and colocalized with PDGFRβ. Endothelial Cells-derived ET-1 deletion attenuates kidney fibrosis via
preserving capillary, reducing tubular injury and interstitialcells expansion and myofibroblast formation which associatewith ETAR expression in interstitial cells.
Keywords: Kidney fibrosis, Endothelin-1, Myofibroblast,
Ischemia, Tubular injury

Nur ARFIAN1, Dyah Samti MAYASARI2, Nungki ANGGOROWATI3,
Dwi Cahyani Ratna SARI1, Noriaki EMOTO4,5[Symposium 6: The Consent Continuum: Ethical
Considerations in Enduring Informed Consent for
Human Tissue Donation]

1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4
Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe,
Japan
5Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

IA-0037

Co-Designing Body Donation Consent
Processes

Abstract: Kidney fibrosis is a final pathway of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is characterized by tubular injury,
matrix expansion, myofibroblast formation, thus leads to renal
ischemia. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) system is profibrotic factor inmany conditions, and involves in CKD progression. However
clear mechanism in tubular injury, myofibroblast transition
and renal ischemia is still unknown. This study elucidated
ET-1 from endothelial cells in kidney fibrosis progression. We
performed kidney fibrosis model using Unilateral Ureteral
Obstruction (UUO) operation in Vascular Endothelial Endothelin-1 Knock-Out (VEETKO, n=7) and WT mice (n=7), thensacrificed in day 14. We observed renal fibrosis, myofibroblast
area, and capillary number using by Sirius Red, α-SMA, andCD31 immunostaining. Double αSMA and PDGFR β staining
was done to observe interstitial cells expansion. Renal bloodflow was observed by laser Doppler imaging. Western blot wasdone to examine α-SMA, PDGFR β, and TGFβ1 expressions

Georgina STEPHENS

Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

Abstract: It is widely accepted that body donation programs should obtain informed consent from donors during
life. Despite the existence of consent guidelines, consent form
content varies considerably. Furthermore, consent forms are
typically developed by anatomical and legal experts, and may
not include details valued by donors or students. Co-design
is a form of participatory action research which engages endusers to understand phenomena and inform change. Codesign may therefore be ideal to develop consent processes
that better incorporate values of donors, students and educators, alongside ethical and legal considerations. As a first step
to developing consent processes for a proposed body donor
program at an Australian university, this study aimed to bring
together participants from these groups to co-design a consent
process. Study participants included 7 prospective donors, 9

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anatomy students and 6 anatomy educators. Data were collected through 4 focus groups involving at least one memberof each participant group. During focus groups, the facilitator
worked with participants to identify priorities relating to consent processes. Thematic analysis was used to develop draft
consent principles encompassing perspectives across groups.
Draft principles were sent to participants, and feedback onthese collected through a survey. Four principles for body
donation consent processes were established: 1. Consent processes should be informative, transparent and community-focussed, 2. Consent processed should include personalised andflexible options, 3. Consent processes should be developed on
legal and ethical foundations, and 4. Consent processes should
be future-focussed. Although some principles addressed aspects within existing consent guidelines (e.g. information adequacy), participants highlighted ways consent processes typical of body donor programs in Australia could be enhanced(e.g. personalised options including naming preferences after
death). Participants also expressed how co-design facilitated a
deeper understanding of the value of body donation. Ongoingwork will now focus on developing consent resources based onthese principles.

some tissues may be rarely available or impossible to obtainfrom living donors. Legislative requirements for living donor
materials may differ notably from body donation programs. In
some jurisdictions, body parts are not owned by living donors,
once removed. They can be used without consent or knowledge of the donor. Other jurisdictions permit donors more
control, including the choice to not permit further use of theirtissue. Collecting tissue with informed consent from living
donors raises questions which do not apply to body donationor skeletal material programs, such as the actions required if
a living donor wishes to withdraw consent for use, and havetheir tissues returned. These differences are important for donors, and for students, teachers and researchers seeking to use
these materials ethically, especially alongside body donation
programs that stress informed consent in acquisition and useof human materials. There is a need for an ethical framework
for custodianship of existing historical histology collections
and for informed consent for collection of samples for histology from living donors.
Keywords: Consent, Histology, Historical, Living Donor
IA-0149

Keywords: Consent, Willed body donor, Ethics, Co-design

Cadaver Donors as Silent Mentors: A
Humanistic Narrative Approach toInformed Consent

IA-0175

Consent For Use of Human Tissue For
Histology From Sources Other Than Body
Donation Programmes

Hung-Ming CHANG1, Ting-Yi RENN1, Li-You CHEN2, Wen-Chieh LIAO3
1

R. Claire ALAND

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei2
Department of Anatomy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung,Chinese Taipei

Abstract: In addition to body donation programs, humanmaterials for teaching and research may be obtained from
autopsies or from living donors (body parts removed during
surgery, biopsies or cytology smears). Many teaching institutions have extensive collections of such materials, gathered
over many years. Materials from living donors may be moresuitable for histology or pathology than those from body donation programs. They can be preserved more quickly and maylast indefinitely. A greater range of normal (and abnormal) tissues from a wider age range may be accessible, and more complete histories can be obtained from living donors. Conversely,

Abstract: Gross anatomy is the fundamental course ofbasic medicine, and its success relies on the generosity ofvoluntary donors who are willing to dedicate their bodies to
medical education posthumously. In Taiwan, we respectfully
call these voluntary donors "Silent Mentors". While many
donors personally provide informed consent during their
lifetime, a notable number of consents are granted by theirfamily members after the donors have passed away. To help
medical students gain a deeper understanding of the “Silent
Mentors”, we have designed a narrative-oriented consent form.
This innovative form encourages the Silent Mentors or their

School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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families to share the donors' life stories, articulate their motivations for body donation, and express their expectations
for the medical students. These personal narratives shared by
the voluntary donors aim to cultivate humanity within medical students, fostering values such as gratitude, respect, andempathy. Following their engagement with the Silent Mentors'
stories, students are required to reflect on their experiencesand express their feelings through reflective writing. These
reflections are then shared with the donors' families, honoring
the profound selflessness of the donors. This ethos highlights
the significance of body donation, transforming it from amere educational tool into a concrete act of altruism. For the
Silent Mentors, death is not the cessation or termination of life;
through their generous contributions, they facilitate a deeper
understanding and respect between future doctors and theirpatients. This approach lays a foundation for compassionate
healthcare, underscoring the enduring impact of Silent Mentors' altruistic legacy.
Keywords: Cadaver Donors, Narrative-oriented, Informed
Consent, Empathy, Reflective Writing
IA-0038

From Papers to Bytes: Exploring Electronic
Informed Consent for Whole-Body Donationin Türkiye
Ilke Ali GURSES2, Pelin CAVDAR1

future donations more difficult to secure. Furthermore, registered body donors express different preferences regarding
public display and retention time of specimens, along with thedisclosure of personal information. Along with legal, administrative, and social problems encountered, the current informed
consent model, broad informed consent model with writtenconsent methodology, might be causing some of the problems.
Therefore, changing the informed consent paradigm andmethodology might help to overcome existing problems. This
study will try to explore the use of electronic informed consent
and discuss its advantages and disadvantages, and whether it
could be used as an alternative method for the current practicein Türkiye.
Keywords: Body donation, Informed consent, Electronic
consent, Ethical practice, Türkiye[Symposium 7: Functional Anatomy in the Realm of
Myology]IA-0211

Research on The Correlation between
Skeletal Muscle Exercise Energy Metabolism
And Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes
Zhongwei SUN1,2
1

Department of Sport Science, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business,
Guangzhou, China
2
Department of Sport Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China

1

Vocational School Of Justice, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Anatomy, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

2

Abstract: In Türkiye, a public awareness campaign on body
donation has been implemented since 2012 in order to increase
the number of donated bodies for anatomical education andresearch. Despite limited progress, recent research studies havereported several problems that could be affecting this modest
progress. In Türkiye, current legislation requires donors to bephysically present throughout the registration process, which
limits some people's access to institutions. Institutions responsible for body procurement, on the other hand, are reluctant
to provide the public with reliable and comprehensive data.
The majority of the donors complete the process by themselves
without informing their relatives. This lack of next-of-kin
involvement renders body donation less inclusive and given
the next-of-kin have the right to revoke the donation it makes

Abstract: This study focuses on the skeletal muscle energy
metabolism mechanism of people with type 2 diabetes in remission, focusing on the impact of skeletal muscle exercise on
the control of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin 2 hours
after a meal. It mainly includes two aspects of research. The
first is the impact of skeletal muscle exercise on blood sugarstability 2 hours after a meal. Through 12 weeks of 30 minutesof medium and low-intensity skeletal muscle exercise after
lunch and dinner, mainly Baduanjin and walking, the test
Blood glucose before a meal and 2 hours after a meal is used todetermine the impact of low- and medium-intensity skeletal
muscle exercise on blood glucose 2 hours after a meal. The second effect of resistance muscle-building exercise on glycatedhemoglobin, especially the relief of type 2 diabetes. Generally,
people with type 2 diabetes have low muscle mass. Loss of leanbody weight is a typical symptom of type 2 diabetes patients

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in the middle and late stages. Muscle building through resistance Exercise to increase skeletal muscle proportion and improve skeletal muscle metabolic capacity. Through resistancemuscle-building exercises three times a week, the patient's
skeletal muscle ratio was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance equipment, and changes in glycated hemoglobin wereanalyzed every three months. The overall goal is to analyze thecharacteristics of energy metabolism and the impact on blood
sugar, hemoglobin and insulin levels through skeletal muscle
exercise of different intensities and forms, thereby further promoting the long-term remission of type 2 diabetes.

can enhance lower limb stability and performance, providing
valuable insights for the development of more effective rehabilitation and athletic support solutions for both children andadults. Ultimately, the study aspires to significantly advance
sports aid design and its practical applications across diverse
populations.
Keywords: Muscle Coordination, Functional Footwear,
Lower Limb Biomechanics
IA-0197

Nerve Properties Determine Skeletal Muscle
Contraction Properties

Keywords: Metabolism

Mingyi HU

IA-0209

Rehabilitaton, GuangZhou XinHua University, GuangZhou, China

Impact on Lower Limb Muscle Coordination
and Biomechanics of Functional Footwear
or Insoles in Children and Adults
Zhiguan HUANGSport and Health Department & Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center ofSports Equipments, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of functional
footwear and insoles on lower limb biomechanics, with a focus
on muscle anatomy and coordination. It includes two maininvestigations. The first examines child ankle stability by combining children's training shoes with an 8-week foot exercise
program, targeting key ankle muscles such as the peroneus
longus, tibialis anterior, and peroneus brevis. Using electromyography (EMG) and 3D motion capture, it provides a detailed
analysis of muscle coordination and ankle stability in children.
The second investigation addresses adult foot pathologies,
specifically flat feet and hallux valgus. It compares Dr. Kong’s
orthotic insoles with regular insoles, focusing on muscles
critical for arch support and toe alignment, like the tibialis
posterior and flexor hallucis longus. EMG data and plantarpressure platforms are used to evaluate the effectiveness ofthese insoles in optimizing muscle function, reducing fatigue,
and enhancing performance in adults. The overarching goal is
to improve sports aid design for better performance, comfort,
and injury prevention by integrating ergonomic principles
involving anthropometric data, biomechanics, and skeletal
muscle coordination. This comprehensive approach aims todeepen understanding of how functional footwear and insoles

Abstract: From an evolutionary perspective, the emergenceof the neck began with the separation of the head and trunk of
Urodela from amphibians. According to molecular embryonicdevelopment, there exist fundamental development differencesin the head neural crest and trunk somites, especially in themesodermal derived muscles and their innervation relationship, namely: general visceral motor (GVE), special visceralmotor (SVE), and general somatic motor (GSE). In rehabilitation medicine, when facing patients suffered from dysphagia
the SLP is often surprised that the skeletal muscles of thepharynx and larynx do not become paralyzed after nerve injury. Instead, they triggered these muscles to exsert reflexive
contractions in response to mechanical and temperature stimulation needed of a normal swallowing reflex. The accessory
nerve that is near the junction of head and torso has special
phenomena: it innervates two muscles from the head neuralcrest, and its nerve roots mainly emerge from the rostral spinal
cord but contain branches from the vagus nerve. When the
cranial multi-modal nerve innervation pattern transits into
the typical spinal GSE mode, an intermediate transitional innervation pattern, namely SVE, occurs between the GVE andthe GSE due to the appearance of the neck. Visceral motor
neurons innervate skeletal muscles with a lower control level,
allowing the autonomic contractility like cardiac muscles tosuit the needs of visceral reflex behaviors such as sucking,swallowing, breathing, and vocalization of the digestive andrespiratory systems. With the evolution of animal limb locomotive ability, the contraction of shoulder and neck skeletal

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muscles requires precise voluntary control. The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles innervated by the accessory nerve have become the GSE pattern, gradually losing their
SVE characteristics, except for the torticollis occasionally seenin the SCM, a sensitive muscle spasm indicates the diminishedSVE function.
Keywords: Nerve

be used to create digital repositorys for use in teaching using
modern technologies that can be made available across theglobe for the purpose of education.
Keywords: Legacy collections, Ethical principles, Consent,
Embryology and fetal development
IA-0140

Macroethics and Microethics of Fetal andEmbryological Collections: International
Perceptions[Symposium 8: Embryology and Fetal Specimens: an
Underexplored Paradigm in Transdisciplinary Thinking
and Research (A FIPAE Seminar)]

Joyce EL-HADDAD1,2, Nalini PATHER1,3

IA-0177

1

Academy of Medical Education, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
2
Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
3
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Fetal and Embryological Collections:
Challenges and Opportunities
Jay MUSSELL

Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-NO, New Orleans, United States

Abstract: The legacy of fetal collections, while once large,
continues to dwindle alongside the time in medical education
dedicated to embyrology and fetal development. This is largely
driven by its deemphasis on licensure examinations. Despite
this, many surgical, and non-surgical, specialities benefit fromknowledge of embryology and fetal development and add it totheir graduate educational curricula. The legacy anatomicalcollections of human embryoes and fetuses present at many
institutions of higher learning provide an incredible resourcethat could be used not only for teaching of the relevant content, but also about philosophical bases on which healthcare
is founded. Unfortunately, in the United States the majority ofthese collections are quietly being disposed of under the guiseof lack of relevance and a need for the physical space thesecollections occupy. Not only do these efforts permenantly remove these human remains from the historical record without
acknowledgment they rob healthcare professionals of learning
opportunities without any plan to rectify the situation. Embryology and fetalology are incredibly complex subjects that
benefit from myriad resources to represent the process in both
space and time, until a viable alternative can be created thelegacy anatomical collections are the best option to bridge thegap in learning. Moving forward it is incumbent upon institutions of higher learning to allow a pathway for individuals toconsent to donation of embryologic and fetal remains that can

Abstract: The ethical intricacies associated with collections
containing human fetal and embryological remains are diverse and complex. Ethical challenges can be examined on two
fronts: the individual "micro ethics" level, concentrating on theinteractions between those supplying and those receiving human remains, and the overarching "macro ethics" level, which
involves the collective responsibilities of the field and society.
Examining these ethical dilemmas can translate to other issues
in medicine around informed consent and the general pillarsof medical ethics. Previous studies have investigated the perception of Australian embryology stakeholders towards thesecollections. However, there remains a paucity in the literaturearound non-Australian perceptions. Therefore, the aim of thisstudy was to investigate the perceptions of non Australian
stakeholders involved in embryology. A survey was distributed
via social media, insights were gathered from 49 participants.
Majority of participants were academics (55.1%; n= 27). Perceptions around whether human fetal and embryological remainsthat were obtained before the era of informed consent should
be retained for educational and research purposes varied with59.2% agreeing, and 4.1% disagreed. Differing opinions revolvearound whether the potential benefits of utilizing collections
outweigh ethical concerns related to obtaining them without
informed consent. Notably, this did not differ across all characteristic demographics. A significant majority (53.1%; n= 26)
also expressed support for accepting donations from both maternal and paternal sources. The study emphasizes the impor-

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tance of considering stakeholder perspectives when formulating policies and guidelines for human fetal and embryologicalcollections. The results underscore a level of societal discomfort
regarding collections without informed consent and provide
valuable insights for responsibly and inclusively managing the
ethical aspects of such collections on a global scale.
Keywords: Ethics, Macro ethics, Micro ethics, Fetal collections, Informed consent[Symposium 9: Exploring Brain-Body Dynamics in
Neurological Disorders: Integrating Advanced Animal
Models with Human Pathologies]
IA-0178

Neuropathological Hallmarks of
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kyung Hwa LEE

Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea

Abstract: This lecture will provide an in-depth explorationof the neuropathological features that characterize major neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease
and Parkinson's disease. We will begin by outlining the fundamental neuropathological characteristics of these conditions,
including the distinctive protein aggregates and common
pathological features that serve as pathological hallmarks.
Real-world case studies from post-mortem brain examinations
will be reviewed, highlighting the intricate pathological findings and mixed pathologies often observed in clinical settings.
Additionally, the latest research and theoretical frameworks
that aim to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diseaseprogression in neurodegenerative disorders will be briefly
presented. Through this comprehensive overview, attendees
will gain a deep appreciation for the complexities of neuropathology in neurodegenerative diseases, laying the foundation
for improved diagnostic approaches and the development oftargeted therapeutic interventions.
Keywords: Neurodegenerative disease, Neuropathology,
Autopsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease

IA-0116Development of Nonhuman Primate
Models and Therapeutic Strategies for
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Zhonghua LU

Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen,
China

Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms are typically treated withlevodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, but their action lacks
specificity due to the wide distribution of dopamine receptors
in the central nervous system and the periphery. Here, we report the development of a gene therapy strategy to selectively
manipulate PD-affected circuitry. Targeting striatal D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs), whose activity is chronically suppressed in PD, we engineered a therapeutic strategy comprisedof a highly efficient novel retrograde AAV, promoter elementswith strong D1-MSN activity, and a chemogenetic effector toenable precise D1-MSN activation after systemic ligand administration. Application of this therapeutic approach rescues
locomotion, tremor, and motor skill defects in both mouse andprimate models of PD, supporting the feasibility of targeted
circuit modulation tools for the treatment of PD in humans.
In a second study, we have generated PSEN1 mutant cynomolgus macaques (PSEN1-ΔE9) through the genomic deletion of
PSEN1 exon 9. Whole-genome sequencing and genotyping
analyses of somatic cells confirmed the ΔE9 mutation at boththe DNA and transcript levels, with minimal off-target effects. Fibroblasts derived from newborns exhibited signaturesof familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, including
disrupted PSEN1 endoproteolysis, resulting in the presenceof full-length PSEN1 protein and an increased beta-amyloid(Aβ)42/40 ratio. Furthermore, blood transcriptome profiling ofmutant macaques revealed molecular dysregulation associatedwith AD.
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Circuit modulation, Genetherapy, Alzheimer's disease, Nonhuman primate

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IA-0193IA-0124

Body-Brain Interaction in Developing
Parkinson's Disease

Neuron-Macrophage Interaction Sets Pain
Sensitivities in Peripheral Tissues

Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of
Korea

Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University Faculty of Medicine,
Kashihara City, Japan

Eun Jeong LEE

Akio WANAKA, Tatsuhide TANAKA, Ayami ISONISHI, Kouko TATSUMI

Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative
disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopamineproducing neurons and the presence of alpha-synuclein (aSyn)
aggregates, exhibits clinical diversity that has led to a proposedclassification into two subtypes: body-first and brain-first.
Recent evidence links gut microbiome dysbiosis to aSyn aggregation in the gut, prompting a comprehensive study utilizing shotgun metagenomics to explore marker genes of the gut
microbiome in these subtypes. Among the genes increased inbody-first PD, we found hns encoding DNA-binding protein
H-NS, which contribute to the generation of methylglyoxal(MG), a reactive carbonyl compound linked to the formationof advanced glycation end products and various pathologies.
The largest proportion of bacteria expressing hns genes were
found to belong to the Escherichia coli (E. coli). To investigate
the impact of increased MG-producing hns gene on the host,
we used Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) fed with Δhns E.
coli. We discovered that Δhns E. coli rescues the degenerationof dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans, and this effect is suppressed by MG treatment. We further identified that rig-5, agene belonging to neuronal adhesion molecules, mediates the
rescue effect on dopaminergic neuron degeneration inducedby Δhns E. coli. Interestingly, analysis of RNA sequencing data
showed that LSAMP, the human ortholog of rig-5, is also decreased in the substantia nigra of PD patients. Additionally, inhuman neuronal cells overexpressed aSyn, LSAMP expression
was decreased by MG treatment and increased again upon MG
removal by a scavenger. These results suggest that increased
expression of bacterial H-NS in the gut of body-first PD patients causes the increase of MG, which can downregulate
LSAMP in the brain of PD patients. These findings suggest
the potential of scavenging MG produced by gut bacteria as apromising avenue for the prevention of PD.

Abstract: In the course of our experiments, we accidentally
discovered a transgenic mouse that was insensitive to mechanical and inflammatory pain. Genomic analysis of this mouserevealed a null mutation in the sorting nexin 25 (SNX25) gene,and the SNX25 knockout mice exhibited a pain insensitivity phenotype similar to that of the above transgenic mouse.
Analysis of SNX25 conditional knockout mice revealed thefollowing: SNX25 in peripheral macrophages, but not in dorsal
root ganglionic neurons, is important for pain transmission;
SNX25 inhibits ubiquitination of Nrf2 in macrophages, andNrf2 that escapes degradation promotes NGF transcription, thereby enhancing NGF production from macrophages.
Macrophage-specific SNX25 knockout mice showed reduced
pain perception not only in physiological conditions but also
in neuropathic pain models. In addition to this, macrophagespecific SNX25 knockout mice also have reduced tactile sensation, all together indicating that SNX25 regulation functions
in a continuum of sensation from normal touch to pathological pain. These results look at the control of tactile-pain
sensation in the peripheral skin, with the dorsal root ganglion
involved in sensory transmission. The nerves of the dorsal root
ganglion are distributed in the viscera, especially in the lower
colon, and are responsible for visceral pain. We are going toshow some preliminary results of the visceral pain model inthe macrophage-specific SNX25 knockout mice.
Keywords: Pain, Macrophage, NGF, SNX25, Neuron

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Microbiome, Methylglyoxal, H-NS, E. coli
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IA-0167

Gut-Immune-Brain Modulation in
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Eunha Kim

Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Abstract: Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) commonly exhibit dysregulated immune responses. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to
the development of both neurodevelopmental and immunological characteristics remain unclear. Our research revealed
that offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA),
displaying neurodevelopmental traits, also show increased
vulnerability to heightened inflammatory phenotypes uponlater immune challenges. Maternally induced IL-17A during
MIA contributes to prenatal neurodevelopmental phenotypes
but postnatally triggers immune-primed traits in offspring,
inf luenced by alterations in the maternal gut microbiota.
Notably, transferring stool samples from pregnant mice withheightened IL-17A responses to germ-free dams was sufficient
to enhance offspring's susceptibility to gut inflammation andinduce changes in chromatin accessibility of CD4 + T cells.
This study offers mechanistic insights into how children exposed to heightened inflammation in the womb, whether due
to viral infection or other inflammatory conditions, may face
an elevated risk of developing both inflammatory diseases andneurodevelopmental disorders.
Keywords: Neurodevelopment, Neuro-Immune axis, Gut
microbiome[Symposium 10: Anatomical Education Human
Morphological Study Based on Digital and Intelligental
Technology]

muscles and ligaments. It has been reported that MDBC cantransmit traction force of muscles to spinal dura mater (SDM)
during head movement. A significant increase in cranial net
CSF flow after head rotation has been confirmed by magnetic
resonance imaging studies, providing evidence that MDBC affects CSF circulation. While the changes of local CSF velocity
and pressure caused by MDBC pulling on the SDM were notdirectly demonstrated in the previous studies. In this study,
horizontal slices from Korean digital human dataset were used
to reconstruct a three- dimensional mode including the MDBC
and its adjacent structures at the level of the atlanto-occipitalinterspace. Based on the biomechanical experiments, relevant
parameters were obtained and assigned to the model. The fluidstructure interaction (FSI) module was used to simulate effects
on CSF during the process of MDBC traction on SDM. ANSYS
Fluent was used to solve the transient changing of CSF during
this process. The traction force acting on the SDM was madeoccurs and disappears within three seconds. Three seconds wasmade as an action cycle. It was found that during this action
cycle, the posterior part of SDM protrude backward. Eddy currents were generated in the dorsal area in this interspace. The
flow velocity of CSF in the protrusion space decreased significantly, and the pressure increased. The velocity and pressure of
CSF in this interspace showed opposite changes when the posterior part of SDM back to the normal morphology. This study
demonstrated the flow characteristics of CSF at the CVJ andthe MDBC’s effect on its flow. It also provided a direct evidence
at the level of finite element analysis for the original theory that
MDBC is one of the powers of CSF circulation.
Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation, Myodural
Bridge Complex, Computational Fluid Dynamics

IA-0097

A Study on Mechanism of Cerebrospinal
Fluid Circulation in Cranio-Cervical Junction
Nan ZHENG, Ya-Wen GUAN, Hong-Jin SUI

Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

Abstract: The Myodural Bridge Complex (MDBC) is a
structural and functional unit composed of subocciptal muscles, ligaments, and dense MDB fibers originate from these
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IA-0114

Three-Dimensional Morphological Study of
Lymphatics during Early Fetal Period

Zhe-Wu JIN1, Shu HUANG1, Hechen ZHANG1, Peng ZHAO1, Xinlin CHEN2, Gen YAN3
1

Department of Anatomy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Department of Ultrasonography, Hubei Maternal and Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
3
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College,
Xiamen, China
2

Abstract: Compare to blood vessels, few morphologicalstudies on lymphatic vessels (LVs) in human development
period. We selected five sagittal serial sections of early human embryos and fetuses, using D2-40 immunohistochemical
staining to observe LVs and three-dimensional reconstruction technique to reflect the morphological characteristics.
All specimens found both side of jugular lymph sac (JLS) located above the lateral side of the left brachiocephalic vein. In
crown-rump length 30 mm specimen, we found the LVs direct
inflow to the left brachiocephalic vein near the left JLS, notonly though the thoracic duct (TD) inflow near the left venous
angle. Moreover, a pair of paravertebral longitudinal lymphatics originated near the cisterna chyli, it seems to collect
lymphatics that accompanied the posterior intercostal bloodvessels and finally flowed into the TD. As our results, the advantage of the left lymphatics had a slightly greater than thatof the right lymphatics, such as the volume of the JLS. In contrast, the venous system on the right seems greater advantage
than that on the left. In addition, it looks that the paravertebral
longitudinal lymphatics development important for the asymmetric evolution of the TD and azygos vein.
Keywords: Lymphatic vessels, D2-40, 3D reconstruction,
Human fetal
IA-0192

Intelligent Segmentation and T-Stage
Diagnosis of Prostatic Cancer Based on MRI
and Deep Learning

Abstract: Purpose Manual segmentation of prostate lesion
on MRI is highly important for 3D visualization, diagnosis
and treatment planning but is time-consuming and laborious.
We plan to develop a deep learning model for intelligent segmentation of prostate zones, tumors and adjacent structuresand for intelligent T-stage diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).
Methods PCa patients with pathologically confirmed from SX
Hospital (April 2018 to June 2020) and XQ Hospital (January
2021 to January 2022) were enrolled in this retrospective study.
Other patients from public dataset (Test-A) and XQ Hospital(Test-B) were selected for external testing. We proposed a deeplearning approach called PCa T-stage diagnosis with deeplearning (PDD). In the first step, the peripheral zone (PZ),
transition zone (TZ), central zone (CZ), anterior fibromuscularstroma (AFMS), tumor, rectum, bladder, seminal vesicle (SV)and urethra were intelligently segmented using Vgg16-AttentionGate-Unet model. In the second step, Swin-Transformer(SwinT) model is used for intelligent T-stage diagnosis withintelligently segmented lesions. Results The study included
209 patients (70 years ± 9). PDD achieved DSCs of 0.783, 0.789,
0.392, 0.563, 0.583, 0.824, 0.938, 0.738, and 0.613 for intelligent
segmentation of PZ, TZ, CZ, AFMS, tumor, rectum, bladder,SV, and urethra in the internal test cohort (n = 30) and DSCs
of 0.787, 0.755, 0.349, 0.587, 0.487, 0.852, 0.931, 0.667, and 0.639
in the external Test-A (n = 27), respectively. Additionally, the
PDD achieved an accuracy of 0.733 and an AUC of 0.827 fordifferentiating between T1-T2 and T3-T4 in the internal test
cohort, outperforming the SwinT by 15.80% and 16.81%, andachieved accuracies of 0.814 and 0.867, and AUCs of 0.815 and
0.861 in the external Test-B and resident-PDD, respectively.
Conclusion Deep learning was able to accurately segment
prostate zones, tumors and adjacent structures, and performed
well in T-stage diagnosis of PCa.
Keywords: Deep learning, MRI, Prostate cancer, Segmentation, Artificial intelligence

Shanshan XU1, Yi WU1, Ruoxi HUYAN2, Xiaobing LIU3, Ximei CAO4,
Wenjing HOU5, Jinfeng MA6, Huilin CUI4
1

Department of Digital Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
Department of Medical, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
3
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
4
Department of History and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
5
Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
6
Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Shanxi, China
2

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IA-0068

IA-0085

Whole-Body Mapping of Adult Mouse at
Cellular Level Using fMOST

Development of the Cartilaginous
Connecting Apparatuses in the Fetal
Sphenoid, with a Focus on the Alar Process

Xiangning LI

Biomedical Engineering School, Hainan University, Sanya, China

Masahito YAMAMOTO

Abstract: To generate a comprehensive three- dimensional(3D) cellular census of a mouse, and investigate the organization logic of the anatomical structures of whole body including
the brain, heart, and bones. The research aims to dissect thecellular composition and the intrinsic logic governing organic
connections, which is pivotal for understanding the development, homeostasis, and disease progression. Our lab developed
serial techniques named fluorescent micro-optical sectioning
tomography (fMOST). fMOST is a sophisticated imaging platform designed for cellular-level brain mapping. It encompasses
multi- faceted approaches, starting with sample preparation
to specifically label and preserve the fine structures and fluorescent signals of the biological tissues. By employing highresolution optical sectioning, fMOST achieves volumetric
imaging with resolution at 0.3 × 0.3 ×1 μm3 throughout theentire brain. The technology has been instrumental in creating
detailed maps of the brain at the single-cell level. We reconstructed the morphology of individual neuron and axons toreveal the organization logic of the hippocampus and cortex.
However, extending the application of fMOST to whole-bodymapping presents challenges, including the sample preparing
for large-volume tissues with the varying hardness such as
skin, bone, nerves, blood vessels, and adipose tissue. Achieving homogeneous imaging across these diverse tissues is crucial. Additionally, the technology must address the immense
task of processing the vast datasets generated and extracting
meaningful anatomical information. Here, we overcome thesechallenges to provide comprehensive cellular maps of the entire mouse body, significantly advancing our understanding of
biological systems. By revealing the intricate cellular interactions within the body, this method will contribute to the fieldsof pharmacology, and tissue engineering, ultimately enhancing our ability to treat and prevent disease.

Anatomy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan

Abstract: The human fetal sphenoid is reported to have a
cartilaginous connecting apparatus known as the alar process(AP), which connects the ala temporalis (AT) (angle of thegreater wing of the sphenoid) to the basisphenoid (anlage of thesphenoid body). However, how the AP develops in humans is
unclear. In addition, although the AP is a common structure of
the mammalian chondrocranium, little is known about whether it is really a fundamental feature in mammals. This study
clarified fetal developmental changes in the sphenoid in orderto determine developmental processes of the AP in humans.
In addition, we reconsidered the definition of the AP by comparing humans and rats with mice. This study examined thehistological sections of 20 human embryos and fetuses from 6
to 14 weeks of development, of 20 mouse embryos from embryonic days 12–18, and of 4 rats embryos form embryonic days 17
and 20. In humans, the AP was continuous with the basisphenoid but was separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium.
Then, the AP–AT connection had a key-and-keyhole structure.
Unlike a joint, no cavitation developed in this connection. In
mice, there was no boundary between the AT and the basisphenoid, indicating the absence of the AP in the mouse chondrocranium. In rats, the AP was, however, separated from the AT
by a thick perichondrium. Therefore, the AP can be defined asfollows: the AP is temporally separated from the AT by a thickperichondrium or a key-and-keyhole structure during the fetal
period. This is the first study that confirms the absence of thealar process in the mice skull, and its presence in other mammals skull should be further investigated.
Keywords: Sphenoid, Alar process, Ala temporalis, Mammals

Keywords: Whole body, Cytoarchitecture, 3D, Atlas, Neuron

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 11: Development, Regeneration and Disease]
IA-0087

The Study of the Impact of Developmental
Microenvironment on Embryonic
Development

IA-0086

MMP2-Mediated Accumulation of PNNs
Modulates Depressive Susceptibility andthe Antidepressant Effect of Metformin in
High-Fat Diet Mice

Qiong LIU1,3, Shanshan ZHANG1, LeiLei WANG1, Haoran WU1,
Hongyang GAO2, Jianyang LI3, Honglei XIAO1, Wensheng LI1,3

Guang WANG

Division of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

1

Abstract: Epidemiological studies suggest that congenital
diseases caused by teratogenic factors in the developmental
microenvironment are a substantial factor, yet the underlying
mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and effective prevention and treatment strategies are lacking. In this study, chickand mouse embryos were utilized as model organisms, and arange of cellular and molecular biology techniques such as immunofluorescence, Western blotting, PCR, and RNA sequencing were employed to assess gene expression patterns acrossdifferent stages of embryonic development. This study has
found that new teratogenic factors such as nano- plastics induce
cellular oxidative stress, autophagy changes, and various formsof cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, etc.) throughtime and dose-dependent effects. However, cellular homeostasis- maintaining proteins such as NRF2 play a dual role in both
physiological and pathological states during development. Basedon research highlighting the crucial role of embryonic stem
cell homeostasis maintenance in the developmental process,natural small molecule compounds can be utilized to influence
the levels of cellular autophagy or oxidative stress in embryonicstem cells. By doing so, they can alter the fate of stem cells,
thereby exerting protective effects on embryonic development.
The process of embryonic development is a delicate progression
involving various gene regulations such as precursor cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Maintaining
homeostasis during embryonic development ensures the orderly
progression of cellular behaviors in both spatial and temporaldimensions, thereby safeguarding embryonic development.
Keywords: Development, Microenvironment, Embryo, Autophagy, Oxidative stress

Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
2Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
3
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of
Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Abstract: The mechanism by which obesity induces mental
illness is not fully understood. Studies have shown that PNNs
plays an important role in regulating synaptic plasticity, andits aberrant expression has been associated with a variety ofpsychiatric disorders. The aim of this project is to study themechanism of MMP2-PNN in obesity-associated depression
to find new targets for the treatment of this disease. An obesity
model was induced by a chronic high- fat diet (HFD) in orderto observe changes in the hippocampus and depression-related
behaviors. Viral and pharmacologic interventions on the expression of PNNs and MMP2 to validate their modulation ofmental disorders. Finally, the first- line glucose-lowering agent
metformin was used to restore the expression of MMP2 and
PNNs in the hippocampus, reversing the depressive phenotype
while improving blood glucose. Increased expression of hippocampal PNNs (mainly Aggrecan) in HFD mice promotes inhibition of PV+ interneurons, which, in turn, leads to elevatedhippocampal Glu levels and induces depression and anxietylike behaviors. Notable, we found that the MMP2-PNNs pathway is involved in the treatment of metformin antidepressants.
These studies reveal the critical role of synaptic plasticity regulated by MMP2-PNNs in HFD- induced mood disorders andreveal an effective mechanism for metformin treatment in agroup with obesity-associated depression.
Keywords: MMP2, Perineuronal nets, High-fat diet, Depression, Metformin

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IA-0053

A Study on the Dismantling and Disposal
Patterns of Animal Remains Excavated fromthe Unified Silla Period in the Gyeongju
Area
Heon Seok KIM

Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, National Research Institute ofCultural Heritage, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Abstract: There are rare cases of animal remains analyzed
from ruins from the Unified Silla period. Therefore, not much
is known about the ways people dismantled and disposed ofanimals at the time. Recently, animal remains have been discovered in a number of Unified Silla residences in Gyeongju.
Through these cases, we would like to examine the pattern ofdismantling and disposing of animals by urban people during the Unified Silla Dynasty. Recently, there are many casesof animal remains being excavated from pit remains of ruins
investigated in the Gyeongju area. In particular, there are numerous pits around the buildings of the Unified Silla period
near the center where the royal palace and royal tombs exist,
and various animal remains have been excavated from them.
Most of the excavated animal remains are cattle and horses,
and a few or many individuals have been identified in one pit.
Most bones are often jointed or divided into different parts.
There are many reported cases of excavations in an anatomically connected form. There are many forms where one animal
is divided into several parts, such as the pelvic area, some of
the limbs, and the spinal area. At that time, it is highly likelythat it was transported or distributed in a disassembled form,
focusing on the limbs and pelvis. The place of slaughter would
not have been inside the residential area, but rather it would
have been brought into the residential area in cut form. It is
presumed that the meat was collected here and discarded in
the same anatomical and skeletal state as it was brought in.
Keywords: Unified Silla, Animal remains, Patterns of animal use

IA-0016

Sex Identification of Early Chickens in
the Japanese Archipelago and Korean
Peninsula
Masaki EDA

Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Abstract: The chicken is a domestic animal that originatesfrom the red junglefowl, thought to have been introduced to
the Japanese Archipelago at the latest in the early middle Yayoi
period (3rd century BCE). Due to their small number of bones,
chickens in the Yayoi period are thought to be have been used
as “time-telling birds,” and an understanding of their sex ratio
was considered important to deduce their role. In this study, anattempt was made to determine the sex of chickens from bones
found in Japanese Archipelago and Korean Peninsula. The sexof chickens was determined from bones found in six Yayoi sites
in the Japanese Archipelago based the sexual dimorphism of
the long bones of modern captive red junglefowl, which resemble those of the chickens in the Yayoi period. In addition, thisapproach was applied to two reported chicken bones from the
Neukdo site (3rd century BCE to 2nd century CE), Sacheon,
Korean Peninsula. All four tarsometatarsi had well-developed
spur, and were presumed to be male. In addition, most of theother chicken bones were approximately the same size as themale captive red junglefowl, suggesting a significant bias of thesex of chickens during the Yayoi period towards males. On theother hand, of the two chicken bones at the Neukdo site, one
was identified as male and one as female. The significant bias
towards males suggests that chickens may not have been able
to reproduce in most of the Japanese archipelago in the Yayoi
period, although evidence of successive breeding was foundat Karako-Kagi site, Nara Prefecture. Chickens in the Yayoi
period may have had value as a proof of their relationship with
China and the Korean Peninsula. Further studies in China andthe Korean Peninsula will be required to test these hypotheses.
Keywords: Domestic chicken, Sexual dimorphism, Domestication

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IA-0061

Domestication of Pigs in Ancient Japan
Masashi MARUYAMA

Humanities, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan

Abstract: In Japan, pig farming began in the Yayoi period
and some of them are thought to be introduced from China or
Korean peninsula. However, almost of the bone morphologicalfeatures excavated from the archaeological site make it difficult to clearly distinguish between wild boars and domestic
pigs. Therefore, it is unclear to what extent pigs were kept. This
study reconsiders the presence of pigs in the Yayoi period. This
study compares the bone(mandibles) morphological features ofwild boar excavated from Jomon period sites with that of wildboar/ domestic pig mandibles excavated from Yayoi-period
sites and combines the results of dietary analysis (stable isotope
analysis) clarify the characteristics of wild boar/ domestic pig
from the Yayoi period. The bones of wild boar/ domestic pig
from the Yayoi period site showed trait characteristics that differed from those of wild boars from the Jomon period site. It isalso found that palaeopathological features could be observedin the Yayoi individuals. It is cleared that some Yayoi individuals have different morphological feature from the Jomon individuals. These phenomena indicate human husbandry, but it is
not clear whether they were reared generation after generation.
Keywords: Japan, Yayoi period, Wild boar, Pig, Domestication

IA-0196

Zooarchaeological Studies over the Last
Decade in the South Korea
Jong Ha HONG

Institute of Korean Archaeology and Ancient History, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Abstract: From ancient times to the present day, humans
have had relationships with various species of animals. Among
those animal species, domesticated animals accelerated the development of human civilization and provoked physical changes such as human nutrition improvement. The significance ofsuch relationships between human and domesticated animals
in the archaic past has been well established and is commonly
highlighted in groundbreaking studies worldwide. In the fieldof Korean comparative anatomy and zooarchaeology, many
related studies have also been performed over the past few
decades, as in the other countries. From this perspective, inthis presentation, I would like to introduce zooarchaeological researches over the past 10 years using scientific analyticalmethods in Korea. More specifically, results from comparative
anatomical studies using traditional gross anatomical analysis
and modern zooarchaeological studies using ancient DNA andstable isotope analysis would be suggested. Also, how thesefindings were used to understand the lives of ancient peoples
who lived in the Korean peninsula will be briefly introduced.
This study is supported by the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) grant (NRF-2023R1A2C1006785).
Keywords: Zooarchaeology, Korea, East Asia, Domesticatedanimals, Comparative anatomy
IA-0139Do Native Horses Represent Past JapaneseHorses? Diversity of Limb Bone Proportionsin Japanese Ancient and Medieval Horses
Manabu Uetsuki

Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Teikyo University, Yamanashi, Japan

Abstract: Equine whole-body skeletons excavated fromancient and medieval archaeological sites in the Japanese archipelago were investigated to reveal the diversity of equine
limb bone proportions and discuss the differences underlying
their uses. There are eight species of Japanese native horses in
the Japanese archipelago. These have been considered to retain
the characteristics of horses bred in the archipelago before
the modern era, as they have been largely unaffected by crossbreeding with foreign breeds for the purpose of improvement
promoted after the modern era. Indeed, in terms of height,
most horses excavated from archaeological site are small to
medium-sized horse, showing characteristics in common withnative horses. However, a more detailed analysis reveals thatin terms of limb bone proportions, there was greater diversity
in the past. The limbs of horses excavated from ancient local
government areas and the medieval city of Kamakura haverelatively long distal limb bones compared to those of native
horses. On the other hand, some horses excavated from inland
medieval fortresses have shorter distal limb bones. These dif-

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ferences suggest that the former type of horse was adapted
to traveling and running on flat terrain, while the latter was
adapted to traveling on slopes such as those in mountainous
areas. The characteristics of native horses are closer to the latter, and it has become clear that they have only transmitted
some of the diverse equine traits that once existed in the archipelago. It can be concluded that horses with more diverse traits
were used in the Japanese archipelago in the past for a variety
of uses and purposes.
Keywords: Zooarchaeology, Horse, Limb bone proportion,
Japanses native horses[Symposium 13: Challenges of New Body Donation Programsin the 21st century]
IA-0033

Facilities, Difficulties and Strategies for
the Creation and Development of the
Body Donation Program at the National
University of Cordoba - Argentina

within the framework of national and regional laws. The Program was created in April 2021 and, since then, we are working hard to manage its objectives. It is based on supervising thedue respect to these bodies and the voluntary, generous andsupportive donation from the population of Cordoba city andsurroundings. These altruistic caracteristics determined thegeneral acceptance or, at least, not negative reactions. We havemanaged to consolidate a committed working group, to organize an effective and transparent system, and to give visibility
to the issue by offering a new option after death and using different media. Certainly we have not got the expected numberof bequests and bodies yet, but we need to increase people’s
information.
Keywords: Body donation, Argentina, National Universityof Cordoba, Body donation program, Anatomy resources
IA-0046

From Unclaimed Bodies to Voluntary Body
Donations: A Paradigm Shift in Urban India

Debasis BANDYOPADHYAY2, Susana N. BIASUTTO1, Hee-Jin KIM5,
Moyosore SALIHU3, Jessica GONZALEZ FERNANDEZ4

Susana N. BIASUTTO

1

Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba,
Argentina

Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba,
Argentina, Cordoba, Argentina
Anatomy, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
3
Dean & Professor, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences,
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, Ilorin, Nigeria
4
Director, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, Mercedes, Costa Rica
5
Division of Anatomy and Developental Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry,Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Abstract: To develope a Body Donation Program in Argentina was not easy. The country population had never heart
about this possibily and our university authorities were notinterested in. The National University of Cordoba is one of theoldest universities in the continent and has been a historicalleader in many activities and aspects, but was very conservative on this topic. After 10 years trying the Faculty of Medicine
to create a program for body donors, in 2018 I proposed a research project to consider the willingness of different groups
to donate their bodies. The Project was approved by the University Secretary on Sciences and Technology and carried onby medical and dental anatomists. Willingness was evaluatedby an anonymous survey addressed to medical students, medical and dental doctors (without including anatomists) andgeneral population of Cordoba city and surroundings. Results
were better than expected and after two years’ work, they wereapproved and supported the request to create the Body Donation Program. The proposal clearly stated its objectives, allsteps and conditions, based on the IFAA ethical guidelines andAbstract: Background Cadavers are the best teachers at
infancy of medical career. In India as elsewhere in the world
disposal of dead body is a sacred, religious, traditional andcultural practice that the next of kin (NOK) executes as essential social obligation. Altruism as a concept has often evaded
larger section of our population due to lack of awareness.
Challenges Our institute routinely received unclaimed bodies
in liaison with the local police authority Strategies Awarenessdrive: A large section of our population is not aware about
whole body donation. Awareness programmes and voluntarybody donation pledge by politicians and medical fraternity
promoted awareness. Improved digital visibility of Body Donation Program: Institute website revamped to include body
donation link on home page. Availability of 24X7 Body Donation Helpline number: Continuously monitored by faculty and

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manned by PG Resident. Demise to disposal a hassle free journey: It is our endeavor to ensure a hassle free handing/ taking
over of the body from the NOK. All documents are processedon same day and handed over to NOK (Next of Kin) within
60min of wait time. Build sustainable ecosystem to nurture
altruism: In order to recognize the act of altruism we issue acertificate of gratitude and appreciation to the NOK. Such certificates are shared back home with family and friends which
in turn motivates elderly group to embrace the noble act ofbody donation for medical and research purpose. Outcome In
last 4-5 years our institute has stopped using unclaimed bodies
for cadaveric dissection. The supply of cadavers is consistentand in such huge numbers that we are able to conduct frequentcadaveric workshops on soft embalmed bodies in addition toFormalin preserved cadavers routinely used for UG training.
Keywords: Cadavers, Altruism, Dissection, Unclaimed
bodies
IA-0091

Challenges and Achievements of the Body
Donation Program of the School of Medicineof the University of Costa Rica
Jéssica González-Fernández

was rethought and the process was virtualized, allowing
people outside the capital to easily access the program, which
has increased the number of donors from areas far from thecapital. Before the donation program, most of the bodies thatentered the School of Medicine were donated from hospitals
by the general health law, in the year 2023 the majority of thebodies that entered the School belonged to the body donation
program, allowed the development of research and biologicalsimulation courses. Conclusions The program has not only
managed to create a culture of body donation at a national andinternational level, but has also made it possible to develop research projects, social action, improve teaching and carry out
biological simulation courses unique in Latin America.
Keywords: PRODOCU, Body donation program, Biologicalsimulation, Latin America[Symposium 14: Anatomists United – A SymposiumWorkshop to Initiate Global Anatomy Faculty Exchanges toPromote "Science Diplomacy”]
IA-0075

Session Introduction

Anette Wu1, Chung-Liang Chien2, Olha Prykhodko3, Fred BUKACHI4
1

Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei3
Department of the Morphology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
4
Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2

Medical Sciences, Costa Rica University, Director, San José, Costa Rica

Abstract: Introduction PRODOCU emerged in 2018, after
assessing the need not to depend on the General Health Law,
which in article 79 says that bodies that are not claimed canbe donated to educational health institutions. Previously, thenumber of bodies that entered the School each year did notexceed 10 to 15 bodies, limiting the use of biological material only for teaching anatomy in undergraduate courses.
Methodology The project that represents the body donation
program is registered as part of social action with the objective of creating a culture of body donation at the national level,
which transforms the program into an entity that ensures the
ethical use and worthy of human material for teaching andresearch and not just an entity that receives bodies. Results: In
2018, the first year of the program, 114 donation forms weresigned, unlike other years where only 10-15 forms were signed
per year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the program did
not close, but rather the way in which donations were made

Abstract: [This is the united abstract of this symposium]
Anatomy education is ubiquitously present in all medical
schools globally. However, teaching is conducted very differently around the world. Minimal exchange occurs worldwide
and teaching in other countries remains an enigma. At a timeof increasing globalization, conflicts and forthcoming changes
in medical education, medical educators need to join forces
and work collaboratively. International collaboration via sharing of teaching material and faculty exchanges can support
learning and cultural understanding and lead to efficiency.
In addition, global collaboration can promote “Science Diplomacy” by connecting scientists and anatomists around theworld. In this symposium-workshop we present examples thatshowcase global differences in anatomy teaching to inspire
diversification in anatomy via internationalization and global
exchange of teaching modalities and faculty. Three speakers

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from diverse regions of the world (i.e., Kenya, a low resource
country in Africa; Taiwan, a small country in East Asia; andUkraine, a war-torn country) will showcase differences intheir teaching methods along with challenges they are facing.
Each will describe how anatomy is currently taught in theirrespective schools and countries, and the impact of current
teaching challenges. The above will be followed by a guided
brainstorming discussion with the audience regarding global
multilateral exchanges of anatomy faculty. The diversificationof anatomy faculty can enhance equitable education aroundthe world – while promoting "Science Diplomacy" globally.
Keywords: Internationalization of Medical Education, Science Diplomacy, Faculty Exchange, Anatomy teaching

Each will describe how anatomy is currently taught in theirrespective schools and countries, and the impact of current
teaching challenges. The above will be followed by a guided
brainstorming discussion with the audience regarding global
multilateral exchanges of anatomy faculty. The diversificationof anatomy faculty can enhance equitable education aroundthe world – while promoting "Science Diplomacy" globally.
Keywords: Internationalization of Medical Education, Science Diplomacy, Faculty Exchange, Anatomy teaching
IA-0077

Challenges of Anatomy Teaching in Ukraine
in 2023
Olha PRYKHODKO3, Anette WU1, Chung-Liang CHIEN2, Fred BUKACHI4

IA-00761

Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei3
Department of the Morphology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
4
Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2

Anatomy Education at the University of
NairobiFred BUKACHI4, Anette WU1, Chung-Liang CHIEN2, Olha PRYKHODKO3
1

Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei3
Department of the Morphology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
4
Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2

Abstract: [This is the united abstract of this symposium]
Anatomy education is ubiquitously present in all medical
schools globally. However, teaching is conducted very differently around the world. Minimal exchange occurs worldwide
and teaching in other countries remains an enigma. At a timeof increasing globalization, conflicts and forthcoming changes
in medical education, medical educators need to join forces
and work collaboratively. International collaboration via sharing of teaching material and faculty exchanges can support
learning and cultural understanding and lead to efficiency.
In addition, global collaboration can promote “Science Diplomacy” by connecting scientists and anatomists around theworld. In this symposium-workshop we present examples thatshowcase global differences in anatomy teaching to inspire
diversification in anatomy via internationalization and global
exchange of teaching modalities and faculty. Three speakers
from diverse regions of the world (i.e., Kenya, a low resource
country in Africa; Taiwan, a small country in East Asia; andUkraine, a war-torn country) will showcase differences intheir teaching methods along with challenges they are facing.

Abstract: [This is the united abstract of this symposium]
Anatomy education is ubiquitously present in all medical
schools globally. However, teaching is conducted very differently around the world. Minimal exchange occurs worldwide
and teaching in other countries remains an enigma. At a timeof increasing globalization, conflicts and forthcoming changes
in medical education, medical educators need to join forces
and work collaboratively. International collaboration via sharing of teaching material and faculty exchanges can support
learning and cultural understanding and lead to efficiency.
In addition, global collaboration can promote “Science Diplomacy” by connecting scientists and anatomists around theworld. In this symposium-workshop we present examples thatshowcase global differences in anatomy teaching to inspire
diversification in anatomy via internationalization and global
exchange of teaching modalities and faculty. Three speakers
from diverse regions of the world (i.e., Kenya, a low resource
country in Africa; Taiwan, a small country in East Asia; andUkraine, a war-torn country) will showcase differences intheir teaching methods along with challenges they are facing.
Each will describe how anatomy is currently taught in theirrespective schools and countries, and the impact of current
teaching challenges. The above will be followed by a guided
brainstorming discussion with the audience regarding global

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multilateral exchanges of anatomy faculty. The diversificationof anatomy faculty can enhance equitable education aroundthe world – while promoting "Science Diplomacy" globally.
Keywords: Internationalization of Medical Education, Science Diplomacy, Faculty Exchange, Faculty Exchange

Keywords: Internationalization of Medical Education, Science Diplomacy, Faculty Exchange, Anatomy teaching[Symposium 15: Are You for or against Public Dissection? An
Open Debate]
IA-0109

Public Dissection: Education or
Edutainment?

IA-0078

Humanism and Anatomy - The Silent
Mentor in Anatomy Education in Taiwan

Beverley KRAMER

Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa

Chung-Liang CHIEN2, Anette WU1, Olha PRYKHODKO3, Fred BUKACHI4
1

Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei3
Department of the Morphology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
4
Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2

Abstract: [This is the united abstract of this symposium]
Anatomy education is ubiquitously present in all medical
schools globally. However, teaching is conducted very differently around the world. Minimal exchange occurs worldwide
and teaching in other countries remains an enigma. At a timeof increasing globalization, conflicts and forthcoming changes
in medical education, medical educators need to join forces
and work collaboratively. International collaboration via sharing of teaching material and faculty exchanges can support
learning and cultural understanding and lead to efficiency.
In addition, global collaboration can promote “Science Diplomacy” by connecting scientists and anatomists around theworld. In this symposium-workshop we present examples thatshowcase global differences in anatomy teaching to inspire
diversification in anatomy via internationalization and global
exchange of teaching modalities and faculty. Three speakers
from diverse regions of the world (i.e., Kenya, a low resource
country in Africa; Taiwan, a small country in East Asia; andUkraine, a war-torn country) will showcase differences intheir teaching methods along with challenges they are facing.
Each will describe how anatomy is currently taught in theirrespective schools and countries, and the impact of current
teaching challenges. The above will be followed by a guided
brainstorming discussion with the audience regarding global
multilateral exchanges of anatomy faculty. The diversificationof anatomy faculty can enhance equitable education aroundthe world – while promoting "Science Diplomacy" globally.

Abstract: Background Human dissection began thousandsof years ago and was popular as a public event between the 16thto
18th Centuries. During the Renaissance, the act of dissection
extended beyond the ambit of anatomists to include artists. In
this time too, religious authorities embraced human dissection
and changed their attitude from rigid denial to benevolent support which encouraged the robust engagement of society withpublic dissection. In the early 19th Century, following violations of body sourcing and unethical practices by anatomists,society disengaged from these public events which then became
confined to the anatomy laboratory. Recently, public dissections
have increasingly found their way back into society, with someof these verging on the realm of edutainment. As we function ina global anatomy village, we should consider the impact of thesepublic dissections on all societies. While public dissections may
be more acceptable to certain societies, it is yet to be established
whether they are appropriate in all cultures, such as those in
Africa. Thus, this presentation will explore the possible impactof public dissection in relation to ethical, religious and culturalconcerns. Methods Historical and current information on professional, societal, cultural and religious beliefs regarding publicdissection will be considered. Results As societal recognition
and trust in the discipline of anatomy is of great importance,
the tension between the educational value of public dissection
and its marriage to entertainment will be explored. The presentation will also pose questions on the motivation behind returning to the public domain. Conclusion In navigating the complex
terrain of public engagement in anatomy, and public dissection
in particular, the union of education and entertainment verging
on the macabre, must be carefully considered. The anatomical
integrity of these events must contemplate the values of ethical

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relativism, consent, dignity, respect, cultural and religious sensitivities and societal mores.

tissues should be reserved for those with clear educational needs,
while animal dissections, conducted with cultural sensitivity,
can serve as an ethical tool for broader public education.

Keywords: Public dissection, Ethics, Societal mores
Keywords: Outreach, Animal, Dissection
IA-0121

Does Public Dissection Bridge Anatomy
Education and Community Engagement?

IA-0089

Do We Need Public Dissection? History and
Future of a Very Special Anatomical Practice

Jason ORGAN

Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
IN, United States

Andreas WINKELMANN

Institute of Anatomy, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany

Abstract: Research shows that the public often struggles tocommunicate with healthcare providers due to a lack of anatomical knowledge, suggesting that anatomy education outreachis critical to public health initiatives. Anatomy is often taught
through dissection. Public dissection of human tissues has acontroversial history, raising ethical concerns about respect,dignity, and educational purposes. Historically, public dissections date back to the Renaissance, serving both educational andentertainment purposes. These events attracted large audiences,often using the bodies of criminals or unclaimed individuals,
raising issues of consent and exploitation. Today, the ethical implications of public dissection of human tissues are even more
pronounced. Conducting dissections for a public audience is
ethically problematic. The public does not need this exposure tounderstand basic human anatomy. Dissection of human tissues
should be reserved for educational contexts involving participants with vested interests and foundational knowledge, such as
anatomy students and health-related professionals. Public dissection of human tissues risks sensationalizing and trivializing thehuman body, potentially undermining the dignity and respect
due to human remains. Educational outreach can be conducted
through animal dissections, which impart fundamental anatomical principles and address a practical need. However, animal
dissections may not be culturally appropriate for all audiences,
particularly those who hold animals in high regard. Sensitivity
to cultural perspectives is essential in planning these activities.
While dissection is valuable for teaching anatomy, it is not the
only method; models, body painting, and other teaching modalities can be effective. Given that this symposium focuses on public dissection, animal dissection, where culturally appropriate,
is a more ethical alternative. The study of anatomy must be approached with ethical mindfulness. Public dissection of human

Abstract: Today, anatomical dissection is usually practised
in restricted spaces that limit access to certain groups of professionals, like health sciences students or postgraduate medical trainees. This is based on notions of dignity and privacyof the deceased, and of protection of vulnerable individuals
like children. Public dissection is thus dissection with lesslimited access, or presented on media where access is difficult
to control. More specifically, it includes the observation of theact of dissection and is not just the demonstration of dissectedbodies. In this sense, it has a long history in Europe, where
dissections in 18th century anatomical theatres were a public
event for health professionals and a (mostly paying) public.
The purpose of dissection in these theatres was diverse and included "enlightenment" of the public, representation of scholars, praise of God and his creation, memento of death, and extended public punishment of wrongdoers. In the 19th century,
dissection became less representational and more scientific,
education of the public was realised with anatomical museums
rather than public dissections. Events in recent times, like
Gunther von Hagens' public and televised dissection of a maledonor in London 2002 or the dissection of a donor at a hotel
in Oregon in 2021, both for paying audiences, officially had an
educational purpose, but were also commercial and may havecatered for morbid rather than scientific curiosity. Regarding
today's ethical appraisal, informed consent is a necessary, but
not a sufficient condition for public dissection. It is importantto have a dignified context for the dissection and above all adignified purpose that excludes commercialisation and showmanship. Education of laypeople is often taken as a pretext forother purposes and should be approached with scepticism as
it usually takes a lot of training to see relevant structures in a
freshly dissected anatomical specimen.

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Keywords: Anatomical theatre, Commercialisation, Education, Morbid curiosity, Dignity[Symposium 16: The Art of Indulging in Anatomy]
IA-0142

The Most Efficient Anatomy Education for
Medical Artists

IA-0032

We Must Remove the ‘Closed Doors’ of
AnatomyKwan-Hyun YOUN

Biomedical Art, Incheon Catholic University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Claire SMITH

Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom

Abstract: The documentary titled 'My Dead Body' has beena huge success in the United Kingdom, with over 1.5 million
viewers. It has received critical acclaim and garnered numerous award nominations. The documentary revolves aroundthe story of a donor named 'Toni', a 30-year-old woman who
had a rare adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Toni had
given consent during her lifetime for anatomical examinationand public display, including the use of her images and disclosing her identity. With the support of her family and following
a not-for-profit approach, this documentary was created toraise awareness about cancer and body donation. The team ofanatomists involved in the project strongly believes that withfully informed consent, there is a valuable role for anatomists
and institutions to engage in activities that educate individuals- regardless of their background or qualifications about thehuman body in both its healthy and diseased states. The fundamental principle underlying the use of human material isinformed consent. By conducting a wide range of educational
activities that treat human material with dignity and respect,enlightening and myth-busting messages can be delivered,helping individuals understand their own bodies and supporting others in matters of health and disease. It is crucial toremove the ‘closed doors’ and break down barriers in order tosupport broader public health initiatives. Otherwise, there is arisk that demand will be met by alternative activities, such as'edutainment' or even illicit 'black market' practices.
Keywords: My dead body, Public dissection, Public display,
Documentary

Abstract: Understanding human anatomy in three dimensions is the most fundamental and crucial skill in medical
illustration. Therefore, almost all educational programs thattrain medical illustrator currently include anatomy as an essential component. In the case of the BioMedical Art programat Incheon Catholic University Graduate School, in the theoretical courses such as Understanding Biomedical Science andHuman Anatomy, we sequentially teach subjects like medical
terminology, surface anatomy, systematic anatomy, and regional anatomy, as well as parts of neuroanatomy, embryology,
histology, and dental morphology. In practical courses suchas Scientific Visualization, Illustrating Anatomy, and SurgicalObservation & Sketching, students explore methods to filter
out unnecessary anatomical information and express important structures in a way that makes them clearly memorable.
They also undertake tasks to reconstruct CT or MRI crosssections into 3D using relevant software, and reconstructcross-sections and 3D structures from new perspectives basedon existing atlases, photographic materials, etc. In summary,
to facilitate effective anatomical learning for medical illustrator
students, we gradually increase the difficulty step by step, teachtheory and art skills in parallel, and induce repeated learningand self-directed deep learning through applied courses.
Keywords: Medical Illustrator, Anatomy Education, Gross
Anatomy, Anatomy Practice, Biomedical Art
IA-0092

Surgical Anatomy and Visual Narratives
Levent EFE

Medical illustration studios, Levent Efe P/L, Melbourne, Australia

Abstract: Comprehending Surgical Anatomy stands as acornerstone for medical illustrators. Crafting a visual narrative to educate surgeons necessitates a profound grasp of Gross
Anatomy and the pertinent surgical field. This presentation will
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explore the nuances of Facial Anatomy, illuminating how recent
insights into facial structures empower medical illustrators to
educate plastic and aesthetic surgeons effectively. This presentation will explore the nuances of Facial Anatomy, illuminating
how recent insights into facial structures empower medical illustrators to educate plastic and aesthetic surgeons effectively.

IA-0187

Keywords: Medical illustration, Medical visuals, Surgicalanatomy, Facial anatomy, Aesthetic surgery

Abstract: CD46, a transmembrane protein known for protecting cells from complement-mediated damage, is frequently
dysregulated in various types of cancer. Its overexpression inbladder cancers safeguards the cancer cells against both complement and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. The present study
explored a new role of CD46 in facilitating cancer cell invasion and metastasis, examining its regulatory effect on matrix
metalloproteases (MMPs) and their effect on the metastatic
capability of bladder cancer cells. Specifically, CD46 alteration
positively influenced MMP9 expression, but not MMP2, inseveral bladder cancer cell lines. Furthermore, CD46 overexpression triggered phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and protein
kinase B (AKT), leading to enhanced activator protein 1 (AP-1)
activity via c-Jun upregulation. The inhibition of p38 or AKT
pathways attenuated the CD46-induced MMP9 and AP-1 upregulation, indicating that the promotion of MMP9 by CD46
involved activating both p38 MAPK and AKT. Functionally,
the upregulation of MMP9 by CD46 translated to increased
migratory and invasive capabilities of bladder cancer cells,
as well as enhanced in vivo metastasis. Overall, the present
study revealed a novel role for CD46 as a metastasis promoter
through MMP9 activation in bladder cancers and highlighted
the regulatory mechanism of CD46-mediated MMP9 promotion via p38 MAPK and AKT activation.

[Symposium 17: Deciphering the Cancer Progression
IA-0170

The IFIT Protein Family in Breast Cancer
George YIP

Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Abstract: Breast carcinoma is the most frequently occurring malignancy amongst women worldwide, and a leading
cause of cancer mortality. There are four known members in
the interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats(IFIT) family. In resting cells, these molecules are usually
minimally expressed or absent. In contrast, their biosynthesis
is upregulated by interferon or other stimuli. The biological
functions of IFIT proteins have been well investigated with regard to the antiviral response to infection. Additionally, recent
reports have highlighted that these molecules have fundamental importance in different types of cancer. In this presentation, the usefulness of different IFITs as biomarkers of various
cancer types will be reviewed. Recently obtained results that
demonstrate the biological roles of these proteins in breast carcinoma will be shown. The use of IFITs in prognostication ofpatients with breast cancer will also be discussed.
Keywords: Biomarker, Breast cancer, Interferon induced
protein with tetratricopeptide repeats, Prognostic factor

Complement Regulatory Protein CD46
Promotes Bladder Cancer Metastasis
through Activation of MMP9
Chaeyong JUNG, Thuy Nguyen THI

Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Keywords: CD46, Bladder cancer, Matrix metalloproteinase
9, MetastasisIA-0141

Effects of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on
Various Cancer Cells
Dae Young HUR

Anatomy & Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an oncoviral protein that plays a
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pivotal role in EBV-induced oncogenic transformation. The
function of LMP1 in EBV-induced oncogenesis has been wellstudied. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LMP1
protein stability remain poorly understood. In this study, we
found that EBV infection and LMP1 regulates Cancer stemness
in multiple myeloma cells. Moreover, both EBV infection and
LMP1 transfection increased cell proliferation and induced theup-regulation of α9-nAChR expression. Additionally, nicotine
treatment induced tumorigenic activity in both EBV-infectedand LMP1-transfected MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Western blot and inhibitor assays showed that the nicotine-induced
signaling was mediated through MAPK/ERK and AKT signaling pathways in EBV-infected and LMP1-transfected breast
cancer cells, respectively. And olaparib treatment led to different cellular responses depending on EBV infection in gastriccancer cell lines. These results provide new insights into themechanism of olaparib-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer
cells and suggest that EBV infection should be considered whendeveloping new potential therapeutic agents for gastric cancer.
These results suggest that EBV infection and EBV-related LMP1
may act as potential molecular targets for various cancers, andprovide a novel insight into the mechanism of anti-cancer therapeutic development in EBV-positive cancer cells.
Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus, Multiple myeloma, Gastriccancer, Breast cancer
IA-0127

The Impact of Peristalsis-Mimicking Cultureon Human Colon Tumor Organoids
Hongxu LU

Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Ceramics, Shanghai, China

Abstract: Human colon tumor organoids provide a usefulin vitro model to study the biology of colon tumors, test potential drug treatments, and personalize treatment options forindividual patients. Peristalsis in the digestive tract is crucial
to maintaining physiological functions. It remains challenging
to mimic the peristaltic microenvironment in colon organoidculture. Here, we present a method to model the peristalsis
for human colon tumor organoids on a microfluidic chip. The
chip contains hundreds of lateral microwells and a surrounding pressure channel. Human colon tumor organoids growing
in the microwell were cyclically contracted by pressure chan-nel, mimicking the in vivo mechano-stimulus by intestinal
muscles. The chip allows the control of peristalsis amplitude
and rhythm and the high throughput culture of organoids
simultaneously. By applying 8% amplitude with 8~10 times
min−1, we observed the enhanced expression of Lgr5 and Ki67.
Moreover, ellipticine-loaded polymeric micelles showed reduced uptake in the organoids under peristalsis, which resulted in compromised anti-tumor efficacy. The results indicate
the importance of mechanical stimuli mimicking the physiological environment when using in vitro models to evaluate
nanoparticles. This work provides a method for attaining morereliable and representative organoid models in nanomedicine.
Keywords: Colon tumor organiod, Peristalsis, Organoidon-chip, Nanomedicine[Symposium 18: Multidisciplinary Training Requirements
in Craniofacial Identification Expertise]IA-0102

Multidisciplinary Training Requirements in
Craniofacial Identification Expertise: Part 1:
Anatomy and Photography
Nicholas BACCISchool of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
AfricaAbstract: Craniofacial anatomy is crucial for identification
both as a social tool and in more nuanced applications, including forensics and security. Facial comparison, using analysisof the facial morphology to identify individuals, is a recently
validated method that is often employed in a forensic or government setting. This involves training-based expertise andis guided by international guidelines and recommendations
from standard-setting bodies like the Facial Identification
Scientific working Group. In order to provide the best possible practice, with the strong reliance of facial comparison on
expertise, training is paramount. Training in anatomy is often
overlooked as the assumption of prior knowledge is made.
Knowledge of the intricate facial morphology details that evenmost anatomists tend to consider as overly specialised is vitalto facial comparison expertise. Although the current preferred
method for facial comparison is descriptive and intrinsicallysubjective, new approaches focusing on classification schemes

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are being tested to attempt quantification and enforce statistical testability. Incorporating these techniques even if only inthe training setting can be of benefit to establish anatomical
knowledge and instil terminology to non-anatomist practitioners. Another aspect that is often neglected, not only intraining, is the quality of captured images used in facial comparison, and recent research has demonstrated the severityof its impact on facial identification accuracy, with images oflow facial resolution and poor lighting conditions increasing
the likelihood of false positive outcomes. Inclusion of theseoverlooked yet foundational pillars in facial comparison training and practice are instrumental to ensuring its success, legal
defensibility, and ethical practice. Ethical practice in any highstakes application of anatomical knowledge is essential as misuse of forensic techniques can lead to severe consequences foreveryone involved.

performance goals. Facial image comparison (FIC) and facialapproximation (FA) are two significant sub-disciplines withincraniofacial identification. FIC heavily relies on the quality
standards framework established by the Facial Identification
Scientific Working Group (FISWG), which has gained significant international recognition. Challenges with taxonomy,
reporting methods, image integrity preservation, and bias prevention, however, persist. In FA, the Scientific Working Groupfor Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH) emphasizes the needfor practitioners to limit subjectivity, utilize scientifically tested methods, and transparently communicate method weaknesses and limitations. Appropriate protocol selection and visual face prediction are the independent responsibilities of thepractitioner. This paper examines current teaching practices
within the UK and identifies ongoing concerns in FIC and FA
that require attention to bolster confidence in future practice.

Keywords: Facial identification, Morphological analysis,Image quality, Facial morphology, Training

Keywords: Facial image comparison, Facial approximation,
Craniofacial identification, Human identification, Education

IA-0128

IA-0099

Training and Troubles in Facial Image
Comparison and Facial Approximation

Development of Anatomy-Based
Craniofacial Identification : Focusing on
Craniofacial Reconstruction/Approximationand Superimposition

Tobias HOULTON

Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United
Kingdom

Abstract: The rise of CCTV surveillance and increased
security measures has bolstered the adoption of both manualand automated recognition methods. Furthermore, catastrophic events have highlighted the complexities and obstacles inherent in contemporary approaches to disaster victim
identification. The interpersonal and intrinsic value of thehuman face underscores its importance in human identification efforts. Characterized by genetics, environment, lifestyle,developmental factors, and mechanical function, the craniofacial complex is inherently dynamic. Craniofacial identification
draws from numerous specialties including image science,
anatomy, biological anthropology, and forensic psychology.
Standards and guidelines aimed at ensuring consistency andquality assurance across craniofacial identification disciplines
are continuously developing. The multidisciplinary natureof the field and the evolving nature of protocol design present inevitable challenges in achieving optimal training and

Won-Joon LEE

Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Symposium title : Multidisciplinary Training
Requirements in Craniofacial Identification Expertise Craniofacial identification is a method that uses two- or threedimensional images of the skull and face from an unidentified
decedent to promote a positive identification. Typical methodsof craniofacial identification include craniofacial reconstruction/approximation, which predicts an antemortem facial
appearance from the skull of an unknown skull, and superimposition, which analyzes the skull against an antemortem
facial photograph of an individual whose identity is believed tobe the skull. Both are based on collecting and analyzing dataon the correlation of anatomical structures between the skull
and face of the same person, and the changes caused by age
and various environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential toacquire basic knowledge of anatomy and to educate and un-

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derstand the process of skull-head/face evolution and change.
To improve the accuracy of craniofacial identification, it isnecessary to investigate the measurement values between theskull, head, and face of subjects according to various population groups, sex, and biological characteristics. Typical studies
include the measurement of corresponding landmarks on theskull, head, and face and the correlation of facial component
morphologies and positions in relation to the skull. Of course,
these studies also require an understanding and applicationof the anatomy of the craniofacial complex. The anatomy of
the craniofacial region is the foundation of craniofacial identification techniques and is essential to the development of the
field. Therefore, most craniofacial identification research andpractice is based on anatomy. In this symposium, the relevant
research on craniofacial identification in South Korea will be
reviewed and its application to forensic practice will be discussed. Finally, the future development direction of anatomybased craniofacial identification will be explored. This work
was supported by National Forensic Service (NFS2024MED03),
Ministry of the Interior and Safety, Republic of Korea.
Keywords: Craniofacial, Identification, Anatomy, Multidisciplinary, Training

Methods: I will outline the main face-production systems
available to police practitioners, along with guidelines (produced in the UK) in that specify standards in the discipline.
I will then consider routes undertaken by police practitioners
for obtaining initial and then subsequent training in these production systems as well as training in cognitive interviewing.
Results: It is clearly evident that practitioners receive initialtraining in various ways, but (in spite of standards) there is alack of assessment in the discipline to establish competency
and attempt to reduce bias, and no requirement for ongoingContinuing Professional Development, itself likely to impact
on maintenance of skills.
Conclusion: While the discipline has changed considerably
over the years, the lack of formal training, both initially and atregular intervals, remains an issue, one which there are efforts
to overcome in the UK.
Keywords: Facial composite[Symposium 19: Artificial Intelligence (AI) @IFAA: Scope
for Cross-Disciplinary International Collaboration in
Clinical Anatomy]
IA-0153

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Anatomical
Education and Clinical Practice: A CrossDisciplinary Symposium

IA-0183

Facial Recognition Psychology in
Craniofacial Identification Training

James COEY1,2, Anna LANKOVITCH1,2, Aseel AL JESHI1,2, Jack PARKER2,3

Charlie FROWD

1

Psychology and Humanities, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom

Anatomical Science, St Georges School of Medicine, Newcastle, Grenada
Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
AI, AIATELLA, Helsinki, Finland

2
3

Purpose: This talk is part of the symposium on “Multidisciplinary training requirements in craniofacial identification expertise”. Eyewitnesses are requested by police to create the faceof a person they have seen commit a crime. The normal forensic process requires these eyewitnesses to recall the appearanceof the offender’s face and create a facial composite using either
manual hand-drawn sketching or one of the facial-composite
production (software) systems. The overall procedure requires
specialist training to enable a police practitioner to conduct anappropriate cognitive interview, and work with eyewitnesses
to create the best likeness possible, without cognitive bias.
Consideration of maintenance of skills and competencies is ofparticular relevance given continual changes to best practicefor interviewing witnesses and production systems.

Purpose: The symposium identified and evaluated bestpractices in incorporating AI in clinical anatomy education,
outlined the future horizon, and fostered cross-disciplinary
collaboration acromedical and dental education throughshared insights and methodologies.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed
prior to the symposium to gather information on current bestpractices and the scope of AI in medical/dental education andclinical practice. Key academic databases, including PubMed,
Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched for relevant articles
published within the last five years. The studies included weresystematically analyzed to extract data on the implementationof AI technologies, their educational impact, and recommend-

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ed best practices.
Results: The initial literature review highlighted opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration between the medical and dental fields, setting the stage for our symposium.
We shared and learned from each other's experiences on thiscollaborative platform. The potential impact of AI is evident
across the student journey and the patient journey beyond. AI
tools have consistently demonstrated improved knowledge retention, higher student engagement, and better practical skills
among learners. There is a clear potential for significant crossdisciplinary collaboration with shared AI resources and joint
educational programs benefiting medical and dental practice.
Conclusion: The potential of AI in enhancing clinicalanatomical education is not just a possibility but a promising
reality. AI can afford innovative, personalized, and interactive
learning experiences that could surpass traditional educational
methods for our students. By sharing knowledge across education, clinical practice, and industry, institutions can maximize
the benefits of AI, leading to improved learning outcomes andstudent engagement. Furthermore, fostering cross-disciplinary
collaboration through shared AI resources and joint initiatives
will enhance the overall educational impact across medicine
and dentistry. Future research should focus on the long-term
effects of AI integration on clinical skills and professional
practice.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Anatomy, Evidence based medical education, Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
IA-0169

AIATELLA: Case Study on a Start-Up
Automating Cardiovascular Disease
Detection and Quantification

the UK, US, India, and Europe, across various imaging modalities.
Methods: A retrospective imaging dataset was gathered,focusing on quantity, quality, and diversity, representing different demographics from the UK, US, India, and Europe. The
dataset utilised modalities, across ultrasound, MRI, and CT
scans. Investigators from each participating site evaluated the'ground truth' and subsequently assessed the AI's performanceon a testbed dataset, which included outliers and particularly
challenging cases. A validation study was conducted to compare the AI's performance to that of the investigators at eachsite on unseen data, measuring accuracy, speed, and observer
variability.
Results: Initial findings from the training phase indicatethat models trained with international datasets of varying
quality significantly outperform those trained on specificcohorts, as expected. Notably, the amount of data required toreach comparable performances was lower in the diverse model than the specific model, which was unexpected. The model
demonstrated comparable performance across different imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, and ultrasound, whichholds high clinical value. Furthermore, the model showedcomparable performance in both contrast-enhanced and noncontrast-enhanced imaging, which was not expected.
Conclusion: The case study highlights the potential of AI
in revolutionizing the detection and quantification of cardiovascular diseases. It underscores the importance of global
partnerships in training AI on diverse datasets, leading torobust and reliable results across multiple imaging modalities.
AIATELLA sets a new standard in the use of AI in healthcare,demonstrating the transformative potential of AI technology
in clinical practice.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Anatomy, Cardiovascular Disease, Radiology

Jack PARKER2, James COEY1,2
1

Anatomical Science, St Georges School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, Grenada
Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: This case study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of AIATELLA’s AI in automating the detection andquantification of cardiovascular diseases. It also highlights thevalue of multi-modal solutions and discusses the necessity fortraining data that is diverse in demographics, not just in quantity. The study uses patient data from multiple sites, including
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IA-0025

Artificial Intelligence for Dental
Malocclusion Identification

Aspalilah ALIAS1,2, Azurah A SAMAH3, Muhamad Farhin HARUN3, Hairudin
ABDUL MAJID3, Syiral Mastura ABDULLAH4, Arofi KURNIAWAN2
1

Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
3Intelligent Informatics Research Group (IIRG), Faculty of Computing, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
4
Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains
Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in various area of dentistry including orthodontics which mainly
deal with malocclusion. Conventionally, the procedures fordiagnosing malocclusion are tedious as experts do landmarking manually and can lead to bias in judgement. However, thefacial shape is difficult to extract due to the quality of lateralcephalogram images which contain much noise area. This
research proposed a pre-processing framework to transformlateral cephalogram images into contour images that extract
facial shapes from the lateral cephalogram images. Shape Classification Network (SCN) is used to classify skeletal malocclusion using transformed contour images. The proposed preprocessing framework achieves better classification results interms of accuracy compared to the classification performed
with the original images. In conclusion, this study introduces
a pre-processing framework for skeletal malocclusion detection in lateral cephalogram images, transforming them into
contour images for easier facial shape extraction and improved
classification accuracy.
Keywords: Skeletal malocclusion, Lateral cephalogram images, Contour images, Shape Classification Network (SCN)

thognathic surgeries using two-dimensional (2D) and threedimensional (3D) imaging techniques. Artificial intelligence(AI) in dentistry is an emerging field that combines the powerof advanced technologies and dental expertise to improve dental care and diagnosis. This can assist dentists in making accurate diagnoses and designing appropriate treatment plans. The
steps of the root assessment protocol consisted of segmentation, registration and 3D analysis, details of which are coveredin the following sub-sections: 1. Segmentation: The DICOM
images at each time-point were individually uploaded onto a
CNN-based online cloud tool, ‘Virtual Patient Creator’. The
segmentation outcome was generation of a virtual 3D modelof each tooth in Standard Tessellation Language file format.
2. Registration and 3D analysis. The segmented dentition was
imported to 3-matic software. A script was incorporated into
the 3-matic software for the quantification of root changes
based on root length and volumetric. In this study, we included
110 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients,
30 underwent one-piece Le Fort I, fifteen underwent twopieces Le Fort I, fifteen underwent three-pieces Le Fort I, andtwenty underwent SARPE by using tooth-borne device. We
also included 30 patients who underwent BSSO and only orthodontic treatment in the upper jaw that is called orthodontic
group. The findings indicate that root resorption duringorthodontic treatment, whether conducted alone or combinedwith maxillary surgery, remained minimal, with rates ranging
from 4% to 7%. However, caution is advised when planning
procedures like surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion or
extensive maxillary advancement through Le Fort I osteotomies, as they were found to be associated with increased root
remodeling. These findings have important implications forclinical practice and can help to optimize treatment outcomesand minimize risks.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Root resorption, CBCT,
3D

IA-0094

Utilization of Artificial Intelligence for
Anatomical Assessment of Tooth Root
Resorption
Khalid Ayidh ALQAHTANI

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz
University-College of Dentistry-Saudi Arabia-AlKharj, Saudi Arabia-Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: In the past, various subjective or linear methods
have been used to assess root changes in orthodontics and orACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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Navigating the Confluence of Tradition, Technologies
and Games!]

IA-0093

Artificial Intelligence as Supporting
Identification Methods in Forensic
Odontology: A Literature Review
11IA-0168

The Evolving Landscape: Unveiling the Fateof Cadaver-Centric Anatomy Education

1

Arofi KURNIAWAN , An'nisaa CHUSIDA , Beta RIZKY , Beshlina
PRAKOESWA1, Mieke MARGARETHA1, Aspalilah ALIAS1
1

Department of Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains
Islam Malaysia, Malaysia

Reza SHIRAZI

Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW,
Sydney, Australia

Abstract: Forensic dental identification stands at the forefront of medico-legal investigations as an essential tool for
resolving complex cases. Recent technological advancements,
particularly the integration of artificial intelligence (AI),have brought about a paradigm shift in this field. This paper
presents a literature study of the role of AI as a supporting
method in forensic dental identification, aiming to elucidate
its profound impact on accuracy, efficiency, and collaborative
potential. This article provides an in-depth overview of AI applications in forensic odontology contexts through a thoroughsearch of existing academic literature in PubMed databases. It
highlights the contributions of AI in streamlining identification processes and enhancing precision, thereby improving
the efficacy of forensic investigations. In addition to online
literature searches, reference lists from the included articles
were manually examined for further discussion. Artificial
intelligence technology holds vast potential for application inforensic odontology, particularly in three key areas: humanbite marks, sex determination, and age estimation. Throughthe utilization of sufficiently large datasets, optimal algorithm
architecture, and precise assignment of hyperparameters, thisadvanced tool can address complex challenges with remarkable accuracy, thus offering promising solutions to pressing
issues in the field. Integrating AI into forensic dental identification presents a compelling opportunity to augment the
precision and efficacy of the identification process. However,further research and practical implementation are essential to
fully realizing the benefits of AI in this field. By embracing andharnessing AI technology and its capabilities, forensic dentists
can enhance their investigative proficiency, thereby advancing
the effectiveness and efficiency of forensic practices.

Abstract: The human anatomy education, a cornerstone
in the medical curriculum, is undergoing a significant transformation. Advancements such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), digital anatomy tables, and 3D atlases
are changing the landscape of cadaveric-based anatomy education. This integration of digital tools has sparked a debate
about whether digital resources are the future of anatomy labs
or if cadavers should remain as silent teachers in the labs. Students can learn anatomy from anywhere and at any time using
digital resources due to their undeniable advantages of accessibility. VR allows for immersive 3D exploration of the body,offering unparalleled views of fine structures. Cost reduction
is another potential benefit, as cadaver procurement and maintenance can be expensive. It is obvious that digital advancements shouldn't completely replace cadaveric-based education.
Dissection provides a unique, hands-on learning experiencethat fosters a consolidated understanding of the human body's
structures. Learning by using wet specimens enables students
to understand the variations in human anatomy that they may
experience in clinical practice. A hybrid model would be theideal approach for the future of anatomy education in medical
schools. This approach would leverage the strengths of bothcadaveric-based and digital methods. Cadaver dissection could
serve as the foundation, providing a tangible learning experience, supplemented with digital tools for enhanced visualization, targeted practice, and remote learning during unforeseen
circumstances like pandemics.
Keywords: Cadaver, Education, Anatomy, Technology,
DigitalKeywords: Artificial intelligence, Forensic odontology, Human rights, Identification, Legal identity
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IA-0023A Plethora of Choices: Designing a Digital
Anatomy Curriculum
Junhua XIAOSchool of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

Abstract: Digital technologies are changing the landscapeof higher education. How human topographic anatomy istaught and assessed has been dramatically influenced by the
adoption of digital resources over the last twenty years. In Australia and around the world, there is a consistent increase in
the adoption of digital modalities in anatomy education acrossall health disciplines in both undergraduate and postgraduate
courses, particularly applied or advanced anatomy curricula.
Moreover, there was a steep increase in virtual reality anatomy
combining digital simulation for surgical anatomy training.
Despite the wide adoption of digital technologies in anatomy
teaching, however, still little comprehensive information is
known on the selection and implementation of these digital
resources when designing an anatomy curriculum. This talkwill describe how combining multimodal digital resources
supports blended and interactive learning in anatomy course
design at Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. The
author will also discuss the advantages and limitations encountered during course design and their recommendations
for using these current digital technologies to further advanceanatomy education, moving medical education further awayfrom its didactic history.
Keywords: Digital anatomy, Virtual anatomy, Digital technologies, Augmented reality

labs. VR can facilitate autonomous learning environments,
which catalyses active learning. Enhanced student engagement in VR classrooms and improved understanding of lessdemonstrable body systems, such as the lymphatic system (LS),warrants further investigation into the effectiveness of VR as acomplementary educational tool.
Materials and methods: In a mixed-methods study, theeffectiveness of VR to examine the lymphatic system (LS)was evaluated. Thirty-five (n=35; M:F = 17:18) participants
reviewed LS in VR during a one-hour session using an Oculus
Quest Headset, running 3dOrganon software. A questionnaire comprising three open-ended and four closed-ended(7-point Likert scale) questions was used to conduct qualitative
comparisons between VR and traditional classrooms methods(plastic model). Quantitative data were obtained via a combination of multiple-choice and viva-style anatomy quizzes,
before and after the one-hour sessions.
Results: Initial results indicate that 85% of participants
thought that the primary benefit of using VR in labs would be
to provide learners with a deeper understanding of content, increased retention, and enhanced learning experiences. In thisstudy, 92% of participants chose VR as a preferred distance education method for demonstrating organ-specific informationin 3D. The results of this analysis indicated there is justification to blend VR with traditional pedagogy rather than plastic
models.
Conclusions: The results of this work support the idea that
VR may be an effective tool to complement traditional anatomy laboratories. This work also suggests that VR provides ahighly engaging user-centred platform without compromisinglearners’ ability to understand complex body structures andtheir anatomical relationships.

IA-0040

Is Virtual Reality the New Norm for
Teaching Gross Anatomy?

Keywords: Anatomy, Cadavers, Virtual reality, Distancelearning, Active learning

Awais Saleem BABRI

School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) complements traditional
anatomy classrooms. By paralleling synchronised traditionalwith virtual environments, VR aims to improve learner outcomes. Application of VR in anatomy classrooms may mitigate
obstacles, such as the shortage of anatomists, increasing student numbers, and escalating maintenance costs of cadaveric
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IA-0115through ongoing development and support will be crucial inrealizing its full potential.

A Blended Pedagogical Approach:
Incorporating Prosections and Digital
Technology

Keywords: Anatomy Education, Blended Learning, Digital
Technologies, Prosections

Saeed SHOKRI

Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health,
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

IA-0195

Abstract: Anatomy education has undergone a significant
transformation in recent years, embracing blended learning
approaches that combine traditional approaches with digitaltechnologies. This study is conducted at the University ofSydney, comparing the pedagogical approaches employed at
its main campus and School of Rural Health (SRH) in Dubbo,
focusing on Year-1 medicine students. While the main campus
predominantly utilizes prosections during practical sessions,
the SRH campus, adopts a blended approach, incorporating plastic models, the digital anatomy lab, and occasionalhands-on prosection sessions. These digital resources include
3D virtual reality, 3D Complete anatomy, Sectra Table. The
study evaluates the efficacy of these approaches in enhancing
learning outcomes. Notable, both campuses offer identicalcurricula, with lecture material accessible synchronously via
Zoom and recorded for later review. Moreover, students on themain campus could attend the lectures in-person. Summative
assessments indicate higher scores of Anatomy and Histology
Competitive Tests among SRH students, albeit with slightly
lower Knowledge Applied Tests grades compared to the main
campus. The benefits of the blended approach are multifaceted. Digital tools enhance the learning experience by providing
dynamic visualizations and interactive content, while direct
manipulation of cadaveric specimens deepens understandingof anatomical structures. Moreover, the flexibility of digital resources enables students to reinforce their knowledge outsideof scheduled lab sessions at their own pace. Despite its advantages, challenges persist, including faculty training, technicalsupport, and the development of high-quality digital content.
Additionally, ethical considerations related to the use of cadaveric material in digital formats must be addressed. In conclusion, blending prosections with digital technology holds promise for enhancing anatomy education. As educators continue
to explore innovative teaching methods, this model offers apathway to more effective and accessible learning experiences
for future healthcare professionals. Addressing challenges

Levelling up Your Game!: A Scholarly
Evaluation of Game-Based Learning
Christopher SEE

Division of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China

Background: Game-based learning requires the samescholarly evaluation as any other educational method in orderto understand both if and why they work. This presentation
proposes a mixed-methods approach to evaluation, using firstperson perspective video derived from wearable technology,
together with traditional quantitative measures. It will use
the example of escape room games for anatomy education, forwhich we conducted a mixed-methods study triangulating
participant-generated video with pre-post testing and survey
data to better understand how escape rooms may facilitate
learning.
Methods: A student-teacher team was formed and undertook a formal co-design process to generate a novel and engaging escape room for students based on a dystopian future ruledby a rogue AI. The pedagogical design included challenges
using anatomy models, histology slides and digital tools. Participants undertook a maximum of 45 minutes of escape room
learning, followed by a 25 minute debrief. Each student group
undertook a pre-test and post-test multiple choice quiz andwere fitted with a single wearable camera (GoPro) on a chest
mount. Thematic analysis of video data was undertaken inqualitative research software (Nvivo 14) and themes generated.
Results: 81 students have participated in the educational
escape room, generating 550 minutes of video footage. Qualitative analysis revealed four themes: group problem solving,knowledge sharing, metacognitive behaviours and negative
learning processes. Pre and post-test scores support the putative role of the escape room in enhancing participant’s knowledge acquisition, and survey data further triangulates the positive reception and value of group learning.
Discussion: First-person perspective video, combined

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IFAA 2024with other triangulating data, can shed significant insighton the learning processes which occur between students inescape rooms. It allows teachers to evaluate whether students
responded to the pedagogical design of individual puzzles as
expected, and can additionally lead to further fine-tuning of
the learning design.

four areas, which include the anatomy curriculum, the educators, the students, and the game object in terms of learning,game, and ethical designs. During this presentation, the audience will also gain a high-level understanding of games including what is and what is not a game and the differences between
game-based learning and gamification.

Keywords: Game-based, Escape room, Mixed-methods,
Qualitative

Keywords: Game-based Learning, Serious Games, Games[Symposium 21: Anatomy as It Relates to the Clinic in Research and Teaching]

IA-0125

Reaching the Boss Level: Overcoming
Obstacles in Game-Based Learning

IA-0107

The Importance of Anatomy Training for
Vertical Integration in Clinical Rotation

Arthur Chin Haeng LAU

Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Abstract: Game-based learning can be defined as a teaching approach in which a game object is used to support theachievement of learning outcomes. An example of a gameobject is a serious game. Serious games are games which canbe either digital or non-digital that are primarily used for
education, training and healthcare, and entertainment being
made secondary. In anatomy education, although game-basedlearning is recognised as a method for delivering teaching
and learning while fostering students’ engagement, it is notfree from challenges and obstacles. The literature shows that
educators face barriers and obstacles when using game-basedlearning methods. For example, a congested curriculum that
limits the time available to learn and use gaming methods,
unfamiliarity with using these techniques, the significant timerequired to master them, and the traditional attitudes of stakeholders that stigmatise gaming approaches as frivolous. A stepto overcoming the obstacles is understanding the needs of the
stakeholders, which include the anatomy educators, and gaining their perspectives on the concept of game-based learning
using digital serious games. This presentation will discuss aqualitative inquiry study using reflexive thematic analysis to
explore the perspectives of anatomy educators from a single
institutional study in terms of their understanding of serious
games regarding the utility, opportunities and challenges ofusing them. Following that, drawing from the anatomy educators’ perspectives, a framework of implementation is proposedthat should prescriptively overcome the common obstaclesof game-based learning. This framework will be grounded in

Zeliha FAZLIOGULLARI, Nadire UNVER DOGAN, Ekrem SOLMAZ,
Mehmet Cengiz TATAR, Ahmet Kagan KARABULUT
Anatomy, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Türkiye

Abstract: Learning and remembering basic sciences is essential in pre-graduate medical education. Requests and suggestions from clinicians and students to organize the existing
anatomical education and add a clinical anatomy course tointernships were evaluated, and clinical anatomy training wasadded to the curriculum at the beginning of some internships
within the scope of vertical integration. It has continued to include various internships since 2016. This study evaluated theclinical anatomy education given to students in Gynecology
and Obstetrics, Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Neurology andOrthopedics and Traumatology internships. In our study, forwhich ethics committee and administrative permissions wereobtained, questions were asked to all students who received
term 5 internships in the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 academic
years, on a 5-point Likert scale, via the Google Form Survey.
Statistical analysis was performed, presenting the results as averages and percentages. Students' opinions about clinical anatomy were evaluated with an independent sample t-test. Of the
213 students who participated in the survey, 125 (58.7%) werein term 5 and 88 (41.3%) were in term 6. A significant difference was found between periods for the statement that clinicalanatomy is required in vertical integration. Those who thinkthat clinical anatomy training is necessary were found to be
70%. The desire to add anatomy practical training (65%) andsupport it using materials (55%) was determined. Regardless

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IFAA 2024of the period and gender, there was no significant difference inwhich internships clinical anatomy training would be added,
and the desire to add clinical anatomy training was mainly
detected in General Surgery, Cardiology and Ophthalmology
internships, respectively. Vertical integration aims to integrate
pre-clinical sciences with clinical internships. Our study also
supported the view that clinical anatomy education effectively
ensures understanding basic sciences, remembering its relationship with the clinic, and encouraging lifelong learning.
Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Curriculum, Internship,
SurveyIA-0150Morphometric and Morphologic
Examination of Opponens Digiti Minimi in
Human Fetuses

origin and insertion. It was found that ODM started from thehamate bone-flexor retinaculum and ended at the ulnar sideof the fifth metacarpal bone in all fetuses. The mean ODM
width, length, and area were 2.25±0.81mm, 7.04±3.21mm, and13.32±8.70mm2 respectively. Linear function was calculated
as y =-0.754+0.330xweeks (p<0.001) for ODM-Length, as y=-0.040+0.096xweeks (p<0.001) for ODM-Width, and as y=-13.236+1.124xweeks (p<0.001) for ODM-Area. It is thoughtthat ODM, which is often neglected due to its deep locationand small size, may be important in the differential diagnosis
of ulnar neuropathies. In this study, the growth pattern of
ODM was examined and the developmental dynamics were
determined according to fetal weeks. In addition, the typingof the muscle according to origin and insertion is the first andmay contribute to future.
Keywords: Fetus, Dissection, Opponens digiti minimi, Hypothenar region

Piraye KERVANCIOGLU4, Fatma SEVMEZ1,2, Zeynep Nur DENIZ3, Saliha
Seda ADANIR4, Orhan BEGER4, ÖMer Faruk CIHAN4
1

Therapy and Rehabilitation, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Vocational School of HealthServices, Osmaniye, Türkiye
2
Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Graduate School of Health Science, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3Student of Semester III, Gaziantep University, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4
Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep, Türkiye

IA-0052

Reflection of the Anatomical Perspective inClinical Practice
Huseyin YILDIRAN

Abstract: Opponens digiti minimi (ODM) is a hypothenar
muscle that lies deep in abductor and flexor digiti minimi. Its
functions are flexion of fifth digit on metacarpophalangeal
joint, lateral rotation, and opposition of fifth digit during fine
motor movements. Such actions are important for a strong,
hand grip. Ulnar nerve compression at Guyon’s canal can becaused by variant hypothenar muscles. Due to hidden location of ODM, it mostly lacks variations and is sometimes
missing. In this context, this study aimed to examine origin,insertion, morphometric features, and variations of ODM
in human fetuses. Twenty-six sides of 32 fetuses (mean age:
23.63±4.13weeks, 11 boys, 21 girls) in laboratory of Gaziantep
University Anatomy Department, were dissected. Dissection
was performed using a surgical microscope (CarlZeissMeditecAG, OpmiPicaModelS100, Germany) at x10 magnificationand photographed. ODM’s origin and insertion were determined. The length, width, and area of ODM were measured.
The study was conducted following ethical rules of Declarationof Helsinki. Results of the literature review and our dissection of 2 types have been detected for the ODP according to its

Thoracic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye

Abstract: The field of clinical anatomy forms the basis forthe practice of medicine and healthcare. This topic explores
the intricate interplay between anatomical knowledge and its
application in a clinical context. It examines the essential roleof anatomy in understanding the structure and function of thehuman body and emphasizes its importance in the diagnosis
and treatment of disease. It provides a comprehensive overview of the various systems of the human body, including themusculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the gastrointestinal system, and emphasizes
their clinical relevance. In addition, clinical anatomy discusses
modern imaging techniques and technological advances thatallow medical professionals to visualize and understand anatomical structures with greater precision. Clinical case studies
and real-world examples illustrate how a deep understandingof anatomy improves clinical decision-making and surgicalprocedures. By bridging the gap between theoretical anatomical knowledge and its practical application, this clinicalanatomy aims to equip healthcare professionals with the tools

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they need to provide competent, compassionate, and effective patient care. In summary, this "Clinical Anatomy" theme
is a foundational exploration of the synergistic relationshipbetween anatomy and clinical practice and illuminates thecentral role of anatomical knowledge in shaping the futureof healthcare. It serves as an invaluable resource for medical
students, physicians, and anyone wishing to gain a deeper
understanding of the vital link between anatomy and clinicalexcellence.

the cadavers, superolateral to the internal carotid artery in 35%of the cadavers and superior to the internal carotid artery in
5% of the cadavers. The diameter of the opthalmic artery wasmeasured as 1.03±0.06 mm on the right side and 1.14±0.2 mm
on the left side. Despite the developing technology, advanced
imaging methods, and surgical techniques, it is extremely important to know the anatomy to reduce the risk of neurovascular damage and to reveal safe surgical margins.
Keywords: Optic nerve, Endoscopy, Endonasal, Decompression, Anatomy

Keywords: Clinic, Anatomy, Education
IA-0161

IA-0151

The Relationship of the Optic Nerve andthe Ophthalmic Artery in the Optic Canal:
An Anatomical View with an Endonasal
Endoscopical Approach

Measurement Reliability in Terms of Baseof Cranium
Cagatay BARUT

Anatomy, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

Ayhan COMERT1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
2
Department of Anatomy, Ankara University, Stem Cell Institute, Interdisciplinary StemCells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Ankara, Türkiye

Abstract: Optic nerve and optic canal, which were surrounded by important neurovascular structures, can be affected by many pathologies such as tumors, traumas, vascularpathologies and inflammatory processes. In the presence of
these pathologies, surgery was performed for resection anddecompression. In this study, optic nerve decompression via
endonasal endoscopic approach was perfomed on 10 head
cadavers. Anatomical landmarks used during endoscopic approach to the opticocarotid region and located on the roof ofthe sphenoid sinus were evaluated. The relationships of the theopthalmic artery and the optic nerve and the opthalmic arteryand the internal carotid artery were evaluated. The diameter ofthe opthalmic artery was measured in all of the cadavers. Optic prominence, carotid prominence and lateral opticocarotid
recess were prominent bilaterally in all cadavers. The amountof decompression applied to the optic nerve was measured averagely as 6.60±0.69 mm on the right side and 7.00±1.33 mm
on the left side. The origin of the opthalmic artery was inferior
to the optic nerve in 50% of the cadavers, inferomedial to theoptic nerve in 35% of the cadavers and inferolateral to the optic
nerve in 15% of the cadavers. The origin of the opthalmic artery was superomedial to the internal carotid artery in 60% of

Abstract: Any aspect of physiological function is determined by the underlying morphology, and measurement
is the most objective method of evaluating and comparing
morphology. Morphometrics, often known as morphometry,is the quantitative study of an organism's or organ's size andshape based on measurements. Morphometric data are aninvaluable source of information for comprehending many
phenomena in biology. Thus, morphometric measurements
should be performed in a standardized manner. As with any
quantitative biological measurement, it is critical to minimize
error and understand the various approaches for estimating
and assessing it. The acceptability of measured variables for
subsequent analyses in the main study cannot be determined
without quantification of measurement error. Therefore, anestimate of measurement error is required as part of each investigation. The most frequently used metrics of this are thetechnical error of measurement (TEM), relative technical errorof measurement (rTEM) and coefficient of reliability (R). TEM
provides a standard deviation-like measure of the magnitudeof error, and it is in the original units of measurement. rTEM
represents an estimate of error magnitude relative to the size ofthe measurement and expressed as a percentage. R represents
the proportion of between-subject variance free from measurement error. The aim of this presentation is to give estimates of
intra-observer precision for various measures collected at thebase of the skull. Thus, precision estimates of several studies

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are presented. The findings indicate that each study's morphometric measures had an adequate level of intra-observer
reliability. The magnitude of measurement error is critical forinterpreting morphometric data because large measurement
errors might have a negative impact on statistical results.
Keywords: Morphometry, Measurement, Error, Reliability,
Base of cranium

Conclusion: The knowledge of the presence of LVs accompanying dural sinuses, specific cranial nerves, and meningeal
arteries in humans can increase the understanding of how LV
contributes to the brain lymphatic circulation and may help
understand the neuropathophysiological processes of various
neurological diseases.
Keywords: Lymphatic system, Dural sinus, Cranial nerve,
Meningeal artery, Human

IA-0059

Extracranial Transport of Brain Lymphatics
in Human

IA-0095

Contributions of Neuroanatomy to Artificial
Intelligence and Automation

Safiye CAVDAR, Damlasu ALTINOZ, Ilke Ali GURSES
Anatomy, Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

Behice DURGUN

Introduction: Extracranial transport of waste, macromolecules, and immune cells from the brain to lymph nodes is notextensively understood. The present study aims to show therole of dural sinuses, cranial nerves, and meningeal arteries inthe extracranial transport of brain lymphatics vessels (LVs).
Methods: Sections were obtained from 6 autopsies and 3
cadavers were stained with Podoplanin (PDPN) and CD31
immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting was applied tosamples.
Results: The IHC staining showed the presence of mLVs
accompanying both dorsal and basal dural sinuses. The mLVs
accompanying the dorsal had a larger dimension compared tothe basal dural sinuses. However, the number of mLVs along
the basal dural sinuses was more than the mLVs along the dorsal ones. Furthermore, the LVs were observed along the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal,
vagus, and accessory nerves. However, no LVs were present
along the trochlear, abducens, vestibulocochlear, and hypoglossal nerves. The LVs were predominantly localized at theendoneurium of the cranial nerve that has motor components,and LVs along the cranial nerves that had sensory components
were present in all 3 layers. The largest diameter of LVs wasin the epineurium and the smallest was in the endoneurium.
Moreover, we observed the presence of the LVs along the main
trunk of MMA and its two branches, AMA, and PMA. The
LVs along the MMA (main trunk) had a larger average diameter than its branches and the AMA and PMA. The mean diameter of LVs accompanying the PMA was larger than AMA.
The Western Blotting supported the IHC data.

Anatomy, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye

Abstract: In this paper, the structure and function of thehuman nervous system from the viewpoint of artificial intelligence and automation are discussed by the author’s self-experiences. As a third element in the human-interface-machine
triad, intelligent interfaces serve as translational mediators
between people and machines. They aim to optimize thecooperative potential of humans and machines by exchanging reciprocal questions and actions in the most appropriate
symbols for each participating entity. Improving the mutual
adaptation capacity of the human-interface-machine triad's
individual members or the triad as a supraordinate unit is thebest way to achieve these aims. By doing function allocation,
the designers take into consideration the role of humans, integration of human and automation systems, fatigue, hazards,
costs and human values. Investigation of the human nervous
system from an integrative perspective provides a better understanding of the basis of automation, designing a better
function allocation. The nervous system includes four steps
to perform a motor action, sensory processing, perception,
decision-making and response. There is both structural andfunctional hierarchy in the human nervous system. Therefore,
the nervous system executes a response from the basic reflex
activity to the complex fine movements depending on at whichlevel this four-step process is completed. This is a magnificent
example of hierarchical task analysis. In most parts of the human nervous system, the steps are also organized in a cyclic
way or a serial order. The human nervous system is the bestmodel for the distribution of authority, sharing responsibil-

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ity and controlling ways for designing function allocation in
the human-interface-machine triad. High cognitive demandsin the human-interface-machine triad also can influence thefunction allocation in the new man-machine systems. It is expected that this paper will offer an overview of this emerging
area and the new and future areas of artificial intelligence applications.
Keywords: Human nervous system, Automation, Artificial
intelligence, Function allocation[Symposium 22: 3D Printing in Anatomy: from Undergraduate Training to Translational Research and ClinicalApplications]IA-0203

Structural, Physical, and Biological Featuresof Materials Useful for Implantable 3D
Printable Medical Devices for Anatomical
Reconstruction
Diogo CASAL1, Gabriela RODRIGUES2, Pedro SANTOS3
1

Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School – Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal2
Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
3
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract: There has been great interest in 3D printed devices for potentially personalized anatomical reconstructionof various tissues and organs. There has been a plethora ofstudies in this field, making it difficult to navigate the existing information. In this presentation, the authors will review
and summarize the most recent literature on 3D printablematerials potentially useful for bone, fascia, nerve, and vascular reconstruction. Their structural, physical, and biologicalfeatures will be discussed, as well as their biological properties.
Moreover, the issue of device biofunctionalization will be discussed. Finally, the authors will address the various techniques
available for device sterilization before implantation. The
authors will draw on their experience with several experiments in this field to provide a personal view of this subject.
When developing implantable 3D printable medical devices,
a comprehensive understanding of these structural, physical,
and biological features is essential. The choice of materials andprinting technologies should align with the specific clinical application, ensuring that the final product is safe, effective, andcapable of promoting tissue regeneration and integration, andeventually anatomical restoration. Further multidisciplinary
studies are warranted to answer numerous lingering questions,and obtain the incontrovertible evidence of safety and efficacy
required to certification before clinical use.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Medical Devices, Biocompatibility,
Biodegradation, Sterilization
IA-0204

Digital 3D Evaluation of Surface Topology
and Clinical Applications
Luis GONCALVES

Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School – Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal

Abstract: Digital representations of anatomical structures
lend them amenable to sophisticated 3D evaluation using topological analysis software. This analysis is invaluable in theclinical setting, facilitating the decision-making process in apersonalized and non-invasive manner. 3D anatomical representations of individual patients can be rendered by commonlyused image tests, such as CT or MRI scans. Recently, more affordable 3D scanners have been used. Brachial plexus lesions
have an important deleterious impact on the lives of thoseaffected. One of the main culprits is the precocious manifestation of glenohumeral joint dysplasia whose effects tend tobe permanent. The authors produced digital representationsof the shoulder joint surfaces of pediatric and adult patientswith brachial plexus injuries. Both surfaces were evaluated for
congruency with resort to a dedicated software. The data lend
numerical support to the empirical clinical observation thatthe joint surfaces rapidly become incongruent after a brachial
plexus lesion. This information seems promising for tailoring
nerve and tendon transfers for individual patients. Anotherclinical problem concerns defects of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. These are common and difficult totreat. Recently, some authors have proposed to use part of thedorsal and distal aspect of the hamate for reconstructing thebase of the middle phalanx. Subsequently, Cavadas proposed
to use the base of the fifth metacarpal bone to reconstruct individual condyles of the proximal phalanx. However, the anatomical studies supporting these options are scarce and present conflicting data. We analyzed the 3D surface congruency

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derived from hand CT scans of patients presenting no injuries
in these regions. Our data support the use of the mentioned
donor areas for reconstructing the proximal interphalangeal
joint of the fingers.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Medical Devices, Anatomy, Anatomical variations, Medical Imaging

to the point of not allowing bone healing, to have options forbiological replacement of the vertebral body, in order to obtaina vertebra as close as possible to the native one in anatomicaland biomechanical terms. We present the preliminary resultsof this ongoing experiment and the potential importance of its
clinical application.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Medical Devices, Orthopaedics,
Surgery, Bone

IA-0207

3D Printed Devices in Vertebral
Reconstruction

IA-0206

3D Printed Devices for Fascial and Uterine
Reconstruction

1,2

Diogo MOURA
1Anatomy Institute and Orthopedics Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra,
Portugal
2
Orthopedics Department, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal

Raquel LOPES

Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nova Medical School – Nova University of
Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract: Current guidelines used in the treatment of burst
vertebral fractures are controversial and sometimes fail topredict progression to necrosis. There is high variability between surgeons in how to treat this type of fractures, which
can go from conservative treatment to invasive corpectomies
and reconstructions. There is a need to stratify and define
the best treatments for these particular type of fractures. 3D
printing has been able to increasingly faithfully replicate various types of natural tissues, of which bone is no exception.
The goal of our experiment procedure is to assess the efficacy
of 3D printed medical devices with different biological materials (combinations of polylactic acid or polycopraquetone
scaffolds functionalized with glutamide or chitosan or both)in replacing the L1 vertebral body in 40 Wistar rats, in order
to allow a biological reconstruction of spine that can replacea compromised vertebral body, affected for exemple by posttraumatic vertebral necrosis. In 40 Wistar rats, first by ananterior retroperitoneal approach was performed in order to
identify the L1 vertebral body. After this, a complete removalof the vertebral body was carried out and this was replaced bya biological implant and fixed to the adjacent vertebral bodies by sutures. Then, the animals were sequentially sacrificed
after 3 weeks, the vertebrae were resected and analyzed macroscopically and in histological terms, evaluating their state ofvascular invasion, osseointegration and consolidation. The objective is, in situations of fractures in which it is assumed thatthe intraosseous arterial microvascularization is compromised

Abstract: There has been a recent interest in 3D printing
for anatomical reconstruction in Gynaecology and Obstetrics.
In fact, fascial defects after laparotomy, perineal prolapses
due to pelvic floor weakening, and uterine wall thinning due
to previous surgeries are common problems with frequently
faulty reconstructive options. Personalized 3D printed devices
for fascial and uterine reconstruction represent a promisingadvancement in personalized medicine. The authors provide a
synopsis of the literature in this field, drawing on their previous experimental results to give a more personalized insight.
The materials used require the ability to withstand significant
intra-abdominal pressure in fascial reconstructions and contractions in uterine repairs. However, they also need to be flexible in order to mimic natural tissue behavior. Porous scaffolds
allow for tissue ingrowth and vascularization, providing theadditional advantages of facilitating fluid exchange and nutrient delivery. They should be non-immunogenic, to avoid ahost versus graft reaction. Ideally, they would have a controlled
degradation, matching the tissue healing process to support
temporary scaffolding which is gradually replaced by natural
tissue. Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL), andPolyurethane (PU) are amongst the materials most frequently
used in this field. The authors have used the first two materials
in a rodent model of fascial defects with promising results. By
focusing on the structural, physical, and biological features, aswell as leveraging appropriate materials and printing technologies, these devices can significantly improve patient outcomes

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in complex anatomical repairs. Collaboration between material scientists, biomedical engineers, and clinicians is essential
to ensure the successful development and implementation ofthese innovative medical devices.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Medical Devices, Gynaecology and
Obstetrics, Fascia, Surgery
IA-0205

Anatomical 3D Printing: Teaching and Clinal
Applications from the Newborn to the
Elderly Person
Diogo CASAL

allows for the creation of precise anatomical models that canbe used for a variety of educational and clinical purposes.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Medical Devices, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Surgery, Reconstruction[Symposium 23: Innovative Imaging Technologies: Unveiling the Ultrastructure of Cell Organelles]
IA-0034

Seeing is Believing: An Ultrastructural
Perspective and Insight into the Process ofAutophagy

Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School – Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal

Boon Huat BAY

Abstract: In this presentation, the authors describe theirexperience with the use of 3D printing in the teaching andclinical settings for over a decade. At the undergraduate level,
the authors have been using anatomical replicas of various anatomical structures, either as entire organs or sectioned ones,
providing students with hands-on experience, and enhancing
their understanding of complex anatomical structures. Modelsof anatomical variants, some of them very rare, have been used
to illustrate morphological variability. Additionally, representations of phylogenetic ancestors' bones, obtained from CT
scans of fossil registries, create an intuitive first approach topaleontology and to compared anatomy. This would hardly bepossible without the resort to 3D printing, given the scarcity
of original fossils. Finally, 3D representations of anatomical
structures at scale allows the creation of miniature organs thatcan be easily carried and manipulated. At the postgraduatelevel, the authors have been using 3D representations of relevant anatomical structures, for surgical residents’ training.
This approach has been especially useful for complex and rare
surgical procedures. The trainees can repeat the procedures as
many times as they want in a stress-free environment and under supervision or by their own. Finally, the authors have beenusing 3D printed anatomical models in the clinical setting to
explain diseases to patients and health care personnel, as wellas to prepare to perform complex surgeries. Various techniques
can be simulated in different replicas of the pertinent anatomical structures. Anatomical 3D printing has revolutionizedboth medical education and clinical practice. This technology

Abstract: The word “autophagy” (first coined by Nobel
Laureate Christian de Duve in 1963) means “self devouring” or“self eating”. Autophagy is a process that degrades intracellularcomponents such as organelles, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids via the lysosomal pathway. Autophagy is classified into
non-selective autophagy, for instance macroautophagy (nonspecific engulfment of cytoplasmic components), and selective
autophagy where there is sequestration and degradation of specific targets, such as damaged mitochondria (mitophagy). The
transmission electron microscope is a useful tool to directly
visualize the dynamic autophagic compartments viz., pre-autophagosomal phagophore, autophagosome and autolysosome.
The ultrastructrural features of gold nanoparticle-induced
macroautophagy in lung cells in vitro will be demonstrated using Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM),
Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM)
and 3D reconstruction of EM images. To further illustrate theautophagic process in an in vivo model, TEM images of theliver of mice fed with caffeine would be shown. Additionally,an example of mitophagy such as that in liver cells induced bythyroid hormone will also be presented. EM complemented
with other biochemical and genetic assays could provide valuable information and verification of the process of autophagy.

Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Keywords: Transmission electron microscopy, Autophagosomes, Lysosomes, Mitophagy, Cell culture

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IA-0105

Regulation of Autophagy by the
Intracellular Ca2+ Channel TRPML3

Hyun Jin KIM, So Woon KIM, Seokwoo HONG, Jin KWON, Suzi CHOI
Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon,
Republic of Korea

Abstract: Autophagy progresses through Ca 2+-dependent
multiple fusion events. Recently, we reported that the intracellular Ca2+ channel TRPML3 provides Ca2+ for autophagosome
formation as a downstream effector of PI3P. However, themolecular mechanism of Ca 2+ signaling in the late stage of
autophagy remains unknown. Here, we show that TRPML1/3
heteromer is the Ca2+ provider for autophagosome-lysosome
fusion. TRPML1/3 functions downstream of PI4P to increase
autophagosome-lysosome fusion and the Ca2+ signal via PI4PTRPML1/3 is decoded by synaptotagmin 5 (SYT5) Ca2+ sensor.
The binding of Ca2+ and PI4P to SYT5 is critical for autophagosome-lysosome fusion by forming a fusion complex. Collectively, these results reveal that PI4P-TRPML1/3-SYT5 constitute the Ca2+ signaling complex in autophagosome-lysosome
fusion and that TRPML3 also regulates late stage of autophagyby heteromerization with TRPML1 in a phosphoinositidedependent manner.
Keywords: Autophagy, Ca2+ channel, TRPML1/3, SYT5,
PI4P
IA-0159

Unraveling the Role of Non-Neuronal Cells
in Brain Pathology

different scales. First, the involvement of glial cells in delayed
neuronal death and their role in microcalcification and corpora amaylacea formation was investigated. Immunoelectron
microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy
revealed that osteopontin, a cytokine synthesized and secretedby microglia and astrocytes in the striatum and hippocampus
after brain injury, serves as a marker for corpora amylacea
and microcalcification. Additionally, astrocytes were found tofunction as immune cells alongside microglia, participatingin phagocytosis. Second, we investigated fibrotic scar-forming
cells following CNS injury. Recent studies have shown thepresence of fibrotic scars, which significantly impede axon regeneration, in addition to the well-recognized astrocytic glial
scars. Immunolabeling techniques demonstrated that cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta are major
contributors to CNS fibrosis. The ultrastructural features ofthese cells were characterized, revealing their presence in theperivascular region and leptomeninges, as well as differencesin activation status based on their anatomical location. Threedimensional reconstruction of serial sections uncovered theunique lamellar morphology of the cell processes, emphasizing the importance of this technique in capturing cellulararchitecture complexity. In conclusion, this study presents amethodology utilizing immunolabeling techniques observable
under various scales of microscopy to analyze the distinct biological functions of non-neuronal cells following brain injury,
providing valuable insights into their roles in neuroinflammation and scar formation.
Keywords: Osteopontin, Microcalcification, Corpora amylacea, Fibrotic scar, Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
beta

Tae-Ryong RIEW1,2, Mun-Yong LEE1,2, Jeong-Hwa LEE2,3
1

Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of
Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, The Catholic
University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: In acute central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as ischemic stroke, non-neuronal cells, including
astrocytes, microglia, monocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts,
and endothelial cells, play crucial roles in injury-specific responses, including neuroinflammation and scar formation.
We comprehensively analyzed the contributions of these cells
using various immunolabelling techniques and microscopy at
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IA-0062

liver injury.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Polygonum
Munus Flavonoid-Rich Fractions Against
Cisplatin-Induced Hepatocyte Injury: An
Electron Microscopic Study

Keywords: Polygonum minus, Flavonoids, Cisplatin, Ultrastructure, Hepatotoxicity[Symposium 24: Paleopathology and Biological Anthropology]

KhinPaPa HLAING1, Nurul Raudzah Adib RIDZUAN2, Syarul Nataqain
BAHARUM3
1

Human Biology, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Anatomy Department, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor,
Malaysia

IA-0186

2

Background: Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drugfor various cancers. However, it has cytotoxic effect to liver,kidney, and nervous system, which limit its therapeutic usage. Its toxicity occurs due to oxidative stress, inflammation,
and DNA damages. Natural products with flavonoids possess
potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Polygonum minus (P. minus), a local traditional plant known as ‘kesum’ with high antioxidant level was used in this study.
Objective: It was aimed to observe the hepatoprotective effect of P. minus-flavonoid rich fractions (P. minus-FRF) via
electron microscope (EM) study.
Method: P. minus leaves were naturally dried and extracted
to obtain the crude extract and further proceeded with fractionation to acquire its flavonoid-rich fractions prior to invivo study. Forty healthy male rats were divided into 5 groups:
Groups A and B were administered with distilled water, GroupC was given quercetin, and Groups D and E were administeredwith P. minus-FRF 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively for
14 days. At day 15, Group A was injected with normal saline
whereas other groups were administrated with CP and all rats
were sacrificed on day 18. Liver samples were harvested andkept in 3% glutaraldehyde for further EM analysis.
Results: The rats injected with CP exhibited ultrastructural
alterations including oval pyknotic nuclei with marginatedheterochromatin and irregular nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm contained vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum andatrophic mitochondria. Some mitochondria exhibited swollen
with degenerated cristae. The Pm-FRF treated groups demonstrated protective effect such as normal chromatin distribution
and prominent nucleoli. Pm-FRF also preserved the mitochondria with normal endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen.
Therefore, we conclude that flavonoid-rich fractions of P. minus are potential hepatoprotective agent against CP-induced

Paleopatholgy in Korea from the Perspectiveof Parasitology

Chang Seok OH6, Dong Hoon SHIN1,2, Jong Ha HONG3, Min SEO4, Haechan
GILL5
1

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Institute of Forensic and Anthropological Science, Seoul National University, College ofMedicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Institute of Korean Archaeology and Ancient History, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
4
Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republicof Korea
5
School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Mortuary Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

Abstract: It has been about 30 years since the intensive
growth of paleoparasitological research in Korea. During thetime, lots of parasitological studies have been carried out invarious archaeological sites like moats, tombs and ancient
toilets. And we have conducted paleopathological studies on
people who lived in previous eras based on these findings.
Typical parasites were nematodes and trematodes. It was estimated that the infection rate of these parasites decreased
from the past to the present, and probably assumed that the
improvement in public health, the development of agricultural
technology, and the use of drugs such as anthelmintics after
industrialization had a significant impact. However, until
recently, studies on ancient parasites have been based on thepresence of their eggs in human organic matter under a microscope or the application of molecular biological techniquessuch as PCR for only a few target species, making it difficult toanalyze species such as protozoa, which may be small in number or decomposed and not easy to identify morphologically.
Therefore, to obtain accurate information about parasites fromprevious eras, it is recommended to use NGS technique on all
samples. Obviously, the further accumulation of the NGS dataon ancient parasites will further enrich paleopathological inshights. This research was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea gov-

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ernment (MSIT; No. 2022R1C1C1013540).

porosis through polyamine production by gut microbiota, theprevalent vertebral deformity of the Okhotsk people might be
partly attributable to their subsistence in cold environment aswell as mechanical stress associated with daily activities suchas boating.

Keywords: Paleopathology, Parasitology
IA-0129

Prevalence and Possible Causes ofVertebral Compression Fracture in the
Human Remains from Okhotsk Culture
Archaeological Sites in Hokkaido, Japan

Keywords: Vertebral compression fracture, Okhotsk culture, Osteoporosis, Marine foragers, Cold environment
IA-0126

Daisuke KUBO1, Tomohiro KOMAGINA1, Hirofumi MATSUMURA2
1

Department of Human Evolution Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan
2
School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan

Purpose: The Okhotsk culture people were maritime foragers who inhabited Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands inthe late first millennium AD. A few case reports indicate thatthe vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) on the thoracolumbar junction prevailed in the Okhotsk people. The aim of thisstudy is to evaluate the prevalence of the VCFs in the Okhotsk
human remains excavated from the Moyoro shell mound site,
the settlement, enshrinement and trading center of the period
in eastern Hokkaido, and to discuss the possible causes.
Methods: A total of the 259 thoracolumbar (Th1 to L5, andtwo anomalous L6) vertebral bodies of the 21 individual skeletons from the Moyoro site (10 young adults, probably 40> age,and 11 middle and old adults, probably >40 age) were examined. We first qualitatively identified fractured vertebrae, andthen quantitatively evaluated the vertebral deformity by deviations of anterior-to-posterior and middle-to-posterior heightratios of the vertebral body from those of the non-fractured
vertebrae.
Results: VCF was found in 6.9% (18/259) of the Th1–L6
vertebrae and 11.1% (13/117) of the Th11–L6 vertebrae, respectively. While fracture was not found in the young adults, about
a half of the middle and old adult skeletons (6/11 or 54.5%) had
at least one fractured vertebra. Of the vertebrae which werequalitatively regarded as fractured, significant deformity was
also detected quantitatively (z-scores < -3.0) in all but one ofthem.
Conclusion: High prevalence of VCFs on the lower thoracolumbar region was found in the Moyoro population of the
Okhotsk culture. Considering a recent study showing that
exposure to warm temperature can reduce the risk of osteo-

Exostoses of the External Auditory Canal inAncient Human Bones Excavated from the
Kyushu Region of Japan
Keiko OGAMI-TAKAMURA, Toshiyuki TSURUMOTO, Daisuke ENDO,
Kazunobu SAIKI

Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
Nagasaki, Japan

Abstract: Bony prominences of the temporal bone, whichconstitutes the external ear, are called exostosis. In modern
people, it tends to be observed in surfers and divers who spend
much time underwater, and cold-water stimulation is thought
to be a contributing factor. We investigated the occurrenceof the exostoses on the temporal bones of archaeological human bones excavated in the Kyushu area, Japan (49 sides of an
Okinawa Jomon-Yayoi equivalent, 490 sides of a Yayoi period
human bone, and 230 sides of a Kofun period human bone)in Nagasaki University's collection. We compared the results
to clarify the differences in frequency of occurrence between
populations. The frequency of occurrence among Yayoi period
people was 31.8% for males and 0% for females from Okinawa
Jomon-Yayoi equivalent, 5.0% for males and 1.3% for females
from Northern Kyushu Yayoi, and 29.3% for males and 3.5%
for females from Western North Kyushu Yayoi. The high frequency of occurrence among the Northwest Kyushu Yayoi,
whose occupation might be fishing in coastal areas, and thelow frequency among the North Kyushu Yayoi, whose occupation might be farming in the plains, are consistent with thecold-water stimulation hypothesis. On the other hand, the frequency of Kofun period people was 29.1% for males and 25.7%
for females living in the mountains of Southern Kyushu, 30.0%
for males and 0% for females living in the plains of Southern
Kyushu, and 27.3% for males and 27.3% for females living in
the inland areas of Kumamoto Prefecture. These results sug-

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gest that some factor other than cold-water stimulation induces it. The frequent exostoses on Kofun period human bones
excavated from the same tomb suggest that genetic factors may
also contribute. We will discuss the above data with observations of human bones equivalent to those of the Jomon period.
Keywords: Exostosis, Paleopathology

Keywords: Geoman, Muwonrok, Forensic medicine, Anatomy, Post-mortem investigation record
IA-0079

Caries, Wear, Periodontal Disease-Points of
Research on Oral Health of Ancient People
Hisashi FUJITA

Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilization and Cultural Resources, Kanazawa University,
Kanazawa, Japan

IA-0144

Anthropological Research of PostMortem Investigation Records in Jeungsu
Muwonrok Eonhae of Joseon Dynasty
PeriodYoung Hyun YUN, Dong Hoon SHIN, Seonguk HONG, Seung Jic HONG,
Soong Deok LEE, Ho Chul KI, Chang Young KIM

Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republicof Korea

Abstract: Jeungsu Muwonrok played a crucial role in shaping traditional forensic investigation methods in pre-modern
East Asian societies. Documents from the Joseon period, basedon Muwonrok, are referred to as Geoman and contain postmortem examination records and interrogation reports ofindividuals connected to incidents. By examining these documents through a medical lens, we can gain significant insights
into the cause of death and the circumstances surrounding
the events. However, a significant challenge has been the lackof anatomical analysis of the terminology for various bodyparts, which hampers precise understanding of the records.
This study aims to support researchers investigating Joseon
Dynasty post-mortem records by accurately identifying theanatomical locations of the body parts mentioned. The review
shows that translating the terms used for body parts in these
documents into modern anatomical language is generally
straightforward. Nevertheless, the descriptions of head positions are less clear and require more detailed examination. The
findings from this study are expected to enhance the accuracyof interpreting crime scenes as described in the post-mortem
records from the Joseon period. This study was supported by
the Convergence Research Support Program of Seoul National
University (800-20220548) and the Education and Research
Encouragement Fund of Seoul National University Hospital(2023-2024).

Abstract: The presentation will also discuss how caries, dental wear and periodontal disease were related to eachother to determine the oral hygiene of prehistoric and ancientpeoples. This presentation will discuss how caries, dental
wear, and periodontal disease were related to determining oral
hygiene in prehistoric and ancient peoples, based on the presenter's years of accumulated data and experience. Prehistoricand Ancient dental caries rarely occurred on flattened occlusal
surfaces due to their severe dental wear, and were most seen on
cemented root surfaces' caries all over the world below the CEJ,
which were exposed by periodontal disease. However, occlusal
surface caries is also seen in younger individuals with non-severe dental wear, suggesting that severe dental wear may haveobliterated the initial caries. In addition, as these results of observations of archaic human remains from around the world,
alveolar recession and periodontal diseases occur even in
populations where caries is not found. To discuss oral hygiene
from the perspective of paleohealth, a comprehensive viewpoint is necessary. In other words, dental caries, periodontal
disease, and dental wear are epidemiological factors that closely influence each other. The presenter, who has studied theteeth of many ancient human remains not only in Japan but
also in many foreign countries, understood that it is impossible
to discuss oral diseases from the viewpoint of paleohealth andpaleopathology in a comprehensive and in-depth manner bysimply separating caries, periodontal disease, and dental wear.
The presentation will also discuss how caries, dental wear andperiodontal disease were related to each other to determine theoral hygiene of prehistoric and ancient peoples. And I strongly
suggest how the future of dental paleopathology must incorporate a multidisciplinary viewpoint such as that presented inthis oral presentation and the results of modern dental medicine.

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Keywords: Dental caries, Dental wear, Periodontal disease,
Paleopathology, Paleohealth[Symposium 25: Biomechanics in Clinical Anatomy]
IA-0030

Large-Scale Modeling of the Relationship
Between Auricular Surface Morphology andSacroiliac Joint Mechanics
Niels HAMMER2, Petr HENYS1
1

Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mechatronics,
Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech
Republic
2
Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Abstract: Large variation has been reported in sacroiliac
joint (SIJ) morphology, especially concerning the auricularsurface. This variation does influence the morpho-mechanicallink of the sacroiliac joint, which is a core node for energy
transmission between the trunk and lower limbs. The impactof auricular surface morphology on stress and deformation in
the SIJ remains the subject of contemporary research. Pelvic
ring geometries were extracted from 281 clinical CT scans.
The auricular surface, SIJ thickness, and total volume wereidentified. From these reconstructions, 281 finite element
models were created to simulate SIJ mechanical loading andstress distribution patterns. It was found that SIJ thickness
weakly depended on age and laterality but strongly depended
on sex. Auricular surface area and SIJ volume depended
weakly on age and peaked around menopause in females, butwith no laterality effect. Principal stress and strains, as well as
total SIJ deformation energy, remained uninfluenced by SIJ
thickness. SIJ stress and total deformation energy decrease
exponentially if the auricular area and SIJ volume decrease.
Furthermore, SIJs with larger auricular surfaces were exposed
to less stress and strain under similar loads. Larger SIJs may
therefore be capable of bearing larger loads.
Keywords: Sacroiliac joint, Biomechanics, Finite Elements
Simulation, Auricular Surface

IA-0123

Dynamic Studies of the Human Thoracic
Duct and Lymphovenous Junction Using
Heavily Weighted T2 Magnetic ResonanceImaging: A Pilot Study
Ali MIRJALILI, Alys CLARK, Lomani O'HAGAN

Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandIntroduction: One third of patients admitted to the Emergency Department die due to organ failure. Understanding thelymphatic flow and the impact of venous circulation, arterial
circulation and respiration will help clinicians to understandthe pathophysiology of organ failure. This pilot study is touse of non-contrast heavily-weighted T2 MRI to visualise theanatomy of the lymphovenous junction and central lymphatic
system, including the thoracic duct, cisterna chyli and lymphovenous junction, and its potential to calculate dynamic physiological quantities such as thoracic duct lymph flow.
Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize major lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels in vivo in
two human torsos. All scanning was conducted on a 3T GE
Medical Systems MRI scanner. Heavily weighted T2 imaging
was conducted to highlight the slow-moving fluid within the
major draining lymphatic vessels in a region of interest thatcovers the torso. Phase contrast flow imaging was conductedin the same regions of interest, with the same image resolution as anatomic images to enable quantification of volumetriclymph flow in the major lymphatics.
Results: The central lymphatic system (thoracic duct, cisterna chyli and major lymphatic tributaries) were successfully
demonstrated. Venous structures were also visualized as dark
pixel intensities. A set of axial cross-sectional images withresolution 0.6x0.6x1.6mm, and 600-700 slices per participant
were produced.
Conclusion: Non-contrast heavily weighted T2 MRI can beused to characterize the structural and functional anatomy of
the thoracic duct.
Keywords: Lymphovenous junction, Lumphatics, MRI,
Lymphatic flow

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IA-0096

IA-0057

Biomechanical Study on PedicleLegtherning Osteotomy, a Potental New
Sugical Operation for Lumbar Stenosis

Impact of Hallux Valgus Deformity on theContact Properties of Foot Joints
Lei QIAN, Dong MA, Jun OUYANG

Basic Medicine, Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Jun OUYANG, Lei QIAN, Yining WANG, Shizhen ZHONG
Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Abstract: Pedicle-lengthening osteotomy is a new percutaneous minimally invasive surgical procedure for lumbar spinal
stenosis that enlarges the dimensions of the spinal canal andneural foramen through bilateral lengthening of the lumbar
pedicles. This new technique increases the volume of the lumbar vertebral canal, maintaining normal spinal kinematics
and reducing the risk of blood loss and muscle damage. Threedimensional reconstructions of CT images were performed for
69 patients (33 men and 36 women) (mean age 49.96 years; 24
to 81). Simulated pedicle- lengthening osteotomies and discbulge and spinal canal volume calculations were performed
using Mimics software. The mean spinal canal volumes of
the two groups, L4 and L5, were 14,646.81 mm3 (5,918.60 to
22,717.77) and 16,408.47 mm3 (8,678.21 to 31,204.79), respectively. The mean lengthening distance was 2.17 mm (0.5 to4.8) and the mean bulge-canal volume ratio was 0.23 (0.05 to0.48). The pedicle- lengthening distance of the two groups wasvery strongly correlated with disc bulge volume and bulgecanal volume ratio (p < 0.001); the predictive equation wasestablished as L = 0.06 + 9.06R (where L equals the pediclelengthening distance and R represents the bulge- canal volume
ratio). Our findings indicated that lumbar pedicle- lengthening distance strongly correlates with bulge-canal volume ratio,
which can be estimated before surgery from CT images.
Keywords: Pedicle-lengthening osteotomy, 3-D reconstruction, Spinal stenosis, Digital anatomy, Biomechanics

Background: Hallux valgus is a common foot deformitythat arises from an altered distribution of foot load, with a specific focus on the distribution of intra- articular pressure.
Methods: We employed fresh cadaveric below- knee specimens, both without hallux valgus (n=4) and with pre- existinghallux valgus (n=12). We evaluated the peak intra-articularpressure, contact force, and contact area across various joints(including the first and second metatarsophalangeal joints, thefirst and second tarsometatarsal joints, the medial and intermediate cuneonavicular joints, the talonavicular joint, the calcaneocuboid joint, the subtalar joint, and the tibiotalar joint)in all specimens. These measurements were conducted undervarying loading states, from ankle plantar flexion to dorsiflexion, using a weight-bearing model.
Results: In the forefoot region, the contact force, peak pressure, and contact area of the first and second metatarsophalangeal and tarsometatarsal joints in hallux valgus feet surpassed
those in normal feet when the ankle joint’s range of motion
was between 20° plantar flexion and 20° dorsiflexion. In the
midfoot region, the contact force and peak pressure of themedial and intermediate cuneonavicular joint in hallux valgus
feet were lower than in normal feet, but the difference was notstatistically significant. In the hindfoot region, the peak pressure of the subtalar joint in normal feet was significantly higher than in hallux valgus feet at 10° plantar flexion. However,no significant differences were observed in the contact force,
peak pressure, and contact area between normal and hallux
valgus feet in the remaining subtalar and tibiotalar joints.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that hallux valgus deformity significantly alters the contact properties of foot joints,
particularly in the forefoot region. The contact force, peakpressure, and contact area are notably affected.
Keywords: Hallux valgus, Contact force, Peak pressure,Contact area

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Medical Specialty Programs]

valuable insights for curriculum designers, anatomy educators,
and medical education policymakers.

IA-0213

Keywords: Anatomy Education

Trends in Anatomy Education in Australia
and New Zealand

IA-0074

Nalini PATHER

Academy for Medical Education, Medical School, University of Queensland, Queensland,
Australia

Abstract: Anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand has undergone significant changes in recent years, reflecting global shifts in medical education and technologicaladvancements. This presentation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current trends and innovations in anatomy teaching across medical schools in these two countries, andis based on a narrative review. A summary of the key trends
includes: A widespread shift towards integrated curricula,with anatomy increasingly taught in clinical contexts rather
than as a standalone subject. Growing adoption of 3D visualisation technologies and virtual/augmented reality platforms
to supplement laboratory and classroom teaching. Increased
emphasis on surface and living anatomy, reflecting modern
clinical practice. Diversification of assessment methods, moving away from traditional spot tests towards more appliedand clinically-oriented evaluations. Challenges in balancing
reduced contact hours with the need to maintain comprehensive anatomical knowledge. Innovative approaches to address
the shortage of qualified anatomy educators, including interinstitutional collaborations and professional development
programs. Embedding anatomy in the assessment of essential
skills such as ethical practice, professionalism and criticalthinking. Emerging focus on cultural sensitivity in anatomy
education, particularly regarding Indigenous perspectives andpractices. The study demonstrates a thriving practice characterised by innovation and adaptation to changing educational
paradigms and technology. While there is a clear trend towards technology-enhanced learning and clinical integration,
more traditional methods like cadaveric dissection continue
to play a crucial role, albeit in modified forms. Challenges remain, particularly in resource allocation and maintaining thedepth of anatomical knowledge within integrated curricula.
However, the collaborative nature of the anatomy education
community in Australia and New Zealand is fostering creative
solutions and shared best practices. This research provides

The Role of Clinical Anatomy Educationin Surgical Specialty Residency Programs:
Lessons Learned from Mayo Clinic
Punnose KATTIL, Wojciech PAWLINA

Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States

Introduction: In a time of rapidly evolving surgical needs
and medical education approaches, the anatomy curriculum
must adapt to prepare residents for the demands of modern
surgical specialties. This presentation aims to highlight the innovative approaches undertaken by the Department of Clinical Anatomy at Mayo Clinic to advance anatomy education in
surgical residency programs.
Aim: The aim is to provide insights into the progressive
strategies implemented at the Mayo Clinic, which aligns clinical anatomy education with the latest advancements in surgical practice.
Initiatives: Several key initiatives were implemented including the integration of state-of-the-art imaging technologies
like photogrammetry into the anatomy curriculum, the useof fresh frozen cadaveric tissue material to enhance surgicalskills, and collaboration with skilled video and image capture
specialists to provide realistic and high-quality views of dissection.
Impact: These initiatives have led to a more authentic
learning environment, equipping residents with the knowledge
and skills necessary for successful surgical careers. Feedback
from residents and faculty has been overwhelmingly positive,
indicating a significant enhancement in both educational satisfaction and clinical competency.
Conclusion: The Mayo Clinic’s proactive approach to updating its clinical anatomy curriculum serves as a pilot thatblends authentic learning with the Mayo legacy of teamwork.
This is directed at one goal of putting the patient first.
Keywords: Clinical Anatomy, Surgical Education, Mayo
Clinic, Residency Training, Postgraduate Education

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IA-0173

IA-0172

Advancing the Relevance of Cadaveric
Anatomical Training in Medical
Specialization through Innovations

Anatomical Cadaveric Training for
Exploratory Procedures and SurgicalAccesses, Based on Remote, AsynchronousFeedback, as a Learning Tool for Residents ofTraumatology and Orthopedics. Experiencein Chile

Jose Francisco SOZA REX

Departamento de traumatologia y ortopedia Pontificia Universidad Catolica de chile,
Santiago, Chile

Abstract: Cadaveric anatomical training remains a cornerstone of medical education, essential for the development ofspecialized skills and knowledge among medical professionals.
This paper examines how innovative techniques and technologies are enhancing the efficacy and applicability of cadaveric
training in medical specialization. Traditional cadaveric dissection has been augmented by new embalment methods,
including light embalming. This modern approach to cadaverpreservation ensures anatomical fidelity while minimizing
tissue distortion, thus extending the usability of cadavers andenhancing the quality of training. Prefabricated specimens,
crafted using advanced preservation methods, offer tailored
training opportunities for specific medical disciplines. These
specimens provide intricate anatomical details and pathologies, allowing specialists to refine their skills in a controlledenvironment before encountering similar scenarios in clinicalpractice. Moreover, technology plays a vital role in augmenting cadaveric training through simulated experiences. Virtual
reality, augmented reality, and anatomical modeling software
provide immersive platforms for trainees to interact with anatomical structures and simulate complex procedures. These
technological innovations complement traditional cadaveric
training, offering additional avenues for skill development
and knowledge acquisition. In conclusion, the relevance of cadaveric anatomical training in medical specialization is being
advanced through innovations in embalment techniques andtechnology. These advancements not only enrich the educational experience but also better prepare medical professionals
for the complexities of specialized practice. Efforts to integratethese innovations into medical education must continue toensure that cadaveric training remains a vital component ofspecialized medical training.
Keywords: Educaation, Simulation, Cadaveric

Emilio FARFAN1, Maria Jesus LIRA2
1

Department of Anatomy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,
Santiago, Chile

2

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a cadaveric anatomical training program in exploratory and surgical skills withremote and asynchronous feedback as a learning tool for firstyear residents in Traumatology and Orthopedics.
Materials and Methods: Experimental study. Learning wascompared between two cohorts of first-year Traumatology
and Orthopedics residents. The intervention assessed the progression of a control group (theoretical training; n=9) and an
experimental group (theoretical-practical training; n=9). The
students participated in three courses (1: Anatomical Knowledge, 2: Anatomical Exploration, and 3: Anatomical Dissection). At the end of each training course, both groups took thesame evaluations. The statistical analysis assessed normality
with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the inferential analysis used
the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples, consideringp-values <0.05 as statistically significant. The study was approved by the scientific ethics committee (221123001).
Results: When comparing the scores obtained in the evaluations at the end of each course, significant differences wereobserved between the experimental and control groups in all
evaluated courses. In course one on anatomical knowledge,
the median score of the experimental group was 79 points(range 64-105) versus a median of 63 points (range 50-79) inthe control group (p=0.02). In course two on anatomical exploration, the median score of the experimental group was 109
points (range 103-113) versus 97 points (range 76-112) in thecontrol group (p=0.04). Finally, the median score obtained in
the evaluation of course three on anatomical dissection in theexperimental group was 104 points (range 76-116) versus 82
points (range 63-96) in the control group (p=0.02).
Conclusions: This study's findings indicate the practicalbenefits of implementing a cadaveric anatomical training

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program with remote and asynchronous feedback. This innovative approach was found to be an effective learning tool
for first-year residents in Traumatology and Orthopedics, potentially enhancing their exploratory procedures and surgicalapproaches.
Keywords: Gross Anatomy, Traumatology, Intervention,
Medical Education, Medical Specialists

smaller adjusted cerebellar volumes and faster volume reduction with age compared to females. Conversely, in mental
disorders, females showed faster volume reduction with age.
These findings reveal atrophy along functional gradients,
varying by disease, and suggest that MRI-based detection of
cerebellar volume changes could potentially serve as biomarkers for monitoring various neurological disorders.
Keywords: Cerebellar Patterning[Symposium 27: Neurobiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases]
IA-0199

Cerebellar Patterning and Volume Changes
in Health and Disease

IA-0098

Impairment by Mutant Polyglutamine
Proteins of Herp E3 Ligase Activity and the
Neuropathology of Polyglutamine Diseases
Ting PENG

Hassan MARZBAN

Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
CanadaAbstract: The complexity of cerebellar compartmentation is revealed through differential expression of several
genes, afferent and efferent connections, and the birth datingof neurons such as Purkinje cells (PCs). PCs, the sole output
neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are primarily responsible
for the intricate topography that results in a set of zones andstripes within the cerebellum. The mouse cerebellum is divided into four transverse zones: the anterior zone (AZ; lobules I-V), the central zone (CZ; lobules VI-VII), the posteriorzone (PZ; lobules VIII-dorsal IX), and the nodular zone (NZ;
ventral lobule IX and lobule X). The selective gene expression
in different regions and the patterning of PCs serve as indicators of compartmentation and differential vulnerability toinsults. The cerebellum’s anatomical subdivisions, includingtransverse zones and lobules, exhibit distinct structural andfunctional connectivity profiles, reflecting their roles in cognitive and motor functions. This study examines the impact ofage and sex on the volumes of the total cerebellum, cerebellartransverse zones, and lobules using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from six neuroimaging datasets. Our results
show that cerebellar regional volumes decrease with age, withsignificant age-dependent volume reductions in the CZ, whichis associated with emotion and cognitive functions, comparedto other transverse zones in both males and females. In both
healthy and neurodegenerative conditions, males exhibited

Histology and Embryology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China

Abstract: This investigation aims to elucidate the biologicalroles of Herp, particularly in modulating the aggregation anddegradation of mutant polyglutamine (poly-Q) proteins, andto analyze the adverse impacts of these proteins on the structural and functional integrity of Herp. The E3 ubiquitin ligase
activity of Herp was evaluated using in vitro ubiquitination
assays. The types of ubiquitin linkages and the specific attachment sites catalyzed by Herp were determined via ubiquitin
modification mass spectrometry. Co-immunoprecipitationand pull-down assays were implemented to investigate themechanisms of protein-protein interactions. Caspase cleavage
patterns and specific sites on Herp were delineated throughin vitro proteolytic cleavage experiments. Herp interacts withmutant huntingtin (mHtt), providing a cytoprotective effectby mitigating mHtt aggregation and facilitating its degradation. Herp exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, primarily
catalyzing the polyubiquitination of mHtt through K48 andK63 linkages. The UBL domain of Herp directly interacts
with the poly-Q domains of various mutant poly-Q proteins,
effectively inhibiting aggregate formation. Mutant poly-Q proteins trigger caspase-7-mediated cleavage at the C-terminusof Herp, resulting in a truncated variant. This modificationtransitions Herp's enzymatic function from polyubiquitination to monoubiquitination, thereby increasing the stability of
substrate proteins. Herp serves as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligasethat promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation

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of mHtt. The UBL domain of Herp effectively binds to and inhibits the aggregation of mutant poly-Q proteins. The caspase7-mediated cleavage of Herp's C-terminus by mutant poly-Q
proteins shifts its ubiquitin ligase activity from polyubiquitination to monoubiquitination, resulting in the accumulationof pathogenic proteins due to impaired degradation via theubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This research was supportedby the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
No. 31971114).
Keywords: Herp, E3 ubiquitin ligase, Ubiquitination, Mutant huntingtin, Polyglutamine protein
IA-0108

ABI3BP Participates in Alzheimer's Diseaseby Affecting the Phagocytic Function of
Astrocytes on Synapses

Jun-Ming TANG, Ying-jie ZHANG, Xi-rui WANG, Jing-Han MA, Qian YANG,
Tian-bao CHEN, Jia-nan SUN, Shuang WEI, Shi-jun YI, Xiang LIU, Jun-yi
WANG, Yan WU, He LI
Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of
Medicine, Shiyan, China

showed that the number of plaques in the cerebral cortex andhippocampus were obviously decreased while Nissl staining
showed that the increased number of neurons in hippocampus
compared with 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, electron microscope showed the increased number of synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus of
Abi3bp-/-5xFAD mice, consistent with the results that immunofluorescence double staining of synapsin 1/2 with Homer1,
VGLUT1 with PSD95, or VGAT with Gephyrin. Morris water
maze and novel object recognition tests showed that Abi3bp
knockout improved the the abilities of learning and memoryof elderly and 5xFAD mice.
Conclusion:Knockout of Abi3bp improved the learningand cognitive abilities of 5xFAD dementia mice, which wereassociated with the reduced Megf10, hippocampal Aβ protein
amyloid deposition, neuronal loss, and synaptic loss mediatedby astrocyte phagocytosis.
Keywords: Abi3bp, Alzheimer's disease, Astrocyte, Β-amyloid
deposition, Synapse
IA-0112

Objective: To elucidate the role and mechanism of Abi3bp
in the development of AD mediated by astrocyte phagocytosis
of Aβ sedimentation and synaptic loss.
Methods: Morris water maze and novel object recognition
tests, Western Blot, immunofluorescence staining, Nissl staining, Thioflavin S staining, electron microscope and RNAseq
were performed in Wild-type (WT) mice, Abi3bp-/- mice,
5xFAD mice, and Abi3bp-/-5xFAD mice.
Results: Abi3bp was mainly expressed and colocalized in
astrocytes,and the levels of Abi3bp proteins in the hippocampus of WT mice were obviously decreased after 7 days of birth.
The Abi3bp proteins levels were obviously increased in the
hippocampus of 5xFAD mice while it were mainly expressedand colocalized in A1 type astrocytes marked by with C3, andβ- Amyloid (1-42) induced Abi3bp expression in astrocytes.
Abi3bp knockout increased the levels of NeuN and synapsin
1/2 proteins in the hippocampus of 18- month-old mice. The
number of plaques, and the levels of NeuN, synapsin 1/2,
Megf10, Intgerinbeta1, iba1 and GFAP proteins in the hippocampus of Abi3bp-/-5xFAD mice were markedly reduced.
Meanwhile, in Abi3bp-/-5xFAD mice, Thioflavin S staining

ANGPTL8 Mediates the Liver-Brain Axis to
Promote Neuroinflammation by Activating
Microglial Pyroptosis and Contributes to
Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology

Qiufang Zhang1, Jiarui Wei1, Lin Hu1, Shufan Xu1, Fusheng Liao1, Xiaoqiao
Zhang1, Xinggang Fang1, Li Ding1, Ting Wang1, Zhuo Chen1, Shanchun Su1,
Xingrong Guo1
1

Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic StemCells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China

2

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by a complex
interaction between peripheral organs and the central nervous
system. Recent studies have shown that microglial hyperactivity is closely related to immune system disorders, and the
peripheral blood microenvironment can regulate the disordersof brain immune function, which is an important reason for
the abnormal activation of microglia to promote AD, but the
specific regulatory mechanism is not completely clear. Here
we identified a liver-derived secreted protein, ANGPTL8,
which enters the blood stream as a proinflammatory factor
and crosses the blood-brain barrier to abnormally activate

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microglia and promote AD progression. First, ANGPTL8-/mice were crossed with 5×FAD mice to obtain WT, 5×FAD,
ANGPTL8-/-, and ANGPTL8-/- 5×FAD mice. The Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition task wereused to evaluate recognition ability in 5×FAD transgenic and
ANGPTL8-/- 5×FAD mice. Thioflavin-S (Tio-S), Neru-N and
Nissl staining were used to analyze amyloid β (Aβ) depositionand neuron loss. The phagocytic capacity of microglia wasdetermined by FITC- latex beads and transmission electron
microscopy. Then, the mechanisms by which ANGPTL8 regulates AD progression were studied with NLRP3 siRNA, PIRBsiRNA and ANGTPL8 knockout. Finally, we found that liverderived ANGPTL8 could pass through the blood-brain barrier
and interact with the microglial membrane receptor PIRB/LILRB2 to activate the downstream NILRP3 inflammasome,causing microglial pyroptosis and aggravating the Aβ-induced
release of inflammatory factors, leading to AD progression,
Metformin, an ANGPTL8 inhibitor, improved the learningand memory of 5xFAD mice. Collectively, ANGPTL8 is a
novel peripheral inflammatory trigger that regulates the liverbrain axis and aggravates microglial pyroptosis via the PIRB/NLRP3 pathway to accelerate the pathogenesis of AD.
Keywords: ANGPTL8, Neuroinflammation, Liver-brain
axis, Microglial pyroptosis, Alzheimer’s disease[Symposium 28: Innovative Contrast with Novel CadaverPreparation Using Specialised MicroCT and MRI Imaging
Revealing Unseen Human Anatomy]
IA-0179

MircoCT Angiograms of the Wrist/Hand
Reveal Extraordinary Detailed Vascular
Anatomy from Novel Prepared Donor
Cadavers with Innovative Contrast andMinimal Structure Distortion
Brion BENNINGER, Joshua MCCLUSKEY

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, UnitedStatesPurpose: Estimated annual number of hand/wrist injuries
presenting to USA Emergency Departments was 2.6 million.
Most common presenting age group was 18-39, which could
render an individual with a debilitated hand over half one’s lifeand more worrying if it’s the dominant hand. Most common
injuries were lacerations and fractures. Forearm/wrist/handregion commonly has variations and/or anomalies regarding neurovascular and muscular structures. Generalizations
regarding dominant blood supply/drainage can be dangerous
for clinicians and disastrous for patients. Studies vary between
deep or superficial arches providing majority blood flow tominimum of three digits, and some reveal equal. Such studies
ignore ligating ulnar or radial artery at the wrist, rarely resultsin digit(s) loss from trauma. Detailed vascular mapping ofwrist/hand studies is warranted. This study objective conducted MicroCT arteriograms of the wrist/hand region from novel
donor-cadaver preparation with contrast rendering minimum
tissue distortion providing detailed lifelike anatomy.
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding novel
donor-cadaver preparation techniques with innovative vascular contrast resulting in minimal tissue distortion providing quality detailed cross-sectional imaging. GAX-specimen
preparations (n=6,12-sides) with BriteVu contrast received CT
and MicroCT imaging, joint movement and surgical dissection assessment compared with formalin-fixed cadavers (FFC)
n=15,30-sides.
Results: GAX-specimen prepared donor-cadaver studies
have been conducted by Benninger infusing BriteVu contrast
for CT/MRI, radiographic and ultrasound imaging. GAXspecimen with BriteVu (12/12 sides) demonstrated exceptional
CT and MicroCT imaging of vasculature and osteology ofwrist/hand region. GAX-specimens with BriteVu received
excellent scores comparing lifelike palpation, complete joint
range-of-motion, quality surgical plane dissections versus FFC
which consistently received poor ratings.
Conclusions: This study of GAX-specimen prepared donorcadavers with infused BriteVu contrast successfully revealed
extraordinary vascular and osteology imaging of the wrist/
hand region from CT/MicroCT scans for assessing detailed
anatomy and accuracy. Additionally, lifelike, minimally distorted tissue, enabled free joint movement and surgical plane
dissection.
Keywords: MicroCT, Innovative, GAX specimen, BriteVu,
Vascular anatomy

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IA-0181

kle/foot region. Gax-specimen tissues were notably compliant
and lifelike vs FFC. GAX-specimens with BriteVu (12/12 sides)
revealed exceptional CT vascular networks and extraordinary
microCT vascular networks.
Conclusions: This study revealed GAX-specimen prepared
donor cadavers with BriteVu contrast demonstrated detailed
vascularity of the ankle/foot region from CT and microCT imaging not previously viewed with lifelike palpation, movement,
and dissection accompanied by minimal tissue distortion.

Human MicroCT Angiograms of the Ankle/
Foot Region from a Novel Donor CadaverPreparation with Innovative Contrast
Continues to Improve, Fascinate andNurture the Quest for Anatomy Detail andAccuracy
Joshua MCCLUSKEY, Ethan FULSHER, Brion BENNINGER

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, UnitedStatesPurpose: Macro anatomy can be an endless vacuum ofvariants, anomalies, calculated norms, with static and dynamic entities consisting of ratios, angles, compartments,
connections which are unique and similar amounst humanraces. Though it appears much studied, it is not fully detailed
or perhaps even understood. Contemporary anatomy texts/
atlasses have improved the description and sensory overload
phenomena associated with such literature from the past threecenturies. However, the pendulum has swung towards over
simplification. From a conceptual view, texts/atlasses andcomputer generated software are impressive, but from a detalied accurate representation of in vivo anatomy essential forinvasive procedures, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring recovery, still need improved. Cross-sectional imaging allows one tocreate 3D anatomy structures from humans. The study objective was to identify body preparation procedure with contrast
rendering human donor cadavers with the least amount oftissue distortion while providing detailed lifelike anatomy forcross-sectional imaging demonstrating anatomy not previously viewed.
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding novel
cadaver body preparation techniques which could receive innovative vascular contrast with minimal distortion providing
quality detailed cross-sectional imaging. GAX-specimen preparations (n=6,12 sides) with innovative contrast had CT/MRI
and MicroCT imaging compared to formalin-fixed cadavers(FFC) n=15,30 sides.
Results: Literature search revealed GAX-specimen preparedcadaver studies receiving BriteVu contrast for CT/microCT/
MRI images. GAX-specimens allowed palpable bony landmarks, compliant soft tissue, lifelike surgical plane dissections
versus FFC. MicroCT revealed detailed vasculature of the an-

Keywords: MicroCT, Innovative, Ankle/Foot vessels, GAX
specimen, BriteVu
IA-0180

Can a Donor Cadaver be Prepared andPreserved Using a Novel Medium with
Innovative Contrast for Conventional Knee
CT-Arteriograms, Lifelike Movement andSurgical Dissection Within 24-Hours andBeyondEthan FULSHER, Joshua MCCLUSKEY, Brion BENNINGER

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, UnitedStatesPurpose: Several sources report 41% of sports injuries occur to the knee. Successful conservative and invasive treatment
decisions and/or healing expectations to injured or diseased
structures of the knee rely on the understanding of the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to knee structures. Therefore, athorough knowledge of the vascularity of knee structures isimportant regarding injury assessment, recovery, and vascular
protection from mechanisms of injury and/or invasive instruments. Cross-sectional imaging can be organized to create 3D
vascular structures from human knees. Vascular contrast provides useful cross-sectional imaging identifying large, medium
and some small-sized vessels. CTscans of donor cadavers reveals collapsed vessels. The objective of this study was to identify donor cadaver preparation technique for immediate andlong term dissection, have synovial joint full range-of-motion(JFROM), receive vascular contrast enabling whole body conventional CT-arteriograms (CCTA) and subsequently dissection
within 24-hours post preparation demonstrating detailed knee
vasculature compared to formalin-fixed cadavers (F-FC).

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Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding donor
cadaver preparation techniques enabling JFROM, vascular
contrast, immediate CCTA with dissection within 24-hours.
GAX-specimen preparations (n=6,12-sides) with BriteVu innovative contrast received CCTA compared to F-FC (n=27,54sides).
Results: All 6 (12-sides) novel GAX-specimen were successfully prepared donor cadavers, receiving innovative BriteVu
contrast for CCTA and dissection within 24 hours of original
preparation. GAX-specimens allowed palpable bony landmarks, lifelike soft tissue, JFROM at all synovial joints, surgical plane dissections and viewing patent small vessels versus
F-FC. Detailed vasculature of the knee was acquired successfully from CCTA. Gax-specimen cadavers were dissected forseveral months following initial 24-hour dissection. GAXspecimens with BriteVu (n=6,12/12-sides) revealed exceptional
CT vascular networks and extraordinary CCTA images ofknee vessels.
Conclusions: Within 24-hours, this study demonstrated donor cadavers can be successfully prepared, produce exceptional detailed CCTA images, provide lifelike surgical dissectionof the knee from GAX-specimen preparations with BriteVu
contrast and continue to dissect for several months.
Keywords: Knee vascularity, Innovation, GAX specimen,
Novel, Clinical anatomy[Symposium 29: Brain Development and Regeneration]
IA-0047

Longitudinal Single-Cell Tracking inLive Animals with Advanced 2-Photon
Microscopy
Yajie LIANG

Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, United States

Abstract: Visualizing and tracking cells over time in aliving organism was only a dream before the invention of intravital microscopy. However, the opaque nature of tissues,
especially the brain is a major hurdle that was overcome by theinvention of multiphoton microscopy. With the advancementof optical imaging and fluorescent labeling tools, intravital
2-photon microscopy has become increasingly accessible overthe past few years. We advocate the concept of functional longitudinal tracking of individual cells (fLoTIC) under 2-photon microscopy and its application in stem cell therapy. It is a
power tool to gain insight into the longitudinal changes in themorphology, migration, or function of endogenous or exogenously transplanted neural stem cells or subcellular structuresin live animals. It is particularly suitable for studying slowevolving cellular and molecular events during development,
regeneration, or disease progression, without losing the opportunity of catching fast events such as calcium signals. In thistalk, I will present the principles of fLoTIC and its applications
for studying the behaviors of endogenous NSCs and transplanted NSCs for stroke therapy. It is expected that fLoTIC will
have huge impact in the coming decades to reveal essential
molecular and cellular events in health and disease.
Keywords: 2-photon microscopy, Intravital imaging, Single-cell tracking, Stem cells, Fluorescence indicators
IA-0100

UHRF1 Mediates Maternal Immune
Activation Induced Autism-Like Phenotype
in Offspring by Regulating the Proliferationof Neural Stem Cells
Shuxin ZHANG, Zhiyi REN, Yue ZHANG

Department of Histology and Embryology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences &Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Abstract: Previous studies showed that maternal immune
activation (MIA) is a high-risk environmental factor for autism
spectrum disorders (ASD), and neural stem cells may play animportant role in the process of MIA- induced ASD. However,there is a lack of systematic research on how MIA affects thedevelopment of neural stem cells and thus induces ASD. We
aim to study the role of embryonic neural stem cell development in MIA-induced ASD and the related molecular regulatory mechanisms using the mouse model. We first detected theproliferation of embryonic neural stem cells in MIA offspringby morphology, then used Nestin-GFP mouse specific sorting to isolate neural stem cells, analyzed the changes in gene
expression and DNA methylation modification of embryonicneural stem cells in MIA offspring by multi-omics technology,
compared them with the autism risk gene pool, screened im-

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portant target genes, and finally verified the function of candidate genes in regulating the development of neural stem cells
and their role in MIA-induced ASD. After MIA, the increaseof maternal inflammation level leads to the increase of the expression level of UHRF1, an epigenetic regulatory molecule inoffspring neural stem cells, which promotes the proliferationof neural stem cells, affects the subsequent nervous systemdevelopment process, and then induces ASD. Those results
will prove that abnormal neural stem cell development is an
important cause of ASD pathogenesis, clarify the epigenetic
regulatory signaling pathways, deepen the understanding of
the environment-gene interaction mechanism in the pathogenic factors of ASD.
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders, Maternal immune
activation, Neural stem cell, Cell Proliferation, Epigenetic
regulation
IA-0056

Sirt6 Regulates the Proliferation of NeuralPrecursor Cells and Cortical Neurogenesis in
Mice
Wei LIU

Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

Abstract: Sirt6, a member of the class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), functions in the regulation of genomic stability, DNA repair, cancer, metabolism and aging. Sirt6 deficiency
is lethal, and newborn SIRT6-null cynomolgus monkeys show
unfinished brain development. After the generation of a cortex- specific Sirt6 conditional knockout mouse model, we investigated the specific deletion of Sirt6 in NPCs at E10.5. This
study found that Sirt6 deficiency causes excessive proliferationof neural precursor cells (NPCs) and retards differentiation.
The results suggest that endogenous Sirt6 in NPCs regulates
histone acetylation and limits stemness-related genes, including Notch1, in order to participate in NPC fate determination.
These findings help elucidate Sirt6’s role in brain development
and in NPC fate determination while providing data on species generality and differentiation.

IA-0145

Autism-Risk Factor Foxp1, an Endochondral
Ossification Inhibitor Regulates the
Neurogenesis in Brain Development
Haixia ZHAO, Nana YANG, Xin YE, Liyi REN, Bingyin SU

Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Histology
and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China

Abstract: Foxp1 as an endochondral ossification inhibitor,
mutation or deletion of its allele can lead to neurodevelopment
disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous
studies have revealed that Foxp1 is highly expressed in thecortex, hippocampus, and striatum during brain development,
highlighting its essential role in neurocognitive functions.
Nonetheless, there is a need to further elucidate the role andmechanism of Foxp1 in the development of the central nervous
system (CNS). In this study, the expression pattern of Foxp1 inearly brain development, along with the cell types expressing
Foxp1, was examined. A nervous- specific Cre-Loxp system
was used to delete Foxp1 in vivo. Neural stem cells (NSCs)
were isolated from embryonic cerebral cortex, and primary
astrocytes were obtained from newborn mouse brain. Interestingly, we detected the expression of Foxp1 not only in neuralstem cells and neurons, but also in astrocytes. Notably, thecerebral cortex thickness was significantly reduced, especiallyin layers V and IV, in Foxp1 knockout mice. Furthermore,
the knockout of Foxp1 resulted in an increased number of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampal
formation of these mice. Furthermore, Foxp1 knockout led
to an increase in the number of astrocytes in the prefrontal
cortex, striatum, and hippocampal formation of mice. Additionally, overexpression of Foxp1 in neural stem cells (NSCs)
promoted neuron differentiation and inhibited astrocyte production, achieving this by regulating the Jak/Stat signaling
pathway. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed differential expression of factors related to immunoregulation signal
pathways in primary astrocytes isolated from Foxp1 knockout
mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that Foxp1 can promote
neurogenesis in brain development.
Keywords: Foxp1, Neural stem cells, Neurogenesis, Differentiation

Keywords: Sirt6, proliferation, Neural precursor cells, Cortical neurogenesis, mice
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IFAA 2024[Symposium 30: Mastering Manuscript Writing in Anatomy Journals: Best Practices and Pitfalls]
IA-0184

Publishing about Anatomical Variations

IA-0200

Effective Literature Review Strategies in
Anatomy Manuscripts: Synthesizing Past
and Present Knowledge
Friedrich PAULSEN

Fabrice DUPARC

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen,Germany

Anatomy Rouen Normandy University, Rouen, France

Abstract: Anatomical variations (AV) are discussed in theactivity editorial activity. Should we publish manuscripts about
anatomical variations? Our aims were to consider AV throughanatomical and clinical aspects. - The anatomical knowledge
needs to be enriched by new cases. - The clinical relevance of
AV takes place at the step of diagnosis, but also in the risk ofiatrogenous injuries due to the variant anatomy. It is strong
in medical imaging. - Education relevance is encountered inboth the anatomical and clinical fields. This supports the rolein education: learning how to prepare, how to submit, how to
track a submission, how to improve it through the reviewers’
suggestions. The phase of preparation goes through the collection of articles, but also implies reading the greatest texbooks
about variations. - Which journals are interested in publishing
AV? Some journals of Anatomy decided not to publish casereports. Some others, as Surg Radiol Anat, remain open to thesubmissions about AV, according different forms: case report,
unusual or new aspect of imaging, reviews, meta-analysis. The
quality and pertinence must be assessed by a peer-reviewing.
The articles about AV are not frequently cited, and not during
the two years following their publications. This is not a positive point for the journal because this will not contribute to increase the impact factor. This is an editorial choice. Some clinical journals are interested in publishing articles about applied
anatomy, and could be more attractive when they have a better
impact factor. The journals are now facing a new difficulty: theusing of artificial intelligence that can edit a well-constructedarticle about AV, case report, review and meta-analysis. The
publishers have included specific tools for detecting thesetypes of manuscript. Conclusion: All these aspects, anatomical, clinical, educational and editorial, support the publishingof anatomical variations.

