Environmental
Progress
ReportBehind every
Apple productis a plan for
the future

Covering fiscal year 2022
Last updated October 2023

2023 Environmental Progress Report2

Contents

Cover photo: Our goal is for all Apple products
to have net-zero carbon impact by 2030.

3
4
5
6

Introduction
Letter from Lisa Jackson
Report highlights
Our environmental strategy
Goals

8
9
14
17
20
26
27

Climate Change
Goals and progress
Our approach
Low-carbon design
Energy efficiency
Clean electricity
Direct emissions abatement
Carbon removal

32
33
34
48
52

Resources
Goals and progress
Our approach
Materials
Water
Zero waste

57
58
59
62
64

Smarter Chemistry
Goals and progress
Our approach
Mapping and engagement
Assessment and management
Innovation

68
68
69
71

Engagement and Advocacy
Our approach
Listening
Achieving change together
Supporting communities

76
85
94
99
108
110
112
113

Appendix
A: Environmental data
B: Corporate facilities energy supplement
C: Supplier Clean Energy Program supplement
D: Assurance and review statements
E: Environment, Health and Safety Policy
F: ISO 14001 certification
Report notes
End notes

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Appendix

Reflections
Apple is on a journey to 2030.
In 2020, we reached carbon neutral for our corporate operations, but
we always knew we could do more. So we set an even more ambitious
goal — to make our products carbon neutral by 2030, across our entire
supply chain and the lifetime energy use of our customers’ devices.
Teams across Apple quickly got to work, and thanks to their innovations,
we’ve made extraordinary progress.
In this year’s report, you’ll find the most detailed portrait yet of where weare today and where we’re headed. Here’s the big picture: Since 2015,
we’ve reduced our emissions by over 45 percent. We did it while reaching
more Apple users than ever before. And, in doing so, we demonstrated
that the choice between a thriving business and a thriving planet is afalse one.

Lisa Jackson
Vice President, Environment,
Policy & Social Initiatives

This was also the year we called on our suppliers to accelerate theirwork to address their emissions. We’ve sent a clear message that thecompanies who manufacture our products must decarbonize their entire
Apple footprint by 2030, including the use of 100 percent renewableelectricity. And today, over 250 of our suppliers — accounting for over
85 percent of Apple’s direct manufacturing spend — are a part of our
Supplier Clean Energy Program.
We share our progress — and our goals — because transparency andaccountability are two sides of the same coin. We do the work and weshow our work, because we want to be the ripple in the pond that createsa broader change.
This year, we’ve also made it easier to understand the carbon impact ofyour Apple devices, and the extraordinary steps we’re taking to reduce
their emissions. In our Product Environment Reports, you can learn about
recycled gold in your iPhone, the energy demands of your iPad, and the

packaging around your Mac. We’re transforming so many aspects of theway we make our technology, and with our Product Environment Reports,
you’ll see where we’ve made progress and where the hard work remains.
One thing is clear: We’re closer than ever to the day you can hold yourApple device and be confident in the knowledge that it has net-zerocarbon impact. There are few companies that can make that claim — letalone ones that set our high standards and transparently show theirprogress along the way.
As we move closer to our goals, we’ve continued to push the pace bybringing new clean energy online to power our supply chain. And we’reinvesting in a growing number of renewable energy projects to balance
the electricity our customers use to charge their devices.
Recycled materials are also a key focus of our innovations, and anotherway we’re driving down our emissions. Today, about 20 percent of thematerials in our products are from recycled or renewable sources. Our
goal is to one day reach 100 percent, and to end our reliance on mining
altogether. Where we continue to extract materials, we maintain thehighest standards in our due diligence and respect for human rights. And
we’re accelerating our work with new goals to use 100 percent recycledcobalt, tin, gold, and rare earth elements in key components by 2025.
The strides we’re making play a huge role in driving down our emissions
even further, reducing our reliance on energy-intensive mining, smelting,and refining.
We’ll keep pursuing creative ways to reduce our footprint, and only use
high-quality carbon offsets to balance emissions we can’t zero out. That’s
why we launched the Restore Fund, which aims to help businesses invest
in high-quality, nature-based solutions that restore the forests, wetlands,
and grasslands that remove carbon from our atmosphere.

Equity remains a central focus of our investments in clean energy andgreen technology. We continue to grow our Impact Accelerator, whichinvests in the next generation of innovative, diverse entrepreneurs in fields
like clean energy, recycling, and green chemistry. We’ve also expanded
our Power for Impact program, which brings renewable projects tocommunities around the world — from neighborhoods in rural South
Africa to underresourced schools in the Philippines. We believe the best
way to fight climate change is to engage communities on their front lines,
and every day, we put the action to those words.
I’ve worn a few different hats over my career — including as Administratorof the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and leading this work at
Apple. It’s taught me that tackling climate change is possible only when
we bring government, industry, and communities together. We have tomeet a global challenge with global solutions — solutions that centeron people.
I have so many talented, passionate colleagues who share in this mission.
Thanks to their tireless work, we’ve hurdled barriers that once seemed
impossible to clear. We have no illusions about the challenges ahead, butwhatever comes, we’ll keep marching forward.
Apple is on a journey — and we’ll share the road with as many people as
we can. We hope you’ll join us.
Lisa Jackson

Introduction

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Reporthighlights
Throughout 2022, we’ve
achieved progress across ourenvironmental goals as anorganization. Our employees,
suppliers, industry partners,
and other stakeholders haveeach played an integral role inhelping us to reduce our impact,
create equitable solutions,and drive broader change
across industries and ourcommunities. These efforts haveyielded positive results acrossour business. And where we’ve
encountered challenges, we’vealso identified opportunities tocontinue to make a difference.

Engagement and Advocacy

2023 Environmental Progress Report4

Appendix

Carbon neutral for
corporate emissions
Since April 2020, we’ve achieved
carbon neutrality for our
corporate emissions1 by sourcing
100 percent renewable electricity
for Apple facilities, implementing
energy efficiency, and securinghigh-quality carbon offsets forremaining emissions. While
corporate emissions represent
only a small portion of our overall
emissions, this is an important
step toward our broader goal ofachieving carbon neutrality for all
our products.
Read more on page 13.

Called onApple suppliers
to decarbonize

Introduced ourcomprehensive
water strategy

Received the 2022
Impact Award fromthe GC3

In October 2022, we urged
our worldwide supply chain
to decarbonize their entire
Apple-related footprint by
2030, including their scope 1
and 2 emissions associatedwith Apple production. We also
communicated that progress
toward these goals will bea crucial part of the criteria
we consider when awarding
future business.

This year, we’ve evolved ourexisting water stewardshipstrategy into a holistic, enterprisewide approach that addresses
water availability, quality, andequity. Our five-pillar approachis grounded in understanding
the local conditions of thewatersheds in which we operate.

The Green Chemistry &Commerce Council awarded
Apple the 2022 Impact Award forour commitment to sustainablechemistry and the transparency
we’ve demonstrated in oursmarter chemistry goals
and progress.

Read more on page 19.

Increased our use ofrecycled materials
Committed
an additional$200 million tonature-based projects

We reduced our overall emissions
across scopes 1, 2, and 32 byover 45 percent comparedwith our 2015 baseline year.
We avoided over 28 million
metric tons of emissions
through reduction initiatives liketransitioning our supply chain to
renewable electricity and sourcing
recycled content for our products.

In 2023, Apple announced
a commitment of additional
funds — up to $200 million —to expand the Restore Fundto be managed by Climate
Asset Management, a joint
venture between HSBC AssetManagement and Pollination.
The new investment will broaden
the portfolio of nature-based
projects, including agriculturaland agroforestry projects, thatscale up carbon removal whileaiming to achieve a financial
return on investment.

Read more on page 7.

Read more on page 27.

Reduced value chain
emissions by over
45 percent

Read more on page 48.

We’re making progress toward
our goal of transitioning to
100 percent recycled andrenewable materials in our
products. In 2022, 20 percent of
the materials we shipped in Apple
products came from recycled
sources, including recycled
aluminum, rare earth elements,
tin, cobalt, gold, tungsten, steel,brass, copper, and plastic.3
Read more on page 34.

Reduced plastic
content in packaging
In 2022, plastics accounted
for only 4 percent of our
packaging — down from21 percent in 2015 — marking
significant progress toward ourgoal to eliminate plastics from our
packaging by 2025.

Read more on page 58.

Read more on page 39.

Drove the creation ofa new standard forgreen cleaners
In 2022, Apple continued to serveas chair of the Green Cleaners
for Electronics Manufacturingtask group — along with morethan 20 industry partners — andsubmitted the draft version of
IPC-1402, Standard for Green
Cleaners Used in Electronics
Manufacturing, for public review.
This new standard will help
suppliers across the electronics
supply chain select cleanersthat are safer for employees andthe environment.
Read more on page 66.

Advanced the
Impact Accelerator
Apple welcomed thesecond cohort of Black-,
Hispanic/Latinx-, and Indigenousowned businesses on the cuttingedge of green technology andclean energy to participate inApple’s Impact Accelerator —a unique program designed to
expand opportunities withinApple’s supply chain and beyond.
Read more on page 73.

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Appendix

Our environmental strategy
The environmental challenges
we face today are significant, andwe’re responding with urgency andinnovation. We approach our work byfocusing on fundamental questions.
What matters most? And where
can we make the greatest impact?
These questions — and the data
underlying their answers — guideour work across our strategic pillars
of climate change, resources, andsmarter chemistry. We know we’re
not alone in working to reduce ourenvironmental footprint. So we’reengaging with others to support ourefforts and find opportunities to move
our industries forward.

Climate Change

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We’re already carbon neutral for our
corporate operations, and we’ve set
a goal to become carbon neutral forour entire product footprint by 2030.
We plan to get there by reducing ouremissions by 75 percent comparedwith 2015, then investing in highquality carbon removal solutions forthe remaining emissions.

We aim to make durable, long-lastingproducts and packaging using only
recycled or renewable materials, aswell as enhance material recovery.
At the same time, we’re committed
to stewarding water resources andsending zero waste to landfill.

Through chemistry innovation andrigorous controls, we design our
products to be safe for anyone who
assembles, uses, or recycles them —and to be better for the environment.

Low-carbon design

Materials

Mapping and engagement
Assessment and management
Innovation

Water
Zero waste

Energy efficiency
Clean electricity4
Direct emissions abatement
Carbon removal

Engagement and Advocacy
Engaging with others — from industry partnerships to policy advocacy — is integral to advancing our environmental
work and to achieving an even greater impact that considers communities around the world. We learn from feedback,and we work with partners to influence change in our industries. And we’re transparent about our challenges andachievements to inspire others to take their own action.

Introduction

Climate Change

Resources

Smarter ChemistryGoals
We create products and services toenrich the lives of our customers.
And we strive to do so in a waythat sustains the ecosystems andresources that we all depend on.
Setting ambitious goals is essential
to this — to drive the innovationand collaboration that make change
possible and to be transparent about
and accountable for our progress.

Engagement and Advocacy

2023 Environmental Progress Report6

Appendix

Highlight

We’ve reduced the emissions
across our value chain by over
45 percent since 2015.

Climate Change

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Achieve carbon neutrality for our entire
carbon footprint by 2030, and reach ouremissions reduction target5

Use only recycled and renewablematerials in our products and packaging,and enhance material recovery

Drive comprehensive reporting of thechemicals used in our supply chain to
make our products

Create all products with net-zerocarbon impact by 2030

Eliminate plastics in our packaging
by 20256

Transition our entire product value
chain, including manufacturing andproduct use, to 100 percent clean
electricity by 2030

Reduce water impacts in the
manufacturing of our products, useof our services, and operation of
our facilities

Integrate smarter chemistry innovation
into the way we design and build
our products
Avoid exposure to chemicals that
could be harmful to human health or
the environment

Eliminate waste sent to landfill from ourcorporate facilities and our suppliers

Highlight
Highlight

20 percent of all materials
shipped in products in 2022 camefrom recycled sources.

We’ve made new commitments tophase out PFAS from our products andmanufacturing processes.

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Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix

ClimateChange2023 Environmental Progress Report7

We aim to make all
our products carbon
neutral by 2030

Climate Change

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2023 Environmental Progress Report8

Appendix

Goals and progress
Key

Goal

Goal

Goal

Become carbon neutral forour corporate operations.

Achieve carbon neutrality for our
entire carbon footprint, including
products, by 2030, reducing related
emissions by 75 percent comparedwith 2015.

Transition our entire product value
chain, including manufacturing andproduct use, to 100 percent clean
electricity by 2030.

2010

2022

2030

2010

2022

2030
GOAL

2010

Achieved2022

Ongoing
Not achieved

2030
GOAL

Highlight
Highlight

Achieved carbon neutrality
since April 2020 by implementing
energy efficiency initiatives, sourcing
100 percent renewable electricity
for Apple facilities, and securing
carbon offsets for the remaining
corporate emissions.

Highlight

Over 45 percent emissions
reduction since 2015 across ourvalue chain.

As of March 2023, over 250 suppliers havecommitted to transitioning to 100 percent
renewable electricity for their Apple production,with over 85 percent of Apple's directspend for materials, manufacturing, andassembly of our products worldwide includedin those commitments.

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Appendix

Our approach
Climate change continues to define
the world around us in ways that
impact our daily lives. Shifting
weather patterns threaten the food
we eat. Widespread wildfires andflooding devastate the communities
we live in and the ecosystems
we depend on. These dangers
are felt around the globe and aredeveloping at an unprecedented
pace. The stakes are fundamental:
Human rights like life, health, food,and an adequate standard of living
face grave risks, disproportionately
affecting low-income and historicallymarginalized communities. The worst,
and potentially irreversible, impactsof climate change can be prevented
with global, comprehensive, andimmediate action.

As a large global company, we believe it’s our
responsibility to take strong, decisive, and inclusive steps
to mitigate our impact on the climate. We’ve committed toachieving carbon neutrality across our entire value chain
by 2030 — reducing emissions by 75 percent comparedwith 2015 and balancing the residual emissions withhigh-quality carbon removal.7 This means that our goal
to be carbon neutral also extends to all our products. This
goal is more aggressive than the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change’s recommendation for global carbon
neutrality within 20 years.8
Apple is also committed to working toward reaching a
90 percent reduction in emissions from our 2015 baselineby 2050. Attaining this deep decarbonization target will
require a different focus and a collective, global effort.
Entire industries and economies must decarbonize. And
while reaching a 90 percent reduction in emissions is
outside Apple’s or any one company’s control, Apple iscommitted to supporting action as part of this global shift:
to push for better policies, invest in new technologicalinnovations, and engage in new and expanded
partnerships, both public and private.
Our goals are ambitious — and they come with many
challenges. But we’ve already made progress by cutting
emissions across our value chain by over 45 percent
since 2015.

We began by making the transition to sourcing
100 percent renewable electricity at our offices, retailstores, and data centers, which we achieved in 2018.
And in 2020, we achieved carbon neutrality for our
corporate emissions.9
Our philosophy for achieving carbon neutrality follows
these principles:
Calculate our footprint across our value chain: Our
responsibility extends beyond our direct operations to
our product-related emissions. That’s why we model ouremissions across the entire life cycle of our products —including the sourcing of raw materials, manufacturing,shipping, product use, and end-of-life processing.10
We use the results of our detailed carbon accounting toadjust our 2030 Climate Roadmap, which lays out ourplan to become carbon neutral.
Set ambitious targets: Our plan to reach carbon
neutrality by 2030 centers around our strategy to reduce
emissions by 75 percent, relative to our 2015 carbon
footprint. This reduction aligns with what current climate
science shows is necessary to limit warming to 1.5° C.11
We plan to invest in high-quality carbon removal projects
to address the remaining emissions, prioritizing naturebased solutions. And by focusing on emissions reduction,
we’re tackling the transformative work of making
low-carbon products.

Match solutions to sources: For each activity within ourvalue chain, we seek out decarbonization actions that tie
to the source of those emissions. For example, we’ll look
to reduce emissions from electricity by using renewable
or low-carbon electricity and decrease emissions fromtransportation by using alternative fuels and lowercarbon modes of transport. By matching solutions tocarbon sources, we’ll do our part to help decarbonize
the economy.
Make environmental progress good for our business:
We’re proving every day that there doesn’t need to be atrade-off between what’s good for the planet and what’s
good for business. This means that we seek out climate
solutions that are cost competitive, offer a financial return,benefit our customers, or achieve more than one of theseoutcomes. For example, we’re working with investment
managers who are creating investment funds for clean
energy and nature-based carbon removal solutions,which aim to deliver both environmental benefits andfinancial returns. And when we design products to beenergy efficient and use recycled content, we view theseas product features that add value for our customers. By
underpinning our climate strategy with strong businessprinciples and innovation, we aim to harness the powerof markets to replicate our solutions at scale, creating theimpact necessary to meet global reduction targets.

$4.7B
We’ve issued $4.7 billion
in green bonds to model
how businesses can drive
investments to reduce
global emissions. In ourlatest Annual Green Bond
Impact Report, we share
progress on the projects
funded in 2022. Read ourlatest Annual Green Bond
Impact Report (PDF).

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Appendix

Our 10-year Climate Roadmap addresses Apple’s
carbon footprint through five pillars:

Low-carbon
designEnergyefficiency

Cleanelectricity

Directemissionsabatement

CarbonremovalDesign products andmanufacturing processes
to be less carbon-intensive
through thoughtful
material selection,
increased material
efficiency, and greater
product energy efficiency.

Increase energy efficiency
at our facilities and in our
supply chain by finding
opportunities to reduceenergy use, such as
retrofitting outdated orinefficient equipment
and systems.

Transition our entire
product value chain —including manufacturing
and our customers’ useof our products — to
100 percent clean
electricity by 2030.

Reduce direct greenhousegas emissions in ourfacilities and our supply
chain through process
innovation, emissions
abatement, and moving
away from fossil fuels.

In parallel with ouremissions reduction
efforts, scale up
investments in carbon
removal projects, including
nature‑based solutions
that protect and restore
ecosystems aroundthe world.

>75 percent
emissions reduction<25 percent offootprint

Explore all solutions: Reaching our 2030 carbon goal
will require scaling proven solutions that are available
today, as well as exploring the solutions of the future. This
includes facilitating the development of new technologies,
like direct carbon-free aluminum smelting, adopting novel
financial approaches such as the Apple Restore Fund,advancing policies that support a low-carbon economy,
and continuing to invest in research and development toenable decarbonizing our products by 2030.
Be open: We’re committed to disclosing our carbon
footprint as well as our climate strategy and progress.
By sharing our approach, we aim to send clear signals toothers and invite them to work with us. We also hope toempower our peers in their pursuit of carbon neutrality
and engage investors through financing options, such as
green bonds. This means sharing both challenges andsuccesses. Our annual Environmental Progress Reports,
as well as our response to the global disclosure nonprofit
CDP, provide details on our progress.

Support underrepresented communities: Low-income
and historically marginalized communities too often
bear the brunt of the effects of climate change. So we’repursuing ways to directly support these communities
in our climate program — like with the Apple Impact
Accelerator, which aims to bolster equity and foster
opportunity for Black-, Hispanic/Latinx-, and Indigenousowned businesses in the environmental sector. We’readvocating for greater access to clean energy, and we’reinvesting in renewable energy projects in emerging
markets. And our carbon removal projects often benefit
the livelihoods of local and Indigenous communities.

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Appendix

Apple’s comprehensive
carbon footprint
This past year, we’ve continued ourefforts to reduce Apple’s emissions.
In 2022, our environmental programs
avoided over 28 million metric tons ofemissions across all scopes. Initiatives
that we’ve been growing for years —like sourcing 100 percent renewableelectricity for our facilities, transitioning
suppliers to renewable energy,
and using low-carbon materials in
products — have yielded clear results.
Thanks to this work, we’re decouplingbusiness growth from emissions:
While our revenue has grown by over
68 percent since 2015, our grossemissions have decreased by over
45 percent.

20.3 million metric tons
net carbon emissions**
Product footprint

Corporate footprint

Supplier energy efficiency:
1.4 million metric tons avoided

Low-carbon materials*:
7.8 million metric tons avoided

Supplier clean energy:

17.4 million metric tons avoided

Use of renewable electricity:
1.2 million metric tons avoided

Avoided emissions
Gross emissions

Product Use RECs:

Corporate energy
efficiency:

0.2 million metric tons avoided

0.09 million metrictons avoided

Emissions offset

Emissions
Offsets
Emissions
categories(% of grossemissions)

*
**
†
‡

<1%
Direct emissions(Scope 1)<1%Electricity†(Scope 2)

1%
Business travel,commute, work from
home, upstream
impacts from scope 1
fuels, and third-party
cloud services‡(Scope 3)

65%
Product manufacturing(Scope 3)

24%
Product use(Scope 3)

9%
Product transport(Scope 3)<1%End-of-life productprocesses(Scope 3)

Low-carbon materials represents emissions savings from transitioning to recycled materials in our products, or use of low-carbon aluminum, as described on page 14.
Net carbon emissions represents our total gross footprint minus carbon offsets applied to each category. Percentages shown for each emissions category represent the share of Apple’s gross footprint. Totals add up to more than 100 percent due to rounding.
Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we’re including transmission and distribution losses as part of scope 3 emissions, which are matched with renewable electricity.
Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we’re incorporating emissions associated with employees working from home as part of Apple’s new hybrid work model, as well as emissions from third-party cloud services — the electricity from both of which is addressed using renewable energy.

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Appendix

Progress toward
net-zero emissions
Historical emissions

Our plan to become carbon neutral
by 2030 centers around a 75 percent
emissions reduction target comparedwith our 2015 footprint. We’ve
already reduced our gross carbon
footprint12 by over 45 percent since2015. And we plan to address
residual emissions through highquality carbon removals.

Gross emissions
Avoided emissions

Future emissions (illustrative only)**

Emissions offset/removal
Emissions range from modeling uncertainty*

75% reduction
in gross emissions
from 2015

Projected gross emissions
Projected emissions offset/removal

Baseline
year
Gross emissions
Carbon offsets/removal
Net emissions

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

38.4

29.5

27.5

25.2

25.1

22.6

23.2

20.6

–

–

–

–

–

0.1

0.7

0.3

38.4

29.5

27.5

25.2

25.1

22.5

22.5

20.3

(million metric tons CO2e per fiscal year)

*
**

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

net-zero carbon
emissions by 2030

Error bars: We’re continuously refining our methodology to improve our carbon footprint estimate. But there’s uncertainty inherent to modeling product-related carbon emissions, which we’ve illustrated through error bars in this graphic.
Future emissions: Future emissions, including offsets and removals, are displayed as a linear trend to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2030. Actual future emissions will likely not be linear.

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Carbon neutrality for our
corporate emissions
Since April 2020, we’ve been carbon neutral for our
corporate operations, including direct emissions (scope 1);
indirect emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heat,or cooling (scope 2); and emissions from business travel
and employee commute (scope 3). In 2022, we expanded
the scope 3 emissions we include in our corporate
footprint and are now also carbon neutral for work from
home, third-party cloud services, electricity transmission
and distribution losses, and upstream impacts fromscope 1 fuels. To reach neutrality, we focused on driving
energy efficiency improvements and transitioning ourfacilities to 100 percent renewable electricity, which weachieved in 2018. These programs have reduced ourscope 1 and scope 2 emissions by 67 percent since 2011,
when we first began procuring renewable electricity, evenas our business grew. We’ve addressed the remaining

Engagement and Advocacy

2023 Environmental Progress Report13

Appendix

scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions (for a total of 324,100 metrictons) by securing high-quality carbon credits fromprojects that protect and restore forests, wetlands,
and grasslands.

Measuring our footprint
We account for our carbon footprint by followinginternationally recognized standards, like the World
Resources Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas Protocol
and ISO 14040/14044. For our corporate footprint, we
calculate emissions based on consumption data whenavailable; when it’s not available, we rely on reasonableassumptions and methodologies to estimate emissions,which we revisit and improve on regularly. For our producthardware carbon footprint, we use a life cycle–based
approach. Apple-specific data drives many of ourmost critical calculations; in cases where that data isn’t
available, we rely on secondary sources, including industry

averages. We continually refine our model to include newsources of product life cycle data — and offer a moreaccurate and transparent assessment of our footprint. Our
comprehensive carbon footprint and our methodology areassessed by a third party each year to confirm accuracy
and transparency (see Appendix D). Improving theaccuracy of our carbon footprint is an ongoing process —as we learn more, we refine our carbon models andadjust our climate road map. We also regularly revisit theboundary of our footprint to best reflect our impact. For
example, in 2022, we expanded our corporate footprint
to include work from home emissions, third-party cloudservices, electricity transmission and distribution losses,
and upstream impacts from scope 1 fuels.

Evaluating climate risks

transition effects of climate change. To align with the
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures(TCFD) recommendations, we considered a rangeof future scenarios, including a scenario below 2° C.
Our assessment had a global scope to capture all our
corporate facilities — including offices, retail locations,and data centers — as well as 200 supplier facilities,
based on spend. The analysis highlighted how ourrenewable energy program and carbon neutrality goals
could contribute to our corporate resilience. It also
provided environmental data that we considered whendeveloping business strategies, including around supply
chain diversification, and when safeguarding our global
assets. The results of the scenario analysis contributed toa larger body of internal assessments on the physical andtransition impacts of climate change on our business.

We’re committed to
managing regulatory,
reputational, and market risks
related to climate change.
For more information onthese climate-related risks
and Apple’s governanceof these risks, read our
CDP Climate Change 2022
submission (PDF).

In 2020, we conducted a climate scenario analysis tohelp us better understand the potential physical andCorporate Emissions

Carbon Removals(having already reduced scope 1 and 2 emissions by 67% since 2011*)
Scope 1 and 2

58,220 metric tons CO2e

Offices

Retail stores

Scope 3324,100 metric tons CO2eBusiness travel

High-quality carbon
offset projects

265,840 metric tons CO2e

Data centers

Employee commute

Work from home

* We’ve reduced corporate emissions through energy efficiency, renewable electricity, and low-carbon fuels, and we’re applying carbon offsets to the remaining emissions.

carbon neutral
for our corporate
operations

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Appendix

Low-carbon design
Each Apple product represents anopportunity to reduce our carbon
footprint — even small changes
can yield significant results. Ourcarbon footprint helps us identify
opportunities to reduce the carbon
intensity of our product designs.
We prioritize the materials andcomponents that account forsignificant portions of our carbon
emissions. This means that the
choices we make product by productcan scale toward reducing our overall
footprint. These priorities inform ourwork to design for material efficiency
and increased use of recycled andrenewable materials.

Improving material andmanufacturing efficiency
Less means more when it comes to our approachto materials and how we process them. Making ourmanufacturing processes more efficient creates lesswaste and helps us make the most of the materials wesource. We’re also working to design our products so thatthey require less material in the first place. Combined,
these efforts help reduce emissions from transportingand processing materials. And as we progress toward our2030 carbon neutrality goal, we continue to investigate
new materials and new ways to manufacture efficiently.
We’ve continued to improve the carbon efficiency of
the integrated circuits that we use in our products —components we’ve prioritized because they’re carbonintensive. Integrated circuits perform vital functions
in electronic devices but require significant energy
to manufacture. We also continued our work withthe sustainable semiconductor technologies and systems
research program of imec, a world-leading researchand innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digitaltechnologies, of which we were the first public company
to join in October 2021. Our goal in collaborating is
twofold: to improve the data associated with integrated
circuit production, from end to end, and to use improved
data and shared expertise to identify carbon reduction
opportunities for the entire integrated circuits industry.

Low-carbon
design addresses
emissions from:

And we keep investigating new opportunities for
improved efficiency across our product manufacturing
processes. In 2022, we continued to invest in researchand development projects aimed at: creating less waste
in processing materials, reducing machining time andassociated energy use, more efficiently transforming
material into the shapes we need, and maximizing
recovery and reprocessing of manufacturing scrap. Oncethese improved processes are successfully developed,
we plan to work with our suppliers as they deploy them atscale at our supplier facilities.

Product
manufacturing(scope 3)

Using recycled materials to lower
our product carbon footprint
Materials selection is another way to reduce the carbon
footprint of our products. Our strategy is to transition tomaterials manufactured using low-carbon energy andrecycled content. We’ve prioritized the materials andcomponents that make up a large part of our productcarbon footprint to move us closer to our goal of productcarbon neutrality. And to accelerate collective efforts,
we signed on to the First Movers Coalition’s near-zeroemissions primary aluminum commitment for 2030
(see more on page 26).

Product use(scope 3)

Producttransport(scope 3)

Undertaking a comprehensive life cycle analysis for the materials and components
in our products led us to prioritizing low-carbon aluminum. In 2018, Apple createdan aluminum alloy made of 100 percent recycled aluminum and a reduced
carbon footprint.

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Appendix

Mac mini
iPad Mini

Apple WatchSERIES 8

iPad AirAll these products
contain 100% recycled
aluminum enclosures

IPAD

MacBook Pro(14-inch and 16-inch)

Apple Watch SE

MacBook Air
iPad Pro (11-inch
anD 12.9-inch)

Aluminum is a great example of Apple’s comprehensive
approach: We’re transitioning to recycled content, andwhere we haven’t yet, we’re moving to low-carbon
suppliers and technology innovations to further
decarbonize. In 2015, aluminum represented over aquarter of our product manufacturing footprint. Since
then, we’ve continued to introduce 100 percent recycled
aluminum in the enclosures of Apple products: All iPadmodels in our lineup use 100 percent recycled aluminumin their enclosures — joining Apple Watch Series 8,
Apple Watch SE, MacBook Air, Mac mini, and the 14-inch
and 16-inch MacBook Pro computers. In addition, the
new Studio Display contains a 100 percent recycled
aluminum stand, and the Mac Studio enclosure and AppleTV thermal module both contain 80 percent recycled
aluminum. And with iPhone 14, we’ve increased recycledcontent by using recycled CNC chips with Apple’s
strongest aluminum alloy for the first time.
For products shipped in 2022 that had enclosures
made with primary aluminum, we prioritized the useof aluminum smelted using low-carbon sources ofelectricity rather than fossil fuels, for a lower carbon
impact. We also shipped iPhone SE enclosures that
contained ELYSIS aluminum, which was smelted without
generating greenhouse gas emissions (see page 26 formore information).

We also continue to make progress in how we source
recycled aluminum. Our first priority is to recover any of
our own scrap at high quality. Then, to augment this, welook to other postindustrial and postconsumer sources forhigh-quality recycled aluminum, which emits less carbon
than newly mined materials. And we’re expanding oursourcing to include postconsumer recycled aluminumfrom building and construction scrap that meets the highstandards that our products require. These emissions
reduction efforts have reduced our aluminum-related
emissions by 71 percent since 2015 and now represent
less than 8 percent of our product manufacturing
footprint, compared with 27 percent in 2015.
In 2022, we began shipping products with certified
recycled steel and expanded our use of certified recycledgold — two materials that typically have significant
carbon footprints. We introduced certified recycled steel
for the first time in the MacBook Air with M2 chip, which
has 90 percent recycled steel in the battery tray. And we
significantly expanded the use of certified recycled goldin our products — from the gold plating on the main logic
board on iPhone to other product main logic boards andflexible printed circuit boards — increasing recycled gold
content from 1 percent in 2021 to approximately 4 percent
across all product lines in 2022.

71%
Switching to recycled andlow-carbon aluminum has
decreased our carbon
emissions associated withaluminum by 71 percent
since 2015. Read more
about how we plan toaddress emissions from ourcustomers’ use of Apple
products on page 24.

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Driving product energy efficiency
Product energy use accounts for 24 percent of our grosscarbon footprint — and it has an impact on the individualenergy use of each of our customers. This is why we’ve
set aggressive targets to reduce our products’ energy
usage. We approach this challenge in the earliest phasesof design, taking a holistic view of each product — fromhow efficiently the software operates to the power
requirements of individual components.
With each generation of products, we strive to improveenergy efficiency. For example, the transition to Apple
silicon on Mac devices continues to drive these
improvements. The latest generation of our Pro chips isenabling more Mac devices to run with improved energy
efficiency. For example, MacBook Pro with M2 Pro andM2 Max made significant progress in reducing energy
use in 2022, and the new Apple TV 4K is designed tominimize its impact on the environment, using nearly
30 percent less power than the previous generation

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Appendix

while achieving more powerful performance.13 The
efficiency gains of the A15 Bionic chip eliminate theneed for an internal fan, resulting in a more compact
design and contributing to a 25 percent reduction incarbon footprint over the previous generation. Throughour energy efficiency improvements, we’ve cut overall
product energy use across all major product lines bymore than 70 percent since 2008.14 And Apple products
are consistently rated by ENERGY STAR, which sets
specifications that reflect the 25 percent most energyefficient devices on the market. In 2022, all eligible Apple
products received an ENERGY STAR rating for superiorenergy efficiency.15 They also met the requirements for
EPEAT registration,16 another environmental rating systemfor electronic products, which considers energy efficiency
and a number of other environmental topics.

Product energy efficiency

Over the course of a year,
Mac Studio uses up to
1000 kilowatt-hours
less energy than a highend PC desktop.18

Apple TV 4K is designed
to use nearly 30 percent
less power than theprevious generation
while achieving more
powerful performance.17

iPhone 14 uses
57 percent lessenergy than the U.S.
Department of Energy’s
requirements for battery
charger systems.19

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Appendix

Energy efficiency
Our energy efficiency goals extend
well beyond our products. We’refocused on using less energy across
our operations, beginning with how
we design, operate, and maintainour facilities. And we continue thesesame efforts into our supply chain.
Energy efficiency is also essential tomeeting our 2030 carbon neutrality
goal. So we track and monitor
energy use across our operations
and supply chain, conducting audits
to find opportunities to work more
efficiently. And we view our energy
use holistically, from the point ofdesign to the point of manufacture.

Operating Apple
facilities efficiently
While our data centers, retail stores, and offices all use
100 percent renewable electricity, we are focused on
reducing the energy we use in the first place. We consider
natural gas and electricity usage at each of these types ofsites — as well as research and development facilities —
auditing how we perform and, when needed, using
best practices for energy management to reduce ourloads. And we tailor the design of new buildings to our
occupants’ and lab users’ specific needs. This approachhelps us use our facilities efficiently and productively.
Existing buildings: There are significant opportunities tosave energy in retrocommissioning buildings that Apple
already occupies or operates, including energy-intensive
facilities like data centers. We audit the performance ofbuildings around the world, and then deploy identified
reduction measures. Retrocommissioning focuses onbuilding controls to emphasize energy use reduction andoperational efficiency. We are prioritizing reducing natural
gas usage and replacing natural gas equipment withelectrical equipment. While we’ve already transitioned torenewable electricity for our facilities, minimizing natural
gas is also an important element of working toward
decarbonization. We are focused on reviewing andbenchmarking our most natural gas–intensive buildings tolook for reduction and fuel switching opportunities.
Data centers: Data centers are traditionally energyintensive, requiring significant resources to cool the heatgenerating equipment. That’s why we’re continuously
monitoring and improving upon the controls for ourEnergy efficiency
addresses
emissions from:cooling systems. This retrospective view often enables
us to increase cooling capacity of our existing facility,
thereby maximizing the amount of servers within our data
center footprint.
In 2022, we further improved energy efficiency at data
centers by deploying our own server design, developedwith a focus on energy and computing efficiency, resulting
in over 56.7 million kilowatt-hours per year in energy
savings. This work builds on previous efficiency efforts
in our data centers, including developing a specification
requiring our servers to be powered by high-efficiency
power supplies — exceeding even the efficiency
requirements for ENERGY STAR certification — which
was deployed to hundreds of thousands of servers in
2021, resulting in over 4 million kilowatt-hours per year inenergy savings.

Direct emissions(scope 1)

Indirect
emissions(scope 2)

New facilities: When designing new facilities, weincorporate energy efficiency principles early in theprocess. We look at each location’s conditions, planningfor local temperature, humidity, and light. As eachsite becomes operational, we monitor how well we’re
performing and make needed adjustments. For example,
in designing our new campus in Austin, we put in a watercooled air-conditioning system, rather than air-cooled,because of its increased energy efficiency. At the sametime, it was critical to consider the water stress of thearea, therefore the cooling system will be supplied withrecycled water, which will also be used for toilet flushing.
The first phase of our work on the Austin campus issaving 5.7 million kilowatt-hours per year.

Product
manufacturing(scope 3)

Apple’s Reno data center, opened in 2012, takes advantage of the mild climate
by cooling its servers with outside air whenever possible.

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Retail stores: In 2022, we were especially focused on our
efficiency measures in European retail stores as the region
navigated energy shortages. Beyond aligning with all
mandates in place, we established a task force to exceed
them, identifying and rolling out additional measures —related to LED lighting, temperature, and even keeping
doors closed — in retail stores across the continent.
Measurement and accountability: Measurement is
critical to maintaining building energy performance. We
continue to develop our system of energy tracking andbenchmarking, which includes data from utility metersthat continuously monitor 15-minute electricity and daily
natural gas energy consumption. This method helps us
identify performance issues at our sites early. We canthen take corrective action to restore building systemefficiencies and actively manage our energy footprint.

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Appendix

Finally, across Apple, “energy champions” play animportant role in achieving our efficiency outcomes.
These employees sit in facilities roles across the company,
proactively identifying opportunities for efficiencies andbringing their teams and colleagues along to put themin action.
In 2022, our energy efficiency program avoided
69.4 million kilowatt-hours of electricity, which includes
savings from the efficient servers, and 161,000 thermsof natural gas per year through adjustments made to
9.3 million square feet of new and existing buildings.
Together, these new initiatives reduced total energy use
by 4 percent in the targeted buildings (including data
centers with high loads) and will avoid an additional
27,500 metric tons of CO2e per year. Combined withongoing energy savings from past years, we saved over
89,000 metric tons of CO2e in 2022.

Improving energy efficiency
in our supply chain
The manufacturing of Apple products accounts
for 65 percent of Apple’s gross carbon footprint. To
address this impact, we’re collaborating closely with our
suppliers to prioritize energy reductions as an importantelement of our strategy. Together, we work to use clean
energy as efficiently as possible at every point in our
supply chain, creating leaner, more efficient factories allover the world. The Supplier Energy Efficiency Program,launched in 2015, exists to help our suppliers optimize
their energy use. Implementing energy efficiencies
reduces the energy intensity of manufacturing, whichtranslates to reduced carbon emissions.
Energy efficiency gains and subsequent carbon savings
are often found at the facility level — for example, by
replacing outdated and inefficient lighting and equipment
or capturing waste heat for reuse. Honing manufacturing
processes using smart controls and monitoring canalso offer opportunities to complete the same work withless electricity.

We support our suppliers’ energy efficiency projects byhelping to identify optimization opportunities and design
solutions through assessments, and providing extensive
education and training opportunities that include
technical assistance and connections to external fundingfor energy efficiency projects, which can be an obstacle
to making improvements. As suppliers become more
knowledgeable in this space, they become more able totackle deeper decarbonization challenges.
We continue to expand the support we provide to
suppliers as they build more energy-efficient systems,
through new training and educational materials, andincreased access to funding opportunities — like theAsia Green Fund, which Apple launched in 2019 to help
provide energy efficiency expertise and finance capitalintensive energy efficiency projects. In 2022, $8.9 millionof investments have been made in supplier efficiency
projects using the Asia Green Fund.
In 2022, more than 100 supplier facilities participatedin our energy efficiency program, achieving over
1.6 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity savings and about
2,039,000 MMBtu in additional energy savings, which
together avoided over 1.3 million metric tons of CO2e,
representing a 17 percent increase since 2021.

69.4M
We reduced Apple’s
facilities energy use by
69.4 million kilowatt-hours
through efficiency efforts
implemented in 2022.

1.3M
Suppliers in our Supplier
Energy Efficiency Program
avoided more than 1.3 million
annualized metric tonsof supply chain carbon
emissions in 2022.

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Appendix2023 Environmental Progress Report19

FeatureApple calls on global supply chain
to decarbonize by 2030
Reducing energy use begins withmeasuring and understanding thecarbon footprint of a business. Since
2019, as part of Apple’s Supplier
Code of Conduct, we’ve required our
suppliers to regularly identify sourcesof emissions, measure their scope 1
and scope 2 carbon emissions, andmake this information available toApple as needed. By understandinga supplier’s carbon emission sourcesand quantity, we can provide
resources that help the suppliercreate an action plan to decarbonize
and maximize energy efficiency
opportunities. Further, we empower
our suppliers to utilize the trainings,
resources, and tools provided
through our programs to extend theirefforts beyond Apple to their own
supply chains and customers.

Apple has made significant progress in reducing
emissions in our supply chain through work on energy
efficiency and renewable energy (see page 22). At thesame time, we’ve set — and continue to advance — clear
expectations for our suppliers on the decarbonization
required to meet our 2030 goal in the years to come.
In October 2022, we urged our materials, manufacturing,
and assembly partners to decarbonize their entire
Apple footprint by 2030, including all their scope 1 and2 emissions associated with Apple production. We’ll
evaluate our suppliers’ work to decarbonize their Applerelated operations — including running on 100 percent
renewable electricity — and we’ll track yearly progress.
Progress toward these goals will be a crucial part of thecriteria we consider when awarding future business.
Additionally, we encourage suppliers to address
the greenhouse gas emissions beyond their Apple
production, prioritizing clean energy. To help suppliers
meet their commitments and go even further, we offera suite of free learning resources and trainings, and wework closely with our suppliers and local partners to
identify effective solutions for renewable energy andcarbon removal.

Over 250 suppliers have committed to 100 percent renewable electricity for Apple production, as part of Apple’s Clean Energy Program. Holmen Iggesund in Sweden (pictured) joined theprogram in 2023.

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AppendixClean electricity
We’re at a pivotal moment inaddressing climate change.
Renewable energy is poised toreplace fossil fuels as the future ofelectricity. Its adoption means cleaner
air and lower carbon emissions.
Apple has generated or sourced
100 percent renewable electricity for
its corporate operations since 2018,20
and we’re swiftly progressing toward
transitioning our entire manufacturing
supply chain and product use to
100 percent clean electricity, too.
As we grow, we continue to bring new renewableelectricity projects online around the world. In the longterm, we believe that these projects provide more costeffective energy with less price volatility. Renewableelectricity can offer a competitive advantage by providing
power to our operations, as well as to those of our
suppliers, with greater control over energy supply andreduced exposure to cost fluctuations. And supporting
our suppliers to adopt renewable energy technologies
helps put them in a unique position to drive environmental
action in their respective regions and significant progress
toward our goal of carbon neutrality by 2030.

Ultimately, we find ways to optimize energy use, and weseek renewable sources to supply that energy in supportof our goal of 100 percent clean electricity across ouroperations, manufacturing supply chain, and charging
of Apple products. With the renewable energy that wesource, we aim to achieve positive impacts. Before we
engage in an energy project, we consider its potential
environmental and social impacts. When possible, we
focus on creating new renewable electricity projects,
going above and beyond what might be available on thelocal grid. We also follow stringent assurance standards21
to verify our clean energy projects.

Maintaining 100 percent renewableelectricity for Apple facilities
Our retail stores, data centers, and offices around theworld currently source 100 percent renewable electricity.
We’re proud of this accomplishment — and as we grow,
we’re working diligently to maintain this benchmark.
We’ve focused our efforts to source renewables aroundseveral key pillars: creating new renewable energy
projects, undertaking projects that deliver clear benefits
to local communities, and supporting renewableenergy innovations.

Creating new projects

Clean electricity
addresses
emissions from:

New renewable electricity projects require
investment — whether in the form of direct ownership,
equity investments, or long-term power purchaseagreements. In total, Apple-created renewable sources
account for about 90 percent of the renewable electricity
that our facilities use — currently around 1.5 gigawatts.
Apple-created projects include:

Indirect
emissions(scope 2)•

Direct ownership(~9 percent of Apple‑created projects)
We build our own projects — including solar, biogas
fuel cells, and low-impact hydro projects — to provide
renewable electricity, where feasible.

•

Equity investment(~3 percent of Apple‑created projects)
We invest capital in new solar PV or wind projects
in some markets, matching the renewable energy
generated with our energy use.

Product
manufacturing(scope 3)Long-term renewable energy contracts(~88 percent of Apple‑created projects)
Through long-term power purchase agreements,
virtual power purchase agreements, and other formsof long-term commitments, we help support new,
local, and primarily solar PV and wind projects in linewith our renewable energy–sourcing standards.

Product use(scope 3)•

To address gaps in ourrenewable energy needs
beyond what’s provided by

At 200-megawatts, the Montague Wind Power Facility in Oregon is one of Apple’s
largest renewable projects to date.

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Appendix

Apple-created projects, we directly purchase renewableelectricity through available utility green energy programs(about 5 percent of our total corporate load in 2022).
Colocation and distribution facility vendors supply about
3.2 percent of our total load of renewable energy. Andin certain situations, we purchase Renewable Energy
Certificates (RECs).22 These RECs, which account for
about 3.5 percent of our total load, share the same
power grid as the Apple facility that they support, whereavailable. These purchases are subject to the same
standards as our Apple‑created renewable energy
projects. Appendix B provides additional details on
Apple’s renewable energy solutions.

Supporting social impact
We launched our Power for Impact program in 2019
to help provide local communities with needed energy
resources. With funding from Apple, local communities
and organizations gain access to cost‑effectiveenergy. At the same time, Apple retains the projects’environmental attributes, benefiting the community,
our company, and the environment. Apple is currently
supporting 20 renewable electricity projects around theworld, including in the Philippines, Thailand, and South
Africa. Read more about Power for Impact on page 25.

Apple has invested in the California Flats energy storage project, which retains generated clean energy from intermittent
renewable sources, including the adjacent 130-megawatt California Flats Solar Project (pictured).

Advancing renewable electricity
through innovation

90%

We’ve continued to pursue innovations in how wecreate and use renewable electricity, including throughinvestments in energy storage.

Apple-created renewablesources account for
about 90 percent of therenewable electricity that
our facilities use.

To help address the intermittency in renewable electricity
production, we’ve invested in utility-scale storage
in California and in research on new energy storage
technologies. The California Flats storage project —an industry-leading grid-scale battery energy storage
system capable of storing 240 megawatt-hours ofelectricity — became operational in 2021. This project
supports the 130-megawatt California Flats solar
farm, which provides most of our renewable energy in
California, by storing excess energy generated during the
day and deploying it when it’s most needed.
We’re also continuing to support biological methanation
research at Aarhus University, Denmark, which explores
the production of synthetic methane for storage in theexisting gas grid. In this process, bacteria consumes
both hydrogen produced from excess renewable energy
and captured carbon dioxide to produce methane, theprincipal component of natural gas. Methane produced
from renewables is a versatile energy carrier that canbe used as a fuel source in households, industry,
and transportation.

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Transitioning our suppliers
to renewable electricity

Supply chain clean energy progress
Renewable electricity operational and committed in gigawatts (GW)

Operational
Committed

In the past two years,
together with our suppliers,
we've more than tripled
the amount of renewableelectricity online in our
supply chain.

FY16

FY17

2023 Environmental Progress Report22

Appendix

FY18

The electricity that our manufacturing suppliers use
represents the largest single source of carbon emissions
throughout our manufacturing supply chain. That’s why
our efforts to facilitate the transition of our entire supply
chain to 100 percent renewable electricity are essential
to reaching our 2030 goal of carbon neutrality. And thebenefits extend beyond Apple. Suppliers are able toimplement best practices in advocating for and procuring
renewable energy across all their operations and toshare them with their own partners. At the same time,transitioning to 100 percent renewable electricity presents
challenges: technical and regulatory barriers, need forcapital investment, and lack of awareness about where tofind and access high-quality and cost-effective solutions.
Our Supplier Clean Energy Program helps enablesuppliers’ transition to clean, renewable electricity throughpolicy advocacy, providing information and access torenewable energy procurement options, and creating
engagement opportunities with renewable energy
experts. To cover emissions from suppliers that we don’t
contract with directly, we plan on investing in additional
renewable electricity projects. To date, we’ve directly
invested in nearly 500 megawatts of solar and windprojects in China and Japan.

FY19

FY20

FY21

FY22
Gigawatts

4

8

12

16

20

As of March 2023, over 250 suppliers making up
over 85 percent of Apple’s direct spend for materials,
manufacturing, and assembly of our products worldwide
have committed to using renewable electricity for
their Apple production. In total, the Supplier Clean
Energy Program now has over 20 gigawatts of clean
energy commitments, of which nearly two-thirds are
already operational.
In 2022, the 13.7 gigawatts of renewable energy
procured by suppliers and online in Apple’s supply chain
generated 23.7 million megawatt-hours of clean energy,
avoiding 17.4 million metric tons of carbon emissions —a 23 percent increase over 2021.23 Appendix C includes
more information about which suppliers have joined Applein transitioning to 100 percent renewable electricity.
In many cases, our suppliers are leading the way withthe efforts they’re undertaking. We work closely with our
suppliers to identify innovative methods of creating andaccessing cost-effective renewable energy. And we work
together to break down barriers by advocating for clean
energy–friendly policies.

How suppliers are responding
Long-standing energy policies and infrastructure thatincentivize the use of fuels like coal can make it difficult
to bring new renewable energy online in some regions,prompting some of our suppliers to rely on less impactful
solutions, like one-time purchases of energy attributecertificates from existing renewable energy projects.
These options represent an annual cost for buyers
and offer no opportunity for cost savings or a return on
investment. To overcome these challenges, suppliers areleveraging new purchasing methods, creating renewableenergy businesses, and even participating in some of theworld’s largest and most innovative renewable energy
deals. Suppliers are also adapting to changing renewableenergy markets by finding new solutions, including firstof-their-kind procurement structures in specific regionsthat include more corporate procurement options.
In China, this includes the Green Power Trading Platform
and cross-provincial power purchasing agreements thathave provided suppliers with more options. South Korea
has expanded its options for green power, including
power purchase agreements and the ability to purchaserenewable energy credits. Japan has also introduced newrenewable energy options, including power purchaseagreements and price-competitive nonfossil credits thathave the potential to scale access to renewable energy
across the market. While we’ve seen progress in key
markets, we continue to advocate for policies that enable
renewable energy to compete fairly with fossil fuels,
opening more avenues for our suppliers to make thetransition (see page 29).

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How we support our suppliers
Galvanizing internal champions
We’ve been able to quickly scale the Supplier Clean
Energy Program by involving supplier-facing Apple
employees. Apple employees are passionate about theenvironment and are driven to help meet our 2030 carbon
neutrality goal. We empower supplier-facing Apple
employees — those who often travel to supplier sites or
have direct, consistent cadence with suppliers — withthe tools they need to help speed a supplier’s transition
to 100 percent renewable electricity. This starts withdata and transparency. We track the electricity use andrenewable procurement of our suppliers, including thosejust beginning to learn about renewable electricity andothers that are well on their way to using 100 percent
renewable electricity, and we help them measure progress
and gain access to solutions. We’ve also created internal
trainings and crafted a simple engagement process,backed by resources for both Apple employees andsuppliers. By connecting our suppliers with resources andproviding transparency on supplier progress, our teams
are scaling impact across our supply chain.

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Supporting supplier capacity
We share the experience gained through our transition
to 100 percent renewable electricity with our suppliers
because knowledge empowers them to identify andpursue opportunities to decarbonize as their businesses
evolve. For this reason, we invest heavily in providing
education and training across our supply chain throughplatforms such as our Clean Energy Academy.
More than 170 supplier participants in China, Korea,
Japan, and Vietnam participated in our Clean Energy
Academies in 2022. The academies offer updates onavailable energy procurement options in suppliers’
markets, help suppliers prepare to participate in upcoming
renewable energy pilots, and provide guidance from local
experts on implementation. This program supplements
our Clean Energy Portal, which is available to all suppliers
and provides training materials, resources, and countryspecific information to guide suppliers in their transition to
100 percent renewable electricity. In 2022, we announcedplans to donate these resources to create a first-ofits-kind public training platform that will be available tobusinesses across many different industries. This platform
will give companies of all sizes — in Apple’s supply chain
and beyond — access to the resources and advocacy
networks we’ve cultivated for nearly a decade.

We also educate suppliers through advanced andcustomized trainings with leading experts. And we
support the creation and growth of renewable energy
industry associations that our suppliers can join to learn
about local opportunities.
Expanding access to renewable electricity
To support our suppliers’ transition to renewableelectricity, we help them find high-quality solutions sothey can decide how best to address their specific needs.
When we face barriers to accessing cost-effective clean
electricity, we innovate. One such innovation, the China
Clean Energy Fund, enables Apple and our suppliers toinvest in clean energy. As of March 2023, the fund has
invested in over 650 megawatts of renewable electricity
projects, with nearly 100 percent of those investments
online. We also connect suppliers with opportunities tobuy renewable energy directly from project developers
and utilities as those models emerge around the globe.
Advocating for policy change
Our collective ability to procure and enable high-quality
renewable energy is often influenced by local policies.
Effective government policies and rules can remove
significant barriers to low-carbon solutions and enable
solutions to rapidly scale. We recognize that to transition
to renewable energy effectively, clean energy investments
need to make financial sense. But carbon-intensive
energy sources, like coal and gas, often have an unfair
price advantage because of explicit subsidies and theignored costs of externalities, such as air pollution andcarbon emissions. We’re encouraging governments not
to subsidize or expand carbon-intensive infrastructurethat will inhibit competition and discourage thedevelopment of new technologies, like renewable energy
and advanced energy storage technologies. We also
encourage governments to keep pace with the speed oftechnological innovation, consider life cycle emissions ofenergy solutions, and support new energy solutions that
effectively reduce global emissions.
We lend our voice and stand with other companies andNGOs to break down policy barriers to achieve thriving
clean energy markets. Across regions where our suppliers
operate, we engage with policy makers to support
renewable energy that’s cost-effective, accessible tocompanies, and sourced from high-quality projects
with a material impact on local markets. For example,
with RE100, an initiative that brings together the world’s
most influential businesses through commitments to
use 100 percent renewable electricity, we’ve identified
country-level policy barriers to procuring renewableelectricity. RE100 collates the challenges that member
companies face and advocates for changes on our behalf.
We also cofounded the Asia Clean Energy Coalition,
which convenes a diverse coalition of leading renewables
private sector actors to enact critical policy shifts in
Asia that will enable a variety of corporate procurement
options for renewable energy.

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Appendix

Product use
The electricity that our customers use to charge theirApple devices represents 24 percent of Apple’s grosscarbon footprint. Increasing the energy efficiency ofour products helps drive down emissions from productuse, and we’re taking steps to address the emissions
that remain.
When Apple committed to running our business on
100 percent renewable electricity in 2013 — a goal wemet for our facilities in 2018 — we were early leadersin this transition. As we address emissions tied to theelectricity that our products use globally, our guiding
principles focus on three areas: exploring innovative
solutions to minimize carbon emissions from productuse, including energy efficiency (see page 14); building
clean electricity projects aimed at maximizing carbon
reductions and social impact; and engaging with ourcustomers to educate and provide opportunities tosupport decarbonizing the grid.

Apple is investing in renewable energy worldwide — including this large-scale solar project in Brown County, Texas — to help
address the electricity customers use to charge their Apple devices.

Clean energy projects

Engaging with our customers

As we expand on our strategy to cover product use
with clean electricity, we’re considering a number offactors in selecting projects. In accordance with global
greenhouse gas accounting standards, we’ll match theelectricity consumption of our products with 100 percent
clean electricity on an annual basis. While we’ll source
the majority of our clean electricity from the region, we’remaintaining geographic flexibility for a portion of theemissions so that we can target grids with higher carbon
intensity. This approach allows us to balance focusing
on areas where our customers use our products andmaximizing the social and environmental benefits ofadditional renewable energy. For example, while California
is a large market for Apple, we might build new renewableenergy projects in other locations with lower clean energy
percentages on their grids, where the same renewableenergy capacity can have a more significant impact.

In many places, electricity comes from clean sources likethe sun or wind at certain times of the day. Customers
play an important role in deciding when to pull electricity
from the grid. We’re building programs to make thosedecisions easier for customers. Clean Energy Charging,which became available in the United States in fall 2022
through iOS 16, enables customers to help decrease thecarbon footprint of iPhone. The new feature looks at thesources of electricity during expected charge times, and it
optimizes to reduce carbon by charging when the grid isusing cleaner energy sources (learn more here).

As a first phase of this work, we’re working toward
developing large-scale solar and wind projects in the
U.S. and Europe. In the U.S., we’ve invested in the
320-megawatt 2300-acre IP Radian solar project inBrown County, Texas, and plans for additional projects in
the U.S. are underway. In Europe, we plan to engage inprojects that range between 30 and 300 megawatts, withan initial request for proposals issued in 2022.

Beyond the work that we do on our products, we
collaborate with others to continue advancing climatesmart decision-making for customers across theirhousehold energy usage, as well as for our employees
and partners. As an example, Apple has joined the
CoolClimate Network, a research partnership of the
University of California, Berkeley, that motivates andempowers individuals and organizations to make lowcarbon choices.

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Appendix

FEATURE

Increasing access to clean
energy around the world
Power for Impact is driven by the ideathat access to clean energy creates
opportunities within communities
while benefiting our climate. Apple
launched the initiative in 2019 toprovide underresourced communities
with renewable power while
supporting economic growth andsocial impact.
The program funds clean energy projects thatare mutually beneficial — local communities andorganizations get access to cost-effective energy, andApple retains the environmental attributes of each project.
We currently support 20 renewable projects around theworld, including:Colombia: Apple helps bring a rooftop solar powersystem online at the Hospital Infantil Santa Ana. The
money saved on energy bills will allow the hospital topurchase more equipment and medications. A rooftop
solar installation at Ciudad Don Bosco, a nonprofit thatprovides educational and social services for underresourced youth, helps the group advance its sustainable
development goals.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Apple provides
access to renewable energy for the Malaika School, whichempowers Congolese girls and their communities througheducation, agriculture, water projects, health outreach,
sports, and vocational training. To support Malaika
students and teachers, this solar initiative builds on otherApple collaborations, including virtual Today at Applesessions on coding with Swift, photography, filmmaking,and design, as well as other events with Apple Retailteams and Diversity Network Associations.
Israel: Apple supports the Nitzana Educational EcoVillage, a community for at-risk youth, with a 260-kilowatt
solar system to help lower electricity costs. The savings
help enhance educational experiences for youth fromvarious backgrounds.
Nigeria: A remote mini-grid project is under development
to provide energy access to community members andreplace fossil fuels for some businesses. Apple will
also continue to support the development of a solar
power system to serve primary healthcare centers inthe state of Ondo, as well as 200 households in thesurrounding region.
Philippines: Apple helps fund an educational institutionthat provides scholarships to high-achieving, underresourced students by offsetting electricity expenses
through a new rooftop solar installation in Bataan.

South Africa: Apple will fund new rooftop solar
installations at a vocational school and at a home forsenior citizens. Along with the four operational projects,
these installations will reduce electricity costs, andthe savings will help fund operating costs and expand
programs to support underserved groups. Apple willcontinue to bring electricity to over 3500 households that
previously lacked access with local street lighting.
Thailand: Apple helped establish a solar energy system
to replace the use of polluting diesel fuel for a remotefishing village that relies on refrigerators to maintain thequality of its fish products. We increased local renewableenergy production and battery storage to improve reliable
access to electricity.
Vietnam: Apple helps provide solar electricity for 20
schools around the country, and helps teach thousands ofchildren about sustainable development and STEM.
Zambia: A microgrid supported by Apple will provide
power to hundreds of households that are currently
without electricity. The project will reduce reliance andcosts associated with imported diesel and gasoline forgenerators, and it will increase the amount of power
available to community organizations and businesses.
Power for Impact is expanding access to clean, affordable
power in different parts of the world. Apple will continue
to focus on uplifting communities as it pursues its
environmental goals.

With access to electricity in their homes through one of the South Africa projects, kids can now do homework at night andfamilies can cook meals indoors.