Abstract: Increasingly, manuscripts are being submitted
to anatomical journals with inadequate literature research.
The authors of such manuscripts are virtually rediscovering
anatomy, even though much or all of it has been known forwell over 100 years. These “new” discoveries are based on thefact that only an Internet search was carried out. What cannot
be found on the Internet therefore does not exist. On the one
hand, the talk is intended to show what can be found in relation to macroscopic anatomy with a good internet search and,on the other hand, to draw attention to the fact that anatomy
has been researched for many centuries and that the subjectof anatomy has systematically generated data on the structureof the human body, the musculoskeletal system, the vascularsystem, embryology etc. since around 1860, which has since
been filed in books and journals. Many of these anatomicalarticles were not written in English and must therefore not
only be found but also translated during a literature search. A
truly valuable publication contains data with novelty value andthis involves an intensive literature search to uncover what isalready known. Anyone embarking on macroscopic and histological examinations of anatomy is entering a scientific field
in which research has been conducted for many decades. It is
not easy to contribute something new here, as the anatomistsof old have already carried out their examinations on a muchlarger number of objects of all ages than is the case today.
Keywords: Anatomy Manuscripts

Keywords: Anatomical variations, publications, anatomy,
education

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 31: Trends in Embalming of Human Bodies
for Teaching Anatomy]

IA-0104

Publication Ethics: The Role andResponsibilities of Authors

IA-0162

Kumar Satish RAVI

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, India

Abstract: Publishing plays a crucial role in disseminating knowledge, fostering recognition, advancing scientificprogress, facilitating collaboration, and fostering networking.
Moreover, it significantly contributes to determining academic
excellence within the profession. As the number of manuscripts being published worldwide continues to surge, ensuring authors' adherence to publishing ethics and regulations
becomes paramount. Authors' violations of ethics and responsibilities not only tarnish the reputation of the journal but also
incur significant penalties in terms of indexation for scientificjournals. This discussion thus centers on the essential considerations authors must bear in mind regarding publication ethics in academic and research publications. Key areas include
ensuring the research or publication's originality, fulfilling authorship obligations, preventing plagiarism, maintaining data
integrity, managing conflicts of interest, addressing ethical issues, adhering to journal guidelines, promoting transparency
and scientific content validity, preventing misconduct, andupholding post-publication ethics. It is imperative to adopt
a rigorous approach in these areas to preserve the integrity,
credibility, reputation, and trustworthiness of research publications. There is a growing trend of scientific papers being retracted from reputable journals due to publication misconduct,
which may occur with or without authors' awareness. Educating individuals about these matters is crucial to upholding thestandards of research publications. It is worth noting that such
misconduct not only affects the authors' reputations and thejournals' integrity but also disrupts the integrity of the scientific community and healthcare as a whole.
Keywords: Plagiarism, Authorship, Conflict of Interest,
Publishing, Delivery of Health CareAre We Using the Best Methods andChemicals in Embalming
Jacob Pule MEKWA

School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
AfricaAbstract: Embalming of the human body is essential for
disinfection and preservation to support the teaching and research in anatomy. The quality of the preservation of humanremains is important for studying detailed morphology. The
preserved human body has thus provided an excellent teaching and research platform for the development of our modern
curricula in the health sciences. While the embalming of thehuman body is critical to anatomists, there is generally little
agreement on the best methods and chemicals that should
be used. This may be because conditions are linked to legal
requirements, local costs and other challenges. Methods andchemicals used for embalming have improved the pliability
and durability of the body over time. However, there is a need
to better understand advances in embalming techniques, particularly for those countries where formaldehyde is still in use.
Unavailability of certain embalming chemicals due to financesin certain countries may result in anatomists being confined
to using whatever chemicals are available. Poor embalming
and local conditions may have a negative impact on the healthof staff and students, as well as on the training of students whowill not have an opportunity of exploring a well-preserved
human body. Long term preservation requires different techniques, such as using stronger preservative chemicals, multiple
injection sites to ensure thorough saturation of body tissues
and in case of a body to be used for anatomical dissection. The
aim of this Symposium will be to reflect on the global trends
in embalming techniques with a focus on best practice forteaching, research and occupational health. Research is neededin this field, to achieve best methods to use, as this will havea negative impact on Medical students and researchers whowill not have an opportunity of exploring and contributing
towards scientific research in a long run.
Keywords: Embalming, Dissection, Anatomists, Research,Law

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IA-0063

IA-0182

An Overview of the Embalming Process for
Anatomical Studies

Travelling with Thiel
Tracey WILKINSON

College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom

Jacob MEKWA2, Zenzo MOYO1, Ugochukwu OFFOR3
1

Anatomy, ASSA, Victoria, Malta
Anatomical Sciences, ASSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
3
Queen Mary University of London, Malta Campus, Anatomy, ASSA, Victoria, Malta
2

Abstract: The purpose for successful embalming of cadavers for dissection includes but limited to, long term structuralpreservation of organs and tissues, maintaining flexibility
and suppleness of internal organs, reduction of hazardous
chemicals in the environment to comply with health andsafety regulations. All the cadavers are from persons who haveconsented to body donation for anatomical science education and research. The cadavers reach Anatomy department
mortuary within 72 hours of death. Our embalming solution
consists of chemicals that were supplied by Mazwell group(Exclusive manufacturer of Dodge products): these products
include Metaflow, Rectificant, Introfiant, Dis-Spray, Restorative, Proflow in their respective constituents. The cadaver isplaced on the embalming table lying flat in an anatomical position. Following our SOP the cadaver is disinfected topicallyusing disinfectant and germicidal solution and left to stand for
5-10mins. The embalming fluid is perfused via the femoral artery using a mechanical pressure pump at 150/160 psi. To avoid
introducing air into the cadaver, the rubber tube linking thetank and the two cannulae must be filled with the embalming
fluid before the cannulae are inserted into the femoral artery.
The two cannulae are inserted into the femoral artery at theincision made pointing opposite directions tied up with twine
and the embalming fluid begins to enter the femoral artery. As
the embalming fluid circulates, the skin becomes pallid. The
extent of this change indicates the extent at which the fixatives have circulated. The cadaver is then placed in an airtightpolythene bag at 18 degrees for at least 3months. Before opening the bodies for dissection, the excess embalming fluid isremoved, and the cadavers are left to dry There is more muscle
flexibility and bending of limbs. Further, good flexibility andplasticity preservation in internal organs and tissues are remarkable characteristics as well.
Keywords: Embalming, Cadavers, Cannulae, Hazardous,
Techniques

Abstract: The Thiel soft-fix embalming method was developed by Professor Walther Thiel in Graz, Austria, with his
first paper on the technique published in 1982. The Centre of
Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID) at the University of Dundee adopted the method in 2009 and have become
the UK’s leading experts in this method, developing a solidinternational reputation. The embalming technique has been
gaining popularity over several years due to its advantageous
properties, including a high level of flexibility, maintenance offascial layers, very limited formalin content and robust longevity, making the cadavers ideal for surgical training, where thesame body can be used many times for different procedures,or for medical device testing. This talk will explore various applications of the Thiel method, giving examples of how it has
been used in Dundee and how its use has been spreading toother parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Israel, India andmore recently Peru. Additionally, a longstanding and mutually
beneficial relationship with the anatomists of Thailand has resulted in the method being taken up there, with a consortiumof local universities adapting the method and modifying thesolutions to suit their purposes.
Keywords: Embalming, Thiel, Soft-fix, Surgical training
IA-0198

The Utility of Soft Preservation in Anatomy
Education, Research and Clinical Training
Joy BALTA1,2
1

Anatomy Learning Institute, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, United States
Surgery, University of California, San Diego, United States

2

Abstract: Formaldehyde has long served as the primarypreservative for human body donors in anatomy education.
However, recent decades have seen a growing interest in alternative preservation techniques. This shift is driven by theneed for safer solutions that maintain tissue quality, meeting
the rising demand for highly realistic models for clinical training. Various soft preservation techniques have been explored,
including Thiel, Imperial College London-soft preservation

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IFAA 2024(ICL-SP), saturated salt, and Genelyn, among others. A recent study compared ICL-SP with Genelyn, Thiel, and formaldehyde, revealing that ICL-SP provides the most realisticpreservation of the body. In educational settings, ICL-SP was
evaluated against formaldehyde for teaching DPT and DOT
students. Results demonstrated that using ICL-SP facilitates
the integration of clinical skills, enhancing student learning and motivation. Furthermore, this technique was appliedin the training of general surgery and orthopedic residents.
General surgery residents preferred ICL-SP-preserved donors
over porcine models, while orthopedic residents favored ICLSP donors over those embalmed with formalin. Both groups
highlighted the advantages of working with soft-preserved
donors for training purposes. In contrast, training with unembalmed donors, commonly used for clinical training, limits theextended practice opportunities desired by donors. Therefore,
there is a pressing need to prioritize research on alternative
preservation techniques and raise awareness of their benefits.
Keywords: Anatomy Education[Symposium 32: Anatomical Education: Multiple Disciplines, Teaching Methods and Training in Medical Curriculum]
IA-0019

Students as Near-Peer Anatomy Teachers A Nourishing Program for Fledging Medical
Educators

students. This innovative approach enhances understandingof complex anatomical concepts and fosters a collaborative
learning environment, benefiting both near-peer teachers andstudents. The N-PAT programme is an invaluable resource for
future medical educators, with many participants continuing
their involvement over the years. This creates a continuous improvement cycle as former students-turned-N-PATs contribute
unique insights to refine the program. This talk will introduce
the N-PAT training program and discuss its win-win-win nature. We will explore the benefits and challenges faced by NPATs, as well as the programme's effectiveness in preparing
medical students for future educator roles. We will also examine the potential long-term impacts on the medical education
landscape, including fostering a culture of mentorship andcollaboration among medical professionals. In summary, the
N-PAT programme significantly impacts medical educationby providing student-educators with necessary knowledge,
skills, hands-on experience, fostering a collaborative learning
environment for junior students, and enhancing the teacherstudent ratio and teaching efficiency for educators. As the program evolves and expands, it will shape the future of medical
education and enhance the overall quality of health services inHong Kong.
Keywords: Near-Peer Teaching, Anatomy Education, Student As Partners
IA-0022

Implementation of Virtual Teaching andCore Syllabus into Anatomical Curriculum

Jian Yang, Rong Liu

LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Dongmei Cui, Gongchao Yang, Edgar R. Meyer, Norma Ojeda

Abstract: Throughout their careers, medical students
will transition from learners to educators, taking on the roleof teaching and guiding future generations of medical professionals. Recognising this inevitable transformation, the
LKS Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong
(HKUMed) has implemented a near-peer anatomy teacher (NPAT) programme, which provides a unique opportunity for
aspiring medical student-educators to gain hands-on experience by serving as co-instructors during dissection sessions.
The N-PAT programme has grown significantly, with over
200 registered N-PATs participating in 200+ dissection sessions, enriching the learning experience for numerous medical

Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, UnitedStatesAbstract: Traditional teaching emphasizes direct interaction and face-to-face learning via lectures and textbooks. Virtual teaching is more flexible because it can be accomplishedvia virtual platforms, virtual eBooks, online meetings, andvideo lectures. In this talk, we will review traditional teaching
methods, provide examples of virtual teaching methods andplatforms, demonstrate how to implement these virtual teaching methods, and compare and contrast the advantages anddisadvantages of traditional and virtual teaching methods.
Traditional microscopic anatomy (histology) has been cen-

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tered around using microscopy to examine histological slides
and teaching students how to use microscopy to identify structures and cells on the slides. Virtual microscopy has become apopular form of education in many schools worldwide in recent years. For much of the current twenty-first century, anatomical education has been managed through the use of online
learning management platforms like Blackboard and Canvas.
They allow students to access course materials both inside andoutside of the classroom synchronously and asynchronously,
depending on the instructors’ preferences. Virtual meeting
platforms, such as BigBlue Button and Microsoft Teams, enable teachers to teach students remotely, but synchronously.
Nevertheless, recording options in these platforms also allow
instructors to post recorded lectures that can be viewed by
students later in an asynchronous fashion. In this talk, we will
also discuss recommendations for educators and textbook authors regarding updating and improving their course contents
to flexibly suite both the needs of the newest generations ofhealth science professional students and the current modern
curriculum based on the results of the Core Syllabus for histology within the medical curriculum from the International
Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).

and intricate anatomical details are opportunities to elaborate,
question, and debate by delivering short, engaging narratives
and introducing challenging concepts. These narratives aim
to provoke thought and connect anatomy content with art,
history, ethical dilemmas, elements of Diversity, Equity, andInclusion (DEI), as well as ambiguity.
Results: The above strategy enabled students to anchor information, reflect, contemplate, generate discussion, and learn
how to navigate through seemingly perplexing information.
Assessment in the short term included multiple-choice questions at the end of the lecture, in exams, and through course
evaluations. Illustration of the implementation of this concept
is demonstrated by providing examples that show how this approach is introduced and allows members of the audience toobserve their reactions and emotions in response to the content.
Conclusion: Introducing elements of medical humanities
and the history of medicine into an anatomy course is effective. Evaluation gauges the impact of content on students. Ambiguity tolerance training in the anatomy course eases anxiety
and benefits students' understanding and engagement with thematerial.

Keywords: Virtual teaching, Core Syllabus, Virtual platform, Canvas, Histology

Keywords: Anatomy Education, Medical Humanities, History of Medicine, Ambiguity Tolerance Training

IA-0028IA-0131

Enhancing Anatomy Education: Integrating
Medical Humanities, History of Medicine,and Ambiguity Tolerance Training

Enhancing Understanding of Collateral
Circulation and Clinical Correlation in
Anatomy Education by Using SMA and IMA

Medical Humanities and History of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's,
GrenadaDepartment of Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center,
Jackson, United States

Robert Hage

Gongchao Yang, Timothy DASINGER, Norma Ojeda

Purpose: Introducing humanities and history content into
an existing medical curriculum requires a strategic approachand should ideally commence in the gross and developmental
anatomy course. Besides incorporating aspects of medical
humanities and the history of medicine, including an elementof ambiguity tolerance training is beneficial. It is important in
the context of anatomy, as anomalies, non-symmetrical anatomical findings, and the presence of multiple names for one
structure can often perplex students early in their training.
Methods: Eponyms during lectures, commonly held beliefs,

Abstract: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) communicate via the marginalartery of the middle colic artery and the left colic artery of theinferior mesenteric artery, and the meandering mesenteric artery. The middle and left colic artery branches, located within
the mesocolon, are the primary means of communication.
Collateralization between the IMA and systemic circulation
occurs in the rectum as the superior rectal vessels merge withthe middle rectal vessels from the internal iliac arteries. The
superior mesenteric artery is much bigger in diameter than the

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inferior mesenteric artery. A unique case of superior mesenteric arterial blockage, followed by enlargement of the inferior
mesenteric artery, serves as a good example of collateral circulation. A radiographic image was chosen to show students thatwhen the superior mesenteric artery is blocked, the inferior
mesenteric artery increases its size to accommodate the deficiency of blood supply to the SMA. Intestinal ischemia, which
can affect the small or large intestine, can be caused by arterial
occlusion, venous occlusion, or arterial vasospasm. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of chronic mesenteric ischemia. The
narrowing of the arteries occurs more in the origins of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries. A rapid diagnosis is crucial
for patients with acute symptoms because ischemia can result
in sepsis, bowel infarction, and death. Although atherosclerosis of the mesenteric vessels is common, clinical manifestations
caused by mesenteric arterial disease are rare. The diameter of
IMA is wider for patients with rectal cancer and left colon cancer compared to those without colorectal cancer. IMA diameter can be a potential marker for locoregional staging of rectal
cancer.
Keywords: Collateral circulation, Superior mesenteric artery, Inferior mesenteric artery, Anatomy education, Cadaver
study[Symposium 33: "Ethical Anatomy in Practice: Contemporary Oversight and Management of Anatomical Programmes and Collections" for Stream]
IA-0024

Recommendations for the Management ofLegacy Anatomical Collections

tory, there has often been variable regard for the respect anddignity that these tissues demand or receive. Recent public
scandals around the use of human remains, coupled with anincreasing community awareness around accountability insuch instances, has forced scholars to confront the ethical andmoral concerns associated with these collections. This includes
specific focus on the acquisition, storage, use, and dispositionof these remains, which were often collected with no consent
and with little knowledge, or concern, about the individual or
their respective practices and culture surrounding death andpostmortem treatment. In 2021 the American Association
for Anatomy convened a Legacy Anatomical Collections Task
Force to consider these issues and to develop recommendations to assist those working with these tissues in education,
research, and museum collections. This has culminated withthe development of Recommendations for the Managementof Legacy Anatomical Collections which have since been endorsed by the American Association for Anatomy. The Recommendations provide both an ethical foundation and practicalconsiderations for the use, storage, and disposition of legacy
collections of human tissues, and deliver guidance establishing appropriate management and oversight, investigating
provenance, and engaging with communities of care. These
Recommendations have recently been published and represent
current ‘best practice’ that can guide researchers, teachers,
and museum associates as they consider the future of legacy
anatomical collections in their care. They are also considereda living document which will change over time as ethical principles concerning the management of human tissue evolve.
Keywords: Legacy collection, Anatomy collection, Ethics,
Recommendations, Guidelines

Jon Cornwall1, Thomas Champney2, Carlina De la Cova3, Dominic Hall 4,
Sabine Hildebrandt5, Jason Mussell6, Andreas Winkelmann7, Valerie DeLeon8

IA-0054

1

Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami,
United States
3
Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
4
Center for the History of Medicine at the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
5
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
6
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-NO, New Orleans, United States
7
Institute of Anatomy, Medical School Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin,
Germany
8
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States

Human Body Donation Programs:
Recommendations for Consistent Policies
and Procedures

2

Thomas Champney

Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States

Abstract: Collections of human remains in scientific andprivate institutions are globally ubiquitous. Throughout his-

Abstract: Over the past fifty years, the use of altruisticallydonated bodies for anatomy education and surgical skills
training has increased worldwide with a significant increase in

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their use in the United States. This increased use in the UnitedStates paralleled an increase in body donation programs –both non-profit academic programs as well as for-profit businesses. As these programs were established, they developed
their own unique operational policies and procedures as there
was little legislation to guide them. Consequently, there aremarkedly different ways that donation programs run theiroperations including how donations are solicited, the types offorms and information that are provided to the donors, theways the donors are utilized and the processes around thedonor’s disposition. To improve benchmarks and standards,
anatomical societies and other organizations have called formore consistent policies and procedures in body donation
programs. The American Association for Anatomy (AAA) has
recently released “best practices” guidelines for body donation
programs. These guidelines provide a path for programs tofollow to maintain consistent ethical, procedural and financial
policies. They provide detailed information about best practices in the field for both those with established programs aswell as those who are developing new programs. Many of thesepolicies can also be applicable internationally with the goal forall body donation programs to have the same ethical foundations in the respectful and dignified treatment of those that
altruistically provided their bodies for education and research.
Keywords: Body Donation, Ethics, Best Practices, Policies

tal technologies enable non-invasive preservation and nondestructive analysis, promote global access of digital data to
researchers, and provide benefits around storage capacity forphysical specimens. However, such benefits are attached tochallenges that extend from data privacy and security to cultural sensitivities that require unique, region specific solutions.
This work provides a comprehensive account of the challenges
and interventions addressing the digital transition of humanskeletal collections in a South African context. This includes
a revision of specific digital curatorial practices with a focus
on data management, legislation, and ethical considerations.
Solutions for the creation of digital repositories are described,
including variations from less resourced frameworks throughto those that are fully funded digital repositories. Key features
for consideration are the development of management policies guided by data security, international collaboration, local
indigenous perspectives, and ethical stewardship to enabledemocratising access to African human skeletal remains. Digital anatomical repositories have the potential to revolutionise
teaching and research landscapes, however their establishment
and management demands unique innovations specific to regional contexts and needs.
Keywords: Digital repositories, Skeletal collections, Ethics
IA-0084

Defining Contemporary Consent Practices
for Body Donation (for the Symposium:
Ethical Anatomy in Practice: Contemporary
Oversight and Management of Anatomical
Programmes and Collections)

IA-0080

Management and Transition of PhysicalCollections into the Digital Realm: A South
African Experience
Brendon Billings

Anatomy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Brandi Schmitt

Abstract: Human skeletal repositories are shifting fromphysical to digital platforms for a variety of reasons which
include restrictions on space, preservation of human remains, and limitations on international access. Technologicaladvancements, exemplified by a variety of modalities suchas computer tomography, 3-D surface scanning, and photogrammetry that facilitate high-resolution scans, have enabledacquisition of digital renderings that retain the integrity andoriginal morphology of anatomical structures. These digi-

Abstract: Body donors and anatomical specimens play a
crucial role in teaching and research. Upholding the highest
standards of professionalism and ethical management of anatomical collections, from legacy and contemporary sources,
is critical to ensure access to these valuable resources now
and for future generations of students and researchers. The
anatomy community is increasingly aware of the ethical issues
associated with the practice of anatomy and the importanceUC Health, University of California Office of the President, Oakland, California, UnitedStatesACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IFAA 2024of compliance. Yet, relatively few best practices exist to guideanatomical program management and fewer still lend guidance to, or contain specific recommendations for, consent ofbody donors. Relevant research on donor consent practices
in the US and beyond highlight opportunities for body donor
programs throughout the global community to reflect on contemporary perspectives and promote ethical consent concepts
that are salient for anatomical programs and donors alike. An
assessment of available guidance and standards that underscore consent will be presented alongside “best practices” forthe acquisition, storage, tracking, utilization, and dispositionof anatomical specimens and collections used for the practiceof anatomy. Research in the US shows significant variety of
information presented during consent practices. Best practices
specificity for consent form content is sparse but contain vital
ethical concepts for the oversight and management of body
donation programs and anatomical collections that can be leveraged for developing ethical consent procedures throughout
the anatomy community.
Keywords: Anatomical collections management, Body donation oversight, Consent practices, Ethics, Policies and Procedures[Symposium 34: New Dimensions in Applied Anatomy(Forensics and Clinical Anatomy)]
IA-0018

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic
Osteology Research in Thailand
Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand

Abstract: Identifying human remains is fundamental tothe humanitarian, legal, and natural rights of all individuals.
The methods are classified into non-scientific and scientificapproaches. Even though DNA is the most precise technique,
it is often inaccessible in many cases. Consequently, in Thailand, we developed a method of human genomic extraction
from metacarpal bone using gelatin-coated magnetic particles.
We applied the four principles of biological identification—
sex, age, stature, and ancestry—in the discovery of each bone
remains. The most significant factor is sex, since it could pro-

mote the other principles. We have studied sexual dimorphismin numerous Thai bones. However, the most challenging principle is age estimation, which has limited studies conducted in
Thailand. Furthermore, we thoroughly studied stature identification in both complete and incomplete long bones, which
is a crucial step in the identification process. Additionally,
we have published a study on identifying ancestry between
Thais and Japanese populations. We have also conducted apromising study on identifying ancestry between Thais andIndonesian populations. To enhance the precision of all determinations, we have determined to utilize artificial intelligence,
which will play an important role in forensic osteology.
Keywords: Biological identification, Human remains, Artificial intelligence
IA-0132

The Importance of the Biological Profile inCommingled Human Remains Analysis: A
DPAA Perspective
Rebecca TAYLOR

Scientific Analysis Directorate, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Honoulu, UnitedStatesAbstract: Forensic anthropological analysis of humanremains in human rights and disaster victim identification
contexts commonly involves the sorting of commingled
skeletal elements to aid in the personal identification of individuals. The Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action
Accounting Agency (DPAA), the United States government
agency responsible for the search, recovery, and identificationof service members from past U.S. conflicts, is often tasked
with resolving commingled assemblages ranging in complexity from small aircraft crashes to large mass graves. It has
collaborated on several tools to improve the efficacy of commingled remains sorting utilizing biological profile data. A
variety of methodological strategies are available to analyze
commingled assemblages. Each impacts the techniques employed by forensic practitioners, including the technologicaladvances to help streamline and automate processes. However,fundamental to all the technological and methodological advances for laboratory-based sorting is the application of thebiological profile criteria (i.e., age, ancestry, sex, stature, etc.).
Three case examples highlight how forensic practitioners must

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solidly understand the anthropological techniques to estimate
the biological profile prior to implementing technologies that
automate processes to 1) assure programs are trained properly and 2) assess the validity of generated recommendations.
Case 1 highlights the utility of the OsteoSort program, which
compares metric data of skeletal elements to generate shortlists of those that potentially pair match or articulate. Case 2
highlights how the Commingled Remains Analytics program,a specimen level information management system, integrates
disparate biological criteria to suggest linkage of skeletal elements. Case 3 utilizes a combination of biochemical and age
data to support the association and/or segregation of elements.
Although the biological profile is typically associated withpersonal identification (i.e., comparison to missing person records), these case examples demonstrate how essential it is tosorting commingled remains and, thus, must remain an educational focus in training programs.
Keywords: Forensic Anthropology, Commingling, Biological Profile, DPAA
IA-0106

measurements. With radio-imaging, geometric morphometric(GM) method is adopted as a sophisticated approach to skeletal
analysis. Unlike traditional linear measurements that focusedon length and index, GM focuses on capturing shape variations through the use of Cartesian landmark and advanced
statistical analysis, offering a more nuanced understanding ofskeletal morphology. We then delve into the evolution towards
cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI)-driven approaches forpredictive modelling and classification tasks. The applicationof AI algorithms will facilitate the rapid identification andclassification of skeletal remains from large datasets, which is
crucial for both legal and humanitarian efforts. In conclusion,
the convergence of GM and AI marks the digital revolutionof forensic anthropology. As Malaysia continues to develop
its forensic capabilities, the adoption of these cutting-edge
methodologies, from "bones to bytes" will play a pivotal role inelevating the standards and outcomes of forensic anthropology practices. The insights gleaned from this research not only
enrich our understanding of human skeletal morphology but
also hold profound implications for forensic science practiceand policy in Malaysia and beyond.
Keywords: Forensic Anthropology, Geometric Morphometric, Artificial Intelligence, Malaysia, Digital Revolution

From Bones to Bytes: Advancing Forensic
Anthropology through GeometricMorphometrics and AI in Malaysia

IA-0117

Ker Woon CHOY1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh,
Malaysia
2
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia

Abstract: The advancement of technology has revolutionized the field of forensic anthropology, ushering in a new era
characterized by the integration of digital methodologies. In
Malaysia, the absence of an osteological centre has necessitateda shift towards innovative solution in forensic anthropology
research. The transition to imaging techniques marked a significant milestone, enabling forensic anthropology researchers
to conduct detailed skeletal examinations specific to Malaysian population without the need for extensive osteologicalcollections. Radiographic imaging modalities such as X-rays
and computed tomography (CT) scans became indispensable
tools in forensic anthropology, allowing for two- and threedimensional visualization of skeletal structures and precise

The Present and Future of Forensic
Anthropological Studies Using Korea CT
Data
Eun Jin WOOHistory, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: The computed tomography (CT) data have become one of the key research materials the field of forensic
anthropology and its applicability has expanded to encompass
various topics, including personal identification. As a result,since 2000, there has been a significant increase in CT-related
articles, particularly in the field of forensic anthropology. In
this regard, the presentation aims to examine the current stateof forensic anthropological research in Korea using CT data,
focusing on recent studies, and to anticipate future research
directions. Since the late 2000s, numerous studies utilizing CT
data of Koreans have been published in domestic and interna-

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tional forensic anthropology journals. The primary focus ofthese studies is on the development of sex estimation specificto Koreans and facial reconstruction for personal identification. Additionally, research continues to utilize CT data fordeveloping methods to estimate age-at-death and stature
among Koreans. Considering that a sufficient database of CTdata from Koreans, which is usable for forensic anthropological research, has not yet been fully established, these researchoutcomes can be considered highly promising. Currently, themost actively utilized research data in studies are CT scans ofautopsy bodies accumulated by the National Forensic Serviceof Korea since 2013. These are being employed for large-scale
forensic anthropological research on the Korean population.
Based on this research trend, various aspects of skeletal variation in Koreans are currently being analyzed using artificial
intelligence-based deep learning techniques and 3D statisticalshape modeling methods. Therefore, it is anticipated that in
the future, not only will the development of biological profiling methods using skeletal variation in Koreans advance, butalso comparisons among diverse populations will become feasible.
Keywords: Computed tomography, Personal identification,
Biological profiling, Forensic anthropology, Korean

Results: The London Atlas over-estimated age in the selected South African sample and a statistically significant difference between the chronological and estimated dental ages
were recorded. The over-estimation of age was higher in theSouth African Black and Indian males in comparison to theirfemale counterparts. The South African Indian population
had a less over-estimation in age when compared to the South
African Black population.
Conclusion: Subsequently, this study created the KZN
population- and sex-specific atlases for the selected population groups of KwaZulu-Natal. The KZN Atlases were moreaccurate in the prediction of age in the selected sample, witha mean absolute error of 0.57 years and there were no statistically significant differences between the chronological andestimated dental ages.
Keywords: Dental age estimation, Digital panoramic radiographs, Forensic dentistry, London Atlas, Population-specificdataIA-0083

The Domino Effect: Spinal Variations
Associated with Lumbosacral Transitional
Vertebrae
Glen PATON, Brandon HOTZHAUSEN

IA-0026

Chiropractic, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Dental Age Estimation Using the London
Atlas in a Select South African Population

Sundika ISHWARKUMARGOVENDER-GOVENDER1, Pamela PILLAY2,
Manogari CHETTY3, Kapil S SATYAPAL2
1

Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Craniofacial Biology, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

2
3

Background: A crucial aspect of clinical dentistry, forensic
science, and medico-legal cases is dental age estimation in theliving and deceased. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the accuracy and reproducibility of the London Atlas ina select sample in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Methodology: This cross-sectional retrospective study
reviewed 760 digital panoramic radiographs (n = 760) aged
between 5.00 and 23.99 years using consecutive sampling. The
radiographs were reviewed, and the dental age was assigned
using the London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and
Eruption by AlQahtani et al. (2010).

Aim: This study investigated the co-occurrence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) and spinal variations, analysing prevalence, morphology, demographic factors, side andspinal location.
Methodology: An ex-situ anatomical study of cadaveric spinal columns from a South African skeletal population were examined at the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Modern Human
Skeletons. Eleven spinal variations were considered within twocohorts: an LSTV cohort (n=100) and a control cohort (n=60).
Results: LSTV primarily displayed Type IIB morphology
and sacralisation, with fewer spinal variations per skeleton
compared to controls (4.03 vs. 5.05). When including LSTV
as a variation, both cohorts averaged five variations per spinal
column. Accessory transverse foramen (ATF) was the mostcommon variation, affecting upper and lower cervical regions
bilaterally for both groups. Males in both cohorts showed a

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higher incidence of spina bifida occulta (SBO), sacral spinal region (SSR), and midline variations (p=0.001, p=0.002, p<0.01).
Conversely, females were more likely to exhibit lateral ponticle,
retrotransverse foramen, and left-sided variations (p=0.03,
p=0.033, p=0.021). Significant associations were observed
between LSTV and arcuate foramen (AF) (p=0.048), while
the control cohort demonstrated statically significant associations with partial retro-transverse foramen, partial accessorytransverse foramen (PAF), bipartite superior facet of atlas, upper cervical spinal region, lower cervical spinal region, as wellas left and right-sided variations (p=0.041, p<0.001, p=0.018,
p=0.02, p=0.011, left p=0.026, right p=0.027). The predominant side of spinal variations in both cohorts was bilateral occurrence.
Conclusion: The LSTV and control cohorts demonstrated
similar prevalences for spinal variations. Sex-specific differences were noted with males demonstrating a higher incidenceof SBO in the SSR, with midline dominance. Females exhibited greater prevalence for LP, RTF, and left-sided dominance.
Overall, these findings contribute the understanding of spinal
variation patterns, emphasizing the importance of consideringsex-specific differences and their clinical implications for backpain and treatment.
Keywords: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra, Lumbarization, Sacralization, Spinal variation, Anomaly
IA-0041

Vertebra C1 - A True Vertebral Enigma
Shahed NALLA

Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract: The Cervical Vertebra C1 (or Atlas) have beenstudied in the most detail because of its critical location. It is
an atypical vertebra of the cervical region of the vertebral column, exhibiting unique features that substantiate its criticalrole in the functionality of the vertebral column. Providing
attachment for the smallest vertebral muscles, its location is ata crucial interface between cranial and vertebral elements ofthe skeleton. Not only is it supportive and weight-bearing of
the skull, but it is also an important partner in two significant
joints of the cervical region, namely the atlanto-occipital andthe atlanto-axial joints. Its special morphology and diminutive

size underplay the importance of its role and enigmatic nature.
Its embryonic derivation of being derived from the fourth
occipital sclerotome that has merged with the first cervicalsclerotome makes it most vulnerable to multiple anomalies
and variations. These range from missing vertebral elements,
such as having unfused transverse foramina, to exhibiting theaddition of extraosseous elements, such as the anterior, lateraland posterior particles, the formation of an arcuate foramen oraccessory transverse foramina. These, in turn, impact or are
impacted by the neurovascular structures related to this bone,which then exhibit the associated clinical implications.
Keywords: Cervical Vertebrae, Atlas vertebra, ClinicalAnatomy, Cerevical movement, Variations[Symposium 35: Intersection of Cell Biology, Tissue Engineering and Precision Medicine]IA-0055

Semisynthetic Extracellular Matrix-Inspired
Systems for Therapeutic Delivery and Tissue
RepairShane BROWNE

Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative
Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

Abstract: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that plays a critical role in disease and regeneration. Engineered matrices, or synthetic ECM (sECM) offer
great promise for the treatment and regeneration of damaged
or diseased tissue. The biophysical and biochemical propertiesof sECM, including mechanical properties, degradation kinetics, cell adhesion and growth factor retention, can be tailored
to promote tissue regeneration and functional repair. With
these considerations in mind, we describe the development of
ECM-inspired systems to promote tissue repair. Hyaluronic
acid (HyA) is a major component of the native ECM, and has
been widely use in the development of biomaterials owing to
its biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Addition of anacrylate group to HyA (AcHyA) allows for the formation ofa crosslinked HyA hydrogel using dithiol-terminated crosslinkers, as well as conjugation of a range of bioactive moieties.
With AcHyA as the polymeric backbone, HyA-based hydrogels
are engineered to embody critical ECM features including ma-

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trix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive degradation, adhesion
ligand presentation and growth factor retention. This systemdemonstrates great promise to support vascularisation andtissue repair, and reduce fibrosis in clinically-relevant in vivo
models of volumetric muscle loss (VML). While this AcHyA
shows great promise for the treatment of VML, key propertiesof this HyA-based sECM may also be tailored for alternative
tissue types. This may include modification of biophysicalproperties including mechanical properties, degradation kinetics or the adhesion peptide sequences, or the addition oftherapeutic molecules to adapt to the properties or diseasestates of other tissues. For example, further functionalisationof this AcHyA-based hydrogel system by the conjugation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) will be demonstrated. AMPs canbe conjugated without otherwise altering the AcHyA-basedhydrogel properties, making this system suitable for the repair
of infected skin wounds.
Keywords: Hyaluronic acid, Hydrogels, Muscle regeneration, Wound healing, Tissue Engineering

were most impacted by severe degenerative disc stages of Pfirrmann grades IV and V. Transcriptomic profiling mapped theupregulation of pro-inflammatory and nociceptive markers.
To mimic the 3D inflammatory and nociceptive niche of the
IVD, we developed the disc-on-a-chip model, a disease modeloriented microfluidic and hydrogel system using 3D (bio)printing. It comprised the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus
fibrosus (AF) and sensory regions. Computational simulation
determined shear stress and fluid velocity as increasing pressure. The viability and phenotypic markers of AF, NP and sensory neurite were informed. Our results imply a human "onchip" model to investigate the patient-specific pathogenesis of
painful IVD degeneration, allowing for rapid prototyping anda high-precision platform for pharmacological testing and tissue regeneration.
Keywords: Intervertebral disc degeneration, Nociception,
Organ-on-a-chip, Neuroinflammation, Tissue regeneration
IA-0134

Protective and Anabolic Effect of Tocotrienol
on Differentiation and Proliferation of
MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast via Induction the Wnt/
β-catenin Signalling Pathway and Inhibitionof RhoA Activation

IA-0070

Painful Intervertebral Disc Degeneration:
Hydrogel System and Disc-on-a-Chipthrough Precision Medicine
Isma Liza MOHD ISA1,2

Elvy Suhana MOHD RAMLI

1

CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and School of Medicine, University of
Galway, Galway, Ireland2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malalaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is oneof the etiological factors of LBP, affecting 42% of the population globally. Our study advances a hydrogel technology
and organ-on-chip for disease model tailored to the patientspecific pathogenesis of painful IVD degeneration. We developed a hydrogel system that has been shown to alleviate pain
phenotype and promote disc hydration and disc height for
tissue repair in IVD injury of rat models. Using a precision
medicine approach, we conducted a multicentre prospective
study to determine molecular markers of neuroinflammationand nociception in LBP patients diagnosed with degenerative
disc disease (DDD) across severity stages by RNA sequencing
analysis. Demographic analysis revealed that ageing patients

Abstract: Bone remodelling is regulated by osteoblastmediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass anddeterioration of skeletal microarchitecture, leading to bone
fragility. Osteoporosis is caused by osteoblast apoptosis andosteoclast proliferation in the body, which leads to bone loss.
The imbalance of these two processes causes abnormalities inbone remodelling, which can produce a variety of bone disorders including osteoporosis. Wnt signaling is a key moleculethat determines the directional differentiation of MSCs into
osteoblasts and participates in bone formation, development,
and remodelling. Wnt3a promotes the formation and deposition of bone matrix by activating Runx2 through synergistic
action with BMP-9. The current therapies for osteoporosis
include anti-resorptive agents (bisphosphonates, calcitonin,

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denosumab, oestrogen+ progesterone) and anabolic agents(teriparatide). These agents are effective against osteoporosis but they come with adverse side effects. The preventive
agents for osteoporosis are limited to calcium with or without
vitamin D, has been the target of drug intervention for osteoporosis. Statins, traditionally known as cholesterol-lowering
agents, have been found to promote bone formation in vitro
and in vivo. Statins regulate the mevalonate pathway by inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3- methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMGCoA) reductase (HMGR) enzyme. Rho, a type of G protein
is involved in statin- induced osteogenesis. Rho-Rho kinase
inhibition stimulated differentiation and calcium nodule formation. Inhibition of Rho kinase was shown to increase bonemorphogenetic protein- 2 (BMP-2) gene expression. Tocotrienol and tocopherol are members of the vitamin E family, canbe found in palm oil. Tocotrienol exerts powerful antioxidant
properties, have been reported to protect bone in various animal models of osteoporosis. It enhances the expression of boneformation-related genes such as OSN, OCN, and OPN throughthe Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. From its effects on therelated pathways, tocotrienol has the potential to be used as atreatment for osteoporosis.
Keywords: Osteoporosis, Tocotrienol, Wnt/β-catenin, Osteoblast, Osteoclast[Symposium 36: A Tale of Three Continents: Innovations
in Anatomical Sciences in the New Medical Education
Landscape]IA-0082

Weaving and Interleaving Anatomicaland Clinical Sciences to Enhance AdaptiveCompetence

Lisa LEE1, Chelsea LOHMAN1, Danielle ROYER1, John THOMPSON1,2,David ECKER1,3, Nicole KELP1,4, Tai LOCKSPEISER1,5, Rachael TAN1,6, David
ECKER1,3, Briauna JOHNSON1
1

Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,
Aurora, United States
2
Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
3
Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
4
Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine at
CSU, Fort Collins, United States
5
Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
6
Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, UnitedStatesAbstract: The initiative to redesign medical education resulted in many US medical schools adopting more clinically
relevant, systems-based curricula. The curricular innovation at CU facilitated adaptive competence in students fromthe first day of medical school with a three-pillar curricular
design integrating the medical sciences, health and society,and clinical skills. The medical sciences pillar incorporated
anatomical sciences within the discipline and the clinicalsciences. Students acquired scientific knowledge, clinicalreasoning skills, and professional competencies through thespiraled presentation of content and robust opportunities for
self-reflection, coaching, and feedback. In year one, each week
is oriented around a chief concern covering relevant basic sciences, applicable clinical conditions and patient presentations,and addressing health and societal considerations. This ambitious curriculum required innovative pedagogical approaches
to reduce extraneous and germane cognitive load for learners.
Extraneous load was reduced by streamlining learning objectives and incremental increase in content depth. Germane load
was reduced by deliberately reinforcing concepts from basic,clinical, and societal sciences forcing students to interleave all
three pillars. Learning events such as bedside anatomy, basic
sciences dry labs, case-based application, and weekly concept
checks were implemented with metacognitive check-ins to promote authentic learning and adaptive competence. Formativeand summative assessments including standardized exams,
and perceptions on student competency improved comparedto the traditional curricula. Clinical faculty deemed students
more knowledgeable and better prepared for clinical phases
while students self-report inadequacy and under preparedness.
Metacognition analyses reveal that incoming medical students
are unable to accurately predict their learning outcomes on assessments. Results suggest facilitating adaptive competence inearly medical training is possible through deliberate multidimensional integration of basic, clinical, and societal sciences,and professional development. The implication of these datasuggests that reimagining Miller’s Pyramid as a geometrically
fluid shape is essential in the new medical education landscape.
Keywords: Adaptive competence, Metacognition, Longitudinal medical curriculum, Interleaving, Cognitive load

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IA-0216

IA-0081

Anatomy Education Embedded in
Multidisciplinary Training and Clinical Skills

Development of Modified Autopsy
Prosection Protocol and a New Anatomy Lab
Practical Assessment Modeled on the OSCE
for Clinically Authentic Anatomy Education
in a Systems-Based Curriculum

Nalini PATHER

Medical Education, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia

Abstract: In the current landscape of artificial intelligenceand rapidly advancing medical education, a critical challenge
in anatomy education is distinguishing between essential
knowledge that medical graduates should retain in long-term
memory and information that can be efficiently accessed
through technology at the point of care. This distinction is
crucial for optimizing medical training and ensuring that
healthcare providers safe and effective, while leveraging technology effectively. This presentation explores an approach toanatomy education embedded in multidisciplinary case-basedlearning, clinical skills training, and non-technical skills development such as professionalism and critical thinking. The
approach is grounded in the pedagogical principles of contextual application, knowledge integration, and reasoning. By
presenting anatomy through the lens of medical disciplines,
students develop a holistic understanding of clinically relevant
anatomy. This method enhances knowledge retention, promotes critical thinking and enables students to develop skills
for the future AI-augmented workplace. A comprehensive
framework for this approach using practical examples drawn
from integrating anatomy into clinical skills training, surgery,radiology and internal medical will be outlined. This approachis particularly relevant in the context of AI and machinelearning advancements. While AI can provide quick access toanatomical information, the ability to apply this knowledge inclinical contexts remains a uniquely human skill. By focusing
on the integration and application of anatomical knowledge,
this method prepares students for a future were understanding the "why" behind structure and relations is as important asknowing the "what".
Keywords: Anatomy Education

Chelsea LOHMAN1, Briauna JOHNSON1, Danielle ROYER1, Zachary
THROCKMORTON2, David ECKER3, Rachael TAN4, Tai LOCKSPEISER5,
Lisa LEE1
1

Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,
Aurora, United States
Biomedical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine at Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, United States
3
Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
4
Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, UnitedStates5
Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
2

Abstract: Promoting adaptive competence for gross anatomy in the new era of medical education requires deliberate
design to enhance clinical authenticity from the first day of
training. Gross anatomy in the new medical curriculum at CU
has evolved from a 10-week immersive dissection course to
year-long integration with 10 systems-based courses. Prosection labs begin with a full external body inspection akin to
autopsy. Clinical authenticity is further reinforced througha novel modified en masse autopsy protocol (AP) prosection
preserving anatomic relationships across organ systems. To
promote adaptive competency with flipped lab, students were
prompted to manipulate organ blocs to identify anatomy,
synthesize clinical relevance, and interact with donors as theirfirst patients. For assessments, a novel performance-basedlab exam was created, modeled on the Objective Structured
Clinical Examination for anatomy (OSCE-A). OSCE-A assesses higher levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy by having students
interpret physical exam, imaging, and lab results, navigate
variation or pathology, and manipulate the donor to tag accurate anatomic structures relevant to diagnosis and therapeuticintervention. Evaluation on the efficacy of the new anatomy
curriculum reveal positive student perceptions from the fullbody inspection, and significantly higher learning outcomes inlabs using AP (n=172, 84.2% vs 78.6%, p<0.01, Glass' δ=0.29).
Appraisal of OSCE-A revealed that it is a valid and reliable
20-item assessment tool (KR-20 range 0.43-0.54), consistent
with board style exams when scaled using the SpearmanBrown prophecy formula (0.82), with good discrimination

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IFAA 2024(average 0.31). Students perceived the OSCE-A as a clinically
relevant and authentic assessment well aligned with the curriculum. These results indicate that full body inspection, AP,flipped lab, and OSCE-A promote clinical authenticity in grossanatomy curriculum and support a systems-based, integrated
medical education. Innovative approaches with tangible educational toolkits can enhance student experiences while promoting adaptive competence, ultimately transforming patientcare starting with gross anatomy education.
Keywords: Practical Exams, Gross Anatomy, Autopsy, Prosection, Clinical authenticity[Symposium 37: Synchronicity of Artificial Intelligence with
Digital Dissection- A Tool for Better Future of Anatomy]
IA-0119

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to
Revolutionize Anatomy Educationneeds of each student. Automated Assessment and Feedback:AI algorithms can automate the grading of assignments andpractical exams, offering instant and objective feedback. Enhanced Accessibility: AI can bridge gaps in accessibility bytranslating complex anatomical terminology and concepts into
simpler language, making them comprehensible to a wider
range of learners. Integration with Big Data for Research: AI's
ability to analyze large datasets of medical images and clinicalinformation is uncovering new insights into human anatomy,
informing both research and development of educational materials. In conclusion, AI is poised to significantly transform
anatomy education by providing interactive, personalized, andefficient learning tools & has potential of AI to enhance educational experience and prepare future healthcare professionals
with a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of human anatomy.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Human
Anatomy, Simulation, Virtual Dissection

Dushyant AGRAWAL

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

IA-0160

Abstract: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
initiated a paradigm shift in anatomy education, offering innovative solutions to longstanding challenges and significantly
enhancing learning experience. AI has transformative impact
of AI on anatomy education, focusing on the development andimplementation of AI-driven tools and methodologies that are
redefining how anatomical knowledge is taught and absorbed.
Interactive 3D Anatomical Models: AI technologies are facilitating creation of highly detailed and manipulable 3D models
of human anatomy. These models allow students to visualize
and interact with anatomical structures in a dynamic way,providing a deeper and more intuitive understanding compared to traditional static images or physical models. Virtual
Dissection and Simulation: Leveraging the power of AI, virtual
reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications are offering realistic dissection simulations. These virtual dissections
enable students to practice surgical techniques and explore
anatomical relationships in a safe, controlled, and repeatableenvironment, thereby enhancing their practical skills without
the ethical and logistical issues associated with cadaver-basedlearning. Personalized Learning Platforms: AI-driven adaptive
learning systems tailor educational content to the individual

Advancements in AI-Assisted Surgical
Planning and PracticePhil BLYTH

Department of the Dean, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New
Zealand

Abstract: The field of surgery has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, driven in part by the integration of
artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This presentation aims
to explore recent applications of AI in surgical planning andpractice, highlighting anatomical aspects and implications. AIassisted surgical planning has revolutionized the preoperative
phase, enabling surgeons to leverage advanced computationalmodels and data analysis techniques. Examples include virtual
surgical planning, rapid prototyping techniques, through toaAugmented rReality surgical planning and automated detection of breast cancer and diagnosis of appendicitis. We are at
the cusp of using AI-powered decision support systems during
surgical procedures. AI algorithms provide actionable insights
and guidance to surgeons through rReal-time analysis of intraoperative data, such as vital signs, imaging, and surgical instrument tracking, allows AI algorithms to provide actionableinsights and guidance to surgeons. These systems can enhance

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precision, reduce human error, and facilitate more informed
decision-making throughout the surgical process. The role of
AI in training surgeons extends from acting as a mentor totest knowledge and decision making,through to analysis ofperformance within Virtual Reality environments. Additionally, the role of AI in postoperative care and rehabilitation will
be explored, showcasing how intelligent monitoring and personalized treatment plans can optimize patient recovery andreduce complications. By highlighting real-world case studies
and cutting-edge research, this presentation will illustrate thetransformative potential of AI in surgical planning and practice. It will also address the ethical considerations, regulatory
challenges, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Surgery
IA-0088

Employing Artificial Intelligence forEnhanced Anatomy Dissection and SurgicalTraining

processes, providing personalized feedback and adaptive testing to cater to individual learning needs. It makes evaluation
faster and easier especially when evaluating large groups ofstudents. In surgical practice, AI-driven technologies such as
VR-based surgical planning tools and handheld portable ultrasound systems integrated with AI are transforming preoperative planning and diagnostic imaging. It is employed in online
simulations of surgeries and autopsies, offering trainees opportunities to enhance their practical skills in a controlled environment. While embracing the potential of AI it is essential
to recognize the importance of maintaining human-centric
approaches as this enhances personalised learning based on
students' learning styles and pace. In conclusion, the integration of AI, holds immense promise in advancing anatomical
education and surgical practice. Harnessing the potential of
AI tools to integrate the variability and uncertainty of humananatomy will pave way for development of effective dissection
and surgical planning software.
Keywords: Virtual Dissection, Anatomy education, Surgical planning, Virtual Reality, AI tool

Arthi GANAPATHY1, Dushyant AGRAWAL2, Surajit GHATAK2, Pradeeba
SRIDAR3, Suresh SELVARAJ4

IA-0118

1

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
3
Department of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras,
Chennai, India
4
Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
2

Ethical Implications and Challenges ofDigital Dissection
Surajit Ghatak

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of anatomy and surgical training. AI's capabilities transcend the limitations of human vision in anatomy
dissection and surgical planning, unveiling a multitude ofpossibilities by offering innovative solutions to longstanding
challenges. In anatomy education, AI is facilitating the development of 3D anatomical models for virtual dissections. Theseadvancements address the dearth of cadavers for dissection.
They provide a unique advantage of virtual dissection remotely during free time without visiting the dissection hall. Using
the human anatomy data from CT and MRI of different individuals AI tools like 3D slicer, Tempus radiology, etc. can also
give an experience of the anatomical variations that are comeacross during dissection. This is one of the most important
advantage that cadaveric dissection gives over any virtual dissection tables. AI-assisted assessment tools like Moodle with
AI plugins, and Gradescope by Turnitin streamline evaluation

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India

Abstract: Advancements in technology, particularly AI
and digital imaging, have introduced digital dissection tools
as a virtual alternative to traditional cadaver-based learning
in medical education. These tools offer significant benefits
such as enhanced accessibility, safety, customization, and sustainability. However, they also pose notable ethical concerns,
including respect for the deceased, loss of tangible learning
experiences, equity in education, and the validity of learning outcomes. Additionally, practical challenges arise, suchas technology reliability, educational standardization, andthe need for regulatory oversight. The ethical implications
are multifaceted, involving issues of informed consent, privacy and data security, algorithmic bias, and the impact on
cadaver donation programs. To harness the potential of AIassisted digital dissection while upholding ethical principles,
it is crucial to maintain transparency, accountability, and

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ethical governance. Integrating ethics education into medical
curricula and fostering ongoing dialogue among stakeholders
will be essential in navigating these challenges effectively. The
responsible implementation of digital dissection technologies
can advance anatomical education and research while safeguarding individual rights and ensuring equitable access. By
addressing the ethical challenges associated with AI-assisted
digital dissection, we can harness the benefits of this technology while upholding ethical principles and safeguarding therights of individuals whose anatomical data is utilized. Ethicalawareness, regulatory oversight, and transparent practices are
essential for the responsible integration of AI into anatomical
education and research.
Keywords: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, Challenges, Digital dissection, Algorithmic bias

Results: Where ligament attachments to the scaphoid wereminimal (principally to the trapezium dorsally and the capitate palmarly), much of the dorsal scaphoid waist was occupied
by a longitudinal array of small blood vessels entering thescaphoid via nutrient foramina along this length. Conversely,
when the equivalent ligaments were predominately attached tothe scaphoid, the expanse of waist area was obstructed, forcing
a smaller number of vessels to enter a small number of moredistal foramina.
Conclusion: Ligament arrangements at the scaphoid influence the course of vasculature into the scaphoid. Given the
difficulty in imaging these ligaments clinically, vascular imaging may provide an alternate route to typing wrists. This may
allow for more accurate treatment design, individualised foreach patient and, in turn, improve clinical outcomes for wrist
disorders.
Keywords: Anatomy, Wrist, Ligaments, Scaphoid[Symposium 38: Gross Anatomy]
IA-0138

IA-0176

Gross Anatomy: Ligamentous and Vascular
Relations in the Radial Wrist

Clinical Anatomy as the Core of Both
Anatomy Education and Research

Quentin FOGG

Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

David KACHLIKIntroduction: Clear and detailed understanding of the anatomy of the human wrist remains elusive, moreso when looking
for clear application of such anatomy in a clinical setting. The
anatomical “template” of each individual could be anywhere
along a broad spectrum of variations, and these only increasein difference with ageing and degeneration. Understandably,most wrist anatomy studies focus on specific tissues, such as
ligaments, and rarely look at the associations between tissues.
Could combining investigations into multiple tissue types provide clearer answers? This study combines ligamentous andvascular approaches to explore this possibility on the radialside of the wrist.
Methods: Body Donor wrists (n=22) were dissected, withparticular focus on the dorsal and palmar sides of the scaphoid. Any superficially observed vessels were traced into theseregions and excluded when diverted elsewhere. At the wrist
capsule a fascicular dissection approach was used to observeand maintain tissues likely to be of direct mechanical importance.

Abstract: Nowadays, following the development of cellularresearch in medicine, anatomy is facing an important decision
if the anatomists should become molecular biology researchers
to keep the pace of the current science but to lose their deep
knowledge in the gross anatomy, or to adhere to clinical anatomy, the applied research related to surgical medical fields. As
anatomy is still considered one of the cornerstones of the medical curriculum for future physicians, it is inevitable to assure
deep and qualitative anatomical knowledge of its teachers. The
contents and amount of anatomical structures taught to thefirst-year student is one of the also a point of discussion which
differs across the world. Reasonable seems to have a pyramidal
way of anatomical education, with basis coming in the firstyear, extended throughout the clinical years and crowned during the specialisation after graduating from a medical school.
Especially the last steps should comprise very detailed anatomy of the specific regions including thorough variant anatomy
and development defects. The first and second step should be

Department of Anatomy and CESKA (Center for Endoscopic, Surgical and ClinicalAnatomy), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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made up as applied knowledge, combining radiological, surgical, endoscopical, topographical and surface anatomy, using acomplex method of teaching, comprising anatomical models/
plastinated specimens, dissections, imaging including active
ultrasound and 3D/virtual tools. Also, combination with embryology and histology into one subject is a useful approach
integrating the knowledge and understanding of the humanbody morphology.

[Symposium 39: What is a ‘Good’ Anatomical Picture?
Historical and Ethical Considerations in 2024 and Beyond; Stream]
IA-0060

Subjection and Power in Biomedical
Visualization: Past, Present, and Future

Claudia KREBS1, Aleteia GREENWOOD1, Shelly ROSENBLUM1, Sabine
HILDEBRANDT2
1

Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Harvard Medical School, Harvard, Boston, United States

Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Reserach, Clinical2

IA-0110

Exploring Microanatomy: Integrating
Microdissection, Histology, Micro-CT, andNumerical Simulations
Mi-Sun HUR

Anatomy, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Abstract: This presentation demonstrates new discoveries in the microanatomical structures through an integrative
methodology that includes microdissection, histology, MicroCT, and numerical simulations. Our research focuses on
detailed anatomical studies of specific facial muscles—including the zygomaticus minor, mentalis, corrugator supercilii,
depressor septi nasi, and facial muscles affecting the nasolabial
fold—as well as the stomach, prostate, and iliotibial tract.
By utilizing advanced imaging techniques, microdissection,and computational analysis, we reveal new facts about thesestructures that enhance our understanding of their functionaland clinical relevance. These findings not only contribute toanatomical knowledge but also have practical implications for
surgical and diagnostic procedures.
Keywords: Microdissection, Histology, Micro-CT, Numerical Simulation, Microanatomy

Abstract: As educators and researchers, as those who create visualizations, we often find ourselves with the opportunity and the means to create the “perfect image”. Many of
the images that we use in our educational practice have their
origin from nefarious sources. The Pernkopf atlas is one such
example: it was developed in Vienna during the Nazi period
and many of the persons depicted were the victims of Nazi
terror. The anatomical gaze from this atlas has informed modern atlases, that have emulated these depictions, and in somecases blatantly copied them. We need to explore the ethicalimplications of the past in the present: How can we deal withthe discovery and multiplication of images that come fromunethical sources? How do we deal with the “anatomical gaze”
that comes from centuries of eurocentric illustrations? Pernkopf was not the only anatomist who exploited the availability of executed bodies for his own ambition: Rudolf Spanner
was appointed Director of the Anatomy Institute in Danzig(Gdańsk) from 1939-45. During this time he worked on a newedition of the Spalteholz anatomy atlas and for this project
he created hundreds of new illustrations. The bodies of thepersons depicted were brought to the anatomy institute fromsurrounding Nazi executions sites, the Konradstein psychiatricinstitution, and some from the Stutthof concentration camp.
Ambition, opportunity, and means came together and led to
ethical transgressions. Using the ledgers of persons brought tothe department and various historical archives, we have beenable to identify some of the victims depicted in the atlas. Whatis our role as a modern viewer of these illustrations? How do
we move forward into a future where illustrations, whether
copied, created by AI, or from the historical archive, proliferate quickly and the origins can be forgotten?
Keywords: History of Anatomy, Atlas, Visualization, Nazism

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IA-0043

Representation and Inclusion in Anatomical
Images
Kelly HARRELL

Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine,Richmond, United States

Abstract: Anatomical science education is fundamentallyrooted in the visual image. Whether microscopic or macroscopic, anatomy education struggles to fully exist without visual supplementation. Historically, anatomical images have significantly lacked a breadth and depth of representation across
categories of race, ethnicity, gender, body habitus, age, physicalability and accessibility. Rather, popular anatomy textbooks
consistently overrepresented light-skinned, mesomorphic,
young, male subjects as the physical gold standard. This ongoing disparity in representation in anatomical instructional materials perpetuates dangerous stereotypes of what is “healthy”
and “normal”, thereby failing to prepare our students to effectively engage with diverse populations. Simultaneously, a lackof visual representation in instructional materials disregards
the diversity of our learners, thereby limiting the level of inclusion experienced in the learning environment. More recently,
educators and students alike have put forward initiatives toadvocate for the inclusion of anatomical images that display
representation across a broad range of demographic categories.
These efforts have been seen at the grassroots, institutional,
Associational, and commercial levels with varying degrees ofreach and success. At the Associational level, the American
Association for Anatomy has funded the ongoing POP-AART(Portfolios of People-Advancing Anatomical Representation
Together) project. The goal of POP-AART is to increase anatomical representation in photographic and illustrated images through the creation of an accessible repository of visualsupplements for anatomical and health science educators. Two
important elements of achieving this goal have been to include
creative partners with diverse lived-experiences and to ensureethical use of these materials as they are made available tousers. Through initiatives like POP-AART, educators will bebetter equipped with images that display the diversity that isrepresentative of society. Furthermore, the impact transcends
beyond just the visual, allowing learners to also feel seen andincluded in their educational endeavors.

Keywords: Anatomy, Representation, Inclusion, Images,
Diversity
IA-0021

Making the History and Ethics of Anatomy
Transparent
Sabine HILDEBRANDT

Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States

Abstract: The history of the Pernkopf atlas is an example
for the continuities and legacies of past unethical practices inanatomy and medicine in general that reach into the present
and inform ethical questions about the origin of and respectfor human bodies in anatomy, and their representations in education. From 1933 on, most anatomists in Nazi Germany andits territories collaborated with the regime in body procurement for purposes of education and research. Austrian anatomist Eduard Pernkopf was among the many of his colleagues,
who used bodies of executed Nazi victims for his work, in hiscase the creation of a topographical atlas of anatomy. These
victims included a great number of young healthy persons
who had been executed following civilian and military trials
based on a Nazi legislation that was imbued with antisemitic
and racist ideology. Pernkopf eagerly seized the opportunities
presented to him by the Nazi regime in the steady availabilityof these bodies, with funding from his publisher to employ ateam of talented illustrators and profiting from a new colorprinting technique. In hundreds of high-quality illustrations,which have long been conceived as unique by anatomists andsurgeons, he produced the “perfect image” through at thetime legal and accepted means - means that are rightfully
condemned as unethical today. When in 2019 the author visited the major publishing house that held the copyright andremaining original paintings of the atlas, there was no one
who was aware of the book’s history. After learning about thehistorical details, the publishers changed their practice of dealing with the legacy of their repository of illustrations. This included making the origins of copies of Pernkopf images in the
new editions of the Sobotta atlas transparent in a historicalcritical foreword.
Keywords: Anatomical image, History, Ethics, Pernkopf,
Legacies

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 40: Neural Control of Feeding and Social
Behaviors]
IA-0045

Neuroregulation of Feeding and Immunity:
Understanding the Interactions

tiation center, the role of DMH GLP-1R neurons is investigatedusing optogenetics, fiber photometry, miniscope, and GLP-1R
agonist treatment. Results demonstrated that DMH GLP-1R
neurons encode cognitive satiation.
Keywords: Eating, Obesity, Hypothalamus

Cheng ZHAN, Liang WANG, Jing CHEN

Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei City, China

Abstract: Eating is a fundamental behavior with a potent
influence on health. Dietary fasting has a significant impact on
the distribution and function of immune cells, exerting strong
immunosuppressive effects. Through the utilization of techniques such as optogenetics/chemogenetics, behavioral studies,
flow cytometry, and neural tracing, we have investigated theneuronal mechanisms by which dietary restriction affects immune functions in the context of autoimmune diseases. Ourfindings indicate that hunger neurons in the brainstem possess
the capability to suppress autoimmune diseases and excessive inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we have elucidated the corresponding neural circuits and molecular mechanisms involved.
Keywords: Neuroimmune interactions, Eating behavior,
Catecholaminergic neurons, Solitary nucleus, Ventrolateral
medullaIA-0188

Translational Neuroscience Research for
Eating Behavior and Obesity: Mouse Monkey - Patient
Hyung Jin Choi

Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: I will present the orchestration of food-seeking
behavior by lateral hypothalamus (LH) GABAergic/leptin receptor (LepR), and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) GLP1R neurons. Two distinct LH LepR neurons encode food-seeking and food-consummatory behaviors, respectively. The roleof LH GABAergic neurons in eating is investigated in threemacaques by chemogenetics, PET, MRS, and rs-fMRI. LH
GABA neuron activation increased naturalistic goal-directedbehaviors and food motivation. GLP-1 treatment in humans
increased cognitive satiation. Since DMH is a well-known sa-[Symposium 41: Assessment in Anatomy Education: From
Utility to Authenticity]
IA-0143

Unlocking the Power of Assessment Utility
in Medical Education: Nurturing Master of
Adaptive Learners
Asty Amalia NURHADI1, Haerani RASYID1, Budu BUDU2
1

Medical Education, Anatomy, Hasanuddin University, Mega Buana Palopo University,
Makassar, Indonesia
2Ophthalmology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract: Master Adaptive Learners (MALs) are those who
can modify their learning processes and habits to overcome
new challenges. They have a growth mindset, critical thinking
abilities, and the ability to self-manage their learning. Nurturing MALs in medical school is crucial for preparing practitioners to navigate the complexities and uncertainties of clinicalpractice. unlocking the potential of assessment utility in medical education is crucial for producing Master Adaptive Learners. Educators may create a learning environment that actively
promotes student growth and development by designing andimplementing high-utility evaluations. Assessment utility is anassessment's overall contribution to the learning process. This
includes not only evaluating knowledge and abilities, but also
encouraging learning and growth. High-utility assessments
provide valuable feedback, guide future learning, and encourage mindful conduct. High-Utility Assessments have several
critical qualities. The evaluation should follow an integrated
assessment plan that prioritizes formative assessments during
the learning process and summative assessments to validate
competencies. The assessment must contain constructive,
timely, and precise feedback, which is essential for guiding
students' learning processes. The assessment should be structured to inspire students to think about their performance andlearning habits in order to improve their adaptive learning
abilities. The use of technology may assist in the provision of
immediate feedback, progress tracking, tailored assessment,

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and learning tools.
Keywords: Master of Adaptive Learners, Authentic Assessment

Keywords: Authentic assessment, Anatomy assessment,
Safe clinical practice, Competency-based education, Medical
education
IA-0147

IA-0035

Beyond the Textbook: Authentic Assessment
in Anatomy–Bridging the Gap to Safe
Clinical Practice
Siti Nurma Hanim HADIE

Department of Aatomy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract: Bridging anatomy knowledge with practical application is essential for clinical practice. Authentic assessment
methods in anatomy education serve to cultivate not only adeep understanding of anatomical concepts but also to foster
skills essential for safe clinical practice. Authentic assessment
in anatomy refers to evaluation methods that assess students'
abilities to apply their anatomical knowledge and skills in
real-world contexts, such as clinical scenarios or practical applications, as opposed to traditional assessments that focus
solely on factual recall or theoretical understanding. Throughauthentic assessment in anatomy, educators can create immersive learning experiences that mirror real-world clinicalchallenges. By moving beyond traditional textbook- based assessments, students are encouraged to apply their knowledge
in contextually relevant scenarios, thereby better preparing
them for the complexities of clinical practice. Authentic assessment in anatomy should align with competency-based education frameworks, emphasizing the importance of assessing not
only factual recall but also clinical reasoning, communication skills, and professionalism. By adopting a multifaceted
approach to assessment, educators can accurately evaluate
students' readiness for clinical practice and identify areas forfurther development. Nevertheless, practical considerations
and challenges associated with implementing authentic assessment methods in anatomy education, including resource
allocation, faculty training, and logistical constraints, should
be taken into account. By sharing evidence-based practices
and innovative approaches, this symposium aims to empower
educators to overcome these challenges and embrace authentic
assessment as a cornerstone of effective anatomy education.

Navigating the Threats to Validity ofAuthentic Anatomy Assessment
Hosam Eldeen Elsadig GASMALLA

Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Abstract: In anatomy education, a persistent challenge has
been creating authentic assessments that accurately evaluate
the intended skills for students to learn. Traditional methods
like Objective Structured Practical Examinations (OSPEs),
Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs), andspotters have faced different obstacles. Firstly, a clear distinction between these assessment tools is necessary, as literatureand practice reveal discrepancies in their application andinterpretation. This ambiguity represents the first issue. The
second issue is that when it comes to assessing skills within
the cognitive domain, there is a risk of solely assessing factual
recall rather than evaluating higher cognitive levels. This suboptimal utilisation of various cognitive domains of learning
represents the primary issue. These two issues threaten thevalidity of test score interpretation and undermine the use ofauthentic assessments. Addressing these challenges is crucial
to ensuring that anatomy assessments accurately measure theintended skills and cognitive levels, promoting effective learning and evaluation in the field. The key to addressing the twoissues raised above is distinguishing between the cognitiveand psychomotor domains. Cognitive assessments evaluate astudent's understanding of the underlying principles, startingat the lowest level of the mental process, recall. All the way up
to the creation of a hypothesis or an idea. While psychomotor
assessments evaluate a student's ability to perform a task physically. It is imperative to relate our understanding of those twodomains to understanding each assessment tool's nature toeliminate threats to validity.
Keywords: Assessment, Validity, OSCE, OSPE, Spotter

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 42: Ion Channel-Transcriptomics in Development, Fertilization, and Embryogenesis of Human Body]
IA-0202

Sperm Ca2+ Channels: Advocacy for Fertility
and Contraception
Jean-Ju CHUNG

Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States

Abstract: The sperm f lagellar-specific Ca2+ channel
CatSper is the predominant Ca2+ entry site in mammalianspermatozoa. CatSper-mediated Ca2+ signaling affects nearly
every event that regulates sperm to acquire fertilizing ability.
This talk will summarize some of the key findings in CatSper
research and will highlight recent progress & perspectives.
Keywords: Ca2+ Channel
IA-0071

Role of Two-Pore Domain K+ Channels in
Reproductive Tissues
Dawon KANG

Physiology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea

Abstract: The complex oocyte maturation, fertilization,and early embryonic development processes in mammals demand precise cellular control mechanisms. Central to theseprocesses is the modulation of membrane potential, criticallymaintained by two-pore domain potassium (K 2P) channels.
These channels are influenced by pH, temperature, mechanical stress, and biochemical signals. Despite their crucial role,
the specific functions of K2P channels in reproductive tissues
are not yet fully understood. This presentation will provide acomprehensive overview of K 2P channels, emphasizing theirestablished functions and regulatory mechanisms, and will detail our research findings on their expression and roles within
reproductive tissues. Additionally, I will explore the potential
interactions between K 2P channels and the platelet-derived
growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), which is highly expressed in the ovary, testis, and uterus. These interactions may
uncover novel regulatory pathways critical to reproductive
physiology. This discussion aims to deepen our understandingof K2P channels' pivotal roles in reproductive physiology, theirimportance in health, and their potential implications in man-aging reproductive diseases.
Keywords: Germ cells, Ovary, PDGFRa, Testis, Two-pore
domain K+ channel
IA-0049

V-ATPase a3 Subunit Contributes toTransport of Enamel Matrix Protein to
Basolateral Membrane Using Lysosomal
Exocytosis and Ruffled Border Formation

Hidemitsu HARADA1, Shojiro IKEZAKI1, Mayumi NAKANISHI-MATSUI2,
Keishi OTSU1
1

Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy,
Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan2
Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba,
Japan

Objectives: Maturation stage ameloblasts play an importantrole in calcification during amelogenesis, and express vacuolar proton-ATPase (V-ATPase) -a3 subunit in the lysosome
and ruffled-border membrane specifically. Although the roleof V-ATPase in creating the acidic microenvironment of theenamel matrix surface is well known, recently a3-subunit has
recently been found to be closely associated with the secretionof enamel matrix protein at the maturation stage. Our aim is
to elucidate the role of a3 subunit in secretion and ruffled border formation.
Methods: We examined the localization of a3 and rab27a,
lamp1, some enamel proteins in ameloblasts, immunochemically. The teeth of epithelium-specific a3 deficient mice wereanalyzed as loss-of- function experiments. NGS was used to
examine differences in gene expression patterns between amouse ameloblast cell line and an a3 KO cell line.
Results: The a3-subunit co-localized with several enamel
proteins, rab27b, lamp1 and tubulin in the cells. Furthermore,
mice lacking the epithelial-specific a3 subunit showed dental
epithelial cysts and disruption of ruffled border membrane. a3
isoform KO cell lines showed deregulation of several enamel
proteins, and consequently lost the ability to attach to apatite.
Conclusion: V-ATPase a3-subunit contributes to the transport of lysosome containing enamel matrix proteins to basolateral membrane and the formation of ruffled border membrane.

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Keywords: Lysosome, V-ATPase, Exocytosis, Enamel, Ameloblast

Keywords: Inclusivity, Inclusive research, EDI, Anatomy
education, Research[Symposium 43: Promoting Inclusive Practices in Anatomy Education]

IA-0090

IA-0103

Inclusive Research Practice in Anatomy
Education

Challenges for Inclusive Anatomy and How
to Keep Moving Forward

Kat SANDERS1, Siobhan MOYES2, Scott ABBOTT PATERSON3, Sara
SULAIMAN3,4, Lauren CLUNIE1
1

Lily EVANS

3

Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
The School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
4
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain

Abstract: Globally, anatomists are making changes to ensure
their teaching and research prepares students for the fascinating
wealth of anatomical diversity. As a community we have a responsibility to represent variation, but how is this best achieved
and what barriers do we face? Our research ‘Inclusivity in Anatomy Education: What is it and how do we achieve it?’, explores
anatomists' views on inclusive anatomy education, highlight existing good practice and identifying how we can work together,as a community, to make anatomy education more inclusive.
Our study reached 263 participants from 24 countries, througha combination of questionnaires and focus groups. Of the participants surveyed, 28% of anatomists and 33% of students did
not feel represented by their anatomy curricula, suggesting that
there is still work to be done. This presentation will candidlyshare our experiences of the research process and advocate for amore inclusive approach to anatomy education research. We will
describe how aspects of co-creation and community-based participatory research informed the study; collaborating with theAnatomy Collective for Equality (ACE) action group, and stakeholders to develop the questions, analyse the results and translate the study into other languages. We also used reflexivity as
a powerful tool to critically reflect on our own biases, assumptions, and positionalities, and collected completely qualitative
demographic data to allow participants to describe themselvesin their own words. During the talk, the audience will be invited
to reflect privately on their own positionality and consider how
this can influence the stages of a research process. There will be
discussion around good practice in inclusive research, the challenges to conducting it and how the audience can apply theseprinciples to their own research. By building a community ofpractice for anatomists interested in improving representationin their curricula and research, we can make change together.

Abstract: Within the anatomy community, there is motivation to make our teaching practices and learning material more
inclusive and representative of the diverse society in which welive and work. However, barriers faced by educators meansthat these good intentions do not always follow through into
commitments and tangible improvements to inclusion. In thisstudy, we aimed to understand what barriers are limiting thepromotion of inclusive practice in anatomy education. Anatomy
educators were invited to complete the Inclusivity in Anatomy
Education survey, promoted internationally by the IFAA. Twoquestions asked for details of barriers (encountered or perceived) that have prevented individuals and institutions from
implementing inclusive initiatives related to anatomy education. The authors conducted reflexive thematic analysis on the
responses to these two questions. In total, 137 anatomists completed the survey, and 61% responded to the barriers questions.
The source of barriers were multifold. In the first instance, there
were significant barriers at an individual-level, including basic
awareness of issues, and a fear of getting it wrong. Barriers werealso present within groups and at institutional-level, including
motivation within leadership to drive inclusive change, and an
overarching confusion as to who is responsible for inclusion. Access and availability of inclusive teaching and learning resourceswere also notable barriers specific to inclusivity in anatomy
education. This included resources that demonstrate diversity
in anatomy, but also resources for educators to expand theirawareness of inclusivity which could address some of the aforementioned personal barriers. For our discipline to keep moving forward and to sustainably enhance inclusivity in anatomy
education, it is imperative that we all overcome these barriers.
Pragmatic approaches to navigating these challenges will bepresented, supporting attendees to identify where and how they2

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Keywords: Inclusivity, Anatomy Education, Inclusive research design

might further their inclusive practice and take action.
Keywords: Inclusion, Anatomy education

IA-0133

The Anatomy Collective for Equality: Taking
ActionIA-0135

Inclusive Anatomy-A Showcase

Sara SULAIMAN1,2, Scott ABBOTT PATERSON2, Kat SANDERS3, Lauren
CLUNIE3, Aaron MURRAY4, Siobhan MOYES5Scott ABBOTT PATERSON1, Kat SANDERS2, Lauren CLUNIE2, Sara
SULAIMAN1,3, Aaron MURRAY4, Siobhan MOYES5

1

School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain,
Busaiteen, Bahrain
2
The School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
3
Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
4
Education Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom5
Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

1School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
4
Education Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom5
Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
2
3

Abstract: The discipline of anatomy is criticised for offering
limited diversity in its teaching and research practices. Without critical and deep reflection on the current practice, anatomy and anatomists risk becoming detached and disconnectedfrom real-world problems and challenges. Consequently, thisdetachment affects how anatomy contributes to solving thesechallenges and issues. Anatomy educators struggle with thepaucity of resources and literature that discuss inclusion within the remit of anatomy education. This work aims to provide
a concise summary of key points with actionable and achievable steps that can guide anatomy educators as they work
toward inclusive practice. In this work, a reflection of what weteach, how we teach and who is at the centre of the teachingin an anatomy classroom are considered. Challenges faced byanatomy educators are analysed, and opportunities are explored to create strategies that anatomy educators can use to
make their practice more inclusive. Inclusive teaching involves
constructing an environment where all students feel valued,
respected, and able to participate regardless of their abilities,
backgrounds, or identities. It requires anatomy educators todiversify their teaching materials and approach, be aware of
their own personal biases, and constantly reflect and learn. In
order to aid anatomy educators, a list of key considerations andquestions are presented. The talk will highlight examples andcase studies from the presenters’ practical experience. Our list
can serve as a starting point to actively make positive changes
towards diversification, inclusion, and meaningful representation in an anatomy classroom. Embracing inclusion in education is a strategic investment in building a brighter and more
inclusive future for all.

Abstract: As a discipline, anatomy faces ongoing challenges
related to equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) with a gap
identified in discipline-specific guidance. To address theseconcerns, the Anatomy Collective for Equality (ACE) was
founded, with the aims to embrace, champion, and celebrate
equality, diversity, and inclusion in anatomy. On April, 3rd2023, ACE held its first event titled “Taking Action” with theaim to : 1) facilitate a safe space to establish a network of individuals who are interested and/or committed to EDI in thefield of anatomy; 2) support and empower individuals to takeaction across their own practice and institutions; 3) nurture ashared understanding of inclusive practice in the field of anatomy; and 4) disseminate best practice and inclusive anatomy
education following the principles of EDI. ACE’s inaugural"Taking Action" hackathon event was held in April 2023. The
event brought together 35 delegates from higher education
institutions and industry bodies across England, Scotland andWales. The aim was to collaboratively problem-solve issues ofinclusivity in four key areas: assessment, research, education,and barriers to inclusivity in an attempt to answer the question‘What can we do to make anatomy more inclusive?’. The event
format intentionally diverged from traditional academic conferences. Instead of unidirectional hierarchical information
flow, the hackathon emphasized multi-directional information sharing and team-based co-creation of solutions. Three
working-groups examined case studies on the four topics
from varying perspectives over three intensive and progressive
working sessions. Event organiser’s reflections and participant
feedback suggest that this event and format enabled timely
exploration of pressing EDI issues in anatomy by aggregatingotherwise siloed conversations. The collaborative problem-

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solving generated constructive dialogue and tangible solutions.
Next steps entail sharing outputs to engage wider stakeholder
groups in engendering systemic change towards equality, diversity and inclusion in anatomy education and research.
Keywords: Anatomy, Inclusivity, Equality, Hackathon[Symposium 44: It’s Legal, but is it Ethical and Practical:
Anatomists as Stakeholders in Legislation and Governance]
IA-0130

Comparative Law and Body Donation fromAcross the Globe: Similarities, Differences,and Paths Forward

public display or the anonymization of the donor. The processof navigating these differences – especially as they impact eachother through their differentiated representation in media– requires input from the anatomical profession. From this,anatomists can aid those across the globe in developing new
and/or updating legislation to be ethical and practical.
Keywords: Law, Ethics, Body donation, Anatomy education
IA-0158

Body Donation Laws and African Societies.
Are Anatomists Equipped to Bridge theGap?

Fidelis CHIBHABHA1, Arthur Tsalani MANJATIKA2, Benjamin ARKOBOHAM3, Pamela MANDELA IDENYA4, Svetlana KING5, Phillipa MARIMA6,
Nii Koney-Kwaku KONEY3, Bernice Nana Akua ASAKU3

Laura JOHNSON

1Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health - San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
United States

Abstract: In the past, whole-body donation programs havebeen mainly operated within countries in accordance withspecific local social and cultural needs. More recently, technological advances have led to the increasing interconnectednessof regions across the globe through telecommunications andsophisticated shipping capabilities. To operate ethically, wholebody donation programs must first abide by the laws and regulations of their jurisdiction. These recent technological andlogistical advances may create a need for updating laws andregulations. In working together as a global anatomical community, we can learn from each other with an understandingof context-dependent differences in our societies and cultures.
As the subject matter experts, anatomists can see themselves as
stakeholders in the law to advocate for ethical rules of society.
This descriptive talk will introduce these topics to an anatomical audience by covering a history of Western legal traditions
as contrasted with others across the globe. In the past several
centuries, geopolitical forces (e.g., colonialism and globalization) have caused almost all countries to have legal frameworks based on some principles of Western law. However, theprocesses and procedures behind what is allowed to becomelaw and laws are abided by can and do differ. Case studies of
select countries with legislation will be used to relate these traditions to body donation. Some things may be permissible andlauded in one region that are illegal or unethical in others: i.e.

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, MK18
1EG, United Kingdom
2
Biomedical Sciences Department, Anatomy Division, School of Life Sciences and Allied
Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
3
Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana,Accra, Ghana
4
Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi,
Kenya
5
Prideaux Discipline of Clinical Education, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders
University, Adelaide, Australia
6
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State
University, Gweru, Zimbabwe

Abstract: Current IFAA practice recommendations stipulate that body donation programs be regulated through national or state legislative laws. Among African countries withsuch legislative frameworks, apart from South Africa, voluntary body donation programs are typically unsuccessful, as
evidenced by the heavy reliance on unclaimed bodies for anatomy education. Cultural/religious beliefs are typically cited asa key factor impacting on success without examining deeper
relationships between body donation laws and societal norms
and values. This omission is significant given that colonial
legacies have inevitably underpinned these laws. This qualitative case study explored the alignment between body donation legislation and societal norms and values in four Africancountries: Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. Data wereanalysed from two sources: (1) the legislative body donation
act of each country (content analysis); and (2) individual semistructured interviews with anatomists in each country (n=12)(thematic analysis). Data collection and analysis are currently
underway. Preliminary findings suggest there is misalignment

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between body donation legislation and societal norms and values. The acts could be considered colonial artefacts, each underpinned by a tacit assumption of individualism, which is at
odds with the collectivist societies in which these legislations
operate. This legislative/societal dissonance is also evident in
the preliminary analysis of interview data wherein collectivist
decision-making associated with voluntary body donation islimited. Additionally, anatomists perceive that they themselvesalso lack power to influence and facilitate legislative change.
Strengthening alignment between societal norms and legislation is critical to establishing a successful, sustainable voluntary body donation program. Achieving this requires a review
of historical legislation to ensure it remains contemporary andresponsive to societal values and ensuring that all key stakeholders have a voice in enacting change.
Keywords: Body donation laws, African societies, Anatomists, Alignment, Norms and values

its first tasks was to develop Codes of Practice for the regulated
sectors, These Codes are living documents and are amended
in response to changing conditions and stakeholder feedback.
The Scottish government passed the Human Tissue Act Scotland (2006) and more recently the Irish government passed the
Human Tissue Act (2024), both of which encompass Anatomical Examination. In all jurisdictions of the UK and Ireland,
inspectorates can impose penalties for contravention of the law
governing Anatomical Examination, including prohibiting it
taking place at an Institution and imprisonment of individuals. Stakeholder views informed the drafting of all of the current legislation governing Anatomical Examination in the UK
and Ireland and have been critical for its success. Although theregulatory frameworks involved differ, the ethics underpinning them are similar, demonstrating the possible universalityof ethics relating to body donation and Anatomical Examination.

IA-0174

Keywords: Anatomical examination, Body donation, Ethics, Law, Consent

Anatomists as Stakeholders in Developing
Legislation Governing Anatomical
Examination[Symposium 45: Application of Neural Organoids for
Neurological/Psychiatric Disease Research and for Regenerative Medicine]

D. Ceri DAVIES

IA-0201

Human Anatomy Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Abstract: Great Britain was the first country to introduce
legislation governing Anatomical Examination, in response to
the illegal supply of bodies to Anatomy Schools that proliferated
towards the end of the 18th century. Although the Anatomy Act
1832 legalised the supply of bodies for Anatomical Examination, it did this by the use of ‘unclaimed’ bodies. With growing
awareness of the ethical importance of consent, the 1832 Act
was replaced in England and Wales by the Anatomy Act 1984
that enabled individuals to donate their own bodies. However,
although most Institutions only accepted bodies with donor
consent, the law still allowed the use of ‘unclaimed’ bodies
and those donated by a donor’s next of kin. The UK government subsequently developed legislation to regulate all use ofhuman tissue in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, basedon donor consent. Stakeholder groups were consulted and the
Human Tissue Act 2004 was passed. A regulatory body wasconstituted including stakeholder representatives and one of

Deciphering the Dawn of Alzheimer’s
Disease: Unveiling Early Neuronal
Transformation in Brain Organoids
Jinsoo SEO

Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Focusing on the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) offers significant promise. However, the specific
events in neural cells leading up to the onset of AD have remained unclear. To clarify these events, we utilized isogenic
human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with an introduced APPswe mutation. This enabled us to investigate theinitial changes in AD progression. We studied the differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in cerebral organoids or
2D culture with and without the APPswe mutation into neurons, analyzing variations in levels of neuronal and progenitor
markers. Our findings revealed early neuronal differentiationin APPswe NPCs. Transcriptomic analysis further confirmed

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alterations in neurogenesis-related gene expression in APPswe
NPCs. We also discovered that the upregulation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) in APPswe NPCs is necessary for earlyneuronal differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that APPswe
neurons remain immature during early differentiation andare more susceptible to toxicity, providing valuable insights
into the premature exit from the neural progenitor state andincreased vulnerability in AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer
IA-0051

Analysis of Mitochondrial Function andMorphology in GFP-Labelled Patient
Dopaminergic Neurons: from 2D to 3D
Midbrain Organoid

Mutsumi YOKOTA1, Akihiko NISHIJIMA1, Akihiro YAMAGUCHI2, KeiIchi ISHIKAWA2,3, Hideyuki OKANO4, Wado AKAMATSU2, Nobutaka
HATTORI3, Masato KOIKE1

oids. The differentiated cells or organoids were stained with
antibodies against MAP2 and Tau, markers of dendrites andaxons, respectively. The differentiated cells or organoids werethen stained with TMRM to measure mitochondrial membrane potential in GFP-positive dopaminergic neurons.
Results: We have successfully established two new TH-GFP
iPSC lines. The immunostaining of the TH-GFP iPSC-derived
monolayer neurons showed a colocalization of MAP2 and Tau.
In contrast, the peripheral area of midbrain organoids had
little expression of MAP2 and high expression of Tau, indicating the axonal maturation in midbrain organoids. The staining with TMRM indicated that the mitochondrial membranepotential of GFP-positive axons was lower than that of GFPnegative axons.
Conclusion: The midbrain organoids are an effective tool todistinguish and analyze axonal mitochondria from dendritic
mitochondria. The analysis of axonal mitochondrial function
would provide insights on the mechanisms of dopaminergic
neuron degeneration in PD patients.

1

Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
2Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of
Medicine, Tokyo, Japan3
Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan4
Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Keywords: Pluripotent stem cells, Dopaminergic neurons,
Organoids, Mitochondria
IA-0156

Objective: Mitochondria have different morphologies andproperties between in the dendrites and axons of neurons.
Dysfunction of mitochondria is partially or mainly involvedin the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which manifests as the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra. It has been reported that the accumulation of damaged
mitochondria in the neurites of iPSC-derived dopaminergic
neurons from PD patients. However, axonal mitochondrial
function in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons have beenpoorly analyzed. To define axonal mitochondrial function andmorphology in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons, we differentiated iPSCs into dopaminergic neurons in monolayer or
midbrain organoids and analyzed them.
Methods: We have previously generated tyrosine hydroxylase reporter (TH-GFP) iPSC lines from two control and one
PD patient lines. In addition to those, we newly generated THGFP iPSC lines from different control and PD patient lines
using CRISPR/Cas9 system. We differentiated TH-GFP iPSCs
into dopaminergic neurons in monolayer or midbrain organ-

Application of Nerve Organoids forRegenerative Medicine through MedicalEngineering Collaboration

Shinsuke SHIBATA1,2, Kentaro OKUYAMA1,2, Junpei NAKAYAMA1, Takayuki
NISHIJIMA3, Takuji IWAMOTO3, Hiroo KIMURA3, Manabu HAYATSU1,
Keiko UCHIYAMA1, Tomoko SHINDO2,4, Nobuko MORITOKI4, Jiro
KAWADA1,5, Masaya NAKAMURA3, Hideyuki OKANO2, Narihito NAGOSHI3
1

Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and
Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan2
Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan3
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
4
Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
5
Cybernics Medical Innovation Base-A, Jiksak Bioengineering, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan

Abstract: The novel nerve organoid culture device with theexcellent patented technology was utilized in various projects
including nerve regeneration. Our peripheral nerve researchteam has been conducting collaborative research for many
years, trying the several challenging tasks by taking advantage
of each other's advanced technologies as surgeon, imaging specialists, and engineering experts for novel microfluidics device
development. In recent several years, we have been working on

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developing a new culture device with human iPS cell derived
nerve organoids for detecting pain and for peripheral nerve
deficits treatment with transplantation. We tried to develop anovel artificial nerve organoid for nerve transplantation as a
substitution of the self-nerve. Human iPS cells were induced
to differentiate into motor and sensory neurons and were
cultured using a newly developed specialized culture device.
The novel artificial nerve was transplanted into the peripheral
nerve defect of rodents with optimized transplantation surgery, the motor function was evaluated over time, and the condition of peripheral nerve regeneration by transplantation was
evaluated for several weeks (12 weeks) after transplantation.
The histological evaluation was performed in detail by using
immunostaining and an electron microscope to evaluate theeffect of this novel transplantation therapy. For elucidating themechanisms, multidimensional gene expression profiling was
carried out mRNA sequencing. As a result, the neurite bundlederived artificial nerves exerted significant therapeutic effects,
both functionally and histologically after transplantation
without immunosuppression, even in xenotransplantation.
The transplanted neurite bundles fully dissolved after several
weeks, with no tumor formation or cell proliferation, confirming their biosafety. Gene expression profiling demonstrated
the importance of immune system for recovery. We hope new
artificial nerve prepared in advance will be transplanted if amajor peripheral nerve is damaged due to traumatic injury or
surgical operation of cancer, without any loss of patient's own
peripheral nerve in near future.
Keywords: Human iPSC‑derived nerve organoid, Peripheral nerve injury, Specialized microfluidic device, Nerve regeneration, Artificial nerve transplantation
IA-0189

Establishment of Pipeline forDevelopmental Neurotoxicology Tests with
Neural Organoid Technology
Woong SUN

Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract: Neural organoids have been increasingly used
for disease modeling, which will be potentially useful for drug
screening. However, achieving this goal has been hampered by

the considerably high level of variation within and among theexperimental batches. We recently established a new protocol
for the production of various neural organoids representing
different domains of the central nervous system along the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes. This protocol allows for
precise control of the size and shape of organoids, and these
optimization improved the reproducibility and reduced batch
variation. Especially, we were able to produce large quantity ofsufficiently small organoids that were virtually free from theformation of necrotic core, which made protocol especiallysuitable for the mid-to high throughput drug screening. Using
this new protocol, we established pipelines for screening drugs
that prevent neural hypoxia and promote nerve regeneration.
In this short talk, I will share our successes and challenges inour journey with neural organoids.
Keywords: Organoids, Drug screening, Hypoxia[Symposium 46: Integration of Innovative Educational
Technologies in Anatomy Teaching and Curriculum: New
Normal in Anatomy Education]
IA-0120

Integration Of Innovative Technology In
Anatomy Education Curriculum: Students
and Anatomy Educators Perception
Adejoke Elizabeth MEMUDU1, Amadi Ogonda IHUNWO2
1Anatomy, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
School of Anatomical Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

2

Abstract: Anatomy is an important basic medical science
subject in medical education due to its relevance as a prerequisite for safe clinical practice. Before now, the anatomy education curriculum involves application of traditional methodsof teaching such as classroom teaching, cadaveric dissection,and textbook-based learning. In recent years, medical schools
have transformed the curriculum by integrating innovativeeducational technologies, such as virtual and augmented reality, virtual dissection, and other computer-based programs
into the anatomy education curricula. This transformation
has garnered increasing attention as educators seek to enhancelearning outcome to prepare students for clinical applicationin healthcare practice. The integration of innovative technology in anatomy education curricula has revolutionized the

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teaching and learning process, offering an enhanced visualization and interactive learning experiences for students, and to
overcome challenges associated with the traditional methodsof teaching. This discourse explores the perceptions of students and anatomy educators regarding the incorporation
or integration of innovative technologies into the anatomy
education curriculum. This will demonstrate continuous
evaluation and adaptation to innovative technologies directed
to improve students’ engagement and self-directed learning
to foster deeper comprehension of anatomical structures andclinical applications. Regardless of the success stories there area few constraints associated with the acceptance of innovativeeducational technologies in the anatomy curriculum such astechnical issues, human resource resistance due to long- term
adaption to traditional educational paradigms, limitationsof virtual simulations compared to hands-on dissection, andthe need for support and professional development for educators navigating the digital landscape. However, students andanatomy educators perceived benefits in virtual dissection
technology as a teaching tool in the anatomy medical education curriculum is associated with the ability to enhance thelearning experience and educational outcomes.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Cadaveric dissection,
Learning outcomes, Virtual dissection, Innovative technology

Methods: The Neurosensory course is a multidisciplinary,
team-taught course. The anatomy faculty that teaches in the
Neurosensory course compiled the initial list of terms, which
included approximately 430 terms. The authors then usedlecture materials and other resources to determine the definitions and illustrations. Two of the authors were students in the
Neurosensory course in the Spring of 2023; student involvement was critical to the success of this project because they
provided a much-needed perspective to ensure the glossary
will be useful for the intended audience. The neuroanatomical
illustrated glossary content was manually input and uploaded
to the Google Site. The website was launched at the start of the
Neurosensory course in January 2024. In addition to glossarycontent, included on the webpage are embedded Google Forms
to allow users to provide feedback on the glossary, including
any terms they would like added.
Conclusion: This resource was created in collaboration
with several medical students to ensure its usefulness andpreliminary student feedback indicates this tool was helpful.
The goal is to continue to build and expand on this resource toinclude interactive elements and practice questions. In the future, we would also like to gather student perspectives on how
this resource is used and can be improved.
Keywords: Neuroanatomy, Educational resource, Medical
education

IA-0065

Creation and Incorporation of an Online
Illustrated Neuroanatomy Glossary toEnhance Neuroanatomy Teaching

IA-0137

Re-Conceptualization of Inquiry-Basedand Case-Based Review Sessions in an
Integrated Anatomy Curriculum

Jennifer HOTZMAN, Isaiah PORTER, Jonathan LAI

Anatomy, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, United States

Rosemary BASSEY

Background: Medical students struggle with neuroanatomical terminology. To help address these struggles and to assist
students in learning this new language, the authors developed
an illustrated neuroanatomical glossary hosted on Google
Sites. While there are multimedia resources available to aid
in teaching and learning neuroanatomy, the authors were notable to find a freely accessible illustrated neuroanatomy glossary for students. Developing this resource in house allowed theauthors to tailor it specifically to the needs of the students at
Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine (Meridian, ID, USA).

Science Education, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell,Hempstead, United States

Background: Review sessions are an integral part of active
learning and have been shown to be useful in consolidating
critical information, recognizing learning gaps, and developing the critical thinking skills needed to tackle examinations.
Since the introduction of the integrated medical curriculum,
the concentration has mostly been on developing creative instructional and assessment strategies as core of curriculum design. However, the role of review sessions in the undergraduate
medical curriculum has not been fully recognized.

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Method: We grouped our pedagogical approaches to active review sessions in the structure curriculum of the Zucker
School of Medicine into two categories: case-based facultydriven and inquiry-based student-driven review sessions. To
assess students’ perception of and satisfaction with these active
review sessions, the second-year medical students participating in the Human Condition course were given an anonymouselectronic survey at the end of the course. A focus group was
also organized to determine how these review sessions impacted their learning and preparation for assessment.
Results: 82.35% of the respondents preferred the case-based
faculty-driven review sessions while 17.65% preferred theinquiry-based student-driven review sessions. There were statistically significant differences in their evaluation of increased
problem-solving skills (p≤0.001) and enhanced peer collaboration (p≤0.05) during case-based faculty-driven review sessions
compared to inquiry-based student-driven review sessions.
There was however no significant different in their evaluationof increased student engagement, closing knowledge gaps andconsolidation of existing knowledge for both review sessions.
Conclusion: Effort needs to be put into designing active
review sessions as it is put into instructional and assessment
design to drive learning. The feedback from students indicatethat both types of review sessions were helpful, albeit for different purposes. The goal is to improve these sessions to enhance their learning experience.
Keywords: Anatomy Education, Review, Integrated Curriculum, Medical Education, Learning
IA-0122

Innovative Anatomy Education is an
Approach to Bridge the Gap in Traditional
Methods of Teaching Anatomy

includes didactic lectures, cadaver dissection and textbookbased learning. Over the last decade, there has been an increase in the use of innovative teaching methods involving
computer-based learning, virtual dissection technology, andinteractive digital platforms. These innovative methods prove
useful in alleviating several constraints associated with traditional teaching methods. For example, use of cadavers to study
the three-dimensional structure of the human body is often
constrained by limited access to cadavers due unwillingness todonate bodies for medical education in various cultures, highcost of maintaining wet dissection laboratories and poor adherence to ethical considerations involving cadaver sourcing,handling and disposal. Innovative anatomy teaching methods
apart from being expensive they present with added advantages to traditional methods that include being dynamic, interactive, self-directed and self-paced. This enables students’ engagement in an interactive and dynamic learning environment
ensuring their interest in self-directed learning at their own
pace and according to their individual learning or comprehension styles. The integration of these innovative approaches into
anatomy education has demonstrated several benefits such as
promotion of active learning, increased student engagement,
improved understanding of complex anatomical concepts, andgreater retention of knowledge as judged by the assessment oflearning outcomes via formative and summative assessments
and feedback mechanisms. In conclusion, innovative anatomy
education offers a comprehensive solution to the limitations of
traditional methods resulting in an effective, inclusive, and accessible anatomy education that ultimately enhances anatomy
education in medical training aimed at clinical applicationand patient care.
Keywords: Anatomy, Cadaver dissection, Computer-basedlearning, Virtual dissection, Student engagement

Pedzisai MAZENGENYA1, Adejoke Elizabeth MEMUDU2
1

Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Ajman University, Ajman, United ArabEmirates2
Department of Anatomy, Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria

Abstract: The anatomy course is an integral part of medical education that enables students to acquire knowledge
about the intricacies of the human body which is the basis forunderstanding pathological and clinical problems in clinicalsettings. Traditional methods of teaching the anatomy course
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IFAA 2024[Symposium 47: 3D Cell Culture and Organoid Models
and Applications in Biomedical Research]
IA-0073

Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Avatars:
Unveiling Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal
Disorders

IA-0044

Three-Dimensional Coculture System to
Mimic Epithelial Tissue Containing Immune
Cell

Jong-Young KWAK1,2, Tran Thi Xuan THUY1, Tran Hue Vy AN1, In-Jeong LEE2
1

Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of
Korea
2
3D Immune System Imaging Core Center, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Hidenori AKUTSU

Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development,
Tokyo, Japan

Abstract: The primary aim of this study is to develop intestinal barrier integrity and plastic intestinal homeostasis, which
involves interactions between immunocompetent cells andthe epithelial cells themselves. We developed a novel intestinalorganoid called "mini-gut," derived from human pluripotent stem cells. The mini-gut replicates various physiological
functions of the human small intestine, including peristalsis,
absorption, and secretion, as observed in vitro. It comprises
multiple cell types such as Lgr5-positive intestinal epithelial
stem cells, absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells,
and enteroendocrine cells. Additionally, it features a complex
tissue structure with elements like Cajal interneurons, entericplexus, and smooth muscle cells within the submucosal region.
To address the challenge of evaluating human gastrointestinal
immunological functions using in vitro models, we integrated
tissue macrophages derived from iPS cells into the mini-gut toenhance its immunocompetence. The min-gut demonstrated
an ability to recapitulate the dynamics of viral infections andhost responses similarly to in vivo conditions. The inclusion ofmacrophages has enabled the mini-gut to function as a command post for antigen recognition, significantly enhancing
its utility in studying human immunological responses. The
mini-gut organoid represents an innovative human tissue system with high potential for advancing research in viral pathogenesis and host immune responses. Its capability to mimic
the human small intestine's structure and function makes it
an invaluable tool for novel drug discovery research. The novel
organoid model further emphasizes its potential as a comprehensive model for studying gastrointestinal diseases and therapies.

Abstract: Epithelial tissue consists of primary epithelialand stromal cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, andimmune cells. It is essential to coculture different types ofcells derived from epithelial tissue to develop epithelial tissue in vitro. However, direct contact between various typesof cells induces activation of cells such as immune cells. An
indirect coculture system was developed using a nanofiberbased culture of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
MLE-12, lung epithelial cells, and primary hepatocytes were
cultured on laminin- and fibronectin-derived peptide-blended
poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofiber membrane as a multilayer rather
than spheroid structure. Coculture of fibroblasts in different
layers of nanofibrous membrane stabilized long-term cultureof epithelial cells. Direct coculture of dendritic cells (DC) andfibroblasts on a culture plate and polycaprolactone nanofiber
membrane induced DC activation. Coculture of DCs and fibroblast in collagen gel partially blocked the activation of DCs.
We confirmed that soluble factor(s) released from fibroblasts
up-regulated DC activation. Based on the coculture system,
epithelial cell-derived organoids can be used for precision
medicine.
Keywords: Three-dimensional culture, Dendritic cell, Coculture, Nanofibers

Keywords: Mini-gut, Organoid, Gastrointestine, IPS cells

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IFAA 2024[Symposium 48: The ABCs and 123s of Anatomical Science
Outreach: Ideation, Planning, Execution and Sustainability]

IA-0072

3D Model of Cancer Progression to
Recapitulate Cancer Stem Cell Niche andChemoresistance for Anti-Cancer Drug
Discovery

IA-0164

Anatomy Outreach Programs: From Ideas to
Execution

Sik YOON, Ye Seon LIM, Ji Eun KIM, Seon Yeong HWANG, Lata
RAJBONGSHI

Smart MBAGWU

Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republicof Korea

Abstract: Recent attention has focused on the developmentof an effective three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system enabling the rapid enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) thatare resistant to therapies and serving as a useful in vitro tumor
model that accurately reflects the in vivo behaviors of cancer
cells. We aimed to establish an effective 3D in vitro humancancer model that can imitate the in vivo tumor microenvironment. We fabricated a biomimetic hydrogel for use in 3D
cancer cell cultures. Then the hydrogel was assessed by phase
contrast microscopy, cell proliferation assay, colony forming
assay, cell migration and invasion assay, chemosensitivity assay, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and RT-PCR analysis. Remarkably, human tumor cells
grown in this hydrogel exhibited biochemical and physiological features, including (1) enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, colony formation, and chemoresistance; (2)suppressed apoptosis with altered expression levels of apoptosis-regulating molecules; (3) upregulated expression of crucial
multidrug resistance-related genes; (4) accentuated expressionof key molecules associated with malignant progressions, suchas epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors,
Notch, and pluripotency biomarkers; and (5) robust enrichment of CSCs. Furthermore, the advantages of our in vitro
tumor model include simplicity, efficiency, bioactivity, andlow cost. The findings indicate the potential of our 3D in vitro
human cancer model as an in vitro research platform to study
CSC biology and to screen novel therapies targeting humancancers as well as CSCs.
Keywords: Cancer, 3D cell culture, Hydrogel, In vitro tumor model, Tissue engineering

Anatomy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria

Abstract: Anatomy outreach programs are powerful tools
for inspiring curiosity, dispelling misconceptions, and nurturing the next generation of healthcare professionals. Thissymposium explores the lifecycle of designing and executing
impactful anatomy outreach initiatives. Attendees will gain insights into identifying target audiences, developing interactive
activities that resonate, securing resources, and overcoming
logistical hurdles. Effective strategies for fostering community
partnerships, evaluating program outcomes, and ensuring
sustainability will be highlighted. Through a case study of Science Advocacy Program for Youngsters organized by LifePorté
Educational Project, Nigeria and interactive discussions, participants will learn about our experience, best practices, andhow to embrace the mission of enhancing anatomy educationand public engagement beyond classroom walls.
Keywords: Anatomy, Outreach, Ideas, Execution
IA-0163

Adapting Outreach Programs for theUnderrepresented and Underprivileged
Population
Izuchukwu OKAFOR

Anatomy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

Abstract: This symposium will address the critical need forinclusive and effective community outreach initiatives. The
discussion will include identifying access barriers and developing culturally sensitive and contextually relevant programs.
This includes understanding the unique needs and preferencesof diverse communities, incorporating local knowledge andpractices, and ensuring that programmes respect and reflect
the cultural identities of the target populations. With theincreasing role of technology in society, the symposium will
examine how digital tools and platforms can enhance outreach

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efforts among the underprivileged or underserved population. This will include discussions on how to better reach andengage them through mobile applications, social media, andother digital innovations. The session will focus on strategies
for fostering genuine community engagement, empowering
local leaders, and building trust between service providers
and community members. The symposium will also emphasise the importance of community engagement, collaboration
among stakeholders, and sustainable funding models to ensure the long-term impact and scalability of these programs.
The speaker will discuss how to create and sustain effective
collaborations that leverage the strengths and resources ofall partners and highlight best practices for monitoring andevaluating programmes, including the use of qualitative andquantitative metrics to assess outcomes and inform future
strategies. The speaker will explore best practices and successful case studies that demonstrate how tailored outreachprogrammes can significantly improve the quality of life forunderrepresented and underprivileged populations.

3) updating topic trends; and 4) strengthening regulations.
Meanwhile, the externals are: 1) greeting the collaborators andparticipants regularly at special events, as well as prospective
clients who have been recorded previously. To look after existing collaborators, we evaluate our program by conducting
satisfaction surveys; collecting input from stakeholders, andbeing responsive to their needs and expectations; 2) providing
information when special programmes (e.g., training for teachers) are released; 3) offering AOP to agencies that are alreadyregular school partners; and 4) providing certain discounts.
Keywords: Anatomy, Outreach programme, Sustainability

Keywords: Outreach, Anatomy, Underprivileged, Equity,
Adaptation
IA-0171

Your Program Is Up and Running! Now,
How Do You Keep It Going?

Selfi HANDAYANI, Nanang WIYONO, Yunia HASTAMI, Siti MUNAWAROH,
Muthmainah MUTHMAINAH
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: While the anatomy outreach programme (AOP)
is up and running, this project still needs to be managed well.
It should be understood that AOP is not a one-off activity but
an ongoing process that requires governance and a desire to
improve with wider community acceptance. It is necessary tocontinue to learn from both our own and other people's experiences, to stay aware of the newest trend and to carry out bestpractices within the community. This article aims to provide
an overview and shared experiences of how to keep anatomy
outreach programmes going for the wider community. The
strategies for maintaining AOP sustainability consist of internal and external ways. The internal ways include: 1) strengthening the team through internal management discussions; 2)
improving information systems and promotional facilities;
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IFAA 2024[A. Gross Anatomy]

be encountered in living individuals.

A-0021

Keywords: Triphallia, Polyphallia, Cadaveric, Dissection,
Diphallia

Triphallia: The First Cadaveric Case Reportof Internal Penile Triplication

A-0031

John BUCHANAN, Madeleine GADD, Rose HOW, Edward MATHEWS,
Andre COETZEE, Karuna KATTII
Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Purpose: Triphallia, a rare congenital anomaly describing
the presence of three distinct penile shafts, has been reported
only once in the literature (Jabali and Mohammed, 2020). Thiscase report, based on an extensive literature review, describes
the serendipitous discovery during cadaveric dissection of thesecond reported human case of triphallia, distinctly morphologically different from the previous case.
Methods: Discoveries were made during routine full body
cadaveric dissection.
Results: Despite the normal appearance of external genitalia
on examination, the dissection of a 78-year-old male revealed
a remarkable anatomical variation: two small supernumerary
penises stacked in a sagittal orientation posteroinferiorly tothe primary penis. Each penile shaft displayed its own corpora
cavernosa and glans penis. The primary penis and largest andmost superficial of the supernumerary penises shared a single
urethra, which coursed through the secondary penis prior toits passage through the primary penis. A urethra-like structure was absent from the smallest supernumerary penis. Thiscase report provides a comprehensive description of the anatomical features of triphallia in a cadaver, shedding light on
the morphology, embryology, and clinical implications of thisanomaly. Without dissection, this anatomical variation would
have remained undiscovered, suggesting the prevalence ofpolyphallia may be greater than expected. The single tortuous
urethra present in this case, as well as the supernumerary andblind ending urethras present in many cases of penile duplication, may pose significant risk of infection, sexual dysfunction,subfertility and traumatic catheterisation.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of
meticulous anatomical dissections and may act as a resource
for anatomists and those studying genitourinary anomalies.
Although we can only speculate which functional implications
this gentleman may have experienced, understanding suchanatomical variations contributes to both knowledge of human anatomy and clinical management should the condition

Presence of the Sternalis Muscle in an
Iranian Male Cadaver: A Case Report

Sepideh HASSANPOUR KHODAEI1, Shahnaz SABETKAM2, Ali RAFAT3
1

Department of Dentistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
Mersin 10, Türkiye
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Mersin 10, Kyrenia,
Türkiye3
Anatomy, Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan
University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

Purpose: Sternalis muscle is an infrequent, non-pathological anatomical variant of the anterior thoracic wall locateddeep into the subcutaneous layer and superficial to the pectoral fascia. According to the previous cadaveric studies, thepresence of sternalis muscle is between 3 to 8%. The muscles
were identified during a routine cadaver prosection at the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: Anterior thoracic wall dissection on an Iranianmale cadaver exposed the unilateral sternalis muscles. The
Snosek et al. classification system was used to describe thevariant types.
Results: During dissection of the thoracic region of a
60-year-old male, we observed a distinct muscular mass about
13.5 cm long in the right hemithorax, covered by superficial
fascia and located anterior obliquely to the pectoralis major
muscle. This muscle presented with two muscle bellies, where
cranial end blends with fibers of the sternochondrocostal portion of the right pectoralis major muscle and caudal end blendswith fascia covering pectoralis major and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle of the abdomen.
Conclusion: Clinically, the sternalis muscle may be misinterpreted as a pathological mass or lesion, thus accurate
knowledge regarding its variations and prevalence is of importance.
Keywords: Sternalis muscle, Anterior thorax, Anatomic
variation, Classification

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A-0035

A-0036

Experience of Using a Variable Educational
Trajectory in Clinical Anatomy with
Elements of Immersion Technologies

Investigation of the Effect of Posterior
Spinal Fusion Surgery on the Increase
in Pelvic Incidence in Individuals with
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Yuriy VASILEV, Sergey Dydykin, Stanislav Gribkov

Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Sechenov University, Moscow, RussianFederation

Livan Gul DURMUS1, Umut Dogu AKTURK2, Mehmet AYDOGAN2, Ismet
DEMIRTAS1, Abdulhalim AKAR2, Mert BARIS3

Purpose: The “gold standard” in teaching clinical anatomy
is the dissection course. However, in a number of countries
there is a tendency to reduce or completely exclude work with
anatomical material from the educational trajectory. This isfacilitated, in our opinion, by the following reasons: the legislative and regulatory framework that does not allow a body donation program; moral, ethical and religious aspects and etc.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop educational trajectories
that include several stages of access to anatomical material.
Methods: A study of the effectiveness of a dissection coursewith VR/AR with the participation of 400 students is being conducted in the period 2022-2023 at the Department of
Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of Sechenov
University. We have proposed an educational trajectory that
includes 1) preliminary theoretical course through publicbroadcasting of seminars and lectures; 2) practicing dissection skills in the digital anatomical table (Pirogov) and MCQ
3) Practicing operational access on a VR simulator in orderto acquire the skill of correctly selecting a tool, the sequenceof its use and choosing the area of ??operation with MCQ 4)
Admission to the dissection course on anatomical material.
The students were divided into 2 groups of 200 people each,so that one group had the classical teaching method “theory +dissection”, and the second “theory-digital dissection-virtual
simulator-anatomical preparation”.
Results: The results of the study on the Likert scale showed
an increase in motivation in the control group by 49% compared to the main group. At the same time, 98% attendance
was noted versus 73% in the main group. The average score in
the main group was 3.98 out of 5, and in the control group 4.89
out of 5.
Conclusion: Thus, it becomes obvious that the use of VR/
AR is a useful intermediate level in student learning.
Keywords: Education, Cadaver, Dissection, VR, AR

1

Anatomy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Advanced Spine Surgery Unit, Emsey Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
3
Statistics, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2

Purpose: Investigate the preoperative pelvic incidence’s
growth during adolescence in a population of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and analyze how it alters after posterior
correction surgery.
Methods: The radiological data of 30 AIS patients who
underwent a posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery were analyzed by an independent observer to compare to changes in
the pelvic incidences (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) and sacral slope (SS)at preoperative, early postoperative, 6 months, 1 year, and2 years follow-up after correction surgery. “Friedman Test”
and “Repeated Measures ANOVA” were used to compare themeans between dependent groups according to their normality status to determine the difference between the two groupsof dependent groups studied. Pearson Correlation was used todetermine the direction and degree of the relationship between
the variables, and 'Frequency Analysis' was used to determine
demographic characteristics.
Results: Multiple comparisons of spinopelvic parameters'
measurements from the preoperative period to the final followup at 2 years (preoperative, early postoperative, 6th month, 1styear and 2nd year) were carried out. As the results were analyzed, it was determined that PI and SS parameters increased
significantly (R=3.026; p<0.05) in each measurement in relation to the previous measurement value. However, PT variable
no significant difference was found in the same comparison.
Conclusion: We observed an increase mean PI value. The
peak velocity is between early post-operative and 6th monthfollow-up, and it is still increasing to the last follow-up. This
increase may be a response of the sacroiliac joint to change inspinal balance due to correction with PSF. Our results suggested that the PI growth may be associated with changes insacroiliac morphology during adolescence, as well as PSF andaltered spinal balance in the post-operative period.

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Keywords: Scoliosis, Pelvic incidence, Adolescent, Sacral
slope, Pelvic tilt
A-0055

Myodural Bridge and Chronic Headachetion for the diagnosis and treatment of some unexplained
chronic primary headaches in clinical practice.
Funding: Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
numbers: NSFC32071184 and NSFC32100928).
Keywords: Myodural Bridge Complex, Chronic Headache,
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle, Manipulation therapy

Hong-Jin SUI

Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian,
China

Purpose: The Myodural Bridge (MDB) is known as a fibrous connective structure that connects the suboccipital muscle to the cervical spinal dura mater via the atlanto-occipitaland atlanto-axial interspace. The MDB exists universally inmammals, many of birds and other tetrapods, indicating that
it is highly conserved. Clinicians have found that the pathologic MDB might cause a cervicogenic or chronic headache,but the role that the MDB may play in headache production is
uncertain. We aimed to investigate the potential correlationand mechanism of action between chronic headaches and the
MDB.
Methods: In clinical practice, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Mimics software were used to collect images of
RCPmi for comparison between chronic headaches patientsand healthy adult volunteers. In addition, cervical manipulation therapy was performed on patients with chronic primaryheadaches to further assess their headache-related scores andsymptoms. According to the proliferative effect of bleomycinon collagen fibers, bleomycin solution was directly injected
into the MDB fibers in the posterior atlanto-occipital interspace of rats, and subsequently headache-related changes were
further observed.
Results: Patients with chronic headaches suffered from
more obvious hypertrophy than those of the control group. It
might indicate that chronic headaches were correlated with
the RCPmi. Furthermore, after the application of cervicalmanipulation therapy on patients with chronic primary headaches, there was a significant improvement in the headacherelated scores and headache-related symptoms post-treatment
in comparison to pre-treatment. Rats with fibrosis of MDB exhibit headache-related behavioral changes and high expression
levels of headache-related neurotransmitters in the brain.
Conclusion: In conclusion, MDB can provide novel anatomical and physiological insights into the underlying etiology
of chronic primary headaches, and will further lay a founda-

A-0081

A Topographic Study of the Extracranial
Middle Meningeal Artery for Endovascular
TherapyPing WANG

Department of Anatomy, Tarim University School of Medicine, Alar, China

Purpose: Middle meningeal artery (MMA) is a key vessel in
MMA embolization (MMAE), but little is known with respect
to the extracranial MMA (exMMA).
Methods: A total 5 heads from anatomical specimens, 300
human dry skulls, and 162 head & neck CT angiographies(CTA) were adapted. The overall features of exMMA wereobtained from body dissection, and the distal features of exMMA were determined via recording the outer osseous groovesof the foramen spinosum on the skulls. Measurements of the
exMMA were taken from CTA.
Results: Most of the exMMA were off from the maxillary,
but a 9.6 % percentage of exMMA (n = 324) sprung off fromthe external carotid artery (ECA). The angle between the
maxillary artery and the exMMA was 109.5° ± 32.5° (left) and
117.1° ± 34.3° (right) (p < 0.05). Thereafter, the angle between
the exMMA and the skull base was greater in the left side
(79.24° ± 4.21°, p = 0.0017). And the diameter of exMMA was
1.45 ± 0.12 mm (left) and 1.44 ± 0.13 mm (right) (p = 0.82).
The length of exMMA was 16.03 ± 3.75 mm (left) and 16.52 ±3.82 mm (right). There were five types of the outer openings
grooves of foramen spinosum locating in the four quadrants
and the origin point, and multiple types of accessorial foramenspinosum provided the path for the accessorial MMA.
Conclusion: The exMMA has five main types with interventional difficulty may gradually increase from type A totype E. More careful preoperative evaluation shall be taken
during MMAE when encountering type B to type E.
Keywords: Middle meningeal artery, Anatomical specimen,

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A-0094

CTA, Foramen spinosum, Endovascular therapy

Is the Mona Lisa a Celebration of Human
Reproduction? An Anatomical Analysis of
the Painting Answers “Yes”

A-0084

Anatomical Study about Stabilizing
Structures in the Trapeziometacarpal Joint

Jean-Yves MAIGNE

Physical Medicine, Cochin Universitary Hospital, Paris, France

Akimoto NIMURA1, Keiichi AKITA2
1

Functional Joint Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., Tokyo, Japan
2
Clinical Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., Tokyo, Japan

Purpose: Joint instability leads to trapeziometacarpal(TMC) osteoarthritis, which results in pain, dysfunction of thejoint, and dorsoradial subluxation of the 1st metacarpal bone.
To determine the pathology of TMC joint instability, whichleads to osteoarthritis, we anatomically analyzed the relationships among the surrounding ligaments, muscles, and joint
capsule.
Methods: We examined the bone morphology and corticalbone thickening in 25 cadaveric thumbs using micro-computed tomography and macroscopically and histologically investigated TMC joint and surrounding muscles including the firstdorsal interosseous (FDI) and opponens pollicis (OPP).
Results: The dorsal trapezium had a unique tubercle withcortical bone thickening visualized using micro-CT imaging.
This tubercle on the dorsal trapezium corresponded to the attachment of the FDI aponeurosis, which intermingled with thejoint capsule. On the radial side of TMC joint, the thin joint
capsule was observed, and the muscular part of OPP without
aponeurosis overlay it.
Conclusion: The dorsal ligaments (dorsoradial or posterior
oblique ligaments), which have been previously assumed asstatic stabilizers, could be interpreted as parts of the capsuloaponeurotic complex, which consisted of the FDI aponeurosis
and TMC joint capsule. In the radial aspect of TMC joint,functional activation of OPP muscle activation may be essential for TMC joint stabilization during the pinching motion.
Obtained findings in the current study could contribute to theappropriate management for prevention of TMC osteoarthritis.
Funding: This study was funded by the JA Kyosai ResearchInstitute (Agricultural Cooperative Insurance Research Institute).
Keywords: Trapeziometacarpal joint, Firstdorsal interosseous muscle, Opponens pollisis muscle

Purpose: In 1492, Leonardo drew “Coition of a hemisected
man and woman”, an anatomical study of figures having sexual intercourse. In 1503, he began painting the portrait of Mona
Lisa, which became the most famous painting in the world.
Her husband wanted to pay tribute to her motherhood. However, the background landscape remains misunderstood byarts historians: a landscape in two parts which do not connect;
the surface of the upper lake is oblique; the lower lake does notconnect with the dry river, etc.
Methods: We compared the landscape in the painting withthe drawing, element by element.
Results: Left side. A penis is openly visible behind ML's
shoulder, pointing leftward. Below, a reddish rectangle corresponds to the rectum. Above, the cervix then the cervicalcanal with the palmate folds, bounded by rocks. The lake silhouette outlines a calf fetus in the amniotic fluid. ?Right side.
The lake with two depressions (left temporal / occipital fossae)
represents the base of the skull (BS) where the sperm collected.
Its surface is inclined 2.5° below the horizontal. Why? In Leonardo's skull drawings, the BS follows a line from the internal
occipital protuberance to the nasion, inclined 23° below thehorizontal. The male figure in the drawing tilts his head 20.5°.
Its skull base is therefore 2.5° below the horizontal, the value
displayed by the lake. This cannot be a coincidence. The sperm
then descended with the CSF along the spinal cord to the sacrum. Interestingly, the river has four curvatures, comparable
to spinal curvatures. Finally, the rock at the bottom is alignedwith the penis and clearly looks like testicles.
Conclusion: The drawing is the matrix of the ML landscape; left side, the female pelvis, right side the male. Therefore, the ML should be viewed as a celebration of reproduction.
Immense audacity for Leonardo!
Keywords: Mona Lisa, Leonardo, Reproduction, Renaissance

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A-0095

A-0118Beyond Traditional Methods: A Geometric
Approach to Age and Sex Determination in
Permanent Mandibular First Molars

Freeing and Stretching the Palatine Vessels
from the Greater Palatine Foramen in
Palatoplasty

Aspalilah ALIAS1,2, Syatirah Najmi ABDULLAH1, Danial Aiman RASHIDI1,
Nur Ain Nabilah MOHD ZAHRIN1

Kun HWANG1,2, Seung-Ho HAN1,3
1

1

Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Indonesia
3
Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensic and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Syariah and Law,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Malaysia

Purpose: In forensic odontology, determining the age andsex of an individual from teeth remains is crucial. Geometricmorphometric (GM) is a quantitative technique used in biological and anthropological sciences to analyse and study the shapeand form variations in biological structures. The study aimed
to determine the size and shape of the permanent mandibular
first molar (PMFM) measurements using GM methods.
Methods: 400 orthopantomography, (OPG) images of
the PMFM in the adult’s Malay population of different sex(male and female) and age groups (Group 1: 18-22 years old
and Group 2: 23-30 years old) were collected retrospectively.
22 landmarks were applied to the OPGs. Two-dimensional
reconstruction of the PMFM was performed using tpsDig2,
MorphoJ software, and the OPG images. tpsDig2 and MorphoJ software were used for landmarking and analysis in GM
analysis.
Results: In principal component analysis (PCA), PC1 to
PC9 represents 70% of the shapes. Procrustes ANOVA, discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis showedsignificant differences between two age groups of Malay adults
in the size and shape of PMFM (p < 0.05). Discriminant function analysis showed that 93% and 92%, after cross-validation,of the PMFM can differentiate between the two age groups.
Incorporating morphological analysis of PMFM proves precise
age determination and, to lesser extent, sex in forensic odontology and anthropological investigations.
Conclusion: This approach showcases potential as a valuable tool for accurately estimating age and sex in individuals
based on dental remains.

Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Plastic Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
3
Anatomy, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present how to free andstretch the palatine vessels from the greater palatine foramen
in palatoplasty.
Methods: After a mucoperiosteal flap is raised, periosteal
elevator is passed behind the palatine vessels to detach theperiosteum around the vessels. Then, a blunt right-angle instrument is placed behind the palatine vessels, and the vessels
are pulled from the foramen in the superior aspect, slightly
forward (63°) and medially (19°) according to the direction
to the greater palatine canal (GPC). The nasal mucosa is also
released from the hard palate and from the lateral pharyngeal
wall. After dividing the palatal aponeurosis and elevating theanterior flap, the first suture is inserted through the nasal layerof the mucosa at the level of the posterior border of the hardpalate (A suture). The nasal layer is approximated and sutured.
After closure of the buccal layer, the 2 posterior flaps are joined
to the small anterior flap. Finally, A suture is tied.
Results: In 60 cases of pushback palatoplasty, the palatine
vessels were stretched from the greater palatine foramen.
Conclusion: In literatures, the length of GPC is 26.97mm.
Anteroposterior diameter of the upper opening of GPC is
3.88mm. The angle between the vertical plane and the axis of
GPC is 19.09°. The angle between the transverse plane and theaxis of GPC is 62.63°. Probably this information is the values
obtained in adults. As a matter of fact, similar values were obtained in our study on this subject.
Funding: This study was funded by the JA Kyosai ResearchInstitute (Agricultural Cooperative Insurance Research Institute).
Keywords: Cleft Palate, Anatomy, Regional

Keywords: Age determination, Sex determination, Permanent mandibular first molars, Forensic Odontology, Geometricmorphometrics
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A-0127

A-0181

Abnormalities in Cerebellar Subregions’
Volume and Cerebellocerebral Structural
Covariance in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Comparative Study of the Outcomes ofSurgically versus Non-Surgically TreatedSpinal Disease in Patients with Multiple
Myeloma: Northern Ireland’s Experience

Yu WANG, Feifei XU, Shuwei LIU

Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China

Eiman ABDEL MEGUID1, Amber MCCALMONT1, Nagy DARWISH2
1

Purpose: The cerebellum plays a crucial role in functions including sensory-motor coordination, cognition, andemotional processing. In comparison with the neocortex,
the human cerebellum exhibits a protracted developmental
trajectory. This delayed developmental timeline may lead toincreased sensitivity of the cerebellum to external influences,
potentially extending the vulnerability period for neurologicaldisorders. Abnormal cerebellar development in patients with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been confirmed, andthese atypical cerebellar changes may affect the developmentof the neocortex. However, due to the heterogeneity of ASD,
the regional changes in the cerebellum and cerebellocerebral
structural relationship remain unknown.
Methods: We used imaging methods optimized for the cerebellum and cerebrum on 877 individuals aged 5-18 years in
the ABIDE II dataset to address these issues.
Results: Results showed that the volume of total cerebellum and the Right Crus II/lobule VIIB were reduced in ASD
patients relative to healthy controls (HCs). Conversely, an
increase was observed in the volume of vermis VI-VII in
ASD. This cerebellar regional disparity persists in male ASD
patients, but not in females with autism. Structural covarianceanalysis revealed an enhanced structural covariance in ASD
patients between the cerebellum and parahippocampal gyrus,
parsopercularis, and transverse temporal gyrus in the righthemisphere.
Conclusion: This suggests that the underlying pathological processes of ASD might concurrently affect the cerebellum
and parahippocampal gyrus, cerebellum and parsopercularis,
cerebellum and transverse temporal gyrus. Furthermore, thisstructural covariance varies across genders. These findings
indicate diverse alterations in cerebellar-cerebral structuralconnectivity, and offer insights into the potential of cerebellocerebral pathways as therapeutic targets for ASD.
Keywords: Cerebellocerebral structural covariance, ASD,
Cerebellar regional disparity

Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
Belfast Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: The aim was to compare the outcomes of treatment between patients managed surgically vs non-surgicallywith spinal myelomatous disease with regards to pain reduction, neurological function and survival duration.
Methods: A retrospective evaluation of the outcomes ofpatients who have received treatment for myelomatous spinal
disease in Northern Ireland (2010-2023) was performed. To
compare patients’ outcomes when treated surgically versus
non-surgically, two cohorts were required. The 1st cohort contains patients who underwent surgery. Patients who were managed conservatively were selected as the Non-surgical Cohort.
The comparison was based on pain, neurological status, andsurvival outcomes in each group. To quantify any neurological impairments, spinal cord injuries were classified using theFrankel grading system. MRI was performed prior to treatment to assess the extent of spinal pathology.
Results: The mean age of diagnosis in the surgical groupwas 59, compared to 71 in the non-surgical group. The mean
duration of survival was significantly longer in the surgicalcohort. The most commonly affected vertebral level in thesurgical cohort was T12. In the non-surgical cohort, T11, T12
and L4 were the most commonly affected vertebrae (35%). The
percentage reduction in pain at the 3-month follow-up period
was greater in the surgical group (60% reduction vs 54.8%). In
the surgical group, 18 patients presented with Frankel Grade E,
4 patients were Frankel Grade D, 5 were Frankel Grade C, and2 patients were Frankel Grade A. Postoperatively, 16 patients’Frankel Grade remained stable, 7 patients’ neurological status
improved Frankel grades, and 2 patients’ Frankel Grade deteriorated. In comparison, the non-surgical group displayed nosignificant changes in neurological status post treatment.
Conclusion: Surgical intervention successfully prevented
the deterioration of neurological function in patients presenting with neurological impairment and those patients had asignificantly longer mean duration of survival than the non-

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surgical cohort.
Keywords: Multiple Myeloma, Lytic Spinal Lesions, Treatment Outcomes, Vertebral column, Neurological impairment
A-0215Landmarks and Safety Surgical Position
for a Novel 3D-Printed Guider in Treating
Humeral Greater Tuberosity Split Fracture(Liu-Gang Type I & II): An Anatomic Study

A vs C, P<0.05).
Conclusion: The distance from anterior, middle and posterior point of acromion to each facet of GT can be used to guidethe placement of 3D-printed guider. Additionally, in order toevaluate surgical safety, the modified anatomical position issuggested.
Funding: The scientific research project of Southwest Medical University (2022QN048).
Keywords: Landmarks, Anatomy, Greater tuberosity fracture, Surgical positions, 3D-printed guider

Gang LIU1,2, Chanatporn INTHASAN1, Apichat SINTHUBUA1, Tanawat
VASEENON3, Yasuhito TANAKA4, Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH1,5
1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Shoulder Orthopedics and Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, Traditional Chinese
Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
3
Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
4
Orthopedics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
5
Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Faculty of
Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2

Purpose: In order to fix the innovative 3D-printed guider
for a better stabilization of the greater tuberosity (GT) fracture,
this cadaveric study investigated the anatomic relationships
between the axillary nerve and artery and the acromion and
GT facets.
Methods: Twenty-six fresh-frozen shoulders (thirteen
whole-body) were dissected and measured in three surgicalpositions: the modified anatomic position (group A), arm
30° abduction (group B) and 45°abduction with 15°forward
flexion (group C). Then, facets of GT (landmarks for fixing
3D-guider) were measured including five points (A-E), three
superficial landmarks(anterior, middle and posterior point) on
the acromion (F-H) and one at insert point of deltoid (K) andsix intersection points (vertical distance) from acromion and
GT facets to axillary nerve and artery (I,J, L-O).
Results: There were elven males and two female cadavers
averaged age at 68.24 ± 9.64 years (range: 61-78). The mean
distance FA, FB, GA, GB, GC and GD measured 36.25 ±6.00,
39.50 ± 6.94, 41.47 ± 4.69, 35.74 ± 6.13, 41.90 ± 5.16 and 54.24 ±
6.55mm respectively(group A), while the mean distance KI
and KL measured 116.82 ± 13.45 and 121.99 ± 14.37mm respectively (group A). Measurements from middle point ofacromion (G) to the axillary nerve and artery (I, J) showed a
progressive decrease in group A, B and C (GI, GJ), measuring
62.16 ± 5.62, 65.30 ± 7.33; 58.26 ± 4.81, 61.09 ± 6.61 and 55.58 ±
6.10, 58.97 ± 7.87mm respectively (group A vs B, P<0.05, group

A-0222

Association between Anatomical Variantsof Musculoskeletal Structures and Nerve
Compressions of the Lower Limb: Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis

Emelyn Sofia BECERRA RODRIGUEZ1, Alfredo INOSTROZA WEGNER2,Francisca OSORIO MUOZ3, Joe IWANAGA4, Juan SANCHIS GIMENO5,
Hector GUTIERREZ ESPINOSA6, Juan Jose VALENZUELA FUENZALIDA7
1

Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia
Medical Student, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
3
Medical Student, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
4
Anatomy, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
5
Anatomy, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
6
Anatomy, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
7
Anatomy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the mainanatomical variants and morphofunctional alterations of thelower limb, which compress surrounding nervous structuresin the gluteal region, thigh region, and the leg and foot region.
Methods: We searched the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases fromtheir inception up to October 2023. An assurance tool for
anatomical studies (AQUA) was evaluated for methodologicalquality, and an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA)
was also used. the Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tool forcase reports. Forest plots were performed to assess the prevalence of the variants; of the gluteal region, thighs and leg.
Results: For the forest plot of the gluteal region, the prevalence was 0.18 (0.14-0.23) with a heterogeneity of 93.52%. For
the thigh region, the forest plot presented a prevalence of 0.10
(0.03-0.17) and a heterogeneity of 91.18%. The forest plot of
the leg region was based on seven studies, which presented aprevalence of 0.01 (0.01-0.01) and a heterogeneity of 96.18%.

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Conclusion: This review and meta-analysis showed that in
the studies that analyzed nerve compressions, the prevalence
was low in the thigh and leg region, while in the gluteal region
it was slightly higher. This is mainly due to the PM region andthe different variants of the same. We believe that it is important to analyze all the variant regions defined in this study andthat the surgeons treating the lower limb should be attentive
to these possible scenarios so that they can anticipate possible
surgical situations and thus avoid surgical complications.

standing of a specific set of anthropometric features playing an
integral role in achieving great long jump distance at high levels. Understanding the importance of specific anthropometrics may find practical implications in talent scouting, physicalassessment of athletes, and training regimes for long jumpers.

Keywords: Nervous compresion, Anatomical Variation,
Nerve compression syndrome

Optimal Proximal Tibial Placement for
Intraosseous Access in Paediatric Patients: A
Computed Topographical Evaluation

A-0235

Keywords: Anthropometry, Gender, Human body, Regression analysis, Sports performance
A-0244

Daniel J. VAN TONDER1,2, Layla AL SAFADI1, Paula SAMAHA1, Farhana E.
SULEMAN3, Martin L. VAN NIEKERK4, Albert VAN SCHOOR2

Sex Differences and the Role of
Anthropometrics in Predicting Long Jump
Distance of Elite Athletes during National
Championships

1

Biological Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
3
Department of Radiology, Kalafong Provincial Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
4Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
2Chinedu Godwin UZOMBA1, Philip X FUCHS2
1

Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, ABAKALIKI, Nigeria
2
Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei,
Chinese Taipei

Purpose: The aims of the study were to analyze differencesin anthropometrics between female and male long jumpers
and to investigate the relationship between anthropometrics
and long jump distance.
Methods: Body height, weight, segment lengths and circumferences of 39 male and 22 female competitors at the national championships were obtained via the direct standard
anthropometric approach. Officials measured jump distanceduring competition. ANOVA, correlation, and stepwise-forward regression analysis were conducted at a significance levelof p<0.05 (*). The final regression model was cross-validated
using the half-split method.
Results: Sex differences were observed in height, weight,
and over 50% of the measured segment lengths and circumferences. Correlation with jump distance was documented forsex (r=0.686*), weight (r=0.338*), height (r=0.375*), arm span(r=0.318*), shank (r=0.300*) and leg length (r=0.264*), and upper arm (r=0.301*) and chest circumference (r=0.353*). A final
regression model predicted jump distance based on sex andchest circumference (adjusted R²=0.519*).
Conclusion: The study contributes to the theoretical under-

Purpose: Intraosseous access is a safe and efficient method
to administer medications to patients who require advanced
life support when intravenous access is not readily available.
Therefore, this study was conducted to narrow down the ideal
insertion site for intraosseous access in paediatric patients.
Methods: This study utilised computed tomography scansthat were retrospectively collected from Steve Biko Academic
Hospital, in South Africa, of which five infant patients were
between four weeks and two years old, seven young children
between two years and six years old, and ten children between
six years and twelve years of age. The analysis of the scans
started at 10mm and extended to 50mm distally to the tibial
tuberosity at 10mm increments.
Results: The study found that the most desirable cortical
thickness to anteromedial border ratio and the most negligible
cortical thickness to medullary space ratio across all threegroups were identified at 10mm. Meanwhile, the most significant medullary space to anteromedial border ratio for the
infants and young child groups was 10mm and 30mm for thechild group.
Conclusion: Based on this study the ideal needle insertion site to gain vascular access for an intraosseous infusion
procedure in the proximal tibial is 10mm distal to the tibial
tuberosity. This anatomical investigation confirms the practiceof gaining vascular access 10 to 20mm inferior to the tibial

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tuberosity. These findings can help improve the efficiency andsafety of administering medications to paediatric patients who
require advanced life support when intravenous access is notavailable.
Keywords: Infant, Child, Infusions, Intraosseous, Vascularaccess
A-0247The Micro Reconstruction of ThreeDimensional Model of Gall Bladderproblems related to interventional treatment of gall bladderdiseases. Our results provided corresponding anatomical basis
for gall bladder surgery.
Funding: This study was financially supported by National
Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF1202600).
Keywords: Micro reconstruction, Three-dimensional (3D)
model, Gall bladder, Internal structure
A-0255

Intelligent Segmentation and T-Stage
Diagnosis of Prostatic Cancer Based on MRI
and Deep Learning

Jingxing DAI, Jiannan LIU, Yan LIU, Yulian SHI, Jiaxuan LIU, Xiangtian LI,
Yanbing LI, Jun OUYANG
Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Purpose: We conducted continuous slices of gall bladder to
get the micro reconstruction three-dimensional (3D) model ofgall bladder to reveal the internal structure, and the distribution and location of artery, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nervesof gall bladder.
Methods: Continuous tissue sections of human gall bladderwere prepared, with each group consisting of four layers. Eachgroup was subjected to hematoxylin-eosin, and anti-LYVE1,
anti-tyrosine hydroxylase-neuronal marker, or anti-choline
acetylase immunohistochemistry staining. And fine rectification was performed using software Photoshop. Software Mimics 21.0 was used to overlap 4 groups of sections for 3D reconstruction. And the 3D structure was segmented, zoned, andlabeled. The course and anastomosis of micro vessels, nerves,and lymphatic vessels were analyzed by tissue sections and reconstruction.
Results: More than 500 longitudinal paraffin slices of human gall bladder with a thickness of 2 μm were obtained. The
arteries after entering the gallbladder from the neck of thegall bladder, the gallbladder artery is divided into 2 branches,
which walk along both sides of the gall bladder to the fundus
of gall bladder, and finally anastomosis at the fundus of gallbladder. The nerves in gall bladder had abundant anastomotic
grids. Lymphatic vessels were abundant, which cling to bloodvessels.
Conclusion: After micro reconstruction the three-dimensional model of human gall bladder, we can observe thebranches of blood vessels, nerves, and the distribution andcourse of lymphatic vessels in gall bladder. It is a solution to

Shanshan XU1, Yi WU1, Ruoxi HUYAN2, Xiaobing LIU3, Ximei CAO4, Wenjing
HOU5, Jinfeng MA6
1

Department of Digital Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
Department of Medical, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
3
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao University, Chongqing, China
4
Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
5
Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
6
Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
2

Purpose: Manual segmentation of prostate lesion on MRI
is highly important for 3D visualization, diagnosis and treatment planning but is time-consuming and laborious. We plan
to develop a deep learning model for intelligent segmentationof prostate zones, tumors and adjacent structures and for intelligent T-stage diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).
Methods: PCa patients with pathologically confirmed fromSX Hospital (April 2018 to June 2020) and XQ Hospital (January 2021 to January 2022) were enrolled in this retrospective
study. Other patients from public dataset (Test-A) and XQ
Hospital (Test-B) were selected for external testing. We proposed a deep learning approach called PCa T-stage diagnosis
with deep learning (PDD). In the first step, the peripheral zone
(PZ), transition zone (TZ), central zone (CZ), anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFMS), tumor, rectum, bladder, seminal
vesicle (SV) and urethra were intelligently segmented using
Vgg16-AttentionGate-Unet model. In the second step, SwinTransformer (SwinT) model is used for intelligent T-stage diagnosis with intelligently segmented lesions.
Results: The study included 209 patients (70 years ± 9).
PDD achieved DSCs of 0.783, 0.789, 0.392, 0.563, 0.583, 0.824,
0.938, 0.738, and 0.613 for intelligent segmentation of PZ, TZ,
CZ, AFMS, tumor, rectum, bladder, SV, and urethra in theinternal test cohort (n = 30) and DSCs of 0.787, 0.755, 0.349,

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0.587, 0.487, 0.852, 0.931, 0.667, and 0.639 in the external Test-A(n = 27), respectively. Additionally, the PDD achieved an accuracy of 0.733 and an AUC of 0.827 for differentiating between
T1-T2 and T3-T4 in the internal test cohort, outperforming the
SwinT by 15.80% and 16.81%, and achieved accuracies of 0.814
and 0.867, and AUCs of 0.815 and 0.861 in the external Test-B
and resident-PDD, respectively.
Conclusion: Deep learning was able to accurately segment
prostate zones, tumors and adjacent structures, and performed
well in T-stage diagnosis of PCa.
Funding: This study received funding from the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (31971113), the Chongqing Science and Technology Talent Project (CQYC201905037),
t he A r my S c i e nc e a nd Te c h nolo g y Ta le nt P roj e c t(91003201901973), and the Qingbo Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (2022YQB043).
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Prostate cancer, Segmentation, Deep learning, MR imaging

shaped FA (type D) was only 11.11%, and the MT diameter oftype D was 3.47 ± 0.59 mm. Type E with detoured branches
was 9.72% and had the largest MT diameter of 3.85 ± 0.43
mm. The most common type of FA was type C, which had noangular branches. The FA was right-dominant in 47.2% andleft-dominant in 16.7% of all cases. The diameter of MT had aclose positive correlation with the number of branches of FA.
Conclusion: The most common side effects from minimally invasive anti-aging procedures are vascular-related. Because
the pattern of FA varies from person to person, it is not easy
to prevent these side effects with uniform treatment methods.
Based on the results of this study, the distribution pattern of
the FA can be predicted just by checking the diameter of MT
before treatment, and it will be helpful in minimizing side effects during treatment.
Keywords: Facial artery, Diameter, Distribution pattern,
Minimally invasive procedure
A-0286

Anatomical Relationship between Profunda
Brachii Artery and Radial Nerve at the
Entrance of Sulcus Radialis

A-0273

Correlation between the Diameter ofthe Main Trunk of Facial Artery and Its
Distribution Pattern in the Face

Yusra Nur SANLTURK1, Nursen ZEYBEK3, Ozcan GAYRETLI2, Adnan
OZTURK4

Narae CHOI, Youngchun GIL

1

Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: The facial artery (FA) is the most important artery in the face, and it enters the facial area passing throughthe antegonial notch (AG). The diameter, symmetry, and number of branches of the FA vary from person to person, so they
are important factors to consider during minimally invasive
anti-aging procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the diameter of MT at the AG(MT; main trunk of FA) and the course or the branching patterns of FA.
Methods: In this study, 72 sides of FA were dissected from36 cadavers (16 women, 20 men), and the average age was 73
years old. The diameter of MT and each branches of FA wasmeasured. And the branching pattern of major branches of FA
was confirmed.
Results: The diameter of MT was 3.05 ± 0.67 mm of allcases. The FA was classified into five types. The textbook-Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Yalova University, Health Sciences Faculty, Yalova,
Türkiye2
Anatomy, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
3Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Okan University, Health Sciences Faculty,
Istanbul, Türkiye
4
Anatomy, Istanbul Saglik ve Teknoloji University, Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: In examination of the literature, it is seen that theanatomical studies concerning profunda brachii artery (PBA)
are rare, and most are related to the origin of PBA. There are
no studies that examine the relationship between PBA andradial nerve. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine therelationship between PBA and radial nerve in the entrance ofsulcus radialis.
Methods: Dissections were carried out on 44 (21 right and23 left) upper extremities of 24 fixed cadavers used for medical
education purposes at Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of
Medicine, Department of Anatomy.
Results: It was observed that PBA is a single artery in 39 extremities, and a double artery in 5 extremities. In 27 cases withsingle PBA, the nerve was located superolateral of PBA (TypeACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A) and in 8 cases the nerve was located inferomedial of PBA(Type B). All of 5 extremities with double PBA had superolateral extension of proximal branch (Type A) and inferomedialextension of distal branch (Type B).
Conclusion: Our study, which examines the relationshipbetween PBA and radial nerve, will contribute the literature
anatomically and radiologically regarding the treatment of
humerus fractures and lateral arm flap practices carried out by
surgeons.

2%, with a CI of 1% to 4%.
Conclusion: These patients undergo various surgeries thatare often necessary for the continuity of their lives. A lackof knowledge could lead to the reconstruction of the normal
anatomy in the face of an asymptomatic variant, thus altering
the functionality of the kidney and neighboring structures.
Therefore, new studies that relate these variants with kidneytransplant and hemodialysis are essential.
Keywords: Variations renal vein, Renal failure, Kidney vascularization, Clinical anatomy, Kidney Transplant

Keywords: Profunda brachii artery, Radial nerve, CadaverA-0293A-0302

Anatomical Variants of the Renal Veins
and Their Clinical Implication in theManagement of Kidney Transplants. A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofPrevalence

The Morphological and Quantitative
Analysis of Individual Footprints of theCommon Extensor Origin of the Elbow

So-Hyun PARK1, An Seong CHANG3, Joo-Hyun PARK1, Ji-Young SON1,2, Ji-ae
JANG1, Gi-Wan KIM2,4, Seung-Ho HAN1,2
1

Morfologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Morfologia, Universidad de las Americas, Santiago, Chile

Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republicof Korea
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
360th Infantry Division, Republic of Korea Army, Goyang, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: The objective of this review was to know the characteristics and prevalence of anatomical variants of RV and toassociate them with possible clinical complications in the presence of these variants.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and
LILACS databases from their inception until January 2024.
Two authors independently carried out the search, study selection, and data extraction, and assessed methodological quality
using a quality assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA).
Ultimately, consolidated prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model. In total, 91 studies meeting the eligibility
criteria were identified. This study included 91 investigations
with a total of 46,664 subjects; the meta-analysis encompassed
64 studies.
Results: The overall prevalence of multiple renal veins was
5%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 4% to 5%. The prevalence of the renal vein trajectory was 5%, with a CI of 4% to 5%.
The prevalence of renal vein branching was 3%, with a CI of 0%
to 6%. Lastly, the prevalence of unusual renal vein origin was

Purpose: The primary cause of lateral epicondylitis (tennis
elbow), which is one of the most common diseases, is the common extensor origin (CEO). The attachment site of the CEO,known as the footprint, is a point of muscle movement and isclosely associated with the pathophysiology of lateral epicondylitis. Recently, a selective approach that targets each CEO
has been tried to minimize unnecessary damage. However, theanatomy of the footprints of the CEO has not yet been clearly
identified. This study aims to analyze the footprint of each
CEO and their anatomical relationships.
Methods: A total of 15 fixed cadavers (29 upper extremities,
mean age 83.25 years old; 9 females and 6 males) were dissected. 3D scanning (Space Spider, Artec 3D, CA, United States)
was utilized. Analyzing the footprint was performed utilizing
3D software (3-matic, Materialise, Belgium). This study wasapproved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Ewha
Womans University (ewha-202308-0023-01).
Results: The morphology of the footprint of the CEO wasarranged longitudinally in a stratified manner. In particular,
there were two forms according to the extensor carpi radialis

1

1

1

Martin TRUJILLO-RIVEROS , Zmilovan KOSCINA , Karla VERA TAPIA ,Camila URZUA-VASQUEZ1, Javiera YANEZ-CASTILLO1, Juan JoseVALENZUELA-FUENZALIDA2212

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brevis (ECRB), the main target of treatment for lateral epicondylitis. The majority, 82%, of ECRB was separated and locatedin the inferio-anteromedial aspect of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), and only 18% was located inferior to the
ECRL. The ECRL was located in the most proximal, and theextensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) was located in the most distal.
There was a significant difference between the surface area(mm2) and the calculated 2D area (mm2) based on the outlineof the footprint.
Conclusion: This study provides morphological and quantitative information that can be applied to the clinical field.
Our study suggests that the clinical approach to the CEOshould consider the anatomy of the footprint.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the
MD-PhD/Medical Scientist Training Program through the
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea.
This research was supported by a grant from the Korea HealthTechnology R&D Project (HI23C0170) through the Korea
Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by
the Ministry of Health& Welfare, Republic of Korea.
Keywords: Elbow, Lateral epicondylitis, Common extensor
origin, Footprint

the relationship between the course of the plantaris tendon
and the calcaneal tendon.
Results: The plantaris muscle was present in 95.5 % ofcases. Six types of insertion were foubnd plantaris tendon into
the calcaneal tuberosity based on its shape, its relation to calcaneal tendon and the exact point of insertion in the calcaneal
tuberosity. The most common type was Type I, which wascharacterized by a wide, fan-shaped insertion to the calcaneal
tuberosity on the medial side of the Achilles tendon. It was observed in 81 lower limbs (42.4 %). On the other hand, the rarest two types were Type IV and VI. Type IV was characterized
by insertion not being located on the calcaneal tuberosity but
rather in the deep fascia of the leg. This type was found in 6
lower limbs (3.1 %). Type VI – distal attachment was located at
the point near to the tarsal canal flexor retinaculum of the leg.
This type was observed in 6 limbs (3.1 %).
Conclusion: The anatomical variation of the plantaris
tendon morphology may create a potential conflict with the
Achilles tendon and the tibialis posterior tendon, thus increasing the possibility of tendinopathy.
Keywords: Plantairs tendon, Achilles tendon, Midportion
Achilles Tendinopathy, Achilles tendinopathy
A-0315

Analyzing the Indication, Time Factor and
Early Postoperative Outcome on Free Tissue
Transfer - A Single Centre Tertiary Care
Experience in a Developing Asian Country

A-0314

Anatomic Study Suggests that theMorphology of the Planters Tendon
May Be Related to Mid-Portion Achilles
Tendinopathy

Sameera WIJAYAWARDHANA1,2, Paheerathan NADESAN2, Dishan
SAMARATHUNGA2, Pathum ABEYSEKARA2, Oshan BASNAYAKE2,3, Gayan
EKANAYAKE2

Lukasz OLEWNIK, Nicol ZIELINSKA, Bartosz GONERA

Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Plock, Plock, Poland

1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Plastic and Reconstrucitve Surgical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
3
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
2

Purpose: The plantaris muscle has a great clinical significance. The tendon may have a role in procedures such as grafting. However, recent reports suggest its potential involvementin the tendinopathy of the midportion of the Achilles tendon.
The aim of the study is therefore to evaluate morphologicalvariation of the PM with regard to its potential conflict with
the Achilles tendon.
Methods: Classical anatomical dissection was performedon 200 lower limbs (100 right, 100 left) fixed in 10% formalinsolution. The morphology of the PM was assessed regarding

Purpose: Free tissue transfer is the gold standard for reconstruction of soft tissue defects following trauma, cancer
and brachial plexus injury. It is technically demanding due tocomplex anatomy of the transferring as well as the donor tissue. We aimed to evaluate indications, site of defect, type offlap, early postoperative outcome and factors associated withoutcome of free tissue transfers in a resource limited develop-

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ing country.
Methods: A prospective follow up study with a sample of 21
patients underwent free tissue transfer at plastic surgical unit,
NHSL, Colombo for 6 months duration.
Results: Mean age of the population was 40.38±14.1. Majority [71.4% (n=15)] were males. Considering the indications,
RTA accounted for 66.7% (n=14) followed by malignancy(14.3%,n=3) and burn (9.5%,n=2). Considering the site, lower
extremity accounted for 57.1% (n=12) followed by upper extremity (23.8%,n=5) and face (19%,n=4). Majority [47.6%(n=10)] were anterolateral thigh flaps. Free functional muscle
transfers and fibular bone f laps accounted for19% (n=4)
and9.5% (n=2) respectively. All the flaps (n=21) had one arterywhile 9 flaps (42.9%) had 2 veins anastomosed. Mean surgery duration was 351.43±68.5 minutes. Mean flap dissection
time, mean ischemia time and mean anastomosis time were
97.14±41.2, 97.14±36.6 and 87.8±34.3 minutes respectively.
Considering the early post operative complications, majority(81%, n=17) had no complications. There was no statisticallysignificant association of complication with site of flap, type of
injury, surgical, flap dissection, ischemic or anastomosis time,
age or number of vessels anastomosed (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Free tissue transfer has demonstrated highsuccess rate in our setting emphasizing its preference for optimal reconstruction. Choice of flap depends on the anatomical
location of the tissue defect. Surgeons should possess a thorough understanding of tissue anatomy and vascular anatomy
to ensure successful outcomes. The introduction of innovative
flaps can be guided by a comprehensive understanding of boththe macroscopic and microscopic anatomical features of thetissues involved.
Keywords: Free tissue transfer, Microsurgery, Vascular
anatomy, Tissue anatomy
A-0332

Purpose: Recent bichectomy and face lift operations that
prefer an intraoral approach to the region, which puts the buccal nerve at risk. This study aimed to investigate the anatomyof the buccal nerve with an intraoral approach.
Methods: Hemi-faces of 8 cadavers were dissected at Koç
University School of Medicine. The heads were cut sagittallywith a band saw and dissections were done with a medial approach. The course of the nerve in the pterygomandibular
and buccal spaces, its relationship with the temporalis muscle,
opening of the parotid duct, and buccal fat pad were evaluated.
Nerve’s horizontal and vertical distance to the parotid duct
opening, distances of the nerve as it turned anteriorly into
the buccal space to the coronoid tip and retromolar trigone,
and the horizontal distance between the nerve and the lateralpterygoid plate was measured.
Results: Buccal nerve coursed parallel to the temporalis
tendon vertically within the temporalis fascia and pierced themuscle/tendon in 2 specimens. In buccal space it had an antero-inferior course and stayed below the linea alba in all specimens. As it entered buccal space, it gave off numerous branches
posterior to the parotid duct opening. Nerve remained lateral
to the temporal expansion of the buccal fat pad in pterygomandibular space and medial to the anterior lobe of buccal fat padin buccal space. Distance of the nerve was 14.1±1.2 mm to thelateral pterygoid lamina, 25.2±2.8 mm to the coronoid tip, and
15±2.2 mm to the retromolar trigone. Horizontal and verticaldistances of the nerve to the parotid duct opening were 18.9±
2.4 mm and 16.6± 2.4 mm, respectively.
Conclusion: The buccal nerve had a more close relationshipto the temporalis muscle than previously reported. Its anteroinferior course in buccal space and relationships with buccal
fat pad are reported for the first time.
Keywords: Buccal nerve, Buccal fat pad, Buccal fat extraction, Bichectomy, Rhytidoplasty

Topographic and Morphometric Anatomy of
the Buccal Nerve: A Cadaveric Investigation

Omer Alp TASTAN1, Ahmet ERTAS1, Elif Cansu IBIS1, Kivanc GORAL1, Semih
BAGHAKI3, Ilke Ali GURSES2
1

Anatomy, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,
Türkiye2
Anatomy, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
3
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

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A-0347

pects for age-match healthy control in research.
Funding: We would like to thank funding support from the
Health Research Board, Ireland, under the Emerging Investigator Award for Health 2022 (Grant No. EIA-2022-010).

Protocol of Cadaveric Spine Dissection
on Body Donors for Harvesting Lumbar
Intervertebral Discs

Nurul Fariha ZA'ABA1, Izzat ZULKIFLEE2, Ahmad Hafiz KAMARUDDIN3,
Muhamad Nazrin MUSTAFA3, Kieran JOYCE2, Fairus AHMAD1, Sabarul
Afian MOKHTAR3, Isma Liza MOHD ISA1,2, Abhay PANDIT2
1

Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
CURAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
3
Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

Keywords: Lumbar spine, Cadaveric dissection, Intervertebral Discs, Protocol, Retroperitoneal approach2

Purpose: In spine research, degenerative discs are often
procured from patients undergoing spinal surgeries. Nevertheless, obtaining healthy discs to serve as an age-match control
for the degenerative cohort is strictly limited. This study established a protocol designed to dissect the spine of body donors,
aiming to harvest the intact lumbar discs for research purposes.
Methods: Five body donors without a history of spine diseases were identified through a public institution. Utilising astandard midline laparotomy, cadaveric dissection was performed to access the lumbar spine via an anterior retroperitoneal approach, facilitating the extraction of intact discs.
Results: The fresh, frozen body was fully thawed andplaced in a supine position. Anatomical landmarks, including
the xiphoid process and pubic symphysis, guided the lengthof the anterior incision that was made down the middle of
the abdomen along the linea alba. The subcutaneous fat andsuperficial fascial layers down to the rectus sheath were dissected. The peritoneum was left intact without injuring any
underlying structures as blunt dissection was performed togently reposition it to the inner aspect of the abdominal wall.
With the aid of a handheld retractor, the retroperitoneal cavity
was exposed, revealing the aorta, inferior vena cava and spine.
The surrounding tissues, including ligaments, were dissected
to expose the discs sandwiched between vertebrae. Using anosteotome, both pedicles of the vertebrae at L1-L5 were cut
before removing the discs with endplates intact from the spine.
The discs were wrapped in gauze soaked with the phosphatebuffered solution for further analysis. In total, twenty discs
were successfully harvested within an average duration of 40
minutes per body.
Conclusion: This protocol is simply efficient for harvesting
intact discs with endplates preserved, offering promising pros-

A-0363Three-Dimensional Analysis of theDistribution of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle
Tissue around the Female Urethra
Tong LIU, Satoru MURO, Suthasinee THARNMANULARP, Keiichi AKITAClinical Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Purpose: Understanding the anatomy of the urethral
sphincter is crucial for evaluating urinary function in female.
It is generally known that the urethra is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle, including inner longitudinal and outercircler muscles, as well as the skeletal muscle of the external
urethral sphincter. However, the extent of these muscles andtheir relationship to the levator ani are still unclear. The aim of
this study was to clarify the composition of the muscle layers
around the female urethra and their three-dimensional arrangement.
Methods: The pelvises of five female cadavers (mean age:
78.8 years) were collected for histological analysis. The tissue
around the urethra was serially sectioned and stained with
Elastica van Gieson, to identify the connective and muscular
tissues. To confirm the distribution of smooth and skeletal
muscles, immunohistological staining with anti-smoothmuscle antibody was performed. Thereafter, the muscle layers
were three-dimensionally reconstructed based on the serial
histological sections.
Results: The female urethra was surrounded by four muscle
layers arranged in the following order from inner to outer layers: longitudinal smooth muscle, the circular smooth muscle,
external urethral sphincter, and the outermost smooth muscle
layer. These muscles not only simply surrounded the urethra,
but also partially extended anteriorly. The outermost smoothmuscle extended to the vaginal muscle layer, and the external
urethral sphincter and the levator ani were connected eachother.
Conclusion: This study clarified the distribution of muscle

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tissue surrounding the female urethra and the relationshipbetween the external urethral sphincter and the levator ani.
These findings suggest that the control of urination involves
not only the sphincteric action of the external urethral sphincter, but also the elevating action of the levator ani. This study
provides an anatomical basis for the clinical management ofurinary incontinence and the development of surgical techniques.
Keywords: Anatomy, Female urethra, Urinary function,
Skeletal muscle, Pelvic floor muscle
A-0367

Operative Approach to the Articulatio
Carpometacarpalis Pollicis in Relation to
the Course of the Ramus Superficialis Nervi
Radialis: An Anatomical Study with ClinicalApplications
David KACHLIK1,2, Tomas HERMA1,2, Anhelina KHADANOVICH1,2, Ondrej
VOLNY3,4, Jan SKLENSKY5, Vaclav BACA2,6
1

Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
2
Centre for Endoscopic, Surgical and Clinical Anatomy (CESKA), Second Faculty of
Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
4
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Ostrava, Ostrava,
Czech Republic
5
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine,
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
6
Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech
Republic(MAPL), the extensor pollicis brevis muscle (MEPB) and theextensor pollicis longus muscle (MEPL), as well as the processus styloideus radii, the edge of the first metacarpal, and the
RSNS branching. We transferred these diagrams to graphpaper and compared the appropriateness of the cut in threeplaces (along MAPL and MEPB tendons, along MEPL tendon
and in the middle between them). We assumed the incision to
be 2 cm proximal and distal to the joint cleft.
Results: In 107 of 165 cases (65%) the incision is safe along
the parallel MAPL and MEPB tendons, in 54 of 151 (36%) in
the midline, and in 13 of 165 (8%) along the MEPL tendon.
Conclusion: From the established distribution of RSNR
branching variations, a reduction in postoperative complications can be assumed in case of using a direct straight cut
along the MEPB tendon. Compared to other possible incisionsites, this has a significantly lower probability of nerve branches, and we consider its use to be the method of choice.
Keywords: Superficial branch or radial nerve, Ramus superficialis nervi radialis, Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis, Carpometacarpal joint of thumb, Injury
A-0387

A Proposal for a New MorphologicalClassification of the Popliteus Muscle
TendonNicol ZIELINSKA, Bartosz GONERA, Krzysztof KOPTAS, ŁUkasz OLEWNIK
Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Plock, Plock, Poland

Purpose: Despite high caution during surgical interventions, perioperative damage of the ramus superficialis nervi
radialis (RSNR) during various procedures, resulting in postoperative neuritis and sensory loss, is repeatedly described,
and description of its course and variations in the literature islimited to a few selected clinical applications. Especially during
direct surgical approach to the articulatio carpometacarpalis
pollicis (ACMP) is often completely neglected. The aim of thework was to determine the safest operational approach to the
ACMP due to the course of the RSNR branches.
Methods: We dissected 165 cadaveric limbs of donors ofCentral European origin (79 left, 86 right). We documented
topographical conditions in the area of approach to the ACMP,
attached transparent films to the limbs and drew orientation
points - the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize themorphological variations in the proximal attachments andcreate an accurate classification of the popliteus muscle for use
in planning surgical procedures in this area, for evaluating radiological imaging and rehabilitation.
Methods: Two hundred lower limbs of body donors fixed in
10% formalin solution were examined.
Results: The popliteus muscle was present in all 200 limbs.
Four main types were identified with subtypes. The most common type was Type I (76 lower limbs), characterized by a single
tendon in the popliteus sulcus. Type II (57 limbs) characterized
by a main tendon in the popliteus sulcus and accessory bands.
This type was divided into five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory bands. Type III (30 limbs) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteal sulcus. Type IV (37ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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lower limbs) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteus
sulcus and additional bands. This type was also divided into
five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory
bands. The popliteofibular ligament was present in 182 lower
limbs.
Conclusion: A new classification based on a proximal attachment is proposed. The popliteus tendon is characterized
by a very high morphological variability, which can affect posterolateral knee stability and the natural rotation of the tibia.
Such a classification system may be useful for clinicians performing medical procedures within the knee joint, including
orthopedic surgeons.
Keywords: Popliteus tendon, Popliteus muscle, Popliteofibular ligament, New classification
A-0389Ultrasound Protocol to Visualize theSuprascapular Notch Anatomy: A Diagnostic
Algorithm in Detecting Suprascapular
Notch Stenosis

Azzat AL-REDOUAN1,2, Aimilia THEODORAKIOGLOU1,2, Deeksha
SHAILESH1,2, Mehdi SADAT1,2, Pilar DA FONTE1,2, Omer GLAZER1,2, Ida
HOFMANN1,2, Petra KRISKOVA1,2, David KACHLIK1,2

vertical and horizontal diameters of the residing suprascapularnerve.
Results: Ultrasound anterior view of the suprascapular
notch was achieved by four step maneuver: 1) Arm abduction
in approximately 45° degrees lifting up the supraspinatus muscle and clavicle. 2) Arm external rotation with flexed forearm
lowering the subscapularis muscle. 3) The probe was placed
under the clavicle on the palpable base of the coracoid process,which is the lateral border of the suprascapular notch. 4) The
medial border of the suprascapular notch was identified by locating the omohyoid muscle which was confirmed by neck rotation to the opposite side until visibly stretched on the screen.
The average obtained parameters were: suprascapular notch
depth = 10.0 mm, upper width = 13.0 mm, middle width = 7.5mm, and the suprascapular nerve diameter = 2.5 x 2.0 mm.
Conclusion: We have provided an algorithm to assess thesuprascapular notch stenosis in cases of suspected suprascapular nerve entrapment.
Funding: Grant agency of Charles University (Grant number: GAUK no.266222).
Keywords: Suprascapular notch, Suprascapular nerve, Suprascapular notch stenosis, Suprascapular nerve entrapment,
Suprascapular notch ultrasound1

Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
2
Centre for Endoscopic, Surgical and Clinical Anatomy (CESKA), Second Faculty of
Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

A-0397

Purpose: Visualizing the suprascapular notch on radiographic images is challenging. Ultrasound of the suprascapular notch had been performed only from a superior shoulder
approach projecting a posterior view. Ultrasound anterior viewhas not been presented in the clinical practice and has been
believed not to be possible. We provide a shoulder maneuver
giving anterior ultrasound visibility of the suprascapular notchwith a protocol to evaluate the suprascapular notch space.
Methods: The study was performed on 100 volunteers (50males, 50 females, age ±21). The suprascapular canal was firstscanned by placing the transducer in a diagonal orientation
along the shoulder sagittal plan. This allowed observation of
the pre- and post-suprascapular notch spaces. Then, the suprascapular notch vicinity was captured by the posterior andthe anterior approaches. The depth, upper width, and middle
width of the suprascapular notch were measured as well as theIntra-Individual Comparative Assessment
between Magnetic Resonance Image
Segmentation and Physical Dissectionof the Muscles of Facial Expression in
Cadaveric Donors

Charles RITCHIE1,2, Nathan JEFFERY1,2, Claire M. TIERNEY1,2, Bridget M.
WALLER3
1

Human Anatomy Resource Centre, University Of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical
Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
3
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Interaction, Department of Psychology,
Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
2

Purpose: The muscles of facial expression (MOFE) aresmall highly variable structures that are responsible for movements of the face. Understanding the variable form of thesemuscles is important for inferring function, the effects of normative muscle variations on function, the effects of disease andinjury on function and the evolution of universal systems of

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facial communication. The gold-standard for studying MOFE
form is dissection. However, this does not allow for the large
human samples needed to establish normative ranges of variation, nor does it align well with clinical practice. Whilst MRI
does allow for large samples from open repositories and aligns
well with clinical practice, we know little about how MOFE arevisualised with MR as directly compared with dissection. This
work aims to validate analysis of face muscles between ex-situ
cadaveric and in-situ cadaveric MRI.
Methods: Head MR images (DESS and T1 sequences)were taken of 8 cadaveric donors (4 male: 4 female; 60-100yrs,
mean 82yrs). The donors were equally split between formalinembalmed and Thiel-embalmed. After imaging, four were dissected using the Anterior-Posterior method and the remaining
four were dissected using the Posterior-Anterior mask method.
To visualise the MRI, 3D models of MOFE were created using
3D slicer. Each individual muscle was compared to evaluate
the anatomy between dissection and M
Results: Consistent with previous literature, the visibility of
individual MOFE was variable on MRI, however in the DESS
sequences these were more obvious. Unnatural positioning of
the jaw and magnified effects of gravity were seen in the Thielembalmed donors in the MRI. Variations such as bifid zygomaticus major were present and visible in the MRI.
Conclusion: This work validates analysis of certain facialmuscles between ex-situ cadaveric and in-situ cadaveric MRI.
A follow up study will evaluate the use of the digital techniquefor extrapolation to in-situ in-vivo volumetric analysis.
Funding: This work was funded by the European ResearchCouncil (ERC) Consolidator Grant FACEDIFF (864694) to
BW. Ethical approval for the work was given by the Universityof Liverpool’s ethics committee (Number 12311), and is concurrently conducted under the HTA license held by HARC.
Consent for research as well as anatomical examination wasprovided by the donors.
Keywords: Muscles of Facial Expression, Cadaveric, Dissection, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A-0398

Evaluation of a Multi-Modal AI System in
Clinical Anatomy: An International MultiCentered StudyJames COEY1,2, Jack PARKER1,2
1

Anatomy, SGU, Grenada, United Kingdom
Biomedical Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: To demonstrate the application of novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool in anatomy, radiology and clinicalpractice. With a focus on cardiovascular anatomy, our initialstudy built on a proof-of-concept study conducted with NHS
colleagues in the UK to compare the ‘AIATELLA’ AI with
Consultant Cardiologists' assessment of aortic root and valve
planimetry. This multi-site investigation has since obtained
over 50,000 ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans from clinical sites
in three continents to further inform the AIATELLA AI acrossdifferent anatomical sites.
Methods: The study compares clinicians' appraisal of normal vascular anatomy and pathology with that of the AI. Accuracy, speed of analysis, and reproducibility were the focus
along with the inter and intra-operator variability paramountto clinical practice. Three NHS Consultant Cardiologists andthe 'AIATELLA' AI algorithm—trained on 35 patients' DICOM
images—conducted 15 measurements per patient dataset using
cvi42®software. Statistical analyses, including descriptive and
ANOVA, were performed using IBM SPSS to compare groupmeasurements.
Results: AIATELLA demonstrated statically significant(ANOVA) superiority when compared with manual methods.
Analysis of Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) metrics
indicates high concordance across all measurements (overall
ICC: 0.98), with AI matching the accuracy of cardiologists
while delivering results more than 100 times faster. Notably,
average measurement time of 2.6 seconds significantly outpaced human observers, enhancing workflow efficiency andpotentially reducing time from diagnosis to treatment.
Conclusion: Variability in human measurements, attributed to factors like experience and fatigue, contrasts with AI's
uniform standard. Statistical analysis has confirmed AIATELLA precision and speed, with a large effect size indicatinga substantial variance in measurement times attributable tointer and intra-operator variability. This suggests AI's role instandardising measurements, reducing error margins, and of-

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fering consistent output quality. AI tools such as AIATELLA
can improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and patient carestandardisation, complementing but not replacing cardiologist
expertise.

cogenic headache.

Keywords: Clinical Anatomy, Artificial Intelligence, Radiological Anatomy/Imaging, Anatomical Research, Clinical
Medicine

A-0455

A-0407

Mesoscopic Anatomy of the Tectorial
Complex and Deep Ligaments of the
Craniocervical Junction

Keywords: Tectorial membrane, Craniocervical junction,
Mesoscopic anatomy, Cervicogenic headache

Evaluation of Masseter Thickness in
Individuals with Class I Skeleton by
Ultrasonography during Teeth Clenching
and Resting

Simge ESME1, Ummuhan YAGMURKAYA1, Gokce Naz COMERT2, Ahmet
Oguz AYDOGDU2, Berin TUGTAG DEMIR1, Caner OZTURK2, Hakan Alpay
KARASU3, Burak BILECENOGLU1
1

Ming ZHANG, Megan PAPP, Natasha FLACK

2

Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandAnatomy, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
Prosthetic, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
3
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye

Purpose: A cervicogenic headache is thought to be referredpain arising from irritation of C1-C3 spinal nerves, which innervate the tectorial ligament (TL) and/or membrane (TM) at
the craniocervical junction (CCJ). Grey’s Anatomy defines the
TL as the superior-ward prolongation of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). However, the precise anatomy of the TLPLL junction is inconsistently reported. The purpose of thisstudy was to define the TL and its relationship with surrounding structures.
Methods: Sixteen cadavers were prepared as 5 transverse, 8
sagittal and 3 coronal sets of epoxy plastinated slices and examined using stereoscopic and confocal microscopy.
Results: (1) The TL consists of a median and two lateral
fibrous bundles which are sandwiched in-between the TM
and neurovascular networks. (2) Superiorly, the TL originatesfrom the inner occiput at the level of the jugular foramen. (3)Inferiorly, the median TL intermingles with the cruciate ligament and inserts at the mid C2 body. On both the lateral sidesof this termination site, the PLL begins its origin, thus marking this level as the TL-PLL junction. (4) The lateral TL merges
and continues with the perineurovascular sheath of the vertebral artery, internal vertebral venous plexus and C1-C2 spinal
nerves.
Conclusion: The TL and TM form a peridural complex
which is immediately exterior to the dura proper, attached tothe cruciate ligament and terminates at the C2 level. These
results may contribute to clinical management of the CCJ injuries as well as the understanding of the pathogenesis of cervi-

Purpose: The most important indicator of a healthy dentofacial complex is the harmonious functioning of the orofacial
structures and the temporomandibular joint. For a healthy occlusion, not only the bone structure but also the activity of thechewing muscles is important. Our study aims to analyze thepossible relationship between the ultrasonographic evaluationof the muscle thickness of the masseter during teeth clenching
and rest and the Class I skeletal structure.
Methods: This research was conducted at Ankara Medipol
University. Individuals between the ages of 20 and 30 who applied to the Faculty of Dentistry Hospital for various reasons,and who did not receive orthodontic treatment, were includedin the study voluntarily (n: 49). Earaches and headaches were
evaluated during the clinical examination of the individuals. Muscle pain resulting from palpation of the masticatory
muscles was noted. The muscle thickness of the masseter was
analyzed by ultrasonography by measuring it from three separate points during teeth clenching and rest.
Results: 32.65% (n:16) of the people included in the study
had headache. No temporalis pain was detected during thepalpation examination. It was determined that the muscle
thickness of the masseter at the insertion level increased during teeth clenching and decreased during rest (right 43.715
mm, 38.426 mm; left 42.335 mm, 36.315 mm, respectively). In
the measurements taken from the origin and middle level ofthe masseter, it was determined that there was statistical significance in its thickness according to the teeth clenching andloosening positions (p <0.05).

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Conclusion: The intensity of teeth clenching causes hypertrophy in the masseter over time. This situation leads to
disruption of normal occlusion and temporomandibular joint
degeneration. Evaluation of the masseter in individuals withClass I skeleton without showing any symptoms will contribute to the protection of jaw joint health.
Funding: The vertebral artery (VA) is a branch of the
subclavian artery that runs through the transverse foraminaof the cervical vertebrae. One of the conditions that VA canpresent as a variant is vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH). Thiscondition has various definitions and there is still no definitive
consensus on it to be able to master it, but in simple words it isa decrease in the lumen of the vertebral artery.
Keywords: Ultrasonography, Masseter, Muscle thickness,
Class I
A-0473A Rare Presentation of Multi-Organ Hydatid
Disease: Reflections on the Importance of
Anatomy Training in Improving Clinical
Diagnosis in Resource Scarce Settings
Itumeleng NTATAMALA, Shahieda ADAMSSchool of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Purpose: Hydatid disease involving multiple organs is rarein clinical practice. It is caused by the larval stages of cestodes(tapeworms) belonging to the genus Echinococcus and themost commonly affected organs in adults include the liver andlungs.
Methods: We describe the rare presentation of multi-organ
hydatid disease at a South African Specialist Respiratory Clinic
where a referral from a local clinic was made for the assessment of ‘multiple round cystic opacities varying in size’ notedon chest radiograph.
Results: A 54-year-old woman presented with multiple
cystic lesions in the liver, lung and spleen. The general examination was normal while the respiratory examination revealed
a trachea deviated to the right and dullness in the right upperand lower zones, with decreased breath sounds in the rightlower zone. The abdomen was soft on palpation with mild
hepatomegaly and an 8 - 10 cm firm mass in the left upper
quadrant. A CT scan of the chest revealed a large right lower-

lobe cyst (8 × 8 cm), with significant right middle- and upperlobe scarring, traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis andlung cavities containing low-density material with gas locules,
in keeping with aspergillomas. The left lung had a small wellcircumscribed superior lingual cyst (19 mm), while the upper
abdomen revealed two large cysts in the liver (9.5 × 7.0 cm)
and spleen (15 × 10 cm).
Conclusion: The final diagnosis of hydatid disease of thelungs, and liver with a rare giant splenic hydatid was made,while the right upper and middle-lobe disease was possibly due
to post-TB lung disease with aspergillomas and/or bronchiectasis. The surgical removal of the cysts was recommended.
The case highlights the importance of sound surface and grossanatomy competence in medical students and residents in thedetection of important clinical signs that are key in making
clinical diagnoses in resource scarce setting.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Hydatid cysts, Multi-organ
hydatid disease, South Africa
A-0522

Revisiting the Foramen of the Thyrohyoid
Membrane: Insights from Dissection andMorphological Analysis
Sarah GLUSCHITZ, Robert HAGE

Medical Humanities and History of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's,
GrenadaPurpose: The depiction of the foramen of the thyrohyoidmembrane in textbooks suggests a confined opening withina robust membrane. However, dissection reveals a passage
through multiple fascial layers for the internal laryngeal nerve(ILN) and its accompanying vessels. What constitutes the layers that contribute to what is commonly known as the thyrohyoid membrane and its foramen?
Methods: Ten human specimens were dissected from superficial to deep and five from deep outwards, tracing the ILN
between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone (IRB exemption 06014). A discernible pattern emerged, illustrating how
the nerve traverses through various layers. Images and pen
drawings were generated to visually document the course of
the ILN.
Results: Antero-medially to the ILN lies the thyrohyoidmuscle and a fascial layer continuous with the median thyro-

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hyoid ligament. This fascial layer envelops an almost rectangular fat pad. Antero-laterally to the ILN, the inferior pharyngeal
constrictor muscle attaches to the superior-lateral border of the
thyroid cartilage, proceeding anteriorly to the lateral thyrohyoid ligament. Postero-laterally, a fascial layer continuous withthe lateral thyrohyoid ligament serves as the posterior layer
before the ILN enters the laryngopharynx. The anterior fasciallayer forms a bridge over the ILN, creating a sliding passage
through the fascial layers.
Conclusion: The ILN and accompanying vessels traverse
through fascial layers between the thyroid cartilage and hyoidbone. The location of the passage, situated between the thyroid
and hyoid cartilage, varies based on the extent of pharyngeal
muscles attached to the thyroid cartilage. The passage lacks adistinct demarcation of a true foramen.
Keywords: Anatomy, Internal laryngeal nerve, Thyrohyoidmembrane, Foramen
A-0551

Bridging the Gap between Available andAccessible Information in Researchand the posterior part of the infrapatellar fat pad. Anotherthesis, "Venae Communicantes van het Onderbeen," explores
perforating veins in the leg, detailing their morphology androle in connecting the superficial and deep venous systems byperforating the crural fascia. These veins generally lack valvesin their superficial course and have a longer, deeper course,
often running double with one to four valves, facilitating
blood flow from superficial to deep. Deeper course veins areclassified into three groups based on their outlets. Finally, "Hetlymfevaatstelsel in de wand van het thoracale deel van de aorta
descendens" delves into the lymphatic vascularization of thewall of the thoracic aorta, noting a uniform pattern in humans
within specific layers. There is no relation to areas primarily
affected by atherosclerosis.
Conclusion: The breadth and depth of available researchdata expand when exploration methods transcend mere electronic data retrieval. Accessing this information requires persistence. Once accomplished, it validates the researchers andwidens the base of knowledge.
Keywords: Anatomy, PH.D. thesis, Non-English abstract,
Multilingual

Robert HAGE, Nikki POLLOCK

A-0555

Medical Humanities and History of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's,
GrenadaPurpose: In the field of systematic research in biomedicine, the primary source of data acquisition is platforms like
PubMed and Google Search. These sources predominantly
index English-language abstracts, thereby limiting the scopeof accessible literature. Furthermore, the exclusion of doctoral
theses housed in national libraries narrows the spectrum ofpotential insights. This raises the pertinent question: Whatinvaluable knowledge might remain obscured by these constraints?
Methods: Multilingual proficiency, expertise in countryspecific information gathering, and on-the-ground access are
methods for obtaining data from PH. D. theses.
Results: Three theses defended between 1975-1983, conducted in an anatomical institute, were made available fromthe library of a Dutch anatomist. The ‘Venous drainage ofthe human knee joint’ is highlighting two main systems ofdraining veins: an anterior- and a posterior system. Thesesystems communicate at the posterior horns of the menisci

Anatomy of Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia
and Their Relationship with ClinicalImplication. A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Prevalence
Alejandro BRUNA, Juan Jose VALENZUELA, Pablo NOVA, Juan SANCHIS,
Constanza ROJAS, Amanda QUIROS, Joe IWANAGA

Ciencias y Geografia, Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion, Valparaiso,
Chile

Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims
to report the anatomical characteristics and prevalence of vertebral artery hypoplasia (HAV), as well as its association withpathologies in the brain and cervical region or, in some special
cases, other surrounding structures.
Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science,
Google Scholar, CINAHL and LILACS were researched until January 2024. Two authors independently performed thesearch, study selection and data extraction. Methodologicalquality was evaluated with an assurance tool for anatomical
studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a ran-

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dom effects model.
Results: A total of 24 studies met the established selection
criteria. In this study, 6 articles were included for the metaanalysis with a total of subjects. For the prevalence of the VAH,
it was 11% (CI = 10% to 12%), a heterogeneity of 41 based on
the funnel plot and with a low risk of bias.
Conclusion: It is important to know that in the presenceof a VAH, complications can occur that could even be lethal
to the health of patients with this condition. The most classic
clinical relationship being cerebrovascular accidents of theposterior cerebral circulation, therefore the knowledge of thiscondition by health professionals becomes crucial.
Funding: The vertebral artery (VA) is a branch of the
subclavian artery that runs through the transverse foraminaof the cervical vertebrae. One of the conditions that VA canpresent as a variant is vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH). Thiscondition has various definitions and there is still no definitive
consensus on it to be able to master it, but in simple words it isa decrease in the lumen of the vertebral artery.

performed prior to dissection. After dissection in these threehands, the OPP insertions were digitized. A 3D model of the
OPP insertions was created to summurize the findings.
Results: The OPP third belly was found in all 10 cadavers. It
is the thinnest OPP belly. It completely covers the TMJ palmar
capsule, with fibers oriented transversely, which is different
than the other two bellies. The trapezial insertion of the third
belly included the entire trapezium palmar facet and the palmar TMJ capsule. The metacarpal insertion is adjacent to TMJ
capsule insertion. We identified a slip of APL tendon attaching
to the third belly. The third belly innervation is directly fromthe motor branch of median nerve (MBMN).
Conclusion: This study identified and described what we
believe is a previously unnoticed OPP third belly with its insertion, innervation and imaging characteristic. The identification of the third belly explained why fatty infiltration could be
limited to a specific focal area of the OPP as described recently
in association with TMJ osteoarthritis.