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Appendix

Direct emissions
abatement
Some materials that are integral to
our products result in significant
emissions. The same is true forcertain manufacturing processes andthe transportation of our products.
To address these emissions, weseek technological solutions andemissions abatement, and we’removing away from fossil fuels.
Rethinking how aluminum is madeAs part of Apple’s commitment to reduce our products’environmental impact through innovation, we’ve partneredwith aluminum companies and the governments ofCanada and Quebec to invest in ELYSIS — a joint venture
to commercialize patented technology that eliminates
direct greenhouse gas emissions from the traditionalsmelting process. This is a revolutionary advancementin the manufacturing of one of the world’s most widelyused metals. Since our collaboration began in 2018, we’ve
helped accelerate the development of this technology byfacilitating the joint partnership and providing initial funding
and ongoing technical support.
In 2022, Apple shipped iPhone SE devices using ELYSIS
aluminum, building on our 2019 purchase from thefirst-ever commercial batch of aluminum resulting fromthe joint venture, used in the production of the 16-inch
MacBook Pro.24 The commercial-purity aluminum usedin these products is the first to be manufactured without
creating any direct carbon emissions during the smelting
process. Throughout the past year, ELYSIS has also

continued to make progress within its industrial researchand development center in Quebec — enabling the venture
to begin producing commercial-purity primary aluminum at
industrial scale — and continued construction of its larger
commercial-scale prototype cells.

Addressing fluorinated greenhousegas emissions
One of the largest contributors of direct emissions in
our supply chain is the use of fluorinated greenhousegases (F-GHGs). F-GHGs are used in the electronics
manufacturing of semiconductors and flat-panel
displays, and they have global warming potentials thatare thousands of times more than those of CO2. We’re
partnering closely with key manufacturers as they work
to prevent these gases from being released into theatmosphere. So while the use of F-GHGs in certain
manufacturing processes today is difficult to avoid,emissions can be abated by switching to alternative input
gases, by optimizing production processes to use and emit
fewer F-GHGs, and by installing gas abatement tools.

Transporting products
To transport our products from our manufacturers to
our customers, we’re shifting to shipping modes thatare less carbon-intensive than air transport, such as byocean, whenever possible. In 2022, we launched three
new products — Mac Studio, Studio Display, and AirPods(3rd generation) — that leveraged ocean shipping byenabling an ocean supply chain from our manufacturers.
On average, shipping an item by ocean instead of on an
airplane reduces transportation-related emissions by
95 percent.25

Direct emissions
abatement
addresses
emissions from:We’re also seeking out technical innovations for transport,
including working with our suppliers to use alternative fuels
and electric vehicles. For example, in Europe we piloted
a heavy-duty truck fueled by hydrogen, an emerging
low-carbon fuel for trucks that travel long distances. And
we’re continuing to evaluate carriers that offer carbonneutral deliveries using electric vehicles, including e-bikes
and e-cars. These innovations help reduce our impact
in the communities where our customers purchase our
products. And by preferring vendors that offer low-carbon
options, we signal the value of these options to us andreward those driving decarbonization in their industry. We
are also combining multiple products into one delivery
when possible, reducing packaging and reducing
emissions though efficiency on the last leg of the journey.
At the same time, Apple is working to spur entirely new
solutions, for example by supporting analyses by Carbon
Direct identifying pathways for developing sustainableaviation fuels.

Product
manufacturing(scope 3)

Producttransport(scope 3)

Improving employee travel
and commute
And we’re exploring ways to reduce our carbon footprint
from employees commuting to work. For example, we’re
helping our employees transition away from singleoccupancy vehicles through mass transit, coach services,and campus bicycles. To incentivize the use of electricvehicles, we offer more than 1670 EV charging stations
and 3200 ports across our U.S.-based campuses. For thecommute-related emissions that remain, we’re applying
high-quality offsets.
Aluminum is one of the world’s most widely used metals, and ELYSIS’ innovative
direct carbon-free smelting process has the potential to reduce the climate impactof the production process.

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Carbon removal
Our 2030 Climate Roadmap aims to
reduce our emissions by 75 percent
compared with 2015 levels, aswell as scale up carbon removal
strategies to address the remaining
emissions that we can’t yet avoid.
We’re exploring a range of carbon
removal solutions to do so, which isconsistent with the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change’s position
that all pathways limiting warming
to 1.5° C require carbon removal forunavoidable emissions.26
Carbon removal projects take carbon dioxide out of
the atmosphere and store it in long-term carbon sinks,
whether nature-based — like forests, wetlands, andgrasslands — or geologically, in formations such as saline
aquifers or other suitable geological sites. In addition toremoving carbon, nature-based carbon removal projects
also offer important ecological and social benefits, suchas preserving biodiversity and enhancing the resilience of
ecosystems while often providing economic development
opportunities for local communities.

Carbon removal
projects to address
nonelectricity
emissions — up
to 25 percent of2015 emissions(all scopes)

Investing in nature
The earth’s trees, plants, and soils provide some of thegreatest capabilities to remove and store carbon fromthe atmosphere. Carbon credits provide an opportunity
to invest in these solutions, but carbon markets haven’t
yet scaled to remove the carbon needed to limit global
warming to 1.5° C. That’s why we’re expanding naturebased investments to support our goal of achievingcarbon neutrality across our full product life cycle
by 2030.
In 2021, we partnered with Conservation International
and Goldman Sachs to launch the Restore Fund, which
has closed over $100 million in projects that forecast to
remove over one million metric tons of carbon startingin 2025. This fund is unique because it aims to change
carbon removal from a cost to a potentially profitable
investment. By creating a fund that generates both afinancial return as well as real and measurable carbon
impact, we aim to drive broader change — encouraging
capital investment in carbon removal around the globe.

Through the first phase of the Restore Fund, we’re working with forestry managers to create sustainably managed forests that are optimized for bothcarbon and wood production, creating revenue from timber and generating high-quality carbon credits. Photo credit: Arbaro Advisors.

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The first phase of our innovative fund has focused onblending responsible forestry practices with carbon
removal. We’re working with forestry managers to create
sustainably managed forests that are optimized for bothcarbon and wood production in order to create revenue
from timber and generate high-quality carbon credits.
The projects also seek to maximize environmental
impact, including carbon, hydrology, and habitat
restoration. In October 2022, Apple announced three
new projects through the Restore Fund. In partnershipwith Conservation International and Goldman Sachs,
Apple has invested with three high-quality forestry
managers in Brazil and Paraguay with the goal of restoring
150,000 acres of certified sustainable working forestsand protecting around 100,000 acres of native forests,
grasslands, and wetlands. Together, these initial forestry
projects are forecast to remove one million metric tons ofcarbon dioxide from the atmosphere starting in 2025.

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To improve the accuracy of monitoring, reporting, andverification of the projects’ carbon removal impact, Appleis deploying innovative remote sensing technologies
using Space Intelligence’s Carbon and Habitat Mapper
and Upstream Tech’s Lens. Using high-resolution
satellite imagery from Maxar and other providers, thisinitiative enables us to view detailed habitat and forest
carbon maps for our Restore Fund projects. Throughour engagement with the MIT Climate & Sustainability
Consortium, Apple is jointly funding research with
PepsiCo and Cargill on improving the measurement ofsoil carbon in nature-based carbon removal projects. And
Apple is separately exploring the use of LiDAR data using
iPhone to improve field measurements of forest carbon.
Based on our learnings with these projects and thegrowing global need for more nature-based solutions,Apple announced an expansion of the Restore Fund in
2023. Apple has committed additional funds — up to$200 million — that will be managed by Climate AssetManagement, a joint venture between HSBC AssetManagement and Pollination. The commitment will
support a broader portfolio of high-quality nature-based
projects that scale up carbon removal while seeking toachieve a financial return on investment.

The expanded fund will target two types of investments:
sustainable agriculture and other ecosystem assets,
and a pipeline of landscape restoration projects that
aim to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Together,
this unique blended fund structure will continue
to demonstrate that we can invest in high-quality
nature-based projects to achieve both financial andcarbon returns.
Integrity and a rigorous approach are central to how
we designed the Restore Fund with our partners.
The projects aim to become certified to international
standards developed by organizations such as Verra,
Gold Standard, the Climate, Community & Biodiversity
Alliance (CCBA), and the Forest Stewardship Council(FSC). Use of these international standards helps confirm
that the carbon stored in forests is measured andreported to the highest standards and that projects havethe most up-to-date safeguards in place. The projects
we choose will also seek to have a positive impact on the
livelihoods of local communities by bringing economic
opportunities to often underserved rural economies. And
we’ll continue to focus on projects that protect lands withhigh conservation values.

High-quality carbon offsets
as an interim solution
We plan to reach our goal of becoming carbon neutral
across our entire value chain by 2030, using a wide
range of solutions at our disposal, prioritizing significant
emissions reductions and long-term carbon removal
initiatives like the Restore Fund. But as the projects in the
Restore Fund come online, we’re also working to addressdifficult-to-avoid emissions in the short term.
We’ve been carbon neutral for our corporate emissions
since April 2020. We started by reducing our corporate
emissions through the use of 100 percent renewableelectricity and energy efficiency efforts at our facilities.
But emissions remain difficult to avoid in some
activities — including the natural gas used in some ofour buildings and emissions from business air travel andemployee commute.
For the emissions we can’t avoid, we use high-quality
offsets as an interim solution. We’re intentional about
identifying avoided deforestation and removal projects
that are of the highest standard and that achieve
meaningful impact. We often originate our own projects
working with a reputable partner, like Conservation
International, or we carefully select projects from thirdparty certified registries. For more details about ourpurchases of carbon offsets, see Appendix A.

$200M
Apple committed up to$200 million in additional funds
to expand the Restore Fund.

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Appendix

FEATURE

Advocating for strong
climate policies
The scientific community has laidout a clear rationale for mitigating
the impacts of climate change by
reducing emissions — and they’ve
provided stark warnings for theconsequences of inaction. In addition
to strong actions by businesses
and individuals, we need strong
government policies that support ajust climate transition. That’s why
Apple believes that advocating forstrong climate policies is a core partof our climate strategy.
Apple has a long history of advocating for strong climate
policies. And in 2022 Apple, joined by other companies,
submitted an Amicus Brief, urging the Supreme Court touphold the U.S. EPA’s authority to regulate greenhousegases from power plants.

Our climate policy advocacy centers on thefollowing principles:

Setting strong science-based targets
Policy makers need to set strong science-based targets
to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement andlimit warming to 1.5° C.
Rapidly decarbonizing through economy-wide
and sectoral policies
Rapid decarbonization requires every sector of theeconomy to adopt new zero-carbon technologies asfossil fuels phase out. We not only support economy-wide
policies but also acknowledge that each sector responds
to different signals and the maturity of technologies
to decarbonize them isn’t equal. Apple’s advocacy for
sectoral approaches includes these principles:
•

•
•
•

Promote economy-wide carbon pricing programswith strong interim and long-term targets andaccountability mechanisms.
Advocate for policies that make it easier and morecost-effective to deploy renewable energy.
Support policies that promote energy efficiency
across all sectors, including for manufactured goods.
Invest in mature and new zero-emission technologies
to cut emissions, particularly in hard-todecarbonize sectors.

Encouraging and enabling high-quality measurementand disclosure of emissions
Governments should require that companies measure
their emissions along the entire value chain and disclose
those emissions publicly. Developing clear rules fordisclosure across all scopes of emissions will create bestpractices, enhance the transparency and integrity ofclaims, and promote competitive innovation. Governments
should align to have the same high-quality standards.
Ensuring high-quality solutions
Governments should establish or oversee systems
to track and verify renewable energy credits andcarbon credits to avoid double-counting, to incentivize
participation, and to ensure environmental integrity. Thesecredits should be transparent and verified to provide
confidence to the public, and they promote energy
solutions that significantly reduce emissions, including
consideration of the full value chain impact.
Centering equity and justice in climate solutions
Climate policies should support the development of
the new green economy, with new job opportunities
focused on advancing clean innovation. Equity should bea guiding principle of policies supporting this economy.
Communities that have been disproportionately impacted
by climate change should benefit from the economic
opportunities of potential solutions.

[We] believe that both corporate
and regulatory action arenecessary to prevent the worst
impacts of climate change andhave a strong interest in theimplementation of sound public
policies to reduce greenhousegas emissions.
Brief Amici Curiae of Apple et al.,West Virginia vs EPA (2022).

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Key milestones in our climate
policy advocacy

2015 (U.S.): Apple joined the White House’s
American Business Act on Climate Pledge, inwhich participating companies voiced support
for a strong outcome at the COP21 in Parisand demonstrated an ongoing commitment toclimate action.
2016 (U.S.): Apple joined Google, Microsoft, andAmazon to sign an Amicus Brief in support of the
U.S. EPA’s Clean Power Plan.
2016 (World): Apple addressed 700 senior
government, business, and community leaders at
the seventh Clean Energy Ministerial, where wecalled for governments across the world to put aprice on carbon to address climate change.
2017 (U.S.): Apple urged the White House
to remain in the Paris Agreement and takemeaningful action on climate change.

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Appendix2018 (U.S.): Apple filed individual comments
to the U.S. EPA, urging it not to repeal the
Clean Power Plan because of its importance in
reducing emissions.
2018 (Japan): Apple filed comments with
the Japanese government, calling for thedevelopment of a robust and verifiable renewableenergy trading system.
2018 (U.S.): Apple filed comments to theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission, urging
it not to finalize a rule that would subsidize fossil
fuels, which would limit the ability of renewables
to compete in the electricity market. FERC chose
not to finalize that rule.
2017 (Vietnam): Apple joined other companies
urging the government of Vietnam to makeregulatory changes allowing businesses toprocure renewable energy through direct powerpurchase agreements.
2017 (China): Apple hosted a roundtable with
the Green Electricity Consumption Cooperative
Organization (GECCO) to create a platform
for buyers in China where they can discuss
renewable energy procurement challenges andopportunities and inform future policy.

2018 (China): Apple submitted formal
comments to China’s National Development
and Reform Commission about the
implications of draft policy on corporate clean
energy procurement.
2018 (South Korea): Apple met withgovernment officials in Korea to discuss theneed for increased renewable generation andretail choice, whereby consumers can selecttheir power source.
2018 (Japan): Apple was among the firstmultinational companies to join the Japan
Climate Leaders’ Partnership, a coalition ofcompanies that align business objectives withenvironmental goals.
2019 (Vietnam): Apple urged thegovernment to reform the electricity market,
allowing businesses to purchase power
directly from renewable power plants.
2019 (World): Apple participated in the
UN Environment Assembly and conductedbilateral discussions with a number ofcountries to advocate for policies that enable acircular economy and bold action on climate.

2022 (South Korea): Apple spoke at the
carbon neutrality conference calling for Korea’s
2030 energy plan to set a higher target for
renewable energy, a more fair competitive market
for renewables, and improved transparency forrenewable energy solutions.
2021 (U.S.): Apple became the first company
to voice support for the enactment of the Clean
Energy Standard (CES) that would decarbonize
the power grid by 2035.
2021 (Vietnam): Apple and other companies
vocalized our support to the government ofVietnam for the ambitious Power Development
Plan prioritizing clean energy.
2021 (U.S.): Apple was one of the first large,
public U.S. companies calling on the SEC torequire disclosures of global greenhouse gases
across all emissions scopes.
2020 (EU): Apple called on European leaders toincrease their climate ambition to achieve targetsof at least 55 percent greenhouse gas emissions
reductions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.
The EU adopted these targets.

2022 (Japan): Apple joined a letter callingfor a level of carbon pricing that provides an
incentive for emissions reduction.
2022 (U.S.): Apple filed comments
to encourage more rapid integration ofrenewable energy to the transmission
grid, a key bottleneck to renewableenergy deployment.
2022 (U.S.): Apple led an Amicus Brief
supporting the U.S. EPA’s authority to regulate
greenhouse gases from power plants.
2022 (U.S.): Apple, along with Meta and
Google, advocated for greatly expanded
renewable generation to achieve a 70 percent
reduction in emissions in the state throughintervention in the North Carolina Carbon
Plan proceeding.

To reach our global climate
goals, governments must
create policies that support
a just climate transition.
We've been actively advocating
for strong climate policies formany years.

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Appendix

Resources
It takes recycled
guts to reduce ourfootprint

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Appendix

Goals and progress
Key

Goal

Goal

Goal

Goal

Use only recycled andrenewable materials in our
products and packaging, andenhance material recovery.

Eliminate plastics in our
packaging by 2025.29

Reduce water impacts inthe manufacturing of our
products, use of our services,and our facility operations.

Eliminate waste sent tolandfill from our corporate
facilities and our suppliers.

2021

2021

2021

2021

2022

2023

2022

2025
GOAL

2022

2023

2022

2023

Highlight

In 2022,20 percent of the material
we shipped in our products came fromrecycled or renewable sources.27
We’ve accelerated our work throughnew commitments to transition to
100 percent recycled cobalt, tin, gold,
and rare earth elements in selectcomponents by 2025.28

Highlight
Highlight

Our product packaging contains
only 4 percent plastic —down from 21 percent in 2015.

Our Prineville, Reno, and Mesa
data centers and 17 supplierfacilities have been certified to
the Alliance for Water Stewardshipstandard for leading water
management practices.

Highlight

Our corporate facilities waste
diversion rate increased to71 percent, driven by progressat our data centers.

Achieved
Ongoing
Not achieved

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Appendix

Our approach
Each of our products and services ismade possible by natural resources.
We’re committed to sourcing, using,and recycling the materials that werely on in a way that meets our highstandards for labor, human rights,
and environmental stewardship.
This commitment extends across our operations andsupply chain, so we use materials in a manner consistent
with our values, we responsibly manage freshwater usage
so that these resources will be available and safe forothers in the community, and we work to eliminate waste
at our facilities and those of our suppliers. This serves
our objective to minimize the overall resource footprint
supporting our products. And we know that we can’t
do this alone — it requires collaborative stewardship ofshared resources.

In the future we envision, our products are made solely
from responsibly sourced recycled and renewablematerials — to our same rigorous standards of qualityand durability. We aim to build durable, long-lastingproducts that make the best use of the resources
required to make them. And recycling approaches andinnovations make this achievable, helping us recoverand use the materials that we rely on in our products totheir full potential. We’re working with leading recyclers
and academic institutions to realize this future throughresearching new technologies and identifying thechallenges and opportunities to achieve positive change
across industries.
Water is one of the most critical resources we needto build our products. It provides vital services at our
offices, data centers, and stores — and it’s essential to
our manufacturing processes. Water is also a community
resource. For this reason, we prioritize our stewardshipefforts — working toward the most efficient use of
freshwater, using alternatives where possible, andmanaging our discharge responsibly. We also look beyond
our facilities to the water basins where we operate.
Through collaborations with local partners — including
companies, NGOs, and government agencies — we’re
working together to improve the quality of the water that
our communities rely on.

Another approach to conserving resources is byeliminating waste. We work to reuse and recycle across
our operations and throughout our supply chain. We
strive to eliminate waste where we and our suppliers
operate. These efforts go beyond reducing the amountof waste that we generate. We’re innovating approaches
to reuse and working with local businesses to create newrecycling opportunities.
We can move ahead only by working with others.
When we collaborate with suppliers, NGOs, recyclers,community stakeholders, and innovation leaders, we cando more while relying on less — and reduce our overall
carbon and material footprint.

Within resources, we focus on
three main areas of impact:

Materials
Transition to only recycled or renewable materials in our products andpackaging, and maximize material efficiency, product longevity, and recovery.

Water
Reduce water impacts in the manufacturing of our products, use of ourservices, and our facility operations. At the same time, transition to alternative
solutions, improve the quality of water that we discharge, and protect sharedwater resources.

Zero waste
Minimize overall waste generated and eliminate waste sent to landfill from ourmanufacturing supply chain as well as corporate offices, data centers, andretail stores.

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Appendix

Materials
We’re working toward a world where
we create our products from, andwhere we contribute to, circularsupply chains. This starts by building
products that are circular by design
and made from responsibly sourced
recycled and renewable materials.
This work will help us end reliance on
mining, which is often both carbonintensive and detrimental to thecommunities and ecosystems where
it takes place.

We aim to create products that make greater use of
circular supply chains that don’t rely on mined resources.
They do so while meeting our rigorous requirementsfor quality, durability, and performance. Part of whatmakes this possible are the recycling innovations we’redeveloping to enhance material recovery. While these
innovations support circular supply chains for Apple,
we also hope our actions are inspiring others to follow.
This progress can impact those who buy our products,
can influence the markets where we work, and can createchange for broader global communities. These are theopportunities that drive us through the challenging workof creating circular supply chains.
The following three pillars define our approachto achieving circularity:
Sourcing and efficiency
We source recycled and renewable materials for our
products and packaging, and we use these materials
more efficiently. We also source the materials responsibly,
whether from primary, recycled, or renewable sources.

Product longevity
We make the most of the materials we use by designinglong-lasting products. We design durable hardware,leverage software updates to extend functionality,
provide convenient access to safe and high-quality repair
services, and direct devices and parts to be refurbishedand reused.

How we pursue circularity for our products

SOURCING

Collection and recovery
We improve how we collect end-of-life products anddevelop recycling innovations so that we and others canuse old devices as raw material sources for the future.

Source materials that arerecycled and renewable

Sourcing and efficiency
We continue to progress toward our goal of relying solely
on responsibly sourced recycled or renewable materials
for our products and packaging.
The source of the materials we rely on matters to us.
We place a clear value on materials that don’t deplete
the earth’s resources. As we move toward recycled andrenewable content, we’re joined in our efforts by many
partners. We look forward to engaging with many others
as part of a broader global transition. As we design new
products, we continue to source materials responsibly
and continue to use materials efficiently and safely.

RECOVERYEFFICIENCY

Recover materials for use
in new products

Design efficiency into our products
and manufacturing processes

PRODUCTION
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Expanding our use of recycled content

Prioritizing our efforts

Our progress on materials continued in 2022 as we’ve
moved closer to creating a circular supply chain forseveral materials. With tin, we first proved in 2017 that
we could use 100 percent recycled tin for the solder on
the main logic board (where the majority of tin is found)of iPhone 6s and in 2022, we’re now using 100 percent
recycled tin on many flexible printed circuit boards used
across almost all newly launched products. This resulted
in the total shipped recycled tin increasing to 38 percent
across all product lines in 2022 — up from 30 percent
in 2021. We took a similar approach with gold. Acrossall products, we expanded our use of certified recycledgold — from the gold plating on the main logic board on
iPhone to other product main logic boards and flexible
printed circuit boards — increasing certified recycled gold
content to approximately 4 percent across all productsthat shipped in 2022 — up from just 1 percent in 2021.30
These and other innovations helped us increase our useof recycled and renewable content to 20 percent of all thematerial shipped in products in 2022.31

Our recycled and renewable efforts continue to focus
on 14 materials that we’ve prioritized based on a broad
range of environmental, social, and supply chain impacts.
(These are outlined in detail in our Material Impact Profiles
white paper.33) Some of the materials prioritized throughthis process include lower-mass but higher-impact
materials. Our priority materials include aluminum, cobalt,
copper, glass, gold, lithium, paper, plastics, rare earth
elements, steel, tantalum, tin, tungsten, and zinc, and theyaccount for 87 percent of the total product mass shipped
to our customers in 2022.34

We’ve also achieved several milestones with copperand zinc. For iPad models introduced in October 2022,
we’re using 100 percent recycled copper foil in the main
logic board. For Mac Studio and Studio Display, we’vedeveloped a brass alloy using 100 percent recycled
copper and zinc for use in the AC inlet and cable prongs.
Finally, since last year, we’ve nearly doubled our use ofrecycled cobalt in batteries to 27 percent across iPhone,
iPad, and Mac devices year over year, bringing the total
recycled cobalt shipped in 2022 to 25 percent.32

Barriers to our progress remain — including challenges
within our control and those outside Apple’s direct
influence. Addressing these requires a collective
response. But through collaboration within the material
space, we can achieve impact felt beyond our business.
The supply chains we’re helping create serve more thanjust our needs — they help promote the availability ofcompetitively priced, quality recycled and renewablematerials across geographies.

Our teams are overcoming many obstacles to creatingclosed loop supply chains, including material performanceand traceability. This is possible through our work with adiverse group of partners. We’ve been able to design anew, 100 percent recycled aluminum alloy that meets ourrigorous performance standards. And we’ve improved
our ability to track key materials like batteries within our
supply chain, end-to-end.

Maintaining high standards for materials is an essential
element of this work. Our recycled and renewablematerial specifications follow standards established by
the international community.35 Through this process,we’re able to confirm that a material has been recycled
or comes from a renewable source — one that cancontinually produce without depleting the earth’s
resources.36 We approach materials from new sources
with the same rigor, evaluating each for the safety of thematerials’ chemistry. This process allows us to scale ouruse of materials that are better for the environment andsafe for use in our products.

Responsible sourcing of materials
This diligence carries over to sourcing. We obtain our
resources responsibly, regardless of whether we’reusing primary or recycled materials. This approach is anecessary complement to our environmental efforts —and it draws from the same reliance on international
standards. Our standards for Responsible Sourcing ofMaterials are based on leading international guidance,
including the United Nations’ Guiding Principles on
Business and Human Rights and the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Due
Diligence Guidance. In 2022, 100 percent of the identified
tin, tantalum, tungsten, gold (3TG), cobalt, and lithium
smelters and refiners in Apple’s supply chain completedassessments to verify compliance with our standards, andto aid in identifying social, environmental, human rights,
and governance risks. We also map other materials in our
products such as mica, copper, graphite, and nickel, and,before production, evaluate suppliers of new materials
for compliance with our requirements. We also continue
to map, conduct additional due diligence, and facilitate

independent third-party audits on other materials usedin our products, such as graphite, nickel, and copper.
As we build supply chains for recycled materials, we’realso partnering with the smelters and refiners identified
through this process.

Industry collaboration
As we focus on responsible sourcing and the use ofrecycled content, we continue to engage with multiple
industry initiatives. These include our role on the steeringcommittee of the Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI).
This coalition is one of the most commonly used
resources for companies — from a range of industries —that are working to address mineral sourcing issues intheir supply chains. We are also a board member of the
Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)
and co-lead the electronics program. PACE is a global
collaboration platform for public and private decision
makers to share a vision, best practices, and innovations
toward a circular economy. Apple is a co-champion of
the First Movers Coalition for Aluminum, whose focus
is to aggregate demand signals for ultra low carbon
technologies and materials. We also collaborate withother industry organizations, including the Aluminum
Stewardship Initiative, to promote transparency across
supply chains and implement additional commodityspecific auditing and due diligence systems.
Using recycled and renewable materials helps lower our
carbon footprint, moving us closer to our climate goals.
To fulfill the transition to these materials, we’re working
with policy makers to support international standards thatenable the use of these materials globally.

Apple is committed tosetting the highest standards
for responsible sourcingof the materials used in
our products. For more
information, read our“People and Environment
in Our Supply Chain”
progress report and our“Conflict Minerals Report”
at apple.com/supplierresponsibility.

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Appendix

FEATURE

Our transition to certified recycledmaterials by product line
In 2022, the average recycledcontent shipped in Apple products
increased to 20 percent. We’ve
approached the work material bymaterial, component by component,
starting by introducing recycledcontent in one product andthen expanding across Apple’s
product lines.

We're using more recycledmaterials than ever

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Copper
Zinc
Steel
Gold
Tungsten*Rare earth elements
Aluminum
Tin
Plastic

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Desktop

Apple Watch

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Desktop

Apple Watch

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Desktop

Apple Watch

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Material is considered “not applicable” if it’s found only in small quantities dispersed across modules.

Desktop*

Apple Watch

All products launched in the calendar year include certified recycled content
Some products launched in the calendar year include certified recycled content
No products launched in the calendar year include certified recycled content
Recycled content not applicable*

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Desktop

Apple Watch

iPhoneiPad

Notebook

Desktopby calendar year

Apple Watch

Products launchedIntroduction

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Appendix

FEATURE

Progress across our priority materials

We’re making progress toward ourgoal of sourcing only recycled or
renewable materials in our products:
in 2022, 20 percent of the material
we shipped in products came fromrecycled or renewable sources.37
We’re also accelerating our ambition:
We recently announced that by2025, we plan to use 100 percent
recycled cobalt in all Apple-designed
batteries;38 100 percent recycled tin
soldering and 100 percent recycledgold plating of all Apple-designed
rigid and flexible printed circuitboards;39 and 100 percent recycledrare earth elements in all magnets
across all products.40
Below is an overview of our progress
across the 14 materials that we’reprioritizing for recycled or renewablesourcing. As we work toward ourgoals, we’ll continue to be open about
the challenges that we encounter.

Key challenges to developing circular supply
chains include:
Technical properties
The properties of a recycled or renewable material
may differ from the primary material. This needs to beaccounted for during product design and manufacturing.
For example, select recycled plastics differ in properties
from other plastics. The composition of other recycledmaterials can also be impacted by some level ofcontamination during the recycling process.
Availability and access
Supply of recycled and renewable materials can beconstrained by the limited availability of scrap sources
or production of renewable content. When supply exists
in some locations around the world, new suppliers need
to be incorporated into supply chains for the material tobe accessed.
Supply chains
Recycled or renewable content may not be easily
accessible on the market, requiring the development of
new supply chains.

Traceability
Information about the source of materials — whether
mined, recycled, or renewable — might not bereadily available.

Material

Key challenges

Progress

Aluminum

Regulatory barriers
Technical properties
Scale

We’re continuing to scale our new, 100 percent recycled aluminum alloy — which incorporates
recycled content without compromising performance — across all products. Overall, in 2022,
67 percent of the aluminum we shipped came from recycled sources — up from 59 percent in
2021.41 Of the products introduced during this period, iPad Air (5th generation), Apple Watch
Series 8, Apple Watch SE (2nd generation), and MacBook Air with M2 all contain 100 percent
recycled aluminum in their enclosures. Apple Studio Display contains 100 percent recycled
aluminum in the stand, and Apple TV 4K (3rd generation) contains 80 percent recycled
aluminum in the thermal module. Because recycled aluminum can have 1/40th the carbon
footprint of aluminum from primary sources, this supports our pursuit of low-carbon design.42
Our recycled material comes from several sources, including scrap from the manufacture ofApple products and other postindustrial sources. And our product claims are supported bysuppliers who have taken the additional step of getting their recycled content certified by anindependent, third party.

CobaltRegulatory barriers
Availability and access
Scale

In 2022, 25 percent of the cobalt shipped in our products — nearly double the amount shippedin 2021 — came from certified recycled sources on a mass-balance basis, including both
postindustrial scrap and post consumer scrap from end-of-life batteries. The cobalt from
iPhone batteries disassembled by Daisy is being returned to the market, making the material
available to others. And in 2023, Apple committed to using 100 percent recycled cobalt in all
Apple-designed batteries by 2025.43

CopperTechnical properties
Supply chains
Scale

Electronics applications require the use of high-performance copper. Yet even as challenges
remain in identifying quality scrap sources, we’re making progress. In March 2022, we
introduced 100 percent recycled copper for the first time in any Apple product: Apple Studio
Display and Mac Studio both use 100 percent recycled copper in the brass prongs of thepower cord plug and AC inlet. We also continue testing 100 percent recycled copper in otherapplications to evaluate its technical properties and performance across product lines. Copperis also a key material in printed circuit boards. For iPad (10th generation), introduced in October
2022, we’re using 100 percent recycled copper foil in the main logic board — Apple’s first use ofstandalone recycled copper.

Glass

Technical properties
Availability and access
Scale

Recycled sources are scarce for the quality of glass that we use in our products — andperformance of this material is key to the durability of our final products. We’re working hard
to identify recycled content and incorporate it into the material that we use to produce glassparts. The cover glass and back glass of all iPhone and iPad devices contain recycled glass. By
incorporating quality scrap in our applications, we also help keep glass at its highest-purity use
for future recovery.

Scale
Materials for a single component can come fromhundreds of different material suppliers, representing
an exponential increase in effort as we scale the useof high-quality recycled or renewable materials acrosscomponents and products.
Regulatory barriers
Transboundary movement regulations — createdto establish critically important community andenvironmental protections — can have the unintended
consequence of inhibiting the ability to recover andmove materials to best-in-class recyclers or refiners
for use in new products. Read about our support ofpolicies in our feature on circular economy policy thatenable circular supply chains while improving socialand environmental protections.

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Material

Key challenges

Progress

Gold

Regulatory barriers
Transparency
Scale

In 2021, iPhone 13 models were the first Apple devices to contain 100 percent certified recycled
gold, used in the plating of the main logic board and wire of the front and rear cameras. In
2022, we expanded our use to the wire of every camera of iPhone 14 and to the plating of
the printed circuit boards of all newly released Apple Watch models, to iPad Pro 11-inch (4thgeneration), and to AirPods Pro (2nd generation), increasing our use of recycled gold to about
4 percent in 2022 across all product lines — up from 1 percent in 2021. Because primary andsecondary sources of gold are often commingled, to certify 100 percent recycled sources
required pioneering industry-leading levels of traceability: we identified suppliers who were able
to source and segregate recycled gold sources while meeting our due diligence requirements;
then we elevated these suppliers as preferred vendors. This level of traceability helped us tobuild out a supply chain of exclusively certified recycled content. And in 2023, we committed
to using 100 percent recycled gold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuitboards by 2025.44 All gold in Apple products is responsibly sourced, whether it’s primary or
recycled. For more information, see our Conflict Minerals Report.

Lithium

Regulatory barriers
Availability and access
Scale

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2023 Environmental Progress Report38

Appendix

We’re shifting toward recycled materials recovered from batteries as they become more
viable and economical. We’ve worked to identify sources of recycled content and test theperformance of the recycled material to see if it meets our requirements — both at the material
level and in its application in batteries. This rigorous evaluation is key to maintaining our
products’ performance as we transition to recycled content over the long term. In January 2023,
Apple began using recycled lithium for the first time in some of our batteries for some products,
and we’re in the process of getting this material third-party certified.45

Key challenges

Progress

How we source materials:

Steel

Regulatory barriers
Technical properties
Scale

Since steel is a highly recycled material, we focus on keeping it in the highest-quality form
possible, working to recover high-purity steel from our manufacturing scrap and our products
at end of life. We’re collaborating with our supply chain partners on opportunities to expand theuse of recycled content into components of our products. Scaling the use of recycled steel isa key challenge because there are multiple layers in the supply chain between the raw material
and the many components that ultimately become part of our products. We’re making progressin realigning these supply chains to use more recycled material. In June 2022, we introduced
90 percent recycled steel in the battery tray of MacBook Air with M2 — a first for Apple.

Recycled content
Certified recycled content is sourced from recycledmaterials that have been independently verified bythird parties to a standard that conforms with ISO
14021. We also account for recycled content thathas been confirmed by suppliers but hasn’t received
third-party verification.

Tantalum

Regulatory barriers
Availability and access
Supply chains

We continue to address the challenge of sourcing 100 percent recycled content at the quality
we need for capacitors. We’re actively investigating recovery approaches from end-of-lifeelectronics to develop further use of this recycled material. Based on material recovery rates,
our products may already contain some recycled tantalum. But, to reach our goal, we have to
move beyond existing tantalum supply chains that mix primary and secondary content. Thisrequires starting from the beginning by identifying new sources of quality tantalum scrap, thenbuilding traceable supply chains around exclusively recycled material so that we can verify its
use in high quantities in our products.

Tin

Scale

With tin, we began our efforts to use recycled material on the main logic board for iPhone 6s in
2017, and last year we expanded to many flexible printed circuit boards across many products.
This resulted in our recycled tin use increasing to 38 percent on average across all product lines
in 2022 — up from 30 percent in 2021. In 2023, we committed to using 100 percent recycled
tin soldering in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuit boards by 2025.47 As wecontinue to scale use across even more components, we seek to engage an exponentially
increasing number of suppliers in this effort.

Tungsten

Regulatory barriers
Technical properties

More than 95 percent of the tungsten used in 2022 came from recycled sources, a significant
milestone from prior years. In 2022, all released iPhone models feature 99 percent recycled
tungsten across the entire device, and all released Apple Watch models feature 100 percent
recycled tungsten across the entire device. And with the help of our disassembly robots,
Daisy and Dave, and our recycling machine, Taz, the tungsten from our Taptic Engine can berecovered and recycled.

Zinc

Technical properties
Supply chains

We continue to work to identify high-quality sources of recycled zinc. This is a challenge
because the material is prone to accumulating impurities during the recycling process.
Each source that we identify is rigorously tested so that recycled materials meet our highperformance standards. In March 2022, we introduced 100 percent recycled zinc for the firsttime in Studio Display and Mac Studio, which use it in the brass prongs of the power cord plugand AC inlet.

Material

For information about our progress on paper, see our feature on packaging.

Plastics

Technical properties
Availability and accessScale

We use a broad range of plastics in hundreds of product components, from speakers to
keycaps. Each plastic material has different performance requirements that we must maintain as
we switch to recycled or renewable sources. And we continue to diligently pursue this effort. In
2022, we introduced more than 100 parts with an average of over 40 percent recycled plastic.
These include the Apple Watch Ultra antenna lines on the housing, which use plastic frombottles that have been transformed into a stronger, higher-performance material.

Rare earth
elements

Regulatory barriers
Availability and access
Scale

More than 73 percent of the total rare earth elements that Apple shipped in products in 2022
came from certified recycled sources, a significant increase from 45 percent used in 2021.
To reach this progress, we’ve focused on rare earth elements used in magnet manufacturing —praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and dysprosium — and worked with our supply chain tobuild circular supply paths for the rare earth elements. And we’re featuring greater percentagesof recycled rare earth element content across our latest devices: 100 percent in iPhone 14 andApple Watch Series 8, 99 percent in iPhone 14 Pro Max and Apple Watch Ultra, and 98 percent
in MacBook Air with M2. We’re also committed to using 100 percent recycled rare earth
elements in all magnets across all products by 2025.46

Responsible sourcing
Apple’s Responsible Sourcing of Materials Standard
covers all primary and recycled materials. Our standardaligns with leading international standards, including theUN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
and OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible
Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected andHigh-Risk Areas.

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Appendix2023 Environmental Progress Report39

FEATURE

Reducing plastic and waste
through packaging innovation
We’re closing in on our goal toeliminate plastics from our packaging
by 2025.48 To get this far, we’ve
addressed many packaging
components that typically rely onplastic, including large producttrays, screen films, wraps, and foamcushioning, replacing each with fiber
alternatives. We’re now focusing on
implementing innovative alternatives
to the small uses of plastics across
our packaging — like labels andlamination — which will help us
address the remaining 4 percent ofplastic in Apple’s packaging footprint.
At the same time, we’re taking steps
so that our packaging is recyclable
and that the fiber we source comesfrom recycled sources or responsibly
managed forests.

Improving the recyclability of our packaging helps reduce
our overall environmental footprint. In 2022, we released
a number of products with over 95 percent fiber-based
packaging, including iPhone 14 Pro, MacBook Air with
M2, and iPad Air (5th generation).49 And this year, we’ve
continued this work with packaging innovations for
iPhone, iMac, iPad, and Apple Watch to address theremaining plastic in the smaller parts of our packaging —labels and lamination.
To eliminate the need for labels on the latest iPhone
models — iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro — we introduced
digital printing directly on the back of boxes.50 We
developed a custom high-resolution ultraviolet inkjet
printer that can print on demand at the manufacturing
facilities where iPhone is packaged. We estimate thateliminating the labels will avoid over 300 metric tonsof plastic, over 150 metric tons of paper, and over
3700 metric tons of carbon emissions.51
We’re also working to eliminate plastic lamination from our
packaging. In 2022, iPad Air (5th generation), iPad Pro,
and Apple Watch Series 8 replaced the polypropylene
plastic lamination used on boxes and packaging
components with an overprint varnish. This varnish,
which we developed with rigorous qualification over three
years, makes packaging more recyclable while retaining
the design and feel that our customers expect when
first opening their product. It’s also more efficient; theoverprint varnish process requires a single step rather
than the multiple steps needed previously. In 2022, thishelped us avoid over 1100 metric tons of plastic and over
2400 metric tons of CO2e.52
We carefully developed our new overprint varnish to replace the polypropylene lamination while meeting rigorous quality standards for our packaging recyclability and aesthetic.

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Each of these innovations has applications for our otherproducts — and potential to eliminate plastics. We intend
to implement these across our products to reach our goalof eliminating plastics in our packaging. For example,
overprint varnish replaces the plastic lamination that
accounts for approximately half the plastics remaining in
our packaging.

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Appendix

We’re also working to improve the recyclability of our
packaging. Apple’s packaging design guidelines factor inpackaging recyclability, requiring the use of fiber-basedmaterials that can break back down to pulp as part of
mixed-paper recycling streams, alongside materials
like cereal boxes.53 These guidelines are supported bythird-party assessments from firms — including WesternMichigan University’s Paper Pilot Plant and the U.S. Forest

Service’s Forest Products Laboratory — and we continue
to monitor evolving international packaging standards.
As we eliminate plastic in our packaging, we continue tomake sure that the wood fiber comes from responsible
sources. Since 2017, all the wood fiber we use for our
packaging comes from either recycled sources or
responsibly managed forests. Through partnerships with

The Conservation Fund and World Wildlife Fund, we’ve
protected and improved forest management practices
on more than one million acres of working forests in the
U.S. and China. In 2022, these forests generated enoughresponsibly sourced fiber to balance all the virgin fiber inour packaging, while contributing to the global supply of
responsibly sourced fiber.54

Packaging fiber and plastic footprint* (metric tons)
Our goal is to eliminate all plastics from our packaging by 2025.** In 2022, only 4 percent of our packaging
footprint was from plastic, and 66 percent came from recycled fiber. Since 2017, 100 percent of the virgin woodfiber in our packaging has come from responsible sources.†

Plastic
Responsibly sourced virgin fiber**
Recycled fiber

4%
plastic

21%
plastic
2015
172,000

*
**
†

21%
31%
48%

2016
165,000

21%
30%
49%

2017
169,000

14%
30%
56%

2018
187,000

10%
32%
58%

2019
189,000

8%
33%
59%

2020
226,000

6%
35%
59%

2021
257,000

4%
33%
63%

2022
276,000

4%
30%
66%

Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we expanded our packaging goal boundary to better reflect our impact, resulting in an increase of about 36 percent of our total packaging mass, as reported here. We’re now including retail bags, all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to our customers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare
packaging for whole units and service modules (with the exception of plastics needed to protect items from electrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging of Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal boundary does not include the inks, coatings, or adhesives used in our packaging In addition to our packaging footprint. We also calculate the fiber used at our
corporate facilities. In fiscal year 2022, this number was 632 metric tons.
Beginning in fiscal year 2025, we plan to eliminate plastic from packaging. The boundary of Apple’s packaging footprint reflects the boundary of our plastic elimination goal. It includes retail bags, all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to our customers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare packaging for whole units andservice modules (with the exception of plastics needed to protect items from electrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging of Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal does not include the inks, coatings, or adhesives used in our packaging. We plan to eliminate plastic from the packaging of refurbished products by 2027, once old product packaging designs arephased out.
Responsible sourcing of fiber is defined in Apple’s Sustainable Fiber Specification (PDF).

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Product longevity

We’ve also expanded access to safe, reliable, and secure
repair services to meet our customers’ needs. When
products require repair, customers can more easilyfind repair options that work for them, such as Apple
Authorized Service Providers, the Independent Repair
Provider program, and, starting in 2022, Apple’s Self
Service Repair.

Building products to last
Our customers use our products every day. Which is why
we design our devices with the rigors of continuous use inmind — and to minimize the interruptions of maintenanceand repair.
Durable hardware is central to our products. Engineers in
our Reliability Testing Lab assess our designs against ourstrict durability standards that measure the performanceof materials, components, and fully assembled products.
They use testing methods that mimic realistic conditions
in which our customers use their products, assessing
many aspects of each device. In-depth user studies
to understand how our customers use, and misuse,
their products inform the durability standards thatwe’ve established.

During product development, we test numerous unitsof a product, relying on the results to inform eachsuccessive round of design. In 2022, Apple introduced
Apple Watch Ultra, with a design developed for thehighest level of durability to support the needs of ourmost adventurous and explorative customers. Apple
Watch Ultra was designed for demanding conditions that
required a series of new environmental and impact tests
to maintain the device’s high level of reliability. Tests that
our engineering team developed included a random
impact test to simulate bike falls, a gravel impact test toevaluate durability in rugged stone terrain, and additional
environmental tests to support compliance with MIL-STD810H — a standard used for military equipment that‘salso popular among rugged device manufacturers.57 This
also included low-pressure testing to simulate a range ofenvironmental conditions, from high altitude to extreme
temperatures, temperature shock, chemical exposure,freezing and thawing, shock, vibration, submersion, andother assessments to emulate operations in rugged
settings. Our engineers performed these tests in addition
to other trusted reliability procedures developed throughiteration across several generations of the Apple Watch
product line.

iPhone retains its value over time*
iPhoneAverage flagship Android

0%

Products that are designed to last hold their value longer.
iPhone, for example, has the slowest depreciation rate
among the six leading smartphone manufacturers. And
compared with flagship Android devices, iPhone holds
an average of 30 percent more value over a four-yearbuy-back period.55 As of January 2023, iPhone 7, which
was introduced in 2016, still had monetary value for Apple
Trade In in the United States.56

We’re committed to building long-lasting devices, andpart of achieving that is designing durable hardware.
To minimize products’ need for repair, we refine featuresthat improve durability, like water resistance and Ceramic
Shield, which protects the display on iPhone. And we
provide regular software support, so customers canupdate their devices to the most recent operating
systems and unlock the latest features and functionality
years after purchase.

Trade-in value

Apple Trade In plays an important role in productlongevity. Longer-lasting devices provide our customers
with options to access the value of their current device
through Apple Trade In or third-party programs.
Customers can upgrade to the latest products using acredit according to their device’s trade-in value. This also
helps keep products in use for as long as possible sothat new customers can experience Apple products andservices with refurbished devices. Making more products
and services available to more people is good for ourbusiness, and making those products last longer is betterfor the planet.

2023 Environmental Progress Report41

Appendix

100%

Our products are designed to last. Product longevity
not only makes for a better customer experience but
also is an important aspect of conserving Earth’s finite
resources and meeting our 2030 carbon neutrality goal.
Our approach combines hardware designed to endure
the rigors of everyday use, regular software updates
that unlock new features and functionality, and — whenneeded — high-quality repair services.

Engagement and Advocacy

86.6%

67.9%

1 year

74.5%

44.1%

2 years

66.1%

32.1%

3 years

52.5%

21.1%

4 years* According to the “2021–2022’s Phone Depreciation Report,” published by BankMyCell, a website that tracks trade-in and salevalue of technology products.

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Improving access to repairs
We design our products to be used daily with minimalneed for repair. But if a repair is needed, customers shouldhave easy access to convenient, quality repair services
to get their product back up and running as quickly
as possible.
We’ve expanded our repair footprint in the past three
years — nearly doubling the number of professional
service locations that have access to genuine Apple
parts, tools, and training. Repair options include AppleStore locations, Apple Authorized Service Providers,
participating Independent Repair Providers, mail-in
repair centers, onsite service, and Self Service Repair.
This also includes more than 4000 Independent Repair
Providers and a global network of more than 5000 Apple
Authorized Service Providers, with more than 100,000
service technicians, that offer support for customers to
get repairs.
Since 2019, our Independent Repair Provider program
has enabled independent repair businesses of all sizes
to access genuine Apple parts, tools, diagnostics, andtraining. This program expanded from the U.S., Europe,

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Appendix

and Canada to more than 200 countries worldwide.
We also continue to expand coverage by offering
repair service at our customers’ homes and offices inselect cities across the United States, providing greater
convenience to our customers. We train and certify
service personnel to repair Apple products. This helps
them correctly diagnose the issue, leading to successful
service and repair and preventing damage to the device
so that it works as it should.
In 2022 we introduced Self Service Repair, providing
individuals with access to repair manuals and genuine
Apple parts and tools through the Apple Self Service
Repair Store. Self Service Repair is available in the U.S.
and Europe — including in Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. The new
online store offers more than 45 types of device repairs,
intended to enable customers who are experienced withthe complexities of repairing electronics to service certain
iPhone models, MacBook and Mac computers, anddisplays themselves.

Global repair locations
	Apple Authorized Service Providers,retail stores, and Independent
Repair Providers
Self Service Repair

In 2022, Apple launched
Self Service Repair
program in Europe

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Designing products with repairability in mind
We continue to make progress designing more durable
products and offering customers more repair options.
At the same time, we’re working to make repairs moreaccessible and affordable. iPhone, for example, haseven more repairable modules than before, in addition toenhanced durability features and water resistance. iPhone
14 and iPhone 14 Plus introduced an updated internal
design that improved the repairability of the back glassand ease of access to internal components, making
fixes easier. In the new internal design, the aluminum
housing and back glass are no longer one enclosure,
so repairs to the back glass don’t require replacing the
housing. The 13-inch MacBook Air with Retina display(2018) and later models also allow for battery replacementwith a stretch-release adhesive, facilitating component
access. And iPad mini (6th generation) and iPad Air(5th generation) now support the same unit battery
replacement in select locations. We’ve also expanded
availability of repair parts in countries around the world
to support vintage products for up to seven years. For
example, a program for Mac notebooks makes battery
repair available for up to 10 years after the product waslast distributed. For more information, refer to the support
page about availability of service parts past warranty.

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Appendix

Keeping products current with
software updates
Free software updates also support our product longevity
goals. We provide these to enhance our customers’
experience by allowing them to access the latest features
available to their device for as long as possible. This
includes important security and privacy updates. As wecontinually improve the operating systems that power our
products, we also make sure that each software releaseruns seamlessly on all supported devices. Customers
can benefit from the latest software updates whether
they’re using a brand-new device or one that’s several
generations older.
iOS 16, our most recent release, extends support backto iPhone 8 (2017). iPadOS 16 compatibility goes backto the fifth-generation iPad (2017), and macOS Ventura
supports MacBook models from 2017 and later. The
updates in each operating system make the latest
capabilities — from Messages and the Lock Screen toContinuity features — available to a broad user base.
These updates also provide more customers with accessto the newest security and privacy features.
Software updates are popular with our customers. By
February 2023, more than 80 percent of all iPhone
devices introduced in the last four years had updated to
iOS 16, and iPadOS 16 was being used on 50 percent

of devices introduced in the last four years. These
continually high rates of adoption make it clear that
our customers see value in software updates. We alsooffered customers using iOS 15 and iPadOS 15 the option
to update only the security features on their device fora while — giving them more time, if they wanted it, toupdate the entire operating system.

Extending the life of products and parts
through refurbishment and reuse
Products that last longer make the best use of theresources that go into them. Refurbishing and reusing
products helps lower the impact that each device has on
the environment — including carbon intensity per year of
life. We extend the life of our products by building themto serve more than one owner — enabling customers to
exchange devices for an upgrade.
We collect devices for refurbishing and reuse throughseveral programs, including Apple Trade In, the iPhone
Upgrade Program, AppleCare, and our corporate
Hardware Reuse Program. In 2022, we sent more than
12.1 million devices and accessories to new owners
for reuse. The Apple Trade In program, available in 25
countries, provides customers with product end-of-life
options — they can access the value of their current
device if they upgrade to a newer model, or they cantrade in their device for free.

Our customers drive the success of our trade-in
programs and those of third parties. Customers who
use these options help realize the long-term value thatwe’ve designed and built into our products — whether
through trading or passing down their devices or bypurchasing refurbished products. Each product that‘s
refurbished and reused contributes to reducing our overall
environmental footprint.
Some device parts can also be reused. We’re finding
new ways to access these valuable components within
our devices. After recovery, these parts can be used
to replace existing components or repurposed in new
creative applications. We continue to expand the numberof parts that can be recovered and refurbished to ourhigh quality and performance standards, and reused as
replacements. This enables us to reduce the need tocreate spare parts as we repair devices. We also remain
focused on innovation opportunities to reuse accessories
sent for recycling. For example, we send collected
power cables and adapters that still function to our final
assembly sites, where they power products used on
production lines.

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iPhone longevity journey	Repairable at retail stores, Apple Authorized Service Providers, and central repair locations
Features to enhance durability

2007

2010

2016

2017

2021

2022

iPhone (1st generation)

iPhone 4

iPhone 7

iPhone X

iPhone 13

iPhone 14

SIM tray

SIM tray

SIM tray

SIM tray

SIM tray

SIM trayBattery

Battery

Battery

Battery

Battery

Haptics

Haptics

Haptics

Haptics

Haptics

Rear camera

Rear camera

Rear camera

Rear camera

Rear camera

Main logic board

Main logic board

Main logic board

Main logic board

Increased durability
and repairability enhance
iPhone longevity

Display

Display

Display

DisplaySplash, water, and dust resistant: IP67*

Bottom speaker

Bottom speakerBottom speakerSapphire crystal lens cover

EnclosureTop speakerTop speaker

TrueDepth camera

Enclosure

EnclosureSplash, water, and dust resistant: IP67*

TrueDepth camera

Back glass**

Sapphire crystal lens coverSplash, water, and dust resistant: IP68*

TrueDepth camera

Surgical-grade stainless steel

Sapphire crystal lens coverSplash, water, and dust resistant: IP68*

Surgical-grade stainless steel

Sapphire crystal lens coverCeramic ShieldSurgical-grade stainless steel

Ceramic ShieldCeramic Shield* iPhone 7, iPhone X, iPhone 13 and iPhone 14 models are splash, water, and dust resistant and were tested under controlled laboratory conditions. iPhone 7 and iPhone X have a rating of IP67 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 1 meter up to 30 minutes). iPhone 14 has arating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 6 meters up to 30 minutes). Splash, water, and dust resistance are not permanent conditions and resistance might decrease as a result of normal wear. Do not attempt to charge a wet iPhone; refer to the user guide forcleaning and drying instructions. Liquid damage not covered under warranty.
** Back glass repair is available for iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus.

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Product end of life
Even after a product reaches the end of its life, thematerials within it can serve the next generation of
products. Each time that we effectively recover materials
from end-of-life products, we enable circular supply
chains — and make the best use of finite resources.
This takes collaboration — with customers who trade in
their products when they’re done using them and withrecyclers capable of recovering materials effectively
from devices. This helps to reduce the need to mine
new materials. It also saves the considerable energy
expended in extracting and refining materials, driving
down emissions and conserving resources.

Optimizing recycling through partnerships
and innovation
Our recycling strategy is a key part of our efforts tocreate circular supply chains. We’re working to makeit easier for customers to recycle our products. We
provide or participate in product take-back and recycling
collection programs in 99 percent of the countries
where we sell products. Our customers can trade in
devices they’re no longer using for reuse or recycling at
retail locations and through recycling programs offeredby local operators. They also have the option to do so
online through platforms like Apple Trade In. In 2022,
we directed more than 40,000 metric tons of electronic
scrap globally to recycling with the help of customer andemployee programs. Our customers play an importantrole in continuing the growth of these programs, and
we encourage them to engage in these programs by
returning devices after use.

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We work with best-in-class recyclers to make sure wecan maximize the potential of the recycling materials
stream, as well as drive our efforts to close the loop on
key materials. We define best-in-class recyclers as thosecapable of recovering materials at high rates, and doing
so with the best environmental and safety performance.
We verify recyclers’ compliance with our Code andStandards through independent third-party assessments.
In addition, we look for our recyclers to maintain regional
leading certifications such as Weeelabex, e-Stewards®,
or R2.
As we expand our partnerships with recyclers across theglobe, we’re maintaining the rigorous standards that we
require of all suppliers. We assess our recyclers regularly
for compliance with labor and human rights, security,and environment, health, and safety (EHS) standards,
regulations, and best practices. In 2022, we conducted
61 recycler assessments. We’ve increasingly sought out
specialty providers capable of handling specific material
streams to increase the quantity and quality of materials,
and we’ve seen volumes handled by these suppliers
grow by over 70 percent in 2022. This global footprintof recyclers also helps us build a more resilient recycling
supply chain and innovate with more suppliers aroundthe world.
Education and training can help us improve recovery rates
from our products. We’ve invested deeply in this because
it provides recyclers with the information to improve
efficiency, quality, and capacity. We work with recyclers

to continue devising new recycling solutions that can beshared through training and ongoing support. We help
these partners develop the ability to disassemble our
products and recover as much material as possible while
minimizing waste.
In 2022, we expanded our Apple Recycler Guides toinclude certain models of iPhone and the new Studio
Display. These guides are developed by our engineering
teams to help recyclers optimize recovery and makesure that the processes can be completed using tools
and procedures available to a wide range of professional
recyclers. The guides provide valuable insight into therecycling process, including recommendations for
directing disassembled parts to the best downstream
facilities for resource recovery. As we continue to improvematerial recovery through collaboration, we’re increasing
the availability of high-quality recycled content on themarket for all.
Through the Apple Education Hub, part of our Supplier
Employee Development Fund, we’ve also supported
efforts to improve recycling capacity, quality, andefficiency with our U.S.-based recycling suppliers with alean manufacturing educational program. Embracing lean
methodologies and management systems can bolster
employee engagement, mitigate safety issues, andimprove recycling economics.

We work with best-in-class recyclers to drive our efforts to close the loop on key materials used in our products.

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Beyond our programs around the world, we continue
to explore ways to make e-scrap recycling even moreconvenient for our customers. Through our membershipwith Corporate Eco Forum (CEF), we’ve collaborated with
Amazon, Dell Technologies, Google, and Microsoft on adoorstep electronics waste recycling pilot program in the
U.S. Launched in February 2022, it offers residents in thecity of Denver, Colorado, direct pickup of e-waste fromtheir homes upon request. This pilot will enable us to learn
more about consumer behavior, with an ultimate goal of
making recycling more convenient for users.
We’re also continuing our partnership with Atea —a leading provider of IT infrastructure solutions in theNordic and Baltic region — to collect end-of-life iPhone
devices for recycling with our Daisy robot in the
Netherlands. We encourage more of our customers
around the world to engage with Apple to return endof-life devices to us so that materials are returned tothe circular economy. To learn more about our recycling
programs, visit the Apple Recycling Programs web page.

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Developing new approaches to disassembly
and recovery
Innovation plays a key role in realizing the potential ofrecycling — not just for Apple products but throughout
our industry. We continue to develop better, more
efficient means of disassembling products that maximize
material recovery while minimizing waste. Our Material
Recovery Lab (MRL), an R2-certified facility in Austin,
Texas, focuses on assessing the recyclability of our
products, helping inform design decisions that support
disassembly and recovery. The MRL’s work has led theway in automated approaches to material recovery with
our robots Daisy, Dave, and Taz.
Daisy, our disassembly robot, is capable of quickly andskillfully taking apart 23 models of iPhone — including
various models between iPhone 5 and iPhone 12 — into
discrete components. This vital step helps improvematerial recovery and recycling and yields clear results.
From just one metric ton of iPhone main logic boards,
flexes, and camera modules recovered by Daisy, ourrecycling partner is capable of recovering the sameamount of gold and copper as more than 2000 metrictons of mined rock.58 We hope other innovators follow
suit. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued Apple
five patents related to Daisy, and we’re willing to licensethese to researchers and other electronics manufacturersthat are developing their own disassembly processes.59

Dave, a robot specializing in disassembling the Taptic
Engine, enables the recovery of rare earth magnets aswell as tungsten and steel. Taz, which helps recycle
modules by separating magnets containing rare earth
elements from audio modules, is designed as analternative to the conventional shredder that many
recyclers rely on. While rare earth elements are typicallylost in conventional shredders, Taz is designed toaccess these valuable materials, improving our overall
recovery rate.
We’re also developing new technologies at our Santa
Clara Valley, California, asset recovery center that leverage
automation and machine learning to facilitate recycling
processes that typically require manual sorting, which
can be time-intensive and error-prone. This work aims tocreate low-cost solutions that our suppliers can deploy
to recover more materials, freeing up their employees formore complex tasks that can’t be easily automated.
The benefits we’re trying to achieve aren’t strictly
resource based. We’re also working to improve thematerial handling efforts of demanufacturing. In 2022, webegan deploying overhead projector-based augmented
reality systems to recyclers. This system projects
instructions for demanufacturing processes onto the work
surface. This innovation is designed to further improvesafety, productivity, and efficiency.