Keywords: Vertebral artery, Encephalic irrigation, Vertebral artery hypoplasia, Variation anatomical, Clinical anatomy

Keywords: Thenar eminence anatomy, Opponens pollicis
third belly, Opponens fatty infiltration, Thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis, Opponens 3D modelA-0557

A-0571

Identification of the Third Belly of Opponens
Pollicis Muscle: Association with TrapezioMetacarpal Joint Arthritis

Digital Assessment of Prosthesis Position
after Hip Replacement in Inner Mongolia
and Development of an Artificial
Intelligence Measurement System

Hicham EL HOR, Nirusha LACHMAN, Peter AMADIO
Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States

Xiaohe LI, Jiawei LI

Purpose: We have recently identified fatty infiltration (FI)in patients with Trapezio-metacarpal Joint (TMJ) arthritis.
This FI is found in a focal area of the opponens which we hypothesize to be an independent and undescribed unit of the
opponens muscle which we have provisionally called the “thethird belly”. The purpose of this study was: 1) to demonstrate
the existence of the OPP third belly and its prevalence in cadaveric hands; 2) to describe its insertion on the trapezium
and first metacarpal; and 3) to investigate its independent
character inside the OPP.
Methods: Ten cadaveric hands were dissected. Each OPP
muscle belly, its connection with (APL) and its nerve branch
were photographed. Then the OPP insertions were identified and described. In three hands, a CT scan and MRI wereAnatomy, Inner Mongolia Medical Univerisity, Huhohot, China

Purpose: To develop an artificial intelligence model, which
can automatically measure implant position parameters on anteroposterior X-ray images of postoperative hip replacements.
Methods: These X-ray images (anteroposterior) of postoperative hip replacements were collected from four hospitals(BTSH, IMMUH, IMMUSH, USH) from January 1, 2021,
to February 28, 2023, and divided into training and validation sets for model training (This model is divided into threemodules for training, the left replacement module, the right
replacement module, and the bilateral replacement module).
The X-ray images (anteroposterior) of postoperative hip replacements were collected from another hospital (BTFH) for

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independent external validation from May 1, 2023, to June30, 2023. Statistical software Python (version 3.8) and SPSS(version 25.0) was used to describe the data in terms of quantity and distribution and to analyze the consistency of image
annotations among different physicians, the accuracy of key
point detection by the model, and the accuracy of model measurements.
Results: These X-ray images (anteroposterior) of postoperative hip replacements were collected from four hospitals (BTSH,
IMMUH, IMMUSH, USH) from January 1, 2021, to February 28, 2023, and divided into training and validation sets formodel training (This model is divided into three modules fortraining, the left replacement module, the right replacement
module, and the bilateral replacement module). The X-ray
images (anteroposterior) of postoperative hip replacements
were collected from another hospital (BTFH) for independent
external validation from May 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. Statistical software Python (version 3.8) and SPSS (version 25.0) wasused to describe the data in terms of quantity and distribution
and to analyze the consistency of image annotations among
different physicians, the accuracy of key point detection by themodel, and the accuracy of model measurements.
Conclusion: We have successfully established an automatic
measurement model for postoperative pelvic X- ray (anteroposterior) images of hip replacements.
Funding: Key Research Project of Inner Mongolia Medical
University in 2021 (YKD2021ZD001); Innovation Center of
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (MYYXTYB202104)
Keywords: Yolov7, Total hip arthroplasty, Anteroposterior(AP) pelvic X-ray, Landmark identification, AI

A-0572

A Cadaveric Study of the Distal Biceps
Femoris Muscle in Relation to the Normal
and Variant Course of the Common
Peroneal Nerve: A Possible Cause ofCommon Peroneal Entrapment Neuropathy

Jaeho CHO1, Jeong Hyun PARK2, Kwang-Rak PARK3, Digud KIM2, HyungWook KWON2, Yu-Jin CHOI2, Mijeong LEE2, Yunil CHOE2, Otgonsaikhan
NOMKHONDORJ1
1

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon,
Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: The aim of this cadaveric study was to evaluate
the relationship between morphologic variations of the distal
biceps femoris muscle (BFM) and the course of the common
peroneal nerve (CPN) and to investigate the incidence andmorphological characteristics of anatomical variations in the
BFM associated with common peroneal nerve entrapment
neuropathy (CPNe).
Methods: The popliteal region and the thigh were dissectedin 115 formalin-fixed lower limbs. We evaluated consensus
for (1) normal anatomy of the distal BFM, (2) anatomic variations of this muscle, and (3) the relationship of the muscle to
the CPN. Measurements of the distal extents of the short andlong heads of the BFM from insertion (fibular head) were performed.
Results: Two anatomic patterns were seen. First, in 93 knees(80.8%), the CPN ran obliquely along the lateral side of the
BFM and then superficial to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Second, in 22 cases (19.2%), the CPN coursed
within a tunnel between the biceps femoris and lateral head of
the gastrocnemius muscle (LGCM). There was a positive correlation between the distal extents of the short heads of the biceps femoris muscle (SHBFM) and the presence of the tunnel.
The “popliteal intermuscular tunnel” in which the CPN travels
can be produced between the more distal extension variant of
the SHBFM and the LGCM.
Conclusion: The common peroneal nerve courses throughthe “popliteal intermuscular tunnel” formed between the moreposterior or distal extension of the SHBFM and the LGCM
in about 20% of the population. This anatomical variation of
BFM may have a clinical significance as an entrapment area

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in the treatment of intracranial diseases and in the planning ofsurgical procedures.

Keywords: Biceps femoris muscle, Common peroneal
nerve, Variation, Cadaveric study

Keywords: Anterior choroidal artery, Variation, Optic tract,
Uncus, Cerebral peduncle

A-0580A-0606An Anatomical Investigation of the Anterior
Choroidal Artery: Branching Patterns andRegional Distribution in Human Brains

I Can't Believe It's Not Human: Lessons
Learned in the Design of Procedural Skills
Trainers

Gkionoul NTEL CHATZOGLOU2, Idil KACUR1, Emine NAS1, OsmanCOSKUN1, Aysin KALE1, Izcan GAYRETLI1

Kyleigh KRIENER, Mark MIDWINTER

Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Health and Technology University,
Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: The anterior choroideal artery (AChA), one of the
branches of the internal carotid artery, is a critical artery interms of the number of branches it gives throughout its course
and the cortical areas and structures that it supplies throughthese branches. The study aimed to investigate the numberof branches of the AChA and the regions reached by thesebranches.
Methods: A total of 62 fresh brains, 10 females and 52
males from Department of Morgue, the Council of Forensic
Medicine in Istanbul, Turkey between 2021-2023 years, were
included in the study (date:17/02/2023; number:2023/320). The
number of branches arising from AChA and the regions theyreached were determined and recorded.
Results: In our study, there were no branches originatingfrom AChA in 4 (2 right, 2 left) of 124 hemispheres of 62 cadavers. A total of 594 branches were observed to arise from the
AChA in 120 hemispheres. The number of these branches varied between 0-10. The mean number of AChA branches wasfound to be 4.79 (between 0-10). The frequency of occurrenceof only one, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 AChA branches was 7/120,
11/120, 14/120, 21/120, 22/120, 14/120, 11/120, 14/120, 4/120,
2/120 in the 120 cerebral hemispheres examined, respectively.
It was observed that 587 branches of AChA reached the optic
tract (220/594), cerebral peduncle (214/594), uncus (130/594),
and subtantia perforata anterior (23/594). Variative morphological branches of 7/594 AChA were found.
Conclusion: Considering the important cortical areas, visual and motor pathways supplied by the AChA, knowledge ofthe vascular anatomy and variations of the AChA is important

Purpose: Over the last two decades, there has been agrowing interest in utilizing physical simulations for teaching procedural skills to physicians. Specifically, the focus has
intensified on designing synthetic simulations to substitutetraditional cadaver-based methods. Whilst it is widely acknowledged that maintaining a certain level of biomechanicalfidelity is essential, the extent of fidelity necessary for effective
transfer of procedural skills remains uncertain. This study
delves into the crucial aspects of biomechanics and haptics inthe design of procedural skills trainers, aiming to shed light on
their roles in enhancing the learning experience.
Methods: A simulation mimicking trocar entry in laparoscopy was developed by incorporating biomechanical dataobtained from human tissues in the anterior abdominal wall.
Puncture force testing was executed to quantitatively assessand compare forces, torques, velocities, and insertion angles
between the physical simulation and cadavers. Additionally,
qualitative insights were gathered from surgeons inserting trocars into both the simulation and cadaver.
Results: Data collection is in progress, and results will beavailable at the time of presentation.
Conclusion: This study is currently underway, with datacollection in progress. While definitive findings are pending,
we anticipate that the results will provide valuable insights into
the role of biomechanics and haptic fidelity. This work underscores the importance of qualitative and quantitative measuresin the design of simulations and lays the groundwork for further exploration.
Keywords: Laparoscopy Simulation, Medical education,
Haptic Fidelity, Biomechanics

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A-0616

Anatomical Variation Explored: U.S. Case
Study and Literature Review of the Aberrant
Right Subclavian Artery, Spotlighting
Worldwide Rate Variations
Arlene CHAN, Joydeep CHAUDHURI, Zachary SKEEN, Yosef MANSI, JamesMCCONNELL
College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, UnitedStatesPurpose: This study aims to delve into the aberrant rightsubclavian artery (ARSA), a relatively uncommon anatomicalvariation within the vascular system. Through the synthesis offindings from both a case study and a comprehensive literature
review, our objective is to provide insights into the prevalence,
anatomical characteristics, and clinical implications associated with ARSA. Additionally, we aim to underscore potential
regional disparities in ARSA incidence rates by comparing
global data.
Methods: A rigorous literature review was conducted using
PubMed, focusing on articles detailing disorders and diseases
linked with ARSA. Additionally, insights obtained from a cadaveric dissection conducted during the summer of 2023 augment our understanding of this anatomical variation. Global
incidence rates of ARSA were derived from a systematic searchof international literature sources.
Results: Our review of nine articles published between 2013
and 2023 unveiled a wide range of ARSA incidence, spanningfrom 0.16% to 4.4%. Noteworthy among the findings were investigations into the potential association between ARSA andconditions such as Down's syndrome, as well as its correlation
with Kommerell's diverticulum. Moreover, our case report
documented the identification of ARSA in a male cadaver witha history of vascular issues, highlighting the clinical relevanceof this anatomical anomaly. Comparison of global ARSA incidence rates revealed notable disparities, with frequencies ranging from 0.11% in Great Britain to 0.8% in New Zealand. However, regional variations in detection methods may contributeto these differences.
Conclusion: While the occurrence of ARSA is relatively
rare, its identification holds significant implications for clinical practice. A thorough understanding of ARSA is crucial for
accurate diagnosis and surgical planning, as misinterpretations in imaging and procedural maneuvers may arise without

proper recognition of this anatomical variation. By integrating
insights from both case studies and literature reviews, healthcare professionals can enhance patient care by anticipating andaddressing potential challenges associated with ARSA.
Keywords: Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA), Anatomical variation, Clinical implications, Global incidence, Regional differences
A-0647

Fasciology Open the New Era of Anatomy
Yu BAI1, Lin YUAN1, Jun WANG2, Chun YANG1
1

Anatomy Apartments, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Anatomy Apartments, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China

2

Purpose: Professor Lin Yuan's proposal of fasciology accomplish the biological theory about the differences structure
between the life spans of different species. That is to make up
for the biological research axis on time (life span).
Methods: The introduction of fascial anatomy has improved the study of human morphology from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, providing us with a new perspective
for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of thestructure of the human body. Fasciology is a complete medical system established on the basis of fascia anatomy, which
will lay the disciplinary foundation for upgrading the existing
medical system to a three-dimensional medical model (internal
medicine, surgery, and general health).
Results: Fasciology is an original new discipline system
proposed by us after more than 20 years of research.It includes:
fascial anatomy, fascial histology, fascial physiology, fascialpathology, fascial immunology and fascial diagnosis and treatment. Fasciology is the theoretical support to the wide conceptof health. Fasciology is a breakthrough of human body view
and methodology. Proposed view of the human body: The perspective of studying the human body-- the two-system theory.
Methodology: Study of the human body in terms of time or
lifespan. Meridians and acupoints: framework of nonspecificconnective tissue throughout the body.
Conclusion: In the past, the study of human morphology
was carried out in two ways: systematic anatomy and topographic anatomy. Fascial Anatomy presents a two-system theory, which regards the human body as a support and reserve
system of non-specific connective tissue throughout the body

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and the functional cells differentiated from the support andreserve system. The research on the mutual influence, mutualtransformation and interact of the two systems is called Fasciology.
Funding: The paper was supported by Grants from the
National Basic Research 973 Program (no. 2007CB512705)
and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.
30801464).
Keywords: Fascial connective tissues, Visible Chinese human (VCH), Fascia Anatomy, 3D constructions, Meridians
A-0655

Association between the Anatomical
Location of Glioblastoma and Its Correlation
with Clinical Considerations. Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis

Juan VALENZUELA1,2, Laura MOYANO2, Vicente SILVA2, Daniel MILOS4,
Pablo NOVA2, Mathias ORELLANA2, Juan SANCHIS3

significant difference for the presence of GBM P= 0.178.
Conclusion: We believe that before a treatment it will always be correct to know where the GBM is located and how it
behaves clinically, in order to generate correct conservative or
surgical treatment guidelines for each patient. We believe that
more detailed studies are also needed to show why the GBM
is associated with mostly in some regions than in others, since
the brain structure is homologous to other regions, which occurs in a lesser amount, which is why knowing the predominant presence in brain regions is very important.
Keywords: Glioblastoma, Encephalic tumor, Brain tumor,
Glioblastoma ubication, Anatomy glioblastoma
A-0679Pelvic Floor Complications during
Childbirth- A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis
Raed ALZAHRANI

1

Morfologia, Universidad de las Americas, Santiago, Chile
Morfologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
3
Anatomcia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
4
Morfologia, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile

Basic Medical Sciences- Anatomy, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaaah,
Saudi Arabia

2

Purpose: Glioblastoma is a primary malignant encephalictumor. This tumor of the central nervous system can be located in the brain, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. The
purpose of the study was to relate the presence of glioblastomas with different regions of the encephalic and its relationship with other structure.
Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science,
Google Scholar, and CINAHL were researched until January
2024. Two authors independently performed the search study
selection and data extraction.
Results: A total of 123 studies met the established selection
criteria with a total 6224 patients. In relation to the mean, theGBM between hemispheres had a mean of 33.36 (SD 58.00) in
the right hemisphere and a mean of 34.70 (SD 65.07) in the left
hemisphere, due to the difference in averages between hemispheres. There were no statistically significant differences P= 0.35. For the comparison between the presence of GBM in
the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was a mean in thefrontal lobe of 23.23 (SD 40.03), while in the temporal lobe themean was 22.05 (SD 43.50), for the difference in means between
the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was no statisticallyPurpose: Worldwide, there are regional and demographic
differences in the prevalence of pelvic floor complications(PFCs) during childbirth. Pelvic floor complications have beenfound to occur more frequently in some studies than others,
despite some studies reporting a low incidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to identify which types of
PFCs were seen to occur most frequently in the studies chosen,
as well as to provide an updated and thorough summary of
the incidence and risk factors associated with various types of
PFCs during childbirth.
Methods: Search terms derived from free text words andmedical topic headings (MeSH) were used to comb througha number of significant web databases. The first stage in the
study selection strategy involved a search using keywords related to "pelvic floor," "childbirth," "complications," and "riskfactors," which originally produced 759 papers.
Results: 10 studies relevant to our objectives were ultimately selected for the investigation. In majority of the studies, urinary incontinence (UIT) and anal incontinence (AIT)
were found to be the most commonly occurring PFCs, withstress urinary incontinence (SUT), overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) being incidental in

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decreasing order. The meta-analysis also reported the effects
of UIT to be of significant impact in the studies in which it occurred. Although one study did report the occurrence of certain depressive symptoms following childbirth, the inference
obtained was not very significant.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for further research on the prevention and management of pelvic floor complications during childbirth, particularly in relation to UIT
and AIT. Clinicians should be aware of the high prevalence of
these conditions and their associated risk factors (especiallypsychosocial and psychological health) to provide appropriate
care for affected women.
Keywords: Childbirth, Maternal health, Pelvic floor disorders, Pelvic floor dysfunction
A-0682

Defining the Danger Zone to Preserve
Iatrogenic Neurovascular Structures in the
All-Inside Technique in Lateral Meniscus
Repair: Preliminary Report Based on MR
Imaging

performed with 30 knee MRIs. The longitudinal length of
LM was measured. The distance between the medial-lateraland midpoint of patellar tendon (PT) and PN was measured
for both anterolateral and anteromedial approaches. After all
measurements were completed, data analysis was performed
with SPSS 22.00.
Results: The danger zone in repairing LM via its anteromedial portal extended 2.12±0.91 mm laterally from lateral edgeof PT and 2.99±1.65 mm medially from medial edge of PT. We
found that repair of LM via both its anteromedial and anterolateral portals relative to medial edge of PT may compromise
PN. Potential PN injury was demonstrated in 11 of 30 knees(36.66%) via anteromedial portal and in 5 (16.66%) via anterolateral portal. A significantly higher number of potential injuries were found to occur when using anteromedial approachcompared to using anterolateral approach (P=.003).
Conclusion: In lateral meniscal repair, it is safer to use anterolateral portal route in the All-inside technique. We believethat minimizing risk of iatrogenic neurovascular damage will
prevent secondary complications.
Keywords: All-Inside Technique, Lateral Meniscal Repair,
Neurovascular Structures

Berin TUGTAG DEMIR1, Simge ESME1, Ummuhan YAGMURKAYA1, Ali
KOKSAL2,3, Murat DEMIREL4,5, Burak BILECENOGLU1

A-0695

1

Anatomy, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
2
Radiology, Bayindir Private Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
3Radiology, Atılım University, Ankara, Türkiye
4Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
5
Anatomy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye

Purpose: Due to the risk of developing postoperative osteoarthritis in patients with meniscus injuries, orthopedic
surgeons prefer to perform meniscus repair instead of meniscectomy. The all-inside technique is widely used in meniscus
repairs, especially in the body and posterior horn of the meniscus. However, there are concerns about potential iatrogenic
damage to peroneal nerve (PN) with this technique. This study
aims to evaluate the risk of PN injury in lateral meniscus (LM)repair and to obtain preliminary information through MR images for optimal anchorage placement during arthroscopic allinside LM repairs.
Methods: The study was carried out retrospectively using MR images in the radiology archive of Bayındır Hospital.
The study will be conducted on a large series, but it is aimed
to present the first results in a preliminary report and it wasRadiological Study of Atlas Arch Defects
with Meta-Analysis and a Proposed New
Classification

Athikhun SUWANNAKHAN1, Worawit SUPHAMUNGMEE1, Laphatrada
YURASAKPONG1, Kanchanaphan POONUDOM1, R. Shane TUBBS2,3, Joe
IWANAGA4,5, Nutmethee KRUEPUNGA1, Arada CHAIYAMOON6
1

Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, UnitedStates3
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, United States
4
Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, UnitedStates5
Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
6
Department of Anatomy, Khon Kaen University Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen,
Thailand2

Purpose: This study consists of a retrospective cohort study,a systematic review, and a meta-analysis which were separately
conducted. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence ofatlas arch defects, generate an evidence-based synthesis, andpropose a common classification system for the anterior and

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combined atlas arch defects.
Methods: The prevalence of arch defects was investigatedin an open-access OPC-Radiomics dataset comprising 606
head and neck computed tomography scans from oropharyngeal cancer patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis
were performed to generate prevalence estimates of atlas archdefects and propose a classification system for the anterior andcombined atlas arch defect.
Results: The posterior arch defect was found in 20 patients(3.3%) out of the 606 patients investigated. The anterior archdefect was not observed in any patient, while a combined archdefect was observed in one patient (0.2%). A meta-analysisof 13,539 participants from 14 studies, including the present study, yielded a pooled-posterior arch defect prevalenceof 2.07% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22%–2.92%). The
prevalences of anterior and combined arch defects were 0.00%(95% CI, 0.00%–0.10%) and 0.14% (95% CI, 0.04%–0.25%),
respectively. A common classification system of the AAD and
CAD is also proposed A midline AAD, the commonest form,
was classified as type A. Type B, the second most common
form, refers to any AAD associated with a PAD. An AAD associated with the absence of the posterior arch was regarded asa subtype of type B. Types C and D were rare and identified asunilateral or bilateral AAD, respectively. Type E refers to any
AAD associated with the absence of the posterior arch.
Conclusion: The anterior and combined arch defects wereclassified into five subtypes based on their morphology andfrequency. The present study showed that atlas arch defects
were present in approximately 2% of the general population.
Keywords: Cervical atlas, Computed tomography, Systematic review, Meta-analysis
A-0705Ultrasound Imaging of the Seated Anatomy
below the Ischial Tuberosity Using
Ultrasound and MRI

ity (IT) and its link to pressure ulcer development has previously been studied using a variety of methodologies. This soft
tissue injury is commonly noted in individuals with limited
mobility. This study used novel approaches to image soft tissueof the buttocks in the unloaded and loaded conditions using
ultrasound (US) and MRI.
Methods: The soft tissue composition of the buttocks wasmeasured in twenty-six able-bodied participants and two
males with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Data was collected using an innovative chair that allowed seated US acquisition of
the buttocks and a newly developed MRI compatible loader.
The unloaded condition was a lateral decubitus position. For
loaded conditions, images were acquired in the seated uprightposition with US and the lateral decubitus position was used
for MRI imaging where load was applied to the buttocks. US
test-retest reliability was assessed.
Results: No statistical differences were noted between thescan days, making US reproducibility excellent, ICC = 0.934- 0.981. US and MRI measures of tissue thickness were significantly correlated (r = 0.68 - 0.91, p ≤ 0.001). The study noted
underestimated unloaded tissue thicknesses when using US,
with a mean bias of 0.39 - 0.56 cm. US and MRI measured total tissue thickness was reduced by up to 64.2 ± 9.1% (p < 0.001)
when load was applied to the buttocks. The US and MRI total
unloaded total soft tissue of the IT was correlated with loaded
tissue thickness (r = 0.54 - 0.67, p ≤ 0.027).
Conclusion: Tissue thickness played a role in how the soft
tissue of the buttocks responded to loading. This data provides
support for an US and MRI approach to determining soft tissue of the buttocks and the response of soft tissue to sitting
and loading in a seated position.
Keywords: Pressure injuries, Seated anatomy, Spinal cord
injury (SCI), Ultrasound imaging, Ischial tuberosity (IT)Nkhensani MOGALE1,2, Justin SCOTT3, Daniel SCHANZ2, Viktor ILYASOV2,
Tamara Reid BUSH3, Albert-Neels VAN SCHOOR1, Jill M. SLADE2
1

Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
3
Mechanical Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of
Pretoria, Pretoria, United States
2

Purpose: Soft tissue composition below the ischial tuberosACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0706

A-0715

Establishing Alpha Angle Thresholds to
Predict Femoroacetabular Impingementin Asymptomatic Individuals in the United
Arab Emirates

A Rare Variation of Posterior Belly ofDigastric Muscle: A Case Report

1

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to report a rarevariation concerning the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
found during routine anatomical dissection, aiming to contribute to the understanding of anatomical variations in theneck region.
Methods: The variation was observed during routine dissection performed in school of medicine at Istanbul Aydin
University. The female cadaver of unspecified age and causeof death, was fixed with formaldehyde. Dissection of the neckregion was performed according to standard techniques. In
addition, routine histological technique was performed andstained with hematoxylen eosin.
Results: In the present case a rare variation of posterior
belly of digastric muscle was observed. The posterior of bellyof digastric muscle was observed to be a tendon. The 10 µm
sections of the posteiror belly of digastric muscle revealed thepresence of collagen fibers in the entire of the volume of themuscle resembling a tendinous structure.
Conclusion: According to the reviewed literature, variations in the shape, length, and innervation of the digastricmuscle have been reported. Variations in the digastric muscle
typically involve accessory muscle and differences in attachment points. Again in the literature previous classifications ofdigastric muscle, including variations in the posterior belly’s
origin and attachment points is mentioned. However, the present case is the first report to demonstrate a tendinous structure of the posterior belly of digastric muscle. Since digastricmuscle forms the borders of neck triangles in the neck region,
they constitute important landmark points for surgical operations. For this reason, we think that taking this variation into
account will help understand the anatomy of this region during clinical evaluation and surgical operations.

1

1

1

Rabia SOLAK DONER, Hakki DALCIK, Selin ERPEK PACACI, Cannur
DALCIK

Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

1,2

Nerissa NAIDOO , Sohaib DARWISH , Laila ZARNEGAR , Thomas NAU

College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
2
Orthopaedic Surgery, King’s College Hospital London Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Purpose: In light of the reported increased incidence overthe past few years, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has
gained recognition as a clinical entity. It is characterized by anincongruency between articular surfaces of the hip joint that
leads to soft tissue damage and joint stiffness and may eventually progress to osteoarthritis. Given the notable surge in thenumber of physically active adolescents presenting with FAI
at a Dubai-based hospital, the study aimed to determine alphaangle thresholds that predispose patients with asymptomatic
contralateral hips to hip arthroscopy.
Methods: Pre-operative radiographs and MRI studies of 50
patients (n = 50), within the age range of 15-62 years and who
underwent unilateral hip arthroscopy, were extracted from thehospital’s hip preservation registry and evaluated accordingly.
Receiver Operating Characteristic was plotted using the alphaangle and the gold standard (i.e., side in which surgery was
performed). The best threshold was then identified using theYouden Index.
Results: The alpha angle threshold for hip arthroscopy on
the right side was 57 degrees, with a 76% sensitivity and an
81% specificity, while that of left side was 53 degrees, with a
71% sensitivity and a 65% specificity. Inter-rater reliability forboth right and left sides ranged from significant moderate tosignificant almost perfect.
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that as themagnitude of the alpha angle increases, there is a greater probability that hip arthroscopy will be performed. As the presenceof FAI can also be confirmed by employing quantifiable radiological hip angles, particularly the alpha angle, the thresholds
proposed in this study may assist to decelerate and/or prevent
osteoarthritis progression earlier in the disease process.

Keywords: Variation, Suprahyoid muscle, Posterior belly ofdigastric muscle

Keywords: Femoroacetabular impingement, Alpha angle,
Threshold, Hip joint, Hip arthroscopy
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A-0716

A-0718Chronic Sleep Deprivation Exacerbates
Testicular Oxidative Stress and Impairs
Sperm Motility by Disrupting Gonadal Zinc
Expression and Bioenergetics

Assessment of the Relationship between
the Position of the Bronchial Foreign Bodies
and the Angles and Diameters of theBronchiHung-Ming CHANG1, Ting-Yi RENN1, Li-You CHEN2, Fu-Der MAI3

Huseyin YILDIRAN1,2, Zeliha FAZLIOGULLARI2, Atilla CAN1, Tuba
SAHINOGLU1

1

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei2
Department of Anatomy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei

1Thoracic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
Anatomy, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye

2

Purpose: Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) detrimentallyenhances oxidative stress, which is closely linked to various
diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cognitive dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and impaired reproductive
activity. Given zinc's pivotal role in the anti-oxidative defense
system and early spermatogenesis, this study aims to determine whether testicular Zn expression would significantly
alter following CSD.
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats underwent three cycles
of CSD, each consisting of five days of total sleep deprivation
followed by a two-day break, were used in this study. The ioniclevel and spectral intensity of Zn were assessed by the timeof-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The
functional significance of Zn was assessed by oxidative levels,
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) expression, gonadal bioenergetics, and sperm mobility.
Results: Results indicated that normal rats exhibited robust
sperm motility, high Zn levels, abundant Cu/Zn SOD expression, strong bioenergetics, and low oxidative stress in testicular tissues. Conversely, CSD led to decreased Zn expression,
reduced Cu/Zn SOD activation, weakened bioenergetics, andenhanced oxidative stress in testicular tissues, corresponding
well with decreased sperm motility.
Conclusion: These findings are the first to elucidate thefunctional anatomical evidence that impaired testicular Zn expression, together with reduced activation of Zn-related antioxidative enzymes may serve as the underlying mechanism(s)for the pathogenesis of CSD-induced reproductive disability.
Keywords: Chronic sleep deprivation, Reproductive system,
Zinc, Oxidative stress, Ionic image analysis

Purpose: Foreign body aspiration in the respiratory tract isa serious condition requiring emergency medical intervention,
especially in children. In this study, the statistical relationshipbetween the position of the foreign body in the bronchi andthe angles and diameters of the bronchi was examined.
Methods: Cases where rigid bronchoscopy was performed
and foreign bodies were removed under the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration at the between 2020-2023 were included.
The patients' age, gender, the main bronchus where the foreign
body was located, bronchial angles, and diameters were recorded, and the data were statistically evaluated.
Results: A total of 45 patients; 13 female, 31 male; withmean age of 11.02±18.82 were included in the study. A weaknegative correlation was found between age and the positionof the foreign body in the bronchi (r=-0.214). There was a low
positive correlation between the presence of the foreign bodyin the right bronchus and the right bronchial angle (r=0.053).
A weak negative correlation was found between the positionof the foreign body and the diameter of the right bronchus(r=-0.239), and a higher negative correlation with the diameterof the left bronchus (r=-0.261). No statistical difference wasfound between the right and left bronchial angle.
Conclusion: Significant statistical relationships were foundbetween age and the position of the foreign body, and between
the position of the foreign body and the angles and diametersof the bronchi. This study has shown, contrary to the generalbelief that foreign body aspirations are more frequently encountered in the right bronchial system, they can be encountered in both bronchial systems regardless of age. The absenceof a statistical difference between the right and left bronchial
angles can explain this situation, but there is a need for studies
involving larger case series.
Keywords: Foreign body aspiration, TracheobronchialanatomyACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0720ness and benefit medical research and practice.

The Relevance of Anatomical Variations toSouth African Clinicians: A Survey

Keywords: Anatomical variation, Anatomical knowledge,
Clinicians, Exposure, Relevance

Ozyl MARUFU, Brendon BILLINGS, Nicholas BACCI, Joshua DAVIMESSchool of Anatomical Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: Variant research has been studied extensively byanatomists and generated specifically for clinicians to aid indaily practice. However, literature shows anatomical variations knowledge amongst surgeons and radiologists is lacking,which has contributed to cases of malpractice and litigation.
With the limited research available on training of clinicians invariant anatomy in the clinical context investigating the relevance of anatomical variations to South African clinicians is
crucial to understanding their impact in clinical practice.
Methods: A validated, anonymous, self-administered,questionnaire was disseminated to clinicians (surgeons and radiologists) practicing in South Africa through professional societies and directed emails. Relationships between professional
details, exposure to variations in practice and perceived valueof variant research of clinicians were investigated statistically.
Results: A total of 52 clinicians responded. Most clinicians(71.2%) acknowledged learning about anatomical variations inundergraduate and postgraduate medical training. Majority ofsurgeons (45.2%) and radiologists (43.8%) stated that encountering an anatomical variant had a direct effect on operation
time or diagnostics required, respectively. Many clinicians
encountered variants in clinical practice often (30.8%), or
sometimes (25%). Clinicians employed in the private sector encountered variations more often than public sector employees(U=427.00;p-value=0.001). Majority of clinicians (65.4%) only
engaged with anatomical variant research occasionally (26.9%),
rarely (13.5%), almost never (17.3%), never (7.7%). Expectedly,
a positive relationship (ρ= 0.375; p-value=0.009) was foundbetween variation encounter frequency and variant researchinteraction frequency. Surgical (63.9%), Radiological (81.3%),
were the most frequently consulted journals. Only 17.4% of clinicians consulted anatomical journals regarding variants.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both surgeons
and radiologists regard variations to be relevant in clinicalpractice; however, the lack of engagement with variant researchdoes not correspond with this. Clinicians and anatomists
should strive to report anatomical variations in the platforms
that clinicians most often consult with to best increase aware-

A-0721An Anatomical Investigation of the
Confluence of Sinuses in a South African
Population Sample
Matshidiso MTSHALI, Lane PRIGGE, Gerda VENTER
Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Purpose: The confluence of the sinuses occurs at the junction of the superior sagittal sinus, occipital sinus, the straightsinus and the transverse sinuses. It’s a highly variant structurewith regard to patterns of inflow and outflow, which are ofclinical significance in neurosurgical procedures. This study
aimed to investigate the confluence of the sinuses regarding its
inflow and outflow patterns utilising a whole-body donor andimaging sample from the South African population.
Methods: The drainage pattern types of the confluencesof the sinus were catalogued in a whole-body donor sample(n= 52) and magnetic resonance venography imaging sample(n=70). Measurements were taken at the inflow of the superior
sagittal sinus into the confluence of the sinuses and the rightand left outflow of the transverse sinuses.
Results: The most prevalent drainage pattern evident was
the superior sagittal sinus draining to the right transverse
sinus, within the dura mater (42.31%) and on the bony impressions (36.54%) of the body donor sample and the imaging
sample (44.29%). The most prevalent dominance type in the
dura mater and bony impression measurements was symmetry(59.62% and 69.23% respectively) and right dominance in theimaging sample (27.14%). These results were similar to previous literature using similar modalities. There were no statistically significant relationships between the drainage patterntypes and sex or age of the respective individual. The drainage
pattern categories were consistent in only 69.2% of the body
donor sample between the dura mater and bony impressionsof the same individual, which suggests that the use of an osteological sample alone may not be reliable to investigate theconfluence of the dural venous sinuses.
Conclusion: The results of this study is clinically significant
to neurosurgeons in Sub-Sharan Africa and the report of the

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prevalence of drainage pattern types and dominance will contribute to the anatomical body of knowledge.
Keywords: confluence of sinuses, confluens sinuum, South
African population, Torcular Herophili
A-0724

Conclusion: As gestational age increases, the fetal lung andthymus development progresses in relation to gestational age.
Haller index, suggesting that this particular metric may not bea reliable indicator of developmental progression in the context
examined.
Keywords: Fetal magnetic resonance imaging, Haller index,
Lung, Thymus

Morphometric Evaluation of Tymus, Lungs
and Haller Index Using Fetal Magnetic
Resonance Imaging in Fetuses Diagnosed
with Ventriculomegaly

A-0736

Zeliha FAZLIOGULLARI1, Huseyin YILDIRAN1,2, Mustafa KOPLAY3, Mehmet
Sedat DURMAZ3
1

Anatomy, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
Thoracic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
3Radiology, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye

Sihler’s Staining: Highlighting theIntramuscular Innervation of Intrinsic Hand
Muscles

Satish R.L1, Pan FENG1, Jin Hao KOH1, Ler Ting KOH1, Tulsi Kiran
POTHAKAMURI1, Wei Ping KOH1, Bing Heng SEAH1, Ian Sze TAN1,
Lawrence Ing Kee SOH1, Denish KRSHNA1, Aymeric LIM2

2

1

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a more discriminative method in fetal morphology studies and detectionof congenital anomalies, providing excellent discrimination
between tissues. In this study, we measured the area of the tymus and the area of the lungs at two different levels with fetal
MRI in fetuses diagnosed with ventriculomegaly and calculated the Haller index.
Methods: In the study, MRI of 146 fetuses in the radiology
archive were examined and 67 cases with ventriculomegaly
were selected among them. 22 of these cases were excluded
from the study due to image artifacts, and a total of 45 caseswith gestational ages ranging from 22 to 36 weeks were evaluated. It was determined that these cases did not have any
anomalies in the thorax region. In the images, the area of tymus and the area of lungs were measured separetly at the threevessels and tachea (3VT) view. In addition, lung areas wereredefined at the four chamber cardiac view. All data obtained
were compared statistically.
Results: In 3VT view there was a significantly and positive
relationship between gestational age and area of tymus, area ofright lung, and area of left lung. In four chamber cardiac view
there was a significantly and positive relationship between
gestational age and area of right lung, and area of left lung.
However, no significant relationship was observed between
gestational age and haller index. The lung area had statisticallygreather in right side both 3VT view and four chamber cardiac
view than left side.

Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Orthopedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

2

It is crucial to have detailed knowledge on the intramuscular innervation of the intrinsic hand muscles when performing hand and reconstructive microsurgery. Sihler’s staining
is a method that highlights the innervation of intrinsic handmuscles by staining the myelin sheath of nerves while turning
other tissues transparent and preserving the architecture of
the muscles, creating a three-dimensional image of the innervation of muscles. This study aims to use the Sihler’s staining
technique to delineate the neuromuscular anatomy of intrinsic hand muscles by determining the position of nerves andintramuscular course of nerve branches, creating a blueprintof intrinsic hand muscles. Sihler’s staining was carried out
in 6 steps on the Thenar muscles, Adductor Pollicis and First
Dorsal Interosseus muscle from specimens collected from
10 cadavers. These muscles are essential for the gripping andpinching motions of the hand. Specimens were photographedwith nerves visible within the muscles, and the nerves werethen mapped out. The results show that Sihler’s staining method provides a clear visualisation of the innervation of intrinsic
hand muscles as the nerves were stained violet. Mapping out
the nerve supply through the Sihler’s staining technique canaid in better understanding the intramuscular anatomy of
intrinsic hand muscles, which would be useful for repairingdamaged nerves from laceration injuries and determining thefeasibility of intrinsic hand muscles for split muscle transfer.

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lateral-thigh free flap, Vastus lateralis nerve graft

Keywords: Sihler’s staining, Intramuscular innervation,
Intrinsic hand muscles
A-0744

Cadaver Study on the Adequacy of theAntero-Lateral Thigh Free Flap in Facial
Reconstruction after Radical Parotidectomy
12Villar-Puchades RAQUEL , Olucha-Bordonau FRANCISCO
1

Department of Anatomy, University of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
Department of Anatomy, University of Castellon, Castellon, Spain

2

A-0746The Influence of Ramus Intermedius an
Aberrant Coronary Branch on Left Coronary
Artery Atherosclerosis Amongst Low-Risk
Individuals

Nurul Sazmi ROSANI1,2, Intan Suhana ZULKAFLI2,1, Ahmad Syadi
MAHMOOD ZUHDI3,1, Rasheeda MOHD ZAMIN2,1, Raja Rizal Azman RAJAAMAN4,1
1

Department of Anatomy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
3
Department of Cardiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Department of Biomedical Imaging, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2

Purpose: Radical parotidectomy may cause importantfunctional facial defects because of the severed facial nerve
branches, such as inability to close the eye, lack of oral competence and lack of facial expression, and aesthetic defects secondary to the volume defect of the removed soft tissues. The
use of the antero-lateral thigh free flap with vastus lateralis
nerve graft is being proposed as the optimal reconstruction
method to cover the volume defect caused by parotidectomy
and its vastus lateralis motor nerve graft for facial nerve reconstruction. Thus, the anatomic features of the flap are vital to a
successful reconstruction of the severed area.
Methods: The study was performed on 6 cadavers. We haveused a preauricular approach to the parotid gland. The skinflap was raised, which allowed visualization of the SMAS and
its dissection. An anterograde approach to the facial nerve was
performed, which allows the identification of the trunk of the
facial nerve, and its different branches. The anterolateral thighflap was raised, and the type and distribution of its perforator
vessels, the dominant vascular pedicle, and the relationshipwith the vastus lateralis nerve were studied. An analysis was
performed on the number of branches and its diameters, andits relationships with the muscle.
Results: The distribution of the branches of the facial nerve,
its number, its diameter and the relationship with the facial
musculoaponeurotic system are analysed. The results indicatethat an accurate analysis of the crural branches innervating
the vastus lateralis and its pedicle meet the conditions for obtaining a anterolateral thigh free flap with nerve graft.
Conclusion: The anterolateral thigh free flap can be optimal for facial reconstruction after radical parotidectomy.
Keywords: Facial paralysis, Radical parotidectomy, Antero-

Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the potential contributory effect of ramus intermedius (RI) as an aberrant vessel at
the left bifurcation region (LBR) forming a plaque depositionat the left coronary artery (LCA).
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional single-centre
study was conducted among patients who underwent cardiac
computed tomography angiography from January 2017 to December 2018. Of 438 patients, 139 patients with low cardiovascular risk were included in this study. The plaque deposition in
the left main coronary, left anterior descending (i.e., proximal(pLAD), middle (mLAD), and distal (dLAD)) and left circumflex (i.e., proximal (pLCx), middle (mLCx), and distal (dLCx)),and RI arteries were identified and analysed. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests wereused in this analysis between patients with and without RI
with plaque deposition at the LCA. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: There were 33.8% (n = 47) of patients who had
RI. The single RI vessel was more common (n = 42) than the
double RI (n = 5). Generally, the pattern for plaque burden was
found higher in pLAD (37%) followed by mLAD (28.8%), pLCx
(22.5%), and LMCA (19%). The presence of RI doubled therisk for plaque deposition at these arteries compared to thosepatients without RI when analysed using multivariate analysis.
Besides the LCA, the RI was also was found at risk for plaquedeposition (30%, n = 14).
Conclusion: The RI increases the risk for atherosclerosis
plaque deposition at the left coronary, especially those closest
to the LBR.
Funding: Universiti Malaya Faculty Grant: GPF017C-2018.

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Keywords: Ramus intermedius, Plaque deposition, Leftcoronary artery, Cardiac computed tomography angiography
A-0763Evolution of the Mammalian Cecal
Appendix

one consensus pattern emerges across mammals: Previous
interpretations of the appendix as a useless, vestigial remnant
should be dismissed. This presentation will discuss the current
state of the field regarding the pathophysiology, evolution, andadaptive functions of the cecal appendix, both in humans andthe broader mammalian clade.
Keywords: Appendicitis, Cecal appendix, Gastrointestinal
anatomy, Evolution, Comparative anatomy

Heather SMITH

Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, United States

Purpose: The appendix, a small blind pouch projecting off
the cecum, is a notorious anatomical structure, namely due toits propensity for inflammation and resulting surgical interventions. However, recent research suggests that the appendix
may serve crucial protective functions in boosting the body’s
immune defense against invading pathogens and re-populating the gastrointestinal tract with beneficial gut bacteria after
bouts of illness. Thus, the appendix is characterized by an
intriguing combination of potential adaptive advantage andsevere health risk.
Methods: A comprehensive survey of the distribution andmorphology of the cecal appendix across mammalian families
was mapped onto a mammalian consensus phylogeny, andevolutionary analyses were conducted.
Results: A cecal appendix of some morphotype was foundto be a recurrent trait found in several species of primates,
rodents, lagomorphs, marsupials, and monotremes. The appendix has evolved independently numerous times throughout
mammalian evolution, significantly more than would be expected due to chance alone, suggesting that it confers adaptive
advantages. However, endeavors to identify a universal ecological, behavioral, dietary, and/or environmental factor driving appendix evolution were largely unsuccessful, suggesting it
has a complex and diverse evolutionary history. Additionally,
phylogeny-informed analyses revealed positive correlations
between appendix presence and both cecal apex thickness andcecal morphology, suggesting that the appendix and cecum
may be evolving together as a module, the cecoappendicularcomplex.
Conclusion: Ultimately, there is no single factor driving
the evolution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Rather, each
appendiceal morphotype has its own complexities and serves
different beneficial functions, and is therefore evolving under
different evolutionary constraints and pressures. However,A-0767

Where and When to Use Ultrasonography
in Aesthetic Procedures?
Kyuho YI

Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The efficiency of using ultrasonography in clinical settings is a subject of controversy with pros and cons. The
utilization of ultrasonography for cosmetic purposes on theface is a relatively recent advancement. Ultrasonography offers
patients a sense of security during skin rejuvenation procedures, aiding practitioners in identifying blood vessels, nerves,and layers. However, a fundamental understanding of facial
anatomical structure is essential, as ultrasonography presents
these structures in two dimensions, potentially leading to difficulties.
Methods: Ultrasonography frequencies typically range
from 10 MHz to 15 MHz when applied to the face. Frequencies
lower than this range are suitable for visualizing deeper layers,
making it challenging to focus on facial depth, while higher
frequencies are used for observing skin layers.
Results: Doppler functionality aids in locating blood vessels, helping differentiate between veins and arteries. Unlike
body ultrasound, pressure is not applied during facial observation due to the small and surface-level anatomical structures.
However, excessive gel application is necessary to enhance visibility, which presents a drawback.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography is also beneficial in preventing vessel damage, particularly in identifying sentinel veins,facial vessels, and anterior cervical veins. For example, in thecase of the sentinel vein, injecting botulinum neurotoxin inlateral canthal rhytide and frontalis areas often leads to bleeding. Furthermore, the use of ultrasound is advantageous whenreducing the volume of the submandibular gland, as its varied

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location and size can be challenging to palpate. The presenceof the anterior cervical vein and facial vessels in proximity to
the submandibular gland makes ultrasound a valuable tool.
Keywords: Ultrasonography, Anatomy, Filler, Botulinum
toxin, Threads
A-0782decreased (p=0.044).
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the anatomical
location and dimensions of the facial nerve in the temporalbone change during childhood and differ between genders.
Specific details about the FN position are of utmost importance to otological surgery to prevent iatrogenic injuries.
Keywords: Computed tomography, Facial canal, Facial
nerve, Mastoid surgery, Surgical anatomy of facial nerve

Morphometric Evaluation of the Mastoid
Segment of Facial Nerve in Children

A-0794

Saliha Seda ADANIR1, Piraye KERVANCIOGLU1, Ilhan BAHSI1, Mohammad
AL SAADI2, Vedat TOPSAKAL2
1

Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Brussels Health Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium

2

Purpose: Due to the close relationship between the facial
nerve (FN) and pathologies in the tympanic cavity, FN paralysis is one of the most serious complications of otological surgeries. Understanding surgical anatomy and variations of FN
well is important to prevent iatrogenic FN injuries. Here we
study the morphometric changes of the FN during the growthof children (0-18 years) and its relationship with important
structures on the skull.
Methods: Computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bone of patients aged 0-18 years were retrieved from theradiology department retrospectively between 2008 and 2022.
The length and width of the FN and its distances to marking
points on the skull were assessed with dedicated image handling software (Radiant Dicom Viewer). For examiner reliability, measurements were repeated by the same observer, onemonth apart. SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis, and
p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
Results: CT images of 69 patients (138 sides, ages 0-18), 34
boys (mean age:10±5.15), and 35 girls (mean age:10.1±5.3) were
examined. The mean FN length (FN-L) and width (FN-W)
were 11.09±2.07mm, and 1.59±0.30mm respectively. FN-W
was significantly larger in boys than girls(p=0.002). Mean distances of FN to mastoid surface (FN-M), external auditory canal (FN-EAC), sigmoid sinus (FN-SS), posterior cranial fossa(FN-PCF), and midsagittal line of cranium (FN-MC) were
12.79±2.98mm, 3.73±1.49mm, 10.98±2.52mm, 6.06±2.25mm,
40±4.22mm. FN-M and FN-MC were higher in boys (p=0.023,
p=0.003 respectively). It was found that FN-L, FN-M, and FNMC increased significantly with age (p=0.001), and FN-EAC

Dimensional and Morphometric Variationsof the Sella Turcica in Adult South African
Population: Sex, Age, and Ethnic Related
Changes

Nondumiso HLATSHWAYO1, Samuel OLOJEDE2, Nomthandazo MAGCABA1,
Edwin NAIDU1, Carmen RENNIE1, Sodiq LAWAL3, Onyemaechi AZU4
1

Clinical Anatomy, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
Human Biology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
3
Nursing, University of Botswana, Garobone, Botswana
4
Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
2

Purpose: The Sella Turcica (ST) is an important anatomical
landmark which occasionally filled with cerebrospinal fluid ina condition known as Empty Sella Disorder (ESS). ESS occurs
when the pituitary gland contracts due to issues with the contents inside the ST and this has been linked with malocclusion
which remains less explored. This study intended to investigate
morphological and morphometric variations of ST concerning sex, age, and race as well as to document the prevalence of
malocclusions in a South African adult sample.
Methods: ST scans of 32 patients and 21 dry and cadaveric
skulls were investigated. Volume was measured using plasticine and other parameters were measured using a sliding vernier caliper and 3D slicer software.
Results: The width is the only linear parameter that showedsignificant (P<0.05) variations against sex. The mean length,
width, AP diameter, and volume variation between groups
ages 31-50 and 51-70 were 0.54mm, 3.60mm, 1.48mm, and39.47mm. The length of ST in Black people varied from that ofWhite people by 1.58mm. The width of ST in Black people was
10.90±2.68mm, and White people was 12.99±2.41mm which
was statistically significant (P<0.05). Class 1 malocclusion was
the most common type in this study and bridging of the ST
was common in Class II.

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Conclusion: This study revealed that the ST varies on different ethnic groups. Also, the width of the ST can be used to
identify sex but size of the ST at various ages cannot be used togauge an individual's growth because there were no significant
differences.
Keywords: Sella Turcica, Sella dimensions, Morphology,
Morphometry, Malocclusion
A-0879

Fascial Anatomy and Fasciology

species, length of life, health and longevity) has laid the disciplinary foundation for the revitalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM.
Funding: Teaching Reform Project of Guangdong Provincial "New Medical Science" Construction Guidance Committee in 2023.
Keywords: Fascia, Anatomy, Fasciology, Traditional mChinese Medicine, Digital human technology
A-0892Jun WANG, Yu BAI, Lin YUAN, Chun YANG, Yong YANG

Department of Anatomy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China

Purpose: With the support of digital human technology,
has we proposed a new human anatomy research method: fascial anatomy after more than 20 years of anatomical research.
Fascia anatomy believes hold that the human body is composed of a connective tissue (fascia) scaffold throughout the
body and various differentiated functional cells supported andsurrounded by the scaffold.
Methods: The former is called the support and reserve
system; the latter is called the functional system. This wayof dividing anatomy is called the two-system theory of human body structure. It embodies a new view of the humanbody (two-system theory) and a methodology for anatomical
research (the axis of time and lifespan during human growthand development).
Results: The introduction of fascial anatomy has improved
the study of human morphology from two-dimensional tothree-dimensional, providing us with a new perspective for a
deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the structure of the human body. Fasciology is a complete medical
system established on the basis of fascial anatomy, which will
lay the disciplinary foundation for upgrading the function
and structure of the existing medical system to a three- dimensional medical model with increased perspective on how
to prolong life the existing medical system to a three- dimensional medical model (internal medicine, surgery, and general
health).
Conclusion: Fasciology also provides cultural and scientificbasis for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) from its origin.
Finding the disciplinary status of Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM in biomedicine (scientific issues on the life span of

Pneumatization of Sphenoid Sinuses in aSouth African Population: A RadiologicalStudy

Nomthandazo MAGCABA1, Carmen RENNIE1, Edwin NAIDU1, Onyemaechi
AZU2
1

Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

2

Purpose: For safe execution of transsphenoidal surgery,detailed anatomical knowledge of the sphenoid sinuses (SS) is
necessary. SS display significant population-specific anatomical variations in pneumatization, volume, and protrusion ofimportant neurovascular structures. This study described thepneumatization, volume, and extensions of the SS within aSouth African population.
Methods: Computed tomography images of 63 patientswere analyzed bilaterally using the Miele-lxiv workstation. The
scans were assessed for pneumatization patterns, lateral extensions, posterior pneumatization and protrusion of the optic
nerve (ON) or internal carotid artery (ICA), and volume.
Results: The prevalent type of pneumatization was the postsellar type (44.2%). Pneumatization of the greater wing was themost prevalent lateral extension (26.7%). The dorsal type was
the most prevalent type of posterior pneumatization (60.0%).
Statistically significant differences in ethnicity were identified within the diverse South African population, with pneumatization of the greater wing only observed in black South
Africans (30.8%). Clival type of posterior pneumatization wasprevalent in Indian/White South Africans (37.5%) while subdorsal type was only observed in black South Africans. ON
or ICA may protrude into the sinus when the SS is extensively
pneumatized. Group 4 classification (protrusion of ICA & ON)
was the most prevalent (19.2%) after group 1(no protrusion).

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Females presented a higher sphenoid sinus volume of 243 cm3(72.5-837 cm3) and 98.5 cm3 (21.0-456 cm3) in males.
Conclusion: Pneumatized extension of the sphenoid sinus
varied within the diverse South African population and whencompared to other populations globally. The cranial base canbe accessed from the SS through 'windows' created by thepneumatization directions. Therefore, knowledge gained fromthis study can be applied in pre-surgical planning for transsphenoidal surgery to minimize complications during surgery
and ensure good postoperative results.
Funding: Funded by National Research Foundation (NRF).

age diameter in the transverse axis was 1.58 ± 0.56 mm. It was
found diameter in the sagittal axis showed statistically significant difference between right and left sides (p = 0.036).
Conclusion: Complications such as tympanic membranerupture, incus dislocation, and facial nerve injury have beenreported during TMJ arthroscopy. It is clinically important toknow the presence of FT and the anatomical features of FT inthese cases.

Keywords: Sphenoid sinus (SS), Morphology, Morphometry, Internal carotid artery (ICA), Optic nerve (ON)A-0941

A-0934

Examination of Foramen Tympanicum with
Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Aysenur INCEOGLU1,2, Ilhan BAHSI3, Mustafa ORHAN3, Piraye
KERVANCIOGLU3, Saliha Seda ADANIR3, Eda Didem YALCIN4

Keywords: Foramen tympanicum, Cone beam computed
tomography, Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy

Training Obstetric Anaesthetic Invasive
and Imaging Skills Using Lifelike Tissue
Revealing Authentic Structure-to-Structure
Ratios from Novel GAX-specimens with
Innovative Contrast
Noah SWIGERT, Brion BENNINGER, Chris CARIELLO

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

1

Medical Services and Techniques, Gaziantep University, Vocational School of HealthServices, Gaziantep, Türkiye
2
Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3
Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of
Dentistry, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: This study aimed to determine incidence foramen
tympanicum (FT) in the healthy population and to examine
the morphometric and morphological properties of this structure on the cone beam computed tomography images (CBCT).
Methods: CBCT images of 177 individuals between ages of
12-88, taken Planmeca ProMax device, were retrospectively
examined with RadiAnt DICOM VIEWER software. The
presence of any bony malformation of the skull skeleton wasdetermined as exclusion criterion for the study. The incidenceof foramen tympanicum and its diameter in the sagittal andtransverse planes were measured on the images. The analysisof data included in research was carried out with SPSS25 program.
Results: Right and left side images of a total of 177 patients(41.92±17.28 s, male: 111, female: 66) were analyzed. 28 (7.9%)
FTs were found on 326 sides. 15 of them were right side and
13 were left. Bilateral FT was found in 3 cases. No statisticaldifference was found between FT and gender and age. The
average diameter in the sagittal axis was 1.6 ± 0.58 mm, aver-Purpose: The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology have jointly written practice guidelines subject to revision warranted by evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide recommendations supported
by synthesis and analysis of current literature, expert andpractitioner opinion, open-forum commentary, and clinicalfeasibility data. Improving patient safety and provider skill
sets requires annual reviewing of training mediums regards
individual/team simulation which affect outcomes. Obstetricanesthetic training requires invasive procedural skills with realistic anatomy tissue consistency, compliance, orientation andpressure haptics for translational learning experiences. Study
objective was to dissect novel GAX-specimens with innovative
BriteVu-contrast(BVc) for ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging versus formalin-fixed cadavers(FFC) identifying handson morphology and imaging of lower abdomen/pelvic/thighregion.
Methods: GAX-specimens(n=6;3-Male,3-Female) were
MRI/CT scanned with BVc and FFC(n=18;11-Male;7-Female)
were ultrasound scanned(GE Vscan-Air probe) and dissected.
Results: Literature search revealed no known GAXspecimen with BVc versus FFC studies for student/resident

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anesthetic training. GAX-specimens provided superior quality
tissue and exceptional imaging versus FFC, enabling detailed
lifelike invasive procedures and dissection experience. GAXspecimens revealed palpable dermis and associated realistic
structures regarding texture, responsiveness to needle insertion, surgical tools, hydration and appearance. FFC revealed
hardened waxy dense dermis with poor palpation and associated structures were unnaturally firm and less compliant
with decreased responsivenes to needles/surgical tool use,
dehydrated tissue and dull in colour. Areas/structures of note
was the lumbar spine flexibility enabling invasive anesthetic
techniques to be conducted. Techniques for labor anesthesia
include central neuraxial (spinal, epidural, and combined
spinal–epidural), paracervical, and pudendal blocks and lessoften, lumbar sympathetic blocks can be conducted on GAXspecimens.
Conclusion: GAX-specimen bodies demonstrated realistic
structures which allowed lifelike procedural experiences providing arguably the best training medium to date for obstetricanesthesia. GAX-specimens accurately revealed both static anddynamic anatomy orientation, movement, kinesthetic palpation with ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging of the lower
abdomen/pelvis/upper thigh regions.
Keywords: Novel, GAX, Innovative, BriteVu
A-0950Parotid Gland Protects and Provides Passageof the Dominant Artery, Its Terminal
Branching and Clinically Relevant Branchesof the External Neck, Face, Infratemporal
Fossa, Pterygopalatine Fossa and Superficial
Scalp
Emily AKAMINE, Natalija MILLER, Brion BENNINGER

branches and altering its directions before exiting. PG consistsof superficial and deep lobes(S-lobe & D-lobe) usually divided
by the facial nerve(FN) and posterior facial vein. Fatty tissue
between lobes facilitates mandibular movement. S-lobe typically lies lateral to FN and D-lobe lies medial to the FN. PG
occupies the retromandibular fossa which can be consideredlying at an approximate midpoint between vertex and theclavicle. Surgeons and radiologists are aware of the arterial
network within PG, however, describing it and/or depicting
it appears inconsistent causing issues for medical students.
This study objective investigates PG arterial layout, function
and landmarks between GAX-specimens and formalin-fixedcadavers(F-fC).
Methods: Literature search was conducted on contemporary texts(CTxts) and atlases(CAtls) for arterial content andfunction. Dissection comparing 6 GAX-specimens=12-sides
with BriteVu-contrast for CT/MRI and 31 F-fC=57sides. PG
appeared to provide protection and a landmark for branching.
Results: No known GAX-specimen versus F-fC PG arterial
studies were identified. Majority of CTxts discussed ECa traveling to and within PG but lacked mentioning superficial temporal, maxillary, transverse facial and other associated arteries. Approximately 50% of CAtls revealed ECa within PG and
50% revealed maxillary and superficial temporal arteries often
deep to PG with majority excluding associated arteries within
PG. GAX-specimen and F-fC revealed superficial temporal,
maxillary, transverse facial arteries and others noted within
PG 54/57 sides.
Conclusion: This study revealed CTxts and CAtls could
modify their descriptions and depictions to represent moreconsistent arterial branching within PG as key landmark forarteries to alter direction and keep tissue viable.
Keywords: GAX specimen, BriteVu, Novel, Surgery, Education

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

Purpose: PURPOSE. Parotid gland(PG) represents animportant structure for training surgeons to learn surface
anatomy, approaches, and detailed dissections. PG is tremendous landmark teaching clinical anatomy to medical students
representing quintessential neurovascular bundle. Its critical relationship within PG as landmark where external carotid artery(ECa) navigates to provide its terminal and other
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A-0952

Keywords: Facial Symmetry, Facial sagittal plane

A Quantitative Analysis to Define theClinical Performance of Three Anatomical
Facial Sagittal Planes

A-0955

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Deserves
Formal Triangle Recognition with Internal
Jugular Vein

Viviana TORO-IBACACHE1,2, Valentina BRUNAUD1, Sebastian ESPINOSA3
1

Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Faculty of Dentistry, Hospital Clinico San Borja Arriaran, Santiago, Chile
3
Faculty of Dentistry, Hospital Dr. Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
2

Miller NATALIJA1, Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Purpose: Quantifying the intrinsic asymmetry in the shapeof the human face can be hard, but it is of clinical importance.
Defining a facial sagittal plane (FSP) is challenging as 1) itshould divide the face in two similar right-left halves; 2) theplane needs to be defined by three landmarks, one of whichmight not be coplanar with the others; and 3) these landmarks
should be located in areas accessible for the clinical work. Currently there is no agreement on the “ideal” FSP. Our aim was
to mathematically evaluate the performance of three FSPs in
dividing the face in two similar halves.
Methods: The sample consisted of computed tomograms(CTs) of 51 individuals (17-55 years); 26 were from patientswith a clinically symmetric face (Symm), and 25 from patientsclinically asymmetric. The use of CTs was granted by the corresponding ethical committee. A CT-based 3D reconstructionof the skull of each individual was made. The landmarks chosen to build each FSP were: nasion, basion, incisive foramen(FSPa); nasion, anterior nasal spine, sella (FSPb); and opistion,
superior end of the crista galli, anterior nasal spine (FSPc). The
distance between bilateral landmarks gonion, zygion, porion,
mastoid process and zygomaxillary and each FSP was used tostatistically compare FSPs in terms of total asymmetry (TA),and asymmetry per landmark (APL), controlling by the effects
of intraobserver error and sex.
Results: The three FSPs perform very similarly in terms of
TA, in both groups (median TAAsymm= 10.83-12.03 mm; TASymm=
8.48-10.58 mm). Only the distance MSP-gonion showed a statistically significant difference between FSPa-FSPc. APL for
all landmarks, FSPs and groups ranged between 0.87 and 4.09mm (median=1.82 mm).
Conclusion: Our results show that the three FSPs compared, built according to current clinical guidelines, perform
mathematically similar, with few differences that may not beof clinical value.

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregan, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregan, United States

2

Purpose: Academically, the neck is divided into classic
anterior and posterior triangles by an iconic landmark, thesternocleidomastoid muscle. Clinically, there are additional
important triangles identified within these paired triangles
which are not typically taught to medical students. However,there is an intermediate triangle (IT) lying within this landmark formed from the distal sternocleidomastoid. Internal
jugular vein (IJV) is identified within IT and canulated forcentral lines more than 5 million times annually. Anatomy
atlasses/texts do not highlight nor discuss IT or (Sedillot’s).
Study objective is to conduct dissections to identify IT and IJV
on novel imaged GAX-specimens, fresh frozen cadavers (FFC)and formalin-fixed cadavers (F-FC).
Methods: Palpation and dissection were conducted on
GAX-specimens (n=6:12 sides), FFC (n=18:36 sides) and F-FC
(n=15:30 sides) with MRI and innovative contrast-CT scanning of GAX-specimens.
Results: Literature search revealed majority of texts/atlases
do not acknowledge/discuss the IT with IJV. All specimen
mediums (78-sides) dissected IT and IJV successfully. GAXspecimens provided lifelike palpation, mobility, imaging, anddissection. FFC sides were palpable, lifelike, less mobile, had
48-hour window. F-FC were poorly palpable, immobile with
dissection resistance. Only GAX-specimens with contrast had
patent full IJV’s which were relatively superficial within IT
available for realistic cannulation.
Conclusion: Based on 3 dissection mediums, this study
consistently demonstrated the IJV within the IT. GAXspecimens can be a realistic lifelike skill teaching medium.
Finally, dissections demonstrated the IT or (Sedillots) should
be formally recognized in texts, atlases for training healthcare
professionals.
Keywords: Novel Anatomy, Innovative Contrast

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A-0974

Is There Any Variation in Morphology ofPelvicalyceal System between the Right andLeft Adult Human Kidneys?
Selvalakshmi RAVICHANDRAN, Jasbir KAUR, Vandana MEHTA

Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India

Purpose: In order to maximise success and reduce complication in Shock Wave Lithotripsy, Lithotomy and retrograde
intrarenal surgery in nephrolithiasis it is important to understand the anatomy and Morphology of the collecting systembefore the procedure. The aim of this study is to observe if
there is any significant difference in Morphology of pelvicalyceal system.
Methods: 100 pairs of formalin fixed human cadaveric kidneys were collected from the department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital. Thendissected in coronal plane to study the pelvicalyceal system.
Results: Intrarenal Yshaped bicalyceal Right (25%), Left
(28.33%). Extrarenal Y shaped bicalyceal Right (25%), Left
(13.33%). Borderline Y shaped bicalyceal Right (5.00%), Left
(11.66%). Intrarenal triangular tricalyceal Right (15%), Left
(3.33%). Extrarenal triangular tricalyceal Right (5.00%), Left
(13.33%). Borderline triangular tricalyceal Right (5.00%), Left
(1.66%). Intrarenal radiate multicalyceal Right (1.66%), Left
(8.33%). Extrarenal radiate multicalyceal Right (3.33%), Left(0%). Borderline radiate multicalyceal Right (3.33%), Left (0%).
Unclassified Right (11.68), Left (20.03).
Conclusion: This study shows a statistically significant
difference in intrarenal triangular tricalyceal type of pelvis
between right (15%) and left (3.33%). This notable difference
might largely influence the outcome of urosurgical procedures.
Keywords: Gross Morphology, Pelvicalyceal System, Classification, Statistical gnificance

A-0022

Neuroprotective Effect of Metallothioneinof Dopaminergic Neurons in RotenoneInduced Parkinson’s Disease Adult Zebrafish
Model

Seong Lin TEOH1, Yong Hui NIES1, Wei Ling LIM2, Norwahidah ABD
KARIM3, Mohamad Fairuz YAHAYA1
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway
University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
3
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

Purpose: Metallothioneins (MT) are small cysteine-richproteins known to serve multiple functions in the brain. MT
was also reported to be dysregulated in the brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. This study aims to elucidate theprotective effects of exogenous full-length human MT2 peptide (hMT2) in a rotenone-induced PD zebrafish model.
Methods: Adult zebrafish were exposed to 5 µg/L rotenone
water for 28 days to induce PD symptoms. Fish were treatedwith 0.2 µg/fish of hMT2 via intracranial injection either one
day before or seven days after initiation of rotenone exposure.
Fish were subjected to novel tank test upon completion ofrotenone treatment and sacrificed after the behavioral test.
Dissected whole brains were used for gene expression, dopaminergic neuronal (anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) immunohistochemistry, brain dopamine and lipid peroxidation analysis.
Results: After 28 days of rotenone exposure, zebrafish
exhibited a significant reduction in locomotor activity andincreased anxiety behavior, as indicated by an increased inswimming time in the lower zone of the tank. Rotenone exposure also significantly reduced the gene expressions of dopamine transporter (dat) and increased the expression of th1
and th2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1a, il1b, tnfα andcox2) in the brain. Rotenone-treated fish were associated with
reduced dopamine levels and a decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Intracranial treatment with hMT2 provided
neuroprotection in the zebrafish by attenuating the rotenoneinduced locomotor dysfunction, anxiety, neuroinflammation,
dopamine depletion, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.

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Conclusion: These results indicated that hMT2 administration could be a potential treatment for PD by inhibiting neuroinflammation and preventing dopaminergic neuronal death.
Funding: This research was funded by the Ministryof Higher Education Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant number FRGS/1/2018/SKK08/
UKM/03/5) and the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia throughthe Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (grant number
FF-2020-063).
Keywords: Metallothionein 2, Neurodegenerative disease,
Neuroprotection, Pesticide, Dopamine
A-0050

NOX1 Triggers Ferroptosis andFerritinophagy, Contributes to
Neurodegeneration
Huiqing WANG, Baohua CHENG, Fuling YAN

Medical University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Purpose: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative
disorder. Ferroptosis-specific genes related to PD remain uncertain. Exploring the effects of NADPH oxidase enzyme-1(NOX1) with the ferroptosis pathway.
Methods: 1) NOX1 was identified by bioinformatics analysis; (2) in vitro and in vivo model of PD to investigate thepotential underlying mechanism of NOX1; (3) Transcriptome
sequencing to find downstream signaling pathways;(4) CO-IP
and ubiquitination analysis for NOX1 upstream factor.
Results: (1) NOX1 was upregulated in both in vitro and invivo models of PD. (2) NOX1 was ubiquitinated by FBXW7;(3) The activation of the RUNX2/STK32A pathway by NOX1
facilitates ferritinophagy.
Conclusion: NOX1 triggers ferroptosis and ferritinophagyin PD models.
Keywords: NOX1, Parkinson's disease, ferroptosis, Ferritinophagy

A-0234Development and Application of the FT-GO
Method, a Multicolor Fluorescent Tyramide
Signal Amplification System

Hiroyuki HIOKI1,9, Kenta YAMAUCHI1,2, Shinichiro OKAMOTO1,3, Yoko
ISHIDA1,3, Kohtarou KONNO4, Takahiro FURUTA5, Megumu TAKAHASHI1,6,
Masato KOIKE2,3, Kaoru ISA7, Masahiko WATANABE4, Tadashi ISA7,8
1

Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
2
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of
Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
3
Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
4
Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
5
Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of
Dentistry, Suita, Japan
6
Center for Genomic and Regeneration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine,Tokyo, Japan
7
Department of Neuroscience, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
8
Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University,
Kyoto, Japan
9
Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate Schoolof Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Purpose: Fluorescent immunohistochemistry is an indispensable technique to elucidate molecular localization andfunction. However, detection of low-abundance targets is difficult, impeding the acquisition of high-resolution images. In
this study, we developed a highly stable and simple multicolor
fluorescent signal amplification method, Fluorochromized
Tyramide-Glucose Oxidase (FT-GO).
Methods: In the previous study, we reported a straightforward and cost-effective tyramide signal amplification (TSA)
system, BT-GO (Biotinyl Tyramine-Glucose Oxidase), forbright-filed imaging. Unlike conventional TSA methods, BTGO uses glucose oxidase to produce H2O2. H2O2 is inherently
unstable and easily breaks down into oxygen and water when
exposed to light, heat, or metal ions. However, in the BTGO reaction, the enzymatic interaction between glucose andglucose oxidase ensures a stable supply of the compound andstable deposition of BT onto the tissue. In the present study,
glucose oxidase was also used to generate H2O2 to deposit FT
onto the tissue. We then validated the availability of FT-GO in
fluorescent immunohistochemistry.
Results: We first demonstrated that FT-GO improved immunof luorescence signals while minimizing backgroundnoise, successfully enhancing the signals from 10- to 180fold compared to the conventional methods in staining for aneuronal marker, NeuN. In comparison to indirect immunofluorescence detection methods, FT-GO revealed a broader

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distribution of monoaminergic projection systems including
catecholaminergic and serotonergic fibers in mouse and marmoset brains. To enable multiplex labeling with FT-GO, we deactivated antibody-conjugated peroxidase using sodium azide.
We utilized FT-GO for multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization histochemistry and successfully labeled neocortical interneuron subtypes by combining it with immunofluorescence.
Finally, we showed that FT-GO dramatically increased thedetectability of an adeno-associated virus tracer.
Conclusion: FT-GO showed robust labeling with a remarkably high signal-to-noise ratio, suggesting its potential as aversatile platform for histochemical analysis.
Funding: JSPS KAKENHI (JP23K06310, JP22K20694,
JP21H03529, JP22KJ1876, JP23K06323, JP21H02589,
JP20H05628, and JP21H02592), AMED (JP19dm0207093,
JP18dm0207020, and JP21dm0207112), and JST (JPMJMS2024
and JPMJFR204).

mg/kg) for continuous 21 days. Both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia were weekly recorded in eachgroup. Mice were dissected and their DRG isolated. Immunohistochemistry was done to observe the expression of CGRP.
Analysis of the data was done using MS Excel, Graph Pad
Prism software version 5.0, SPSS version 22.0 and ImageJ analyzer.
Results: Neuropathic pain was validated in all the groups
by significantly developed (p < 0.001) hyperalgesia and allodynia. Metformin administration was unable to reverse thebehavior parameters (hyperalgesia and allodynia) in all thefour groups (p > 0.05). On the other hand the IHC parametersof CGRP expression showed its strongly significant (p < 0.0001)
relation in reducing CGRP expression in DRG slides of GroupC1 and Group C2.
Conclusion: Earlier administration of Metformin, acAMPK activator significantly reduces the up regulated CGRP
expression in DRG sections of diabetic neuropathic model.

Keywords: Fluorochromized tyramide, Glucose oxidase,
Immunohistochemistry, In situ hybridization histochemistry,
Adeno-associated virus

Keywords: Neuropathic pain, CGRP, Metformin, DRG,
Animal modelA-0272

A-0317

Role of Calcitonin Gene Related Polypeptide(CGRP) in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Model

Stembark Ethanol Extract of Bombax
Costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet Ameliorates
Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Kindling in Rats
by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity andRegulating GABA Level

Zilli HUMA1, Sara JADOON1, Khalid RAUF2
1

Anatomy, IBMS, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Pharmacy, Comsats, Abbottabad, Pakistan

2

Purpose: The purpose of this stud was to find out the expression of CGRP in the DRG in diabetic neuropathy modeland changes in CGRP expression with Metformin.
Methods: Thirty-two Balb/c male and female mice, 8 to
10 weeks age and weighing 25 to 35gms were given Alloxan(200mg/kg) to establish an animal diabetic model. Diabetic
mice were divided into three groups. Group A were observed
till three weeks for neuropathy to develop and then given intraperitoneal normal saline for 7 days. Group B were similarly
observed for neuropathy till 3 weeks and then given single
intraperitoneal injection of Metformin (200 mg/kg) for 7 days.
Group C were further subdivided into C1 and C2. Group C1
was given single intraperitoneal injection of Metformin (200mg/kg) for initial 7 days after diabetic establishment, while
Group C2 was given daily single injection of Metformin (200Samaila Musa CHIROMA1, Hasiya SULE BUBA1, Sani Hyedima GARBA1,
Joseph Vandi ZIRAHEI1, Nathan Isaac DIBAL2
1

Non-clinical, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Human Anatomy, University of Maiduguri, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Maiduguri,
Nigeria2

Purpose: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder resulting fromexcessive electrical discharges in the brain. This study evaluated the possible anti-epileptic potential of stem bark ethanolic
extract of Bombax costatum (BC) on PTZ-induced kindlingmodel in rat.
Methods: Thirty-five Wistar rats were grouped into five(n=7) and received normal saline, 35 mg/kg of PTZ, 5 mg/kg
diazepam followed by 35 mg/kg PTZ after 30 minutes and BC
stem back ethanolic extract at 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg followed by 35 mg/kg of PTZ intraperitoneally after 30 minutes.

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BC was administered orally daily while normal saline and
PTZ were given intraperitoneally every other day for 26 days.
Seizure activity was evaluated using the Racine scale, modified
elevated plus maze and force swim test were conducted thereafter.
Results: Pretreatment with BC significantly reduced (p<.05) the seizure score and increased GABA level in BC treatedrats when compared to PTZ alone induced rats. The Firsttransfer latency of PTZ alone treated rats was significantly increased (p< .05) relative to the control rats and rats pretreatedwith diazepam and BC extract. Pretreatment with BC extract
at 250 mg/kg was shown to significantly increase (p< .05) the
activities of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase compared to the PTZ alone treated rats.
Conclusion: Conclusively, BC was found to prevent seizure,
avert neurodegeneration, and enhance cognition in PTZkindled rats by regulating GABA levels and enhancing antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Bombax costatum, Glutamate, Pentylenetetrazol, Kindling, Oxidative stress
A-0333

Interplay between Acetylcholinestrase
Expression, Gliogenesis and Neurogenesis
during Ontogeny of a Postnatal Developing
Visual Relay Centres in Wistar Rats Pups
Adejoke MEMUDU1, Bernard ENIABE2, Amadi IHUNWO3
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Edo State University Uzairue,
Iyamho, Nigeria
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin
Kwara State Nigeria, Ilorin, Nigeria
3
Anatomical Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: The spatial patterns of neurons and glial cells invisual relay centres (VRC) ontogeny is crucial to explain thecellular mechanism in VRC postnatal neurogenesis. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a critical role in developmental
processes in the brain. The pattern of distribution of cholinestrases activity has been used as a tool to study ontogeny ofneural development in the nervous system This study is carried out to establish the relationship between pattern of distribution and localization of AChE, glia cells development andneuronal cell maturity during postnatal ontogeny of the VRC

in Wistar rat pups.
Methods: Forty-five (45) first filial generation rats pups(n=5) used were studied in postnatal ages (P); 1, 5, 10, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, and 45. They had access to suckling, weaning ad
libitum after weaning they were given rat pelleted feed and water ad libitum. The brain tissues were excised, processed andstained to demonstrate AChE activity and glial cells immunohistochemistry to demonstrate expression of developing astrocytes.
Results: AChE expression was significant in the developing
VRC neurons perikaya in P1, P5 and P10 and not within theneuropil, glial expression was not detected in P1, P5 and P10;
this correlates with period of early VRC neuronal cell differentiation demonstrated in Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. The
VRC of P15, P20; P25; P30, P35, P40 and P45 demonstrated
AChE patterning fairly distributed in the neuronal cell bodyand the neuropil this correlates with marked expression of
glial cellular processes in P15 to P45 which corresponds withperiod of critical neuron structural and functional development for visual activity.
Conclusion: There is an age related and neuronal activity
pattern of AChE expression in the VRC, this controls its ontogeny and correlates with glial cell processes expression andneuronal cell maturity in a postnatal developing VRC.
Keywords: Ontogeny, Acetylcholinestrase, Postnatal neurogenesisis t, Visual relay centres, Glia Cells
A-0370Targeted Delivery Tannic Acid
Nanoparticles-Embedded siRNA with
Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Activities for
Treating Retinal Ischemic Injury
Huang JUFANG, Luo AIXIANG

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central
South University, Changsha, China

Purpose: Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease characterized by progressive damage to the retinal ganglial cells (RGCs)
and consequent visual impairment. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling has been documented to mediate the microglia activationand gliosis reaction during neurodegeneration. We developed
a CX3CL1- functionalized apoptotic body nanovesicles-coatedtannic acid (TA) nanoparticles (NPs) loading with a therapeu-

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tic agent for glaucoma.
Methods: Apoptotic bodies (ABs) were obtained by chemically inducing apoptosis of adipose-derived stem cells, thefunctionalized ABs containing TA nanoparticles (TA-ABs)
were obtained through a series of steps. Then, we established
an in vivo mouse model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion andan in vitro model of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in microglia. The experimental animals
were subjected to functional, morphological, and behavioral
analysis.
Results: In vitro experiments showed that TA-ABs had
good biocompatibility, escape from the immune system andenhance accumulation in the inflamed area via the CX3CL1/
CX3CR1 signaling axis, thereby achieving an affinity to activated macrophages and microglia. In vivo experiments showedthat intravitreal injection of TA-ABs preserved the retinal
structure and enhanced the retinal ganglion cells survival
through inhibiting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expressions. In particular, these morphological benefits could be translated into
remarkable functional improvements, as evidenced by the behavioral test and electroretinogram (mf-ERG) examination. It
is further demonstrated that the TA-ABs can significantly suppress retinal inflammation and relieve pathological conditions
with favorable safety properties in the induction of retinal I/R
injury in mice.
Conclusion: The neuroinflammation is implicated in thepathogenesis of retinal I/R injury. Targeting the CX3CL1/
CX3CR1 signaling may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy. These results can provide new therapeutic directions fordiseases caused by retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Funding: the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (No. 81871089, 82171466) the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (No. 2022SK2079).
Keywords: Glaucoma, Neuroinflammation, Apoptotic bodies, Tannic acid nanoparticle, Drug delivery

A-0400

Unravel the Role of Sphingosine
1-Phosphate Metabolism in Glial Cell
Function after Central Demyelination

Junhua XIAO1, Youtian HU2,1, Tonghui ZHANG2,1, Willemijn M.
PASSTOORS2,1, Nelson GEORGE1, Prathyusha TEDDU1, XiaoYa LI3, Jacqueline
ORIAN3, Fang WU2,1
1

School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
3
La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
2

Purpose: The brain is one of the most lipid-rich organs in
the body, however, how lipid signaling molecules regulate glial
cell function remains opaque. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P)
is a signaling lipid essential for normal brain function during
development. Whilst disrupted S1P signaling and altered expression levels have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple sclerosis, the role that S1P metabolism
plays in the injured central nervous system (CNS), in particular glial cell function, remains largely unclear. Here we present
our recent new work concerning the role that S1P degradation
plays in neuroinflammation and glial cell interaction in the
injured CNS through selectively targeting Sphingosine 1-Phosphate lyase (SPL), the terminal enzyme that controls the final
metabolic exit of S1P.
Methods: We adopted a high throughput drug screen approach using the US FDA-approved drug compound libraries
together with a series of in vitro and in vivo assays including
biochemistry, molecular binding, siRNA knockdown, neurobiology and histopathology together with an animal of inflammatory demyelination.
Results: We have identified new and selective inhibitors of
SPL that display direct binding of recombinant SPL protein,effectively elevating S1P expression in vitro and in vivo. Thisis further supported by our cell model systems and siRNAknockdown through which the SPL inhibitors selectively
reduce SPL activity and elevate S1P expression, an effect dependent on SPL expression. Our preliminary data suggest that
selective inhibition of SPL activity in the injured CNS, by application of S1P restoration, reduced the extent of inflammatory myelin damage and oligodendrocyte loss, presumably via
regulating microglia activity.
Conclusion: Our current data suggest that S1P plays animportant role in regulating inflammatory demyelination andthat controlling the metabolic pathway of S1P could be a strat-

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egy that can be therapeutically modified for the treatment ofneurodegenerative diseases.
Funding: The Judith Jane Mason and Harold Stannett Williams Memorial Foundation National Medical Program.
Keywords: Sphingosine 1-Phosphate, Glia cell, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate lyase
A-0453

Absence of Hypothalamic Cholinergic
Neurons in the Common Ostrich and Emu:
Implications for Global Brain States during
Sleep

as those of arousal and rapid-eye movement sleep. The hiatus
in the cholinergic system of the ostrich, due to the lack of hypothalamic cholinergic neurons, may explain, in part, the unusual expression of sleep states in this species. These comparative anatomical and sleep studies provide supportive evidence
for global cholinergic actions and may provide an importantframework for our understanding of one broad function of thecholinergic system, and possible dysfunctions associated with
global cholinergic neural activity.
Funding: Ajman University Research Grant: 2022-IRGMED-3.
Keywords: Cholinergic, Choline acetyltransferase, Aves,
Immunohistochemistry, RRID AB_2079751

Pedzisai MAZENGENYA1, Paul MANGER2
1

Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Ajman University, Ajman, United ArabEmirates2
School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

A-0462

Purpose: To examine the presence/absence and nuclear
parcellation of cholinergic neurons in the hypothalami of fivebirds: a Congo grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), a Timneh
grey parrot (P. timneh), a pied crow (Corvus albus), a common
ostrich (Struthio camelus), and an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae).
Methods: The study utilised the brains of 10 birds (2 ofeach avian species: Congo grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), a
Timneh grey parrot (P. timneh), a pied crow (Corvus albus), a
common ostrich (Struthio camelus), and an emu (Dromaius
novaehollandiae)). The brains we processed for free floating
immunohistochemistry and stained for the ry to an antibody
raised against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChaT).
Results: Hypothalamic cholinergic neurons were observedin six distinct clusters in the medial, lateral, and ventral hypothalamus in the parrots and crow, similar to prior observations
made in the pigeon. The expression of cholinergic nuclei wasmost prominent in the Congo grey parrot, both in the medial
and lateral hypothalamus. In contrast, no evidence of cholinergic neurons in the hypothalami of either the ostrich or emu
was found. It is known that expression of sleep states in the
ostrich is unusual and resembles that observed in the monotremes that also lack hypothalamic cholinergic neurons.
Conclusion: It has been proposed that the cholinergic system acts globally to produce and maintain brain states, such

Development and Asymmetry of Fetal
Neocortical Laminar Structure in Early andMiddle Pregnancy
Shuwei LIU, Xiaotian ZHAO

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Shandong University School of Basical
Medical Sciences, Jinan, China

Purpose: To explore the regional specific development pattern and asymmetry of fetal neocortical laminar structurefrom early to middle pregnancy, in order to enrich the earlybrain research of human life and provide reference for the development of normal fetal neocortex and disease diagnosis.
Methods: 24 fetal specimens aged between 10 and 18 gestational weeks were collected, and fetal brain T2- weighted
images were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. The 3D
Slicer software was used to manually segment the neocortexof the fetal brain, which was divided into two parts: marginalzone and cortical plate layer (MZ-CP layer), subcortical plateand intermediate zone layer (SP-IZ layer). The volume and surface area were measured, and the changes in the neocorticallaminar structure with age and side differences were analyzed.
The deformation vector values of each sampling point of the
fetal neocortical MZ- CP and SP-IZ were calculated using
shape analysis, and the regional specificity and side differencesof the morphology of the laminar structure during development were calculated by multiple regression analysis.
Results: From 10 to 18 gestational weeks, the absolute surface area, relative surface area, and absolute volume of bilat-

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eral MZ-CP and SP-IZ showed linear growth with increasinggestational age, while the relative volume of MZ-CP showedlinear reduction. Regional specificity of fetal neocortical development was found in the shape analysis, and the expansion
rate of some areas in the parietal and temporal lobes was fasterthan in other brain lobes with increasing age. Meanwhile,similar to the postnatal brain torque phenomenon, fetal MZCP was deformed to the right near the frontal pole, and SP-IZ
was deformed to the right near the frontal pole and to the left
near the occipital pole.
Conclusion: This study provides earlier and more detailed
information on the developmental changes and asymmetry of
the cortical plate structure in fetuses aged 10 to 18 gestational
weeks.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 31571237, 31771328).
Keywords: Frontal lobe, Development, Brain asymmetry,
Fetal brain
A-0479Widening the Papez Circuit: The Cingular
Loop to the Nucleus Incertus in the Pontine
TegmentumFrancisco OLUCHA BORDONAU1, Monica NAVARRO SANCHEZ1, Isis GILMIRAVET1, Daniel MONTEREO CABALLERO1, Esther CASTILLO GOMEZ1,
Andrew L GUNDLACH2
1

UP Medicina, Fac. CC. Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
Neuropeptides, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia

retrograde tracer injections in the rat into the three structuresand some other related areas to study the projections between
the prefrontal cortex, the retrosplenial cortex and the nucleus
incertus.
Results: Retrograde tracer injection in the retrosplenial cortex resulted in labeling mainly in the ipsilateral nucleus incertus and also in several associative and prefrontal areas, especially the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortex as well as anterior
and lateroposterior thalamic nuclei. Interestingly subcorticalafferents could be also traced from the medial septum, several
hypothalamic and supramammillary nuclei. Retrograde tracer
injections in the nucleus incertus resulted in labelling in the
retrosplenial cortex but this projection was less important thanthose arising from the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices.
Anterograde tracers in these regions confirm the occurrenceof these projections.
Conclusion: All these data point at a new view of the cortical and subcortical processing considering a long loop involving the prelimbic and the retrosplenic cingulate system together with the medial septum, supramammillary nucleus andthe nucleus incertus. As a whole, this loop may modulate bothcognitive and emotional processes.
Funding: PsyCoMed project Horizon-MSCA-SE-01101086247.
Keywords: Limbic system, Brainstem, Connections, Cingulum, Medial septum2

Purpose: The Papez circuit was “a proposed circuit foremotion” and centered in a loop between the cingulum, thehippocampus, the mammillary bodies, the anterior thalamus
and again the cingulum. This scheme was challenged by thelack of emotional alterations in the HM case and the focus
on the amygdala as the core for emotion. Nonertheless, theprefrontal cortex was still considered as a key element in emotion and no attention was paid to the retrosplenial cortex. We
noticed that the whole system received projections from thenucleus incertus in the pontine. Thus, we hypothesized that
there is a long loop connecting the cingular cortex with thenucleus incertus, which also contain elements that modulate
both cognitive and emotional processes.
Methods: We have arranged a series of anterograde andA-0677

Rho Kinase Isoforms in Mouse Brain:
Distribution and Modulation by Stroke
Rania YOUSIF, Dr Ross O'SHEA, Dr Michael DE SILVA

Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe
University, Melbourne, Australia

Purpose: The Rho associated coiled coil protein kinase(ROCK) pathway is involved in the regulation of cytoskeletalorganisation of cells and other activities such as cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis. Low levels of ROCK activity areassociated with positive impacts on the brain, ROCK can also
mediate numerous processes in stroke pathophysiology andrecovery. There are two ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2,
but cellular localisation of both isoforms in the brain has notbeen previously characterised. The focus of this project was

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to investigate the cellular expression pattern of ROCK1 andROCK2 in astrocytes in sections of mouse brain, and whether
the expression levels of the ROCK isoforms changed after
stroke.
Methods: A photothrombotic stroke model was used, using
male (7-14 weeks old) and female (20-22 months old) C57B16
mice, where the left primary motor cortex was targeted. A
standard immunofluorescence protocol was used to label astrocytes, and the two ROCK isoforms. To investigate cellular
expression pattern, photo microscopy and image analysis were
performed using GFAP to label astrocytes and specific antibodies to label ROCK1 and ROCK2.
Results: Under control conditions, ROCK2 appeared to beextensively co-localised with GFAP, whereas ROCK1 showed
little co-localisation with GFAP. The expression of both
ROCK1 and ROCK2 were also investigated after stroke, where
the extent of co-localisation between ROCK1 and GFAP did
not change in infarcted regions of the brain, but the extent of
co-localisation between ROCK2 and GFAP significantly decreased in infarcted regions.
Conclusion: Astrocytes change significantly following
neuronal injuries, including stroke, in order to limit neuronaldamage and enhance repair. As decreased ROCK2 activity is
associated with neuronal repair and improvements in brain
function following injury, decreased co-localisation between
ROCK2 and GFAP in infarcted brain areas may highlight anovel change in astrocyte function in response to injury.

Methods: To clarify them, we studied the sensorimotor
cortex of SMNdelta7 mice, a severe SMA model, at early (postnatal day 4-5; P4/5) and/or late (P11-12) symptomatic stage. We
performed immunofluorescence and molecular analyses to investigate number, distribution and organization of the corticalprojection neurons and GABAergic interneurons (INs).
Results: At P11, we observed a reduction of about 40% of
both corticospinal (Ctip2-positive) and callosal (Satb2-positive)
cells in SMA cortex, together with a 38% reduction of vGlut1
signal. At P5, the reduction of cortical projection neurons was
only 14% in SMA mice compared to WT. Although the results
suggest that these changes occur concurrently with lower MN
death, the evaluation of cell birth dating and distribution by
thymidine analogues and other markers are helping us inrevealing possible alterations in SMA cortex already at developmental stages. Considering the inhibitory INs, in the latedisease stage we observed a significant reduction of GABA+
cells, and of GAD65 and GAD67 (GABA synthesis enzymes)
expression. Moreover, parvalbumin INs were significantly reduced in number and morphologically altered. Furthermore,a significant reduction of GABAergic synapses in layers II/III
and V were found.
Conclusion: The observed alterations could be directly related to the SMN lack. Better understanding the involvementof the cerebral cortex in SMA pathogenesis will aid in thecomprehension of the mechanisms behind the disease progression, as well as in developing effective treatment approaches,beyond the spinal MNs, to improve clinical results.

Keywords: Rho Kinase, GFAP, Stroke, Astrocytes
Keywords: Motor neuron disease, Cerebral cortex

A-0924Morphological Alterations of Cortical
Projection Neurons and Interneurons in a
Murine Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Marina BOIDO, Roberta SCHELLINO, Giovanna MENDUTI, Anna
CARETTO, Alessandro VERCELLI

Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Dept. Neuroscience, Univ. Turin, Turin, Italy

Purpose: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disease, characterized by motor neuron (MN) loss
and skeletal muscle atrophy, due to the mutation of the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and the consequent lack offunctional SMN protein. However, recent preclinical and clinical studies also revealed some cerebral alterations.
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A-0060

Flavonoids of Polygonum Minus, aMalaysian Herbal Plant as a Promising
Hepatoprotective Agent against CisplatinInduced Liver Injury: A Histology and MAPK/JNK/ERK and p21 Signalling Transduction
Pathways Study

Nurul Raudzah Adib RIDZUAN1, Farida HUSSAN2, Syarul Nataqain
BAHARUM3
1

Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
Human Biology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

2
3

Purpose: Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a key focus ofresearch in drug development. The proposed mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drug for various
tumours. However, it results in hepatotoxicity which limits its
usage. Natural products, specifically flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been extensively
researched against CP-induced hepatotoxicity. They employ
significant hepatoprotective effects by inhibiting the proposedmechanisms and targeting the signal transduction pathways.
Polygonum minus (P. minus) which is locally known as ‘kesum’possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties wasused in this study. It was aimed to ameliorate the hepatoprotective effect of P. minus-flavonoid rich fractions (P. minusFRF) in vivo via histology and MAPK/JNK/ERK/ p21 signalling transduction pathways study.
Methods: The P. minus leaves were naturally dried, extracted and fractionated to obtain flavonoids prior to in vivo study.
Forty healthy male rats were divided into 5 groups: Groups A
and B were administered with distilled water, Group C wasgiven quercetin, and Groups D and E were administered with
P. minus-FRF 100mg/kg and 300mg/kg for 14 days. At day
15, Group A was injected with normal saline whereas othergroups were administrated with CP 10mg/kg and all rats weresacrificed on day 18. Liver samples were harvested for histology and signalling pathways measurements via ELISA kits.
Results: Rats treated with CP showed central vein congestion, sinusoidal dilatations, hepatocytes degeneration and necrosis while Pm-FRF groups preserved the liver architectures.

Supplementation of Pm-FRF also ameliorated the MAPK/JNK/ERK and p21 protein signalling pathways in the liver.
Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that using flavonoid
alone as supplement or as an adjuvant with CP is promising,hence lowering the risk of DILI.
Keywords: Polygonum minus, Flavonoids, Cisplatin, Druginduced liver injury, MAPK/JNK/ERK/p21 signalling pathways
A-0061

The Development of a Core Syllabus for
Teaching Histology to Medical Students:
The Cardiovascular, Lymphoid, Respiratory,
Digestive Systems, and Integumentary
Systems
Dongmei CUI1, Bernard MOXHAM2
1

Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson,
United States
Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: Worldwide, medical curricula are changing toincorporate integrated anatomical teaching with clinically
relevant content. Our goal was to provide educators who teachhistology to medical students with guidance concerning a coresyllabus that conforms to international standards.
Methods: To establish what topics were appropriate, aDelphi Panel was established under the auspices of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).
The Delphi Panel consisted of 13 academics from different
countries, including basic science teachers and clinical educators. A total of 177 histological topics for the cardiovascular,
lymphoid, respiratory, digestive and integument systems were
each rated by the panelists as being either “Essential,” “Important,” “Acceptable,” or “Not required” and involved two roundsof assessment. Ethical approval was not required as the project
does not involve research on human subjects and is an audit ofeducational material.
Results: Each topic was analyzed in accordance with general rules established by the IFAA such that topics rated byover 60% of the panelists as being “Essential” were deemed
as being CORE. Topics rated by between 30% and 59% of thepanelists as being “Essential” were categorized as being RECOMMENDED. Topics rated “Acceptable” or “Not Required”

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or rated as “Essential” by less than 30% of the panelists wereclassified as not being core or recommended.
Conclusion: This is only stage 1 of the development of thecore syllabus and further review will require stakeholders (including IFAA member associations) commenting on the Delphi Panel’s findings.
Keywords: Core Syllabus, Teaching Histology, Medical Students, Cardiovascular, Lymphoid, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Integument
A-0076

Noradrenaline Profiling and MCC-950
Intervention Unveil Diabetic Cardiac
Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus Rat Model
Razif ABAS, Shamala Devi SUBRAMANIAM

signalling the onset of DCAN. Histologically, untreated rats
displayed nerve cell shrinkage in stellate ganglia, notably
ameliorated with MCC-950 administration. Evaluation of
the thoracic aorta revealed improvements, including reduced
intimal destruction, subintima cleft, and cytoplasmic clearingof smooth muscles in tunica media and submedia separation.
Masson trichrome staining of the left ventricle depicted enhanced features like decreased collagen deposition, interstitial
fibrosis, and normalized myocardial architecture, particularly
following MCC-950 treatment.
Conclusion: This study deepens the understanding of
DCAN's pathophysiology in T1DM, highlighting MCC-950's
potential in mitigating adverse effects. Further investigation
into therapeutic interventions for DCAN in diabetic patients iswarranted.
Funding: Geran Putra IPM, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Keywords: T1DM, DCAN, Noradrenaline, Stellate ganglia,
MCC-950

Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

Purpose: Global concerns surround the rising prevalenceof Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), emphasizing the need fora nuanced understanding of associated cardiovascular risks.
Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN), characterized by cardiovascular irregularities in diabetics, remains inadequately explored, especially in T1DM. This study seeks toestablish a link between T1DM and DCAN, investigating thestellate ganglia in a rat model with a focus on noradrenaline asa potential marker. Additionally, the viability of MCC-950, ananti-inflammasome, as a treatment is assessed.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned toControl and T1DM groups. T1DM rats received Streptozotocin injections and remained untreated until DCAN manifestation. Weekly evaluations of blood glucose and body weight
were conducted. Non-invasive techniques and ELISA kits
monitored vital signs and noradrenaline levels, evaluating cardiovascular parameters. After confirming DCAN, the T1DM
group was divided into insulin-treated, MCC-950-treated, anduntreated segments for two weeks. Histological analyses ofstellate ganglia, aorta, and left ventricle were performed.
Results: The diabetic group exhibited significant changes
in blood glucose, body weight, blood pressure, and heart rate,mirroring common clinical symptoms of diabetes. Week 14
witnessed a substantial surge in serum noradrenaline levels,

A-0082

Purpose and Benefits of Academic Fetal
Autopsies in Medical Research
Pooja BHADORIA, Brijendra SINGH

Anatomy, AIIMS Rishikesh, UTTARAKHAND, India

Purpose: Fetal autopsies are crucial since many related
anomalies are missed through modern methods of examinations, even if these have revolutionised process of determining
cause of fetal mortality. The major objectives of fetal or perinatal autopsy is to decipher cause of death and aid in counsellingparents for future pregnancie.
Methods: Ethical clearance should be obtained from institutional ethical committee prior to conduction of an autopsy.
On the other hand, medico legal autopsies are carried out by
requisition from a police officer, under s 174 of Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). Fetuses can be obtained through elective
abortions conducted as per MTP act Govt of India (1971) andalso through still births. A requisition form from a gynaecologist or a neonatologist is a prerequisite in case of an academic
postmortem. All autopsies should follow stringent rules of
ICMR which are based on Helsinki declaration. The fetuseswith congenital anomalies can be preserved and displayed in
the anatomy or pathology museum for teaching medical stu-

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dents. After all measurements and thorough external/ internal
examination, normal fetuses can be utilized to perform developmental studies, histogenesis of various organs and observe
the expression of various molecular markers. Karyotyping andwhole body radiography can be carried out wherever necessary.Fetal autopsy report with photographs to document external and internal abnormalities is handed over to parents withproper relevant counselling.
Results: In over 100 fetal autopsies performed in Institute,
CNS Malformations (Anencephaly, Spina Bifida), Renal Malformations (Bilateral renal agenesis, Urorectal septal defects),
CVS Malformations (Ventricular septal defects, Co-arctationof aorta, Diaphragmatic Hernia), Gastroschisis and Omphalocoele were observed. Isolated Malformations were identified
in 76%, Multiple Malformations in 2%, Hydrops Fetalis in 2%,
Skeletal dysplasia in 2%, No fetal pathology in 14%, and 4%
were Macerated.
Conclusion: Studies have documented that fetal autopsy is
an important procedure to substantiate and add to clinical information.
Keywords: Fetus, Research, Malformations, Development,
Autopsy
A-0085

Serelaxin Released from Self-Assembling
Peptide Nanofibers Inhibits Cardiac
Fibrosis and Promotes Repair of Infarcted
Myocardium

and structural features of SPNFs were viewed using a atomic
force microscopy (AFM). Serelaxin released from the SPNF
was detected by ELISA. Myocardial infarction (MI) models of
the female rats were established by ligation of the left anterior
descending coronary artery. Using injectable SPNFs, whichbound and sustained delivery of serelaxin to the myocardium
at the injected sites for 28 days was achieved, fibrosis as well as
angiogenesis, and myocardial regeneration were examined.
Results: We found that the designer RADA-RPR boundserelaxin and that serelaxin released from the functionalized
SPNF could significantly reduce myocardial fibrosis and theleft ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was markedly improved as well as promoted proliferation of cardiomyocytes.
Furthermore, angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration wereenhanced in the MI models at 4 weeks after delivery of SPNFserelaxin along with attenuation of adverse myocardial remodeling and significantly improved cardiac function.This cardiac
functional repair coincided very well with substantially lower
fibrotic tissue formation, expanded microvasculature, andmyocardial regeneration in the infarct area.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the SPNFs candeliver serelaxin to areas of MI and thus inhibit cardiac fibrosis and improve cardiac function by promoting the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and revascularization. The sustained
release of serelaxin with SPNF is a promise strategy to enhance
repair of the infarcted myocardium.
Keywords: Self-assemble peptide nanofibers, Serelaxin,
Cardiac fibrosis, Myocardial infarction, Endogenous myocardial regeneration

Xueping WU1,2, Zhihong LI1,2
1

Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences,
Shanghai, China
2
Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health
Sciences, Shanghai, China

Purpose: Serelaxin plays a vital role in anti-fibrotic andpromotes cardiomyocyte survival and proliferation. However,their delivery for sustained release in MI-affected areas has
proved to be challenging.We present a study on the sustaineddelivery of serelaxin to areas of MI in a self assembling peptide
nanofibers (SPNFs) and thus improve cardiac function by promoting endogenous cardiac repair.
Methods: The functionalized SPNF was constituted with
self-assembling motif, serelaxin-binding site. Self-assembly

A-0344Generation and Transcriptional
Characterization of Human Embryo andFetal Tissue-Derived Inner Ear Organoids
Kistina MOHAMED1,2, Marcelo RIVOLTA2
1

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti
Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: Molecular studies on inner ear development in
humans are hampered by the limited access to fetal material.
Through the use of organoids as an in vitro model, the understanding of inner ear morphogenesis can be refined by strate-

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gically replicating in vivo events within a controlled environment. By using species specific tissue, the aim is to elucidate
the efficiency of the organoid generation protocol in mimicking the dynamic signaling processes that orchestrate human
inner ear morphogenesis.
Methods: The methodology involves the isolation of human inner ear tissue from embryonic and fetal samples. Dissociated cells were firstly cultured to form inner ear organoids.
By modulating key signalling pathways and the inclusion ofvarious small molecules, the organoids were expanded whilst
maintaining an otic progenitor identity. Subsequently, a directed differentiation was performed, aiming towards an inner
ear hair cell fate. Organoids from both expansion and differentiation phases were then characterized by immunostaining
and RNA sequencing.
Results: Results indicated that the organoids progressively
increased in size during expansion, whilst expressing otic
epithelial progenitor markers EPCAM, SOX2 and PAX2. Differentiation-phase organoids showed no further change in size
but expressed markers of hair cell identity such as POU4F3
and MYO6. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct clusters
for each organoid subtype, with upregulation of differentiallyexpressed genes. Comparison with ex vivo otic progenitors
demonstrated a transcriptional profile which is comparable
to otic tissue at a more primitive state, thereby suggesting potential reprogramming events occurring during the in vitro
culture.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study proves to be a valuable
tool for enhancing our understanding of inner ear organoid
generation protocol. It has also shed light on the reliability andreproducibility of the model when applying it to a more renewable cell source for potential therapeutic use and disease modelling.
Funding: Human fetal samples were collected from medically terminated pregnancies. This was performed following
the full approval of the Health Research Authority and Research Ethics Committee (HRA/REC) (IRAS application ID
193822, Sheffield number STH1908) and in adherence to the
Polkinghorne guidelines/Human Tissue Act (HTA). Informed
consent was obtained from patients after the decision to terminate the pregnancy.
Keywords: Inner ear, Human inner ear, Hair cell, Inner ear
organoids, Transcriptome

A-0356

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Encapsulated
Hydrogel for Intervertebral Disc
Regeneration

Raed OGAILI1, Ahmad Hafiz KAMARRUDIN2, Aminatul Saadiah ABDULJAMIL3, Muhammad Fakhrullah MOHAMAD AZMI3, Nur Aqilah
KAMARUDDIN1, Elvy Suhana MOHD RAMLI1, Sabarul Afian MOKHTAR2,
Isma Liza MOHD ISA1,4
1

Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
3
Department of Health Industry Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
4
SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices (CURAM), School of Medicine, University of
Galway, Galway, Ireland
2

Purpose: Intervertebral disc degeneration is the underlying
cause of low back pain (LBP), which results from an imbalancein extracellular matrix homeostasis, increased inflammation,
nerve ingrowth, and sensory sensitisation, contributing to theonset of LBP. Our study aims to determine the efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA)/collagen (COLII) hydrogel in promoting discregeneration.
Methods: We fabricated hydrogel using type II collagen(COLII) and hyaluronic acid (HA). We encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a 3D hydrogel system before preconditioning in chondrogenic media for 14 days in culture.
Post-implantation of hydrogel in a surgically induced discinjury model of pain in the rat tail, we evaluated the the dischydration and height by MRI and plain radiograph, respectively. Post-mortem, we assessed for histology by H&E and
Alcian blue staining and deposition of matrix content via theintegrin-β1/MAPK pathway.
Results: There was an increase in T2 MRI in the MSCencapsulated hydrogel-treated injury group, suggesting treatment increases disc hydration. We observed hydrogel with
MSCs restored the disc height indicated by a higher disc heightindex. H&E revealed improvement in the NP cellularity andAF lamellae in the treatment group compared to the injury
group, where AF was disorganised, and irregular distributionof NP cellularity was evident. Alcian blue staining demonstrated a strong presence in the NP, suggesting a predominant
proteoglycan content for matrix repair.
Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that this hydrogel
could be a potential treatment for LBP associated with degenerative discs.

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Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry ofHigher Education, Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (grant number FRGS/1/2022/SKK10/
UKM/02/12).
Keywords: Hydrogel, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Intervertebral Disc, Tissue Regeneration
A-0357

Polyphenol Content, In Vitro Free Radical
Scavenging Activity and Cytotoxic Effects on
Colon Cancer Cells of a Cereal Grain Waste
Product: Type III Tannin Sorghum Bran

Sunday NTULI1,2, Leslie D. BOURQUIN3, Machel LEUSCHNER4, June C.
SEREM2, Kwaku G. DUODU5, Megan J. BESTER2
1

School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
3
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and Institute for Integrative
Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, United States
4
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
5Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Purpose: Sorghum is an underutilised nutritious cereal
grain native to Africa and serves as a staple in many developing countries, especially in the African continent. It is rich inpolyphenols that are concentrated in its outer layers (bran).
Sorghum bran is considered as milling waste but has the potential to be developed into nutraceutical products. The known
health benefits of sorghum polyphenols include among others,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.
This study explored the potential of polyphenols extracted
from sorghum bran in combating oxidative and nitrosative
stresses closely associated with major non-communicablediseases (NCDs). Further, the study investigated the in vitro
effects of the extract on the growth of colon cancer cell lines.
Methods: Sorghum grains were decorticated to obtain thebran from which polyphenols were extracted using 75% aqueous acetone. The extract was dried to yield a fine powder of thecrude polyphenol extract. The total polyphenol, flavonoid andtannin contents in the extract were quantified using chemical
assays. The free radical scavenging activities and the impact oncell growth were investigated in three human colon cancer celllines (HT-29, HCT-116 and Caco-2 cells).
Results: The extract presented with high total polyphenol,
flavonoid and tannin contents, and potent dose-dependent
antioxidant activity and nitrates/nitrites scavenging activity.
A strong positive correlation between the phenolic contents
and antioxidant activity was observed, suggesting that the free
radical scavenging is attributable to the polyphenols in theextract. The effects on cell growth followed a dose- and timedependent pattern where exposure to higher extract concentrations for extended periods resulted in significantly lower
cell numbers.
Conclusion: In conclusion, polyphenol-rich extracts of sorghum bran possess a potential for combating NCDs throughthe inhibition of oxidative and nitrosative stresses and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Future studies should assess
these effects in non-cancerous colon cells, to fully confirm theanti-cancer effects.
Funding: National Research Foundation, South Africa,
Grant no. 141359.
Keywords: Non-communicable diseases, Sorghum, Polyphenols, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity
A-0471

Kmt2d Regulates Ameloblast
Differentiation during Tooth Enamel
Development

Jung-Mi LEE1, Qinghuang TANG1, Woojung AN1, Hunmin JUNG1, Andrew
D. MCCALL2, Yungki PARK3, Soo-Kyung LEE4, Jae W. LEE4, Hyuk-Jae Edward
KWON1
1

Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, UnitedStates
Optical Imaging and Analysis Facility, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,
United States
3
Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, UnitedStates4
Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,
United States
2

Purpose: Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a developmental defectin which the dental enamel is inadequately formed. Any perturbation in this ‘amelogenesis’ process may result in various
forms of EH. Mutations in KMT2D cause Kabuki syndrome(KS), which involves various dental anomalies, such as EH.
However, little is known about the function of KMT2D or theunderlying mechanism in amelogenesis. We hypothesized that
KMT2D coordinates amelogenesis by activating the expres-ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IFAA 2024sion of key signaling pathways and transcription factors (TFs)
that are required for amelogenesis.
Methods: We generated a conditional knockout (cKO)
mouse with ectoderm-specific deletion of Kmt2d (Krt14Cre;Kmt2dfl/fl). Using these mice, we comprehensively examined the structural and histological features, as well as cellularand molecular consequences, of Kmt2d deficiency using
micro-computed tomography (CT), hematoxylin and eosin
staining. We also re-analyzed single cell RNA-seq datasetsfrom the mouse incisor and the KMT2D ChIP-seq datasetsfrom human keratinocytes.
Results: Kmt2d-cKO mice exhibited 100% penetrant EH,
shown from micro-CT analysis. Histological analysis demonstrated that, at birth, the Kmt2d-cKO molar tooth germshowed abnormal shape with delayed ameloblast differentiation, which may directly contribute to EH. Re-analysis ofsingle cell RNA-seq dataset from the mouse incisor showedthat Kmt2d is involved in amelogenesis. Moreover, re-analysis
of KMT2D ChIP-seq dataset suggest that a large portion of
EH causal genes are regulated by KMT2D in amelogenesis andKmt2d may cooperate with known key epithelial regulatory
TFs to direct amelogenesis.
Conclusion: Kmt2d, as an epigenetic coactivator, coordinates amelogenesis by activating the expression of key signaling pathways and TFs that are required for ameloblast differentiation, in part possibly by partnering with master regulator
TFs for epithelial differentation. Our ongoing studies focus
on further identifying the precise epigenetic mechanisms bywhich Kmt2d regulates dental enamel development.
Funding: NIH T32 DE023526 (to JML); NIH R03 DE030985,
NIH UL1 TR001412, and NIH KL2 TR001413 (to HJEK).
Keywords: Tooth, Enamel, Differentiation, Epigenetic,
Regulation
A-0490Purpose: The advancement of the organ-on-a-chip model
provides a three-dimensional (3D) platform to replicate theanatomical features of the intervertebral disc (IVD) in physiological and pathological responses. This project aims to develop a disc-on-a-chip device, a miniature IVD model, using
a microfluidic-based gradient device co-cultured with cellencapsulated hydrogel to mimic the heterogeneous structureof the IVD consisting of nucleus pulposus (NP) annulus fibrosus (AF) and sensory neurites of dorsal root ganglion (DRG).
Methods: Using a 3D printing approach, we fabricated a
microfluidic device by casting PDMS into a 3D-printed mould.
After plasma treatment with oxygen, the device was placed ona microelectrode array glass. To create a 3D microenvironmentof the IVD, we printed NP and AF cells and DRGs onto the device, either with a collagen or hyaluronic acid hydrogel, using
a 3D bioprinter. The microfluidic device was computationallysimulated using COMSOL software for the shear stress andfluid velocity. The cell viability, metabolic activity and phenotypic markers of AF and NP will be observed. The sensory
neurite of DRG and local field potential will be measured.
Results: We successfully designed the disc-on-a-chip,comprising the NP, AF and sensory regions. Computational
simulation revealed shear stress was increased with increasingpressure. Fluid velocity was also increased in response to higher pressure. The metabolic activity of AF and NP was higher.
The cell viability indicated a homogenous distribution of cells
in the hydrogel system within the device. The expressions of
SOX9, ACAN, COLII, COLI and FN indicated phenotypicmarkers for the NP and AF. The expressions of peripherin and
PGP9.5 indicated sensory neurites.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that disc-on-a-chip
mimics the 3D microenvironment of the IVD, which could be
employed for disease modelling and therapeutic testing.
Funding: Health Research Board, Ireland.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Disc-on-a-Chip, Microfluidic,
3D Printing, Bioprinting

Development of Disc-on-a-Chip Model
Using Microfluidic and Hydrogel System

Izzat ZULKIFLEE1, Omar KONSWAH2, Andrew DALY1, Abhay PANDIT1,
Isma Liza MOHD ISA3,4
1

CURAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
Biomedical Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
3
School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
4
Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2

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A-0523structural changes in the placenta.
Funding: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Ministryof Higher Education, Malaysia.

Placental Modifications Secondary toMaternal Hyperglycaemia Resulted in
Impaired Pregnancy Outcomes

Keywords: Placenta, Hyperglycaemia, Histology, Pregnancy, Glycogen cells

Intan Suhana ZULKAFLI, Noor Eliza HASHIM, Mardhiah TAHIR, Rasheeda
MOHD ZAMIN
Department of Anatomy, 1, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Purpose: Hyperglycaemia affects 17.5% pregnancy in Malaysia, twice higher than global data. Its sequelae include intrauterine growth restriction, macrosomia, foetal death, neonatal
respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal hypoglycaemia andmany more. This study aimed to investigate placental response
towards hyperglycaemia at mid- and late gestation so that appropriate inteventions may be introduced at the right time.
Methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with
45 mg/kg body weight of Streptozotocin intraperitoneally (i.p)
on gestational day (GD) 7 to induce hyperglycaemia. Control(Con) animals received i.p injection of 1 mL citrate buffer vehicle. Hyperglycaemia was confirmed at GD13. Maternal weight,
food intake and blood glucose levels were monitored regularly.
At GD15 (mid-gestation) and GD21 (term), foeto-placental
units were collected, inspected and weighed. Placentas were
processed for morphological and stereological analyses.
Results: STZ animals had 39% reduced pregnancy weightgain despite a 27% increased food intake. At mid-gestation,
hyperglycaemic (STZ) placenta showed increased efficiency
with no foetal resorption but at term, this group demonstrated
28% reduction in placental efficiency and 14% increased foetal
resorption. The junctional zones (JZ) of STZ placentas showed
one-fold increased glycogen cells (GCs) deposition at GD15,
which doubled at GD21. Maternal vascular spaces (mvs) in thelabyrinth zone (LZ) of STZ groups were also reduced by 60%
as the pregnancy progressed from GD15 to GD21.
Conclusion: Maternal hyperglycaemia impaired pregnancy
weight gain despite hyperphagia. It altered placental architecture via increased GCs deposition in the JZ and altered vascular remodelling in the LZ. These may have led to placental
insufficiency and manifested as increased foetal resorption
and reduced foetal body weight. Placenta was able to resist theeffects of hyperglycamia at mid-gestation but this ability was
obliterated following a long-term exposure. These findings
therefore suggested that timely intervention is important in
hyperglycaemic pregnancy to prevent a potentially irreversible

A-0547

Targeting HSP90 Alters the Proteasome
System in Colon Cancer Cells and Enhances
Their Immune Recognition

Ramada KHASAWNEH, Ejlal ABU-AL-RUB, Fatima ALMAHASNEH, Ayman
ALZOU'BI
Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

Purpose: Colorectal cancer is constantly associated withhigh mortality rate worldwide. Despite the ceaseless efforts to
update the treatment protocol for colorectal cancer, the treatment options have high failure rate and recurrence chances.
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a ubiquitously expressedchaperone that plays a critical role in regulating the expression
level of proteins that are essential for many cellular processes.
26S proteasome is known to be regulated by HSP90. Cancer
cells, including colon cancer ones, are addicted to intensifying
the expression of 26S proteasome subtype in order to increase
their survival and tumorigenesis. We hypothesized in thisstudy the possible changes in proteasome system in colon cancer cells after inhibiting HSP90.
Methods: RKO colon cancer cells were used in our study.
These cells were treated with a potent HSP90 inhibitor;
AT13387. Different doses of AT13387 were used. The 26S
proteasome activity and the protein levels of 26S proteasomerelated subunits were measured using Fluorogenic substrate,
Western blotting, and immunostaining. The immunoproteasome activity and its specific subunits were also detected using
Fluorogenic assay, Western blotting, and immunostaining.
Furthermore, HLA-DR was measured after treating RKO cellswith AT13387.
Results: Our results showed for the first time that inhibiting
HSP90 caused the downregulation in the activity of 26S proteasome and the protein expression of PSMD4 and PSMB5. On
the other hand, immunoproteasome activity and the protein
expression of its related subunits; PA28α, LMP2, LMP7, and
MECL-1 were significantly upregulated in AT13387 treated

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RKO cells. Consequently, the expression of the immunogenic
marker; HLA-DR was substantially elevated on the surface of
AT13387 treated RKO cells causing their detection by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Conclusion: Targeting HSP90 in colon cancer cells, particularly the poorly differentiated type, induced changes in theproteasome system and increased their immune recognition.
Funding: The Deanship of Scientific Research, Yarmouk
University, Jordan (Grant # 29/2021 and Grant # 13/2022).

"Lokpo", which was non-existent in the control group.
Conclusion: This preliminary work demonstrates the effectiveness of "Lokpo" on bone regeneration, particularly
craniofacial regeneration. It could be, with further studies, analternative to the Bioglass 45S5, which is the gold standard ofosteo-conductive biomaterials to replace autografts.

Keywords: RKO cells, HSP90, 26S proteasome, Immunoproteasome, Survival

A-0723

A-0646

Efficacity of a Traditional KaoliniteBased Ceramic Implant Lokpo on BoneRegeneration in Aging Rats Pilot Study
1

2,3

Keywords: Bone regeneration, Spragues-Dawley rat, Aluminium oxide

Effect of Late Prenatal THC Exposure on
Placenatal Morphometry and Morphology
in Wistar Rats

Dorcas TAIWO-OLA1, Muneerat GIWA1, Olatoye OTULANA1, Rapheal
IFARAJIMI2, Alli ALEEM1, Omotosho AKANJI1, Samuel EHIREMEN1, Kayode
ODUBELA1, Ponle FAKUNLE1
1

Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria, Sagamu, Nigeria
Veterinary Medicine, Russian State of Intellectual Property, Ago Iwoye, Russian Federation

2

2,3

Yvan ZUNON-KIPRE , Zie TRAORE , Vazoumana KOUYATE , Daniel
AMANTCHI3,1, Leon KOFFI4,1, Patrice KOUAME3,1
1

Laboratoire d'Anatomie Normale, Chirurgie Experimentale et Biomecanique, UFR
Sciences Medicales Abidjan, Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
2
Laboratoire de Biomorphologie- Pathologies Oro-faciales, UFR Odonto-Stomatologie,
Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
3
Departement de Pathologies-Therapeutiques, UFR Odonto-Stomatologie, Universite Felix
Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
4
Laboratoire de Chimie des Materiaux Inorganiques, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte
d'Ivoire

Purpose: To show the effects of a traditional ceramic rich inaluminium oxide, "Lokpo", on bone regeneration in a criticalsize defect of the calvaria of aging rats.
Methods: Critical size bone defects were surgically createdon the calvaria of eighteen Sprague-Dawley aging rats. Subsequently two groups of nine rats were formed. The bone defects
in the first group were filled with "Lokpo" while those in thesecond group were left empty. A comparision of bone neoformation was performed using reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction (RT-qPCR), ex-vivo radio-visio-graphy (RVG)
and demineralized histology after seven, thirty and ninety
days of follow-up, respectivly.
Results: At day seven, RT-qPCR showed supptession of
precursor genes for osteoblast differenciation in Lokpo-filled
defects. At days thirty and ninety, a significant reduction of
Lokpo-filled bone defects was observed at ex-vivo RVG. The
demineralized histology technique confirmed the presence ofbone neoformation in the critical-sized bone defects filled with

Purpose: this experiment is aimed at examining the effectof late prenatal exposure of THC in the placental morphologyof rat.
Methods: A total of 18 rats, comprising 6 males and 12
females designated for mating, were obtained from a certified institute with weights ranging from 120kg to 150kg. Rats
were grouped into control and experimental groups. Pregnant
experimental group was administered 150mg/Kg body weightof THC at their Late phase (from 15th day of gestation) till day
19 of gestation. The placentae were harvested by performing acaesarean section, followed by measurement of placentae morphometry and tissues taken for H&E. The data was expressed
as means ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using
GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 with the significancelevel of p < 0.05.
Results: The result showed that the ingestion of THC during the late prenatal phase has its own impact. The placental
weight, thickness and diameters of control and experimental animals were (0.468±0.017; 0.403±0.027), (0.354±0.021;
0.386±0.039), (1.264±0.041; 0.403± 0.027) and (1.230±0.047;
0.95±0.039) respectively. It was statistically significant at
P<0.05.
Conclusion: The effect of late phase THC administration
was observed on the placentae morphometry leading to less

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functionality of the placentae. Further studies should be carried out for more knowledge.
Keywords: Marijuana, Placenta Morphometry, Placenta
Morphology, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
A-0761High BMP4 Expression Enhances the
Capacity of Human Adipose-Derived StemCells (ADSC) for Corneal Differentiation

Abdul Malik SETIAWAN1,2, Fairus AHMAD1, Adila A. HAMID1, Abdul Kadir
ABDUL KARIM1, Taty Anna KAMARUDIN1

SCs at the end of differentiation. Immunochemistry analysis
on day 15 showed that the number of CK3-positive cells in
visceral and subcutaneous ADSCs were similar. In addition,
ABCG2-positive cells in visceral was lower compared to thesubcutaneous ADSCs.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that higher BMP4 expression in visceral ADSCs correlates with higher differential
capacity towards corneal epithelial-like cells as seen in thehigh CK3 gene expression.
Funding: This research is funded by Faculty of Medicine,
University Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Keywords: ADSC, Subcutaneous, Visceral, BMP4, CK3

1

Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Anatomy, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Malang, Indonesia

2

Purpose: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in human fat tissues. ADSCs
showed promising potential as an alternative source for tissue
engineering toward ectodermal lineage cells such as corneal
epithelium. One of the key pathways involved in corneal differentiation is bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling. This study evaluated the levels of basal BMP4 expressionsin primary human ADSCs from subcutaneous and visceraladipose tissue depots and its correlation with the differentiation capacity towards corneal epithelial-like cells following theco-culture method.
Methods: Primary human subcutaneous and visceral
ADSC samples were isolated from six women who underwent
elective caesarean section. Isolated ADSCs underwent MSC
characterisation followed by a 15 days differentiation period.
The differentiation method involved co-culturing the ADSCs
with telomerase-immortalised human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells. Undifferentiated primary ADSCs were used as
negative control. The expressions of BMP4, OCT4, CK3 and
ABCG2 were assessed on several time points during the differentiation period. Immunocytochemistry was done to assess
the CK3 and ABCG2 proteins expressions on day 15.
Results: Visceral ADSCs was found to expressed a significantly higher BMP4 compared to those from subcutaneous
depot. Higher CK3 expression showed by the visceral ADSCs
on day 9 and 15 of differentiation compared to the undifferentiated control. In contrast, the ABCG2 expression in visceral
ADSCs was lower compared to the undifferentiated control.
Additionally, OCT4 expressions were decreased in both AD-

A-0915Glia-Like Cells Induced from Human
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Enhanced
Therapeutic Effects for the Sequelae of
Cerebral Infarction

Mi-Sook CHANG1,5, Min-Ju LEE1, Eun Ji LEE2, Ye Jin RYU2, Sang-Hyeon
NAM1, Rokhyun KIM3,4, Sehyeon SONG1,5, Kyunghyuk PARK3, Young Jun
PARK3, Jong-Il KIM3,4, Seong-Ho KOH2,6
1

Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental
Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of
Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
5Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural
Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University Collegeof Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The escalating incidence of stroke, predominantly
cerebral infarction, poses a substantial burden, with a considerable proportion of patients experiencing severe neurologicalaftereffects. However, effective treatments for chronic cerebral
infarction are lacking. While stem cell therapy holds theoreticalpromise for brain regeneration and plasticity, clinical trials, particularly involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have fallen
short of demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, exploring additional strategies to augment MSC potential
or therapeutic efficacy may yield significant advancements in
MSC applications, presenting enhanced clinical opportunities in
the future. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potentialof glia-like cells induced without genetic modifications from hu-

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man mesenchymal stem cells (ghMSCs) in alleviating chronic
sequelae resulting from cerebral infarction.
Methods: Transcriptomic analysis revealed the acquisitionof neuroprotective astrocytic characteristics by ghMSCs. Bothex vivo simulations using organotypic brain slice cultures andin vivo experiments demonstrated superior neuroregenerativeand neuroprotective effects of ghMSCs compared to hMSCs.
Results: The dose-dependent efficacy of ghMSCs in restoring neurobehavioral functions and reducing chronic brain infarction were also observed. The observed beneficial effects wereattenuated by a CXCR2 antagonist, implicating the involvementof the CXCR2 signaling pathway in mediating these effects.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests the potential of ghMSCs in treating refractory sequelae resulting fromchronic cerebral infarction, with CXCR2 playing a crucial rolein the underlying therapeutic mechanisms.
Funding: This research was supported by the Korea HealthTechnology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry
Development Institute (KHIDI) funded by the Ministry of
Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant No: HI20C0253,
HU21C0113 and HU21C0007), and by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministryof Science and ICT (MSIT) (Grant No: 2019R1A2C1087192,
2022R1A2C1091804 and RS-2023-00278819).
Keywords: Cerebral infarction, Glia, Mesenchymal stem
cell, Neuroregeneration, Neuroplasticity[D. Biological Anthropology]
A-0039Sex Estimation Using Dimensions aroundthe Metatarsal Diaphyseal Nutrient
Foramen in South African Population:
Application of Discriminant Function
Analysis and Logistic Regression Models
Arthur MANJATIKA1,2, Joshua DAVIMES1, Pedzisai MAZENGENYA3,4
1

Morphological Division, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
2
Biomedical Sciences, Anatomy Division, School of Life Sciences and Allied HealthProfessions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 3, Malawi
3College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
4
Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman,
United Arab Emirates

South Africa, it is important to develop new population-specific sex estimation standards for the identification of humanremains in forensic settings. The metatarsal bones have beenused previously, but the dimensions around the diaphyseal
nutrient foramen have not been utilised in sex estimation. The
current study aimed to determine the usefulness of the dimensions around the nutrient foramen of metatarsal bones in estimating sex in the South Africans of European descent (SAED).
Methods: Five measurements around the nutrient foramen
were taken from a total of 876 metatarsal bones (first to fifth)from 186 individual skeletons (99 males, 87 females) of known
sex and population affinity. Measurements subjected to direct
and stepwise discriminant function (DFA) and logistic regression (LRA) analyses included total length, distance from proximal end to nutrient foramen, circumference, and mediolateraland dorsoplantar diameters at the level of the nutrient foramen.
Results: All measured parameters showed significantly
higher means in males compared to females across all metatarsal bones (p<0.05). Classification accuracies associated withunivariate discriminant functions ranged from 56.4-79.7%.
The original classification accuracies for multivariate functions of the stepwise and direct DFA ranged from 83.1-88.3%
and 85.5-88.3%, respectively. The original classification accuracies for multivariate functions of the stepwise and direct
LRA ranged from 83.3%-88.7% and 86.2%-88.3%, respectively.
The cross-validation classifications showed a drop of 0-2.4%
for DFA and 0.2-1.1% for LRA. Males were classified withhigher accuracies throughout. The width measurements were
better predictors of sex than length measurements.
Conclusion: The dimensions around the metatarsal bonenutrient foramen exhibit sexual dimorphism in the SAED.
The generated DFA and LRA functions from the dimensions
around the nutrient foramen produced high average classification accuracies which are useful in sex estimation during
forensic human identification.
Funding: This study was undertaken with funding fromthe Smieszek fellowship (2022, 2023) and the University of the
Witwatersrand Faculty research grant (2023) awarded to Arthur Manjatika.
Keywords: Metatarsal bones, Diaphyseal nutrient foramen,
Discriminant function analysis, Logistic regression analysis,Sex estimation

Purpose: In light of the high number of murder cases in
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A-0068

Keywords: Frontal Sinus, Sexual Dimorphism, GeometricMorphometric, Forensic Anthropology, Malaysian Population

Digitalization of Forensic Anthropology:
Sexual Dimorphism of Frontal Sinus via
Geometric Morphometric in Malaysia

A-0172

Frontal Sinus Anterior Wall Thickness
amongst Malaysians: A Colour-Mapping
Gradient Effect Method for Forensic
Anthropology Application

Ker Woon CHOY1, Nur Damia Iwani ZULKIFLEE1, Aspalilah ALIAS2, Helmi
Mohd Hadi PRITAM3, Mansharan Kaur Chanchal SINGH4, Eric CHUNG5
1

Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan
Indah, Malaysia
3
Department of Forensic Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
4
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
5
Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
2

Nur Damia Iwani ZULKIFLEE1, Helmi HADI2, Mansharan Kaur CHAINCHELSINGH3, Aspalilah ALIAS4, Eric CHUNG5, Ker Woon CHOY1,3
1

Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Forensic Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
3
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
5
Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2

Purpose: Biological profiling is necessary for skeletonised
remains. The estimation of biological sex is of paramount relevance in the analysis of skeletal remains recovered in forensic
contexts. The traditionally used linear measurement has low
reliability and size- oriented, whereas geometric morphometric(GM) is reliable in characterising the shape. However, studies
of frontal sinus (FS) among Malaysians using GM method forsexual dimorphism are unexplored. This study aims to assess
sexual dimorphism for forensic identification purposes, from
Malaysian population, and a depiction of the size- and shaperelated sexual dimorphism of the frontal sinus using geometricmorphometrics approaches.
Methods: Skull radiographs of 504 adult Malaysians comprising males and females of Malay, Chinese and Indian races
aged of ≥20 years old, were retrieved from University Malaya
Medical Centre. FS patterns were descriptively classified according to its existence, symmetrical, dominance and lobulations. Then, eight landmarks were applied to the radiographs
using TPSDig2 software. GM analysis including Principal
component (PC) analysis, Procrustes analysis of variance
ANOVA, canonical variates analysis (CVA) and discriminantfunction analysis (DFA), were performed using MorphoJ software.
Results: Bilateral presence of FS is common (95.4%). The
first three PC exhibited 83.0% variation. ANOVA revealed significant differences in centroid size and shape of FS between
different sex. DFA demonstrated average classification accuracy of 80.6% for sex estimation.
Conclusion: FS is a valuable tool for sex identification. Thisis the first such study looking at the FS for profiling amongst
Malaysian population.

Purpose: The well-preserved frontal sinus (FS) anteriorwall is crucial for identifying unknown skeletal remains.
Traditional osteometry, relying on calliper measurements on
the bone, limits internal skeletal evaluation. Imaging offersinternal structural evaluation. Two-dimensional radiographs
cause superimposition, while three-dimensional (3D) imaging
eliminates overlapping issues. Prior studies lacking of comprehensive thickness of FS anterior wall, specifically in Malaysian
population, prompting a shift to thickness evaluation withnew approach of colour-mapping (CM) for both quantitativeand qualitative assessments. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate
3D FS anterior wall thickness with CM’s applicability in relation to sex, race, and age in Malaysia.
Methods: We retrieved 393 head computed tomography(CT) scans comprising males and females of Malay, Chineseand Indian aged ≥20 years old. The 3D FS anterior wall models were reconstructed from CT scans using 3DSlicer. CM
techniques visually assessed the thickness distribution pattern
across the surface area. Five types of grids with 12 regions ofinterest (ROIs) each covering superior, body and inferior region were developed and applied onto the FS area. Thickness
measurements (mm) within 12 ROIs were recorded.
Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant thickness
variations among sex and age groups. Thickness was generally
highest in females, Chinese, and the old adult age group. CM
demonstrated consistent thickness patterns across sex, race,
and age groups, with the thinnest at the superior region, increasing towards the body, and thickest at the inferior region.

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The 12 ROIs showed varying thickness, with the superiorcentral being the thinnest, lateral thicker, and inferior the
thickest.
Conclusion: The thickness analysis using 3D FS anteriorwall model with CM is reliable for sex and age estimation of
Malaysians, highlighting the potential in forensic anthropology application.
Keywords: Frontal Sinus Anterior Wall, Colour Mapping,
Forensic Anthropology, Malaysian Population, 3D Model Reconstruction
A-0186

Exploring Sexual Dimorphism in Pubic
Symphyseal Surface: Utilization of ThreeDimensional Statistical Shape Modeling

Yu-Young KIM1, Kang-Woo LEE2, Sookyoung LEE4, Eun Jin WOO3, KyungSeok HU1

face, particularly in lower half. The morphological differencesin the pubic symphyseal surface between males and females
are minimal in their 20s, gradually increasing with age andpeaking in their 50s. Beyond the age of 60, the morphologicaldifferences persist but diminish in magnitude. Remarkably, inthe least sexually dimorphic group, the 20s, there is minimal
disparity in the overall width or contour of the symphyseal
surface. However, a distinct prominence is observed in theventral margin of the symphyseal surface in females.
Conclusion: This study provides significant insights into
sex-specific differences in the pubic symphyseal surface, emphasizing the utility of statistical shape modeling in biological,
and forensic anthropology. Moreover, it lays the groundworkfor developing sex-specific age classification model for the Korean population.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIT) in 2023. (2018R1A5A7023490).

1

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human
Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College ofDentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,
Gwangju, Republic of Korea
3
Department of History, College of Liberal Art, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Division of Forensic Medical Examination, Department of Forensic Medicine, National
Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: While age estimation methods for the pubic symphyseal surface have been developed separately for males andfemales, there is still a lack of clear indication regarding thespecific anatomical locations that exhibit sexual dimorphism.
The purpose of this research is to illustrate morphological differences in the pubic symphyseal surface between sexes, utilizing statistical shape modeling to comprehensively capture
intricate details.
Methods: The analysis utilized 3D pubic symphyseal datafrom CT scans of a total of 252 cadavers, evenly distributed between modern Korean adult males and females (126 each). CT
images underwent post-processing, and the data is analyzed
using the ShapeWorks. Morphological differences between
sexes were visualized using vector data, and statistical significance was assessed using Hotelling’s T-squared test (p<0.05).
Results: The sexual dimorphism of the pubic symphyseal
surface, spanning all age groups, reveals narrower width anda more pointed superior point (or border) in females. Notably,females exhibit increased prominence of the symphyseal sur-

Keywords: Pubic Symphyseal Surface, Sexual Dimorphism,
Statistical Shape Modeling
A-0217

How the State of the Dentition Impacts
the Morphology of the Human Maxilla in aSouth African Population
Erin HUTCHINSON, Claudia MEGANCK, Beverley KRAMER

Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: Tooth loss reduces loading forces on the surrounding bone and results in resorption across the craniofacialbones. While craniofacial morphology has been extensively
studied in dentate and edentulous individuals, a paucity of
information exists around the impact of partial edentulism
on the maxilla. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate
whether the state of the dentition affects the morphology ofthe maxilla in a South African population.
Methods: Skulls were sourced from 456 individuals aged
between 13 and 85 years from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. The study sample wasdivided into three groups: dentate (n=65), partially edentulous(n=211) and edentulous individuals (n=80). These groups were
further divided into males and females. A Microscribe G2 was

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used to digitize 26 fixed and floating landmarks on the maxilla. The co-ordinate data was used to assess the effects of tooth
loss on the size and shape of the general maxilla and changes
in size and shape between males and females across the statesof the dentition.
Results: Edentulous maxillae were smaller across all the
linear measurements and appeared to have a shorter facial profile, narrower alveolar arch and were less prognathic, owing toa shorter basion-prosthion length, when compared to dentate
and partially edentulous individuals. Those partially edentulous individuals with an absent anterior dentition had a shorter
anterior alveolar arch and upper facial height when comparedto partially edentulous individuals in which the anterior dentition was present. The maxilla of males across all the states ofthe dentition were shown to be larger than females, with the
exception of their alveolar arch height.
Conclusion: Tooth loss resulted in bone resorption andaffected the entire morphology of the maxilla, with the mostnoticeable shape and size changes occurring in edentulous individuals.
Keywords: Edentulous, Dentate, Maxilla, Partial edentulism
A-0275Results: Swarm raids of army ant invaded one of the carrions placed under the shade 24 hours post-mortem, and thisprogressed for about 10 days delaying decomposition. However, the three remaining carrions followed already establisheddecomposition stages in this region and reached mummification / skeletonization by the fifteenth day. The army ants significantly slowed down the decomposition rate by preventing
other insects from gaining access and ovipositing on the carrion. It was further observed that the aggressive and predatory
foraging behaviour of the army ants left some forensically relevant impressions on the carrion after the army ants abandoned
it on the eleventh day. The most striking feature left behind
was the irregular serpiginous scalloped areas of superficial
skin lesions; and fenestrated and gnawed holes on the carrion’s
skin which could easily be misinterpreted by an inexperienced
forensic expert as ante-mortem or perimortem abrasions.
There was also absence of the pungent repugnant smell that isnormally characteristic of advanced decomposition stage.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed army ants secrete fluids probably formic acid which delays decomposition
rate. These data have provided more insight in understanding
the complexities and variations that exist in PMI estimationsof this region.
Keywords: Army Ants, Carrions, Forensic Entomology, Forensic Taphonomy, Post-mortem Interval

The Effects of Marabunta (Army Ant)
Invasion on Post-Mortem Interval (PMI)
Estimation of Carcasses on Soil Surface ofOkuku, Cross River State, Nigeria

A-0290

Reliability of Three-Dimensional Computed
Tomography (3DCT) in Obtaining
Population-Specific Data from the Femur
for Sex Estimation in Black South African
Population

Darlington ONYEJIKE2, Cletus OBUN1, Ugochukwu ESOMONU1, Ogugua
EGWU3, Michael NANDI1, Chinwendu DIMKPA1
1

Department of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, University of Cross River, Okuku
Campus, Calabar, Nigeria
2
Anatomy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria
3
Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakiliki, Nigeria

Purpose: This study investigated the activities of Marabunta (army ant) on porcine carcasses in clandestine and open soil
surface at Okuku, Nigeria in order to understand its contribution to PMI estimations in this region.
Methods: Four pigs weighing between 18kg and 20kg wereused for this study. Two were placed under densely covered
trees and other two were placed in open soil surface. Carrions
were placed about 20m apart and metal cages were used toprotect them from aerial and land scavengers.

Oriasotie UJADDUGHE1,2, Jenny HABERFELD3, Mubarak BIDMOS4, Oladiran
OLATEJU1
1

Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Anatomy, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
Radiology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South
Africa4
College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
2
3

Purpose: When different populations of the human species
are exposed to similar environmental factors, they may exhibit
a similar pattern of growth characteristics and these changes
may undergo a transition over time. Other bones such as the

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pelvis and skull have been shown to demonstrate better sexual
dimorphism which is an advantage in forensic studies. However, in a forensic scenario, the femur could be the only preservedbone. Correct sex estimation is important in the identificationof an individual because it narrows the matching possibilities
and guarantees the certainty by which sex-specific parameters
can be correctly estimated.
Methods: The CT records of the right femur of 280 Black
South Africans (50% sex ratio) that are stored in the Radiology Department of Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic
Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa were assessed. The Xiris
and IntelliSpace software was used to reconstruct the images
into two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D)
formats of the bone from which measurements were taken.
Equations for sex estimation that have been previously derived
using femoral measurements obtained by direct osteometry
from the same population group, were tested using data fromthe current study.
Results: Though previous equations presented some setsof average classification accuracies that were considered satisfactory, however, since the present study utilized a CT-scanapproach on a contemporary population, new sex-estimation
equations were derived using the discriminant function analysis. The new equations yielded high average sex classification
accuracies of 65.0% to 82.9% for univariate and 79.30% to84.30%, for multivariate analyses.
Conclusion: The results indicate that population-specificfemoral measurements obtained by CT are more reliable thanthose obtained by direct osteometry from the same populationgroup. The high average classification accuracies show that the
femur has a high sexual dimorphism and as such, is very relevant to forensic applications.
Funding: The Postgraduate Merit Award (PMA) of the
University of the Witwatersrand and Tertiary Education TrustFund (TETFUND) of the Federal Government of Nigeria gave
financial assistance to Oriasotie Ujaddughe.
Keywords: Sex-estimation, Black-South-Africans, Femoralmeasurements, Computed-Tomography, Discriminant-function-analysis

A-0352Ancestry Estimation of the Skull inIndonesian and Thai Populations by Using
Morphometry

Rosida Clivara Sari ANJANI1, Myrtati Dyah ARTARIA2, Phruksachat
SINGSUWAN3, Apichat SINTHUBUA3, Sukon PRASITWATTANASEREE4,
Patison PALEE5, Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH3
1

Forensic Osteology and Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai, Thailand
2
Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Socialand Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
4
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
5
College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate ancestry more specifically in Indonesian and Thai populations using skulls.
Methods: The sample consists of adults aged 18 to 60 years,
with a total of 255 samples (91 Indonesian skulls and 164 Thaiskulls). The samples with normal conditions, exclude samples
with pathological conditions affecting the skull or fracture.
The method in this study uses morphometrics by taking measurements of the skull with specified landmarks. The variables
studied include cranial measurements, facial measurements,
nasal measurements, orbital measurements, and mandible
measurements, for a total of 48 parameters. The data analysis
techniques used were comparative statistics with t-test analysis.
Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the Indonesian and Thai populations. 31
and 32 parameters were significantly different in females andmales, respectively. The best parameter of this research is nasal
measurement; only the al-al (alare to alare) variable was not
significant in the male and female samples.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the skull measurements can beused to estimate ancestry for both males and females in Indonesian and Thai populations. Through the results of this study,
it is necessary to develop a more specific identification method
for each population considering that even in one ancestry
group, certain parts such as the nose have significant differences. Because in each population there are human variations
that can be formed from biological growth and development
processes and environmental influences.
Keywords: Forensic anthropology, Skull, Ancestry, Thailand, Indonesia

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A-0443

A-0447

Collecting Three-Dimensional Model Dataof Ancient Skeletons in Mahan and Baekje
Region for Further Research

Sexual Dimorphism from Twelfth Thoracic
Vertebra (T12) on CT Scan: A 3-Dimensional
Geometric Morphometric ApproachDong-Ho KIM, Ji-Hyun LEE, Yi-Suk KIM, Sang-Seob LEE, U-Young LEE
Department of Anatomy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study aims to secure data for analysis ofphysical attribute of Baekje's capital and regional residents
during Three Kingdoms Period.
Methods: We made a list of excavational details (archive
institutions, residual status, analysis availability) of Mahan
and Baekje region (Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla) in
the Three Kingdoms Period. Then we excluded skeletons of
5 archaeological sites that are in poor condition or from different era, or loan of the skeletons is prohibited, among 33
archaeological sites. Since 3D models of skeletons excavatedfrom 3 sites had been procured beforehand, in effect, the skeletons of 25 sites were loaned, scanned, and remodelled. The
regional distribution of excavation was 1 site in Seoul, 18 sites
in Chungcheongnam-do, 2 sites in Jeollabuk-do, and 7 sites inJeollanam-do.
Results: The next step of this study was scanning computed
tomography (CT) and rendering three-dimensional (3D) models of available skeletons to build 3D skeletal model database.
The result 151 Mimics project files composed of 2,550 Skeletal
object files. Object files that are feasible for forensic anthropological assumption were: 48 object files for sex, 2 object files
for age and 12 object files for facial approximation.
Conclusion: We expect this study will contribute vitalization of archaeological skeletons by integration of distributed
data. This study not only writing an inventory but also provided 3D models to understand morphologically importantfeatures and to invigorate future research. In addition, as an
example of system deployment consisted morphological database and ancient skeletal storage, the result of the study would
suggest direction of national or other regional scale.
Keywords: Mahan and Baekje, Three Kingdoms Period,
Computed tomography, Three-dimensional model

Rani SAKARAN1,2, Nur Rasyidah NOOR AZMI1,3, Nur Azwa Syuhada
SAMSHUDDIN1,3, Nurul Hannim ZAIDUN4, Nur Damia IWANI4, Ku Mastura
KU MOHD NOOR5, Choy KER WOON4,6, Ng WEI LIN7, Eric CHUNG7,
Aspalilah ALIAS1,8
1

Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology(AIMST), Kedah, Malaysia
3
Department of Chemistry (Forensic Analysis), Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh
Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Department of Medical Science 1, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
6
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of
Medicine,, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
7
Department of Biomedical Imaging, Universiti Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Facultyof Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
8
Department of Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Java, Indonesia
2

Purpose: Recent anthropological research has focused on
various human skeletal elements to estimate biological profile
and aid in forensic identification. Exploration of less commonly used bones also important for personal identificationof an unknown individual. The last thoracic vertebra has beenreported sexually dimorphic by conventional morphometricmethod. Geometric morphometry has emerged as a beneficial
tool in assessing shape variations in the human skeleton. This
study aimed to explore sexual dimorphism of twelfth thoracic
vertebrae (T12) using computed tomography (CT) scan bygeometric morphometric in Malaysian population.
Methods: CT scan of 391 subjects comprising 192 males
and 202 females of known individuals were collected retrospectively. The samples were adult Malaysian population
aged from 18 to 69 years old. Forty landmarks were applied
on digitalised CT scan using Stratovan Checkpoint software.
Geometric morphometric analysis was performed by MorphoJ
software.
Results: The results showed that the first ten principal
components (PC) contributed to 51.6 % of the 12th thoracic
vertebra variation. Procrustes ANOVA indicated that thecentroid size and shape were significantly different (p<0.05)
between sexes. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) revealed that
there is a significant difference in Mahalanobis and Procrustes
distances. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) after cross-

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validation demonstrated 86.5% classification of sex with accuracy rates of 89% for males and 84% for females.
Conclusion: This study revealed T12 is sexually dimorphic
among Malaysians, highlighting the potential of geometricmorphometrics to provide valuable insights into skeletal variations.

provide insight into our understanding of the universal normal anatomical structure of the MDB as an analogous organ
in vertebrates.

Keywords: Sex, Thoracic vertebrae, Geometric morphometric, Forensic Anthropology

A-0541

A-0530An Analogous Organ of Myodural Bridgein Fishes and Amphibians: An Anatomical
Structure Related with the Circulation of
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Keywords: Myodural Bridge, Vertebrate, Amphibians, Pisces3-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics
Revealed Malaysian First Rib Sexual
Dimorphism

Nurul Hannim ZAIDUN1, Ker Woon CHOY1, Aspalilah ALIAS4, Eric
CHUNG3, Nur Damia Iwani ZULKIFLEE1, Rani SAKARAN2
1

Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi of MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
Department of Anatomy, Asian Institute of Medicine Science and Technology (AIMST),
Kedah, Malaysia
3
Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
2

Cheng CHEN, Xue SONG, Yang SONG, Heng YANG, Sheng-Bo YU, Jian-Fei
ZHANG, Nan ZHENG, Hong-Jin SUI
Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

Purpose: The myodural bridge (MDB) was described as adense fibrous tissue connecting the suboccipital musculature
with the spinal dura mater in human studies. Now, the conceptof the MDB was perceived as an exact anatomical structure
presumably essential for critical physiological functions in thehuman body and might exist in other vertebrates as well. To
determine the existence of the MDB in other vertebrates andto lay a foundation for the functional study, representatives inamphibians and four different Pisces were examined.
Methods: Histological sections of amphibians and fishes
were observed based upon three different sides.
Results: It was found that the dense fibrous tissue connected the interarcuales muscle (IAR) and the spinal dura materthrough the dorsal atlanto- occipital interspace in the Xenopus
laevis. Dense fibrous connections between the muscle and thevertebral canal membrane were shown by Masson staining infour kinds of fish. These observed connective tissues were similar to the MDB previously described in other vertebrates. It is
presumed that the MDB- like structure would transmit forcesof contraction from muscles to the vertebral canal membrane,
impacting the cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Conclusion: This study proves that the MDB structure asan analogous organ is a universal existence in amphibians andfishes. We proposed that the MDB is an evolutionally universal
and conserved structure in vertebrates. Thus, this study could

Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore the sexual
dimorphism of the first rib utilizing a 3-dimensional geometric morphometric approach within the Malaysian population.
Methods: Computed tomography (CT) scans of 376 individuals (187 males and 189 females) from a known Malaysian
population aged 18 to 69 years were retrospectively collected.
Seventeen landmarks were placed on the right first rib in digitalized CT scans using Stratovan Checkpoint software, followed by geometric morphometric analysis conducted using
MorphoJ software.
Results: The findings indicated that the initial ten principal
components (PCs) accounted for 81.18% of the variability observed in the right first rib. Procrustes ANOVA demonstrated
significant differences (p < 0.05) in both centroid size andshape across sexes. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) further
highlighted significant differences in Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances between sexes. Discriminant function analysis (DFA), following cross-validation, yielded a sex classification rate of 84.64%, with accuracies of 82.81% for males and86.47% for females.
Conclusion: In summary, the discovery of sexual dimorphism in the right first rib among Malaysians highlights theeffectiveness of geometric morphometrics in improving sex
determination accuracy. This has significant implications forforensic investigations and our understanding of population
demographics.

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Funding: LESTARI grant (600-RMC/MyRA 5/3/LESTARI(128/2020)).
Keywords: Sex estimation, Geometric Morphometric, Forensic Anthropology, First rib
A-0584

A Technical Forensic Protocol for 3D
Observation and Documentation of Human
Decomposition

Dilan SECKINER1,2, Lars EBERT2, Xanthe MALLETT3, Rachel BERRY1,
Hayley GREEN4, Sabine FRANCKENBERG5, Victoria BEREZOWSKI3, Isabella
CREBERT3, Till SIEBERTH61

ary line between body and ground surface. No part of the donor was indicated to have a large deviation of 2cm or more.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 3D documentation of human decomposition in an uncontrolled, remote,outdoor environment, using a wildlife based photogrammetricsystem is possible, and that it is a promising tool for forensic
taphonomic researchers. Improving our knowledge of human
decay has the potential to assist investigations requiring postmortem interval estimations.
Keywords: Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Taphonomy,
Digitisation, Decomposition, Photogrammetry

School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
3
Newcastle Law School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
4
School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
5Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
6
Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics, Jade University of Applied
Sciences, Oldenburg, Germany

A-0837

Purpose: The changes that occur to the human body after death reflect a multitude of complex biological processes,
which can be impacted by many variables that are not yet fully
understood. Typically, information is obtained through in-situ
examination and/or 2D data collection, which may restrict theavailability of data and prevent the collection of valuable information. To address this gap, the aim is to present a protocol
for 3D data collection of human decomposition in remote outdoor environments, providing preliminary results of humandecomposition in 3D. The objectives include presenting an approach and framework using wildlife cameras, and to perform
3D observation and analysis of a decomposing body.
Methods: The method includes the design and constructionof a walk-in cage, including five frames holding 30 cameras,
installed at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research. Preliminary trials completed on human subjects in Zurich and Sydney provided promising results throughthe generation of a 3D model, in which movement of the donor
was also recorded and examined.
Results: Comparing the 3D model generated from wildlife
cameras with a high-quality 3D model showed only minor discrepancies of deviation between the models. The wildlife camera showed only small discrepancies (up to 0.5cm) between the
DSLR and the wildlife model. Problematic areas show up to a
2cm deviation from the highly accurate model, at the bound-Dezhou ZHANG1, Kun LI2,3, Shaojie ZHANG2,3, Simin WANG1, Yunteng
HAO3, Yuan MA3, Hailong ZHAO3, Danyang ZHAO3, Yang YANG2, Zhijun
LI2,3, Jun SHI4, Xing WANG2,3

2

A Comparative Study ofMicromorphological Characteristics of theUncinate Process of Cervical Vertebrae in
Adult Humans and Macaques
1

Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
Human Anatomy Teaching and Research Section, School of Basic Medicine, Inner
Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
3
Digital Medicine Center, School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University,(Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Digital Translational Medicine Engineering
Technology Research Center), Hohhot, China
4
Physiology Teaching and Research Section, School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia
Medical University, Hohhot, China
2

Purpose: This study aims to compare the microstructure
and morphometric parameters of uncinate process trabecularbone between adult humans and macaque using micro-CT,
and that provides a foundation theory for advancing the understanding and potential treatment of cervical spondylosis.
Methods: We employed micro- CT to examine specimensof adult human and macaque C3 C7 cervical vertebrae. Morphological parameters of the trabecular bone of the uncinate
processes were measured, and differences between them werecompared.
Results: The trabecular bones within the uncinate processes of the human cervical vertebrae were intricately crisscrossed, predominantly in the longitudinal direction, andseamlessly transitioned into the trabecular bone within thevertebral body, whereas that of the macaque displayed a gridlike pattern with no obvious regularity. Significant differences

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were observed in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), connectivity
density(Conn.D), bone surface/total tissue volume (BS/TV),
BS/bone volume (BV) of the uncinate processes between thesides of the human cervical vertebrae (P < 0.05), and in BS and
BV/TV of those between the sides of the macaque cervical vertebrae (P < 0.05). The peak values of all parameters of the uncinate processes in the human specimen were predominantly
concentrated in the C4 6 region, with no significant difference
observed with increasing vertebral sequence (P > 0.05). All parameters, except the Tb.Th (P > 0.05), of the uncinate process,were significantly different between the adult human and macaque cervical vertebrae.
Conclusion: Micro-CT technology allows for observing
microscopic morphological features of the cervical vertebra's
uncinate process between adult humans and macaques. Quantitatively comparing the morphometric differences in the trabecular bone of the uncinate process between human adults
and macaques provides a theoretical basis for preventing andtreating cervical spondylosis.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China,(Grant number: 81860383); Natural Science Foundationof Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, (Grant number:
2020LH08021); National Natural Science Foundation ofChina, (Grant number: 81860382); Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, (Grant number: 2020MS03061); Support Program for Young Scientists
and Technologists in Higher Education Institutions of Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, (Grant number: NJYT22009);
Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, (Grant number: 2019GG158); Key Project of Scientific Research of Inner Mongolia Medical University, (Grant
number: YKD2021ZD011); Medical and Health Science andTechnology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Health and Health Commission, (Grant number: 202201217);
Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region, (Grant number: 2019MS08017); Youth Fund Projectof Inner Mongolia Medical University, (Grant number: YKD2020QNCX055); Inner Scientific Innovation Programme for
Master's Degree Students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant number: S20231182Z); Inner Scientific Innovation
Programme for Master's Degree Students in Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region (Grant number: S20231186Z).
Keywords: Uncinate process, Morphological characteris-

tics, Micro-CT, Trabeculae bone, Adults and macaques
A-0847

Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations:
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Mammals
Serhat DONER

Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the anatomical adaptations of aquatic and terrestrial mammals through a comparative analysis of skeletal morphology, respiratory physiology,
thermoregulatory mechanisms, and locomotor structures. By
examining these adaptations, our objective is to deepen our
understanding of evolutionary processes and ecological interactions shaping mammalian diversity.
Methods: Literature searches were conducted using academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of
Science. Keywords including "aquatic mammals," "terrestrial
mammals," "comparative anatomy," and specific anatomicalterms (e.g., "skeletal structure," "respiratory system") were employed to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles, books, andscholarly resources. The search strategy prioritized studies
published in reputable scientific journals and books authoredby experts in the field of comparative anatomy.
Results: The literature review revealed intriguing insights
into the anatomical adaptations of aquatic and terrestrial
mammals such as: reduced limb elements and modified vertebral structures conducive to efficient swimming, prolonged
underwater breath-holding, including enlarged lung capacities
and enhanced oxygen storage mechanisms, blubber and vascular adaptations in aquatic mammals for maintaining bodytemperature in cold water environments, diverse appendages
optimized for swimming propulsion in aquatic mammals andversatile terrestrial limb structures enabling terrestrial locomotion in diverse habitats.
Conclusion: Through an extensive literature review, thisstudy has highlighted the remarkable anatomical adaptations
distinguishing aquatic and terrestrial mammals. The synthesisof findings underscores the evolutionary versatility of mammalian biology in adapting to diverse habitats. Insights into
skeletal morphology, respiratory physiology, thermoregulation, and locomotor adaptations shed light on the functional
strategies employed by mammals to thrive in aquatic and terrestrial environments. This comparative analysis deepens our

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appreciation for the interconnectedness of life and the adaptive
mechanisms that drive biological diversity. Further research inthis area is essential for elucidating the evolutionary processes
shaping mammalian form and function, with implications forconservation and ecological management.
Keywords: Comparative anatomy, Aquatic mammals, Terrestrial mammals, Skeletal adaptations, Respiratory physiology
A-0923

Vomeronasal Organ: Do Baleen Whales
Have It?
Joy REIDENBERG1, Virginia L. GILLESPIE2, Ma G. GONZALEZ2
1

Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, United States
2
Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, United States

Purpose: Baleen whales (mysticetes) have two depressions
on the upper lip undersurface at the rostral tip. It is hypothesized that they lead to a vomeronasal organ (VNO) for chemoreception (e.g., to detect pheromones), similar to closely related
artiodactyls.
Methods: Eight species of mysticete whales were examined
post mortem from fresh beach-stranded carcasses. Access tosamples was provided by the Marine Mammal Health andStranding Response Network (Atlantic Marine Conservation
Society, NY, Marine Mammal Stranding Center, NJ, Mystic
Aquarium, CT), San Diego State University, the Smithsonian
Institution (US National Museum of Natural History), andOtago University (New Zealand). Species included blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis), minke (B.
acutorostrata), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), gray (Eschrichtius robustus), right (Eubalaena glacialis), pygmy right(Caperea marginata). Distal third of rostrum was exploredthrough transverse cuts along the mesorostral cartilage immediately dorsal to vomer (two fins, one gray), and after removalof mesorostral cartilage (two minkes). Upper lip (two humpbacks, three minkes) and cribriform plate region (one fin, onegray) were examined histologically.
Results: External examination confirmed paired indentations on the ventral upper lip, but no gross opening was found.
The indentations recessed approximately 0.5-1cm at the deepest point (medially) and were either complete or incomplete
ovoid depressions often with a raised center. Peripheral nerves(sensory?) were embedded among dense connective tissue andadipocytes. Variably sized vacuoles lined with flat to plumpcells were observed, but function is unknown. No VNO, olfactory nerves, or chemoreceptive epithelium was found.
Conclusion: No VNO or associated structures indicative of
chemoreceptive function were observed grossly or microscopically in upper lip, mesorostral cartilage, vomer, or hard palate
tissues, despite appearance of paired depressions on upper lip.
These data suggest indentations are vestigial VNO remnants.
Chemoreception may be compromised for whales as chemicalsignals (e.g., hormones in urine) may be diluted in water.
Keywords: Vomeronasal, Chemoreception, Whale, Baleen,
Mysticete[E. Anatomical Education]
A-0043

Enhancing Dental Education: Evaluating theStudents Perception and Course Experienceof an Integrated Anatomy and Physiology
Course at Ajman University
Prince Lm ZILUNDU, Jayaraj K NARAYANAN

Basic and Medical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

Purpose: Anatomy and physiology knowledge forms thecornerstone of dentistry, underpinning accurate patient examination, anesthesia, and surgical procedures. While traditionally taught as separate subjects, recent trends emphasize
integration. At Ajman University, we have integrated thesesubjects into a comprehensive "Integrated Biological Sciences"(IBS) course. This study sought to evaluate the clinical relevance of this integrated approach and gather student feedback
to enhance dental education.
Methods: We conducted a survey among first-year BDS
students at Ajman University. Students provided immediate
feedback at the end of the IBS course via Students' Evaluationof Educational Quality (SEEQ) and Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). Content analysis was used for open ended
questions. Academic performance data were also analyzed.
Results: The integration of anatomy and physiology into
a comprehensive IBS course has been well-received by students at Ajman University. The students highly valued the IBS
course, perceiving it as foundational for clinical practice. HighACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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achievers were very positive in all CEQ and SEEQ dimensions
when compared to their low achiever classmates (P>0.05). Furthermore, there was a consensus on the need for further integration into the broader dental curriculum. Feedback suggeststhat aligning course content with clinical practice is vital. As
dentistry evolves, this integrated approach ensures graduates
meet the UAE's competency standards. Ongoing curriculum
development and integration are key to bridging the gap between basic science and clinical practice.
Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of integrating anatomy and physiology into dental education, ensuring clinical relevance. Stakeholder feedback serves as a valuable guide for curriculum enhancement.
Funding: Ajman University.
Keywords: Anatomy, Physiology, Integrated biological sciences, Course experience, Curriculum integration
A-0049Perspectives on Organ Donation and theRelationship between Spiritual Beliefs andWillingness to Donate: A Cross Sectional
Study of Nigerian Medical and Allied HealthStudents

Izuchukwu OKAFOR1, Kingsley IBEABUCHI2,3, Smart MBAGWU1, JudeNNAKA1, Muritala SULEIMAN4, Ojo GBADEGESIN5,6
1

Anatomy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Nursing, Claretian University, Nekede, Nigeria
3
Anatomy, College of Nursing Sciences, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Ihiala, Nigeria
4
Anatomy, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
5
Philosophy, Evangel Theological Seminary, Jos, Nigeria
6
Philosophy, Southwest Advanced School of Theology, Iperu Remo, Nigeria
2

donation in principle. Yet only 38.25% are willing to donate
posthumously, with 37.1% undecided, and a mere 16.89% willing to donate while alive. Predominantly, students identify as
Christians (87.7%) or Muslims (11.6%). Approximately 43.05%
are uncertain if their religion endorses body donation, while
55.46% aim to follow their religious teachings and 25.99% try
to do so. Belief in reincarnation (38.9%) and life after death(72.9%) are prevalent among respondents. Notably, the belief
in reincarnation, life after death, and religious adherence significantly influences willingness to donate organs, whether
posthumously or while alive (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There is a noteworthy disparity between thetheoretical support for organ donation and the actual willingness to donate, particularly while alive, among Nigerian students. The strong correlation between specific spiritual beliefs
and the willingness to donate organs, emphasizes the substantial influence of spirituality on this decision-making process.
There is a need to consider spiritual factors when devisingstrategies to meet the increasing demand for donor organs.
Keywords: Organ donation, Religion, Spirituality, Medical
Students, Nigeria
A-0071Introduction to Examination Evaluation:
A Qualitative and Psychometric Review
of Gross Anatomy Assessment Test at the
Department of Anatomy, University of
RwandaVictor ARCHIBONG, Julien GASHEGU

Purpose: This study explored how the spiritual beliefs of
medical and allied health students affect their willingness fororgan donation.
Methods: An online questionnaire developed from interviews and Spirituality Orientation Inventory was used to survey 604 Nigerian medical and allied health students, including questions on students’ views on organ donation, spiritualbeliefs, and spiritual reasons for organ donation choices. Descriptive analysis, crosstabulation, and Chi-squared tests, wereused to determine proportions, and relationships between thevariables, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: The majority (72.6%) of students support organ

Human Anatomy, University Of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda

Purpose: To assess the reliability of the gross anatomy assessment test in measuring the expected knowledge.
Methods: A purposive sampling method was used to selectthe first continuous assessment test from the Gross Anatomy 2
and Gross Anatomy 3 modules at the Department of Anatomy,
University of Rwanda. The Zipgrade app was used to prepare
the marking guide and electronic marking. The Zipgrade app
analyzed test items and informed the researchers which test
item was most challenging or easiest for the students. A qualitative and psychometric assessment of the test item was performed by comparing the test questions to the answer options

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provided. The discrimination factor was calculated using the
Zipgrade app. To assess the reliability of the difficult or easy
test items, the Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) formula was used.
Results: In Gross Anatomy 3, question 28 was the most difficult item, and 3.1% of the students passed. Qualitative analysis of the question revealed that it failed to meet the qualitative
standard due to the inclusion of the option “None” on key “E.”The Discriminatory factor was -0.085 for question 28, and thereliability was 1.0. Question 42 was the easiest, and 100% of thestudents passed. Qualitative analysis of the question revealed
that it met the qualitative standard, and the reliability was 1.0.
In gross Anatomy 2, question 16 was the most difficult, with
0% pass. There was no discriminatory factor for this question.
Qualitative analysis revealed that it met the qualitative standard, and the reliability was 1.0. Question 24 was the easiest,
with 98.3% of students passing; the discriminatory factor was
0.026, qualitative analysis revealed that it met qualitative standards, and reliability was 1.0.
Conclusion: The study identified some measurement errors
in the test items, which are normal and expected in an examination.
Keywords: Qualitative analysis, Psychometric analysis, Discriminatory factor, Reliability
A-0079A Practical Active Learning Approachin Neuroanatomy Education amongst
Preclinical Students

Muhammad Zaid ZAINUDDIN1, Noor Azliza Wani ABD AZIZ1, Norhayati
LIAQAT ALI KHAN1, Mohd Maaruf ABDUL MALIK1, Aimi Nadia RAZLAN1,
Andrean HUSIN2
1

Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia
2
Centre for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi
MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia

Purpose: Neuroanatomy is a complex subject that is often
considered challenging for undergraduate students. Various
methods have been employed in teaching neuroanatomy, reflecting the complexity of the subject and the need for effective
education approaches. The field of anatomy education has seen
the implementation of constructivist learning approaches inteaching practices in accordance with the advocation of active
learning methods to complement traditional passive learningby education theorists. In an attempt to break the complexityof neuroanatomy teaching and learning and to lessen neurophobia, this study aims to provide a practical active learning
approach in neuroanatomy teaching and learning amongst
preclinical students.
Methods: This study was conducted over six weeks with theparticipation of 80 preclinical students. Throughout the period, students received their traditional 1-hour didactic lecture
for every neuroanatomy topic alongside four practical sessions.
During the four practical sessions, students were given four
separate tailor-made active learning activities. The practicalactivities are respectively; (1) Drawing, colouring, and labelling bones of the skull and vertebrae, (2) Creating a “BrainHat” that represents the functional and anatomical lobes of thecerebral cortex, (3) Creating a three-dimensional anatomical
representation of the brainstem, and (4) Drawing the vasculature of the head and neck. A pre-activity and post-activity quiz
was given to each student to assess their understanding of theselected topics. A feedback questionnaire was conducted at theend of the module period to assess the students' perception of
the activity.
Results: In brief, the post-activity quiz results showed asignificant increase in marks amongst students as comparedto the pre-activity quiz, signifying an increase in understanding and memory. Students feedback indicated that the active
learning sessions promoted student interest, engagement, understanding, and memory retention.
Conclusion: In conclusion, incorporating an active learning approach throughout the neuroanatomy syllabus may help
in tackling neurophobia amongst preclinical students.
Keywords: Anatomy Education, Neuroanatomy, Active
Learning, Preclinical Sciences, Constructivist Learning Theory
A-0092Students’ Perception toward Blended
Anatomy Learning Modalities at the
University of Rwanda

Paul NDAHIMANA, Joseph NGENZI, Josias IZABAYO, Andrew IVANG,
Olivier KUBWIMANA, Vincent SEZIBERA, Julien KAGABO GASHEGU
Human Anatomy Department, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Rwanda

Purpose: To assess the Students’ perception toward blended
anatomy learning modalities at the University of Rwand.

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Methods: A cross-sectional study was used with a sample
size of 135 determined and drawn from the study populationof students who had registered for two modules of anatomy . A
validated online questionnaire was distributed to 135 first-year
students. The data were exported from Google form to Microsoft excel 2013 for cleaning and coding. For further analysis,cleaned data were then exported to SPSS version 25. Data wereanalyzed descriptively using mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentages.
Results: Students participated actively in reading online
learning resources and doing learning activities during the
lockdown and after reopening of the university. The learning outcomes were clear (43.1%), the anatomy modules were
well organized (83.6 %), the anatomy modules were delivered
promptly (78.5 %) and the module content-wise adequate(68.1%). The limitation to satisfaction was on limited ICT infrastructures such as access to laptops, the internet, and thereliability of the learning management information system
where only 40.5% used their own laptops. In practical sessions of Anatomy modules, students expressed a high level ofsatisfaction. Cadavers structures were clear, instruct, give andhelpful (82.3%) while Anatomical Models as teaching materials were sufficient at the level of 83.2%. The most common
suggestions provided by the students were to extend the time
for the practical session (44%), and to increase the number offacilitators (5.2%).
Conclusion: The covid-19 pandemic has been an enormous
global challenge. However, it has been an opportunity also for
educational reforms and innovation on its core objectives ofdelivering knowledge, skills, and attitudes without compromising the quality. The combination of online and face-to-faceteaching of the anatomy modules has been highly appreciatedby UR medical students.

strips are being serialized in the PLEXUS, IFAA newsletter.
All the comic strips can be viewed on the homepage (http://
anatomy.co.kr). It was intended to enable medical students tolearn the complexities of anatomy in a straightforward andhumorous way.
Methods: 93 Korean medical students, who looked throughthe comic strips, were surveyed with questionnaire.
Results: The anatomy grades were higher in students whoread the comic strips than those who did not. The comic strips
facilitated memorizing anatomy and assuming attitude toward
anatomy. The comic strips also facilitated enjoying with medical persons and non-medical persons. The students may laughat the comical situations of comic strips only after acquisitionof anatomy knowledge; they then recognize how anatomy enriches them. Nowadays, students are reluctant to specialize inanatomy because of the prejudice that living as anatomists isboring and exhausting; the comic strips could be an innovative tool to demonstrate intriguing and worthwhile activities
of anatomists.
Conclusion: Creation and educational use of the benefiting comic strips are ongoing. The author inputted the suitablecomic strips to the textbooks such as a neuroanatomy book(Visually Memorable Neuroanatomy for Beginners. Academic
Press, 2020).
Keywords: Artistic anatomy, Cartoons, Humor, Medical
education, Questionnaires

Keywords: Anatomy, Blended learning, ELearning, Students, Perception
A-0177

Evaluation of Anatomy Comic Strips
Min Suk CHUNG

Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The author has drawn hundreds of episodes ofanatomy comic strips in English for two decades. The comic
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A-0218

ventions not utilizing human tissues may help consolidate andimprove regional anatomy knowledge over a one-year term.
Knowledge retention can be enhanced by accompanying virtual and physical teaching interventions.

Knowledge Retention of Undergraduate
Medical Students in Regional Anatomy
following a One-Month Gross Anatomy
Course Setting

Keywords: Embalming, Knowledge retention, OSPE, Regional anatomy dissection course, Undergraduate medical
education

Veronica ANTIPOVA1, Martin SIWETZ1, Maren ENGELHARDT2, Franz
A. FELLNER3,4, Simone MANHAL5, Julian F. NIEDERMAIR3,4, Benjamin
ONDRUSCHKA6, Amelie J. POILLIOT7, Andreas WREE8, Niels HAMMER1,9

1
Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Austria
2Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
3
Central Radiology Institute, Johannes Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
4
Division of Virtual Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler
University, Linz, Austria
5
Office of the Vice-Rector for Studies and Teaching, Medical University of Graz, Graz,
Austria
6
Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg,
Germany
7
Anatomical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
8
Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
9
Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Purpose: Knowledge retention presents a major concern for
medical students and educators to achieve optimal learning
outcomes. Practical dissection courses facilitate the consolidation of anatomy knowledge. Previously, it was shown that
regional anatomy dissection course is more beneficial overa 3-month than a 1-month duration regarding pre examination knowledge. This given study aimed to assess if follow-up
anatomy interventions may help consolidate regional anatomy
knowledge and facilitate knowledge retention of undergraduate medical students. It was hypothesized that knowledge
retention could be enhanced using post-dissection teachinginterventions.
Methods: Upon completion of the dissection course, OSPEs
were performed for the neck, thorax and abdomen immediately before the start of the oral examinations, with follow-ups
at 6 and 12 months. Between each of the examinations, virtualand in-presence lectures and seminars on (radiologic) anatomy
and pathology were held, including Cinematic Rendering but
without additional teaching on human tissues.
Results: Significant improvements were observed for theneck and abdomen region in the 6- and 12-month follow-up
OSPEs. The effects of knowledge gain were less marked inethanol-glycerin- than in Thiel-embalmed tissues. Student
perceptions on tissue quality correlated positively with theirassessment on tissue suitability for examination preparation.
Conclusion: In conclusion, even anatomy teaching inter-

A-0233The Open Anatomy Explorer

Vicky VANDENBOSSCHE1, Michiel VAN KENHOVE2, Noeska SMIT3,
Filip DE TURCK2, Bruno VOLCKAERT2, Wouter WILLAERT1, Emmanuel
AUDENAERT1
1

Department of Human Structure & Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
IDLab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
3
Department of Medical Visualization, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
2

Purpose: The Open Anatomy Explorer (OPANEX) is an
open-source, web-based platform designed for the explorationand manipulation of three-dimensional (3D) models. Offering
a multifaceted toolkit, OPANEX enables users to upload andannotate 3D models, customize 3D settings, and constructquizzes for educational purposes. The platform incorporates
two distinct user interfaces, designed to accommodate theneeds of both students and instructors. A distinctive feature of
OPANEX is its capability to facilitate the exchange of labeled
3D models across educational institutions through import andexport functionalities, fostering the collaborative developmentof an open-source library for 3D models. The source code for
OPANEX is freely accessible on GitHub at https://github.com/
biocat-ugent/Open-Anatomy-Explorer.
Methods: Launched in the academic year 2023-2024 within
the faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences at Ghent University,
Belgium, OPANEX underwent evaluation through a survey
targeting first-year medical students.
Results: The survey comprehensively gathered insights into
the utilization of anatomy course materials, perceptions ofdigital anatomical models, and overall user experiences with
OPANEX, providing valuable feedback for further enhancement and refinement of the platform.
Conclusion: Beyond its foundational application in anatomical education, OPANEX demonstrates versatility by finding utility in diverse fields such as chemical engineering, material science, and archeology. The adaptability of the platform

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extends its impact across various scientific domains.
Keywords: 3D models, 3D visualisation, Web-based, Anatomy, Education
A-0250The Development of Multimodal
Instructional Classrooms and Media in
Gross Anatomy and Neuroanatomy using
3D Scanning, 3D Printing, and 3D Display
Technologies

Pimratchanee SOONSATHAM1, Atthaboon WATTHAMMAWUT1, Monsicha
SOMRIT2,1, Tharit KHUNUNYHAPORN1, Somjai APISAWETAKAN1,
Chitraporn KUANPRADIT1, Orapin GERDPRASERT1, Warataporn
SITHICHAROON1
1

Anatomy, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
2
Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Purpose: The recent past intermittent discontinuation of
on-site teaching due to the Covid-19 pandemic led to the necessity for ongoing adaptation in anatomical education methodologies. Traditional video-based instruction sourced fromgenuine dissections, has proven inadequate, primarily due to
its two-dimensional nature and lack of interactivity, resulting
in reduced learner engagement. Our study was conducted asa response to this gap with the design and implementation of
a Virtual Anatomical Dissection Room (VADR). unforeseenchallenges such as those presented by the pandemic.
Methods: A 3D photogrammetry process was used to generate both a 360 degree panoramic room and a 3D meshedstructure for further 3D visualization purposes. The 3D models scanned were adjusted for compatibility with the AR/VR
systems of Sketchfab 3D Viewer, and VR presentation models
were developed that used VR glasses like Google Cardboard or
active VR glasses such as Oculus Quest 2.
Results: We demonstrated the implementation of a Virtual Anatomical Dissection Room grounded in 3D modeling,enhanced with AR/VR, and holographic display technologies. Furthermore, have successfully developed and produced
multimodal instructional media for neuroanatomy and thecreation of a repository. Lastly, we modified the 3D scannedmodels to be shown for the first time on a cutting-edge 3D holographic display, where the viewer can observe the models to
be 3D with depth in real-time.

Conclusion: This virtual space in the form of 3D modelingof real laboratory environments and bolstered by AR/VR technologies, extends interactive learning opportunities, enabling
students to navigate and analyze anatomical structures as if ina physical lab setting. NThe culmination of this research supplies educators and students with dynamic and adaptive learning media, to meet the rigors of modern anatomical education
and unforeseen challenges such as those presented by the pandemic.
Funding: This work was supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot Research Grant (contract no. MEDRES-300 140/2565), and the Srinakharinwirot University
Grant (contract no. URMS 379/2565).
Keywords: Virtual Anatomical Dissection Room , 3D modeling and printing, Augmented Reality (AR)/virtual Reality(VR), Holographic display technology
A-0257The Vital Role of Anatomy Demonstrators
in Delivering Anatomical Education
Worldwide
Ross MUNRO, Jim PRICE, Claire SMITH

Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United
Kingdom

Purpose: Anatomy Demonstrators (ADs) have played a pivotal role in delivering anatomical education. Despite advancements in technology-enhanced learning, the demand for ADs
in the United Kingdom has increased. This study explores the
merits and drawbacks of the UK AD role, drawing comparisons with analogous positions worldwide.
Methods: Our research, (ER/BSMS3741/1) utilising mixed
questionnaire and focus group methodologies (N=50) reveals
that UK ADs form a dynamic, engaged, and diverse cohort,enjoying a net positive and fulfilling role. The benefits extend
beyond personal development, contributing significantly toanatomical knowledge and teaching skills whilst ADs foster
a symbiotic relationship with clinical practice and enhanced
exam success rates. Peer and near-peer teaching (NPT), as
evidenced in broader literature, yields positive outcomes forstudents and educators alike. However, challenges such as inadequate financial compensation, limited training, and insufficient feedback persist.

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Results: Internationally, China instigated roles resemblingADs in the 2000s, while in the US, surgical residents typicallyintegrate teaching into their clinical roles and Indian ADs
found their position beneficial for career progression. A global
perspective emphasizes the ubiquity of benefits from NPTs
and interprofessional teaching models, despite shared challenges including reduced curriculum time for anatomy andincreased focus on clinically relevant content with similarly
limited literature on AD role negatives. Looking toward thefuture, a dichotomy emerges in the UK ADs' vision for medical education, torn between technology-enhanced learningand the irreplaceable in-person dissection/prosection teaching. Meanwhile, the global theme of neglecting the training
and support needs of ADs becomes apparent. To address theseissues, the role of ADs should evolve to integrate technologyenhanced learning while prioritizing comprehensive training
and ongoing professional development.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the expanding role of ADs in
UK anatomical education necessitates a concerted effort todefine, understand, and govern the role, emphasizing training
and support for the benefit of all stakeholders involved.
Keywords: Medical Education, Anatomy Demonstrator,
Career, Teaching, ClinicalA-0274Comparing the Instructional Efficacy andCognitive Load of Different TechnologyEnhanced Small-Group Tasks in Sectional
Anatomy Learningedge gains and perceived mental effort experienced by students
learning sectional anatomy of the chest in distinct 45-minutelong technology-enhanced collaborative learning tasks.
Methods: A sample of 115 first-year medical students was
randomly divided into three experimental groups that useddifferent supporting technologies to learn the sectional anatomy of the chest: IMAIOS e-learning platform and Microsoft
Surface Hub (n= 37); Anatomage table (n= 38); Anatomage
table with digital models/presets designed in accordance withthe principles of the CTML (n= 40).
Results: Pre- and post-learning tests revealed that significant knowledge gains in sectional anatomy were obtained by
all groups even though no inter-group differences were found.
The Paas 9-point Likert mental effort rating scale showed thatall groups exerted similar amounts of mental effort in thelearning phase and in the post-learning test. In addition, no
significant inter-group differences were found.
Conclusion: These preliminary results show that collaborative technology-enhanced tasks were effective in improving
understanding over sectional anatomy. However, the efficacy
and cognitive efficiency of learning were not significantly
impacted by the educational technologies being tested nor by
the application of CTML principles in instructional design.
Further studies must be conducted as the unidimensional Paas
9-point Likert mental effort rating scale may not have been asufficiently robust indicator of the multidimensional constructthat is cognitive load.
Keywords: Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning,
Sectional Anatomy, Mental Effort, Anatomage, Technologyenhanced

Guilherme RBC FONSECA1,2, George L TIPOE2, Fred A GANOTICE2
1

School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
2
Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universityof Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

A-0277

Purpose: Learning 2D sectional anatomy facilitates thecomprehension over 3D anatomical structures, anatomical relationships, and radiological anatomy. However, the efficacy andcognitive load efficiency of technology-enhanced collaborative
instructional activities in sectional anatomy remains unclear, especially if theoretical frameworks, namely the Cognitive Theoryof Multimedia Learning (CTML), are applied during instructional design. Therefore, this pilot study compared the knowl-

An Examination of Emotional, Physiologicaland Psychological Responses to Cadaveric
Dissection in First-Year Medical Students
Danya STONE, Hugo CRITCHLEY, Claire SMITH

Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United
Kingdom

Purpose: Despite the well-recognized challenges faced by
students in adapting to learning anatomy through cadaveric
dissection, a notable gap persists in the use of validated scales
to quantify emotional, physiological, and psychological re-

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sponses within the context of anatomy dissection sessions.
This study aims to quantify the experience of medical students
learning anatomy through cadaveric dissection with the use of
three previously validated scales.
Methods: Participants consisted of first-year students at
Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS). The survey instrument incorporated established scales such as the Discrete
Emotion Questionnaire (DEQ), the German State Disgust
Scale (GSDS), and the Impact of Events Scale (Revised) (IES-R).
Ethical approval was granted by BSMS Research, Governanceand Ethics Committee (ER/BSMS9GHM/9).
Results: As students gained exposure with cadaveric dissection, they reported diminishing levels of negatively valanced
emotions, coupled with an elevation in positively valanced
emotions. Notably, disgust was the only negatively valanced
emotion that non-significantly increased between the timepoints. Physiological responses associated with anxiety significantly decreased (p <.001) while those associated with disgust
showed little change between the sessions. After session one,
17.3% (n=9) students met the criteria for partial post-traumaticstress disorder (PTSD), whereas only three (6.5%) met the criteria for partial PTSD post the second session. The emotional,
physiological, and psychological consequences of cadaveric
dissection sessions exhibited associations with students' gender and prior exposure to cadavers. However, the influence ofstudents' age, mental health, or recent bereavement was comparatively less pronounced.
Conclusion: Despite students experiencing initial challenges with cadaveric dissection, rapid adaptation to this format oflearning anatomy is observed. This research implies that theprocess of learning anatomy through cadaveric dissection offers medical students a controlled setting to familiarize themselves with working in proximity to deceased individuals. This
environment may constitute a crucial developmental phase in
their progression towards medical professionalism.
Keywords: Dissection, Emotion, PTSD, Disgust, Anxiety

A-0279Virtual Reality in Anatomy Teaching

Dominic O'BRIEN1, CJ TAYLOR1, Dino LAI1, Danya STONE1, LukeWILLETT2, Nicole BYTHEWAY2, Claire SMITH1
1

Anatomy, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton and Hove, United Kingdom
Accounts and Customer Success, Virti, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: Implementing Virtual Reality (VR) into anatomical education can bring opportunities and challenges to boththe learners and the teachers due to its novel nature and steep
learning curve. Brighton and Sussex Medical School started to
introduce VR during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus
to support surgical education. A stepwise approach has since
been taken to its adoption for undergraduate medical students.
Methods: Using in-house filmed 360-video cadaveric content from donors who had consented to providing images,
short clinical videos were created and used through 10 VR
headsets in Living Anatomy and Ultrasound (LAUS) teaching sessions at the medical school. The content was selected toreflect clinically relevant areas for each session, each video was<10 minutes in duration, involving a range of multiple viewpoints, hot spots to provide information, multiple choice questions and clinical imaging. Students were then asked for theirinitial thoughts on the resource.
Results: Preliminary analysis of evaluations from students(n=91) suggest that 89% of respondents found the resources tobe beneficial to their learning. Common praise for the modality
centred around how ‘interactive’ and ‘immersive’ the resource
was, with numerous students citing their enjoyment of how
close to a clinical experience it felt; one student writing that it“felt like you were in the room with surgeons”. Many respondents also described the experience as ‘fun’, which is a common
theme among gamified learning resources, whilst also finding
the content ‘useful’ in aiding their learning. Utilising resources
which students are more likely to engage with due to enjoyment
has been shown to improve learning outcomes.
Conclusion: There is often trepidation around introducing
new technologies to teaching, but our activities have shownthat with mindful implementation, VR can be a fantastic resource to bolster student learning.
Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Virtual Reality, Technology, Innovation

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A-0287

The Global Neuroanatomy Network (GNN):
An Academic Repository for Educators
Worldwide

Melissa CARROLL1, Kirsten BROWN1, Laura WHITBURN2, PeterVOLLBRECHT3, Amanda MEYER4, Claudia KREBS5, Dara CANNON6,
Doris YOHANNAN7, Jose ANDRADE8, Eustathia GIANNARIS9, MarkPICKERING10, Matthew VILBURN11, Monica LOPEZ HIDALGO12, Ronnie
BATICULON13, Scott BORDER14, Siobhan MCMAHON15, Tom FLANAGAN10,
Valeria FORLIZZI16, Yolanda SALINAS-ALVAREZ17, Mikaela STIVER18
1

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
2
Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, School of
Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
3
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D.
School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
4
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences,
The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
5
Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine AND Hackspacefor Innovation and Visualization in Education, Faculty of Arts, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
6
Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences,
University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
7
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,India
8
Department of Biomedicine Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto,
Porto, Portugal
9
Division of Translational Anatomy, Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical
School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
10
Anatomy, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
11
Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
12
National School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Juriquilla,
Queretaro, Mexico
13
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila,
Manila, Philippines
14
Anatomy, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
Scotland, United Kingdom
15
Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway,
Ireland
16
Gross Anatomy Department, School of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
17
Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo
Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
18
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

repository is a searchable database. Contributions were solicitedfor exemplars and piloted through a customized peer-review
process. In November 2023, the GNN website was launched toopen the repository to educators worldwide while simultaneously inviting global contributors. Google Analytics 4 assessed
the initial impact through anonymized, aggregated data.
Results: As of January 2024, the GNN has 230 registeredmembers from 39 countries on six continents and has beenviewed from 53 countries with 927 engaged sessions. Currently, 17 teaching resources and three clinical cases are posted,while 13 submissions are pending peer-review. At this time,the most viewed teaching resource is a 3D Printed Spinal Pathways Model (n = 39), and the Lateral Medullary Syndrome is
the most viewed clinical case (n = 13).
Conclusion: Our preliminary results demonstrate global
engagement with the GNN, suggesting a strong potential forthis collaborative CoP approach. Therefore, this repository
may fill the gap that neuroanatomy educators often face in developing innovative pedagogical approaches to teach complex
and challenging content. Many of these teaching approaches
are refined classroom experiments without the benefit of collaboration, critique, or dissemination beyond their classroom
or institution. Furthermore, educators may lack access toclinical cases that can support the neuroanatomical rationale
for clinically oriented neuroanatomy coursework. The GNN
provides a peer-reviewed virtual repository of this content that
may not align with traditional scholarly dissemination mechanisms (e.g, manuscripts).
Funding: Funded by an Innovation Grant from the American Association for Anatomy.
Keywords: Community of Practice, Virtual Repository,
Neuroanatomy Education

Purpose: The Global Neuroanatomy Network (GNN)
aimed to create a virtual community of practice (CoP) for
established and novice educators to share and adapt peerreviewed clinical cases and teaching resources specifically forneuroanatomy education.
Methods: A small social media network of educators (23academics from 22 institutions in 11 countries) conceived anddesigned the repository. Structured submission forms captured
best practice for teaching resources and neuroanatomical rationale for clinical cases. Keywords, tags, and indexing ensured the
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A-0308A-0324

Anatomy Teaching Models before andduring the Covid-19 Pandemic: Teaching
Models Assessment

The Creation of an Integrated Instructional
Display for Embryology Incorporating 3D
Modelling, Digital Light Processing 3DPrinting and Augmented Reality

Nikola VUCINIC, Sara STRBAC, Dragana RADOSEVIC, Nikolina PUPOVAC,
Dusica MARIC
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Purpose: Covid-19 pandemic imposed immediate changes
in teaching Anatomy, from in-person to online. The aim ofour study was to compare results of Anatomy exams, examine
the students’ attitudes to these two different teaching models
and propose a more desirable model.
Methods: In the retrospective part of the study, Anatomy
exam results of 211 students studying in person in 2018/2019(before pandemic), and of 214 students studying online in
2020/2021 (during the pandemic) were analyzed. The prospective part comprises comprehensive survey of the students’ attitudes towards in-person teaching model - 136 students, andonline teaching model - 118 of the respective aforementioned
academic years.
Results: Anatomy exam was passed by 76.3% of students
after in-person teaching, compared to only 49.1% after online
teaching. The survey showed that within the in-person model,teachers were more available (χ2(2, N=254) = 39.705, p < .001),
students were more satisfied with the exam (χ2(2, N=254)= 9.587, p = .008), more confident of their knowledge (χ2(2,N=254) = 23.464, p < .001), and appreciated the quality of thismodel more (χ2(2, N=254) = 50.263, p < .001) than the online
generation. Only 51.7% of students in online generation believed that online studying prevented the spread of Covid-19.
Attitudes expressed in open-ended questions were more positive about in-person than online teaching, where the absenceof laboratory works in-person received the biggest criticism.
Conclusion: In-person model was shown to be better. However, teaching aids, such as PowerPoint presentations withrecorded voice and video records of laboratory works, applied
in online teaching at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Novi Sad, should be incorporated into
the future teaching models.
Keywords: Anatomy, Undergraduate education, Covid-19,
Distance learning, Assessment

Tharit KHUNUNYHAPORN1, Atthaboon WATTHAMMAWUT1, Monsicha
SOMRIT2, Pimratchanee SOONSATHAM1, Somjai APISAWETAKAN1,
Chitraporn KUANPRADIT1, Orapin GERDPRASERT1, Warataporn
SITHICHAROON1
1

Anatomy, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

2

Purpose: With the subject of human embryology and thedevelopment of organ systems involves the understanding of
the alteration to the various organ system; the gradual reduction in the time and resources dedicated to instructing medical and paramedical students in this subject have led to a corresponding decrease in educational resources. This includes toan inadequate number and accessibility to true-to-life models,the present-day shift towards to 2D illustrations of embryological structures or at best 3D virtual illustrations.
Methods: mbryological serial sections were digitized andreconstructed into detailed 3D models using AMIRA software. These models were further refined for texture and color
accuracy, then 3D printed with high anatomical fidelity using
UV-sensitive resins. The final models, suitable for both public
viewing and augmented reality (AR) applications, were uploaded to Sketchfab and underwent validation against original
histological sections and 2D representations to confirm theiraccuracy and reliability.
Results: We converted raw embryological data obtained
from the open-sourced 3D Atlas of Human Embryology of the
Academic Medical Center (AMC-Amsterdam, Netherlands)
into 3D models of the different stages of the nervous system;and subsequently use 3D sculpting and Digital Light Processing (DLP-SLA) 3D printing to produce true-to-life, enlarged
3D printed models for use in the instruction of the “Development of the Nervous System”. Furthermore, the models were
further placed onto a display that includes accompanying
legends and captions, QR codes that allows for the student andinstructors to view the 3D models on other platforms a; alongwith augmented reality (AR) image markers that allow theviewer to visualize the models on their hand-held smartphone/tablets in real-time.
Conclusion: This study resulted in the greater equality in

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accessibility through the instructional media and allowed forthe instructor to further modify the models to better cater totheir needs as well as produce reproducible models at scale.
Funding: This work was supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot Research Grant (contract no. MEDRES-300 140/2565), and the Srinakharinwirot University
Grant (contract no. URMS 379/2565).
Keywords: Embryology, 3D rendering, Serial sections, 3D
reconstruction, Augmented reality
A-0374

Human Mannequin: Learning Anatomy
and Clinical Skills via Surface Marking of
the Chest Wall, a Distinctive Non-Cadaveric
Approach
Prakash MANICKAM KUMARASAMY

Anatomy Department, Newcastle University Medicine, Jo, Malaysia

Purpose: Anatomical landmark’s are essential for determining the exact location of internal organs for clinical examination. The thorax houses the cardirespiratory organs which canbe examined to acertain health condition of a person. This
teaching method uses transparent apron for surface marking of
the thorax, after which clinical examination were performed.
Methods: Students were given the chest wall anatomy
prelaboratory handout prior to the practical session. During
the session , the students were randomly divided into groups ofthree each and given a transparent apron.One student served
as a manequine and wore the apron, another student searched
for the anatomical landmark on the chest and the last student
trace the identified landmarks with a marker. Finally, percussion and auscultation of the chest were performed.
Results: The clavicle, sternum, ribs and intercostal spaces
were drwan on the apron.The exact location of the internal organs were identified. Clinical examination such as percussion
and auscultation were easily performed without mistakes.
Conclusion: Students learnt clinical skills on their peers using just apron and markers, which is effective, live, fun and costeffective. Finally a positive feedback were gathered anecdotally.
Keywords: Chest wall, Surface anatomy, Clinical skills,
Education, Anatomy

A-0383

A Comparison of Pasifika and New Zealand
European Students’ Visual Attention to
Anatomical Images

Erik WIBOWO1,2, Ilaisaane F. FAKAPULIA1, Yusuf O. CAKMAK1, Latika
SAMALIA1
1

Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

2

Purpose: In New Zealand institutions, there is a growing
number of Pasifika students who take anatomy courses. However, there is an overrepresentation of underachievement andcourse dropout among Pasifika students in anatomy courses.
Anatomy education includes topics that are considered tapu
(taboo/sacred) in Pacific cultures, and thus may affect PacificIslands students learning experience. Here, we aim to determine if there is ethnic difference in the visual attention to anatomical images between New Zealand European (NZE) andPasifika students.
Methods: Using a pair of eye-trackers (Tobii eye-trackers
wireless glass II, Sweden), we collected data on visual attention to anatomical images between 31 NZE and 31 Pasifika
anatomy students. Participants viewed a PowerPoint slide thatfeatured 17 distinct body regions, with each region displaying
three types of anatomical images (cadaver, plastic model andsurface anatomy). Two-way ANOVA was used to determine theinteraction effect of ethnicity and image type for the numberof first-second fixations (FSF) and latencies to each image type.
Results: Significant interaction effects between ethnicity
and image type were found for FSF to hand, gluteal region,
shoulder, foot, and male perineum. Pasifika students had fewer
FSF to the surface anatomy of the hand, gluteal region, andmale perineum, but more FSF to a plastic model of the gluteal
region, foot, and male perineum as well as cadaver image ofthe shoulder foot than NZE students.
Conclusion: Our preliminary finding provides objective
evidence for ethnic difference in visual attention to anatomical
images, including those which are tapu for Pasifika students.
Funding: Department of Anatomy, University of Otago.
Keywords: Visual attention, Ethnic differences, Teachingdelivery

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A-0394

with surgical tools and techniques.
Conclusion: The overall positive experience of the students
cited factors in both course design and subject. No pre-course
concerns were mentioned after the course; students gained adeeper understanding of anatomy, dissection, and greater selfconfidence.

Responses of Students with ProsectionBased Anatomy Instruction When Exposed
to a Short Dissection Course

Sarah L. CROKER1, Allan MEARES2, Henry PLEASS2,3, Annette BURGESS4,
Kevin A. KEAY1
1

School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
2Specialty of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
3
Department of Surgery, Westmead Surgical Research and Education Centre, Westmead
Hospital, Sydney, Australia
4
Education Office, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Purpose: In common with most Australian medical schools,
anatomy instruction in The University of Sydney’s graduate
medical program is conducted using prosected human donors.
Basic science anatomy instruction occurs in Year 1, with prosections allowing an efficient way for students to quickly become familiar with anatomical structures. For students seeking
a more immersive experience, we developed an elective 5-day
clinically oriented dissection course. We sought the students’perspectives of how dissection differed from their experiences
during their standard anatomy instruction.
Methods: The dissection course, focused on the lower limb,
was attended by 24 students from years 1 and 2 of the 4-year
graduate entry medical program. Each day, pairs of students
dissected a lower limb after attending the morning’s relevant
anatomy lectures and clinical presentations. Qualitative data
were collected using pre-course surveys (asking anticipateddifficulties) and post-course surveys (asking what was helpful,surprising, and how the course supported their knowledge andskills beyond their regular program). Thematic analysis wasused to code and categorise the responses.
Results: The pre-course survey response rate was 83.3%(20/24). Common themes were concerns about technical skills
to dissect and anatomical knowledge. The post-course survey
response rate was also 83.3% (20/24). Students noted multiple
helpful aspects, from the actual anatomy (understanding layers, revision), to dissection techniques, to the course itself(structure, guidance from tutors, being hands-on). Aspects
that surprised students were the amount of connective tissue
and fat present, as well as the increase in skills personally. Regarding the value beyond the program, most comments spoke
to the deeper level of learning possible, and also experience

Keywords: Dissection, Prosection, Anatomy education,
Medical students
A-0416

Enhancing Student Visualization and
Recognition of Musculoskeletal Anatomy:
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of
3D Interactive Learning Modules
Christina BYUN, Rachel BERRY

Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Purpose: The study of musculoskeletal anatomy of thelimbs is essential for students enrolled in health and medicine
programs. However, the volume, complexity, and highly visual
nature of musculoskeletal anatomy content presents challenges
for course design and delivery, and for learners’ comprehensionof the content. Pedagogical studies have demonstrated that 3Dinteractive learning experiences enhance student engagement
and recollection of anatomical content. This research discusses
the design, implementation, and evaluation of 3D interactive
learning modules for improving students’ recognition of structures of the musculoskeletal system and their ability to visualize
the spatial orientation of its associated anatomical structures.
Methods: The interactive learning modules were created byfilming demonstrations of anatomical structures, with interactivity added to the videos using H5P. The interactive aspectof each video included an information icon for each structure
demonstrated, formative quizzes with immediate feedback,and a summary of individual performance. The learning modules were uploaded to course learning management system.
Results: Practical assessment performance data was collected and analyzed from first- and second-year students enrolled
in advanced functional anatomy of the limbs courses. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS.
Conclusion: The interactive learning modules proved valuable in assisting learners to recognize and visualize musculo-

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skeletal structures of the limbs. Practical assessment results
were greatly improved for student cohorts that had completed
the interactive learning modules when compared with thosethat had not. Student feedback also showed increased engagement with the course content. Future analysis of these learning modules will involve comparing student performance andsatisfaction between different courses and cohorts, and theirimpact on students’ theoretical anatomy knowledge.
Keywords: Anatomy, Musculoskeletal, Education, Innovation, Assessment
A-0449the incorporation of diverse curriculum resources, adoptionof inclusive language, implementation of student support programs, and a widespread enthusiasm for enhancing inclusion
within medical education.
Conclusion: Our data shows that current anatomy education does not adequately represent the diversity of populations.
These findings demonstrate the need to assess existing anatomy curricula and proactively develop initiatives to enhance
inclusion and representation.
Keywords: Inclusivity, Representation, Diversity, Inclusion,
Anatomy education

Representing Diversity: An International
Exploration of Representation in Anatomy
Staff and Students

A-0451Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Madihah RUSHAIDHI1, Nurul Uyun ABDUL AZIZ1, Nor Alia MOHAMAD1,
Othman Affan ZUHRI1, Sue-Jinn LOKE1, Siti Nurma Hanim HADIE2

Unveiling Perceptions: Evaluating Anatomy
Education in the New Integrated CaseBased Curriculum using AEEMI Framework

Siobhan MOYES, Lily EVANS, Katie SNOW, Chloe MILSOM

Purpose: Recent discussions in the anatomy community
have highlighted the need for greater inclusion and representation of diverse populations in anatomical education. Our
research identified that a proportion of staff and students
involved in anatomy teaching and learning do not feel represented within their curricula. We are currently analysing thedata to better understand the factors and explore the impact ofdemographic variables on such perceptions.
Methods: In this pilot study, a combination of questionnaires and focus groups were employed to gather data regarding individuals' lived experiences of inclusion and exclusion
within anatomy education. Qualitative and quantitative data
were obtained by convenience sampling and adhered to inclusive research methodologies, such as community-based
participatory research. Reflexive thematic analysis was used
to contextualise inclusion within its broader social, historical,
and political dimensions.
Results: Responses were received from 137 staff and 122
students from over 20 countries, although data collection isstill ongoing. Initial responses from questionnaires indicatethat 28% of staff and 33% of students do not feel represented bytheir curricula. Our data exposes notable hurdles to inclusion,
such as inadequate representation, cultural barriers, time constraints, and institutional limitations. Despite these challenges,
the research has uncovered promising initiatives, including

1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed),
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2
Anatomy, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia

Purpose: The intersection of the pandemic and advancements in curriculum design has spurred the emergence of new
anatomy curricula in medical education. It is paramount toscrutinise the anatomy education environment within a new
curriculum to ensure impactful learning experiences. Using
the validated Anatomy Education Environment Measurement
Inventory (AEEMI) this study aims to evaluate medical students' perceptions of anatomy knowledge, educators, subjects,
and learning resources, to discern potential shifts in perception following the implementation of the new curriculum.
Methods: A validated 26-items AEEMI were administered
to 270 consenting medical students at Newcastle University
Medicine Malaysia (NUMed). Utilizing a five-point Likert
scale, participants assessed their perceptions across five domains of AEEMI: anatomy knowledge relevance, anatomy
teachers, anatomy subject mastery, and anatomy learning
resources. To evaluate student perceptions of the newly implemented integrated case-based format curriculum at NUMed
since 2018/2019, a comparative analysis was conducted between the old and new curricula based on the average scores ineach domain.
Results: The Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant

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difference in anatomy subject mastery scores between students
in the old and new curricula (z = -1.705, p = 0.088). However,
the old curriculum group demonstrated significantly higherscores across the other four domains: (i) anatomy knowledge
relevance (z = -3.064, p = 0.002), (ii) positive perceptions ofanatomy teachers (z = -6.178, p < 0.001), (iii) negative perceptions of anatomy teachers (z = 3.061, p = 0.002), and (iv) perceptions of anatomy learning resources (z = -4.938, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: AEEMI effectively assesses student perceptions of the new curriculum, revealing areas for improvement
across five domains. Concerns about anatomy subject mastery
persisted in both curricula, with other domains receiving
moderate scores. Notably, students from the old curriculum
expressed more positive perceptions, possibly influenced by
reduced anatomy contact hours and the pandemic's impact.
Funding: This project was funded by the Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed) Internal Research Grant(NIRG). Grant number: 226900-IG5.
Keywords: Anatomy Education Environment Measurement Inventory (AEEMI), Integrated case-base anatomy curriculum, Validated instrument, Anatomy subject mastery,
Pandemic
A-0494at the end of the course. Descriptive statistics were used tocompare pre- and post-test scores. A p-value less than 0.05 wasconsidered statistically significant. The Likert scale was used
to measure trainees’ satisfaction at the end of every course.
Results: From August 2020 to December 2021, 11 cadaveric
dissection courses were organized, 173 trainees from 6 Surgical Residency programs: Plastic surgery, General surgery,
Orthopedic surgery, Urology, Neurosurgery, ENT, and from
Obstetrics and Gynecology. Nineteen trainers from Surgery
department and Anatomy department were involved. There
was a significant improvement in marks in the post-test test
as compared to the pretest score. The average increase in themark was 26.4% with a 95% CI [23-0 – 29.7], p-value < 0.001.
There was a negative correlation (r=-0.8948, p-value < 0.001)
between the marks at pre-test and the improvement score, suggesting that the lowest performers on the pre-test had the biggest post-test improvement. Trainees’ satisfaction was at a highlevel. 87.6% of trainees reported a desire to pursue training tobecome anatomy educators in the future.
Conclusion: Cadaver-based surgical procedures simulation
should be encouraged and integrated into surgical curricula.
Keywords: Anatomy, Dissection, Surgical training, Surgicalanatomy, Cadaver course

Impacting Surgical Training: Role ofSurgical Anatomy Dissection Courses

A-0524

Human Anatomy, University of Rwanda, HUYE, Rwanda

Onyinye OZIOKO1, Barnabas DANBORNO2, Chike ANIBEZE1, Egwu
OGUGUA3, Elizabeth FINBARRS-BELLO4, Uche OZIOKO1, Emmanuel Ezeali
AJAH5, Oriasotie MOSES UJADDUGHE6, Ignatius OZOR1Bridging Cultural Chasms: Revolutionizing
Anatomical Education for Global Impact

Julien GASHEGU

Purpose: Human anatomy is one of the fundamental pillars of basic medical sciences, which forms the cornerstone of
the ever-evolving medical practice. It is, therefore, important
to strengthen anatomy education at all stages of medical training. Since 2020, the Department of Human Anatomy, in collaboration with the Department of Surgery, organized surgicalanatomy dissection courses to improve surgical practice safety
and competence.
Methods: The aim of this educational study was to sharelessons learned from organizing anatomy dissection courses
and measure the impact on knowledge and skills acquisition
by surgical trainees. Courses were designed with clear learning
objectives and programs. A pre-test was administered to trainees before the dissection course, and a post-test was organized1

Anatomy, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
Anatomy, Amadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
3
Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
4
Anatomy, David Umahi Federal University of Health Science, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
5
Department of Orthopaedics, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals,
NHS Foundation Trust, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
6
School of Anatomical Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
2

Purpose: Anatomy education is vital in shaping competent
healthcare professionals, yet its complexity often challenges
learners, leading to suboptimal retention rates worldwide. This
paper investigates the fusion of cultural considerations with
anatomical education, aiming to develop pedagogical methods that resonate across diverse cultural contexts. This study
explores the integration of cultural considerations into ana-

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tomical education to enhance learning outcomes and promotecultural sensitivity among healthcare professionals.
Methods: Through surveys and case studies, we examine
innovations in curriculum design, pedagogy, and technology
within anatomical education. We also evaluate the impact of
cultural perspectives on learning outcomes compared to current pedagogical trends.
Results: Our findings advocate for a paradigm shift towards
culturally sensitive anatomical education, fostering empathy
and ethical discernment among future healthcare practitioners globally. We emphasize the need for collaborative efforts
to develop pedagogical strategies that transcend geographical boundaries and shape the future of healthcare education.
Embracing technological advancements, the paper examines
the efficacy of virtual anatomical models in reshaping traditional teaching methods. However, it highlights the need forvalidation protocols and longitudinal retention assessments toascertain their educational value. Furthermore, the paper illuminates the evolving role of anatomists as cultural navigators,
integrating historical and ethical narratives into anatomical
education.
Conclusion: With a focus on current trends in medical
education, this paper calls for educators to embrace cultural
diversity as fundamental to anatomical education. It urges acollaborative effort to develop globally relevant pedagogicalstrategies that transcend geographical boundaries and shape
the future of healthcare.
Keywords: Anatomy, Culture, Innovations, Pedagogy

these limitations. This study was aimed at assessing the cultural belief of Nigerians resident in Nigeria and those in diaspora,in reincarnation and how it affects body donation. It draws attention to some cultural imperatives which may be part of thelimitations to the success of the body donation program (BDP).
Methods: A standardized 20 item cross sectional questionnaire structured in four parts was administered to 224 adult
Nigerians in two categories; 138 Nkigerian respondents’ resident in Nigeria (Nigeria category) and 86 Nigerians who had
spent at least ten years of their adult life in Europe or UnitedStates (Diaspora category).
Results: Results showed that out of the 138 Nigerian respondents in Nigeria 58.7% felt the BDP cannot work while
only 1.5% agreed that it is workable in the long run. More importantly, out of the 86 Nigerian respondents in Diaspora, 35%
felt the BDP cannot work while 36% agree that it is workable in
the long run with aggressive awareness programs. Hence, thispaper clearly observed the cultural limitations of the belief inreincarnation to the BDP in Nigeria.
Conclusion: The observed results from this study whichshowed more willingness for acceptance of body donationon the part of Nigerian respondents from advanced societies
indicates that for the adoption of modern cadaver sourcing
methods, literacy and awareness creation will be cardinal inachieving desired goals.
Keywords: Body donation, Reincarnation process, Nigerians in Diaspora, Anatomy education
A-0564

A-0545

Body Donation and the Cultural Imperativesof the Reincarnation Process: Perspectivesof Nigerians Resident in Nigeria and Thosein Diaspora
Vivian OJIAKOR1, Chike ANIBEZE1, Ignatius OZOR2,1
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu
State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
2
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science andTechnology, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria

Purpose: The practice of body donation for anatomy education has suffered a lot of limitations especially in developing
nations. Literature is replete with severally adduced reasons for

Is There a Difference between Student andStaff Perceptions of Social, Teaching, andCognitive Presence?
Hannah SHAW1, Mike HACKMAN2
1

School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Learning and Teaching Academy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: Module evaluations are used by higher education
institutions to monitor student perception of their course andidentify areas for enhancement. However, such surveys rarely
delve deeply into factors which contribute meaningfully to
student learning and experience. As a result, superficial andunconstructive feedback is sometimes received which can be
hard to act upon. To address this, we have developed a new

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module/ evaluation toolkit based on Garrison’s Community ofInquiry framework. This framework outlines that a students’
educational experience is formed by three key interdependent
presences: teaching, social, and cognitive.
Methods: The toolkit supports educators to evaluate bothstaff and student perceptions of the three presences, identify
gaps between perceptions, and provide suggestions to help
resolve the gaps identified. The toolkit was piloted mid-way
through a final year anatomy module at Cardiff University,and responses were obtained by the module lead and 14 students (23% response rate).
Results: Analysis of the results demonstrated that students
generally scored teaching, social, and cognitive presences
higher than the module lead, indicating greater student satisfaction in these areas than anticipated by staff. However, some
important elements in cognitive presence were scored lower by
students than staff. e.g. “I have developed solutions to course
problems that can be applied in practice” and “I can describe
ways to test and apply the knowledge created in this course”,
indicating areas needing enhancement. Interestingly, pilot datafrom other modules in the University have indicated that cognitive presence is the area with the greatest discord between
staff and student.
Conclusion: These results indicate that the toolkit is a potentially valuable instrument to highlight areas within a module or programme (and potentially HEIs) which are in need ofenhancement and this tool could be particularly valuable inanatomy where constructivist approaches are used.
Keywords: Community of Inquiry, Evaluation, Constructivism, Cognitive Presence
A-0577

Can We Mitigate the Effect of Examiner Bias
Prior to Conducting Viva Voce Examination?
Yasith MATHANGASINGHE, Benjamin FOX, Georgina STEPHENS, DavidGONSALVEZ

comprehensive examiner training. Thus, we aimed to assess
whether examiner bias still influences test scores in viva-based
anatomy assessments, even after extensive examiner training.
Methods: Formative team-based viva voce examinations
were conducted in an Australian medical school. First-year
students had two vivas covering limbs, thorax and back, whilesecond-year students completed one neuroanatomy viva. Eachviva contained four topics, assessing general structure, key
relationships, and clinical applications using donor-based andsynthetic anatomy resources. Each group was evaluated by anindependent clinician (n=9). Examiners were actively involvedin teaching anatomy, met weekly to discuss examination format and curriculum development, watched instructional videos, and were provided with a semi-structured proforma forasking questions. Subsequently, they conducted mock vivas, independently provided marks, followed by discussions focussed
on standardising marks before the actual viva. Non-parametricfactorial models were used to analyse the impact of examiner
bias and design of viva examinations on student scores.
Results: Across 765 student-examiner encounters, themedian unstandardised score was 39/50 (q1,q3=34,42). Test
scores significantly varied among examiners (Kruskal-Wallis;
Chi 2= 76.196,p<0.001). Examiners had a greater impact onscores (aligned-ranks-transformed ANOVA; F=13.10,partialeta 2 =0.40,p<.001) compared to the design of the exam
(F=4.08,partial-eta2=0.05,p<0.05).
Conclusion: Despite efforts to standardise questions andtrain examiners, our findings underscore the presence of significant examiner bias in viva voce examinations. Therefore,
post-standardisation of scores among examiners is crucial for
fair and accurate assessment outcomes. Ongoing research will
evaluate broader validity evidence for vivas to inform the roleof this assessment in anatomy education.
Keywords: Viva voce, Bias, Standardisation, Examiner
training, Assessment

Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and
Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

Purpose: Viva voce examinations require a certain level ofinter-rater reliability, presumably mitigated by examiner experience, training and potentially the design of the examination. We
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A-0593that could inform learning approaches. Further research is
required to determine the role of viva voces within assessment
programs.

Are Viva Voce Examinations an Authentic
Assessment Method in Undergraduate
Anatomical Education?

Benjamin FOX, Yasith MATHANGASINGHE, David GONSALVEZ, Georgina
STEPHENS

Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Viva voce, Authentic, Assessment

Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

Purpose: Anatomical knowledge application, including
communication, is foundational to medical practice. Despite
this, written assessments engaging multiple choice questions(MCQs) are the predominant approach to anatomical assessment in undergraduate medical education. Viva voce assessments may provide a more authentic assessment approach,but fell out of favour due to poor reliability. The impact onlearning, however, is an understudied aspect of viva voce validity evidence. This study aimed to explore medical student
perceptions on viva voces, and their role within undergraduate
anatomy assessment.
Methods: Formative team-based viva voce examinations
were conducted in an Australian medical school. During a 12week semester, first-year students completed two vivas (weeks
8/9 and 12), while second-year students completed one viva
(week 12). Teams had a median of 3 members, and were basedon students’ regular dissection groups, with the intent of fostering engagement in dissection by having an aligned assessment. Students completed post-viva surveys, including 6 Likert
scale responses and 3 free text responses.
Results: 184 feedback forms were completed. Likert scale
responses indicated that while most students strongly agreed
that viva voces aid their ability to apply anatomical knowledge in future, responses were neutral regarding preferencesfor viva over written examinations. Thematic analysis of freetext responses identified that participants perceived viva voce
examinations as authentic representations of how they would
apply anatomical knowledge to communicate during their future careers. Feedback dialogues with assessors were perceived
as facilitating self-regulated learning. Perceptions of how vivas
may be most effectively engaged within assessment regimes
varied (e.g. comparison of vivas as an assessment of learning
versus an assessment for learning).
Conclusion: Viva voce assessments were valued by students
as an authentic opportunity to apply their anatomical knowledge through communication, whilst engaging in feedback

A-0639Evaluation of Anatomy Knowledge
Requirement of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Residents : A Cross-Sectional SelfAssessment Study
Gonul KOTIL ASLAN, Cagatay BARUT

Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, Istanbul,
TürkiyePurpose: Adequate understanding of anatomy is of utmost
importance in obstetrics and gynecology procedures andmanagement of complications. Thus, residents' opinions on
the competency of their understanding of anatomy and theirneed for additional education on anatomy were investigated.
Methods: 75 obstetrics and gynecology residents withindifferent periods of their training in various hospitals in Istanbul were included in the study. A questionnaire preparedusing Google Forms was sent via social media. Sociodemographic characteristics, past anatomy training, current needs
for additional anatomy training and current pelvic anatomy
knowledge were evaluated. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (13.12.2023-2023/0900). The Chi-squared
test was used for comparison of categorical variables.
Results: 75 individuals aged between 25-36 years participated in the study. 34.7% of the participants were 1st year, 20%
were 2nd year, 26.7% were 3rd year, and 18.7% were 4th year
residents. 86.7% of the participants stated that they studied on
cadavers, and only 17.3% of them had encountered perineum
dissection during medical education previously. Only 5.3% of
the participants stated a sufficient current anatomy knowledge.
98.7% of the residents indicated a need for anatomy training
during residency. First choice for both genders was training
during the intervention in the operating room without any
significant difference(p>0.05). Besides preference for digitalanatomy applications was higher in females while preference
for anatomy videos was higher in males(p<0,05). Correct answer rates for 9 out of 14 questions asked to evaluate pelvic

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anatomy were below 50% for both genders. When the answers
were evaluated by year, third-year residents were found to be
more successful in five questions with a statistical significance.
Conclusion: There is a lack of anatomy knowledge amongresidents, regardless of their seniority. Rather than being an
optional education, a system that is compulsory for all seniority levels can be developed to ensure safe interventions.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Residency, Obstetrics andgynecology
A-0657How Much Do We Benefit from Technology
while Studying Anatomy?

reported 5-9 hours, 5% reported 10-14 hours, and 1% reported
15+ hours. While 96% of the students preferred Turkish, 54%
indicated using English resources. 75% of the participants did
not consider Turkish digital resources to be sufficient. The
primary reasons for selecting digital resources were diversityof visual content (66%), language (60%), videos (49%), compatibility with the educational curriculum (49%), and pricing
policy (43%).
Conclusion: Students' perceptions regarding utilization of
resources including the digital ones will contribute to the enhancement of anatomy curricula.
Keywords: Anatomy Education, E-Learning, Technological
Literacy, Digital Resources, Adaptability

Ilda Sinem YARKAN, Selin BAYKO, Cagatay BARUT

A-0700

Anatomy, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: Future healthcare professionals, including medical, dental, and health sciences students, have encounteredsignificant changes in study methodologies and resources preferred due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed
to evaluate the alterations in study methodologies preferredby students, which include the utilization of online platforms,
virtual resources, and digital collaboration tools together withconventional education methods and resources. The challenges students face in adapting to the technology following
the pandemic have been encountered.
Methods: 856 students participated in this cross-sectional
study. A questionnaire including 35 questions was preparedusing Google Forms and distributed via social media. The
study was approved by the local ethics committee (20.12.20232023/0931). Demographic characteristics and technologicalliteracy, the content and structure of the anatomy education,
study preferences of anatomy, and digital resource preferenceswere evaluated. Categorical variables were presented by frequency and percent.
Results: In theory, 91% of students preferred lecture notes(slides, in-class notes) for anatomy studies, while 74% preferredthem for practical classes. However, among the participants,
28% stored their written resources in hard copy, while 57% favored digital formats. Among the digital resource preferences,the most popular responses were YouTube (92%), websites(52%), applications (41%), and Instagram (38%) respectively.
Regarding phone screen time, 37% reported 0-4 hours, 57%

Accelerating Medical Learning: AI-Powered
Personalized SBA Question Generation
for Enhanced and Sustainable Progress
Tracking

Isaac Sung Him NG1, Anatoliy Markiv1, Soo Jeong HAN1, Oscar Sing Him
HO1, Chantelle GASA1, Abirami MUTHUKUMAR2, Victor Wang Tat LAU2,
Mandeep Gill SAGOO1
1Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London,
London, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: Single-best Answer (SBA) questions are pivotal
in supporting medical students' learning and assessing theirfactual and applied knowledge. While existing software tools
offer SBAs, they often lack several key features, such as personalised progress tracking and curriculum customisation.
Recognising these shortcomings, we have developed an innovative initiative leveraging fine-tuned Generative Pre-trained
Transformer (GPT), GPT-3.5-Turbo and GPT-4 to generate
extensive arrays of pre-clinical questions for student revisionand progress tracking.
Methods: Our approach involves empowering students
to upload their personal notes tailored to their course andenabling our trained GPT models to generate SBAs based on
the uploaded resources. Through rigorous training on diverse
datasets comprising example SBAs, these models have demonstrated remarkable reliability in generating SBAs that accurately reflect the nuances of medical knowledge. Our current
focus lies in fine-tuning these models to enhance their perfor-

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mance and output options further. The designed system contains a React-based frontend, which interfaces with a backend
responsible for extracting and parsing text from uploaded PDF
resources. Currently employing few-shot learning techniques,
we train the GPT model tailored for SBA generation in a structured JSON format by utilising a support set of sample SBAs
authored by experts.
Results: Our preliminary results have showcased tangible
improvements in the reliability and efficiency of the systemcompared to conventional approaches, with notable reductions
in latency and enhanced scalability in question production.
Additionally, we have successfully scaled up question production while maintaining consistency in output format.
Conclusion: Moving forward, we plan to fine-tune ourGPT models on larger datasets of SBAs, anticipating further
improvements in latency and reliability. This scalability is
crucial for horizontal expansion across faculties and verticalexpansion into educational levels beyond medicine, such as A
levels and GCSEs. Our initiative holds great promise in revolutionising student assessment and learning through personalised question generation and progress tracking.
Funding: Our project is funded by the College Teaching
Fund (CTF), focusing on generative artificial intelligence (AI)at King's College London (KCL).
Keywords: Single-best Answer (SBA) Question, Question
Generation, Progress Tracking, Artificial Intelligence (AI),
Medical Education
A-0737

Objective Corroboration of Porcine Tissue
Properties as a Surrogate for Surgical Skills
Training

Gyuah KIM1, Sorin DARIE1, Athena LI1, Esa AHMED4, Gregory WOHL4,
Andrew PALOMBELLA2, Brooke DECARLO2, Jasmine ROCKARTS2, Darren
DESA3, Bruce WAINMAN2, Danielle BREWER-DELUCE2
1

Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Education Program in Anatomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

man tissues in surgical training by comparing their qualitativeand mechanical properties when preserved with four embalming solutions.
Methods: Porcine and human tissue samples were embalmed with either Surgical Reality Fluid (SRF), Saturated Salt
Solution (SSS), Imperial College London (ICL), or EthanolPhenol (EP) embalming solutions. Tissue suitability was
subjectively evaluated using the McMaster Embalming Scale(MES) by residents practicing standardized surgical skills. One
sample of skin, cortical bone, and intercostal muscle was excised from each specimen to undergo empirical testing (skin puncture, incision, tearing, electrocautery, fluid content; bone
- sawing; muscle- chest tube insertion). Data were analyzed via
two-way ANOVAs.
Results: MES suitability ratings demonstrated interactions
between tissue and solution (p<0.05). Particularly, SSS was
rated less suitable than other solutions, and SRF was more suitable than other solutions in porcine but less in human tissues.
Mechanical testing demonstrated some solution-dependent
human-porcine differences. Porcine skin required more force
to pierce, cut, and tear than human skin (p<0.05), but was not
significantly different for chest tube insertion, bone sawing,or electrocautery tests. SRF demonstrated an opposing trend
in puncture, tearing, and fluid content tests and ICL required
more force during chest tube insertion on porcine tissue.
Conclusion: Human-porcine differences, with solutionspecific variations, were demonstrated across mechanicalmetrics, suggesting that embalming solutions differentially affect human and porcine tissues in a quantifiable way. Limited
MES human-porcine differences, however, suggest that despite
quantitative differences, porcine tissue remains a suitable human surrogate for surgical skills training. Still, those using porcine tissue should optimize solution-tissue pairings for morerefined surgical skills where fidelity is of greater importance.
Funding: PSI Grant #22-23.
Keywords: Surgical Skills Training, Cadaveric Training,
Soft-Preservation, Embalming Solutions, Surgical Simulations

2
3

Purpose: Porcine material is a common surrogate for softembalmed human donors in surgical skills training, but its
suitability has yet to be objectively examined. This study evaluates the suitability of porcine material as a substitute for huACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IFAA 2024[F. Ethics in Anatomy]

A-0739Anatomy Teaching beyond the Binary Rethinking Sex and GenderA-0221

Scott ABBOTT PATERSON, Michelle SPEAR

School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Purpose: Anatomy educational narratives of sex typicallybuild on biologically essentialist, androcentric, gender polarised assumptions, with a focus on reproductive capacity as key
markers of sex differences. However, contemporary understanding recognizes the complex interplay of biological, social,
cultural and psychological factors in our understanding andexpression of sex and gender. This calls for a re-evaluation of
how sex and gender are addressed within anatomy curricula.
Methods: Since 2018, a 3-hour interactive seminar titled'The Anatomy of Sex and Gender' has been implemented
across 7 programs spanning undergraduate, graduate andprofessional anatomy education at multiple UK universities.
Approx. 500 students have participated to date. Session content covers diverse topics encompassing critical perspectives
on biological determinism, the social construction of sex categories, gender theory, LGBTQ+ health issues and pedagogic
best practices regarding terminology and inclusivity. Teaching
methods encourage critical thinking through research activities, discussion, and consideration of discipline-specific norms.
Results: Feedback from staff and students indicate that theseminar provided valuable dedicated time to consciously explore complex sex and gender themes. The worked example ofapplied critical thinking also empowered students to challenge
assumptions in their learning. Challenges included managing
sensitive disagreements and overcoming perceptions that philosophical content falls outside scientific discipline boundaries.
Conclusion: Mainstreaming dedicated consideration of sex
and gender issues strengthens anatomy education regarding
diversity, equity and inclusion. This enhances learner empowerment regarding social justice while upholding disciplinarypriorities concerning accurate, precise and clinically considerate use of language. Furthermore the desire for this session
evidences our disciplines willingness to become more inclusive
and invites the wider anatomy community to challenge theirassumptions on sex and gender.

Unveiling Anatomy Education: Exploring
Access Paradigms Post 'My Dead Body'
Documentary

Claire SMITH1, Danya STONE1, Ross MUNRO1, Aiden JAYANTH1, Catherine
HENNESSY1, Dominic O'BRIEN1, Camilla INGRAM1, Geetika AIL2, Michael
KOENIG1, Laura ARNOLD1, Matthew BEMMENT1, Malcolm JOHNSTON3
1

Anatomy, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
Anatomy, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
3Radiology, University Hospitals Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
2

Purpose: My Dead Body was a documentary that featured
the first consented Public Display donor in the United Kingdom. The 30-year-old donor, Toni, had a rare adenocarcinomaof the lacrimal gland. She donated her body for Anatomical Examination and Public Display, specifically consenting to not beanonymous. To understand the different perspective of students
and this public evaluations from the workshop and social media
were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods.
Methods: Twelve laboratory workshops were delivered to413 healthcare and research students. A documentary, whichcharted her illness using her own diaries and her family’s experiences, intertwined the scientific exploration of the bodythrough the dissection process. The documentary was viewed
by over 1.5 million and social media comments highlighted
the public's interest.
Results: Evaluation of the student workshops and analysis
of digital media and social media content highlighted admiration and gratitude for the donor, the value of education, andthat whilst it was uncomfortable to watch it has value in reminding us of life, our bodies, and our purpose.
Conclusion: Within the anatomy community questions remain as to what public display is and what its purpose is? This
talk focuses on a key question: Should anatomists be the gatekeepers of who can access anatomical learning through donors?
Keywords: Public Display, Donor, Public Dissection, Anatomical Education

Keywords: Sex, Gender, Inclusivity, Diversity
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A-0230Body Sourcing for Anatomical Research and
Education in the Republic of Serbia

Biljana SRDIC-GALIC1, Brendon BILLINGS2, Beverley KRAMER2, Tanya
AUGUSTINE2, Desire BRITS2, Erin HUTCHINSON2, Elena LIBHABER2,
Goran STRKALJ3

full compliance with the IFAA recommendations.
Keywords: Body donation, Bioethics, Serbia, Anatomy education
A-02781

Department of Anatomy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
Africa3
Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Human Body Donation in South Africa: The
Inconsistencies of Informed Consent

2

Purpose: Human bodies are essential in anatomy education
and research in many institutions across the globe. However, aknowledge gap exists concerning the sourcing and treatmentof human remains in many parts of the world, as well as institutional compliance with the IFAA recommendations of goodpractice for body donation. These recommendations advisethat willed body donation with explicit written consent is the
ethical way of body sourcing. The aim of this study was thus
to investigate body sourcing for anatomical education and research in The Republic of Serbia, where current legislation allows for body sourcing by both explicit and presumed consent.
Methods: A validated, self-administered, online questionnaire was distributed to all five anatomy departments in Serbia.
Results: Responses were received from all departments, indicating all utilise human remains. Four departments source
bodies from the community (one exclusively by explicit andthree by explicit and presumed consent) and one relies on plastinates (acquired from a supplier that sources bodies by explicit
consent). The number of bodies used in teaching ranges from
one to fifteen. Two departments have body donation programmes. One department informs students about the bodies’
provenance and conducts a memorial ceremony for the donors.
Conclusion: Not all departments in Serbia source bodies
by explicit consent as advised by the IFAA. It is recommended
that all anatomy departments in Serbia that use bodies sourced
from the community, should have body donation programmes,
improve students’ knowledge about donation, establish memorial ceremonies and develop body donation outreach programmes addressing the public. These actions, successfully
applied in many institutions globally, could increase the number of donations and demonstrate the importance of donations
and respectful treatment of bodies in anatomy laboratories.
Change in legislation which would only allow willed body donation is also recommended to bring Serbian institutions into

Keegan MEIRING1, Victoria GIBBON2, Amanda ALBLAS1
1Division of Clinical Anatomy, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
Division of Clinical Anatomy & Biological Anthropology, University of Cape Town, CapeTown, South Africa

2

Purpose: The importance of providing and obtaining
Informed consent is vital in upholding the ethical standards
associated with the procurement & utilisation of deceased
human bodies for medical education and research. In South
Africa, the National Health Act (2003) regulates the aforementioned; however, individual universities are equally responsible
for ensuring that donor rights are protected. Therefore, theability of a potential donor to accurately discern whether toenter into a body programme upon death is of significance not only in terms of the functioning of a tertiary education
institution; but also, in safeguarding the morality of humanity.
Methods: Information and consent forms collected fromSouth Africa’s seven human body donation programmes(HBDP) were analysed and evaluated to determine the scopeof utilization of bodies and commitments made by HBDP todonors. The results of this study were considered against the2014 International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
guidelines and other recently published studies on HBDP informed consent processes.
Results: Only two of the seven HBDP provided informationand consent forms in more than one language. Most allowed
donors to select how their bodies will be utilized – education, training, and/or research. Five of the seven HBDP madeprovisions for the return of ashes to the next of kin. Only one
tertiary educational institution mentioned the occurrence of amemorial service in its documentation.
Conclusion: Standardising HBDP documentation assists
in providing transparency and the elimination of inconsistencies surrounding the utilisation of donor bodies within
the academic context. The revision of terminology and levelof language employed will also allow for greater inclusivity.

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This process should however be conducted with the necessary
oversight ensuring compliance and ultimately assisting in therequisite policy and legislative reform.
Funding: Financial support for this research by the South
African National Research Foundation (grant number 115357).
Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of theauthors and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF.
Keywords: Body donation programmes, Consented donations, Informed consent, Gross anatomy education, Human
research
A-0280Recent Attitudes of Turkey towards Body
and Organ Donations

education, feeling more useful, and the functional loss of theirbodies after death as reasons. Among those who did not view
it positively (81.7%), reasons included body exposure, religious
inappropriateness, and dissatisfaction from their families.
Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was observed thatorgan donation campaigns, which have been ongoing for many
years in Turkey, have been positively received. However, due
to a lack of campaigns related to bodys, which play a crucialrole in medical education, the majority of the population has anegative perception of donation due to insufficient knowledge.
To increase awareness and improve attitudes towards body donation, it is recommended to organize seminars, conferences,panels, and educational activities on body donation.
Keywords: Body donation, Cadaver donation, Organ donation

Nursen ZEYBEK1,2, Ayla TEKIN ORHA2, Yusra Nur SANLITURK3,2, Aslihan
AKPINAR4, Merve MERGEN4, Tuncay COLAK2

A-0304

The Perspectives of Donor Families on the
Whole-Body Donation Process: A Qualitative
Study from Türkiye

1

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Okan University, Health Sciences Faculty,
Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Anatomy, Kocaeli University, Medicine Faculty, Kocaeli, Türkiye
3Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Yalova University, Health Sciences Faculty, Yalova,
Türkiye4
History of Medicine & Ethics, Kocaeli University, Medicine Faculty, Kocaeli, Türkiye

Purpose: This study aims to determine the attitudes of theTurkish population towards organ and body donation and toprovide solutions to concerns about donation.
Methods: For this purpose, a survey was created by two expert anatomists through a Google form. The survey included
8 descriptive questions about individuals and 17 statements
related to "Body and Organ Donation." Using the SnowballSampling method, surveys from 15,451 individuals aged 18-75
belonging to different sociodemographic and cultural groups
who participated between November 1, 2023, and January 1,
2024, were accepted.
Results: Although 96.2% of participants had not yet donated organs, 58.7% expressed a willingness to donate. Reasons
for wanting to donate organs included saving someone's life,
serving humanity/helping people, and donating for the needsof their relatives. Reasons for participants not wanting to donate organs included concerns about losing bodily integrity,
hesitation due to limited knowledge, and religious reasons.
While 57.1% of participants claimed to know how and where
to donate organs, only 29.5% of participants claimed to know
how and where to donate bodys. Of the participants, 18.3%
viewed body donation positively, citing contributions to health

Melih Berk YAZAR1, Ali Aygun YABAN1, Zeynep Bengi EREN1, Selen UNLU1,
Arif Emir NARIN1, Berk KABADAYI1, Nuri Eren AKMEHMET1, Bedirhan
HAYKAR1, Okan DERIN2, Servet CELIK2, Ilke Ali GURSES3
1

Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
Anatomy, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
3
Anatomy, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
2

Purpose: Family involvement and its effects on the body
donation process in general are not well understood in Türkiye, where donations are relatively low. Therefore, this study
aimed to investigate opinions and experiences of survivingfamily members with a qualitative approach to understand the
body donation phenomenon from their insights.
Methods: A series of in-depth interviews were conductedwith 21 surviving family members of body donors. Donations
were made to the Anatomy Departments of Ege University
Faculty of Medicine and KoçUniversity School of Medicine
between 2020 and 2023. The transcriptions of the interviews
were thematically analyzed to construct relevant themes onfamilies' experiences under five time-line categories: Decisionmaking, Official Application, Donation, Use as A Cadaver, andCeremony. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from
KoçUniversity Committee on Human Research (Document
no: 2023.025.IRB3.009 ; Date: February 01, 2023).
Results: Themes were constructed according to two main

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stakeholders: family and institution which revealed factorsthat facilitated or complicated the donation process. Earlyawareness and involvement of the family members was apronounced sub-theme. The positive attitude of the receiving
institution significantly contributed to the smooth completionof the donation. The donation changed the bereaved family
members’ perspective in their journey toward finding closure
with their loss.
Conclusion: This study showed that the responsibilities of
the receiving institutions and anatomists should be reevaluated under the light of the families’ perspective to ensure thefulfillment of the donor’s will. The insights from the study can
initiate the development of effective donation policies and improve current practice employed by the authorities to ease theoverall donation process for the donor and their families, andthe institution.
Keywords: Body donation, Cadaver, Family involvement,
Anatomy department, Türkiye

payments are for reimbursement of costs. There are well-documented concerns about the consent practices and for-profit
status of “body brokers” in the United State. Local supply of
donated bodies in Australia exceeds the demand for embalmed
bodies and thus many programs have limited their acceptancearea. Facilities for freezing bodies are currently limited, however, their expansion would obviate the need to import humantissue. The practice of importing human tissue seems to have
evolved to meet the demand to conduct contracted workshops.
It represents an ethical double standard with the standards
and care afforded local donors and their families different tothat directed towards overseas donors. It is also a potential
reputational threat to local programs as the community is
unlikely to accept that the legality of using imported tissue absolves anatomists of their ethical responsibilies to the overseas
donors.
Conclusion: Ethical standards should be consistent whether
tissue is locally sourced or imported.
Keywords: Body procurement, Importation of human tissue, Ethical standards, Commercialisation of human tissue

A-0630

When Ethics and Need Collide: The
Importation of Human Tissue in Australia

A-0697

Rebekah JENKIN, Kevin KEAY

Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University ofSydney, Sydney, Australia

Purpose: This study examined the use of imported humantissue for training and contracted workshops in the context ofAustralian legal and ethical standards.
Methods: Information was collected as part of a national
survey of the seventeen Australian body donor programs.
Results: 10/17 body donor programs freeze bodies, withmost using frozen tissue for their training needs along with
imported tissue procured from the United States. A numberof purpose-built surgical training clinical facilities also import tissue. Importation of human tissue requires Ministerial
approval and evidence that the tissue was sourced to a commensurate standard as that required for local donors (informed
consent). Commercial dealings in human tissue are illegal,
subject to provisions permitting reimbursement of costs inthe supply of tissue. However, the documentation provided
by the supplier is accepted for the purposes of proving (1) thatthe tissue was sourced from a consenting donor; and (2) that

Reflecting on Cadaver Procurement of the
Past to Protect the Future
Pamela PILLAY, Kapil SATYAPAL

Clinical Anatomy, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Purpose: The public image of anatomy at Higher Education
Institutions (HEIs) in South Africa incorporates gross, microscopic, and anthropological anatomy, which involves the use ofhuman remains (i.e. cadaveric and skeletal material) for teaching and research. In the recent decade, there have been ongoing debates on the latest trends in anatomical pedagogy due tothe change in curriculum and methods of teaching anatomy.
The ethical problems associated with using unclaimed bodies
versus donated bodies are the lack of informed consent andautonomy. Some of the challenges of cadaver procurement are
based on individual diversities, legislative interpretation, andcultural, religious, sociological, economic, and educational
statuses. Although body donation programs exist at HEIs, thisdoes not alleviate the challenges of cadaveric shortages andthe increasing needs of these institutions. An evaluation of themethods of procurement of cadavers at a select South African

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HEI was warranted.
Methods: This study documented the demographics,
method of procurement, retention and disposal of cadavers at
all HEIs in South Africa that use cadaveric material for teaching and research. Cadaver records from the date of inceptionof University of Kwazulu Natal (1952 & 1982) to the end of theresearch collection period of this study (i.e. December 2022)
were obtained from the cadaver register book. Ethical Clearance was obtained for the study.
Results: The methods of procurement of cadavers observedin the current study were body donation, unclaimed bodies
from hospitals, unclaimed bodies from state mortuaries; obtained from another university and bodies of criminals.
Conclusion: Cadaver shortages have been evident aroundthe world and in South Africa this had a considerable negative
impact on anatomy teaching and research. However, consultation with indigenous and appropriate stakeholders regarding
a way forward to resolve cadaver shortages for teaching andresearch should occur thus creating awareness of the benefitsof donation to society.
Keywords: Cadaver procurement, Ethics, Anatomical education, Body donationtranslation of TA2 into Russian, in November 2020 the Russian Anatomical Terminology Committee (RATC) was formed
to release a new edition of anatomical terminology in Russian,consisting of: Editorial Board of the Committee: Academicianof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Dmitriy B. Nikityuk- editor-in-chief, Professor Sergei S. Dydykin, Professor
Igor V. Zadnipryany, Professor Il'ya I. Kagan, Professor Marina
Yu. Kapitonova, Professor Yuryi L. Vasil'ev.
Results: In this edition of the TA 2, RATC strictly followed
the official list of Latin terms and endnotes FIPAT. Latin andEnglish (UK and US) texts are given in accordance with thoseposted on the official FIPAT website. At the meetings of the
RATC, the “Regulations on the compilation of Russian equivalents of TA 2”. Take as a basis that Russian anatomical terminology is not a simple translation of Latin terms, but represents
a historically established system that reflects the contributionof Russian scientists to human anatomy. The committee tried
to preserve the terms, interpretation, location of the origin asmuch as possible and only in some cases, such as a historicallydifferent interpretation in Russia and abroad, make changes.
Conclusion: Endnotes are placed in a separate section at theend of each part (chapter). The Russian edition also added analphabetic index for 3 languages - Latin, Russian and English.
Keywords: Oral, Terminology, Anatomy, Russian[G. Anatomical Terminology]
A-0072

Anatomical Terminology (TA 2) with Russian
Equivalentes

Sergey DYDYKIN1, Dmitriy NIKITYUK1, Igor ZADNIPRYANY2, Il'ya
KAGAN3, Marina KAPITONOVA4, Yuriy VASIL'EV1
1

Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Sechenov University, Moscow, RussianFederation2
Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University,
Simferopol, Russian Federation
3
Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Orenburg State Medical University,
Orenburg, Russian Federation
4
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan,
Malaysia

Purpose: On the initiative of the President of SMSAHE,
Professor Dmitriy B. Nikityuk and Vice-President of SMSAHE, Professor Sergei S. Dydykin began correspondence with
the Executive Committee to legitimize the initiative to translate, adapt and publish the Anatomical Terminology (TA 2)with the Russian equivalent of the terms.
Methods: Having received approval from FIPAT for the

A-0366

Are Eponyms the Achilles Heel of
Anatomical Terminology? Views ofAnatomy Journal Editors

Nicholas BACCI, Beverley KRAMER, Erin HUTCHINSOS, Brendon
BILLINGS

School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
AfricaPurpose: Eponymous terminology is entrenched in anatomy, but whether eponyms are inclusive, ethical, and relevant
to anatomists in the 21st Century, is unclear. Arguments,
unsupported by research, exist both for and against the use of
eponyms in anatomy. Editors-in-Chief and Senior Editors forthe principal anatomy journals have a direct influence on terminology used in anatomical publications. Thus, the perceptions of editors regarding the relevance, ethics and inclusivityof anatomical eponyms in publications were investigated.

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Methods: Ethical clearance for the study was granted by the
Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. A validated, online and anonymised survey including open-ended questions was distributed to 22 Editor-in-Chiefs of anatomical journals.
Results: A response rate of 73% was achieved. Only 56% of
the respondents were aware that eponyms had been censured
since the Nomina Anatomica of 1895, yet most (88%) were
aware of their increasing use in medical disciplines. Most editors found the use of Latin- and Greek-derived terms more
useful than eponyms when communicating with peers (75%)
and students (94%). Half of the editors (50%) followed theTerminologia Anatomica 2 with regard to use of eponyms
when considering manuscripts in their journal. Additionally,
many editors did not consider the continued use of eponyms
an ethical concern (50%) or relevant to ethics (44%). Lacking
consensus exists as half (50%) of the respondents thought thateponyms should not be excluded from use, while many editors
believed that the responsibility for restricting their use should
rest with anatomical societies, editors, reviewers, educators or
a combination of all stakeholders.
Conclusion: Further opinion from emergent anatomists,
clinicians and students should be garnered to provide a modern and diverse perspective on this topic. Enhanced awarenessamong anatomists of the stance of the IFAA’s Anatomical
Terminologies regarding eponym usage would guide authors,
educators, and editors in best practice.
Keywords: Eponyms, Anatomy, Terminology, Ethics, Publishing
A-0472

Naming Variants: A First-Stage Proposal for
a Terminology of Anatomical Variants anda System to Account for Its Nomenclature
Stephen RUSSELL, Lewis STILES, Melanie HOULE, Kyle MCLEISTER
Greek and Roman Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Purpose: At the moment there seems to be no fixed system
to account for anatomical variants. This is probably the main
reason why no such nomenclature seems to have been thus far
attempted.
Methods: New work is being produced on variant anatomy
all the time, but without consistent and easily discernible

names, and a system for recording those names, all this valuable research and knowledge will not reach its widest possible
audience – and much of it risks being lost due to the haphazard
and unsystematic way that it is currently being (un)organized.
A system for naming variants may be more challenging thanthe ones used for the other terminologies in anatomy, but sucha system is a sine qua non before we can fully bring a terminology to life.
Results: We think that it is not only imperative that theanatomical community works to develop a new terminology
for anatomical variants, but, as Latinists who use, teach, andstudy the various terminologies that IFAA/FIPAT produces,
we also think that it is important that Latinists and anatomists
work together to address the specific needs of this new terminology, and to hopefully establish clear guidelines that help
everyone going forward – both those who create terms for the
new nomenclature and, perhaps more importantly, those of us
who will use it as a resource.
Conclusion: This paper proposes forming just such a working group, of anatomists who work with anatomical variants
and informed Latinists like ourselves, in order to create a pathway for this innovative and necessary new nomenclature.
Keywords: Terminology, Variant Anatomy, Latin
A-0967

Proclaiming Terminology for the Conjoined
Masseter and Medial Pterygoid Muscles
from Decades of Human Dissections andover a Century of Surgical Recognition

Daniel DAMRON1, Maxwell MCDANIEL1, Natalija MILLER1, Brion
BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregon, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregon, United States

2

Purpose: Clinical anatomy dissection spanning 4 decades
from the senior author and over a century of a surgicallyrecognized conjoined muscle deserves formal terminology
acknowledgement mirroring the morphology improving anatomy accuracy. Benninger has taught a dissection techniqueand analysed the masseter-medial pterygoid intermediate orcentral tendon(MMPIT) during the past 4 decades from several different prepared donor cadavers. Cross-sectional imaging
has consistently demonstrated a tendinous sling conjoining

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masseter-medial pterygoid muscles. Eschmarc in the latter halfof the nineteenth century described the pterygo-massetericsling as part of a mandibular surgical technique. Masseteris recognized as the strongest muscle in the body for its size.
Fundamentally, tubercles are formed by the torque createdfrom powerful muscles acting on tendons inserting into bone.
Therefore, a formidable tubercle should form from the distalmasseter and distal medial pterygoid(MP) insertions, however,modest tubercle(ridge) is created. The study objective is toprovide formal terminology from anatomy dissection, surgery
and radiology regarding MMPIT.
Methods: Literature search was conducted on contemporary anatomy texts(CTxts)/atlases(CAtls) and surgical texts/
literature for MMPIT. Benninger dissection technique(BDT)
includes gradual, deliberate, controlled finger-tip advance andslide MMPIT separation from inferior mandibular border region with GAX-specimens(6=12-sides) with BriteVu-contrast
for CT/MRI, fresh-frozen-cadavers(FFC)18=36sides and formalin-fixed-cadavers(F-fC)350=689sides(11-sides had distalmasseter insertion cut).
Results: No MMPIT identified in contemporary anatomy
texts(CTxts)/atlases(CAtls). However, surgical texts/proceduresconsistently described pterygomasseter sling/tendon terminology. All GAX-specimens, FFC, F-fC had BDT allowing
737-sides revealing MMPIT. Anatomy websites mention the
MMPIT. Although there is inconsistency about 2 or 3 regions/heads/parts of the masseter, all consistently agree the superficial head joins the medial pterygoid forming the MMPIT. Ourdata reveals the sling in multiple preparations, imaging andsurgical texts. The masseter and MP rarely have anomalies.
Conclusion: This study revealed the MMPIT should beformally recognized in TA and taught during basic medical
anatomy courses.
Keywords: Mixed reality, Ultrasound, Innovative medical
education

A-0968

Orbicularis Oculi, Formally Has 3 Recognized
Anatomy Sections with 1 further Divided
into Superficial and Deep, Yet Conventional
Teaching Texts/Atlases Don’t Use This
Fundamental Terminology
Emily GRESNER1, Natalija MILLER1, Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregon, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregon, United States

2

Purpose: The Terminologia Anatomica 2nd ed.(TA2) approved by the International Federation of Associations ofAnatomists (IFAA), formally recognized orbicularis oculi
muscle (Orb-OcuM) as having 3 components, 1. Orbital, 2.
Palpebral & Deep Palpebral and 3. Ciliary. The deep palpebral muscle is also recognized as lacrimalis or Horner’s muscle(1822) but should be addressed as Duverney’s muscle(1730)
because he published the muscle’s description approximately
92 years prior to Horner. Regardless, Duverne y-Horner term
improves recognized TA2. Interestingly, Hollinshead wrote “LTJones(1957) described delicate muscle fibers at the free edge ofthe lid have been separately designated as the ciliary muscleof Riolan, a complication of no practical usefulness.” Hollinshead may have been accurate at the time but would certainly
retract those words today due to their clinical significance.
Healthcare students were confused and complained about thefundamental terminology, written content, and/or illustrations
from contemporary medical anatomy texts/atlases versus electronic anatomy sites. The overwhelming issue was majority ofcontemporary texts/atlases describe and/or illustrate 2 partsof Orb-OcuM, orbital and palpebral. Objective of this study
was to compare contemporary anatomy texts(CAnaTxts)/
atlases(CAnaAtlases)/websites(CAnaWebs) for Orb-OcuM description with subsequent dissections.
Methods: Literature search was conducted on CAnaTxts/
CAnaAtlases/CAnaWebs for Orb-OcuM. Dissection of OrOcM from GAX-specimens(6=12-sides) with BriteVu-contrast
for CT/MRI, fresh-frozen-cadavers(FFC)18=36sides andformalin-fixed-cadavers(F-fC)55=110sides. Total of 158sides
dissected.
Results: Literature search revealed no CAnaTxts/CAnaAtlases revealing Orb-OcuM TA2-terminology fully. All
CAnaTxts/CAnaAtlases/CAnaWebs identified orbital and pal-

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pebral aspects(100%) but 67% CAnaTxts described lacrimaliswith no ciliary regions. CAnaAtlases did not identify lacrimalis/ciliary regions(100%). CAnaWebs mentioned lacrimal 90%
and recognized ciliary 60% for Orb-OcuM TA2-terminology.
152/158 sides(96%) all dissections revealed lacrimalis.
Conclusion: Orbital and single palpebral regions of
Orb-OcuM were identified in all CAnaTxts/CAnaAtlases/
CAnaWebs and dissections. However, TA2-terminology of lacrimalis and ciliary regions of Orb-OcuM is poorly represented
in CAnaTxts(67%-lacrimalis,0%-ciliary), CAnaAtlases(0%lacrimalis,0%-ciliary), but relatively well represented in
CAnaWebs(90%-lacrimalis,60%-ciliary) and 96%-lacrimalis
from dissections.

ability to identify key anatomical landmarks and appreciate theclinical relevance of the Skull Base region. The feedback highlighted the benefit of integrating technology with traditional
learning to create a comprehensive educational experience.
Conclusion: Introducing neuronavigation in the teaching ofSkull Base anatomy has proven to be a valuable educational enhancement, facilitating a deeper understanding of a challenging anatomical area. It also prepares students for advanced surgical training and aligns with the modern trajectory of medical
education that embraces innovative technologies. The successof this program supports expanding the use of navigation toother complex anatomical regions. However, further evaluationof this in a larger cohort is needed to confirm the findings.

Keywords: GAX-Specimens, Anatomy Education and Terminology, Orbicularis Oculi

Keywords: Neuronavigation, Applied Anatomy, Active
Learning, Skull Base Anatomy, Anatomical Education[H. Inno-Anatomy]

A-0107

Cinematic Rendering and Histo Digital as
New Innovative Anatomy Tools

A-0028Using Neuronavigation amongst
Undergraduate Medical Students - An
Opportunity to Promote Active Learning?

Friedrich PAULSEN, Fabian NECKER, Michael SCHOLZ

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen
Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Bikram CHOUDHURY, Surajit GHATAK, Kapil SONI, Amit GOYAL
Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute Of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Purpose: This presentation aims to assess the impact ofneuronavigation technology on the active learning process of
Skull Base anatomy among undergraduate medical students.
The study addresses the need for innovative pedagogical approaches in the intricate area of Skull Base anatomy, focusing
on how neuronavigation can aid in the comprehension of thiscomplex region and its clinical significance.
Methods: A cohort of undergraduate students was introduced to neuronavigation tools during their Head and Neck
Anatomy modules. The method involved observing skull baseanatomy during performance of surgery on the Skull Base,complemented by traditional didactic teaching. Student engagement and understanding were measured using structured
assessments before and after the intervention, and educator
feedback was collected to evaluate the teaching methodology.
Results: Preliminary findings indicate that neuronavigation
significantly improved the students’ spatial orientation andunderstanding of Skull Base anatomy. It also increased their

Purpose: The integration of medical imaging into preclinical anatomy courses is standard in many medical schools.
However, the interpretation of two-dimensional grayscale images is difficult, and conventional volume rendering techniques
only provide images of limited quality. In this respect, more
photorealistic visualization through Cinematic Rendering (CR)offers better results for anatomical education. In addition, a
new method is demonstrated with which serial histological sections can be reconstructed and visualized in 3D using a newly
developed technology HiD®(Chimaera GmbH, Germany). Aimof the talk is to demonstrate by examples the possibilities ofboth methods for science and for anatomical teaching.
Methods: Cinematic Rendering and HiD have been used indifferent anatomical research settings to explore distinct anatomical features in 3D.
Results: Using various CT and MRI data sets of patientsand scientific examination tissue from anatomy, entire patients, heads, organs, teeth, lacrimal glands and even smaller
structures are reconstructed in 3D, thus demonstrating thepossibilities of cinematic rendering and HiD®.

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Conclusion: Both methods allow the creation of 3D data
sets that provide new insights into microscopic and macroscopic anatomy and, in addition to new scientific approaches,
open up new concepts for anatomical teaching.
Funding: Supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (PA738/15-1).
Keywords: Cinematic Rendering, Histo Digital, Threedimensional Reconstruction, Innovative Anatomy
A-0175

3D Photogrammetry Models of Human
Specimens for Education in Anatomy

Gi-Wan KIM1, Anna JEON2,3, Ye-Gyung KIM3, Ji-Young SON2,3, So-Hyun
PARK2, Deog-Im KIM3, Sang-Seob LEE1, Seung-Ho HAN2,3
1

Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, The Catholic
University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Cadaver-based instruction is not available in all
medical institutions. We usually use two-dimensional (2D)
photography and three-dimensional (3D) models in medical
education. While 2D images sacrifice depth, 3D models oversimplify anatomical structures. Photogrammetry, a techniquethat overlays 2D photographs to create digital 3D models, addresses these shortcomings by creating digital models of realhuman specimens.
Methods: The human specimens stored at the Ewha Medical Academy were photographed. A camera equipped with apolarization filter on a lens (50mm f/2.8 Macro, Nikon, Japan)
and a polarizing film on lighting were used. The camera settings included an aperture set at F10, lighting intensity ranging
from 70-75% of 400W, and a fixed ISO at 100. The images were
processed into 3D models using RealityCapture (Capturing Reality, Slovakia), then refined with Blender (Blender Foundation,
Netherlands), 3ds Max (Autodesk, United States), and ZBrush(Maxon, Germany). Optimization for VR and AR visualization was performed using Pixyz Software (Unity Technologies,
United States), with models stored in MariaDB (Monty Program AB, Sweden) and implemented in Unity. The visualization was reviewed on Meta Quest 3 and Android-based tablets.
Results: Twenty specimens from the head, neck and upper
limbs were created into 3D models. The original texture andcolor of the specimen were preserved in its 3D model. Even the
concave and convex parts of the specimens were rendered in
3D with remarkable detail and integrity.
Conclusion: This study suggests that photogrammetry is a
viable method for converting cadaveric material into interactive 3D models and offers significant potential for anatomy
education. There has been a steady demand for online learning
resources nowadays. Not only is photogrammetry cost-effective, making it easy to create realistic 3D models of various human specimens, but these 3D photogrammetric human models are also easily accessible and clearly depict human anatomy,
serving as valuable learning resources.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea HealthIndustry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number :HI23C0170). This research was supported by Korea Institute of
Science and Technology Information (KISTI).(No. (KISTI) K24-L01-C03-S01, (NTIS) 1711198423).
Keywords: Photogrammetry, 3D computerizing models,
Medical education, Human specimens
A-0225

Encouragement from the Right Source:
Introducing Short-Content Module to HighSchool Students in the Context of Anatomy
Education

Nurul Uyun ABDUL AZIZ1, Nor Alia MOHAMAD1, Ainul Farhana ABDULRAZAK3, Aryanny NASIR3, Madihah RISHAIDHI2, Siti Nurma Hanim
HADIE4
1

MBBS pre clinical, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed), Iskandar Puteri,
Johor, Malaysia
2
Biomedical Science, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed), Iskandar Puteri,
Johor, Malaysia
3Foundation, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed), Iskandar Puteri, Johor,
Malaysia
4
Department of Anatomy, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Purpose: The Malaysian Ministry of Education has noted adiminished engagement in Science, Technology, Engineering,and Mathematics (STEM) among high school students. Human anatomy, a fundamental subject for medical sciences at
the tertiary level, is encompassed within STEM. As one of thecivil society actors, the present study intends to evaluate theknowledge in Human Anatomy by implementing an Interac-

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tive Anatomy Module Laboratory-based (IAML) experience.
Methods: A concise module for high school students has
been developed as part of Newcastle University Medicine
Malaysia's one-day anatomy outreach program. A total of 87
students from the state of Johor were immersed in a range ofhands-on activities that incorporated human anatomy materials and 3-dimensional (3D) anatomy software. The IAML
facilitators, consisting of anatomists and clinical instructors,
guided students through three distinct stations: the exploration of human heart, the histological examination of the heartwall, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, each lasted approximately 30 minutes. To evaluate the effectiveness of the module's knowledge-transfer activities, students underwent preand post- assessments, with questions tailored to each activity.
Results: A paired sample t-test was conducted to evaluate the impact of IAML on students’ assessment marks. The
findings revealed a substantial improvement in student marks
from before (5.94 ± 1.597) to after (7.79 ± 1.615) the module(t86 = -10.815, p < 0.001). The mean increase in the assessment
marks was 1.851, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from
-2.191 to -1.510. The eta squared statistic (0.58) indicated alarge effect size.
Conclusion: IAML serves as a valuable catalyst in nurturing student knowledge in anatomy, via an interactive andhands-on approach. Through multimodal hands-on activities,
IAML instilled inspiration and facilitated the development andassessment of metrics. This endeavour is crucial for continual
progress in enhancing students’ engagement with humananatomy and cultivating interest in STEM disciplines.
Keywords: Interactive Anatomy Module (IAML), Laboratory-based, Outreach Program, High School Students, Knowledge-transfer Program
A-0265

Evaluating Accuracy in AI-Powered Serial
Segmentation for CT, MRI, Visible Human,and Histological Sections

research method in biomedical sciences; however, it is timeconsuming and labor-intensive due to segmentation work.
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the AI-based
segmentation and tracking model, SAM-Track, for segmentation of anatomical or histological structures, and explore thepotential of AI to improve research efficiency.
Methods: Images of CT, MRI, and anatomical sections of
the Visible Korean Human, in addition to serial histologicalsection images of knee joint and pancreases from cadavers,
were utilized along with their manually segmented masks. Six
structures (femur, rectus femoris, liver, stomach, aorta, inferiorvana cava) in CT, MRI, and anatomical sections, and sevenstructures (tibia, articular cartilage, lateral meniscus, anterior
cruciate ligament, pancreas, superior mesenteric artery, portalvein) in histological sections were segmented using SAM-Trackand compared with the manually segmented data by calculating the Dice similarity coefficient. The segmented images were
three-dimensionally reconstructed.
Results: The average Dice scores of CT and MRI results
varied widely (0.13-0.83), while anatomical sections generally
showed good accuracy (0.31-0.82). Soft tissue structures suchas the rectus femoris and the stomach had variable accuracy(0.38-0.82), whereas clear-edged structures such as the femur
and liver had high Dice scores (0.69-0.83). Histological sections showed high accuracy, especially for well-delineatedtissues such as the tibia and pancreas (0.95, 0.90). For 3D reconstruction, high Dice scores were associated with accurate
morphological representations.
Conclusion: The study showed that SAM-Track's AI-based
automatic segmentation provided mostly accurate results foranatomical and histological images, hence their segmented images could be applied to biomedical research with only minor
modifications, suggesting a reduction in the time and effort
required compared to manual methods. AI segmentation isbeneficial for biomedical studies involving 3D reconstruction.
Keywords: 3D reconstruction, Segmentation, AI, Segment
Anything Model, Visible Korean Human

Satoru MURO1, Takuya IBARA2, Yuzuki SUGIYAMA1, Akimoto NIMURA2,
Keiichi AKITA1
1

Clinical Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Functional Joint Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

2

Purpose: Three-dimensional reconstruction is a valid
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A-0316

AI-Empowered 3D Pathology Provides Novel
Visualizations and Quantifications with
Clinical Diagnostic Value

Young Hyun YUN1, Kee Young CHUNG2, Yunjoo LEE3, Tae Sik SUNG4,
Dayoung KO5, Seung-Bum RYOO4, Hyun-Young KIM5, Kyu Joo PARK4, SeongJoon KOH6, Hyung Jin CHOI2

1
Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republicof Korea2
Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
3
Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
4Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
5
Pediatric Surgery, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Conventional two-dimensional (2D) pathology
has limitations in capturing the spatial complexity of tissues.
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of AI-empowered
three-dimensional (3D) tissue imaging technology for visualizing and quantifying biopsy and surgical specimens, and its
potential impact on clinical diagnosis.
Methods: To enable comprehensive analysis of 3D histopathology in inf lammatory bowel disease (IBD) and
Hirschsprung's disease (HSD), we established a novel 3D tissue
analysis pipeline, integrating a passive and electric tissue clearing technique for enhanced transparency and shortened time,
immunohistochemistry for specific marker visualization, confocal microscopy for high-resolution imaging, and AI-powered
3D rendering and quantitative analysis software. This nonsectional approach was applied to biopsy tissues from patientswith ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), as wellas surgical samples from patients with CD and HSD.
Results: A new method optimized tissue clearing and AI
generated detailed 3D images from biopsies, revealing more
information than traditional methods. The AI, trained on specific features, removed noise and enhanced weak signals forsuperior 3D reconstructions compared to traditional software.
IBD biopsy images revealed quantitative indicators of inflammation-induced crypt distortion, neuronal fiber structuralchanges, neutrophil distribution, and interaction with nerves.
Similarly, 3D images of full-thickness surgical tissues fromCD and HSD patients allowed observation and quantitativeevaluation of macroscopic neural structure and distributionchanges in large-scale diseased tissues.
Conclusion: We established a 3D tissue analysis pipeline
combining advanced cleared tissue 3D imaging and AI-pow-

ered quantitative analysis, enabling comprehensive assessmentof inflammatory bowel disease and Hirschsprung's disease tissues architecture, including 3D morphology, spatial distribution, and density of diverse cellular components. Trained on 3D
imaging data, the AI model facilitated precise quantificationand comparison with traditional 2D methods, paving the way
for novel 3D image-based pathology assessment approaches.
Keywords: Tissue clearing, AI-powered 3D imaging, 3D
histopathology, 3D pathological quantification index
A-0335

A Validatory Study Exploring the Oral
Sublabial and Sublingual Fossa as
Reproducible Anatomical Sites for
Measurement of Microcirculatory Function

Trent PAYNE1, Ryan HOMES2, Rashaun LALA2, Ruth HUBBARD1,
MIDWINTER Mark2
1

Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2

Purpose: The microcirculation is the junction where thecapillaries meet the extracellular matrix and peripheral tissue.
Its function provides nutritional constituents conducive tocellular maintenance to meet individual requirements for surrounding parenchyma. Degradation of the microcirculation
has been extensively researched in the acute setting and has
now been extended to chronic conditions. The purpose of thisstudy was to explore the concurrent validity of measuring microcirculatory parameters at the sublingual and sublabial mucosal sites. Furthermore, exploring differences between novice
and experienced examiners was also undertaken to determine
the relative contribution to microcirculatory measures.
Methods: Sidestream Dark Field microscopy (Microscan,
Micro Vision Medical, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was used
to measure the microcirculation of 15 otherwise healthy participants at both the sublingual and sublabial fossa. The microcirculatory parameters were calculated using semi-automatedanalysis techniques via Automated Vascular Analysis 3.2 software. Parameters that were explored at both anatomical sites
and compared included total vessel density, perfused vessel
density, portion of perfused vessel, microvascular flow index,
and heterogeneity index. Furthermore, these parameters werecompared between novice and experienced observers at one

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anatomical site and explored the differences in results that wereassociated with tester experience using bland-Altman plots.
Results: The heterogeneity of an individual’s microcirculation affects the microcirculatory parameters, influencing results to a larger degree than the anatomical site. Furthermore,
the experience level of the tester was associated with different
parameter measures for identical individuals.
Conclusion: Both the sublingual and sublabial fossa provide adequate sites to measure an individual’s systemic microcirculation in the correct setting. Differences in the measuresgathered by novice and experienced testers are pertinent andshould be accounted for in data collection.
Keywords: Microcirculation, Microscopy, Sublacial, Sublingual
A-0364

BounTI (Boundary-Preserving Threshold
Iteration) - A Novel Automated Hard Tissue
Segmentation Tool

Marius DIDZIOKAS1, Erwin PAUWS2, Lars KOLBY3,5, Roman KHONSARI4,6,
Mehran MOAZEN1
1

Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
3
Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
4
Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
5
Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
6
Faculty of Medicine, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
2

Purpose: Manual image segmentation poses significant
challenges as it can be intensive and time-consuming. The primary objective of this study was to develop an accessible anduser-friendly automatic hard tissue segmentation tool, named
BounTI. The tool was tested on various skeletal regions.
Methods: To achieve automatic segmentation, we introduced a novel algorithm based on threshold iteration. Sensitivity tests were conducted to assess the impact of input parameters on segmentation outcomes. The algorithm was then tested
on craniofacial system scans from diverse species, including asnake, a lizard, an amphibian, a mouse, and two humans, onewith craniosynostosis. This approach allowed us to evaluate
the tool's performance across different anatomical structuresand scan conditions. Lastly, the algorithm was tested on otherskeletal regions.
Results: The results demonstrate the efficacy of BounTI
in automatically segmenting various bony elements within

and outside the craniofacial system. The algorithm successfully preserved boundaries between anatomically distinct elements, showcasing its versatility across different species andscan qualities. Notably, the study revealed that while highresolution microCT images enhanced segmentation accuracy,
BounTI remained effective even with significantly lowerquality clinical images, underscoring its robustness.
Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of
BounTI as an automatic segmentation tool not limited to thecraniofacial region. The algorithm's applicability extends tothe segmentation of hard tissue scans in general. BounTI is
made accessible to the anatomical community through different formats, including an Avizo/Amira Addon, a stand-alone
Windows executable, and a Python library. By offering a timeefficient alternative to manual segmentation, we anticipate that
this user-friendly tool will significantly benefit researchers in
the anatomical field.
Funding: This work was supported by the Engineeringand Physical Science Research Council (EP/W008092/1; EP/
R513143/1 – 2592407 and EP/T517793/1 - 2592407).
Keywords: Automatic Segmentation, CT data, Craniofacialsystem, Bone analysis
A-0365

Navigating the Virtual Cadaver: A
Constructivist Approach to Anatomical
Learning
Lily EVANS, Lauren SINGER, Ife AGBEJA, Siobhan MOYES

Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Purpose: The realm of virtual anatomy (VA) is experiencing rapid growth, characterised by continuous advancementsthat captivate anatomists with the promise of versatile possibilities. Despite this exciting trajectory, a critical gap exists in theliterature, offering little guidance on the integration of virtualanatomy technology into curricula based on pedagogic principles. This study aims to discern differences in student learningwhen using VA to dissect anatomical regions from the outsidein versus constructing them from the inside-out using virtualanatomy, thus testing whether Piaget’s educational theory of
constructivism can be applied to a virtual anatomy context.
Methods: The research adopts both asynchronous and synchronous mixed-methods data collection methods to compre-

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hensively explore student interactions with virtual anatomy.
Asynchronous data collection involves students choosing 'dissection' or 'construction' versions of activities during preparatory work, while synchronous data collection integrates inclass activities during anatomy sessions. Anonymised data will
undergo statistical analysis and thematic coding to compare
learning outcomes and perceptions, contributing valuable insights for evidence-based curriculum development in virtualanatomy education. Variables such as construction vs dissection, course of study, and year of study are considered.
Results: In this presentation, the authors will explain the
key findings from statistical and thematic analysis of the data.
By considering variables such as the method of engagement(construction vs dissection), course of study, and year of study,
the findings offer a nuanced perspective that can inform educators in tailoring virtual anatomy learning activities for specific student groups.
Conclusion: This research aspires to contribute not only tothe theoretical framework of virtual anatomy education, butalso to the practical development of evidence-based curricula.
By addressing the identified gap in the literature, this study
strives to empower educators with the knowledge needed to
optimise the use of virtual anatomy technology in teaching,thus fostering a more dynamic and engaging learning environment for anatomical education.
Keywords: Virtual anatomy, Digital anatomy, Virtual construction, Constructivism, Anatomy education
A-0382

Exploring the Influence of α-/β-MSH on
Meibomian Gland Exocrine Secretion:
Insights from a Novel 3D Organotypic Slice
Culture Model

Ingrid ZAHN1, Fabian GARRREIS1, Martin SCHICHT1, Vera ROETZER2, Jens
WASCHKE2, Friedrich PAULSEN1, Jana DIETRICH1
1

Institut fuer Funktionelle und Klinische Anatomie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet
Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
2
Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany

logical options for DED treatment are limited. Therefore, thisstudy aims to establish a 3D organotypic slice culture model ofmice and human MGs to mimic physiological conditions andinvestigates the impact of α-/β-MSH on exocrine secretion.
Methods: Over a 21-day cultivation period, tissue viability,
lipid production, and morphological changes of the organotypic culture were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry and RTPCR were conducted to verify MCR expression. The organotypic culture and ihMGECs were stimulated with α/β-MSH(MCR agonists) and JNJ-10229570 (MCR antagonist). The
effects of α-/β-MSH on lipid production and MCR response
were assessed through Oil Red O/Lipi Red staining and cAMPassay. FACS analysis and qPCR were performed to investigate
the effects of α-/β-MSH on expression levels of MCRs and lipogenesis markers.
Results: The cultivation of the organotypic cultures werepossible without impairment for at least seven days, while MCR
expression was verified in meibomian glands. Stimulation
with α- and β-MSH induced cAMP and lipid production dosedependently, significantly reduced with simultaneous MCR antagonist incubation. The gene expression of lipogenesis markers
significantly increased after α-/β-MSH treatment. Similarly,
α-/β-MSH significantly upregulated gene expression of MCRs.
Conclusion: The newly established organotypic model is apromising approach to study the (patho-) physiological properties of MG/MGD while reducing animal studies, and may
expedite the search for novel MGD/DED treatments. Adiitionally our data reveal, that stimulation/inhibition of MCRs alters
their expression and influences meibum genesis, suggesting
a positive impact of α-/β-MSH on meibum production. Thispotential effect should be considered in addressing glandular
secretion changes in MGD and in exploring potential therapeutic interventions.
Funding: German Research Foundation grant PA738/15-1(FP).
Keywords: Meibomian gland, Melanocortin receptor, Organotypic slice culture, Dry eye

Purpose: Meibomian glands (MG) produce a lipid-richsecretion crucial for the tear film's stability. Meibomian gland
dysfunction (MGD) stands as the main cause of the increasing
public health issue, dry eye disease (DED). Current pharmacoACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0391of Charles University (GAUK), Prague, Czech Republic [grantno.: 2120319].

3D Printed Internal Fixation Plates From
Computerized Tomography Data of
Acromion Fractures in Cadavers

Keywords: Computer Assisted Design, 3D Printing, Curvature, Acromion, Fracture

Carl OLSON1,2, Tereza LUKESOVA1,2, David KACHLIK1,2,Azzat AL-REDOUAN1,2

A-04741

Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
2
Centre for Endoscopic, Surgical and Clinical Anatomy (CESKA), Second Faculty of
Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Purpose: With the paradigm of tailored medicine on thehorizon, physicians are ever increasingly in need to find individualized solutions for their patients. As such, the methods
and materials with which surgeons repair damage must also
be dynamic. Our goal was to develop a method for designingcustom surgical fixation plates from CT scan data of acromion
fractures for 3D printing and machining applications.
Methods: In order to design custom fixation plates, 14
cadaver upper limbs were procured from the Department of
Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University. The
limbs were then taken to Motol University Hospital, Prague, toundergo CT scans. The first pass was performed on intact limbs
to establish a relative anatomical baseline. Following the firstscan, fractures were induced in the acromions. The fractured
limbs were subsequently imaged again. CT data were analyzed
and 3D models were reconstructed using 3D Slicer. Single plane
images from Slicer were then imported into FIJI (ImageJ) for
morphometric analysis. These parameters were then applied asboundaries for a surgical plate in FreeCAD, with the designed
models printed on a Prusa SL1S 3D printer. Plates were attachedto the cadaver scapulae with screws and a third CT scan was
taken to assess anatomical position and plate fitment.
Results: All acromions returned to pre-fracture anatomical
positions within 5% deviation of length and lateral curvatureand 14% of superior curvature. From CT scan to finishedprint: 24 hours.
Conclusion: Custom fixation plate design from CT data canbe a way to noninvasively plan and solve fitment issues in bone
fractures. In the case of acromion fractures, having the ability
to both create 3D models of the fractured bone and leveraging
software to extract vital curvature information, a scaffold fora custom plate is easy to design and each instance is uniquely
tailored to a specific patient.
Funding: This work was supported by the Grant Agency

Competent C’s: Innovations in Anatomy
and Histology with the Six Competencies ofTwenty-First Century Skills
Edgar MEYER, Jazmin MARTIN

Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, UnitedStatesPurpose: To appeal to new generations of digital learners,
instructors within the Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences Program (MSBMSP) at the University of Mississippi
Medical Center have incorporated into their curricula digitalmaterials and the six twenty-first century competencies. This
Competent C’s initiative has been implemented to enhance
students’ learning experiences in the program and encouragethem to transfer these skills to and adapt them for their future
careers in the health sciences.
Methods: The MSBMSP includes over 100 students eachyear who enroll in professional development and biomedical
science courses, such as anatomy and histology, incorporating
the six competencies which include critical thinking, citizenship, critique, communication, creativity, and collaboration.
Students’ mastery of these competencies are evaluated using
the VALUE rubrics published by the American Association ofColleges and Universities.
Results: Students’ critical thinking and problem-solving
skills are engaged during team-based learning (TBL) and virtual lab sessions in their histology course and during cadaveric
laboratory and extension exercises in their anatomy course.
Students’ concepts of citizenship through heightened culturalawareness and humility are gained via incorporations of diversity, equity, and inclusion topics in their anatomy course.
Instructors’ critiques, effort-based praise, and self-regulatory
study strategy tutorials are provided to their students in their
histology and anatomy courses to promote and foster among
them a growth mindset. In addition, students have practiced
their written and oral communication skills via writing assignments and team interactions in their professional develop-

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ment, histology, and anatomy courses. Furthermore, students
have had the option to hone their creativity skills throughenrichment activities incorporating art and poetry in anatomy
and histology.
Conclusion: These experiences not only have made students’ learning experiences in histology and anatomy more
fun and stimulating but also have increased potentially theircompetencies in twenty-first century skills that can be carried
with them into their future health professional careers.
Keywords: Innovations, Twenty-first century skills, Anatomy, Histology, Professional development
A-0562The International Landscape of Public
Engagement in Anatomy

technology (e.g., virtual reality platforms) were consistently
presented as good resources for public engagement, while theappropriateness of using animal tissue dissection was regionspecific. There was notable controversy around using humantissue in a public setting, reflecting the ongoing debate within
the anatomy community at the time of writing.
Conclusion: The study provides crucial insights into theinternational landscape of public engagement in anatomy,emphasizing both shared perspectives and diverse approaches
influenced by region and individuals’ preference. Moving forward, targeted initiatives can leverage these findings, fostering
a community of anatomists who can communicate effectively
and enhance public understanding of anatomy globally.
Funding: This study was supported by an Innovations
grant from the American Association of Anatomy.
Keywords: Public engagement, Science communication,
Outreach

Kat SANDERS1, Jason ORGAN2, Janet PHILP3
1

Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
2
School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, United States
3
Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

A-0563

Purpose: The popularity of anatomy public engagement is
growing, and anatomists must take the lead to ensure accurate
information is delivered to support public knowledge of thelinks between anatomy and health. To support and direct thisgrowth, this study explored the perceptions of anatomists ofwhat “good” anatomy public engagement looks like, preferred
engagement resources, and the outreach training needs of theinternational anatomy community.
Methods: An online survey in five languages was distributed to the International Federation of Associations ofAnatomists’ constituent associations. Using thematic analysis,
the perceptions of anatomists were reviewed from global andregional perspectives.
Results: The survey was completed by 50 anatomists (across
six continents) with a breadth of public engagement experience. A wide geographical spread of opinions highlighted
areas of global consensus on effective outreach methods, aswell as local considerations that could be applied more widely.
Effective strategies predominantly focused on the resources
used, rather than the skills and expertise of the presenter(s).
However, essential training needs, such as communication
skills development and the integration of technology in public
engagement efforts were highlighted. Anatomical models andDigitization Protocol Implementationon the Gastrocnemius-Soleus Complexof Embalmed Neonatal Cadavers:
Methodology for Creating High Fidelity
Finite Element Models

Jessica (JY) CRONJE1, Ali (SA) MIRJALILI2, Anne (AMR) AGUR3, John (J)TRAN3, Albert (AN) VAN SCHOOR1
1

Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandDivision of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

2
3

Purpose: The most prevalent motor disability observed inchildren is cerebral palsy (CP). The longer it takes to diagnose
CP, the longer intervention is delayed. Little is known about
neonatal development of non-pathologic gastrocnemius-soleus
complex (GSC) and its functional architectural parameters.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the use ofnovel digitization protocols to create high fidelity models, as insitu, of neonatal GSC.
Methods: The protocol developed at the University ofToronto involving dissection, digitization, and 3D modeling
was adapted to study neonatal muscles. The specimen wasstabilized and subcutaneous tissue and crural fascia removed.
The superficial fiber bundles (FBs) of medial (MG) and lateral

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IFAA 2024(LG) heads of gastrocnemius were delineated and digitized.
Digitized FBs were removed revealing underlying FBs. This
process of dissection and digitization of FBs and aponeuroses
was carried out throughout the entire muscle volume. The soleus was similarly digitized. The 3D models were constructedusing Autodesk®Maya®(Autodesk Inc) with plugins developedin the laboratory. FB length and physiological cross-sectional
area (PCSA) were computed in 3D space.
Results: FBs and aponeuroses of MG, LG and soleus weremodeled in 3D enabling analysis of FB/aponeurotic architecture throughout the entire volume of each muscle. All threemuscles had differing aponeurotic and FB arrangement. MG
and LG had anterior and posterior aponeuroses, differing in
extent, to which the majority of FBs attached. Soleus had threeparts, posterior, anterior, and marginal, with three aponeuroses for FB attachment. FB length varied between soleus parts
and the MG and LG. Soleus was found to have the greatest
PCSA, followed by the MG and LG.
Conclusion: A highly detailed and anatomically accurate FB/
aponeurosis model of the GSC has been constructed from in situ
digitized data. The models provide the basis on which to carryout a comprehensive analysis of neonatal GSC architecture.
Keywords: Finite element modeling, Biomechanics, Neonatal
anatomy, Gastrocnemius-soleus complex, Muscle architecture
A-0589Scalability of Innovative Anatomy:
Highlighting the Case of Ewha Medical
AcademySu-Hyun CHAE1, Hyeong-Seok CHOI1, Ahn-Na JEON1,2, Ye-Gyung KIM1,
Ji-Young SON1, Gi-Wan KIM4, So-Hyun PARK2, Kun HWANG3, Seung-Ho
HAN1,2
1

Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Department of Plastic Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam-City, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Ewha Medical Academy, affiliated with Ewha
Womans University Medical Center, aims to provide innovative medical education based on anatomical knowledge tohealthcare professionals, corporations, and the general public,
as well as tailored programs for various industries utilizing

professional medical educational content, thereby maximizing
business performance and growing as a leader in creating newvalue and medical convergence.
Methods: Ewha Medical Academy consists of three entities:
Convergence Education Center, Medical Contents Center, andHuman Information Application Center.
Results: The Convergence Education Center imparts anatomy education to medical and nursing students, and conducts
anatomy and clinical workshops for corporates. Approximately
3,000 individuals are trained in this center annually. It also
operates a human exploration school, similar to a mini-medical
school, enabling students to explore career opportunities in the
medical field. The Medical Contents Center produces illustrations and videos important for medical field-related papers,
textbooks, and lecture notes through professional medical illustrators. In particular, the center has produced various material,
including large number of anatomical drawings of each bodypart and 3D layered anatomical models. The Human Information Application Center is engaged in creating “human digital
twins” - 3D human models containing anatomical information,
for use in the field of medical engineering. It also undertakes
development using artificial intelligence, virtual reality andaugmented reality technologies. It is developing a virtual environment medical service platform centered on maternal-fetalcare and a medical metaverse for remote outpatient care. In
addition, it designs and conducts educational programs for employees in various industries based on human anatomy, demonstrating the potential for expanding anatomical education.
Conclusion: It is believed that the Ewha Medical Academy
model could serve as a valuable reference for future applications in the field of anatomy. In this presentation, we aim toprovide an overview of the outputs from the three Centers at
Ewha Medical Academy.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea HealthIndustry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number :HI23C0170).
Keywords: Innovative anatomy education, Medical contents, Human model, Medical convergence

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A-0592

Auto Segmentation Methods Based on
Vision Transformer for Developing Precise
Human Digital Twin

Syed Hasnain Raza SHAH1,2, Donghun YANG2, Muhammad Ishfaq HUSSAIN2,
Ye-Gyung KIM3, Seung-Ho HAN3,4, Kyong-Ha LEE1,2

musculoskeletal segmentation using Visible Korean dataset inorder to develop a precise human digital twin. The results ofthis study are expected to contribute to the development of human digital twin.
Funding: This research was supported by KISTI under amajor project (K-23-L01-C03-S02).

1

University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
3
Department of anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
4
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2

Keywords: Medical image segmentation, Human Digitaltwin, Vision Transformer, Deep learning, Visible Korean
A-0628

Purpose: The medical industry is witnessing a groundbreaking innovation in the form of human digital twins. Human digital twins enable simulation of anatomical structuresof human body and provide efficiency to doctors by easing theprocess of diagnosis and surgery. This study focuses on adapting transformer-based models for musculoskeletal segmentation using the Visible Korean dataset, potentially contributing
to the development of human digital twin. The objective of
this research is to experiment with transformer-based models
for auto segmentation of bones and muscles by utilizing the
Visible Korean dataset. Developed by KISTI for human anatomy research, the dataset encompasses comprehensive information including full-body serial sections of a Korean male andfemale, along with corresponding CT, MRI, and segmentation
masks for various body elements.
Methods: Transformers have not only dominated in natural
language processing but have also influenced in the area ofcomputer vision. Recently, Transformers have been combinedwith U-Net model for accurate segmentation of medical images. We experiment with six transformer-based models including FCT, Swin-Unet, Trans-Unet, PVT-Cascade, Trans-Cascade and MERIT. We utilized body slices and musculoskeletalsegmentation masks from the Visible Korean dataset. The Dice
Similarity Coefficient (DSC) is used as evaluation metric.
Results: The result of our experiment shows that the TransUnet achieved the highest DSC score among all the othermodels which show comparable performance to each other.
Overall, the transformer-based models are very effective insegmenting anatomical structures of human body and havepotential to contribute to creation of human digital twins.
Conclusion: This study conducted research on the performance of segmentation models based on Transformer for

Histological Horizons: Bridging Tradition
and Innovation in Medical Education
through Inno-Anatomy Convergence
Wike Astrid CAHAYANI1, Indriati Dwi RAHAYU1, Wibi RIAWAN2
1

Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang,Indonesia

2

Purpose: In the evolving landscape of medical education,
integrating innovative learning methodologies is crucial for
improving teaching effectiveness and student engagement.
This study evaluates the impact of combining manual andvirtual histology laboratories on medical students' learning
outcomes and perceptions, highlighting the synergy between
traditional hands-on techniques and digital tools in enhancing
educational experiences.
Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, involving quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with medical students who experienced both manual (traditional microscopy) and virtual (digital simulations) histology lab sessions.
The study measured student preferences, perceived effectiveness, and the impact of each method on their learning process.
Results: Findings revealed a high appreciation among students for both manual and virtual methods, with a significant
preference for their integration. Students reported that theblended approach provided a more comprehensive understanding of histological concepts, offering the tactile depth ofmanual microscopy alongside the accessibility and versatilityof virtual simulations. Notably, this integration facilitated amore flexible and engaging learning experience, aligning withdiverse learning styles.
Conclusion: The integration of manual and virtual histology labs represents a promising educational strategy in medi-

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cal training, combining the strengths of traditional and digital
methodologies to improve student learning outcomes. This study
underscores the potential of innovative teaching approaches toenhance the educational landscape, advocating for a balanced integration of manual and virtual practices in histology education.
Keywords: Histology education, Manual laboratory, Virtuallaboratory, Hybrid learning, Medical education

ligence, Imaging
A-0650Digital Innovation in Virtual Learning ofMacroscopic Anatomy at Universidad de losAndes in Santiago, Chile
Juan Carlos LOPEZ-NAVARRO, Maria Eugenia PEDEMONTE, Valentina
CERDA, Rosario LAGOS, Marcos VALENZUELA, Tomas YUNGE
Morphology, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile

A-0644

To Stent or Not to Stent? AI-Based Carotid
Plaque Characterisation for Interventional
Decision-Making

Jack PARKER1,2, James COEY1, Eileen SPENGLER3, Donald REID3, Tatum
JACKSON4
1

Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Research & Development, Aiatella Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
3
Vascular Medicine, Arizona Heart Foundation, Phoenix, United States4
Basic Sciences, St George's University, True Blue, Grenada
2

Purpose: Stroke remains a significant cause of mortalityand disability worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and risk assessment are crucial for effective management of carotid arterydisease. In this context, non-invasive imaging plays a pivotal
role in detecting and characterising carotid plaques. Accurate
assessment of plaque stability is essential for determining the
optimal intervention strategy. We present an AI-driven approach that automates plaque detection and quantificationfrom carotid ultrasound images.
Methods: Our AI model detects and quantifies carotid plaquein vascular ultrasound imaging. The model also analyses key
plaque parameters, including lipid content, fibrous cap thickness, juxtaluminal black area, distinct white areas, and overallplaque morphology. By characterising these features, we aim toprovide clinicians with valuable insights into plaque stability.
Results: Preliminary results demonstrate the AI’s ability toidentify high-risk plaques. Lipid-rich, thin-capped, and extensively calcified plaques are associated with increased vulnerability. Conversely, stable plaques exhibit different characteristics.
Conclusion: Our AI-based approach holds promise for
personalised intervention decisions. By answering the pivotal
question—“to stent or not to stent?”—we empower clinicians totailor treatment strategies based on individual plaque profiles.
Keywords: Stroke, Carotid Artery, Plaque, Artificial Intel-

Purpose: In 2024, the School of Medicine of Universidad delos Andes made a change in the curriculum, reducing the medical career to twelve semesters, associated with a substantialchange in the educational model. The educational model focuses on the student and applies numerous learning resources,
where the main one lies in direct, in-person cadaveric practicein the laboratory. The purpose of this study is to convert the anatomical laboratory into a blended activity, complementing theprosection with virtual indirect study. The face-to-face classroom will be virtually transferred to the self-instructional digital format through study guides and 3D digital design cadaveric
material of the same laboratory demonstration pieces and the
preparation of virtual tasks, self-study and self-assessment.
Methods: To create the models, the photogrammetry
technique was used, based on the use of a professional mobile
photography studio and latest generation computer software.
Specifically, the material used was a Nikon D850 camera, with
Nikon 50 and 105mm lenses, and the Agisoft Metashape program. Firstly, photographs of the cadaver preparations wereobtained on all sides, using a rotating turntable to obtain their
entire spatial orientation, resulting in approximately 500-1000
images per preparation. Subsequently, these were processed
and revealed digitally using the Adobe Lightroom program,and then imported into Agisoft Metashape and began thedigital creation of the 3D models, in a series of sequential steps
that allow modeling. Finally, once the models were obtained,
they continued to be uploaded to the Sketchfab web platform,
where they were post-processed to finally allow their digitalvisualization and direct online interaction.
Results: Improvements in results of formative assessments,
summative assessments and excellent results in student satisfaction surveys.
Conclusion: Excellent instrument that enhances self-study
and face-to-face activities. Increases independence, autonomy

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and imagery, improving anatomical knowledge based on preserved and dissected material.
Keywords: Gross Anatomy, Virtual Learning, Video 3D,
Education, Innovation
A-0658Structural and Functional Brain
Connectivity Predicts Thalamotomy
Outcome in Parkinson’s Disease

Alberto CACCIOLA1, Gianpaolo BASILE1, Giuseppe ANASTASI1, Demetrio
MILARDI1, Lilla BONANNO2, Augusto IELO2, Silvia MARINO2, Amelia
BRIGANDI2, Chiara SORBERA2, Rosa MORABITO2, Simona CAMMAROTO2,
Giuseppe DI LORENZO2, Antonio CERASA3,4, Angelo QUARTARONE2
1

Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological andFunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Neuroimaging, Advanced Neurophysiology and Neurorehabilitation Models, IRCCS
Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
3
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of
Italy, Messina, Italy
4
Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational
Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University ofCalabria, Rende, Italy2

Purpose: Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused UltraSound(MRgFUS) thalamotomy is effective in alleviating tremor
symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), with emerging evidence suggesting that treatment outcomes may be influenced
by brain connectivity rather than the choice of anatomicaltarget alone. However, it remains unclear whether brain connectivity can predict clinical outcomes in tremor-dominant
PD patients. We aim to characterize structural and functional
connectivity associated with successful MRgFUS ablation of
the Ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (Vim) and assess its
potential to predict treatment outcomes.
Methods: Twelve tremor-dominant PD patients underwent unilateral MRgFUS thalamotomy. Treatment outcome
was measured as the percentage change in motor score of the
UPDRS-III one week post-treatment. Different standard ablation and anatomical features were tested for correlation withclinical outcome. We then combined our PD dataset with normative human connectome data (diffusion tractography andresting state functional connectivity) to identify connectivity
patterns associated with clinical improvement. Structural andfunctional connectivity profiles were then independently employed to predict clinical outcome in a leave-one-patient-out
cross-validation (LOOCV) design.

Results: No significant correlations were found between
standard ablation and anatomical features and clinical outcome. However, connectivity between the ablation site and a
network of brain regions, including structural connectivity
to pre-supplementary motor area, supplementary motor area,
superior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum, correlated with clinical improvement. Similar patterns were observed in functional
connectivity, with anticorrelation between the ablation areaand primary somatosensory cortex and the most lateral partof primary motor cortex. LOOCV demonstrated that both
structural (R2 = 0.53; R = 0.73; p = 0.002) and functional connectivity (R2 = 0.23; R = 0.48; p = 0.007) fingerprints predictedclinical improvement.
Conclusion: Both target structural and functional connectivity are independent predictors of clinical improvement intremor-dominant PD patients undergoing MRgFUS thalamotomy. This study suggests the potential for brain connectomics
surgical targeting while warranting further validation in independent cohorts.
Funding: This work was supported by DOD N° W81XWH-19-1-0810 (AQ and AC). This research was also funded by
the Italian Ministry of Health, Current Research Funds 2023.
Keywords: Connectome, Computational Neuroanatomy,
Functional MRI, Neuroimaging, Tractography
A-0659Computer Vision for Automatic
Segmentation of Anatomy during
Explorative Laparoscopy

Wouter WILLAERT1, Francesca TOZZI1, Seyed Amir MOUSAVI2,6, Dario
QUINTINI3, Femke VAN VAERENBERGH1, Xander DE LILLE1, Jaeyun J.
WANG4, Amir Ashraf GANJOUEI4, Adnan ALSEIDI4, Mohamed Abdelgadir
ADAM4, Nikdokht NIKDOKHT RASHIDIAN5, Wesley DE NEVE2,61

Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University,
Ghent, Belgium
Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus,
Incheon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterology Sciences, University of Padua,
Padua, Italy
4
Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
5
Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
Belgium
6
IDLab, ELIS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2

Purpose: Computer vision appears promising in anatomical structure recognition during laparoscopy. Despite theavailability of various deep-learning models for intra-abdom-

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inal anatomy, these models often target specific organs within
surgical contexts. Furthermore, the classification process faces
challenges due to intra-patient variability in organ morphology and texture, limiting model applicability and standardization. This study aimed to construct automated computerbased models for identifying topographic anatomy across theentire abdominal cavity, independently of surgical steps.
Methods: A comprehensive checklist of anatomical structures was developed. The checklist included 28 anatomical
structures comprising detailed definitions of topographicalcharacteristics based on their anatomical features observed
during laparoscopy. The checklist was developed by threesurgical experts. A total of twenty-seven videos of explorative
laparoscopic surgeries were collected and pixel-wise segmented by six annotators. Each video underwent critical review by
two surgeons, with discrepancies resolved through consensus.
Detection (Yolov7-e6e) and segmentation (Segformer) models
were built for identifying the 28 anatomical structures. Split
was done based on the frames with a ratio of 80:20:20 for the
training, validation, and test sets.
Results: The dataset comprised a total of 1984 annotatedframes (training: 1290, validation: 297, test: 397). The detection model showed a mean average precision (mAP0.5) for all
structures of 66.9 (range 30-91.8). The best recognized structures were uterus (92.8), right hemidiaphragm (88.3), left liver
lobe (87), gallbladder (84.7), bladder (83.2) and sigmoid colon(83.2). For the segmentation model, the Intersection-overUnion (IoU) was on average 53.8 (range 16.5 -89.6), with thebest recognized organs being transverse colon (89.6), greater
omentum (81.0), stomach (74.2), left hemidiaphragm (73.0)
and gallbladder (67.9).
Conclusion: The proposed deep-learning computeraided approach for the automatic recognition of laparoscopic
anatomy exhibits both a good performance and delineation in
identifying anatomy. The next steps will involve validating themodels and exploring their clinical and educational utility.
Keywords: Computer vision, Surgical Anatomy, Laparoscopy, Deep-learning, Automatic recognition

A-0668

Pilot Study: Exposing Gaps in Training and
Identifying Essential Skills and Knowledge
Areas Relevant to Gross Anatomy
Laboratory Managers
Kerrie LASHLEY, Kristen BROWN, Melissa CARROLL

Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, DC, United States

Purpose: This study aimed to identify essential skills andknowledge areas relevant to Gross Anatomy Laboratory Managers (GALMs).
Methods: Feedback from a panel of industry experts (n=5)
through a one-hour virtual focus group using a semi-structured interview of eight questions and two probing questions
was transcribed verbatim with Otter.ai.
Results: Experts identified five unique, essential skills
for GALMs' success, including Laboratory Design, Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) Development, Organization,
Technology Incorporation, and Technical Writing. Specifictopics in these areas include optimizing the Gross Anatomy
Laboratory (GAL) layout for multiple unique programs, maximizing teaching technology, and developing SOPs tailoredto the GAL's specific operational and organizational needs.
Experts identified five critical knowledge areas for effective
GAL management. Whole Body Donation, Microbe Control,and Dissection Tools/Equipment are unique in these five areas. Specifically, the experts emphasized the importance ofunderstanding cadaver upkeep, ethical procedures, and basic
knowledge of standard tools and equipment. While the experts
also identified Chemical Safety and Safety and Health procedures as important knowledge areas, these areas already exist
in training programs. However, experts recommend the inclusion of more focused GAL topics, such as minimizing formaldehyde exposure, adhering to regulations and standards, andoptimizing environmental conditions to provide comprehensive training for GALMs.
Conclusion: Existing laboratory management training
programs focus on broad competencies with wide applicability. While these competencies provide guidance, individuals
in niche areas like GALs require specialized training to prepare them for the role. Experts identified five essential skills
GALMs must possess to meet the operational needs of the
GAL. Experts also pinpointed five knowledge areas, three

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unique to GALMs and two requiring incorporating focused
GAL topics. The result of this study exposes the shortcomings of existing laboratory management training programs inadequately preparing GALMs. These findings will inform a
specialized training curriculum that addresses the knowledge
and skills unique to GALMs.
Keywords: Human gross anatomy laboratory manager,
Laboratory manager, Specialized training programs, Wholebody donation, Training
A-0898

Evaluation of Biomechanical Properties ofSome Thigh Muscles According to Pelvic
Axial Rotation Direction in Adolescent
Idiopathic Scoliosis Patientsris and patellar ligament were measured with MyotonePRO.
Data analysis was carried out with SPSS 25 program.
Results: Tone, stiffness, elasticity; When the PAR direction
was compared with patellar ligament and anterior thigh muscles in same direction and patellar ligament and anterior thighmuscles in opposite direction, a strong to moderate positive
correlation was found. Similar results were found in posterior
thigh muscles for tone and stiffness.
Conclusion: It has been determined that there is a relationship between tone, stiffness and elasticity of muscles in thighof AIS patients according to PAR direction. According to thedetailed literature review, we think it will contribute to theclinic and literature as it is the first study on this subject.
Keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Tone, Stiffness,
Elasticity, Pelvic axial rotation

Zeynep SENCAN1, Omer Faruk CIHAN1, Sezgin Bahadır TEKIN2, Rumeyse
INCE1,3, Cagrı KARABULUT4

A-0900Evaluation of Myotonometric Properties ofDeltoid Muscle According to the Curvatureof Scoliosis

1

Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3
Medical Services and Techniques, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
4Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kahramanmaras Pazarcık State Hospital,
Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
2

Purpose: Pelvic asymmetry is one of the biomechanicalchanges that occur with deviation from normal in sagittal,transvers and frontal planes of vertebral column as a result ofadolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). When a deformity occurs in a joint, the disorder is not limited to that joint group,
but also causes problems in surrounding joints, ligaments, andmuscles. Therefore, as a result of pelvic asymmetry, muscles attached to pelvis are affected.This study aims to examine muscle myotonometric changes in thighs of AIS patients according
to the direction of pelvic axial rotation (PAR) and to obtain
information about biomechanical properties of muscles.
Methods: Approval was obtained from Gaziantep University Clinical Research Ethics Committee before the study(2023/295). Thirty-three individuals (mean age: 13.94±2.13,
male: 10, female: 23) diagnosed with AIS were included in the
study. PAR direction was determined on AP radiographs of individuals and groups was created accordingly. MyotonePRO isa device valid in the literature that can measure tone, stiffness,elasticity of myofascial tissues and does not cause complications in patients. Tone, stiffness, elasticity of rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, semitendinosus, biceps femo-

Cansu OZTURK1,2, Omer Faruk CIHAN2, Sezgin Bahadır TEKIN3, Cagrı
KARABULUT4, Mustafa OZDEMIR2, Zeynep SENCAN2
1

Anatomy, Gaziantep Islam, Science and Technology University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kahramanmaras Pazarcık State Hospital,
Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
2

Purpose: Scoliosis, which is abnormal curvature and rotation of vertebral column, may be caused by medical causes or
may develop idiopathically. The curvature resulting from scoliosis and direction of this curvature can change biomechanics
of upper extremity as well as spine and lower extremity. In thisstudy, before and after exercise sessions in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS) according to convex-concaveside of scoliosis curve. It was aimed to investigate changes indeltoid tone, stiffness, elasticity.
Methods: Thirty-nine individuals (male:11, female:28; mean
age:14.1 years) with AIS, between ages of 10-18, who applied
to Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department ofOrthopedics and Traumatology, were included in study. In thisstudy, using the MyotonePRO device, before exercise sessions
and after 40-minute exercise sessions. Deltoid tone, stiffnessand elasticity were measured. Data analysis was made with

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SPSS 25.0 program, and p<0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant. Approval number 2023/294 was received from Gaziantep University Clinical Research Ethics committee.
Results: Individuals participating in study were grouped
as cervical region concave/convex according to curvature ofscoliosis before and after exercise session, myotonometricmeasurement of deltoid was made. A moderate positive relationship was found between convex and concave sides in tone
and elasticity values both before and after exercise session.
While there was weak positive relationship between convex
and concave sides in stiffness value before exercise session, no
significant relationship was found after exercise session.
Conclusion: It has been determined that there are changes
in muscle biomechanics in patients with scoliosis depending
on direction of curvature. It has been determined that scoliosis, in addition to its known effects on lower extremities andtrunk, also affects upper extremities. As a result of this study,
quantitative values were obtained, and it is thought that they
will be used as a resource for future studies.
Keywords: MyotonePRO, Deltoid muscle, Scoliosis curvature, Biomechanics
A-0942Teaching Minimally or Non-Medical Trained
Coaches a Modified Paediatric Ottawa Foot
Ankle Rules Protocol Including Gait andSurface Anatomy Protecting Youth Athletes
Tyler ST CLAIR, Brion BENNINGER, Alexa LATTMAN, Noah CLINEof this study was to create a teaching video of modified OFAR
for paediatric athletes with novel terminology and new surface
anatomy(SA) educating minimally medical trained coaches.
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding paediatric modified-OFAR teaching videos. GAX-specimens(n=6;3Male,3-Female) received innovative BriteVu-contrast(BVc)
with MRI/CT scans and formalin-fixed cadavers-FfC(n=18;11Male;7-Female=36 ankles) had subsequent SA of OFAR
anatomy identified then dissected. Video storyboard was created and filmed with Gimbal stabilizer for smartphone, 3-axis
phone Gimbal for iPhone 14 PRO, stabilizer for video recording with face/object tracking, 600 °auto rotation - hohem
iSteady mobile plus.
Results: Literature search revealed no known modified
paediatric OFAR videos for coaches. GAX-specimen allowedpaediatric modified-OFAR regarding observations of SA palpation, measurements, imaging and dissection which demonstrated lifelike static and dynamic anatomy enabling novel terminology for ease of understanding and performing modified
paediatric-OFAR for non-medical trainees. Chronologically,
video demonstrated 8-step analysis for antalgic gait, triangular foot-ankle-palpation(T-FAP), distal third posterior fibularpressure and mid-tibia-fibular (MTF) squeeze test.
Conclusion: This pilot study integrated FA SA with GAXSpecimen dissections creating a modified paediatric-OFAR
protocol viewed with video for non-medical trained coaches
successfully identifying SA terminology consisting of T-FAP,
MTF-squeeze test providing a useful tool for coaches, families
and healthcare providers.

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

Purpose: Injuries of the foot & ankle (FA) are among themost common injuries in paediatric athletes. Sprained ankle
is the most common soft tissue presentation of FA exposing
youth to unnecessary radiation from a significantly overwhelming number of normal X-rays. Approximately 45 million children ages 6-18 years old participate in at least one
organized sport annually. Paediatric athletes continue to increase in number while specializing in a single sport, leading
to muscle imbalance and further FA injuries. The FA is undergoing constant change due to development affecting boneand physeal growth plates. Ottawa-foot-ankle-rules (OFAR)
has been proven beneficial for paediatric athletes. Objective

Keywords: Ottawa rules, Terminology, Anatomy, Surface
A-0961

Newly Termed Tibial-Soleal Groove (TSG)
Provides Important Landmark for Great
Saphenous Vein/Nerve
Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregan, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregan, United States

2

Purpose: Great saphenous vein (GSV) has 3 clinical surgical associations (grafts, varicosities, cutdowns). In 1967 it
became a life extending structure when Dr. Favaloro described
an autologous vein graft for arterial bypass. High tie varicose

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vein procedures and injections of GSV have helped sufferers
for decades. Cutdowns for intravenous access are lifesaving.
GSV is a consistent superficial vein with a dependable landmark which deserves further scrutiny regarding additional
anatomical sites. Study objective is to analyze GSV from novel
imaged prepared GAX-specimens (GAX) and formalin-fixedcadavers (F-FC) describing new terminology satisfying surgeons and anatomists.
Methods: Literature search of GSV anatomy was conducted. CT/MRI/ultrasound imaging and dissection of 6 GAX
donors, 12 lower limbs (LL) and dissection of 33 F-FC (62 LL)
was conducted and analysed.
Results: GSV analysis from atlasses, imaging and dissections revealed a consistent pattern of an undescribed unnamed
specific location of the GSV. Dissection of 69 LL from 74 LL
demonstrated 93% GSV’s were within 3mm on either side of
the intersection between the medial tibial bone and soleus
muscle. Below knee, GSV ascends lying in the tibial-soleal
groove (TSG) from the medial mid-tibial level up to the tibial
tuberosity (approximately 10cm) formed between the anteromedial tibia and anterior medial soleus muscle. The author
has provided a term for this consistent GSV location below theknee as the TSG.
Conclusion: This study revealed GSV has a consistent superficial anatomical location below the knee newly termed thetibial-soleal groove (TSG) which could contribute to anatomy
and surgical descriptions.
Keywords: Terminology, GAX-specimen, Clinical landmark, Novel Anatomy
A-0964Mixed Reality XR-4 Varjo System Allows
Integrating Surface Anatomy Palpation
with GE Vscan POCUS Probe Placement
Enabling True Experiences and Assessment
Feedback
1

1

provide acceptable online teaching/learning. Currently, online
learning expectations are much higher and immersive mixedreality(MR) platforms can create improved knowledge retention, engagement and interaction between live POCUS for lifelike skills in real world settings. Adding autonomy by allowing
individuals/groups to record their MR-experiences any time ofday/night for assessment later, provides ideal environment forandragogical (adult) learners. The study objective was to createa learning platform whereby medical students could practice
combining surface anatomy palpation with POCUS using MR
technology while capturing learners’ knowledge, skills andtechniques with simultaneous audio/visual recording.
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding learning/teaching experiences with MR technology during palpation and POCUS image acquisition of the neck region withrecorded videos for assessing and providing feedback to medical students(n=9). XR-4(Varjo)headset, Base-Varjo and VHDissector software supported by Toltech was assembled as amobile cart. Students were provided a recorded 8-minute video
on POCUS central-line placement(CLP). They were asked to
conduct palpation and POCUS with the XR-4 headset systemusing wireless handheld GE-Vscan air probe in one hand, palpating neck landmarks with opposite hand, then place probe
to acquire short and long axis views of the internal jugularvein(IJV) for CLP.
Results: Literature search revealed no known studies using
XR-4 Varjo MR-system during palpation and POCUS practicing IJV CLP skills. Each student successfully interacted with
MR and viewed both their hands while palpating and conducting POCUS skills required for IJV CLP. Recordings weresuccessfully saved, and feedback was delivered to students.
Conclusion: This pilot study revealed XR-4 Varjo MR-system supported by Toltech integrated with VH-dissector software allows novice medical students to learn and subsequently
engage in peer-to-peer teaching acquiring POCUS techniques
for IJV CLP real world skills.
Keywords: Mixed reality, Ultrasound, Innovative medical
education

1

Maxwell MCDANIEL , Patrick FORCIER , Ethan FULSHER , Brion
BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregon, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregon, United States

2

Purpose: During the Covid pandemic educators simply
needed a decent delivery platform and high content expertise to
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A-0966Mll4 Regulates Palate Suture Development

Hyuk-Jae Edward KWON1, Jung-Mi LEE1, Hunmin JUNG1, Eun-Myung Mary
SONG1, Bruno de Paula Machado PASQUA1, Victor YUAN1, Monique M.
KAPUR-MAULEON1, Qinghuang TANG1, Andrew D. MCCALL2, Yungki
PARK3, Soo-Kyung LEE4, Jae W. LEE4
1

Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, UnitedStates2
Optical Imaging and Analysis Facility, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,
United States
3
Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, UnitedStates4
Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,
United States

palate defects that may have been missed during examinationand diagnosis for KS. Our future direction is to identify the
epigenetic and gene regulatory mechanisms by which Mll4
regulates suture development and growth in the postnatal palate skeleton.
Funding: NIH T32 DE023526 (to JML); NIH K L2
TR001413, NIH R03 DE030985, and NIH UL1 TR001412 (toHJEK).
Keywords: Palate, Suture, Chondrogenesis, Epigenetic,
Regulation

Purpose: MLL4, a.k.a. KMT2D, is a histone methyltransferase that acts as an important epigenetic regulator during
various organogenesis programs. Mutations in the MLL4 geneis the major cause for Kabuki syndrome (KS), a human developmental disorder that involves various orofacial birth defects,
such as cleft palate. The purpose of this study is to identify thefunction of MLL4 and the underlying mechanism in postnatal
palate development and growth.
Methods: We generated a novel conditional knockout (cKO)
mouse line with tissue-specific deletion of Mll4 in the palatalmesenchyme (Mll4fl/fl;Osr2-Cre). We examined the postnatal
palate development by using micro-computed tomography(CT), histology, cell mechanism assays, and gene expression
analysis. At least three biological replicates were examined foreach experimental group; Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Adult Mll4-cKO mice developed novel defects
in the palate, including 1) disrupted rugae patterning in thepalatal mucosa, 2) reduction in the overall width of the palatalskeleton, and 3) hypoplasia of soft palate appendages, including the minor mucous salivary glands. We discovered that thedevelopment of the palate suture was disrupted in the Mll4cKO neonates, in which the midpalatal suture showed increased apoptosis and developmental delay in the formation of
the growth-plate like secondary cartilage tissue. Genome-wide
analysis of gene expression, using RNA-seq, revealed that Mll4
is essential for proper expression of major genes for chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
Conclusion: Our results show that Mll4 is essential for
proper development of the midpalatal suture, a well-known but
understudied structure in the context of midfacial growth andcraniofacial development. Our findings also reveal the possible
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knowledge about the semitendinous muscle, which is of anatomical and clinical value. Knowledge of the anatomical variants is essential for anatomists and clinicians and may avoid
misinterpretation during diagnostic procedures.

A-0020Voluntary Body Donation Programme
at AIIMS, Jodhpur India: A Decade of
Challenges and Fortitude

Keywords: Hamstring compartment, Semitendinosus morphology, Variant semitendinosus

Surajit GHATAK, Sambhav KUMAR

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Purpose: In September 2012, AIIMS Jodhpur, India, faced
challenges in medical education and research, notably the needfor body donations for cadaveric dissection.
Conclusion: This remarkable program stands as a testament to the conquest of myriad obstacles. This effort transformed the landscape, enabling AIIMS Jodhpur to advanceits mission as a premier government medical institution dedicated to education and research.
Keywords: Voluntary, Body Donations, Challenges
A-0032A Unilateral Accessory Head of theSemitendinosus Muscle: An Unusual
Variation
Kentse MPOLOKENG1, Jeshika LUCKRAJH1, Olga AVILOVA2
1

Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Internal Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

2

Purpose: Various studies regarding the morphology of themuscles of the hamstring compartment have exhibited anatomical variations in terms of origin or insertion points. However variation in the semitendinosus muscle is uncommon. In
this case, we report an accessory head of the semitendinosus
muscle.
Methods: During routine dissection for medical teaching
purposes, a unilateral morphological variant semitendinosus
muscle was noted in an 82-year-old female.
Results: The accessory head of the semitendinosus muscle
originated lateral to the midpoint of the semitendinosus
muscle. Fibers of the accessory head originated from the medial border of the long head of the biceps femoris as well as
the midpoint of the semitendinosus. The accessory head had acommon insertion point with the semitendinousus muscle.
Conclusion: This case report adds to the existing body of

A-0054The Relationship between Hyperplastic
Changes of Myodural Bridge Complex andChronic Headache
Xue SONG, Cheng CHENG, Qing SHAO, Nan ZHENG, Hong-Jin SUI

Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian,
China

Purpose: Myodural bridge complex (MDBC) is described
as a functional anatomic structure in the suboccipital region
which involves suboccipital musculature, ligaments and dense
fibrous tissue connection called myodural bridge (MDB).
Studies have proposed that MDB is a significant contributor
to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation and may play an unknown role in headache production. The purpose of this study
is to clarify that the pathological changes of the MDBC can induce chronic headache, and further provides the basis for thefunctional study of the MDB.
Methods: In present study, bleomycin (BLM), an antibiotic
which induces the proliferation of fibroblasts, was injected into
the posterior atlanto- occipital interspace of rats. After fourweeks, histological staining was used for confirming hyperplastic changes of MDBC. Before sampling, the CSF secretion
rate of rats was measured to determine whether CSF circulation was affected. Futhermore, immunohistochemical staining
for headache- related neurotransmitt ers and behavioral observation about headache were examined.
Results: Histological staining and semi- quantitatively
analysis demonstrated that BLM injection caused hyperplastic changes of MDBC within the posterior atlanto- occipitalinterspace of rats, including collagen fibers proliferation andmuscle hypertrophy. The CSF secretion rate of rats in BLM
group was higher than that of the other two groups, with statistical significance. Frequency of headache- related behaviors
was significantly increased in BLM group than that in PBS andCTL groups. Meanwhile, the expression levels of CGRP in the

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ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus, amygdala, parabrachial nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus, and 5-HT inanterior cingulate cortex, amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus
were also higher in the BLM group compared to that of theother groups.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that hyperplastic changes of the MDBC after BLM injections can cause
occurrence of chronic headaches by affecting the normal CSF
circulation. This study provides a new explanation for thepathogenesis of some chronic primary headache.
Funding: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers: NSFC32071184,
NSFC31871213 and NSFC32100928).
Keywords: Myodural Bridge Complex, Chronic Headache,
Hyperplastic Changes, Cerebrospinal fluid, Neurotransmitterout treatment, and also serve as a marker for the rehabilitation
period. Thus, in the central part adjacent to the apical projections of the roots of the teeth (n=21) these were single holes,
the diameter of which varied from 1 to 1.4 mm (1.2±0.2 mm),and the smaller ones formed a network structure without
separating into the main ones. In the area of the mental protuberance, there were practically no nutrient openings in all
samples; single, slit-like nutrient openings with a diameter of
0.8 to 1 mm (0.8 mm±0.2).
Conclusion: An increased number of nutrient openings ofthe cortical plate increases the elasticity of bone tissue and canserve as guidelines during osteosynthesis.
Keywords: Fracture, Mandible, Clinical anatomy, Digital,
Teeth
A-0067

Anatomical Variations of the Course of the
Lingual Nerve and Its Implication in Oraland Maxillofacial Surgery

A-0065

Anatomical Features of the Mandibular
Macrorelief

Yuriy VASILEV, Ruslan MELLIN, Evgeniy SOSNIN, Sergey DYDYKIN

Jorge HENRIQUEZ2, Sebastian ARTEAGA BASTIAS1, David THOMAS
MALDONADO2

Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Sechenov Univesity, Moscow, RussianFederation

1

Faculty of Dentistry, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile

2

Purpose: analyze the relationship between the macoanatomical structure of the outer surface of the body of the lower
jaw and the likelihood of fractures.
Methods: At the anatomical stage, on anatomically certified
objects (n=50), a macroanatomical study of the relief featuresof the mandible was carried out in places most often associatedwith the fracture line. A clinical and radiological determination of weak zones was previously performed. Post-processingof images consisted of constructing multiplanar (MPR) andthree-dimensional (3D) reconstruction.
Results: The projection of radiological diagnostic data ofpatients with fractures onto the material of an anatomical
study of the outer surface of the body of the mandible shows
areas vulnerable to the distribution of the fracture line: reference point for identifying active zones was the tooth root, divided into apical and middle parts. Cervical area is not taken
into account. Thus, knowledge of the thickness of the corticalplate, the distance of the tooth apex to the mandibular canaland the thickness of the alveolar process play a key role not
only at the diagnostic stage, but also in planning and carrying

Purpose: Most iatrogenic lingual nerve (LN) injuries occur
during orthognathic surgery involving sagittal split osteotomy(0.3%-18%) and extraction surgery of impacted third molars(0.1%-22%). The aim of this research was to analyze the anatomical variations of the course of the lingual nerve and its
implication in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Methods: A multi-source database (PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) bibliographic search was performed
regarding the location and course of the lingual nerve. 102
articles were found, of which 21 were selected according to title
and abstract. Finally, with the complete reading of the 21 articles, 8 were included. Scientific articles in English publishedin the last 10 years related to the anatomical variations of thecourse of the lingual nerve and its implication in oral andmaxillofacial surgery, systematic reviews and meta-analysis
were selected and included.
Results: In relation to the course of the LN, it presents a
normal course pattern in 84.9% of the cases, while in 15.1%of the cases the LN presents a variation in its course, passing

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through the retromolar trigone in 8.8% and above the semierupted third molar in 6.3% of cases. The most common shapeof the LN is round 40.96%, oval 37.98% and flat 25.16%.
Conclusion: During its course, the lingual nerve presents
anatomical variations that must be considered in the extractionof the lower third molars and orthognathic surgery. The mostfrequent anatomical variations in its course are when it is located over the retromolar trigone and when it passes over the semierupted third molar. To avoid iatrogenic injuries, it is essentialthat the maxillofacial surgeon has a precise understanding of
the course of the lingual nerve and its anatomical relationships.
Knowledge of these variations can help the maxillofacial surgeon make appropriate clinical and surgical decisions.
Keywords: Lingual nerve, Anatomical variations, Surgery,Third molar, Anatomy
A-0088Anatomical Features of Total Blockage of theSuperior Mesenteric Artery and Its Impact
on the Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Gongchao YANG, Timothy DASINGER, Norma OJEDA

Department of Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center,
Jackson, United States

Purpose: In order to help students to understand collateralcirculation, which is an alternate or “backup” blood vessels inthe body that can take over when a primary artery or vein becomes blocked or damaged.
Methods: We utilized a 82-year-old female donor with a
total blockage of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Due tothe inferior mesenteric artery's (IMA) tremendous increase insize to accommodate the deficient blood supply of the SMA,
students are able to visualize and understand the collateral circulation.
Results: SMA and IMA have communications through themarginal artery of the middle colic artery and the left colicartery of the inferior mesenteric artery, as well as the meandering mesenteric artery. In the general population, there is asignificant difference in the diameter of the SMA (1.5687 mmdiam) and the IMA (.6438 mm diam). The diameter of thisdonor's IMA and SMA was both 1.1 mm. Hardening, rigidity,
and narrowing were observed in the SMA. An increase in themeandering mesenteric artery was observed. Due to severe

calcification, the SMA is completely blocked. The narrowingof the arteries occurs most often at the beginning of the celiac
or superior mesenteric arteries.
Conclusion: When introducing collateral circulation,
medical students may not fully comprehend or visualize themechanism of the circulation, even using radiographic images
and illustrations. The collateral circulation between SMA and
IMA is more visible than the other in the limbs due to theirease of observation. Atherosclerosis is the primary cause ofchronic mesenteric ischemia. Clinical manifestations associated with mesenteric arterial disease are not common becauseof the collateral circulations in the region. Ischemia can cause
Sepsis, bowel infarction, and death. Obtaining an angiography
and knowing the blood circulation in the region is necessary
to avoid ligating the collateral blood supplies.
Keywords: Collateral circulation, Superior mesenteric artery, Inferior mesenteric artery, Anatomy education, Cadaverstudy
A-0099Frailty and Microcirculatory Impairment:
Investigating Blood Biomarker Predictors

Ryan HOMES1,2, Emily GORDON1,3, Ruth HUBBARD1,3, Ross FRANCIS1,3,
Fiona GIDDINS3, Raushan LALA1,2, Mark MIDWINTER1,2
1

Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3
Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
2

Purpose: Frailty is a chronic condition characterised by
reduced physiological reserve that escalates the risk of institutionalisation, hospitalisation, morbidity and overall poorer
quality of life. A robust functional microcirculatory system
plays a vital role in maintaining healthy tissue parenchyma.
The impairment of the structure and function of the microcirculation has been hypothesised to contribute to physiological reserve loss experienced by frail individuals. Recognising
this, the following study aimed to investigate potential bloodbiomarkers representative of microcirculatory health decline.
This investigation encompassed two study populations: kidneytransplant assessment clinic attendees (KTAC) and community dwellers without renal failure (NRF), representing a disease
and ageing frailty aspect.
Methods: Both the KTAC and NRF groups comprised 44
individuals, all meeting predefined inclusion criteria. Micro-

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circulation assessment was performed via the AVA MicroScan
system in the sublingual region, while blood plasma analysis
was performed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Frailty was measured using the Rockwood frailty index (FI)questionnaire. Machine learning, specifically random forest
plots, was employed to select blood biomarkers that best predicted microcirculatory parameters and determined if thesemarkers were also predictive of the FI score.
Results: In both groups, predictive factors of the blood biomarkers were explored, focusing on the endothelial glycocalyx,
the actin scavenging system, and the Nitric Oxide/ADMA
pathway. Within the KTAC group, biomarkers associated withthe endothelial glycocalyx emerged as the most accurate predictors of microcirculation, while the NRF group showed theactin scavenging system biomarkers as the best predictors.
Conclusion: To summarise, blood biomarker predictors of
the sublingual microcirculation varied between the KTAC and
NRF groups. This insight enhances our comprehension of thefundamental mechanisms underlying this decline and its potential contribution to the loss of physiological reserve in frail
individuals.
Funding: Metro South Health Research Support Scheme.
Keywords: Frailty, Biomarker, Transplant, Glycocalyx, Ageing
A-0100

Biomechanical Assessment of External
Fixators for the Treatment of Pelvic Injury
Type AO61 C1.3amechanical test setup developed after a comprehensive reviewof the existing literature. Human cadaveric pelves, provided
by the Institute of Anatomy of the Medical University of Graz,
were carefully dissected. Muscular, vascular and neural tissues, as well as the viscera were dissected, while the ligaments
associated to the pelvic ring were intentionally preserved. To
measure the stability of the pelvis under different pin configurations, mechanical parameters such as stiffness, peakto-peak, valley-to-valley, fracture line and total displacement,
deformation and maximum load were calculated.
Results: As the results of the study show, optimal biomechanical resistance to C1.3a pelvic fractures is observed whenusing an external fixation configuration with two pins on the
injured side and one on the contralateral stable hemipelvis.
This configuration exhibits superior biomechanical stability as
evidenced by the least amount of displacement, emphasising
its potential benefits for reducing C1.3a pelvic injury.
Conclusion: Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that no frame
configuration could prevent displacement. The principal objective remains centred on the mitigation of complications,improvement of the overall quality of life, and optimization offunctional status throughout the recovery and post-recovery
phases. Addressing these objectives necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical intricacies involvedin order to develop more effective strategies that can contribute to minimizing displacement and fostering favourable outcomes during the recovery trajectory.
Keywords: Biomechanical properties, External Fixator, Pelvis, Cadaveric tissues, Type C injury

Annika MEUSER1, Andreas HOECH2, Petr HENYS3, Christian KLEBER2,
Daniel HASPINGER1, Axel GAENSSLEN4, Niels HAMMER1,5

A-01191

Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mechatronics,
Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech
Republic
4
Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Wolfsburg,
Wolfsburg, Germany
5
Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer IWU, Dresden, Germany
2
3

Purpose: The objective of this research was to examine theload-deformation behaviour of cadaveric specimens treatedwith external fixation for AO61 C1.3a pelvic injuries.
Methods: The load-bearing capacity of two, three and four
external fixator pins was systematically evaluated using a bio-

Extensor Tendon Variations in the Wrist: A
Cadaveric Study on the Korean Population
Young Suk CHO, Hye Jung CHO, Gab Gyeong GO, Kwang Il NAM

Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The wrist's extensor compartment is highly diverse due to multiple tendons and interconnections. Understanding the variation in extensor tendons is crucial for handmicrosurgery, especially in cervical spinal cord injury cases.
Previous studies lacked consistency in reporting extensor tendon variations. This study focuses on investigating the detailed
arrangement and prevalence of extensor digitorum communis

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IFAA 2024(EDC), extensor indicis proprius (EIP), and extensor digiti
minimi (EDM) tendons in the Korean population.
Methods: One hundred thirty eight upper extremities from70 cadavers were dissected, and extensor tendon distribution was examined. Extensor retinaculum removal exposed
tendons, and juncturae tendinum (JT) connecting them wereanalyzed, classifying JT into types 1 to 3 based on von Schroder's classification. Type 3, with the thickest tendinous fiber,
was reclassified as a tendon.
Results: The study revealed patterns in tendon arrangements. EIP commonly started and ended with a single tendon(78%). EDC to the index finger showed a consistent single-tosingle tendon pattern (99.3%). EDC to the middle finger often
started single and ended double (33.3%), while EDC to the ring
finger typically started single and ended double (26.9%). EDC
to the little finger usually began and ended with a single tendon (39.1%), and EDM commonly had a double start and end(49.3%). Branching distribution between tendons varied, with
EDC-L to EDC-R being the most frequent (69 cases), followed
by EDC-R to EDC-M (50) and EDC-R to EDC-L (33).
Conclusion: This study provides insight into the extensor
tendon arrangement in the Korean population, emphasizing
the need for imaging evaluations before hand extensor microsurgery due to the diverse number of tendons in each finger.
Keywords: Extensor tendon, Wrist, Variation, Cadaver, Korean
A-0123Morphometric Aspects of Fundiform
Ligament of the Penis

Ji-Young SON1,2, Kun HWANG2,3, Deog-Im KIM2, Anna JEON1,2, Sofia LOPEZ
COLOMA2,4, Seung-Ho HAN1,2

aspects of the FL by correlation with anatomical landmarks forclinical applications.
Methods: Ten Korean male soft cadavers (mean age: 77
years) were dissected. Using anatomical landmarks such as
the upper margin of pubic symphysis (PS), FL was measured
in 7 metric items. Distances from the upper margin of PS to
FL's proximal attachment (PA) and bifurcation point (BP) were
measured respectively. FL’s full length was taken. Widths at
FL’s PA and BP were measured respectively. Thickness on FL’s
BP and both lateral bundles (LBs) were measured. Angle between FL’s both LBs was taken. And, FL was morphologicallyclassified on its shape from PA to BP.
Results: From the upper margin of PS, the location of FL's
PA was 46.1±5.7 mm above, and BP was 14.7±7.3 mm below.
FL’s full length was 63.3±12.6 mm. Widths at FL’s PA and BP
were 15.1±6.8 mm (5-24 mm), 18.9±12.0 mm (19-48 mm) respectively. Thickness on FL’s BP was evenly 2.2±0.1 mm, andthe angle between both LBs was 53.9±7.4°. They were asymmetrically divided, and the right bundle was generally thicker
than the left side. Three types of FL morphology were observed, and the most common type was triangular shape (50%).
In one cadaver, the pudendal neurovascular structures were
notably found close to the FL.
Conclusion: These results will be helpful to pre-operatively
determine the incision site by predicting the territory of the FL
in the dorsal area of the penis. It is important to recognize avariety of FL morphologies, especially in cases where pudendal
neurovascular structures are close to the FL, to minimize therisk of injuries during surgery.
Keywords: Fundiform ligament, Morphometric aspects,
Penile surgery

1

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
2
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
3
Department of Plastic Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of
Korea
4
School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: Fundiform ligament (FL) is one of the ligamentous structures suspending the penis, located in the mostsuperficial layer among them. FL’s anatomy is clinically essential because of its relationship with penile surgery via dorsal
approach. This study aimed to describe the morphometric
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A-0171

A-0174

Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Related with
Body Mass Index using Ultrasonographic
Imaging

Anatomical Variants of the Hepatic Portal
Vein and Their Clinical Implication. A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofPrevalence

Thawanthorn CHAIMONGKHOL1, Pagorn NAVIC1, Apichat SINTHUBUA1,
Nuttaya PATTAMAPASPONG1, Sukon PRASITWATTANASEREE2, Patison
PALEE3, Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH1
1

Department of Anatomy, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai University,
Mueang Chiang Mai, Thailand
2
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai,
Thailand3
Faculty of College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang
Mai, Thailand

Purpose: The facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) is the
thickness extending from the bare bone to the skin surface
and is influenced by various factors. One significant factor impacting FSTT is the body mass index (BMI). Ultrasound (US)serves as one modality for FSTT measurement. This study
aims to investigate fundamental data related to FSTT and to
identify differences in FSTT between Thai individuals classified under underweight and normal weight body mass index
groups.
Methods: The study includes 100 fresh Thai cadavers aged
over 50 years. The cadavers who had edentulous, facial or
skull anomaly, and history and evidence of facial trauma, skull
fracture, facial surgery and facial aesthetic procedure were
excluded. B-mode of superficial musculoskeletal mode of GE
Logiq F8 ultrasound machine is performed on 53 landmarks,
11 midline and 42 bilateral landmarks.
Results: The parotid-masseteric area exhibits the highest
thickness value and the highest standard, while the nose has
the thinnest measurement. All landmarks measured in thisstudy exhibit greater thickness in the normal weight groupcompared to the underweight group, and these differences are
statistically significant.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that BMI is a crucial factor affecting FSTT. This finding is valuable for foundational
anatomical knowledge, aesthetic procedure, and forensic facialreconstruction.
Keywords: Facial soft tissue thickness, Facial thickness, Ultrasonography, Body mass index

Pablo NOVA-BAEZA1,2, Juan VALENZUELA-FUENZALIDA2, Mathias
ORELLANA-DONOSO2, Benjamin RODRIGUEZ-OSORIO2, Cristian
SALGADO-TORRES2, Martin TRUJILLO-RIVEROS2
1

Anatomia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Morfologia, Universidad Nacional Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

2

Purpose: The hepatic portal vein (HPV) is the main vascular route responsible for collecting blood from the liver, spleen,pancreas, stomach, gallbladder and intestines, with the aim of
metabolizing the components acquired from the blood. The
objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of
HPV variants and understand the possible clinical considerations that arise with them.
Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science,
Google Scholar, CINAHL and LILACS were searched until
January 2024. Two authors independently performed thesearch, study selection and data extraction. Methodologicalquality was assessed with an assurance tool for anatomical
studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model.
Results: A total of 31 studies met the established eligibility
criteria. In this study, 21 articles were included for the metaanalysis with a total of 51,244 subjects. Of these 21 articles,
the topics studied came mainly from Europe and Asia, with 3(n=554; 1.08%) and 11 articles (n=50,090; 97.75%) respectively,
also having 6 articles from North America (n=442; 0.86%)
and 1 from Africa (n=158; 0.31%), discarding the articles from
Oceania and South America. South. For the HPV trifurcation variant, it was 8% (CI=7% to 10%). For the right posterior
portal vein variant caused by primary HPV, it was 8% (CI=4%
to 12%). For the right anterior portal vein variant originatingfrom the left portal vein, it was 4% (CI=1% to 6%). Finally, theprevalence of the isolated variants was 2% (CI=1% to 3%).
Conclusion: Knowledge of HPV and its anatomical variants
is of utmost importance for both medical professionals andanatomists, as it is one of the vessels that collects blood frommany important viscera found in the abdominal cavity, any
structural alteration could be crucial in diagnosis and surgicalprocedures.

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Keywords: Hepatic portal vein, Anatomical variants, Clinical implications, Prevalence

harvesting.
Keywords: Iliotibial band, Orthopaedics, Autograft, Knee
Surgery, Guideline

A-0224

Anatomical Considerations and Safety
Guidelines for Iliotibial Band Graft
HarvestingA-0226

Bartosz GONERA, Kacper RUZIK, Adrian BALCERZAK, ŁUkasz OLEWNIK
Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz,
PolandComplex Variations in Branches of the
Axillary Artery

Gab Gyeong GO2, Su Bin HUR1, Hye Jung CHO2, Young Suk CHO2, Kwang Il
NAM2
1

Purpose: The Iliotibial Band (ITB) is a fibrous thickeningof the fascia lata originating at the iliac crest and insertingat Gerdy’s tubercle on the lateral tibia. Due to its size, tensile
strength and easy access, it is widely used in orthopaedic surgery as an autograft. Although ITB harvesting may result invarious complications, no safety margins or guidelines havebeen proposed for the procedure. Our aim was to determine
the maximal safe length of an ITB graft, i.e. that does notharm the adjacent structures, and reduce the complication
rate.
Methods: The study included 50 lower limbs of 25 humancadavers. The inclusion criterion was the lack of visible signsof surgical interventions in the study region. Forty lower limbs
were included in the study: 16 female (mean age 83.1 ± 3.4
years) and 24 male (mean age 84.2 ± 6.8 years). Dissection was
performed with a previously established protocol.
Results: The mean femur length was 404.83mm [Female(F)=397,29mm, Male(M)=409,85mm, Standard Deviation(SD):
F=23,75mm, M=24,07mm]. The mean ITB length was
318.89mm (F=309,42mm, M=325,20mm, SD: F=25,72mm, M=
33,71mm). Longer femurs were associated with longer ITB (pvalue < 0,05). The mean distance from insertion of the GM
to the myofascial junction of TFL and ITB was 34,56mm (F=34,45mm, M=34,63mm, SD: F=3,17mm, M=3,26mm).
Conclusion: ITB grafts longer than 21 cm may contributeto the greater risk of TFL rupture. Based on simple measurements of the femur length the surgeon may assess approximate ITB length, and thus assess the length of the maximal
graft length. Moreover, to avoid harming the LCL the incision
should be performed 5 cm proximal to the articular surface ofthe lateral femoral condyle or 13 mm proximal to the lateralfemoral epicondyle. Such preparation and preoperative planning may greatly reduce the risk of complications during ITB

Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of
Korea
2
Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery, transitioning into the brachial artery. Variations of
the axillary artery were not uncommon.
Methods: During the dissection of the upper limb of a95-year-old Korean female cadaver, various anatomical variations in the branches of the axillary artery were identified.
Results: On the right side, no branches emerged from thefirst part. From the second part, the thoraco-acromial artery(excluding the pectoral branch) and the subscapular arteryarose. The subscapular artery gave origins to the lateral thoracic artery, thoracodorsal artery, circumflex scapular artery,
and accessory posterior circumflex humeral artery. Additionally, the superior thoracic artery arose from the lateral thoracic artery. From the third part, the anterior and posterior
circumflex humeral arteries, accessory acromial branch, andaccessory thoracodorsal artery arose. On the left side, thethoraco-acromial artery (excluding the pectoral branch) andthe superior thoracic artery arose from the first part. The
subscapular artery arose from the second part, including thepectoral branch, lateral thoracic artery, thoracodorsal artery,circumflex scapular artery, accessory posterior circumflex
humeral artery, and accessory lateral thoracic artery. From thethird part, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and accessory acromial branch arose.
Conclusion: This study presents various variations of theaxillary artery, highlighting their rarity and emphasizing theimportance of these anatomical variations not only for education but also for surgical and radiological purposes.
Keywords: Axillary artery, Branch, Variation

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A-0231A Structured Mastery-Learning Curriculum
for Chest Tube Insertion Improves Residents’
SkillsLeander DE MOL1, Liesbeth DESENDER1,4, Isabelle VAN HERZEELE1,4,
Patrick VAN DE VOORDE2,7, Hanne VANOMMESLAEGHE3, Lars KONGE5,6,
Wouter WILLAERT1,3
1

Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2
Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
3
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
4Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
5Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,Denmark
6
Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark
7
Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

Purpose: Chest tube insertions (CTI) are potentially lifesaving procedures, but have a high complication rate. To avoid
patient harm, we developed a Simulation-Based Mastery
Learning (SBML) curriculum, in which residents train on a
porcine model and Thiel bodies prior to patient contact. Thisrandomized controlled trial compared the effect of the proposed curriculum with the standard residency program.
Methods: Junior residents from the departments of surgery,emergency medicine and pulmonology were baseline tested
on Thiel bodies, and then randomized in an intervention orcontrol group. The intervention group deliberately trained
CTI on a porcine rib model until a predefined pass/fail score
was achieved. The control group did not receive this training
opportunity. Finally, both groups were summatively tested onThiel bodies. Performances were rated live and based on anonymized recordings using the ACTION tool, a 17-item procedure-specific rating scale. Data was analysed using a mixedmethod repeated measures ANOVA, with Group as betweengroups factor, and Rater and Procedure as within-groups
factors.
Results: A total of 17 participants (six emergency medicine residents, six surgical residents, and five pulmonology
residents) were recruited. Following randomization, thecontrol group consisted of three emergency medicine residents, two surgical residents, and four pulmonology residents. Analysis revealed a significant main effect for Group(F(1,15)=35.14, p<0.001), Procedure (F(1,15)=76.71, p<0.001),
and Group*Procedure (F(1,15)=13.29, p=0.002). Between thebaseline and summative assessment, both the control (25.5±7.4

vs. 36.2±5.9, p=0.002) and intervention group (30.8±6.4 vs.
56.6±7.3, p<0.001) significantly increased their scores, and theintervention group outperformed the control group at summative assessment (36.2±5.9 vs. 56.6±7.3, p<0.001).
Conclusion: By using a structured SBML program, residents improved their skills significantly more than those enrolled in traditional training programs, in a shorter period oftime. Skills trained on the basic porcine model transfer to thehighly realistic Thiel bodies, ensuring residents are prepared
for the clinical setting.
Keywords: Chest tube insertion, Thiel embalmed bodies,
Simulation-based medical education
A-0281Morphometric Measurements of
Neurovascular Structures of Pronator
Quadratus Muscle

Nursen ZEYBEK1, Ozcan GAYRETLI2, Yusra Nur SANLITURK3, Aysin KALE2
1

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Okan University, Helath Sciences Faculty,
Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Anatomy, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
3Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Yalova University, Health Sciences Faculty, Yalova, Türkiye

Purpose: In surgical procedures commonly employed for
distal forearm fractures and fractures of the proximal row of
carpal bones, such as in the cases of distal forearm fracturesand fractures of the proximal row of carpal bones, the incisionand release of the pronator quadratus muscle play a significant
role. Most studies on the anatomy of the musculus pronator
quadratus are based on radiological imaging methods. Therefore, we found it necessary to conduct a cadaveric study toevaluate this muscle through morphometric measurements.
Methods: For the examination of the musculus pronator
quadratus, we utilized the upper extremities of 22 humancadavers, which were preserved using a mixture of formaldehyde, phenol, ethanol, glycerin, and water between 2005
and 2018. Following the necessary dissections to expose themusculus pronator quadratus, morphometric measurements
related to this muscle were taken using digital calipers.
Results: The distance between the entry zone of the anterior
interosseus nerve to the pronator quadratus muscle and the lateral border of the radius, the distance between the entry zone of
the anterior interosseus nerve to the pronator quadratus muscle
and the medial border of ulna, and the distance from the proxi-

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mal edges of the pronator quadratus muscle were measured
and saved. The anatomy of pronator quadratus muscle, its arterial supply and the organisation of its neurovascular structures
are examined. Side and gender analyses of all morphometricvalues obtanterior interosseus nerve were performed.
Conclusion: We believe that our cadaveric study, which
evaluated the anatomy of the musculus pronator quadratus
through morphometric measurements and morphologicalanalysis, can serve as a valuable reference for practitioners ininterventional radiological and surgical procedures involving
this muscle and its surrounding area.
Keywords: Pronator quadratus, Anterior interosseus nerve,
Anterior interosseus artery
A-0289An Anatomical Investigation of theRelationship between the Buccomandibular
Space and Adjacent Muscles
Hyun-Ju JI1,2, Hee-Jin KIM1

that the Mentalis muscle attaches to the mucogingival junction on the front side, while the Buccinator muscle attaches on
the back side, forming the ceiling of the BMS. The space below
this ceiling is identified as the BMS, and it was noted that PLC
filler had been successfully injected into this space.
Conclusion: To enhance clarity and comprehension, we defined the boundaries of the BMS by considering the positional
relationships of muscles. Understanding the size and positionof this space may prove beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of lower face issues.
Keywords: Buccomandibular space, Mentalis muscle, Masseter muscle, Depressor Labii Inferioris muscle, Buccinator muscle
A-0296

Histologic Study of Poor Vascularity in the
Lateral Meniscus

Yutaro NATSUYAMA1,2, Shinichi KAWATA2, Zhong-Lian LI2, Miyuki
KURAMASU2, Yuka MITSUYA2, Masahiro ITOH2, Shuang-Qin YI1
1

Fronteir Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

2

1

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei
University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Integrative Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: The buccomandibular space (BMS), despite being
relatively unknown, holds significant clinical importance. This
study aims to provide more precise morphological descriptionsof the BMS both extraorally and intraorally, contributing valuable insights for the understanding and management of lower
face treatment and rejuvenation.
Methods: In this study, we conducted dissections on 20
hemifaces obtained from 4 fixed Korean cadavers (three males
and one female: mean age, 88.3 ± 3.40 years) and 6 fresh frozen
Korean cadavers (six males: mean age, 83.3 ± 10.33 years) both
extraorally and intraorally. To visualize the BMS, intraoral
PLC filler injections were administered.
Results: The BMS was identified as a relatively compact areawith specific anatomical boundaries. Anteriorly, it is boundedby the Mentalis muscle; posteriorly, by the anterior margin of
the Masseter muscle; laterally, by the Depressor Labii Inferioris
and the Depressor Anguli Oris muscles; and medially, by thelateral surface of the mandible. The BMS encompasses the lateral molar portion of the Buccinator muscle along its superior
aspect. During the removal of the oral mucosa, it was observed

Purpose: The body of the lateral meniscus (LM) is adjacentto the popliteal hiatus (PH), which has been reported to havepoor vascularity. However, the cause is limited to explaining
the course of the popliteus muscle tendon, and no histologic
explanation. We have previously investigated the relationshipbetween the pig knee meniscus and the joint capsules andfound that blood vessels enter only between the attachments of
the joint capsules, which we named the meniscus hilum, basedon the idea that this area is a traffic route to the outside. In thisstudy, we investigated the poor vascularity in the human LM
in contact with the PH using the concept of the meniscus hilum.
Methods: Fourteen sides of seven cadavers (mean age deathand standard deviation, 70.7±14.1) were employed. Gross anatomic analysis (n=12 sides) and histologic analysis (n=2 sides)
were performed.
Results: Vascular entry into the LM was observed only between the femoral joint capsule (FJC) and tibial joint capsule(TJC) attachments. From the posterior horn to the body of
the LM, the width of the FJC and TJC attachments narrowed
superiorly along the popliteus muscle tendon, and from theanterior horn to the body of the LM, they narrowed inferiorly

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to the body. There was no direct entry of blood vessels fromoutside on the surface of the LM in contact with the PH.
Conclusion: Since external traffic was observed only between the FJC and TJC attachments, this area can be referred
to as the "meniscus hilum" as well as the pig knee meniscus. It
was histologically confirmed that the poor vascularity of the
LM in contact with the PH was due to the narrowing of themeniscus hilum as it approached the PH, and that the PH does
not allow invasion from the outside.

highlighting the importance of overcoming dye limitations.
Keywords: Glioblastoma, Fluorescence-guided surgery(FGS), Cancer imaging, Fluorescent complex, Brain
A-0300Glioblastoma Image-Guided Surgery using
Bio-Thiol Responsive Fluorescent Probe
Yeonjin LIM1, Dokyoung KIM1,2,3,4
1

Keywords: Lateral meniscus, Popliteal hiatus, Meniscus hilum, Joint capsule, Vascular
A-0299Glioblastoma Visualization using TripleReceptor-Targeting Fluorescent Complex
Jaehui LEE1, Dokoyung KIM1,2
1

Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) plays a pivotal role, especially in challenging tumor resection cases. The
heightened recurrence rates in glioblastoma (GBM) emphasize
the need for enhanced surgical precision. In this study, the
BSA-OXN-SIWV fluorescent complex signifies a significant
advancement in GBM surgery precision. Addressing criticalrequirements such as fluorescence intensity, stability, GBMtargeting specificity, blood-brain barrier permeability, andbiocompatibility, this innovative complex advances tumor resection methodologies.
Methods: In our analysis, OXN was selected for stability
and two-photon excitability. Tetra-peptide (SIWV) precisely
targets the caveolin-1 receptor, while bovine serum albumin(BSA) ensures dual targeting. This synergistic complex is designed to enhance stability, tumor specificity, and penetration
capabilities.
Results: BSA-OXN-SIWV successfully imaged GBM celllines and clinical tissues, demonstrating improvements instability and specificity, and addressing fluorescent dye limitations.
Conclusion: Our study presents BSA-OXN-SIWV as anadvanced FGS agent for precise GBM visualization, marking asignificant breakthrough in fluorescence-guided surgery andDepartment of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
3
Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
4
KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University,
Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: To address the limitations in current glioblastoma(GBM) surgeries, where distinguishing healthy tissue fromtumor sites is challenging, a study focused on developing a
non-toxic fluorescent probe for biothiols sensing. The goal isto enable real-time human glioblastoma visualization during
surgery. A non-toxic fluorescent probe (NPO-o-Pyr) with highsensitivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility was specificallydesigned for GBM site visualization. This study indicates that
NPO-o-Pyr can effectively and safely serve as a fluorescentprobe for fluorescence-guided surgery in glioblastoma, contributing to advancements in the field of imaging agents.
Methods: Analyzing the biological toxicity of phenol andpyridine derivatives, we selected 2-hydroxy-pyridine as a biocompatible and thiol-responsive leaving group. NPO-o-Pyr, afluorescence probe, was synthesized based on NBD. And we
demonstrated the efficacy of the probe in GBM cell visualization with U87MG cells, confirming its selectivity to Cys/Hcy.
Analysis in GBM-xenografted mice shows that NPO-o-Pyr in
GBM is nontoxic and reports clinical applicability.
Results: Showcasing its selective fluorescence for GBM
tumor sites, NPO-o-Pyr was tested on resected normal brain
tissues and GBM tissues from the patient’s clinical samples.
NPO-o-Pyr exhibited negligible cellular toxicity, fast response
time, and high selectivity/sensitivity for Cys/Hcy.
Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated potential for real-time GBM visualization in preclinical and clinicalsettings, emphasizing its application in fluorescence-guided
surgery.