Designing for the next generation of recycling
The greatest opportunities for recycling are yet tocome. We’re committed to a long-term approach torecycling innovation, relying on and continually improving
current approaches while nurturing new and emerging
technologies. By fostering research and development,
we can identify opportunities for transformative changes.
We invest with this in mind. And we continue to support
initiatives that set out to redefine disassembly andmaterial recovery.
We’re investing in recycling innovations that can haveindustry-wide impacts. For several years, we’ve worked
with Carnegie Mellon University’s Biorobotics Lab in
the School of Computer Science’s Robotics Institute to
identify and disassemble e-scrap. This innovation has
the potential to enable recyclers to recover the materials
at a higher quality. The software from this project will
be open source and available to others in the industry
that are working to maximize the recovery of recyclable
materials. We’ve also worked with the lab to improve theaccuracy of disassembly and the recovery of materials
through X-ray imaging with RGB imaging. And we’reoptimizing our robots’ abilities to handle objects andadjust to contact, enabling them to “feel” by using highfrequency force feedback and machine learning. Throughthis work, we’re driving toward developing truly intelligent
disassembly technology.

Learn more about Apple’s
research with Carnegie
Mellon University in ourwhite paper.

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FeatureOur position on circular
economy policy
The responsible use of natural
resources is a critical part ofApple’s environmental objectives.
Extracting the materials thatmake up our products comes withsignificant environmental costs. We
work to minimize these by usingmaterials efficiently so that we
can one day build all our products
out of recycled or renewablematerials. This circularity ambition
is an integral part of our strategy tomeet our goal of being fully carbon
neutral in 2030, including acrossthe lifetime use of our products.
Global demand for electronics is increasing, and with it,
so is the demand for the materials that make up those
products. Awareness is growing of the finite nature ofsome of these resources, such as critical minerals or rareearth elements — as well as of the complex, globallyinterrelated nature of the supply chains that electronics
rely on. Circularity plays an important role in helping
realize environmental benefits while building supply chain
resilience. Policy can be part of the solution, helping
transition from the older “take-make-dispose” linear
model to circular supply chains. This reflects changing
technologies as well as current and future demands,
making circular supply chains competitive with traditional,
extractive ones.

Over the last year, Apple has reached new milestones
in our products and our efforts to demonstrate what’s
possible in circularity. We’re aiming for even greater useof recycled content in our products. Our commitments
include using 100 percent recycled cobalt — a criticalmineral — in Apple-designed batteries and using
100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets,
both by 2025.60 And advancements in recycling
technology help make this possible. For example, cobalt
recovered from iPhone batteries disassembled by Daisy
is returned to the market. And Taz — which we developed
as an alternative to traditional shredders for breaking
down electronics — enables us to recover even greater
amounts of rare earth elements. This more efficient andeconomical approach makes these materials available toothers beyond our supply chain.
We’ve also expanded our Self Service Repair programfrom iPhone 12 and iPhone 13 to include MacBook Air
and MacBook Pro notebooks with the M1 family of chips.
This makes repair manuals and genuine Apple parts
and tools available to customers through the Apple Self
Service Repair Store. We continue to build, support,
and participate in circular supply chains. But challenges
remain to achieve fully circular electronics supply chains.

Policy can help accelerate progress. A thriving,
responsible, circular economy supports criticallyimportant health, safety, and environmental protections. It
can also enable closed loop supply chains to be cost andoperationally competitive with linear models. Harmonizedpolicies can remove barriers and drive the transition to
circularity by meeting the following high-level objectives:
Sourcing and recycling materials responsibly:• Policies should seek to improve strict labor, humanrights, and environmental standards throughout
recycled and primary materials supply chains.
• Circularity should be a priority for policies that aim toaddress sources of supply over new ways or locations
for resource extraction. Recycling electronics will help
unlock the valuable materials in those devices forreuse, reducing reliance on newly mined resources.
Designing for longevity:• Policies should strive to maximize product longevity
while minimizing environmental impact, by enabling
the optimal balance between designing for reliability
and ease of repair.
• Ecodesign policies are most effective in delivering
environmental benefits when they’re product-specificand globally aligned.

Improving material recovery:• Support the development of efficient collection
programs that engage customers, protect
environmental and human health, and capture highvolumes of electronics for reuse, repair, refurbishment,
and recycling.
• Waste regulations should be consistent andharmonized across geographies, enabling efficient,commercially viable movement of materials. Suchpolicies can drive maximum materials recovery,
prevent downcycling, and help enable parity with
newly mined resources while maintaining criticalenvironmental and social protections.
Improving recycling:• Incentivize the inclusion of recycled content inproducts by supporting the generation of increased,
high-quality material supply, including improving
waste collection and recycling infrastructure, thedevelopment of global waste treatment standards,
and recycled content quality standards.
• Support the development of advanced electronics
recycling facilities that can recover more types ofresources, including materials that are difficult torecover or of lower value.

Apple is working to realize a circular economy throughpolicy engagement and advocacy.
Apple supports the ratification of the Basel Convention by
the United States. This would help enable circular supply
chains and address some current barriers to efficientmaterials recovery and reuse. The Basel Convention
is the global regulatory framework guiding how somewaste — including electronics and e-scrap — canbe moved for recovery, recycling, and disposal. The
convention provides critical environmental and social
protections, especially against moving hazardous waste
to geographies that lack the resources to manage it in
an environmentally sound manner. Countries that have
ratified the convention can move materials covered by theagreement among themselves, following the agreement’s
regulatory requirements.
The U.S. is one of a very small number of countries notparty to the Basel Convention. This imposes restrictions
on the movement of Basel-controlled wastes for recycling
or resource recovery into or from the U.S. to nearly allother countries in the world, requiring specific trade
agreements with another country. The U.S. ratifying theconvention would unlock more efficient movement ofmaterial to high-quality electronics recycling facilities,
helping scale circularity and the available supplyof recycled material. It would also allow the U.S. toparticipate in the global conversation around how toprotect communities and environmental health and create
more efficient and effective circular supply chains.

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Appendix

Water
Water is among the planet’s mostprecious resources. We consider thefull life cycle of water as we bring our
products and services to life. And weknow that to protect this resource,
we must go beyond our corporate
footprint, across our supply chain andinto the communities and watersheds
where we operate.
Climate change continues to impact global water
resources — making freshwater increasingly scarce,
flooding more frequent, and access more vulnerable.
These effects can be felt in the communities where weand our suppliers operate, which is why we’re committed
to managing these resources responsibly. We can do soby reducing our freshwater withdrawals and returning
clean water to the watershed. We can limit the use of
freshwater. And, where appropriate, we can rely on
alternative sources such as recycled water for functions
like irrigation and cooling so that freshwater is available forpeople and ecosystems.

Water quality is another challenge. We’ve made it apriority to maintain the quality of the water that we use
and discharge so that it will be suitable for its next use,
contributing to the overall health of local watersheds.
Water is a community resource, and it demands equitable
distribution and access, which requires a collective
approach to challenges and local solutions. This is why
we’re committed to engaging watershed stakeholders
through supporting Alliance for Water Stewardshipcertifications for our suppliers and key corporate
facilities, as well as by participating in local watershedmanagement projects.
We aspire to advance water security in the places where
we operate through actions that deliver on our guiding
principles of improving availability, quality, and access.
We’ve aligned our approach across five strategic pillars:
low-water design, site efficiency and conservation, sitewater stewardship, replenishment and nature-based
solutions, and leadership and advocacy.

This strategy is informed by geographically specificinsights. Resources like the World Resources Institute(WRI) Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas provide detailed insights
on local watershed health, such as baseline water stress.
Understanding that 37 percent of our corporate andsupply chain water use is located in areas of high orextreme basin stress helps inform the prioritization of
our efforts.61
We continue to monitor and manage water use in ourowned-and-operated facilities, and we go beyond thetypical practice in our industry by further engaging with
our suppliers across our manufacturing supply chain sites
to better understand their water use. Only by considering
impacts throughout the value chain can we achieve thewater management goals that we’ve set for ourselves.

Our water strategy

LOW-WATER DESIGN
Minimize water impacts in the design of products, services,and sites.

SITE EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION
Improve the performance of existing sites and processes.

SITE WATER STEWARDSHIP
Demonstrate responsibility beyond our facilities throughwatershed level management.

REPLENISHMENT AND NATURE-BASEDSOLUTIONS
Improve water availability, quality, and access throughregenerative approaches.

LEADERSHIP AND ADVOCACY
Advance water management through policy, advocacy, andtechnology innovation.

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We approach low-water design by first focusing on site
selection, conducting a water risk evaluation to determine
whether a potential site is in a water-stressed area ornot. We aim to avoid locating water-intensive processes
in water-stressed locations, so we either use the results
to select a more appropriate site where possible, or to
mitigate the impact of our expected water use.
Then, we look to systems and processes that use lesswater or reuse water, so that we can limit excess water
consumption and, where possible, eliminate waste. We
also design solutions to manage the quality of the waterthat we return to the watershed.
In our corporate operations, we discharge the majority of
our wastewater to the sanitary sewer. Up to 44 percentof the water that we use at our corporate locations isdischarged back into the local water system rather
than consumed.62 We monitor the water quality
from sites where we have an industrial wastewater
discharge so that each location meets or exceeds local
discharge requirements.

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One example is our new Capstone campus in Austin,
Texas, where we aim to achieve net-zero water use.
To accomplish this, the campus will rely on an onsite
wastewater reuse system, as well as condensate recovery
and stormwater capture, limiting potable water use topotable purposes only. This effort will avoid 60 million
gallons of freshwater use, relying instead on nonpotablewater for cooling and toilet flushing.63 This coolingapproach will also allow us to achieve 28 million kWhin energy savings annually at the location.
In our supply chain, a majority of water is used during
manufacturing. For example, in 2019 we launched apilot program at a manufacturing location in China aspart of our anodizing improvement program with theaim of reducing, and eventually eliminating, potentiallyhazardous discharge as well as reducing water andchemical use. Anodizing is the most water-intensive
process in the metal-finishing process of enclosures.
As part of the pilot, we employed several water efficiency
approaches, including using cascade and counterflow
rinsing processes, which helped retain 75 to 85 percentof the water used during metal finishing. This process
improvement has the potential to save millions of gallons
of freshwater annually when applied at scale.

The aluminum anodizing process is typically water-intensive. In 2019, we launched a pilot to seek to eliminate hazardous discharge and increase water efficiency from anodizing.
The cascade and counterflow rinsing processes, which helped retain 75 to 85 percent of the water used during metal finishing, could save millions of gallons of freshwater annuallywhen applied at scale.

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Water use at corporate facilities

Site efficiency and conservation

We track our corporate water use for our data centers, retail stores,
distribution centers, and corporate offices.

Next, we focus on identifying steps to use less freshwaterin our existing operations. In particular, we prioritize
regions where our efforts can immediately reduce stresson local watersheds. Our corporate and supplier sites
rely on water for everything from sanitation and climate
control to maintaining green spaces and manufacturing.
At each point, we seek out efficiencies and approaches toreduce our freshwater use.

<1%
OTHER ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
We also capture rainwater and recovercondensate as alternative water sources foruse onsite.

9%
RECYCLED WATER

1,527
Mgal

We source recycled water as a key
alternative to freshwater and use it
primarily for irrigation, cooling systems,
and toilet flushing. Our recycled water
comes mostly from municipal treatment
plants, with less than 5 percent comingfrom onsite treatment.

90%
FRESHWATER
We define freshwater as drinking-water quality, themajority of which comes from municipal sources andless than 5 percent of which comes from groundwater.

One challenge we’ve committed to addressing is reducing
water use, even as we grow in our corporate facilities.
Separating growth from water use requires dedicatedfocus. In 2022, our facilities used about 1.5 billion gallons
of water in our direct operations, a 9 percent increase
from 2021. Some of this growth reflects the returnto office from the COVID pandemic, but most of theincrease was driven by corresponding growth in our data
center cooling loads. We expect currently implemented
improvements in water use effectiveness (WUE) and new
dry cooling designs at our data centers to decouple water
use from electricity use.
Last year, alternative water sources accounted for about
10 percent of our total corporate water usage — primarily
from municipal recycled water sources. At Apple locationsin Texas, North Carolina, Ireland, Taiwan, and Japan,
we used rainwater capture systems to source 3 million
gallons of water; from our newly installed condensate
recovery systems in Santa Clara Valley, Austin, and North
Carolina, we captured 1.5 million gallons of condensate
in 2022. Through our low-water design and site efficiency
and conservation efforts, we saved 152 million gallons offreshwater in 2022 from projects implemented since 2017.64

These efforts start at the local level. In Santa Clara Valley,
California, where our corporate headquarters are located,
we’ve pursued water conservation across our landscaping
efforts. This includes six new projects in 2022, saving
1.2 million gallons of water. We intend to expand this work
to an additional 16 conservation projects in 2023.
At our data centers, we’ve upgraded and replaced servers
to reduce our cooling water usage by 60 million gallons
annually. We’ve also piloted a resin water treatment
system that resulted in a 30 percent reduction in makeup
water use and up to 60 percent reduction in discharge.65
Based on this success, we are implementing thistechnology at our data centers in Prineville, Oregon, andMesa, Arizona. Additionally, we piloted a plant-based
water treatment using sustainably harvested sphagnum
moss at several data centers, helping eliminate the needfor biocides and corrosion inhibitors. This system, whichuses compostable, natural sphagnum moss to improvewater quality, can further improve water savings. We
implemented this at our Reno, Nevada, data center andhave begun permanent installations in Maiden, North
Carolina, and Mesa, Arizona.
We’re also expanding our efforts to recover waterthat’s otherwise wasted. Six new condensate recovery
installations — including four in Santa Clara Valley
and installations at our new Capstone campus inAustin, Texas, and at our Maiden, North Carolina, data
center — harvest excess water from cooling systems to
be redirected to cooling towers and for landscaping usethat would otherwise be discharged.

We also require our suppliers to maintain the highstandards for water discharge outlined in the Apple
Supplier Code of Conduct. Through Apple’s Clean
Water Program, we help suppliers minimize processwater impacts and adopt best practices in wastewater
treatment. We make our expectations clear to our
suppliers and help define operational approaches so thatthey have the support needed to achieve their optimallevel of water efficiency and conservation. There’s aclear business imperative to develop these practices,
particularly in manufacturing and production where wateris critical for power generation, cleaning, and coolingprocesses. Water scarcity around the world requires that
we focus on shifting this program away from voluntary
engagement. We’re working to incorporate waterrequirements into our procurement decision-making sothat supplier engagement scales faster.
Our supply chain accounts for 99 percent of our total
water footprint, based on our detailed water inventory.
That’s why we partner closely with our suppliers throughour Clean Water Program. Since the program’s launch in2013, more than 234 participating supplier sites increased
their average reuse rate to 42 percent and saved our
suppliers 13 billion gallons of freshwater in 2022, for a
total of over 63 billion gallons of water savings.66 Thesesavings come from a range of initiatives, such as reuse ofreclaimed water, upgrades to water-efficient equipment,
and countercurrent rinse methods.

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Site water stewardship
We look beyond our operations and those of our suppliers
to address shared water challenges. This involves
engaging with the communities around our facilities forthe protection of local watersheds. Since 2018, we’ve
partnered with the Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS)
to advance the AWS Standard, the first global framework
to measure responsible water stewardship across social,
cultural, environmental, and economic criteria. In 2020,
Apple joined the AWS board of trustees with the objectiveof highlighting water stewardship opportunities to our
suppliers and promoting collective action on shared water
challenges with the Information and Communications
Technology sector.
Through AWS, we’ve been able to certify facilities
that meet the AWS Standard, considering benefits
and recognizing impacts to local water catchments,
communities, and ecosystems. Our Prineville, Oregon,data center was the first facility of its kind to receive
AWS certification in 2021. In January 2023, our Reno,
Nevada, and Mesa, Arizona, data centers also achieved
certification. We are on track to certify all of our owned
and operated data centers by 2025.
Since 2018, 17 of our supplier sites have achieved
certification for the AWS Standard, 15 of which achieved
a Platinum rating — the highest score achievable within
the AWS framework. In January 2022, Suzhou Industrial
Park — with the help of Apple and other partners —become the first industrial park in the world to earn the
AWS certification.

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We’re also active in the communities where our facilities
are located. In Prineville, we supported the Deschutes
Land Trust in the protection of the Ochoco Preserve,
which is situated at the confluence of the Ochoco and
McKay creeks — a major salmon and steelhead trout
habitat in the Crooked River basin. In Reno, Nevada, andthe surrounding areas, we continue to partner with The
Nature Conservancy for restoration and clean-up effortsof natural habitats along the Truckee River.

Replenishment andnature-based solutions
A key element to addressing water availability, quality,
and access is replenishment efforts and nature-based
approaches to restoring watersheds. Our goal is toreplenish our corporate freshwater withdrawals in highstress locations. This work is underway with somekey projects.
In partnership with the Bonneville Environmental
Foundation, we’re funding the removal of the invasive
Arundo donax cane species in the San Fernando Valley
area of the Los Angeles River watershed. This plant
species monopolizes space, sunlight, and water, displacing
wildlife and stressing local watersheds. This removal effort
addresses water availability in the watershed that feeds
the greater Los Angeles area and will deliver 55 million
gallons of replenished water annually.
In 2018, we partnered with the City of Prineville to develop
an aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) system. The ASR
system pumps water during the winter off-peak months

from the large aquifer that underlies Prineville, treats thewater, and then conveys it uphill to a smaller local aquifer.
In the summer, this stored water is pumped to meet our
cooling needs so that our water usage doesn’t affectcity water supplies. This response to seasonal variability
helps provide water security and drought resilience forthe region.
We’re also engaged with the Uptime Catalyst Facility
in India, one of our key corporate locations with water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) challenges, to introduce
an innovative performance-based program that allows
clean, cold water to be more widely distributed andmaintained. This will generate a volumetric water benefit
annually, equivalent to our direct operations freshwater
withdrawal in India.67

Leadership and advocacy
Our work on water affords us another opportunity: tolead with others and push for change across industries.
We collaborate with groups, including AWS and the
Responsible Business Alliance (RBA), and speak
to audiences that are in a position to impact theircommunities and industries. In May 2022, we addressed
the AWS Global Water Stewardship Forum in Edinburgh todiscuss our stewardship strategy supply chain. In October
2022, we addressed the RBA’s annual conference inSanta Clara, California, with AWS to promote collective
action on key catchment identification in the ICT sector inorder to further accelerate supplier participation in water
stewardship efforts, including supplier hubs in priority
water basins.

In 2022, we partnered with Frank Water in India todevelop and implement a water resource management
plan through a community-based WASH grant that
focuses on increasing water stewardship throughimproving decision making around water and climate
resilience. Frank Water works alongside local partners sothat safe water, sanitation, and hygiene are within reachfor communities experiencing challenges in accessing
water resources. And in 2023, we joined the UN Water
Conference to speak to the importance of corporate
leadership on water, emphasizing the importance of
supply chain actions.
We also take positions on issues that matter to us andwhere we can try to make a difference. We’re engaging
with the development of the next phase of Volumetric
Water Benefit Accounting methodology with the WRI andothers to further the replenishment and nature-based
solutions industry.

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Zero waste
All waste that gets sent to landfill
comes with costs. These can bemeasured in the resources andemissions that go into discarded
materials. And, too often, the mostvulnerable communities aroundthe world carry a disproportionate
burden of these costs and others
associated with waste disposal. We’reworking to change this by prioritizing
waste-free operations at our own
facilities as well as those of ourmanufacturing suppliers.
At our offices, retail locations, data centers, andconstruction sites, we’re implementing systems andapproaches to avoid sending waste to landfill. We’reasking our manufacturing suppliers to do the same.
Our focus is on eliminating waste generated during
manufacturing and engaging with local specialty recyclers
and composters to redirect materials from landfills. Thisrequires innovation and collaboration with local partners
to make the best use of our resources. We measure ourprogress in the amount of waste that we divert at thesource and by our ability to protect the communities
where we and our suppliers operate.

Reducing waste at our
corporate facilities
We’re reducing the amount of waste generated in our
corporate operations and directing more to recycling
programs — an effort that has continued since launching
our Zero Waste Program in 2018. Initially we focused on
U.S. campuses and retail locations. Since then, we’ve
grown in the U.S. and around the world while remaining
committed to sending zero waste to landfill.
In 2022, recycling and composting efforts allowed us toachieve a waste diversion rate of 71 percent — up from
68 percent in 2021 — limiting landfill waste from ourglobal operations to about 16,000 metric tons.68 Despite
occupancy increases during our transition from COVIDrelated temporary closures, our overall waste generated
remained low.
We haven’t interrupted our efforts to make progresson waste diversion since achieving our first zero-waste
certification, UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill validation, in2015 for our campus in Cork, Ireland. In 2023, our Taiwan
Technology Center became the second Apple facility
to receive the UL Solutions Zero Waste to Landfill
validation.69 And our data center in Viborg, Denmark,became the third facility to receive TRUE certificationin 2023, joining our data centers in Mesa, Arizona, andPrineville, Oregon.70 These facilities achieved TRUE
Platinum, the highest certification level. TRUE recognizes
facilities that divert more than 90 percent of waste
for recycling, compost, or reuse. To accomplish this,we improved waste separation through infrastructure
upgrades and moved away from single-use materials

to reusable alternatives. These certifications also reflect
efforts working and coordinating with local partners, fromcomposters to specialty recyclers capable of handlingspecific waste streams, like plastic wraps and foams. By
partnering with these providers, we’re able to support the
local economies engaging in recycling and composting as
an alternative to municipal waste disposal programs.

Promoting material reuse, composting, andwaste diversion across our corporate andretail locations
As our company grows and changes, we’ve prioritizedfinding opportunities to recycle construction anddemolition waste. In 2022, we achieved a waste
diversion rate of 83 percent — approximately
23,500 metric tons — from corporate office and data
center construction and demolition projects throughrecycling and source separation efforts. We expanded
source separation efforts for our corporate office anddata center construction projects — from 7.2 percent
participation in 2021 to 36 percent across projects
in 2022. The locations using this approach saw a
10 percent higher overall diversion rate. An example ofthe effectiveness of source separation is our new officein Battersea Power Station in London, United Kingdom.
Our team there achieved a 98 percent diversion rate ofconstruction waste, including 300 tons of drywall, onefifth of which was directed to agricultural uses such as
mushroom cultivation and farming. The project reusedtimber onsite and donated key construction materials,
including plasterboard, for local uses. The location also
recycled personal protective equipment used during
construction and build-out.
In 2023, our Viborg, Denmark, facility became the third to receive TRUE Platinum certification, which requires morethan 90 percent of waste from a facility to be recycled, composted, or redirected for reuse.

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We also focus on using less so that we reduce thewaste to be recycled or sent to landfill. By identifying
significant sources of waste — like packaging materials
and commonly used equipment — and then working
with our suppliers, we’ve found bulk packaging solutions
and recyclable and reusable alternatives. Across ourdata center sites, we’re switching to reusable air filters.
Previously, there were no off-the-shelf reusable air filters
available for our application. In 2019, we partnered withan industry-leading automotive filtration and technology
company to design a sustainable solution that met very
specific design criteria for our design centers. And morethan 38,000 reusable high-performance air filters —which are available for other companies to use — havebeen placed in Apple-managed facilities worldwide todate. By replacing disposable air filters with reusable
ones, we avoid landfilling 25 tons of dirty filters each year.
Further, the reusable air filters are more energy efficient,leading to 35 percent savings in fan energy use. And we
intend to rely exclusively on reusable filters at data centersfrom here on out.

and data centers are participating in composting. We’realso using technology to improve our diversion rates atcorporate locations. At our offices in Santa Clara Valley
and Culver City, California, we piloted waste sensor
technology, a system that employs cameras and datacollection within dumpsters to monitor contaminationand increase diversion efficiency. The data provides
collectors with accurate information on volume to informscheduling of pickups and the use of appropriately sizedhauling containers.

We’re working to keep waste that’s unavoidable out oflandfills. This requires sorting items correctly to redirect
waste to recycling and composting where possible. To
enable this, we make clearly labeled containers available
throughout our locations. For example, we’re working
to reduce contamination and increase recycling rates
by continuing to roll out consolidated bins for recycling,
composting, and landfill and by improving signage. We
recycle paper, plastic, aluminum, and cardboard materials
at most of our corporate and retail sites worldwide. And
more than 450 of our corporate offices, retail stores,

Driving solutions internally throughcommunication, reporting, and education

We remain committed to the safe and responsible
management of hazardous waste. So that wastes
are treated, recycled, or incinerated according tosafety and environmental standards in the U.S., Apple
performs audits of treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities (TSDFs), with 12 performed in 2022. We
continually reevaluate the facilities used for disposal andmanagement of hazardous and regulated wastes, working
to assess disposal method, availability, economics,
and sustainability.

Our employees are one of our best resources in achieving
our zero-waste goals. They play a critical role in reportingon waste and facilitating waste audits at our locations. We
support these efforts with training, education, and accessto resources. In 2022, we standardized waste reporting
requirements across all our data centers and corporate
offices and implemented a centralized dashboard system.
Our retail auditing program examined 13 locations inNorth America, documenting the material characteristics

of our waste. This data will allow for better assessmentof our waste practices and opportunities to improve ourapproaches. We also launched site-specific zero-waste
training for all Apple data centers. All new data center
employees are now required to complete the site-specificzero-waste training and receive manager approval ofcompletion. Finally, we’ve standardized signage at ourdata centers with contextual signs for logistics andoperations, as well as for office and administrative sites.

Taking a zero-waste approachwith our suppliers
We’re committed to leaving no waste behind in thecommunities where we build our products. Our suppliers,
recyclers, and waste solution providers are central toachieving this goal. We’re working with them to eliminate
waste from our manufacturing processes. Since welaunched the Zero Waste Program for our manufacturing
partners in 2015, we’ve continued to make considerable
progress. And this program has expanded to include
more than 300 supplier facilities across 14 countries
and regions.
In 2022, we shifted our Zero Waste Program from an
opt-in effort for suppliers to a requirement as part of our
Supplier Code of Conduct. This means that suppliers
are now required to implement a systematic approach toidentifying all sources of waste and characterizing eachstream in the waste inventory, developing a program or
solution to quantify and monitor their waste-to-landfill
diversion rate, setting waste-minimization goals, andmaintaining progress toward achieving zero waste tolandfill. Our Zero Waste Program provides training andtools to help suppliers track their waste, set wasteminimization goals, and create improvement plans towardachieving zero waste for their operations.
We make available to all facilities participating in the
program resources and guidance on how to reduce
waste and then reuse, recycle, or compost the waste they
do create. Suppliers at these locations can also accesstools to improve waste management and, in some cases,
onsite support. The program is making an impact: In
2022, suppliers redirected 523,000 metric tons of wastefrom landfills (up from 491,000 metric tons the previousyear), bringing the total to 2.5 million metric tons since
the program’s inception — the equivalent of eliminating
3.1 million square meters of landfill space. Throughout
2022, 100 percent of established final assembly sites —including for iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, AirPods,
HomePod, Apple TV, and Beats — maintained zerowaste-to-landfill operations.71
And we’re working on the next challenge in achieving
zero waste, which is a level deeper into the subassembly
module suppliers who assemble the individualcomponents that make up Apple products. The
waste stream at this level is often more complex than
final assembly sites, but we’re making progress. This
year, module suppliers — including core technology
suppliers — that are participating in the Zero Waste
Program increased by 50 percent. Eliminating landfill
waste across these sites marks both a significant effort
and an achievement, diverting more than 357,000 metrictons of waste from landfills.

150
Over 150 Applesupplier facilities are
zero-waste verified.

2.5M
2.5 million metric tons ofwaste were redirected fromlandfill by supplier facilities
as part of Apple’s Zero
Waste Program.

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Getting to zero through innovation
Innovation plays a significant role in advancing progress
toward zero waste within our supply chain. We use novel
recycling strategies and approaches to divert greater
quantities of waste from landfill in our supplier facilities ateven greater rates. But we also pursue material solutions
to impact the waste streams coming into these facilities
to simplify and maximize the recyclable content that our
suppliers work with.
We’ve partnered with our suppliers and local businesses
to create new recycling options and develop opportunities
for material reuse. Recycling and reuse provide
environmental benefits and can help our suppliers
increase material efficiency while reducing the costs
associated with material waste. At final assembly suppliersites, more of our suppliers use the recyclable andreusable alternatives that we helped develop for key
sources of waste. In particular, our Recyclable Protective
Films (RPFs) that protect products during manufacturing
and the reusable trays used to deliver modules safely
through assembly sites have helped our suppliers
reduce waste.

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We’ve also achieved reductions by developing thinner
stretch wrapping film used on pallets for final productpackaging. This wrapping film is a significant portion of
the virgin plastic usage in our supply chain. The thinner
film reduces the amount of plastic needed by up to
50 percent. We’ve shared the formula for our proprietarythinner stretch film with our suppliers’ current wrapping
film vendors to help accelerate its adoption while
producing stronger wrapping films for product packaging.
Another opportunity for waste reduction is to decrease
the amount of plastic tape used on our production lines —and to develop a stronger paper tape that can act as analternative. An audit of our production processes showedthat the plastic tape used to secure parts before assembly
is often mixed with paper tape, making it difficult to sortand divert from landfill to a recycling process. And in manycases, the plastic tape wasn’t needed. We found that for
75 percent of the parts secured with plastic tape, paper
tape could perform equally well. We then worked withan industry-leading tape producer with the technology
to produce a strong, lower-cost paper alternative. This
new paper tape alternative was put to use for 200 parts,
eliminating 1200 metric tons of virgin plastic from ourwaste streams.