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Keywords: Fluorescence-guided surgery, Nontoxic fluorescent probe, Glioblastoma, Biothiols sensing, Real-time visualization
A-0305The Association between Digital Device
Usage Behaviours and the Incidence of De
Quervain’s Tenosynovitis among Medical
Students

relation in the use of digital devices, its associated factors, andthe incidence de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Prolonged digital
device usage, not engaging in stretching or reliving movements and hand positioning were all associated with a higher
risk of de Quervain’s tenosynovitis.
Keywords: De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis, Finkelstein’s test,
Digital device, Cross-sectional study
A-0312

Hale OKTEM1, Sinem Nur SEVER1, Yusuf JAMIL2
1

Anatomy, Atılım University, Ankara, Türkiye
School of Medicine, Atılım University, Ankara, Türkiye

2

Purpose: A vast majority of medical students utilise digital
devices (smartphones, iPad, gaming controllers etc.) for educational and recreational purposes. Prolonged use of mobileand digital devices can lead to overuse and repetitive microtrauma in the thumb, raising concerns about the incidence of
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Aim of this study is to assess therelationship between digital device use, associated risk factors,
and the occurrence of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis among
Atilim University students.
Methods: This study was performed as a cross-sectionalpilot study, surveying students studying in the faculty of Medicine from Atilim University. Among the 130 students aged 1825 years old, those with previous medical histories of the hand
and wrist were excluded from the study. The survey consistedof demographic and 7 topic-related questions. De Quervain’s
tenosynovitis was diagnosed by conducting Finkelstein’s test.
SPSS 21 software was used to perform all statistical analyses
and correlations.
Results: Most students (41.5%) spent 4-6 hours per day using digital devices, with the least frequent usage being less than
2 hours (3.8%). 43.1% of students had a positive Finkelstein’s
test result. A significant correlation was found between digital
device usage and a positive Finkelstein’s test result (p<0.05).
56.2%, 26.2% and 17.6% of students never, occasionally, andfrequently engaged in stretching or relieving movements after
digital device use, respectively. Among them, a positive correlation was found with never stretching and a positive Finkelstein’s test result (p<0.05). 36.3% of students used their devices
in an ulnar deviated position with 59% of them manifesting a
positive rate of Finkelstein’s test (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results clearly indicate a significant cor-

A Novel Approach for Plantar Fasciitis
Surgery: Evaluation of a Third Portal
TechniqueMustafa AKTEKIN3, Edip YILMAZ1, Tahir Koray YOZGATLI1, Alp
AKTEKIN2, Barıs KOCAOGLU1
1

Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Medical School, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
3
Anatomy, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2

Purpose: The treatment of plantar fasciitis, a common anddebilitating foot condition, continues to evolve with advancements in surgical techniques. This study presents a novel approach involving the introduction of a third (vertical) portalon the plantar surface in addition to the conventional medial
and lateral portals. The research aims to assess the anatomical
relationships and potential advantages of this innovative surgical technique.
Methods: The investigation involved the examination offive fresh frozen cadaver feet. Initial procedures included theprecise placement of portals under fluoroscopic guidance.
Subsequently, dissection was carried out to expose the plantar
nerves and analyze their spatial relationships with the newly
introduced third portal, alongside the established medial andlateral portals.
Results: Some of the distances between these portals andthe plantar nerves were measured by digital caliper and recorded as follows: distances between the3rd (new) portal andthe lateral calcaneal nerve and inferior calcaneal branch were
14.16 mm and 10.07 mm, respectively. The shortest distance
between the inferior calcaneal branch and the calcaneal bone
was 8.36 mm, and the distance between the medial portal andthe inferior calcaneal branch was 9.78 mm. The most significant result of the study was that the suggested third portal offers a clear visualization of the possible heel spur that in turnleads to better cleansing of it while minimizing the risk of

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injuring the lateral plantar nerve.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study presents a promisingalternative to traditional plantar fasciitis surgery, providing
valuable insights into the anatomical nuances associated withthe proposed third portal technique. The findings contributeto the ongoing discourse on refining surgical approaches forplantar fasciitis and offer clinicians an informed perspective
on balancing the benefits and challenges of implementing thisinnovative methodology.
Keywords: Plantar fasciitis, Novel technique, Plantar nerve,
Heel spur
A-0322tissue, 21% collagen fibres, 23% elastic fibres and 14% reticular
fibres. The SPL showed 53% adipose tissue, 23% collagen fibres, 23% elastic fibres and 12% reticular fibres.
Conclusion: The suspensory ligaments allow for the forward movement of the penis as a result of engorgement andsimultaneously offering support. This is enhanced through the
intricate association between the supesnsory ligament systemof the penis and the fascial layers covering the root and shaft ofthe penis. The suspensory ligament proper is the main support
ligament of the penis and any surgical enhancements and divisions must target and or restore the integrity of this ligament.
Funding: Netcare Hospital South Africa.
Keywords: Suspensory penile ligament, Fundiform ligament, Arcuate Ligament, Penis, Phalloplasty

The Suspensory Ligament System of thePenis: Implications for Phalloplasty

A-0325

Pedzisai MAZENGENYA1,4, Ursula MARIANI2, Moshe FAYMAN3, Pilani
NKOMOZEPI5, Amadi IHUNWO2
1

Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Ajman University, Ajman, United ArabEmirates2
School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
3
Netcare Rosebank Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
4Basic Medical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman
University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
5
Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: To investigate the macro and micro-anatomy of
the suspensory ligamentous system of the penis for utilisation
during successful penile reconstruction procedures.
Methods: A Total of 49 cadavers were utilised for grossanatomy dissection, MRI and histological analysis to elucidate
the topography, dimensions and tissue composition of the suspensory ligaments.
Results: Three ligaments were observed forming the suspensory ligamentous system of the penis. Superficially placedis the fundiform ligament that consists of SBFL and DMBFL
divisions that arise from the Scarpa’s fascia and the linea albaof the anterior abdominal wall respectively. Both divisions
inserted into the superficial fascia of the penis. The intermediately placed SPL arose from the pubic symphysis and inserted
into the deep fascia (Buck’s fascia) of the penis. The deeper
arcuate ligament arose from the body of the pubis and pubic
symphysis and inserted into the Buck’s fascia. The DMBFL
consisted of 43% adipose tissue, 43% collagen fibres, 13% elastic fibres and 13% reticular fibres. The SBFL had 53% adipose

Unilateral Menisco-Meniscal Ligament of
the Knee Joint, a Study from Embalmed
Cadavers
Murlimanju VIRUPAKSHAMURTHY, Rajanigandha VADGAONKAR,
Mangala PAI, Latha PRABHU

Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy ofHigher Education, Manipal, India

Purpose: The knowledge of menisco-meniscal ligamentvariants of the knee is essential during the magnetic resonanceimaging. By tracing these ligaments along their entire course
from origin to insertion, these variants can be correctly diagnosed and misinterpretations like meniscal tears could be
avoided. In this context, the objective was to study the prevalence and morphology of the unilateral menisco-meniscal ligament of the knee joint in adult human embalmed knee joints.
Methods: The present study included 40 adult embalmed
human cadaveric knee joints. The age and sex of the specimen
was not taken into the consideration. The measurements were
performed by using the digital Vernier calliper.
Results: The present study observed unilateral meniscomeniscal ligament in 2 knee joints (5%). Both of them were
present over the left knee joint and had connection between
the anterior and posterior horns of the medial meniscus. This
ligament was not observed in the lateral menisci of our specimens. The length of this ligament was 27.87 mm and 26.34mm in the observed specimens. The width of one ligament

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was 2 mm, 2.13 mm and 2.25 mm at the anterior, middle andposterior ends. In the other ligament, the width was 2.9 mm,
2.3 mm and 2.5 mm respectively. The thickness was 1 mm, 1.2mm and 1.5 mm in one ligament and 1.1 mm, 1.6 mm and 1.3
mm in the other ligament.
Conclusion: We believe that this manuscript offers detailed
information about the unilateral menisco-meniscal ligament.
The morphological knowledge of this ligament can help in thebest management of the symptoms of the knee and prevent
misinterpretations like double posterior cruciate ligament sign,unnecessary surgeries and subsequent iatrogenic complications.
Keywords: Meniscus, Menisco-meniscal ligament, Obliquemeniscal ligament
A-0328

Fascial Thickening of the Soleus Muscle:
A Mere Bystander or a Useful Predictor of
Achilles Tendinopathy?

symptomatic subjects with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy.
In addition, both groups underwent the Victorian Institute ofSport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire administration.
Results: Our data demonstrate that, in symptomatic subjects, US alterations are not restricted to paratenon and intratendinous areas, but also affect upstream structures along
the myofascial chain, resulting in thickening of the fascia
interposed between medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
Moreover, positive correlations were found between soleus fascia thickening and abnormalities in AT, paratenon, and symptom severity.
Conclusion: Interestingly, suro-Achilleo alterations comparable to those occurring in the symptomatic group were also
found in a subgroup of asymptomatic subjects, suggesting that
US myofascial alterations may in turn represent better predictors of subsequent clinical outcomes.
Keywords: Achilles tendinopathy, Musculoskeletal ultrasound, Ultrasonography, Crural fascia, Triceps surae muscle

Larisa RYSKALIN1, Federica FULCERI1, Gabriele MORUCCI1, Francesco
BUSONI2, Paola SOLDANI1, Marco GESI1

A-03341

Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery,
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy2
Private Practice, Studio Radiologico Busoni, Pisa, Italy

Purpose: The Achilles tendon (AT) is one of the thickest,largest, and strongest tendons in the human body. Nevertheless, because it serves as the primary plantar flexing mechanism of the ankle, it is at the greatest risk of rupture, accounting for nearly 20% of all large tendon injuries. Although the
AT has been studied quite well from a functional and clinicalviewpoint, however, a moderate correlation exists between
tendon structural abnormalities and clinical assessment of
Achilles tendinopathy. At the same time, the onset of Achilles
tendinopathy may be related to structural and biomechanicalchanges in other components of the suro-Achilleo-calcanealplantar complex of the superficial posterior compartment of
the leg. Nonetheless, to the best of the author’s knowledge,
structural changes of the epimysial fasciae of the triceps suraemuscle and the deep crural fascia, as well as their possible correlation with Achillodynia, have never been presented in current literature.
Methods: In the present study, a comparative US imaging
evaluation of textural features of the suro-Achilleo-plantar
complex was performed both in 15 healthy control and 15

Anatomical Analysis of Epicardial andIntramuscular Branches of the Coronary
Artery in Korean
Soo-Jung KIM, So-Young JUNG, Si-Yeong KIM, Hye-Yeon LEE

Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Among the various heart diseases, coronary
arterial disease is the highest proportion. Most of coronary
artery run through the epicardium and give several perforators entering into the cardiac muscles. The anatomical courseof epicardial branch and its perforator have been overlooked,
even though the coronary angiography showed the details ofcoronary artery. This study aims to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the epicardial branch and its perforator of coronary
artery for elucidating their detailed distribution of heart.
Methods: Twenty-embalmed hearts (mean age 66.1) wereused in this study. Each coronary artery was carefully dissected after removing the epicardium. The course and patternsof branches of coronary artery and perforator into the muscles
were recorded and analyzed.
Results: In the RCA, the SA nodal branch showed 1.47 perforators. The conus branch was showed 1 to 3 numbers and had

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8.45 perforators. The perforators from the marginal branch
were 10.68, from the posterior right ventricular branch were
7.67. All of RCA had the posterior interventricular branch, its
septal perforator were 8.25. It had mostly ventricular brancheswith 2.65 perforators. 90% of RCA were extended the posterior
left ventricle. 17.15 perforators from the posterior left ventricular branch were found. In the LCA, diagonal branch was found
1 to 3 numbers and was from the anterior interventricularbranch in 86.1%. They sprouted 7.26 perforators. The anterior
interventricular artery were divided into ventricular branchand septal branch, and gave 6.63 and 13.35 perforators, respectively. The atrial branches of the circumflex artery had 2.07
perforators. The ventricular branch distributed on 2/3 part ofthe posterior left ventricle and had 12.55 perforators.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our study provides a detailed
elucidation of the perforator distribution of the coronary artery, presenting fundamental data crucial for the advancementof diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive practices in heartdiseases.
Keywords: Heart, Coronary artery, Epicardial branch, Intramuscular branchof the sella turcica was calibrated and measured in each one.
An intraclass correlation coefficient with a 95% confidence
interval was used, yielding a value of 0.88 for the sella turcicaarea, 0.89 for the ANB angle, and 0.70 for the Wits value, demonstrating excellent observer reliability.
Results: The results shown in the radiographic plates werethan the subjects were classified as 15 in class I, 7 in class II,
and 30 in class III, with a median ST area in women (64.67mm2) higher than in men (60.9 mm2). The Mann Whitney U
test was used with a confidence level of 95%, showing no statistically significant differences between both sexes. The median
was higher in class III (64.0 mm2); however, the Kruskal Wallis
H test showed no significant differences (p=0.550) in the median sellar area between skeletal classes.
Conclusion: Although there are dimensional differences
between the studied groups, these were not statistically significant. Further studies with a larger number of cases in the current Chilean population are required.
Keywords: Sella turcica, Sex Characteristics, Skeletal Class,
Anthropometry
A-0339Relationship between the Orbicularis
Oculi and Zygomatic Minor&Major by
Ultrasonography and New Insight on Crow's
Feet Injection

A-0338

Association between the Size of the Sella
Turcica with Sex and Skeletal Class. A
Perspective on Chilean Individuals
Jorge HENRIQUEZ1, Marco GARAY1, Gonzalo MUNOZ2
1

Jiongzhen PIAO1, Jihyun LEE2, Kyungseok HU1, Heejin KIM1

Purpose: Several studies have analyzed the association
between variations in the skull base and other aspects of craniofacial development such as skeletal class. Despite this, there
are no results in the Chilean population that contribute to thediscussion. The aim of this study is to compare the dimensionsof the sella turcica (ST) between sexes and skeletal classes inadult individuals from Temuco, La Araucanía Region, Chile,using lateral cephalometric radiographs.
Methods: The study was approved by the scientific ethics
committee of the Universidad de La Frontera. 52 radiographic
plates of individuals between 18 and 24 years old, with anequal number of male and female subjects, were studied. The
radiographic plates were digitized, and the radiographic area

Purpose: The orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc) acts in multiple facial expression functions owing to it overlaps withneighboring muscle of which they directly or indirectly connect with. The orbital part is strongly associated with thefacial aging, as its contraction leads to the appearance of thecrow’s feet. Summarized in the guidelines for OOc botulinum
neurotoxin injection and cosmetic surgery, the attention to
the position relationship between the OOc and zygomaticminor(Zmi)&major(Zmj) is the main consideration. The aimof this study was to demonstrate an anatomical data and new
insight for the botulinum neurotoxin injection on the OOc

Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
2
Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La frontera, Temuco, Chile

1

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human
Identification Research Institute, BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry,Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy and Acupoint, College of Korea Medicine, Gachon University,
Seongnam, Republic of Korea

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by assessing the anatomical information of the OOc and
Zmi&Zmj, and performing the sihler’s staining on the orbital
region specimen.
Methods: The positional relationship between the OOc and
Zmi&Zmj, as well as the difference in distance from the epidermis were measured on 4 different perpendicular referencelines. The Sihler’s stained specimens will seriously lose thenormal morphology and undergo significant shrinkage anddistortion. Therefore, in order to be able to accurately present
the facial nerve topography, before removing the specimen, we
marked three landmarks based on the bone by tying knots.
Results: The proportion of overlap between the OOc and
Zmi&Zmj and mean depth on different reference lines was
obtained by ultrasonography. Combined with landmarks. The
transparent OOc and soft tissues were obtained, and the distribution and pathway of the nerves on the orbital region werevisible up to the fine terminals with the naked eye. For a better
understanding of the distribution of the nerves, the OOc was
schematized on a semicircular model centred on landmark. Accordingly, the facial nerve concentrated interval was calculated.
Conclusion: Combining the muscle positional relationships shown on ultrasound images and the nerve distributions
obtained by sihler’s staining, we propose an injection method
consideration to precisely injection and nerve density.

the prevalence, biometry and topography of the CB with thehand laterality and sex. A descriptive-correlational, quantitative, nonexperimental and transectional study was conducted.
Thirty adult human hands belonging to the cadaver donation
program of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile were dissected. The samples were fixed in formalin and stored at 4°C.
Results: The CB appeared in 21 cases (70%), being bilateralin 11 (52%). In 18 cases (86%) the CB emerged from the IV
CPDB and was added to the III CPDB. The average CB length
was 17 mm. According to the Ferrari and Gilbert classification,
Group III appeared in 11 cases (52%) and Group I in 9 (43%).
A positive and moderate correlation was established (p=0.014;
r=0.527) between hand length and the distance between the
distal margin of the FR and the midpoint of the CB length.
Conclusion: The prevalence reported supports the CB being part of the normal anatomy. The classification of the CB
differs from reports in other geographic areas. Given the prevalence of the CB and its close relation with the FR, this formation must be considered in hand surgery treatment planning.
Funding: ANID (Chile) national doctoral scholarship.
Number 21181023.

Keywords: Orbicularis oculi muscle, Ultrasonography, Sihler' staining, Facial nerve

A-0345

A-0340

Keywords: Hand, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Median nerve,
Ulnar Nerve, Communicating branch

Kinematics of the Joints of the Lower Limb in
Women with Hallux Valgus

Marina KAPITONOVA1, Larisa UDOCHKINA2, Yury KHLEBNIKOV2, Olga
VORONTSOVA3

Common Palmar Digital Communicating
Branch. Anatomical Analysis and Surgical
Implications

1

Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2
Anatomy, Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, Russian Federation
3
Biomechanics and Artificial Intelligence, V.N.Tatishchev Astrakhan State University,
Astrakhan, Russian Federation

Andres RIVEROS1, Mariano DEL SOL2, Enrique OLAVE3
1

Departamento de Ciencias Morfologicas, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepcion, Chile
Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Morfologicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco,
Chile
3
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
2

Purpose: The common palmar digital communicating
branch (CB) establishes the connection among the common
palmar digital branches (CPDB) in the human hand. Described with a prevalence over 60%, this CB is closely related
to the flexor retinaculum (FR), which makes it vulnerable in
carpal tunnel release surgery.
Methods: Our aim was to establish the relationship between

Purpose: Hallux valgus deformity (HV) modifies the kinematics of the foot joints, while its effect on the other joints of
the lower limb is less understood (Kim et al., 2020; Rosemberg
et al., 2023). The purpose of the study is to assess the influenceof an HV on the kinematics of the ankle (AJ) and knee (KJ)
joints in women.
Methods: Forty-one women aged 40-65 took part in ourstudy: 17 patients with an HV and 24 women without musculoskeletal diseases. The kinematic parameters of the AJ andACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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KJ were evaluated using Vicon motion capture cameras andanalysis systems (Vicon, Oxford, UK); including 10 Vicon T40
infrared cameras, an AMTI dynamometer platform (OR65-1000, Watertown MA, USA), and Vicon Nexus and Vicon
Polygon software (UK); for statistics, SPSS 27.0.1 software wasused, with p<0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference.
Results: In HV patients, the angle of internal rotation of
the AJ at 10% and 73% of the gait cycle increased (33±1.4° vs.
24±1.6° and 20.2±1.5° vs. 14.7±1.2 respectively), which might
be explained by the response to pain and the attempt to limit
the load on the medial region of the forefoot. Plantar flexion
decreased in patients with an HV in the swing phase of thegait. In the stance phase, there was an additional dorsal flexion at the AJ in HV patients (34.6±1.3° vs. 23.1±1.5°). In HVpatients, there was a decrease in the KJ flexion (58.9 ± 1.4° vs.
64.3 ± 1.6°) in the swing phase; a reduction in the angle of KJ
physiological valgus was noted in the stance (-12.7±1.2° vs.5.74±1.6°) and swing (-30.9±1.3° vs. -24.2±1.5°) phases respectively, which an increase in the angle of internal rotation of thefoot can explain.
Conclusion: The changes in the kinematics of the AJ in HV
patients interact with the impairment of KJ function, provoking the development of osteoarthritis.
Keywords: Hallus valgus, Lower extremity, Women, Motion capture, Kinematics
A-0349Topographic Analysis of the Orbicularis
Oculi Muscle Based on Ultrasonography
Interpretation for Clinical Applications
Kyu-Lim LEE1, Hee-Jin KIM1,2
1

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry,Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Ultrasound examination of the head and neckarea has not been widely applied, but the need has recently
emerged and various research results have been produced.
In the case of the facial region, very complex anatomical
structures are mixed within the thin soft tissue, so it is very
important to understand the structural characteristics of eachregion. In this study, ultrasound examination was applied toprovide clinical guidance by providing information on thelayer structure and soft tissue thickness of the eye area where
the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc) is located.
Methods: Twenty volunteers (35 males, 25 females; mean
age: 24.3 y; age range, 21–36 years) participated in the ultrasonography examination. Seven reference points were designated and soft tissue thickness, including OOc, was measured
through ultrasound examination on the obtained black-andwhite images. We performed scans of only the left side of theface, using linear transducers (IO8-17, E-CUBE15, ALPINION
MEDICAL SYSTEM, Seoul, Korea), and all the images were
scanned in transverse placements. The thickness was measured using an image analysis program (Image J, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Results: The mean thickness of OOc was 1.60±0.67 mm(range, 0.88-3.07 mm). The thickest part observed was the superomedial point of the orbit (point #1) at 3.07±1.07 mm, andthe second thickest part was the inferolateral point of the orbit(point #9) at 2.33±0.70 mm, respectively. The mean depth of
the OOc was 3.29±2.06 mm (range, 1.49-3.85 mm), and themost superficial point was 1.49±0.33 mm, at the lateral orbital
rim point (point #5).
Conclusion: Clinicians can identify the structural layersof the orbital area and identify the target muscle layer, bloodvessel location, and soft tissue thickness through ultrasoundguided injection procedures to maximize the efficiency of theprocedure and minimize complications.
Funding: This work was supported by a National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (RS-2023-00279373).
Keywords: Ultrasonography, Orbicularis oculi muscle, Softtissue thickness
A-0351

Anatomical Variations and Dimensions of
the Cubital Tunnel and Ulnar Nerve in aSouth African Body Donor Sample
Kerri KEET1, Sophie MUNRO1, Kerryn-Anne MAC DERMOTT2
1

Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Paediatric Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

2

Purpose: A potential site of entrapment of the ulnar nerve

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IFAA 2024(UN) occurs at the cubital tunnel (CT), through which thenerve passes. Although variations of the CT may influence therisk of developing cubital tunnel syndrome (CTS), few anatomical studies have been published. The size of the CT may varyand a muscle, namely the anconeus epitrochlearis (AE), may
form the roof of the tunnel instead of the cubital tunnel retinaculum (CTR). This research compared the prevalences of the
CTR and the AE and the range of dimensions of the CT roof
and the UN between sides and sexes in a body donor sample.
Methods: Both upper limbs from 30 embalmed body donors (13 females; 17 males) were dissected. The prevalences of
the CTR and the AE were documented. The length, width, andthickness of the CTR and the AE, the diameter of the cubital
tunnel, and the UN diameter were measured and comparedstatistically between sides and sexes. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution (reference number U23/04/249).
Results: The CTR composed the roof of the tunnel in 57(95%) of the elbows, and the AE was present in three (5%).
The muscle was significantly thicker than the retinaculum(p<0.001) and the UN diameter was significantly larger inthe presence of the AE (p=0.002). The roof of the CT was significantly wider on the right side when compared to the left
(p=0.014), and longer in males than in females (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Differences in the anatomy of the CT were observed between sides of the body and between sexes. Although
the prevalence of AE was low, the presence of this muscle may
influence the size of the UN in the CT. These findings may
have implications for UN release procedures in treatment ofCTS.

tic procedures. Palmaris longus muscle is the most variablemuscle in the forearm and its commonest varition is the absence of muscle tendon. First report in 1559, palmaris longus
muscle tendon absence was 17.2% in Indians and 12-24% in
Caucasians. According to UKM study (2007), palmaris longus
tendon absence was 11.3% in Malay, 10.7% in Indian and 6%
in Chinese. The main objective of this study was to determine
the palmaris longus tendon absence in rural indegineous community of sabah, malaysia.
Methods: Each participant was examined by using thestandard Schaffer’s test, if not seen on inspection and unpalpable, the four additional tests, Pushpakumar test, Thompson
test, Mishra test I and II had been performed to comfirm thepalmaris longus tendon absence.
Results: Total 651 of indeginous people (234 males and 417
females) from 20 villages were participated in this study. The
overall absence of palmaris longus tendon was 208 (32.0%).
Out of 417 female, absence of plamaris longus muscle tendon
seen in 155 (37.2%) and bilateral absent was 80 (19.2%) and unilateral was 75 (18%). Out of 234 male, plamaris longus muscle
tendon was absence in 53 (22.6%) and bilateral absent was 24(10.3%) and unilateral absent was 29 (12.4%). When compared
to lateralization, left sided absence was higher than right sided
absence in both sexes (65.5% in male and 66.7% in female).
Conclusion: Both bilateral and unilateral absence of palmaris longus mucle tendon was more common in female andleft side. Sabah indegineous people has much more higher absence of palmaris longus tendon than penisular malay people,
based on UPM study, 2017 (11.7%).

Keywords: Anconeus Epitrochlearis, Cubital Tunnel, Cubital
Tunnel Retinaculum, Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, Ulnar Nerve

Keywords: Absence, Muscle, Indigenous, Sabah

A-0355Absence of Most Variable Muscle in Rural
Indigenous Community of Sabah, Malaysia
Aye Mya THIDAR1, Khin Saw NAING2, Mon Mon YEE1, Tin Tin MYINT2
1

Medical Science, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Johor Baharu, Malaysia
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
2

Purpose: Variation in human anatomy is normal presentation of body structure though it plays substantial implicationin clinical examination, diagnosis, investigation and therapeuACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0369A-0372

Coexistence of the Aberrant Right
Subclavian Artery (Arteria Lusoria) and
Truncus Bicaroticus - Description of
Anatomical Variations Base on Radiological
Investigation

Development of Sphenoid Sinuses inChildren from Birth to Four Years of Age in
Computed Tomography

12

Jacek SZYMANSKI1, Przemyslaw KICINSKI1, Michal PODGORSKI2, Piotr
GRZELAK3, Michal POLGUJ4
1

1

Ewa JAKUBCZYK , Michał PODGORSKI , Michał POLGUJ

Department of Angiology, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz,
Lodz, Poland
III Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz,
Poland3
Department of Diagnostic Imagining, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital - ResearchInstitute, Lodz, Poland
4
Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical
University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
2

1

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
III Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz,
Poland2

Purpose: Variations of the origin of the branches whicharise from aortic arch are common but extremely important torecognize in the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering
vascular and non-vascular disease.The aim of the study wasdetailed description of coexistence two anatomical vascularvariations base on computed tomography investigation.
Methods: The description was performed based on retrospective analysis of scans from computed tomography angiography. Radiological investigation was carried out on computed
tomography (256-row Revolution Apex computed scanner, GE
Medical System).
Results: A 52-year-old male patient was admitted to thehospital for during Covid 19 infection which was complicatedby pneumonia. Diagnostics was performed using radiological
techniques. During computed tomography angiography two
vascular variations of aortic arch were found: first was common trunk that was origin of right and left common carotid
arteries (truncus bicaroticus) and second was aberrant rightsubclavian artery (ARSA) usually so called as "arteria lusoria".
The dimension of common trunk of carotid arteries was 10x14mm. Dimension of arteria lusoria had the biggest dimension at
the point of origin from aortic arch - 20 mm.
Conclusion: Understanding the variations of the vessels is
important for diagnosis and treatment, especially in endovascular intervention, and surgery.
Keywords: Aberrant right subclavian artery, Arteria lusoria, Truncus bicaroticus

Purpose: Sphenoid sinuses develop in the first years of life.
Literature data differ as to the age range in which the sphenoidal sinuses are formed. The aim of the study was to evaluate
the development of sphenoid sinuses in children from birth tofour years of age.
Methods: The study was retrospective and was carried out
based on the results of computed tomography of the head inchildren. The scans were made at the Department of Diagnostic Imagining, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital - ResearchInstitute (256-row Philips Brilliance computed CAT scanner).
The analysis involved 88 scans of children from birth up to
four years of age.
Results: The examined group involved 44 girls and 44
boys. In each analyzed year of life, the number of children
was 22 and the number of girls and boys was equal. The presence of sphenoid sinus at least on one side in the first year oflife (average age 0.67 ± 0.22 years) was observed in 38.6% of
the children (36.4% - the right sinus, 40.1% - the left sinus). In
the second year of life (1.50 ± 0.30 years), in 86.4% (81.8% and90.1%) respectively. In the third year of life (2.40 ± 0.26 years),in 95.5% (95.1% and 95.1%) respectively. In the fourth year oflife (3.53 ± 0.32 years), the sphenoid sinuses were developed
bilaterally for all children.
Conclusion: The conducted study has shown that sphenoidsinuses begin to develop in the first year of life. In 86.4% of theexamined children, they are already formed in the second yearof life.
Keywords: Sphenoid, Sinus, Development, Children, Computed tomography

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A-0377A Rare Presentation of Infantile Mediastinal
Mature Cystic Teratoma Leading to
Progressive Respiratory Failure - A Case
SeriesUchila WICKRAMARACHCHI7,1, Sameera WIJAYAWARDHANA1, Yasith
MATHANGASINGHE2,3, Saman IDDAGODA4,5, Prabuth WEERADDANA6,1,
Kanchana SINGAPPULI6,1
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
2
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton,
Australia
3
Department of Anatomy Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo,
Colombo, Sri Lanka
4
Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital For Respiratory Diseases, Colombo,
Sri Lanka
5
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical
Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lady Ridgway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
7
Outpatient Department, District General Hospital, Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka

Purpose: Teratoma is a congenital tumour arising from one
or more of the three germ cell layers in the embryo, with anincidence of 1.2-14.2 cases per 100,000 people per year. Mature
cystic teratomas contain bone, cartilage, hair, nails, and cystic
fluid filled spaces. Extragonadal teratomas are uncommon,
and are usually detected incidentally in adults. Here, we report
three cases of infantile mediastinal mature cystic teratomas
presenting with impending acute respiratory failure.
Methods: Three previously healthy infants (two were boys)
aged 5-6 months presented with worsening respiratory tract
infection and impending respiratory failure despite medical
management. A chest radiograph revealed a large anterior
mediastinal mass. CECT chest demonstrated the mediastinal tumour suggestive of Teratoma with a mediastinal shift,cardiac and tracheal compression. None of them had featuresof local infiltration. It was decided to proceed with surgicalexcision after multidisciplinary discussions. Mediastinum wasapproached with muscle sparing posterolateral thoracotomy in
two patients. And the other child underwent right anterolateral thoracotomy. Excision of the tumour relieved the airway
obstruction and mediastinal shift.
Results: The symptoms improved rapidly following thetumour excision, and they were gradually weaned off from
respiratory support. They received ITU care and recovered uneventfully with no surgical complications. The histology of theexcised tumours confirmed mature cystic teratoma.
Conclusion: Mature cystic teratoma may rarely present ininfancy with progressive respiratory failure, hence clinicians
should have a high degree of suspicion. Complete excision ispossible in most cases where there is a clear plane of dissection
with the lesion and the surrounding structures with excellent
clinical outcomes. Both anterolateral and posterolateral thoracotomy approaches could be used to access the mediastinum.
Keywords: Mediastinal teratoma, Thoracotomy, Surgicalexcision
A-0378

Exploring the Deltoid Ligament Complex
from the Perspective of Fibre Arrangement
Linh NGUYEN1, Quentin FOGG1,2
1

Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia
2
Melbourne Academy of Surgical Anatomy (MASA), The University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia

Purpose: Ankle sprains and fractures are one of the mostcommon musculoskeletal injuries, especially in athletes. The
deltoid ligament complex, found on the medial aspect of thefoot, is a crucial stabiliser of the ankle joint. Current diagnostic and surgical approaches have a high rate of complications,
including chronic ankle instability and recurrent injuries. Thismay be due to the deltoid ligament complex being traditionallydescribed as a planar structure. Previous descriptions present
conflicting band morphology and don’t consider fibre arrangement, leading to inconsistent understanding of its role inankle biomechanics and pathology. This study aimed to reproducibly investigate the attachment sites and fibre arrangementof the deltoid ligament complex.
Methods: Embalmed foot specimens (n=4; mean age=
68.5±8.7 years; male=4; left=3; right=1) were dissected using
the fascicular approach, where individual fibres of the deltoid
ligament complex were traced to their precise attachment sites.
Each ligament band was modelled and analysed in a virtual
3D space using a digital microscribe. The ligament bands werethen superimposed onto an existing CT reconstruction of theankle bones to create a 3D model of the medial ankle.
Results: Six distinct bands were identified in the deltoid
ligament complex, with variability between individuals. In
all specimens (n=4; 100%), the anterior bands displayed acorkscrew arrangement in a sagittal plane while the posterior
bands were in a near coronal plane.

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Conclusion: The deltoid ligament complex is multiplanar
and thus its fibre arrangement may have other functional
implications in ankle stability than previously understood,
including providing stability in more diverse positions and actions. With further histological and biomechanical investigation, this may contribute to improving the treatments of ankle
injuries by ensuring that deltoid ligament damage is diagnosed
accurately and repaired adequately.
Funding: This project was approved by The University of
Melbourne (Ethics Approval ID: 24827) and received no direct
funding.

Type 2- 48.75%, Type 3- 2.5%, Type 4- 8.75%, Type 5- 7.5%.
Berrettini anastomosis was observed in 76.25% of cases, RicheCannieu anastomosis was observed in 5% of cases and Kaplan
anastomosis was observed in 2.5% of cases. The mean lengthof the ulnar tunnel was found to be 45.67 mm.
Conclusion: Given the many variations recorded in thisstudy and in previous studies of the ulnar nerve, it is emphasised that clinicians consider the variations of the ulnar nerve
within the ulnar tunnel and hand when evaluating symptoms
indicative of ulnar tunnel syndrome and when operating inthis area.

Keywords: Deltoid ligament complex, Ankle injuries, Dissection, 3D modelling

Keywords: Ulnar nerve, Anatomical variations, Ulnar tunnel

A-0385

A-0409An Anatomical Study of the Ulnar Nerve
within the Ulnar Tunnel and Hand

Prevalence, Location and Biometry of the
Neural Loops of the Proper Palmar Digital
Nerves in the Human Hand

Jeshika LUCKRAJH-WILLIAMS, Lutho DAZA, Julia FERNANDES, Geney
GUNSTON

Andres RIVEROS1, Emilio FARFAN1,2, Sylvia SALINAS1, Claudia VARGAS1,3,
Enrique OLAVE1,4

Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

1

Purpose: Nerve compression is commonly caused bychanges in the connective tissue overlying the nerve. In thecase of the ulnar nerve, there are several possible points ofcompression along its course. This paper specifically focussed
on the ulnar nerve as it courses through the ulnar tunnel andbranches in the palmar aspect of the hand. Ulnar tunnel syndrome is a condition which may develop as the result of nerve
compression within the ulnar tunnel. Variant branching within the ulnar tunnel may increase the chance of possible compression. Therefore, this study aimed to record the anatomyof the ulnar nerve in the hand (branching pattern and course
through the ulnar tunnel) within a select South African population.
Methods: A sample of 80 adult cadaveric hands were dissected at the Department of Human Biology, university ofCape Town. The branching pattern of the ulnar nerve wasreported according to the classification system proposed by
Murata et al. (2004). The length of the ulnar tunnel was measured and any variations, such as anastomosis with the median
nerve, was recorded.
Results: All 5 branching patterns of the ulnar nerve described by Murata et al. (2004) was observed: Type 1- 32.5%,

Departamento de Anatomia Normal y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad
de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile2
Departamento de Anatomia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica deChile, Santiago, Chile
3
Departamento de Educacion Fisica, Deportes y Recreacion, Facultad de Educacion,
Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
4
Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera,
Temuco, Chile

Purpose: The neural loop (NL) is formed when an artery
passes through a nerve. In this regard, the presence of NL in
the hand is relatively unknown. These NL are mainly established between the proper palmar digital nerves (PPDN) andthe common palmar digital arteries (CPDA). Our aim was todetermine the prevalence, location and biometry of NL in the
PPDN of the hand.
Methods: Thirty adult human hands from the cadaveric
donation program of the Pontificia Universidad Cattolica deChile were dissected. These samples, which were fixed andstored at 4°C, were measured with a Mitutoyo®digital caliper
and photographed with a Canon®Rebel-SL3 camera.
Results: The NL appeared in 26 cases (87%). 62% had one
NL, however 38% had 2 or more. The average length of the
37 NL was 10.9 mm. 32% of NLs formed in the lateral PPDNof the ring finger, while 30% were established in the medial

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PPDN of the middle finger. All NLs were related to CPDA.
Conclusion: Although this variant is little known, the reported prevalence exceeds 81%. The length of the NL presented a similar average to that reported. Various classifications
have been proposed, without there being a unified criterion.
The existence of NL with reduced length could be responsible
for symptoms of pain and numbness of the fingers. NLs are
frequently present in NDPP, knowledge of their location andbiometry are important during hand surgical approaches.

from the ventral branches of C8 and T1. The thoracodorsal,
long thoracic, and lateral thoracic nerves were recognized.
Conclusion: Despite some small differences, the origin anddistribution of the brachial plexus of L. pardalis is very similar
to what has been described about the brachial plexus of domestic
felines. This resemblance is of great clinical importance, since itallows the adaptation of various interventional techniques usedin domestic felines for their application in L. pardalis.
Keywords: Brachial plexus, Leopardus pardalis, Nerves

Keywords: Hand, Neural loop, Proper palmar digital nerve,
Common palmar digital artery
A-0415

Description of the Origin and Distributionof the Brachial Plexus of Leopardus Pardalis

A-0425Mapping Human Fetal Thalamus
Development during the Second Trimesterwith 7.0T Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ye TENG, Shuwei LIU

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China

Angelica MADRIGAL-AGUILAR, Jimena SAUREZ-REVELES, Danniel
LOPEZ-ALVARADO, Yamil MIRANDA-PACHECO, Andreia PASSOSPEQUENO

Catedra de Anatomia Animal, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica

Purpose: To describe the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus in Leopardus pardalis.
Methods: Two specimens of L. pardalis were evaluated.
Aside from the thoracic limbs, the cervical, the pectoral, andthe thoracic regions were dissected in order to determine theorigin and distribution of the brachial plexus.
Results: The brachial plexus of L. pardalis originates fromfour principal nerve trunks, formed by the confluence of theventral branches of the nerves C6, C7, C8, and T1. The ventral
branch of C6 emits the suprascapular nerve and the first two
branches of the subscapular nerve; its second branch originatesfrom the ventral branches of C6 and C7. The axillary nerve islocated between the second branch of the subscapular and themusculocutaneous nerve, it derives from the ventral branches of
C6 and C7, and enters caudally to the shoulder joint into the axillary hiatus. The musculocutaneous nerve stem from the ventral branches of C6 and C7, it gives off muscular branches and acommunicating branch to the median nerve, which originatesfrom the ventral branches of C7, C8, and T1. The ulnar nerve
proceeds from the ventral branches of C8 and T1, also detaches
a communicating branch to the median nerve, at the third halfof the forearm. Four cranial pectoral nerves come from theventral branches of C6 and C7. The caudal pectoral nerves rise

Purpose: 7.0T high field MRI of fetal specimens was used
to investigate the global volume growth and regional heterogeneity of morphological development of the thalamus during
the second trimester.
Methods: Using 7.0-T MR images obtained in 34 fetal specimens ranging from 14 to 22 GW, we manually segmented andreconstructed the dorsal thalamus and metathalamus. Volume
measurements and shape analysis were performed to quantitatively evaluate global and regional growth.
Results: The results of the global volume analysis showedthat the absolute volume increased linearly with age, while therelative volume showed a quadratic growth. The shape analysis
showed conspicuous growth in all parts except the anterior
part of the dorsal thalamus and the terminal part of the lateralgeniculate body. The dorsal thalamus showed a bidirectional
growth pattern toward the dorsolateral and ventral medial
sides. For the metathalamus, the medial geniculate grew fasterthan the lateral geniculate. Since the thalamus is a heterogeneous structure, the heterogeneity of morphological development may indirectly reflect the different developmental patterns of thalamic nucleus. The distribution of the development
heterogeneity was consistent with the Y-shaped division of thethalamus nuclei groups. We found that the different morphological and developmental characteristics of thalamic nuclei
may be related to their participation in brain system development and function. During the second trimester, the specific

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relay nucleus developed faster, while the associated nucleus
involved in complex functions developed slower.
Conclusion: The development pattern of the human thalamus shows rapid global growth and regional heterogeneity
during the second trimester, which is consistent with the difference of thalamic nucleus in early development stage and thefunctional formations.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771328, 31872802, 81301280); Major Scientific andTechnological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(2019JZZY020106) and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021MH216).
Keywords: High-field MRI, Fetal brain development, Thalamus, Shape analysis, Regional heterogeneity
A-0430Preparing Bone Specimens from Fresh and
Embalmed Human Cadavers: Sous Vide as
an Alternative Method for Warm Water
Maceration

sets of upper extremity, and five sets of lower extremity skeletons were prepared. The method successfully cleaned all fresh
specimens. While some embalmed specimens were completely
cleaned, maceration of extremely dried out embalmed cadavers were suboptimal. It took three to five maceration sessions
to completely clean small (vertebrae, carpals etc.) and largebones (crania, femora, humerii etc.). Degreasing in acetone
baths lasted from three to seven days.
Conclusion: Using sous vide for chemical maceration might
be a cheaper and effective alternative for preparation of humanskeletal specimens from both fresh and embalmed cadavers.
Further studies are planned for quantifying the soft tissue removal and degreasing capacity of sous vide method.
Keywords: Bone cleaning, Detergent, Embalmed cadaver,Fresh cadaver, Sous vide
A-0438

Histochemical Properties of the
Iliocapsularis Muscle: Are There Implicationsfor Hip Function?
Kerri KEET1, Kerryn-Anne MAC DERMOTT1,2, Tertius KOHN3

Ilke Ali GURSES2, Ahmet ERTAS1

1

Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Paediatric Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

1

Anatomy, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,
Türkiye2
Anatomy, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye

2
3

Purpose: Sous vide, a cooking method, enhances heatflow and enables cooking at regulated temperatures in plastic
pouches that have been vacuum-sealed. This procedure can beused as an alternative to bone maceration because of this property. This study describes how fresh and embalmed humanspecimens can be chemically macerated and cleaned using
sous vide.
Methods: Eighth head and neck, seven upper, and five lower
extremity specimens from 10 fresh and 3 embalmed cadavers
at the Department of Anatomy of the KoçUniversity School of
Medicine were used. Soft tissues were removed and specimens
were vacuum sealed in plastic pouches filled with water anddetergent solution. Every maceration session was done at 65 °C
for three to four days with a commercial device. Blunt instruments were used to remove any leftover soft tissue in between
sessions. After maceration, a concentrated acetone solution
was used for further degreasing.
Results: Eighth sets of crania and cervical vertebrae, seven

Purpose: Iliocapsularis muscle is an important anatomical landmark in anterior approaches to hip arthroplasty. Researchers proposed that iliocapsularis functions to stabilise theanterior hip joint and limit impingement of the hip capsule in
hip flexion. This study aimed to determine the skeletal muscle
properties of iliocapsularis and to compare these to that of iliacus and vastus lateralis.
Methods: Muscle samples from 11 recently deceased unembalmed bodies (83±9 years) were harvested and analysed formuscle fibre type distribution and fibre cross-sectional area
(CSA) using fluorescent immunohistochemistry, while relative
mitochondrial density was visualised histochemically using
the NADH stain (ethical approval S21/04/058 and BM21/7/8).
Results: Iliocapsularis had predominantly type I fibres(63±12%), followed by type IIA (32±13%) and IIX (5±3%) fibres. Iliacus had a similar type I (61±8%), IIA (31±7%), and IIX(8±8%) fibre distribution. Vastus lateralis had equal amountsof type I (47±12%) and IIA (40±11%) fibres, and less type IIXACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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IFAA 2024(13±10%) fibres. Iliocapsularis and iliacus observed higher
relative mitochondrial density than vastus lateralis. Iliocapsularis had larger type I fibres (3607±1422 µm2) than type IIA(1849±1306 µm2) and IIX (1379±900 µm2) fibres. Iliacus andvastus lateralis also had larger type I fibres (3320±1182 µm2
and 4235±882 µm2, respectively) than type IIA (1790±987 µm2
and 2738±1650 µm2, respectively) and IIX (1428±769 µm2 and
2170±1355 µm2, respectively) fibres. No difference in the CSA
of fibre types were found when iliocapsularis was comparedwith iliacus and vastus lateralis. Mean fibre CSA of iliocapsularis and iliacus were similar in size, while vastus lateralis hadlarger fibres.
Conclusion: No preceding study has examined iliocapsularis on a muscle fibre level to assist with describing its implications for hip function. The predominant oxidative type I
fibre distribution of iliocapsularis supports the proposed function. Conclusive knowledge of its function may allow for more
informed decisions regarding patient rehabilitation following
anterior approaches for hip arthroplasty.
Funding: Harry Crossley Foundation.
Keywords: Iliocapsularis muscle, Muscle fibre type, Cross
sectional area, Relative mitochondrial density, Hip arthroplasty
A-0442ius were measured. A modified Sihler method was performedon the perioral area for the confirmation of the dissection results.
Results: The intramuscular neural distribution for the buccinator muscle had the largest arborization patterns in theinferior section of the muscle. The branches from buccal andmarginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve were primarily
converge inferior to the reference line. These nerves traversed
superficially compared to the buccal fat pad.
Conclusion: The principal arborization area of the buccinator muscle is located inferior to the cheilion-otobasion inferiusline. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide novel
anatomical insights in clinical application where nerve distribution is crucial, including intraoral surgical approaches orbotulinum toxin injection.
Keywords: Buccinator muscle, Sihler's staining, Facial
nerve, Buccal fat pad
A-0450Morphometric Study of Cutaneous
Perforators of Lower Limb in Humans

Navneet KUMAR, Ritu SINGH, Arvind PANKAJ, Anoop VERMA, Vijay
KUMAR, Amber IRFAN
Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India

Clinical Anatomy of the Buccinator Muscle
and Its Nerve Distribution Pattern
Hyungkyu BAE, Jing-Zhen PIAO, Kyung-Seok HU, Hee-Jin KIM

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei
University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The buccinator muscle assumes a pivotal role inboth mastication and deglutition, and serves as a pathway for
surgical interventions within the oral cavity. This aim of thestudy was to describe the nerve innervation pattern of the buccinator muscle to provide an essential information for clinicalapplications.
Methods: Sixteen adult hemifaces from 8 Korean cadavers(2 males, 2 females; mean age, 75.6 years) with no history of
trauma or surgical procedure on facial area were used for anatomical study. A meticulous dissection has been conducted to
expose the buccinator muscle along with the associated nerve
distribution. The locations of nerve entry point with reference
to the plane passing through the cheilion and otobasion infer-

Purpose: Cutaneous perforators defined as any vessels thatarises indirectly from branches of those source vessels that
supply deep tissues, especially muscles and finally supplying
the overlying subcutaneous tissue and skin. Anatomical investigation in area of skin vasculature will help surgeons eventually benefiting in reconstructive areas and harvesting perforator flaps.
Methods: The study was conducted on 15 lower limbs ofadult fresh cadavers of either sex. After cannulation and dissection by standard techniques perforators of lower limb werelocated in relation to standard bony landmarks and their distance from main source vessels were measured.
Results: In a study of 15 lower limbs, 817 perforators wereobserved. Contributing arteries were SFA (13.7%), PFA (11.6%),
LCFA (12.9%), MCFA (6.4%), POA (9.0%), MSA (5.4%), ATA(13.4%), PTA (17.3%), and PA (10%). The average number of
perforators and their mean lengths were found as follows:-Superficial femoral artery 7.5 ± 1.7 perforators, mean length

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of 42 ± 10 mm -Profunda femoris artery 6.3 ± 1.0 perforators,
mean length of 64 ± 10 mm -Lateral circumflex femoral artery
7.0 ± 1.6 perforators, mean length of 48 ± 14 mm -Medial circumflex femoral artery 3.5 ± 1.1 perforators, mean length of 35± 10 mm -Popliteal artery 5.0 ± 0.7 perforators, mean lengthof 66 ± 16 mm -Medial sural artery 3 ± 0.8 perforators, mean
length of 62 ± 6.0 mm -Anterior tibial artery 7.3 ± 2 perforators, mean length of 35 ± 10 mm -Posterior tibial artery 9.5 ±2.6 perforators, mean length of 30 ± 10 mm -Peroneal artery 5.5± 1.1 perforators, mean length of 38 ± 10 mm.
Conclusion: The study was an attempt to delineate theperforators of lower limb after injecting methylene blue dye.
The detailed understanding and knowledge of this vascular
anatomy of perforators will benefit reconstructive surgeons inharvesting skin flaps.

findings revealed that the SV was preferred for its accessibility,
while the LITA was favored for exclusive use.
Conclusion: In conclusion, conduit diameter, wall thickness, and length emerged as critical factors influencing graft
patency and surgical handling. The appropriateness of RITA
and RGEA conduits depended on the specific coronary arterybeing bypassed. The LITA and RA conduits closely resembled
coronary arteries and were favored choices. Surgeons commonly preferred the SV due to its accessibility. This study
enhances our understanding of conduit selection in CABG
procedures, facilitating informed decision-making for cardiothoracic surgeons.
Funding: NRF (National Research Fund).
Keywords: Conduits, Coronary artery bypass grafting
A-0457

Keywords: Cutaneous perforators, Lower limb, Skin flaps

Double Vena Cava Inferior: A Case Report

A-0452

Omer Alp TASTAN, Ozge Irmak DOGANCI, Yusuf Zeki YILDIZ, Mehmet
YILDIRIM

Morphological and Histological Assessmentof Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Conduits: A Comprehensive Study

Anatomy, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,
Türkiye

Geney GUNSTON, Sandile NTULI, Jeshika LUCKRAJH

Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Purpose: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is aprevalent intervention for managing coronary artery disease,necessitating the selection of an optimal conduit for the procedure. This study aimed to identify conduits closely resemblingcoronary arteries in terms of morphological and histologicalcharacteristics.
Methods: The investigation involved measuring the length,
luminal diameter, and wall thickness of various conduits,
including the saphenous vein (SV), right and left internal
thoracic artery (RITA/LITA), inferior epigastric artery (IEA),
right gastro-epiploic artery (RGEA), and radial artery (RA).
Additionally, the decision-making process of cardiothoracic
surgeons before CABG surgery was surveyed, with ethical approval obtained in 2021 (HREC483/2021).
Results: Results demonstrated that the mean length anddiameter of the right coronary artery differed between sexes,
with the LITA surpassing the RITA in length for four out offive coronary arteries. The SV, a commonly chosen conduit,
exhibited a mean wall thickness of 127.97±34.99μm. Survey

Purpose: Inferior vena cava (ICV) is the widest vein of the
body and its variations are not very common. Knowing thesevariations provides guidance in radiology and surgical procedures. Classically ICV is formed by the union of the right andleft common iliac veins on the right side of the aortic bifurcation, at the level of the L5 vertebra.
Methods: During the dissection period of 2021-2022 in
our anatomy department, a double inferior vena cava was encountered during the dissection of the abdominal region of a
69-year-old male cadaver.
Results: While the structures of the posterior abdominal
wall were being opened during the dissection of the abdominal region, it was observed that there was an inferior vena cavaon both sides of the abdominal aorta at the kidney level in the
lumbar region. The inferior vena cava on the left side was acontinuation of the left common iliac vein and drained the left
renal vein. The right inferior vena cava was a continuation of
the right common iliac vein and drained the right renal vein.
On the right side, the testicular vein was draining into theright renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. Apart fromthe lumbar veins draining into the inferior vena cava, it wasalso seen that a branch draining the left-sided pelvic veins

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drained into the right-side inferior vena cava.
Conclusion: Evaluation of the course of the inferior vena
cava and its branches is important in making radiological definitions before surgical or endovascular interventions. Having
knowledge about anatomical variations will minimize possible
complications. Knowing these variations will increase the success rate of operational and interventional medicine practices
and will also help prevent complications.
Keywords: Inferior vena cava, Anatomy, Variation, Duplication
A-0465Developing an Interactive 3D Web with
Patient-Specific Liver Anatomical Contentsfor Liver Cancer Patients before Liver
Resection Surgery

ning—are arranged at the bottom of the screen. Each button
is operated by clicking or touching, and its functions are as
follows: 1) 3D model interaction (rotation, zoom-in/out) 2)
Liver Transparency button: show the intrahepatic vascular
structures 3) Cancer Position button: show the cancer locationand size with automatic 3D model rotation. 4) Liver Resection
Planning button: show the expected hepatic resection site.
Conclusion: This research propose web-based 3D interaction content displaying patient's intrahepatic vascular structures, cancer location, and resection site size as a clinical communication tool. Further user testing and refinement needed
for clinical effectiveness.
Keywords: Liver cancer surgery, Patient education, Medical
visualization, Interactive web 3D, 3D reconstruction
A-0469Anatomical Variations of the Biliary Tree in
Omani Population

Soyoung LIM

Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: First, in preoperative outpatient care, clinicians
can use the content to explain the surgical plan more clearly
and intuitively. Second, patients can intuitively understandtheir intrahepatic vascular structure through a 3D model before surgery, and based on this, they can visually understandwhere cancer occurred in their liver and how much the doctorplans to cut. This may help facilitate effective communication
between clinicians and patients regarding liver cancer surgery.
Methods: 1. Downloaded DICOM data of a liver cancer
patient from the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) 2. 3Dreconstructed 5 main anatomical structure models: liver parenchyme, hepatic vein, portal vein, cancer, gall bladder, andbile duct, with a 3D slicer. The 3D reconstruction method wassegmented manually after applying an AI-based automatic
segmentation method with the powerful extension Total Segmentator. 3. Optimized 3D models and applied color material
in Blender 3D before uploading to the web. 4. After uploading
3D models to Bezi3d, we built logical interaction nodes with
Bezi3d (https://hq.bezi.com/) which enable 3D interaction according to the user’s mouse or click interaction.
Results: The patient's liver 3D model is largely arrangedin the center of the screen, and three large 3D buttons—Liver
Transparency, Cancer Position, and Liver Resistance Plan-

Ruqaiya AL JABRI, Elyas AL KINDI, Fatema AL ABRI, Yaarub AL BULUSHI
Human and Clinical Anatomy, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

Purpose: Anatomical variances can affect patient's treatment options including surgery, as well as the investigationand clinical examination. Consequently, thorough understanding of the variability in human morphology is crucial
for better diagnostic and interventional performance. Oman
has launched the national liver transplant program where
for the first time live donor transplants were possible in the
country. Transplantation is a complex procedure that includes
the investigation and preparation of both the patient as wellas the donor. To improve transplantation outcomes, good understanding of the biliary tree variations is crucial. Hence, thisstudy aims to determine the prevalence and type of anatomical variations of the biliary tree found in Omani patients who
underwent MRCP in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: This is retrospective cross-sectional study of patients admitted to Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH)
for magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).
between 2021-2023 was used. Inclusion criteria is Omani nationals who underwent MRCP of all ages and genders. Demographic data as well as clinical variables including indicationof imaging, co-morbidities, surgical history and complications

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were recorded. Huang classification was used to categorize
anatomical variations of the biliary tree.
Results: 63 MRCP studies were analysed. Model biliary tree
anatomy (Huang type A1) was found in 56 (88.89%) patientsand variants were seen in 7 (11.11%) patient. A2 variant wasseen in 3 (4.76%) of patients while A3 was found in 4 (6.35%)
of patients. Our results show higher prevalence of Huang typeA1 than global prevalence (88.89% vs 62.6%). Similar results
is seen with A3 variants while A2 variants was seen less in our
population than global prevalence.
Conclusion: Biliary tree anatomy in Omanis shows higher
prevalence of model anatomy in comparison to global data.
However, larger sample is required to draw definitve conlcusion in this regard with in depth analysis.

and lower foramina was 5.62 mm and 6.4mm, respectively.
The average transverse diameter of the upper and lower foramina was 5.6 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. A canal wasformed between both holes, with a lower arm averaging 7.41mm in length, an elbow with an average angle of 98º, and an
upper arm averaging 10.18 mm in length.
Conclusion: We observed that the studied Axis vertebrae
exhibit a canal that runs laterally from inferior to superior,forming an elbow with medial convexity during its course.
This suggests that vascular and nervous structures typicallytraversing this foramen would adopt a similar curved shapeduring their trajectory. Knowledge of the anatomy of this vertebra could help prevent iatrogenic actions.
Keywords: Axis vertebra, Transverse canal, Morphometric,
Transverse foramina, Biometric

Keywords: Biliary, Tree, Variant
A-0477

A-0497

Description of the Transverse Canal of theAxis. Biometric Description and ClinicalImplications

Concurrent Variations of the Unique Courseof the Azygos Vein, the Tortuous Right
Common Carotid Artery, and the Branching
Pattern of the Internal Iliac Arteries

Jaritza TRAMOLAO, Emilio FARFAN, Oscar INZUNZA, Veronica
INOSTROZA, Natalia SANCHEZ

Juhyung PARK, Euzin JIN, Yunwoo KIM, In Woo YOON, Dae Yong SONG,
Hong Il YOO

Department of Normal Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: The Axis (C2) stands out as an atypical vertebra
in the cervical region, characterized by its robustness. Like
typical cervical vertebrae, the Axis has transverse foramina
traditionally located on each side of the transverse processes,
just below its upper articular facet. These openings typicallyhouse the vertebral artery, nerve, and veins and may vary inshape, number, size, etc. This study aims to obtain morphometric parameters of the transverse foramina of the Axis,
creating a database to explain the anatomical characteristics ofthis bony landmark and provide quantitative data that may be
useful for surgical approaches in the area.
Methods: A morphometric study of the transverse foramina of 30 Axis vertebrae was conducted using specimens fromthe osteotheque of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.
The vertebrae were required to have an intact transverse foramen on each side. Each hole was molded in silicone to determine its features in terms of course, shape, length, and diameters, among other aspects.
Results: The average anteroposterior diameter of the upper

Anatomy and Neurosciences, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Blood vessels are one of the structures of thehuman body that is prone to have variations. Since accurateawareness of vascular anatomy is important for diagnosis andtreatment, the authors report on the concurrent variations infour regions in 98-year-old Korean female cadaver during theanatomy course at Eulji University School of Medicine.
Methods: We observed vascular variations out of 21 cadavers dissected from 2021 to 2023, it was the only case with multiple vascular variations in the same individual. The photos
were taken using a digital camera and schematic illustrations
were made using Adobe Photoshop.
Results: In the thorax, the main trunk of the azygos vein
was bifurcated at L1 and reunited at T10 level. On the left side
during ascending, the intercostal veins directly joined the azygos vein without forming the hemi-azygos vein or accessory
hemi-azygos vein. Meanwhile, in the neck, the proximal partof the right common carotid artery was severely kinked. In the

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pelvic region, the first branch of the right internal iliac artery
was the obturator artery, not the umbilical artery. Furthermore, the right inferior gluteal artery and the right internal
pudendal artery were bifurcated below the pelvic diaphragm.
Lastly, we observed a looped artery connecting the posterior
division of the internal iliac artery and the proximal part ofthe inferior gluteal artery in the left side.
Conclusion: Through the rarity and complexity of thepresent case, experts such as anatomists and surgeons should
be aware that various vascular variations can be found in thesame individual during dissection or complex surgery.
Funding: This work was supported by Eulji University in
2023, and the National Research Foundation of Korea by NRF2020R1C1C1003222.
Keywords: Variations, Azygos vein, Common carotid artery, Internal iliac artery
A-0498Results: The ABHM was divided into four equal parts
from anterior to posterior (labeled A, B, C, and D). The location of the nerve entry points was observed in the C area in allcases. The branches of the medial plantar nerves proceeded
towards the origin and center of the ABHM and divided into
2-3 branches. We did not observe any visible branches near theinsertion area, which contained a tendinous portion.
Conclusion: The nerve endings within the ABHM weremainly found to be within the areas C and D where the posterior 2/3 of ABHM. This means that the area C and D may be
a potential trigger point of the ABHM. Our findings improve
our understanding of the medial plantar nerve distribution
and will aid in the management of foot-related symptoms.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government(MSIT) (RS-2023-00275241 and no. 2022R1I1A1A01069499).
Keywords: Abductor hallucis muscle, Sihler's staining,
Botulinum neurotoxin, Medial plantar nerve

Intramuscular Nerve Distributions of
Abductor Hallucis Muscle and the ClinicalImplications for Pain Management

A-0520Topography of Corrugator Supercilii Muscle
Relative to the Eyebrow and Its ClinicalApplication for Blepharospasm

You-Jin CHOI1, Soo-Bin KIM2, Ji-Hyun LEE3, Hyung-Jin LEE4
1

Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of
Korea
2
Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human
Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College ofDentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University,
Seongnam, Republic of Korea
4
Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,
Catholic University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Hyunjin SHIN1,2,3,4, You-Jin CHOI1,5, Wu-Chul SONG6
1

Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Republic of Korea
Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
3
Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
4
Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
5
Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University Schoolof Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute of Applied Anatomy, The Catholic Universityof Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: The abductor hallucis muscle (ABHM) has been
pinpointed as a potential target for botulinum neurotoxin administration in treating various foot-related symptoms. However, there remains a significant gap in the literature concerning the ideal injection site for managing ABHM-related pain.
This study aims to elucidate the intramuscular nerve distribution pattern and pinpoint the concentrated location of nerve
endings within the ABHM using modified Sihler’s staining.
Methods: Twenty human cadavers (40 specimens) wereused in this study. The medial and lateral plantar nerves weremanually dissected to determine the nerve entry points. Afterverifying their entry points, all specimens were treated using
the modified Sihler’s staining.

Purpose: The purpose of the present was to elucidate thetopography of corrugator supercilii muscles (CSM) relative tothe eyebrow with the aim of providing the topographic guidance for the botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in thetreatment of blepharospasm.
Methods: Thirty-six hemifaces of 18 cadavers were dissected. Prior to dissection, four specific points on the eyebrow
were marked to serve as reference points and photographedwith scale bars. During the dissection, the layers beneath the

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skin were carefully separated to expose the CSM. To analyze
the position of the CSM in relation to the eyebrow, a superimposition method was utilized. We overlaid an image showing
the dissected CSM onto a pre-existing image that containedreference lines marking the eyebrow landmarks.
Results: The CSMs had limited extension both above andbelow the medial end of the eyebrow. Significantly, the central
part of the CSM's width was positioned just above the upper
point of the eyebrow, aligning closely with the midpupillaryline. On the lateral side, the overlap of the CSM beyond the
midpupillary line was minimal, indicating that the muscle's
presence diminishes or becomes less distinct as it extends laterally from the midpupillary line.
Conclusion: For effective targeting of the CSM, it is recommended to administer botulinum toxin injections precisely at
the center of the medial end of the eyebrow and just above the
midpupillary line. Considering, minimal presence of the CSM
beyond the midpupillary line, injecting BTX-A into the CSM
in this lateral region are typically considered unnecessary.

mus/internal skull surface ratio. For the MS patients on regular IFN beta-1b, the measurements were taken at baseline andafter treatment, from the last available MRI scan.
Results: The thalamus and interthalamic adhesion size
was significantly smaller in MS patients compared to healthy
controls. There was no correlation between gender or right-leftsides and the dimensions of the thalamus and interthalamic
adhesion within the same disease group. Regular treatment
with IFN beta-1b lead to an improvement in the thalamus sizein MS patients.
Conclusion: Gender and right-left sides did not affect thedimension of the thalamus and the interthalamic adhesion
within the same group. Patients with MS showed significant
reduction in the thalamus size, which appears to be reversed inpatients treated with interferon beta-1b from diagnosis.

Keywords: Blepharospasm, Corrugator supercilii muscles,
Topography, Botulinum toxin, Superimposition

Morphometric Analysis of Oblique Popliteal
Ligament and Its Significance on Stability ofKnee Joint

A-0548Anatomical Analysis of Thalamus in Multiple
Sclerosis and the Effect of Interferon Beta1 Treatment in Modulating the Structure ofThalamusRamada KHASAWNEH, Ejlal ABU-AL-RUB, Fatima ALMAHASNEH
Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

Purpose: The thalamus is a group of large, gray masses thatact as an evolved sensory and motor gateway to the cortex. We
measured and compared the size of thalamus and interthalamic adhesion in healthy and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We
also assessed the effect of interferon beta-1b (IFN beta-1b) on
the thalamus and interthalamic adhesion measurements andthe possible association with thalamus size improvement.
Methods: This prospective study used brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) to measure the anteroposterior, transverse and vertical length of the thalamus and the interthalamic
adhesion for both healthy subjects and patients with MS. Theinternal skull surface was also measured to calculate the thala-

Keywords: Thalamus, Morphology, Magnetic resonanceimages, Multiple sclerosis, Interferon beta-1b-β
A-0549Mamatha HOSAPATNA, Rohini PUNJA

Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal,
Karnataka, India

Purpose: The oblique popliteal ligament (OPL)is a broadflat, fibrous band derived from the tendon of the semimembranosus passing from the back of the medial condyle of thetibia obliquely upwards and lateral to the back of the lateralcondyle of the femur. It reinforces the posterior portion ofknee joint capsule thus helps in maintaining stability of knee
The aim of the study is to find the length, width, shape andtype of oblique popliteal ligament.
Methods: The study is done on 20 cadaveric knee joint
specimens, the length of the oblique popliteal ligament is measured from the origin to the insertion, width of the obliquepopliteal ligament is measured at its origin and midpoint,
shape and nature of the oblique popliteal ligament is observed,
all measurements are done using vernier calliper.
Results: In the present study band shaped OPL is mostcommonly found in 45% of cases. Average length of theoblique popliteal ligament from the origin to insertion is width

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oblique popliteal ligament at mid point is
Conclusion: Based on the result the length, width, shapeand nature of the band we are able to determine the role ofoblique popliteal ligament on maintaining the stability ofknee joint and map out location of important nerves and feels
located in the oblique popliteal ligament. This knowledge will
help knee surgeons while operating on the posterior aspect of
the knee to optimize functional outcome after surgery.
Keywords: Oblique popliteal ligament, Knee joint, Popliteal
fossa
A-0573

Can Sural Nerve Injury Be Avoided in the
Sinus Tarsi Approach for Calcaneal Fracture?
A Cadaveric Study

Jaeho CHO1, Jeong Hyun PARK2, Kwang-Rak PARK3, Digud KIM2, HyungWook KWON2, Yu-Jin CHOI2, Mijeong LEE2, Yunil CHOE2, Otgonsaikhan
NOMKHONDORJ1

Results: The median ratio of D1 to D1+D2, D3 to D3+D4,
D5 to D5+D6, and D7 to D7+D8 were 0.37 (range, 0.26–0.50),
0.23 (range, 016–0.33), 0.35 (range, 0.25–0.45), and 0.32 (range,
0.20–0.45), respectively. There was no significant difference
in all ratios by sex (P=.17 [R1], .47 [R3], .84 [R5], and .23 [R7],respectively).
Conclusion: The distance ratios from this study can be
helpful to avoid sural nerve injury during the sinus tarsi approach for calcaneal fractures. Established standard incision
may have to be modified to minimize sural nerve injury.
Keywords: Cadaver, Calcaneus, Sural nerve, Fracture, Sinus
tarsi approach
A-0600

Sesamoid Bones of the Hand: A Radiographic
Study in South Indian Population
Latha PRABHU, B.V. MURLIMANJU, Abisshek BALAJI, Mangala PAI

Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

1

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon,
Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: There is no consensus regarding the references todetermine the exact location of the skin incision to minimize
iatrogenic sural nerve injury in the sinus tarsi approach forcalcaneal fracture. The purpose of this cadaveric study was todescribe the anatomical course of the sural nerve in relation toeasily identifiable landmarks during the sinus tarsi approachand to provide a more practical reference for surgeons to avoidsural nerve injury.
Methods: Twenty-four foot and ankle specimens were dissected. The bony landmarks used in the following reference
points were the tip of the lateral malleolus (point A), lateralborder of the Achilles tendon on the collinear line with point A(point B), posteroinferior apex of the calcaneus (point C), inferior margin of the calcaneus on the plumb line through point
A (point D), and tip of the fifth metatarsal base (point E). After
careful dissection, the distances of the sural nerve to points A
and B in the horizontal direction (lines D1 and D2), points A
and C in the diagonal direction (lines D3 and D4), points A and
D in the vertical direction (lines D5 and D6), and points A and
E in the diagonal direction (lines D7 and D8) were measured.

Purpose: Sesamoid bones of the hand are frequently involved in the pathological conditions like osteoarthritis. In thiscontext, the purpose of this present study was to determine theprevalence, topography and dimensions of sesamoid bones ofhand in South Indian population.
Methods: The present cross-sectional study included 98
plain radiographs (antero-posterior and lateral views) of thehand. The number of sesamoid bones and their exact topography was observed in the hand radiographs. The length andbreadth of the sesamoid bones were measured by using thesoftware ‘Radiant Dicom Viewer (Poland, version 4.2.1.17555,
64-bit).
Results: The present study observed the sesamoid bone at
the first metacarpophalangeal joint in 99% of hands, mediallyand at the lateral side in 80.6% cases. The length and breadthof the medial sesamoid was 0.49±0.07 mm and 0.40±0.07 mm
respectively. The same dimensions for the lateral sesamoidbone was 0.52±0.10 mm and 0.37±0.08 mm respectively. The
second metacarpophalangeal joint exhibited single sesamoidbone and this was seen only in 25.5% cases. Its length andbreadth were 0.46±0.10 mm and 0.36±0.07 mm respectively.
The third metacarpophalangeal joint exhibited single sesamoid bone and this was seen only in 3.1% cases. Its length and

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breadth were 0.42±0.14 mm and 0.34±0.17 mm respectively.
The fifth metacarpophalangeal joint exhibited single sesamoidbone and this was seen in 46.9% radiological films. Its lengthand breadth were 0.38±0.06 mm and 0.33±0.04 mm respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence, topography and morphometric data of the sesamoid bones of hand, which are determinedin this study can be used as a morphological database for theSouth Indian population. The data will help the operating
hand surgeon and radiologist in their clinical practice.

caneal tendons of Korean cadavers, and is expected to serve as
basic anatomical data helpful in the diagnosis and treatment ofankle diseases.
Keywords: Calcaneal tendon, Twist, Classification, Koreancadaver

Keywords: Sesamoid Bone, Hand, Osteoarthritis
A-0619How Much Calcaneal Tendon Is Slender &Twisted in Koreans? A Cadaveric Study

Yunil CHOE1, Digud KIM1, Jaeho CHO2, Sa-Beom PARK3, Kwang Rak PARK4,
Hyung-Wook KWON1, Yu-Jin CHOI5, Mijeong LEE6, Jeonghyun PARK1
1

Anatomy & Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Center of Biohealth Convergence and Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
4
Anatomy, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
5
Scientific Investigation, Gyeonggi Bukbu Provincial Police Agency, Uijeongbu, Republic of
Korea
6
Scientific Investigation, Gangwon Provincial Police Agency, Chuncheon, Republic of
Korea
2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to classify the twisted
types of the calcaneal tendon in Korean cadavers to present
the anatomical characteristics of Koreans and provide basic
anatomical data applicable to clinical medicine.
Methods: The length, width, and thickness of the calcaneal
tendon were measured in 101 formalin-fixed feet (64 men,
37 women/average age 79.27 ± 11.59 years). In addition, thetwisted form of the calcaneal tendon was classified into three
types by the Edama’s classification (2016), which observed thetendon arrangement at the insertion site.
Results: As a result of the study, twisted types of the calcaneal tendon appeared in the following order : moderate twist(55.4%), least twist (22.8%), and extreme twist (21.8%). The
average length of the calcaneal tendon was 50.64 ± 16.95 mm,
the average width was 14.80 ± 3.34 mm, and the average thickness was 6.61 ± 1.67 mm. The calcaneal tendon was narrowest
at the middle point and thinnest at the proximal point.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study presented anthropological characteristics by classifying the twisted types of calACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0622the utility of skull reconstruction as baseline data for predicting sex or stature.

Foramen Magnum and Occipital CondyleAnalysis for Sex and Stature Determination

Eun-Seo PARK1, Jeong-Hyun PARK2, Soo-Kyoung LEE3, Min-Ju LEE3, SungWook CHOI3, Kwang-Rak PARK1

1
Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sang-Ji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
2
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kang-Won
National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Division of Forensic Medical Examination, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to know the morphological analysis and correlation of foramen magnum (FM) and
occipital condyle (OC) according to sex and stature. Throughthis, sex and stature can be determined and can help with human identification.
Methods: The study utilized Post mortem computed tomography (PMCT) data from the National Forensic Service,
involving 40 subjects. Skull reconstruction was conductedusing Mimics (Version 21.0, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium)
software, with measurements classified based on Bahsi et al.'s
method into eight types. Additionally, six measurements anddescriptions for sex and stature determination were as follows;
Foramen magnum anterior-posterior diameter (FMAPD),
Foramen magnum transverse diameter (FMTD), Anterior intercondylar distances (AID), Posterior intercondylar distances(PID), Occipital condyle length (OCL), Occipital condyle width(OCW).
Results: The results based on the 8 classifications of the FM
were as follows; it had the 9 (22.5%) ovals, 7 (17.5%) rounds, 10(25%) tetragonals, 1 (2.5%) pentagonals, 2 (5%) hexagonals, 1(2.5%) egg, 4 (10%) overturned eggs, 6 (15%) irregulars. The
mean and standard deviation are as follows; FMAPD: 33.80(2.35), FMTD: 28.59 (1.97), AID: 23.31 (3.49), PID: 40.76 (3.71),
OCL: 20.06 (3.78), OCW: 12.45 (2.81). Among the six results
for the measured values of sex and stature, only two showed
differences in FMAPD (P=0.001) and OCW (P=0.000). Correlation analysis for measurements according to sex and stature
was also performed, showing significant in FMAPD (P=0.000),
FMTD (P=0.000), AID (P=0.038), PID (P=0.002), OCW (P=
0.001).
Conclusion: In this study, we classified the types of FM,
compared the measurement values of FM and OC according
to sex and stature, and also performed correlation analysis. In
conclusion, significant results were shown. This underscores

Keywords: Foramen magnum, Occipital condyle, Sex determination, PMCT, 3D reconstruction
A-0636

Availability using the Location of the Fibular
Tunnel for Reconstruction of the Lateral
Ankle Ligament in Korean Population : A
Cadaveric Study

Hyungwook KWON1, Jaeho CHO2, Digud KIM1, Kwang-Rak PARK3, YuJin
CHOI1, Sa-Beom PARK4, Yunil CHOE1, Jeonghyun PARK1
1

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Universityof Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
4
Center of Biohealth Convergence and Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: We aimed to find out the location of fibular footprint of each anterior talo-fibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneo-fibular ligament (CFL), as well as their common origin in
relation to bony landmarks of the fibula in order to determine
the location of the fibular tunnel.
Methods: In 105 ankle specimens, the center of the footprints of the ATFL and CFL (cATFL and cCFL, respectively)
and the intersection point of their origin (intATFL-CFL) were
investigated, and the distances from selected bony landmarks(the articular tip (AT) and the inferior tip (IT) of the fibula)were measured. Forty-two (40%) specimens had single-bundle
ATFL, and 63 (60%) had double-bundle patterns.
Results: The distance between intATFL-CFL and IT was
12:0±2:5 mm, and a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p=0.001). Moreover, the ratio of the
intATFL-CFL location based on the anterior fibular border for
all cadavers was 0.386.
Conclusion: The present study suggests a reference ratiothat can help surgeons locate the fibular tunnel for a moreaccurate reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligament. Also, it
may be necessary to make a difference in the location of thefibular tunnel according to the number of ATFL bundles during surgery.

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Keywords: Korean cadaver, Lateral ankle ligament, Anterior talofibular ligament, Calcaneofibular ligament, Reconstruction
A-0637

Investigating Scapular Nutrient Foramina: A
Topographic Examination in Dried Skeletons

Arada CHAIYAMOON1, Laphatrada YURASAKPONG2, Athikhun
SUWANNAKHAN2, Bupachad KHANTHIYONG3, Joe IWANAGA4, Shane R.
TUBBS41

Anatomy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
3
Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand
4
Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
2

Purpose: Our study aims to investigate the prevalence andanatomical characteristics of scapular foramina (SF) and scapular nutrient foramina (SNF) in dried skeletons sourced fromthe Northeastern Thai population.
Methods: A total of 150 dried scapulae were scrutinized.
SF and SNF were identified using a 0.36 mm metal wire. The
study recorded the number, locations, lengths, and diametersof SF. Subsequently, SNF were identified using the same method. Two observers conducted the evaluations and measurements.
Results: SF were present in 78.0% of scapulae, exhibiting up
to five openings across eighteen types. Males displayed longer
SF on average (21.7 ± 5.0 mm) than females (19.45 ± 4.6 mm),with significantly greater mean diameters in females (p < 0.01).
SNF were present in 100% of scapulae, distributed in the supraspinous fossa (36.7%), subscapular fossa (31.3%), infraspinous fossa (22.8%), and peri-glenoid area (10.0%).
Conclusion: Contrary to prior studies, our findings indicatethat SF are common anatomical features, detected in 78.0% of
the scapulae examined. Surgeons should consider both SNF
and SF in surgical procedures and radiological interpretations.
Keywords: Scapula, Nutrient foramen, Scapular foramen,
Anatomical variations

A-0641

A Dissection and Angiographic Study ofAnatomical Variations in the Anterior
Communicating Artery Complex in a South
African Sample

Mbalentle MADOLO1, Kentse MPOLOKENG1, Geney GUNSTON1, Stuart
MORE2
1

Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Radiation Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

2

Purpose: The anterior communicating artery complex(ACAC) consists of the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior
cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery(ACoA). The ACAC is said to be the most frequent site of aneurysms and anterior cerebral circulation variations. A clear
correlation between cerebral arterial circulation variations
and aneurysm development has been reported. Cerebrovascular diseases play a significant role in the causes of morbidity
in South Africa. This study aims to report the prevalence ofvariations in the anterior communicating artery complex andtheir link to the prevalence of cerebral aneurysms.
Methods: For the dissection sample, a total of 68 (35 female
and 33 male) adult formalin-fixed brains were included. For
the angiographic sample, a total of 208 (151 female and 57
male) adult MRA scans were included.
Results: The occurrence of variations across the dissection
and angiographic samples of this study was significant, 67,6%
and 43,5% of the brains respectively, presented with ACAC
variations. Additionally, variations in the ACoA were the mostfrequent in this study. Furthermore, a newly described ‘anastomosed’ was the most common A2 segment variation in thedissection sample. Whereas in the angiographic sample, triple
ACA was the most common A2 variation. X-shaped and hypoplasia were among the most common ACoA variations foundin this study. The morphometric parameters of the ACAC
measured in this study were within similar ranges that werereported in previous international and national studies. In theangiographic component, 23,9% of the MRA images presented
a history of ACAC aneurysms. No association was found between the prevalence of ACAC variations and the history of
ACAC aneurysms.
Conclusion: Understanding ACAC anatomy, variations,and their potential link to the prevalence of ACAC aneurysms
is vital to clinicians and neurosurgeons for the diagnosis of

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cerebral conditions and could advance the efficacy of interventional procedures.
Funding: UCT Financial Aid Masters Funding.

Keywords: Classification, Tibialis posterior tendon, Korean,
Cadaveric study

Keywords: Anterior communicating artery complex, Anterior cerebral artery, Segment, Variation, Anatomy

The Anatomical Basis for Six Easy-to-Miss
Intracranial Hemorrhages on Clinical
Neuroimaging: A Pictorial and Educational
Review

A-0645The Establishment of New Anatomical
Classification for Tibialis Posterior Tendon
Insertion in Koreans: A Cadaveric Study

A-0652

Tarik MASSOUD, Inayat GREWALNeuroradiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States

Digud KIM1, Jeong-Hyun PARK1, Hyung-Wook KWON1, Kwang-Rak PARK3,
Yu-Jin CHOI1, Mijeong LEE1, Kwan Hyun YOUN4, Jaeho CHO2
1

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
4
Division in Biomedical Art, Incheon Catholic University Graduate School, Incheon,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: The variations in the tibialis posterior tendon(TPT) could not be defined by previous classification; thus,
this study used a larger-scale cadaver with the aim to classify
the types of TPT insertion based on the combination of thenumber and location of TPT insertions.
Methods: A total of 118 feet from adult formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected (68 males, 50 females). The morphological characteristics and measurements of TPT insertion were
evaluated.
Results: Four types of TPT insertions were classified,
wherein the most common type was type 4 (quadruple insertions, 78 feet, 66.1%), which was divided into four new subtypes that were not defined in the previous classification. The
second most common type was type 3 (triple insertions, 25
feet, 21.2%) with three subtypes, including the new subtype.
Type 2 was found in 13 feet (11%), and the rarest type was type
1 (2 feet, 1.7%), wherein the main tendon was only attached to
the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone.
Conclusion: We suggest high morphological variability of
the TPT in relation to the insertion location, along with thepossibility of significant differences according to race andgender. Moreover, this classification will help clinicians understand adult flatfoot deformity-related posterior tibial tendon
dysfunction (PTTD).

Purpose: • To review the anatomical basis of six common
but easily missed intracranial hemorrhages (ICHs) on clinicalneuroimaging. • To describe how defining anatomical features contribute to the pathogenesis, clinical significance, andimplications for patient management of these diagnosticallyelusive ICHs. • To discuss optimal neuroimaging modalities/
sequences and key imaging features for enhanced detection
and characterization of each ICH type.
Methods: Rapid neuroimaging detection/assessment of
ICHs is critical. However, some can be challenging to identify
owing to small size, low conspicuity, and evolving temporal
imaging characteristics. We review six ICH types that are
frequently overlooked/misdiagnosed on neuroimaging: small
sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), isodense/isointense
extra-axial hemorrhage, small dependent intraventricularhemorrhage (IVH), perimesencephalic SAH, pre-brainstem
cistern hemorrhage, and small smear subdural hemorrhage(SDH).
Results: For small SAHs located exclusively in sulci, if there
is doubt on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) sequences (FLAIR, GRE, SWI) are useful as
additional tests to post-contrast, ASL and MRA in establishing cause. Isodense/isointense extra-axial hemorrhages canoccur weeks after initial bleed when hemoglobin degradation
products appear similar to normal cortex. Clues include sulcal
effacement, midline shift, and frontal horns ‘rabbit-ears’ sign.
As blood is heavier than CSF, for tiny dependent IVHs, CT
may be superior to T1/T2-MRI, but FLAIR-MRI hyperintensity and GRE-MRI increased susceptibility are most helpful.
Perimesencephalic venous SAH may be seen on CT as a tiny
volume of blood in the interpeduncular fossa. Pre-brainstem
cisterns SAH/SDH may be difficult to see on CT owing to ar-

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tefact from adjacent bones. Lastly, SDHs as small smears (thinfilms) along the brain surface may need wider CT window settings and coronal images to improve detection, although MRI
is more sensitive.
Conclusion: Awareness of neuroanatomical features, potential diagnostic imaging pitfalls, characteristic imaging findings, timeline of hemoglobin degradation on neuroimaging,and optimal MRI sequences can improve detection of challenging and easy-to-miss ICHs.
Keywords: Intracranial spaces, Subdural space, Subarachnoid space, Intraventricular, Hemorrhage
A-0654

Venous Angle of Pirogov: Do Morphometric
Variations Contribute to Etiology of ASLMRI Hyperintensity at the Skull Base? A
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis ofInternal Jugular Vein Flow Rates

sessed accuracy of CFD predictions using regression analysis,comparing simulated versus predicted velocities to calculate
R 2.
Results: All IJV flow velocities remained within a relatively
narrow band: 20.8-22 cm/s on the left and 26.9-28.9 cm/s on
the right. Extreme obtuse SV-IJV angles and acute IJV-BV
angles did not consistently result in lower IJV flow velocities.
For left-sided angles, the highest velocity recorded (22 cm/s)
occurred at both low (30°) and high (51°) SV-IJV angles; model
coefficients were small (-0.018 for SV-IJV, and 0.0025 for IJVBV); and R 2 was 0.896. Overall, there was a modest dependence of IJV flow velocity on VAP geometry bilaterally.
Conclusion: Spatial morphometry of VAP only modestly
influences IJV blood flow and is therefore unlikely to significantly contribute to development of artifactual JB hyperintensity on ASL-MRI.
Keywords: Venous angle, Internal jugular vein, Arterial
Spin Labeling MRI, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Flow rate
A-0656

Tarik MASSOUD, Siddhant DHAWAN, Thomas GEISBUSH

Neuroradiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States

Purpose: The etiology of arterial spin-labeling (ASL)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal hyperintensity at the left
jugular bulb (JB) is unknown, but in principle is owing to either
fast or slow blood flow. It is often erroneously ascribed to a dural arteriovenous fistula. As an alternative, we hypothesize thatunfavorable morphometric features in left greater than rightvenous angles of Pirigov (VAP, i.e. internal jugular (IJV), subclavian (SV), and brachiocephalic (BV) vein intersection) might
contribute to relative outflow obstruction and slow IJV flow.
Methods: On CT-angiograms of 100 healthy individuals
we recorded bilateral coronal SV-IJV and IJV-BV angles, anddiameters of all three VAP vessels. We selected results from 15
individuals for computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Venous geometry was translated into a computationalmodel to produce a Cartesian trimmed mesh. For simulations,
we resolved steady-state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and applied the Herschel-Bulkley model to mimic nonNewtonian blood behavior. We held constant pressure losses
between the inlets (IJV and SV) and the domain outlet acrossdifferent configurations, allowing for derivation of flow rates
under varying anatomical configurations. We statistically as-

A Landmark for Lumbar Spine Enumeration:
Lumbar Transverse Process Lengths
Associated with Lumbosacral Transitional
Vertebrae
Glen PATON, Bianca RADEL

Chiropractic, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify at whichvertebral level within the lumbar spine, above a lumbosacraltransitional vertebra (LSTV), demonstrated the longest transverse process (TVP) lengths.
Methods: This was a prospective exploratory quantitative
osteological cohort study. Dried human cadaveric lumbar
spinal columns were utilised for linear measurements of thelumbar (TVPs), using a digital Vernier calliper. Each TVP wasmeasured in horizontal length bilaterally. Data collection was
conducted at the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons housed in the School of Anatomical Sciencesat the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and at thePretoria Bone Collection housed in the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, within South Africa. The
experimental group consisted of 110 LSTV-containing indi-

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viduals and the control group consisted of a sex-balanced randomised selection of 60 individuals, 30 females and 30 males.
Results: The general trend was that the TVPs of third lumbar vertebra (L3) were the longest in the setting of LSTV. There
were no statistical differences in TVP length within the LSTV
cohort when comparing all levels (p=…). Furthermore, theLSTV cohort demonstrated longer TVPs for every vertebral
level, especially at L3, while the left side demonstrated longer
TVPs overall. The general trend was that the TVPs of L3 had
the longest mean length for both the left and right sides inboth males and females in both cohorts.
Conclusion: The L3 TVP can be used as an alternate bonylandmark by which the lumbar spine can be enumerated in thesetting of LSTV. This is of value for radiograph appraisal andmay aid with correct-level intervention, both conservative andsurgical.
Keywords: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra, Sacralization, Lumbarization, Transverse process, Radiographs

used for real time diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage.
Conclusion: In this work, we have demonstrated that magnetic particle imaging reliably and quickly detected intracranial hemorrhage in a mouse model. This work is an essential
step toward achieving the clinical translation of MPI for pointof-care monitoring of different stroke subtypes.
Funding: Electronics and Telecommunications ResearchInstitute (ETRI) of Republic of Korea, grant number 23YS1110.
Keywords: Magnetic particle imaging, SPION, MRI,
Nanoparticle, Hemorrge
A-0666

Multiple Major Osteo-Skeletal and VisceralMalformations Concordant with Caudal
Regression Syndrome (CRS) Associated with
Uncontrolled Maternal Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus (DM2): We Can Prevent It

Cristopher GONZALEZ1, Ailyn IRIGOIN2, Ivan AGUILERA3, Andres
RETAMAL4, Daniel CARPIO3

A-0664

Monitoring Intracranial Cerebral
Hemorrhage using High Resolution Imaging
Magnetic Particle Imaging
Oyunbileg DASH, Eun-Jin LEE, Do Thi THANH, Hong-Il YOO, Tai-Kyong
BAIK, Dae-Yong SONG
Anatomy and Neuroscience, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is new technology with the potential to overcome some limitations of established imaging modalities. It is an innovative and radiationfree imaging technique with high sensitivity, specificity,and superior temporal resolution. MPI enables imaging anddiagnosis of stroke and other neurological pathologies such as
tumors, and inflammatory disease. Nonetheless, MPI can visualize the reduction in blood flow and cerebral ischemia, it isunclear whether MPI works in intracranial hemorrhage.
Methods: In this study, our aim was to investigate the of
MPI to detect intracranial cerebral hemorrhage in a mousemodel. We induced intracranial cerebral hemorrhage (ICH)through the intraparenchymal injection of 0.075 U collagenase
into the striatum of Balb/C mice. 3 days After the injection ofsuperparamagnetic iron oxides.
Results: We imaged MPI. We conclude that MPI can be

1

Medical School, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Anatomic Pathology Program, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile3
Subdepartment of Pathology, Hospital Base Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile4
Subdepartment of Imagenology, Hospital Base Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
2

Purpose: To analyze clinical history, imaging, genetic andanatomopathological studies performed on a 12-day-old newborn child of a 32-year-old woman, with untreated DM2 andunknown pregnancy up to 18 weeks, in addition to a COVID
episode, occasional alcohol intake, use of antibiotics and antiinflammatories during the first trimester.
Methods: Review of clinical records, imaging examinations
and anatomopathological study.
Results: The newborn had cardiology controls for total situs inversus, dextroversion, dilated cardiac chambers, patentductus arteriosus (PAD), tricuspid-mitral insufficiency, wideaortic arch, interventricular and atrial septal defect. Genetics
reported 46 XY karyogram and negative FISH for Trisomies
21, 13 and 18. Nephrourology concluded male phenotype
sexual differentiation disorder and CRS. Imaging confirmed
abdominal ultrasound situs inversus and absence of testes,
lumbar pelvis-spine X-ray showed lumbar vertebral bodies
with a triangular appearance and absence of some, bilateral
hip dislocation and acetabular dysplasia. The newborn died at

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12 days of age, and a necropsy was performed, which reported
multiple major structural malformations: total Situs inversus,
findings suggestive of airway malformation (CPAM type 3),
SDR (bilateral botfoot, hemivertebra at lumbar level, pelvic anteversion, micropenis, microorchidism) and cardiac (DAP andaortic arch stenosis).
Conclusion: CRS is characterized by deficient developmentof the distal half of the body and variable involvement of othersystems, the most frequent being anomalies of the vertebral
column, spinal cord and lower extremities. It constitutes aspectrum that ranges from isolated anorectal malformations
to sirenomelia at its extreme. An interaction between genetic
and environmental factors is suspected, with mutations of the
VANGL1 gene and there is a prominent participation of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor, which is why preconception control
is undoubtedly essential, especially metabolic control before
and during pregnancy.
Keywords: Caudal regression syndrome, Diabetes mellitus,
Situs inversus

tion for predicting the PT length was written through linear
regression analysis.
Results: The mean age was 76.04 ± 11.22 years old, the stature was 161.98 ± 8.76 cm, and the leg length was 81.10 ± 4.91
cm. The belly of Plantaris was 8.78 ± 1.64 cm, and the tendon
was 32.73 ± 2.70 cm. PT length showed a high positive correlation with leg length (Pearson correlation r = 0.721). In multiple
regression analysis, the PT showed a significant relationshipbetween leg length (p<0.001). The linear regression equation
for the PT length (y, in centimeters) as a function of leg length(x, in centimeter) can be expressed as PT length = 0.605+0.396
leg length.
Conclusion: In conclusion, PT showed a high correlation
with leg length, and the regression equation that predicts PT
length using leg length can serve as basic reference data forsurgeons planning tendon graft in clinical practice.
Keywords: Plantaris tendon, Leg length, Tendon graft, Predicting formula, Cadaveric study
A-0676

Clinical Anatomy of the Malar Region
Focusing on Zygomaticus Major Muscle

A-0672

A Predicting Formula for the Length ofPlantaris Tendon using Leg Length inKoreans: A Cadaveric Study

Sun-Kyoung YU, Heung-Joong KIM, Kwang Yeol YANG

Department of Oral Anatomy, Chosun University College of Dentistry, Gwangju, Republicof Korea

Kwang Rak PARK1, Jaeho CHO2, Digud KIM3, Yu-Jin CHOI3, Hyung-Wook
KWON3, Mijeong LEE3, Yunil CHOE3, Jeonghyun PARK3
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
2
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Universityof Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation of leg length with plantaris tendon (PT) and to present amodel that can predict PT length with respect to leg length.
Methods: A total of 50 cadavers (32 males and 18 females)
embalmed with a 10% formalin mixture were included in the
study. The length of PT was measured from the junction of
the belly and tendon to the point where it is inserted into thecalcaneus. Leg length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus tip. Simple correlation
analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the correlation between PT and measured variables. The
leg length showed a high correlation, and the regression equa-

Purpose: The zygomaticus major muscle (ZMM) has asignificant impact on both facial expression and the aging
process. To improve clinical applications such as rhytidectomy and botox treatment in the malar region, it is necessary
to obtain more specific anatomical data regarding the ZMM.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to comprehensively
report the results of histomorphological analysis of the malar
region focusing on ZMM in Korean through this poster presentation.
Methods: Thirty five hemifaces were used (24 males, 11
females, mean death age 64.3 years). First, the skin and subcutaneous tissue of 27 hemifaces were removed, and then theorigin location of ZMM was confirmed using hard and soft
tissue landmarks, and statistical analysis was performed. Thenon 8 hemifaces, tissue specimens from the malar region including the ZMM's origin were prepared by routine histologic
preparation technique and analyzed histological characteris-

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tics between the ZMM and orbicularis oculi muscle, and theretaining ligament.
Results: The distances from the lateral canthus, tragus,
and alare to origin of the ZMM were 34.6±4.56, 54.9±5.55,
and 59.6±7.14 mm, respectively. The origin of the ZMM was
located at 20.0 ± 4.48 mm laterally from the lateral orbital walland 7.00 ± 2.81 mm below the F-H plane. The only statisticallysignificant difference was found in the distance from the tragus on gender. Additionally, compared to the results of previous studies, there were differences in the location of origin of
ZMM according to race based on measurement landmarks.
Histological findings, especially posterior aspects of the malar
region were showed typical multilinked fibrous support system
including retaining ligament and the orbicularis oculi muscle
covered the origin of ZMM in 3 out of 8 posterior aspects oftissue samples.
Conclusion: These histomorphological results of the malar
region focusing on ZMM are expected to provide critical information for the plastic surgery.
Funding: This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No.
2016R1D1A1B02008797).

distinguishing between right and left. IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0
was used for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed an average length of the styloid
process of 26.05 ± 2.0 mm, with an average base of 4.70 ± 0.4mm and an apex of 2.0 ± 0.2 mm. 40 right (50.6%) and 39 left
(49.4%) temporal bones were identified. Which allows us torecognize the elongation of the anatomical detail from thesemeasurements.
Conclusion: The morphometry of the styloid process of thetemporal bone is varied. With the extracted data, an analysis
was made regarding the average length of this anatomical
landmark, in addition to establishing an average of its base andvertex. This is relevant due to the presence of clinical manifestations that result in certain syndromes and pathologies
that require early and even surgical intervention, because theyaffect the quality of life. In addition to being one of the only
studies in Chile that determine these values, it is intended thatthese measurements can be used as parameters in the study of
anatomy.

Keywords: Zygomaticus major muscle, Orbicularis oculi
muscle, Histomorphological analysis, Plastic surgery

Convergence of the Lateral Abdominal
Muscles and Diaphragm around the CostalArch

A-0678

Keywords: Styloid process, Temporal bone, Ossification,
Osteology, Morphometry
A-0681

Aya HAN1, Koichi WATANABE1, Yoko TABIRA1, Keishirou KIKUCHI1,
Kunimitsu NOOMA1, Joe IWANAGA2, Tsuyoshi SAGA3

Morphometric of the Styloid Process of the
Temporal Bone: An Osteological Study

1

Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy Department of Anatomy, Kurume University
School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan2
Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
3
Domain of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Nusing, Kurume, Japan

Sebastian ARAYA DIAZ1,2, Maria Jose DUARTE FARDELLA1
1

Anatomia, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Anatomia, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago, Chile

2

Purpose: To study the morphometry of the styloid processof the temporal bone in human bones to establish more precise
measurements and understand their clinical correlation.
Methods: 79 bones were selected, obtained from the osteological collection of the Department of Anatomy and Legal
Medicine of the University of Chile, with conditions to be included in the study. Samples with incomplete or broken styloid
were not considered, so as not to alter the real measurement
values. Measurements were taken in three areas: from the baseto the vertex, diameter of the base and diameter of the vertex,

Purpose: The internal oblique and transversus abdominismuscles are generally thought to function as respiratory assist
muscles during expiration. However, there are few detailed reports describing the specific movements of these muscles andtheir relationship to diaphragmatic movements. These muscles
originate or terminate at the rib cartilage and have rigid surrounding connective tissue, however, the role and functionof that connective tissue remains unexplored. The purpose ofthis study is to clarify the connection between the lateral abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, including the role of theconnective tissue.

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Methods: his study involved four specimens (three preserved in formalin and one prepared using the Thiel method)that had been donated for education and research at the university. Tissue from the upper abdomen, extending from thearea above the umbilicus to the thorax at the level of the xiphoid process, was removed from the abdominal and thoracic
walls. The tissue was then frozen and cut into 7-mm-wide sections by sagittal sectioning. After being fixed to a platform, thesections were observed using the stretched tissue dissection
method.
Results: The internal oblique and transversus abdominismuscles were partially folded within the area in which they
originated and stopped at the costal cartilage. Around the costal arch, hard fibrous tissue was present between the internaland external abdominal oblique muscles with several layers offibers overlapping in a mesh-like manner, pulling part of theinternal oblique muscle outward. This caused the muscle tothicken near the costal arch and assume a slightly folded position.
Conclusion: The contraction dynamics of the internal
oblique and transversus abdominis muscles revealed that the
thickness of the musculature increased near the costal archduring expiration. Because the diaphragm is relaxed in the expiratory phase in the donor, there remains an opportunity forin vivo research into the mechanical effects on the diaphragm.
Keywords: Diaphragm, Internal abdominal oblique muscle,
Transversus abdominis muscle, Respiratory assist muscle

A-0690The Estimation of Stature Based on Sternal
Length using Post-Morterm Computed
Tomography (PMCT) in Korean Population

Yujin CHOI1,6, Jaeho CHO2,1, Kwang Rak PARK3,1, Digud KIM1, Hyung Wook
KWON1, Yunil CHOE1, Sabeom PARK4,1, Jeonghyun PARK1, Sookyoung LEE5,1
1

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Universityof Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
4
Center of Biohealth Convergence and Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
5
Division of Forensic Medical Examination, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of
Korea
6
Scientific Investigation Team, Northern Gyeonggi Police Agency, Uijeongbu, Republic of
Korea
2

Purpose: Stature estimation using a skeleton is important
for the medico-legal investigation of unidentified human remains. The aims of this study were to identify a correlation between stature and sternal length using post-mortem computed
tomography(PMCT) images and derive regression equations
for stature estimation in the korean population.
Methods: Measurements were conducted on 270 Korean
subjects who underwent PMCT with subsequent forensic
autopsy in 2022-2024. For assessment, PMCT cross-sections
through the mid-point of the first costal facets were chosen.
SPSS ver 25.0 was used to estimate the relationship between
the sternal length and height, and the height estimation equation was derived by linear regression analysis.
Results: The average height was 163.03 ± 10.30 cm, theaverage length of the sternum was 142.03 ± 15.34 mm. In allmeasurements, the correlation coefficient between real statureand sternum length was statistically significant(p<0.001). It
showed the strongest correlation between stature and combined length of the sternum. The following is the appropriate
regression equation: Height= 97.51+(0.46 X Sternum length).
Conclusion: In conclusion, we suggested a Korean-specificregression equation for estimating stature using sternal length
could be used as a forensic medicine.
Keywords: Forensic science, Korean population, Sternum,
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A-0698Complete Transverse Basilar Cleft Associatedwith Hemifacial Microsomia

Laphatrada YURASAKPONG1, Athikhun SUWANNAKHAN1, Joe
IWANAGA2,3, R. Shane TUBBS4,5, Arada CHAIYAMOON6, Nutmethee
KRUEPUNGA7, Somluk ASUVAPONGPATANA1, Thanwa SUDSANG8
1

Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, UnitedStates3
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
4
Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, UnitedStates5
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, United States
6
Department of Anatomy, Khon Kaen University Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
7
Department of Anatomy, Kasetsart University Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
8
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi
Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
2

Purpose: Transverse basilar cleft (TBC) is an extremelyrare variation of the clivus or the basilar part of the occipitalbone. It is seen as a coronal fissure dividing the basiocciput atthe level of the pharyngeal tubercle. Its exact etiology remains
uncertain. In this report, a unilateral transverse basilar fissure
was found at the clivus in a head computed tomography of an
18-year-old female patient diagnosed with hemifacial microsomia (HFM).
Methods: During a retrospective study of anatomical variations in the clivus on computed tomography (CT), TBC wasobserved in an 18-year-old female patient, who had previously
been diagnosed with HFM.
Results: Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction revealed
that the ramus of the right mandible was shortened, and there
was medial displacement of the mandibular fossa and the temporomandibular joint. The right maxilla was also hypoplastic
and the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone was misplaced
inferiorly. The orbits and nasal septum appeared normal. In
addition to these skeletal deformities, the 3D image revealeda cleft between the basioticum and basioccipital bones at thelevel of the pharyngeal tubercle, dividing the right side of theclivus into two. This cleft was identified as an incomplete TBC.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we report for the first time a
TBC associated with HFM. Further studies are needed to explain the coexistence of these two conditions. Surgeons and radiologists should be aware of TBC as well as other clival variations or defects when presented with unfamiliar radiologicalfindings.

Keywords: Craniofacial abnormalities, Congenital abnormalities, Anatomic variation
A-0701

Anomalous Extensor Digitorum Longus
Muscle with Great Toe Slip and AssociatedOsseous Variations: A Case Report
Hyun Jin PARK1, Hongtae KIM2, Mi-Sun HUR2
1

Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of
Korea
Department of Anatomy, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republicof Korea

2

Purpose: There have been various reports of accessory tendons of the extensor hallucis longus muscle. However, there
are no reported cases of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
slip extending to the great toe.
Methods: This case report details a rare anatomical variation of the EDL muscle, in which an additional slip was observed extending to the great toe in the right foot of a 78-yearold male cadaver.
Results: Notably, the variation was accompanied by distinctive osseous changes in the proximal metatarsal region,
suggesting a developmental interplay between muscular andskeletal anatomy.
Conclusion: The presence of this tendinous slip may haveclinical significance in foot mechanics and could be a potential source of confusion in surgical procedures involving theextensor tendons. This report expands the understanding of
EDL variations and emphasizes the importance of consideringsuch anomalies during clinical assessments of the foot.
Keywords: Extensor digitorum longus, Great toe, Metatarsal
A-0704An Unusual Presentation of Chordoma in a
Young Child? A Case Report

Uchila WICKRAMARACHCHI2, Sameera WIJAYAWARDHANA1, Sandini
GUNARATNE3
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Colombo,
Sri Lanka
2
Out Patient Department, District General Hospital, Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka
3
Department of Histopathology, Lady Ridgway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Purpose: Chordomas are rare malignant tumors of theskull base and axial skeleton. Chordoma develop from the

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remnants of the notochord, a structure present in the spine during embryonic development. Incidence is less than 0.1/100,000
per year. It affects adults with peak incidence at 5th decade oflife. Paediatric cases represent less than 5% of cases. Advanced
chordoma has a poor prognosis causing destruction of surrounding bone and soft tissue.
Methods: Three-year-old girl presented with constipationfor 6 months. Child was complaining of a lump at buttock.
Child had fever, pain on defecation and refusal to bear weight.
Examination revealed hard tender lump at right buttock withpoorly defined margins. There were no focal neurological deficits. AFP and Beta HCG were normal. MRI abdomen, pelvis
and spine revealed a sacrococcygeal tumour infiltrating bilateral gluteus maximus without intraspinal extension. Infiltrative lesion in right sided of body of S3 vertebrae.
Results: First biopsy revealed malignant soft tissue tumour
and was treated as Ewings Sarcoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Child underwent bulk resection surgery at 3.5 yearsof age. Post chemotherapy biopsy revealed irregular friable
mass measuring 300 g. Sections showed a tumor composedof epitheliod cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli
and moderate eosinophillic cytoplasm. Diagnostic imunohistochemistry revealed Brachyuri positivity. A diagnosis ofpoorly differentiated Chordoma was made within one monthof admission. Tumour was poorly responded to chemo-radio
therapy. Child had developed features of lung metasasis. Unfortunately child succumbed at the age of four years.
Conclusion: The diverse anatomical locations of chordoma
can result in varying presentations. Histology plays a majorrole in arriving at a definitive diagnosis. Early diagnosis andmultidisciplinary interventions help improving the outcome.
Clinicians need to be aware of this rare type of tumour. Chordoma can occasionally present in an unusual manner, resulting in prolonged constipation as a rare symptom.
Keywords: Chordoma, Buttock Lump, Constipation, Notochord

A-0712Morphometric Analysis of the Laryngeal
Skeleton in Thiel-Embalmed Cadavers in a
Scottish Population
Luke REID2, Rashmi MUDALI1
1

Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United
Kingdom
2
Anatomy Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom

Purpose: The development of new surgical approaches anddevices require a thorough understanding of the dimensions
and proportions of the human laryngeal anatomy. The Thielembalming method is shown to be a valuable resource insurgical education due to its retention of tissue properties andcolour. To date, there is no literature confirming whether thelaryngeal skeleton is affected by Thiel-embalming. This study
aims to characterise the morphometry of the Thiel-embalmed
laryngeal skeleton in a Scottish population.
Methods: Ten larynges (6 male and 4 female) were excisedfrom Thiel-embalmed donors at the University of Dundee.
Twenty-eight measurements across 15 landmarks on the unpaired thyroid, cricoid and epiglottic cartilages were takenusing digital callipers and a hand-held goniometer. These
measurements include lengths and widths of various key anatomical points on each cartilage and the angle of the thyroid.
Results were analysed for sexual dimorphism and side differences and compared results of published literature.
Results: The results demonstrate the expected sexual
dimorphism in the laryngeal skeleton and no differences
between side. Cricoid arch height, epiglottis width, distance
between the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage and thethickness of the superior and inferior thyroid horns demonstrated no sexual dimorphism. A comparison of Thiel-embalmed measurements to published data showed greater measurements in males, except for the thyroid angle and distance
between superior horn. Epiglottic height was greater in both
sexes of Thiel-embalmed larynges compared to the publisheddata. It was noted that the Thiel-embalmed thyroid angle waslower in males compared to CT measurements.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Thiel-embalming method does not greatly alter the dimensions of the laryngeal skeleton and can be confidently used in surgical training.
However, future work should include larger sample sizes and astatistically match control to confirm our findings.

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Keywords: Laryngeal skeleton, Thiel-embalming, Thyroid,
Cricoid, Epiglottis

Keywords: Lymphoid nodules, Mucous assosiated lymphoid tissue, Urinary bladder, Postnatal ontogenesis

A-0731

A-0738The Shape of Lymphoid Nodules in the
Mucous Membrane of the Bladder in
Postnatal Human Ontogenesis

Optimal Preservation for High
Fidelity Ultrasonography in Regional
Anaesthesiology Training

Marina ZHANALIEVA, Toleugali ADAIBAEV, Gulzira SAGIMOVA, Temirlan
ZHARILKASSIMOV
Department of Human Anatomy named after A.B. Aubakirov, NJSK, Astana, Kazakhstan

Purpose: To study the shapes of lymphoid nodules of the
bladder on longitudinal sections of the organ in postnatal ontogenesis.
Methods: The study used biological preparations and tissues taken from 37 corpses of people of various ages from earlychildhood (1-3 years) to 76 years old, who died from diseases
not related to diseases of the urinary tract and immune system. The study was approved by the local Ethical Committee.
A macroscopic description was carried out, histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Azur II - with eosin. The number, size and shape of lymphoid formations of the
bladder were determined using an ocular micrometer and an
Avtandilov ocular measuring grid.
Results: On longitudinal sections of the mucous membraneof the bladder, lymphoid nodules of round, oval, elongated(ribbon-like) and irregular shape were found, the percentage
ratio between which changes significantly with age. In the second childhood, round and oval nodules predominate (30.24%
and 30.32% of the total number of nodules), in adolescencetheir percentage decreases to 20.14%. In the 1st period of adulthood, the percentage of such forms of nodules decreases by 2.03
times (p<0.05), and in old age – by 2.44 times (p<0.05). There
are slightly more oval nodules and the difference with roundones is 2-5%. The percentage of elongated lymphoid nodules inthe bladder remains almost unchanged and decreases slightly
in old age (1.08 times, p>0.05). Irregular lymphoid nodules appear in the second childhood (7.3% of all lymphoid nodules).
Their number in the 1st period of adulthood increases by 5.9
times (p<0.05), and in old age – by 6.91 times (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The lymphoid apparatus of the bladder changes noticeably with age, which is expressed in a decrease in thesize and number of lymphoid nodules.

Gyuah KIM1, Athena LI1, Sorin DARIE1, Darren DESA2, Nancy Paris ROSEN1,James BOWNESS3, Andrew PALOMBELLA4, Brooke DECARLO4, Emily
GRANT1, Mauricio FORERO5, Akil SIVA6, Bruce Wainman4, Danielle
BREWER-DELUCE4
1

Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
3
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
4
Education Program in Anatomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
5
Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
6
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
2

Purpose: Soft-embalmed human donors are used for procedure training in ultrasound (US)-guided regional anesthesia.
High quality sonograms are important for conducting complex procedures but are highly dependent upon tissue echogenicity. Critically, tissue properties vary based on embalming
solutions and there are no studies reporting on image qualitychanges over time. This study thus aims to 1) compare thesonographic quality of tissues preserved with two common,
high-performing embalming solutions at key clinical sites and2) observe changes in sonographic quality over four months.
Methods: Six human bodies will be embalmed with either
a Saturated Salt Solution (SSS, n=3) or an Ethanol-Phenol solution (EP, n=3). Sonograms will be obtained by two anesthetists
blinded to the embalming solution, using a GE Logiq P5 Ultrasound machine. Sonograms will be acquired ipsilaterally
in seven common nerve block sites, following a standardized
protocol. Imaging and evaluation will occur immediately before and after embalming, and at 1-, 2-, and 4-months postembalming.
Results: Throughout the study, 375 sonograms will becollected. Sonograms will be examined for image quality,
resolution, detail, and clinical interpretability using artificial
intelligence (AI) software and by experts blinded to tissue
preparation. The McMaster Embalming Scale will also be used
to quantify visual/tactile information regarding tissue realism.
Data analysis will be conducted using MANOVA. AI acquired
metrics will be compared against human-expert evaluators as

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a control, and then between embalming solutions, as well as
longitudinally to evaluate temporal change.
Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study will quantify
the effectiveness of SSS and EP solutions for US-guided regional anesthesiology in five anatomical regions critical to resident
training. Identifying the comparative ability of embalming
solutions to preserve sonographic image fidelity is critical in
optimizing the practical aspects necessary for efficacious postgraduate medical skills training and for optimal use of body
donors.
Keywords: Embalming Solutions, Regional Anesthesia, Ultrasound Guided Needle Procedures, Image Quality, Surgical
Skills Training
A-0747Lymphoid Formations of Transition Zones of
the Large Intestine in Prenatal Ontogenesis
Gulzira SAGIMOVA, Marina ZHANALIEVA, Aigul ALMABAEVA, Fatima
SULEIMENOVA, Boris BARYSHEVDepartment of Human Anatomy named after A.B. Aubakirov, Astana Medical University,
Astana, Kazakhstan

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to study the formationof lymphoid tissue in the transition zones of the large intestinein the middle fetal period.
Methods: The study used samples of the mucous membrane of the area of the ileocecal valve and the anal canal of 29
fetuses of the middle fetal period (21-28 weeks), obtained as aresult of abortion for medical reasons. The work was approvedby the institutional Ethics Committee. Macropreparationsof the intestinal mucosa stained with hematoxylin using theHellman’s method were studied by counting the number oflymphoid nodules and determining their sizes. Microscopic
examination was carried out on histological sections stainedwith hematoxylin-eosin and by Van Gieson's method. Flowcytometry of a suspension of mucosal cells was performed todetermine lymphocyte populations.
Results: In the area of the ileocecal valve, macroscopic
examination revealed an increase in the number of lymphoidnodules compared to adjacent areas of the mucous membrane by 1.2 times (p <0.05). Lymphoid nodules had a roundshape, small size, the average size of lymphoid nodules was
118.3±17.2. In the anal canal area, lymphoid nodules werelocated along the anal columns and anorectal line. On microscopic examination, lymphoid tissue is represented by diffuse
lymphoid tissue, lymphoid prenodules and lymphoid nodules
without light centers. The cellular composition of lymphoidnodules is dominated by small lymphocytes. A study of lymphocyte populations using flow cytometry revealed the presence of a large number of immature cells and a predominanceof B lymphocytes.
Conclusion: Lymphoid tissue of the mucous membraneof the area of the ileocecal valve and anal canal in the middle
fetal period is represented by lymphoid nodules and diffuse
lymphoid tissue, which indicates the active formation of theimmune system in the fetus. The cellular composition of lymphoid formations is dominated by B-lymphocytes.
Keywords: Lymphoid nodules, Mucous associated lymphoid tissue, Prenatal ontogenesis
A-0760Terminologia Anatomica of the Groove for
Vertebral Artery: Pros and Cons
Tong ZHOU, Ping WANG

Tarim University, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China

Purpose: The groove for vertebral artery (GVA) is an anatomical structure in the posterior arch of the atlas, and thevertebral artery (VA) travels along the GVA. The aim of thepresent work was to investigate if the terminologia anatomica(TA) of GVA is accurate or not.
Methods: High-resolution head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from 564 individuals anda designated atlas specimen were used for study. The relationships among the GVA, VA, and the venous plexus (VP) were
investigated using CTA image postprocessing techniques. In
total, 551 valid participants were used for study.
Results: A prevalence of 13.97% (154/1102) showed bony
multiformity in the posterior arch of atlas, and the bony spurand bridge were the most occurred bony structures. And a rateof 42.92% (473/1102) suggested that the VA did not run directly with the GVA. Rich VP drained the venous blood fromdifferent layers: the superficial layer (the occipital region, themastoidal region) and the deep layer (the condylar emissary
VP, the VP from the intracranial region, the posterior internalvertebral VP, the vertebral VP, and the deep cervical VP).

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Conclusion: The VA does not always run directly contacting the GVA, which some space was left for the condylar emissary VP to pass between the VA and the GVA. We suggest that
the TA of vertebral neurovascular groove/canal is better toconclude the structures travelling through the groove, and theTA from present study could give the clinic more thinking to
improve the operation techniques.
Keywords: Groove for vertebral artery, CTA, Vertebral artery, Terminologia anatomica, Venous plexus
A-0768

Effect of Self-Crosslinking Hyaluronic Acid
Filler as a Skin Booster in a Miniature Pig
Model

one month later, all SC-HA fillers had uniformly spread to thepapillary dermis. The G500 was observed to persist in the papillary dermis even after 3 months.
Conclusion: The SC-HA, administered with a small gauge
needle or an automatic injector, minimizes pain, ensures uniform dermal layer injection, and provides sustained effects
lasting up to three months without inflammation. Higher G'
values contribute to prolonged effectiveness and injecting low
G' SC-HA with more shots reduces facial lumps, supporting its
effective clinical application. This study suggests SC-HA fillers
are a safe choice for skin boosting.
Keywords: Skin booster, Self-crosslinked, Hyaluronic acid,
Miniature pig
A-0769

Soo-Bin KIM, Hee-Jin KIM

Relationship of the Gastroduodenal Arteryand the Common Bile DuctDivision in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human
Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College ofDentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The advances of self-crosslinked hyaluronic acid
(SC-HA) represent a biocompatible innovation aimed at easing
injections by reducing pressure and enhancing safety. However, the effectiveness of SC-HA as a skin booster has not beenconclusively established. This study aims to uniformly inject
SC-HA into the dermal layer of a miniature pig model forskin boosting, observe tissue changes, and confirm suitability
through histological examination.
Methods: The molecular weight of the SC-HA filler was
fixed at 200 kDa, with storage moduli of 261 Pa for G' (G250)
and 450 Pa for G' (G500). Using the Hycoox multi-suction
injector, G250 and G500 SC-HA were injected into the dermal layer of the lateral side of six miniature pigs (3 males, 3
females) with 80, 100, and 120 shots. Visual and ultrasonography (US) examinations were conducted immediately after
injection, and histopathological evaluations were performed at
1 month and 3 months post-injection.
Results: After injection, none of the six pigs exhibited
any signs of immune or adverse reactions during the tracking periods immediately post-injection, at 1 month, and at 3
months. G500 showed slight swelling compared to G250, andthe swelling was more pronounced with a lower number of injection shots. US results indicated that SC-HA was uniformly
positioned in the dermal layer. Histological staining results,

Chun Wei PENG1, Tien Hua CHEN1,5, Chen Yuan HSIAO2, Jia Fwu SHYU3, Pei
Jiun TSAI1,4
1

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei4
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
5Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: The relation between the gastroduodenal artery(GDA) and the common bile duct has to be known. And it isespecially important to realize the detailed variations of GDA
to the first part of duodenum in operation.
Methods: In this study, the distance between the GDA andthe pylorus were measured. And we used the Prudhomme’s
classification to group the variational relationships of GDA
and bile duct encountered. Besides, the origins of the gastroduodenal artery were also recorded.
Results: The relation of the GDA and the bile duct could be
divided into four anatomic types according to Prudhomme’s
classification. In our studies, there were 22 (42%) samples belonged to the Type 1 which the GDA originated to the left ofthe bile duct progressively separating from it throughout its
course. There were 10 samples (19%) belonged to the Type 2
which the two structures were close together without crossing.
There were 14 samples (27%) belonged to the Type 3 which
the course of the GDA was oblique below and to the right. It

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crossed in front of the bile duct at the posterior surface of thefirst part of the duodenum. In 8 samples of Type 3, there wasabout 8 ± 2 mm thickness of pancreatic tissue between the
GDA and the bile duct. There were 6 samples (12%) belonged
to Type 4 which the GDA originated near to the convergenceof the hepatic ducts, crossed the bile duct below the first partof the duodenum and then ran along its right border.
Conclusion: To avoid bile duct injury during hemostasisof a bleeding duodenal ulcer, one should identify the bile ductwhen the GDA has a course of the Type 3 and Type 4.

tion about anatomical variation of arterial circulation to theadrenal gland in Chinese adult.
Keywords: Variation of the Arterial Supply, Adrenal Gland

Keywords: Gastroduodenal artery, Common bile duct
A-0770

Variation of the Arterial Supply of Adrenal
Gland in Chinese Adult

Wei-Yu CHEN2, Pei-Jiun TSAI1,2, Chen-Yuan HSIAO3, Jia-Fwu SHYU4, TienHua CHEN1,5
1

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
4Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei5
Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: The findings of the general circulation of the adrenal gland.
Methods: The series herein reported upon consist of forty
adrenal arteries in each side from specimens in the grossanatomy laboratories of the National Defense Medical Center.
The specimens were from 40 adult Chinese, mostly male (32males, 8 females). Only specimens with complete dissection of
the adrenal artery were included.
Results: The arterial supply arose from three pedicles:
superior, middle, and inferior, Each pedicle had branches up
to three or none and most commonly had one. The superior
pedicle arose from ip-silateral inferior phrenic artery, and theinferior pedicle arose from ipsilateral renal artery. The middle
pedicle was the most irregular and could arise from three vessels: inferior phrenic artery, aorta, and celiac trunk, and aorta
was dominant. There was no significant difference of arterial
variation of superior and inferior pedicles between the left andright adrenal glands (paired t tests, p > 0.05), but the middle
pedicles showed asymmetrical character (p < 0.05).
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A-0771

A-0778Distribution of the Superficial Temporal
Artery in the Chinese Adult

Examining the Variability of Flexor Digits
Minimi Brevis Muscle in Both Extremities

Yong-Lin LAI1, Tien-Hua CHEN2,1, Chen-Yuan HSIAO3, Jia-Fwu SHYU4, PeiJiun TSAI1,5

Zeynep ASKIN1, Eren OGUT2
1

1

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2
Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
4Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei5
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: Superficial temporal artery (STA) is an end division of the external carotid artery. In head and neck surgery
such as rotational scalp flaps for the treatment of baldness, thesuperficial musculoaponeurotic system procedures for the aging face, and the excision of parotid gland tumor, STA injury
should be avoided. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of
STA distribution is important.
Methods: In this study, we evaluated the variations of STA
in the Chinese adults. We measured the bifurcating location of
STA, the diameter of the vessels, and the relationship of STA
to the nearby structures. A total of 26 cadavers with 52 STAs
were examined in three consecutive years.
Results: STA ran 1.14 cm anteriorly to the bony external
auditory canal. The average diameters of the STA, frontal, andparietal were 2.14 mm, 1.61 mm, and 1.68 mm, respectively.
In 45 of 52 cases (86.5%), the bifurcation of STA occurred well
above the zygomatic arch.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the STA
in the Chinese adult differs from that of the Caucasian and has
provided a detailed anatomical distribution analysis of STA in
Chinese adults which should benefit the clinician in dealing
with operation procedures related with the STA.
Keywords: Superficial temporal artery, Zygomatic arch

School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul,
Türkiye2

Purpose: The flexor digitimi minimi brevis (FDMB) muscles have distinctive variations and anomalies in both handand foot due to delayed developmental process of the blastemaor alterations in genetic regulatory pathways. Therefore, thisstudy demonstrated disparities of FDMB by consolidating existing research on this topic.
Methods: We employed a comprehensive methodology involving systematic literature searches and data extraction andevaluated various parameters to assess variations of FDMB.
The following databases used for data acquisition included
Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, JSTOR, PubMed, and
iCITE.
Results: Anatomical variations of the FDMB muscle havebeen observed, including absence, additional palmar belly,attachment to the metacarpal bone and fusion with the abductor digiti minimi muscle that originated from distinctive
structures; antebrachial fascia, hook of the hamate bone, flexor
retinaculum, opponnens digiti minimi (ODM), fibromuscular arch, and medial condyle in the hand. Additionally, themuscle’s dimensions were correlated with sex, occupation andhand dominance. According to the lower extremity, accessory
FDM muscles originate from various sites, such as the tendonof the tibialis posterior, the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones,
and the tendon of the peroneus longus. They insert into thefifth toe, the anterior frenular ligament, and the ODM of thefoot. The FDMB muscles have deviated with variable arrangement of fibers. The underlying cause of these; could be genetic
factors. The potential existence of this muscle provides support for protecting the lateral longitudinal arches of the footand the palm of the hand, or it may serve as a compensatory
element for the absent segment.
Conclusion: Consequently, the anatomical variationsof FDMB should be taken into account to reduce potential
leading symptoms such as; compression neuropathies, joint
movement in both hypothenar region of the hand and plantar
aponeurosis of the foot, accurate diagnosis and treatment of

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A-0789related pathologies.
Keywords: Flexor Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis, Flexor Digiti Minimi Longus, Anatomy, Variations

Construction of Digital Three Dimensional
Model of Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Jiannan LIU, Jingxing DAI, Yanbing LI

Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

A-0787

Biometry of the Intertendinous Connectionof the Dorsum of the Human Hand
Alejandro BRUNA MEJIAS1, Andres RIVEROS3, Enrique OLAVE1
1Morphology, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del mar, Chile
Medicine, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
3
Medicine, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepcion, Chile
2

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to establish
the biometrics of the Intertendinous Connection (IC).
Methods: The investigation was carried out on 24 upper
limbs (4 right, 20 left), 83% corresponded to left upper limbs.
These corpses were subjected to a fixation protocol with 10%
formaldehyde for subsequent conservation in a cold chamber
at 4ºC. All samples included in the study did not present macroscopic signs of previous dissections, pathologies or surgeries
on the dorsum of the hand.
Results: 69 IC found, 39% presented a transverse disposition and 61% an oblique one. In relation to the morphologicalclassification of IC, 29% were identified as type 1; 39% of type
2. In the case of type 3, 20% presented the “r” form and 12%
the “y” form. Regarding their location, it was established thatin the second EIMC, 18% of the IC were located in the distal
third of the back and 82% in the middle third. In the third
EIMC, 96% of the IC were located in the distal third and 4% in
the middle third. In the fourth EIMC, 96% were located in the
distal third and 4% in the middle third.
Conclusion: We consider that the descriptions of the IC areof interest for the planning of surgeries of the dorsum of thehand, mainly those that involve tenolysis or the performanceof tendon transfers.
Keywords: Intertendinous connections, Anatomy, Biometry, Extensor digitorum muscle, Juncturae tendinum

Purpose: The distribution and spatial location of closely related arteries, veins, sympathetic nerves, and lymphatic vessels
around hepatopancreatic ampulla were identified.
Methods: Consecutive human hepatopancreatic ampullarytissue sections were prepared, and each group had 3 sets. Eachset was stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and anti-LYVE1, or
anti- tyrosine hydroxylase- neuronal marker. And PS was used
for fine registration. Mimics 21.0 was used for 3D reconstruction of overlapping slice data, and the 3D structures were located, segmented, and labeled. The distribution and anastomosisof the muscular layer, arteries, veins, sympathetic nerves, andlymphatic vessels of t hepatopancreatic ampulla were analyzed
by tissue sectioning and continuous reconstruction.
Results: The muscular layer of the ampulla of liver andpancreas was divided into two layers, which were clearly distinguished. The canal was surrounded by a layer of connective
tissue. The blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes around theampulla of the liver and pancreas mainly exist in or on the
periphery of this connective tissue layer. The arteries and veins
start from the gallbladder side of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
tissue and spiral around the hepatopancreatic ampulla andgradually extend to the duodenal side. The sympathetic nerve
bundles were wrapped around hepatopancreatic ampulla, andthe nerves deeply dominated the muscle movement of hepatopancreatic ampulla. The distribution of lymphatic vessels
followed the direction of blood vessels, extending lymphatic
vessels around the hepatopancreatic ampullary canal.
Conclusion: Serial sectioning and staining methods canaccurately locate the tissue and show its microstructure, whichmakes up for the shortcomings of clinical examination. After the reconstruction of human hepatopancreatic ampullain serial sections, we can see clear muscle stratification, thebranches and distribution of vessels, the course and spatial distribution of sympathetic nerve bundles, and the distribution oflymphatic vessels.
Keywords: Micro reconstruction, Three-dimensional model, Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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A-0800A-0803

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Encapsulated
Hydrogels Alleviate Mechanical Allodynia
and Promote Tissue Hydration in a Rat
Model of Intervertebral Disc Injury

Epithelium-Lined Lumen within the Adult
Human Median Umbilical LigamentProspects of Harvesting Pluripotent Stem
Cells

Dibakar BORTHAKUR1, Rima DADA1, Rajesh KUMAR2, Tony George
JACOB1

Raed OGAILI, Isma Liza MOHD

Department of Anatomy, Medicine Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical
Centre Jalan Yaacob Latif Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

1

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India

2

Purpose: The intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration involves an imbalance in extracellular matrix homeostasis, leading to reduced water content, increase of inflammation and innervation, contributing to discogenic LBP. This study focuseson the use of biomaterials such as hyaluronic acid (HA)/type II
collagen (COLII) hydrogel with Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) for IVD regeneration strategies.
Methods: We grouped a total of 60 Sprague Dawley rats
into six with n=10 for each group includes control, un-treatedinjury, injury treated with hydrogel (2 mg/ml), injury treatedwith hydrogel (3 mg/ml), injury treated with hydrogel (2 mg/ml) with MSCs, and injury treated with hydrogel (3 mg/ml)
with MSCs. The MSCs were preconditioned in hydrogels before implanting them in coccygeal discs following a surgicallyinduced disc injury in the rat tail. We determined the pain
behaviors using von Frey test for mechanical allodynia in rats
up to 29 days of recovery. We used MRI to post-operatively determine T2 mapping for disc hydration.
Results: When compared with control, we observed a
reduction of 50% withdrawal threshold in untreated injury
group. In contrast, it was increased in all hydrogel groups of
2 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml with/without MSCs. For MRI analysis,
we revealed the T2 value was reduced when compared to untreated injury group, however; an increase trend was observedin the treatment groups.
Conclusion: Our results indicates that the treatment of hydrogel with MSCs alleviates mechanical allodynia and restoresdisc hydration, which may imply the potential treatment fordegenerative disc disease associated with LBP.

Purpose: The median umbilical ligament (MUL) is a midline fibrous cord between the umbilicus and the apex of theurinary bladder derived from the embryonic urachus. Urachal
cyst, sinus, fistula and rarely cancers can arise from it. The
microanatomical structure of the human MUL is still variably
and poorly described.
Methods: In eighteen, donated, formalin-fixed cadavers ofboth genders (13 males and 5 females), aged between 63 and 82
years the MULs were identified, dissected out and collected.
None of the specimens had any visible deformities. The proximal portion of the 10 MULs were processed at first for paraffin
embedding, sectioning and staining with Haematoxylin and
Eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome (MT), separately.
Results: Five MULs out of initial 10 processed samples revealed single or multiple profiles of epithelium-lined luminathat contained proteinaceous material. The transverse sections
showed that the MUL had four definite layers from within outwards viz. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia. The
epithelium of the lumen was either pseudostratified columnar
epithelium or stratified cuboidal. The other five MULs weremainly made of fibrous tissue and contained some profiles ofblood vessels- arterioles, venules and capillaries.
Conclusion: A luminal MUL can harbour embryonic epithelium and this lumen can be identified by using advanced
high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The epithelium can become
an important source of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Thismay be a convenient way forward in finding reliable pluripotent stem cells for therapy in at least 50% of the population.

Keywords: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, Low
back pain, nucleus pulposus, Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem
cells, Collagen Hydrogel, Pain test

Keywords: Median umbilical ligament, Stem cell, Urachus

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A-0804A-0805

Surgical Anatomy of the Recurrent
Laryngeal Nerve in Chinese Adults and Its
Clinical Applications

Anatomic Study of Vaginal Width in Maleto-Female Transsexual Surgery

Yu-Wen HUNG1, Tien-Hua CHEN1,5, Chen-Yuan HSIAO1,2, Jia-Fwu SHYU1,3,
Pei-Jiun TSAI1,4

Yi-Kai LIAO1, Tien-Hua CHEN1,5, Chen-Yuan HSIAO2, Jia-Fwu SHYU3, PeiJiun TSAI1,4

1

1Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei4
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
5Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: In removing the thyroid gland, great care must be
taken to avoid damaging the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN).
The present study aims at presenting a clear picture of certain
anatomical features of the RLN, as related to the inferior thyroid artery, the tracheoesophageal groove, the Berry’s ligament
and the inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage in Chinese adults.
Methods: One hundred-twenty recurrent laryngeal nerves
were removed from 60 Chinese mostly male adults (52 males,
8 females). The course and relation of the RLN on both sides
were meticulously determined and recorded.
Results: The incidence of the RLN found in the tracheoesophageal groove was 78.3% on the right and one on the left
side was 91.3%. The incidence of the laryngeal nerve lay posterior to the inferior thyroid artery both on right side was 80%
and the one on left side was 91.7%. Most of the RLN was foundwithin 3 mm of the Berry’s ligament. The RLN’s laryngeal entry point was approximately 0.8 cm below and just anterior to
the thyroid cartilage’s inferior horn.
Conclusion: The inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
was a reliable landmark in identifying the recurrent laryngeal
nerve. Racial variations between the Caucasian and the Chinese should be taken into consideration for an explanation of
the differences.
Keywords: Thyroid gland, recurrent laryngeal nerves, Tracheoesophageal groove (TE), Berry's ligament, thyroid cartilage

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei4
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
5Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: Despite the recent improvement in the designof male to female sex reassignment operations to enlarge thevaginal vault and depth, the size of the neovagina remains
somewhat limited and the exterior of the neovagina maybe
compressed by the bony structure of pubic rami. The purposeof this study was to determine by anatomic study the possible
cause of this limitation.
Methods: 18 male and 10 female cadavers were dissected tomeasure the distance between the bilateral bony pubic rami
(interramic distance) at a level that corresponds to the samelevel in the vaginal canal of females.
Results: At the same level of the vaginal canal in the female,which corresponds to the lower border of the prostate in themale, empirically 3 cm below the bony symphysis pubis, themean value of the interramic distance was 3.95 ± 0.25 cm inthe male and 5.20 ± 0.36 cm in the female (p = 0.000). Theinterramic distance in the male and female is significantly different.
Conclusion: In those who have undergone the male-tofemale transsexual operation, the newly structured vagina
may be ventrolaterally limited. Several factors cause narrowingof the vaginal orifice in male-to-female transsexuals. On thebasis of this study, it seems that the bony structure of the pubic
rami compresses the vagina ventrolaterally.
Keywords: Vagina, Pubic rami, Male-to-female transexual
surgery

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A-0806

inguinal hernioplasty

Anatomical Variations of the Genital
Branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve in Open
Inguinal Hernia Repair

A-0815Pei-Jiun TSAI1,4, Chen-Yuan HSIAO2, Jia-Fwu SHYU3, Tien-Hua CHEN1
1

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei,
Chinese Taipei
2Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei4
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: The ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves lie
between the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles.
These nerves are easily identified during open inguinal hernioplasty. So they are seldom injured. Many papers have been
published about anatomical variations of the ilioinguinal andiliohypogastric nerves. But little has been written about anatomical variations of the genital branch of the genitofemoral
nerve in the inguinal canal. We therefore undertook a study toinvestigate these variations.
Methods: We dissected the inguinal region on both sides of
58 adult Chinese cadavers (52 male and 6 female) in the grossanatomy laboratory of the National Defense Medical Center.
Results: All the genital branches passed through the ventral
aspect of the internal ring. Almost all these branches entered
the ring and continued within the spermatic cord between thefibres of the cremaster and the internal spermatic fascia. In
59% the nerve was related to the inferior fibres and in 38% it
was in relation to the lateral or medial fibres. In only 3% did
the genital branch run outside the spermatic cord.
Conclusion: To avoid damage to the genital branch of thegenitofemoral nerve, suturing should be done over the dorsal
aspect of the internal ring. The cremaster should be incised
longitudinal rather than transversely and the genital branch of
the genitofemoral nerve should be identified before repair of
the posterior wall.
Funding: This study was sponsored by grants from Taipei
Veterans General Hospital (V111C-167, V111D61-003-MY2),
the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 107-2314-B010-056-MY3, MOST 108-2314-B-010-053, MOST 110-2314-BA49A-501 -MY3, MOST 111-2320-B-016-006-MY3).

The Anatomical Variations of the Palmar
Cutaneous Branch of the Median Nerve in
Chinese Adults
Chen-Yuan HSIAO1,6, Pei-Jiun TSAI2,3, Jia-Fwu SHYU5, Tien-Hua CHEN2,4
1

Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University
Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
4
Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
5Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei6
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: In a detailed analysis of the palmar cutaneous
branch of median nerve (PCN) in the Chinese adults, we tried
to evaluate its anatomic variation and clinical significance.
Methods: Observations were described in all the 60 specimens of the PCN at the wrist.
Results: The PCN was present in all 60 specimens and in
most cases (88.3%) it originated from the radial side of the median nerve and the average length from the palmaris longus
was 1.4cm; ulnarward (11.7%); only 5 cases (4.1%) were locatedat ulnar side and extended beyond the palmaris longus, theaverage distance being 0.3cm. Its mean point of origin was
3.2cm proximal to the distal wrist crease and the variations of
the PCN in Lanz classification were: group 0 (31.7%), group 1(40%), group 2 (15%), group 3 (0%) and group 4 (13.3%).
Conclusion: Longitudinal incision located 1cm on the ulnar side from palmaris longus could avoid injury to the PCN
during decompression of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Keywords: Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve,
Anatomic variation, Carpal tunnel syndrome

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A-0841

Purpose: To measure the volume and surface area of thebrainstem and assess the effects of age and gender on the morphology of the brainstem and its sub- regions.
Methods: Volumetric measurement and optimized surface
shape analysis were performed to investigate age- and sex- related differences in global, regional and local structure of thebrainstem using the structural MRI data of 187 healthy adults(ranging in age from 18 to 70 years).
Results: Our results showed a significant negative age effecton the volume of the two major components of the brainstem:
the medulla oblongata and midbrain. The shape analysis revealed that atrophy primarily occurs in specific structures,such as the pyramid, cerebral peduncle, superior and inferior
colliculi. Surface area and shape analysis showed a trend of
flattening in the aging brainstem. There were no significant
differences between the sexes or sex-by-age interactions inbrainstem structural measures.
Conclusion: These findings provide a systematic description of age associations with brainstem structures in healthy
adults and may provide a reference for future research on brain
aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

of 2.9-22%. It is a weak evertor and has a role in pronation andlateral stabilization of the foot. FQ arises from the fibularis
brevis and distally gets inserted to either the base of the fifth
metatarsal or the calcaneus bone. The muscle has been implicated in clinical problems ranging from ankle pain to peroneal
tendon tear and ankle joint subluxation. We aimed to report
this rare bitendinous variant of FQ which might provide new
insight to clinical problems related to the presence of thismuscle. Moreover, it can be used in reconstructive surgeries to
fix peroneal tendons.
Methods: Institutional guidelines for use of human cadaverwere followed. Routine dissection was performed on a 71-yearold male donated cadaver in both the lower limbs. Gross anatomical features were meticulously noted, photographed andmeasurements were recorded with digital Vernier callipers.
Results: A bitendinous muscle was observed in the lateralcompartment of the left leg proximally attached to the peroneus brevis and the interosseous membrane which formed aflat fusiform muscle belly and eventually terminated througha rounded tendon getting attached to the peroneal trochlea ofthe calcaneus. The dimensions of the proximal tendon, muscle
belly and the distal tendon were 4.2×0.7 cm, 5.6 cm×1.9 cm
and 2.6×0.3 cm respectively.
Conclusion: FQ develops and differentiates from the embryonic dorsal muscle mass formed from myotomes migrating to limb buds during 5th week of intrauterine life. Variant
fibularis muscles are believed to be due to deletion of Meox2
homeobox gene which warrants detailed genetic work up in alarger sample size.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Brainstem, Aging,
Morphometry

Keywords: Fibularis quartus, Peroneus quartus, Peroneal
compartment, Anatomical variation

A-0843

A-0844Aging Pattern of the Brainstem Based on
Volumetric Measurement and Optimized
Surface Shape Analysis
Yuchun TANG, Minqi HU, Shuwei LIU

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong
University, Jinan, China

The Fibularis Quartus Muscle: A Cadaveric
Case Report with Embryological, Molecular
and Clinical Considerations

Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery (ASDA).
Finding of a Case

Dibakar BORTHAKUR, Mohammed Ahmed ANSARI, Namaschivayam G R,
Seema SINGH

Boris Branco ROJAS QUIROZ, Valeria Mishell SERRUDO MORALES, Diana
Alison GRAGEDA FLORIDO, Maria Fernanda DURAN ESCALERA, Ariana
Nicol CLAROS TORRICO, Sara Nicol VALDIVIA SANDOVAL

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Cochabamba, Universidad Catolica Boliviana, Cercado, Bolivia

Purpose: The fibularis quartus (FQ) or peroneus quartus(PQ) is a supernumerary muscle occasionally encountered in
the lateral compartment of the human leg with a prevalence

Purpose: Describe the origin, course and direction of the
anatomical variant found in the right subclavian artery, in a
specimen used for teaching Human Anatomy at the Universi-

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dad Catolica Boliviana "San Pablo" Cochabamba.
Methods: The present work is carried out with a descriptive
method, based on the finding in a routine dissection wherea variant in the origin of the right subclavian artery could beobserved, which begins 3 cm below the aortic arch at the levelof the thoracic vertebrae 4 and 5. Similarly, a comparative
method was used, according to the classification of variantsof the Aortive Arch by Vucurevic et al. (2013) and the Adachi
classification (1928).
Results: The variant found of the aberrant right subclavian
artery (ASDA), has its origin 3cm below the aortic arch, at thelevel of the descending aorta and not the brachiocephalic trunk.
From this origin, the right subclavian artery runs behind theesophagus to the height of the thoracic vertebrae 4-5 and thefourth rib on the right side, and then resume its journey towards the base of the neck and make its interscalenic journey.
Conclusion: The anatomical variant found does not correspond to the classifications of Vucurevic and Adachi regarding its origin, however, according to the path (Rodriguez A.)
it corresponds to 80% of the cases described by the aforementioned authors. Anatomical dissection on cadavers allows us to
examine and study the structure of the human body in greater
depth, but also provides us with a source of investigation into
possible anatomical variables.
Keywords: Anatomy, Right subclavian artery, Dissection,
Anatomical variant, Aortic arch
A-0848Morphometric and Morphologic
Examination of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevisin Human Fetuses

compared to abductor digiti minimi. In the current study, it
is aimed to type FDMB according to its origins and insertions
and to examine the morphometric properties of this muscle.
Methods: Thirty-six sides of 18 fetuses (mean age: 24.55±
4.19 weeks, 4 boys, 14 girls) in the laboratory of Gaziantep
University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, weredissected. Dissection was performed using a surgical microscope (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Opmi Pica Model S100, Germany) at x10 magnification and photographed. The origin andinsertion of FDMB were determined. The length, width, andarea of the muscle were measured. Descriptive statistics of thefindings were made with the SPPS 22 package program. The
study was conducted under the ethical rules of the Declarationof Helsinki and its later amendments.
Results: It was found that FDMB started from the flexor
retinaculum and hook of hamate bone on the 34 sides, andmost frequently ended at the base of the proximal phalanxof the fifth finger (23 sides). FDM was absent on the 2 sides.
The mean FDMB width, length, and area were 2.30±0.75 mm,
12.66±3.74 mm, and 21.90±9.77 mm2 respectively.
Conclusion: Knowing the sizes and variations of FDMB
may help clinicians reduce complications in opponensplasty
procedures and surgical procedures to the flexor retinaculum
and in treating Guyon's canal syndrome. Our typing of fetuses
according to origin and insertion is the first in the literatureand is thought to be useful in surgeries performed in the hypothenar region.
Funding: The present study was supported by TUBITAK(BIDEB) 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program (project no: 1919B012220235).
Keywords: Fetus, Dissection, Flexor digiti minimi brevis,
Hypothenar region

Saliha Seda ADANIR4, Fatma SEVMEZ1,2, Selcan GUL3, Ilhan BAHSI4, Orhan
BEGER4, Mustafa ORHAN4

A-08491

Therapy and Rehabilitation, Vocational School of Health Services, Osmaniye Korkut Ata
University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
2
Anatomy, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3
Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4
Anatomy, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye

Purpose: Flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDMB), located on
the ulnar side of the hand, is one of the hypothenar muscles.
Variations of FDMB have been reported frequently in theliterature. It has been reported that FDMB is more advantageous in opponensplasty because it is located on the radial side

Analysis of Variant Morphology ofSuprascapular Notch in Human Cadaveric
Scapulae

Tayyaba MAHMUD1, Shaista Arshad JARRAL1, Shazia TUFAIL2,1, Lovina
SAFDAR1
1

Anatomy, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Lahore Cantt, Lahore,
Pakistan
Anatomy, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

2

Purpose: Suprascapular notch (SSN) is present along the

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superior border of the scapula. The superior transverse scapular ligament converts the notch into an osteo-fibrous foramen.
The suprascapular nerve passes below the superior transverse
scapular ligament which may undergo calcification resulting
in suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. This results inshoulder pain with limitation of movement involving muscles
supplied by this nerve. The purpose of this study was to analyze the variations in morphology of suprascapular notch incadaveric scapulae with possible clinical relevance.
Methods: It was an observational study conducted in the
cadaveric bone museum of the Anatomy Department at CMH
LMC & IOD after ethical approval. All available human cadaveric scapulae of indetermined sex of both right and left sides
were included. A total of 75 human cadaveric scapulae wereobserved. Thirty-six scapulae belonged to the right side and 39
to the left side. These scapulae were retrieved and saved fromcadavers that could not be used for study purpose any longer.
The shape and morphological parameters of suprascapular
notch were observed, and they were categorized according to
Rengachary classification, I to VI types.
Results: Overall Type-1(28%), type-II (8%), Type-III (35%),
Type-IV (24%), Type-V (2.6%) and Type-VI (2.6%) suprascapular notches were observed. Out of 75 scapulae, only two
had completely ossified suprascapular ligament and both wereon the left side. Independent Samples t-test showed a statistically significant difference between superior transverse (Pvalue=0.001), middle transverse (P value=0.002), and vertical
diameters (P value=0.048) of type-III and type-IV suprascapular notches.
Conclusion: Our study showed an overall predominance oftypes III & IV suprascapular notches in comparison to otherstudies performed locally and in other ethnicities. This findingis important for surgeons as ossification of the suprascapular
ligament, though rare, can predispose patients to nerve entrapment.
Keywords: Morphology, Suprascapular notch, Cadaveric
scapulaeA-0855

Anatomical Study of Phrenic Nerve Course
in Related with the Anterior Scalene Muscle
and Its Clinical Significance
Hyung-Sun WON

Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine the topographical relationships between the phrenic nerve (PN) andthe anterior scalene muscle (ASM), and to further the current
understanding of temporary paresis of the PN after interscalene nerve block or ASM trigger point injection.
Methods: Sixty sides of necks from 30 embalmed cadavers
were dissected for this study.
Results: The PN originated mainly from both 4th and 5th
cervical nerves (65% of the specimens). The PN formed at theupper part of the lateral border of the ASM, and descended
almost vertically behind the prevertebral fascia on the anterior
surface of the ASM. The point where the PN met the lateralborder of the ASM was 18.4±12.2 mm superior to the level ofthe inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage (CC) in 50% of thespecimens. The point where the PN met the medial borderof the ASM was found below the level of the inferior marginof the CC except only one case. The length of the PN running on the anterior surface of the ASM, was 35.5±9.1 mm.
The horizontal distance of the PN from the midpoint of theinferior margin of the CC, was 41.9±5.9 mm. The PN and theascending cervical artery ran parallel with each other in 65%of the specimens. At the lower part of the medial border of theASM, the PN traversed in front of the internal thoracic arteryin 71.7% of the specimens. The accessory PN was observed in
11.7% of the specimens, which originated from the 5th cervicalnerve except only one case.
Conclusion: These results are expected to improve theknowledge about the PN course in related with the ASM, andprovide helpful information for clinical management in thisregion.
Keywords: Anterior scalene muscle, Ascending cervical artery, Cricoid cartilage, Internal thoracic artery, Phrenic nerve

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A-0860A-0866Comparative Mechanical Analysis of the
Cervical Facet Joint in Adult and Macaques
Based on Finite Element Technique

Development of a Convolutional Neural
Network Based on RTMpose for Measuring
Sagittal Parameters of Cervical Spine X-ray
ImagesYunteng HAO, Xing WANG, Simin WANG, De Zhou ZHANG

School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China

Simin WANAG, Xing WANG, Yunteng HAO, Dezhou ZHANG

Purpose: Based on the finite element analysis technique,we explored the force characteristics of the Cervical facet joint
in adult and macaques, and analyzed the change rule of themechanics between the two by comparing, so as to provide thetheoretical basis for the construction of cervical spondylosis
animal model.
Methods: One case of adult and one case of rhesus macaques were selected, and the raw data were obtained by 64row spiral CT scanning, and the three-dimensional finite
element models of C0-T1 cervical vertebrae of adult and rhesus macaques were constructed by simulation with Mimics,
and Abaqus, etc., and the finite element method was used toanalyze the mobility of the models and the stresses of Cervical facet joint in comparison with the models. Comparative
analysis of cervical mobility and Cervical facet joint stress was
performed using the finite element method.
Results: 1. The stress and displacement values of the Cervical facet joint of adults and macaques increased with increasing vertebral sequences, with the maximum value located at
C6, and the stress and displacement values of the Cervicalfacet joint differed significantly between right and left lateral
flexion conditions (P<0.05); the stress values of the Cervicalfacet joint differed between different vertebral sequences anddifferent conditions; 2. In the comparison of the stress anddisplacement values of adults and macaques, the trends of the
Cervical facet joint showed a similar trend.
Conclusion: In this study, we found that the Cervical facet
joint of macaques and adults are not in alignment; the stressconcentration point of the Cervical facet joint of both adults
and macaques is located at C6; and we found that the trends ofthe stress changes of the two are similar, which provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of the ideal cervical spondylosis animal model and artificial vertebral body replacement.
Keywords: Cervical facet joint, Cervical spine, Macaca, Finite element analysis

Inner Mongolia Medical College Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University,
Hohhot, China

Purpose: Development of a deep learning algorithm for automatic measurement of sagittal plane parameters on cervicalspine X-ray images.
Methods: In this retrospective study, 520 lateral cervicalspine x-ray images from three hospital databases were collected. The data were divided into 320 training set, 100 internal
test set and 100 external test set. 5 measures and 34 anatomical
locations were measured and labeled by human examiners andused as gold standard. A convolutional neural network (CNN)
model was built to train on 320 images and test on 200 images.
Statistical analysis was performed to detect labeling differences
between AI and human examiners and to evaluate the performance of AI.
Results: Statistical analysis confirmed that for the identification of critical points, the mean difference of the algorithmic
model for labeled Landmarks in the internal and external test
sets was 1.09±0.99 mm and 1.26±1.27 mm, respectively. For the
5 cervical spine sagittal plane parameters, the ICCs of the algorithmic model in the internal validation set and external validation set, respectively were 0.972 (p<0.001) and 0.964 (p<0.001),
which were in good agreement with the gold standard. The
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values for Borden, C0-C7 Cobb,
C1-C7 Cobb, and C2-C7 Cobb for the internal and external test
sets were 1.05 mm, 2.17°, 2.13°, 2.67°, and 2.29 mm, 2.58°, 2.86°,
and 2.93°, respectively; and the Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) values were 7.45%, 3.02%, 2.19%, 8.94%,
and 14.31%, 3.66%, 3.09%, and 11.53%, respectively.
Conclusion: Our deep learning algorithmic model has highaccuracy in recognizing key points of the cervical spine; thealgorithmic model has high sensitivity and accuracy in automatic measurement of cervical spine related parameters, which
can help radiologists to improve their diagnostic efficiency.
Keywords: Deep learning, Cervical spine, X-ray, Artificial
intelligence

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A-0871"ABO Fixation Technique" in Blepharoplasty
Base on Fascial Anatomy and Fasciology, an
Alternative for Jung I. Park's "OrbicularisLevator Fixation Technique"
Yong YANG1, Yu BAI2, Lin YUAN2
1

Plastic Department, Shenyang Yangyong Plastic Hospital, Shenyang, China
Anatomy Apartments, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

2

Purpose: The formation mechanism of double eyelids in
Asians is still controversial, many techniques for double- eyelid plasty have been developed. However, the removal of large
amounts of pretarsal tissue and the obvious scars in thosetechniques make patients dissatisfied with the appearance.
Thus, we have devised a novel surgical approach named "ABO
Fixation Technique" to avoid the complication of Jung I. Park's"orbicularis-levator fixation technique". The method is to create a physiological doubleeyelid fold on the basis of the formation mechanism of double-eyelid creases.
Methods: From January 2016 to March 2024, the novel
blepharoplasty was performed on 456 Chinese patients (862eyes) in our department. Patients were evaluated at 3-24
months after surgery. Point B is the upper edge of the tarsal,
point O is the projection point of the tarsal corresponding to
the designed skin width, and point A is the lower lip of the
double eyelid design line of the skin. OB is an intermittent
suture of the levator aponeurosis complex that runs verticallyup to the upper edge of the tarsal through point O, while OA
is a U-shaped suture of the composite tissue that horizontally
passes through the tarsal and the deep and superficial fasciaof the lower lip. OB suture: The levator palpebrae muscle vertically contracts and pulls the meibomian plate and anterior
plate tissue. OA suture: Horizontal suture of the lower lip
composite tissue to counteract the circular contraction of theorbicularis oculi muscle and the gravitational prolapse of theanterior plate tissue. AB is a slice diagram of the physiological
double eyelid, directly related. The length of AB will change
during the pathological and physiological recovery process
due to the contraction force of the orbicularis oculi muscle andthe gravity of the anterior plate tissue. To obtain an ideal stableconduction length of AB, there is uncertainty, which leads
to variables in the immediate fixation and medium- to-longterm effects of the double eyelid! We use OB fixation and OA
fixation to obtain a stable AB length through the congruenceof the triangle OAB, thereby obtaining more accurate results
for stable physiological double eyelid.
Results: The general satisfaction rate was 97.5%. The satisfaction rate was 100% after secondary adjustment. The edema
period for most patients ended within 2 weeks. The scars became unnoticeable after 3 months. Disappearance of the fold
was not found in any case.
Conclusion: "ABO Fixation Technique" is a simple and effective method, which can not only create a natural double crease
but also reduce the complications of double-eyelid surgery.
Funding: The paper was supported by Grants from the National Basic Research 973 Program (no.2007CB512705) and the
National Natural Science Foundationof China (no.30801464).
Keywords: Blepharoplasty, Fascial Anatomy, Double eyelids, Fasciology, Pretarsal extension of the aponeurosis
A-0873

Case Report: Distended Right Colonic
FlexureHaamid Hasan HAIKAL, Sasanthy KUSUMANINGTYAS, Deswaty
FURQONITA, Rahmadini DJALAL, Fanny MICHELLE
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Purpose: The transverse colon and right colonic flexureare parts of the large intestine. Right colonic flexure is theconnection between the ascending and transverse colon. This
manuscript will discuss the location of colonic distension andits possible causes to provide an overview for clinicians intreating similar cases.
Methods: An observation and dissection was done on one
cadaver.
Results: Localized distension was found in the right colonic
flexure without any volvulus or intussusception that could
cause the distension. The distal part was denser than the proximal part which can be caused by obstruction.
Conclusion: This is an ongoing research which has notbeen concluded.
Keywords: Distension, Right Colonic Flexure, Obstruction

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A-0883The Role of Facial Aesthetic Zoning in
Reconstruction Design: A Systematic Review
and Recommendations
Xiangdong QI, Huishan WEI, Mariya ELAKKAWI, Yuran DING, Changhong
LI, Yang XIONG, Weirong XIONG, Hantao LI, Yan LI
Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Center, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University,
Guangzhou, China

Purpose: Facial aesthetic zoning and reconstructive design
are critical for restoring anatomic structure, basic function,
and acceptable appearance. This article reviews up-to-date
literatures and explores innovative approaches to facial zoning and reconstructive techniques to enhance postoperative
outcomes. By providing practical recommendations from ourpractice, the article illustrate the practical guide to the preoperational design of the face, from the aspects of functionality
and aesthetic.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review of literature from the recent ten years through PubMed, CNKI, andWanfang Database by using keywords “facial zoning”,” facial
aesthetic zoning”, “facial anatomy”, “facial trauma”, “facial injury”, and “reconstruction”. Articles were then sorted by facial
subunit and analyzed for: author(s), year of publication, study
design, sample size, type of injury/defect, evaluation technique,type of operation, type of implantation, time to follow-up, andcomplications. Descriptive statistics were performed.
Results: 459 citations were identified by our search. There
are 6 studies discussed the reconstruction about upper face(including forehead), while 105 articles mentioned about
midface. A total number of 50 studies were heighted that they
focused on the reconstruction of eyes, including orbit. What’smore, there were 34 studies investigated the structure of nasal
damage and reconstruction. Flap designs were also deeply
discussed in 49 studies as it takes an important role in surgery
design. The remining articles are about lower face reconstruction, nerve damage and recovery, ear injury. Our findings
underscore the necessity for a systematic approach to facial reconstruction which is practical even for junior plastic surgeon.
We propose a set of clinical recommendations that emphasize
the use of aesthetic zoning as an easy guide for achieving ideal
reconstructive results for better psychosocial well-being.
Conclusion: By customizing preoperational design, surgeons can achieve not only acceptable appearance but alsowith superior function, thereby enhancing the quality of life ofpatient.
Keywords: Facial Aesthetic Zoning, Facial Reconstruction Design, Systematic Review in Facial Surgery, Innovative
Reconstructive Techniques, Aesthetic and Functional Facial
Surgery
A-0884

The Prevalence of Termination Variations of
the Basilar Artery: A Systematic Review andMeta-Analysis
Deepan JAYAPALA1, Y MATHANGASINGHE2,3
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka
2
Department of Anatomy Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
3
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and
Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

Purpose: Understanding the vascular anatomical variationsof the termination pattern of the basilar artery is crucial forboth neurosurgical and interventional radiological procedures.
Recent evidence indicates that variant bifurcation patterns of
the basilar artery, differing from the classical textbook description, are increasingly encountered. This study aims to provide
a comprehensive summary of the prevalence of termination
anomalies related to the basilar artery.
Methods: This systematic review included human cadaveric
and imaging studies on basilar artery termination patterns.
PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus databases were systematically searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, using the terms “(basilar OR vertebrobasilar OR (posterior AND
circulation)) AND (anatomy OR termination OR trifurcation
OR quadfurcation OR pentafurcation OR hexafurcation OR
nonfurcation OR variation OR variant)”. A meta-analysis of
proportions was conducted to assess the prevalence of eachvariation using a random intercept logistic regression model,
following logit transformation of the proportions.
Results: From 845 initial hits, 4 articles were eligible forthe quantitative analysis. The estimated pooled proportions ofbifurcation, trifurcation, quadfurcation, pentafurcation, hexafurcation, and non-furcation in the artery, under the random
effects model, were 62.22% (95%CI [34.48%; 83.75%]), 6.08%(95%CI [2.60%; 13.58%]), 5.27% (95%CI [2.17%; 12.27%]),ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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2.06% (95%CI [0.96%; 4.35%]), 0.49% (95%CI [0.08%; 2.90%]),
and 0.10% (95%CI [0.0%; 17.07%]), respectively. Heterogeneity
analysis revealed significant variability among the studies (I2
up to 93.6%, p<0.0001).
Conclusion: More than one-third of basilar artery terminations exhibit anatomical variations other than bifurcation.
Trifurcation and quadfurcation are the most commonly reported variations, each accounting for over 5% of cases. Thesevariations might carry significant implications for regional
neurosurgical and interventional radiological procedures.
Keywords: Basilar artery, Termination Variation
A-0890Prevalence of Accessory Maxillary Ostium
Associated with Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis
in Thai Population

Thanyaporn SENARAI1, Arunnit BOONROD2, Warinthorn PHUTTHARAK2,
Saengburan APATIKANANG2, Wariya INTARASIT2, Nutmethe
KRUEPUNGA3, Athikhun SUWANNAKHAN4
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand2
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand3
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
4
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

ing (>2mm) and bone thickening of maxillary wall. Statisticalanalysis showed no statistically significant difference between
males and females regarding the presence of AMO (p=0.708).
However, AMO distribution across age groups was statisticallysignificant (p=0.034), indicating a potential age-related difference in the prevalence of AMO. The analysis found no statistically significant age-related difference in prevalence of chronic
maxillary sinusitis (p=0.255). The comparison of AMO distribution and chronic maxillary sinusitis, it presented a statistically significant association (p=0.017) but the pattern of AMO
localization was not significant different between positive andnegative chronic maxillary sinusitis groups, p-value=0.063.
Conclusion: AMO may be the secondary development effect due to rupture of 2 thin layers of fontanelles and probably
resulted from the recurrence or long term of maxillary sinusitis. The cohort study, however, would be the important future
study to answer how AMO occur and its clinical correlation
with chronic maxillary sinusitis.
Keywords: Accessory maxillary ostium, Computed Tomography, Maxillary sinusitis, Chronic rhinosinusitis
A-0893

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of an accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) and its clinical correlation with/without
the chronic maxillary sinusitis in Thai population using Computed Tomography (CT) due to the AMO is the anatomicalvariation and can impair the mucociliary clearance of maxillary sinus leading to maxillary disease.
Methods: The retrospective data of 355 CT scans were collected from PACS between September 2017 and December
2023. All patients were encompassed individuals over 13. This
study was excluded the patients with evidence of sinus wall
destruction, sinonasal polyposis, severe nasal polyps, a historyof functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), inverted papilloma, choanal atresia, paranasal sinus mucocele, severe nasal
septal deviation and acute nasal sinusitis. AMO and chronic
maxillary sinusitis was studied by radiologist and anatomist.
All results were statistical analyzed by Pearson’s chi square testwith significant p-value<0.05.
Results: The results showed 41.1% of AMO and 62.5% ofchronic maxillary sinusitis diagnosed by the mucosal thicken-

Characterization of Anatomical andMorphological Features of Densities Locatedin the Subcutaneous Connective Tissue
Radosław SKLADOWSKI, Krzysztof SKIBINSKI, Bartosz CZAJKA, Wojciech
GORGUL, Lukasz OLEWNIK, Nicol ZIELINSKA
Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian University in Plock, Plock, Poland

Purpose: A number of scientific sources describe the possibility of the occurrence of areas of greater palpable density
and cohesion within the subcutaneous connective tissue (withparticular emphasis on adipose tissue). Over the years, various
authors have managed to describe the relationships between
zones of subcutaneous tissue density and pathologies of themusculoskeletal system and internal diseases The aim of theresearch is to attempt to identify and describe the anatomical
location of the system of thickened fat formations at the levelof subcutaneous tissue throughout the human body.
Methods: 20 upper limbs and 20 lower limbs from bodies
belonging to the Department of Anatomical Preparation andDonation were examined. Upon dissection the morphometricmeasurements were collected, along with description of initial

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and final attachments of fat formations which were found.
Results: In all cadavers the thickened fat formations were
found in the same anatomical localization, with the same
pathway and attachments. Upper limb, lateral fat formationand its attachments: proximal to acromioclavicular joint anddistal to lateral epicondyle. Upper limb, medial fat formationand its attachments: proximal to infraspinous fascia and distal
to medial epicondyle. Lower limb, lateral fat formation and its
attachments: proximal and distal parts of fascia lata. Lowerlimb, medial fat formation and its attachments: proximal tofascia lata and distal to medial condyle of femur.
Conclusion: We observe the presence of characteristic
densities located in subcutaneous connective tissue both inupper and lower limb. This type of description may facilitate
understanding of the importance of the presence of a systemof densities in the subcutaneous tissue, which in the long run
may translate into improved clinical practice of specialists, especially those dealing with diseases closely related to disordersof the physiological functioning of the autonomic nervous system.
Keywords: Subcutaneous tissue, Fat tissue, Upper limb,
Lower limb
A-0894

The Prevalence of the Sphenoid Emissary
Foramen and Its Clinical Relevance in a
Selected South African Population

document the prevalence of SEF about sex, age, and laterality
in a selected South African (SA) population.
Methods: 135 skulls were bilaterally analysed. The middle
cranial fossa of each skull was observed for the presence andabsence of the SEF. The patency of the SEF was confirmed byinserting a bristle through each probable foramen, and only
patent foramina were used for this study.
Results: Out of 135 skulls that were analysed, the SEF wasfound present in 49 (35.5%) skulls with a high incidence in the
White SA population and the lowest incidence amongst theBlack SA population. 29.6% were unilateral (right 17.8%; left
11.8%), while 6.7% were bilateral. A high prevalence of the SEF
was noted in males on the right side. A statistically significant
association was obtained between the presence and absence ofthe foramen about age, p = 0.004. In addition to age, SEF wascommonly observed in Older adults, Young adults, and Adolescents age groups, but was least observed among the Adults’age group (36-64 years).
Conclusion: SEF was highly prevalent in SA population
particularly the White SA sample, especially on the left side ofmale older adults, a finding which may prevent pitfalls during
surgical procedures of unusual cerebral venous thrombosis
among this population.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation.
Keywords: Sphenoid emissary foramen, Sphenoid emissaryveins, Foramen Vesalius, Middle crania fossa

Thembelihle CELE1, Okikioluwa ALADEYELU1, Sodiq LAWAL2,1, Samuel
OLOJEDE3,1, Carmen RENNIE1

A-0902

1

Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone,
Botswana
3
Human Biology, Division of Human Anatomy, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South
Africa2

Purpose: The sphenoid bone is an intricate bone with several features such as sphenoid emissary foramen (SEF). The
SEF serves as a passage for the veins of Vesalius that connects
the pterygoid plexus to the cavernous sinus, which acts as ameans of transferring extracranial thrombosis to the cavernous sinus. SEF and its content are usually absent in individuals,
and it mostly varies in morphology, laterality, and age if present. Notably, the prevalence of SEF regarding sex, laterality,
and age remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to

Anatomical Variations in Origin,
Morphology, and Innervation of Lumbrical
Muscles: A Cadaveric Observational Study in
a South African Population
Lungile SHANGASE, Carmen RENNIE, Edwin NAIDU

Department of Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal,
South Africa

Purpose: The lumbrical muscles, despite their small size,are crucial for the intricate movements of the fingers. Variations in their origin and morphology, commonly documented
in literature, can notably contribute to conditions like carpal
tunnel syndrome and sub-chronic ischemia by compressing
nerves and vessels in the carpal tunnel. This study aimed to

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investigate variation in origin, morphology and innervation of
the lumbrical muscles within a South African population.
Methods: This was a cadaveric observational study of an
adult South African population (≥18 years). The sample consisted of 40 embalmed cadaveric hands (6 male, 34 female),dissected bilaterally following Grant’s Dissector guidelines.
The morphology, origins and innervation of the lumbricals onleft and right sides were observed and recorded.
Results: Statistically significant variations of the lumbricalmuscles were observed in the South African population (47.5%).
A bipennate second lumbrical was observed in 17.5% cases,
a unipennate third lumbrical in 35% cases, and a unipennate
fourth lumbrical in 12.5% cases of the dissected specimens. Ina single case (2,5%), the fourth lumbrical originated from anaccessory flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon. Hypertrophy of the first lumbrical was observed in 12.5% cases andatrophy of the third and fourth lumbricals observed in a single
case (2.5%). Variations were more prevalent on the right side.
No variations were observed in the innervation of the lumbricals in all the studied specimens.
Conclusion: The results of the study revealed notable variations in the origin and morphology of the lumbrical muscles
within the South African population. These variations holdclinical importance, potentially impacting conditions such as
carpal tunnel syndrome and chronic sub-ischemia. It's imperative for clinicians and surgeons to recognize these variations toenhance patient outcomes across diverse surgical scenarios.
Funding: National Research Foundation (NRF).

plasty. Each surgeon selects the most appropriate technique fora specific case. Unfortunately, there are still a large number ofpatients who are dissatisfied with their results and may require
secondary blepharoplasty. Our objective is to evaluate theevidence on the aesthetic effect and complications of different
asian upper blepharoplasty.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted using four
search engines (PubMed, EBSCO, and Ovid) to identify any
study on the aesthetic outcome of Asian upper blepharoplasty;
these studies were subjected to quality assessment for possible inclusion. A total of 4463 studies were evaluated, with 27of them being included. Patient-reported outcome measures,satisfaction with results, upper eyelid crease stability, andscarring were among the aesthetic outcomes studied. Metaanalysis was not an option.
Results: 24 study was total of 735 eyes (95.6%) showed
good fold curves.17 study showed six-month follow-up results
revealed that the double-eyelid shape was natural looking.19
study showed: No one lost the supratarsal crease completely.
Four (1.01%) patients were not satisfied with the height of thesupratarsal fold. Three (0.76%) patients showed a mild degreeof asymmetry of the formed folds, but were not reoperated on
their request.
Conclusion: It is reasonable to conclude that the use ofmodern technology has no significant effect on patient satisfaction with the outcomes. Surgeons, on the other hand, must
decide how to handle each patient's unique situation.
Keywords: Upper blepharoplasty, Double eyelid blepharoplasty, Oculoplasty, Blepharoplasty

Keywords: Lumbrical muscles, Carpal Tunnel
A-0903

A-0911Comparison of Double Eyelid Techniques.
Overview of Outcomes of Double Eyelid
Blepharoplasty Techniques. Systematic
Review

Hypoplastic and Congenital Absence ofCoronary Arteries and Its Correlation with
Clinical Implications of Cardiac Circulation.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tina Luiza KILABERIIA, Xiangdong QI

Diego NAZAR IZQUIERDO, Juan Jose VALENZUELA, Javiera DEL VILLAR,
Catalina ALCAINO, Camila ROMAN, Juan SANCHIS GIMENO

Plastic Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Morphology, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: The double eyelid technique is one of the mostcommon operations in South Korea and China. More thanhalf of Asians have single eyelid anatomy. Nowadays, there arevarious techniques for performing Double Eyelid Blepharo-

Purpose: The coronary arteries originate from thethis firstportion of the aorta, emerging from right and left aortic sinuses. They traverse through the subepicardium and the coronary
sulcus to supply the myocardium during diastolic function.

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Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science,
Google Scholar, CINAHL and LILACS were researched until
January 2024. Methodological quality was evaluated with anassurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model.
Results: A total of 3 studies met the established selection
criteria In this study for meta-analysis. For the prevalence ofthe variants of the coronary arteries, it was 3% (CI = 2% to 8%),a heterogeneity of 77%, The other studies have been analyzed
descriptively and with their respective clinical considerationsin the presence of the variant.
Conclusion: Although hypoplasia and agenesis of the coronary arteries are accidental findings, knowledge of these variants is crucial to avoid differential diagnosis and in addition to
being very careful when faced with possible surgical management of hearts with these variants.
Keywords: Anatomy coronary artery, Hypoplastic coronary
artery, Agenesia coronary artery, Clinical anatomy, Variations
anatomical
A-0920Utilizing Anatomical Landmarks to Accessthe Pudendal Nerve in the Gluteal Region
1

1,2

1,3

were useable from 72 of the 75 dissections. The average distance from the coccyx upward to the marker line was 6.5±1.4
cm. Then moving laterally at the level of the marker line, at a
distance of 4.8±0.90 cm, Point A was reached. Taking the distance from the marker line at an angle of 36±8.8°and inferior
at a distance of 3.8±1.3 cm, the location of the pudendal nerve
was revealed. All measurements exhibited normal, with pvalue for Shapiro Wilk test > 0.05. Affirmation measurements
were then performed om reverse, using the average obtained
estimates on 10 previously unmarked hemiglutei (5 right, 5left), and in all 10 (100%) dissections, the needle traversed the
STL, and dye was observed at the location of the pudendal
nerve.
Conclusion: This cadaveric study demonstrates the accuracy and feasibility of a landmark-based transgluteal anatomic
approach to approximate the location of the pudendal nerve.
Future work will investigate the translation of this method
further with applications in live human subjects.
Keywords: Pudendal Nerve, Anatomical Landmarkss,
Transgluteal Approach, Pelvic Floor, Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
A-0932

1,3

Mary BEE , Gloria NUTTALL , Makayla BUXTON , Claire BUXTON ,Sanna FAROOQUI1,3, Emilio ROMANO1,2, Annika JENKS1,2, Chad FORTIN1,2,
Ly HOANG ROBERTS1,4, Chen SHENHAR1,4, Jacquelyn BOOHER1,4, Lauren
GLEICH1,4, Mossimo MAIURI1,3, Kenneth PETERS1,5, Mary TRACY1
1

Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
3
Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
4
Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
5
Urology, Corewell Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
2

Purpose: Understanding the anatomy of the pudendal
nerve and its surrounding landmarks is of great importancewhen considering a pudendal nerve block, which is importantin the management and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction.
Methods: As part of a multi-campus study, the gluteal region of embalmed human cadavers were dissected to identify
the pudendal nerve, superficial anatomical landmarks, andnearby structures, including the: sacrotuberous ligament,sacral foramina, coccyx, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, andinternal pudendal artery.
Results: Seventy-five hemigluteal dissections (48 right, 30
left) were completed on 48 human cadavers. Measurements

Ten Concurrent Systemic Variations in a
Female Cadaver: A Case Report

Jisoo SUNG, Yujin CHOI, HyunJo JUNG, Eun-Jin LEE, Hong-Il YOO, DaeYong SONG

Anatomy and Neurosciences, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Case reports detailing anatomical variations are
typically derived from cadaver dissections. From a single cadaver, multiple variations across various anatomical regions
were observed. Given their significance and extensivity, documenting these variations is imperative as it can provide a novel
guideline for future cadaver dissections and surgical procedures. This report aims to delineate the anatomy of observed
variations by comparing them to standard anatomical structures and previously reported variation types. Embryologicalconsiderations are explored to elucidate the origins of thesevariations, followed by a discussion of their clinical implications.
Methods: Variations were identified during routine cadaver
dissections conducted as part of the anatomy course at Eulji

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University School of Medicine in 2023. The dissection of a
60-year-old female cadaver revealed ten systemic variations.
Results: This case report documents ten distinct variations:the accessory pectoral muscle, the extensor carpi radialis intermedius, bilateral absence of the plantaris, the superior thoracic artery arising from the second part of the axillary artery,the persistent median artery and bifid median nerve, the right
gastroepiploic artery originating from the superior mesentericartery, the iliolumbar artery branching from the common iliac
artery, the inferior gluteal artery piercing the tibial nerve, earlybifurcation and altered course of the sciatic nerve, and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve piercing the piriformis muscle.
Conclusion: This report underscores the significance of
anatomical variations in terms of both their frequency anddiversity. These findings not only contribute to the advancement of anatomical knowledge in educational settings but also
provide valuable insights for clinicians in diagnosis, treatment,
and surgical interventions.

in the coronal plane and the angles in the coronal and sagittal
planes were measured. The analysis of the data included in the
study was performed with SPSS (Statistical Program in Social
Sciences) 25 program. P<0.05 was accepted as statistical significance.
Results: Right and left side images of 100 individuals (41.21± 18.78 years, male: 53, female: 47) were analyzed. No significant difference was found in the measurements related to PH
according to the sides, but significant differences were observed in other parameters except for length according to gender (p=0,002-p=0,007-p=0,001). We found a low correlation
between age and measurements (p=0,018 r=0,268-p=0,001
r=0,262).
Conclusion: Knowing the morphology and morphometryof PH is important in the differential diagnosis and preventionof diseases in the region. Therefore, it is thought that it may be
useful for the clinician to include changes in the features of PH
among the diagnostic hypotheses of craniofacial disorders inorder to alleviate the patient's painful symptoms.

Keywords: Variations, Asymmetric sciatic nerve, Posterior
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve, Inferior gluteal artery, Extensor
Carpi Radialis Intermedius

Keywords: Pterygoid hamulus, Cone beam computed tomography

A-0936

A-0944

Examination of Pterygoid Hamulus with
Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Developing a Modified Paediatric Ottawa
Knee Rules Protocol with Novel Surface
Anatomy Terminology using a Video to
Teach Non-Medical Trained Coaches When
to Seek Healthcare Advice and Improve
Youth Experience

Ayse OZDEMIR1, Aysenur INCEOGLU1,2, Ilhan BAHSI3, Mustafa ORHAN3,
Pıraye KERVANCIOGLU3, Eda Didem YALCIN4
1

Anatomy, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Gaziantep
University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
3
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Health and Technology
University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2

Mikayla BRADLEY, Brion BENNINGER, Patrick FORCIER, Jack FARLEY

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and morphometry of the pterygoid hamulus (PH) incone beam computed tomography images.
Methods: In this study, CBCT images of 100 individuals
between the ages of 13-88 years, which were taken by Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) between 2015 and 2018 in the archive of Gaziantep University
Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Radiology, were analyzed. These images were reconstructed inthree dimensions using RadiAnt DICOM VIEWER program.
On three-dimensional images, the length and width of the PH

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

Purpose: Globally, youth (5-16 yrs) sports injuries create
health concerns regarding physical and mental well-being.
Reportedly, most common joint injured in youth sports is
the knee. Loss of participating with peers has acute concerns
while long term decrease in exercise and physical activity due
to diminished joint mobility can manifest in chronic systemic
diseases. Boys presented at 11.9 years versus girls 12.3 years.
Leading mechanisms of injury were on level surfaces at 58.1%.
Number of knee injuries and severity increased with age. Ottawa knee rules (OKR) has been found useful with adolescence.

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Objective of this study was to create a teaching video withmodified OKR for adolescence integrating novel terminology
and new surface anatomy (SA) for minimally medical trainedcoaches.
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding modified adolescence OKR videos. GAX-specimens (n=6;3-Male,3Female=12 knees) received innovative BriteVu-contrast (BVc)
with MRI/CT scans and formalin-fixed cadavers-FfC (n=18;11Male;7-Female=36 knees) had subsequent SA of OKR, thendissected. Video storyboard was created and filmed with Gimbal stabilizer for smartphone, 3-axis phone for iPhone 14 PRO,stabilizer for video recording with face/object tracking, 600°auto rotation-hohem iSteady mobile plus.
Results: Literature search revealed no known modified adolescence OKR videos. GAX-specimen/FfC allowed modifiedOKR observations of SA palpation, measurements, imaging,and dissection demonstrating lifelike static and dynamic
anatomy enabling novel terminology for ease of understanding and performing modified-OKR for non-medical trainees.
Chronologically, video demonstrated 8-step gait analysis, active knee flexion beyond 90 degrees, and triangular knee region palpation of Tibial tuberosity-Patella-Fibular head (TPF).
Tibial-soleal-groove (TSG) terminology provided blueprint for
TPF palpation.
Conclusion: This pilot study integrated knee SA with GAXSpecimen/FfC dissections creating a modified adolescent OKR
protocol viewed with video for minimally medical trainedcoaches successfully identifying novel SA terminology consisting of TSG, TPF and knee positioning to provide a useful toolfor healthcare providers, coaches, and families.
Keywords: Surface anatomy, Sport medicine, Terminology,
Education
A-0945

Assessing the Efficacy of an Innovative
Airway Device Delivering Supplemental
Oxygen during Intubation with GAXSpecimen
Noah SWIGART, Brion BENNINGER, Dennis NGUYEN, Maui LEE

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

torial conditions. Death occurs every 90 failed intubations. An
ingenious designed Turbo O2 Cap (TO2Cap) facilitates oxygen
delivery via vocal cords (VC) beyond primary bronchi during
endotracheal (ET) placement. Study objective assesses TO2Cap
with GAX-specimen cadavers measuring 3 separate oxygen
flowrates from 2 distances measuring when 90% oxygen saturation is achieved at carina.
Methods: Surgical clam shell technique on GAX-specimen
provided access to thorax. Horizontal incision via right bronchial bifurcation allowed secure fit of GOX-100 oxygen-sensor(Greisinger-Electronics). Extending cervical spine facilitatedEagle-Vision-video-laryngoscope (VL) and ET-placement. VL
of VC allowed accurate ET positioning during trials. TO2Cap
has universal ET attachment and port access for oxygen. Oxygen flowrate and ET placement was evaluated with oxygen
sensor. A baseline of 21.2±1% oxygen saturation, varying flowrates of oxygen were administered (4, 10, 15 L/min) and time
was measured reaching 90% oxygen saturation. Maxillary incisor landmark ensured accurate proximal (18cm-mark on ET)
and distal (21 cm-mark on ET) placement of ET to VC.
Results: Literature search revealed no known studies assessing oxygen delivery with GAX-specimens. Comparison of
flowrates demonstrated 10 L/min improved oxygen saturation
time to 90% by 7.8-seconds proximal to VC, and 3.6-seconds
distal to VC compared to 4 L/min. 15 L/min of oxygen had no
significant difference on time to 90% saturation compared to
10 L/min. Each trial finished following 90-seconds of delivered oxygen recorded by oxygen-sensor reaching maximum
oxygen-saturation at approximately 94% regardless of ET
placement and/or flowrate. TO2Cap delivered oxygen during
intubations practiced on GAX-specimen suggesting an optimal flowrate of 10liters to reach 90% oxygen saturation.
Conclusion: This pilot study suggests supplemental oxygen
during normal or difficult intubations occurring in obstetrics can be delivered at varied flowrates using an innovative
TO2Cap. A 10-L/min rate was ideal compared to 4-L/min(saturation was prolonged) and 15-L/min (saturation not signicantly different then 10-L/min, thus wasting oxygen supply)
regarding time to achieve 90% oxygen saturation.
Keywords: Innovative, Turbo cap, Movel, Airway, Intubation

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A-0946

Learning POCUS Musculoskeletal Basics
and Sonoanatomy using GAX-Specimen
vs Formalin-Fixed Cadaver Dissection of
Gluteal-Piriformis-Sciatic Region with
3-Week Mixed on-Line Course
Allison INGLE, Patrick FORCIER, Brion BENNINGER

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

Purpose: Low back pain is most common musculoskeletal
complaint presenting to family practice and/or emergency departments. Sciatica or lumbar radiculopathy refers to a rangeof symptoms from pain to numbness from compression of
sciatic nerve(SN) or its nerve roots(L4-S3). MRI is the gold
standard demonstrating herniated discs causing sciatica. Piriformis syndrome(PS) affecting SN has been reported between
5-35% and treated with musculoskeletal ultrasound(MSKus)
injection. Objective of this study was to identify and/or create a basic MSKus teaching protocol of the gluteal-piriformissciatic-region(GPSR) with anatomy dissection for PS.
Methods: Literature search was conducted on dissection
and MSKus teaching protocols of GPSR with GAX-specimens
and formalin-fixed cadavers(F-Fc). GAX-specimens(n=6;3Male,3-Female) receiving MRI/CT scans with BriteVucontrast(BVc) and FFC(n=20;11-Male;9-Female) had GPSR
surface anatomy(SA) and deep dissection performed. GEVscanAir handheld probe was used for a 3-week basic MSKus
scanning regime of neck, shoulder, wrist, knee, and GPSR.
Three two-hour tutorials(two via zoom and one in-person) occurred at one-week intervals. Student was given MSKus videos
of GPSR one-week prior to assessment addressing SA, bonylandmarks and sonoanatomy locating piriformis and SN for
injections.
Results: Literature search revealed no known GAX-specimens versus F-FC’s for MSKus or GPSR dissection or protocol
studies. GPSR MSKus procedures existed, but no training protocols. GAX-specimen GPSR dissection was significantly more
lifelike regarding multiple parameters versus F-FC’s. Lateralgluteal region(LGR) revealed three gluteal muscles superficial
to deep. Medial gluteal region(MGR) demonstrated gluteus
maximus superficially with piriformis deep. Bony landmarks(posterior superior iliac spine-PSIS, sacrum, iliac and greater
trochanter) on palpation and with MSKus were identified

from GAX-Specimens but diminished or absent from F-FC’s.
Student assessment demonstrated basic MSKus skills and sonoanatomy of GPSR.
Conclusion: This pilot study integrated SA with GAXSpecimen dissections and MSKus training regime of GPSR
enabling novice healthcare students to successfully identify
sonoanatomy for PS injection as differential for herniated disk
for sciatica pathology.
Keywords: GAX specimen, GE Vscan, Ultrasound, Sciatica
A-0949

Parotid Gland Serves as the Key Equator
Landmark Maintaining Patency Integrityof Veins Draining from the Scalp,
Infratemporal Fossa and into the Neck
Natalija MILLER, Emily AKAMINE, Brion BENNINGER

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, West Linn, United States

Purpose: Although the parotid gland(PG) represents amine-field of critical structures lying within its two recognizedlobes enveloped by a relatively strong fascial capsule, the facial
nerve is overwhelmingly emphasized with vasculature being
much less so. PG consists of superficial and deep lobes(S-lobe& D-lobe) often divided by the facial nerve(FN) and posteriorfacial vein. Fatty tissue between lobes facilitates mandibular
movement. S-lobe typically lies lateral to FN and D-lobe lies
medial to the FN. PG occupies the retromandibular fossa
which can be considered lying at an approximate midpoint
between vertex and the clavicle. Surgeons and radiologists
are aware of venous network within PG, however, describing
it and/or depicting it appears inconsistent causing issues for
medical students. The study objective investigates PG venous
network, function and landmarks between GAX-specimens
and formalin-fixed cadavers (F-fC).
Methods: Literature search was conducted on contemporary texts (CTxts) and atlases (CAtls) for venous content andfunction. Dissection comparing 6 GAX-specimens=12-sides
with BriteVu-contrast for CT/MRI and 31 F-fC=57sides. PG
appeared to provide infrastructure preventing venous collapse
during dissection.
Results: No known GAX-specimen versus F-fC PG studies
were identified. Majority of CTxts discussed retromandibular

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vein (RV) formation within gland but lacked mentioning otherassociated veins. Approximately 50% of CAtls revealed RV
formation within PG and 50% revealed RV deep to PG withmajority excluding associated veins within PG. GAX-specimen and F-fC revealed superficial temporal (STv), maxillary(MAXv), RV, anterior/posterior divisions of RV and transverse
facial noted with PG 55/57 sides.
Conclusion: PG surgery is key training for different subspecialties and has extremely poor side-effects if performed
without caution and solid fundamental anatomical knowledge.
This study revealed both CTxts and CAtls could modify theirdescriptions and depictions to represent more consistent venous network within PG and highlight PG function as maintaining venous patency while being a key midpoint landmark
for veins to form and provide clinically important tributaries.
Keywords: GAX specimen, Surgical, Anatomy, BriteVu
contrast

cutdowns. Novel GAX-specimens (n=6,12sides) with innovative contrast CT/MRI imaging and FFC (n=31:58sides) weredissected and analysed.
Results: Literature search revealed no known GAX-specimen
studies. Contemporary anatomy texts describe the ascending
GSV within the ankle/leg region using anterior and medialwhich is vague with invasive procedures. GAX-specimens(12:12 sides) and FFC (58:62-4 sides had procedures) revealed
GSV lying in a groove termed the distal tibial-soleil groove(DTSG). FFC revealed GSV lying within 2mm of the DTSG
with dehydarted crural fascia. GAX-specimens (12:12) demonstrated crural fascia ‘tents’ acting protective and functional.
Conclusion: This study revealed a consistent landmark
during venous cutdowns of GSV termed the distal tibial-soleil
groove-DTSG which would help clinicians palpate and conduct more successful cut downs. It also demonstrated cruralfascia GSV support morphology.
Keywords: Novel Anatomy, Innovative Contrast

A-0953

POCUS for Great Saphenous Vein Cut
Down, Consistent New Distal Landmark
Terminology with Crural Fascia
Reinforcement

A-0954

Demonstrating an Innovative Modified
Clamshell Technique for Either Single or2-Person Users on Novel Embalmed Imaged
Cadavers Training Non-Cardiothoracic
Surgeons to Successfully Perform Emergency
Thoracotomy for Realistic Life-Saving Skills

Christian PANAITESCU1, Rania DJEMIL1, Colorado OLSON1, Brion
BENNINGER1,2
1

COMP-Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregan, United States
Samaritan Health Services, Oregan, United States

2

Purpose: Venous access (VA) is paramount during resuscitation of traumatic, surgical and medically compromised
patients. Successful VA enables fluid repletion, drugs administration, blood monitoring and transfusions. Traditional VA
can fail in conditions causing hypovolemia, thready or nonpalpable veins in paediatric patients and obese conditions, variable anatomy etc… Venous cutdown exposing the great saphenous vein (GSV) is an important skill set for todays healthcare
provider. GSV forms from the confluence of the dorsal vein of
the first digit and dorsal venous arch of the foot and ascends
anterior to the medial malleolus in the distal tibial-soleal
groove. The study objective was to dissect and analyze GSVfrom novel GAX-specimens with MRI and innovative contrast
CT imaging versus formalin-fixed cadavers (FFC).
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding GSV

Garman ADAM1, Chris CARIELLO1, Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregan, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregan, United States

2

Purpose: Emergency thoracotomy conducted in emergency/
trauma departments has notoriously been associated with pooroutcomes. Trauma experts claim timing of decision and procedural difficulty leads to poor outcomes. Conventional thoracotomy for non-cardiothoracic surgeons is left anterolateralapproach. Study objective was to provide modified clamshelltechnique revealing critical anatomy enabling non-cardiothoracic surgeons to conduct life-saving thoracotomy for cardiac
tamponade and cross-clamping descending thoracic aorta.
Methods: Novel GAX-specimens (n=6) and traditional embalmed (n=33) cadavers (total n=39), had modified clamshell
approach conducted for ease of procedure (required tools,

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skill of tool use and degradation of technique), rapid efficient
access, and working visibility. Required tools were scalpel,
trauma scissors and Finochietto retractor for single user.
Results: With assistant, scalpel and trauma scissors enabledmodified clamshell thoracotomy approach. Maintaining 5th intercostal space resulted in consistent optimal exposure of thoracic
structures for emergency procedures. GAX-specimens possessedsuperior lifelike tissue compliance vs traditional embalmed. This
technique allowed ideal anatomy exposure conducting a vertical
incision of pericardial sac anterior to the phrenic nerve evacuating pericardial effusions and more easily enabled cross clampingof the descending thoracic aorta for non-cardiothoracic surgeons
while avoiding the oesaphagus. Procedure affords satisfactory
suture closing technique, avoiding higher infection rates associated with midline sternotomy procedures.
Conclusion: Modified clamshell technique is not sophisticated, easily and rapidly performed, provides optimal anatomy
exposure, and can be closed satisfactorily. The technique canbe done as a single user with 3 tools or 2 users with 2 tools
which can be taught in anatomy labs prior to chest dissection.
Keywords: Novel Anatomy, Novel Anatomy
A-0958Distal Semimembranosus Attachment into
the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus
using Novel GAX Prepared Specimens with
Innovative Contrast and Formalin-Fixed
Cadavers

specimens with MRI and innovative contrast CT imaging versus formalin-fixed cadavers (FFC).
Methods: Literature search was conducted regarding DST
attachments into the PHMM from GAX-specimen and FFC
studies. Novel GAX-specimens (n=6,12 sides) with innovative
contrast CT and MRI imaging and FFC (n=15,26 sides) withknee replacement exclusion criteria were dissected.
Results: Literature search revealed no known GAX-specimen studies. GAX-specimens allowed full range-of-motion of
the knee joint unlike FFC. DST attachments could be analyzed
during movement before, during and post dissection. Contrast
CT and MRI revealed detailed vessels and associated soft tissue structures. Gax-specimen tissues were notably compliant
and lifelike vs FFC. GAX-specimens (12/12 sides) and FFC(22/26 sides) revealed DST PHMM attachments. FFC (4/26
sides) were difficult to dissect and analyze due to dehydated
tissue and diminished size. Interestingly, GAX-specimens also
demonstrated DST attachment into posterior horn of lateralmeniscus.
Conclusion: This study revealed GAX-specimen knee tissues are lifelike, provide full range-of-motion and demonstrating consistent attachment into the PHMM. This may improve
biomechanic knowledge of the meniscus.
Keywords: Novel Anatomy, Innovative Contrast
A-0971

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Fibroblast
Heterogeneity and Myofibroblast
Conversion in Ligamentum Flavum
Hypertrophy

Joshua MCCLUSKEY1, Adam SIMSAUSER1, Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregan, United States
Faculty General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregan, United States

2

Purpose: Detailed descriptions of distal semimembranosus
tendon (DST) bony attachments include 3-5 separate dominant arms which impressively attach to the posterior, medial
and anterior aspects of the knee region. Contemporary anatomy texts do not emphasize the impressive arsenal of attachments, however, atlases are significantly better. DST attachment into the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM)
is not represented in atlases. DST may be poorly appreciatedregarding knee stability. The study objective was to dissect andanalyze DST attachments into the PHMM from novel GAX-

Yiseul KIM1,3, Chang Hwa HAM1,2, Woo-Keun KWON2, Woong SUN1,3, Joo
Han KIM2, Hyun Jung KIM1,3, Hong Joo MOON4
1

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,
United States

Purpose: The ligamentum flavum (LF) is a crucial structure in maintaining spinal stability; however, hypertrophyof the LF is a significant contributor to lumbar spinal canalstenosis (LSCS). However, the mechanisms linking LFhypertrophy to the exacerbation of LSCS remain incompletely

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understood. In this study, we investigated the cellular proportions and signaling pathways observed in the hypertrophied
LF using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq).
Methods: The LF tissues were obtained from three patients
undergoing decompressive surgery at the lumbar level. Thesepatients had been diagnosed with LSCS prior to surgery andhad an LF thickness exceeding 4 mm. After single-cell dissociation of the LF tissues, scRNA-seq was performed.
Results: Fibroblasts accounted for 75% of the total cells, followed by endothelial cells, T cells, macrophages, and B cells.
Among heterogeneous types of fibroblasts, we identified thata subset of fibroblasts trans-differentiated into myofibroblasts.
Two types of macrophages that exhibited phenotypic plasticity
akin to M1 and M2 states were observed. We also identified
novel signaling pathways involved in fibroblast and immune
cell interaction in the hypertrophied LF, such as GAS and
GRN, as well as known signaling pathways, such as TGF-β,
PDGF, CXCL, and ANGPTL.
Conclusion: Our study highlights the transdifferentiation
process from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in the hypertrophied LF through intrinsic changes in and extrinsic influencesof fibroblasts.
Keywords: Ligament f lavum, Hypertrophy, Fibroblast,
Myofibroblast, Single-cell RNA sequencing

Methods: By using morphological, behavioral pharmacologial, and ELISA methods.
Results: The results showed that itch sensitivity of mice increased significantly in late pregnancy and basically returned
to normal one day after delivery. The number of OXT-positive
neurons in PVN and the content of OXT in serum of the latepregnant mice increased significantly, and decreased sharply after delivery. Intradermal injection of low concentration of OXT(0.2 nmol/L) could not induce scratching behavior in mice,
but high concentration of OXT (5 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L) could
induce scratching behavior and in a dose-dependent manner.
Low concentration of OXT could significantly increase the itchsensitivity of histamine. Intradermal injection of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) or arginine vasopressin-1a receptor (AVPR1A)
antagonist did not affect histamine-induced scratching behavior, but both could reverse the increase of itch sensitivity in latepregnant mice or the facilitated itch sensitivity by OXT.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that both endogenous andexogenous increases in OXT can increase the body's sensitivity
to itch, and even induce itch directly. Pruritus during pregnancy is closely related to the increase of OXT content in vivo.
In the periphery, the itch-promoting effect of OXT is mediatedby OXTR and AVPR1A.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Nature
Science Foundation of China (32171137).
Keywords: Oxytocin, Itch, Late pregnancy, OXTR, AVPR1A[B. Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience]

A-0162

A-0098

Oxytocin Increases Itch Sensitivity of Mice in
Late Pregnancy and Its Peripheral Receptor
Mechanism of Itch-Promoting Effect
Hui LI

Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China

Purpose: Oxytocin (OXT) is secreted in a large amountduring the middle and late pregnancy. Except for the regulation of functions related to childbirth, OXT is involved in theregulation of cognition, social behavior, addiction, pain and soon. Our aim is to confirm the increase of OXT content in micein late pregnancy is the main cause of itch during pregnancy
and observe whether exogenously administered OXT can induce or increase itch sensitivity.

Analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction and
Associated Non-Coding RNAs in theOlfactory Bulb of High-Fat Diet-Fed MiceSeoyoon CHOI1,2, Danbi JO1, Seo Yeon AHN1,2, Juhyun SONG1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun,
Republic of Korea
2
Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Metabolic imbalance contributes to cognitive
impairment, anxiety, depressive behavior, and impaired olfactory perception. As the synaptic signal from the olfactory bulb
is directly transmitted to memory consolidation-related brain
regions, recent studies have focused on the study of olfactory
dysfunction in patients with obesity and diabetes accompaniedby cognitive dysfunction.

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Methods: In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic
change of olfactory bulb in high-fat diet-fed mice compared tothat of normal diet-fed mice. We sampled olfactory bulb fromhigh fat diet mice, and performed RNA sequencing, and measured protein levels and mRNA levels in olfactory bulb tissue.
Also, we tested cytokine secretion in blood plasma of high fat
diet mice.
Results: We found differences in the expression of proteincoding mRNAs and non-coding RNAs involved in insulin,
lipid metabolism, neurogenesis, serotonin, dopamine, andgamma-aminobutyric acid-related signaling in the olfactory
bulb of high-fat diet-fed mice compared to control mice.
Conclusion: Our analyses suggest diverse targets for thetreatment of olfactory dysfunction related to various neuropathologies in patients with metabolic syndrome.

non-small cell lung cancer and NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Conclusion: In summary, the increased inf lammationand lung fibrosis were observed in lung tissue of high fat dietmouse model. Our results may provide the basic information
to find critical genetic factors associated with pulmonary dysfunction in obesity.

Keywords: Olfactory bulb, High fat diet, RNA sequencing,Non-coding RNAs, CircRNAs

Seke Nzau MAFUIKA, Thajasvarie NAICKER, Rohen HARRICHANDPARSAD,
Lelika LAZARUS

A-0164

Analysis of Lung Cancer and Lung Fibrosis
Related Genes in the Lung of High-Fat Diet
Mice
Danbi JO1, Juhyun SONG1
1

Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Obesity is increasing all over the world and isassociated with the incidence of diverse metabolic diseases
including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer etc. Recently, many studies have focused on the progression of lungfibrosis and lung cancer in obesity patients. In addition, highfat fed diet animal studies demonstrated the small airways, reduced nasopharyngeal volume, and pulmonary inflammation,
leading to pulmonary dysfunction.
Methods: Therefore, we screened and compared genetic
patterns in lung tissue of mouse fed a high fat diet (common
obesity mimic mouse model) and those fed a normal diet toinvestigate the relationship between obesity and lung fibrosis.
Results: Through the RNA sequencing analysis, we foundthe differences in the expression of lung cancer related genes,
and lymphocyte activation related genes. In GO and KEGG
pathway data, we found upregulations in the nitrogen compound metabolic process, VEGF signaling, Notch signaling,

Keywords: High fat diet, Lung fibrosis, Lung cancer, RNAsequencing, Immune response
A-0236

The Potential of S100B and GFAP as
Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting
Severity and Progression of Traumatic Brain
InjuryClinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs as a resultof a severe head injury caused by an external force during avehicle accident, fall, domestic violence, or explosion. The
existing data shows that approximately 69 million individuals
per year will sustain TBI worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa,
the prevalence of TBI is 150–170 per 100 000 individuals. TBI
is evaluated clinically according to the Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), associated with Computed Tomography and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. However, there are many limitations associated with GCS. Therefore, the aim of this study was toinvestigate the potential of serum S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) as
biomarkers for detection and diagnosis for TBI.
Methods: This pilot study utilized purposive sampling ofserum fluid of 78 adult patients with moderate to severe TBI.
S100B and GFAP concentrations were determined by multiplex
immunoassay technique (ELISA). The data generated wereanalyzed using Graph pad prism software version 9.00 with P
value < 0.05.
Results: There were no significance differences (P < 0.2162)
between the concentrations of S100B in the moderate TBI
compared with control. However, a significant increase in theconcentration of S100B was observed in the severe TBI compared with the control (P< 0.0002) and moderate (P< 0.0011)
TBI. The concentrations of GFAP were significantly increased

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in the moderate (p<0.0015) and severe (p<0.0083) categories
of TBI as opposed to the control. However, there was no significance difference (p<0.9999) between the concentrations ofmoderate and severe TBI categories.
Conclusion: This finding confirms the significant increased
concentration of S100B and GFAP increase the severity andaggravate the progression of TBI. Hence, they can be utilized
as biomarkers for better prediction of severity and progressionof TBI from moderate to severe categories, combination ofthese two biomarkers and the GCS system may provide better
diagnostic results.
Keywords: TBI, S100B, GFAP, GCS
A-0241Chlorogenic Acid as a Promising
Therapeutic for Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence
from an Experimental Autoimmune
Encephalomyelitis Model

tological analysis showed a significant reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration within the spinal cord parenchyma
following EAE induction. CGA treatment substantially downregulated mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the spinal cord
tissues. Additionally, CGA treatment resulted in a significant
decrease in astrogliosis and microglial/macrophage activationin the spinal cords of EAE mice.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that CGA has atherapeutic effect on EAE by modulating pro-inflammatory
cytokines. These results position CGA as a promising pharmacotherapeutic candidate for MS treatment.
Funding: This research was supported by the BK21 FOUR
(Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) program,funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE, Republic ofKorea) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF2019R1A2C1087753 and NRF-2022R1A6A3A01087394).
Keywords: Chlorogenic acid, Experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis, Multiple sclerosis, Neuroinflammation,
Pro-inflammatory cytokine

Sohi KANG1,2, Sungmoon HONG3, Joong-Sun KIM1, Hongbing WANG4,
Taekyun SHIN3, Changjong MOON1
1

Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, Chonnam National University
College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National
University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Jeju National University College of Veterinary
Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, United States

Purpose: Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenolic compound, iswell-documented for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, andfree radical scavenging properties. Multiple sclerosis (MS), achronic autoimmune disorder, affects the central nervous system and is characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of
CGA in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
an animal model that simulates MS.
Methods: We induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice via immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35–55) peptide and conducted daily monitoring to record clinical signs,
including paraparesis and body weight changes. We performed
histological and molecular analyses on spinal cord tissues toevaluate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.
Results: Intraperitoneal CGA administration significantly
reduced the incidence and severity of EAE paraparesis. His-

A-0261

Claustral Subregions of Mice Are
Preferentially Arborized with theDendrites and Axons of Parvalbumin- andSomatostatin-Positive GABAergic Neurons

Megumu TAKAHASHI1,2, Tomoyo KOBAYASHI2,3, Haruhi MIZUMA2,3,
Shinichiro OKAMOTO2,4, Kenta YAMAUCHI2,3, Kazuki OKAMOTO2,3, Yoko
ISHIDA2,4, Masato KOIKE3, Masahiko WATANABE5, Tadashi ISA6,7, Hiroyuki
HIOKI2,8
1

Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of
Medicine, Tokyo, Japan2
Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
3
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of
Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
4
Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University Graduate School of
Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
5
Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
6
Department of Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto,Japan
7
Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University,
Kyoto, Japan
8
Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate Schoolof Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Purpose: The claustrum is a subcortical nucleus locatedbetween the insular cortex and the striatum and is composed

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IFAA 2024of the core and shell subregions. Although the claustrum coordinates the activities of individual cortical areas throughabundant reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, thecontribution of GABAergic neurons to the circuitry in each
subregion remains unclear. We examined the distribution of
GABAergic neurons and their dendritic and axonal arborizations within each subregion of mouse claustrum.
Methods: Combining in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence histochemistry, we first investigated the distribution of neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-positive cells expressing
glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (GAD67) mRNAin each subregion. We also examined the proportion of parvalbumin (PV)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, or vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide (VIP)-positive neurons in GAD67-expressing
neurons. Further, we selectively visualized PV or SOM neurons by injecting recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors
into the claustrum of PV- or SOM-Cre knock-in mice. Afteracquisition of three-dimensional image stacks of optically
cleared 1-mm-thick brain slices with confocal microscopy, wereconstructed their dendrites and axons at the single-neuron
level.
Results: We demonstrated that about 10% of NeuN-positive
cells expressed GAD67 mRNA in both claustral core and shell
regions and that PV-, SOM-, or VIP-positive neurons consistedof 20%, 30%, and 10% of claustral GAD67-expressing neurons,
respectively. Furthermore, single neuronal reconstruction of
PV and SOM neurons revealed that the dendrites and axonsof PV and SOM neurons were preferentially localized to theirrespective subregions where their cell bodies were found. We
also showed the axons were preferentially extended in a rostrocaudal direction, whereas the dendrites were relatively isotropic.
Conclusion: PV and SOM neurons preferentially localize
the neurites to the claustral subregions, which might contribute to separate information processing within the subregions.
Funding: KAKENHI (JP22J15034, JP20K07231, JP22K20694,
JP22K15230, JP20K07743, JP21H02589, JP20H05628,
JP21H02592), AMED (JP19dm0207093, JP18dm0207020, JP21dm0207112), and JST (JPMJMS2024, JPMJFR204D).
Keywords: Adeno-associated virus, Claustrum subregion,
GABAergic, Single-neuron reconstruction, Tissue clearing

A-0327

Very Low Intensity Ultrasound (VLIUS)
Promotes Glymphatic System Clearance
to Treat Subacute Phase Intracranial
Hemorrhagic Mouse Model
Lin SHAO-HSIEN, Chien CHUNG-LIANG

Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College ofMedicine, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Purpose: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), a common neurological emergency with high mortality, can generate neurotoxic waste, leading to secondary neuronal damage. Unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes in subacute intracranial hemorrhage
are often attributed to challenges in effectively clearing brain
waste. Based upon previous findings demonstrating that Very
Low Intensity Ultrasound (VLIUS) could promote glymphatic
system circulation in normal mice. Therefore, we hypothesisthat VLIUS can also enhance ICH mice glymphatic clearance,
thereby mitigating secondary neural damage.
Methods: To elucidate our hypothesis, we employed acollagenase-induced intracranial hemorrhage mouse model,
divided the mice into three groups: (1) sham; (2) ICH; (3) ICH
treated with VLIUS. The mice received VLIUS treatment fromday 7 post-ICH induction until day 13 and were sacrificed on
day 14. Subsequent analyses involved vibratome sectioning,western blotting, and ELISA to examine glymphatic systemdrainage, pathological changes, and inflammation cytokines.
Results: From our preliminary observations, impaired
glymphatic function, progressing with accumulated iron ions,leading to gliosis, AQP4 depolarization, and microglial activation could be found in the ICH mice. Furthermore, utilizing
a fluorescent CSF tracer, we noted a significant increase inglymphatic influx in the VLIUS treated groups. In general, injecting a tracer in sham groups, it usually moves both forward
and backward. However, in the VLIUS treated group, there is atendency for forward flow of the tracer. The free iron precipitation and surrounding astrocyte activation exhibited were also
observed at trauma area. Additionally, our results indicated a
gradual reduction in the necrotic area with staining of Luxol
fast blue. The current findings suggest that Very Low Intensity
Ultrasound (VLIUS) can indeed modify the direction of glymphatic system influx and efflux, and gradually mitigating thedamage caused by neuroinflammation.
Conclusion: This study presents a potential strategy for

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future ICH treatments and simultaneously demonstrates thealteration of the glymphatic system circulation through ultrasound stimulation.
Funding: NTSC 112-2320-B-002-036 from National Science and Technology Concil, Taiwan.
Keywords: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), Glymphatic
system, Ultrasound treatment, Neuroinflammation
A-0346

Febrile Seizure in Infants Underlies
Endophenotypes of Autism Spectrum
Disorder in Rats
Yeon Hee YU, Dae-Kyoon PARK, Duk-Soo KIM

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs as a response to
fever, is the most common seizure that occurs in infants andyoung children. FS is usually accompanied by diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, including impaired depression, anxiety,sleep disturbances, attention deficit, cognitive impairment;
however, research on neuropsychiatric disorders and hippocampal inflammatory changes following febrile seizure occurrences is very limited. Here, we pro-vide evidence linking FS
occurrence with ASD pathogenesis in rats.
Methods: We inducted febrile seizures through a mercury
vapor lamp using infantile rats (postnatal 11 days). At 3 weeks
after FS induction, we examined behavioral tests and immunostaining to identify the association of ASD-like phenotype
development with inflammatory damage.
Results: We developed an FS juvenile rats model and foundASD-like abnormal behaviors including deficits in social novelty, repetitive behaviors, and hyperlocomotion. In addition,
FS model juvenile rats showed enhanced levels of gliosis andinflammation in the hippocampal CA2 region and cerebellum.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the inflammatory
response triggered by febrile seizures in young children could
potentially serve as a mediator of social cognitive impairments
akin to autism spectrum disorder.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea government (NEST) (NRF-2017R1D1A1B05036195 and RS-202300245605).

Keywords: Hyperthermic seizure, Epilepsy, Autism-likebehavior, Inflammation, FEPSP
A-0408Potential Neural Substrates of Parkinson's
Disease and Clinical Outcomes
Dong Hyuk LEE1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republicof Korea
2
Research Institute of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: We aimed to investigate functional differences inspontaneous brain activity between Parkinson's disease (PD)and healthy control (HC). Then, we sought to identify theneural substrates that distinguish PD from HC by conducting
seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Finally, we
attempted to identify specific symptom-related brain regions
using clinical outcome.
Methods: We compared the zfALFF maps between 50 PD
patients and 24 HC groups, adjusting for age and sex. Then,we created a sphere of 3 mm radius centered on the significant
regions from previous zfALFF analysis to conduct seed-based
FC analysis. We compared the zFC of seed regions maps between two groups. We performed logistic regression analysis todistinguish PD from HC using zFC values, age, and sex as predictors. Finally, we conducted voxel-wise correlation between
zfALFF maps and clinical outcomes (All significance level was
Gaussian Random Field (GRF) corrected voxel p<0.001, cluster
p<0.05).
Results: In the zfALFF analysis, the right cerebellum Crus2
areas are significant regions between two groups. Then, zFCsof the cerebellar regions with right parahippocampal gyrus,
parietal and frontal regions showed significant differences
between the two groups. In the logistic regression model, theaccuracy of 0.93, a specificity of 0.88, a sensitivity of 0.96 andthe AUC of 0.98 was shown. The zfALFF values in the rightprecentral gyrus showed a significant positive correlation withmean DCL, while the zfALFF values in the left precuneus
showed a significant negative correlation with mean DCL. The
zfALFF values in the right superior temporal gyrus showed asignificant positive correlation with the mean EPE.
Conclusion: The connectivity between right cerebellar
regions with parahippocampal gyrus, right parietal, and left
frontal areas could be the potential neural substrates of PD.

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Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF2017R1D1A1B03031688) and (NRF-2022R1F1A1061004).
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Postural instability and gait
disturbance, FMRI, Functional connectivity, FALFF
A-0418and sequelae following global cerebral ischemia.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea government (NEST) (NRF-2017R1D1A1B05036195 and RS-202300245605).
Keywords: Ttransient global ischemia, Exercise, Ischemic
reperfusion, Cognitive sequelae, Neuroprotection

Exercise Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction
and Neurological Deterioration following
Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia
Reperfusion in Mongolian Gerbils

A-0429Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan,
Republic of Korea

Ji Young KIM1, Jin-Hee KIM2, Je Hoon SEO1

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Reduces Iron-Dependent
Ferroptosis Caused by Ultrafine Particulate
Matters in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Pars
Compacta

Yeon Hee YU, Gun Woo KIM, Dae-Kyoon PARK, Duk-Soo KIM

1

Purpose: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death anddisability worldwide. Ischemic stroke occurs when blood vessels are blocked that is the most common type of stroke. Global ischemia causes neuronal cell death in the CA1 region of the
hippocampus. These damage can lead to cognitive impairment
in rodents, primates, and humans. Exercise is known to haveneuroprotective and cognitive benefits, particularly pertaining to memory and learning related processes. In this study,
we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of exercise on
cognitive impairment and nervous system damage following
transient global ischemic reperfusion.
Methods: Exercise of gerbil was performed for 2 hours every day for 4 weeks before surgery. Gerbil performed behavior
test 4 days after transient global cerebral ischemia reperfusion(tGCI/R).
Results: Through novel object recognition tests, Y-maze,and Barnes maze assessments, cognitive phenotypic outcomes
revealed a decrease in cognitive function in the tGCI/R gerbils,
whereas an improvement in cognitive function was observedin the exercise gerbils. In tGCI/R gerbils, there was an increasein the expression of positive glial cells for glial fibrillary acidic
protein and S100 calcium-binding protein B, whereas in exercise gerbils, the expression of glial cells decreased. These histological changes demonstrate that exercise has cognitive andneuroprotective effects following tGCI/R.
Conclusion: Therefore, these results indicate that regularexercise may prevent cognitive and neurological deterioration

Anatomy, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of
Korea
2
Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University,
Cheongju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Recent studies have raised a potential link between exposure to fine particulate matter and an increased
risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) through mechanisms including iron accumulation and ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons. This study aims to further understand these mechanisms
by investigating the effects of ultrafine diesel exhaust particles(ufDEPs) on iron accumulation and ferroptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and the potential protective roleof alpha-lipoic acid (ALA).
Methods: We nasally exposed ufDEPs (20 ul, 0.4 mg/ml) to
mice twice a day at 12 h intervals for 7 consecutive days andintraperitoneally injected ALA solution (70 mg/kg) once a dayfor 7 consecutive days.
Results: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses
revealed a significant decrease in TH-positive neurons and
TH expression in the SNc following ufDEP exposure, which
was ameliorated by ALA treatment. Iron reactivity was significantly increased in the SNc but was reduced to control levels
with ALA treatment. Furthermore, levels of malondialdehyde,
4-hydroxynonenal, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, indicators of reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly elevated in the SNc of the DEP group.
These effects were notably mitigated in the DEP+ALA group.
Exposure of ufDEPs reduced total antioxidant capacity and

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glutathione peroxidase 4 levels, which were significantly improved with ALA treatment.
Conclusion: These results collectively suggest that ufDEP
exposure leads to iron-dependent ferroptosis of dopaminergic
neurons in the SNc, exacerbating PD pathology. ALA's ability
to attenuate these changes by restoring TH expression, reducing iron accumulation, and improving antioxidant capacity
provides evidence for its potential therapeutic value in mitigating ufDEP-induced neurodegeneration.
Funding: This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1I1A3073717, 2021R1I1A3043435).
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Ultrafine diesel exhaust
particle, Ferroptosis, Alpha-lipoic acidA-0482

Intermittent Fasting Attenuates
Neuroinflammation and Cognitive
Impairment in High-Fat Diet-Fed DiabeticMiceroinflammation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence showedthat IF reduced HFD-induced astrocytic LCN2 and microglial
GAL3 protein expression in the hippocampus of HFD mice.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that HFD-induced
adipocyte apoptosis and macrophage infiltration may play a
critical role in glial activation and that IF reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment by protecting against
blood-brain barrier leakage.
Keywords: Intermittent fasting, Neuroinflammation, Cognitive impairment, High-fat dietA-0528The Potential of S100B and GFAP as
Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting
Severity and Progression of Traumatic Brain
InjurySeke Nzau MAFUIKA, Thajasvarie NAICKER, Rohen HARRICHANDPARSAD,
Lelika LAZARUS
Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Hyeong Seok AN, Jaewoong LEE, Jiwon OH, Yundong SUN, Eun Ae JEONG,
Hyun Joo SHIN, Kyung Eun KIM, Gu Seob ROH
Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Intermittent fasting (IF), an alternating pattern of
dietary restriction, reduces obesity-induced insulin resistanceand inflammation. However, the crosstalk between adipose
tissue and the hippocampus in diabetic encephalopathy is not
fully understood. Here, we investigated the protective effectsof IF against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment inhigh-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.
Methods: For address this study, we measured metabolic
parameters and performed histological analyses, Western blot,
immunofluoresence, and Morris Water Maze test.
Results: Histological analysis revealed that IF reduced
crown-like structures and adipocyte apoptosis in the adipose
tissue of HFD mice. In addition to circulating lipocalin-2(LCN2) and galectin-3 (GAL3) levels, IF reduced HFDinduced increases in LCN2- and GAL3-positive macrophagesin adipose tissue. IF also improved HFD-induced memory
deficits by inhibiting blood-brain barrier breakdown and neu-

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs as a resultof a severe head injury caused by an external force during avehicle accident, fall, domestic violence, or explosion. The
existing data shows that approximately 69 million individuals
per year will sustain TBI worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa,
the prevalence of TBI is 150–170 per 100 000 individuals. TBI
is evaluated clinically according to the Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), associated with Computed Tomography and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. However, there are many limitations associated with GCS. Therefore, the aim of this study was toinvestigate the potential of serum S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) as
biomarkers for detection and diagnosis for TBI.
Methods: This pilot study utilized purposive sampling ofserum fluid of 78 adult patients with moderate to severe TBI.
S100B and GFAP concentrations were determined by multiplex
immunoassay technique (ELISA). The data generated wereanalyzed using Graph pad prism software version 9.00 with P
value < 0.05.
Results: There were no significance differences (P < 0.2162)
between the concentrations of S100B in the moderate TBI
compared with control. However, a significant increase in theconcentration of S100B was observed in the severe TBI com-

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pared with the control (P< 0.0002) and moderate (P< 0.0011)
TBI. The concentrations of GFAP were significantly increasedin the moderate (p<0.0015) and severe (p<0.0083) categories
of TBI as opposed to the control. However, there was no significance difference (p<0.9999) between the concentrations ofmoderate and severe TBI categories.
Conclusion: This finding confirms the significant increased
concentration of S100B and GFAP increase the severity andaggravate the progression of TBI. Hence, they can be utilized
as biomarkers for better prediction of severity and progressionof TBI from moderate to severe categories, combination ofthese two biomarkers and the GCS system may provide better
diagnostic results.
Keywords: TBI, S100B, GFAP, Serum, Biomarkers
A-0529Evaluating Olive Flounder By-Product
Prozyme2000P Hydrolysate for Ferroptosis
Inhibition and Retinal Protection in AgeRelated Diseases

Myeongjoo SON1,4, Jimin HYUN2,3, You-Jin JEON2, Bomi RYU3, Dae Yu KIM4
1

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
3
Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of
Korea
4
Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: This study explores the potential of olive flounderby-products (OFBP) as an eco-friendly and novel strategy toinhibit ferroptosis in the aging retina, addressing retinal degeneration associated with aging. Ferroptosis, characterizedby iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation and cellular
membrane damage, significantly contributes to the deterioration of retinal cells. The study aims to uncover the therapeuticpotential of OFBP in combating this form of cell death, offering implications for environmental sustainability and healthcare.
Methods: Utilizing robust in vitro and in vivo models, thisresearch investigated the efficacy of OFBP in restoring key
ferroptosis-related markers. The study specifically examinedthe effects of OFBP on ARPE-19 cells treated with Sodium
iodate (SI) to induce ferroptosis, focusing on markers such ascell death, lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and ferritin
protein expression. Additionally, the research assessed the impact of oral administration of OFBP in an aged mouse model
to evaluate its potential in mitigating age-related pathophysiological characteristics.
Results: The administration of olive flounder by-products(OFBP) notably reversed markers associated with ferroptosis in
retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and alleviated agedependent pathological features in aged mouse. This evidence
indicates that OFBP, obtained through the sustainable processing of aquaculture waste, possesses promising capabilities as
an active component in medical formulations, especially targeting the prevention of retinal degeneration via the inhibitionof ferroptosis.
Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into
the role of ferroptosis in retinal degeneration and introduces
OFBP as a promising therapeutic approach for its prevention.
Highlighting the dual benefits of environmental sustainability
and health improvement, this research paves the way for future studies to further explore the mechanisms behind OFBP's
protective effects and its application in other ferroptosis-characterized conditions.
Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Education through grants from the National Research Foundationof Korea, Key Research Institutes in Universities program(Grant No. 2018R1A6A1A03025523) and the Basic Science Research Program (Grant No. 2022R1I1A1A01066045).
Keywords: Ferroptosis, Olive flounder by-products, Retinal
pigment epithelial cells, Aging
A-0546

Phase 1 Clinical Trial: Safety and Feasibilityof Thrombin-Preconditioned Wharton JellyDerived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (Th. WJMSCs) for Prophylactic Therapy in Neonatal
Brain Injury (HIE and IVH)

Chung Kwon KIM, Young Woo GO, Geun-Hyoung HA, So Yoon AHN, Yun Sil
CHANG, Kyeung Min JOO
Medinno, R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Stem cell research holds promise for alleviating
neonatal brain injury, particularly in Hypoxic-Ischemic En-

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cephalopathy (HIE) and Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
treatment. Our prior findings demonstrated the therapeuticpotential of thrombin preconditioned human Wharton jellyderived MSC cells (Th. WJ-MSCs) in animal models of IVH
and HIE. To translate these results, we conducted a phase 1
clinical trial to assess the safety and feasibility of Th. WJ-MSCs
prophylactic therapy in newborns with HIE/IVH-related brain
injuries.
Methods: Approval for a phase 1 clinical trial (KCT0004851)
was obtained to assess the safety and feasibility of Th. WJMSCs in treating two neonatal brain disorders, HIE and IVH,
due to their similar injury mechanisms. For HIE, neonateswith moderate to severe HIE, undergoing hypothermia therapy within 6 hours of birth, gestational age ≥36 weeks, andbirth weight >1,800 grams were included. After 72 hours ofhypothermia therapy, a single intraventricular injection of Th.
WJ-MSCs (5×106 cells/kg - 1×107 cells/kg) was administered
within 72 hours post-treatment. For IVH, neonates diagnosed
within 7 days post-IVH, with gestational age between 23 and<34 weeks, and grade 3-4 IVH were included. Primary outcomes, evaluating safety and feasibility, were assessed at NICU
discharge and through short-term follow-ups at 12 weeks and6 months.
Results: The intracerebroventricular transplantation of Th.
WJ-MSCs via an anterior fontanelle tap in 9 newborns within
the first 2 weeks after birth was well-tolerated. No serious adverse events or dose-limiting toxicity related to Th. WJ-MSCs
were observed. One patient experienced CSF leakage after a
fontanelle tap, which resolved within a day without infection.
Importantly, no infants died in this phase 1 clinical trial, andno dose-limiting toxicity, defined as death within 6 hours or
anaphylactic shock, was recorded.
Conclusion: Intracerebroventricular transplantation of allogeneic Th. WJ-MSCs in the newborn infants including preterm infants was safe and feasible.
Keywords: WJ-MSCs, Phase 1 Clinical Trial, HIE, IVH

A-0582High-Fat Diet Impaired Microglial
Metabolism and Phagocytic Activity in the
Brains of AD Mice and Aggravated Disease
Progression
Shuhan YANG, Hirofumi MIYAZAKI, Yuji OWADA
Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, and there are reports that high-fat diet (HFD)
may be one of its causes, but specific mechanism remains to
be explored. Microglia are thought to play a protective rolein the AD brain by engulfing its disease-causing protein Aβ.
Previous studies showed that excessive accumulation of lipid
droplets (LDs) in aging microglia leads to impairment of theirphagocytic activity, suggesting a correlation between microglial metabolism and function. Therefore, this study aims to
explore the effect of HFD on the metabolism and function of
microglia in the AD brain.
Methods: In vivo, we fed APPNL-G-F knock-in AD model
mice with a HFD or a ND, and took the cerebral cortex for
lipidomic analysis. We also performed immunostaining toanalyze Aβ plaque formation, microglia aggregation and lipid
droplets accumulation. And, isolated microglia were used to
study the expression of the phagocytosis-related gene Trem2.
In vitro, we used OA-treated microglia for phagocytic activity
assay and RNA sequence.
Results: We found that HFD feeding significantly increased
the deposition of Aβ plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP mice, and significantly reduced the dense
plaques formed by microglia compression and the number ofmicroglia gathered around the plaques. Moreover, the resultsof lipid composition analysis and staining results showed that
HFD significantly increased esterified cholesterol in the cerebral cortex and stored it in the form of lipid droplets in microglia. Finally, we found that in vitro OA treatment led to excessive accumulation of LD in microglia and down-regulated
the expression of a series of genes related to immune response,
phagocytosis, and lipid metabolism.
Conclusion: A HFD may alter the lipid metabolism of microglia in APP mice brain and impair their phagocytic function, thereby aggravating the pathological manifestations ofAD.

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Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Microglia, Metabolism,
Neurodegenerative disease, Fatty acids
A-0583Structural Plasticity of the Synaptic
Elements Associated with C Afferent
Terminals in the Medullary Dorsal Horn ina Rat Model of Craniofacial Inflammatory
Paintion may represent the morphological basis for the development and long-term maintenance of craniofacial inflammatory pain.
Keywords: C afferent synapse, Pathologic pain, StructuralchangeA-0621Analysis of Ia Afferent Projections
and Perineuronal Net Formation on
Motoneurons and Chx10-Positive V2aInterneurons after Complete Spinal
Transection in Neonatal and Juvenile Rats

Yongchul BAE1, Yisul CHO1, Jinyoung BAE1, Yunsook KIM1, Dongkuk AHN2
1

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The nociceptive C afferents and their target neurons
in the spinal dorsal horn exhibit extensive functional changes
in the pathologic pain state. However, little is known about thestructural remodeling of synapses of C afferents that may underlie long-term maintenance of these functional changes.
Methods: To address this issue, we used a model of inflammatory pain following injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant(CFA) into the rat vibrissa pad. After 4 days (CFA 4-day group)and 21 days (CFA 21-day group) when the thermal hyperalgesia is severe and has recovered, respectively, we examined calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunopositive (+) andisolectin-B4+ (IB4+) axon terminals (boutons) and their postsynaptic dendrites and presynaptic endings in the medullarydorsal horn, using quantitative immuno-electron microscopyof serial sections.
Results: In both CGRP+ and IB4+ boutons, 1) frequency
of boutons forming synapse with dendritic spine, 2) the ultrastructural parameters correlated with synaptic strength
including bouton volume and mitochondrial volume, andspine head volume and postsynaptic density area increased
significantly in the CFA 4-day group, compared to control.
The fraction of IB4+boutons receiving axoaxonic synapses
and the number density of the GAD65/67+ boutons, which
are implicated in pre- and post-synaptic inhibition, decreased
significantly in the CFA 4-day group, compared to control.
All the structural changes in the synapse of CGRP+ and IB4+
boutons in the CFA 4-day group were no longer present in the
CFA 21-day group.
Conclusion: The structural changes following inflamma-

Masahito TAKIGUCHI, Ayana YOSHIMURA, Kengo FUNAKOSHI
Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

Purpose: Complete spinal transection (ST) at the thoracic
level in adult rats results in poor recovery of hindlimb motor
function, whereas spontaneous recovery can occur after ST inneonates, in which primary afferent projections to the lumbar
cord are enhanced after ST. However, the precise mechanisms
have yet to be known. In the present study, rats that underwent ST on postnatal day 5 (P5ST group) and day 20 (P20ST
group) were used to examine parvalbumin-positive Ia afferent terminals on motoneurons, and on Chx10-positive V2ainterneurons, a part of the center pattern generator (CPG), andthe perineuronal net formation around these neurons 2 weeks
after ST.
Methods: Neonatal (P5) and juvenile rats (P20) received
spinal transection at 10th thoracic level under isofluran anesthesia. The rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde
2 weeks after ST. Cryosections of 5th lumbar cord were performed for immunohistochemistry.
Results: The number of parvalbumin-positive terminals
on motoneurons significantly increased in both the P5ST and
P20ST groups. The number of parvalbumin-positive terminals on Chx10 neurons tended to increase in both the P5ST
and P20ST groups. PNN formation around Chx10 neurons
was significantly increased in the P20ST group, but not in the
P5ST group.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that increased Ia afferent projections to both motoneurons and Chx10 neurons
contribute to the recovery of hindlimb motor activity in the

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P5ST group, while increased PNN formation around the CPG
causes failure of motor recovery in the P20ST group.
Keywords: Spinal cord injury, Perineuronal nets, Primaryafferent, Motoneurons, Central pattern generator

associated with decreased expression of microvascular eNOS
and Tie2 as related underlying molecular mechanisms.
Funding: This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) [Grant no. NRF-2022R1F1A1061216].

A-0626Isolated Microvessels from Aged Brain Show
Age-Related Cerebrovascular Alteration
Juyeon MUN1,2, Chan PARK1,2
1

Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Normal aging is accompany by cerebrovascular alteration such as reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) andchanges in molecular and morphological vasculature. Small
vessels such as microvessels also altered during aging mainly
known for a reduction in their number. Reduction of microvessel density decreases the level of microcirculation, whichplays a major role in degenerative cerebrovascular diseases
including normal aging. In this study, we show that age-related
decreased CBF and alterations of vasculature from the pial tothe microvessel.
Methods: In this study, we analyzed cerebral blood flow(CBF) and morphology of brain pial vasculature using indocyanine green (ICG). Three-dimensional vascular analysis was
conducted to evaluate vasculature and density using microfil.
We evaluated cerebrovascular alteration at the level of single
microvessel using isolation method. Isolated brain microvessels were analyzed at histological and molecular levels using
immunofluorescent staining and western blotting.
Results: In aging mice, a decrease in CBF and an increasein morphological alterations compared to young mice. In particular, we observed string and atrophic vessels at the level ofinternal small vessels and decreased in microvascular density
in aging mice. In aging mice decreased in the total proteinsand density of brain microvessels and increased in morphological alterations of atrophic and string vessels as shown bydecreased diameter. At the molecular level, vascular stabilityrelated proteins eNOS and Tie2 expression decreased in aged
microvessels.
Conclusion: Our study shows that age-related morphological alteration increases at the level of single microvessels and is

Keywords: Aging, Microvessel, Cerebrovasculature, Brain
A-0660

Simvastatin Had a Barrel-Specific
Neuroprotective Effect Against AlcoholInduced Damage of the Somatosensory
Posterior Medial Sub-Field Barrels of
Adolescent Mice
Alice EFUNTAYO1,2, Oladiran OLATEJU2, Robin DU PREEZ2
1

Pathology, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
Anatomy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

2

Purpose: Alcohol is commonly used and abused by adolescents. The rising prevalence of alcohol-related diseases anddisabilities and governmental costs, necessitates investigating interventions that could protect neurons against alcoholrelated damage. Alcohol causes neurodevelopmental, neurobehavioral, neurocognitive, and social problems due to thenegative effects of chronic use on the structure and function ofneurons. The antioxidant properties of Simvastatin, an FDA–
approved drug for lowering blood cholesterol levels, seempromising in preventing neurodegeneration. We evaluated theeffect of Simvastatin on the sizes of the posterior medial barrel sub-field (PMBSF) of the somatosensory cortex and on themorphometry of the sciatic nerve of adolescent mice that wereadministered alcohol.
Methods: Four–week old C57BL/6J male and female mice
were administered 20% alcohol (i.p.), 5 or 10 mg/kg Simvastatin orally followed by 20% alcohol (i.p.) or the controls (i.e.
5 mg/kg Simvastatin only or non-treated) for 28 consecutive
days. The sizes of the 27–PMSBF barrels and the morphometryof the sciatic nerve were assessed.
Results: Alcohol did not significantly reduce the mean areas of the PMBSF barrels, enclosure, or septal portion in both
sexes. However, the barrel-to-barrel comparison revealed alcohol toxicity on specific barrels in specific rows and arcs of the
PMBSF barrels. Both concentrations of Simvastatin were effec-

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tive against alcohol–induced damage on those specific barrels.
For the sciatic nerves, the axonal density and myelination weresignificantly affected by alcohol in both sexes and Simvastatin
was also effective against the onset of alcohol nerve damage.
Conclusion: These observations may explain the reasonsfor the sensory-motor delays often seen in alcoholics owing
to the delay in sensing, relaying, processing, and interpreting
sensory information. Simvastatin seems to have the ability toprotect against the damaging effect of alcohol and this may
be beneficial in reducing the prevalence of alcohol-related diseases or disabilities, especially in adolescents that are prone toabusing alcohol.
Funding: South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) National Research Fund (NRF).
Keywords: Alcohol, Simvastatin, Somatosensory cortex,
Barrel cortex, Sciatic nerve

matter and the object's orientation about the ultrasound. Notable structures identified included the cerebral peduncle, substantia nigra, red nucleus, medial lemniscus, periaqueductal
gray matter, and CN III in the midbrain; the locus coeruleus,
pontine nucleus, and corticospinal tract in the pons; and theinferior cerebellar peduncle, inferior olivary nucleus, pyramid,
and CN X/XII structures in the medulla oblongata.
Conclusion: SAM's ability to capture time-lapse images
facilitates three-dimensional reconstruction of relatively thickspecimens without the need for pre-treatment or sectioning,
as is customary in light microscopic investigations. This underscores its potential for conducting in-depth analyses of thecytoarchitecture of the brain stem.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIT).
Keywords: Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, Brain Stem, Cytoarchitecture, Panfocal 3D software

A-0671

Exploring Human Brain StemCytoarchitecture using Scanning Acoustic
Microscopy

A-0783

Dasom KIM1, Dae Hyun KIM2, Hyunung YU3, Im Joo RHYU1
1

Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
3
Surface Analysis Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: The Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM) presents a superior imaging capability compared to conventionalsonograms. This study delves into exploring the cytoarchitecture of the human brain stem utilizing SAM technology.
Methods: Brain stems from eight cadavers donated to Korea University College of Medicine were procured for the study
after IRB approval. Sections of 5 mm thickness were meticulously prepared, with a focus on representative slices from the
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. These slices were subjected to SAM (KSI-SAM V8, Kramer Sonic Industries, Germany) imaging under conditions set at 50 ns and 1000 px. The
acquired data underwent reconstruction by amalgamating the
sharpest parts from 3-5 images using Panfocal 3D software.
Results: SAM revealed the cytoarchitecture of each sliceby leveraging differential diffraction characteristics based on
the slice components, such as the ratio of white matter to grayPhysical Exercise Improves Working Memory
in Early-Life Adversity Mice
Benke XU, Yun HE, Yuncai CHEN

Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, JingZhou, China

Purpose: The formation of working memory relies onneuronal structures and synaptic function. Based on early-life
adversity (ELA) mice, we investigated the effects of physicalexercise on working memory in the prelimbic cortex (PrL).
Methods: During P2-P9, a sensitive developmental period, we utilized restricted materials interfering with dampup interactions to construct ELA mice. They were trained tovoluntary wheel running for 5 months with a frequency of 1hour per day and 5 days per week. After the running, working
memory was assessed through T-maze-based tasks including spontaneous and reward alternation tasks. The betterperforming mice were used Golgi staining, western blotting,immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent immunostaining todetect neuronal structures and synaptic function.
Results: Running prevented ELA-induced loss of thin andmushroom-type spines of prelimbic pyramidal cells in layers II-III and V-VI. Reduced postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD-95) in ELA mice supports the selective loss of spines in

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PrL, and this effect can be prevented by physical exercise. Importantly, consistent results were observed between working
memory performance and loss of spines as well as the expression of PSD-95 in the prelimbic cortex by ELA or physical exercise.
Conclusion: Prolonged running may improve working
memory by increasing the number and function of synapses.
Keywords: Physical exercise, Prelimbic cortex, Working
memory, Early-life adversity, Dendritic spines

nections.
Keywords: Physical exercise, Hippocampal, Memory, AD,
Dendritic spines
A-0785Microglia-Derived C1q is Essential for
Myelination in the Central Nervous System(CNS)
Jiming KONG

Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

A-0784

Physical Exercise Improves Hippocampal
Spatial Memory in 3xTg-AD MiceYun HE, Benke XU, Yuncai CHEN

Department of Medicine, Yangtze University, JingZhou, China

Purpose: Physical exercise improves cognitive function in
AD patients, but the exact mechanism is poorly understood.
We investigated the effects of long-term physical exercise on
memory performance and potential synaptic mechanisms in
3xTg-AD mice.
Methods: 6-month-old male 3xTg-AD and C57 mice weretrained to run wheels for 5 months (5 times per week and 1
hour each time). We tested the mice's memory via object recognition and novel location recognition tasks. Morphometricanalysis of hippocampal pyramidal cells was performed using
the Golgi impregnation test to verify the changes of dendritic
and dendritic spines. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between spatial memory performance and dendritic
spines, synapses, synaptic proteins as well as beta-amyloid (Aβ)
plaque deposition.
Results: The consistent results were observed between improved memory performance and increased dendritic spine
densities, upregulated expression of synaptic proteins as wellas downregulated the processing of the amyloid pathology. In
3xTg-AD mice, physical exercise delayed regression of dendritic spine on CA1 neurons including thin and mushroomtype spines. Nevertheless, the effects of physical exercise werelimited to thin spines in C57 mice.
Conclusion: Prolonged physical exercise effectively improved memory in preclinical AD patients by slowing down
the deposition of amyloid beta and preserving synaptic con-

Purpose: Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS)
is orchestrated by oligodendrocytes. It provides essential insulation for axons and is critical for efficient action potential
conduction. Disruptions in myelination have been implicatedin neurological disorders such as leukodystrophies and multiple sclerosis. Although microglia, the CNS-resident macrophages, are believed to influence myelin development, their
specific contributions remain ambiguous. This research aims
to elucidate the role of microglia-derived C1q in myelin development.
Methods: We developed a microglia-free in vitro myelination system and a C1q conditional knockout mouse model totest the role of C1q in myelination.
Results: In a microglia-free cell culture model, we demonstrated that oligodendrocytes could not myelinate axons. In
contrast, adding a microglia-conditioned medium to the cell
culture induced substantial myelination. We found that removing C1q from the microglia-conditioned medium resulted
in a myelination failure while adding a native C1q protein was
sufficient to induce myelination. Notably, the expression of
C1q in the mouse brain coincided both temporally and spatially with myelination during brain development. Further
observation in the conditional knockout mice (C1qa FL/FL:
Cx3cr1 CreER) revealed that the C1q deficiency decreased myelin thickness and increased g-ratio during initial myelination.
Interestingly, the C1q deficiency did not impact the productionof myelin but disrupted the association between myelin andaxons.
Conclusion: Microglia-derived C1q is essential in CNS myelination. This discovery could potentially offer novel insights
into the treatment of demyelinating diseases.

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Funding: Canadian Institute of Health Research.
Keywords: C1q, Microglia, Myelination, Oligodendrocyte,
Axon
A-0792The Function of Enteric Glial Cells in
Intestinal Homeostasis: Activation of
GABABR Mediates Enteric Glial Cells
Polarization and Autophagy to Exert AntiInflammatory and Anti-Bacterial Effects
Jiaqi WANG, Ziteng DENG, Yunfei MA

College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

Purpose: Enteric glial cells (EGCs) exhibit plasticity tomaintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating cellular functions in pathological conditions such as inflammation or bacterial infection, but the exact mechanisms remain to be further
elucidated. The γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling system
attenuates brain damage by regulating glial cell polarization
and autophagy. However, little is known about the roles of GABAB receptor (GABABR) signaling in intestinal injury. The
present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanismsof EGCs polarization and autophagy mediated by GABABR in
intestine inflammation.
Methods: We established lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- orEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETECK88)-induced inflammation models in mice intestine and EGCs to explore therole of EGCs in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis.
Results: We found EGCs were GABAergic and GABAceptive cells. EGCs exposed to LPS expressed immune-related
molecules including CD80, MHC II, and iNOS acting as E1
phenotype, whereas GABABR activation strongly promoted
EGCs polarization into E2 phenotype, mainly expressing Arg1
and CD206. Notably, activation of GABABR mitigated intestinal damage through facilitating EGCs to transform into E2
phenotype and inhibiting NF-κ B pathway in LPS- induced
mice. Next, we observed alterations of EGCs phenotype andautophagy in both mice intestine and EGCs infected withETECK88. Moreover, activating autophagy of EGCs significantly depressed bacterial burdens, whereas inhibitors pretreatment showed contrary tendency. Interestingly, GABABR
activation notably increased Beclin 1 and LC3 levels, thus

promoting autophagy activation and enhancing antimicrobial
responses for EGCs against ETECK88 infection. Furthermore,
myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) was indispensablefor the activation of EGCs autophagy, which was proved on thebase of inhibition or overexpression of MyD88.
Conclusion: These data indicate that EGCs could maintainintestinal homeostasis by attenuating inflammatory responses
and resisting bacterial infection via polarization and autophagy pathways, and GABABR involves in the regulation of EGCs
function, which offer important targets for developing newtreatments of intestinal diseases.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772686) and Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(6232021).
Keywords: Intestinal inflammation, Enteric glial cells, GABABR, Polarization, Autophagy
A-0840First Glimpse! A Novel Method for
Postmortem Dissection and Macroscopic
Viewing of the Newly Discovered Meningeal
Layer in the Human Brain

Ashutosh KUMAR1, Rajesh KUMAR1, Ashok K. RASTOGI2, Chiman
KUMARI3, Ashok K. DATUSALIA4, Ravi K. NARAYAN5, Sanjeev K. PAIKRA1,
Pankaj KUMAR6, Monika ANANT7, Adil ASGHAR1
1

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna, Patna, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesPatna, Patna, India
3
Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research,
Chandigarh, India
4
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
5
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Bhubaneswar,
Bhubaneswar, India
6
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna,
India
7
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna,
Patna, India
2

Purpose: A recent study demonstrated the presence of anadditional leptomeningeal layer in mice and human brainsusing advanced microscopic methods. This new layer is described as a thin but impermeable membrane between thearachnoid and pia mater, thus dividing subarachnoid space(SAS) containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in two functional
compartments. Despite having substantial clinical importance,
the neuroanatomical approaches and macroscopic viewing of

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this meningeal layer, especially in the human brain, are still alacuna in the literature.
Methods: The fresh postmortem (n=23), 10% formalinfixed cadaveric (n=5), and fetal (n=5) human brain specimens
were retrieved using standard operative procedures and dissected in situ. The step-by-step dissection procedure wasvideo recorded. In addition, postmortem/cadaveric and fetal
specimens of the human spinal cord were also examined. Further tissue samples were retrieved from the fresh postmortem
brains for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, andscanning electron microscopic (SEM) viewing.
Results: A standard dissection protocol was devised to approach the new meningeal layer in postmortem human brains.
The presence of an intermediate leptomeningeal layer between
the arachnoid and pia mater was confirmed in all dissected
specimens. It appeared as a thin, translucent, glistening membrane. It entered into major cerebral sulci and seemed to createa perivascular sheath around the passing vessels. The histological, immunohistochemical, and SEM analysis validated
the new meningeal layer's nonporous and predominantly cellular structure. An intermediate leptomeningeal layer was also
noted in the spinal cord.
Conclusion: The study enables neuroanatomical approaches and macroscopic viewing of the newly discovered meningeal layer in the human brain. The findings may help develop
new neurosurgical diagnostic/operative procedures and train
medical graduates.
Funding: AIIMS-Patna.
Keywords: Subarachnoid space, CSF, Human brain, Spinal
cord, Intermediate leptomeningeal layer
A-0845injuries using the second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescenceimaging.
Methods: A NIR-II fluorescence imaging strategy based on
glucose-conjugated quantum dots (QDs- Glu) was employed
to target and track ADSC- Exos in rat models of femoral nerve
injury and sciatic nerve injury. The femoral and sciatic nerve
crush injury model were created in SD rats. An equal dosage
of QDs- ADSC-Exos was administered near the proximal siteof the injury, with subsequent NIR-II imaging conducted at
different time points postoperatively: immediately, and at 1, 3,
5, and 7 days. Additionally, the labeled exosomes were injectedsubcutaneously into the backs of nude mice for a 21-day continuous NIR-II imaging period.
Results: The QDs-ADSC-Exos have been demonstrated
to be stable in vivo for over 21 days. Distinct spatiotemporal
distribution patterns of the QDs-ADSC-Exos were observedin the repair of femoral and sciatic nerve injuries. Comparedto sciatic nerve crush injury, a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity postoperatively was noted in the femoral nerve
crush injury, indicating a disparity in the metabolism of exosomes involved in the repair process of these nerves.
Conclusion: The study suggests that QDs-ADSC-Exos
exhibit different metabolic behaviors in different peripheral
nerve injuries, which may be attributed to the distinct neural
metabolic environments. This finding implies that the efficacyof exosomes in nerve repair could vary depending on the specific nerve injury, highlighting the need for personalized treatment approaches tailored to different types of peripheral nerve
injuries.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371373).
Keywords: Exosomes, Peripheral nerve injury, NIR-II, In
vivo imaging, Real-time imaging

QDs-ADSC-Exos Exhibit Metabolic
Differences in Different Peripheral Nerve
Injuries

Shingo OGURA1, Kemeng SHAO1, Yueming WANG1, Jun CHEN2, Yan WO1
1

Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
2
Cosmetic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Purpose: To investigate the metabolic differences of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes labeled with quantum dots
(QDs-ADSC-Exos) in repairing different peripheral nerve
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A-0846

gesting an attractive potential target for treatment of anxiety
disorders.

Disfunction of Dorsal Raphe NucleusHippocampus Serotonergic-HTR3
Transmission Results in Anxiety Phenotypeof Neuroplastin 65- Deficient Mice

Keywords: Neuroplastin 65, Dorsal raphe nucleus, tryptophan hydroxylase 2, Anxiety-disorders, Serotonergic transmission

Yuan QIONGLAN

Department of Human Anatomy & Histology and Embryology, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China

A-0862

Purpose: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric condition, but the etiology of anxiety disorders remains
largely unclear. Our previous studies have shown that neuroplastin 65 deficiency (NP65-/-) mice exhibit abnormal socialand mental behaviors and decreased expression of tryptophanhydroxylase 2 (TPH2) protein. However, whether a causal relationship between TPH2 reduction and anxiety disorder exists
needs to be determined.
Methods: After hippocampal injection of AAV-NP65, 5-HT
and HTR3 agonist SR57227A, NP65-/- mice were followed to
do a serial of anxiety behavioral tests. In addition, after injection of AAV-TPH2 in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) for 4 weeks,
NP65-/- mice were performed by behavioral test and by electrophysiological recordings. Immunostaining, western blot
qRT-PCR and Elisa analyses were used to observe the effect of
NP65 on 5-HTergic neurons.
Results: In present study, we found that replenishment of
TPH2 in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) enhanced 5-HT level inthe hippocampus and alleviated anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, injection of AAV-NP65 in DRN significantly increased
TPH2 expression in DRN and hippocampus, and reduced
anxiety-like behaviors. Acute administration of exogenous
5-HT in hippocampus decreased anxiety-like behaviors in
NP65-/- mice. Moreover, replenishment of TPH2 in DRN
partly repaired the impairment of long- term potentiation(LTP) maintenance in hippocampus of NP65-/- mice; HTR3
agonist SR57227A mitigated anxiety-like behaviors in NP65-/mice. Finally, we found that loss of NP65 lowered transcription
factors Lmx1b expression in postnatal stage and replenishmentof NP65 in DRN reversed the decrease in Lmx1b expression of
NP65-/- mice.
Conclusion: Together, our findings reveal that NP65 deficiency induces anxiety phenotype by downregulating DRNhippocampus serotonergic-HTR3 transmission. These studies
provide a novel and insightful view about NP65 function, sug-

Transcription Factor Nfat5/ TonEBP
Regulates Photoreceptor Degeneration
by Controlling the Inflammatory Signal in
RetinaKausik BISHAYEE, Yong Soo PARK

Anatomy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Photoreceptor degeneration (PD) is a serious irreversible condition that leads to blindness in retinal diseases(RD). Many studies tried to reveal the photoreceptor degeneration mechanism to overcome it, but still exact mechanism andtreatment method for retinal disease are still limited to delay
the disease progression. Here, we demonstrated that Nfat5 isexpressed in the retinal cells to control inflammation and cell
death, thus we suggest that Nfat5 could be a strong candidate
for the control tower of PD.
Methods: Using Nfat5 (+/-) mice, we induced RD by NaIO3
injection and performed qPCR array and real-time PCR toevaluate expression change of the inflammatory genes. The
photoreceptor cell death was examined via the Western blot
method. To identify the Nfat5 role in the glial cells, we cultured microglial cells and Müller glial cells to measure the inflammatory genes in each cell type depending on the expression of the NFAT5. Lenti-Nfat5 shRNA was used to knockdown the Nfat5 in the retinal glial cells.
Results: The RNA SEQ results indicated that the Nfat5
signal was increased during RD development and was in the
top 10% of upregulated gene signals. Nfat5 (+/-) (low expressing) mice were more prone to RD development as evidenced
by caspase-3 activity in retina tissue, accompanied by higher
Tnf and Fasl signal. Through the PCR results from the retina
and in-vitro retinal glial cell culture, we found that Nfat5 promoted the transcription of inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6) and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL10).
Conclusion: Nfat5 is a pivotal inflammatory gene regulator

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in the retinal glial cells. We suggest that NFAT5 is importantfor photoreceptor survival, via the controlling the inflammatory process of the glial cells during RD.
Keywords: Nfat5, Transcription, Inflammation, Retina,
Photoreceptor cell deathA-0875

A Histological and Immunohistochemical
Study of Mesenteric Development and Its
Role in the Autonomic Innervation of theDeveloping Rat Gastrointestinal Tract1

1,2Conclusion: Despite advances in understanding of mesenteric anatomy, its role during development has yet to be clarified. Advances in our understanding of the innervation of thedeveloping mesentery and gut has implications for advancing
our knowledge of normal anatomy as well as relevant pathological states and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Animal procedures were in accordance with Republic of Ireland
Department of Health and Children license.
Keywords: Mesentery, Autonomic nervous system, Development, Nerual crest
A-08771

Kieran MCDERMOTT , Calvin COFFEY , Fiona CRONIN
1

School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

2

Purpose: Knowledge of mesenteric structure and development has changed in recent years, and it is now accepted thatthe mesentery is a continuous, rather than fragmented structure. This has prompted a need to re-examine its anatomical
relationships with the developing gastrointestinal tract (GIT)and investigate its potential role as a facilitator of neural crest
cell and axon migration during enteric nervous system development and innervation of the GIT. The research aims to describe the development of the mesentery, gut, and enteric nervous system independently and subsequently determine howthese components relate to each other during development. Of
particular interest is unravelling the manner in which autonomic nerve fibres traverse the mesentery and ultimately innervate the gut and enteric nervous system.
Methods: Histological and immunoflourescent analysis ofsemi-serially sectioned rat embryos at embryonic days (E) 12,
14 and 16 is being undertaken to illuminate these processes.
Immunohistochemical analysis of markers of the developing peripheral autonomic nervous system including Sox10,
Phox2B, Beta III tubulin, Slit2, BDNF, NTF3 and VAChT isproviding insight into the developmental mechanism by which
the axons path-find and populate the gut wall.
Results: No neural elements are evident in the developing
mesenteric tissue at E12, but at E16 there is clear evidence of
mesenteric innervation. This suggests that the mesentery may
facilitate the early innervation of the gut between these stages
and that E14 may be an important stage for GIT nerve development that requires further investigation.

Morphological Heterogeneity of CNS
Border-Associated Macrophages after
Photothrombotic Stroke

Do-Gyun KIM1,2, Ji-Won HWANG1,2, Ara CHO1, Minjin PARK1,2, Ha Eon
LEE1,2, Hong Lim KIM3, Yuna OH3, Mun-Yong LEE1,2, Tae-Ryong RIEW1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of
Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, The Catholic
University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: CNS border-associated macrophages (BAMs)
constitute a small population of macrophages located in themeninges, choroid plexus, and perivascular spaces (PVS).
Their unqie anatomical position between the periphery andthe brain parenchyma has sparked significant interest in exploring their roles in both normal CNS function and disease.
Methods: Photothrombotic stroke was induced in 8-weekold, C57BL/6 mice by injecting Rose bengal (10 mg/mL) intraperitoneally and illuminating above skull with cold lightsource (Bregma AP 0.05 mm and ML –0.18 mm). Double or
triple immunohistochemistry, immunoEM and correlative
light-and electron microscopy was performed.
Results: At 7 days after the ischemia, the number of BAMs,
identified by expression of CD206, Lyve1, and Iba1 increased
compared to contralateral cortex. They were primarily distributed along the meninges and PVS within the lesion core,
while their presence within the extravascular parenchyma waslimited. Notably, a subset of BAMs lacked Lyve1 expression inboth meninges and PVS. Triple-label immunohistochemistry
revealed heterogeneous BAM morphology and marker expression, with meningeal BAMs showing amoeboid morphology

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and expressing both CD206 and Lyve1, whereas subpial BAMs
lacked Lyve1 expression. A subset of PVS BAMs lacked Lyve1
immunoreactivity and displayed elongated morphology.
BAMs in the extravascular parenchyma exhibited variablemorphologies and expressed both CD206 and Lyve1. ImmunoEM and CLEM analyses further supported these findings,
revealing CD206(+) macrophages abluminal and adluminal to
the PDGFR-β(+) fibroblasts, while Lyve1(+) macrophages weredetected only abluminal to the PDGFR-β(+) fibroblasts.
Conclusion: We explored the heterogeneity of borderassociated macrophages (BAMs) following ischemic stroke.
Their marker expression and morphological characteristics
varied based on their location and interaction with PDGFR-βpositive fibroblasts. Collectively, our findings suggest distinct
morphological characteristics and spatial dynamics of BAMs
in response to ischemic stroke.
Funding: The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of thisarticle. This research was supported by the grant from the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (grant number
NRF-2020R1A2B5B01001442, NRF-2021R1I1A1A01046548,
and NRF- RS-2023-00278593) and from the Catholic Medical Center Research Foundation made in the program year of2022.
Keywords: Stroke, Border-associated macrophages, Microglia, Fibroblast, CLEM
A-0880adolescent depression.
Methods: In this study, we investigated the expression levels of Pcgf1 in the plasma of major depressive disorder (MDD)
adolescent patients and in the microglia sorted by flow cytometry of adolescent depression mice. Behavioral tests, including
sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension
test, were performed to analyze the depressive-like behaviors.
The phenotypic changes were explored by observing changes
in microglial markers, inflammatory factors, synaptic structure. The molecular mechanisms were explored by RNA-seq
and ChIP-seq.
Results: In this study, we found that PCGF1 is declined
both in the plasma of MDD adolescent patients and in the microglia of adolescent depression mice. By using virus transfection to regulate the expression of Pcgf1, we demonstrated that
PCGF1 alleviates neuroinflammation mediated by microglia
in vivo and in vitro, reducing neuronal damage and improving
depression-like behavior in adolescent mice. Mechanistically,
PCGF1 inhibits the transcription of MMP10 by upregulating
RING1B/H2AK119ub and EZH2/H3K27me3 in the MMP10
promoter region, specifically inhibiting microglia-mediatedneuroinflammation.
Conclusion: These results provide valuable insights into thepathogenesis of adolescent depression, highlighting potential
links between histone modification, neuroinflammation andnerve damage, and providing potential drug targets for thetreatment of MDD.
Keywords: Microglia, Pcgf1, Adolescent depression, Neuroinflammation

Microglial PCGF1 Alleviates
Neuroinflammation Associated Depressive
Behavior in Adolescent Mice

A-0891

Wenjuan ZHOU, Aijun HAO, Naigang LI

Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
Shandong University, Jinan, China

Purpose: Epigenetics plays a crucial role in regulating gene
expression during individual adolescent brain maturation. In
the condition of adolescent depression, microglia-mediatedchronic neuroinflammation may contribute to cellular signaling cascades and cause central synapse loss. However, the exact
mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of neuroinflammation
leading to adolescent depression remain unclear. In this study,
we will detect the role of polycomb group factor 1 (PCGF1) in

The Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Influence the Cranial Capacity (Brain Size)
and Mental Ability (Intelligence Quotient-(IQ)) among School Children between 6- and
16-Years Age, a Study in Malaysia
Bale Swamy KAKI

Clinical Neuro Anatomy, Lincoln University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Purpose: Introduction: Cranial indices serve as an indicator of brain size which is a determinant of the intelligence ofa population. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is widely used to as-

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sess different aspects of mental ability. Various environmental
factors affect IQ. Objectives: 1. This study aimed to assess the
craniofacial indices of children and adolescents in Malaysia. 2.
To evaluate and correlate the cranial capacity (brain size) withthe mental ability of Malaysian school students.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted onhealthy primary and secondary school children. Anthropometric measurements including the weight and height of thesubjects were measured and Cephalometry for each subject
was performed. 419 subjects (203 male and 216 female) participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 12.51± 2.82 years.
Results: Male subjects were significantly taller (p=0.04)
and had greater head height (p=0.004) and breadth (p<0.001)
as well as greater face length (p<0.001) when compared withfemale subjects. Only facial length significantly differed between genders in the age groups (p=0.001). Age (0.04), paternal
education level (p=0.03), and block design ability (p=0.03) hada significant effect on cranial capacity after adjusting for BMI
for age.
Conclusion: This study, apart from exploring the quite
interesting aspects of brain size and mental ability, it has also
revealed that lifestyle as well as environmental factors have an
important role in determining the head size of children andadolescents which in turn influences their Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
Keywords: Children, Cephalometry, t, Cranial capacity, Intelligence quotient
A-0922A Useful Model of Retinal Degeneration
Induced by Flickering Blue LED Light
Exposure in Pigmented Mouse

pigmented mice, there has been a need for a pigmented mouse
RD model. To develop and establish this, we investigated thestructural and functional changes in C57BL/6 mouse retina
after exposure to flickering blue LED light.
Methods: To track retinal functional and structuralchanges in a non-invasive way, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) wereused to monitor and assess those changes in flicker blue LEDdamaged pigmented mice. Flickering was set to 20 Hz of thevisible range, which resulted in an efficiency of 20% comparedto maximum illuminance. The progression of retinal degeneration was monitored on days 3, 7 and 14 after injury.
Results: The scotopic and photopic ERG responses were reduced on day 3 post-injury. The non-flickering and flickeringgroups showed different structural and functional changes on
day 7. The ERG responses of the flickering group were further
reduced, while those of the non-flickering group showed no
reduction or slightly increased by day 7. The difference in the
scotopic ERG a-wave amplitude increased from 7 days andwas most significant at 14 days, which was corroborated by thenormalized amplitudes at 0, 0.5, and 1 log cd s/m2 (p < 0.05).
Quantitative and qualitative OCT assays revealed more severe
and progressive retinal degeneration in the flickering groupthroughout the study.
Conclusion: Taken together, our previous findings in
non-pigmented BALB/c mice were replicated in pigmented
C57BL/6 mice, confirming the effectiveness of flickering blue
light exposure in inducing retinal damage. The results of thepresent study in flickering blue light-stimulated pigmented
mice provide compelling evidence that flickering blue light,
even at frequencies as low as 20 Hz, may be a risk factor for
retinal degeneration.
Keywords: Flickering Blue Light, Pigmented Mouse, Retinal degeneration, Electroretinography, Optical coherence tomography

Sun-Sook PAIK1,3, Yan ZHANG1,2, Seung Hee LEE1,3, Gyo-Ha MOON1,2, Sung
Won JUNG1,3, In-Beom KIM1,3
1

Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: We previously established a retinal degeneration(RD) model induced by blue LED light exposure in albino
mouse. Given the genetic variation and experimental utility of
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A-0925Functional Anatomy of the Insula and of the
Von Economo Neurons
Alessandro VERCELLI1, Paola ROCCA1, Franco CAUDA2
1

Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy2

Purpose: The human insula is hidden in the depth of thecerebral hemisphere by the overlying frontal and temporal
opercula, and consists of three cytoarchitectonically distinct
regions: the anterior agranular area, posterior granular area,
and the transitional dysgranular zone; each has distinct
histochemical staining patterns and specific connectivity.
Even though several studies report the functional connectivity of the insula with the cingulated cortex, its relationships
with other brain areas remain elusive in humans. From thefunctional point of view, it is involved in interoception. vonEconomo's neurons (VENs) are large, spindle-shaped projection neurons in layer V of the frontoinsular (FI) cortex, andthe anterior cingulate cortex. The phylogenetic distribution
may suggest a correlation among the VENs, brain size and the"social brain."
Methods: We decided to use resting state functional connectivity to elucidate in details its connectivity, in terms ofcortical and subcortical areas, and also of lateralization. We
investigated correlations in BOLD fluctuations between specific regions of interest of the insula and other brain areas ofright-handed healthy volunteers, on both sides of the brain.
Results: Our findings document two major complementary
networks involving the ventral-anterior and dorsal-posterior
insula: one network links the anterior insula to the middle andinferior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and isprimarily related to limbic regions which play a role in emotional aspects; the second links the middle-posterior insula topremotor, sensorimotor, supplementary motor and middleposterior cingulate cortices, indicating a role for the insula insensorimotor integration. The clear bipartition of the insula
was confirmed by negative correlation analysis.
Conclusion: We have recently shown that the salience network is altered in patients affected by schizophrenia comparedto healthy controls, i.e. VEN-enriched cortical areas are associated with an altered resting-state brain activity in people with
SZ.

Keywords: Insula, Von Economo neurons, Resting state,
Interoception, Cingulate cortex
A-0929Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Blood-Brain
Barrier Opening Enables Targeted Microglia
Modulation for Ischemic Stroke Therapy

Seung Gyu CHOI1,2, Hyewon PARK2, Tae-Kyeong LEE1, Subin YEON1, Nara
SHIN2,3, Hyo Jung SHIN2,3,4, Dong Woon KIM1, Hee-Jung SONG5,6
1

Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
3
Anatomy And Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
4
Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
5
Neurology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
6
Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Ischemic stroke remains challenging to treat beyond its initial stages, and research on mitigating secondary
damage after stroke is underrepresented. Novel avenues forstroke intervention have emerged which is focused on control
of brain inflammation, particularly microglial activation, as apotential strategy to address secondary damage. However, aneffective means of regulating microglia activation has yet to beestablished.
Methods: In this study, we explore a promising approach to
mitigate stroke-induced damage by utilizing advanced bloodbrain barrier (BBB) permeable nanoparticles designed to target microglia. Leveraging ultrasound/microbubble (US/MB)
technology, we comparatively assess intracranial nanoparticle
drug delivery in a photothrombotic ischemic stroke model.
Results: Our experimental results demonstrate the successful localization of Evans Blue staining in the cerebral cortex
through the application of US/MB. Green fluorescent protein(GFP) vector-loaded nanoparticles are administered via intravenous (IV), intrathecal (IT), and US/MB-assisted IV routes(US/MB/IV) respectively. The US/MB/IV administration exhibits a significantly increased distribution of GFP, comparedto those of IV delivery only. And the microglial distribution of
the GFP-nanoparticles was similar to those of IT route administration. Nanoparticles loaded with mir146a-5p, a regulatorof microglial inflammatory responses, and their administration via the IV route with ultrasound/microbubble assistancewere performed. mir146a-5p nanoparticle with US/MB/IV approach shows smaller cerebral infarct volume and reduction of

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inflammatory factors.
Conclusion: This study suggest that focused ultrasoundmediated BBB disruption increase localized drug deliveryof miR146a-5p-loaded nanoparticles. And this new targetedintervention can be used as a neuroprotective strategy withtherapeutic implications for ischemic stroke treatment.
Funding: This study was supported by National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF 2021-0278-01).
Keywords: Blood-brain barrier, MiR-146a-5p, Ischemic
stroke, Ultrasound, Nanoparticle
A-0930MiRNA-146a-5p Nanoparticles Reduce
MIA-Induced Pain Behaviors and Sensory
Peripheral Innervation

Hyewon PARK1,2, Juhee SHIN1,3, Seung Gyu CHOI2, Subin YEON2, Nara SHIN2,
Tae-Kyeong LEE2, Hyo Jung SHIN4, Joon Won KANG5, Jeawon BEOM6,
Jinhyun KIM7, Dong Woon KIM2
1

Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
4
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
6
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital,
Seongnam, Republic of Korea
7
Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease thatworsens over time, often resulting in chronic pain. Following the progression of OA, a calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)-positive sensory nerves innervate the synovial membrane, meniscus, and subchondral bone of the knee joint inrodents, deteriorating OA pain. Thus, we performed to reduce
OA pain by regulating the distribution of differentiated sensory nerves in the subchondral bone through miRNA-146a5p encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (miR146a-5p NPs) in a
monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA model.
Methods: miR146a-5p expression of human OA chondrocytes and synoviocytes and the knee joint tissue of MIA-induced arthritis were evaluated. MIA-induced arthritic modelusing Sprague-Dawley rats (7 week-old-male) were treatedwith miR146a-5p NPs, and evaluated with behavioral test, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR.
Results: MIA induced OA pain behaviors were measured
10 days and confirmed that the CGRP+ sensory nerves are
increased in subchondral bone with the upregulation of neuroninflammatory cytokines, including (TNF)-α and MMP13.
Appling miR146a-5p NPs into the knee joint of the MIA model showed the significant reduction of OA pain relate mRNA
genes, distribution of CGRP+ sensory nerves, and pain behavior. As joint nociceptors terminated in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord, we also found that the decrease of microglia activation in miR146a-5p NPs group compared to MIA-induced
rats.
Conclusion: Injection of miR-146a-5p NPs can effectively
down-regulate sensory nerve innervation in subchondral boneby reducing OA pain. Therefore, it is suggested that modulation of sensory innervation may be a new target in OA pain.
Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Pain, Calcitonin gene-related
peptide (CGRP), PLGA nanoparticles, Sensory peripheral innervation
A-0935

Oxcarbazepine-Loaded Nanoparticles
Provide Analgesic Effects in Neuropathic
Pain Model Induced by Spinal Nerve Ligation(SNL)

Subin YEON1, Tae-Kyeong LEE1, Seung Gyu CHOI1, Hyewon PARK1,2, Nara
SHIN1, Dong Woon KIM1
1

Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Neuropathic pain is typically caused by dysfunction or pathological changes in the nervous system, but there
remains no clear treatment. Oxcarbazepine (OXB), a voltagegated sodium channel blocker, is primarily utilized as an antieplieptic drug and has been reported to have analgesic effects
in various neuropathic pain conditions. However, clinicaloutcomes remains unsatisfactory, and the molecular mechanism are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the developmentof a neuropathic pain treatment based on OXB encapsulated
in poly (D, L lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles

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Methods: A spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model was used
to confirm the analgesic effect of OXB NP, and the analgesic
effect was confirmed using von Frey filament evaluation andimmunohistochemistry.
Results: Microglial activation is known to be associatedwith the development and persistence of neuropathic pain. In
this study, oxcarbazepine nanoparticles were used to confirm
the inhibition of microglial activation and analgesic efficacy.
Additionally, we observed that the analgesic effects were significantly prolonged in the OXB NP-injected rats compared to
the OXB-injected rats.
Conclusion: This study showed that OXB NPs can regulate
microglial activation and provide long-term analgesic effects.
Therefore, these data suggest that OXB encapsulated PLGA
nanoparticle efficiently relieves neuropathic pain and has
therapeutic value.
Keywords: Neuropathic pain, Oxcarbazepine, PLGA
nanoparticles
A-0938

HMGB1 Contribute to NETosis Induction in
the Photothrombosis Stroke Model, Bothin the Initial Thrombus Formation and
Subsequent Damage Progression

Results: TTC staining revealed rapid and progressive infarct formation in the PTS model. Notably, progressive NETosis, especially intravascular NETosis, was prominent, as
evidenced by increased levels of citrullinated histone H3+ (aNETosis marker) and NE-DNA complex in neutrophils isolated after PTS. Functional inhibition of HMGB1 by intranasal
administration of a MGB1 A box significantly reduced infarct
volume and improved neurological deficits in the PTS model.
Importantly, neuroprotection was achieved by both preadministration and administration 2 h after stroke, suggestingthat suppression of intravascular NETosis is crucial for mitigating ischemic brain damage in this model. Platelet activation
in PTS model was confirmed by increased expression of CD41
and GPIbb (platelet activation markers) and surface HMGB1.
These activated platelets can induce neutrophil activation andintravascular NETosis, with platelet-derived HMGB1 plays a
key role. Notably, TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathways appear
to be involved in platelet-derived HMGB1-mediated neutrophil
activation.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that HMGB1 contribute to NETosis induction not only during initial thrombus
formation but also in subsequent damage progression in the
PTS animal model. Therefore, NETosis may serve as a valuable
prognostic maker in acute ischemic stroke. Targeting NETosis
by modulating HMGB1 offers a promising multipotent therapeutic strategy to mitigate ischemic brain damage.

Sang-A OH, Song-I SEOL, Dashdulam DAVAANYAM, Ja-Kyeong LEE

Keywords: HMGB1, Photothrombosis, NETosis, Platelets

Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: In various brain pathologies, neutrophils infiltrate damaged tissue soon after injury, worsening inflammation. In the permanent MCAO model, neutrophil extracellular
traps were detected both in brain tissue and within bloodvessels, playing a critical role in aggravating damage by triggering delayed immune cell infiltrations and vascular injury.
Danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules havebeen reported to induce NETosis following cerebral ischemia.
This study investigated the role of High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), a well-known DAMP molecule, in NETosis induction, particularly in neutrophil-platelets interactions.
Methods: We employed the photothrombotic stroke (PTS)
model, where thrombi consists primarily of aggregated platelets and neutrophils.

A-0948The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on
Motoric Nerve Regeneration of Sciatic Rat
Model. Focus on Neuron Density and S100B
Expression

Ria MARGIANA1,2, Theresa Devi Siswani Tjandra WIBOWO2, Ahmad Aulia
JUSUF2,3
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Biomedical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Departement of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
2

Purpose: Trauma to the ischiadicus nerve is a peripheral
nerve injury that results in morphological and cellular changes
in neurons and axons. Post-injury recovery of the ischiadicus
nerve is often not functionally optimal. Currently, Platelet-rich

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plasma (PRP) has been developed as an alternative therapy
option to surgery. This is because PRP contains cytokines
and neurotrophins that play a role in nerve regeneration. This
study aims to look at the role of PRP in motor nerve regeneration of sciatica model rats with crush injury.
Methods: This experimental study used stored biologicalblocks of the spinal cord and nervus ischiadicus from male
Wistar rats treated with control, sciatica and sciatica with
PRP terminated on days 7 and 42 . PRP as much as 0.2 ml was
given to the crush injury area using absorbable gelatin sponge.
Assessment of nerve regeneration was performed by looking at
the density of neurons in the spinal cord using toluidine blue
special staining and immunohistochemistry of S100B proteinin the cytoplasm of schwann cells of the ischiadicus nerve.
Results: There were significant results in the examinationof neuron density on days 7 and 42 between the sciatica groupand the sciatica + PRP group and significant results in the examination of S100B protein expression on day 7 in the control
group and the sciatica group with the sciatica + PRP group.
Compared to controls, allogenic PRP significantly enhances
nerve regeneration. Treatment with PRP increases NGF expression, demonstrating its significance in nerve healing. By
modulating S100B expression and reducing inflammation, allogenic PRP may hasten nerve regeneration.
Conclusion: This study shows that PRP administration can
increase schwann cell proliferation and play a role in neuron
survival. Allogenic PRP requires clinical trials to demonstrate
its safety and effectivene.
Keywords: Nervus ischiadicus, Sciatica, nerve regeneration,
Platelet-rich plasma, Motor neuron
A-0965to exaggerate neuroinflammation by releasing IL-1β. In thisstudy, we develop optic system to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome and apply to neuropathic pain mouse model.
Methods: A powerful tool for the inducible control ofprotein-protein interactions is created using modified CRY2mRuby3 and CIBN-NLRP3. When CRY2-mRuby3 and CIBNNLRP3 are transfected in various ratios in HEK293T cells,
efficient and reversible clustering is observed upon blue lightstimulation.
Results: We evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of CIBNCRY2 upon stimulation, suggesting that CIBN-CRY2 efficiently traps NLRP3, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
in BV2 microglial cells. Then, CIBN:CRY2(1:3) PLGA NPs (C/R2 NP) are synthesized and injected into a spared nerve injury(SNI) mouse model. On day 3 of injury, light stimulation isconducted with different durations (0.5, 1, and 2 hour) andpain behavior is improved and analgesic effect is sustainedfor 2 days. The results are repeated with second stimulation.
Moreover, we use an advanced tool, CRY2(E281A) PLGA NPs(CRY2(A9) NP), for non-invasive optic control with high lightsensitivity.
Conclusion: The optimization of optic control conditions
through CIBN-CRY2 in a mouse neuropathic pain model reveals insights into the light-inducible inhibition of the NLRP3
inflammasome in spinal microglia. This dual approach, combining PLGA nanoparticle delivery and optogenetics, provides
a comprehensive understanding of NLRP3 inflammasome
regulation, opening avenues for potential clinical trials in thetreatment of neuropathic pain.
Keywords: Neuropathic pain, Optogenetic, Microglia,
NLRP3 inflammasome, PLGA nanoparticles

Optogenetic Inhibition of Inflammasome in
Microglia to Relieve Neuropathic Pain

Juhee SHIN1, Dong Yeop KANG1, Yeon Hee KOOK1, Seung Kyu SON1, Dong
Woon KIM2, Sangkyu LEE1
1

Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyung Hee University Collegeof Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: Microglia-mediated inflammatory process is recognized as a target in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Increased Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome
has been observed in activated microglia and plays crucial role
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Keywords: Chicken, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney tubules, Glucose transport, SGLT2

A-0038

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter SGLT2 in
Kidneys of Chicken in Different Ages

A-0051

Seasonal Expression for the IL-2, -4, -17A and
TGFβ1 and Milk Microbiota in the Healthy
Dairy Cows and Such with Mastitis

Cristin ALLMANG2, Piret HUSSAR1,2, Tonu JARVEOTS2, Ilmars DURITIS3
1

Department of Anatomy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Department of Histology and Embryology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu,
Estonia
3
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies,
Jelgava, Latvia
2Mara PILMANE1, Łukasz GONTAR2, Maksymilian KOCHANSKI2, Andzelika
DRUTOWSKA2, Beatriz PRIETO-SIMON3
1

Purpose: The primary energy source in all living organisms is glucose, uptake of which is carried out by facilitateddiffusion glucose transporter and Na+-dependent glucose
transporter families. As kidneys have major role in body’s
homeostasis, knowledges about glucose transporters’ localization in kidney tissue are essential. Although quite extensively
researched in mammals’ kidneys, sodium-dependent glucose
transporters localizing in kidneys of birds in different ages are
relatively less studied. The aim of the current research was toimmunolocalize Na+-dependent glucose transporter SGLT2
which is responsible for most of glucose uptake across apicalmembrane into renal tubular cells, in kidneys of hen chicken
in different ages.
Methods: In the study 32 domestic hen chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) participated divided equally into four
age groups – 3, 7, 14 and 20 days old chicken. Tissue sections
0.5–1.0 cm in diameter were removed from renal cortex andmedulla, fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated, and embedded
in paraffin. 6 µm thick sections were cut, deparaffinized, followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibody Rabbit anti-SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) according to
manufacturer's instructions (IHC kit, Abcam, UK).
Results: The results of the immunohistochemical study of
SGLT in kidney tissue revealed immunolocalization of SGLT2
similarily to mammals, in the apical part of the epithelial cellsof the proximal renal tubules. The localization and staining
intensity occurred to be similar in all four studied age groups.
Conclusion: The similar localization and staining intensityof SGLT2 found in all four studied age groups shows that theexcretion of urine, glucose transport and filtering of glucose isready immediately after hatching in hen chickens.
Funding: Financed on the basis of the EEC performance
agreement (state funding).

Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Natural Products Lab, Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, KonstantynowŁodzki, Poland
3
Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
2

Purpose: The innate immune factors of mammary gland in
the protection against infectious diseases are associated withsecreted cytokines. Recently the selective changes of cytokines
were described in dairy cows’ milk, while the seasonal changes
of interleukins (ILs) in correlations to milk microbiota was
not researched yet. The purpose was the detection of IL-2, -4,-17A and TGFβ 1 in correlation to most common microflora of
cow’s milk in spring and autumn.
Methods: The examinations of milk in 30 cows (10 healthy,
10 with subclinical, 10 with clinical mastitis) in disease days
1-7 were performed in spring and autumn. The somatic cellcount (SCC), bacteriology, and cytokines immunocytochemistry was developed.
Results: S.uberis and S.aureus prevailed in the milk without
seasonal preference. Seasonlack were rarely detected E.coli and
S.agalactiae, while Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter spp.
were seen mainly in the spring milk. ILs showed high positive
SCC in all days of both seasons. In subclinical mastitis positive milk cells for ILs decreased 10-15% less in spring with themain decrease of IL-4. In clinical mastitis IL-2 and IL-17A
milk cells were seen equally in both seasons, while IL-4 and
TGFβ 1 increased from 70% in spring to almost 100% positive
cells in autumn.
Conclusion: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter spp foundin a small number appear more in the spring. All ILs positive
cells in milk are mostly in healthy animals. The number of
ILs-positive cells in the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis
has the greatest variation and decrease in spring, indicating
the beginning of summer as a possible time of exhaustion of
the immune system, and autumn as one in which tissue local
immunity is restored. In milk from cattle with clinical masti-

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tis, the most cells are Il2-positive, followed by IL-17A cells, but
IL-4 and TGFβ1 reveal seasonality, increasing in autumn milk.
Funding: This ERA-NET ICRAD project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 862605.
Keywords: Microbiota, Cytokines, Milk, Mastitis, Cows
A-0053Conclusion: The increase of antimicrobial peptides HBD2 and HBD-4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 suggests
the wide compensatory elevation of local immune systemagainst the cleft-raised tissue changes. The correlations between the studied factors prove synergistic involvement ofcommon local defence factors (HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, LL-37,
IL-10) into postnatal cleft soft palate morphopathogenesis.
Keywords: Defensins, Interleukins, Mixed dentition, Cleft,
Children

Antimicrobial Defence System in Cleft Soft
Palate of Mixed Dentition Age Children

A-0105Mara PILMANE, Arina DENISOVA

Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia

Purpose: Cleft palate is one of the most common and still
not enough studied congenital anomaly, and the role of protective local tissue factors in its pathophysiology is still debated.
Especially absent are data about the palatal tissue. The aim ofstudy was to evaluate interleukin and antimicrobial peptide
appearance and distribution in cleft palate of mixed dentition
age children.
Methods: Eight soft palate samples were obtained duringveloplasty procedure from 6-12 years old children (5 boys, 3
girls). The control material was obtained from postmortem
tissue in 2 male and 3 female subjects without orofacial clefts
and any inflammation. Immunohistochemical staining wasapplied to detect HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, LL-37, IL-10 andCD-163 positive cells through light microscopy. Results were
evaluated semi-quantitatively. For statistical evaluation MannWhitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
was used.
Results: Significant difference between study groups wasobserved for epithelial HBD-2 and IL-10, as well as HBD-4
in connective tissue. HBD-3 positive cells were moderate inpatients and few in controls. LL-37 varied from moderate tonumerous positive cells in both study groups, whilst CD-163
marked moderate positive cells in patients and few to moderate in controls. A very strong positive correlation in epithelium
was detected: between HBD-2 and IL-10, HBD-3 and HBD-4;
between HBD3 and HBD4, HBD3 and IL-10, as well as HBD-4
and IL-10 in connective tissue. Epithelial defensins correlated
very strongly with connective tissue defensins and IL-10. A
strong positive correlation was noted in connective tissue between defensins as well as LL-37 and IL-10.

Analysis of Biomarkers and Lipid
Composition by Comparing Human
Meibomian Glands with Other Free andHair-Associated Sebaceous Glands

Friedrich PAULSEN1, Yuqiuhe LIU1, Fabian GARREIS1, Igor A. BUTOVICH2,1,
Michael SCHOLZ1, Samir JABARI3,1, Ingrid ZAHN1, Jana DIETRICH1
1

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat ErlangenNurnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
2
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas, Dallas, United States
3
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat
Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Purpose: Meibomian gland dysfunction is the main causeof dry eye disease. To better understand the physiological
function of human meibomian glands (MG), the present study
compared MG with other free sebaceous glands (SG) and withhair-associated SG of humans morphologically, immunohistochemically, and with respect to lipid composition.
Methods: Eyelids with MGs, nostrils, lips and external auditory canals with free SG, and scalp with hair-associated SGof body donors were probed with antibodies against cytokeratins, stem cell markers, cell-cell contact markers, and a tightjunction protein. In addition, Oil Red O staining (ORO) was
performed. Secretions of MGs as well as of SG of nostrils, external auditory canals, and scalp were collected from healthy
volunteers, analyzed by LCMS, and statistically analysed. Serial sections of MGs, free SGs, and hair-associated SGs were
3D reconsted.
Results: CK1 was expressed differently in hair-associatedSG than in MG and other free SG. The expression of CK8,
CK10, and CK14 in MG was different from that in hair-associated SG and other free SG. KRT15 was expressed differently

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in hair-associated SG. ORO staining showed that lipids in MG
were more highly distributed and had larger lipid droplets
than lipids in other free SG. Hair-associated SG had a smaller
number of lipid droplets. LCMS revealed that the distributionof meibum levels were far from the sebum levels of the nostrils,
external auditory canals, and scalp. The 3D reconstructionsof the different glands revealed different morphology of theglands with MG being the largest gland type.
Conclusion: In humans, MG differ in their morphologicaland secretory composition and show significant differencesfrom other free and hair-associated SG. The composition of
meibum differs significantly from that of sebum from free SGs
and from hair-associated SG. Therefore, MG can be considered as a highly specialized type of SG.
Funding: Supported by DFG grant PA738/15-1 (FP), NIH
R01 EY027349 (IAB) and Sicca research funding by the Professional Association of German Ophthalmologists (YL).
Keywords: Meibomian gland, Ocular surface, Tear film,
Dry eye disease, Meibomian gland dysfunction
A-0170Chitosan Oligosacharide Enhances the AntiCancer Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on Colorectal
Cancers in Vitro and in Vivo

Ji-Su HAN1, Hye-Jin BOO1, Heesang SONG2, In-Youb CHANG3, Sang-Pil
YOON1,4
1

Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National Univeristy, Jeju, Republic of
Korea
2
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju,
Republic of Korea
3
Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
4
Anatomy, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea

Results: COS suppressed the proliferation of SNU-C5 cells
compared to other colorectal cancer cells, but required higher
concentrations in xenograft model. When co-treated with
5-fluorouracil (5-FU), COS enhanced anti-cancer effects of
5-FU on SNU-C5 cells in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry
revealed that COS induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, but
did not affect cell death pathways. COS increased phosphorylation of ERK with or without 5-FU, while 5-FU treatment increased phosphorylation of p53. Low-dose ERK inhibitor suppressed COS-induced ERK activation, and resulted in higher
proliferation.
Conclusion: These results suggest that COS might enhance
the anti-cancer effects of 5-FU on SNU-C5 colorectal cancer
cells via activation of ERK.
Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2021R1F1A1063023 and RS-2023-00270936).
Keywords: Chitosan Oligosaccharide, Colon cancer, 5-Fluorouracil, ERK
A-0229Effects of Autologous Bone Marrow
Aspirate Concentrate Administration and
Personalized Physiotherapy in Children with
Cerebral Palsy

Dusica MARIC1, Dusan MARIC2,3, Gordana VELIKIC2,6, Danilo VOJVODIC4,5,
Mihajlo RADOMIR2, Dragana RADOSEVIC1, Nikola VUCINIC1, Marija
MARIC7, Sonja SUSNJEVIC8,91

Deparment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Hospital, Novi Sad,
Serbia3
Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy Pancevo, Pancevo, Serbia
4Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Beograd, Serbia
5
Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Beograd, Serbia
6
Department of ECE, University of Rochester, New York, United States
7
Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
8Department of Social Medicine and Health Statistics with Informatics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
9Center for Analysis, Planning and Organization of Health Care, Institute of Public Healthof Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
2

Purpose: Chitosan oligosaccharide (chitooligosaccharide,
COS) is the major degradation product of chitosan via enzymatic processes. COS with complete water solubility shows
various biomedical implications, which endowed it with significant biological properties including anti-cancer effects. We
investigated the anti-tumor effects of COS on colorectal cancers since there is a lack of effective therapeutic methods withlow side effects.
Methods: COS was obtained from low molecular weightchitosan by the enzymatic method and the effects were measured by MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis, Western blotting, and xenograft.

Purpose: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition that resultsin permanent, motor disability and impairment of cognitive
functions. We used autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) transplantation to treat children with CP to
improve their motor and cognitive functions.

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Methods: This study included 42 patients (ages from one to
twelve years) with CP. The intervention included three intrathecal administrations of BMAC per subject. The patients’ examinations were 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after BMAC intrathecal
administrations. After stem cell transplantation, children had
extensive rehabilitation programs, which included personalized physiotherapy, and occupational and speech therapy. The
improvement of motor and cognitive functions was evaluatedusing the gross motor function classification scale (GMFCS),
the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and the Learning accomplishment profile-diagnostic scale (LAP-D).
Results: Six months after cell transplantation and rehabilitation, the GMFCS score of children with CP significantly
improved (p<0.01) compared with the baseline score. On the
MAS score, the muscle spasticity was reduced considerably(p<0.001). Reduction of spasticity was observed in 58% of
patients. According to the LAP-D score, the average developmental level of the CP patients after the intervention was 23
months for cognition, 21 months for fine motor skills, and 22
months for speech skills. The cognitive function assessment
revealed significant improvement in 35% of patients. In general, 12 months after the intervention, 93% of patients showed
mild, moderate, and significant improvements, and 7% of
patients did not show any improvement, but they remained
stable.
Conclusion: This study's outcome indicates that treatment
combining stem cell therapy with physiotherapy provides anopportunity for improvement for patients with CP.

(SBA), Helix pomatia (HPA), wheat germ (WGA), Perca fluviatilis (PFA), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Lens culinaris (LCA), andVicia sativa (VSA). Staining intensity was evaluated semiquantitatively (from 0 to ++++).
Results: Until the 14th day, the acetabulum, caput femoris,and collum femoris constituted a cartilaginous tissue withthe beginning of ossification; the periosteum was not discerned. From the 30th day, all zones of the periosteum could
be distinguished. Osteoid revealed robust (++++) expression
to the HPA, PNA, SBA, LCA, VSA, and PFA; but no affinity
to the SNA and WGA. The inner cambial layer (zone I) was
lectinhistochemically indistinguishable from the deep fibrouslayer (zone II), except for the WGA: it showed a moderate(++) expression in the zone I. The deep fibrous layer (zone II)
revealed moderate staining for the HPA, PNA, SBA, and PFA;
weak (+) reaction for the LCA, VSA, and WGA; no reaction for
the SNA. Capillary walls and cells revealed no lectin affinity.
The outer fibrous layer (zone III) showed strong (from +++ to++++) expression to the HPA, PNA, SBA, LCA, VSA, and PFA;
moderate expression to the WGA and weak expression to the
SNA. The substantial difference in lectin-binding affinity between the femoral head and the acetabulum was not observed.
Conclusion: The strongest lectin affinity could be seen in
the osteoid and outer fibrous layer, and the lowest lectin expression was found in the deep fibrous layer.

Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Bone marrow aspirate concentrate, Intrathecal applications

A-0262

A-0242

Lectin Histochemistry of the Periosteum of
the Hip Joint during the Postnatal Period

Keywords: Periosteum, Lectin histochemistry, Laboratory
rats, Hip joint

Nuclear Translocation of Lactate Responsive
Protein, LRPGC1, Regulates Lactic Acid
Metabolism through ERRγ-MediatedTranscription
Takashi TANIDA1, Ken Ichi MATSUDA2, Masaki TANAKA2

Andrii FEDOTCHENKO

1Human Anatomy, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka
Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Japan2
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto
Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Purpose: Lectin histochemistry of the periosteum wasstudied using tissue sections of the hip joint of intact laboratory rats (from the first to the 90th day).
Methods: Samples were stained with lectins conjugatedwith horseradish peroxidase (HRP): peanut (PNA), soybean

Purpose: The metabolism of lactic acid (LA) in the liveris essential to prevent lactic acidosis, which is frequently accompanied by metabolic disorders, organ failure, and severe
infection. However, the molecular mechanism through which

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LA regulates its own metabolism is largely unknown. We
identified a LA-responsive protein, named LRPGC1, which isa putative constitutive form of metabolic regulator PGC1α ,and report that LRPGC1 particularly mediates LA response toactivate liver LA metabolism.
Methods: Subcellular dynamics of LRPGC1 was monitored
by living-cell imaging and confocal FRET microscopy. PGC1
gene knockout cells were generated in the HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell line and analyzed. To elucidate in vivo role for LRPGC1, survival rates were measured using a mouse model oflactic acidosis which received liver-targeted siRNA or selective
agonist for ERRγ.
Results: Following LA stimulation, LRPGC1, but not
PGC1α , translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
through deactivation of nuclear export signals, and thereby
interacting with the nuclear receptor ERRγ and upregulated
TFAM, which ensures mitochondrial biogenesis. Knockoutof PGC1 gene in HepG2 cells decreased LA consumption and
TFAM expression, which were rescued by LRPGC1 expression,
but not by PGC1α. These LRPGC1-induced effects were mediated by ERRγ, concomitantly with mitochondrial activation.
The response element for LRPGC1/ERRγ pathway when stimulated by LA was identified in TFAM promoter. Interestingly,
liver-targeted silencing of Lrpgc1 reduced the survival rate ofa mouse model of lactic acidosis, whereas pharmacological activation of ERRγ significantly ameliorated the survival rate of
the mouse model.
Conclusion: Present findings demonstrate LA-responsive
transactivation via LRPGC1 that highlights an intrinsic molecular mechanism for LA homeostasis. We further suggest
the novel therapeutic avenue to reverse life-threatening lactic
acidosis via activation of LRPGC1/ERRγ/TFAM signaling
pathway.
Funding: JAPAN MEXT Grant no. 26860852, 17K10188,
20K08186, 23K07340.
Keywords: ERRγ, Lactic acid, LRPGC1, Nuclear translocation, TFAM

A-0267

Therapeutic Potential of Adult Human
Neural Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke:
Insights from Pre-Clinical Efficacy andMechanistic Studies

Xiangyu MA, Jungmin MOON, Kyeung Min JOO, Chungkwon KIM

Anatomy Cell Biology, Medical of Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Today, many people suffer from strokes, leading
to infarction of nervous tissue and causing death and disability
worldwide. Specifically, more than 80% of stroke patients are
diagnosed with ischemic stroke, which is the most common
type. Adult human neural stem cells (ahNSCs) play crucial
roles in the therapeutic effects of ischemic stroke treatment.
Methods: This study reports on the efficacy of treating
ischemic stroke using ahNSCs derived from temporal lobe
surgical samples (to avoid ethical and safety issues) and middle
cerebral artery occlusion animal models. A total of 5×105
ahNSCs were directly transplanted into the lateral ventricle ofthe contralateral brain hemisphere in immune-suppressed rat
stroke models during the subacute phase of stroke.
Results: The ahNSCs injection group exhibited a significant decrease in brain tissue atrophy and a loss of neurologicalsensorimotor and memory function compared to the mocktreated group. Neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic functionsof ahNSCs were demonstrated in various ways. Tissue analysis
verified that therapeutic effects were mediated by the activities
of ahNSCs, preserving neurons in ischemic brain areas andreducing reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. Moreover, in vitro stroke models were used to confirm the neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic effects of ahNSCs. As a result,paracrine factors excreted by ahNSCs induced these activities
of ahNSCs. When AG490 was used as a specific inhibitor of
the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, the paracrine neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic effects of ahNSCs were reversed.
Conclusion: Taken together, this pre-clinical study closelyimitated a clinical setting and contributed to understanding
the treatment mechanisms of ahNSCs for ischemic stroke. It
may aid in the progress of protocols for subsequent clinical
trials of ahNSCs. Based on this research, studying pre-clinicalstem cells may lead to next-generation therapeutic approaches.
Keywords: Ischemic stroke, Adult human neural stem cells

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Conclusion: The findings suggest that non-viral transient
single sTRAIL gene transfer to autologous stem cells holds
promise as a therapeutically applicable stem cell-based genetherapy for lung cancer brain metastases, offering therapeutic
benefits and safety.

(ahNSCs), Neuroprotective, Pro-angiogenic, JAK2/STAT3
A-0268Advancing Stem Cell-Based Therapy for
Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis: Targeting
CES1 and sTRAIL through Wharton's JellyDerived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Keywords: Lipid Nanoparticle (LNPs), Stem cell, Carboxyl
esterase, STRAIL

Young Do KWON, Kyeung Min JOO, Chung Kwon KIM

Anatomy Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: The study explores the potential of Mesenchymal
stem cells (MSCs) as an innovative therapy for lung cancer
brain metastases, a condition affecting a substantial portionof patients. Initial diagnosis reveals brain metastases in 10%of cases, with 40% of lung cancer patients developing themduring the disease course, posing challenges due to the bloodbrain barrier. Despite advancements in systemic lung cancer
therapies like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, their effectiveness is limited within the central nervous system. MSCs, known for their broad cancer tropism andpotential for autologous transplantation, emerge as promising
candidates.
Methods: In previous research, MSCs were geneticallymanipulated using Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) technology.
This induced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-related
apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) and integration of the carboxylesterase (CE) enzyme. The genetic modification enabled
the conversion of the prodrug CPT-11 into its active form, SN38. This approach leverages TRAIL's selective cytotoxicity tocancer cells, binding to death receptors DR4 and DR5, offeringa targeted strategy for cancer cell elimination while minimizing harm to normal cells. Researchers developed highly migratory and brain tumor tropic stem cells capable of continuously
secreting substantial amounts of functional, stable, full-length
CE and sTRAIL without compromising stem cell characteristics. To avoid immunological side effects, human CE andsTRAIL sequences were utilized.
Results: In vivo experiments involved injecting human lungcancer cells into the right-brain hemisphere of immunodeficient mice, with stem cells injected into the left-brain ventricle.
Both in vitro and in vivo, stem cells expressing CE ± sTRAIL
demonstrated robust therapeutic effects against lung cancer
brain metastases.

A-0283

Investigating Regeneration Mechanismsof Murine Lacrimal Gland Acinar Epithelial
Cells: Implications for Aqueous-Deficient
Dry Eye Therapy
Ingrid ZAHN, Hannah FRANKE, Sophie GLEIXNER, Philipp ARNOLD,Friedrich PAULSEN
1Institut fuer Funktionelle und Klinische Anatomie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet
Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Purpose: Dry eye is a complex condition affecting the ocular surface and tear film, impacting over 344 million individuals globally. Symptoms include itching, persistent foreign bodysensation, recurrent conjunctivitis, and visual impairments,
with severe cases leading to blindness. Hypovolemic dry eye,linked to lacrimal gland insufficiency, exhibits the most severe
disease progression. Although animal models illustrate thelacrimal gland's regenerative capacity after acute damage, theunderlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to unravel the intrinsic regeneration mechanisms of the lacrimal gland,with potential therapeutic implications for aqueous-deficient
dry eye (ADDE) patients.
Methods: Primary lacrimal gland acinar epithelial cells(LGEC) were obtained from neonatal mice explants. Characterization involved confirming lacrimal gland-specific markers, excluding fibroblastic and myoepithelial markers through
PCR, immunocytochemistry, and transcriptome analysis. The
murine LGECs' (mLGEC) secretory capacity was assessed using a β hexosaminidase assay, indicative of lysosomal exocytosis. Transcriptome analysis elucidated intrinsic regeneration
mechanisms, analyzing pathways according to KEGG, andfurther investigating promising proteins.
Results: While maintaining LGEC markers (FOXC1, PAX6,LTF) and acinar cell markers (AQP5, SOX10) in mLGECs, theconcentrations of fibroblast and myoepithelial cell markers

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corresponded to native tissue. Stimulation with carbachol anddbcamp, inducing secretion in mLGECs, revealed their secretory potential. After injury, initial signs of regeneration wereobserved within one hour. Transcriptome analysis highlighted
the responsiveness of the TNF, IL-17, and MAPK signaling
pathways, with upregulated growth factors.
Conclusion: The study successfully established an in vitro
lacrimal gland injury model, demonstrating spontaneous regeneration. Key pathways involved in intrinsic regenerative
mechanisms of LGECs were revealed. Subsequent experimentswith identified growth factors will elucidate their impact onlacrimal gland regenerative potential, potentially informing
therapeutic options for ADDE patients.
Funding: German Research Foundation grant PA738/15-1(FP), Ernst and Berta Grimmke Foundation 6/21 (JD).
Keywords: Lacrimal gland, Regeneration, Dry eye, Pathways
A-0301

Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivatives on
Cementoblast Cell Fate Determination

ferentiation was reduced by IWP-2, an inhibitor of the Wnt/
β -catenin signaling pathway. The CEMP1 promoter region
containing the TCF binding site was identified as an EMDmediated regulatory site, confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Results demonstrated that a dose-dependent increase in
CEMP1 promoter activity in response to EMD, was attenuatedby IWP-2. While EMD induced a slight increase in mRNAlevels of Osterix and Runx2, early cementoblast differentiation
markers, no significant change in Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
was observed. Additionally, there was a decrease observed in
Osteocalcin and Osteopontin. In the other hand, ALP and
Alizarin Red-S staining revealed no effect or a decrease in thematuration phase, indicating little potential effect on the latestage of cementoblast differentiation.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that EMD may inf luence early cell fate determination in PDL-derived cementoblasts, with limited involvement in later maturation
stages, possibly mediated, at least partially, through the Wnt/
β-catenin signaling pathway.
Keywords: Emdogain, Cementoblast, CEMP1
A-0303Jung-Sun MOON, Ju-Chan MAENG, Su-Kyung SON, Na-Ri JUNG, Jee-Hae
KANG, Min-Seok KIM, Sun-Hun KIM
1Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Cementum, which covers the tooth root surface, is a calcified connective tissue incorporated into theperiodontal apparatus. Cementoblasts, which are responsible
for cementum formation, play a pivotal role in the recovery
and regeneration of periodontal tissue damaged by prevalent
periodontitis. Despite the widespread use of Enamel Matrix
Derivatives (Emdogain®, EMD) in periodontitis treatment, theprecise mechanistic underpinnings of its therapeutic action
remain elusive.
Methods: This study investigates the effect of EMD on cementoblast differentiation and its molecular mechanisms inhuman periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.
Results: Treatment of PDL cells from healthy teeth with
EMD significantly upregulated cementum protein 1 (CEMP1)
and cementum attachment protein (CAP) expression at bothmRNA and protein levels. The dose-dependent increase in
CEMP1 expression during EMD-induced cementoblast dif-Role of FOXO3a on LPS-Induced
Inflammatory Condition in Human Dental
Pulp Cells
Su-Kyung SON, Jung-Sun MOON, Na-Ri JUNG, Jee-Hae KANG, Ju-Chan
MAENG, Sun-Hun KIM, Min-Seok KIM

Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Pulpitis is one of the most prevalent dental disorders in humans. The Forkhead transcription factors of the O
class (FOXOs) are a group of transcription factors pivotal todiverse cellular functions, including cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. Among them, FOXO3a emerges as a key
regulator influencing the immune response. This study delves
into the involvement of FOXO3a in the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory conditions within primary human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).
Methods: HDPCs, isolated from donors undergoing tooth
extraction for orthodontic purposes, were cultured with orwithout 1 µg/ml LPS at various time intervals. The localization of FOXO3a was verified through immunofluorescence in

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HDPCs. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin(IL)1β, IL6, and IL8, along with their underlying mechanisms,
were assessed by observing gene and protein expressions
through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses.
Results: LPS treatment enhanced the expression of IL1β,
IL6, and IL8 in HDPCs, concurrently activating NFκB. Furthermore, FOXO3a expression increased in LPS-stimulated
HDPCs, substantiated by immunofluorescence localization.
Employing loss/gain-of-function approaches affirmed the regulatory role of FOXO3a in inflammatory HDPCs. Knockdown
of FOXO3a attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression,
while its overexpression augmented their levels. FOXO3a demonstrated inhibitory effects on retinoic acid receptor-relatedorphan receptor alpha expression, thereby inactivating NFκB.
Conclusion: Taken together, our findings suggest that
FOXO3a potentially contributes to the homeostasis in HDPCs
by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Keywords: FOXO3a, LPS, Inflammation, Pulp
A-0337

Col1a1 and Osteonectin Expression Patterns
during Tooth Root Development in Xenopus
LaevisRenming GUO, Yibo LI, Byung Keon PARK, Young-Hoon LEE

Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: After completion of the crown, the ameloblasts
are continuous to Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath cells (HERS)
without distinct borders. In mammals, HERS is a transient
tissue, transforming into the epithelial cells rest of Malassez (ERM) during root development. HERS is involved inodontoblast differentiation, and then HERS undergoes a fragmentation process, and follicular cells intervene between the
fragmented HERS to contribute to the formation of cementum
on the root surface. However, in non-mammalian vertebrates
HERS covers the whole root or four-fifth root surface without
any fragmentation, and the root becomes fused to the alveolarbone. Collagen fibers are the major components of the predentin, periodontal ligament, and cementum and promotemineralization of the matrix by providing gaps for mineraldeposition in the striations of collagen fibrils. During toothroot development in non-mammalian vertebrates, fibrogenesis
remains unclear.
Methods: We performed hematoxylin-eosin (H-E), trichrome staining, in situ hybridization for col1a1 and osteonectin, and scanning microscopy to confirm fibrillar distribution
during tooth root development of the first tooth row in Xenoups laevis.
Results: We confirmed that collagen fibers are accumulated
in the predentin and on the root surface underlying HERS,
and Col1a1 and osteonectin are expressed in the odontoblasts
and HERS of the first row tooth.
Conclusion: We suggest that HERS could be implicated infibrogenesis on the root surface during tooth root developmentin Xenopus laevis.
Keywords: Xenopus laevis, Root development, HERS, Col1a1, Osteonectin
A-0360Fucoxanthin Attenuates Oxidative StressInduced Apoptosis on Placenta-Derived
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Gunticha SUWANMANEE1,2, Sirikul MANOCHANTR1,2
1

Division of Cell Biology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
2
Center of Excellence in Stem Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat
University, Pathumthani, Thailand

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a bone disease that causes bone
fragility. Oxidative stress increases osteoblast apoptosis whichplays an important role in pathological osteoporosis. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid extracted from brown seaweeds,
has antioxidant activity. Our previous study showed that fucoxanthin protects and rescues placenta-derived mesenchymal
stem cells (PL-MSCs) from oxidative stress damage throughincreased cell viability and decreased intracellular ROS production. However, the effect of fucoxanthin on cell apoptosis
remains unknown. This study aims to explore the effect offucoxanthin on PL-MSC apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions.
Methods: PL-MSCs were isolated from a pregnant woman
after normal delivery. After characterization, PL-MSCs were
cultured in fucoxanthin (1-5 µM) and 750 µM H2O2 for 24 h.
Apoptosis was measured using Annexin V/propidium iodide
staining. The expression of apoptosis-related markers was in-

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vestigated using real-time PCR and western blot analysis.
Results: Fucoxanthin inhibits the apoptosis of H 2 O 2 treated PL-MSCs. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes wasdecreased in fucoxanthin-treated PL-MSCs compared to control without fucoxanthin. In contrast, fucoxanthin treatment
increased the expression of anti-apoptotic genes compared
to control. Furthermore, fucoxanthin decreased the cleaved
forms of caspase 3, -7, -9 and PARP compared to control.
Conclusion: Fucoxanthin decreases apoptosis of oxidative
stress-induced PL-MSCs. The finding might lead to the future
development of fucoxanthin as a treatment for osteoporosis.
Keywords: Fucoxanthin, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Placenta, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis
A-0399Essential Roles of β-Catenin in the Dental
Epithelium during Molar Root Growth

Ju-Kyung JEONG, Eui-Sic CHO

higher expression of junctional proteins. Importantly, this
impairment of HERS breakdown led to arrest of further root
growth. In addition, the portion of root dentin enveloped by
the undissociated HERS remained in a hypo-mineralized state.
Conclusion: Taken together, Wnt/β -catenin signaling isessential for maintaining the structural integrity of HERS during molar root growth. However, optimal regulation of Wnt/
β-catenin signaling is also required in the transition of HERS
to ERM for molar root growth and mineralization.
Keywords: Wnt, Dental epithelium, Root growth, HERS,
ERM
A-0411Myristoleic Acid Ameliorates Fine
Particulate Matter-Induced Dermal Papilla
Cell Growth Inhibition via the Activation of
Wnt/β-Catenin and Autophagy
Youn Kyung CHOI1,2, Jung-Il KANG1,2, Da Hee YANG1,2, Jin Won HYUN1,2,
Eun-Sook YOO1,2, Hee-Kyoung KANG1,2

Laboratory for Craniofacial Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of
Korea

1

Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of
Korea

2

Purpose: Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays multiple roles inboth the dental epithelium and mesenchyme during various stages of tooth development. Previously, we reported that
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required in odontoblasts for toothroot formation. However, it remains unclear whether Wnt/
β-catenin signaling is required in dental epithelium, Hertwig’s
epithelial root sheath (HERS), for tooth root formation andgrowth.
Methods: To investigate the functional significance of Wnt/
β-catenin signaling in dental epithelium during tooth root formation, we generated transgenic mice with inducible β-catenin
activation or inactivation in dental epithelium, respectively.
Results: The inactivation of β-catenin in HERS led to interrupted root growth due to premature disruption of HERS.
This phenotype was accompanied by reduced cell-cell adhesion and decreased expression of junctional proteins, as well as
increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of HERS cells
upon β-catenin depletion. In contrast, following induction of
β-catenin stabilization in HERS at the moment of its breakdown, HERS failed to dissociate into the epithelial cell rests ofMalassez (ERM). HERS with stabilized β-catenin was alteredinto a multicellular layer enveloping elongated root dentin with

Purpose: Air pollution is globally recognized as a serious
issue, with 4.2 million deaths reported in 2016. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of
2.5 μm or less) is a major health concern. It has been reported
that PM2.5 infiltrates various organs in the human body, leading to conditions such as lung, respiratory, cardiovascular, andskin diseases. However, its effects on alopecia remain unclear.
In this study, we investigated the impact of PM2.5 and theprotective role of myristoleic acid (MA) on dermal papilla cells(DPCs), central regulators of hair growth.
Methods: Cell proliferation was determined by trypan blue
assay. The protein expression levels were examined by western
blots with the relevant antibodies.
Results: PM2.5 inhibited the growth of DPCs. To investigate
the mechanism by which PM2.5 inhibits DPCs growth, we
examined the effect of PM2.5 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling andautophagy. PM2.5 impairs the Wnt signaling pathway, which isimportant for hair follicle regeneration, by reducing the phosphorylation of GSK3β and β -catenin. Furthermore, PM2.5
suppressed autophagy by increasing mTOR phosphorylation

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and p62 expression while decreasing the expression of beclin
1, Atg-3, -5, -7, and LC3. MA is an omega-5 monounsaturated
fatty acid derived from the seeds of plants from the Myristicaceae family, which is already known to promote the growthof DPCs. MA restored the proliferation of DPCs inhibited by
PM2.5 through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy.
Conclusion: Our results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of PM2.5 on hair follicles
and suggest that MA could restore of PM2.5-induced hair follicle damage.
Funding: This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00270936) and by the Korea government (MSIT)(2023R1A2C1007234).
Keywords: Fine particulate matter, Myristoleic acid, Dermal papilla cells, Wnt/β-catenin, Autophagy
A-0414

Fine Particulate Matter Inhibits Proliferationof Human Dermal Papilla Cells throughActivation of Autophagy and TGF-β
Signaling Pathway
Jung-Il KANG1,2, Youn Kyung CHOI1,2, Da Hee YANG1,2, Jin Won HYUN1,2,
Eun-Sook YOO1,2, Hee-Kyoung KANG1,2

hDPC. PM2.5 induced cell cycle arrest by decreasing CDK2
and cyclin A levels and increasing p27 levels. To elucidate themechanism by which PM2.5 inhibits hDPC proliferation, weinvestigated the effects of PM2.5 on autophagy and TGF-βsignaling pathway. PM2.5 not only increased the levels of p62,
beclin 1, Atg-3, -5, -7, and LC3 but also increased the numberof autophagy-positive cells in hDPC. PM2.5 also activated
TGF-β signaling by increasing the levels of phospho-Samd2
and phospho-Smad3.
Conclusion: These results indicate that PM2.5 can induce
cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of cell proliferation in hDPC
through activation of autophagy and TGF-β signaling pathway.
Funding: This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00270936) and by the Korea government (MSIT)(2023R1A2C1007234).
Keywords: Particulate matter, Human dermal papilla cells,
Cell-cycle arrest, Autophagy, TGF-β
A-0419Anti-Cancer Effects of Boehmeria Nivea
Extract in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Ji-Su HAN1,2, Sang-Chul HAN1, Seon-A YOON3, Hyejin HYEO3, Young-Min
HAM3, Yong-Hwan JUNG3, Sang-Pil YOON1,2, Hye-Jin BOO1,2
1

1

Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
2
Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Fine particulate matter causes adverse effects on
the human body by affecting the respiratory system and skin.
However, the action of fine particulate matter on hair loss is
unclear and its mechanism of action is not understood. In
the study, we investigated the effect of fine particulate matter(PM2.5, particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) on primary human dermal papilla cells (hDPC), a main regulator of
the hair growth.
Methods: The effect of PM2.5 on the proliferation ofhDPC was evaluated by WST assay. Changes in cell-cycle andautophagy-positive cells were analyzed by FACS after staining
with PI or Cyto-ID fluorescence dye, respectively. The action
mechanisms of PM2.5 in hDPC were investigated by immunoblotting using specific antibodies.
Results: PM2.5 significantly inhibited the proliferation of

Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of
Korea
3
Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Jeju, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal solid
tumors due to poor prognosis. Boehmeria nivea exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant against a variety of diseases.
However, little is known about its anti-cancer effects in humanpancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-cancer potential of Boehmeria nivea extract
against human pancreatic cancer cells and define its molecularmechanism of action.
Methods: Anti-cancer effects of Boehmeria nivea extract
were determined by WST-1 assay, colony formation assay,
western blot analysis, Annexin V/PI staining, and animal experiments using xenograft mouse model.
Results: Boehmeria nivea extract significantly suppressed
the growth and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells.

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Boehmeria nivea extract also induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing the expression levels of cleaved
PARP and cleaved caspase-3 as well as inhibiting oncogenic
signaling such as MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, Boehmeria nivea extract suppressed tumor growth andinduced apoptosis in xenograft mouse model using humanpancreatic cancer cells.
Conclusion: Our findings provide crucial evidence that
Boehmeria nivea extract may be a potential therapeutic drugfor pancreatic cancer.
Funding: This study was supported by the Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (RS2023-00270936).

Iron also affected exploration behavior and cognitive function.
The exploratory tendency towards new environments in theaged iron overload group was shown to decrease compared toboth the control and iron overload young groups and the aged
control group.
Conclusion: These results suggest that iron overload in
aging may promote aggregation of amyloid-β and potentiallycontribute to neurodegenerative disease risk.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2021R1C1C1008860.

Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, Boehmeria nivea, Apoptosis,
Natural product

Combination Therapy with Telomerase
Inhibitor and NK Cells Enhanced Apoptosis
on AML Cells

A-0423

Keywords: Brain, Aging, Iron Overload, Dementia,
Amyloid-β
A-0434Ali RAFAT1, Homayoun NADERIAN1, Mohammad Ali ATLASI1, Nahid
NOROUZI2, Khadijeh DIZAJI ASL3, Zeinab MAZLOUMI4Iron Overload May Promote Amyloid Beta
Aggregation in the Aging Mice Brains

1

Department of Anatomical Sciences, Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for
Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
Department of Operating Room Technology, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kashan
University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran3
Department of Histopathology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medical sciences, Tabriz Medical
Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran4
Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran2

Soo-Jin SONG, Ki-Hwan HAN, Jung-A SHIN

Anatomy, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Iron is an essential mineral for maintaining human health. It transports oxygen and is involved in a variety of
metabolic processes, including those involving neurotransmitters. And it plays a role in maintaining normal nervous tissue
function. Iron maintains homeostasis, but excessive amounts
cause iron accumulation. Iron accumulation in the brain is
known to be related to various neurodegenerative diseases,
such as dementia. However, the relationship between aging,neurodegenerative diseases, and iron remains undetermined.
The purpose of this study is to determine the causal relationship between aging and iron overload.
Methods: An acute iron overload model was designed byIP-injecting iron-dextran into young and old mice, and thebrains were then obtained.
Results: Iron was not deposited in most brain parenchyma
and was observed only in some vascular endothelial cells.
Aggregation of amyloid-β peptides was observed in the aged
brain but not in the young brain. These aggregates tended toincrease more in iron-overloaded brains than in control brains,
and the aggregates co-localized with iron storage proteins.

Purpose: The trend to develop new therapeutic approaches
to malignancies has highlighted the utilization of immune
cells, especially Natural Killer (NK) cells as an efficient approach. Despite significant anti-tumor effects, the mono utilization of the effects produced by NK cells are limited. The
purpose of this study was to determine the effect of BIBR1532,
a human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) inhibitor,
in enhancing the cytotoxic function of NK cells against Acute
Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells.
Methods: Primary AML cells and Kg-1a cell lines were cultured and treated with the IC50 values of BIBR1532 for 48 hand then treated with NK cells. cytotoxicity, cell proliferation,
and apoptosis results were analyzed using Annexin-V/7AAD,
Ki-67 assay, flow cytometry, and Real-time PCRassay.
Results: Telomerase Inhibition (TI) of primary AML andKg-1a cells with IC50 values (38.75 and 57.64 µM) sensitized
AML cells and enhanced anti-proliferative effects of NK cells.

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furthermore, TI enhanced the cytotoxic effects (IFN-γ andCD107-a) of NK cells on AML cells and significantly increased
the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, BIBR1532 and NK cells
upregulated the expression levels of Bax and Bad genes andBax/Bcl-2 ratio, and downregulated mRNA expression levelsof Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl.
Conclusion: Overall, BIBR1532 and NK cells, in a combinative form, induced apoptosis and decreased proliferation bytargeting apoptosis-related genes such as Bax and Bcl-2.
Keywords: Telomerase, Natural killer cell, Acute myeloid
leukemia, Apoptosis
A-0460Localization of Thioredoxin in Sea Cucumber
Holothuria Atra
1

1

Chutikarn AUNGCHAROEN , Somjai APISAWETAKAN , Tanutporn
LUXSASUPAVANICH1, Chitraporn KUANPRADIT1, Atthaboon
WATTHAMMAWUT1, Kulathida CHAITHIRAYANON2

not all coelomocytes. Moderate-intensity immunoreactivity
was found along the connective tissue fibers and the cytoplasmic rim of fibroblast-like cells, compared with the intestine
control sections.
Conclusion: This finding confirmed that Trx has shared an
evolutionary conserved gene that was found from the parasite
to the echinoderm sea cucumber tissues that could play an important role as antioxidants acting against oxidative stresses.
Thus, Trx may be one of the factors that have a protective effect on the sea cucumber Holothuria atra.
Keywords: Thioredoxin, Immunohistochemistry, Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra
A-0461

Histological Analysis of the Plantar Adipose
Body

Jovita BESA HUERTA1, Carlos RAMIREZ VEGA1, Jaritza TRAMOLAO1,
Oscar INZUNZA1, Alvaro BURDILES2, Emilio FARFAN CABELLO1

1Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

1

2

Purpose: Sea cucumbers have long been utilized in the foodand folk medicine systems of Asian and Middle Eastern communities. They have been well recognized for their high commercial value and effectiveness against hypertension, asthma,
rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence, and constipation.
In Thailand, Holothuria atra, commonly known as black sea
cucumber, is one of the most economically important aquaculture species, mainly distributed in the Gulf of Thailand andthe Andaman Sea. Considerable amounts of phenolics andfree radical scavengers have also been determined in sea cucumbers. As one of the most important antioxidant enzymes,
thioredoxin (Trx) plays a crucial role in fighting against excess
reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Methods: The localization of Trx was investigated by immunohistochemical staining with rabbit antiserum raised against
the recombinant Faciola gigantica thioredoxin protein (rFgTrx)
on H. atra sections of both the body wall and the intestine.
Results: In the body wall, rFgTrx immunoreactivity wasobserved in collagenous fibrils in the body wall dermis but notfound in the longitudinal and circular smooth muscles, compared with the body wall control sections. In the intestine, ahigh intensity of rFgTrx immunoreactivity was observed in thecytoplasm of the cells in the digestive epithelium and some but

Departamento de Anatomia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica deChile, Santiago, Chile2
Departamento de Radiologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica deChile, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: The objective was to describe the histological organization of the plantar adipose body (PAC) and a comparative analysis between its medial and lateral compartments.
Methods: 7 feet without pathologies associated with theheel were used; coronal cuts were made and processed using
the current histological technique, stained with Hematoxylin
and Eosin. The variables studied were structure, organizationand content of the CAP.
Results: The CAP is organized in the form of adipose compartments (AC) of white fat with adipocytes of a preserved
size, and between them a fine framework of loose fibrous connective tissue and capillaries. In addition, thick fibrous septa
arranged parallel to the superficial and deep fasciae, being
continuous from medial to lateral. Structurally, they presented
a compact and ordered center of collagen fibers, with variable
development, associated with a loose connective tissue withfine collagen fibers and others with a wavy and refractive profile (elastic fibers). The fibrous septa in a vertical arrangement(TFV) to the fascia, a structure similar to the previous one,presented variations in its thickness, branching and amountof associated loose connective tissue. Content: In the medial

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compartment of the PDA there was a predominance of fibrous
tissue such as thick TFVs, generally with little-short branching,and its well-defined ACs presented variation in size dependingon the characteristics of the TFVs. The lateral compartmentof the CAP had a predominance of TFV of smaller thickness
and with a greater degree of branching, in addition to a greaternumber of AC, with smaller size and greater spatial extension.
Conclusion: The descriptive histological analysis of the
CAP showed differences between the medial and lateral compartments, with predominance in the medial distributionof fibrous tissue with thicker septa associated with a greaternumber of adipose compartments, while in the lateral adipose
tissue predominated in panicles divided by fine TFV.
Keywords: Plantar fat pad, Plantar adipose body, Adipose
pad of heel, Heel fat pad

Keywords: Ankle arthritis, Micropig, Ankle arthroplasty,
Biocompatibility

A-0533Comparison of Biocompatibility of Ceramic
and Titanium in Micropig Ankle Joint
Replacement Arthroplasty
12

3

half of the talus of the ankle joint, and an artificial joint wasinserted into the corresponding location and fixed with ascrew. Afterwards, post-surgical evaluations such as weightchanges were conducted, and tissue changes were also confirmed.
Results: When comparing the most results, including
weight change, blood tests, and tissue tests, titanium and ceramic materials showed similar biocompatibility. However,titanium material was confirmed to have bony erosion in immune and tissue reaction tests.
Conclusion: In conclusion, artificial joints using titanium
and ceramics both have excellent biocompatibility, and ceramic materials can also be used in artificial joints. However,since ceramic is lesser than to titanium in terms of strength,
additional research is needed to compensate for this.

A-0539The Inhibitory Effect of Chaenomeles
Sinensis Extract on Ovalbumin-Induced
Allergic Rhinitis

1

Yu-Ran HEO , Jae-Ho LEE , Si-Wook LEE , Hee-Jin KIM
1Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human
Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College ofDentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Anatomy, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
3
Orthopedic Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Juan JIN1, Yan Jing FAN1, Thi Van NGUYEN1, Yuna JIANG1, Zhen Nan YU1,
Pengyu ZHANG1, Akter SHARMIN1, Chang Ho SONG1,2, Eui Hyeog HAN1,
Hyoung Tae KIM1, So-Young LEE3,4, Hee Soon SHIN3,4, Ok Hee CHAI1,2
1

Purpose: Ankle arthritis is a disease characterized by degeneration of the tibiotalar joint of the ankle. There are various treatment methods, among which total joint replacement
arthroplasty is performed for severe ankle arthritis. Artificial
joints made of titanium are commonly used in total joint replacement arthroplasty, and these have proven to be biocompatible and robust. However, these artificial joints have thedisadvantage that titanium can spread to tissues other thanthe bone joint. Accordingly, the newly emerging material for
artificial joints is ceramic. However, in the case of ceramics,
biocompatibility has not yet been clearly proven. Therefore,
this study was conducted to compare the biocompatibility ofexisting titanium materials and new ceramic materials using
micropig, a commonly used animal model. In addition, it was
confirmed whether it was suitable for use in total ankle joint
replacement arthroplasty.
Methods: In this study, six micropigs were used to remove

Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of
Korea
Institute of Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
4
Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju,
Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: Chaenomeles sinensis has traditionally been used
as an herbal medicine due to its characteristics that protect
against inflammation, hypertension, and mutagenesis. However, the effect of Chaenomeles sinensis extract (CSE) on allergic rhinitis (AR) and its underlying mechanisms have yet tobe thoroughly investigated. Here, an OVA-induced AR mousemodel was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and possible mechanisms of CSE.
Methods: BALB/c mice were sensitized by injecting 50 µg
OVA into the peritoneal cavity and challenged with 20 µL OVA
solution (10 mg/mL). Mice were orally administered various
doses of CSE once daily (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) or dexametha-

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sone (Dex; 2.5 mg/kg) or saline 1 h before the OVA challenge.
The cell infiltrated in the nasal lavage fluid was analyzed; levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulins in serum, and cytokines
in the nasal lavage fluid were measured, and nasal histopathology was evaluated.
Results: CES administration suppressed the production ofOVA-specific IgE, the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines, thealteration of nasal histology and the activation of IL-33/ST2
signaling pathway. Subsequently, CES improved the OVA-induced epithelial dysfunction and upregulated E-cadherin, thus
indicating that CES plays a protective role in epithelial barrier
integrity.
Conclusion: Collectively, the results show that the supplementation of CSE at different doses effectively regulated AR,
thus suggesting the therapeutic efficiency of CSE in ameliorating airway diseases.
Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Airway inflammation, Chaenomeles sinensis, Cytokines, Immunoglobulins
A-0565

Lectin Histochemistry of the Subchondral
Bone of the Hip Joint during the Postnatal
Periodday. From the 30th day, the epiphyseal and metaphyseal bonematrix showed no lectin affinity to the SNA, PFA, WGA, and
VSA; and a weak (+) expression to the HPA, PNA, SBA, andLCA. The matrix fibrils also revealed strong (from +++ to++++) affinity to the НРА, PNA, SBA, WGA, and LCA. The
endosteum and subchondral bone cells showed a robust expression (++++) to all studied lectins, except for the SNA (+,weak staining). The bone marrow cells expressed different affinity (from + to +++) to all studied lectins. The expression oflectins in the epiphyseal bone matrix was generally similar tothat seen in the matrix of the middle zone of the articular cartilage. The substantial differences in lectin-binding patterns of
the subchondral bone between the acetabulum and the femur
were not observed.
Conclusion: The strongest lectin affinity was found in the
cartilaginous spicule, endosteum, fibrils, and osteocytes; thelowest expression showed the bone extracellular matrix.
Keywords: Hip joint, Lectins, Laboratory rats, Subchondralbone
A-0575The Medaka Mutant Deficient in Eyes
Shut Homolog Exhibits Opsin Transport
Defects and Enhanced Autophagy in Retinal
Photoreceptors

Andrii FEDOTCHENKO

Human Anatomy, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Purpose: Aberrant glycosylation of the articular cartilage,
in particular subchondral bone, plays one of the key roles in
the pathogenesis of joint damage. The lectin-binding patterns
in the intact subchondral bone remain not fully understood.
Methods: Lectin histochemistry of the subchondral bone
was studied using tissue sections of the hip joint of intact Wistar rats (from the first to the 90th day). The samples were histologically processed and stained with lectins conjugated withhorseradish peroxidase (HRP): peanut (PNA), soybean (SBA),
Helix pomatia (HPA), wheat germ (WGA), Perca fluviatilis(PFA), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Lens culinaris (LCA), and Vicia
sativa (VSA). Staining intensity was evaluated semiquantitatively (from 0 to ++++).
Results: Till the 14th day, the primary spongiosa showedno lectin affinity. The calcified cartilaginous spicule revealed
strong (+++) expression to all studied lectins till the 90th

Hideyo OHUCHI1, Keita SATO1, Yang LIU2, Takahiro YAMASHITA3
1

Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
2
Cytology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
3
Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Purpose: Eyes shut homolog (EYS) encodes a proteoglycan
and the human mutation causes retinitis pigmentosa type
25 (RP25) with progressive retinal degeneration. RP25 mostfrequently affects autosomal recessive RP patients with many
ethnic backgrounds. Although studies using RP models havefacilitated the development of therapeutic medications, Eys has
been lost in rodent model animals.
Methods: Here we examined the roles for Eys in the maintenance of photoreceptor structure and function by generating
eys-null medaka fish using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
Results: Medaka EYS protein was present near the connecting cilium of wild-type photoreceptors, while it was absent

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from the eys-/- retina. The mutant larvae exhibited a reduced
visual motor response compared with wild-type. In contrast toreported eys-deficient zebrafish at the similar stage, no retinal
cell death was detected in the 8-month post-hatching (8-mph)
medaka eys mutant. Immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction in the length of cone outer segments (OSs),
retention of OS proteins in the inner segments of photoreceptors, and abnormal filamentous actin network at the base ofcone OSs in the mutant retina by 8 mph. Electron microscopy
revealed aberrant structure of calyceal processes, numerous
vesiculation and lamellar interruptions, and autophagosomesin the eys-mutant cone photoreceptors. In situ hybridization
showed an autophagy component gene, gabarap, was ectopically expressed in the eys-null retina.
Conclusion: These results suggest eys is required for regeneration of OS, especially of cone photoreceptors, and transport of OS proteins by regulating actin filaments. Enhanced
autophagy may delay the progression of retinal degeneration
when lacking EYS in the medaka retina.
Keywords: Autophagy, Cone photoreceptor, Eyes shut homolog, Retinitis pigmentosa
A-0598

Exploring the Distinct Metabolic Responses
to Short-Term and Long-Term PCB153
Exposure: Bridging in Vivo and in Vitro
Insights
Hye Young KIM, Chaeyeon KIM, Yejin SHIN, Yujin LEE, Hansol LEE

the two groups of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes. One group was
subjected to a short-term exposure while the other group was
subjected to long-term exposure.
Results: In our mouse model, administration of PCB153
specifically increased fat mass in epididymal white adipose tissue and precipitated metabolic disorders, notably insulin resistance and inflammation within adipose tissues. Interestingly,
3T3-L1 cells treated with a single dose of 3 μM PCB153 (shortterm exposure) demonstrated a significant enhancement inadipocyte differentiation and an increase in lipid droplet size,
compared to cells that received the same total concentrationof PCB153 distributed over multiple low doses throughout thedifferentiation process (long-term exposure). Following theobserved differences in adipocyte differentiation and lipid
droplet size, analysis revealed that adipogenic and insulin sensitivity mRNA levels were elevated in the short-term treatmentgroup. Conversely, the long-term treatment group exhibited anincrease in the expression of inflammatory mRNAs, indicating a shift towards a pro-inflammatory state.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the critical role of exposure duration in mediating the metabolic effects of PCB153,
with implications for understanding the mechanisms throughwhich environmental pollutants contribute to metabolic diseases.
Funding: This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. RS2023-00248268).
Keywords: Polychlorinated Biphenyl 153, Obesity, Adipogenesis, Insulin resistance, Inflammation

Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)153, one of theendocrine disrupting chemicals persisting in the environment,
accumulates in large quantities in humans and causes various
diseases, including obesity. In this study, the systemic and cellular effects of PCB153 to understand its contribution to metabolic health deterioration were studied.
Methods: For in vivo studies, C57BL/6 mice were subjected
to intraperitoneal injections of either corn oil or PCB153 (50mg/kg) over a period of four weeks (at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5)
within a total study duration of six weeks, and we examinedadiposity and whole-body insulin action. The molecularmechanism was investigated by treating 3 μM of PCB153 to

A-0602

The Deltoid Muscle: A Proposed
Classification System on Human Fetuses
Krzysztof KOPTAS, Nicol ZIELINSKA, Krystian MASLANKA, Lukasz
OLEWNIK

Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz,
PolandPurpose: The origin of the deltoid muscle is located on thelateral third of the clavicle, the lateral border of the acromionand the spine of the scapula. The insertion of the deltoid muscle is the deltoid tuberosity. In the most popular approach, the

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deltoid muscle is divided into three parts. Our research showsthat each part of the deltoid muscle consists of up to three bellies during prenatal life.
Methods: During the research 80 upper limbs of 40 spontaneously-aborted human fetuses (32 male, 48 female), 18–38
weeks of gestation at the time of death, from the Central European population were studied. All measurements were madewith an electronic digital calliper. The study protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical Universityof Lodz (RNN/1337/20/KE).
Results: All of the studied deltoid muscles consisted ofthree parts. Each part had one (Type I), two (Type II) or three(Type III) bellies. The most common form was Type I in allparts: it occurred in 57.5% of cases in the spinal part, 73.75%
in the acromial part and 81.25% in the clavicular part. Type III
was the rarest form in all parts: it was present in 7.5% of casesin the spinal part, 12.5% in the acromial part and 3.75% in theclavicular part. The fusion between the clavicular part of thedeltoid muscle and the pectoralis major muscle occurred in
26.25% of cases.
Conclusion: The deltoid muscle is characterised by morphological variability, even in fetuses. These variations canhave an impact on the shoulder biomechanics in the earlystages of postnatal life. Fusion of the deltoid muscle with thepectoralis major muscle can even eliminate the deltopectoral
triangle. Knowledge of the frequency of the population rate
(26.25%) of this fusion can be important for surgeons.
Keywords: Deltoid muscle, Human fetuses, Morphologicalvariations
A-0608

Effect of Metabolic Acidosis on Kidney
Collecting Duct Cells

Mungunchimeg CHULTEMSUREN, Su-Youn LEE, Soo-Jin SONG, Mi Jin JEE,
Ki-Hwan HAN
Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Renal collecting duct cells play an important role
in regulating acid-base balance. These cells are composed ofseveral different types including principal cells and intercalated cells. Specifically, intercalated cells secrete acid or alkali
through H+-ATPase and can be further divided into various
cell types. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectof metabolic acidosis on intercalated cell subtypes in the kidney.
Methods: The animal model was induced in mice by ingesting HCl for 7 days. Kidney tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry.
Results: Dietary acid loading induces a reduction in urine
pH. Anion exchanger (AE1)-positive type A cells exhibited distribution across the connecting tubule (CNT), cortical collecting duct (CCD), and outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD).
Induction of metabolic acidosis significantly increased boththe size and number of type A cells in the CCD and OMCD.
In contrast, there was a reduction in the population of type B
cells in CCD. A subpopulation of cells in the CNT, expressing
apical H+-ATPase and lacking AE1 expression, increased incell size.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that kidney intercalated cells may consist of diverse types of cells and are
involved in acid secretion in metabolic acidosis.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1A2C1100184).
Keywords: Kidney, Immunohistochemistry, Acidosis, Collecting duct
A-0609Cilk1 Modulates Hedgehog Pathway toControl Tooth Pattern

Minjae KYEONG, Dinuka ADASOORIYA, Shiqi KAN, Jiwoo KIM, Sung-Won
CHO
Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Primary cilium is a solitary organelle that transmits chemical and mechanical stimuli to the cell during development and tissue homeostasis. Cilk1 (Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1, also known as Ick), which is a highly conserved
serine/threonine-protein kinase, localizes in primary cilia
and regulates cilia formation. Human CILK1 mutations cause
lethal endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome and short
rib polydactyly syndromes. Additionally, it has been reported
that the loss of Cilk1 function disrupts the regulation of ciliarytransport and hedgehog signaling during development, andCilk1-deficient mice shows severe ciliopathy phenotypes suchas polydactyly, edema, cleft palate and abnormal tongue shape.

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However, tooth phenotype in Cilk1-deficient mice has notbeen reported yet.
Methods: The expression pattern of Cilk1 was investigatedwith RNA in-situ hybridization. The morphological and molecular functions of Cilk1 in crown and root patterning wasinvestigated using the Cilk1-deficient mice. The length andfrequency of primary cilia were examined in the mandibular
tooth germs. Additionally, to evaluate the relationship between
tooth pattern and the activity of hedgehog pathway, we utilized
the PCS1−MRS1△/△ mice, which are Shh enhancer-deleted
mice showing the supernumerary tooth formation.
Results: We found supernumerary teeth in both maxilla
and mandible of Cilk1-deficient mice and a decreased expression level of hedgehog target genes in tooth germs of Cilk1deficient mice with showing the longer and more primarycilia. Furthermore, in Cilk1−/−; PCS1−MRCS1△/△ mice, maxillary molars were fused and mandibular supernumerary molar
became larger, indicating that the supernumerary tooth size
and tooth fusion occur in proportion to the degree of hedgehog pathway activity.
Conclusion: These results suggest that Cilk1 controls
hedgehog pathway activity in developing teeth by adjusting thelength of primary cilia, thereby shaping tooth patterns ranging
from the supernumerary tooth formation to the tooth fusion.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the
Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1A2C2005790, NRF2023R1A2C1007510, RS-2023-00269830).
Keywords: Cilk1, Primary cilia, Tooth development, Tooth
patterning, Tooth morphorlogy

clinical applications. Mammalian taste receptor cells are sensory cells that have properties of both epithelial and neuronalcells, and are thus developmentally intriguing. Taste buds areaggregates of taste receptor cells, which transduce chemical
stimuli into neural signals to mediate the sense of taste. The
purpose of this study is to differentiate hiPSC to a functional
taste receptor cells capable of detecting different tastants.
Methods: hiPSC are differentiated in a stepwise manner todefinitive endoderm which are further differentiated to lingual
epithelium followed by differentiation to taste receptor cells.
Molecular characterization of cells is performed at every stagesof differentiation to confirm the presence of specific markers
using immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR.
Results: Presence of definitive endoderm markers (FOXA2
and SOX17) and taste receptor cell markers (K8, SNAP25,
TRPM5, EAAT1) were observed by immunof luorescene.
Functional assessment of the taste receptor cells was done bycalcium imaging by applying different taste stimulant to thecells followed by measuring the increase in intracellular calcium influx.
Conclusion: Successful differentiation of hiPSC to taste receptor cells were performed and confirmed by the presence ofspecific markers. Functional assessment of the taste receptor
cells established its physiological activity.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea
Government (MSIP).
Keywords: HiPSC, Definitive Endoderm, Lingual Epithelium, Taste Receptor Cells, Calcium Imaging
A-0614

Epithelial Plasticity Enables Taste Receptor
Cell Regeneration following Lgr5+ Stem/
Progenitor Cell Loss

A-0611

Differentiation of Human Induced
Pluripotent Stem Cells to Functional Taste
Receptor Cells

Anish Ashok ADPAIKAR, Jong-Min LEE, Shujin LI, Senthil Kumar BASKARAN,
Yan CUI, Ji-Sun KIM, Han-Sung JUNG

Senthil Kumar BASKARAN, Anish ASHOK ADPAIKAR, Jong-Min LEE,
Shujin LI, Cui YAN, Ji-Sun KIM, Han-Sung JUNG

Department of Oral Biology, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Yonsei
University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)
are capable of differentiating into cells of all three germ layer
and can be utilized as a source for regenerative medicine in

Purpose: Taste receptor cells are sensory cells embeddedin the papilla of the oral cavity. These cells have a definite life
span of 8-12 days and are renewed continuously by a pool ofstem/progenitor cells present outside the taste bud. Genetic

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lineage tracing has identified that Lgr5+ stem/progenitor cells
present at the trench of the circumvallate papilla (CVP) giverise to all taste and non-taste epithelial cells during homeostasis, as well as during regeneration. It remains to be identified
whether the CVP harbors another pool of stem cells that canregenerate the epithelium in the absence of Lgr5 expressing
stem/progenitor cells.
Methods: Lgr5 expressing cells in the CVP of mice were
specifically ablated using Lgr5 DTR/+ mice that has diphtheria
toxin receptor (DTR) gene knocked into the Lgr5 locus.
Results: Administration of diphtheria toxin led to the complete loss of Lgr5 expressing cells in the CVP. Ablation of Lgr5
expressing cells led to the degeneration of taste buds and taste
receptor cells expressing K8 with degeneration of basal cells
and basement membrane within 24 h after DT injection. Interestingly, after 72 h of injection, it was observed that the basal
cells and basement membrane had completely regenerated in
the CVP, but no taste buds were observed. By 2 weeks after
the injection, the taste buds were also regenerated in the CVP.
Lineage tracing using K8CreERT2/+; R26RTom/+ showed that cells
expressing K8 from Von Ebners gland duct participated in theregeneration of taste buds.
Conclusion: These data indicate that the differentiated cells
from the Von Ebners gland duct participate in the regenerationof taste buds by undergoing dedifferentiation in the absence ofa resident Lgr5 expressing stem cell pool.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) (2022R1A2B5B03001627 and NRF2021R1A2C1005506).
Keywords: Lgr5 ablation, Stem cells, Taste receptor cells,
Dedifferentiation, Regeneration
A-0617

Different Role of TRF1 and TRF2 Expression in
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers
Jongho PARK, Jae-Ho LEE

Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Purpose: TRF1, TRF2, and TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) are telomere-associated factors that regulate telomere length. Genetic changes in these genes may be associatedwith cancer pathogenesis; however, this relationship has not

yet been comprehensively elucidated in lung cancer. Exploring
the clinicopathologic and prognostic values of TRF1, TRF2,
and TERT expression in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC).
Methods: The clinical significance of TRF1, TRF2, andTERT expression in 141 patients with NSCLC was investigated. Additionally, these findings were supported by the open
big data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).
Results: TRF1 and TRF2 expression levels tended to be associated with smoking, and TERT expression was positively
correlated with age. The survival analysis showed that TRF1
expression predicted a better prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas TRF2 expression was associated with ashorter survival in adenocarcinoma. TCGA data also showed abetter prognosis for SCC with TRF1 expression. However, theTRF2 results were not in agreement with our data.
Conclusion: We present the clinical and prognostic valuesof TRF1, TRF2, and TERT expression in NSCLC tissues and
TCGA. Our findings suggest that TRF1 expression is a possible prognostic marker for NSCLC, particularly SCC.
Keywords: TRF1, Lung cancer, TRF2, TERT, Telomere
A-0623

Statin Prevents Cancer Development
in Chronic Inflammation by Blocking
Interleukin 33 Expression
Jongho PARK

Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Chronic inflammation is a major cause of cancer worldwide. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a crucial initiator ofcancer-prone chronic inflammation; however, its induction
mechanism by environmental causes of chronic inflammation in unknown. So, we demonstrated this mechanism in thisstudy.
Methods: We used inflammed-tissue RNA-sequencing andcancer aniaml model to demonstrate our concepts and drugscreening with FDA-approved drug library to find inhibitor ofthis mechanism.
Results: We demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR)3/4TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation links environmental insults to
IL-33 induction in the skin and pancreas. An FDA-approved
drug library screen identified pitavastatin to effectively sup-ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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press IL-33 expression by blocking TBK1 membrane recruitment/activation through the mevalonate pathway inhibition.
Accordingly, pitavastatin prevented chronic pancreatitis andits cancer sequela in an IL-33-dependent manner. The IRF3IL-33 axis was highly active in chronic pancreatitis and its
associated pancreatic cancer in humans. Interestingly, pitavastatin use correlated with a significantly reduced risk of chronicpancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in patients.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that blocking the
TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway suppresses IL-33 expression andcancer-prone chronic inflammation. Statins present a safe andeffective propylactic strategy to prevent chronic inflammationand its cancer sequela.
Keywords: Statin, Chronic inflammation, Cancer, TBK1IRF3, IL-33
A-0624

Deficiency of FABP5 due to Activationof NOTCH Signaling Pathway Promotes
Anti-Tumor Activity of Tumor AssociatedMacrophage in Colorectal Cancer

ing qPCR, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry.
Results: The tumor size in FABP5 knockout mice was significantly reduced compared with wild type group, Immunohistochemically, The cell density of TAMs in tumor was higher
in KO mice compared with wt mice. FABP5 was strongly
detected in TAMs located in the tumor margin but weaker in
TAMs in the tumor core. Interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of RO upregulated the expression of FABP5 in TAMs inthe tumor core. When BMDMs were contact co-cultured with
MC38, FABP5 expression in BMDMs was significantly reduced, but restored after RO treatment.
Conclusion: FABP5 expression in TAMs may be suppressedby CRC via NOTCH signaling, thereby modulating the antitumor effects in macrophages.
Keywords: Colorectal cancer, Tumor associated macrophage, Fatty acid binding protein 5, NOTCH
A-0629Generation of Human Cortical Organoids
for Studying Microcephaly Phenotypes in
Cohen Syndrome

Renuka PRASAD1, Woong SUN1, Ju-Hyun LEE3,1, Hyun Jung KIM1, Yeonhee
LEE1, Si-Hyung PARK1, Jae Ryun RYU1, Jungmin CHOI2,1, Hee WOONG2,1,
Da-Yeon LEE2,1, Dongho GEUM2,1, Il-Joo CHO2,1

Dandan YANG, Hirofumi MIYAZAKI, Motoko MAEKAWA, Yuji OWADA
Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University, Miyagi Sendai, Japan1

Purpose: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play
important roles in tumor progression. High TAM density incolorectal cancer (CRC) tissue was found to confer a good
prognostic effect. Metabolic patterns have an important influence on macrophage functional polarization. Fatty-acidbinding protein 5 (FABP5) is highly expressed in TAM andcontrols macrophage function by modulating lipid transportand metabolism. However, the effects whether FABP5 in TAM
modulates CRC progression remains unclear. In this study, we
examined the detailed distribution of FABP5+ TAMs in a CRC
transplanted mouse model and explored the molecular mechanism affecting the expression of FABP5 in TAMs
Methods: Subcutaneous tumor model was established using MC38 cells and wild type or FABP5 knockout C57BL6
mouse in vivo. Bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs)
were co-cultured with MC38 in vitro. RO4929097 (γ secretaseinhibitor) was used to inhibit NOTCH singling pathway. The
FABP5 expression in TAMs and BMDMs were examined us-

Department of Anatomy, Division of Brain Korea 21Plus Biomedical Science, Korea
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republicof Korea

Purpose: Generation of human cortical organoids forstudying microcephaly phenotypes in Cohen syndrome.
Methods: Generation of COH1 knockout human pluripotent stem cell (hPSCs) lines using CRISPR/Cas9, Generation ofcortical organoids from COH1 KO hPSCs, Immunostaining,
RNA-sequencing, MEA analysis.
Results: Neural organoids display three-dimensional structures resembling in vivo neural architectures. We previously
developed a new protocol for culturing spinal cord organoids,
enabling size control and synchronized neural tube morphogenesis. In this study, we assessed the application of thisconcept to induce anterior, human cortical organoids (hCO).
Inducing neuroepithelial (NE) cells in 2D and re-aggregatingthem led to tube-forming morphogenesis similar to caudal

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spinal cord induction. While dissociation and reaggregation of
NE cells eliminated tube morphogenesis, it ensured uniform
organoid sizes. The transcriptome profiles of these hCO resembled the frontal cortex of 20 weeks post-conception (PCW)
human embryos. Using this hCO protocol, we investigated microcephaly phenotypes associated with Cohen syndrome (CS),caused by VPS13B gene mutations. Deleting VPS13B in humanpluripotent stem cells resulted in Golgi dispersion and delayed
growth retardation onset in mutant hCOs, akin to CS patientswith secondary microcephaly. This delay is partly linked toreduced axonal growth. Additionally, mature CS organoids
showed enhanced glutamate signaling and hyperexcitation.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this protocol is suitable forstudying microcephaly phenotypes from human genetic mutations due to its simplicity and scalability.
Keywords: Cortical organoids, Microcephaly, Neurodevelopmental disorders, VPS13B
A-0631

Alterations of Tyrosine Phosphorylated
Proteins Associated with Androgen Receptor
Expression in Rat Prostate Development

Nareelak TANGSRISAKDA1, Chuchart KAMOLLERD2, Suwit UOPASAI2,
Therachon KAMOLLERD1, Natthapol LAPYUNEYONG1, Chayakorn
TAOTO1, Sitthichai IAMSAARD1

observed. TyrPho and AR protein expressions were also examined.
Results: The results showed undetectable testosterone level
and low AR expression in Pre and Cas prostates with the decreased size. Few histopathologies were found in Cas groups.
In ventral lobe, a Tyrpho protein was increased at the 49 kDa
but the 54, 31, and 26 kDas were decreased in the Pre and Cas
groups. For dorsolateral lobe, they were decreased at 33 and30 kDas in Pre group and only 30 kDa was decreased in Cas3 group. In the anterior lobe, the TyrPho proteins 56, 49, 39, 27,
and 26 kDas were decreased in Pre group while 56, 27, and 26
kDas were decreased in Cas-3 group.
Conclusion: It concluded that the decrease of testosterone
level is associate with AR expression leading to alterations TyrPho protein expressions during prostate development, indicating potential sub/infertility markers in prostate gland.
Keywords: Prostate gland, Androgen receptor, Tyrosine
phosphorylated proteins, Castration
A-0632

Notum Plays a Regulatory Role in the Cusp
and Root Patterning of the Mouse Molar

Dinuka ADASOORIYA1, Ju-Kyung JEONG2, Minjae KYEONG1, Shiqi KAN1,
Jiwoo KIM1, Eui-Sic CHO2, Sung-Won CHO1
1

Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21
FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral
Biosciences, Jeonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

2

Purpose: Mammalian prostate gland plays a role in alkaline substance synthesis including proteins. These functions
are depending on glandular maturation and testosteroneandrogen receptor (AR) dependent actions. Since tyrosine
phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins, also important for secreting
pathways, have been localized in the androgen dependent organs, association between AR and TyrPho protein expressionsin prostate is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate
the changes of such proteins in prostate gland of male castrated rats.
Methods: Nine prepubertal and adult twenty-two adultmale rats were divided into the prepubertal (Pre, n=9), Sham(n=6), castrate for 3 (Cas-3, n=8) and for 7 (Cas-7, n=8) days
groups, respectively. Serum testosterone level was determined.
Histology and AR localization in each prostatic lobe were

Purpose: Notum has been recognized as a direct target of
the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and plays a vital role asa Wnt inhibitor within a negative feedback loop. In the tooth,
Notum expression is evident in odontoblast progenitors andearly odontoblasts during root formation. Moreover, Notumdeficient mice exhibit severe dentin defects and irregular rootsin their teeth. However, the expression pattern of Notum during early tooth development and its role in crown and root patterns remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the roleof Notum in crown and root patterning to reveal the potential
value of Notum in tooth morphogenesis.
Methods: The expression pattern of Notum and othertooth-specific genes was investigated with RNA in-situ hybridization and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. The effect of Notum in crown and root patterning was investigated

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using the Notum knockout mice by examining the phenotypicchanges with microscopic and micro-CT techniques.
Results: Notum was expressed in the primary enamel knot
(EK), secondary EKs, and dental papilla during tooth development. Notum-deficient mice showed enlarged secondary
EKs, resulting in broader cusp tips, altered cusp patterns, andreduced concavity in crown outline. These changes in crownoutline are directed to diminished cervical tongue length, thus
inducing root fusion in Notum-deficient mice.
Conclusion: These findings support the previous conceptthat the tooth cusp and crown pattern considerably influenceroot pattern. The size of the secondary enamel knot, regulatedby the Wnt/Notum negative feedback loop, impacts the patterns of the crown and root during tooth morphogenesis.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the
Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1A2C2005790, NRF2023R1A2C1007510, RS-2023-00269830).
Keywords: Notum protein, Tooth crown, Tooth root, Wnt
signaling, Morphogenesis
A-0633

Momordica Charantia Fruit Extract
with Antioxidant Capacity Improves the
Expression of Tyrosine-Phosphorylated
Proteins in Epididymal Fluid of Chronic
Stress Rats

(40 or 80 mg/kg). In treated groups, rats were given MC daily,
followed by induction of CUS for 60 consecutive days. Plasma
corticosterone and testosterone levels were analyzed after
the end of experiment. Expressions of heat-shock protein 70(HSP-70) and TyrPho proteins present in epididymal fluids
were quantified using Western blot. The epididymal histology
stained with H&E was also examined.
Results: MC extract possessed TPC, TFC, and had 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacity of (4.985 ±
0.086) mg trolox equivalents per gram, radical 50% inhibitory
concentration of (2.011 ± 0.008) mg/mL and ferric reducing
antioxidant power of (23.697 ± 0.819) lmol Fe(II) per gram.
Testosterone level was significantly increased, while the corticosterone level was significantly improved in groups treatedwith MC extract, compared to the CUS animals. Particularly,
high dose of MC extract prevented the impairments of HSP-70
and TyrPho protein expressions in the luminal fluid of the epididymis of CUS rats while there are no changes of epididymal
histology between groups.
Conclusion: MC fruit extract had antioxidant activities andimproved the functional proteins secreted from the head andtail of the epididymis. It is possible to develop the MC fruit
extract as a male fertility supplement for enhancing functional
sperm maturation in stressed men.
Funding: This research project was financially supportedby the young researcher development project of Khon Kaen
University.
Keywords: Epididymal f luid, Tyrosine phosphorylated
proteins, Chronic unpredictable stress, Momordica charantia,
Antioxidant capacity

Supatcharee ARUN, Sitthichai IAMSAARD

Anatomy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Purpose: Although the protective effects of Momordica
charantia L. (MC) extract on chemical-induced testiculardamage have previously shown, the preventive effects of MC
extract on functional proteins in the epididymis under chronic
stress have never been reported. This study investigated theprotective effects of MC fruit extract on epididymal protein secretion, especially tyrosine-phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins,in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS).
Methods: Total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid
compounds (TFC) and antioxidant capacities of MC extract
were measured. Male rats were divided into the control, CUS,
and 2 groups of CUS received different doses of MC extract

A-0640Comparison of Toxic Effects of Pyrethroid
and Herbal Based Mosquito Vaporizers
on Heart of Wistar Albino Rats: A Light
Microscopic Study

Arvind Kumar PANKAJ, Manisha PANDEY, Punita MANIK, Sushama TOMAR,
Navneet KUMAR
Anatomy, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Purpose: To compare the histological changes due to pyrethroid and herbal based mosquito vaporizers on Heart andcompare the effect of withdrawal of these vaporizers on histol-

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ogy of Kidney of male wistar albino rats.
Methods: Total 26 well preserved male albino rats were dissected and Heart were separated and categorized in 3 groups:
Control group (not exposed to any chemicals) Experimentalgroup 1-Organs of 12 rats (divided in subgroup 1A and 1B,
each subgroup contain 6 rats). Experimental Group 2–8 rats,
divided in subgroup 2A and 2B, each subgroup contain 4 rats
Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional ethics committee (Reference no.70/IAH/Pharma-15).
Results: The Heart were showing gross destruction in their
histology and these changes were more marked in pyrethroid
vaporizer exposed group than in herbal based mosquito vaporizer. Also some of the normal histological features were recovered after withdrawal of chemicals and reversal was betterin herbal based mosquito vaporizer.
Conclusion: Histological findings of present study suggeststhat pyrethroid (Transfluthrin) based mosquito repellents
are harmful to the vital organs Heart probably due to induction of oxidative stress. Herbal based mosquito repellent also
showed damage though the severity was mild as compared topyrethroid. Reversal changes were much better in herbal withdrawal group than the pyrethroid withdrawal group.
Keywords: Histological changes, pyrethroid, herbal, Heart,
Mosquito vaporizer
A-0648

sia Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 5 of 2014), this study aims
to explore how the availability of caregivers in maintaining thequality of life of Elderly post-Allo-HSCT with Dementia comorbidity.
Results: Indonesian seniors reach 10.8% of the total population and 48% have chronic diseases. 7.36% of patients withblood cancer recorded in Indonesia are Elderly. 34.7% of elderly with post-Allo-HSCT were identified as having dementia symptoms with moderate to severe (using mini-cognitive
test scoring). The elderly needing long-term care due to these
health conditions reached 9.7% and 88% of them did not havea caregiver. Less than 1% of seniors are cared for by paid caregivers and are concentrated in urban areas. Most of the elderly
are cared for by their families (aging in the community). 36% of
post-Allo-HSCT elderly with dementia are holders of social protection programs. Using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
it was found that the percentage of post-Allo-HSCT elderly withdementia who had a caregiver with mental health problems was
lower than respondents who did not have a caregiver.
Conclusion: As a country that will become the secondlargest Silver Economy in the world after China, Indonesia isan aging market pushed to meet the availability of certified
informal caregivers. Indonesia needs to expand health insurance, and standardize policies for certified caregivers, andsenior living.
Keywords: Dementia, Elderly with hsct, Caregiver, Qualityof life, Silver economy

Aging in Place for Elderly after AllogeneicHSCT (Allo-HSCT) with Dementia: Status
How Informal Care Could Help Maintaining
Higher Quality of Life?