Engaging with suppliers to reduce waste
We work closely with our suppliers to realize our zerowaste goals. This work faces a range of challenges,
including a lack of access to recycling technologies,
the absence of local infrastructure, and the lower valueof recyclable material that impacts the economics ofrecycling. We engage with our suppliers to address thesechallenges through knowledge sharing. The Waste to
Resource database that we designed provides accessto available technologies and local recyclers that we’vecollected from the suppliers that we work with. The
database provides information on more than 1000
resources across more than 177 cities in China, Thailand,
and Vietnam — a number that grows as we and our
suppliers share valuable resources through the database.
As more of our suppliers achieve their zero-waste goals,
we’re able to learn and share more information. We plan
to make this resource public for the benefit of the entire
electronics industry.
Reducing waste is an ongoing collaboration between us
and our suppliers and recycling vendors. We’re actively
sharing best practices and innovative approaches toreduce waste; and we’re matching our suppliers withcapable recycling technologies that help eliminate waste
throughout the process of manufacturing our products.
One example of this is a tool developed by Apple andUL Solutions, our partner that validates zero-waste
efforts. The tool provides the first-ever supply chain
zero-waste management system assurance program,which allows for third-party zero-waste verification at asystems level rather than at a site level. The assurance
procedure has allowed us to accelerate the verification
process significantly and establishes a new model thatcompanies across industries can employ to verify zerowaste programs at scale. This streamlined approach hasbrought even more suppliers into our program, with morethan 150 validated in 2022 — a 50 percent increase fromthe previous year.72
We also provide support for our suppliers in verifying theirzero-waste efforts. The foundation of our Zero Waste
Program since launch has been following the UL 2799
Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation
Procedure (ECVP), which requires at least 90 percent
diversion through methods other than waste-to-energy.
Through this standard, our supplier facilities can certify
against clear benchmarks for waste diversion, including
Platinum, Gold, and Silver levels of verification. We’ve
spent the last seven years expanding this program
throughout our supply chain, with suppliers in China,
India, and Vietnam becoming UL validated. In 2022,
Thailand joined that list when a local Apple supplierbecame the first in the country to receive UL 2799
ZWTL Gold validation. Since we switched from individualsite verification to system-level verification, suppliers
participating in the assurance program can easily
apply their verification statements from UL. Following
the switch, many suppliers maintained their individual
certification for their own purposes.

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Appendix

FeatureGreen buildings

Each space that we build presents
an opportunity to realize the type ofworld we’d like to live in — one that’s
inclusive and accessible, reflects
the value we place on creativity
and innovation, and furthers ourenvironmental goals. Whether
we’re constructing a data center or
corporate office or restoring a historicsite to house a retail outlet, we havean opportunity to advance our vision.

Our environmental approach to design and construction
adheres to industry-recognized best practices forgreen buildings that promote renewable energy, water
conservation, energy efficiency, and responsible material
sourcing. As of 2022, 100 of our corporate offices anddata centers across the world are LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design) or BREEAM (Building
Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method) certified. That number grows each year as wedevelop more than 17 million square feet of green building
space globally.
Our global footprint requires that we adapt to the needs ofdifferent locations and climates while pursuing our overall
objectives. In 2022, four Apple sites in the U.S. and China
earned LEED Gold certification. One example is for theconstruction of a corporate facility in California, where weachieved an 80 percent diversion rate for construction
materials — 15 percent more than the average diversion
rate typically observed in this region — by separating
the majority of recovered materials and sending themto local specialty recyclers. We sourced FSC-certified
wood for 98 percent of the wood used in this project.
And 50 percent of its structural materials were sourced
from regional manufacturers, less than 500 miles away,
minimizing material transport by using local suppliers.

100

We bring a similar environmental approach to our retailstore development. In Vancouver, Canada, we reopened
Apple Pacific Centre, nearly doubling the previous
store’s size while reimagining features and elements
to incorporate the location as a creative hub for thecommunity. The design drew from the local landscapeand ecosystem, including a facade surrounded by
10 magnolia trees sourced from the Pacific Northwest.
The store’s exterior is framed by a living wall spanningmore than 40 feet and featuring 144 species of locallysourced plants. Designed to stay lush throughout theyear, the living wall promotes bee and insect habitats
and naturally absorbs heat and traffic noise. Our new
store in London, United Kingdom, Apple Brompton Road
features a unique curved ceiling and 12 towering Sicilian
ficus trees. Both spaces, like all Apple facilities, source
100 percent renewable electricity.

100 Apple buildings
worldwide are LEEDor BREEAM certified
for environmental
performance as of 2022.

Each Apple building needs to coexist with its environment
while meeting our standards for human-centric design.
We work hard to strike this balance and harness thecreativity and innovation that these challenges demand.

In 2022, we opened Apple Brompton Road which sources 100 percent renewable electricity,
like all Apple facilities.

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Smarter
ChemistryProtecting those who
make, use, and recycle
our products by using
safer materials

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Goals and progress
Key

GOAL

GOAL

GOAL

Avoid exposure to chemicals that
could be harmful to human healthor the environment.

Integrate smarter chemistry
innovation into the way that wedesign and build our products.

Drive comprehensive reporting ofchemicals used in our supply chain
to make our products.

2010

2022

2030

2010

2022

2030
GOAL

2010

Achieved2022

HIGHLIGHT
HIGHLIGHT

We performed toxicological assessments onover 1300 materials in 2022 to proactively
evaluate and eliminate potentially harmful
substances from our products.

Apple led the IPC task group that
helped develop and publish a
new IPC industry standard on
the use of safer cleaners in 2022.

HIGHLIGHT

We’ve included over
47,000 materials in ourcomprehensive material library.

Ongoing
Not achieved

2030
GOAL

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Our approach
We carefully consider the chemicals
that we use in our products andmanufacturing processes. These
choices directly impact the safety,
recyclability, and reuse of our
products, which are key to truly
circular supply chains.

Smarter chemistry is our approach to identifying
chemicals that best serve all our priorities, including
safety, performance, and environmental impact. This
supports our circular supply chain efforts by minimizing
the recirculation of potentially harmful substances. Our
efforts to remove potentially harmful chemicals fromour products help create safer and healthier workplaces
for our employees and suppliers, and safe products forpeople and the environment.
Our approach to limiting potential chemical exposurein product manufacturing leverages the hierarchy ofcontrols. The hierarchy of controls is a concept used tocontrol hazard exposure and consists of five actions inorder of preference: elimination, substitution, engineering
controls, administrative controls, and personal protective
equipment (PPE). Elimination and substitution are themost preferred forms of control. When no alternative isavailable to eliminate or substitute potential exposure,
we rely on engineering and administrative controls
to safeguard against it. As we focus on this for our
manufacturing processes, we push our industry to do
the same.
We’ve taken the important initial step of accounting forthe materials that we use, both in our products and in
the processes to create them. This information helps
us better protect the people who design, make, use,
and recycle our devices. It also informs our efforts toprotect the environment. We’re working side by side withleading members of the scientific community, NGOs, andindustry organizations to move forward, and we continue
to push for the development and broad adoption ofsafer alternatives.

Our smarter chemistry strategy

Our approach involves proactively promoting the useof smarter materials and chemicals. This involves
establishing safety requirements that often exceed local
industry standards and empowering our suppliers to meetour guidelines. We also help suppliers source materials
that are safer alternatives, which provide the necessarylevel of performance and are also better for people
and the environment. We have created standards andprograms to support these efforts, including the rigorous
requirements defined in our Regulated Substances
Specification (RSS) and the deep supply chain
engagement through our Full Material Disclosure (FMD)
and Chemical Safety Disclosure (CSD) programs. We also
share what we’ve learned in creating these systems withothers in the industry — and we push for change that cantransform product manufacturing.

Mapping and engagement

Advocacy and leadership are needed to make thishappen. We’re committed to providing both this role,pushing to broaden the use of safer and more sustainable
materials based on smarter chemistry — and working
with our suppliers and material manufacturers to create
alternatives that can help move our industry forward.

Engage our supply chain partners to comprehensively identify the chemicals
in the materials used to make our products and the processes used to makethem, allowing us to drive change that goes beyond what’s required forregulatory compliance.

Assessment and management
Assess the potential human health and environmental risks of chemicals toevaluate compliance with our requirements and inform product design.

Innovation
Drive the development and use of innovative materials that enable the creationof groundbreaking products and support industry-wide change.

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Mapping and engagement
We’re committed to creatingproducts of the highest quality —and that commitment extends tothe health and environmental
impacts of everything we make. This
begins with a clear understandingof the chemistries of the materials
that go into our products. Throughcollaboration, we can build acomprehensive view of the chemicals
in the materials that we use anddrive improvements in how we makeour products.
Several Apple programs support these efforts. Our FMD
program maps the materials and their chemistries in our
products, while our CSD program tracks the materials
used to manufacture our products. We drive our supply
chain partners to collect in-depth information on thechemicals they use, including the purpose for their use,
the amount consumed, and how the chemicals are being
applied, stored, and handled. We also work closely with
our partners to review the steps being taken to protect
their employees.

We have criteria for the performance needs,
environmental impact, and safety of the materials that
we use. Our goal is to identify material chemistries thatmeet these standards. We examine the effects of material
chemistries across a product’s life — from design andmanufacturing to the customer experience and, ultimately,
recycling and recovery. Through early engagement
and effective data collection, we’re able to develop acomprehensive view of each material, and its chemistry,in support of our health and environmental goals.
We’re leading in these efforts. With our partners,
we’re engaged in the work required to understand thechemical composition of the materials in our products,
as well as the chemicals and materials used during
manufacturing. Close collaboration with our partners
allows us to account for the materials used across our
supply chain. This information informs our decisions
when it comes to health and environmental risks. The
way that we effectively collaborate with our partners canhelp others in our industry take their own steps towardeliminating potentially harmful chemicals in their products
and manufacturing processes. This progress across ourindustry supports our effort to build responsible circular
economies at scale.

Building a comprehensive viewof the materials in our products
Good data is fundamental to delivering safer products.
We rely on detailed and comprehensive information to
inform our decision-making on material chemistries. The
FMD program, launched six years ago, is integral to thisprocess. It aims to catalog and map each chemical in thematerials used in our products. Material manufacturers
are at the center of these efforts. They provide thoroughreporting on material compositions from deep within our
supply chain — proprietary data that’s shared throughour innovative and secure data collection system. Thissystem enables us to make informed choices about
the materials that are used. For iPhone, iPad, and Mac
products released in 2022, we collected detailed
chemical information of 91 percent of each productby mass, on average. For the Apple Studio Display, we
collected information on more than 93 percent of the
product by mass.
Our suppliers are required to participate in the program.
Collectively, they share information on thousands ofmaterials used to manufacture our products. To makethis process easier, we’ve implemented an advanced
collection system for suppliers with access to a library of
more than 47,000 materials, which have been researchedand validated by Apple. Our suppliers use this materials
library to select the materials they use in our products. If amaterial that our supplier uses isn’t yet listed in our library,
we authenticate the new material with documentationfrom the manufacturer that provides it.

Smarter chemistry matters at every stage
in the product life cycle

Product designApple uses our Regulated SubstanceSpecification to drive our internal teams
and supply chain partners to selectmaterials that meet our requirements.

Recycling

Manufacturing

Recyclers can recovermaterials that are safer
for use in new products.

Apple requires suppliers to manage
materials and chemicals and helps
them switch to safer alternatives.

Product use
Customers use products
made with smarter
materials.

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AppendixComprehensive chemical mapping

The FMD program includes tens of thousands of parts
and assemblies across our product lines. We prioritize
high volume materials and those that come under
prolonged skin contact — for which we look closely
at biocompatibility. The program helps address achallenge faced across our industry: the lack of visibility
into the chemical composition of materials. To reduce
potential toxicological risk and pursue opportunities todevelop better chemistries, we need deep knowledgeof the materials that are used. Through the program,
we’re able to identify these opportunities to improve andcontribute to our health and environmental goals.

Mapping chemicals throughout
product development leads tothe use of safer materials in
the manufacturing process.

Understanding chemical
ingredients leads to better
materials for Apple products.
Through the FMD program, Apple
manufacturing partners share the materials
used to manufacture Apple products.
Apple works with material manufacturers tounderstand the chemistries of the materials toenable evaluation.

Data helps Apple suppliers
manage chemicals andmaterials when making
Apple products.

Apple customers benefit
from using products madewith safer materials andchemicals.

Information on how chemicals are used,
how they’re stored, and how employees areprotected is shared with Apple by suppliers
through our CSD program.

The FMD and CSD programs help support
the creation of best-in-class products in a
responsible manner for our customers.

CSD data informs and prioritizes supplierengagement, encouraging rigorous chemical
management practices and adoption ofsafer alternatives.

The comprehensive materials library helps inform
decisions across our product life cycles. It drives better
material selections by our supply chain partners throughthe RSS, and it provides a foundation for assessing
the materials that we specify, how our products are
manufactured, and, eventually, how they’ll be recycled.
We’re using innovative approaches to this process,including machine learning to digitize data from chemical
tests so this information can be more easily assessed.
And we’re finding ways to share this information by
supporting the development of industry standards thatwill help encourage the exchange of data on materials.
These efforts support our goals of improving the safetyof our products and the broader electronics industry
and beyond.

Creating an inventory of chemicals
used in manufacturing
We prioritize the health and safety of the people in our
supply chain. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct
and Supplier Responsibility Standards outline ourrequirements for our suppliers in the areas of healthand safety, labor and human rights, environment, ethics,
and management systems. We also account for how
chemicals are selected and managed within our supply
chain — and the impact this can have on people working
in our supply chain.
Detailed and accurate information drives this process,including which chemicals our suppliers use as they
make our products and how they store, handle, andconsume each one. Through the CSD program,suppliers are required to provide this data as part of arigorous disclosure process. With a detailed chemical
inventory from our suppliers, we can support our supply
chain partners in identifying risks and opportunities toimplement safer alternatives.
In 2022, more than 1000 supplier facilities shared theirchemical inventories as well as their storage and control
information through the CSD program, including suppliers
representing the majority of Apple’s direct spend. Thisextensive reporting provides direct insights into how
our suppliers manage their chemical inventories andpractices. And through this program, we’ve identified
more than 19,000 unique materials and chemicals usedin manufacturing process. All these efforts contributeto a safer work environment for people across our
supply chain.

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Appendix

Working with suppliers to meetglobal requirements
We’re supporting our suppliers in their efforts to meet
our requirements. And we’ve created systems for our
suppliers to learn about our material specifications,
track and assess the materials they use, and regularly
communicate material usage. This also helps our
suppliers meet global standards and regulations
governing their operations. The FMD and CSD programs
require suppliers to gather, understand, and share
information on materials they’re using — a requirement
beyond regulatory requirements.
We support supplier engagement with these programs —and the RSS — through ongoing training. This continued
engagement is central to our partnership and to ourshared efforts to promote smarter chemistry in our
products and processes. Since 2020, our suppliers in
China worked under the new regulations governing theuse of materials containing volatile organic compounds(VOCs). And we went even further to support compliance

We evaluate materials for substances restricted in our Regulated Substances Specification — including VOCs — using
equipment like this gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system.

by assessing and qualifying over 3500 low-VOC
materials for use, helping our suppliers transition tothese alternatives. In 2022, we continued to provide
additional support for suppliers through trainings on the
new regulations, which were attended by more than 800
participants. By deploying a VOC specification worldwide,
we’re also helping drive adoption of low-VOC alternatives
around the world. And we’re working with our suppliers to
identify and develop materials that meet the current andupcoming complex per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS) regulatory requirements.
These programs, along with the RSS, allow us to engage
with suppliers through ongoing training. This fosters
our partnerships and shared efforts to promote smarter
chemistry in our products and processes.

47K
47,000 validated
materials are storedin our comprehensive
materials library.

93%
We collected detailed
chemical information of
93 percent of Mac Studiocomputers by mass andover 91 percent on average
for all iPhone, iPad, and Mac
products released in 2022.

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Assessment and management
We base key decisions on our
product designs, manufacturing
processes, and approaches torecycling and reuse on the datathat we collect on chemicals andmaterials. This information enables
us to establish requirements for our
suppliers, including those set in our
Regulated Substances Specificationand our Restricted Chemicals
for Prolonged Skin Contact
Materials specification.
Our requirements provide clear restrictions on potentiallyharmful materials and chemicals, including those that are
restricted. Through our assessment system, we work sothat only materials that meet our stringent requirements
are used in Apple products. The data that we gather on
chemicals and our rigorous assessments allow us to makeinformed decisions for chemical management, for thesafety of those who use, make, and recycle our products.
These decisions also help make the materials recoveredfrom our products at end of life safer for reuse in new
products, enabling circular supply chains.

Setting and maintaining rigorous
chemical safety requirements
Over 20 years ago, we first published the Regulated
Substances Specification, setting requirements forthe use of chemicals or materials in our products,
accessories, manufacturing processes, andpackaging. The specification builds on our history ofadvancements in material safety — and it reflects ourdedication to the collection of necessary data to upholdthese requirements.
We continue to evolve the RSS with new chemicals
and restrictions based on the latest scientific researchand standards, drawing from regulations, international
standards, and voluntary requirements. Many of thespecification’s restrictions exceed the most stringent
local regulatory requirements in order to protect
human health and the environment. The specification
designates restricted substances and requires
reporting on additional substances. We’ve updated
and expanded chemical restrictions that, in many
instances, surpass current regulatory restrictions. Most
recently, we’ve added perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
(PFHxA) — which is a subset of the larger group of
PFAS — phenol, isopropylated, phosphate (3:1) (PIP 3:1),
and several skin-sensitizing substances well ahead of
regulatory restrictions.

Our Green Chemistry Advisory Board provides feedback
on key initiatives, including potential updates to the RSS.
The advisory board is an independent group of leading
researchers and academics. Their diverse experienceand perspectives help us lead the way to protect ourcustomers and those who make or recycle our products.
We remain focused on materials that will be in prolonged
skin contact. We apply rigorous controls defined in
our Restricted Chemicals for Prolonged Skin Contact
Materials list. The restrictions focus on substances thatare potential skin sensitizers to minimize the potential
for reactions commonly reported across wearable
products, like jewelry. These restrictions are derived fromleading standards, recommendations from toxicologists
and dermatologists, international laws and directives,
and Apple policies. We mandate that our suppliers
analyze each material that comes into prolonged
contact with skin according to Apple’s requirements,
and we review compliance with these requirements. Our
specifications are incorporated into contractual
obligations for our suppliers, and each one helps us
maintain our stringent requirements.

We test all our products, and place special attention on materials that come into prolonged skin contact. In this nickel
leach test, we place Apple Watch bands in jars of artificial sweat to ensure the nickel, a potential allergen, stays where it
belongs — in the product.

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Verifying and developing in theEnvironmental Testing Lab
We evaluate the safety of our products and materials
through chemical analyses at our Environmental TestingLab. Our chemists test materials to monitor compliancewith our specifications. And the lab continues to growin its mission and capacity as we expand our testing
facilities with new technologies to conduct chemical
analysis while expanding our FMD and CSD programs.
Our teams also review test reports from suppliers toevaluate substances against the Regulated Substances
Specification and Restricted Chemicals for Prolonged
Skin Contact Materials specification. In 2022, we
performed toxicological assessments on over 1300 new
materials to proactively evaluate and eliminate potentiallyharmful substances from our products.
The data that we collect from our disclosure programs
drives our assessments. We’re able to generatecomprehensive assessments like GreenScreen®,a methodology that we use to gauge the impact ofchemicals on individual health and the environment
based on 18 criteria. We develop toxicological profiles
on new chemicals, using both scientific literature andinternal assessments. These profiles detail the impacts ofeach chemical, providing data that allows us to evaluate

We’ve proactively provided our suppliers a list of cleaners and degreasers that are safe to use, and since 2018, all of our final
assembly sites have used only safer alternative cleaners and degreasers.

the safety of the use of a substance in a particular
product. In 2022, we continued to expand the scope of
biocompatibility testing beyond individual materials to
include modules and whole products. Through this work,
we have an even more comprehensive view of eachmaterial and the impact that assembly has on safety.
We perform toxicological analysis of the materials in our
products to help guide our material safety guidelines. The
information that we share through material specifications
benefits our suppliers and those that we collaborate within the industry.

Creating a list of safer cleaners
We’re making an immediate impact in our efforts toprotect human health and the environment through ourapproach to the application of cleaners and degreasers.
These substances account for some of the highestuse materials at final assembly sites. Regulators andenvironmental health and safety organizations havefocused considerable attention on the chemistries ofcleaners and degreasers. We’re investing in the due
diligence required to identify preferred alternatives for use
by suppliers and others in the industry.

We now proactively provide our suppliers with a list ofcleaners and degreasers that are safer to use. In 2022,
we approved 58 safer cleaners for use in our supply
chain, bringing the total number of safer cleaners we’ve
approved over the past three years to 133. Each of thesecleaners has gone through a rigorous independent
assessment against a comprehensive set of criteria.
Our efforts have had a direct impact on health andsafety — and they have the potential to change how
our industry operates. We’re promoting the use of safer
alternatives for process chemicals in our supply chain
by making it easier for suppliers to select preferred
substitutions from the start. All our final assembly sites
have used only safer alternative cleaners and degreasers,
as defined by Apple, since 2018. We’ve since expanded
this work to the component manufacturers who create
modules used in final assembly, helping them identify andimplement opportunities to use safer alternatives in theiroperations. In 2020 and 2021, we received the EPA Safer
Choice Partner of the Year Award for our work to scale theuse of safer process chemicals and protect those working
in our supply chain.
We’re also looking outside our own supply chain topromote a broader transition to safer chemicals. See
page 66 for more about how we’re advocating for safer
cleaners and degreasers across our industry.

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AppendixInnovation
We’re continually developing ourknowledge of material properties
to improve the chemical safety,
performance, and environmental
impact of materials. These threefactors drive our assessments ofsubstances and help us pursue
innovations that align with our values.
The foundation of these innovations is our work inmapping, assessing, and managing the chemicals used in
our products and supply chain. We also look at how thesematerials are used in a product life cycle, from design
and manufacturing to end of life. With this knowledge,
we can seek out and support the development of safer
chemistries that have an impact, and we can contributeto continually improving the overall safety of our products
and processes.

Innovating the designs andprocesses used to makeour products
By focusing on materials early in product development,
we create opportunities to innovate improvements
throughout the process of creating a product. We assessmaterials for performance, safety, and environmental
impact. These represent our holistic approach to smarter
chemistry, allowing us to design for our customers’ needs
while creating products that exceed expectations and aresafer for use, reuse, and recycling.
To achieve these goals, we focus on the process ofmaterial selection. This involves choosing the substances
incorporated into our product designs and those that
our suppliers use to manufacture our products. Our
comprehensive chemical profiles of each material
provide the basis for each decision. The FMD program
documents material information — like composition —for review by our experts so that a substance’s suitability
meets our standards before it enters our supply chain.
This includes toxicological assessments of eachchemical within a material, focusing on those that comeinto prolonged contact with skin. Each design choicedetermines the materials included in our product andthe chemicals required to make them. Through the CSD

program, we look at the conditions in which a material isused so that we can make recommendations that reflect
the existing controls around a substance. And we work
proactively with our suppliers so that their employees areprotected through proper storage, handling, and material
application controls.
Our work considers the impact of materials when
our products reach their end of life. We take steps toprevent potential releases into the environment during
the recycling process and to protect those involved
in recycling our products. This involves monitoringchemistries that may be harmless in small quantities
but become more concentrated through recycling
processes. And it also entails assessing how potentiallyharmful substances impact the recyclability of a material
to avoid downcycling — use of the material in lowerquality applications — or substances that could make thematerial unsafe for any use.
We also pursue innovation projects that lead to better
products. In 2019, we launched a pilot program at a
manufacturing location in China as part of our anodizing
improvement program with the aim of reducing, andeventually eliminating, potentially hazardous discharge,
as well as reducing water and chemical use. As partof the pilot, we employed several water efficiency

approaches, including using cascade and counterflow
rinsing processes, which helped retain 75 to 85 percentof the water used during metal finishing. This process
improvement has the potential to save millions of gallons
of freshwater annually when applied at scale.
In addition, we advanced our ability to recover acids
used in chemical polishing and anodizing. These acids
are typically discarded after one use, but we were able
to purify and recycle them back into the manufacturing
process, reducing consumption by more than 90 percent.
This approach has enabled us to reduce the largest
source of solid waste from the anodizing process, and at
scale could potentially eliminate 4000 tons of waste.
The material and process innovations that we develop
result from all these efforts. Our work to share information
across our supply chain, perform detailed process andchemical assessments, and partner with supplierson chemical management lays the foundation forimprovements. We’re able to better protect those who
make and use our products and enable the reuse of key
materials. And by keeping harmful chemicals out of our
supply chain at the outset, we make it possible for us
and others to recover materials for the next generationof products.

Creating new, safer chemistries
to move the industry forward
Our strict requirements that govern potentially harmful
substances in our products and processes encourage thesuppliers we work with to also prioritize safer materials,
helping create a market for better alternatives. We’relending our expertise on safer chemistries to help our
suppliers meet the growing demand for safer materials.
Prioritizing these materials also means phasing out
chemistries that don’t meet our specifications. We’ve
approached this across our company and products while
investing in safer alternatives to drive change across ourindustry. The use of safer cleaners today supports thecircular supply chains of the future.

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Using our research and analysis of materials, we’ve
collaborated with suppliers to find safer alternatives —including for substances where none currently exist.
In those cases, we lend our technical capabilities inmaterial science to work with suppliers to develop entirely
new chemistries. We maintain the same high safety,
performance, and environmental standards for new
alternative materials, submitting them through rigorous
testing and evaluation to avoid regrettable substitutions.

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This work isn’t new to Apple; we’ve been leading in
the identification and successful removal of potentiallyharmful substances since the late 1990s. This process
has involved the rigorous assessment of chemicals andthe removal of those that don’t align with our goals — insome cases, before removal becomes a requirement
and industry standard. We’re committed to phasingout our use of PFAS and engaging with all our supply
chain partners to restrict PFAS from our products andmanufacturing processes. While our analysis indicatesthat PFAS used in our products are safe during productuse, we felt it was important to broaden our scope toconsider manufacturing along the supply chain. We’reprioritizing our phaseout activities in applications that
result in the highest volumes of PFAS reductions andthe most meaningful environmental impact. We’repursuing our phaseout in three steps: compiling acomprehensive catalog of PFAS uses in our products,
identifying and developing non-PFAS alternatives thatcan meet our performance needs, and confirming that
non-PFAS alternatives align with our human health andenvironmental goals.

Read our white paper about
our commitment to phasingout per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances.

Substances that we keep out of our products*

PVC and phthalates
We’ve replaced these withsafer thermoplastic elastomers.
Both are still used by othercompanies in power cords andheadphone cables.

Brominated flame
retardants (BFRs)
In 2008, we eliminated BFRs from thousands ofparts, such as enclosures, cables, circuit boards,
and connectors. We use safer metal hydroxides
and phosphorus compounds in their place.

Mercury

Lead

Arsenic

Beryllium

PFAS (PFOA and PFOS)

We eliminated mercury fromdisplays in 2009. We use energyefficient, mercury-free LEDs and
OLEDs instead of mercury-based
fluorescent lamps in all our displays.

Apple phased lead out of
display glass and solder
in 2006.

Arsenic, traditionally used inglass, has been eliminated fromApple display glass since 2008.

Eliminated from all new productdesigns, beryllium is found incopper alloys used to makeconnectors and springs.

We eliminated PFOA and PFOS from our
products, with RSS restrictions added
in 2010 and 2013, respectively. Thesetypes of chemicals are commonly used in
manufacturing water-resistant materials.
We’re committed to eliminating PFAS entirely
from our products.

* Apple’s Regulated Substances Specification describes Apple’s restrictions on the use of certain chemical substances in materials in Apple products, accessories, manufacturing processes, and packaging used for shipping products to Apple’s end customers. Restrictions are derived from international laws or directives, regulatory agencies, ecolabel requirements, environmental standards,
and Apple policies. Apple products are free of PVC and phthalates with the exception of AC power cords in India, Thailand (for two-prong AC power cords), and South Korea, where we continue to seek government approval for our PVC and phthalates replacement. Apple products comply with the European Union Directive 2011/65/EU and its amendments, including exemptions for the useof lead. Apple is working to phase out the use of these exempted substances where technically possible.

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Advocating for safer alternatives
across our industry
Our work around smarter chemistry helps facilitate thetransition to safer alternatives that are accessible toothers in our industry. The criteria we set for chemicals —and how our suppliers use them — help establish evenmore stringent standards around health and safety acrossthe electronics industry. We collaborate with standardsetting bodies, trade associations, and NGOs to achieve
this — developing tools, standards, and mechanisms todrive the identification and adoption of smarter chemicals
throughout our supply chain.

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We’ve focused on cleaners and degreasers — buildingout a safer cleaners innovation ecosystem throughmultiple efforts. In 2022, we continued our role as afounding signatory of the Toward Zero Exposure programfrom the Clean Electronics Production Network (CEPN).
Led by the NGO Green America, CEPN is a multistakeholder initiative to accelerate companies’ efforts
to eliminate workers’ exposure to hazardous chemicals
and to raise awareness of the need to improve chemical
management practices across the global electronics
manufacturing industry.
As a signatory, we report on the progress we’ve madeto remove nine process chemicals from our supply
chain that have been collectively identified as priorities
for replacement at our final assembly sites. We’re also
accountable for our efforts to protect workers fromexposure to potentially harmful substances. We prioritize
this work by emphasizing effective engineering solutions
and administrative controls across manufacturing
processes. While personal protective equipment isessential and foundational to protecting people, we focus
on employing safer alternatives from the start, and we
support that with PPE as a measure to eliminate exposure
to potentially harmful chemicals.

In 2022, we continued our collaboration with IPC, thepremier global electronics standard-setting body, by
drafting and helping launch IPC-1402, Standard forGreen Cleaners Used in Electronics Manufacturing.
This standard resulted from work over the past two years
with the Green Cleaners for Electronics Manufacturingtask group, where Apple has served as a chair working
with more than 20 industry partners. This new standard
will help suppliers across the electronics industry
select cleaners that are safer for employees and theenvironment. Last year, Apple received the IPC Stan Plzak
Corporate Recognition Award for our work on this effort
and our contributions to the industry.
We continued to partner with ChemFORWARD —a nonprofit organization committed to creating broad
access to chemical hazard data and a registry ofcleaners — to make it easier for suppliers to choose safer
alternatives. We also supported the RBA in producing acomprehensive technical guide on responsible chemical
management, as well as over 20 hours of related training
content to educate millions of workers across thousandsof companies about controlling occupational exposures tohazardous chemicals.