A-0669Rosinta Hotmaida P PURBA1, Helen Try JUNIASTI2,1
1

Socioeconomics Research, The Pranala Institute, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Public Health, Cendrawasih University, Papua, Indonesia

2

Purpose: The potential curative treatment is Allogeneic
hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo-HCT) although thelong-term survival is quite poor. Indonesia is entering an aging society and the prevalence of Elderly with independence
barriers reaches 3.7% (MoH, 2018). The elderly with post-AlloHSCT are very dependent on the presence of a caregiver tomaintain their QoL. However, certified informal caregivers are
not available in Indonesia.
Methods: Using longitudinal and large-scale data (Indone-

Improving Skin Elasticity and Basement
Membrane Restoration in Aged Mice via
Radiofrequency Treatment, Facilitated byHeat Shock Protein 47
Kyung-A BYUN1,2, Seyeon OH2,3, Sosorburam BATSUKH1,3, Jong-Won
JANG3,4, Joong Ryoul LEE2, Kuk Hui SON5
1

Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of
Korea
2
Research and Development, LIBON Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
3
Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute,Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
4
Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
5
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study investigates the efficacy of combined
treatment involving monopolar and bipolar radiofrequency in

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enhancing skin elasticity and restoring the basement membraneby upregulating heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) in aged animal
skin. Skin elasticity and the integrity of the basement membrane
are crucial for maintaining skin health and function, both ofwhich decline with aging. The research explores the effects ofthe combined radiofrequency treatment on key markers including HSP47, CD206, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and collagen 17.
Methods: Through a series of experiments using in vitro
and in vivo models, the combined radiofrequency treatment
regimen was administered, followed by assessment using histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Results: Results demonstrate a significant increase in skinelasticity and restoration of the basement membrane integrity
following treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals upregulation of HSP47, CD206, IL-10, and collagen 17 in responseto the combined radiofrequency treatment, indicating their rolein mediating the observed improvements. The findings suggest that the combined application of monopolar and bipolar
radiofrequency effectively enhances skin elasticity and restores
the basement membrane by modulating the expression of key
proteins including HSP47, CD206, IL-10, and collagen 17.
Conclusion: These results offer valuable insights into
potential therapeutic strategies for addressing age-relatedchanges in skin integrity and function, with implications fordermatological interventions aimed at rejuvenating aged skin.
Keywords: Biopolar, Monopolar, Radiofrequency, Rejuvenation

lular vesicles (EVs) derived from Ecklonia cava (EV-EC) and
phlorotannins (PT) to promote collagen regeneration throughthe regulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Collagen, afundamental component of the extracellular matrix, plays acritical role in tissue repair and regeneration. The research
explores how EV-EC and PT influence collagen regeneration
by modulating HSP70 expression, the transforming growth
factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, and mitogen-activatedprotein kinase (MAPK) signaling.
Methods: Through a series of in vitro keratinocyte senescence model and in vivo aged mice experiments, including
cell culture assays and animal models, the study elucidates thecomplex interplay between EV-EC and PT involving HSP70,
TGF-β, MAPK signaling, and collagen regeneration.
Results: Findings demonstrate that EV-EC, in conjunction
with PT, significantly enhance collagen synthesis and deposition by regulating the TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways.
Furthermore, the upregulation of HSP70 emerges as a critical
mediator in this process, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target for tissue regeneration.
Conclusion: This research illuminates promising strategies forleveraging natural compounds from marine sources to develop
innovative regenerative therapies aimed at enhancing rejuvenation.
Keywords: Extracellular vesicles derived from ecklonia
cava, Phlorotannins, Rejuvenation, Heat shock protein 70
A-0692

Promotion of Glioblastoma Invasion in
Temozolomide-Resistant Cells

A-0673

Ecklonia Cava Extracellular Vesicles
Enhanced Dermal Collagen Synthesis
through Modulation of Heat Shock Protein
70

Hien DUONG THANH, Thuy THI NGUYEN, Se-Young KWON, Chaeyong
JUNG
Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju,
Republic of Korea

Sosorburam BATSUKH1,2, Seyeon OH2,3, Jong-Won JANG2,4, Kuk Hui SON5,
Kyunghee BYUN1,2
1

Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of
Korea
2
Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute,Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
3
Research and Development, LIBON Inc, Incheon, Republic of Korea
4
Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
5
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study investigates the potential of extracel-

Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal and treatment-resistant tumor among brain cancers. Temozolomide(TMZ) is the standard chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, but the
majority of patients experience recurrence and invasion of tumor cells. We previously reported that TMZ treatment in GBM
cells regulates matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9), which has
the main function of promoting tumor cell invasion.
Methods: In this study, we described the process by which

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we create acquired TMZ-resistant GBM cells through repeatedculturing of cells with gradually doubling the TMZ concentration. A proteome profile experiment comparing the differences between these resistant cells and their parental cells was
conducted.
Results: We demonstrated alterations in the expression ofseveral proteases and protease inhibitors that contribute to theinvasion and migration of tumor cells. TMZ-resistant cells
were also promoted to increased invasion and migration showing by scratch and transwell assays. We also investigated thesignaling pathways that are involved in promoting the alterations in cell behaviors caused by TMZ resistance.
Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into themolecular mechanisms by which TMZ resistance leads to increased invasiveness and migration in GBM cells.
Keywords: Glioblastoma, Temozolomide, Resistance, Invasion
A-0696CRISPR/Cas9 Engineering in Oral Epithelial
Organoid for Understanding the Mechanistic
Basis of Tumor-Induced Bone Resorption
Yan CUI, Shujin LI, Anish Ashok ADPAIKAR, Senthil Kumar BASKARAN, JiSun KIM, Han-Sung JUNG
Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: To establish the CRISPR/Cas9 engineered ameloblastoma-like organoid for understanding the pathogenesis
and underlying mechanisms of bone resorption durning tumor progression.
Methods: We knocked out the three most frequently mutated genes (BRAF, KRAS, SMO) in human normal oral epithelium with CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate ameloblastomalike organoids. Furthermore, these CRISPR/Cas9 engineeredorganoids were co-cultured with osteoblasts and osteoclasts
to recapitulate the ameloblastoma tumor microenvironment.
To investigate the mechanistic bases of ameloblatoma-inducedbone destruction, sing-cell RNA sequencing was performed.
Results: To gain insights into the morphology and structureof human normal oral epithelial organoids, we initially examined organoids derived from mouse oral epithelial cells. Ourinvestigation identified three distinct types: solid, cystic, andkeratinized. Notably, the solid type displayed a higher prolif-

eration rate in the basal cell layer compared to the other types.
Subsequently, we generated ameloblastoma-like organoids by
CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout of BRAF, KRAS, and SMO
in human normal oral epithelial cells, effectively recapitulated
the neoplastic properties of ameloblastoma. Compared withhuman normal oral epithelial organoids, the ameloblastomalike organoids generated by the triple knockout exhibited elevated levels of Ki-67 and K14 expression within the basal layer.
Moreover, expression level of ameloblastin and amelogenin
were increased in the triple knockout group compared to theother two groups. These findings suggest enhanced proliferation capacity and tumorigenic potential of the triple knockoutorganoids.
Conclusion: BRAF, KRAS, and SMO play crucial roles in
the initiation of ameloblastoma, and CRISPR/Cas9 engineeredorganoids serve as valuable resources for investigating themechanistic basis of tumor-induced bone resorption.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea
Government (MSIP) (2022R1A2B5B03001627).
Keywords: Ameloblastoma, CRISPR/Cas9, Bone Resorption, Organoid
A-0741Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Papenfusiella
Kuromo Extracts through Suppression of NFκB Activation in Porphyromonas Gingivalis
LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage
Min-Jeong KIM1, Han-Gil CHOI2, Hyun-Jin KIM3
1

Department of Convergence Technology for Food Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Oral Anatomy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: A brown alga, Papenfusiella kuromo (P. kuromo)
is rarely found in the eastern and southern coast, Jeju islandin Korea and in Japan. Though anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of P. kuromo are examined in previous research, its effect in the periodontal disease is not recorded yet.
Methods: In this study, we investigated the mechanisms
underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of an extract fromP. kuromo in Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage.

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Results: We found that P. kuromo had no cytotoxic effect incell viability compared to untreated RAW 264.7 macrophage.
Treatment with P. kuromo in P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated
RAW 264.7 macrophage reduced the levels of nitric oxide(NO) in dose-dependent manner via down-regulation of theinducible nitric oxide (iNOS) expression. RT-qPCR exhibitedthat P. kuromo dose-dependently inhibited interleukin (IL)1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in P. gingivalis
LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. Data of western blot
analysis showed that P. gingivalis LPS-inuced phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) kinase (IKK) and IκBαdegradation were dose-dependently suppressed by P. kuromo.
In addition, treatment with P. kuromo in P. gingivalis LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage also reduced the nuclear
translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, which suggeststhat anti-inflammatory effect of P. kuromo is associated withthe suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggested that the extractof P. kuromo may possess an anti-inflammatory effect in the
periodontal disease and could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing periodontal diseases.
Keywords: Papenfusiella kuromo, Inflammation, Periodontitis, Nuclear factor κB, Macrophage
A-0743

Positional Information for Pattern
Formation in Dental Mesenchyme during
Embryonic Tooth Development

Eun-Jung KIM1, Hyun-Yi KIM2, Anish ASHOK ADPAIKAR1, Shujin LI1,
Senthil KUMAR BASKARAN1, Yan CUI1, Ji-Sun KIM1, Han-Sung JUNG1

Methods: Tooth germs at cap stage is dissected from mousemandible, lingual and buccal part of tooth germs are divided,and analyzed with bulk RNA sequencing. Buccal part of dental mesenchyme from Wnt1-cre-tdTomato mice mandible,
and lingual part from WT mice mandible were isolated, anddissociated into single cell. The dissociated cells from lingual
or buccal part of dental mesenchyme were reaggregated, andrecombined with dental epithelium.
Results: In RNA sequencing analysis, GO terms, such as
odontogenesis, pattern specificataion, and proliferation wereenriched in lingual part of dental mesenchym. GO terms, suchas stem cell development, mesenchyme development, neuralcrest differentiation, and regeneration were enriched in buccal
part of dental mesenchyme. Furthermore, when the lingual or
buccal part of tooth germs were cultured in vitro for 2 days,
and transplanted underneath the kidney capsule, the only
lingual part of tooth germs has the odontogenic capacity. The
reaggregation experiments provided that lingual part of dental
mesenchyme contributes to tooth formation, buccal part ofdental mesenchyme to surrounded tissue.
Conclusion: Based on these, we analyzed the spatial transcriptomic information of lingual and buccal part of tooth
germs at cap stage. Furthermore, the odontogenic capacity
was identified with regional specification of tooth germs. This
study provides a novel model for pattern formation during
embryonic tooth development.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea
Government (MSIP) (NRF‐2022R1A2B5B03001627) and by
the Ministry of Education (grant number) (NRF-2022R1I1A1A01071830).

1

Department of Oral Biology, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, BK21
FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
NGeneS Inc., Ansan, Republic of Korea

Keywords: Tooth development, Dental mesenchyme, Positional information, Lingual, Buccal

Purpose: The concept of positional information is that cells
acquire positional values to build the pattern formation inembryonic development and regeneration. During tooth development, various gene expression is different spatially along
lingual and buccal direction, and successional dental teeth formation occurs only in lingual part of tooth germs. However,the positional information has not been studied yet until now.
The purpose of this study is that the regional information of
lingual and buccal part of dental mesenchyme was identified
during tooth development.

A-0779Jagged1 Missense Mutation Unleashes
Innate Immune Cell Dysregulation

Bora KIM1, Koung-Min PARK1,2, Hae-Sung YANG1,2, Young-Min HYUN1,2
1

Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Republic of Korea

2

Purpose: Notch signaling pathway is vital for cell develop-

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ment and immune system function. Mutations in the Jagged1(JAG1) ligand of this pathway lead to Alagille syndrome (AGS),a pediatric genetic disorder causing bile duct reduction andorgan abnormalities. However, whether JAG1-mediated Notch
signaling regulates inflammatory responses in innate immune
cells remains unknown. In this study, to elucidate the correlation between impaired Notch signaling mediated by themutated JAG1 and inflammatory responses in innate immune
cells.
Methods: We investigated the functional effect of JAG1
missense mutations on innate immune cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages.
Results: We confirmed increased recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in the liver of JAG1 deficiency mice.
Furthermore, JAG1 deficiency stimulates pro-inflammatory
cytokine secretion and M1 macrophage polarization, inducing excessive macrophage extracellular traps. Furthermore,
we observed heightened neutrophil infiltration and changes
in migration patterns in the liver of JAG1-deficient mice using
two-photon intravital imaging. These findings suggest that
JAG1 deficiency worsens liver damage and may lead to the development of biliary sepsis.
Conclusion: Understanding how JAG1/Notch signaling
abnormalities affect innate immune cells provides a basis fordeveloping therapeutic strategies for Notch signaling-relateddiseases and innate immune response abnormalities caused by
JAG1-mediated Notch signaling.
Funding: This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF2022R1I1A1A01070969).
Keywords: Alagille syndrome, Notch signaling, Jagged1,
Liver, Macrophage

A-0793Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals
Transitional Cellular Changes during
Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Jiho KIM1, Jun Gyo GWON2, Ja Hye KIM3, Hyun Jung KIM1
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: To identify changes in cellular composition andassociated changes in genes expression during progression of
abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
Methods: Normal and AAA tissues were collected from 5
patients. Tissue was dissociated by enzymatic and mechanicalmethods and live cells were collected by FACS. And we performed 3' mRNA library preparation kit (10X Genomics) andsequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Raw fastq data were
processed by Cell Ranger 7.0 with GRCh38 as a reference. The
single-cell sequencing data were analyzed by using R package
Seurat.
Results: We identified 11 major cell types including Smoothmuscle cell (SMC), T, B, and other immune cells. As a subpopulations of SMC, we observed the number of contractile
SMC and fibroblast were decreased in AAA tissue, and thegene enrichment analysis revealed the expression of pathways
such as apoptosis and SMC migration. We also identified increased immune infiltration in AAA tissue. Through cell-cellinteraction analysis, we identified inflammatory signaling specific to AAA tissue between the cells consisting the aortic walland immune cells. These findings suggest that the progressionof AAA occurs through increased infiltration of immune cells
and induction of apoptosis in non-immune cells that maintainthe function and integrity of the aortic wall.
Conclusion: Here we showed that the major changes during
AAA progression, including a decrease in the cells comprising
the aortic wall and an increased infiltration of immune cells.
These transcriptional changes could also potentially be used as
biomarkers.
Keywords: Abdominal aortic aneurysm, AAA, Single cellRNA, Transcriptome

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A-0799

A-0820

The Role of Cdc42 in Skin Epidermal
Development and Epidermal Barrier
Formation

Comparative Analysis of iPSC and iPSCDerived RPE Cells in Treating Sodium IodateInduced Dry-Type AMD

Ni LEE1, Chen-Yuan HSIAO2, Jia-Fwu SHYU3, Pei-Jiun TASI1,4, Tien-Hua
CHEN1,5

Xueer WANG, Min ZHANG, Lin ZHANG

Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou,
China

1

Purpose: Cdc42 is a Rho GTPase that regulates diverse cellular functions. Here, we used genetic techniques to investigate
the role of Cdc42 in epidermal development and epidermal
barrier formation.
Methods: Keratinocyte-restricted Cdc42 knockout mice
were generated with the Cre-LoxP system under the keratin
14 (K14) promoter. The skin and other tissues were collectedfrom mutant and wild-type mice, and their cellular, molecular,
morphological, and physiological features were analyzed.
Results: Loss of Cdc42 in the epidermis in vivo resulted
in neonatal lethality and impairment of epidermal barrier
formation. Cdc42 deficiency led to the loss of epidermal stem
cells. The absence of Cdc42 led to increased thickening of theepidermis, which was associated with increased proliferation
and reduced apoptosis of keratinocytes. In addition, Cdc42
deficiency damaged tight junctions, adherens junctions anddesmosomes. RNA sequencing results showed that the mostsignificantly altered genes were enriched by the terms of “keratinization” and “cornified envelope” (CE). Among the differentially expressed genes in the CE term, several members of
the small proline-rich protein (SPRR) family were upregulated.
Further study revealed that there may be a Cdc42-SPRR pathway, which may correlate with epidermal barrier function.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our study indicates that Cdc42
is essential for epidermal development and epidermal barrier
formation. Defects in Cdc42-SPRR signaling may be associated with skin barrier dysfunction and a variety of skin diseases.
Funding: Our study indicates that Cdc42 is essential for
epidermal development and epidermal barrier formation.
Defects in Cdc42-SPRR signaling may be associated with skinbarrier dysfunction and a variety of skin diseases.
Keywords: Epidermal development, Epidermal barrier,Skin development, Cdc42, Cornified envelope

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Chinese Taipei
3
Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Chinese
Taipei4
Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
5Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
2

Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is aleading cause of vision loss, with dry AMD being the mostcommon type, accounting for 85-90% of all AMD cases, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO).
In 2020, the estimated prevalence of dry AMD globally was
0.37%, equivalent to 270 million people. Currently, there is no
specific treatment for dry AMD, only therapies to slow its progression. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their derived iPSC-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are believed
to have therapeutic potential for dry AMD. Therefore, our experiment aims to compare the therapeutic effects of iPSCs and
iPSC-RPE cells, with the goal of developing a safer treatment
modality.
Methods: We identified the stem cell specificity of iPSCs.
Subsequently, we conducted differentiation experiments of
iPSC-RPE and assessed whether the cells expressed specificgenes related to retinal pigment epithelium. We establisheda dry AMD cell model with the purpose of utilizing it as thetarget for iPSC and iPSC-RPE therapy. Therefore, we designed
co-culture experiments and measured markers of cell necrosis
to observe the therapeutic effect.
Results: We established a disease model of AMD using sodium iodate, wherein cell necrosis was observed in our established dry AMD cell model. Following treatment co-culture,significant differences in the expression of necrosis genes wereconfirmed by Western blot analysis, effectively attenuating cell
necrosis and modulating the regulation of cell death signals.
We further discovered that both types of stem cells not only
restored the functionality of the upstream protein FADD but
also prompted cells to initiate self-renewal. Based on thesefindings, we hypothesized that the cells may secrete cytokines

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or exosomes, resulting in therapeutic effects on the dry AMD
cell model.
Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that iPSCs and iPSCRPE are capable of utilizing substances secreted by stem cells
to achieve therapeutic effects on damaged cells.
Keywords: IPSC, IPSC-RPE, Dry-AMD, Therapy, Molecules

granule production in Aptamin C-treated NK cells. NK cellproliferation was promoted and phosphorylation of STAT-3
was increased by Aptamin C-treatment, suggesting its potential role in NK cell activation.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicate that Aptamin C
promotes the NK cell activation, highlighting its prospectiverole in augmenting immunomodulatory agents within NK celltherapy.

A-0824

Keywords: NK cell, Aptamin C, Cytotoxicity, Proliferation

Effect of Aptamin C on Enhancement of NK
Cell Activity: From in Vitro Experiments to
Clinical Descriptions
1

1

1

A-0825

1

Tomoyo AGURA , Hyejung JO , Seoyoun JEONG , Hyovin AHN , Soyoung
PANG1, Seulgi SHIN1,2, Yejin KIM1,2, Jae Seung KANG1,2
1

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical ResearchCenter, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial in the innate
immune system. NK cells immediately eliminate abnormal
cells via ligand-receptor signaling mechanisms. Vitamin C has
been indicated as an NK cell bioenhancer by protecting NK
cells from reactive oxygen species and resulting in its activation. However, vitamin C is susceptible to oxidation, which
limits NK cell activation. In this study, we utilize Aptamin C,
which is a conjugate of vitamin C with its specific aptamer, tomaintain the antioxidant properties of vitamin C.
Methods: A clinical trial was conducted involving 120
volunteers who were administered either aptamin C (36.057
mg/day) or a placebo for 4 weeks. NK cell cytotoxicity and thecytokine level were evaluated 2 weeks and 4 weeks after administration. For in vitro study, NK-92 cells were treated withaptamin C for 48 hours, and the cytotoxicity against a leukemia cell line was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Additionally, the effect of aptamin C on NK cell proliferation wasassessed using the Alamar Blue assay. The signaling pathway
engaged in Aptamin C-induced NK cell activation was investigated by western blot analysis.
Results: The cytotoxicity of NK cells isolated from the Aptamin C intake group significantly increased after 2 weeks.
Cytokines associated with NK cell activity exhibited the highest levels in serum 4 weeks after Aptamin C intake. In vitro
experiments revealed increased cytotoxicity and cytotoxic

Alloferon Inhibits IL-22-Dependent
Expression of Chemokine Receptors andMetastasis-Related Factors in Pancreatic
CancerHyejung JO1, Seulgi SHIN2, Tomoyo AGURA1, Seoyoun JEONG1, Hovin AHN1,
Soyoung PANG1, Yejin KIM1, Jae Seung KANG1
1

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical ResearchCenter, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Pancreatic cancer frequently metastasizes into
organs and tissues near the pancreas. Metastasis contributes
to making the curative approach unachievable and leads topoor prognosis. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines and increases the factors involved in the progression andmetastasis of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, this study aims todevelop a strategy to suppress pancreatic cancer metastasis byregulating IL-22Rα expression.
Methods: To explore the correlation between IL-22Rα andchemokine receptor expression, AsPC-1 and Panc-1 cells weretransduced through lentivirus-mediated shIL-22Rα delivery.
The downregulation of IL-22Rα and its associated expressionof chemokine receptors were assessed through western blot
analysis. To evaluate the role of alloferon as a regulator of IL22Rα expression, we measured the level of IL-22Rα expression
using immunofluorescence, western blot, and flow cytometry
analysis after treatment with alloferon. The effect of alloferonin the migration ability toward chemokine ligands, IP-10 orSDF-1, was investigated using the transwell migration assay.
Finally, the effects of downregulating IL-22Rα expression on
tumor growth and metastasis-related factors were investigatedusing an in vivo xenotransplantation model.

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Results: This study reveals, for the first time, that IL-22
induces CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression. In addition, alloferon,an immune modulator, decreases IL-22Rα expression, thereby
downregulating IL-22-induced CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression. The ability to migrate toward the ligands of CXCR3and CXCR4 was significantly decreased in cells treated withalloferon. It was also confirmed that migration was inhibitedin cells transduced with IL-22Rα shRNA. Furthermore, thisstudy showed that IL-22Ra downregulation suppressed tumor
progression in immunocompromised mice.
Conclusion: We identified the novel role of IL-22 as a regulator of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression leading to metastasis
and tumor development. It was suggested that the regulationof IL-22Rα expression might be considered as a therapeutictarget and that alloferon could be a potential therapeutic agent
in pancreatic cancer.

To the synergetic effect of alloferon and metronidazole, themovement of T. vaginalis was observed through a microscopy
and video recording.
Results: T. vaginalis treated with alloferon reduced the activity of its energy-producing organelles, hydrogenosomes andchanged structure of hydrogenosome. In addition, alloferon
induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase of T. vaginalis, thereby
leading to decreased proliferation. While metronidazole alone
at its minimum lethal concentration was ineffective, combining it with alloferon, significantly suppressed motility and proliferation in T. vaginalis.
Conclusion: Alloferon induces decreased growth andmovement of T. vaginalis by altering the morphology and sizeof hydrogenosomes. Our findings suggest that alloferon could
be a synergistic agent in combination therapy with metronidazole for trichomoniasis.

Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, Alloferon, IL-22Rα, Cancer
progression

Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, Alloferon, Hydrogenosome, Metronidazole

A-0826

A-0856

Alloferon Regulates the Growth andMovement of Trichomonas Vaginalis by
Altering Hydrogenosomes

Elucidation of Pathogenesis of
Neurodegenerative Diseases throughStudying Novel Ferritinophagy Receptor

Soyoung PANG1, Hyejung JO1, Seulgi SHIN1, Tomoyo AGURA1, Hovin AHN1,
Seoyoun JEONG1, Yejin KIM1, Jae Seung KANG1
1

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical ResearchCenter, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Trichomoniasis infected with Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), can cause mild symptoms like itching andburning but can also lead to more serious adverse outcomes.
While typically treated with metronidazole, this medication
can face resistance from T. vaginalis and some individuals may
experience side effects. Hence, the research on effective therapeutic methods is essential to improve traditional therapy fortrichomoniasis.
Methods: To investigate the potential of alloferon as atherapeutic agent for parasitic infection, we measured the activity of hydrogenosomes in T. vaginalis using flow cytometricanalysis and observed the morphology of hydrogenosomes
through a transmission electron microscopy. In addition, thecell cycle of T. vaginalis was assessed using cell cycle analysis.

Yeongseo SONG1, Hyungsun PARK1, Seongju LEE1,2
1

Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Iron is an essential nutrient for various cell biological functions, including energy production and oxygen
transportation. Given the critical role of iron homeostasis incellular health and function, its disruption can lead to various
diseases. Elevated iron levels in the brain can intensify oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, ultimately leading toneuronal damage. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are associated with
dysfunction in iron homeostasis and excessive ROS. However,the precise involvement of iron homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases remains poorly understood. Ferritin, the major
iron storage protein, is crucial for maintaining intracellulariron levels. Recently, it has been revealed that ferritin undergoes degradation through ferritinophagy, a type of selective
autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative

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pathway to remove harmful intracellular molecules. Importantly, selective autophagy requires selective autophagy receptors (SARs) that act specifically on their targets. Nuclear
receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) is known to bind ferritin andmediate autophagic degradation of ferritin. NCOA4 is the only
SAR identified for ferritin so far, and their interaction is insufficient to elucidate the relationship between iron homeostasis
and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we aimed to discover a novel SAR for ferritin.
Methods: We carried out siRNA-mediated knockdown ofvarious autophagy receptors.
Results: We found that knockdown of some SAR genes resulted in accumulation of ferritin protein.
Conclusion: We anticipate that our findings will provide
valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets aimed at
mitigating the impact of iron dysregulation on neurodegenerative diseases.

gastrulation under high concentrations of ibuprofen-treated embryos. Underdeveloped intestines with stage and/or intestinal
malrotation, distorted microcephaly, and hy- poplastic heart,lungs, and pronephric tubules were observed in ibuprofen-treated embryos. Cephalic, cardiac, and truncal edema were also observed in them. The severity of the deformities was observed ina concentration- dependent manner. The teratogenic index was
2.28. These gross and histological disruptions correlated wellwith the altered expression of each organ marker gene.
Conclusion: In conclusion, ibuprofen induced delayed anddisrupted gastrulation in the early developmental stage andmultiorgan malformation later in the organogenesis stage of
Xenopus laevis embryos.

Keywords: Neurodegenerative diseases, Autophagy, Ferritinophagy

High-Sugar Diet Affects the Immune
Mechanism of Pregnancy Outcome throughthe Balance of Th17/Treg

A-0861

Keywords: Embryotoxicity, Fetax, Ibuprofen, Multiorgan
malformation, Xenopus laevis
A-0864

Zhixuan WANG, Shufen YUE, Shanyu LIU, Yifan FU, Yuanhang YU, Shuai HE

Ibuprofen-Induced Multiorgan
Malformation during Embryogenesis in
Xenopus Laevis

Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou,
Inner Mongolia, China

Maeja PARK

Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Deagu, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Ibuprofen, one of the most commonly prescribed
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, has not been fully assessed for embryonic toxicity in vertebrates. Here, we systematically assessed the embryotoxicity of ibuprofen in Xenopus
laevis at various concentrations during embryogenesis.
Methods: Embryos were treated with different con- centrations of ibuprofen, ranging from 8 to 64 mg/L, at 23 C for
96 h, and examined daily and evaluated at 72 hpf. Lethal or
teratogenic effects were documented. For histological analysis,
paraffin embedded embryos were transversely sectioned at a
thickness of 10-μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Total RNA was isolated from embryos at stages 6, 12, 22 and36, and real-time quantitative PCR was performed.
Results: Ibuprofen-treated embryos showed delayed or failed
dorsal lip formation and its closure at the beginning of gastrulation. This resulted in herniation of the endodermal mass after

Purpose: To investigate the immunological mechanism of
how high-sugar diet affects pregnancy outcomes through theTh17/Treg balance.
Methods: Female SD rats were randomly divided into anormal diet group and a high-sugar diet group. The highsugar diet group was further divided into a control group, an
AMPK inhibitor Compound C group, and an AMPK agonist
AICAR group. After mating with male rats and detecting
vaginal plugs, fasting blood glucose, body weight, miscarriage,
and preterm delivery were monitored in the four groups ofpregnant rats. On day 14 of pregnancy, the pregnant rats weresacrificed to collect the placenta and calculate the embryonic
resorption rate. Western blot was used to detect the expressionof p-AMPKα and AMPKα proteins in the placenta, chemiluminescence for ROS levels, flow cytometry for Th17 and Treg
cells, qPCR for IL-17 and IL-10 mRNA expression, and immunohistochemistry for ROR-γt and FoxP3 protein expression.
Results: The body weight and fasting blood glucose in thehigh-sugar group significantly increased, with significantly

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higher rates of premature delivery, abortion, and embryonic
resorption compared to the regular diet group. The absolutecount of Th17 (IL-17+CD4+) cells increased, while that ofTreg (CD25+FoxP3+) cells decreased in placental lymphocytes, leading to an elevated Th17/Treg ratio. The expressionof p-AMPKα decreased, while ROS levels increased. IL-17
and ROR-γt levels were elevated, while IL-10 and FoxP3 levels
decreased. Compared to the high-sugar diet control group, the
AMPK activator AICAR reversed the inhibition of AMPKαphosphorylation caused by high sugar, resulting in improvements in the aforementioned indicators in pregnant rats.
Conclusion: The hyperglycemic state of the body inactivates AMPKα through ROS-dependent inhibition of its phosphorylation, indirectly regulating the differentiation and function of Th17 and Treg cells, leading to an imbalance in Th17/
Treg and significantly increasing adverse pregnancy outcomesin pregnant rats.
Keywords: High-Sugar Diet, Th17/Treg, Pregnancy Outcomes, Immune Mechanisms, ROS
A-0868The Impact of Secretome Derived from
Umbilical Cord on the Safety and Efficacyof Organic Severe Non-Responder Erectile
Dysfunction following One-Day Injection,
Measured by NPT, SPL, and Corpus
Cavernosum Diameter

Ria MARGIANA1,2, Kristophorus Jonathan WIBOWO3,4, Supardi SUPARDI2,4,
M. P. Budyandini D. PRAMESTI2,4, Heri SUROTO5,6, Reni I'TISHOM2,7,
M. Hidayat Surya ATMAJA8,9, Paulus RAHARJO8,9, Fatkhurrohmah Leo
AMALIA2,4, M. Ikhsan NUGROHO8,9, Andi Ahmad Thoriq PRATAMA8,91

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Bachelor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
4
Department of Andrology, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
5
Cell & Tissue Bank, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
6
Orthopaedic & Traumatology, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya,
Indonesia
7
Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya,
Indonesia
8
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
9
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital,
Surabaya, Indonesia
2

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of secretome derived from the umbilical cord on the safety and efficacy as a treatment for organic severe non-responder

erectile dysfunction. specifically the Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT), Stretched Penile Length (SPL), and Corpus Cavernosum Diameter in individuals who had received a one-day
injection.
Methods: This study recruited seven participants who receiving standard care for diabetes mellitus. The participantsreceived one-day Injection of secretome. Pre- and post-intervention measurements of NPT, SPL, and corpus cavernosum
diameter were conducted to assess any alterations. The safety
evaluation involved the observation of hematoma formation,
pain intensity, bleeding, and indications of infection after theadministration of secretome. The parameters were assessed
immediately after the injection and during subsequent examination.
Results: The findings of this study show notable variationsin NPT after the injection of secretome. The NPT showedenhancement following the intervention, indicating beneficial
impact on erectile function. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant disparities observed in SPL or corpus cavernosum diameter. The absence of substantial modifications
in SPL and corpus cavernosum width indicates that the intervention predominantly impacted physiological mechanisms
associated with erectile function, rather than inducing alterations in penile morphology or tissue structure. Subsequent
investigations are required to clarify the precise processes that
underlie the reported effects. The safety evaluations indicatedthat no occurrences of hematoma formation, pain exceeding
thresholds, bleeding, or indications of infection subsequent tothe administration of secretome. The results of this study indicate that the intervention was well-tolerated by the participants
and did not result in any adverse responses or complications.
Conclusion: The results indicate that secretome exhibits efficacy and tolerability, hence indicating its potential as a secure
treatment alternative for erectile dysfunction. Nevertheless,additional investigation is necessary to clarify the safety characteristics and enhance treatment protocols for wider clinicaluse.
Funding: The Hibah PUTI 2022 grant provided financial
support for this project.
Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, Umbilical cord-derived
secretome, Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT), Stretched
Penile Length (SPL), Corpus cavernosum diameter

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A-0881

fatigue in the masseter muscle of KI mice. This work allows
to characterize at the molecular level the impact of the mutations in dynamin-2 that cause AD-CNM on the masticatory
muscles, an aspect that is still unknown.

Molecular Characterization of the Masseter
Muscle in a Murine Model of Autosomal
Dominant Centronuclear Myopathy

Pedro CONTRERAS SALINAS1,2, Gonzalo JORQUERA3, Marc BITOUN4,
Jorge BEVILACQUA RIVAS5, Arlek GONZALEZ-JAMETT6,7
1

Ciencias de la Salud, carrera de Fonoaudiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia
Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
2
Magister en Ciencias Medicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaiso,
Valparaiso, Chile
3
Instituto de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
4
Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne University, Inserm, Institut de Myologie,
Paris, France
5
Departamento de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
6
Centro para la Investigacion Traslacional en Neurofarmacologia, Universidad de
Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
7
Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Neuromuscular, LAFINEM, Escuela de Quimica y
Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile

Purpose: Autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy(AD-CNM) is an inherited muscle disease that manifests with
progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. One of
the most prevalent causes of AD-CNM are mutations in the
DNM2 gene that encodes the dynamin-2 GTP-ase. Mutations
in dynamin-2 are associated with defects in the actin cytoskeleton organization and fiber-type disproportion in distal skeletal muscles. However, it is unknown if similar mechanisms
operate in the masticatory muscles. The objective of this work
was to evaluate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton andthe type of muscle fibers in the masseter muscle of knock-in(KI) mice harboring the p.R465W dynamin-2 mutations, themost common causing AD-CNM.
Methods: Actin organization was assessed by measuring
the relative amounts of filamentous (F-) and monomeric (G-)
actin and by quantifying the actin polymerization capacity
in fibers isolated from masseter muscles of KI-mice and theirwild-type (WT) littermates. The relative expression of theisoforms I and II of the myosin-ATP-ase was also analyzed asindicative of the muscle fiber-type.
Results: A significant increase in the F/G-actin ratio, alimited capacity of new actin network polymerization and a
relative decrease in the expression of the type-I myosin-ATPase over the type II was evident in the masseters of KI mice,compared to age-matched WT mice.
Conclusion: These data suggest an imbalance in the actinorganization and a decrease in the oxidative muscle fibers
with predominance of glycolytic muscle fibers, susceptible to

Keywords: Centronuclear myopathy, Orofacial musculature, Masseter muscle, Dynamin-2, Actin cytoskeleton
A-0882

Fasciology Accomplish the Biological Theory
about the Differences Structure between
the Life Spans of Different Species: That Is to
Make Up for the Biological Research Axis on
Time (Life Span)Lin YUAN1, Yu BAI1, Chun YANG3,1, Jun WANG2,1, Yong YANG4,1
1

Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Anatomy Apartments, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
Anatomy Apartments, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
4
Plastic Department, Shenyang Yangyong Plastic Hospital, Shenyang, China
2
3

Purpose: One of the great contributions of the Chinese
nation to the world is traditional Chinese medicine. For thousands of years, traditional Chinese medicine had underpinned
the health care systems of east Asian nations, while in the last
300 years, the role has waned, giving way to biomedical system
originated in the West. It is our inescapable responsibility torevive TCM. Fasciology created by our team is the golden key
to open the treasure house of TCM, and it is a tool to uncover
the mystery of TCM.
Methods: Fasciology is an original new discipline system
proposed by us after more than 20 years of research. It includes: fascial anatomy, fascial histology, fascial physiology,
fascial pathology, fascial immunology and fascial diagnosis
and treatment. Fasciology is the theoretical support to thewide concept of health.
Results: In the past, the study of human morphology was
carried out in two ways: systematic anatomy and topographic
anatomy. Fascial Anatomy presents a two-system theory,
which regards the human body as a support and reserve system of non-specific connective tissue throughout the body andthe functional cells differentiated from the support and reserve
system. The research on the mutual influence, mutual transformation and interact of the two systems is called Fasciology.
Conclusion: Acupoints: Points on the fascia framework that

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can produce strong biological information (nerve information,
trauma information, thermal effect, acousto-optic electromagnetic, etc.) Ren Meridian: visceral fascia evolved from limb
shoots to the fascia on the palmar side of limbs in the courseof biological evolution. Heart Meridian (the visceral fascia
that runs along the large blood vessels of the upper limb to thepalm); Pulmonary meridian (runs along the large blood vesselsof the upper limb to the palm); Pericardial meridian (superficial running, heart meridian on ulnar side, lung meridian onradial side).
Funding: The paper was supported by Grants from the National Basic Research 973 Program (no. 2007CB512705) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30801464).
Keywords: Fascia Anatomy, Fasciology, Acupoint, Meridian, Meridian
A-0885

Fascia Network Could Be the Anatomical
Basis for Acupoints and Meridians in the
Human Body
Chujun CHEN1, Yu BAI2,1, Lin YUAN2,1, Jun WANG3,1
1

Cosmetic Surgery, Huiren Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Clinic, Wuxi, China
Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
3
Department of Anatomy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
2

Purpose: The anatomical basis for the concept of meridiansin traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has not been resolved.
This paper reviews the evidence supporting a relationship between acupuncture points/meridians and fascia. The reviewed
evidence supports the view that the human body’s fascia
network may be the physical substrate represented by the meridians of TCM. Specifically, this hypothesis is supported byanatomical observations of body scan data demonstrating thatthe fascia network resembles the theoretical meridian systemin salient ways, as well as physiological, histological, and clinical observations. This view represents a theoretical basis andmeans for applying modern biomedical research to examining
TCM principles and therapies, and it favors a holistic approachto diagnosis and treatment.
Methods: Comparison between acupuncture points (fromthe anatomical guidelines provided in and fascia imaging data.
The fascia connective tissue gathering areas were constructedusing MIMICS11.02 software based on the digital datasets of

VCH bodies.
Results: Firstly, it is noteworthy that reconstructions of the
fascial connective tissues in the body trunk and limbs show
line-like structures which are similar to those of acupoints
and meridians/collaterals. Secondly, these fascial strings forma network of lines that are close to the virtual meridians inanatomical location. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2, subsequent 3D fascial reconstructive studies involving computed
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of living human bodies revealed a pattern of line-like structuresthat appear similar in form and distribution to the traditional
Chinese meridians. The VCH and living body imaging studies
together indicate that the anatomy of the fascial network in thehuman body is consistent with the traditionalview of the meridian network pattern.
Conclusion: Acupoints: Points on the fascia framework thatcan produce strong biological information. Meridians: framework of nonspecific connective tissue throughout the body.
Funding: The paper was supported by Grants from the National Basic Research 973 Program (no. 2007CB512705) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30801464).
Keywords: Fascia Anatomy, Fascial connective tissues,
Acupoint, Meridian, Fasciology
A-0887

Application of Human Induced Pluripotent
Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling
Wei-Cheng JIANG, Wan-Yu TSAI

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei,
Chinese Taipei

Purpose: Vascular diseases remain a significant health concern due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. The transitionof vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from contractile tosynthetic state is crucial in disease progression. Nonetheless,replicating these pathophysiological features in human models
is still a considerable challenge. Utilizing induced pluripotent
stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a promising approach to
studying VSMC phenotypic changes in human diseases. This
investigation aims to differentiate iPSCs into VSMCs to establish an in vitro model for studying vascular diseases andpotential therapies.
Methods: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

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IFAA 2024(PBMCs) were isolated and reprogrammed into feeder-free
iPSCs, characterized using karyotyping, reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent staining, andin vivo teratoma formation assays. These iPSCs were subsequently differentiated into VSMCs, confirmed by specificmarkers. To mimic the pathological response after vascular injury, VSMCs were cultured in 2D or 3D conditions and treatedwith platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to induce dedifferentiation, evidenced by increased proliferation and alteredmarker expressions.
Results: The iPSCs from PBMCs had normal karyotypes,
expressed pluripotent markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, SSEA4, TRA1-60, as well as TRA1-80, and possessed three-germlayer differentiation ability. After VSMC differentiation,
VSMC-specific markers SM α-actin and SM22α showed positive expression in differentiated cells, while flow cytometry
analysis revealed high differentiation efficiency. Furthermore,compared to the traditional 2D methods, the 3D approach
is more responsive to the difference in phenotype switching
performance, demonstrated by the augmentation of cell proliferation and reduction of VSMC markers SM α-actin, SM22α,
SM-MHC, and calponin after PDGF treatment.
Conclusion: Overall, our study effectively simulated thephenotypic transition of VSMCs derived from human iPSCs
within a 3D environment. This in vitro system not only enhances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms ofvascular diseases in humans but also offers a substitute forminimizing animal experimentation and advancing therapeutic approaches.

active learning in a self-paced and self-directed manner, AI
chatbots can be employed to enhance nacient abilities for lifelong learning. This project aims to promote active learningand metacognitive skills through the use of an iterative AI
chatbot for students.
Methods: Iterative cases were developed, enabling knowledge-based exploration in contexts mimicking real-life clinicalscenarios, where not all information is readily available. Specifically, three clinical cases focusing on the endocrine systemwere designed for second-year medical students at Oakland
University William Beaumont School of Medicine. These cases
integrated anatomy, histology, radiology, and histopathology.
Results: A pilot study is currently underway involving 25
second-year preclinical medical students using an AI chatbot
tool developed with DialogFlow and hosted on a Google-based
web application ("Line.") to allow for interaction from computers or a smartphone.
Conclusion: It is anticipated that modern pedagogical techniques combining AI chatbots with concurrent metacognitive
frameworks will develop a deeper understanding of anatomical sciences and their application to clinical cases. The use of
these AI-driven programs is expected to aid in course design
and assessment, catering specifically to the educational needsof Generation Z learners in the current era of technologicaladvancement.
Keywords: Histology, Medical Education, A.I. Chatbot

Keywords: Induced pluripotent stem cells, Vascular smoothmuscle cells, Disease Modeling
A-0896

Unlocking the Potential: Developing
Cognitive Skills in Histology Medical
Education

Inaya HAJJ HUSSEIN, Cameron DAVIDSON, Varna TARANIKANTIFoundational Medical Studies, OUWB School of Medicine, Rochester, United States

Purpose: Anatomical sciences, including histology, havebeen pivotal in medical education throughout history. The
mastery of this discipline is essential to bridge the gap between
preclinical and clinical years. To facilitate metacognitive and
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A-0912Functional Evaluation Developmental
Signaling Molecules in Alveolar Bone Process
Formation using Microinjection Technique

Tae-Young KIM1, Yam Prasad ARYAL1, Elina POKHAREL1, Jung-Hong HA1,
Chang-Hyeon AN1, Jae-Kwang JUNG1, Wern-Joo SOHN1, Jae-Ho LEE1, YouMie LEE1, Seo-Young AN1, Jae-Young KIM1
1

Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
2
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
3
Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea
4
Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
5
K-Beauty Business, College of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daegu Hanny
University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
6
Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
7
College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook, National
University, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The alveolar bone process, bearing the teeth,
is known to have dynamic functional interactions with surrounding tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum
and blood vessels. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying its development is not understood yet. In this study, we
employed the previously established animal experimental
model system to evaluate the precise molecular and cellularmechanisms on alveolar bone formation.
Methods: At least fifteen PN5 (postnatal day 5) mice wereprepared for micro-injections of candidate molecules whichwere selected from the previous reports, Glepp1 and Decursin. After 5 days from the micro-injection into the lower firstmolar forming mesial tooth root, we examined the detailed
morphological changes of the alveolar bone process during
mouse development using HE, MTC staining. Additionally, weevaluated the precise localization pattern of various signaling
molecules involved in blood vessel formation including CD31,
VEGF, PERIOSTIN, RUNX2, and Osteocalcin Innervationof the alveolar bone process was examined following micro
injection of candidate molecules including Glepp1-AAV and
Decursin. In addition, the mineralized pattern of alveolar boneprocess was examined with micro-CT evaluation.
Results: After 5 days, microinjection led to a significant increase in newly synthesized collagen along the alveolar boneforming region, as demonstrated by MTC. Additionally, we examined the immunolocalizations of bon-forming and bloodvessel-forming markers, including RUNX2, Osteocalcin,

CD31, VEGF, and PERIOSTIN. Our results revealed increased
localizations of these markers along the alveolar bone andperiodontal ligaments of microinjected compared to control.
Conclusion: Based on our results, we confirmed the gainof function of Glepp1, known to involved in dental hard tissue formation during developmental stage, using AAV systemin ectopic alveolar formation. Meanwhile, Decursin, reported
as inhibitory functional molecule for blood vessel formation
would prohibit the alveolar bone formation. This evaluation
method with micro-injection model system would be theplausible answer for evaluation of molecules for alveolar bone
maintenence and regeneration.
Keywords: Periodontium, Alveolar bone, Regeneration,
Signaling regulation, Model system
A-0927Highly Aligned Ternary Nanofiber Matrices
Loaded with MXene Expedite Regenerationof Volumetric Muscle Loss
Yeuni YU1, Moon Sung KANG3, Rowoon PARK3, Yun Hak KIM2
1

Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University,
Yangsan, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience andNanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Current therapeutic approaches for volumetricmuscle loss (VML) face challenges due to limited graft availability and insufficient bioactivities. To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered scaffolds have emerged as a promisingalternative.
Methods: A three-component nanofiber matrix composedof collagen, polyethylene oxide, and polyvinyl alcohol was fabricated using an electrospinning technique. MXene nanoparticles were then incorporated into the three-component nanofiber matrix. After harvesting C2C12 myoblasts, mRNA wasextracted and sequenced. Differential gene expression analysis,
protein-protein interaction network, and pathway enrichment
were performed to identify key genes and pathways regulated
by MXene.
Results: We developed aligned ternary nanofibrous matrices comprised of poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) integrated
with collagen and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles (NPs) (PCM

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matrices), and explored their myogenic potential for skeletal
muscle tissue regeneration. The PCM matrices demonstrated
favorable physicochemical properties, including structural
uniformity, alignment, microporosity, and hydrophilicity. In
vitro assays revealed that the PCM matrices promoted cellularbehaviors and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.
Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced muscle
remodeling and recovery in mice treated with PCM matrices
following VML injury. Mechanistic insights from next-generation sequencing revealed that MXene NPs facilitated protein
and ion availability within PCM matrices, leading to elevatedintracellular Ca2+ levels in myoblasts through the activation of
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), ultimately promoting myogenic differentiation via the mTOR-AKT pathway. Additionally,
upregulated iNOS and increased NO– contributed to myoblast
proliferation and fiber fusion, thereby facilitating overall myoblast maturation.
Conclusion: This study propose a model that the MXene
NPs promote calcium deposition around the cells, leading toelevated levels of intracellular Ca2+, which triggers the upregulation of iNOS and SGK1. Enhanced SGK1 activity influences
cell proliferation, survival, and myogenesis by activating themTOR-AKT pathway. Additionally, upregulated iNOS andincreased production of NO− contribute to myoblast proliferation and fiber fusion, ultimately promoting overall myotube
maturation.
Keywords: Ternary nanofibrous matrices, Myogenesis,
Regeneration of volumetric muscle loss, Next generation sequencing

A-0931

Deciphering the Toxic Effects of Polystyrene
Nanoparticle on Erythropoiesis at Single Cell
Resolution
Eun Jung KWON1, Yun Hak KIM2,3
1

Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan,
Republic of Korea
3
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University School of Medicine,Yangsan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Recent studies have raised concerns about thepotential harmful effects of nanoplastics, suggesting that thesetiny plastic particles could induce stress reactions in organisms
and impede their growth and development. Our study aims toidentify the cells most affected by nanoparticles and uncover
the molecular mechanisms driving these changes.
Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to polystyrene
nanoparticles (PS20nm) and subjected to single-cell RNA
sequencing at 120 hpf. Subsequent data analysis utilized bioinformatic methods to identify differential gene expression,
conduct gene ontology analysis, and infer cell fate trajectories.
To validate the sequencing findings, additional experiments
were performed, including gene expression verification andmetabolic change assessment, supported by LC/MS analysis.
Throughout the study, statistical evaluations were conductedto ensure the reliability of our conclusions.
Results: We observed significant alterations in red blood
cell (RBC) clusters following PS20nm exposure. Gene ontology analysis revealed a widespread reduction in translationrelated processes within RBCs. Knockdown experiments ofrelated genes confirmed a decreased RBC count, validating thescRNA-seq findings. Moreover, trajectory analysis unveiled
impaired erythropoiesis, with PS20nm exposure hindering
differentiation. Reduced heme synthesis and expression of key
erythropoiesis genes were also noted, supported by decreased
heme levels observed through LC/MS analysis.
Conclusion: Our study provides insights into the adverse
effects of PS20nm exposure on zebrafish embryonic development, particularly highlighting disruptions in erythropoiesis
and heme synthesis pathways.
Keywords: Polystyrene nanoplastics, Zebrafish embryos,
Single-cell RNA sequencing, Erythropoiesis, Heme synthesis

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A-0947

A-0959The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on
the Resolution of Liver Fibrosis: Analysis
of Collagen Content, α-SMA, and TIMP-1
Expression in the Rat Liver

The Regenerative and Protective Potentialof Combretum Molle Methanolic Leaf
Extract Against D-Galactose Induced
Aging on Hepato-Renal and Intestinal
Histomorphology of Adult Male Sprague
Dawley Rats

Isabella Kurnia LIEM1, Anggun Lestary HUSEIN2, Puspita Eka WUYUNG3,
Firda Asma’ul HUSNA1
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Master's Programe in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia,
Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta,
Indonesia
2

Purpose: Our previous study has revealed that intravenous
injection of a single dose, 1×106 human umbilical cord-derived
MSC (hUC-MSC) reduced fibrosis in the liver of 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced
chronic liver injury rat model. Continuing the research, toelucidate the mechanism of the fibrosis resolution, recent
study observed and analyzed the changes of collagen content,α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) expression in those rats liver.
Methods: Microscopic examination used to observe thecollagen content (by Van Gieson staining) and α-SMA expression (immunostaining); whereas, TIMP-1 expression wasquantitatively tested by ELISA.
Results: Analysis showed that in the hUC-MSC rat, thecollagen %, α-SMA density, and TIMP-1 concentration in
the liver were reduced compared to the non-hUC-MSC rat(p<0.05). Pearson correlation showed a significant association
between collagen % and α-SMA (p<0.05; r=0686), collagen %and TIMP-1 (p,0.05; r=0.698), and between α-SMA and TIMP1 (p=0.001; r=0.638).
Conclusion: These results implied that hUC-MSC reduced
liver fibrosis by reducing the extracellular matrix concentration via decreasing the activity of hepatic stellate cells (reduced
expression of α-SMA), which followed by the reduction of
TIMP-1 and collagen degradation.
Funding: This research was supported by postgraduate research grant (PUTI pascasarjana) year 2022.
Keywords: Liver fibrosis, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, AphaSMA, TIMP-1, Collagen content

T M D FASEMORE, T R PHUKOBYE, P NKOMOZEPIDepartment of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng,South Africa

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate theregenerative capacity and protective ability of combretum
molle leaf extract on the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestines,
including plasma and serum of D-galactose-induced aging
model of male Sprague Dawley rats. C.molle has been reported
to be rich in a variety of free radical scavenging molecules,
such as phenolic compounds and other endogenous metabolites, which are rich in antioxidant activity hence, its ability tobalance free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant properties, and antiinflammatory activities including its regenerative
capacity or ability to preserve the structure were investigated.
Methods: Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to daily subcutaneous injections of Dgalactose (150 mg/
ml/kg) and oral administration of Combretum molle (500 mg/
ml/kg) for 90 days. The rats were assigned to five treatmentgroups, namely Control (normal saline), Prophylactic group (C.
molle only) Accelerated aging group (D-galactose only) Combination group (C.molle and D-galactose simultaneously), andInduction group (received D-gal then C.molle).
Results: The administration of Combretum molle improved
the histomorphometric parameters of the small intestine, suchas the villi height, width, crypt depth and muscle layer thickness compared to the blunted and irregular crypts with nosurface epithelium, reduced goblet cell density, and increased
Intercellular space observed in the accelerated aging group. In
the liver, kidney, and spleen a significant tissue injury was observed with diffuse periportal hepatic vacuolation, increased
necrosis of hepatic cells with marked accumulation of fat cells,
irregular-shaped kidney tubules, and glomerulus and disarrangement of spleen parenchyma respectively in an accelerated
aging group.There were significantly decreased levels of Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and significantly

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increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH in tissue
homogenate and serum in C.molle administered groups.
Conclusion: C. molle leaf extracts exhibited therapeutic potential to suppress the onset of D-galactose aging and effects ofreactive oxygen species.
Keywords: Aging, Antioxidants, Medicinal plnats, ROS (reactive oxygen species)
A-0969Differential Expression and Localizationof Cd300a and Tryptase in Salivary Glands
and Oral Mucosa: An Immunohistochemical
Study

M. Sausa1,2, R. Barone2, F. Rappa2, R. Porcasi3, G. Vergilio2, I. HajjHussein4, P.
Ofori5, F. Levi-Schaffer5, A. Leone2,51

Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampusUniversity, Novedrate, Italy
Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced
Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
3
UOC Anatomia e Istologia Patologica. Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico P.
Giaccone di Palermo, Italia
4
Department of Foundational Medical Studies Oakland University William Beaumont
School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309 USA
5
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
2

The results of our study suggest a distinct localization andfunctional implication of tryptase within the epithelial andendothelial compartments of salivary glands, whereas. Cd300a
appears to be more involved in immune cell regulation within
infiltrates.
Conclusion: These findings contribute to a better understanding of the differential roles of tryptase and Cd300a insalivary gland and oral mucosal biology, potentially informing
future therapeutic strategies targeting these molecules in related pathologies.
Keywords: CD300a, Tryptase, Salivary Glands, Oral Mucosa
A-0975

Recycling Machinery of Integrin Coupledwith Focal Adhesion Turnover via RAB11UNC13D-FAK Axis for Migration of Pancreatic
Cancer Cells

Van-Thanh DOUNG1, Myhyang HA2, Jayoung KIM3, Ji-Young KIM1, Siyoung
PARK1, Khatun Mst RESHMA1, Myoung-Eun HAN1, Dongjun LEE3, Yun Hak
KIM1,4, Sae-Ock OH1
1

Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
3
Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republicof Korea4
Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republicof Korea
2

Purpose: Cd300a and tryptase are two molecules of interest
in immunological and pathological studies. Cd300a is an inhibitory receptor found primarily on myeloid cells, including mast
cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, where it plays a role inmodulating immune responses. Tryptase, on the other hand, is aserine protease predominantly stored in mast cell granules and is
involved in processes such as inflammation, tissue remodeling,and host defense mechanisms. In our study, we are investigating
the expression of Cd300a and tryptase in various cases involving
major and minor salivary glands as well as oral mucosa.
Methods: Utilizing immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence techniques with antibodies sourced from
Abcam, we assessed the presence of these molecules in different tissue pathological and normal structures.
Results: Our findings indicated that tryptase exhibited
positivity in various epithelial structures, notably within thesalivary gland ducts, particularly the striated ducts, while acini(adenomers) were negative. Additionally, endothelial cells were
tryptase positive but Cd300a negative. Tissue infiltrates displayed cells that were positive for both tryptase and Cd300a.

Purpose: Recycling of endosomal vesicles is critical for the
migration of cancer cells, which leads to the metastasis of pancreatic cancer and devastating cancer-related death. So, newdiagnostic and therapeutic molecules which target the recycling of endosomal vesicles need to be developed.
Methods: Public databases including TCGA, ICGC,
GSE21501, GSE28735, and GENT are analyzed to derive diagnostic and therapeutic targets. To reveal biological roles andunderlying mechanisms of molecular targets, various molecular biological experiments were conducted.
Results: First, we identified UNC13D’s overexpression inpatients with pancreatic cancer (n=824) and its prognostic
significance and high hazard ratio (HR) in four independentpancreatic cancer cohorts (TCGA, n=178, p=0.014, HR=3.629;
ICGC, n=91, p=0.000, HR=4.362; GSE21501, n=102, p=0.003,
HR=2.257; GSE28735, n=45, p=0.022, HR=2.681). Additionally, its expression is associated with the clinicopathologicalprogression of pancreatic cancer. Further biological studies

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have shown that UNC13D regulates the migration of pancreatic cancer cells by coupling the exocytosis of recycling endosomes with focal adhesion turnover via the regulation of FAK
phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry showed the formation of the RAB11-UNC13D-FAK
axis in endosomes during integrin recycling. We observed that
UNC13D directly interacted with the FERM domain of FAK
and regulated FAK phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent
manner.
Conclusion: We highlight that UNC13D, a novel prognostic factor, promotes pancreatic cancer progression by coupling
integrin recycling with focal adhesion turnover via the RAB11UNC13D-FAK axis for the migration of pancreatic cancer cells.
Keywords: UNC13D, RAB11, FAK, Integrin, Focal adhesion
A-0976

Role of Peroxiredoxin 1 Induced by EpsteinBarr Virus Infection in Nasopharyngeal
Carcinoma

carcinoma infected with EBV had increased expression of LMP2A compared with controls, and high ROS levels were identified. Cell viability assay showed that LMP2A promoted cell
growth by regulating gene expression. Furthermore, LMP2A
induced the expression of PRDX1 and beta-catenin. LMP2A
also increased the expression of both cyclin B1 and cyclin D1.
Conclusion: In NPC cells, PRDX1 and beta-catenin wereregulated through LMP2A expression, which reduced cell
growth through cell cycle–related gene expression. This study
suggests that LMP2A could be a target molecule for inhibiting
cancer progression in NPC cells infected with EBV.
Funding: This study was supported by The National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (grant no. RS-2024-00354069).
Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Latent membraneprotein 2A, Peroxiredoxin 1, Beta-catenin, Cell cycle
A-0977

Hyeon Jeong HWANG, Min hye NOH, Seung Hui LEE, Yeong Seok KIM, Hye
Young KIM, Dae Young HUR
Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a common
cancer in Southern China, is associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Although many therapies for NPC havebeen established, the definite role of EBV in NPC remains
unclear. Therefore, this work focuses on LMP2A, a latent EBVgene, and investigates whether LMP2A is related to peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) in EBV-positive NPC.
Methods: The mRNA and protein expression levels of
LMP2A, PRDX1, and beta-catenin were compared in patient
samples. To identify molecular mechanisms, EBV-negative
NP69 and EBV-positive C666-1 NPC cell lines were used.
After making an agar cell block for cell slides, the intensity of
LMP2A expression was observed visually. To measure the levelof reactive oxygen species, both fluorescence microscope andflow cytometry were used. To investigate the intracellular signaling molecular mechanisms with and without the LMP2A
gene, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction andwestern blotting were used.
Results: Both patient samples and cells of nasopharyngeal

CD150-Dependent Activation of EBVTransformed B Cells Induces the
Differentiation of Peripheral Blood
Monocytes via the Secretion of Multiple
Cytokines

Mi Hwa LEE, Byung-Jun SUNG, Seong Soon PARK, Hye Young KIM, Dae
Young HUR
Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

Purpose: CD150, also termed signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 1, is a cell surface receptor
expressed on T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and sometumors. Stimulation of CD150 on immune cells induces cellproliferation and cytokine production. However, the functionof CD150 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells is still
not fully understood.
Methods: CD150 expression on B cells increased rapidly
following EBV infection, and various CD150 antibodies, measles viral proteins and recombinant CD150 proteins induced
the secretion of multiple cytokines in both CD150+ EBV-transformed B cells and EBV+ lymphoma cells.
Results: The IL-1α protein level showed the greatest increase among all cytokines measured. The culture supernatantcontaining these cytokines induced the rapid differentiation

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of monocytes to DCs after only 2 days in vitro, which was
faster than the established DC maturation time. Furthermore,
knockdown of CD150 expression led to a reduction in the secretion of multiple cytokines, and monocyte differentiation
was partially inhibited by anti-IL-1α and anti-granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibodies.
Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that
CD150 activation triggers cytokine production in EBV-transformed B cells, and that measles virus coinfection might affectimmune responses through the production of various cytokines in EBV+ lymphoma cells.
Funding: This study was supported by The National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (grant no. RS-2024-00354069).
Keywords: CD150, Epstein-Barr virus, B cells, Cytokines,
Dendritic cells[D. Biological Anthropology]

and estimated ages. Model B demonstrated superior estimation performance with an RMSE of 10.589 years, compared toModel A's RMSE of 10.743 years. Furthermore, both models
showed comparable accuracy to existing age estimation methods in Korean forensic practice. Notably, Model B exhibited
more consistent performance across different age groups, witha narrower RMSE range (5.09 years) compared to Model A (8.54
years).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that age estimation
using dental features is suitable for Korean forensic applications. Given its overall accuracy and consistent performance,
Model B is preferred over Model A. However, the applicabilityof these models may vary internationally. Therefore, countryspecific studies are recommended to ensure their accuracy andreliability in diverse clinical settings. This study underscores
the importance of context-specific validation in forensic age
estimation methods.
Funding: This study was supported by a National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (No. 2022R1F1A1063719).
Keywords: Forensic Odontology, Age estimation, Orthopantomogram, Dental features

A-0122

Validation of Dental FeatureBased Age Estimation Models using
Orthopantomogram for Koreans

A-0294Sang-Seob LEE1,2, Sehyun OH1,3, Gi-Wan KIM1,3, Eun-Jin LEE1,3
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of
Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate school, The Catholic Universityof Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Correlation of Arm and Leg Length with
Height of Adult Women in the Dayak Bukit,
Dayak Ngaju, and Banjar Hulu Tribes in the
Island of Kalimantan-Indonesia

Roselina PANGHIYANGANI1,3, Iwan AFLANIE2,3, RIska YULIANA4, Mega
Amaliani SALYSTINA4
1

Purpose: This study aimed to validate the accuracy of apreviously published method for age estimation by analyzing
dental features in Korean orthopantomograms (OPGs).
Methods: We examined a total of 118 OPGs, aged 20 to 89
years (64 males and 54 females, mean age 53.89±19.83 years).
The sample was stratified by sex and age decade group, withrandom selection from each stratum. We counted the numberof missing teeth, prosthetic teeth, filled teeth, and implants,
and applied two age estimation models: Model A, which usedthe entire dentition, and Model B, which relied solely on posterior teeth on both sides of the jaws.
Results: The accuracy of each model was evaluated using
the root mean square error (RMSE) between chronological

Department of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Banjarmasin,Indonesia
2
Department of Forensic and Medico-Legal, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Banjarmasin, Indonesia
3
Medical Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Banjarmasin,Indonesia
4
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Purpose: Body height is a crucial parameter in anthropometry, and estimating height plays a significant role in theforensic identification of measured body parts. Measurementsof forearm and lower leg lengths can serve as alternatives for
estimating body height. This research aims to determine thecorrelation between forearm and lower leg lengths with the
body height of adult women from the Dayak Bukit, DayakACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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Ngaju, and Banjar Hulu ethnic groups in Kalimantan Island.
Methods: The study employs an observational analyticalcross-sectional design, utilizing purposive sampling techniques with 38 subjects for each ethnic group, aged 20-40 years
and meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Pearson's correlation test results for right and left
forearms are as follows: Dayak Bukit r=0.786 and r=0.791,
Dayak Ngaju r=0.797 and r=0.797, and Banjar Hulu r=0.825
and r=0.837. For right and left lower legs: Dayak Bukit r=0.850
and r=0.839, Dayak Ngaju r=0.854 and r=0.833, and Banjar
Hulu r=0.699 and r=0.718.
Conclusion: Strong correlations are found between forearm
length and body height in adult women of the Dayak Bukit
and Dayak Ngaju ethnic groups, with a very strong correlation
observed in adult women of the Banjar Hulu ethnic group. A
strong correlation is identified between lower leg length andbody height in adult women of the Banjar Hulu ethnic group,
while a very strong correlation is observed in the Dayak Bukit
and Dayak Ngaju ethnic groups.
Keywords: Forearm Length, Lower Leg Length, Body HeightA-0295Differences in Head Shape Characteristics
using Cephalic Index among Tribes in the
Island of Kalimantan-Indonesia

relationships among three ethnic groups in Kalimantan (DayakNgaju, Dayak Bukit, and Banjar Hulu) through the analysis ofhead shape characteristics using the cephalic index, with thehope of contributing to a deeper understanding of the ethnic
kinship history on the island of Kalimantan.
Methods: The study involves 180 male and female subjects
from the mentioned ethnic groups, with a cross-sectional observational analytical design and 60 subjects per ethnic group.
The head shape characteristics are assessed using the cephalicindex.
Results: The results of the Kruskall Wallis test reveal significant differences in the mean head width, head length, andcephalic index among the three ethnic groups in Kalimantan(p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference in themean cephalic index between males and females in these ethnic groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Discrepancies in the mean cephalic index,
head width, and head length are found between the DayakNgaju-Banjar Hulu and Dayak Bukit-Dayak Ngaju ethnic
groups (p<0.05), while no significant difference is observed
between the Dayak Bukit and Banjar Hulu (p>0.05). Based on
the comparison of these head shape characteristics, there is apossibility of a kinship relationship between the Dayak Bukit
and Banjar Hulu ethnic groups.
Keywords: Banjar Hulu tribe, Dayak Bukit tribe, DayakNgaju tribe, Cephalic index

Iwan AFLANIE1,4, Irnamanda Dwiputra HASBULLAH2, Roselina
PANGHIYANGANI3,4, Siti Mona Herliani UMARI5

A-02981

Department of Forensic and Medico-Legal, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Banjarmasin, Indonesia
2
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
3
Department of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Banjarmasin,Indonesia
4
Doctoral Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Banjarmasin,Indonesia
5
Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Gender Differences in Maximum Oxygen
Consumption among Individuals with
Similar Body Composition
Hyun Tae OK, Su Jeong LEE, Hyun Joon SOHN

Anatomy, Medical School, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The island of Kalimantan is inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Dayak Ngaju, Dayak Bukit,
and Banjar Hulu. Research by Radam suggests that the Dayak
Bukit and Banjar Hulu have the closest kinship. Tjilik Riwut's study, however, claims that the Dayak Bukit is part of
the Dayak Ngaju. The debated differences in their ancestral
relationships necessitate identification for verification. The
identification of these three ethnic groups utilizes the cephalicindex. This research aims to identify and verify the kinship

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the gender differences in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) amongindividuals in their 20s with similar body composition. The
specific focus was on comparing men and women, distinguishing them based on comparable body composition parameters.
Methods: Participants in their 20s were categorized intomale and female groups with similar body composition. The
study utilized body fat analysis (%BF) and treadmill maximal
exercise tests to measure VO2max. The objective was to assess

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aerobic exercise capacity and examine the potential differencesin VO2max between genders, considering participants withsimilar body fat.
Results: The study revealed a statistically significant difference in VO2max between the two groups with similar body fat
percentages. Notably, a correlation was observed, indicatingthat lower body fat percentages were associated with higher
VO2max. This suggests a close relationship between body fat
percentage and maximum oxygen consumption.
Conclusion: In conclusion, regardless of gender, the study
suggests a strong association between body fat percentage andVO2max. The results imply that even with different genders,
individuals with lower body fat percentages tend to exhibit
higher aerobic exercise capacity. The limited sample size inthis study emphasizes the need for further research to comprehensively explore gender differences, especially considering
the common tendency for men to have more muscle mass andlarger lung capacities.
Keywords: Gender differences, Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), Body composition, Aerobic exercise capacity, Body fat percentage
A-03102D-2D Craniofacial Superimposition using
Artificial Intelligence

Jetniphit SRISINGHASONGKRAM1, Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH2, Apichat
SINTHUBUA2, Tawachai MONUM3, Sukon PRASITWATTANASEREE4,
Patison PALEE5
1

Forensic Osteology and Odontology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand3
Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai, Thailand
4
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai, Thailand
5
Department of Digital Game, College of Arts Media and Technology, Chiang Mai,
Thailanddistance equation. This research was conducted on a sample
of 30 males and 40 females, with facial photos imported fromthe database of the Osteology Research and Training Center(ORTC), Chiang Mai University, and skulls photographed witha DSLR camera. Identification performance was compared between 9 and 16 anatomical landmarks using MANOVA analysis to determine the differences between each testing groupusing Hotelling's Trace test (p-value < 0.05).
Results: The experiment using 9 and 16 anatomical landmarks found differences in each male testing group withstatistical significance, while in the female testing group differences were only found in the 9 anatomical landmark testinggroup. The Prosthion- Labial superius and Infradental- Labial
inferius showed statistically significant differences in the maletesting group using 9 and 16 anatomical landmarks including Gnathion-Gnathion’, while in females no differences were
found. Results showed that 9 anatomical landmarks were sufficient for craniofacial superimposition using a genetic algorithm, especially in males.
Conclusion: Artificial intelligence can be applied for 2D2D craniofacial superimposition to make decisions based on
anatomical landmark relationships, and the method is alsouser-friendly, therefore promoting further development.
Funding: This Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
with funding no. 091/2565.
Keywords: Craniofacial superimposition, Human identification, Skull, Artificial Intelligence, Forensic Anthropology
A-0323

A Metric Sex Estimation Method for Five
Traits of the Skull in 3D Images

Yun Taek SHIM1, Nahyun AUM1, Yi-Suk KIM2, Hyung Nam KOO1, Young
Seok LEE1
1

Purpose: Craniofacial superimposition has evolved fromthe old method of comparing images of faces and skulls andrelying on human decision-making. Modern applications now
use artificial intelligence for positive identification. One popular method involves applying equations to accurately overlap
facial and skull images.
Methods: Transformation matrix was created by integrating knowledge of anatomical landmarks using Euclidean

Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, Republicof Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, The Catholic Institute For Applied Anatomy, College ofMedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The skull, as a three-dimensional structure withirregular shapes and surfaces, presents difficulties in devising measurements for sexually dimorphic shape variations,even though the sexually dimorphic traits are easily observable. This study aimed to propose new metric method for sex
estimation using quantitative analysis of five traits of Walker’s

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non-metric method, which are mastoid process, glabella, supraorbital ridge, mental eminence and nuchal crest, on thethree-dimensional reconstructed skull images.
Methods: A total of 661 adult skull images were used andwith 561 images selected randomly after excluding 100 images,
five traits for sex estimation on skulls were measured individually and each logistic regression analysis was performed.
With 100 images, the non-metric and metric method were
performed in each traits and compared the accuracy of sex
estimation for verification. Out of five traits, mastoid process,glabella and supraorbital ridge were quantified by the volume,and mental eminence and nuchal crest by surface area.
Results: As a result, in the non-metric method, the sex accuracy was 50% for mastoid process, 76% for glabella, 54%
for supraorbital ridge, 41% for mental eminence, and 45% fornuchal crest. In the metric method, the accuracy was 73% formastoid process, 81% for glabella, 70% for supraorbital ridge,
71% for mental eminence, and 92% for nuchal crest. In the
final sex estimation, if three or more traits are male, the individual was classified as male; if three or more traits are female,the individual was classified as female. The metric method
demonstrated sex accuracy of 95%, while non-metric method
showed 88%.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study proposes a new
metric method for sex estimation compared to Walker's nonmetric method, specifically on five traits. It is believed that thismetric method can enhance the accuracy of sex estimation using skulls not only for Koreans but also for other populations.
Keywords: Metric method, Sex estimation, Skull, Five
traits, 3D
A-0350encompasses the analysis of sex, age, stature, and ancestry forcomprehensive forensic assessment. Given its influence on
subsequent evaluations, the initial phase in biological profiles
involves sex assessment. Historically, prior research has relied on radiographs, including X-rays, MRI, and CT, to assess
biological profiles. However, a recent advancement in medical
imaging technology, micro-CT, offers high-resolution andhigh-quality images. This technology presents an intriguing
opportunity to integrate image processing and machine learning techniques and to evaluate biological profiles. Micro-CT
aims to enhance the accuracy and reliability of forensic analysis tools by applying this innovative technology.
Methods: This research utilized micro-CT scans of thecalcaneus and talus obtained from recently deceased cadavers
to guide the implementation of machine learning models. The
study focused on extracting features from micro-CT images
to facilitate biological profile assessment. In pre-processing,
the grayscale image undergoes conversion into a binary image.
Following pre-processing, the segmentation process defines
the feature extraction area. The features utilized pixel differentiation, bone fraction, trabecular thickness, and spacing. The
assessment of biological profiles through machine learning
involves classifying various features extracted from micro-CT
images using a machine learning model.
Results: The study highlights that high-quality micro-CT
images enhance the accuracy and reliability of various feature
extractions during image processing.
Conclusion: Consequently, the application of machinelearning that evaluates biological profiles becomes an area
worthy of exploration with potential implications for future
forensic analysis tools.
Keywords: Micro-CT images, Talus, Calcaneus, Highquality, Machine learning

Applying Micro-Computed Tomography of
Talus and Calcaneus to Identify a Biological
Profile Based on Machine Learning

A-0406

When Diagnosing Long Bone Fractures in
Infants

Intasin KITPATANASOMBAT1, Pittayarat INTASUWAN2, Patison PALEE3,
Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH2
1

Forensic Osteology and Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Dae-Kyoon PARK

2

Anatomy, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea

3

Purpose: The biological profile is a vital instrument inforensic science. It enables examining biological details derived from bones discovered at crime scenes. This approach

Purpose: The role of forensic anthropologist is to analyze
the fractures including estimation of biological profile. Childabuse are often caused by family members, so the cause of

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the fracture tends to remain unrevealed. Radiologist focus on
major injuries, which can lead to overlooking other body part
injuries. The purpose of this presentation is to review a childabuse case of humeral fracture that was combined with several
overlooked rib fractures.
Methods: This case concerns a male neonate who died fivemonths after birth. According to the case summary, when
the boy was four months old, his right humerus underwent a
crushed fracture because his four-year-old sister grabbed his
hand and hung down below while his mother was holding
him. The diagnosis was made by taking X-ray images of theright and left humerus. After 17 days of injury, a follow-up Xray was taken. However, he was found dead at home 25 days
after taking a follow-up X-ray. The autopsy report revealed thatthe child had skull fractures and subdural hemorrhage, whichenabled the police to re-examine the child’s previous hospitalrecords.
Results: A forensic anthropologist suggested possible
fracture sites and calluses in the X-ray images. He noted that
serial fractures and serial calluses were observed on left ribs.
These findings were confirmed by a radiologist. The forensic
anthropologist also noted that the outline of the humerus was
unclear. The radiologist diagnosed that the unclear outline ofbone was a positive finding that occurs when a minor fracture
is repeated.
Conclusion: Combined long bone fractures and rib fractures are often reported in cases of “shaken baby syndrome”
and “abusive head trauma.” When you diagnose the long bone
fractures in infants, it is necessary to check in other body part
injuries to exclude the possibility of child abuse. Child abusecan be preventable.
Keywords: Child abuse, Forensic anthropologist, Fracture,Long bone, X-ray diagnosis

A-0459Comparative Bone Analysis between
Spheniscus sp and Pelecanoides Garnotii
by Histomorphometry and Radiological
Analysis

Jovita BESA HUERTA1, Mariel REBOLLEDO BARRIGA2,8, Carlos RAMIREZVEGA1, Benjamin SILVA ROCHEFORT3,8, Miguel URRUTIA PIZARRO4,8,
Diego PENALOZA MADRID5, Frederick TORO6,7, Claudia YEFI RUBIO8,9
1

Unidad de Histologia, Departamento de Anatomia, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad deMedicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
2
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
3
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
4
Laboratorio de Ingenieria y Regeneracion de Tejidos, Instituto de Ingenieria Biologica y
Medica, Facultades de Ingenieria, Ciencias Biologicas y Medicina, Pontificia Universidad
Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
5
Fundacion Safari Conservation, Fundacion Safari Conservation, Rancagua, Chile
6
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Santo Tomas, Vinadel Mar, Chile
7
Panthalassa, Red de Estudios de Vertebrados Marinos, Santiago, Chile
8
MORFOVET, Laboratorio de Morfologia Veterinaria, Santiago, Chile
9
Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Mayor, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: Sea birds have developed bone adaptations to diveand deal with the buoyancy of the aquatic environment. An
example of this is the penguins of the genus Spheniscus sp.,which have modified their long bones to be havier, allowing
them to dive efficiently. However, the question arises as to how
birds that must both dive and fly adapt, such as in the case of
Pelecanoides garnotii, a bird very similar to penguins except
for its ability to fly.
Methods: Histomorphometric and radiological comparative analysis between the midshaft diaphysis of the humerus
and femur of a penguin from the genus Spheniscus sp. and a
Pelecanoides garnotii was conducted using the K index andthe cortical diaphyseal index (CDI) measuring the thickness ofthe bone cortex, and a functional index evaluating bone shape(circular sector).
Results: Results revealed that Spheniscus sp. exhibits greater cortical thickness than Pelecanoides garnotii, both in thehumerus and femur, and the shape of the long bones of Spheniscus sp. is similar to a line compared to P. garnotii, which issimilar to a disc. The values obtained from Pelecanoides garnotii, with low cortical thickness and a disc-like shape in longbones, specifically the humerus and femur, compared to Spheniscus sp. penguins, relate to its flight capacity, as it requires
lighter and more aerodynamic bone structures to maintain its
ability to fly.
Conclusion: It is concluded that there are differences in

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cortical thickness between a penguin from the genus Spheniscus sp. and a Pelecanoides garnotii, but not in shape. This
study provides unprecedented histological images of the bone
tissue of Pelecanoides garnotii, which is a valuable contribution to scientific literature.
Keywords: Seabirds, Bone modifications, Spheniscus sp.
penguins, Pelecanoides garnotii, Histological analysis
A-0615The Identification of Remains of the Korean
Protomartyr, Paul Yun Ji-Chung

Ji Hyun KIM1, Jung Min LIM2, Choon Hong HWANG3, Bong-Jik SUH4, YoungChun LEE5, Jin So KIM5, Eui Hyeog HAN1, Hyoung Tae KM1, Ok Hee CHAI1,
Chang Ho SONG1
1

Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
2
MND Agency for KIA Recovery & Identification, Ministry of National Defense, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Genetic Test, DowGene Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of
Korea
5
Honam Research Institute of Catholic Church History, Diocese of Jeonju, Wanju, Republicof Korea

were identified as Yun Ji-chung, who was martyred by beheading in 1791.
Conclusion: These results are exemplary examples of theidentification of human remains through a combination of
excavated inscription, historical evidence, gender, age, height,
specific trauma findings, and genetic test results, and can beused as a standard method for future human remains excavation studies. And these results can be used as basic data forrelated forensic medicine, physical anthropology and historicalresearch.
Keywords: Yun Ji-chung, Korean protomartyr, Human remains, Y-STR, Beheading
A-0618The Identification of Remains of the Korean
Protomartyr, James Kwon Sang-Yeon

Ji Hyun KIM1, Jung Min LIM2, Choon Hong HWANG3, Bong-Jik SUH4, YoungChun LEE5, Jin So KIM5, Eui Hyeog HAN1, Hyoung Tae KIM1, Ok Hee CHAI1,
Chang Ho SONG1
1

Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
MND Agency for KIA Recovery & Identification, Ministry of National Defense, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
3
Genetic Test, DowGene Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of
Korea
5
Honam Research Institute of Catholic Church History, Diocese of Jeonju, Wanju, Republicof Korea
2

Purpose: Yun Ji-chung (1759-1791) was Roman Catholics
in the late Joseon Dynasty. He confessed his faith while being
interrogated in Jeolla Gamyeong and was martyred by beheading in outside the South Gate of Jeonju, on December 8, 1791.
The remains were found 230 years later, on March 11, 2021,
in a Catholic cemetery managed by the Chonami Shrine in
Wanju, South Korea, along with a ceramic bowl inscription.
The purpose of this study is to identify the remains throughanthropological research.
Methods: The types, the numbers, and the external findings of bones were investigated. The age, the sex, the height,
and the traumatic and pathological findings of the victim at
the time of death estimated. And the lengths and sizes of various parts of the bones were measured, and then photographs
were taken. In order to confirm the same paternal blood relationship with Haenam Yun family, Y-Chromosome DNA test
(Y-STR, Y-short tandem repeat) of remains was performed.
Results: At the time of death, precisely truncated damage
was found in the body of fifth cervical vertebrae. The victim
was 27-37 years old and male. Y-STR had same paternal lineage as Haenam Yun’s relatives. The ceramic bowl inscription,
the location and timing of the cemetery, and the historicalevidence of the historical records were combined. The remains

Purpose: Kwon Sang-yeon (1751-1791) was Roman Catholics in the late Joseon Dynasty. He confessed his faith while
being interrogated in Jeolla Gamyeong and was martyred bybeheading in outside the South Gate of Jeonju, on December
8, 1791. The remains were found 230 years later, on March 11,2021, in a Catholic cemetery managed by the Chonami Shrinein Wanju, South Korea., along with a ceramic bowl inscription.
The purpose of this study is to identify the remains throughanthropological research.
Methods: The types, the numbers, and the external findings of bones were investigated. The age, the sex, the height,
and the traumatic and pathological findings of the victims at
the time of death estimated. And the lengths and sizes of various parts of the bones were measured, and then photographs
were taken. In order to confirm the same paternal blood relationship with Andong Kwon family, Y-Chromosome DNA test
(Y-STR, Y-short tandem repeat) of remains was performed.
Results: The victim was 31-41 years old and male. Y-STR

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had same paternal lineage as Andong Kwon's relatives. The
ceramic bowl inscription, the location and timing of the cemetery, and the historical evidence of the historical records werecombined. The remains were identified as Kwon Sang-yeon
who was martyred by beheading in 1791.
Conclusion: These results are exemplary examples of theidentification of human remains through a combination of
excavated inscription, historical evidence, gender, age, height,
and genetic test results, and can be used as a standard method
for future human remains excavation studies. And these results can be used as basic data for related forensic medicine,
physical anthropology and historical research.
Keywords: Kwon Sang-yeon, Korean protomartyr, Humanremains, Y-STR
A-0620The Identification of Remains of Francis
Yun Ji-Heon, Korean Martyr of the Sinyu
Persecution

remains was performed.
Results: At the time of death, fractures or precisely amputated injuries were found in the body of second cervical vertebrae, in the lower parts of both humerus, and in the lower partof left femur. The victim was 27-37 years old and male. Y-STR
had same paternal lineage as Haenam Yun’s family. The location and timing of the cemetery, and the historical evidence ofthe historical records were combined. The remains were identified as Yun Ji-heon, who was martyred by beheading in 1801
and his body was hacked into six parts.
Conclusion: These results are exemplary examples of theidentification of human remains through a combination ofhistorical evidence, gender, age, height, specific trauma findings, and genetic test results, and can be used as a standard
method for future human remains excavation studies. And
these results can be used as basic data for related forensic medicine, physical anthropology and historical research.
Keywords: Yun Ji-heon, Korean martyr, Human remains,
Y-STR, Beheading

Jung Min LIM1, Ji Hyun KIM2, Choon Hong HWANG3, Bong-Jik SUH4, YoungChun LEE5, Jin So KIM5, Eui Hyeog HAN2, Hyoung Tae KIM2, Ok Hee CHAI2,
Chang Ho SONG2
1

A-0634

Exploring Nasal Foramina: An Anatomical
Investigation using Dried Bone Specimens

MND Agency for KIA Recovery & Identification, Ministry of National Defense, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
3
Genetic Test, DowGene Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of
Korea
5
Honam Research Institute of Catholic Church History, Diocese of Jeonju, Wanju, Republicof Korea

Wanchana PHROMKRASAE1, Arada CHAIYAMOON1, Joe IWANAGA2,
Shane TUBBS2

Purpose: Yun Ji-heon (1764-1801) was Roman Catholics inthe late Joseon Dynasty. He was martyred by beheading outside of the South Gate of Jeonju and his body was cut several
parts on September 17, 1801, during the reign of King Sunjo of
the Joseon Dynasty due to the Sinyu Persecution. This remains
were found 220 years later, on March 11, 2021, in a Catholic
cemetery managed by the Chonami Shrine in Wanju, South
Korea. The purpose of this study is to identify the remains
through anthropological research.
Methods: The type, the number, and the external findingsof bones were investigated. The age, sex, height, and traumaticand pathological findings of the victim at the time of death
estimated. And the lengths and sizes of various parts of thebones were measured, and then photographs were taken. YChromosome DNA test (Y-STR, Y-short tandem repeat) of the

Purpose: The nasal foramen is located in the nasal boneand provides a passage for vessels to supply the nasal area. It
is the passage for a vascular supply to the nose. This project
aimed to establish reliable references for the nasal foramina for
future clinical applications.
Methods: Dried skulls, 46 from the Division of Anatomy,
University of Phayao, Thailand, and 26 from the Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, were collected and examined. The location, number, and sizes of nasal
foramina were noted. The distances from each nasal foramen
to the internasal suture, frontonasal suture, nasomaxillary
suture, nasion, and rhinion were also recorded and used in thestatistical analytical programs for these samples.
Results: In this study, the most common type of nasal foramen in all skulls was type II (one external opening) at 65.97%,

1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of
Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States

2

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followed by type I (no foramen opening) at 20.83%, type III(two external openings) at 11.11% and type IV at 2.08% (threeexternal openings). Nasal foramen subtypes in many of theThai and American skulls were type IIb and type IIa. The diameter of a connecting nasal foramen was significantly larger
than that of a non-connecting nasal foramen. Examples fromembalmed cadavers also confirmed the passage of the external
nasal artery through the nasal cavity.
Conclusion: The present study shows no significant difference in nasal foramen morphometry between Thai andAmerican skulls. It illustrates recent data on type and subtypeclassifications and confirms the location of a vascular passage
through the nasal foramen. This is the first study of NF variations of the nasal bone and their respective classifications.
Keywords: Nasal foramen, Nasal bone, Vascular passage,
Anatomy, Face
A-0809Forensic Study of Height Prediction using
Sternum Body Length in Chest X-ray Images

Jiyeon KIM1, Seong Gyu JEGAL1, Jeongmin CHOI2, Soyeoun LIM2, Namkug
KIM1,2on the change in β Value in each regression analysis.
Results: The regression formula for predicting height using sternal body length is y = 129.62 + (3.33 × length of sternalbody). The Pearson correlation coefficient for sternal bodylength and height was +0.64 (p=0.416), indicating a positive
linear relationship between height (y) and sternal body length(x). The simple regression formula for predicting height using
sternal body length is y = 129.62 + (3.33 × length of sternal
bodyx (Adj R2 = 0.415)).
Conclusion: Previous studies on height estimation usingbones have primarily relied on postmortem methods, posing
challenges in sample acquisition and large-scale usage. However, our study leveraged CXRs of living individuals, facilitating relatively easy access to large samples. With the utilizationof AI-driven automatic segmentation and length measurement
techniques, height estimation equations can be derived fromall bones in medical imaging data, indicating high applicability potential.
Keywords: Forensic anthropology,, Sternum, Height estimation, Regression analysis, Artificial intelligence
A-0850Sex Estimation of Modern Koreans using a
Non-Metric Traits-Based Program1

Asan Medical Center, MI2RL (Medical Imaging and Intelligent Reality Lab), Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2
Asan Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Estimating height is a crucial clue for identifying
individuals. This correlation study on between sternum bodylength and height estimation can be utilized as a tool for identifying victims using the length of the sternal body found atforensic scenes.
Methods: We investigated the correlation between estimated height and sternal body length obtained enrolled fromChest chest radiographs (CXRs) of 600 patients from a tertiary
hospital. Skilled radiologists performed delineated segmentation detection boundaries of the sternal bodyies's outline on
CXRs. The actual length of the sternal body was measured using thethese predicted boxes circumscribing the sternal bodyand pixel spacing method, sternal body pixel num × xy pixel
space. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between
height of CXR and sternal body length. Height was considered
the dependent variable, while sternal body length, sex, and age
were treated as explanatory independent variables in multiple
linear regression analysis. Compounding was assessed based

Daehan LEE1, Sukyong LEE2, Eunjin WOO1
1

Department of History, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Division of Forensic Medical Examination, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of
Korea

2

Purpose: Using non-metric traits for sex estimation may
be simple to use, but it lacks objectivity due to potential errors
among researchers, making it difficult to ensure reliability.
Several attempts have been made to overcome these challenges
using statistical models, but research on this topic has been
limited in Korea. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy ofMorphoPASSE, a sex estimation program based on non-metric
traits, for contemporary Korean populations. Developed byKlales(2018), MorphoPASSE evaluates the features of the cranial and coxal bones to provide the posterior probability ofsex.
Methods: For this study, post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) data from 100 individuals (50 males, 50 females)
collected by the National Forensic Service were randomly se-

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lected. After obtaining 3D images of cranial and coxal bones,
trait scoring for the morphology was conducted twice on ascale of 1 to 5. Posterior probability was calculated by MorphoPASSE program and predicted sex were compared with actual
sex.
Results: The result of the Kappa test conducted for intraobserver errors showed moderate agreement. Without athreshold (pp=50%), the prediction model using coxal bonedemonstrated a 92% accuracy, while the prediction model
based on cranial morphology showed a 78% accuracy. Applying a minimum threshold of 75% decreased model accuracy
to 80% (os coxae) and 60% (cranial). Mann-Whitney U tests
revealed significantly lower posterior probability distributionsin the female group for both prediction models (p < .001).
Conclusion: This research focused on validating the accuracy of MorphoPASSE program using data from modern
Koreans. The results show that when using the morphologyof the os coxae, a reliable accuracy is achieved. However, since
applying a higher threshold resulted in a decrease in the model's accuracy, an analysis of the factors influencing this and thereasons for lower accuracy in females compared to males willneed to be conducted in further research.
Keywords: Non-metric sex estimation, Forensic anthropology, Posterior probability, MorphoPASSE, Korean
A-0921× xy pixel space. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted
between height and sternal body length. Height was considered the dependent variable, while sternal body length, gender,
and age were treated as explanatory variables in multiple linear
regression analysis. Compounding was assessed based on thechange in β Value in each regression analysis.
Results: The regression formula for predicting height using sternal body length is y = 129.62 + (3.33 × length of sternalbody). The Pearson correlation coefficient for sternal bodylength and height was +0.64, indicating a positive linear relationship between height and sternal body length. The variables
affecting height, including sternal body length, gender, andage, were examined, with no significant mutual influenceamong the variables.
Conclusion: Previous studies on height estimation usingbones have primarily relied on postmortem methods, posing
challenges in sample acquisition and large-scale usage. However, our study leveraged CXRs of living individuals, facilitating relatively easy access to large samples. With the utilizationof AI-driven automatic segmentation and length measurement
techniques, height estimation equations can be derived fromall bones in medical imaging data, indicating high applicability potential. The study's significance lies in deriving regression equations using the Korean population, facilitating theirapplication in height estimation practices in Korea.
Keywords: Forensic anthropology, Sternum, Height estimation, Regression analysis, Artificial intelligence

Correlation Analysis between Sternum
Measurement and Height in Chest X-ray
Images

A-0973

Jiyeon KIM, Seong Gyu JEGAL, Jeongmin CHOI, Soyeoun LIM, Namkug KIM
Asan Medical Center, MI2RL (Medical Imaging and Intelligent Reality Lab), Seoul,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Estimating height from a body is a crucial clue for
identifying individuals. This correlation study on height estimation can be utilized as a tool for identifying victims using
the length of the sternal body found at forensic scenes.
Methods: We investigated the correlation between estimated height and sternal body length obtained from Chest
radiographs (CXRs) of 500 patients aged 20 and above. Skilled
radiologists performed segmentation of the sternal body's outline on CXRs. The actual length of the sternal body was measured using the pixel spacing method, sternal body pixel num

Morphological Types and Position of
the Pterion in Adult Sri Lankan Skulls:
Comparisons with Other World Populations

Roshan PEIRIS1, Jayampathy DISSANAYAKE2, Tran Le Dinh DUY1, Do Thi
My HANH1
1

College of Health Science, Vin University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Department of Anatomy, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

2

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate
the morphology of the pterion, and its position in adult Sri
Lankan skulls and compare with those of other world populations.
Methods: Fifty eight pteria of twenty nine adult skulls ofknown gender were analyzed to determine the sutural mor-

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phology of the pterion, and its precise location in relation to
the posterolateral aspect of the frontozygomatic suture, midpoint of the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior most pointof the external auditory meatus, and the inferior most point of
the mastoid process.
Results: The predominant pterion type observed was sphenoparietal (82.5%), followed by stellate (8.7%), frontotemporal(5.3%), and epipteric (3.5%). The predominance of the sphenoparietal type has been observed in Nigerians, Indians, Australian Aborigines, Turks, Thai, and Japanese. The incidenceof stellate type is reported to be higher in the Japanese. The
frontotemporal type in Sri Lankans is lower when comparedto Turks, Kenyans, and Nigerians, but high when compared toWest Anatolians and Thai populations. The mean distancesfrom the center of the pterion to the frontozygomatic suturewere measured as 31.11 ± 5.02 mm and 26.98 ± 3.45 mm; to thezygomatic arch, 38.92 ± 3.55 mm and 36.16 ± 3.83 mm; to themastoid process, 81.54 ± 4.62 mm and 77.79 ± 3.88 mm; and to
the external acoustic meatus, 53.62 ± 2.58 mm and 51.91 ± 2.98mm, in males and females, respectively.
Conclusion: The pterion in the males is positioned at ahigher point from the zygomatic arch than in females while
sphenoparietal type of pterion predominates in Sri Lankanskulls. A detailed knowledge of different bony articulationsof the pterion and its position in different world populations
would be of immense benefit in forensic identification of human remains and to surgeons while performing the pterional
approach.
Keywords: Morphology, Morphometry, Pterion, Variations

ing index and identify the construct of each cohort is reliable,
and internally consistent for the clinical anatomy competency
mapped for learning outcome(blue printing) in core curriculum.
Methods: An Observational, cross sectional, quantitative study was conducted among the 100 medical students of
BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal, attending the
OSPE examination, non probability, purposive sampling technique was applied for obtaining data. The ethical clearance wasobtained from institutional review committee(IRC-2144/021).
Final assessment and marks obtained in OSPE assessment(dependent variables) was noted, Difficulty index, Discrimination, PBC (Point Biserial Correlation), Internal consistency forreliability of the total examination (Cronbach α) was calculated.
Results: The difficulty index of GIT OSPE was found(0.788±0.18, SEE=0.158), endocrine (0.93±0.17, SEE=0.19)
and CNS (0.93±0.3,SEE=0.187). The discrimination index for
GIT was (0.071-0.66), Endocrine (0.090-1.00) CNS (0.12-1.00).
The point biserial correlation (PBC) ranged from 0.355-0.818(0.63±0.16) in GIT, 0.631-0.798 (0.69±0.0.067) for Endocrine
and 0.575-0.835 (0.714±0.08) for CNS. The internal consistency was observed to be α=0.84
Conclusion: PBC ranging from 0 to 1 is supposed to bepositive discrimination whereas from 0 to -1 is negative discrimination. Low difficult index is supposed to have a highPBC value indicating good performance. PBC value more than
0.3 in most station of OSPE make the construct a reliable one
for assessing clinical antomy competency as per competency
based medical curriculum.
Keywords: Difficulty index , Discrimination index, PBC(Point Biserial Correlation), Assessment, Competency[E. Anatomical Education]
A-0030OSPE in Integrated Anatomy Practical Paper:
Assessment of Professional Competency
among Medical Undergraduates in Nepal
Sarun KOIRALA, Sandip SHAH, Laxman KHANAL, Jyostna RIMAL, Dharani
dhar BARAL
Department of Human Anatomy, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

A-0037The Critical Analysis of Perception &Effectiveness of Online Anatomy Lab
Exercise (LABEX) on Undergraduate Students
of BPKIHS during COVID-19 Pandemic
Sandip SHAH1, Sarun KOIRALA1, Jyotsna RIMAL2, Laxman KHANAL1
1

Purpose: To calculate disparity in setting of OSPE questions to assess according to the Difficult index, discriminat-

Human Anatomy, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
Health Professional Education, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

2

Purpose: The present study was done to evaluate the stu-

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dents' perception and its effectiveness regarding the impact ofpandemic in anatomy lab exercise (LABEX).
Methods: Non-interventional descriptive study was performed using semi-structured questionnaire to first year
medical and dental undergraduate students of BPKIHS after
IRC clearance. Basic questions regarding the students’ meansof study, their perception on Anatomy education during pandemic and reflective writing were collected. The effectivenessof LABEX was verified by MCQs (pre-test and post-test). Student’s paired test for analysis of effectiveness of LABEX andThematic analysis for reflective writing were performed. The
categorical variables were tested for association using pearson’s
chi-square test and they were presented as frequencies and percentages. A p<0.05 was considered as statistically signifcant.
Results: The mean age was calculated as 20.84. The resultof our study showed that there was no difference in perceptionof online anatomy LABEX by gender, stream or nationality.
Except for question regarding “inadequate interaction withteachers” had difference in perception gender wise. We foundthat, use of content video uploading prior to LABEX increases
the effectiveness of online LABEX (p<0.001). The thematic
analysis showed “accessibility of recorded class” as major
strength and “less efficient of online LABEX” as major weakness of online LABEX.
Conclusion: The physical form of anatomy education isbest way of learning but online LABEX can be used as alternative during pandemic despite of its numerous weaknesses.
Keywords: COVID, Anatomy Education, Perception, Lab
exercise (LABEX)
A-0044

Anatomical Model for Didactic Use of the
21st Century Based on a 19st Century Modelof Mache Paper

Julio CARDENAS VALENZUELA1, Octavio BINVIGNAT2, Michael BULINIC1
1

Anatomy and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Talca, Talca, Chile

2

Purpose: Preserve the heritage value of the anatomical
original model of dr. Louis. T. Auzoux of 1871 and maintainthe pedagogical value through the use of replicas with the useof new materials of 21 st century.
Methods: A silicone rubber mold is made without damag-

ing the original model and then creating a fiberglass modelwith 4 copies. Imperfections are eliminated, their various pieces are adjusted that now bind with magnets with each other.
They are painted by emulating the initial colors using existing
photographs in Latin American and European museums andanatomy laboratories.
Results: The finished models are presented by comparing
them with the original.
Conclusion: It is possible to use new specimens obtained
from old models to be used in the teaching/learning process ofthe new generations of students from the health careers of the
University of Chile, mixing the old and the modern respecting
the heritage, the story and the teaching of anatomy.
Keywords: Anatomical models, Dr. Luis Auzoux, Heritage,
History of anatomy, Mache paper
A-0080Blurred Lines and Binary Bias: Reportingon Sex and Gender in Recent Anatomy
Education ResearchThomas DUNCAN, Goran STRKALJ

Department of Anatomy, UNSW, Sydney, Australia

Purpose: Recent shifts in societal recognition of sex andgender identity underscores the significance of acknowledging and reporting diversity in pedagogical research. Given
the importance of understanding sex and gender as variables
that affect generalizability and applicability of research findings, accurate reporting of this diversity in anatomy education
research is imperative if it is to remain relevant and applicablefor developing pedagogical practices. The aim of this study
was to review the reporting of sex or gender in anatomy education research.
Methods: An automated search within Scopus and Web
of Science databases identified 181 primary research articles
in the field of anatomy education published international in
2022. A manual review found 98 of these publications reported
the sex or gender of the participants featured in the respective
studies.
Results: The sex of participants (male/female) was recorded
in 92.86% of studies, while gender (man/woman) was recorded
in 7.17% of studies. No studies recorded both sex and genderof participants. Of the 58 publications where survey questions

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were available to review, 38.18% of those that recorded participants’ sex, labelled this as a question relating to a participant’s
gender. Participants were offered only binary categories for sex
or gender in 91.84% of studies, while a non-binary option wasoffered in 7.14%, and a “prefer not to answer” option offeredin 5.10% of studies. Finally, 69 studies utilized the data on sex
or gender in their analysis or discussion, with 60% conflating
their categorization or using associated terminology interchangeably.
Conclusion: Gender identity is underreported in anatomy
education research, and non-binary individuals remain significantly underrepresented. A high degree of conflation between
sex and gender highlights the need for improved standardization and reporting guidelines, a challenge that is notably confounded by international cultural and linguistic differences.
Keywords: Education, Gender, Sex, Non-binary

while the standard deviation was found to be 0.09. Six students
scored 85-90%, ten students scored 80-85%, nineteen scored75-80%, and seventeen students obtained 70-75%. Seven students got 65-70%, and three students scored 60-65%. Fivestudents scored between 50 and 60%, and two students failed
the assessment by scoring 45-49%. Item analysis of questions
showed that question 63 was the easiest, where 100% of students passed, and the most difficult was question 10, where
only 10.1% of students passed the question.
Conclusion: Zipgrade App is an important technology inmarking and grading, and it is a more efficient tool for a datadriven education system in today’s world. ZipGrade is a free
online app, and that helps to grade student assessments in
multiple choice formats. It is an effective tool to analyze thestudent’s performance within a short time.
Keywords: Zipgrade, Marking, Assessment, Analysis, Multiple choice questions

A-0090Effectiveness of the Zipgrade App in
Marking and Data Analysis in the Human
Anatomy Department at the University of
RwandaA-0178A Preliminary Study on using Drawing
as a Learning Tool in the Gross Anatomy
Laboratory

Paul NDAHIMANA, Victor ARCHIBONG, Julien KAGABO GASHEGU

Buse Naz CANDIR, Zekiye KARACA BOZDAG

Human Anatomy Department, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Rwanda

Anatomy, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyıl University, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: To assess the Effectiveness of the Zipgrade app in
marking and data analysis in the Human Anatomy Department at the University of Rwanda.
Methods: The study used the Assessment of Gross Anatomy III module where a test of 80 multiple choice questions was
prepared for 71 students from Level 2 of Pharmacy Department. The Zipgrade App was used to prepare and mark theanswer sheets at the end of the assessment. Within 15 minutes,
69 out of the 71 answer sheets were scanned and marked electronically on the mobile Zipgrade app using a smartphone.
Two copies were not scanned due to poor shading. The Zipgrade mobile app analyzes the performance of every student
but also on each question.
Results: The Zipgrade App provided results in the formof percentages, tables, and graphs. The minimum score was
38/80 (47.5%), while the maximum score was 71/80 (88.8%).
The average score was 58.4/80 (73.1%). The median is 60 (75%),

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the experience of learning anatomy by drawing anatomical structures on the learning of gross anatomy by medical students.
Methods: The study was carried out on 15 second-year
medical students enrolled in the elective course 'Artistic Anatomy' who volunteered to take part in the study. The students
were first given a 10-question pre-test on forearm muscles andthen randomly divided into 3 groups. Group I studied on a
cadaver, Group II studied by drawing and Group III studied
both on a cadaver and by drawing. A post-test of 10 questions
and a feedback questionnaire were then administered to thestudents. SPSS (IBM Corp. Published 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 21.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used for thestatistical analysis and p<0.05 was considered to be statisticallysignificant.
Results: For all three groups, post-test scores were significantly higher (p<0.001). Group comparisons revealed that

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post-test scores of Group III students were significantly higher
than Group I students (p=0.041). In addition, it was observedin the feedback questionnaire that the post-test scores of thestudents who reported drawing while studying anatomy before
the study were higher than the other students (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that drawing was an effective method of learning for the gross anatomy laboratories andwould be most effective when used alongside cadaveric educational methods. Accordingly, we believe that drawing courses
in anatomy education can be included in the curriculum andthis situation can guide anatomists and medical students. Thisis a preliminary study and further studies are planned to coverdifferent regions and systems.
Keywords: Anatomy and drawing, Drawing in anatomy
education, Medical education, Anatomy education
A-0182Do the Differences in Exposure inTraining Instances of Anatomy during
Undergraduate Merit to be Considered by
Medical Specialty Programs?

assistants and none have been anatomy professors. During
the professional stage, 5.56% took an anatomy course. 55.56%(n=10) indicated that their specialty did not have anatomy
courses, 38.89% (n=7) that anatomy is an optional subject andonly one resident indicated that it is mandatory. 77.8% (n=14)
considered it essential to have anatomy courses in training and22.22% (n=4) considered it necessary. 88.9% (n=16) strongly
agree that anatomy is fundamental knowledge for the performance of the orthopedist.
Conclusion: Exposure to anatomy training courses in undergraduate, as well as during medical specialty training, isinsufficient. This contrasts with the perception that, in orthopedist, anatomy is fundamental knowledge. These results suggest the need to incorporate anatomy courses into orthopedist
training plans.
Funding: National Research and Development Agency(ANID), Chile. Fondecyt Initiation Project 2023 N°11230300.
Keywords: Anatomical knowledge, Medical education, Formation, Study plans, Orthopedics and Traumatology
A-0183

Emilio FARFAN1, Maria Jesus LIRA2, Mario ORREGO2, Luis IRRIBARRA2
1

Department of Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile,
Santiago, Chile
2

Purpose: To know the exposure to anatomy training courses with which first-year orthopedist residents enter the medical specialty.
Methods: Cross-sectional study. First-year residents of orthopedist were included. During the first month of residency,
a survey on exposure to anatomy training instances was administered. A descriptive analysis was performed, reporting
averages (standard deviation), relative (%) and absolute (n) frequencies. Study approved by the ethical scientific committee(221123001).
Results: 19 residents were included. The average time sincepassing anatomy in undergraduate was 7 years (± 1.5). 38.89%(n=7) passed the course 9 or more years ago. 50% (n=9) indicated having studied mainly with cadaveric preparations andpartially with anatomical replicas and 27.78% (n=5) used only
cadaveric preparations. 77.78% did not practice dissection during undergraduate. 11.11% (n=2) were undergraduate anatomy

Anatomical Knowledge in First-Year
Residents of Traumatology: Determinationof the Impact of a Theoretical-Practical
Educational Intervention

Emilio FARFAN1, Oscar INZUNZA1, Arnoldo RIQUELME2, Maria Francisca
JARA3, Maria Jesus LIRA4
1

Departament of Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
3
Faculty Development Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
4
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile,
Santiago, Chile
2

Purpose: Compare anatomical knowledge of the upper
limb (UL) and lower limb (LL), acquired by orthopedic residents when carrying out an anatomical training program.
Methods: Experimental study. An educational intervention
was carried out in a group of 18 first-year orthopedic resident
doctors, assessing anatomical knowledge of UL and LL during
the first three months of specialist training (previous anatomical training is unknown). The residents took an anatomical
training course, being randomly divided into a control group(they took a theoretical anatomy course) and an experimentalgroup (they took a theoretical and practical anatomy course),

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both groups receiving the same theoretical course. At the endof the training, both groups performed the same evaluations
with short answer questions, evaluating the anatomical knowledge of UL and LL, both evaluations with a maximum scoreof 56. Knowledge was compared before and after the intervention, and performance between the control and experimentalgroups. The statistical analysis evaluated normality with Shapiro Wilk, the inferential analysis used Student's T test for independent and paired samples, values p<0.05 being considered
statistically significant. Study approved by the ethical scientificcommittee (221123001).
Results: At the beginning of the course, no differenceswere observed in the scores obtained between the control
group [UL 19.77+2.34); LL 25.33+2.63)] and experimentalgroup [UL 22.2+2.74); LL 25.8+2.67)] (p>0.05). At the end of
the course, higher scores were observed in the experimentalgroup [UL 39.7+3.05), LL 42.44+2.26)] versus the control group[UL 30.44+2.77); LL 36.56+5.64)] (p=0.02; p=0.03 respectively). Both groups significantly increased the score obtained(p<0.001).
Conclusion: Both groups significantly improved theirknowledge at the end of the anatomical training course, however, the experimental group obtained better results. Thisevidence justifies the need to incorporate theoretical and practical anatomical training courses in the study plans of medical
specialties.
Funding: National Research and Development Agency(ANID), Chile. Fondecyt Initiation Project 2023 N°11230300.
Keywords: Anatomical knowledge, Medical education, Formation, Orthopedics and traumatology, Study plans
A-0232

Boosting Anatomical Knowledge with
Echocardiography and Videos, Focusing
on Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, andMotivation

Vicky VANDENBOSSCHE1, Martin VALCKE2, Emmanuel AUDENAERT1,
Wouter WILLAERT1

this study aimed to empirically evaluate its impact on anatomy
learning and related cognitive factors. The research compared
the effectiveness of echocardiography-based instruction withnarrated anatomy videos in enhancing students’ understanding of anatomical relationships, autonomous motivation, selfefficacy beliefs, mental load, and attitudes.
Methods: Conducted as a randomized controlled trial witha cross-over design, the study involved second-year medical students participating in a supplementary booster course
focused on cardiac anatomy. Participants underwent both
echocardiography-based teaching and narrated anatomy video
conditions in a random order. Spatial anatomical knowledge
tests, autonomous motivation and self-efficacy scales, andmental load assessments were conducted before and after eachintervention phase, with a perception-based survey administered at the study's conclusion.
Results: Results from the 206 participating students revealed no significant differences in knowledge test and autonomous motivation scale scores between the echocardiography
and video cohorts immediately after the interventions (T1).
However, students in the echocardiography group reported
higher self-efficacy beliefs (p = 0.043) and increased levels ofperceived mental load (p < 0.001). At the study's end (T2), theresults showed that neither sequence of interventions resulted
in significant differences in anatomy scores, autonomous motivation, or self-efficacy. However, a significant difference inmental load was found again, with students in cohort B (echocardiography intervention) reporting a higher level of mentalload (p < 0.001). Finally, students reported favorably on theechocardiography experience.
Conclusion: In conclusion, hands-on echocardiography
sessions were well-received by medical students and correlatedwith high levels of self-efficacy beliefs. However, the study's
findings suggest that the reported mental load in the ultrasound condition may have mitigated any potential benefits inanatomy learning. The study emphasizes the complex interplay of instructional methods, cognitive factors, and learner
experiences in the context of anatomy education.
Keywords: Echocardiography, Aantomy, Education, Video1

Department of Human Structure & Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Educational Studies, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

2

Purpose: In light of the increasing acknowledgement ofintegrating ultrasound into undergraduate medical curricula,
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A-0249A-0258Sources of Human Bodies for Anatomy
Education and Research in Malawi

Supporting Minority Cultures during theDissecting Room Experience: A Pilot Study
Exploring the Requirements of Pasifika
Medical Students

Arthur Tsalani MANJATIKA1,2, Joshua Gabriel DAVIMES2, Anthony
MWAKIKUNGA1
1

Anatomy Division, Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Life Sciences and Allied
Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
2Morphological Division, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa

Purpose: The use of human body dissection forms an essential part of teaching anatomy to health professions students
in Malawi. Despite worldwide struggles in sourcing sufficienthuman bodies for anatomy education, the current recommendations on the best anatomy practices require the use ofbodies exclusively from body donation programs. The current
study aims to describe the sources of human bodies used foranatomy education in the Malawian context and reflect on thefeasibility of using human bodies from the body donation program only.
Methods: A retrospective audit of the cadaveric records forthe 2006-2022 academic years was done. The perceived challenges when sourcing the bodies were identified and described.
Results: Most (97.3%) of the bodies used between 2006
and 2022 were unclaimed, with few donated (2.7%). The bodies were predominantly males (95.2%) with very few females(4.8%). All the unclaimed bodies were sourced from hospitals.
The skeletal remains from all the unclaimed bodies were retained indefinitely in the skeletal repository for teaching andpotential research purposes. The body donation program in
Malawi was patronised by populations of European descent
only. Strongly held sociocultural, religious and economic reasons were perceived as significant barriers to sourcing bodiesof the indigenous Malawians through the body donation program.
Conclusion: Bodies for anatomy education in Malawi aremainly from unclaimed individuals, similar to other Africancountries. Given the Malawian context, transitioning from using “mostly unclaimed bodies (and, less often, body donation)”
to using “mostly body donation (and, less often, unclaimed
bodies)” is recommended.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Indigenous Malawian,
Body donation program, Body sourcing, Unclaimed body

Jon CORNWALL, Jacob MADGWICK, Lynley ANDERSON

Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandPurpose: The first experience of medical students in thedissecting room (DR) is a challenging event. Few data exist to
guide the implementation of culturally appropriate support in
the DR for students from ethnic minorities. This pilot study
explored Pasifika students’ first experience of the DR and exposure to body donors to assist the development of cultural
support strategies for this event.
Methods: Participants were 2nd year Pasifika medical students who had no prior DR exposure. Following the first exposure to the DR and body donors, face-to-face interviews wereconducted. Questions included ‘How would you make the DR
and body donor experience more comfortable to you, taking
into account your cultural needs and values?’ Interviews wererecorded, then transcribed and analysed thematically.
Results: Eight Pasifika students were interviewed (age range
18-32 years, mean age 21.3 years, 5 females); interview duration ranged from 18-33 minutes (mean 22.5 minutes). Threecore themes were identified: student experiences, behaviours,
and DR environment. Students broadly felt their cultural needs
were not completely being met. Suggestions for making the
DR a more culturally supportive environment included being
spoken to by community leaders (e.g. Pasifika pastors, Pasifika
doctors), having more Pasifika anatomy staff, and allowing aseparate time for Pasifika students to pay respects to donors
before dissection. Further elements included the incorporationof Christian-based religious support, access to a prayer room,and guided prayers before entering the DR.
Conclusion: Findings indicate Pasifika medical students
believe enhanced cultural support is required to increase their
comfort and improve student engagement with the DR experience. Students suggested that simple changes in staffing andengagement practices could provide increased cultural support and comfort during this event. Such changes would also
facilitate increased cultural knowledge and promote cultural
diversity in the medical student cohort.

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Keywords: Dissection room, Cultural safety, Culture, Anatomy education, Dissection

replace the off-line conference to achieve graduation criteria ofstudents.

A-0271

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, Research competence,
Graduation criteria

The Relationship between COVID-19
Pandemic and Graduation Criteria Focusing
on Research Competence in a Medical School
Sang-Pil YOON1, Jung-Sik HUH2, Sang-Ah LEE3
1

Anatomy, Jeju National Univeristy College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Urology, Jeju National Univeristy College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Internal Medicine, Jeju National Univeristy College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of
Korea
2
3

Purpose: The Medical School stipulates graduation criteria
on learning, research, and volunteer activities. Among thesecriteria, research activities are specifying on publication injournals or presentation in conferences or awards in in-schoolpresentation. COVID-19 pandemic limited in-person activities
in various research activities of students. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of COVID-19 pandemic and research competence in a Medical School.
Methods: We divided years into pre-, intra-, and postCOVID-19 pandemic periods as 2018-2019, 2020-2021, and2022-2023, and analyzed each research competence based onachievement year, type of research competence, and major ofsupervisors.
Results: Results were as follows: Half (50.2%) of students
completed their duties in 4th year (senior). About 2/3 (66.67%)
of students have completed publication of an article while 1/3
showed presentation. Publications could be further subdivided
into journals listed in science citation index (SCI), Korea citation index (KCI), and other journals, which consist of 38.2,
36.5, and 25.3%. Major of supervisors were divided into basic(49.4%: Anatomy; Pharmacology; Physiology; and Microbiology in order of frequency) and clinical (50.6%: Internal Medicine; Ear, Nose & Throat; Psychiatry; Pediatrics; and Radiation
Oncology) medical science. The proportion of presentationin conferences slightly increased in intra-COVID-19 period(37.9%) as compared to pre- and post-COVID-19 period (31.3
and 30.6%, respectively). There was no further significant difference on research competence among COVID-19 pandemic
period.
Conclusion: These results could be interpreted that research activities on publications did not affected by COVID-19
pandemic, and that on-line presentation in conferences could

A-0309Enhancing Anatomy Spotter Assessments:
Leveraging iPads for Immediate Feedback
and Interactive Learning Experiences

Danya STONE1, Dominic O'BRIEN1, Aiden JAYANTH2, Catherine
HENNESSY1
1

Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United
KingdomAcademic and Research Departments, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: This study investigates the use of iPads to enhance question-answering and feedback provision in anatomy
spotter assessments at Brighton and Sussex Medical School(BSMS). The traditional pen and paper short answer questions
in formative spotter assessments were replaced with single bestanswer questions on iPads, allowing for immediate feedback
during the assessment and better alignment with the summative exam. Results and detailed feedback were sent to the students digitally post-assessment.
Methods: After completing the formative spotter assessment, student evaluation data was gathered on the iPad-basedformat and its perceived impact on learning. Qualtrics Survey
Software was utilized to distribute assessment questions, results, feedback, and evaluation forms.
Results: Evaluation data from 63 out of 165 first-year medical students who completed the spotter assessment revealed
positive responses. A majority (n=57, 90.5%) stated that theyfelt the anatomy spotter assessment was a useful way to test
their knowledge of anatomy. Sixty-two students (98.4) statedthey preferred completing the assessment using the iPad rather
than with pen and paper. Students appreciated the provisionof immediate feedback, with 56 students (88.9%) stating theywould prefer to receive their results between answering eachquestion, rather than only receiving their marks and feedback
at the end of the assessment.
Conclusion: Student evaluations highlight iPads as effective tools for transforming anatomy spotter assessments into
dynamic, interactive learning experiences. This approach
eased the marking process for teachers and reduced the time

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required to complete each question. The use of iPads also enabled quick identification of challenging areas for the student
cohort, aiding in refining teaching strategies. The provisionof immediate feedback enabled students to better understandgaps in their own learning and aided correct identification of
structures on the prosection. These findings contribute insights to the ongoing discussion on integrating technology inmedical education, offering innovative approaches to enhance
anatomy assessment methodologies.
Keywords: Spotter, Technology Enhanced Learning, Feedback
A-0313

A Case of International Collaboration: First
Cadaver Dissection Experiences of Medical
School Students and Faculty Members

Results: In this study, it was aimed to ensure that faculty
members obtain gains that they can transfer to their own
educational programs and to evaluate the effectiveness ofthe developmental program and its results with the RE-AIM
methodology. The RE-AIM framework (reach, effectiveness,
adoption, implementation, and maintenance) has been widelyused for evaluating the effectiveness of developmental education programs.
Conclusion: This collaborative study had a positive impact
on the faculty members of both medical schools in terms of thedepartments' development of their own programs and teaching methods. Participating in the program with their students
also ensured a high level of effectiveness.
Keywords: Cadaver dissection, International collaboration,
Educational progress
A-0341

Mustafa AKTEKIN1, Elif Nedret KESKINOZ1, Levent ALTINTAS2, Stefania
RAIMONDO3, Giulia RONCHI3, Federica FREGNAN3, Luisa MURATORI3

Core Musculoskeletal Syllabi for
Undergraduate Medicine and Physiotherapy
Student Education

1

Anatomy, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Medical Education, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
3
Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy

Purpose: Cadaveric dissection is an important componentof medical education, providing students with unique learning experiences about human anatomy and gaining important
knowledge and skills for their future careers. Various studies
have found that students prefer cadaver dissection to learn human anatomy and think that it is more effective and valuable.
Since the use of cadavers for educational purposes is prohibited by law in medical schools in Italy, medical students graduate without training on cadavers. In fact, some of the faculty
members in the anatomy departments of medical schools have
not received cadaver training and have never performed a dissection.
Methods: In July 2023, the anatomy departments of the
School of Medicine of Acibadem University, Turkey andUniversity of Turin, Italy, organized a faculty development
program on cadaver dissection methods and its use in medical education. In this training program, in which the faculty
members of anatomy departments and medical students participated together, it was planned to experience the training
processes carried out with cadavers, and based on this experience, it was aimed to provide short-term development in the
training program and practices.

Stephanie WOODLEY1, Rodney GREEN2, Alexandra WEBB3
1

Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University,
Canberra, Australia

2
3

Purpose: Determining what anatomy knowledge is required for health professional students, before they enter
the workplace, is essential. Given the reduction in teaching
hours dedicated to anatomy and the proliferation of different
teaching approaches, detailed anatomical syllabi form useful
resources for educators. The purpose of this presentation is
to compare musculoskeletal anatomy syllabi for two specificcohorts of undergraduate students – medicine and physiotherapy.
Methods: A hybrid Delphi process was utilised to develop
specific musculoskeletal syllabi for students studying medicine
or physiotherapy, for the IFAA. Two separate international
panels comprising a mix of clinicians and anatomists (medicine, n = 20; physiotherapy, n = 53) rated a list of topic items.
The items were considered based on their relevance for competent undergraduate students, and using specific criteria werecategorised as either core, recommended, not recommended
or not core.

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Results: Approximately 2200 musculoskeletal items wererated in each study, with considerably more items in the physiotherapy syllabus (77.5%) being deemed core/recommended
compared to medicine (49.0%). The proportion of items regarded as core/recommended in the musculoskeletal concepts
category was similar (physiotherapy = 70.0%; medicine =64.8%). However, across all other categories, a higher proportion of items were deemed core/recommended for physiotherapy compared to medical students: vertebral column (76.1% vs
50.2%), upper limb (78.1% vs 48.6%) and lower limb (78.4% vs
41.3%). Notable differences in content include extensive lists ofbones, joints, ligaments and muscles in the physiotherapy syllabus, while the medical syllabus contains more information
relating to the pathological application of anatomy and vascular structures.
Conclusion: While some overlap in anatomical content isevident between medicine and physiotherapy, these two musculoskeletal syllabi reflect the unique nature of each profession. These syllabi can be used by educators as a guide to delivering the minimum level of anatomical knowledge required of
newly graduated students.
Keywords: Anatomy syllabi, Education, Undergraduate,
Medicine, Physiotherapy
A-0348

Assessing Anatomical Knowledge Retention
and Learning Styles among Omani Nursing
Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Mickael Antoine JOSEPH1, Jansirani NATARAJAN2

among nursing students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat, Oman.
Participating students completed a validated and reliable 42item multiple-choice test that covered the 11 systems of thehuman body. In addition to this, they filled out a demographic
questionnaire and the VARK (Visual, Auditory, Reading/Write, and Kinesthetic) learning style questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the College of Nursing ethical committee and data collection was conducted during theSpring 2023 semester.
Results: We recruited 209 students from four cohorts spanning 2018 to 2021, with 74% being female and an average ageof 21±1.08 years. Our analysis revealed a significant decreasein the overall mean score from 24.21±4.64 in cohort 2021 to
17.03±4.68 in cohort 2018 (F(3, 205)=12.488, p<.001), indicating that students' retention of anatomical knowledge decreased over time. The majority of students (45.5%) preferredmultimodal learning approaches, followed by kinesthetic(27.8%), while read/write was the least preferred method (7.2%).
Although the differences were not statistically significant,kinesthetic learners exhibited marginally better retention of
anatomical knowledge compared to other learning styles (F(4,204)=2.1, p=0.082).
Conclusion: This decline of anatomical knowledge underscores the necessity of integrating anatomy more effectively
within the nursing curriculum, potentially embedding it laterin the program to enhance retention and application in clinical settings.
Keywords: Anatomy, Nursing, Knowledge retention, Education, Oman

1

College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
2

Purpose: Anatomy and physiology, a foundational bioscience course for nursing students, is critical for clinical practice. However, literature indicates that nursing students often
possess inadequate anatomical knowledge, with insufficient
retention further hindering effective application in clinical situations. This study aims to evaluate anatomical knowledge retention across four cohorts of nursing students (2018 to 2021).
Additionally, given the wide variation in learning styles among
students, we also explored the relationship between different
learning styles and the retention of anatomical knowledge
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A-0376of 2D and 3D models should be contingent upon the cognitive
domain needed for learning specific anatomical matters. Bothvisualizations have their own unique educational value. Utilization of 2D representations is recommended for dissemination of factual knowledge, while incorporation of 3D representations is advocated for instruction of conceptual knowledge.

Down to the Bone: The Impact of 3D versus
2D Learning in Anatomy Education

Marjan MALDOY1, Leen UYTTEBROEK1, Vicky VANDENBOSSCHE2, Ian
GARCIA3, Luc VAN NASSAUW1, Tine VAN DAAL4
1

Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and
Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
2
Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
3
Faculty of Design Sciences, Department Product Development, University of Antwerp,
Antwerp, Belgium
4Department of Training and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Edubron,
University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Keywords: Anatomy Education, Anatomy Digitalization,
Three Dimensional Models
A-0390Purpose: Increasing student numbers and curriculum reforms reduce the available time in the dissection room, enforcing development of alternative teaching methods maximizing
efficiency of anatomy education. In addition to conventionalatlases, students embrace commercially computer-generated
3D models for remote anatomical studies. However, costs andlimited realism of these 3D models underscore the necessity
for accurate, morphable and manipulable 3D high fidelity
models (3D-HFMs). 3D-HFMs are produced by scanning
cadaveric specimens. Development of 3D-HFMs is a costand time-consuming task and the effect of 3D learning needs
evaluation before integration in the curriculum.
Methods: A study was set up to investigate the learning
effect of 3D-HFMs. It focused on the impact of static 2D key
views (2D-KVs) versus manipulable 3D-HFMs on learning
processes and outcomes when preparing for hands-on skull
osteology in first-year physical therapy students. 58 students
were randomly assigned into two groups (n=29). Following anassessment of prior anatomical knowledge and spatial ability,
they were exposed to an instructional knowledge clip elucidating fundamental aspects of the temporal bone. Next, depending on experimental conditions, they used 2D-KVs or 3DHFMs to study the same bone. Following this phase, a post-test
was carried out, evaluating perceived cognitive load and both
factual (definitions, straightforward recall) and conceptual(spatial organization, understanding of pathways) anatomical
knowledge.
Results: Results showed a higher perceived cognitive loadin the 2D condition. Results regarding post-knowledge weremixed: students in the 2D condition excel in factual knowledge, while those in the 3D condition demonstrate superior
performance in conceptual knowledge.
Conclusion: Aligned with Bloom's taxonomy, integration

Integrating Cross-Sectional Anatomy into
the Medical School Curriculum using Visible
Human Project Based Applications andUltrasoundAzzat AL-REDOUAN1,2, Abbygale URBANEK1,2, Ebba OLSSON1,2, Omer
GLAZER1,2, Ida HOFMANN1,2, Pilar DA FONTE1,2, Ivan KJIRKOVIKJ1,2,
Alexander DUDIN1,2, David KACHLIK1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
2
Centre for Endoscopic, Surgical and Clinical Anatomy (CESKA), Second Faculty of
Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Purpose: Cross-sectional anatomy is known to be one of
the challenging skills and a vital foundation to clinical practice. Medical students at the Second Faculty of Medicine ofCharles University in Prague, Czech Republic, joined optionalcourses, tutoring and appended sessions during the academic
years of 2018/2019 to 2023/2024 specifically to learn crosssectional anatomy to better correlate what have been observedin the basic and systemic anatomy on imaging methods (X-ray,
CT, MRI, ultrasound).
Methods: Three consecutive courses were implemented.
First: cross-sectional anatomy utilizing the virtual dissection
table (Anatomage) interactively beside MRI and ultrasound.
Second: ultrasound anatomy of the internal organs and of themusculoskeletal system. The performance of 70 participants
was evaluated in the form of a written test composed of labeling ten cross-sections (Anatomage, MRI, and ultrasound images), and to draw two cross-section schemes. The results of
the written tests were compared to their results in the obligatory anatomy subject. Their attitude toward the training lessons was assessed through a survey. The questionnaire asked
the participants to scale 1-5 their satisfaction level, their gained
hand skills of handling the ultrasound probe, the ability to

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recognize structures on MRI and ultrasound, as well as theirconfidence level in evaluating the anatomy of radiological images.
Results: Students participating in cross-sectional anatomy
training showed higher test scores. Students reported highlevel of practical engagement in the implemented courses.
Conclusion: Recognizing anatomical structures and topographical spaces on cross-sectional images via CT/MRI DICOM viewer and real-time ultrasound is an essential practicalskill that is better equipped when trained from an early stageof the medical curriculum. Inevitably, cadaveric dissection
and prosection remain the cornerstone of gross anatomy education. Integrating both modalities of teaching would extend
students’ practical skills in applied clinical anatomy.
Funding: Grant Sponsor − The 4EU+ European University
Alliance; Grant number: 4EU+ 2021_F1_06.
Keywords: Anatomage, Cross-sectional anatomy, Visible
Human Project, Ultrasound anatomy, Anatomy education
A-0420Results: We developed gestational age-specific 3D humanmodels covering weeks 4 to 40 based on the existing data set of
Korean fetal body.
Conclusion: This allows for the observation of fetal growthlevel at each gestational age and enables direct manipulationof 3D models, providing various perspectives for observation.
Implementing Korean fetal standards in three dimensions addresses the shortage of practical learning opportunities, providing an effective learning experience.
Funding: This research was conducted with funding
from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2023 and support from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(HI23C0170).
Keywords: Korean, Fetus, 3D, Human modelA-0421Creation of 3D Animation on FetalNeonatal Normal Transition and Neonatal
Resuscitation

Ha-Eun KIM1, Ga-Young KIM1, Hye-Jin KIM1, Seung-Ho HAN2, Moon-Yeon
OH3, Kwan-Hyun YOUN1

Development of 3D Human Models Basedon Korean Fetal Body Data by Gestational
Age

1

Division in Biomedical art, Department of Fine Art, Incheon Catholic University Graduate
School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2

Soojin KIM1, Ji-Soo BAE1, Hye-Jin KIM1, Seung-Ho HAN2, In yang PARK3,
Subeen HONG3, Kwan-Hyun YOUN1
1

Division in Biomedical art, Department of Fine Art, Incheon Catholic University Graduate
School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic Universityof Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: Observing actual fetuses for learning is beneficial in evaluating various fetal growth stages according togestational age. However, the utilization of fetal samples isconstrained by ethical issues and considerations for privacy
and personal information protection, along with a decrease inpractical opportunities due to a low birthrate society. Therefore, there was a demand for a complementary solution, a 3D
fetal human model.
Methods: Autodesk Maya, Maxon Zbrush, and Adobe
Substance 3D Painter were utilized as tools for creating the 3Dmodels. The created 3D models were imported into Unreal
Engine, where interactive features were added to develop thefinal application.

Purpose: Neonatal resuscitation is essential for newborns
struggling to adapt to the transition from the womb to theoutside world. About 10% of newborns require immediate
intervention, such as chest compression, to ensure proper
breathing, and it is essential for medical personnel to understand changes in circulatory organs and neonatal resuscitation
techniques.
Methods: It produced 3D animation using programs suchas Autodesk Maya, ZBrush, and Adobe Substance 3D Painter.
Results: In this study, a 3D animation illustrated positive
pressure ventilation during the fetal-neonatal transition andnewborn resuscitation. Emphasizing fetal lung circulation inthree dimensions highlighted hemodynamic characteristics
and the organic circulatory link between the fetus and newborn.
Conclusion: By comparing prenatal and postnatal circulation, this study facilitates a clear understanding of procedures

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in newborn resuscitation and subsequent stabilization. The
animation created is expected to be a fundamental resource forcomprehending the normal transitional process and increasing awareness of resuscitation through visualizations.
Funding: This research was conducted with funding
from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2023 and support from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(HI23C0170).

more likely to have a low facility (i.e. hard).
Conclusion: Factors such as what is considered core knowledge influence Facility. How learning outcomes are covered
influences MASC. Issues such as specimen clarity are also
considered during standard setting though they do not influence Bloom’s levels nor do they seem to be predictive of Facility. Further detailed analysis of these prilimary results mayhelp us understand the complex interplay of these elements.

Keywords: Fetus, Neonate, Normal Transition, Neonatal
Resuscitation, 3D Animation

Keywords: Test Item Facility, Modified Angoff Standard
set Cut Scote, Bloom's taxonomy level, Objectively Structured
Practical Examination

A-0435What Makes an Anatomy Objectively
Structured Practical Examination Test Item
Hard?

A-0496

Asha VENKATESH

Anatomy, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Purpose: Moving our Objectively Structured Practical
Assessments (OSPEs) in Anatomy to an online platform (ExamWrite®) allowed us to analyse facility (F) of test items (TIs)
and compare these with the Modified Angoff Standard set Cutscores (MASC) assigned by a panel of 5-8 experienced judges.
Bloom’s taxonomy level of each TI was also compared. We
aimed to determine what constitutes a “hard” OSPE TI. Knowing this will help us create an assessment with an appropriate
number of “hard” “moderately hard” and “easy” questions.
Methods: We analysed TIs used in four recent summative
OSPE assessments conducted in 2022 and 2023 (118 TIs) for
the University of Aberdeen, UK, Year 2 MBChB programme.
We studied all TIs that had a low MASC (0.1-0.49) (judged by
the standard-setting panel as “hard”). All TIs with a low Facility (<0.3) which were hard questions based on student performance were also studied. TIs were assigned Bloom’s taxonomy
levels: Level 1/2 (“identify” type questions); Level 3/4 (e.g. action of specific parts/fibres of muscles); Level 5/6 (e.g. applied
anatomy). The nature of the TI (i.e. wet specimen, histology,
radiology or clinical image) was noted.
Results: We did not find any correlation between low
MASC (judged as hard by the standard setting panel), and low
facility. There was also no correlation between facility and theBloom’s taxonomy level. Radiology and Histology TIs were

Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of
Anatomy Students to Modern Advanced
Teaching Methods and Technology in
Anatomy Education among African
Universities
Vivian OJIAKOR3, Emeka ANYANWU1,2, Adanna OGBU1
1

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International
University Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
3
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu
State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria

Purpose: The landscape of anatomy education has undergone a profound shift, moving beyond traditional approaches
like didactic lectures and cadaveric dissection to embracecutting-edge methods including virtual dissection, anatomical
stimulators, and radiological imaging amongst others. This
study aims to examine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of anatomy students regarding recent modern advanced
methods in anatomy education.
Methods: A Google Form questionnaire was circulated
among 237 students in Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya, enrolled
in medical and paramedical courses featuring Human Anatomy. The questionnaire, comprising three subsections, focusedon assessing students' knowledge of modern advanced methods, their attitudes and perceptions toward these methods.
The inclusion of three countries aimed to capture diverse perspectives, providing a comprehensive foundation for efficientlearning environments.
Results: Majority of the participants 112 (47.3%) were Nige-

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rian students, Ugandans 96 (40.5%) and Kenyans 29 (12.4%).
A good number of students 132 (55.7%) lack familiarity anddemonstrate an astonishing unawareness in the modern advanced teaching methods in anatomy education. Majority ofthe students 197, 133 and 143 (83.1%, 56.1% and 60.3%) havegood knowledge of teaching methods and technologies inteaching Anatomy as it relates to virtual dissection, Anatomical simulators and Imaging technologies respectively, as one of
the recent teaching technologies. Notably, 70% of the students’
perceived the use of modern advanced teaching methods inanatomy education as advantageous since it would increase effectiveness and reduce time wasting.
Conclusion: This study advocated for a balanced approachto anatomy education in Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya. It underscored the critical unawareness on the part of the studentsof the necessary modern Anatomy teaching technologies, underscores the critical need for well-equipped anatomy labs, andadvocates for the seamless integration of modern technologies.
The findings underscored a paradigm shift toward studentcentric approaches.
Keywords: Anatomy Education, Modern advanced Anatomy methods, Knowledge, Attitude, Perception
A-0511

Effectiveness of Ultrasound as a Teaching
Tool in Human Anatomy: A Systematic
Review

published in any language. Secondary studies, animal studies,and studies evaluating ultrasound for purposes other thanteaching anatomy were excluded. The search was performedin the PubMed and WOS databases. The keywords used were
the MeSH terms "anatomy", "medical education", "education","ultrasound", "ultrasonography", "sonography", and "learning",
using boolean operators AND/OR. The procedure involved
selecting by title and abstract, and reading the full text of thearticles, eliminating those not related to the study objective,
following the PRISMA methodology.
Results: The search identified 1,387 references (625 in
PubMed and 762 in WOS). After reading the titles and removing duplicate studies, 1,359 were excluded. 27 studies wereidentified as potentially relevant; therefore, their abstracts
were analyzed. 11 articles were excluded, and after a thoroughreview of the text, 16 studies were included. The studies linked
the use of ultrasound with the grades obtained by undergraduate students and their perception through surveys. All studies
positively assessed the use of ultrasound as a complement totraditional undergraduate anatomy teaching, with an impact
on student learning, anatomical understanding, and interest.
Conclusion: Based on this advancement, we propose thatultrasound constitutes a legitimate pedagogical instrument,with potential application in the university setting, to enhance
students' understanding of anatomy and provide them practical exposure to contemporary technology.
Keywords: Ultrasound, Ultrasonography, Sonography,
Anatomy, Medical education

Ricardo Esteban MIRANDA-KRAUSE1, Maria Paz MOYA DAZA2, Rodrigo
LIZAMA PEREZ3

A-0532

1

Atacama, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama,
Copiapo, Chile2
Araucania, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Temuco,
Chile
3
Biobio, Departamento de Ciencias Morfologicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia,
Universidad San Sebastian, Concepcion, Chile

Development Process of a Silicone Facial
Model using Korean Average Soft Tissue
Data for Clinical Simulation

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectivenessof ultrasound as a teaching tool to improve understanding andretention of human anatomy in health sciences students.
Methods: To answer the research question, "What is the effectiveness of ultrasound as a teaching tool to enhance understanding and retention of human anatomy in health science
students?", an search of articles was conducted, considering
the following inclusion criteria: 1) primary studies, 2) conducted in humans, 3) conducted between 2019 and 2024, 4)

Hyewon HU, Kang-Woo LEE, Hyo-Sang AHN, Hyungkyu BAE, Ziong-Zhen
PIAO, Hee-Jin KIM
Division in Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study aims to develop an educational facephantom that closely replicates the actual procedural sensation, using the latest concepts of facial anatomy, and establish acomprehensive guideline manual.
Methods: We utilized a surface statistical 3D model of
Koreans along with the average thickness of facial soft tissue

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to derive the 3D shapes of bone, muscle, and skin layers. In
Blender 3.5, we combined data from these layers and meticulously sculpted detailed muscle and fat shapes. Following 3D
printing, we cast the models using urethane with different
hardness levels. To monitor the syringe movement, we employed motion capture technology. A warning sound was generated whenever the needle approached the phantom's criticalarea, signaling potential danger.
Results: We created a comprehensive silicone facial modelusing 3D data from each layer, incorporating 14 key muscles
crucial for invasive procedures. Additionally, structures suchas the parotid gland, parotid duct, buccal fat pad, and submuscular fat pad (SOOF, ROOF) were included. The distributionof arteries and nerves was meticulously designed and attachedbased on the average shape of Koreans.
Conclusion: The results from this study are anticipated tooffer clinicians comprehensive training and high levels of satisfaction. However, this is a result of focusing only on Korean
face data. Our next step involves applying this methodology
to craft more intricate facial models representing Westerners
and different age groups. These models will be distributed experimentally to clinicians for subjective evaluations. Moreover,ongoing research is dedicated to advancing cannulae development through the utilization of motion capture technology.
Keywords: Face phantom, Silicone face, Motion capture
cannular, Clinical anatomy
A-0553Clay Modeling as an Educational Tool for
Understanding Relationship of Mediastinal
Structures

tinum.
Results: During the period 2017-2023 Department of
Anatomy of Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad has organized over
50 workshops “The position of mediastinal structures” attended by more than 1000 students of the first year of Medicine. Workshops were organized as extracurricular activities.
Students were invited to attend workshop voluntarily after
regular academic activities. Workshops were moderated byteaching staff. Each workshop lasted for 90 minutes and it was
attended by 20 students. Students were suggested to work inpairs. Each par was given a A4-sized drawing of empty mediastinum. Their task was to model organs, blood vessels, nerves
and lymphatics and put them in the right position going fromposterior to anterior. Organs, blood vessels, lymphatic ducts
were modeled out of clay, while rubber bands were used todisplay nerves. Each step was performed following the instructions given on the Power Point Presentation. Students wereencouraged to consult the textbooks and anatomy atlases andto discuss about the relationship of mediastinal structures
while modeling. During the workshops students showed highcreativity and inventiveness which was supported by positive
learning environment. They highly rated this learning experience.
Conclusion: Clay modeling is a helpful haptic experience inanatomical education. In the cases where cadaver dissection isunavailable or limited, it offers active learning approach which
engages students and helps better visual perception, developing spatial ability and better retention of knowledge.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Clay modeling, Mediastinum
A-0556

Biljana SRDIC-GALIC, Nikola KNEZI

Department of Anatomy, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia

Purpose: Understanding the relationships between anatomical structures represents the greatest challenge for students during the study of anatomy, especially understanding
the complex relationships of mediastinal structures. In thecases where active dissection is not feasible, clay modeling canserve as a helpful educational tool.
Methods: We describe the experiences of the Departmentof Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Serbia in the application of clay modeling in learning the anatomy of medias-

Making It Fun: Design and Implementationof Innovative Educational Videos for
Introductory Anatomy

Christina BYUN1, Dilan SECKINER1, Matthew OXLEY2, Nathan
COLQUHOUN2
1

Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Medicine & Health Education Development Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia

2

Purpose: The introductory anatomy course presents thefundamental concepts of the human body to students enrolled
in science and health programs. However, the large volume

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and complexity of the learning content display challenges forstudents. To enhance student engagement and learning, innovative educational videos for nine different topics were created.
This research discusses the design, implementation, and evaluation of studio-quality introductory videos for improving student engagement and comprehension of the inter-dependenceof various systems in the human body.
Methods: The nine major topics and its subsequent videos
were created, in which scripts and storyboards were drawn
using Microsoft PowerPoint. The footage was filmed in 4K
and edited with the relevant graphics and keying effects using Adobe Premiere Pro. The final products were uploaded tothe university’s media storage platform and embedded to thecourse learning management system. The videos were released
prior to online lecture and in-person practical sessions.
Results: A total of 195 students enrolled in the introductory
anatomy course over the period of 10 weeks. Contents covered
included the skeletal, muscular, nervous, special senses, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
systems. Assessment performance data was compared to thatof the cohort from previous years. Student satisfaction survey
was also evaluated.
Conclusion: The implementation of the introductory videos helped to engage and encourage students in learning about
the anatomy of the major human body systems. Comparisonof student performance and satisfaction between different
courses and cohorts may show better analysis of the effectiveness and sustainability of these newly developed resources.

Methods: The materials for personalized 3D modeling included a (Robobloq brand) 3D pen, 1.75 mm diameter colored
PLA filaments (melting at 200°C), 2-finger protection silicone,
and a heat-resistant drawing surface. The 3D pen used in the
study weighed 65g and was priced at $10, with 1 meter of PLA
filament costing $0.35.
Results: Trainers designed the 3D model using the 3D
pen, but due to the rapid and straightforward nature of the
proposed modeling, students could be encouraged to design
complex structures, fostering increased student-trainer ethicalinteraction. As a demonstration, the intricate larynx structure,
known for its complexity, was constructed using the 3D pen.
Initially, laryngeal cartilages were 2D drawn on pre-prepared
templates, and these drawings were then transformed into 3Dmodels. Different filament colors were used to represent various laryngeal membranes and intrinsic muscles were added
to complete the laryngeal skeleton. Subsequently, the thyroid
gland and hyoid bone were drawn and incorporated into themodel. The entire model required 4 meters of filament andweighed 11g. In our study, 1 hour was spent on the construction of cartilages and 1 hour on the construction of otherstructures, totaling 2 hours.
Conclusion: This study introduces an effective, cost-friendly, student-centric alternative for anatomy education, holding
the potential to enhance student-instructor interaction. The
developed 3D model, or similar creations, could be widely applied in medical or health sciences education, offering a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods.

Keywords: Anatomy, Engagement, Design, Innovation,
VideosKeywords: 3D pen, 3D modelling, Anatomy education,
Larynx, Training

A-0581

A-0601

Innovation in Anatomy Education: A
Cost-Effective Approach using 3D Pen for
Personalised 3D Modelling

Exploring Virtual Anatomy Learning: An
Irish Students’ Perception

Mutahira LONE1, Sarah ALTURKUSTANI1, Ashley DURFEE2, Siobhain M.
O’MAHONY1, Olivia F O’LEARY1, Conor O’MAHONY3, Andreea FACTOR1

Gkionoul NTELI CHATZIOGLOU1, Izcan GAYRETLI2

1

Anatomy and Neuroscience Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
3
Instructional Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

1

2

Purpose: This study aimed to introduce a cost-effective andeasily accessible approach to anatomy education through theutilization of 3D pens.

Purpose: Anatomy is an essential discipline for healthcare
professionals; however, a through understating of its complexity is often challenging. Visualization is a key element to learn
and comprehend intricate anatomical structures. Virtual Real-

Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Health,and Technology University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul
University, Istanbul, Türkiye

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ity (VR) is a three-dimensional cutting-edge technology thatcan supplement traditional anatomical teaching and provides
an accessible learning environment by allowing the students
to visualise, immerse and interact with anatomical structures.
Furthermore, VR can provide an inclusive learning environment in accordance with the principles of the Universal Designfor Learning. This study focuses on the students’ perception ofusing VR in understanding eye and ear anatomy.
Methods: 8 MSc in Human Anatomy and 9 undergraduate
Neuroscience students participated in the study. To fully comprehend and immerse in the learning process, a VR practicesession was offered. The data collection was gathered a week
later and was based on two questionnaires. The pre-questionnaire, collected before the VR ear and eye anatomy session,
gathered demographic information and initial anatomy understanding.The post-questionnaire evaluated the students’
perception of using VR as well as their self-reported changes
in understating the complexity of these anatomical structures
following the practical session. Ethical approval was obtained
from the Social Research Ethics Committee at University College Cork (Log 2023-076).
Results: The results of this study found a high acceptance
rate of using VR among both cohorts of students. Furthermore, the MSc students‘ data suggests an improvement in theirself-perceived anatomy awareness. These results suggest that
VR has the potential to enhance student engagement, motivation, and understanding of anatomical structures.
Conclusion: Overall, the authors of this study conclude thatusing VR can effectively enrich anatomy education by increasing students’ motivation, engagement and promotes active
learning.
Keywords: VR, Visualisation, Anatomy learning, Students'
perception
A-0604

Investigating the Public's Understandingof Genital Anatomy to Design Tailored
Outreach Events

ing lack of comprehension of genital anatomy among thegeneral populace. Moreover, the limited diversity of genital
imagery in medical literature may exacerbate discomfort during intimate clinical examinations and, in extreme cases, leadto genital dissatisfaction prompting individuals to consider
aesthetic surgery. Consequently, this study aimed to explore
the public's understanding of genital anatomy and leveragethese findings to design customized educational outreach programs aimed at destigmatizing the topic and enhancing healthliteracy of genital anatomy.
Methods: 191 participants were asked to complete a
10-question multiple choice test to identify external genital
structures from two schematic images of biological male andfemale genitals. The average scores were collated, and oneway ANOVA statistical tests were performed to compare data
across demographic groups.
Results: The average test score was 89.6% (SD 15.9%), withparticipants achieving average scores of 92.2% (SD 18.2%) and
88% (SD 22.9%) for questions pertaining to biological male andfemale genitals, respectively. Notably, among those responding to questions about biological female genitals, individuals
aged 21–30 (95.6%; SD 11.9%) significantly outperformed (p=0.0491) those aged 51–60 (77.3%; SD 23.3%). Conversely, while
there was no significant difference in scores for questions concerning biological male genitals, individuals aged 61–70 (100%;
SD 0.0%) outperformed those aged 18–20 (86.1%; SD 27.4%).
Conclusion: Despite the public surpassing initial expectations, these results highlight the need for targeted outreach
events. Events aimed at educating the public about biologicalfemale genital anatomy should focus on individuals aged 50
and above, whereas initiatives concerning biological male genital anatomy should target those under 20, given their lower
performance in the study. Prior to designing the outreach programme, the study should be replicated utilizing photographic
images and qualitative research should elucidate pertinent
themes to enhance public health literacy regarding external
genitalia.
Keywords: Public understanding, Genital anatomy, Outreach, Inclusivity, Anatomical education

Victoria PEARCE, Georga LONGHURST

Institute of Medicine & Biomedical Education, St. George's University of London, London,
United Kingdom

Purpose: Numerous studies have demonstrated a concernACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0605What Do Doctors Want? Investigating
Design Parameters for Procedural
Simulations
Kyleigh KRIENER, Alyshia GUAN, Mark MIDWINTER

Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to explore the preferred esign parameters of procedural skills trainers among
physicians.
Methods: A survey was disseminated to physicians participating in various procedural workshops at the University of
Queensland. The questionnaire sought insights into the significance of face and construct validity, particularly focusing
on aspects related to both physical and psychological fidelity.
Results: Initial findings suggest that physicians prioritize
tactile fidelity as the most crucial aspect in a simulation intended for teaching procedural skills. Additionally, anatomical
fidelity was also consistently regarded as highly important by
the participants. This study is currently ongoing and results
are pending analysis. Results will be available at the time ofpresentation.
Conclusion: The significance of end-user perspectives inshaping educational tools is crucial, yet it is sometimes undervalued. This study addresses this gap by surveying physicians,
the end-users, to gain insights into critical aspects of simulation design for procedural skills training. The findings underscore that among these aspects, physical fidelity emerges as theforemost design priority.
Keywords: Simulations, Medical education, Physical Fidelity
A-0625

Exploring Colonial Influences within an
Applied Anatomy Curriculum

students and their white peers, increase student engagement,
and potentially transform students’ attitudes and impact theirprofessional formation. This provides a necessary move to
make the student experience more diverse and inclusive. This
study aimed to explore the learning material, topics covered,and recommended reading for issues related to representation,
diversity and highlight opportunities to disrupt colonial influence.
Methods: Following ethical approval from the Universityof Bristol Ethics of Research Committee, an audit was carriedout of all seminar-based units delivered to third-year Applied
Anatomy students at the University of Bristol. The unit’s learning materials were examined, and data was captured about the
topic, style of teaching, who teaches it and the representation
within the learning resources. The recommended reading list
was also examined.
Results: The analysis of the recommended articles’ authorship demonstrated that 84% originated from the Global North,and 72% had a male principal author. Also, 63% of authors
were categorised as ethnically white. Although the learningmaterials covered diverse topics and provided multiple opportunities to discuss race, variations, sex and gender, the historical origin and different cultural perspectives were not always
highlighted.
Conclusion: A wider challenge within the discipline ofanatomy is the lack of diversity of imagery content, which wasoften reflected in the images used in the learning material. To
support decolonisation efforts, academics should seek resources from alternative journal banks. Honest and transparent discussions between academics, librarians and students can help
better understand the challenges facing decolonisation efforts
and build wider strategies affecting anatomy education.
Funding: This project received an Education Development
Project grant from Bristol Institute for Learning and Teaching.
Keywords: Decolonisation, Diversification, Equality, Curriculum, Education

Sara SULAIMAN1,2, Zara LONG3, Michelle SPEAR2
1

Medical School, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain,
Busaiteen, Bahrain
2
School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
3
Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Purpose: Decolonising the curriculum allows us to acknowledge and challenge areas in the syllabus influenced bycolonialism. An inclusive curriculum can address the attainment gap between Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME)ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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A-0627

Decolonising the Applied Anatomy
Curriculum: Students’ and Staff Perspectives
Sara SULAIMAN1,2, Michelle SPEAR2
1

Medical School, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain,
Busaiteen, Bahrain
2
School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Purpose: There has been an increased interest and work
towards decolonising the curriculum in higher education institutes in recent years. Recognising methods and strategies todrive anti-colonial efforts, as well as identifying examples, canbe challenging in the discipline of anatomy. This study aimed
to investigate students’ and staff perceptions and experiences
regarding the decolonisation of the Applied Anatomy Programme curriculum at the University of Bristol.
Methods: Ethical approval from the University of Bristol
Ethics of Research Committee was obtained for this study.
Subsequently, students enrolled in the Applied Anatomy Programme were invited to answer a student survey designed tomeasure their perception of decolonising the curriculum andtheir experience in the programme. Staff from the School of
Anatomy were invited to answer a staff survey designed to explore your perception of decolonisation.
Results: Most participants had limited knowledge of the
impacts of colonialism on anatomy yet were able to recognise
the importance of anti-colonial efforts. Although staff wereable to explain the steps they undertook to decolonise theirteaching practices, these steps were not consistently recognised
by students. Staff identified the lack of diversity in anatomical
images and limited guidance and advice as two main challenges to decolonisation efforts in the dicipline of anatomy.
Conclusion: This study showed useful insights into theexperience and perception of students and staff regarding thedecolonisation efforts in an Applied Anatomy curriculum.
Decolonisation is a complex concept that requires critical deconstruction, rethinking and creative reconstruction of all elements related to the formal and hidden curricula. As a result of
this project a toolkit was designed where questions to prompt
reflection and examples of best practice is collected.
Funding: This project received an Education Development
Project grant from Bristol Institute for Learning and Teaching,
University of Bristol.

Keywords: Decolonisation, Diversification, Education,
Curriculum
A-0670Maximizing Student Engagement in
Anatomy with Holo Anatomy and GameBased Learning Techniques
Prasanna ABEYRATHNA, Mitzi GLOVER

Medical Education, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, United States

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to enhance
students' understanding of the three-dimensional structuresand functional relationships within the gastrointestinal (GI)system. This objective was pursued with the intention of overcoming traditional challenges in teaching complex anatomical
concepts, by leveraging advanced visualization tools to facilitate a deeper comprehension of spatial relationships and organfunctions.
Methods: Our approach utilized the HoloAnatomy software, augmented with a series of multiple-choice questions
focused on clinical anatomy. These questions were designed toencourage progressive disclosure of related anatomical structures through detailed holograms. Students were organized
into small groups of 5-6 and engaged in a competitive learning environment, with each group striving to outperform theothers. To foster motivation and participation, nominal prizes
were awarded to the winning groups at the session's conclusion.
Results: The feedback received from students was overwhelmingly positive, with many highlighting the engaging
nature of the learning experience. The use of competitive elements, combined with the interactive holographic displays
provided by the HoloAnatomy software, significantly increased student engagement throughout the teaching sessions.
This was evidenced by enthusiastic participation and the detailed, favorable evaluations submitted by students, indicatinga heightened interest and involvement in learning about the GI
system's anatomy.
Conclusion: The integration of HoloAnatomy softwarewith interactive, competitive learning techniques proved to bean effective educational strategy, markedly enhancing student
engagement and understanding of GI anatomy. Based on the
success of this approach, as demonstrated by student feedback
and observed engagement levels, we plan to incorporate thisACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

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method into future anatomy teaching sessions. This study underscores the potential of combining advanced visualization
technologies with game-based learning to enrich medical education.
Keywords: Virtual Reality, HoloAnatomy, Game Based
Learning, Engagement, Active learning
A-0675Strategic Essential Anatomy Learning:
Maximizing Proficiency with the Level of
COSTA Framework

framework user-friendly and 92.6% endorsing its continued
use.
Conclusion: The Level of COSTA framework offers learning advantages by directing students' focus toward essential
knowledge acquisition, fostering deeper understanding, andengagement with anatomical concepts. Positive student perceptions further underscore the framework's result in enhancing anatomy education.
Keywords: Anatomy learning, Level of COSTA, Medical
education, Prioritization
A-0687

Ahmad Azwar HABIBI, Akbar FATAHILLAH

Anatomy, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

Purpose: In medical education, mastering complex anatomical structures within limited study time is challenging.
Prioritizing anatomical terms strategically is crucial for optimal learning. The Level of COSTA (Competency of Organ,
Structure, and Terminology Anatomy) framework strategically
identifies learning priorities, enhances engagement, promotes
metacognitive awareness, and documents learning systematically. This study explores the framework's development,
integration into Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and student
perceptions, aiming to demonstrate its strategic impact on
anatomy education.
Methods: An exploratory descriptive study was conducted,
involving criteria formulation, analysis of anatomical terms
from the standard curriculum prescribed by the Indonesian
Association of Anatomists (PAAI) and the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT),
framework application in PBL, and student perception assessment using the Revised Study Process Questionnaire 2 Factors(R-SPQ-2F). A sample of 108 students was selected via probability sampling.
Results: The Level of COSTA categorizes anatomical terms
into four hierarchical levels based on relevance to clinicalknowledge, compliance with competency standards for Indonesian doctors (SKDI), and integration into learning aids. Outof 7,113 terms, only 44.4% were classified under the Level of
COSTA. Essential terminology (Level 3 and Level 4) accounted
for 45% of the Level of COSTA or 20% of 7,113 terms. Student
feedback highlighted increased effectiveness (88.1%) and engagement (71.4%) in anatomy learning, with 89% finding the

Revolutionizing Anatomy Education:
Unveiling Trends, Technologies, and Insights
in Learning Media

Siti MUNAWAROH1, Yunia HASTAMI1, Selfi HANDAYANI1, Nanang
WIYONO1, Siti HADIE2
1

Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Surakarta,
Indonesia
Anatomy Department, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kota
Bharu, Malaysia

2

Purpose: Anatomy learning has seen significant progressin recent years. Many learning media with technological approaches have emerged, refining the anatomy learning process.
Research on the effectiveness of each learning medium has
also been extensively conducted. This study aims to provide an
overview of research trends related to anatomy teaching media.
Methods: This is a bibliometric research utilizing the Scopus database. The keywords used in this research are ‘learning,’‘media,’ and ‘anatomy’. Visualization of results was done using
the VOSviewer application, and image analysis on the Scopus
web.
Results: The search yielded 704 documents and a total of7463 keywords. In VOSviewer, with a minimum keyword occurrence of 10, 241 items, 4 clusters, and 13816 links were obtained. Research on this topic has been present since 1968 andpeaked in 2022. The most frequently used keyword is 'human.'
The country with the highest publication count is the UnitedStates, with over 200 articles. Some of the recent research topics include computer-assisted diagnosis, machine learning,
and artificial neural networks. These topics are developing inline with the increasing use of technology in education due to

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the Covid-19 pandemic.
Conclusion: Anatomy education needs to continue paying
attention to the use of technology-based anatomy learning
media, which has been widely developed recently. The use oftechnology provides benefits for students in enhancing theirunderstanding of anatomy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Learning media, Technology, Medical
education
A-0699Implementation of the Anatomical Ethics
and Law Module at University of KwaZulu
Natal
Pamela PILLAY

Clinical Anatomy, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Purpose: An integral component in a broad medical andscientific curriculum is anatomical education utilising cadavers. A major moral and ethical concern on the continent aswell in our own country, is the use of unclaimed cadavers foranatomical teaching and research. In addition, there has beena drastic decline in the availability of cadaveric material forteaching and research in South Africa. Due to ethical ambiguities worldwide, cadaver procurement for teaching and researchrequire regulations. In South Africa this is guided by the National Health Act 2003 and is regulated by statutory appointment of the provincial Inspectors of Anatomy.
Methods: A review of the module (including its design),
student viewpoints, and outcomes are presented in this paper.
Results: To address the restructuring of the undergraduate
medical science (anatomy) program, the Department of Anatomy at UKZN implemented a module directed at the appreciation of ethics related to the use of cadavers for teaching andresearch. The implementation of the anatomical ethics and law
course has been critical for Medical Science students.
Conclusion: This course is a step in the right direction in
educating the scholars at an undergraduate level of the valueof the cadaver in education, fundamental debates and discussion on current trends in procurement practice; allows for discourses in establishing common ethical and legal frameworks
at Universities in South Africa by addressing several cultural,religious and socio-economic concerns of all populationgroups.

Keywords: Anatomical education, Ethics and law
A-0710

Demonstrating the Reach of Anatomical
Education and Community Engagement: A
Case Study of the Anatomy Department at
Brighton and Sussex Medical School
Laura ARNOLD, Luke REID, Hollie CARTWRIGHT, Claire SMITH
Anatomy, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom

Purpose: Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS)
plays a central role in advancing anatomical education within
the healthcare sector and broader community.
Methods: The pedagogical approaches employed at BSMS
significantly contribute to the expansion of anatomical knowledge for the 425 undergraduate and 48 postgraduate studentstaught each year. BSMS ensures a comprehensive educational
experience for its students by using a combination of didactic
teaching and innovative learning methodologies, including
digital resources such as the Anatomy Laboratory Interface(ALI) app, Complete Anatomy app, VR headsets and butterfly
ultrasounds. The department annually trains over 1200 surgical and healthcare professionals, hosting flagship courses
such as 'Definitive Skills in Trauma Surgery' and 'Damage
Control and Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery' in collaboration
with the Royal College of Surgeons. This allows for the highly
specialised training of surgeons and consultants who often
work in international zones of conflict. We also host a numberof medical technology companies who teach their innovativetechniques to surgeons to allow them experience before these
are implemented in a surgical environment.
Results: Anatomy at BSMS extends its outreach to 640 students from other disciplines within the university, including
Medical Neuroscience and Biomedical Science, offering them
opportunities to engage in hands-on learning experiences
within the anatomy lab. The department organises widening
participation initiatives, including a Summer School and public events like the 'Matters of the Heart' event, where attendees
dissect animal hearts to deepen their understanding of cardiac
anatomy. These initiatives enhance the reputation of Anatomy
at BSMS but also allow meaningful engagement with the public – teaching over 80 participants at the most recent event.
Conclusion: Anatomy at BSMS is innovative in its use of

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teaching methods, contributions to surgical education andactive involvement in community outreach. We believe it isimportant to disseminate experiences to enrich discussions on
best practice and the future of anatomy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Innovative teaching, Surgical Skills,
Digital resources, Royal College of SurgeonsA-0714

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Learning
Resources Pre and Post Curriculum Revisionin Medical Education at Universidad de Los
Andes
Maria Eugenia PEDEMONTE, Juan Carlos LOPEZ, Cecilia BREA, Carolina
GONZALEZ
Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile

A-0713In Situ Production of Ammonium Nitrate: A
New Approach to Thiel Embalming

Napawan TARADOLPISUT1,2, Wattana WEERACHATYANUKUL1, Athikhun
SUWANNAKHAN1,2
1

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, In Silico and ClinicalAnatomy Research Group (iSCAN), Bangkok, Thailand
2

Purpose: One of the chemicals used in the Thiel embalming process is ammonium nitrate. However, it is highly combustible and needs special requirements in terms of handlingand storage, and could lead to catastrophic explosion if improperly stored. The research objective was to develop a safer
alternative method to reduce the potential hazards associatedwith ammonium nitrate storage and handling in the embalming process.
Methods: Ammonium nitrate was produced in situ by mixing ammonia solution and nitric acid. The resulting aquous
ammonium nitrate was used in Thiel embalming at our department in place of the conventional ammonium nitrate powder. Safety aspects of this propotol was thoroughly outline.
Results: Thiel cadavers embalmed with aqueous ammonium nitrate by mixing ammonia solution and nitric acid showed
no difference in comparison with conventional Thiel cadavers.
The tissue retained its lifelike appearance and flexibility, suitable for medical education and surgical skills training. However, there was a slight ammonia smell to the cadavers.
Conclusion: This alternative method, involving the in situ
production of ammonium nitrate by mixing ammonia solution and nitric acid, eliminates the need for storing ammonium nitrate powder. Therefore, it reduces the hazards associated with the storage and handling of ammonium nitrate in
the embalming process.

Purpose: The medical curriculum is a dynamic entity, requiring periodic evaluations and revisions to ensure it meetsthe evolving needs of healthcare education and practice. This
study aimed to assess the effectiveness of learning resources
employed in the medical program at Universidad de Los Andes before and after a significant curricular revision.
Methods: A mixed-methods research design was implemented, involving quantitative analysis of academic performance indicators and qualitative feedback from students andfaculty through surveys and interviews. The curriculum revision focused on integrating more practical, patient-centeredlearning experiences and modern digital resources to enhance
student engagement and knowledge application. The study
compared data from two cohorts: one educated under the oldcurriculum and another under the revised curriculum, acrossvarious parameters including knowledge retention, student
satisfaction, and faculty perceptions.
Results: Preliminary findings suggest that the revised curriculum, with its enhanced learning resources and methodologies, has led to improved student performance and satisfaction.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance ofcontinuous curriculum evaluation and the potential impact oftailored learning resources on medical education outcomes.
This research contributes to the broader discourse on medical
curriculum development, offering insights that could guide
future educational reforms in medical schools globally.
Keywords: Healthcare, Curriculum, Learning resources

Keywords: Thiel embalming, Ammonium nitrate, laboratory safety
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A-0722Development of 3D-Printed Brain
Mannequin for Anatomical Learning
Devices: Progression from Database Imaging
to Validation and Usability Test

Nur ARFIAN1,5, Pindo Galih PRAKOSO2, Rachmadya Nur HIDAYAH3, Lina
CHORIDAH4, Nur Huda Hendra SETYAWAN4, Heriyanto HERIYANTO5, Nur
AMIN1, Dwi Cahyani Ratna SARI1
1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas GadjahMada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
5
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
6
Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Purpose: Traditional anatomical learning process is challenged by digitalization and technology development, especially in 3D-printing. Database of imaging can be used for thesource of 3D-printing or digitalization products. Here, we elucidated validation and usability of the 3D-printed brain mannequin for first grade of medical student.
Methods: Database imaging of brain was made based on
CT-Scan results, then 3D-printed brain mannequin was madebased on those databases using Fused Deposition Modelling(FDM) technique. Validation test was carried out by 5 experts
in anatomists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. Meanwhile,usability test was done in medical students, with 31 subjects
who were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group I was first
exposed to the cadaveric cerebrum then gor 3D-printed brain
mannequin. Group II was exposed vice versa. Pretest, posttest I,
and posttest II values were taken in limited use sessions. Comparison of the scores of the two groups was tested using theMann- Whitney test and the Independent – t test. Comparisonof the difference in scores in the paired groups using the Wilcoxon test. The p value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: 3D-printed brain mannequin was successfully
made based on CT-Scan imaging with got 94.38% score in
general validation of the experts. Furthermore, 3D-printed
mannequin was in the very feasible category on the facies superolateral (93.68%), facies inferior (89.5%), and facies medial(90.17%). The limited use test showed that there was no significant difference in the posttest scores for group I (7.68) andgroup II (6.26). Delta posttest II - pretest group I (8.38) was
significantly higher than delta posttest I - pretest group I (6.00)
which showed beneficial effects of 3D-printed mannequin.
80.6% of subjects passed the limited use test.
Conclusion: 3D-printed brain mannequin gets a very decent score and is effectively used as an anatomy teaching medium.
Funding: This study was funded by Indonesia Govermentwith Penelitian Terapan scheme.
Keywords: 3D printing, Learning devices, Data base of imaging, Validation, Usability test
A-0740The Anatomy Structured Critical
Examination (ASCE) - A Validity Examination
Scott ABBOTT PATERSON, Thomas CORNWALL, Michelle SPEAR
School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Purpose: The Anatomy Structured Critical Examination(ASCE) is a practical and verbal in-person exam used to examine the anatomical knowledge, understanding, and problem
solving, in the final year of an undergraduate (UG) intercalated Bachelor of Science (iBSc). The ASCE deviates from thetraditional Objective Structured Clinical Examination in thatit consists solely of anatomy stations. Hence, the validity of thisexam merits examination. This was achieved firstly, througha careful review of the validity and how has been applied in
the context of similar assessments; secondly, through an retrospective psychometric analysis of student performance data;
and thirdly, a review of examiner perceptions of ASCE validity.
Methods: In order to quantitatively examine ASCE performance, psychometric analyses were conducted on 7 cohorts'(n=130) ASCE scores. These analyses included: assessmentof predictive and concurrent validity, and assessment of reliability and consistency of performance data. Furthermore, toexamine perceptions of validity, examiners were surveyed fortheir opinions on ASCE practice, examiner consistency andperceptions on threats to validity, including construct underrepresentation and construct irrelevant variance.
Results: Data suggest that the ASCE provides a consistent and fair assessment of student anatomy understanding
and problem solving and that internal processes protect well

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against construct underrepresentation and construct underrepresentation and construct irrelevant variance. In addition
to good performance data, examiners largely perceived positive ASCE validity.
Conclusion: Examiner perceptions and psychometric/cohort analyses provide initial construct validity evidence for the
ASCE. Findings indicate the ASCE produces reliable candidate
scores aligned with requisite anatomy knowledge and problem solving, appropriate to the level. Thus the ASCE shows
promise for making accurate inferences about candidates’
competence and performance. Ongoing gathering of validity
evidence, including student performance, is necessary to further evaluate score interpretations and uses.

We have incorporated the open loop suture technique by using a continuous suture forming a spiral in which the loops areinterrupted gradually once every stitch is tied. The operatingtime was significantly shorter, without decreasing the successrate. The technique should be useful in very small vessels by
avoiding through stitches and reducing the ischemia time incomplex free tissue transfers.
Conclusion: The open loop suture is a safe, reliable technique for obtaining a patent anastomosis with proper placement, spacing, and coaptation of the stitches more quickly.
Keywords: Microsurgical anastomosis, Open loop suturetechnique, Simple interrupted suture, Free tissue transfers
A-0786

Keywords: Examination, Assessment, Validity
A-0745

An Open Loop Suture: A Reliable Alternativein Microvascular Anastomosis

Villar-Puchades RAQUEL1, Diaz-Cuevas ANA2, Olucha-Bordonau
FRANCISCO3
1

Department of Anatomy, Associate Professor University of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
University of Valencia, UCIM, Valencia, Spain
3
Department of Anatomy, Professor University of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
2

Purpose: A microvascular technique that ensures vessel
patency and minimises the ischaemic time is very valuable
for free tissue transfers. The simple interrupted suture (IS)technique is the gold standard for end-to-end microsurgicalanastomosis. Lee introduced the open loop technique for the
anastomosis of very small vessels to avoid catching the posterior wall of the vessel. To evaluate the success of the open loop
suture (OLS) technique in very small vessels and compare itwith the simple IS technique.
Methods: The study was performed in 30 Wistar rats, using
the carotid arteries. The IS technique was performed on one
side and the OLS on the other. The endpoints evaluated were
the operating time, leakage through the anastomosis, and patency rates immediately and 1 and 72 h after the anastomosis.
The Student’s t-test was used.
Results: The mean anastomosis time was 29.97 s for IS
and 26.27 s for OLS (p=0.039). The anastomosis leakage wasmeasured using the need for additional stitches; the IS technique required 13 extra stitches and the OLS 10 (p=0.18). The
patency rates were 100% with both techniques. Discussion:

Low-Cost Innovative Adjuncts to Gross
Anatomy Teaching

Eva M SWEENEY, Christopher ARCHER, James CARTLIDGE, SarahQUIGLEY, Rebecca MCKENZIECentre for Biomedical Sciences Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United
Kingdom

Purpose: With the decrease in hours dedicated to dissection in many anatomy practicals, there is an opportunity to introduce adjunctive learning approaches. Here, we report three
low-cost interventions implemented in three programmes at
Queen’s University Belfast.
Methods: For the first intervention, a selection of airway
devices (£55) was coupled with hemisected cadaveric specimens. The second-year medical student cohort (n = 262) could
manipulate the devices to gain contextual and clinical information relating to airway anatomy. The second intervention
was a curated collection of 59 pathology specimens that were
exhibited alongside 36 accompanying information sheets andprosections in 7 first-year medicine anatomy practicals (n =268). The third intervention was a template-guided drawing
exercise focussing on the cranial nerves (available on request).
Templates were printed in A3 size, coloured markers were provided (£40), and students in the second-year BSc Human Biology class drew in concert with the example projected from thelecturer’s document camera.
Results: All students in each cohort participated in an intervention, surveys were distributed following each intervention.
Institutional ethical approval was granted for all three studies

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IFAA 2024(MHLS 24_53, MHLS 24_31, MHLS 24_50). For the airway
device, pathology, and drawing interventions the number ofsurvey respondents was 38, 35, and 27 respectively. Respondents agreed the interventions aided understanding (94, 94,
100%) and were enjoyable (100, 97, 93%). Regarding the airway
intervention, 97% agreed it helped them to appreciate the clinical context of the anatomy in their practical. In the pathology
intervention, one participant noted it “highlighted unique andinteresting conditions which wouldn’t be seen in many cadaveric bodies”. In the drawing intervention, even among students
who considered themselves poor drawers (n=19), 95% enjoyed
the activity and 100% felt it aided their understanding.
Conclusion: These novel, cost-effective teaching interventions were positively received by students, affirming their value
as adjunctive approaches to supplement anatomy practicals.
Keywords: Medical Education, Airway Anatomy, Screencast, Pathology, Gross Anatomy
A-0788Harmonizing Diversity: Introducing
a Universal Classification System for
Anatomical Variations

thorough evaluation.
Methods: Literature search was done to look for recordingsof variations in anatomy and a common classification appraoch was designed.
Results: Solid organ variations are classified as variations
in; measurements (size, weight, length); shape; consistency(presence, absence, multiplication); variation in associatedstructures or ducts (origin, termination, branching, variationin supply and consistency); and variations in blood, lymphatics
and nervous supply. For nerves, lymphatics or vessels, variations can be classified as variation in origin (level and way oforigin); variation in termination (level and method of termination as bifurcation, trifurcation etc.); consistency; and site ofsupply. Additional category of 'other' includes extra variations (hypoplasia, fenestration etc. )Conclusion: Adhering to a universal classification system
and a data base when doing research could potentially tackle
many of the challenges encountered in adressing gaps inknowledge on anatomical variations.
Keywords: Variation in anatomy, Universal Classification,
Database
A-0828

Deepan JAYAPALA, P.M.T. WARNAKULA, A.R. WIMALASUNDERA,
M.G.R.R. MUHANDIRAM

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka

Purpose: Inherent variations of gross anatomy exist withinhuman body with potential to complicate procedures and leadto misdiagnoses, if not adequately understood. Current literature shows an inconsistency in the evidence of variations andhow they are reported: different terminology and classification
systems. Most of these studies focuses on specific variations
they encounter, rather than actively observing for the others. Since anatomical variations tend to vary among populations, even the absence of certain variations is worthwhile
documenting. Most of these challenges can be overcome byapproaching with a universal classification system and a database. Though few studies have put forward classification systems they are highly specified for a single anatomical region.
In this study, we propose a simple and feasible universal classification approach and the concept of a database that would
target completeness without limiting the ability to conduct a

How Much Do They Remember? Anatomical
Knowledge Retention in Nursing EducationA Four Year Longitudinal Study
Yuwaraj (Raj) NARNAWARE

Department of Human Health and Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Canada

Purpose: The mounting evidence shows that medicine,allied health, and nursing students struggle to transfer the
crucial anatomical knowledge they gain in the first year to thesubsequent years of their program of study (Narnaware andNeumeier, 2020). However, most knowledge retention studies
have been evaluated in medical and allied health students andrarely assessed in nursing students. The present study, therefore, evaluated anatomical knowledge retention over four yearsof nursing and identified knowledge gaps to suggest targetedinterventions to mitigate knowledge gaps.
Methods: Using the online game-based quizzing platformKahoot, approx. 70-80 nursing students were quizzed on nine
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scores on the exact content of the organ systems to evaluate
overall knowledge retention over the four years.
Results: The results show that nursing students lost 33.5%,
31.8% and 29.6% in the second, third and fourth years of nursing, respectively, and knowledge loss varied greatly by thesystem, with the highest retention for the gastrointestinal system with a 10.3% knowledge loss and the lowest retention forthe head and neck lymphatic system with a 57.4% loss. Most
systems maintained similar trends of retention over time. The
special senses showed a significant loss of 20.6% in the second
year, improved its retention by 17.3% loss in the third year, andthen significantly decreased to a 37% loss in the fourth year.
The muscular system, on the other hand, showed a 30.7% loss
in the second, 40.3% in the third year and 26.6% in the fourthyear. Other organ systems exhibited significant improvementin knowledge retention over four years.
Conclusion: This study suggests that identifying potential
knowledge retention gaps in nursing cohorts will allow anatomy educators to develop robust interventional strategies tomitigate knowledge gaps in their program of study.
Funding: The principal author (Raj Narnaware) has applied
for a research meeting outreach grant.
Keywords: Nursing education, Anatomy, Knowledge retention, Undergraduate nursing, Interventions
A-0832

Undergraduate Students' Engagement
using Social Media as a Learning Resourcein Anatomy Education: A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis
Cristian ASTORGA1, Gunther REDENZ2,3
1

Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago,
Chile
2
School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago,
Chile
3
Research Unit, Clinica Indisa, Santiago, Chile

pact student learning, making it a suitable approach for digital
native students. This systematic review aimed to investigate
student engagement with social media in learning anatomy
and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on thisengagement.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy on
PubMed included terms related to 'social media', 'anatomy', and'engagement'. A meta-analysis of the proportion of students'
engagement was performed using the maximum-likelihood
model (metafor, R package).
Results: The initial PubMed search identified 565 studies,of which 11 were selected and included in the full analysis.
Most studies (10/11) involved medical students and utilized
various social media platforms: YouTube (6), Facebook (2),Instagram (2), and Twitter (1). The overall students' engagement with social media in learning anatomy was 0.87 (95% CI:
0.83 – 0.91). Before and after COVID-19, students' engagement
was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76 – 0.94) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84 – 0.93),
respectively.
Conclusion: The studies indicated a high level of students'
engagement with the use of social media as a resource inanatomy education. They also showed a variety of social media platforms, reflecting the emergence of new platforms andtrends in digital resource usage. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, high students' engagement with social media remained
consistent across platforms, suggesting its continued usefulness in anatomy education.
Keywords: Anatomy education, Social media, Engagement,
Digital learning, Meta-analysis
A-0836

Artificial Intelligence for Digital Pathology
Image Analysis
Manning WANG, Zhijian SONG

Purpose: Anatomy education is a cornerstone of health sciences curricula. However, educators face challenges such as declining contact hours and the emergence of integrated courses.
The incorporation of new learning methodologies and digital
tools, including social media, has been proposed as a strategy
to address these challenges. Researchers have reported thatusing social media in anatomy education could positively im-

Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Purpose: Histopathological image analysis is the golden
standard for most cancer diagnosis and it is a difficult andtime-consuming task for pathologists. Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) based on deep learning algorithms has been wellstudied and but this kind of methods often have poor interpretability. In this talk, we will introduce our works on im-

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proving CAD performance and its interpretability at the sametime.
Methods: Most studies in this field focus on slide level classification of Whole Slide Image (WSI), which makes it difficult
to interpret how a classification decision is made. On the contrary, we proposed patch-level classification method that cangive a reliable positive/negative prediction for each patch, so
key patches leading to the slide level prediction results can befound. To this end, we developed a weakly supervised learning
method and a few shot learning method.
Results: Experiments on public datasets show that our
method can achieve high patch-level AUC when it is trainedwith weakly labeled (slide-level labels). When the training
slides is very limited, a fairly good classification performance
can also be achieved.
Conclusion: Our method show patch-level capability when
it is only trained with weak slide-level labels or even with very
few data. It can help improve the interpretability of WSI CAD
and can be potentially used in education of histopathologicalimage analysis when the data or label is scare.

tered on their chosen anatomical areas. They have the freedom
to utilize various presentation formats, from traditional dissections to technology-driven tools like HoloAnatomy®. The
most recent cohort opted to showcase HoloAnatomy®activities,
including presentations on ophthalmology and obstetrics andgynecology.
Results: Despite receiving minimal training on the software, students demonstrated remarkable proficiency in developing and facilitating activities. Their presentations, which
incorporated features like removing tissue layers stepwise andutilizing magnification tools, were well-received by their audience.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that capitalizing on student creativity in constructing educational activities holds significant promise. Furthermore, the preference for HoloAnatomy® among students highlights its potential as a recruitment
tool for future Generation Z faculty members. In essence, as
medical education adapts to meet the needs of technologically
adept learners, embracing innovative technologies may serve
as a means to attract and retain the anatomists of tomorrow.

Keywords: Histopathological image analysis, Computer
aided diagnosis, Deep learning, Artificial intelligence

Keywords: Innovations, Teaching, Faculty, Recruitment,
Educators

A-0853

A-0876

Leveraging Innovative Teaching Methods
in Anatomy Medical Education to Attract
Generation Z Educators

Health Colleges Students’ Perceptions andAttitude of Effective Anatomy Teaching
Methods in King Khalid University, Saudi
ArabiaMitzi GLOVER

Medical Education, TCU Burnett School of Medicine, Fort Worth, United States

Mansour ALGHAMDI

Purpose: The scarcity of anatomy faculty in medical education is anticipated to worsen as senior faculty retire, coinciding
with fewer students entering the field. Adaptations in curricular structure, including time reduction for content and a shift
toward active learning, have necessitated increased integrationof technology in anatomy teaching. These changes are partly
motivated by Generation Z students' comfort with technology
and their preference for educational methods that optimize
efficiency. Can these modifications in teaching approaches beharnessed to appeal to prospective anatomy teaching assistants
and faculty?
Methods: In our anatomy elective, medical students aretasked with developing and presenting teaching activities cen-

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: Different methods and strategies have been utilized in teaching anatomy in classroom and laboratory. Due tothe increase in students’ number, costs and lack of resources,
the need to find the most effective teaching modalities is critical. The aim of this study was to determine the most perceived
and effective anatomy teaching modalities.
Methods: During the academic year 2022/2023/2024,
students at different levels at Medical, Dental and Nursing
colleges at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia were invited
to participate in online-based questionnaire. The survey composed of 8 questions and each question contains nine different

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teaching methods to be answered using five-point Likert-scale.
Results: 307 responses were collected, of which 71% were
medical students, 27% were dental students and 6% were
nursing students. Plastic models and 3D software were foundto be the most effective methods in providing a good background for other basic sciences subjects. Online videos and3D software were shown to be effective in providing a goodbackground for clinical disciplines and encourage self-directed
learning. Moreover, understanding clinical anatomy was better achieved through cadavers’ dissection.
Conclusion: Students’ perceptions can help academic staff
to select the most effective anatomy teaching methods.
Keywords: Anatomy, Students’ perceptions, Teaching
methods, Medical education
A-0901

Anatomy Assistantship Program (AAP) at
Universidad del Desarrollo

In addition, organize monthly assistant seminars, an open
instance, in which different topics of interest are addressed
through presentations and/or visit of expert guests.
Conclusion: The AAP is a fundamental pillar in the teaching-learning process of new students and is mainly based on
the near peer-teaching (NPT) strategy. Each year, the team ofassistants contributes to the anatomical teaching of more than
800 new students, while their participation in this activity allows them to develop teaching and leadership skills for the
benefit of their future professional work.
Keywords: Anatomy, Near Peer-teaching, Medical Education
A-0916

Flexing Your Knowledge: Surface
Electromyography in Surgical Training

Saleem BABRI, Ali MSAYER, Mark MIDWINTER, Kyleigh KRIENER
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Cristian ASTORGA, Rodolfo ARJONA, Jose ORTEGA, Andres MELLA,
Emilio GONZALEZ, Renato ACUNA

Deparment of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana - Universidad delDesarrollo, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: To describe the history and organization of theAnatomy Assistantship Program for undergraduate students
at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad del Desarrollo,
Chile.
Methods: Observational descriptive.
Results: The assistantship program of the Department of
Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad delDesarrollo was born in 2003 with the mission of supporting adhonorem the teaching of the Anatomy chair of the Medicine
careers and medical collaboration and is formed by part of agroup of faculty students guided by a teaching team. To become assistants, applicants must have successfully passed theAnatomy subject of their original careers, then complete anannual training course in which they deepen their anatomical
knowledge and develop relevant teaching skills for this work.
The assistantship program is mainly based on the active learning strategy: Near Peer-Teaching (NPT), developed by students
from their second year of university. The assistants can additionally participate in the preparation of material (cadaveric
dissections) and support in research within the department.

Purpose: Current demands to streamline medical educationand training are being driven by the pressures of economic andhealth demands. Such demands pose new challenges for surgical trainees, particularly in the procedural skills component oftraining. Historically, the feedback to trainees regarding procedural skills is subjective and often provided by different experts, which makes it difficult for the trainee to see a clear progression in their skills. In order to standardise surgical training,
resulting in competent surgeons has led to the call for objective
measures of skill competency. We propose the use of surface
electromyography (sEMG), which may assist with instructing
trainees on proper muscle activation and manoeuvres.
Methods: In this study, surface electrodes will be placed on
the upper limbs of participants from two different cohorts asthey place secondary trocars into synthetic abdomens (mimic)
and cadaveric abdomens. The two different cohorts will consistof experts (surgeons routinely performing laparoscopic surgery)and novices (medical students who have never performed trocar insertion). Kinematic (e.g., acceleration, applied force) andsEMG (e.g., muscle activation, number and type of muscles) parameters will be compared. The novice cohort will be asked toplace a baseline trocar into a mimic, and then will be provided
with verbal, video, and demonstrated instruction. Following instruction (intervention), students will be asked to place trocars

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into a mimic and cadaveric abdomen. Novices will be provided
with feedback based on the data collected from experts, andperformance following the intervention will be assessed.
Results: Data collection in progress.
Conclusion: This study will show the potential application of sEMG as an objective measure of performance during
training, resulting in more efficient surgical training. Such
improvements may enhance the quality of surgical education,
which can create safer, more competent surgeons, which will
ultimately result in improved patient care and safety.
Funding: WELLCOME Leap SAVE.
Keywords: Electromyography, Surgical education, Laparoscopy, Muscles, Medical
A-0917

Implementing a Virtual Reality Based
Metaverse for Enhanced Anatomy
Education: A 8 Year Development Insightmaternal-fetal anatomical models and detailed topographicalanatomy of the head and neck. We also developed a mobile application featuring screen sharing and multiplayer functionalities to further enhance accessibility and collaborative learning.
Conclusion: The virtual reality anatomy program significantly enhances traditional anatomical education by providing
an interactive, detailed exploration of human anatomy in a
structured and user-friendly environment. By facilitating thesimultaneous exploration of 3D anatomy alongside real dissection images and guides, the program effectively addresses theconstraints of real anatomy classes and enhances the practicalexperience of anatomy laboratories. We anticipate that such
digital innovations will provide unique opportunities to experience anatomy labs in a virtual space, thereby making advanced
anatomical education more accessible and collaborative.
Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Virtual reality, Metaverse
A-0919Sunhee SHIM, Sojin MOON, Sang Joon PARK

Project Planning and Direction, Medical IP, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: To address the limitations of traditional anatomy
classes, we developed an anatomical metaverse. This programis designed to enhance teaching and learning efficiency by incorporating advanced and diverse content.
Methods: Over the past 8 years, we have created and refined
anatomical models using 3D modeling techniques. The latest
version (2024) of these models has been specifically designed
for ease of use and to emphasize their utility as educational
tools in actual anatomy lectures and laboratories.
Results: While maintaining the existing systematic hierarchies, the program introduces a refined hierarchical system
divided into sections such as the back, head and neck, thorax,
abdomen, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities. This structure aligns closely with the chapters of traditional anatomy
textbooks and lab manuals. The program enables users to
explore 3D anatomy and view real dissection images and dissection guides simultaneously, enhancing its utility in anatomy
lectures and labs. The actual application of anatomy classes atSeoul National University College of Medicine in 2023 showed
that, compared to the exclusive use of cadavers, observationbased learning utilizing VR showed statistical significance(students N = 30, P<.05). Additionally, the program includes

The Declining Popularity of Wikipedia and
Its Implications for Healthcare Professionals
and Anatomists

Athikhun SUWANNAKHAN1, Laphatrada YURASAKPONG1, Napawan
TARADOLPISUT1, Taweetham LIMPANUPARB2
1

Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
Science Division, Mahidol University International College, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

2

Purpose: The evolution of medical education reflects a shift
toward favoring digital resources over traditional lectures andpromoting self-directed learning. Despite debates on its accuracy, Wikipedia's extensive use by medical professionals andstudents underscores its significant role in healthcare information dissemination. However, with the emergence of other online platforms, Wikipedia's usage over the last 10 years should
be documented. This study aims to analyze the page views ofsystematically selected Wikipedia articles over the last decade.
Methods: A total of 1,192 medicine-related articles (topimportance and high importance articles) and 408 anatomyrelated articles from the English Wikipedia were systematically selected. Monthly page views of these articles from 2015
to present were analyzed to examine the interaction between
public health interests and digital information consumption.
The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test was used to test stationarity
in time series.

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Results: Between 2015 and 2019, the collective page views of
top importance articles and high importance medicine-related
articles averaged over 8,000,000 and 30,000,000 views, respectively. Both categories reached their record highs during the
COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, reaching over 11,000,000
views and 50,000,000 views for top importance and high importance articles, respectively. In 2021, however, the page views
for top importance articles dropped below 5,000,000 views,
and high importance articles had only 20,000,000 views. Similarly, anatomy-related articles showed a drastic decline in pageviews over time, from 12,000,000 views in 2016 and 2017 to
7,000,000 views in 2023 and 2024. The Augmented DickeyFuller test indicated that the time series was non-stationary forboth medicine-related and anatomy-related articles (p=0.883
and p=0.807, respectively), suggesting a continuous decline inpage views.
Conclusion: Our data indicate that there is a continuous
decline in Wikipedia page views over the last decade for both
medicine-related and anatomy-related articles, suggesting thatusers might be turning to other sources of information.
Keywords: Wikipedia, Online resources, Medical students
A-0970Evaluating the Effectiveness of Drawing as a
Pedagogical Tool in Teaching Histology and
Human Anatomy to Dental and Allied Health
Sciences: A Three-Year Observational Study
C. BASSET1, G. F SPATOLA1, M. J UZZO1, A. R JURJUS2, A. LEONE1
1

School of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, University of Palermo Italy, Palermo, Italy
Department of Foundational Medical Studies, University of Beirut, Beirut, United States

2

Purpose: Anatomical sciences are visual sciences that deal
with the structure at gross and microscopic levels. Throughout
history, drawing has served as a prominent tool for learningand teaching anatomical sciences, tracing back to notable
figures such as Claudius Galen, Andreas Vesalius, Leonardo
Da Vinci, and Henry Vandyke Carter's illustrations in Gray’s
Anatomy among others.
Methods: In this observational pilot study spanning overthree years, we investigated the efficacy of utilizing drawing asa pedagogical tool for learning histology and human anatomy.
This study involved 201 participants comprising dental, andallied health sciences. Pre- and post-activity surveys were ad-ministered to asses students' perceptions and attitudes towards
incorporating drawing as an adjunctive method for teaching
and learning structural sciences, particularly histology andanatomy.
Results: Analysis of the survey data revealed a significant
level of appreciation and interest in the drawing approach,with 80% of participants expressing a positive inclination towards its future integration into educational practices.
Conclusion: The significance of drawing as a pedagogicalapproach for anatomical sciences, drawing upon insights fromprevious research and observations gleaned from our surveys.
In conclusion, on this basis we recommend further development and implementation of drawing-based teaching methodologies in future educational contexts.
Keywords: Teaching, Anatomy, Histology, Drawing[F. Ethics in Anatomy]
A-0187The Anatomist: The 1936 Performance ofJames Bridie’s Play in the University of the
Witwatersrand’s Dissection Hall
Brendon BILLINGS2, Goran STRKALJ1
1

Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
Africa2

Purpose: A unique event in the history of anatomy took
place in May 1936 when performance of James Bridie’s play
The Anatomist, was staged in the University of the Witwatersrand’s dissection hall. The Anatomist was based on the1828 incident when William Burk and Wiliam Hare murdered
sixteen people to sell their bodies for dissection to the famous
Edinburgh Anatomist Robert Knox. The aim of this study isto present this theatrical/anatomical production and its educational and ethical implications.
Methods: The archival materials from the University of the
Witwatersrand Central Records and Archives were analysed.
Results: The production was prepared for charitable purposes and was carried out by the Department of Anatomy
staff and students. The spiritus movens of the production
was Raymond Arthur Dart (1893-1988), the Head of recently
established Department of Anatomy. The production was

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highly successful, well received by the public and academics.
The uniqueness and appropriateness of a dissection hall as thevenue was emphasised by all reviewers as was the engaging
performance of the students and staff, particularly Raymond
Dart. The correspondence with Dart shows that students understood the value of the play and its implications for theireducational and professional careers. This is not surprising as
the play raises several ethical issues related to tissue sourcing
and education/research carried out on it.
Conclusion: Robert Knox, ‘the anatomist’ in the centre of
the Burke and Hare affaire, was not portraited negatively, as
he was seen at the time when the crimes were committed, but
as a victim of unfortunate circumstances in the noble pursuitof science. However, the ethics of using unclaimed bodies fordissection, a common practice in the 1930s, was not seen as
an ethical challenge, an issue which will be raised only by thenext generation of South African anatomists.
Keywords: History of anatomy, Medical humanities, Raymond Dart, University of the WitwatersrandA-0292Is Beauchamp and Childress’s ‘Four Pillars’of Biomedical Ethics Universally Appropriate
as an Ethical Model for Body Donation
Practices?
Jon CORNWALL2, Laura JOHNSON1
1

Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San
Antonio, United States
2
Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Results: Upholding autonomy is challenging both from acultural perspective where some societies prioritise the wishesof families over those of the individual, and a logistical perspective where acquiring informed consent is implausible withpersons who are dead. Further, dead persons are nonautonomous and cannot have autonomy violated. While beneficence
is often a genuine consequence of body donation, commercial
activities including military applications involving donors
raise questions around who benefits, and what ‘benefit’ means.
For non-maleficence, while harm to the ‘memory’ of the deadis possible, many philosophical and legal frameworks suggest
harming the dead is not possible, and the concept is therefore
difficult to apply. Determining what constitutes ‘justice’ forbody donors is challenging as minimal specific legal frameworks govern contemporary use of body donors, includingcommercial or digital activity, where ethical norms may becompromised.
Conclusion: Use of the ‘Four pillars’ as an ethical framework
for body donation is inherently problematic. Each principle appears inadequate or paradoxical in practice, when considering
the cultural, legal, and societal differences between regions.
Other normative ethical frameworks should be considered to
guide practice, given the shared operations of body donation
programs as well as our shared humanity across the globe.
Keywords: Body donation, Ethics, Normative ethics, Law,
Anatomy education
A-0527

Purpose: The ‘Four pillars’ of biomedical ethics, a normative
ethical framework proposed by Beauchamp and Childress, consist of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice as
guides for decision-making around biomedical research on theliving. It is often used as a moral-principled guide for the ethicalpractice of body donation, however, there has been little scrutiny
on whether it is appropriate for a global anatomy community.
Methods: Using a socioethical perspective, study of Beauchamp and Childress’s framework was undertaken by a systematic analysis of factors commonly used to assess normative
ethical frameworks in practice. This included a focus on universalizability, implementation, and applicability, specificallyfocusing on body donation.

Publish or Perish! A Bibliometric Analysis 271
Turkish Faculty in the Field of Anatomy
Fatma OK1, Gkionoul NTELI CHATZIOGLOU2
1

Anatomy, University of Health Sciences Hamidiye Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
Anatomy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Türkiye

2

Purpose: In the anatomy academic community, metrics indicating research output are frequently considered for faculty
promotions. The h index, an author's h paper with at least h citations, is commonly used to measure academic success. However, the index discredits junior researchers, crediting publication quantity and discounts highly cited works. Considering
the importance of bibliometrics in the academic community,
additional indexes and time-independent indexes are needed
to measure work efficiency. This study will measure the h in-

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dex independently of time (m quotient). In addition to the hindex, the g index will be compared among Turkish anatomists
as professors, associate professors, and assistant professors.
Methods: Information about universities with medical faculties was taken from "yök atlas” an official Turkish website.
Professors, associate professors, and assistant professors inanatomy in these state universities were noted. Each academician’s h index, g index, and m quotient were determined using
Google Scholar through the Publish or Perish program.
Results: Index information of 128 professors, 69 associate
professors, and 74 assistant professors in anatomy was determined. Average h indexes were determined as 13,56, 7,21, and3,93 for professors, associate professors, and assistant professors,
respectively. When we examined the time-independent h-index,
that is, m-quantities, the averages for professors, associate professors, and assistant professors were determined to be 0,58, 0.59,
and 0.36, respectively. When we examined the g indexes, theaverages for the professor, associate professor, and assistant professor were determined as 23,88, 12,28, and 6,54, respectively.
Conclusion: Similar figures are obtained when the H index is corrected independently of time. Academicians who
have longer careers have much more chances of getting cited.
Therefore, correction of the time factor should be necessary inacademic rank.

trol group was planned to evaluate student perception before
and after a two-hour module, and after cadaver exposure. Following ethical committee approval (date: 05.09.2017; number:939), surveys one week prior and one week past the module,
and a final survey after cadaver exposure at the end of springterm were utilized. The surveys included 11 scale Likert items.
Temporal changes were evaluated with ANOVA, while pairwise comparisons were done with t-test.
Results: Out of 310 first year students, the number of students who responded to the first, second, and third surveys
were 196 (63,2%), 119 (38,4%), and 82 (26,5%), respectively. A
statistically significant decrease was observed for the statement on cadaver being just a dead body for the first and thirdsurveys (p=0,008). Other statements on cadaver being a first
patient, biological material, teacher, educational tool, gift, or
entrusted to them did not change following ethics module or
cadaver exposure.
Conclusion: Turkish medical students did not have a dominant preference regarding their perception of the cadaver.
Development and implementation of an educational policy for
cadavers’ role for Turkish medical students is needed. A qualitative evaluation might help us to gain a deeper understandingof student perceptions and provide an opportunity for students to respect the body donor and gain a better appreciationof human dignity.

Keywords: H index, G index
Keywords: Anatomy education, Body donation, Cadaver,First patient, Teacher

A-0772The Effects of a Two-Hour Lecture on Ethics
in Anatomy on Perceptions of Medical
Students towards Human Cadavers
1[G. Anatomical Terminology]
A-03582

Ali Aygun YABAN , Ilke Ali GuRSES
1School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Department of Anatomy, Koc University, Istanbul, Türkiye

Purpose: Dissection practice is regarded as an effective
tool for medical students to develop nontraditional disciplineindependent skills. Structured approaches where body donors
are presented as first patients or silent teachers/mentors basedon previous studies that investigated student perceptions. To
our knowledge, no study has investigated the perceptions of
Turkish medical students towards body donors and possible
effects of lectures in ethics in anatomy on their perceptions.
Methods: A study with before-after design without a con-

The Life and Contributions of the Famous
Anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle(1809-1885) to Anatomy

Yusra Nur SANLTURK1, Nursen ZEYBEK2,1, Rabia SOLAK DONER3,1, Ayla
TEKIN ORHA4,1
1

Department Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Yalova University, Health Sciences Faculty,
Yalova, Türkiye
Department Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Okan University, Health Sciences
Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
3
Anatomy, Istanbul Aydın University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
4
Anatomy, Kocaeli Univrersity, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaelı, Türkiye
2

Purpose: German anatomist and histologist Friedrich Gus-

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tav Jacob Henle made significant contributions to the field of
medical science in the 19th century.
Methods: Having the opportunity to work with notable
figures such as Johannes Peter Müller at an early age, Henle's
career was shaped by the influence of these figures. Henle began studying medicine at the University of Bonn in 1827. Aftercompleting his education, he conducted research in anatomy,
histology, and pathology.
Results: As a distinguished anatomist, Henle had several
anatomical structures named after him, with the loop of Henle
being the most well-known a renal duct he discovered in the
mid-19th century.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes Henle's life and his lasting impact on anatomy.

Müller's nervous system and anatomical studies broke new
ground in the scientific world and made significant contributions to medical education. His multidisciplinary approach has
left a legacy in science and education, inspiring students andproviding strong foundations for the world of science.

Keywords: Friedrich henle, Henle’s ligament, Anatomy

Purpose: Terminology is an important communication tool
both within and outside certain scientific fields, so it deservesattention. When used correctly, terminology is a basic and indispensable system of terms that can help understand the intricacies of a scientific discipline, including medicine. Anatomy
is a fundamental discipline in medical education, providing
a fundamental understanding of the structure of the humanbody. Most students consider that anatomy is a difficult subject because they have to memorize body structure and organ
positions using terms they were barely familiar with before.
Anatomical terminology derived from Greek and Latin. The
ability to understand and remember anatomical terminology
is believed to be very helpful in learning anatomy and medical science. This study aims to present students’s perception
and describe how medical students remember and understandanatomical terms.
Methods: This study is an observational study involving
respondents, namely 225 students at the end of first- semester,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta,
Indonesia. The subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire
distributed in g-form. The questionnaire contains 10 questions
consisting of 8 closed and 2 opened questions. The collected
data is tabulated and presented in the form of a description.
Results: Two hundred students were responded, and it was
found that 100% of respondents admitted that anatomical terminology was very necessary and really helped them in studying medicine. The majority (92%) of respondents only becameacquainted with anatomical terms when studying at medical
faculty, because they used the national language IndonesianA-0380

Johannes Peter Muller (1801-1858): An
Esteemed Figure in Shaping Scientific
Inquiry and Advancing Medical Knowledge

Rabia SOLAK DONER1, Yusra Nur SANLITURK2, Nursen ZEYBEK2,3, Papatya
KELES2,4
1

Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Yalova University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yalova,
Türkiye3
Faculty of Health Sciences, Okan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
4
Department of Anatomy, University of Health, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
2

Purpose: The purpose of this text is to generally introduce
the life of Johannes Peter Müller and his contributions to theworld of science. It also emphasizes Müller's scientific contributions by focusing on his important work in the fields of thenervous system, visual sciences and embryology.
Methods: This text is written in a narrative format, describing Müller's biographical information, important theories andscientific experiments. As a method, the important periods inMüller's life are emphasized and the content is created by explaining his scientific studies and theories.
Results: This text, which describes Müller's life and scientific work, reveals that he was an important figure and how his
contributions to the fields of the nervous system, visual sciences and embryology affected the world of science.
Conclusion: Johannes Peter Müller's influence on the scientific world is still felt not only during his time, but also today.

Keywords: Johannes Peter Muller, Mullerian duct, Muller's
frog experiment, Anatomist, Physiologist
A-0476Student’s Perceptions of Anatomical
Terminology

Selfi HANDAYANI, Siti MUNAWAROH, Nanang WIYONO, Yunia HASTAMI
Anatomy, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia

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when studying anatomy before. Most respondents thought thatanatomical terms were difficult (90%) but they felt happy tolearn it (75%). The respondents learned by rote learning (55%),
40% learned using a certain method of collecting bridges, and
5% used mixed methods.
Conclusion: Having a good understanding and memory of
anatomical terminology is very helpful for students in studying medicine.
Keywords: Anatomical terminology, Medical students, Perception, Indonesia
A-0489Bridging the Gap: Precise English
Translations of the Terminologia Anatomica
2 - Helping a World That Doesn’t Read Latin
Stephen RUSSELL, Natalie BROWN, Mahnoor MOIN, Natalie PALMER, Ava
SHAH-BEIGI, Brenda TRAN, Michael ZHENGS
Greek and Roman Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Purpose: Our project and poster focusses on the lack ofproper English translations to accompany the Latin phrasesof the TA2. The TA2 itself offers what it terms “English
equivalent names”, which can easily be mistaken for translations; but these are actually the original English names for thesame body parts. The fact that these are so easily mistaken fortranslations often leaves those who use the TA2 unsure as toexactly how the Latin terms connect to the more vernacularversions. More broadly, this can mislead all those who use theTA2 – students, health professionals, and researchers – since
the disconnect between the Latin phrases and their vernacularversions causes them to see the phrases as mere barcodes to bememorized, rather than as complex names having their own
consistently used meaningful parts and logic.
Methods: We are currently building precise English translations (what we are tentatively calling our “McMaster translations”) for the more than 7,000 terms of the TA2.
Results: We are proposing to the anatomical/medical community that they include our very literal English translations
for each Latin phrase of the TA2 (whenever they use the English version of the TA2), consistent with the original grammar.
Conclusion: Although the TA2 is meant to be universal,
its current lack of universal acceptance is partly due to thehurdles created by eschewing literal translations.

Keywords: Terminology, TA, Translations, Latin
A-0649‘Wordotomy’ ? Removing Barriers to
Healthcare Education through Gamified
Etymology
Siobhan MOYES, John CHILTON

Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Purpose: Throughout their anatomy training, students
are inundated with new terms forming their professional
language. Recognising this obstacle, we created a learning resource for our students, combining gameplay and visual cues
to highlight how etymology facilitates learning new technicalterms. After successful integration into the curriculum, thisresource has been shared more widely and is now utilised byhealthcare educators around the world (www.wordotomy.
com).
Methods: Wordotomy are specially designed cards resembling standard playing cards. Each card has the word ‘root’printed on one side, e.g. ‘pathy’. On the reverse the root is repeated with its meaning, alongside a visual representation of
the definition and an example of the root used in a biomedical
context, e.g. ‘neuropathy’. Different gameplay approaches tailor the student experience. Global, semi-quantitative feedback
was obtained from surveys completed by students after using
the game in timetabled teaching sessions. Detailed qualitative
feedback was gained from focus groups of medical undergraduates.
Results: Before playing Wordotomy, 27% of first year medical students had never previously considered that understanding word roots helps understand definitions. A further 24%
were aware that terms could be broken down into roots but did
not realise these had meaning. Over 50% of students were unaware of how to use etymology to decipher technical language.
Conclusion: Wordotomy is integrated into a range of different anatomy programmes and we are working with other educators to create ‘expansion packs’ that explore specific topics orlearning stages. A strength of Wordotomy is emphasising – visually and textually – the meaning of morphemes rather thantheir linguistic derivation or using homonyms. This reduces
reliance on memorisation, aids retention of knowledge andequips learners with the skills and confidence to understandand apply new vocabulary. Here we present our findings on

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how a gamified approach to etymology can reduce barriers tofurther learning.
Keywords: Etymology, Terminology, Gamification, Wordotomy
A-0928Overview of the Uterine Natural Killer Cell’s
Discovery - One of the Human Cells with theHighest Number of Synonymous Names
Ivan VARGA1, Kristina VISNYAIOVA2, Lenka LAPIDES1

cells or endometrial natural killer cells (unlike the commonly
known term uterine NK cells).
Conclusion: We are surprised that even after more than 70
years since their detailed description, there is no mention ofuterine NK cells in most of the latest textbooks on histology.
Funding: This research was funded by a grant from The
Slovak Ministry of Education (No. VEGA 1/0625/23), entitled“Immunologically active endometrial cells in the context ofembryo implantation and their targeting in the treatment ofinfertility”.

1

Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine,
Bratislava, Slovak Republic2
Second Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comenius University, Faculty of
Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Keywords: Uterine NK cells, Endometrial granular cells,
Terminologia Histologica, Histology Education, History ofHistology

Purpose: Morphologically, uterine NK cells correspond tolarge granular lymphocytes and belong to innate immunity.
They represent 70% of maternal leukocytes during pregnancy.
Methods: Review including the study of archival sources aswell as a comprehensive review of current world textbooks ofhistology and uterine pathology.
Results: The discovery of uterine NK cells is generally attributed to Herwig Hamperl, one of the most prominent representatives of German pathology. Hamperl (1950), in his firstcomprehensive work, refers to the newly discovered cells in theendometrium as fluorescent granular cells o “fluorocytes”. In
his subsequent manuscript in 1954, Hamperl named these cells“endometrial granulocytes”. Later, Hamperl and his co-worker
Gisela Hellweg (1958) described these cells as “granular endometrial stromal cells” (Körnchenzellen or K cells). In the 1980s
and early 1990s, after the routine introduction of immunohistochemistry into practice, these cells began to be referred to as“large granular lymphocytes”. Around 1990, they were finallyidentified as a type of natural killer cell. In that time, the firstscientific publications that named this cell population as thecurrently known “uterine/decidual NK cells” were published.
There are probably few cells in the human body with as manydifferent names as uterine NK cells. Eponymously, they arecalled Hamperl cells after their discoverer. Hamperl himself
named them “K cells”. Surprisingly, this name also appears incontemporary textbooks focused on uterine pathology. Another historical term, but at the same time an utterly misleading
term, is “endometrial stromal granulocyte”, which neverthelessappears in some contemporary histology textbooks. Terminologia Histologica refers to these cells as endometrial granular[H. Inno-Anatomy]
A-0027

Macroscopic Staining of Brain Sections:
An Effective Innovative Tool to Interpret
Cross Sectional Neuroanatomy - Students
Perspective
Rohini PUNJA, Mamatha HOSAPATNA

Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education,
Manipal, India

Purpose: Neuroanatomy is considered one of the most challenging parts of anatomy curriculum and the complexity inunderstanding neuroanatomy generates from the lack of a 3-dimensional view of the structures. Since everything appears grey
and white and is difficult to differentiate the various structuresin a cross section of brain, staining aids in the visual interpretation and retention. There are various staining methods employed such as Mulligan's method, Alston's method, Prussian
blue reaction method, however the results obtained by Alston’s
method was the best as gathered from previous literature.
Methods: The study was conducted in the department of
Anatomy, formalin fixed brain slices measuring 10 mm thickness were stained using Alston’s method. 250 medical studentsof the first professional year were demonstrated features suchas the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform and thalamus in the stained and unstained horizontal sections of cerebrum during their neuroanatomy practical sessions. Following

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which a feedback was collected regarding both the specimens
using Microsoft Forms.
Results: There was a positive feedback from the students
with 85% of them preferring the stained over the unstained
section. Excerpts from the open ended question where all infavour of the stained sections -“much easier to see and identify
the parts in the stained section because of the clear distinction
between white and grey matter”.
Conclusion: Macroscopic staining of sections of the brain
using Alston’s method could be implemented as an innovative
method for effective teaching of neuroanatomy since students
appreciated the structures better in the stained sections which
enhanced their retention of neuroanatomy. Since Alston stain
produces the least shrinkage, these stained sections could be
utilized for research studies and such specimens could also beplatinated.
Funding: This research did not receive any specific grantfrom funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not forprofit sectors.
Keywords: Alston stain, Grey and white matter, Neuroanatomy, Cross section, Cerebrum
A-0176Polyethylene Glycol Reduces Hangover
Symptoms with Protection of Liver andIntestine against Alcohol Consumption

Beom Sun CHUNG1, Byung Young CHOI1, Won Gil CHO1, Tom RYU2,
Keungmo YANG3
1

Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republicof Korea
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease
Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Collegeof Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Present study revealed the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol (PEG) for hangover symptoms with mousemodel of binge drinking.
Methods: 8-week-old male C57BL6J wild type (WT) micewith vehicle, binge drinking (4 g/kg body weight), or binge
drinking plus PEG (2 g/kg body weight) were analyzed bybehavioral test and blood concentration test using gas chromatography. H&E, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted with the slides of liver andintestine. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry were utilized with tissue andmononuclear cells of liver and tissue of intestine.
Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) andalanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and mRNA levels of
Cyp2e1 and Tnf were upregulated in binge drinking group of
mice, compared to controls. Elevated neutrophil infiltrationand increased damage of hepatocytes were observed by flow
cytometry and histologic finding in binge drinking group.
Also, collapsed intestinal barrier and activated cytochrome
P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) wereshown in slides of intestine in acute alcohol consumption
group, compared to the vehicle. Concentrations of ethanol
and acetaldehyde in blood were increased and behavioral test
showed impaired motor function of mice in the binge group.
Interestingly, PEG administration after alcohol consumption
significantly downregulated serum AST and ALT levels anddecreased mRNA level of Tnf of liver tissue. Liver injury wasrecovered and neutrophil infiltration was decreased with liverof additional PEG-treated mice. Moreover, gut injury was reduced and expression of ADH and CYP2E1 in the gut barrier
were downregulated in histologic findings of intestine of PEG
group. Increased blood concentration of ethanol and acetaldehyde and motor impairment due to acute ethanol consumption drastically recovered with PEG administration.
Conclusion: PEG administration after acute binge drinking
would be a novel therapeutic option for protection of liver andgut, and reducing hangover symptoms.
Keywords: Polyethylene glycol, Alcoholic liver disease, Intestine, HangoverA-0179Enhancing Diversity, Equality, andInclusivity in the 6th Edition of anInternational Anatomy and Physiology
Textbook: Challenging Our Own
Assumptions, a Paradigm Shift in Medical
Education
Ross MUNRO1, Evie O'ROURKE1, Jonathan STEPHENS1, Claire SMITH2
1

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery andCancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

2

Purpose: As teachers it is often difficult to know how to

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move away from the notion of a ‘textbook’ example. As authors
there is an opportunity to champion change, to assist teachersand students in taking forward evolving understanding into
practice.
Methods: In creating the 6th edition of an established international anatomy and physiology textbook, this talk charts
the decisions undertaken to enable a transformative evolution
to align with the evolving needs of modern medical educationand patient care. The changes were conceived with a resolute
focus on fostering inclusivity, embracing diversity, and ensuring gender equality in medical illustration and content. The
driving force behind this initiative stemmed from a criticalassessment of inherent biases in medical illustration and a lackof comprehensive information regarding diverse anatomies.
A multifaceted approach was adopted, aimed at addressingthese disparities comprehensively. Championing inclusivity byensuring representation of diverse skin tones across illustrations and prioritized gender equality by incorporating relevant
physiological data for both sexes.
Results: The new edition brought forth progressive content
additions, including transgender anatomy, women's health,and pivotal physiological aspects such as menopause, pregnancy, and labor. It was crucial to rectify outdated anatomicalterminology, removing eponyms where possible, and therebyreflecting contemporary medical knowledge.
Conclusion: Our aspiration is for this edition to resonate
with students, serving as a cornerstone in their education, and,ultimately, as a catalyst for more equitable and patient-centered
medical practices in the forthcoming decades.
Funding: Funding to attend IFAA was co funded by Brighton and Sussex Medical School and Elsevier.
Keywords: Textbook, Inclusivity, Anatomy and Physiology,
Transgender Anatomy

A-02393-Dimensional Analysis of Physiological
Sclerotic Dentin via MicroCT

Muhammad Zaid ZAINUDDIN1, Noor Shafini MOHAMAD5, Tan SU KENG3,
Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera MOHD YUSOF2,4
1

Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia
2
Centre of Oral & Maxillofacial Diagnostics & Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia
3
Centre for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Studies (OMFS), Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia
4
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of
Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Malaysia
5
Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter,
Exeter, United Kingdom

Purpose: Physiological dentin sclerosis is a natural physiological process of the tooth. In sclerotic dentin, mineraldeposits accumulate within the dentinal tubules startingfrom the external end of the tubules near the cementum andprogresses towards the pulp chamber, beginning at the apicalroot expanding coronally. Physiological dentin sclerosis has aunique characteristic in which it occurs at the mesiodistal endsof the tooth as opposed to the buccolingual ends, displaying
a distinctive butterfly-shaped pattern when the tooth is cut
horizontally through the midline. In terms of practical significance, physiological dentin sclerosis has been documented
to hold importance and influence endodontic treatments andforensic odontology research. Despite the advancements ofcurrent imaging techniques, physiological sclerotic dentin has
yet to be visualized independently without the surrounding
normal dentin. As of today, the measurement of physiological sclerotic dentin has only been limited to 2-dimensional
measurements, focusing on its length and area. There is no
known practical method for measuring volumetric physiological sclerotic dentin. In this study, we propose a novel innovative method to quantify the volume of physiological sclerotic
dentin utilising micro-computed tomography (microCT)generated gray-scale value.
Methods: 30 single-rooted non-gender specific premolars of known chronological age from the Malay population
were scanned using a microCT scanner (XSlicer SMX-6000,
Shimadzu, Japan). The X-ray source was operated at a voltage of 160 kV and a current of 100 µA. 3-dimensional volumedatasets for every tooth were reconstructed and densitometry
analysis were performed on the root dentin region.
Results: Results show that the microCT-generated grey-

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scale profile of the sclerotic dentin region is capable of visualising the distinctive mesiodistal butterfly-shaped pattern seen inphysiological sclerotic dentin sections.
Conclusion: This method though in its infancy opens theavenue for future accurate 3-dimensional analysis of sclerotic
dentin for both clinical and dental forensic purposes in bothwhole and fragmented teeth.
Keywords: Sclerotic Dentin, MicroCT, Dental Anatomy,
Forensic Odontology, Endodontics
A-0276

Meniscal Motion: The Relation between
Meniscal Dynamics and Tibiofemoral
Kinematics

Aline VAN OEVELEN1,2, Matthias PEIFFER1, Amelie CHEVALIER2, Gunther
STEENACKERS2, Emmanuel AUDENAERT1,2, Kate DUQUESNE1
1

Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Electromechanics, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium

2

Purpose: The mechanical stress on the knee joint accumulates with the repetitive impact of over 1 million steps taken
every year. Recognizing the pivotal role of the menisci indistributing pressure over the tibial plateau, researchers havebeen intrigued by meniscal dynamics for over 30 years. However, progress in understanding meniscal dynamics has been
impeded by limitations in imaging resolution and discrete positional assessment. Hence, the primary objective of this study
is to develop a computational knee model to continuously assess meniscal dynamics. This model will hypothesize the conformity of meniscal dynamics to the underlying tibiofemoral
kinematics.
Methods: A high-resolution MRI dataset of healthy subjects(n = 11, mean age 25.4 years ± 2.58) was employed, capturing
knees in 4 configurations of flexion. In each configuration,
the menisci were modeled as elastic, volume preserving structures extending from the anterior to the posterior horn andadapting to the underlying tibiofemoral anatomy. Continuous meniscal modeling between 0° and 90° of knee flexion
was achieved through the application of Principal Polynomial
Shape Analysis (PPSA). Subsequently, meniscal displacement
was measured point-dependently in the presence of anatomical correspondence.
Results: Initial knee flexion revealed a 4.47 mm displace-ment at the anterior horn of the medial meniscus, reaching amaximum of 6.24 mm at 60° of flexion. At 90° of flexion, thelargest displacement occurred at the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus, measuring 6.51 mm.
Conclusion: The results affirmed a strong correlation between meniscal dynamics and tibiofemoral kinematics. Moreover, the introduction of point-dependent distance calculations based on anatomical correspondence enabled automaticand standardized distance calculations, surpassing manual
measurements. Advancing beyond static meniscal modeling,utilizing Principal Polynomial Shape Analysis (PPSA), an innovative computational model was developed and validated.
The dynamic knee model demonstrated potential as an educational instrument for advancing comprehension of meniscal
movement.
Funding: This work was supported by an Aspirant Grant
from the Research Foundation – Flanders (#1122821N, FWO)
(AVO).
Keywords: Computational Modeling, Meniscal Dynamics,
PPSA
A-0307

The Development and Application of WebBased 3D-Scanned Anatomical Specimens
for the Instruction of Pelvic Gross Anatomy
as a Preparation for Dissection for 3rd Year
Medical Students

Pimratchanee SOONSATHAM1, Tharit KHUNUNYHAPORN1,
Atthaboon WATTHAMMAWUT1, Somjai APISAWETAKAN1, Worakamol
KUANPRADIT2, Chitraporn KUANPRADIT1
1

Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Eastern Languages, Faculty of Humanity Srinakhariowirot University, Bangkok, Thailand

2

Purpose: For the instruction of pelvic anatomy for 3rd year
medical students at faculty of medicine, we observed that the
instructors and learners encountered obstacles including thevariability of 1) cadaveric organs, 2) the experience of instructors, 3) the preparedness of the students and 4) tight learningschedule. In this study, we explored the efficacy in addressingthese obstacles through the use of web-based 3D model for the
student to review prior to dissection.
Methods: The generation of pelvic web-based 3D model involved the use of illumination 3D scanning device, 3D photo-

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grammetry and photogrammetric software. Then models wererefined using 3D sculpting software and uploading onto the
Sketchfab 3D visualization. Clinical guidelines and quizzes arealso added in 3 languages Thai, English and Chinese. For theefficacy assessment, a total of 150 medical students were included. After the lecture session, the students were then introduced to the annotated web-based 3D models before doing the
cadaveric dissection. The learning outcomes were measured
using worksheets and spot tests. The scores were compared to
the last academic year and the comments given by the students
were analyses.
Results: The spot test average scores of the student using
the web-based 3D-model were higher than the previous yearby 14.8% (from 7.98 to 9.46 out of 10). The worksheet scoresalso increased from 7.25 to 8.56 out of 10 (13.10%). Commentsfrom students were, 72% positive feedback while 26% left nocomments and the negative feedback was 2%. The student satisfaction score also increased from 4.25 to 4.49 out of 5.
Conclusion: Using web-based 3D model of pelvic real specimens was helpful. The top three advantages were 1) showing
the complete major organs which many are missing from the
cadavers, 2) to be able to study anywhere at any time 3) gain
some experience before dissecting cadavers.
Funding: Srinakharinwirot University.
Keywords: Web-based 3D model, Gross anatomy real specimen, Pelvis anatomy, 3D cadaveric dissection, Pelvis 3D
A-0359outh conducted action research, utilising a mixed-methods
approach. Initial focus groups were held to identify students'
perceptions, benefits, and challenges while interacting with
the Anatomage platform. Thematic analysis produced a plethora of themes, one of which was group work. Evidence-based
interventions were then implemented based on the identified
challenges, including decreasing group size and instructing
students to rotate roles within their groups. Subsequently,
a questionnaire and second series of focus groups were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.
Results: Analysis of initial focus group data revealed thatgroup size and dynamics significantly impacted students'
experiences with the Anatomage platform. The implemented
interventions successfully addressed these issues, as evidenced
by the positive outcomes observed in the follow-up questionnaire and focus groups. Additional subthemes emerged fromthe post-intervention data collection, providing insights into
how facilitation, social pressure, peer learning, and working
with friends affected group work. Further interventions will becreated and assessed to address these subthemes.
Conclusion: This research contributes to the optimisationof small-group learning when integrating virtual anatomy into
curricula. The authors provide practical advice informed bypedagogical principles, as well as insights from management
and psychology, offering a multidisciplinary perspective foreducators seeking to enhance anatomy education through virtual platforms.
Keywords: Virtual anatomy, Digital anatomy, Anatomy innovation, Groupwork, Anatomy education

Optimising Group Work Strategies in
Virtual Anatomy Education

A-0371

Lily EVANS, Lauren SINGER, Ife AGBEJA, Daniel ZAHRA, Siobhan MOYES
Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to capture students' overall perceptions of the virtual anatomy platform
Anatomage, and address the challenges and benefits associatedwith its use. This facet of the research focuses on small grouplearning and aims to contribute practical guidance to enhancing small group work skills during virtual anatomy use whichis crucial for healthcare professionals. Currently, there is little
guidance supported by pedagogic principles on how to successfully incorporate this into virtual anatomy curricula.
Methods: Anatomy educators at the University of Plym-

Vegetable as Learning Tool to Study
Anatomy: Tomato vs Kidneys

Prakash MANICKAM KUMARASAMY, Samaila MANICKAMKUMARASAMY

Anatomy Department, Newcastle University Medicine, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Purpose: Since time immemorial, cadavers has been used
for the teaching of human anatomy in medical schools. However, due to proliferations of medical schools and some acts,
getting access to human tissues is becoming difficult, which
resulted to development of platinates and digital methods foranatomy teachings.This study aims to highlights new teach-

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ing tool for studying anatomy; by comparing the anatomy oftomato to that of goat’s kidneys for demonstrations in medical
education.
Methods: The tomato was sliced transversely, while thekidneys longitudinally to show their inner structures. Usingsame-coloured pins, the anatomical structures of the kidneys
were labelled, while structures in the tomato that resembles theidentified kidneys structures were also labelled and compared.
Results: The following parts of the tomato were successfullycompared with the anatomy of the kidney; the exocarp is renal
capsule, the mesocarp is the cortex, endocarp is the medulla,
locular cavity resembles the pyramids, placenta of tomato
resembles the major calyx and minor calyx, and finally thecolumella represent as the hilum. Additionally, students gave
positive feedbacks after the learning sessions.
Conclusion: This innovation showed that, anatomy can belearned even using vegetables such as tomatoes.
Keywords: Tomato, Goat kidney, Anatomy, Cadavers, Education
A-0375

Assessment of Skeletal Age in Children
using Artificial Intelligence - A Mini Review

Results: Current available automated bone age assessment
softwares include Bone Xpert, VUNO Med-BoneAge, MediAIBA solution and OpenBoneAge. Machine learning techniques
include Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and conventional(non deep) Machine Learning (ML) models. The RSNA paediatric Bone Age Challenge showed the applicability of ML
and AI in medical imaging as an emerging tool and methodsof improving diagnostic care. AI model based on GP and TW
methods showed clinical efficacy by reducing reading timeand improving the inter-observer reliability. Those models
have used Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). A Koreanmodel based on CNN showed a better performance in bone
age assessment than GP-based model.
Conclusion: AI offers an automated way to offload timeconsuming manual processes and improve practitioner performance. Convolutional neural network based deep learningmodels improve the accuracy and consistency and helps toreduce the burden on clinical personnel. Heterogeneity amongstudies in terms of age ranges, dataset sizes, and performance
metrics make the comparison challenging. Research should
explore socioeconomic, ethnic, and other factors that affect thebone age.
Keywords: Skeletal age, Artificial intelligence, Medical imaging, Convelutional Neural Networks

Sameera WIJAYAWARDHANA1, Buddhi GAMAGE2, Jerrad FERNANDO3,
Pujitha WICKRAMASINGHE4,5

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
3
Department of Radiology, Lady Ridgway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka
4
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
5Professorial Paediatric Unit, Lady Ridgway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka

A-0388

Purpose: Paediatric skeletal age assessment plays a role inmedical as well as non medical fields. The most widely usedmethods of skeletal age assessment are Greulich Pyle (GP) andTanner Whitehouse (TW) methods using hand x-rays. The
advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have paved the way
for automated and objective approaches to bone age assessment. This review provides an overview of the current stateof research on the application of AI in bone age assessment inchildren.
Methods: A mini-review was conducted to search the roleof AI in bone age assessment in children. The AI models used
to assess the skeletal age and the accuracy of the models usedwere reviewed.

Tereza BACOVA1,3, Miloslav VILIMEK2, Vlasta DVORAKOVA1, DavidKACHLIK1,4, Vaclav BACA1,3, Zdenek HORAK2,3

1
2

Anatomical Structures in an Improved
Realistic Mathematical Eye Model for the
Simulation of Blunt Eye Injuries
1

Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech
Republic
Department of Technical Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
3
Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic4
Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic2

Purpose: Mathematical modelling and biomechanicalanalysis is already a routine part of medical practice for thedescription of the mechanisms of physical forces on biologicalsystems. The key to performing biomechanical computational
analyses is to define the individual structures of a given system, including their material properties. The aim of the study

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was to improve the model of the eye described in the literatureby the addition of other anatomical structures whose injuries have been described in the clinical literature - the ciliarymuscle and the iris. This updated model of the eye was thensubjected to dynamic effects simulating a blow, and the risk ofoverloading, which could lead to disability of individual structures and impairment of the functionality of the optical system
was identified.
Methods: Analyses were performed as numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM) of Abaqus. The
model simulated a blunt rigid body impact at 50 m/s, which isthe speed of a baseball ball during a swing.
Results: The biomechanical FE simulations clearly showedwhich anatomical structures were at the highest risk of being
damaged, not only in absolute terms, but also as a function oftime. The simulations showed the load distribution from thecornea through the iris, the ciliary body, the lens including its
suspension apparatus, the vitreous and the bulbar wall. The
deformation of the eyeball was also shown as a function of themagnitude and direction of the applied forces.
Conclusion: The results will lead to a better understandingof the mechanism of injury of individual anatomical structures. The biomechanical analyses also showed that the developed model can be applied in other areas, such as the stability
analysis of the dynamic system of the eye after artificial lens
implantation or the healing risks of transcorneal approaches
in ocular surgery.
Funding: 170/10/IGS 2320 IGS, VSPJ Cooperatio 43, Charles
University.
Keywords: Eye Anatomy, Injury, Biomechanical Simulation, FEM
A-0401

Medical Illustrations and the Role of theAnatomist
Joyce EL-HADDAD1,2, Quentin FOGG3,4

and accurate information. Medical illustrations play a crucial role in medical education, research, and communication.
While medical illustrators contribute anatomical, technical,
and artistic expertise to translate dense medical literature
visually, current attribution standards often fall short in acknowledging the collaborative nature of medical illustrationand is specifically of concern in anatomical illustration. Thispotentially leaves the specific contributions of anatomists
underrepresented, thus impacting the genuine recognition or
acknowledgment of work. The aim of this study is to highlightthe existing gap in attribution guidelines for medical illustrators, emphasising the pivotal role and vast range of skills theanatomist in this dynamic.
Methods: A structured review of the historical evolutionof medical illustration, the symbiotic relationship between
anatomists, clinicians and illustrators will be conducted. Additionally, showcasing select examples of medical illustrations
created for surgical education and social media will illustrate
the intricate process involved and emphasise the considerable
technical and anatomical expertise contributed during theircreation.
Results: The history and contemporary practices of anatomists, clinicians and illustrators are closely entwined. Considerable evidence has been presented to demonstrate the uniqueand individually valuable contributions made by each, although attribution has been a consistent weakness throughout
all eras investigated. Ethical considerations are necessitated inthis discussion, particularly around issues surrounding accurate attribution, informed consent, and the need for comprehensive guidelines that reflect the shared contributions of bothparties, and that can be recognised by institutions as anotherbranch of the traditional “impact factor”.
Conclusion: By recognising the unique expertise eachprofessional brings to the process, this study advocates forenhanced attribution practices that bridge the gap between artistic technical, creative, and anatomical precision in medical
illustrations.

1

Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3
Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia
4
Melbourne Academy of Surgical Anatomy (MASA), The University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia
2

Keywords: Medical illustration, Surgical illustration, Anatomy art, Author attribution, Social media

Purpose: Medical illustrations are essential to the story
telling element of medicine and science by conveying complex
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A-0436

conditions may be established for the development of MPI
equipment technology for human.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2C1010951
and by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) of Republic of Korea, grant number 23YS1110.

Tumor Restriction Hyperthermia in Cancer
Treatment using MPI (Magnetic Particle
Imaging)

Eun-Jin LEE1, Oyunbileg DASH1, Thanh DO THI1, Yun Hee KANG2,3, Seung
Ro HAN2,3, Hong-il YOO1, Tai-Kyong BAIK1, Dae-Yong SONG1
1

Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
2
Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republicof Korea
3
Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea

Purpose: Hyperthermia (HT) for cancer treatment has
been utilized in clinical trials as a monotherapy and is provento be highly effective when combined with other treatment
modalities such as radiation and chemotherapy. Clinical hyperthermia is characterized by a local increase in temperature(38-42°C) in malignancies. According to reports, cancer cells
have a comparatively greater sensitivity to cell apoptosis/
necrosis compared to normal cells, as well as an immune response to heat. In this study, a high-frequency hyperthermiathat induces the formation of alternating current magnetic
fields (AMF) was developed based on MPI. In addition, compared with similar SPIONs available, it aims to achieve heatby injecting synomag-D, a SPION that has an efficient heating
capacity for the equipment, into the tumor.
Methods: Subcutaneous injections of 2 × 106 CT26 cells
per head Balb/C mice. tumor volumes reached approximately
100 mm3, intratumoral injection of SPIONs (2 mg of Fe/cm3
tumor) Mice were exposed to 30 min of AMF with a frequencyof 20 kHz, 100 mT for 30 min.
Results: We successfully identified and validated commercially available SPIONs that were most suitable for hyperthermia equipment Dextran-based magnetic nanoparticles, Synomag-D were employed as they exhibit excellent properties asa tracer for MPI-hyperthermia. mouse received intratumoral
injection of Synomag- D SPIONs (Fe 6 mg/head). The temperature curve of the MHT has been extrapolated using the thermal camera data. The skin surface temperature was measured
up to 40°C in tumors that received SPION injections.
Conclusion: As the hyperthermia continued, the immune
response promoted cancer cell phagocytosis, and the effectof preventing metastatic spread and tumor growth was confirmed by screening the expressed factors. the direction of
nano-based medical treatment technology can be shown, andKeywords: Magnetic particle Imaging (MPI), SPION, Hyperthermia, Nanomedicine, Caner therapy
A-0444

Fine Tuning-Based Super-Resolution Method
for Developing Precise Human Digital Twins

Donghun YANG1, Jae-Yong LEE1, Min-Yung CHANG3, Ji-Young SON4,5,
Kyong-Ha LEE1,2, Seung-Ho HAN4,5
1

Large-Scale AI Research Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information(KISTI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2
Large-Scale AI Research Group, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
3
Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
4
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
5
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Developing precise digital twins of humans requires high-resolution medical images, which are typicallycostly and time-consuming to obtain. While AI-based superresolution models offer a solution, the majority of them are
not tailored for medical images, thereby limiting their ability
to provide precise and finely detailed results. Therefore, thisstudy proposes an AI-based precision medical image-specificsuper-resolution model by fine-tuning the pre-existing generaldomain super-resolution model on the medical images.
Methods: This study introduces an AI-based precision
medical image-specific super-resolution model, fine-tuning
the state-of-the-art general domain models such as BSRGAN,DPSR, HAT, RealESRGAN, and SwinIR. We fine-tuned thosemodels on 1.9 million high-quality medical images of theDigital Korean dataset, owned by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI). To validate theeffectiveness of the proposed model, we compared and analyzed the existing model with the fine-tuned model with Peak
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) as a performance evaluation
metric. Furthermore, generated high-resolution medical images were evaluated by anatomy and medical imaging experts

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from Ewha Womans University to confirm their suitability.
Results: All proposed models outperformed the existingmodels, with 2.12dB higher PSNR on average. It is believedthat the proposed models were not only well-adapted to
medical domain, but also effectively incorporated the general knowledge from existing models. Moreover, the expert's
evaluation indicated that the proposed models demonstrated
superior super-resolution performance compared to existingmodels.
Conclusion: This study presents super-resolution models
specifically designed for medical images, demonstrating significant improvement in the quality of low-resolution medical
images. These advancements are poised to enhance 3D human body modeling and enable precise digital human twins.
Furthermore, the development of high-quality medical image
datasets is expected to improve medical diagnosis, surgicalplanning, and spur future advancements in medical imaging.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI)(No. (KISTI) K-24-L01-C03-S01, (NTIS) 1711198423), and the
Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea
Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by
the Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant
number: HI23C0170).
Keywords: Human Digital Twin, Super-resolution, Digital
Korean, Transfer Learning, Mean Opinion Score
A-0501

Calculating Curvature through Gradient
Descent and Nonlinear Regression: A
Novel Mathematical Approach to Digital
Anatomical Morphometry
Carl OLSON1,2, David KACHLIK1,2, Azzat AL-REDOUAN1,2

Measuring the curvature of a projecting structure allows fora more accurate description of the structure’s behavior in regards to its proximal–distal course in a given plane. The objective of this study is to develop a quick, quantitative method for
determining structural curvature from digital images.
Methods: Projection angulation and curvature was modeled on and assessed by the acromion of 50 dry scapulae.
Digital images were taken at a known scale, perpendicular
to the acromion, and then processed with ImageJ software.
Angles were measured by the angle tool and for curvature,seven markers were placed along the external and internal
margins of the acromion. Utilizing Excel’s Solver function, thecoordinate points were passed through a rotation matrix andoptimized for second order regression. Solver was instructedto minimize the sum of squared estimated error between our
measured and calculated coordinate values by manipulating
the angle of point rotation and regression equation coefficients.
Results: Significant differences were found between external, internal, and midline acromion measurements in bothangles and curvatures. External angle = 80.8 (14.2) °; internalangle = 130.3 (13.6) °; midline angle = 105.6 (10.5) °; [reported
as mean (SD)]. External curvature = 0.055 (0.015) mm-1; internal curvature = 0.035 (0.025) mm-1; midline curvature = 0.046(0.017) mm-1; [reported as median (IQR)].
Conclusion: Solver allows for researchers and clinicians toquickly characterize morphometric courses and properties ofa given structure. Paired with other scalar measurements, curvature can complete the picture of an anatomical structure’s
pattern.
Funding: This work was supported by the Grant Agencyof Charles University (GAUK), Prague, Czech Republic [grantnos.: 1720119 and 2120319].
Keywords: Curvature, Angle, Gradient Descent, Morphometry, Acromion

1

Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
2
Centre for Endoscopic, Surgical and Clinical Anatomy (CESKA), Second Faculty of
Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Purpose: Measurement of angular projection of structures
has long been an established approach in anatomical morphometry, particularly in regards to bones. However, many ofthe described projection angles are in reference to inherently
curved structures, often oversimplifying their topologies.
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A-0552

Ethical Dimensions of AI Integration in
Anatomical Research: Balancing Innovation
with Societal Values

Onyinye OZIOKO1, Emmanuel AJAH2, Ignatius OZOR1, Moses ORIASOTIE3,
Ogugua EGWU4, Uche OZIOKO1, Finbarrs ELIZABETH5

and societal values. By engaging in transparent dialogue andcollaborative decision-making, stakeholders can collectively
navigate the ethical complexities of AI integration, ensuringthat technological innovation aligns with the broader goals of
improving patient care, promoting equity, and upholding ethical integrity in healthcare delivery.

1

Anatomy, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
Anatomy, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Oxford, Oxfordshire, United
Kingdom3
School of Anatomical Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
4
Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
5
Anatomy, David Umahi Federal University of Health Science, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
2

Purpose: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into
anatomical research has heralded a new era in medical diagnostics and therapies. AI-driven algorithms exhibit unprecedented accuracy and efficiency in analyzing complex anatomical data, offering transformative potential for healthcaredelivery. However, as AI technologies become increasingly
ubiquitous in clinical practice, ethical considerations surrounding their implementation demand careful examination.
This study seeks to elucidate the ethical dimensions inherent
in integrating AI within anatomical research and clinical settings. By analyzing current ethical frameworks and synthesizing empirical evidence, we aim to delineate the challenges andopportunities AI presents in the context of medical diagnostics
and therapies.
Methods: A systematic review of literature about AI applications in anatomical research and healthcare ethics was
conducted. Additionally, qualitative interviews with healthcare professionals and AI experts were undertaken to gather
insights into real-world ethical dilemmas and stakeholder perspectives.
Results: Our analysis reveals a spectrum of ethical considerations stemming from the integration of AI in anatomical
research, including issues related to data privacy, algorithmictransparency, patient autonomy, and equity in healthcare access. Furthermore, we identify potential strategies for navigating these ethical challenges, such as developing standardized
protocols for AI algorithm validation, enhancing patient education on AI-enabled healthcare interventions, and fosteringinterdisciplinary collaboration among stakeholders.
Conclusion: The integration of AI in anatomical researchholds immense promise for revolutionizing medical diagnostics and therapies. However, realizing this potential must be
accompanied by a steadfast commitment to ethical principles

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Anatomical research,
Healthcare ethics
A-0586

AR-Based Interactive Rehabilitation Exercise
System Focused on Hand and Wrist Joint
Movement
So Jin MOON1, Sang Eun PARK2, Seung Min RYU3, Namkug KIM4
1

Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Computer Engineering, HongIk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Orthpedic Surgery, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Scienceand Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
2

Purpose: To propose an augmented reality (AR)-based interactive rehabilitation exercise system focused on hand andwrist joint movements using hand-tracking techniques withpatient-specific 3D anatomical structures. Patients underwent a coordinated range of motion (ROM) test to determine
whether they have movement disorders. Furthermore, patients
who have experienced physical therapy to improve their prognosis can be tested to determine the effectiveness of the therapy or physical disability. For these tests, we have developed
a simple, intuitive measurement method using AR cameras
to measure using a protractor, a traditional method of visual
measurement.
Methods: The AR camera tracks the position and angle of
21 joints with the ROM of the carpometacarpal joint in realtime and generates a 3D skeletal muscle model of the hand to
identify muscles in motion. The third metacarpal bone and thecenter of the wrist joint are used as the axis and axial center
for measuring the wrist joint's angle of motion as follows: The
back of the hand flexion is measured by placing the protractor
between the third and fourth fingers and bending the wrist
back as far as possible. Flexion is measured by placing the protractor on the back of your hand and flexing your wrist as far
as possible. For the yaw and scales exercise, with placement of

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the protractor’s center on your wrist of your hand in pronationand the protractor rod along your third finger, then measure.
Results: Through the user's exercises, we measured whether
they were within the normal ROM for each movement. In addition, joint movements were measured overlaid relevant 3D
anatomical structures in real-time to engage aid learning.
Conclusion: We developed a AR-based rehabilitation exercise system considering the movement of hand and wrist
joints, which can quantify the movement of the wrist joint anddeliver accurate information, to help improve prognosis.
Keywords: Augmented reality, Rehabilitation exercise system, Hand tracking, Range of motion, Hand and wrist joint
movement
A-0590

3D Visualization Model of the Thigh
Muscles and the Knee Joint Movement forDeveloping Human Digital Twin

Ye-Gyung KIM1, Donghun YANG3, Kyong-Ha LEE3,4, Jae-Yong LEE3, Seung-Ho
Han1,2
1

Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
4
University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Purpose: Human Digital Twin technology, replaces the human body in virtual space and is gaining prominence in clinical applications for medical diagnosis, prediction, and practical implementation. There is no 3D full-body human model
developed that includes movement. The previous our study,
Digital Korean, focused only on 3D models of human bones.
The aim of this study is to construct a model of human bones
and muscles that includes movement. We prioritized the knee
joint for initial development.
Methods: We achieved meticulous segmentation of bones
and muscles by leveraging computed tomography (CT) andmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI), leading to a precise digitization of the structure of the human body. Subsequently, thecollected data was utilized to create a 3D visualization modelwith a focus on knee joint movement. Utilizing the 3D Slicer
open-source software platform, we generated a total of 416
models representing various anatomical structures extracted

from 24 anonymized CT and MRI datasets. The models were
specifically focused on five key bones (hip bone, femur, patella,tibia, fibula) and eight major muscles (long head of biceps
femoris, short head of biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus). Additional imaging was performed at
150° and 120° to investigate knee joint mobility.
Results: We have compiled diverse CT, MRI, and digital
imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) researchdata, including anatomical information, to establish a foundational dataset. Using this data, we developed visualization
software for simulation of 3D reconstruction models of theknee region and joint dynamics.
Conclusion: This software contributes to the advancementof personalized medicine and enhances our understanding of
knee joint functionality. In addition to the knee joint, 3D visualization for other joints should be implemented. Our research
provides a foundation for advancing medical diagnostics andhuman digital twin technology.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea HealthIndustry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number:
HI23C0170).
Keywords: Human digital twin, Artificial intelligence,
Thigh muscle, Knee joint, Segmentation
A-0596

The Future of Anatomical Education:
Integrating Virtual Anatomy in Existing
Curricula
Ifeoluwa AGBEJA, Lily EVANS, Lauren SINGER, Siobhan MOYES

Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Purpose: With the dynamic landscape of education, the integration of virtual anatomy is likely to be a pivotal element in
future medical education. In response to this, higher education
institutions are expected to adopt blended teaching and learning approaches, catering to the needs of diverse learners andenhance accessibility to anatomical education. Nevertheless,navigating the sheer number of new virtual anatomy platforms
and resources poses a challenge, requiring educators to navigate this abundance and effectively integrate them into exist-

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ing curricula. This presentation seeks to offer practical guidance, firmly grounded in pedagogical principles, to anatomy
educators equipping them with insights on integrating virtualanatomy into their curriculum.
Methods: Educational literature was explored to find asuitable framework to support the meaningful integration ofvirtual anatomy into curricula. Kern’s 6-step process provided
a robust tool for delineating the process of identifying curriculum necessities, understanding learners needs and barriers
to learning, and establishing measurable learning objectives.
The authors have applied these principles to current virtualanatomy learning approaches using practical examples fromtheir own technology-focused curriculum.
Results: The authors present insights into this educational
strategy aimed at effectively navigating the multitude of virtual anatomy options supported by practical examples. They
provide a flexible framework that educators can tailor to theirown curricula to ensure cohesive alignment with the needs ofteaching sessions.
Conclusion: The approaches presented will equip educatorswith strategies for incorporating virtual anatomy technologies
into their teaching methodologies. By doing so, educators can
not only address the evolving landscape of medical education
but also enhance the inclusivity and effectiveness of anatomical learning experiences for a broad spectrum of students in
preparation for the demands of the future.
Keywords: Virtual anatomy, Kern's 6 step, Curriculum design, Technology-supported curriculum
A-0651The Effect of Hand Pressure on the
Suboccipital Triangle on Headaches andNeck Range of Motion
Soon Jae KIM1, Je Hun LEE1, Seung Ho HAN2
1

Korea Institute for Applied Anatomy, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of medicine, Ewha Womans University, Ewha Medical
Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study is to reduce the intensity and frequency of headaches by applying intentional stimulation to thesuboccipital triangle area and to construct data by measuring
and comparing the range of motion of the neck.
Methods: The subjects of the study were 10 adult men andwomen aged 20 to 50 who had experienced headaches morethan once a week for the past 3 months. The study lasted eightweeks, with Intentional stimulation performed twice a week
for 20 minutes each time. Participants were asked to measure
the intensity and frequency of their headaches, the impact on
their quality of life, and the range of motion of their neck using the headache patient questionnaire, visual analogue scale,Headache Impact Test-6 and a goniometer.
Results: While this subject of this study showed a significant effect in reducing the intensity and frequency of headaches, no significant effect was observed in improving therange of motion of the neck.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that intentional stimulation of suboccipital triangle has a significant effecton headaches. This study was believed that the data accumulated by applying the intentional stimulation used in this study
to other subjects will be good effect to support this study.
Keywords: Suboccipital triangle, Headache, Intentional
stimulation, Pain relief
A-0665

A Conversion Model from MRI/CT Images
to Anatomical Body Slice for Developing
Precise Human Digital Twin

Donghun YANG1, Jae-Yong LEE1, Ye-Gyung KIM3, Seung-Ho HAN3,4, KyongHa LEE1,2
1

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
2
University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
4
Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Human digital twins, digitally reproducing human anatomical and physiological characteristics, have gained
prominence in the medical field. To build a precise humandigital twin, high-quality medical images and advanced
vision-AI technology are required to extract comprehensive
information of the human body. Despite the widespread use of
MRI and CT, preserving color and structural information inthese images poses a challenge. Therefore, this study proposesa vision AI-based conversion model, which takes MRI or CT
as input and reconstruct anatomical body slice.
Methods: As the vision-AI-based conversion model, we

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propose three models which reconstruct body slice from different inputs: CT, MRI or CT+MRI. To build the proposedmodels, we employed a state-of-the-art reconstruction model
based on SwinTransformer, and the Visible Korean dataset
consisting of MRI, CT, and Body Slice of the human body isused for training and testing of the models.
Results: To validate the superiority of the proposed models,quantitative evaluation was conducted on the 10% of the Visible Korean, and qualitative evaluation was performed on 8
additional images, with PSNR and SSIM. The results showedthat all models successfully reconstructed body slice, capturing color and detailed structural information effectively. Especially, the CT to Body Slice model outperformed the othermodels, while the CT+MRI to Body Slice model demonstrated
the lowest performances.
Conclusion: In summary, this study introduces a vision AIbased body slice conversion model for precise human digital
twins, addressing challenges in preserving detailed information in MRI and CT. Based on the SwinTransformer, we proposed three reconstruction models which take different input
sources. Despite the difficulties in preserving informationin MRI and CT images, the reconstructed body slices of all
proposed models effectively captured color and detailed structural information. We believe that the results can contribute toadvancing vision AI in medical applications, especially in the
precise human digital twin developments.
Funding: This research was supported by Korea Institute of
Science and Technology Information (KISTI) (No. (KISTI) K24-L01-C03-S01, (NTIS) 1711198423).
Keywords: Human Digital Twin, Visible Korean, Swin
Transformer, Anatomical Image, Medical AI

A-0680Development of Virtual Environment
Maternal-Fetal Medical Information Service

Hyeong-Seok CHOI1, Su-Hyun CHAE1, Anna JEON1,2, Ye-Gyung KIM1, JiYoung SON1,2, Gi-Wan KIM3, Kun HWANG1,4, Seung-Ho HAN1,2
1

Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republicof Korea
3
Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, The Catholic
University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Plastic Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of
Korea

Purpose: Korea has been facing social problems such as a
low birthrate, declining rural population, shortage of healthcare workers, and lack of infrastructure. To address these issues, we have developed a virtual environment maternal-fetal
medical information service based on anatomy, allowing forvarious educational contents related to childbirth. Currently,
we have completed the first phase of development out of five.
Methods: Using software programmes such as Autodesk
Maya (Autodesk, Inc.), Blender (Blender Foundation), Zbrush(Pixologic), and Substance 3D Painter (Adobe Inc.), this study
creates virtual 3D models of the maternal uterus, placenta, andfetus. Based on clinical data collected from Seoul St. Mary's
Hospital, we developed a maternal-fetal model for each weekof gestation that represented both normal and abnormal conditions. Our dataset was used to design a virtual childbirth
simulation training system. Furthermore, we designed theAI system architecture and developed a chatbot utilizing AI
trained on the model. To facilitate the delivery of knowledge tousers, we created healthcare content centered on obstetrics andgynecology using a comprehensive anatomy. Finally, all the
results were integrated into a single platform using Unity 3D(Unity Technologies).
Results: Development of virtual environment maternal-fetal medical information service : AI chatbot, Medical contents,
virtual childbirth simulation training system
Conclusion: The virtual environment maternal-fetal
healthcare information service platform helps healthcare
workers learn and practice in environments and procedures
similar to real-life vaginal deliveries. The platform also allows
them to proactively respond to unexpected events, such as
birth defects. Most notably, it provides guidelines and virtual
experiences for unusual situations, thereby enabling learners
to actively respond to the unexpected. AI chatbots and health-

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care content are also expected to be of considerable help to users. The service will be able to provide solutions for expanding
the national healthcare information infrastructure and solving
various problems related to childbirth in Korea.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea HealthIndustry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number:
HI23C0170).
Keywords: Medical schools, Digital medical service, Digitaltwin human model, Maternal-Fetal, Virtual surgical simulation
A-0684

A Case Report about the Recovering
Methods According to Back Pain Region in
Canoeists
Na Young YOON1, Je Hun LEE1, Seung Ho HAN2
1

Korea Institute for Applied Anatomy, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of medicine, Ewha Womans University, Ewha Medical
Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the recovering
point of each reason of back pain in university canoeists andhelp improve performance through quick recovery.
Methods: Pain region, degree, and athlete experience were
investigated for 18 university canoeists, and compression was
performed on a few of regions where pain occurred.
Results: Pain region, degree, and athlete experience were
investigated for 18 university canoeists, and compression was
performed on a few of regions where pain occurred.
Conclusion: Lower back pain is thought to be significantly
increased in canoeists who have to twist their upper body froma seated position and exert forward force to row. The conditionof the iliopsoas, tensor fascia latae, erector spinae, and gluteus
medius affects where lower back pain occurs.
Keywords: Canoeists, Sacroiliac junction, Compression,
Lower back pain

A-0685

Effects of Bowling Athlete’s Pain Recovery
Methods on Pain and Performance
Sugyeong JUNG1, Jehun LEE1, Seungho HAN2
1

Korea Institute for Applied Anatomy, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Ewha Medical
Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical stimulation on the pain and performance of bowling athletes at the common origin site of the anterior compartment muscles of the forearm, including the medial epicondyle.
Methods: Over the course of 7 days, university bowlers performed pressure techniques on the common flexor origin sitewith medial epicondyle, applying pressure for 10-15 seconds
three times both before and after daily training sessions. Daily
pain scores were meticulously documented.
Results: Out of the 18 bowlers reporting wrist and forearm
fatigue and pain, a significant 40-50% reduction in both wasobserved. Notably, the 5 bowlers with finger inflammation
documented a corresponding 40-50% decrease in pain.
Conclusion: For bowlers who make repetitive swings usingballs weighing up to 16 pounds, physical stimulation of thecommon flexor origin site with medial epicondyle where flexor muscles attach is thought to be effective in reducing pain.
Therefore it would be a good method to do it every day during
recovery training.
Keywords: Ten-pin bowling, Pain, Medial epicondyle,
Common flexor origin site of forearm
A-0686The Investigation about Physical Ability
According to Injury Region in Fencing
Athletes
Soowon UH1, Jehun LEE1, Seungho HAN2
1

Korea Institute for Applied Anatomy, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
2
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Ewha Medical
Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Purpose: This study conducted physical ability test of sidestep, standing long jump, sit-up and push-up to identify thephysical ability required for fencing among athletes in University.
Methods: The age of participants were aged 19 to 23. The

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procedure and purpose of the prior study were fully explained
to the subjects, and voluntary consents were obtained. Agility,
muscular endurance, and upper body endurance were measured using standardized methods.
Results: The average number of male and female athletes inthe side step test was 28.00±2.67 and 25.54±2.19, respectively,
which was lower than the average standard deviation for subjects with past ankle injuries. The results of the standing longjump conducted on male athletes and female athletes were263.75±14.56 cm and 208.13±15.80 cm, respectively which
was lower than the average result for subjects with past knee
injuries. The number of the push-up conducted on male andfemale athletes were 46.68±18.12 and 41.27±13.16. The resultof the sit-up test conducted on male and female athletes was
51.00±11.12 and 46.27±7.27.
Conclusion: These data suggest that injuries can have anegative impact on physical ability tests. The impact of eachinjury on the physical ability test is negative. Therefore, the test
results for each injury are being investigated.
Keywords: Fencing, Ankle joint, Sport injury, Injury prevention, Physical ability test
A-0703Using Soft Embalmed Cadaver for
Visualization of Inguinal Lymphatic
Structures

Mutahira LONE1, Sarah Abdulaziz ALTURKUSTANI1, Petra Isabelle
CLARKE1, Mark CORRIGAN2,1, Siobhain Mary O’MAHONY1

Methods: The creation of a lymphatic specimen for anatomy laboratory teaching could enhance students' understanding of the intricate lymphatic networks and their anatomical
relationship with surrounding structures. This study utilized asoft-embalmed cadaver to develop an inguinal lymphatic specimen, employing the Spalteholz clearing technique and subcutaneous injection of a hydrogen peroxide and dye mixture.
Results: The dissected specimen and tissue effectively
display variable-sized inguinal lymph nodes along with theassociated afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Magnified
images of the lympahtic vessels also show the specific bamboo-trunk or bead like appearance. These results highlightthe feasibility of preserving and studying lymphatics in softembalmed cadavers.
Conclusion: The resulting specimen serves as a valuable
teaching resource for visualizing the lymphatic system in the
anatomy laboratory. The reproducibility and the affordabilityof materials suggest there is potential to create similar lymphatic specimens for various body regions, serving as effective educational tools for anatomy instruction. The positive
outcomes of this process encourages further investigation into
lymphatic structures in embalmed cadavers, fostering opportunities for both educational and research purposes.
Funding: The authors acknowledge the funding and support provided by King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for
Health Sciences and College of Medicine and Health Teachingand Learning bursary, UCC 2022.
Keywords: Soft-embalming, Hydrogen peroxide, Lymphatic system, Subcutaneous injection, Anatomy teaching1

Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
2
Cork Breast Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Purpose: The lymphatic system is essential for maintaining
homeostasis and plays a crucial role in immune and digestive
functions within the human body. Additionally, it has also
been implicated in the dissemination of cancer. The delicate
nature of the lymphatic vessels, however, makes dissection
highly challenging particularly in the embalmed cadavers.
Existing successful lymphatic mapping studies predominantly
utilize fresh cadavers and specialized equipment, which are
not readily available nor suitable for undergraduate laboratory teaching. Consequently, undergraduate anatomy students
often struggle to visualize and understand the vast network of
the lymphatic system in vivo.

A-0897

Examining the Effect of Change in Pelvis
Load Transfer on the Biomechanical
Properties of Leg Muscles

Rumeysa INCE1,2, Omer Faruk CIHAN1, Zeynep SENCAN1, Sezgin Bahadır
TEKIN3, Cagrı KARABULUT4
1

Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Medical Services and Techniques, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
3
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kahramanmaras Pazarcık State Hospital,
Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
2

Purpose: Entire mechanical chain in the columna vertebralis interacts and a change in position of spine can also cause

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rotation of pelvis. Normal gait depends on proper position andbalanced functioning of bones, joints and myofascial structures acting on joints. Since pelvic position changes in individuals with scoliosis, weight transfer won’t be equal, thus bones,
joints and all soft tissue structures in lower extremities will beaffected. This study aims to investigate biomechanical effects
of changes in weight transfer due to scoliosis on myofascial
structures such as gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior muscles, calcaneal tendon, and plantar fascia. Effect of this change
on patient gait patterns can be evaluated and a treatment plancan be shaped.
Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from Gaziantep
University Clinical Research Ethics Committee(2023/295).
Thirty-five individuals (mean age:13.52±1.9, 11males, 23females) who applied to Gaziantep University Orthopedics andTraumatology Department and were diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were included. Direction of pelvic axial rotation was determined on pelvis radiographs of individuals. Stiffness, tonus and elasticity values were measured with
MyotonePRO device for properties of myofascial structures.
Results: It was found that there was a strong positive correlation in tonus, a moderate positive correlation in calcaneal
tendon and a strong positive correlation in other parameters in
stiffness. In elasticity value, it was determined that there wasa strong correlation only in calcaneal tendon, while there wasa positive moderate correlation in two heads of gastrocnemius
and tibialis anterior.
Conclusion: Although it’s thought that weight transfer may
cause changes in myofascial structures due to altered pelvic
position in individuals with scoliosis, no significant difference
was found between pelvic asymmetry and same and opposite
sides. There were significant correlations between biomechanical properties of muscles. It’s thought that making thesechanges measurable will contribute to clinic.
Keywords: Myofascial structures, Biomechanics, MyotonePro, Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Pelvic rotation

A-0899

Biomechanical Investigation of Trapezius
Muscle According to the Convex-Concave
Side of Scoliotic Curvature

Fatma SEVMEZ1,2, Omer Faruk CIHAN1, Zeynep SENCAN1, Mustafa
OZDEMIR1, Sezgin Bahadır TEKIN3, Cagrı KARABULUT4
1

Anatomy, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
Therapy and Rehabilitation, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kahramanmaras Pazarcık State Hospital,
Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
2
3

Purpose: Approximately 70% of scoliosis deformities arecaused by idiopathic scoliosis. The occurrence of this condition
in individuals aged 10 and above is referred to as adolescentidiopathic scoliosis(AIS). Scoliosis can lead to biomechanicalchanges in musculoskeletal system. Additionally, prolonged,
repetitive static positions can lead to pathological changes
such as muscle fatigue, accumulation of muscle metabolites
and stiffness. Therefore, conducting detailed musculoskeletal
examination in individuals with scoliosis is highly important. This study aims to investigate changes in biomechanicalproperties of trapezius muscle(TM) before and after exercise
session based on convex-concave side of scoliosis curvature in
AIS patients.
Methods: Thirty-four individuals (mean age:13.88±2.33
years, male:11, female:13) between the ages of 10-18, diagnosed
with AIS by relevant physician and referred to the Departmentof Orthopedics and Traumatology at Gaziantep University
Faculty of Medicine, were included in study. These individuals had no additional spinal pathologies apart from scoliosis.
Tone, stiffness and elasticity of TM were measured using MyotonePRO device before and after 40-minute exercise session.
Statistical analyses of obtained data were conducted using
SPSS25.0 software. If p<0.05, it was determined that there wasstatistically significant difference. Approval was obtained from
Gaziantep University Clinical Research Ethics Committeewith approval number 2023/294.
Results: In the evaluated individuals, a weak negative correlation was found between tone value before exercise session
and stiffness value after exercise session on the convex-concave
sides. After exercise session, a moderate positive correlation
was found in tone value, while before and after exercise session, a moderate positive correlation was found in elasticity
value between convex-concave sides.

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Conclusion: In this study, it was found that there was no
significant difference in the muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the trapezius muscle in individuals with AIS before andafter a single session of exercise. We believe that the data obtained could serve as a resource for future studies.
Keywords: MyotonePRO, Trapezius muscle, Scoliosis, Biomechanics, Muscle tone
A-0963

Occipital Joint Formed from Occipital
Bone and Occipital Vertebrae Renames 1st
Cervical Vertebrae

head and neck to acquire airways, conduct surgery, manipulate
the upper spine, those who stablilize the head and neck, andmedical technology companies designing safer head and neckequipment.
Conclusion: This study revealed 1stCV is an inaccurate
term for this bone which clinically and morphologically integrates with the IEOB region deserving the term occipital vertebrae forming a new named joint-OJ, or at least be termed theoccipital vertebrae as inferior articulation of the CVJ.
Keywords: Novel terminology, Innovative Clinical Anatomy
A-0972

Brion BENNINGER1,2
1

Medical Anatomy Center, Western University of Health Sciences, Oregon, United States
Faculty of General Surgery, Samaritan Health Services, Oregon, United States

2

Purpose: The inferior external occipital bone(IEOB) has
unique morphology which articulates with another interestingly shaped bone from the apex of vertebral column inaccurately termed 1st-cervical vertebrae(1stCV). 1stCV shares nofeatures with typical cervical vertebrae(CV), and should not
be considered a CV. Structurely, 1stCV resembles the IEOB,
which is demonstrated in axial scans. Functionally, it operates
with the skull, not the cervical spine. In structure and function
it could be termed the occipital vertebrae which is the inferior
articulation with the IEOB region which is the superior articulation of the occipital joint(OJ). Craniovertebral joint(CVJ) is abroad term versus OJ with superior and inferior articulationsof occipital named bones(IEOB and occiptal-vertebrae). Study
objective is to analyze IEOB morphology and 1stCV challenging inaccurately termed current beliefs.
Methods: Literature search of IEOB and 1st-cervical vertebrae recognized as OJ was conducted.
Results: Literature search of IEOB and 1stCV revealed
they are structurally and functionally similar, not uniquely
different as currently taught and perceived. Synovial joints
represent direct connections between the skull and 1stCV allowing range of flexion-extension, but joint shape prevents
axial rotation. As the head rotates via the transverse plane,
1stCV is obliged to move with it. Toltech bilaminar imaging
revealed anatomy supporting an OJ or CVJ consisting of IEOB
and occipital vertebrae. Understanding the anatomy of the OJ
is important for all healthcare providers who interact with theSoft Polymer-Based 3D Printed
Neuroanatomy Models: Revolutionizing
Kinaesthetic Learning in Anatomy PracticalShamsi Amalina SHAMSUDDIN1, Siti Nurma Hanim HADIE1, Zul Izhar
MOHD ISMAIL1, Ku Marsilla KU ISHAK2, Sofiah Hanis AHMAD HISHAM3
1

Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
2
School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebang, Penang, Malaysia
3
Department of Chiropractic, School of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,International Medical University, Bukit Jalil Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Purpose: Practical sessions are fundamental in anatomy
teaching and learning. They allow students to visualize andmanipulate anatomical structures, which are crucial for understanding spatial relationships. Moreover, hands-on learning during practical is essential for kinaesthetic learning. The
most utilized teaching tools are plastic models. However, thesemodels have several limitations, such as hard, inaccurate, expensive, and susceptibility to damage. Therefore, this study
aims to develop three-dimensional (3D) printed neuroanatomy
models using soft polymers to mimic the real consistency ofhuman anatomical structures.
Methods: This study comprises of two phases. Phase one
involves the development of 3D-printed models using softpolymers. Thermoplastic urethane (TPU), ethylene propylene
diene monomer (EPDM), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
were processed into customized blended compounds. The
tensile properties of TPU 85A, TPU95A, TPU: EPDM, andTPU:SBR blends were characterized. A human brain MRI image was segmented using 3D Slicer software to obtain regions

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of interest, then converted to STL format, and printed using anEnder 3 3D printer. Phase two involves the validation of 3Dprinted models, using response process validity (RPV) questionnaires among anatomy lecturers. The RPV questionnaire
includes 18 items under three domains: (i) Structural fidelity
and consistency, (ii) Practicability and usability, and (iii) Accessibility and cost-effectiveness.
Results: The cerebrum, ventricles, Circle of Willis, and dural venous sinuses models were printed using TPU 85A, which
had the best tensile strength and elasticity. Validation results
showed that the Circle of Willis model scored highest (0.73) for
structural fidelity and consistency. The ventricles and venous
sinuses models scored highest (0.77) for practicability and usability. Lastly, the ventricles model also scored highest (0.90)
for accessibility and cost-effectiveness.
Conclusion: This study developed and validated soft polymer-based 3D printed neuroanatomy models. They demonstrate a significant improvement over traditional plastic models, suggesting their potential to enhance kinaesthetic learningin anatomy practical.
Funding: Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term Grant (304/
PPSP/6315504).
Keywords: 3D-printed models, Kinaesthetic learning,
Anatomy practical, Neuroanatomy, Soft polymer

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Author Index

Author Index

IFAA 2024

A

A SAMAH Azurah
ABAS Razif 		
ABBOTT PATERSON Scott

42
150

89, 90, 369
ABD AZIZ Noor Azliza Wani169
ABD KARIM Norwahidah
141
ABDEL MEGUID Eiman
108
ABDUL AZIZ Nurul Uyun
179, 194
ABDUL JAMIL Aminatul Saadiah 152
ABDUL KARIM Abdul Kadir
157
ABDUL MAJID Hairudin
42
ABDUL MALIK Mohd Maaruf
169
ABDUL RAZAK Ainul Farhana
194
ABDULLAH Syatirah Najmi
107
ABDULLAH Syiral Mastura
42
ABEYRATHNA Prasanna
365
ABEYSEKARA Pathum
114
ABU-AL-RUB Ejlal
155, 240ACUNA Renato
374
ADAIBAEV Toleugali
253
ADAM Garman
275
ADAM Mohamed Abdelgadir
204
ADAMS Shahieda
121
ADANIR Saliha Seda 47, 136, 138, 263
ADASOORIYA Dinuka
315, 319
ADPAIKAR Anish Ashok 15, 316, 323
AFLANIE Iwan
339, 340
AGBEJA Ife
197, 385
AGBEJA Ifeoluwa
391
AGRAWAL Dushyant
81, 82AGUILERA Ivan
247
AGUR Anne (AMR)
200
AGURA Tomoyo
327, 328
AHMAD Fairus
116, 157
AHMAD HISHAM Sofiah Hanis 397
AHMED Esa
185
AHN Dongkuk
286
AHN Hovin327, 328
AHN Hyo-Sang
360
AHN Hyovin
327
AHN Seo Yeon
277
AHN So Yoon284

AIL Geetika
186
AIXIANG Luo
144
AJAH Emmanuel390
AJAH Emmanuel Ezeali
180
AKAMATSU Wado
93
AKAMINE Emily
139, 274
AKANJI Omotosho
156
AKAR Abdulhalim
104
AKITA Keiichi
11, 106, 116, 195
AKMEHMET Nuri Eren
188
AKPINAR Aslihan
188
AKTEKIN Alp
223
AKTEKIN Mustafa
223, 355
AKTURK Umut Dogu
104
AKUTSU Hidenori
97
AL ABRI Fatema
237
AL BULUSHI Yaarub
237
AL JABRI Ruqaiya237
AL JESHI Aseel
40
AL KINDI Elyas
237
AL SAADI Mohammad
136
ALADEYELU Okikioluwa
269
ALAND R. Claire
19
ALBLAS Amanda
187
ALCAINO Catalina
270
ALEEM Alli
156
ALGHAMDI Mansour
373
ALIAS Aspalilah
42, 43, 107, 159, 163, 164
ALLMANG Cristin
300
ALMABAEVA Aigul
254
ALMAHASNEH Fatima
155, 240
ALQAHTANI Khalid Ayidh
42
AL-REDOUAN Azzat
118, 199, 357, 389
ALSEIDI Adnan
204
ALTINOZ Damlasu
49
ALTINTAS Levent
355
ALTURKUSTANI Sarah
362
ALTURKUSTANI Sarah Abdulaziz
395
ALZAHRANI Raed127
ALZOU'BI Ayman
155
AMADIO Peter
123

AMALIA Fatkhurrohmah Leo
330
AMANTCHI Daniel
156
AMIN Nur369
AN Chang-Hyeon
334
AN Hyeong Seok
283
AN Seo-Young
334
AN Tran Hue Vy
97
AN Woojung
153
ANA Diaz-Cuevas
370
ANANT Monika
290
ANASTASI Giuseppe
204
ANDERSON Lynley
353
ANDRADE Jose175
ANGGOROWATI Nungki
18
ANIBEZE Chike
180, 181
ANJANI Rosida Clivara Sari
162
ANSARI Mohammed Ahmed
262
ANTIPOVA Veronica
171
ANYANWU Emeka
359
APATIKANANG Saengburan
268
APISAWETAKAN Somjai
172, 176, 311, 384
ARAYA DIAZ Sebastian
248
ARCHER Christopher
370
ARCHIBONG Victor
168, 350
ARFIAN Nur
18, 369
ARJONA Rodolfo
374
ARKO-BOHAM Benjamin91
ARNOLD Laura
186, 367
ARNOLD Philipp
305
ARTARIA Myrtati Dyah
162
ARTEAGA BASTIAS Sebastian214
ARUN Supatcharee
320
ARYAL Yam Prasad
334
ASAKU Bernice Nana Akua
91
ASGHAR Adil
290
ASHOK ADPAIKAR Anish
316, 324
ASKIN Zeynep
257
ASTORGA Cristian372, 374
ASUVAPONGPATANA Somluk
251
ATLASI Mohammad Ali
310
ATMAJA M. Hidayat Surya330
AUDENAERT Emmanuel 171, 352, 384
AUGUSTINE Tanya
187

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S401

Author Index

IFAA 2024

AUM Nahyun
341
AUNGCHAROEN Chutikarn
311
AVILOVA Olga213
AYDOGAN Mehmet
104
AYDOGDU Ahmet Oguz120
AZU Onyemaechi
136, 137
B

BABRI Awais Saleem
44
BABRI Saleem
374
BACA Vaclav
117, 386
BACCI Nicholas
38, 132, 190
BACOVA Tereza386
BAE Hyungkyu
235, 360
BAE Jinyoung
286
BAE Ji-Soo
358
BAE Yongchul
286
BAGHAKI Semih
115
BAHARUM Syarul Nataqain
54, 149BAHSI Ilhan
136, 138, 263, 272
BAI Yu126, 137, 266, 331, 332
BAIK Tai-Kyong
247, 388
BALAJI Abisshek
241
BALCERZAK Adrian
219
BALTA Joy69
BANDYOPADHYAY Debasis
31
BARAL Dharani dhar
348
BARIS Mert
104
BARONE R.
337
BARUT Cagatay
48, 183, 184
BARYSHEV Boris
254
BASILE Gianpaolo
204
BASKARAN Senthil Kumar 15, 316, 323
BASNAYAKE Oshan
114
BASSET C.
376
BASSEY Rosemary95
BATICULON Ronnie
175
BATSUKH Sosorburam
321, 322
BAY Boon Huat
52
BAYKO Selin
184
BECERRA RODRIGUEZ Emelyn Sofia
109
BEE Mary
271

BEGER Orhan
BEMMENT Matthew
BENNINGER Brion47, 263
186
63, 64, 138,
139, 140, 191, 192,
207, 208, 272, 273,
274, 275, 276, 397
BEOM Jeawon
297
BEREZOWSKI Victoria
165
BERKBAN Thewarid
14
BERRY Rachel
165, 178
BESA HUERTA Jovita
311, 343
BESTER Megan J.
153
BEVILACQUA RIVAS Jorge
331
BHADORIA Pooja
150
BIASUTTO Susana N.
31
BIDMOS Mubarak
161
BILECENOGLU Burak
120, 128
132, 187, 190, 376
BILLINGS Brendon
Billings Brendon73
BINVIGNAT Octavio
349
BISHAYEE Kausik
292
BITOUN Marc
331
BLYTH Phil81
BOIDO Marina
148
BONANNO Lilla
204
BOO Hye-Jin
302, 309
BOOHER Jacquelyn
271
BOONROD Arunnit
268
BORDER Scott
175
BORTHAKUR Dibakar
259, 262
BOURQUIN Leslie D.
153
BOWNESS James
253
BRADLEY Mikayla
272
BREA Cecilia
368
BREWER-DELUCE Danielle 185, 253
BRIGANDI Amelia
204
BRITS Desire
187
BROWN Kirsten
175, 205
BROWN Natalie
380
BROWNE Shane
77
BRUNA Alejandro
122
BRUNA MEJIAS Alejandro
258
BRUNAUD Valentina
140
BUCHANAN John103

BUDU Budu
BUKACHI Fred
BULINIC Michael
BURDILES Alvaro
BURGESS Annette
BUSH Tamara Reid
BUSONI Francesco
BUTOVICH Igor A.
BUXTON Claire
BUXTON Makayla
BYTHEWAY Nicole
BYUN Christina
BYUN Kyung-A
BYUN Kyunghee
C

CACCIOLA Alberto
204
CAHAYANI Wike Astrid
202
CAKMAK Yusuf O.
177
CAMMAROTO Simona204
CAN Atilla131
CANDIR Buse Naz
350
CANNON Dara
175
CAO Ximei
26, 111CARDENAS VALENZUELA Julio 349
CARETTO Anna
148
CARIELLO Chris
138, 275
CARPIO Daniel
247
CARROLL Melissa
175, 205CARTLIDGE James370
CARTWRIGHT Hollie
367
CASAL Diogo
50, 52CASTILLO GOMEZ Esther
147
CAUDA Franco
296
CAVDAR Pelin
20
CAVDAR Safiye
49
CELE Thembelihle
269
CELIK Servet
188
CERASA Antonio
204
CERDA Valentina
203
CHAE Su-Hyun
201, 393
CHAI Ok Hee
312, 344, 345
CHAIMONGKHOL Thawanthorn 218

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S402

86
32, 33, 34
349
311
178
129
225
301
271
271
174
178, 361
321
322

Author Index

IFAA 2024

CHAINCHEL SINGH Mansharan Kaur
159
CHAITHIRAYANON Kulathida
311
CHAIYAMOON Arada
128, 244, 251, 345
Champney Thomas
72
CHAN Arlene
126
CHANG An Seong
113
CHANG Hung-Ming
19, 131
CHANG In-Youb
302
CHANG Min-Yung
388
CHANG Mi-Sook
157
CHANG Yun Sil
284
CHAUDHURI Joydeep
126
CHEN Cheng
164
CHEN Chujun
332
CHEN Jing
86
CHEN Jun
291
CHEN Li-You
19, 131
CHEN Tian-bao
62
CHEN Tien Hua
255
CHEN Tien-Hua 256, 257, 260, 261, 326
CHEN Wei-Yu
256
CHEN Xinlin
26
CHEN Yuncai
288, 289
Chen Zhuo
62
CHENG Baohua
142
CHENG Cheng
213
CHETTY Manogari
76
CHEVALIER Amelie
384
CHIBHABHA Fidelis
91
CHIEN Chung-Liang33, 34
CHILTON John
380
CHIROMA Samaila Musa143
CHO Ara293
CHO Eui-Sic
308, 319
CHO Hye Jung
216, 219
CHO Il-Joo
318
CHO Jaeho
124, 241, 242, 243, 245, 248, 250
CHO Sung-Won
315, 319
CHO Won Gil
382
CHO Yisul
286
CHO Young Suk
216, 219

CHOE Yunil
124, 241, 242, 243, 248, 250
CHOI Byung Young
382
CHOI Han-Gil
323
CHOI Hyeong-Seok
201, 393
CHOI Hyung Jin
196
Choi Hyung Jin
86
CHOI Jeongmin
346, 347
CHOI Jungmin
318
CHOI Narae
112
CHOI Seoyoon
277, 296, 297
CHOI Sung-Wook
243
CHOI Suzi
53
CHOI You-Jin
239
CHOI Youn Kyung
308, 309
CHOI Yu-Jin
124, 241, 242, 245, 248
CHOI YuJin
243
CHOI Yujin
250, 271
CHORIDAH Lina
369
CHOUDHURY Bikram
193
CHOY Ker Woon
75, 159, 164
CHU Daniel
16
CHULTEMSUREN Mungunchimeg
315
CHUNG Beom Sun
382
CHUNG Eric
159, 163, 164
CHUNG Jean-Ju
88
CHUNG Kee Young196
CHUNG Min Suk
170
CHUNG-LIANG Chien
280
Chung-Liang Chien
32
CHUSIDA An'nisaa
43
CIHAN Omer Faruk
206, 395, 396
CIHAN ÖMer Faruk
47
CLARK Alys57
CLARKE Petra Isabelle
395
CLAROS TORRICO Ariana Nicol 262
CLINE Noah
207
CLUNIE Lauren
89, 90
COETZEE Andre
103
COEY James40, 41, 118, 203
COFFEY Calvin
293
COLAK Tuncay
188
COLQUHOUN Nathan
361

COMERT Ayhan
48
COMERT Gokce Naz
120
CONTRERAS SALINAS Pedro
331
CORNWALL Jon
353, 377
Cornwall Jon
72
CORNWALL Thomas
369
CORRIGAN Mark395
COSKUN Osman
125
CREBERT Isabella
165
CRITCHLEY Hugo
173
CROKER Sarah L.
178
CRONIN Fiona
293
CRONJE Jessica (JY)200
CUI Dongmei
149
Cui Dongmei
70
CUI Huilin
26
CUI Yan15, 316, 323, 324
CZAJKA Bartosz
268
D

DA FONTE Pilar
DADA Rima
DAI Jingxing
DALCIK Cannur
DALCIK Hakki
DALY Andrew
DAMRON Daniel
DANBORNO Barnabas
DARIE Sorin
DARWISH NagyDARWISH Sohaib
DASH Oyunbileg
DASINGER Timothy
DAVAANYAM Dashdulam
DAVIDSON Cameron
DAVIES D. Ceri
DAVIMES Joshua
DAVIMES Joshua
DAVIMES Joshua Gabriel
DAZA Lutho
DE LA COVA Carlina
DE LILLE Xander
DE MOL Leander

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S403

357
259
111, 258
130
130
154
191
180
185, 253108130247, 388
71, 215
298
333
92
132
158
353
232
72
204
220

Author Index

IFAA 2024

DE NEVE Wesley
204
DE SILVA Michael
147
DE TURCK Filip
171
DECARLO Brooke
185, 253
DEL SOL Mariano
227
DEL VILLAR Javiera
270
DeLeon Valerie
72
DEMIREL Murat
128
DEMIRTAS Ismet
104
DENG Ziteng
290
DENISOVA Arina
301
DENIZ Zeynep Nur
47
DERIN Okan
188
DESA Darren
185, 253
DESENDER Liesbeth
220
DHAWAN Siddhant
246
DI LORENZO Giuseppe
204
DIBAL Nathan Isaac
143
DIDZIOKAS Marius
197
DIETRICH Jana
198, 301
DIMKPA Chinwendu
161
Ding Li
62
DING Yuran
267
DISSANAYAKE Jayampathy
347
DIZAJI ASL Khadijeh
310
DJALAL Rahmadini
266
DJEMIL Rania
275
DO THI Thanh
388
DOGAN Nadire UNVER
46
DOGANCI Ozge Irmak
236
DONER Serhat
166
DOUNG Van-Thanh
337
DRUTOWSKA Andzelika
300
DU PREEZ Robin
287
DUARTE FARDELLA Maria Jose 249
DUDIN Alexander
357
DUNCAN Thomas
349
DUODU Kwaku G.
153
DUONG THANH Hien
322
DUPARC Fabrice67
DUQUESNE Kate
384
DURAN ESCALERA Maria Fernanda
262
DURFEE Ashley
362

DURGUN Behice
DURITIS Ilmars
DURMAZ Mehmet Sedat
DURMUS Livan Gul
DUY Tran Le Dinh
DVORAKOVA Vlasta
Dydykin Sergey
DYDYKIN Sergey

49
300
133
104
347
386
104
190, 214

E

EBERT Lars
165
ECKER David
79, 80
EDA Masaki
29
EFE Levent
36
EFUNTAYO Alice287
EGWU Ogugua
161
EGWU Ogugua
390
EHIREMEN Samuel
156
EKANAYAKE Gayan
114
EL HOR Hicham
123
ELAKKAWI Mariya
267
EL-HADDAD Joyce
22, 387
ELIZABETH Finbarrs
390
EMOTO Noriaki
18
ENDO Daisuke
55
ENGELHARDT Maren171
ENIABE Bernard
144
EREN Zeynep Bengi
188
ERIC Mirela
11
ERPEK PACACI Selin
130
ERTAS Ahmet
115, 234
ESME Simge
120, 128ESOMONU Ugochukwu
161
ESPINOSA Sebastian140
EVANS Lily89, 197, 385, 391
F

FACTOR Andreea
FAKAPULIA Ilaisaane F.
FAKUNLE Ponle
FAN Yan Jing
Fang Xinggang
FARFAN CABELLO Emilio

362
177
156
312
62
311

FARFAN Emilio
60, 232, 238, 351
FARLEY Jack
272
FAROOQUI Sanna
271
FASEMORE T M D
336
FATAHILLAH Akbar
366
FAYMAN Moshe
224
FAZLIOGULLARI Zeliha 46, 131, 133
FEDOTCHENKO Andrii
303, 313
FELLNER Franz A.
171
FENG Pan133
FERNANDES Julia232
FERNANDO Jerrad
386
FINBARRS-BELLO Elizabeth
180
FLACK Natasha
120
FLANAGAN Tom
175
FOGG Quentin
38, 231, 387
FONTE Pilar DA
118
FORCIER Patrick
208, 272, 274
FORERO Mauricio
253
FORLIZZI Valeria
175
FORTIN Chad
271
FOX Benjamin
182, 183
FRANCIS Ross
215
FRANCISCO Olucha-Bordonau
134, 370
FRANCKENBERG Sabine
165
FRANKE Hannah
305
FREGNAN Federica
355
FROWD Charlie
40
FU Yifan
329
FUCHS Philip X
110
FUJITA Hisashi
56
FUKINO Keiko13
FULCERI Federica
225
FULSHER Ethan64, 208
FUNAKOSHI Kengo
286
FURQONITA Deswaty
266
FURUTA Takahiro
142
G

GADD Madeleine
GAENSSLEN AxelGAMAGE Buddhi

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S404

103
216
386

Author Index

IFAA 2024

GANAPATHY Arthi
82
GANJOUEI Amir Ashraf
204
GANOTICE Fred A
173
GAO Hongyang
28
GARAY Marco226
GARBA Sani Hyedima
143
GARCIA Ian
357
GARREIS Fabian301
GARRREIS Fabian
198
GASA Chantelle
184
GASHEGU Julien
168, 180GASMALLA Hosam Eldeen Elsadig 87
GAYRETLI Izcan
125, 362
GAYRETLI Ozcan
112, 220
GBADEGESIN Ojo
168
GEISBUSH Thomas
246
GEORGE Nelson
145
GERDPRASERT Orapin
172, 176GESI Marco225
GEUM Dongho
318
GHATAK Surajit
82, 193
Ghatak Surajit
82
GHATAK Surajit
213
GIANNARIS Eustathia
175
GIBBON Victoria
187
GIDDINS Fiona215
GIL MIRAVET Isis147
GIL Youngchun
112
GILL Haechan
54
GILLESPIE Virginia L.
167
GIWA Muneerat
156
GLAZER Omer
118, 357
GLEICH Lauren
271
GLEIXNER Sophie
305
GLOVER Mitzi
365, 373
GLUSCHITZ Sarah
121
GO Gab Gyeong
216, 219
GO Young Woo
284
GONCALVES Luis
50
GONERA Bartosz
114, 117, 219
GONSALVEZ David
182, 183
GONTAR Łukasz
300
GONZALEZ Carolina
368
GONZALEZ Cristopher
247

GONZALEZ Emilio
374
GONZALEZ FERNANDEZ Jessica 31
GONZALEZ Ma G.
167
González-Fernández Jéssica
32
GONZALEZ-JAMETT Arlek
331
GORAL Kivanc
115
GORDON Emily GORDON215
GORGUL Wojciech
268
GOYAL Amit
193
GRAGEDA FLORIDO Diana Alison
262
GRANT Emily
253
GREEN Hayley
165
GREEN Rodney
355
GREENWOOD Aleteia
84
GRESNER Emily
192
GREWAL Inayat
245
Gribkov Stanislav
104
GRZELAK Piotr
230
GUAN Alyshia
364
GUAN Ya-Wen
25
GUL Selcan
263
GUNARATNE Sandini251
GUNSTON Geney
232, 236, 244
GUO Renming307
Guo Xingrong
62
GURSES Ilke Ali
20, 49, 115, 188, 234, 378
GUTIERREZ ESPINOSA Hector
109
GWON Jun Gyo
325
H

HA Geun-Hyoung284
HA Jung-Hong334
HA Myhyang
337
HABERFELD Jenny161
HABIBI Ahmad Azwar
366
HACKMAN Mike
181
HADI Helmi
159
HADIE Siti
366
HADIE Siti Nurma Hanim
87, 179, 194, 397
HAGE Robert
121, 122

Hage Robert
71
HAIKAL Haamid Hasan
266
HAJJ HUSSEIN Inaya
333
Hall Dominic
72
HAM Chang Hwa
276
HAM Young-Min
309
HAMID Adila A.
157
HAMMER Niels
57, 171, 216
HAN Aya249
HAN Eui Hyeog
312, 344, 345
HAN Ji-Su
302, 309
HAN Ki-Hwan
310, 315
HAN Myoung-Eun
337
HAN Sang-Chul309
HAN Seung Ho392, 394
HAN Seung Ro
388
HAN Seung-Ho
107, 113, 194, 201,
202, 217, 358, 388,
391, 392, 393
HAN Seungho394
HAN Soo Jeong184
HANDAYANI Selfi
99, 366, 379
HANH Do Thi My
347
Hanumaihgari Priyanka
14
HAO Aijun
294
HAO Yunteng
165, 265
HARADA Hidemitsu
88
HARRELL Kelly
85
HARRICHANDPARSAD Rohen
278, 283
HARUN Muhamad Farhin
42
HASBULLAH Irnamanda Dwiputra
340
HASHIM Noor Eliza155
HASPINGER Daniel216
HASSANPOUR KHODAEI Sepideh
103
HASTAMI Yunia
99, 366, 379
HATTORI Nobutaka
93
HAYATSU Manabu
93
HAYKAR Bedirhan
188
HE Shuai329
HE Yun288, 289
HENNESSY Catherine
186, 354

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S405

Author Index

IFAA 2024

HENRIQUEZ Jorge
214, 226
HENYS Petr
57, 216
HEO Yu-Ran
312
HERIYANTO Heriyanto
369
HERMA Tomas117
HIDAYAH Rachmadya Nur
369
Hildebrandt Sabine
72
HILDEBRANDT Sabine
84, 85HIOKI Hiroyuki
142, 279
HLAING KhinPaPa
54
HLATSHWAYO Nondumiso
136
HO Oscar Sing Him
184
HOANG ROBERTS Ly
271
HOECH Andreas
216
HOFMANN Ida
118, 357
HOMES Ryan
196, 215
HONG Jong Ha
30, 54
HONG Seokwoo
53
HONG Seonguk
56
HONG Seung Jic
56
HONG Subeen
358
HONG Sungmoon
279
HORAK Zdenek
386
HOSAPATNA Mamatha
240, 381
HOTZHAUSEN Brandon
76
HOTZMAN Jennifer
95
HOU Wenjing
26, 111
HOULE Melanie
191
HOULTON Tobias
39
HOW Rose
103
HSIAO Chen Yuan
255
HSIAO Chen-Yuan
256, 257, 260, 261, 326,
HU Hyewon360
HU Kyung-Seok
160, 235
HU Kyungseok
226
Hu Lin62
HU Mingyi
21
HU Minqi
262
HU Youtian
145
HUANG Shu26
HUANG Tiffany
16
HUANG Zhiguan
21
HUBBARD Ruth
196, 215

HUH Jung-Sik
354
HUMA Zilli
143
HUNG Yu-Wen
260
HUR Dae Young37, 338
HUR Mi-Sun
84, 251
HUR Su Bin
219
HUSEIN Anggun Lestary
336
HUSIN Andrean
169
HUSNA Firda Asma’ul
336
HUSSAIN Muhammad Ishfaq
202
HUSSAN Farida149
HUSSAR Piret300
HUSSEIN I Hajj
337
HUTCHINSON Erin
160, 187
HUTCHINSOS Erin190
HUYAN Ruoxi
26, 111
HWANG Choon Hong344, 345
HWANG Hyeon Jeong338
HWANG Ji-Won
293
HWANG Kun
107, 201, 217, 393
HWANG Seon Yeong
98
HYEO Hyejin
309
HYUN Jimin
284
HYUN Jin Won
308, 309
HYUN Young-Min
324
Hyung-Jin LEE
239

INGLE Allison
274
INGRAM Camilla
186
INOSTROZA Veronica
238
INOSTROZA WEGNER Alfredo 109
INTARASIT Wariya
268
INTASUWAN Pittayarat
342
INTHASAN Chanatporn
109
INZUNZA Oscar
238, 311, 351
IRFAN Amber
235
IRIGOIN Ailyn
247
IRRIBARRA Luis351
ISA Isma Liza MOHD152
ISA Kaoru
142
ISA Tadashi
142, 279
ISHIDA Yoko
142, 279
ISHIKAWA Kei-Ichi
93
ISHWARKUMARGOVENDERGOVENDER Sundika
76
ISONISHI Ayami
24
ITOH Masahiro
221
IVANG Andrew
169
IWAMOTO Takuji
93
IWANAGA Joe
13, 14, 109, 122, 128,
244, 249, 251, 345
IWANI Nur Damia
163
IZABAYO Josias
169

I

J

I'TISHOM Reni
IAMSAARD Sitthichai
IBARA Takuya
IBEABUCHI Kingsley
IBIS Elif Cansu
IDDAGODA SamanIELO Augusto
IFARAJIMI Rapheal
IHUNWO Amadi
IHUNWO Amadi Ogonda
IKEZAKI Shojiro
ILYASOV Viktor
INCE Rumeysa
INCE Rumeyse
INCEOGLU Aysenur

330
319, 320
195
168
115
231
204
156
144, 224
94
88
129
395
206
138, 272

JABARI Samir
JACKSON Tatum
JACOB Tony George
JADOON Sara
JAKUBCZYK Ewa
JAMIL Yusuf
JANG Ji-ae
JANG Jong-Won
JARA Maria Francisca
JARRAL Shaista Arshad
JARVEOTS Tonu
JAYANTH Aiden
JAYAPALA Deepan
JAYAPALA Deepan
JEE Mi Jin

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S406

301
203
259
143
230
223
113
321, 322
351
263
300
186, 354
267, 371
371
315

Author Index

IFAA 2024

JEFFERY Nathan
118
JEGAL Seong Gyu
346, 347
JENKIN Rebekah
189
JENKS Annika
271
JEON Ahn-Na
201
JEON Anna
194, 217, 393
JEON You-Jin
284
JEONG Eun Ae283
JEONG Ju-Kyung
308, 319
JEONG Seoyoun
327, 328
JI Hyun-Ju
221
JIANG Wei-Cheng
332
JIANG Yuna
312
Ji-Hyun LEE
239
JIN Euzin
238
JIN Juan
312
JIN Zhe-Wu
26
JO Danbi
277, 278
JO Hyejung
327, 328
JOHNSON Briauna
79, 80JOHNSON Laura91, 377
JOHNSTON Malcolm
186
JOO Kyeung Min
284, 304, 305
JORQUERA Gonzalo
331
JOSEPH Mickael Antoine
356
JOYCE Kieran
116
JUFANG Huang
144
JUNG Chaeyong
37, 322
JUNG Han-Sung16, 316, 323, 324
JUNG Hunmin
153, 209
JUNG HyunJo
271
JUNG Jae-Kwang
334
JUNG Na-Ri
306
JUNG So-Young
225
JUNG Sugyeong
394
JUNG Sung Won
295
JUNG Yong-Hwan
309
JUNIASTI Helen Try321
JURJUS A. R
376
JUSUF Ahmad Aulia
298
K

K. DATUSALIA Ashok

290

K. NARAYAN Ravi
K. PAIKRA Sanjeev
K. RASTOGI Ashok
KABADAYI Berk
KACHLIK David

290
290
290
188
83, 117, 118, 199,
357, 386, 389
KACUR Idil
125
KAGABO GASHEGU Julien
169, 350
KAGAN Il'ya
190
KAKI Bale Swamy
294
KALE Aysin
125, 220
KAMARRUDIN Ahmad Hafiz
152
KAMARUDDIN Ahmad Hafiz
116
KAMARUDDIN Nur Aqilah
152
KAMARUDIN Taty Anna
157
KAMOLLERD Chuchart
319
KAMOLLERD Therachon
319
KAN Shiqi
315, 319
KANDAPILLAI Ganesan
16
KANG Dawon
88
KANG Dong Yeop
299
KANG Hee-Kyoung
308, 309
KANG Jae Seung
327, 328
KANG Jee-Hae
306
KANG Joon Won
297
KANG Jung-Il
308, 309
KANG Moon Sung
334
KANG Sohi
279
KANG Yun Hee
388
KAPITONOVA Marina
190, 227
KAPUR-MAULEON Monique M. 209
KARABULUT Ahmet Kagan46
KARABULUT Cagrı
206, 395, 396
KARACA BOZDAG Zekiye
350
KARASU Hakan Alpay
120
KATTII Karuna
103
KATTIL Punnose
59
KAUR Jasbir
141
KAWADA Jiro
93
KAWATA Shinichi
221
KEAY Kevin
189
KEAY Kevin A.
178
KEET Kerri
228, 234
KELES Papatya
379

KELP Nicole
79
KENG Tan SU
383
KERVANCIOGLU Piraye 47, 136, 138
KERVANCIOGLU Pıraye
272
KESKINOZ Elif Nedret
355
KHADANOVICH Anhelina
117
KHANAL Laxman
348
KHANTHIYONG Bupachad
244
KHASAWNEH Ramada
155, 240
KHLEBNIKOV Yury
227
KHONSARI Roman
197
KHUNUNYHAPORN Tharit
172, 176, 384
KI Ho Chul
56
KICINSKI Przemyslaw
230
KIKUCHI Keishirou
249
KILABERIIA Tina Luiza
270
KIM Bora
324
KIM Chaeyeon
314
KIM Chang Young56
KIM Chung Kwon
284, 305
KIM Chungkwon
304
KIM Dae Hyun
288
KIM Dae Yu
284
KIM Dasom
288
KIM Deog-Im
194, 217
KIM Digud
124, 241, 242, 243,
245, 248, 250
KIM Do-Gyun
293
KIM Dokoyung
222
Kim Dokyoung
15, 222
KIM Dong Woon
296, 297, 299
KIM Dong-Ho
163
KIM Duk-Soo
281, 282
Kim Eunha
25
KIM Eun-Jung
324
KIM Ga-Young
358
KIM Gi-Wan
113, 194, 201, 339, 393
KIM Gun Woo
282
KIM Gyuah
185, 253
KIM Ha-Eun
358
KIM Hee-Jin
5, 31, 12, 221, 228,
235, 255, 312, 360
KIM Heejin
226

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S407

Author Index
KIM Heon Seok
KIM Heung-Joong
KIM Hong Lim
KIM Hongtae
KIM Hye YoungKIM Hye-Jin
KIM Hyoung Tae
KIM Hyun Jin
KIM Hyun Jung
KIM Hyun-Jin
KIM Hyun-Yi
KIM Hyun-YoungKIM In-BeomKIM Ja Hye
KIM Jae-YoungKIM Jayoung
KIM Ji Eun
KIM Ji Hyun
KIM Ji YoungKIM Jiho
KIM Jin So
KIM Jin-Hee
KIM Jinhyun
KIM Ji-Sun
KIM Jiwoo
KIM Jiyeon
KIM Ji-YoungKIM Jong Seo
KIM Jong-Il
KIM Joo Han
KIM Joong-Sun
KIM Kyung Eun
KIM Min-Jeong
KIM Min-Seok
KIM Namkug
KIM Rokhyun
KIM Si-Yeong
KIM So Woon
KIM Soo-Bin
KIM Soojin
KIM Soo-Jung
KIM Soon Jae
KIM Sun-Hun
KIM Tae-YoungIFAA 2024
29
248
293
251
314, 338
358
312, 344, 345
53276, 318, 325
323
324
196
295
325
334
337
98
344, 345
282
325
344, 345
282
297
316, 323, 324
315, 319
346, 347
337
12
157
276
279
283
323
306
346, 347, 390
157
225
53
255
358
225
392
306
334

KIM Ye-Gyung

194, 201, 202,
391, 392, 393,
KIM Yejin
327, 328
KIM Yeong Seok
338
KIM Yiseul
276
KIM Yi-Suk
163, 341
KIM Yun Hak
334, 335, 337
KIM Yunwoo
238
KIM Yu-Young
160
KIMURA Hiroo
93
KING Svetlana
91
KITAGAWA Norio
13
KITAJIMA Hiroaki
13
KITPATANASOMBAT Intasin
342
KJIRKOVIKJ Ivan
357
KLEBER Christian216
KM Hyoung Tae
344
KNEZI Nikola
361
KO Dayoung
196
KOBAYASHI Tomoyo
279
KOCAOGLU Barıs223
KOCHANSKI Maksymilian
300
KOENIG Michael
186
KOFFI Leon
156
KOH Jin Hao133
KOH Ler Ting
133
KOH Seong-Ho
157
KOH Seong-Joon
196
KOH Wei Ping
133
KOHN Tertius
234
KOIKE Masato
93, 142, 279
KOIRALA Sarun
348
KOKSAL Ali
128
KOLBY Lars
197
KOMAGINA Tomohiro
55
KONEY Nii Koney-Kwaku
91
KONG Jiming
289
KONGE Lars
220
KONNO Kohtarou
142
KONSWAH Omar154
KOO Hyung Nam
341
KOOK Yeon Hee
299
KOPLAY Mustafa
133
KOPTAS Krzysztof
117, 314

KOSCINA Zmilovan
113
KOTIL ASLAN Gonul
183
KOUAME Patrice156
KOUYATE Vazoumana
156
KRAMER Beverley34, 160, 187, 190
KREBS Claudia
5, 84, 175
KRIENER Kyleigh125, 364, 374
KRISH Goutam
16
KRISKOVA Petra118
KRSHNA Denish
133
KRUEPUNGA Nutmethe
268
KRUEPUNGA Nutmethee
128, 251
KU ISHAK Ku Marsilla397
KU MOHD NOOR Ku Mastura
163
KUANPRADIT Chitraporn
172, 176,
311, 384
KUANPRADIT Worakamol
384
KUBO Daisuke
55
KUBWIMANA Olivier
169
KUMAR Ashutosh
290
KUMAR BASKARAN Senthil
324
KUMAR Navneet
235, 320
KUMAR Pankaj
290
KUMAR Rajesh
259, 290
KUMAR Sambhav
213
KUMAR Vijay
235
KUMARI Chiman
290
KURAMASU Miyuki
221
Kuratani Shigeru
5
KURNIAWAN Arofi
42, 43
KUSUMANINGTYAS Sasanthy
266
KWAK Jong-Young
97
KWON Eun Jung
335
KWON Hokeun
17
KWON Hyuk-Jae Edward
153, 209
KWON Hyung Wook
250
KWON Hyung-Wook
124, 241, 242,
245, 248
KWON Hyungwook
243
KWON Jin
53
KWON Se-Young
322
KWON Woo-Keun
276
KWON Young Do
305
KYEONG Minjae
315, 319

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S408

Author Index

IFAA 2024

L

L GUNDLACH Andrew
147
LACHMAN Nirusha
123
LAGOS Rosario
203
LAI Dino
174
LAI Jonathan
95
LAI Yong-Lin
257
LALA Rashaun
196
LALA Raushan
215
LANKOVITCH Anna
40
LAPIDES Lenka
381
LAPYUNEYONG Natthapol
319
LASHLEY Kerrie
205
LATTMAN Alexa
207
LAU Arthur Chin Haeng
46
LAU Victor Wang Tat
184
LAWAL Sodiq
136, 269
LAZARUS Lelika
278, 283
LEE Daehan
346
LEE Da-Yeon
318
LEE Dong Hyuk
281
LEE Dongjun
337
LEE Eun Jeong24
LEE Eun Ji
157
LEE Eun-Jin
247, 271, 339, 388
LEE Ha Eon
293
LEE Hansol
314
LEE Hye-Yeon
225
LEE Hyung Chul
15
LEE In-Jeong97
LEE Jae W.
153, 209
LEE Jae-Ho
312, 317, 334
LEE Jaehui
222
LEE Jaewoong
283
LEE Jae-Yong
388, 391, 392
LEE Ja-Kyeong298
LEE Je Hun
392, 394
LEE Jehun
394
LEE Jeong-Hwa
53
LEE Ji-Hyun
163
LEE Jihyun
226
LEE Jong-Min
15, 316LEE Joong Ryoul
321

LEE Ju-Hyun
318
LEE Jung-Mi
153, 209
LEE Kang-Woo
160, 360
LEE Kyong-Ha
202, 388, 391, 392
LEE Kyu-Lim
228
LEE Kyung Hwa
23
LEE Lisa
79, 80LEE Maui
273
LEE Mi Hwa
338
LEE Mijeong
124, 241, 242, 245, 248
LEE Min-Ju
157, 243
LEE Mun-Yong53, 293
LEE Ni
326
LEE Sang-Ah
354
LEE Sangkyu
299
LEE Sang-Seob
163, 194, 339
LEE Seongju
328
LEE Seung Hee
295
LEE Seung Hui
338
LEE Si-Wook
312
LEE Sookyoung
160, 250
LEE Soo-Kyoung
243
LEE Soo-Kyung
153, 209
LEE Soong Deok
56
LEE So-Young312
LEE Su Jeong340
LEE Sukyong
346
LEE Su-Yeon
16
LEE Su-Youn
315
LEE Tae-Kyeong
296, 297
LEE U-Young163
LEE Won-Joon
39
LEE Yeonhee
318
LEE You-Mie
334
LEE Young Seok
341
LEE Young-Chun
344, 345
LEE Young-Hoon
307
LEE Yujin
314
LEE Yunjoo
196
LEONE A.
337, 376
LEUSCHNER Machel
153
LEVI-SHAFFER F.
337
LI Athena
185, 253
LI Changhong
267

LI Hantao
267
LI He
62
LI Hui
277
LI Jianyang
28
LI Jiawei
123
LI Kun165
LI Naigang
294
LI Shujin
316, 323, 324
LI Wensheng
28
LI Xiangning
27
LI Xiangtian111
LI Xiaohe123
LI XiaoYa
145
LI Yan267
LI Yanbing
111, 258
LI Yibo
307
Li Yun-Qing
6
LI Zhihong
151
LI Zhijun
165
LI Zhong-Lian
221
LIANG Yajie
65
Liao Fusheng
62
LIAO Wen-Chieh
19
LIAO Yi-Kai
260
LIAQAT ALI KHAN Norhayati
169
LIBHABER Elena187
LIEM Isabella Kurnia
336
LIM Aymeric
133
LIM Jung Min
344, 345
LIM Soyeoun
346, 347
LIM Soyoung
237
LIM Wei Ling
141
LIM Ye Seon
98
LIM Yeonjin
222
LIMPANUPARB Taweetham
375
LIRA Maria Jesus
60, 351
LIU Gang109
LIU Jiannan
111, 258
LIU Jiaxuan
111
LIU Qiong28
Liu Rong
70
LIU Shanyu
329
LIU Shuwei
108, 146, 233, 262
LIU Tong
116

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S409

Author Index

IFAA 2024

LIU Wei66
LIU Xiang62
LIU Xiaobing
26, 111LIU Yan111
LIU Yang
313
Liu Yi14
LIU Yong
14
LIU Yuqiuhe
301
LIZAMA PEREZ Rodrigo
360
LOCKSPEISER Tai
79, 80
LOHMAN Chelsea
79, 80
LOKE Sue-Jinn
179
LONE Mutahira
362, 395
LONG Zara
364
LONGHURST Georga
363
LOPES Raquel
51
LOPEZ COLOMA Sofia
217
LOPEZ HIDALGO Monica
175
LOPEZ Juan Carlos
368
LOPEZ-ALVARADO Danniel
233
LOPEZ-NAVARRO Juan Carlos
203
LU Hongxu
38
LU Zhonghua
23
LUCENA Austen
16
LUCKRAJH Jeshika
213, 236
LUCKRAJH-WILLIAMS Jeshika 232
LUKESOVA Tereza199
LUXSASUPAVANICH Tanutporn 311
M

MA Dong58
MA Jinfeng
26, 111
MA Jing-Han
62
MA Xiangyu
304
MA Yuan
165
MA Yunfei
290
MAC DERMOTT Kerryn-Anne
228,
234
MADGWICK Jacob
353
MADOLO Mbalentle
244
MADRIGAL-AGUILAR Angelica 233
MAEKAWA Motoko
318
MAENG Ju-Chan306

MAFUIKA Seke Nzau
278, 283
MAGCABA Nomthandazo
136, 137
MAHAKKANUKRAUH Pasuk
74, 109, 162, 218, 341, 342
MAHMOOD ZUHDI Ahmad Syadi
134
MAHMUD Tayyaba
263
MAI Fu-Der
131
MAIGNE Jean-Yves
106
MAIURI Mossimo
271
MALDOY Marjan
357
MALLETT Xanthe
165
MANDELA IDENYA Pamela
91
MANGER Paul146
MANHAL Simone
171
MANICKAM KUMARASAMY
Prakash		
177, 385
MANICKAM KUMARASAMYSamaila 			385
MANIK Punita
320
MANJATIKA Arthur
158
MANJATIKA Arthur Tsalani
91, 353
MANOCHANTR Sirikul
307
MANSI Yosef
126
MARGARETHA Mieke
43
MARGIANA Ria
298, 330
MARIANI Ursula
224
MARIC Dusan
302
MARIC Dusica
176, 302
MARIC Marija
302
MARIMA Phillipa
91
MARINO Silvia
204
Markiv Anatoliy
184
MARTIN Jazmin
199
MARUFU Ozyl
132
MARUYAMA Masashi
30
MARZBAN Hassan
61
MASLANKA Krystian314
MASSOUD Tarik
245, 246
MATHANGASINGHE Y
267
MATHANGASINGHE Yasith
182, 183, 231
MATHEWS Edward
103
MATSUDA Ken Ichi
303

MATSUMURA Hirofumi
55
MATSUOKA-NAAMURA Yumi
17
MAYASARI Dyah Samti
18
MAZENGENYA Pedzisai
96, 146, 158, 224
MAZLOUMI Zeinab
310
MBAGWU Smart
98, 168
MCCALL Andrew D.
153, 209
MCCALMONT Amber108
MCCLUSKEY Joshua
63, 64, 276
MCCONNELL James126
MCDANIEL Maxwell
191, 208
MCDERMOTT Kieran
293
MCKENZIE Rebecca
370
MCLEISTER Kyle191
MCMAHON Siobhan
175
MEARES Allan178
MEGANCK Claudia
160
MEHTA Vandana
141
MEIRING Keegan
187
MEKWA Jacob69
MEKWA Jacob Pule
68
MELLA Andres
374
MELLIN Ruslan
214
MEMUDU Adejoke
144
MEMUDU Adejoke Elizabeth
94, 96MENDUTI Giovanna
148
MERGEN Merve
188
MEUSER Annika
216
MEYER Amanda
175
MEYER Edgar
199
Meyer Edgar R.
70
MICHELLE Fanny
266
MIDWINTER Mark
125, 196, 215, 364, 374
MILARDI Demetrio
204
MILLER Natalija
139, 191, 192, 274
MILOS Daniel
127
MILSOM Chloe
179
MIRANDA-KRAUSE Ricardo Esteban
360
MIRANDA-PACHECO Yamil233
MIRJALILI Ali (SA)200
MIRJALILI Ali
57

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S410

Author Index

IFAA 2024

MITSUYA Yuka
221
MIYAZAKI Hirofumi
285, 318
MIZUMA Haruhi
279
MOAZEN Mehran
197
MOGALE Nkhensani
129
MOHAMAD AZMI
Muhammad Fakhrullah
152
MOHAMAD Noor Shafini
383
MOHAMAD Nor Alia
179, 194
MOHAMED Kistina
151
MOHD ISA Isma Liza78, 116, 154
MOHD Isma Liza
259
MOHD ISMAIL Zul Izhar
397
MOHD RAMLI Elvy Suhana
78, 152
MOHD YUSOF
Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera
383
MOHD ZAHRIN Nur Ain Nabilah 107
MOHD ZAMIN Rasheeda
134, 155
MOIN Mahnoor
380
MOKHTAR Sabarul Afian
116, 152
MONTEREO CABALLERO Daniel 147
MONUM Tawachai
341
MOON Changjong
279
MOON Gyo-Ha
295
MOON Hong Joo
276
MOON Jungmin
304
MOON Jung-Sun
306
MOON So Jin390
MOON Sojin
375
MORABITO Rosa
204
MORE Stuart
244
MORITOKI Nobuko
93
MORUCCI Gabriele
225
MOU Bin
14
MOURA Diogo
51
MOUSAVI Seyed Amir
204
MOXHAM Bernard
149
MOYA DAZA Maria Paz
360
MOYANO Laura
127
MOYES Siobhan
89, 90, 179, 197,
380, 385, 391
MOYO Zenzo
69
MPOLOKENG Kentse
213, 244
MSAYER Ali
374

MTSHALI Matshidiso
132
MUDALI Rashmi
252
MUHANDIRAM M.G.R.R.
371
MUN Juyeon
287
MUNAWAROH Siti
99, 366, 379
MUNOZ Gonzalo
226
MUNRO Ross
172, 186, 382
MUNRO Sophie
228
MURATORI Luisa
355
MURLIMANJU B.V.
241
Muro Satoru
11
MURO Satoru
116, 195
MURRAY Aaron
90
Mussell Jason
72
MUSSELL Jay
22
MUSTAFA Muhamad Nazrin
116
MUTHMAINAH Muthmainah
99
MUTHUKUMAR Abirami
184
MWAKIKUNGA Anthony
353
MYINT Tin Tin
229
N

NADERIAN Homayoun
310
NADESAN Paheerathan
114
NAGOSHI Narihito
93
NAICKER Thajasvarie
278, 283
NAIDOO Nerissa
130
NAIDU Edwin
136, 137, 269
NAING Khin Saw
229
NAKAMURA Masaya
93
NAKANISHI-MATSUI Mayumi
88
NAKAYAMA Junpei
93
NALLA Shahed77
NAM Kwang Il
216, 219
NAM Sang-Hyeon
157
Namaschivayam G R
262
NANDI Michael
161
NARAYANAN Jayaraj K
167
NARIN Arif Emir
188
NARNAWARE Yuwaraj (Raj)371
NAS Emine
125
NASIR Aryanny
194
NATALIJA Miller
140

NATARAJAN Jansirani
356
NATSUYAMA Yutaro
221
NAU Thomas
130
NAVARRO SANCHEZ Monica
147
NAVIC Pagorn
218
NAZAR IZQUIERDO Diego270
NDAHIMANA Paul
169, 350
NECKER Fabian
193
NG Isaac Sung Him
184
NGENZI Joseph
169
NGUYEN An
16
NGUYEN Dennis
273
NGUYEN Linh
231
NGUYEN Thi Van
312
NIEDERMAIR Julian F.
171
NIES Yong Hui141
NIKDOKHT RASHIDIAN Nikdokht
204
NIKITYUK Dmitriy
190
NIMURA Akimoto
106, 195
NISHIJIMA Akihiko
93
NISHIJIMA Takayuki
93
NKOMOZEPI P
336
NKOMOZEPI Pilani
224
NNAKA Jude168
NOH Min hye
338
NOMKHONDORJ Otgonsaikhan
124, 241NOOMA Kunimitsu
249
NOOR AZMI Nur Rasyidah
163
NOROUZI Nahid
310
NOVA Pablo
122, 127
NOVA-BAEZA Pablo
218
NTATAMALA Itumeleng
121
NTEL CHATZOGLOU Gkionoul 125
NTELI CHATZIOGLOU Gkionoul
362, 377
NTULI Sandile
236
NTULI Sunday
153
NUGROHO M. Ikhsan
330
NURHADI Asty Amalia
86
NUTTALL Gloria
271

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S411

Author Index

IFAA 2024O

O'BRIEN Dominic
174, 186, 354
O'HAGAN Lomani
57
O'ROURKE Evie
382
O'SHEA Dr Ross
147
O’LEARY Olivia F
362
O’MAHONY Conor
362
O’MAHONY Siobhain M.
362
O’MAHONY Siobhain Mary
395
OBUN Cletus
161
ODUBELA Kayode
156
OFFOR Ugochukwu
69
OFORI Prince
337
OGAILI Raed
152, 259
OGAMI-TAKAMURA Keiko55
OGBU Adanna
359
OGUGUA Egwu
180
OGURA Shingo
291
OGUT Eren
257
OH Chang Seok
54
OH Jiwon
283
OH Moon-Yeon
358
OH Sae-Ock
337
OH Sang-A
298
OH Sehyun
339
OH Seyeon
321, 322
OH Yuna293
OHUCHI Hideyo
313
OJEDA Norma
215
Ojeda Norma70, 71OJIAKOR Vivian
181, 359
OK Fatma
377
OK Hyun Tae
340
OKAFOR Izuchukwu
98, 168
OKAMOTO Kazuki
279
OKAMOTO Shinichiro
142, 279
OKANO Hideyuki
93
OKTEM Hale223
OKUYAMA Kentaro
93
OLATEJU Oladiran161, 287
OLAVE Enrique
227, 232, 258
OLEWNIK Lukasz
114, 268, 314
OLEWNIK ŁUkasz
117, 219

OLOJEDE Samuel136, 269
OLSON Carl
199, 389
OLSON Colorado
275
OLSSON Ebba
357
OLUCHA BORDONAU Francisco 147
ONDRUSCHKA Benjamin
171
ONYEJIKE Darlington
161
ORELLANA Mathias
127
ORELLANA-DONOSO Mathias
218
ORGAN Jason
35, 200
ORHAN Mustafa
138, 263, 272
ORIAN Jacqueline
145
ORIASOTIE Moses
390
ORREGO Mario351
ORTEGA Jose374
OSORIO MUOZ Francisca
109
OTSU Keishi
88
OTULANA Olatoye156
OUYANG Jun
58, 111OWADA Yuji
285, 318
OXLEY Matthew
361
OZDEMIR Ayse
272
OZDEMIR Mustafa
206, 396OZIOKO Onyinye
180, 390OZIOKO Uche
180, 390OZOR Ignatius
180, 181, 390
OZTURK Adnan
112
OZTURK Caner120
OZTURK Cansu
206
P

PAI Mangala
224, 241PAIK Sun-Sook
295
PALEE Patison
162, 218, 341, 342
PALMER Natalie
380
PALOMBELLA Andrew
185, 253
PANAITESCU Christian275
PANDEY Manisha
320
PANDIT Abhay
116, 154
PANG Soyoung
327, 328
PANGHIYANGANI Roselina
339, 340
PANKAJ Arvind
235

PANKAJ Arvind Kumar
320
PAPP Megan
120
PARK Byung Keon
307
PARK Chan
287
PARK Dae-Kyoon
281, 282, 342
PARK Eun-Seo
243
PARK Hyewon
296, 297
PARK Hyun Jin
251
PARK Hyungsun
328
PARK In yang
358
PARK Jeong Hyun
124, 241
PARK Jeonghyun
242, 243, 248, 250
PARK Jeong-Hyun
243, 245
PARK Jongho
317
PARK Joo-Hyun
113
PARK Juhyung
238
PARK Koung-Min
324
PARK Kwang Rak
242, 248, 250
PARK Kwang-Rak
124, 241, 243, 245
PARK Kyu Joo
196
PARK Kyunghyuk
157
PARK Maeja
329
PARK Minjin
293
PARK Rowoon
334
PARK Sa-Beom242, 243
PARK Sabeom
250
PARK Sang Eun
390
PARK Sang Joon
375
PARK Seong Soon
338
PARK Si-Hyung
318
PARK Siyoung
337
PARK So-Hyun
113, 194, 201
PARK Yong Soo
292
PARK Young Jun
157
PARK Yungki
153, 209
PARKER Jack40, 41, 119, 203
Parusel Sebastian
14
PASQUA Bruno de Paula Machado 209
PASSOS-PEQUENO Andreia
233
PASSTOORS Willemijn M.
145
PATERSON Scott ABBOTT186
PATHER Nalini
22, 59, 80
PATON Glen76, 246
PATTAMAPASPONG Nuttaya
218

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S412

Author Index
PAULSEN Friedrich

IFAA 2024

67, 193, 198,
301, 305
PAUWS Erwin
197
PAWLINA Wojciech
59
Pawlina Wojciech
7
PAYNE Trent
196
PEARCE Victoria
363
PEDEMONTE Maria Eugenia
203,
368
PEIFFER Matthias
384
PEIRIS Roshan
347
PENALOZA MADRID Diego
343
PENG Chun Wei
255
PENG Ting
61
PETERS Kenneth
271
PHILP Janet
200
PHROMKRASAE Wanchana
345
PHUKOBYE T R
336
PHUTTHARAK Warinthorn
268
PIAO Jing-Zhen
235
PIAO Jiongzhen
226
PIAO Ziong-Zhen
360
PICKERING Mark175
PILLAY Pamela
76, 189, 367
PILMANE Mara
300, 301
PLEASS Henry178
PODGORSKI Michal
230
PODGORSKI Michał
230
POILLIOT Amelie J.
171
POKHAREL Elina334
POLGUJ Michal
230
POLGUJ Michał
230
POLLOCK Nikki
122
POONUDOM Kanchanaphan
128
PORTER Isaiah
95
POTHAKAMURI Tulsi Kiran
133
PRABHU Latha
224, 241
PRAKOESWA Beshlina
43
PRAKOSO Pindo Galih
369
PRAMESTI M. P. Budyandini D.
330
PRASAD Renuka
318
PRASITWATTANASEREE Sukon
162, 218, 341
PRATAMA Andi Ahmad Thoriq 330

PRICE Jim
PRIETO-SIMON Beatriz
PRIGGE Lane
PRITAM Helmi Mohd Hadi
Prykhodko OlhaPRYKHODKO OlhaPUNJA Rohini
PUPOVAC Nikolina
PURBA Rosinta Hotmaida P

172
300
132
159
32
33, 34240, 381
176
321

Q

QI Xiangdong
QIAN Lei
QIONGLAN Yuan
QU Tiange
QUARTARONE Angelo
QUIGLEY Sarah
QUINTINI Dario
QUIROS Amanda

267, 270
58
292
16
204
370
204
122

R

R.L Satish
133
RADEL Bianca
246
RADOMIR Mihajlo
302
RADOSEVIC Dragana
176, 302RAFAT Ali
103, 310
RAHARJO Paulus
330
RAHAYU Indriati Dwi
202
RAIMONDO Stefania
355
RAJA AMAN Raja Rizal Azman
134
RAJBONGSHI Lata
98
RAMIREZ VEGA Carlos
311, 343
RAPPA F.
337
RAQUEL Villar-Puchades
134, 370
RASHIDI Danial Aiman
107
RASYID Haerani
86
RAUF Khalid
143
RAVI Kumar Satish
68
RAVICHANDRAN Selvalakshmi 141
RAZLAN Aimi Nadia
169
RBC FONSECA Guilherme
173
REBOLLEDO BARRIGA Mariel
343
REDENZ Gunther372

REID Donald
203
REID Luke
252, 367
REIDENBERG Joy
167
REN Liyi
66
REN Zhiyi
65
RENN Ting-Yi
19, 131RENNIE Carmen
136, 137, 269
RESHMA Khatun Mst
337
RETAMAL Andres
247
RHYU Im Joo
288
RIAWAN Wibi
202
RIDZUAN Nurul Raudzah Adib54, 149
RIEW Tae-Ryong53, 293
RIMAL Jyostna
348
RIQUELME Arnoldo
351
RISHAIDHI Madihah
194
RITCHIE Charles
118
RIVEROS Andres
227, 232, 258
RIVOLTA Marcelo
151
RIZKY Beta
43
ROCCA Paola
296
ROCKARTS Jasmine
185
RODRIGUES Gabriela
50
RODRIGUEZ-OSORIO Benjamin 218
ROETZER Vera198
ROH Gu Seob
283
ROJAS Constanza
122
ROJAS QUIROZ Boris Branco
262
ROMAN Camila
270
ROMANO Emilio
271
RONCHI Giulia
355
ROSANI Nurul Sazmi
134
ROSEN Nancy Paris
253
ROSENBLUM Shelly 		
84
ROYER Danielle79, 80
RUSHAIDHI Madihah179
RUSSELL Stephen
191, 380RUZIK Kacper
219
RYOO Seung-Bum
196
RYSKALIN Larisa
225
RYU Bomi
284
RYU Jae Ryun
318
RYU Seung Min
390

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S413

Author Index
RYU TomRYU Ye Jin

IFAA 2024
382
157

S

SABETKAM Shahnaz
103
SADAT Mehdi
118
SAFADI Layla AL
110
SAFDAR Lovina
263
SAGA Tsuyoshi
249
SAGIMOVA Gulzira
253, 254
SAGOO Mandeep Gill
184
SAHINOGLU Tuba
131
SAIKI Kazunobu
55
SAINI Banjot
16
SAKARAN Rani
163, 164SALGADO-TORRES Cristian218
SALIHU Moyosore
31
SALINAS Sylvia
232
SALINAS-ALVAREZ Yolanda
175
SALYSTINA Mega Amaliani
339
SAMAHA Paula
110
SAMALIA Latika
177
SAMARATHUNGA Dishan
114
SAMSHUDDIN Nur Azwa Syuhada
163
SANCHEZ Natalia
238
SANCHIS GIMENO Juan
109, 270
SANCHIS Juan
122, 127
SANDERS Kat
89, 90, 200
SANLITURK Yusra Nur 188, 220, 379
SANLTURK Yusra Nur
112, 378
SANTOS Pedro
50
SARI Dwi Cahyani Ratna
18, 369
SATO Keita
313
SATYAPAL Kapil
189
SATYAPAL Kapil S
76
SAUREZ-REVELES Jimena
233
SAUSA M.
337
SCHANZ Daniel
129
SCHELLINO Roberta
148
SCHICHT Martin
198
Schmitt Brandi
73
SCHNEIDER Richard
16

SCHOLZ Michael
193, 301
SCHOOR Albert VAN
110
SCOTT Justin
129
SEAH Bing Heng
133
SECKINER Dilan
165, 361
SEE Christopher
45
SELVARAJ Suresh
82
SENARAI Thanyaporn
268
SENCAN Zeynep
206, 395, 396
SEO Je Hoon
282
SEO Jinsoo
92
SEO Min
54
SEOL Song-I
298
SEREM June C.
153
SERRUDO MORALES Valeria Mishell
262
SETIAWAN Abdul Malik157
SETYAWAN Nur Huda Hendra
369
SEVER Sinem Nur
223
SEVMEZ Fatma
47, 263, 396
SEZIBERA Vincent
169
SHAH Sandip
348
SHAH Syed Hasnain Raza202
SHAH-BEIGI Ava
380
SHAILESH Deeksha
118
SHAMSUDDIN Shamsi Amalina 397
SHANGASE Lungile
269
SHAO Kemeng
291
SHAO Qing
213
SHAO-HSIEN Lin
280
SHARMIN Akter
312
SHAW Hannah
181
SHENHAR Chen
271
SHI Jun165
SHI Yulian
111
SHIBATA Shinsuke
93
SHIM Sunhee
375
SHIM Yun Taek
341
SHIN Dong Hoon54, 56SHIN Hee Soon
312
SHIN Hyo Jung
296, 297
SHIN Hyun Joo
283
SHIN Hyunjin
239
SHIN Juhee
297, 299

SHIN Jung-A
310
SHIN Nara
296, 297
SHIN Seulgi
327, 328
SHIN Taekyun
279
SHIN Yejin
314
SHINDO Tomoko
93
SHIRAZI Reza43
SHOKRI Saeed
45
SHYU Jia Fwu
255
SHYU Jia-Fwu
256, 257, 260, 261, 326
SIEBERTH Till
165
SILVA ROCHEFORT Benjamin
343
SILVA Vicente
127
SIMSAUSER Adam
276
SINGAPPULI Kanchana
231
SINGER Lauren
197, 385, 391
SINGH Brijendra
150
SINGH Mansharan Kaur Chanchal 159
SINGH Ritu
235
SINGH Seema
262
SINGSUWAN Phruksachat
162
SINTHUBUA Apichat
109, 162, 218, 341
SITHICHAROON Warataporn
172, 176
SIVA Akil
253
SIWETZ Martin
171
SKEEN Zachary126
SKIBINSKI Krzysztof
268
SKLADOWSKI Radosław
268
SKLENSKY Jan
117
SLADE Jill M.
129
SMIT Noeska
171
SMITH Claire36, 172, 173, 174,
186, 367, 382
SMITH Heather
16, 135
SNOW Katie
179
SOH Lawrence Ing Kee
133
SOHN Hyun Joon
340
SOHN Wern-Joo
334
SOLAK DONER Rabia
130, 378, 379
SOLDANI Paola
225
SOLMAZ Ekrem
46
SOMRIT Monsicha
172, 176

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S414

Author Index
SON Ji-YoungIFAA 2024

113, 194, 201,
217, 388, 393
SON Kuk Hui
321, 322
SON Myeongjoo284
SON Seung Kyu
299
SON Su-Kyung
306
SONG Chang Ho
312, 344, 345
SONG Dae Yong
238
SONG Dae-Yong
247, 271, 388
SONG Eun-Myung Mary
209
SONG Hee-Jung
296
SONG Heesang
302
SONG Juhyun
277, 278
SONG Sehyeon
157
SONG Soo-Jin
310, 315
SONG Wu-Chul
239
SONG Xue
164, 213
SONG Yang
164
SONG Yeongseo
328
SONG Zhijian
372
SONI Kapil
193
Soo-Bin KIM
239
SOONSATHAM Pimratchanee
172, 176, 384
SORBERA Chiara
204
SOSNIN Evgeniy
214
SOZA REX Jose Francisco
60
SPATOLA G. F
376
SPEAR Michelle
186, 364, 365, 369
SPENGLER Eileen
203
SRDIC-GALIC Biljana187, 361
SRIDAR Pradeeba82
SRISINGHASONGKRAM Jetniphit
341
ST CLAIR Tyler
207
STEENACKERS Gunther384
STEPHENS Georgina
18, 182, 183
STEPHENS Jonathan
382
STILES Lewis
191
STIVER Mikaela
175
STONE Danya
173, 174, 186, 354
STRBAC Sara
176
STRKALJ Goran
187, 349, 376
SU Bingyin
66

Su Shanchun
62
SUBRAMANIAM Shamala Devi 150
SUDSANG Thanwa
251
SUGIYAMA Yuzuki
195
SUH Bong-Jik
344, 345
SUI Hong-Jin
25, 105, 164, 213
SULAIMAN Sara89, 90, 364, 365
SULE BUBA Hasiya
143
SULEIMAN Muritala
168
SULEIMENOVA Fatima
254
SULEMAN Farhana E.
110
SUN Jia-nan
62
SUN Woong94, 276, 318
SUN Yundong283
SUN Zhongwei
20
SUNG Byung-Jun
338
SUNG Jisoo
271
SUNG Tae Sik
196
SUPARDI Supardi
330
SUPHAMUNGMEE Worawit
128
SUROTO Heri
330
SUSNJEVIC Sonja
302
SUWANMANEE Gunticha
307
SUWANNAKHAN Athikhun
128, 244, 251, 268, 368, 375
SWEENEY Eva M
370
SWIGART Noah
273
SWIGERT Noah138
SZYMANSKI Jacek
230
T

TABIRA Yoko
TAHIR Mardhiah
TAIWO-OLA Dorcas
TAKAHASHI Megumu
TAKAHASHI Satoru
TAKIGUCHI Masahito
TAN Ian Sze
TAN Rachael
TANAKA Masaki
TANAKA Tatsuhide
TANAKA Yasuhito
TANG Jun-Ming

249
155
156
142, 27915
286
133
79, 80
303
24
109
62

TANG Qinghuang
153, 209TANG Yuchun
262
TANGSRISAKDA Nareelak
319
TANIDA Takashi
303
TAOTO Chayakorn
319
TARADOLPISUT Napawan
368, 375
TARANIKANTI Varna
333
TASI Pei-Jiun
326
TASTAN Omer Alp
115
TASTAN Omer Alp
236
TATAR Mehmet Cengiz
46
TATSUMI Kouko
24
TAYLOR CJ174
TAYLOR Rebecca
74
TEDDU Prathyusha
145
TEKIN ORHA Ayla
188, 378
TEKIN Sezgin Bahadır
206, 395, 396
TENG Ye233
TEOH Seong Lin
141
THANH Do Thi
247
THARNMANULARP Suthasinee 116
THEODORAKIOGLOU Aimilia
118
THI NGUYEN Thuy
322
THI Thuy Nguyen
37
THIDAR Aye Mya
229
THOMAS MALDONADO David 214
THOMPSON John
79
THROCKMORTON Zachary80
THUY Tran Thi Xuan
97
TIERNEY Claire M.
118
TIPOE George L
173
TOMAR Sushama
320
TOPSAKAL Vedat
136
TORO Frederick
343
TORO-IBACACHE Viviana
140
TOZZI Francesca
204
TRACY Mary
271
TRAMOLAO Jaritza
238, 311
TRAN Brenda
380
TRAN John (J)200
TRAORE Zie
156
TRUJILLO-RIVEROS Martin 113, 218
TSAI Pei Jiun
255
TSAI Pei-Jiun
256, 257, 260, 260, 261

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S415

Author Index
TSAI Wan-Yu
TSURUMOTO Toshiyuki
TUBBS R. Shane
TUBBS Shane
TUBBS Shane R.
TUFAIL Shazia
TUGTAG DEMIR Berin

IFAA 2024
332
55128, 251
345
244
263
120, 128U

UCHIYAMA Keiko
UDOCHKINA Larisa
Uetsuki Manabu
UH Soowon
UJADDUGHE Oriasotie
UJADDUGHE Oriasotie MOSESUMARI Siti Mona Herliani
UNLU Selen
UOPASAI Suwit
URBANEK Abbygale
URRUTIA PIZARRO Miguel
URZUA-VASQUEZ Camila
UYTTEBROEK LeenUZOMBA Chinedu Godwin
UZZO M. J

93
227
30
394
161
180
340
188
319
357
343
113
357
110
376

V

VADGAONKAR Rajanigandha224
VALCKE Martin
352
VALDIVIA SANDOVAL Sara Nicol
262
VALENZUELA FUENZALIDA
Juan Jose			109
VALENZUELA Juan
127
VALENZUELA Juan Jose
122, 270
VALENZUELA Marcos
203
VALENZUELA-FUENZALIDA Juan218
VALENZUELA-FUENZALIDA
Juan Jose 			
113
VAN DAAL Tine
357
VAN DE VOORDE Patrick
220
VAN HERZEELE Isabelle
220
VAN KENHOVE Michiel
171

VAN NASSAUW Luc
357
VAN NIEKERK Martin L.
110
VAN OEVELEN Aline
384
VAN SCHOOR Albert (AN)200
VAN SCHOOR Albert-Neels
129
VAN TONDER Daniel J.
110
VAN VAERENBERGH Femke
204
VANDENBOSSCHE Vicky
171, 352, 357
VANOMMESLAEGHE Hanne
220
VARGA Ivan
381
VARGAS Claudia
232
VASEENON Tanawat
109
VASIL'EV Yuriy
190
VASILEV Yuriy
104, 214VELIKIC Gordana
302
VENKATESH Asha
359
VENTER Gerda
132
VERA TAPIA Karla
113
VERCELLI Alessandro148, 296
VERMA Anoop
235
VILBURN Matthew
175
VILIMEK Miloslav
386
VIRUPAKSHAMURTHY Murlimanju
224
VISNYAIOVA Kristina381
VOJVODIC Danilo
302
VOLCKAERT Bruno
171
VOLLBRECHT Peter175
VOLNY Ondrej
117
VORONTSOVA Olga227
VUCINIC Nikola
176, 302W

WAINMAN Bruce
Wainman Bruce
WALLER Bridget M.
WANAG Simin
WANAKA Akio
WANG Guang
WANG Hongbing
WANG Huiqing
WANG Jaeyun J.

185
253
118
265
24
28
279
142
204

WANG Jiaqi
290
WANG Jun
126, 137, 331, 332
WANG Jun-yi
62
WANG LeiLei
28
WANG Liang86
WANG Manning
372
WANG Ping
105, 254
WANG Simin
165, 265
Wang Ting
62
WANG Xing
165, 265
WANG Xi-rui
62
WANG Xueer
326
WANG Yining
58
WANG Yu
108
WANG Yueming
291
WANG Zhixuan
329
WARNAKULA P.M.T.
371
WASCHKE Jens
198
WATANABE Koichi
249
WATANABE Masahiko
142, 279
WATT Fiona M.
6
WATTHAMMAWUT Atthaboon
172, 176, 311, 384
WEBB Alexandra
355
WEERACHATYANUKUL Wattana
368
WEERADDANA Prabuth
231
WEI Huishan
267
Wei Jiarui
62
WEI LIN Ng
163
WEI Shuang
62
WHITBURN Laura
175
WIBOWO Erik177
WIBOWO Kristophorus Jonathan 330
WIBOWO Theresa Devi
Siswani Tjandra			
298
WICKRAMARACHCHI Uchila
231, 251
WICKRAMASINGHE Pujitha
386
WIJAYAWARDHANA Sameera
114, 231, 251, 386
WILKINSON Tracey
69
WILLAERT Wouter 171, 204, 220, 352
WILLETT Luke174

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S416

Author Index

IFAA 2024

WIMALASUNDERA A.R.
371
WINKELMANN Andreas
35
Winkelmann Andreas
72
WIYONO Nanang
99, 366, 379
WO Yan291
WOHL Gregory
185
WON Hyung-Sun
264
WOO Eun Jin
75, 160
WOO Eunjin
346
WOODLEY Stephanie
355
WOON Choy KER
163
WOONG Hee
318
WREE Andreas
171
Wu Anette
32
WU Anette
33, 34WU Fang
145
WU Haoran
28
Wu Long-Jun
14
WU Xueping
151
WU Yan62
WU Yi
26, 111WUYUNG Puspita Eka
336
X

XIANG Zongqin
XIAO Honglei
XIAO Junhua
XIAO Junhua
XIONG Weirong
XIONG Yang
XU Benke
XU Feifei
XU Shanshan
Xu Shufan

14
28
44, 14544267
267
288, 289
108
26, 11162
Y

YABAN Ali Aygun
YAGMURKAYA Ummuhan
YAHAYA Mohamad Fairuz
YALCIN Eda Didem
YAMAGUCHI Akihiro
YAMAMOTO Masahito
YAMASHITA Takahiro

188, 378
120, 128
141
138, 272
93
27
313

YAMAUCHI Kenta
142, 279
YAN Cui
316
YAN Fuling142
YAN Gen26
YANEZ-CASTILLO Javiera
113
YANG Chun
126, 137, 331
YANG Da Hee
308, 309
YANG Dandan
318
YANG Donghun
202, 388, 391, 392
YANG Gongchao
215
Yang Gongchao
70, 71YANG Hae-Sung
324
YANG Heng
164
Yang Jian70
YANG Keungmo
382
YANG Kwang Yeol
248
YANG Nana
66
YANG Qian
62
YANG Shuhan
285
YANG Yang
165
YANG Yong
137, 266, 331
YARKAN Ilda Sinem
184
YAZAR Melih Berk
188
YE Xin66
YEE Mon Mon
229
YEFI RUBIO Claudia
343
YEON Subin
296, 297
YI Kyuho135
Yi Min-Hee
14
YI Shi-jun
62
YI Shuang-Qin
221
YILDIRAN Huseyin47, 131, 133
YILDIRIM Mehmet
236
YILDIZ Yusuf Zeki
236
YILMAZ Edip
223
YIP George
37
YOHANNAN Doris175
YOKOTA Mutsumi
93
YOO Eun-Sook
308, 309
YOO Hong Il
238
YOO Hong-Il
247, 271
YOO Hong-il
388
YOON In Woo
238
YOON Na Young
394

YOON Sang-Pil
302, 309, 354
YOON Seon-A
309
YOON Sik
98
YOSHIMURA Ayana
286
YOUN Kwan Hyun
245
YOUN Kwan-Hyun
36, 358YOUSIF Rania
147
YOZGATLI Tahir Koray
223
YU Hyunung288
YU Sheng-Bo
164
YU Sun-Kyoung
248
YU Yeon Hee
281, 282
YU Yeuni
334
YU Yuanhang
329
YU Zhen Nan
312
YUAN Lin
126, 137, 266, 331, 332
YUAN Victor
209
YUE Shufen
329
YULIANA RIska
339
YUN Young Hyun56, 196
YUNGE Tomas
203
Yunsook KIM
286
YURASAKPONG Laphatrada
128, 244, 251, 375
Z

ZA'ABA Nurul Fariha
116
ZADNIPRYANY Igor
190
ZAHN Ingrid
198, 301, 305
ZAHRA Daniel
385
ZAIDUN Nurul Hannim
163, 164ZAINUDDIN Muhammad Zaid
169, 383
ZARNEGAR Laila
130
ZEYBEK Nursen
112, 188, 220,
378, 379
ZHAN Cheng
86
ZHANALIEVA Marina
253, 254
ZHANG De Zhou
265
ZHANG Dezhou
165, 265
ZHANG Hechen
26
ZHANG Jian-Fei
164
ZHANG Lin
326

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S417

Author Index
ZHANG MinZHANG Ming
ZHANG Pengyu
Zhang Qiufang
ZHANG Shanshan
ZHANG Shaojie
ZHANG Shuxin
ZHANG Tonghui
Zhang Xiaoqiao
ZHANG YanZHANG Ying-jie

IFAA 2024
326
120
312
62
28
165
65
145
62
295
62

ZHANG Yue65
ZHAO Danyang
165
ZHAO Hailong
165
ZHAO Haixia
66
ZHAO Peng
26
ZHAO Xiaotian
146
ZHARILKASSIMOV Temirlan
253
ZHENG Nan
25, 164, 213
ZHENGS Michael380
ZHONG Shizhen
58
ZHOU Tong254

ZHOU Wenjuan
294
ZIELINSKA Nicol
114, 117, 268, 314
ZILUNDU Prince Lm
167
ZIRAHEI Joseph Vandi
143
ZUHRI Othman Affan
179
ZULKAFLI Intan Suhana134, 155
ZULKIFLEE Izzat
116, 154
ZULKIFLEE Nur Damia Iwani
159, 164ZUNON-KIPRE Yvan
156

ACB Vol. 57, No. 3 Supplement • https://doi.org/10.5115/ACBIFAA2024

S418