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Engagement andAdvocacy
We hear our
stakeholders
loud and clear

2023 Environmental Progress Report67

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Our approachThis means working with our partners, learning from their
feedback, and providing support where we can make adifference. We aim to effect positive change within andbeyond our operations and supply chain. And we respondto the world around us by looking for opportunities
where our leadership can impact policies, industries, andcommunities in a transformative way.

Listening to voices from a rangeof backgrounds and experiences

We engage with the scientific community to better
understand emerging approaches and cutting-edge
tools that can support our environmental goals. We’reworking with researchers at Carnegie Mellon University
to create robotic recycling systems to enhance material
recovery for Apple and others through the developmentof advanced mechanisms for product disassembly andmaterial sorting. We also continue to engage our Green
Chemistry Advisory Board, an independent group of
toxicologists and experts who advise on our smarter
chemistry initiatives, including potential updates to the
RSS. Their diverse expertise and perspectives help us
lead the way to protect our customers and those who
make and recycle our products.

We can better achieve a
Transformative impact within our
industry and for global communities
when we work alongside a diverse
group of stakeholders
supp
ort
ing
creat
ing
In
du
Policymakers
and regulators
Scientificcommunity
Community
leaders

NGOs & nonprofit
organizations
Standards
bodiesSuppliers

Peer
companies

Employees
Customers

Gl
o
ies
nit
mu
om
lc
ba

We approach our conversations with others throughcuriosity and with the intention of learning from diverse
communities devoted to environmental stewardship.
We purposefully engage those who bring a range ofperspectives and understanding of the issues that matter
to us. The conversations we have with policy makers,
nonprofits, and community leaders help shape how
we see regulations, approaches, and the promise of
emerging technologies. We learn from this engagement,
too. This process helps us discover opportunities tonavigate challenges and improve in our efforts to achieve
our environmental goals. Ultimately, we’re able to put
these conversations into action — whether that meansaligning with new standards and best practices or
exploring the potential that cutting-edge research canhave on our operations.

This year, we continued to hold roundtable discussions
on environmental issues with key stakeholders, including
members of academia and industry associations, to better
understand issues and regulations region by region. We
value the input that these forums provide; each helps us
understand the role that enhanced transparency plays for
those working directly on policy. And these conversations
also offer the opportunity to share information on
our efforts.

e
ang
ch
ry
st

Apple is committed to achieving clear
impact across our environmental
goals — and beyond our footprint
as a company. This is urgent workthat we can’t do without others. Asa member of the global community,
we see it as part of our responsibility
to engage thoughtfully withthose addressing environmental
challenges — from those in the policy
community to the direct stakeholders
involved in issues day-to-day anddriving change.

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Engaging with others has also helped us refine ourapproach to industry standards and best practices. We
draw from cross-sector engagement platforms to help
guide our programs and set standards for environmental
efforts. The Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS) is one
example of this. Their expertise defines the world-classwater stewardship practices that we’ve implemented at
key Apple and supplier facilities, earning AWS certification
for adherence to their Standard.
We’re motivated by what we hear from within thebusiness community, including our customers,
employees, suppliers, industry partners, and investors.
Their input provides vital support for our environmental
goals and pushes us further in our efforts. For example,
as co-chair of the United States Information Technology
Office (USITO) — a trade association representing the
U.S. information and communications technology industry
in China — we lead the environmental protection andenergy efficiency working groups. In this role, we engage
with other companies in China as we work to comply
with new environmental regulations and with policy
makers on future standards. We continually look for more
opportunities to hear from others — at the industry andnational levels — to receive feedback and make progress.

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AppendixAchieving change together
An important part of leadership is the responsibility to
influence change — whether through policy advocacy
or direct engagement with groups invested in issues.
Collective action provides the best means to achieve
results on pressing environmental issues. When we
take a proactive role in sharing our experiences andcontributing to collaborative efforts on our areas of focus
and expertise, we can better realize the goals on climate,resources, and smarter chemistry that we share withother stakeholders.

Policy advocacy
Policy is instrumental in effecting change acrossindustries. Apple supports climate and environmental
policy through our actions and stakeholder engagement.
This also involves actively advocating for policies that
advance environmental objectives — and support theParis Agreement — by evaluating the positions of ourindustry partners to align business goals to address
climate change.
For example, in the U.S. in 2022, we filed commentswith the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC) to encourage more rapid integration of renewableenergy to the transmission grid, a key bottleneck torenewable energy deployment. And Apple, joined byother companies, submitted an Amicus Brief, urging
the Supreme Court to uphold the U.S. EPA’s authority toregulate greenhouse gases from power plants.

In Asia, we spoke at a carbon neutrality conference callingfor Korea’s 2030 energy plan to increase the ambition of
its target for renewable energy solutions. And we serveas an executive member of the Japan Climate Leaders’Partnership (JCLP), a business coalition focused on
renewables and pushing for greater climate ambition in
Japan. Partnership and collaboration with the governmentis essential to this. JCLP has called for an increased focus
on the renewable energy transition in alignment with theParis Agreement’s 1.5°C target and the level of carbon
pricing needed to incentivize emissions reduction. Read
more about how we advocate for climate policy aroundthe world on page 29.
We’re also partnered with the Platform for Accelerating
the Circular Economy (PACE), a global group of public
and private decision-makers focused on the circular
economy — and how to push forward the vision andbest practices needed to scale advancements. Building
community around these efforts is essential to achieving
our environmental goals. Through its engagement at key
global events, PACE provides a vital platform to pursue
solutions across governments, the private sector, andcivil society. Read more about our position on circular
economy policy on page 47.

Industry engagement
We engage in dozens of industry initiatives so that we
can support beyond our own operations. These allow us
to share knowledge and discover additional pathways
to advocate for change. Through partnerships andcoalitions, we contribute to various industries by sharing
proprietary tools and standards and pursuing policy
objectives that drive toward our shared goals. This year,with IPC, a global electronics trade association, wedeveloped and released IPC-1402, a new standard forchemical cleaners intended to support safer, greener
practices among manufacturers.
Engagement with trade and industry associations helps
to achieve alignment with environmental and climate
policy in our collaborative efforts. We’re deepening our
engagement on climate policy with our U.S. federal
trade associations. As part of this process, we’reevaluating relevant trade association positions on climate
and identifying specific areas of misalignment withApple’s values and principles on climate change. We
then work with our trade associations to reduce areasof misalignment.

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Collaborative impact
Collective action matters when it comes to taking on
environmental challenges. We make public commitments
alongside our partners to make our support clear andsignal the change we are working to create. We’retransparent about the progress we make against thesecommitments, so that we and our partners can be
accountable for results. The work we do with others yields
tangible results across our environmental goals — and it
provides a catalyst for others to take action.
An example of this is our commitment to 100 percent
renewable electricity with members in markets across theglobe through RE100, an energy initiative aiming to scale
zero carbon grids by uniting the world’s most influential
businesses committed to transitioning their electricity use
to entirely renewables.
We’re also part of the First Movers Coalition, a global
initiative harnessing the purchasing power of companies
to decarbonize seven “hard to abate” industrial
sectors that currently account for 30 percent of global
emissions according to WEF. Through this initiative,
we’ve committed to moving to sustainable aviation fuelfor 5 percent of our passenger air travel footprint; toprocuring at least 10 percent of annual primary aluminumat or above First Movers Coalition’s definition of “nearzero emissions primary aluminum”; and to ensuring at

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least 50 percent of all aluminum procured annually issourced from secondary aluminum by 2030. We’re also
supporting investments in forestry and carbon removal
through external initiatives like the Forest Investor
Club and our own Restore Fund (see page 27), which
help us back projects that offer a financial return while
contributing to our environmental goals.
Through Race to Zero and America is All In, we’re tracking
our shared commitment to support the Paris Agreement
and efforts to achieve robust near-term emissions
targets. As a founding member of the Asia Clean Energy
Coalition — launched in 2022 at COP27 — we support
accelerated corporate renewable electricity procurementin Asia, as part of a just and equitable energy transition in
the region.
We remain committed to addressing issues beyond
climate change, including chemical safety and reducing
the amount of plastics in our products. As part of the
Toward Zero Exposure program with the Clean Electronics
Production Network (CEPN), we’re working to address
health and safety challenges in the electronics supply
chain with other stakeholders. We share our pledge toeliminate plastics from our packaging by 2025 with theEllen MacArthur Foundation.

Key Partnerships and Memberships
Stakeholder

Our engagement

Aluminium Stewardship Initiative

Supporting responsible sourcing within the aluminum value chain; recently completed an audit
against their Performance Standard of environmental, social, and governance criteria. (Member)

Ceres

Dedicated to taking action to stabilize the climate, protect water and natural resources, and build
a just and inclusive economy. (Member of the Ceres company network)

ChemFORWARD

Working to advance safer chemistry in product design and manufacturing. (Co-design partner,
chair of Technical Advisory Group)

China Association of Circular
Economy (CACE)

Sharing our best practices in their conferences and workshops and partnering with the organization
on advocacy efforts focused on recycling and waste. (Senior member)

Clean Electronics Production
Network (CEPN)

Working to improve chemical safety in the electronics supply chain as part of this multi-stakeholder initiative.
(Member of the design team)

Clean Energy Buyers Alliance (CEBA)

Promoting customer-driven clean energy use. (Member, serving on the Supply Chain and International
Collaboration working group),Japan Climate Leaders Partnership

Aligning business objectives with climate goals. (Executive member)

MIT Climate and Sustainability
Consortium (MCSC)

Galvanizing the business community to have an impact on broad and intersecting environmental challenges.
(Industry Advisory Board Member)

Platform for Accelerating the Circular
Economy (PACE)

Joining global leaders in the effort to transition to a circular economy. (Member of the board)

RE100

Showing our commitment to 100% renewable energy. (Member of the RE100 Advisory Committee)

Responsible Business Alliance (RBA)

Dedicated to responsible business conduct in global supply chains. (Full member, serving on the RBA Boardof Directors and steering committee of the Responsible Minerals Initiative)

World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD)

A community of the world’s leading sustainable businesses working toward a net-zero, nature positive,
and more equitable future. (Member)Introduction

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Appendix

Supporting communities aroundthe world
Through our engagement efforts, we have theopportunity to work directly with those who have beenaddressing environmental injustice in their communities.
A range of organizations — from NGOs to startup
technology companies — share our goals across climatechange, resources, and smarter chemistry. We evaluateeach opportunity to collaborate based on the potential toscale a proven environmental approach, test or pilot an
innovation, or take steps to improve equity in communities
disproportionately impacted by climate change andenvironmental dangers. When we partner with anotherorganization, we believe success hinges on close
collaboration on mutual objectives. To track our progress,
we work with each partner to align on the metrics thatbest reflect the unique contribution that each organization
is making to its community.
We value the opportunity to work with partners tocontribute beyond our direct corporate operations —outside our areas of expertise and sometimes in new
spaces. This is where some of the most vital work is
being done to support transformational change forcommunities. Our work combines both collaborative workand philanthropic contributions, which we determine
based on each organization’s focus and their potential
to effect change. And we recognize the importanceof community-driven leadership on many issues by
providing support.

The Conservation Fund works to center local organizations, like McIntosh S.E.E.D., to support land retention amongst Black landowners in the rural U.S. South.
In 2022, Black landowners from Georgia participated in workshops and trainings hosted by McIntosh S.E.E.D. on topics relevant to climate resiliency.

In 2022, we supported efforts that span a breadth ofwork. The Conservation Fund is actively engaging andsupporting land retention among Black landowners in
the rural U.S. South. Working to support and center localorganizations like McIntosh S.E.E.D., this collaboration
helps landowners become more resilient to climatechange through workshops and trainings on topics likesustainable forestry. World Wildlife Fund is engaged at
the community level in developing alternative livelihoodand other climate resilience projects through their Climate
Crowd program. Beyond Benign works to increase BIPOC
representation in smarter chemistry by providing
students and faculty in minority-serving institutions withtraining, resources, networks, and curriculum support.
Frank Water works with communities in India by using
technology to map local watersheds and monitor thehealth of water ecosystems. The China Green Carbon
Foundation is working on innovative approaches tocarbon sequestration, including developing and restoringsemi-urban forests and strengthening management
practices. And Conservation International founded the
Finance Lab for Irrecoverable Carbon to create businessmodels and new approaches for incentivizing theprotection and repair of ecosystems essential to meeting
global climate goals.

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We continue to collaborate with environmental justicegroups by providing grants to minority-led and minoritycentered organizations that focus on environmental
issues. These organizations play a significant and vitalrole within their communities. They also support ourefforts to avoid negative impacts for underrepresented
communities as we pursue our environmental goals. We’reable to provide both financial support and assistance inamplifying the work and impact that these groups have inand beyond their communities. And we work with thesegroups to address the global effects of climate change
and environmental hazards that traditionally impact
overburdened communities.
We expanded our Strengthen Local Communities grant
program — which provides funding to local organizationsin the communities where Apple team members live
and work — to communities outside the United States.
In 2022, we supported the Environmental JusticeFoundation based in the United Kingdom and the Karrkad
Kanjdji Trust and Original Power in Australia with grantsthat focused on access and equity. We also continued tosupport organizations in the U.S., including The Green
Door Initiative, the Michigan Environmental JusticeCoalition, the Environmental Leadership Program, Native
Conservancy, and UPROSE.

Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix2023 Environmental Progress Report72

We’re seeing progress, too. Hispanic Access Foundation
works to support diverse Latino voices in theircommunities to advocate for environmental issues that
directly affect their daily lives. Through our partnership,
the organization was able to double the number of interns
that it employs while paying a competitive market wage
and jumpstart the Latino Climate Council, a new networkof young, talented Latino leaders who are diversifying thefield and bringing frontline perspectives to the climate
justice movement. And representatives from the Center
for Rural Enterprise and Environmental Justice traveled toJapan to learn about the country’s approach to renewableenergy. They also met with local representatives andpartners to better understand Japanese perspectives
around equity, inclusion, and justice in connection withthe environment.

Apple supports the Hispanic Access Foundation, which focuses on amplifying diverse Latino voices in their communities and advocating for environmental issues
that directly affect their daily lives.

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Appendix

FeatureAdvancing our commitment toequity with the Impact Accelerator
We’re working so that environmental
progress and equity go hand in hand.
And through the Impact Accelerator,
we aim to expand access toopportunity through our investments
in environmental sectors — such as
renewable energy, carbon removal,
recycling innovation, and smarter
chemistry — which also help fightsystemic barriers that impact
communities disproportionately
affected by environmental issues.
As the Impact Accelerator enters
its third year, we’re deepening ourcommitment to this initiative.
The Apple Impact Accelerator is designed for Black-,
Hispanic/Latinx-, and Indigenous-owned businesses thatshare our focus on innovation and our commitment to
the environment. With customized training and access toApple experts, our Impact Accelerator helps companies
as they achieve their next stage of development. As partof Apple’s Racial Equity and Justice Initiative, the Impact
Accelerator supports businesses that drive innovation andpositive outcomes in our supply chain — so that together,
we can work to support communities disproportionately
impacted by environmental issues.

In 2022, our second class of the Impact Accelerator
included 16 businesses at the leading edge ofenvironmental services and solutions. Each company
selected is at least 51 percent owned, operated, andcontrolled by a Black-, Hispanic/Latinx-, or Indigenous
individual and aligns closely with our environmental
strategy, including our commitment to become carbon
neutral by 2030. Many of them share a focus on bringing
clean energy, opportunity, and vital services to vulnerable
and underserved communities.
The companies participate in a three-month program
aimed at accelerating progress toward their goals. The
program includes live virtual sessions, online courses on
supply chain management, supplier diversity, financial andlegal subjects, and one-on-one mentorship with an Apple
expert on topics from renewable energy to responsible
sourcing. Executives and their teams receive customized
training that provides the knowledge and tools thatorganizations need to succeed as Apple suppliers, as wellas access to Apple mentors and experts to help align theirbusiness priorities with Apple’s environmental goals. The
program culminates in an opportunity for participants topitch their services and solutions to decision makers andbusiness leaders within Apple.
The companies sustain their commitment after the
program. Each participant transitions to Apple’s Supplier
Success community to further foster the connections
developed during the program — and to forge newconnections across all generations of the program.

Every business is given the opportunity to attend abusiness executive leadership program focused on
supply chain and growth through a leading university.
Our most recent class featured a diverse set ofcompanies engaged in work on water stewardship,
recycling technologies, and green building andengineering, among other areas. The program supports
these companies as they better position themselves for
growth, improve their abilities to engage larger contracts,and expand their customer base — all while supporting
their commitment to the environment. The program
has also connected like-minded business leaders, bothwithin our Impact Accelerator classes and at Apple, tocreate new opportunities for innovation and to realize ourshared goals.
The goal of the Impact Accelerator is that Apple’s
strategic work and investments to protect theenvironment also help expand access to opportunity
for communities of color. Since their participation in the
program, companies have seen increased recognition for
their work within their sector and local communities, havebuilt connections with public- and private-sector leaders,and have seen their overall business opportunities
expand. Several are currently working with Apple aspart of the company’s supply chain network, and every
company has participated in selective opportunities to beassessed for potential business with Apple.

The Impact Accelerator’s goal is to ensure that Apple’s work to protect the environment also helps advance equity andexpand access to opportunity for communities of color. Participants, like Bench-Tek, engage in online courses, live sessions,and mentorship throughout the three-month program, and continue their connection with other program participants throughApple’s Supplier Success community.

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Appendix

Appendix
focusing on
the finer detailsof our progress

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Appendix

Appendix contents
76
77
78
79
81
82
83
84

Appendix A: Environmental data
Greenhouse gas emissions
Carbon offsets
Carbon footprint by productApple’s life cycle assessment methodology
EnergyResources
Normalizing factors

85

Appendix B: Corporate facilities
energy supplement

94

Appendix C: Supplier Clean Energy
Program supplement

99
100

102
104
105
106

Appendix D: Assurance andreview statements
Net comprehensive carbon footprint,
facilities energy, carbon, waste, paper,and water data (Apex)
Product carbon footprint(Fraunhofer Institute)Supplier Clean Energy Program (Apex)
Supplier Energy Efficiency
Program (Apex)
Packaging fiber and plastic footprint(Fraunhofer Institute)108

Appendix E: Environment, Healthand Safety Policy

110

Appendix F: ISO 14001 certification

112

Report notes

113

End notes

2023 Environmental Progress Report75

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Environmental
data
77
78
79
81
82
83
84

Greenhouse gas emissions
Carbon offsets
Carbon footprint by productApple’s life cycle assessment methodology
EnergyResources
Normalizing factors

Appendix2023 Environmental Progress Report76

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Appendix

Appendix A

Greenhouse gas emissions
We account for our carbon footprint by following internationally recognized standards, like the World Resources Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol and ISO 14040/14044.1 Improving the accuracy of our carbon
footprint is an ongoing process — as we learn more, we refine our carbon models and adjust our climate roadmap. We also regularly revisit the boundary of our carbon footprint as our data sources improve and our businessevolves. For example, in 2022, we expanded our corporate footprint to include work from home emissions, third-party cloud services, electricity transmission and distribution losses, and upstream impacts from our scope 1 fuel use.
Fiscal year
Corporate emissions(metric tons CO2e)2

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

324,100

166,380

334,430

573,730

586,170

Scope 1

55,20055,20047,43052,73057,440Natural gas, diesel, propane

39,70040,07039,34040,91042,840Fleet vehicles

12,60012,090

4,270

6,950

11,110

Other emissions3

2,900

3,040

3,830

4,870

3,490

Scope 2 (market-based)

3,000

2,780

0

0

8,730

Electricity

0

0

0

0

8,730

Steam, heating, and cooling5

3,000

2,780

0

0

0

Scope 3

265,800

108,400

287,000

521,000

520,000

Business travel

113,500

22,850153,000

326,000

337,000

Employee commute6

134,200

85,570134,000

195,000

183,000

Upstream fuel10,6000000Work from home (market-based)

7,500

0

0

0

0

Transmission and distribution loss (market-based)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Third-party cloud (market-based)

0

0

0

0

0

–324,100–167,0008–70,0009

00Gross emissions

4

Carbon removals
Corporate carbon offsets7
Product life
cycle emissions(metric tons CO2e)10Gross emissions (Scope 3)

20,280,000

23,020,000

22,260,000

24,460,000

24,550,000

Manufacturing (purchased goods and services)

13,400,000

16,200,000

16,100,000

18,900,000

18,500,000

Product transportation (upstream and downstream)

1,900,000

1,750,000

1,800,000

1,400,000

1,300,000

Product use (use of sold products)

4,900,000

4,990,000

4,300,000

4,100,000

4,700,000

End-of-life processing

80,00080,00060,00060,00050,0000–500,00011

0

0

0

Total gross scope 3 emissions (corporate and product)(metric tons CO2e)20,550,000

23,128,400

22,547,000

24,980,000

25,070,000

Total gross carbon footprint (without offsets)(metric tons CO2e)1220,600,000

23,200,000

22,600,000

25,100,000

25,200,000

Total net carbon footprint (after applying offsets)(metric tons CO2e)1220,300,000

22,530,000

22,530,000

25,100,000

25,200,000

Carbon removals
Product carbon offsets

Notes:•For data on years prior to 2018, please reference past Environmental
Progress Reports.
• Totals might not add up due to rounding.
1 Apple’s carbon footprint boundary is aligned with the Greenhouse Gas(GHG) Protocol framework and includes emissions that are material
and relevant to Apple, where data is available. Apple’s carbon footprint
includes direct scope 1 emissions; indirect scope 2 emissions frompurchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling; and indirect scope
3 emissions from purchased goods and services, transportation anddistribution, business travel, employee commute, product use, andend of life.
2 Apple is carbon neutral for corporate emissions as of April 2020.
Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we’ve expanded our footprint boundary
to include scope 3 emissions associated with work from home, thirdparty cloud services, electricity transmission and distribution losses,
and upstream impacts from scope 1 fuels.
3 Emissions from R&D processes and refrigerant leaks.
4 We estimate the life cycle emissions associated with our useof renewable electricity for our corporate facilities to be about
60,000 metric tons CO2e. We do not currently account for theseemissions in our carbon footprint, due to the poor quality of this data.
5 Beginning in fiscal year 2021, we’re accounting for scope 2 emissions
from the purchase of district heating, chilled water, and steam.
6 Beginning in fiscal year 2020, we updated our methodology forcalculating emissions from employee commute to reflect employees
working from home during COVID-19.
7 For a detailed breakdown of carbon offset purchases applied
to our corporate footprint, see the carbon offsets table on thefollowing page.
8 We retired 167,000 metric tons of carbon credits from the Chyulu
Hills project in Kenya to maintain carbon neutrality for our corporate
emissions in fiscal year 2021. This project is certified to the VCS and
CCB standards.
9 We retired 70,000 metrics tons of carbon credits — 53,000 from the
Chyulu Hills project in Kenya and 17,000 from the Cispatá Mangrove
project in Colombia.
10 Because we’re committed to accuracy and transparency, we regularly
refine our product life cycle assessment model and sources of data. For
example, last year we obtained more granular data summarizing in whichcountries our products are sold and used, resulting in more granularity
possible for grid emission factors used in the carbon footprint of the
product use phase. The net result was an increase in our fiscal year 2021
carbon footprint. When using the same level of data granularity andmodel as fiscal year 2021, our product use carbon emissions in fiscal
year 2021 would have been about 2.5 percent lower.
11 For fiscal year 2021, we retired credits from the Chyulu Hills project in
Kenya and purchased carbon credits from two additional projects tooffset a total of 500,000 metric tons of direct emissions across ourvalue chain. The first project, a REDD+ coastal conservation projectin Guatemala, protects and conserves forests from deforestation anddegradation. The second project aims to establish forests on about
46,000 hectares of barren land that isn’t otherwise in use across sevencounties in the Guizhou province of China. Both projects are certified
to the same high standards that we require for projects in the Restore
Fund, including VCS and CCB standards.
12 Due to rounding, our gross and net carbon footprints do not always
equal the sum of the subtotals disclosed above.

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Appendix

Appendix A

Carbon offsets
We retired the following carbon offsets toward our corporate emissions footprint for 2022.
Project name

Project description

Vintage

Volume retired

Registry link

Alto Mayo

The Alto Mayo Protected Forest (AMPF) covers approximately 182,000 hectares of land in the Peruvian Amazon of extremely
high value for biodiversity conservation and watershed protection. The threats to the area have increased in the last decadewith the development of regional infrastructure projects and the rising price of coffee — the main crop grown in this area —leading to increasing deforestation and the subsequent loss of ecosystem services that this area provides. In response,
Conservation International and its allies in the region designed the Alto Mayo Conservation Initiative (AMCI) to promote thesustainable management of the AMPF and its ecosystem services for the benefit of the local populations and the global
climate. With the financial support of carbon financing, these actions are facilitating the conservation of large expanses offorest with associated climate change mitigation benefits while also creating opportunities for the sustainable developmentof local communities.

2016–2018

9,100

registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/944

Chyulu Hills

The Chyulu Hills REDD+ Project (CHRP) is a multi-partner initiative designed to promote climate change mitigation andadaptation, restore biodiversity, and create alternative livelihoods under the UN scheme of Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). It’s located in the Tsavo-Amboseli ecosystem in southeastern Kenya andstretches over an area of over 410,000 hectares. Its main geographic feature is the volcanic Chyulu Hills mountain range, fromwhich the project derives its name. This project presents a broad ecosystem approach, including REDD+, to provide longterm sustainable financing and management to maintain the ecological integrity of an iconic African landscape. The projectwill help protect a very high-value wildlife and biodiversity area while supporting the development needs of Indigenous andother local communities.

2017

315,000

registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/1408

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Appendix

Appendix A

Carbon footprint by product
The following tables list the carbon footprints (in kilograms) of Apple products sold as of March 9, 2022, along with select configurations.*

Notes:

Storage configurations
iPhone

Unit

64GB

128GB

256GB

512GB

1TB

iPhone 14

kg

–

61

67

83

–

iPhone 14 Plus

kg

–

68

75

91

–

iPhone 14 Pro

kg

–

65

71

84

116

iPhone 14 Pro Max

kg

–

73

80

93

124

iPhone 13 mini

kg

–

61

69

81

–

iPhone 13

kg

–

64

71

83

–

iPhone 12

kg

70

75

85

–

–

iPhone SE (3rd generation)

kg

46

50

58

–

–

Storage configurations
iPad

Unit

64GB

128GB

256GB

512GB

1TB

2TB

iPad Pro 12.9-inch (6th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

–

135

142

156

183

284

iPad Pro 11-inch (4th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

–

107

121

121

148

249

iPad Air (5th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

80

84

92

–

–

–

iPad (10th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

72

82

–

–

–

–

iPad (9th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

75

–

84

–

–

–

iPad mini (6th generation) Wi-Fi + Cellular

kg

68

71

77

90

–

–

Select product configurations
Apple Watch

Unit

Aluminum case withSport Loop

Aluminum case withSport Band

Stainless steel casewith Sport Band

Titanium case with
Ocean Band

Titanium case with
Trail Loop

Apple Watch Ultra, 49mm

kg

–

–

–

56

56

Apple Watch Series 8, 45mm

kg

–

33

35

–

–

Apple Watch SE (2nd generation), 44mm

kg

28

31

–

–

–

•

Dashes indicate that the configuration does not exist.

*

Product carbon footprint data for Apple products are published in our
Product Environmental Reports and are accurate as of product launch.
In instances where carbon models were developed prior to productlaunch, we leverage preproduction units.

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Appendix

Displays

Unit

Notebooks

Unit

Storage configurations
256GB

512GB

1TB

Studio Display (2022)

kg

544

16-inch MacBook Pro (2023), Apple M2 Pro chipwith 12-core CPU and 19-core GPU

kg

–

300

327

Pro Display XDR with Pro Stand

kg

974

16-inch MacBook Pro (2023), Apple M2 Max chipwith 12-core CPU and 38-core GPU

kg

–

–

356

HomePodUnit

14-inch MacBook Pro (2023), Apple M2 Pro chipwith 10-core CPU and 16-core GPU

kg

–

243

–

HomePod (2nd generation)

kg

92

HomePod minikg

42

14-inch MacBook Pro (2023), Apple M2 Pro chipwith 12-core CPU and 19-core GPU

kg

–

–

272

14-inch MacBook Pro (2023), Apple M2 Max chipwith 12-core CPU and 30-core GPU

kg

–

–

301

Apple TV

Unit

64GB

128GB

13-inch MacBook Pro (2022), Apple M2 chip

kg

167

182

–

Apple TV 4K, Wi-Fi

kg

43

–

13-inch MacBook Air (2022), Apple M2 chip

kg

147

171

–

Apple TV 4K, Wi-Fi + Ethernet

kg

–

46

13-inch MacBook Air (2020), Apple M1 chip

kg

161

181

–

iPod touch

Unit

32GB

128GB

256GB

iPod touch (7th generation)

kg

32

38

48

Storage configurations

Storage configurations
Storage configurations
Desktops

Unit

256GB

512GB

1TB

4TB

24-inch iMac with 4.5K Retina display, Apple M1 chipwith 8-core CPU and 7-core GPU

kg

481

–

–

–

24-inch iMac with 4.5K Retina display, Apple M1 chipwith 8-core CPU and 8-core GPU

kg

486

511

–

–

Mac mini (2023), Apple M2 chip

kg

112

126

–

–

Mac mini (2023), Apple M2 Pro chip

kg

–

150

–

Mac Studio (2022), Apple M1 Max with 32GB memory

kg

–

262

–

–

Mac Studio (2022), Apple M1 Ultra with 64GB memory

kg

–

–

375

–

Mac Pro (2019), 3.5GHz (8-core) processor, Radeon
Pro 580X, 32GB memory

kg

2,765

–

–

–

Mac Pro (2019), 2.5GHz (28-core) processor,
dual Radeon Pro Vega II Duo with Infinity Fabric Link,
1.5TB memory, Afterburner card

kg

–

–

–

6,994

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Appendix

Appendix A

Apple’s life cycle assessment methodology
When conducting a product life cycle assessment (LCA),
we calculate carbon emissions using the 100-year time
horizon global warming potentials (GWP100) from the2014 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5),* including
biogenic carbon. The following details the five steps we
use to conduct our LCA:
1. To model the manufacturing phase, we use part-by-

part measurements of the entire product along withdata on part production. In some cases where part-bypart data is not readily available, we also use designlevel data for size and weight detail. The measurements
help us accurately determine the size and weight ofthe components and materials in the product, whiledata on manufacturing processes and yield loss during
production allows us to account for the impact ofmanufacturing. The LCA includes accessories andpackaging, as well as decreased emissions throughApple’s Supplier Clean Energy Program. Whencalculating Apple’s comprehensive carbon footprint,
we also include units that are repaired and replaced
through AppleCare.

2. To model customer use, we measure the power

consumed by a product while it is running in asimulated scenario. Daily usage patterns are specificto each product and are a mixture of actual andmodeled customer use data. For the purposes of ourassessment, years of use, which are based on firstowners, are modeled to be four years for macOS andtvOS devices and three years for iOS, iPadOS, andwatchOS devices. Most Apple products last longer andare often passed along, resold, or returned to Appleby the first owner for others to use. More informationon our product energy use is provided in our ProductEnvironmental Reports.
3. To model transportation, we use data collected on

shipments of single products and multipack units byland, sea, and air. We account for transporting materials
between manufacturing sites; transporting products
from manufacturing sites to regional distribution hubs;transporting products from regional distribution hubs toindividual customers; and transporting products fromfinal customers to recycling facilities.

4. To model end of life, we use material composition dataon our products and estimate the ratio of productsthat are sent to recycling or disposal. For productssent to recycling, we capture the initial processing by
the recycler to prepare the product for recovery ofelectronic, metal, plastic, and glass material streams.
Subsequent downstream recycling processes are notincluded, as these are considered stages of production
and not end-of-life processing. For products sent todisposal, we capture the emissions associated withlandfilling or incineration of each type of material.
5. After we collect data about manufacturing, use,transportation, and end of life, we combine it withdetailed greenhouse gas emission data. This emission
data is based on a combination of Apple-specific andindustry-average data sets for material production,
manufacturing processes, electricity generation,and transportation. Renewable energy used in the
supply chain, initiated by suppliers independently or
through the Apple Supplier Clean Energy Program, isalso accounted for within the LCA model. Combining
product-specific information with emission data in
our LCA allows us to compile detailed results forgreenhouse gas emissions as they relate to eachproduct. The data and modeling approaches arechecked for quality and accuracy by the Fraunhofer
Institute in Germany.

There is inherent uncertainty in modeling carbon
emissions due primarily to data limitations. For the top
component contributors to Apple’s carbon emissions,Apple addresses this uncertainty by developing detailed
process-based environmental models with Applespecific parameters. For the remaining elements ofApple’s carbon footprint, we rely on industry average data
and assumptions.

*

Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt,
J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima,
A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013:
Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I
to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor,
S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and
New York, NY, USA.

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Appendix

Appendix A

EnergyFiscal year
Corporate facilities
energy

Unit

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Total

MWh

3,199,000

2,854,000

2,580,000

2,427,000

2,182,000

U.S.

MWh

2,614,000

2,377,000

2,192,000

2,075,000

1,830,000

International

MWh585,000

477,000

389,000

351,000

351,000

Total

MWh

334,250

467,280

439,170

462,680

494,460

Natural gas

MWh188,630

203,010202,360

202,340

204,970

BiogasMWh76,280208,620

210,820

217,140

226,660

Propane liquid

MWh

1,830

40

140

280

280

GasolineMWh38,79034,88014,91023,95037,740

Diesel (other)

MWh15,610

9,780

9,610

16,45020,270

Diesel (mobile combustion)

MWh13,12010,950

1,330

2,520

4,540

Steam, heating, and cooling1

MWh19,80022,4800

00Electricity savings

MWh/year

317,120

260,390244,690

208,640

113,200

Fuel savings

MMBtu/year

315,870299,780

297,090

277,120

254,140

Electricity savings

MWh/year

1,620,425,230

1,418,825,350

1,101,440

943,890798,930

Fuel savings

MMBtu/year

2,038,930

1,047,440

752,680

25,12025,120MWh

3,199,000

2,854,000

2,580,000

2,430,000

2,170,000

Renewable electricity percentage% of total energy

100

100

100

100

99

Scope 2 emissions avoided

metric tons CO2e

1,201,000

1,064,000

948,000

899,000

690,000

Renewable electricity capacity (operational) GW

13.7

10.3

4.5

2.7

1.9

Renewable electricity capacity (committed)

GW

6.8

15.9

7.9

5.1

3.3

Renewable electricity used

MWh23,700,000

18,100,000

11,400,000

5,700,000

4,100,000

Electricity

1

Beginning in fiscal year 2021, we’re accounting for the purchase of
district heating, chilled water, and steam.

2

Because energy efficiency measures have lasting benefits, energy
efficiency savings are calculated cumulatively since 2012. All
efficiency measures are retired based on their effective useful
lifetime as documented by the California Energy Commission. Dueto the COVID-19 pandemic, corporate facilities’ energy use declined
temporarily as we adjusted lighting and climate controls due to
shutdowns and reduced occupancy. These savings are not includedin the total savings from our energy efficiency program initiatives.
We also recognize that energy use at our employees’ homes likely
increased during this period. We have not accounted for this energy
use because we anticipated this impact is small relative to our overall
energy use and we’re still evolving our methodology.

3

Energy savings from supplier energy efficiency improvements arereported as annualized numbers. Beginning in 2020, supplier energy
savings are calculated based on the fiscal year instead of on acalendar-year basis.

4

Beginning January 1, 2018, 100 percent of the electricity we use topower our global facilities is sourced from renewable energy.

5Supply chain renewable electricity capacity (operational) andrenewable electricity use for fiscal year 2021 do not include REC
purchases Apple made, equivalent to 0.3 GW and 500,000 MWh,respectively, to address a small increase to its carbon footprint.

Fuel

Other

Energyefficiency2

Corporate facilities

Supplier facilities3

Renewable
electricity

Corporate facilities
Renewable electricity used
4

Supply chain5

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Appendix

Appendix A

Resources
Fiscal year
Water

Unit

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Total

million gallons

1,527

1,407

1,287

1,291

1,258

Freshwater1

million gallons

1,380

1,259

1,168

1,178

1,190

Recycled water2

million gallons

142

141

113

106

63

Other alternative sources3

million gallons

5

7

5

7

4

million gallons

13,00012,30010,800

9,300

7,600

Landfill diversion rate

%

71

68

70

66

67

Landfilled (municipal solid waste)

pounds33,260,990

33,202,200

25,826,550

38,317,120

32,372,890

Recycled

pounds78,618,250

73,489,220

63,812,300

72,338,130

66,380,630

Composted

pounds8,726,170

4,844,960

6,302,410

10,882,120

10,397,430

Hazardous waste

pounds2,780,610

3,525,840

4,053,770

6,096,600

6,277,800

Waste to energy

pounds1,197,570

657,890786,250

1,129,080

1,105,140

metric tons

523,000

491,000

400,000

322,000

375,000

Total

metric tons

276,100

257,000

226,000

189,000

187,000

Recycled fiber% of total

66

63

60

59

58

Responsibly sourced virgin fiber5% of total

30

33

35

33

32

Plastic% of total

4

4

6

8

10

Corporate facilities

1

We define freshwater as drinking-water quality. The majority of
our freshwater comes from municipal sources, and less than
5 percent comes from onsite groundwater sources.

2

Recycled water represents a key alternative water source. Our
recycled water is sourced primarily from municipal treatment plants,
with less than 5 percent coming from onsite treatment. Recycledwater is primarily used for irrigation, makeup water in cooling, andtoilet flushing.

3

Other alternative sources of water include rainwater and recovered
condensate captured onsite. Water used for construction activities
like dust control is not included in this total and represents 13 million
gallons of water used in fiscal year 2021.

4

Total does not include construction and demolition waste or electronic
waste. We’re refining our methodology for collecting this data andplan to include it in future years. We‘ve also restated the total for 2018
without these categories of waste.

5

Responsible sourcing of wood fiber is defined in Apple’s Sustainable
Fiber Specification. Since 2017, all the virgin wood fiber used in our
packaging has come from responsible sources.

Supply chain
Freshwater saved
Waste

Corporate facilities4

Supply chain
Waste diverted from landfill
Product packaging
footprint

PackagingIntroduction

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Appendix

Appendix A

Normalizing factors*
Fiscal year

*

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Net sales (in millions, US$)394,328

365,817274,515260,174

265,595

Number of full-time equivalent employees

164,000

154,000

147,000

137,000

132,000

As reported in Apple’s Form 10-K Annual Report filed with the SEC.

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Appendix B

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Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix

Corporate facilities
energy supplement

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Appendix

Appendix B

Corporate facilities energy supplement
Use of renewable energy at
our facilities has been a centralcomponent of our emissions
reduction strategy since 2011. We’ve
learned a lot about how best tosecure renewable energy, which has
helped us educate suppliers andexpand our renewable energy efforts
into our supply chain. This appendix
summarizes the types of renewableenergy solutions we’ve deployed,
and it details how we implement
renewable energy at our data
centers — our largest energy loads.

How we procure renewable energy
Since launching our renewable energy program in 2011,
we’ve implemented a number of solutions to procure
renewable energy. Our strategy has evolved over timeto create the most positive impact.

Ownership and PURPA
In 2011, Apple’s 100 percent equity ownership of ourMaiden solar arrays was the first time a nonenergy
commercial company built its own utility-scale solar PV
project. We used a 1978 federal law called the Public
Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) to structure theproject. We then applied this same structure to two
more large solar PV and biogas fuel cell projects in North
Carolina and two microhydro projects in Oregon. This
was a landmark moment in corporate renewable energy
development and led to an increased use of PURPA in
these states.

Direct Access
Since 2012, in California and Oregon, we’ve used a
program called Direct Access to bypass the default
electricity generation offered by the utilities servicing
our data centers in those states. Instead, we contracted
directly with independent power producers who could
supply 100 percent renewable electricity. After initiallybuying from existing, third-party-owned projects, we’re
now procuring renewable energy from projects wecreated: The Solar Star II and Montague Wind projects
deliver renewables to our Oregon data center, and theCalifornia Flats solar project delivers renewables to ourdata centers, offices, and retail stores in California.

GreenEnergy Rider

Renewable microgrid

In 2013, we opened a new data center in Reno, Nevada.
With no PURPA or Direct Access options in Nevada, we
worked directly with the local utility, NV Energy, to create awhole new regulatory structure. The Nevada GreenEnergy
Rider enables us to secure a long-term, fixed-pricecontract for renewable electricity from a new solar PV
project built for us but managed by the utility. We’ve used
this partnership to create four solar projects totaling
320 megawatts.

Since 2017, we’ve been powering Apple Park with
100 percent renewable energy — about 75 percent of
which is generated onsite and managed by a microgrid.
The onsite generation comes from 14 megawatts ofrooftop solar PV and 4 megawatts of baseload biogas fuelcells. Any additional energy required is drawn by Direct
Access from the California Flats solar project in nearby
Monterey County. The microgrid system with battery
storage manages the renewable energy generationand the building’s energy use; optimizes demand
management, load shifting, and frequency regulation
services; and ensures uninterrupted energy reliability
against local grid outages.

Equity investment
In 2014, we invested in two 20-megawatt solar PV
projects in Sichuan, China, to support all our in-country
retail stores, corporate offices, and data storage facilities.
This project represented the first time a commercial
company created a new large-scale project in China for
its own use. We’ve since replicated this model many times
for Apple’s supply chain.

Portfolio solutions
In 2015 and 2016, we adapted to land scarcity constraints
in Singapore and Japan by contracting for solar PV on
800 rooftops in Singapore and 300 in Japan. We adapted
our approach in each country to fit local partnerships andregulatory structures: We signed a long-term agreement
similar to a power purchase agreement in Singapore andmade an equity investment in Japan. These projects offer
us long-term flexibility as our load grows.

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Facilities renewableenergy projects
To reach 100 percent renewable electricity for Apple’s
own facilities, Apple has helped create 1,549 MW ofrenewable energy around the world. The projects listed
to the right represent Apple-created renewable energy
projects that support Apple facilities’ electricity use andcontribute to cleaner grids around the world. Operational
projects apply a mix of clean energy technology, including
wind (22.9 percent), solar (76.0 percent), microhydro(0.21 percent), and biogas fuel cells (0.9 percent).
This table represents all operational renewable energy
projects that Apple has helped create.

2023 Environmental Progress Report87

Appendix

Engagement and Advocacy

Location

Renewable energy technology

Size (MW)AustraliaPV

0.5

BrazilWind

0.5

China mainland

PV

130

Colombia

PV

0.2

DenmarkPV

42

Denmark

Wind

17

France

PV

<0.1

India

PV

2

Israel

PV

5

Japan

PV

12

MexicoWind

0.8

Philippines

PV

0.1

Singapore

PV

35South Africa

PV

0.2

TaiwanPV

1TurkeyPV

4Arizona, U.S.

PV

55

California, U.S.

Biogas fuel cell4

California, U.S.

PV

146

Illinois, U.S.

Wind

112

North Carolina, U.S.

Biogas fuel cell

10North Carolina, U.S.

PV

164

Nevada, U.S.

PV

320

Oregon, U.S.

Microhydro3Oregon, U.S.

PV

125

Oregon, U.S.

Wind

200

Texas, U.S.

PV

1

Texas, U.S.

Wind

25

Virginia, U.S.

PV

133.6

Total

1,549

Note: Data current as of February 2023 (operational).

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Appendix

Fiscal year 2022 energy and carbon footprint (corporate facilities)

Notes:The table below provides a detailed breakdown of 2021 energy use, which we used to calculate our greenhouse gas emissions.

••

Dash indicates unavailable data.
N/A = Gas use at colocation facilities is considered outside of Apple’s
operational control.

1

Scope 2 market-based emissions from purchased electricity is zero.
But, we also account for purchased steam, heating, and cooling,which resulted in 3,020 metric tons of emissions in fiscal year 2022.

Location

Scope 1

Scope 2

Total gas
(MMBtu)Renewable biogas(MMBtu)Scope 1 emissions(metric tons CO2e)Electricity(million kWh)

Renewable electricity(million kWh)Scope 2 emissions(market-based,
metric tons CO2e)1

Corporate

826,063

202,978

31,030

856

856

0

Cupertino, CA

672,244

202,978

22,849

428

428

0

Elk Grove, CA

13,782

–

732

13

13

0

Austin, TX

20,948

–

1,113

64

64

0

Other U.S.

67,362

–

3,585

57

57

0

Cork, Ireland

20,151

–

1,070

16

16

0

Singapore

142

–

8

15

15

0

China

686

–

37

33

33

0

Other international

30,748

–

1,636

230

230

0

Data centers

19,10917,961

62

2,138

2,138

0

Maiden, NC

17,961

17,961

1

432

432

0

Mesa, AZ

312

–

17

379

379

0

Newark, CA

–

–

–

20

20

0

Prineville, OR

836

0

44

275

275

0

Reno, NV

–

–

–

419

419

0

Viborg, Denmark

N/A

N/A

N/A

27

27

0

Colocation facilities (U.S.)

N/A

N/A

N/A

371

371

0

Colocation facilities (international)

N/A

N/A

N/A

117

117

0

China

N/A

N/A

N/A

98

98

0

Retail stores

58,720

0

3,119

205

205

0

Domestic (U.S.)

36,005

–

1,912

97

97

0

International

22,716

–

1,207

108

108

0

Total

903,892

220,939

34,211

3,199

3,199

0

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A focus on data centers
We used over 2.14 billion kWh of electricity in 2022 topower our data centers and colocation facilities aroundthe world. We’re proud that 100 percent of that electricity
came from clean, renewable sources including solar, wind,biogas fuel cells, and low-impact hydropower. To cover
our needs, we build our own renewable power projects
and work with utilities to purchase clean energy fromlocally obtained resources. We’re staying at 100 percent
even as Apple’s data center presence continues to grow.
We now operate eight data centers, and more are being
developed. These data centers are spread across North
America, Europe, and Asia. Each has unique design
features that conserve energy and reflect the climate, as
well as other aspects, of its location.

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Maiden, North Carolina
100 percent renewable since opening June 2010
Between 2011 and 2015, we installed 68 megawatts ofApple-created projects: two 20-megawatt solar projects,
an 18-megawatt solar project, and 10 megawatts ofbiogas fuel cells. We then worked with the local utility,
Duke Energy, to help build five solar projects through its
Green Source Rider program. These solar projects cameonline beginning in 2015 and were Duke Energy’s firstGreen Source Rider projects to become operational. We
worked with Duke Energy for several years to develop
this green energy tariff option, which allowed Apple andDuke Energy to develop new renewable energy projects.
The five Green Source Rider projects have a combined

capacity of 22 megawatts. In 2017, we made long-term
commitments to five more solar projects in North Carolina,
for an additional 85 megawatts of clean energy. In 2022,
the Maiden data center was supported by projects thatgenerated 432 million kWh of renewable energy, whichis equivalent to the energy used by over 11,000 homes
in North Carolina for a year.2 Use of renewable energy
allowed us to avoid over 171,000 metric tons of CO2eduring the fiscal year.3
The energy efficiency measures we’ve implemented at
our Maiden data centers include use of outside air coolingthrough a waterside economizer during night and coolweather hours, which, along with water storage, allows
the chillers to be idle 75 percent of the time.

Maiden, North Carolina: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 432 million kWh
Default grid mix (North Carolina)%

Apple actual renewable energy allocation

%

Coal

16

Apple’s solar projects

75

Gas

37

Apple’s biogas fuel cells

3

Nuclear33

Apple’s wind projects

21

Hydro

5

Renewable

10

Source: 2022 energy data.
Note: Totals don’t add up to 100 percent, due to rounding.

Other

<1

Source: eGRID 2021.

2

Carbon emissions equivalences calculated using 2021 data fromthe U.S. Energy Information Administration: www.eia.gov/electricity/
sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf.

3

Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

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Prineville, Oregon
100 percent renewable since opening May 2012
To support our Prineville data center, we signed a
200-megawatt power purchase agreement for a new
Oregon wind farm, the Montague Wind Power Facility,
which entered commercial operation at the end of 2019.
It’s our largest project to date, producing over 562 million
kWh of clean, renewable energy a year.
This is in addition to our power purchase agreement for
the 56-megawatt Solar Star Oregon II project located justa few miles from our data center. This solar PV project,which came online and began supporting the data centerin 2017, produces 141 million kWh of renewable energy
per year. To strengthen the connection between Appleand these projects, we use Oregon’s Direct Accessprogram to supply the renewable energy from theseprojects directly to our data center.

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Appendix

Also supporting the data center are two microhydroprojects that harness the power of water flowing throughlocal irrigation canals that have been operating for over 60
years. In 2022, these microhydro projects are expected
to generate nearly 2 million kWh of renewable energy.
To supplement these projects, we executed a long-term
purchase agreement for all environmental attributes froma 69-megawatt portfolio of eight solar projects in Oregon.
In 2022, the Prineville data center was supported byprojects that generated 275 million kWh of renewableenergy, which is equivalent to the energy used by over
8,000 homes in Oregon for a year.4 Use of renewableenergy allowed us to avoid over 196,000 metric tons ofCO2e during the fiscal year.5
Our Prineville data center takes advantage of the cooland dry climate by cooling its servers with outside
air whenever possible. Indirect evaporative cooling isenabled when the outside air temperature gets too high tocool the servers with outside air alone.

Prineville, Oregon: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 275 million kWh

Reno, Nevada
100 percent renewable since opening
December 2012
Unlike competitive energy markets where some of ourdata centers are located, the regulated electricity supply
in Nevada did not offer a simple solution for us to create
new renewable energy projects dedicated to our data
center. So, in 2013, we created a partnership with thelocal utility, NV Energy, to develop the Fort Churchill Solar
project. Apple designed, financed, and constructed the
project, and NV Energy operates it and directs all therenewable energy it produces to our data center. The
Fort Churchill Solar project uses a photovoltaic panel
with curved mirrors that concentrate sunlight. The
20-megawatt array has an annual production capacity ofover 40 million kWh.
To facilitate further renewable development in Nevada,Apple worked with NV Energy and the Nevada utility
commission to create a green energy option open to
all commercial customers, called the NV GreenEnergy
Rider, that does not require the customer to fund project
development up front. Thanks to this new option, in2015 we announced our second Nevada solar project,

the 50-megawatt Boulder Solar II project. This projectcame online in 2017, producing about 137 million kWhof renewable energy per year. We’ve used the NV
GreenEnergy Rider program two more times, first for the
200-megawatt Techren II solar project. Apple’s largest
solar project to date, it’s estimated to produce over
540 million kWh per year and came online in late 2019.
Next was the 50-megawatt Turquoise Nevada project,which came online in late 2020. The project is estimatedto produce 110 million kWh of renewable energy per year.
In 2022, the Reno data center was supported by projects
that generated 419 million kWh of renewable energy,
which is equivalent to the energy used by nearly 12,000
homes in Nevada for a year.6 Use of renewable energy
allowed us to avoid more than 145,000 metric tons ofCO2e during the fiscal year.7
Like in Prineville, our Reno data center takes advantageof the mild climate by cooling its servers with outside
air whenever possible. When the outside air is too
warm to cool the servers alone, it draws from indirect
evaporative cooling.

Reno, Nevada: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 419 million kWh

Default grid mix (Oregon)%

Apple actual renewable energy allocation%

Default grid mix (Nevada)%Apple actual renewable energy allocation

%

Gas

35

Apple’s microhydro projects

1

Coal

7

100

Hydro

45

Apple’s solar projects

51

Gas

63

Apple’s solar projects(through the NV GreenEnergy Rider program)

Renewable

20

Apple’s wind projects

48

Hydro

5

Renewable

26

Source: eGRID 2021.

Source: 2022 energy data.

Source: eGRID 2021.
Note: Total doesn’t add up to 100 percent due to rounding.

Source: 2022 energy data.

4

Carbon emissions equivalences calculated using 2021 data fromthe U.S. Energy Information Administration: www.eia.gov/electricity/
sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf.

5

Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

6

Carbon emissions equivalences calculated using 2021 data fromthe U.S. Energy Information Administration: www.eia.gov/electricity/
sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf.

7

Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

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Newark, California

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Appendix

Direct Access to supply power from that project directly to
our data center and other Apple facilities in California.

100 percent renewable since January 2013
Our data center in Newark, California, is powered by
100 percent renewable energy. We hit this milestone in
January 2013, when we began serving the data centerwith energy sourced primarily from California wind power.
We acquired this energy directly from the wholesalemarket through California’s Direct Access program. In
2017, Apple’s 130-megawatt California Flats solar projectin nearby Monterey County came online, and now we use

In 2022, the Newark data center was supported byprojects that generated 20 million kWh of renewableenergy, which is equivalent to the energy used by nearly
10,000 homes in California for a year.8 Use of renewableenergy allowed us to avoid more than 804 metric tons ofCO2e during the fiscal year.9

Mesa, Arizona
100 percent renewable since opening March 201710
Our global command data center in Mesa, Arizona, cameonline in 2016. To support this facility, we partnered withthe local utility, the Salt River Project (SRP), to build the
50-megawatt Bonnybrooke solar project, which became
operational in December 2016. This project produces
over 148 million kWh of clean, renewable energy ayear, which roughly matches the energy used by thedata center.
As the Mesa data center grew, it became apparent that
we needed additional sources of renewable energy tomaintain our 100 percent renewable electricity goal.
We began to explore onsite solar options at the data
center and determined that we could provide valuable
shaded parking that paid for itself through energy bill
reductions while adding to our renewable energy portfolio.
The resulting PV facility includes five elevated parking
canopies and three ground-mounted arrays, for a total

Newark, California: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 20 million kWhgenerating capacity of 4.67 MW. The onsite PV systembegan commercial operation in February 2019 andgenerates approximately 8,000 MWh per year.

8

Carbon emissions equivalences calculated using 2021 data fromthe U.S. Energy Information Administration: www.eia.gov/electricity/
sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf.

9

Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

In addition, we began working with SRP to develop acustomer renewable energy program in 2017, resulting
in their Sustainable Energy Offering, which launched in
2019, to provide a diverse mix of commercial electric
customers with new renewable energy at an affordable
price. Under this program, Apple has executed anagreement with SRP to purchase a portion of the outputof their 100 MW Central Line PV facility. The project
became operational in April 2022.

10 Apple took operational control of the building in October 2015 andconverted it to a data center that began servicing customers in
March 2017.

In 2022, the Mesa data center was supported by
379 million kWh of renewable energy, which is equivalent
to the energy used by over 10,000 Arizona homes.11
Use of renewable energy allowed us to avoid more than
158,000 metric tons of CO2e during the fiscal year.12

Mesa, Arizona: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 379 million kWh

Default grid mix (California)%

Apple actual renewable energy allocation%

Default grid mix (Arizona)%

Apple actual renewable energy allocation

%

Coal

<1

Bundled solar (through Direct Access)

100

Coal

13

Apple’s solar projects

83

Gas

49

Source: 2022 energy data.

Gas

44

Apple’s wind projects

17

Nuclear8

Nuclear29

Source: 2022 energy data.

Hydro

7

Hydro

6

Renewable

34

Renewable

8

Other

<1

Source: eGRID 2021.

Source: eGRID 2021.

11 Carbon emissions equivalences calculated using 2021 data fromthe U.S. Energy Information Administration: www.eia.gov/electricity/
sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf.
12 Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

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Denmark
100 percent renewable energy from the firstday of operations
Our data center came online in 2020. The data center’s
construction phase was powered with 100 percent windenergy from a local renewable energy retailer in Denmark.
Our Northern Jutland PV project achieved commercial
operation in late 2019, will meet all the data center’s
near-term energy needs, and at 42 megawatts, is oneof Denmark’s largest solar power plants. Our second
renewable project in Denmark, a 17 MW wind project, alsocame online in late 2020. We have secured long-term
supply contracts with both Danish renewable projects,
which will scale up as our data center loads grow.

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Appendix

The power system design at the data center is based ona resilient substation that eliminates the need for backup
diesel generators. This reduces the carbon footprintof the data center and completely eliminates the needfor large diesel fuel storage systems and diesel engine
emissions that would impact the local community.

China

In 2022, the Denmark data center sourced 27 million kWhof renewable energy, avoiding more than 14,479 metrictons of CO2e.13

As the data centers further expand, we’ll continue tosource renewable electricity in-country to support thegrowth with renewable electricity.

13 Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

100 percent renewable energy from the firstday of operations

14 Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.

To cover the electricity load at our two data centers in
China, we procure 100 percent renewable electricity froma solar project that came online recently in China.

In 2022, the China data center was supported by
98 million kWh of renewable energy, avoiding more than60,503 metric tons of CO2e during the fiscal year.14

Denmark: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 27 million kWh

China: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy
Electricity use in 2022: 98 million kWh

Default grid mix (Denmark)%Apple actual renewable energy allocation%

Default grid mix (China)%

Apple actual renewable energy allocation

%

Coal

13

Apple’s wind and solar projects

100

Coal

63

Apple’s solar project

100

Gas

5

Source: 2022 energy data.

Gas

3

Source: 2022 energy data.

Renewable

76

Renewable

29

Other

6

Other

5

Source: IEA Electricity Information 2022: www.iea.org/data-andstatistics/data-product/electricity-information.

Source: IEA Electricity Information 2022: www.iea.org/data-andstatistics/data-product/electricity-information.

Introduction

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Our colocation facilities
The majority of our online services are provided by ourown data centers; however, we also use third-party
colocation facilities for additional data center capacity.
While we don’t own these shared facilities and use only
a portion of their total capacity, we include our portion of
their energy use in our renewable energy goals.
Starting in January 2018, 100 percent of our power forcolocation facilities was matched with renewable energy
generated within the same country or regional grid. As
our loads grow over time, we’ll continue working with ourcolocation suppliers to match 100 percent of our energy
use with renewables.

Third-party computing
Beyond the use of our own data centers and colocation
facilities, we also use third-party services to support someof our on-demand cloud computing and storage services.
As of 2022, all the electricity associated with Apple’s load
at our third-party computing vendors is matched with
100 percent clean energy.

Engagement and Advocacy

2023 Environmental Progress Report93

Appendix

Total energy use(kWh)Renewable energy(kWh)Default utility emissions(metric tons CO2e)15

Apple’s emissions —Percent renewable
including renewable energy energy(metric tons CO2e)16(%)17FY201142,500

0

10

10

0

FY201238,552,300

1,471,680

17,20016,5004

FY2013

79,462,900

46,966,900

31,80014,50059

FY2014

108,659,700

88,553,400

44,30011,00081

FY2015

142,615,000

121,086,100

60,50012,70085

FY201618

145,520,900

143,083,200

66,3001,600

98FY2017289,195,800

286,378,100

125,600

1,500

99

FY2018327,663,800

326,959,700

146,600

400

99.8

FY2019339,047,649

339,047,649

146,400

0100

FY2020372,901,398

372,901,398

153,459

0100

FY2021

384,727,076

384,727,076

146,780

0100

FY2022487,921,930

487,921,930

182,700

0100

15 We calculate default utility emissions to provide baseline emissionsof what our carbon footprint would have been without the use ofrenewable energy. This allows us to demonstrate the savings resulting
from our renewable energy program.
16 Apple’s greenhouse gas emissions are calculated using the World
Resources Institute Greenhouse Gas Protocol methodology forcalculating market-based emissions.
17 We calculate our progress toward our 100 percent renewable energy
goal on a calendar-year basis, while the numbers reported in this table
are based on fiscal year. Beginning January 1, 2018, all the electricity
use at our colocation facilities is from 100 percent renewable energy.
18 Over the past few years, we’ve been installing submeters in colocation
facilities to better track electricity usage. Beginning in fiscal year 2016,
we started reporting this submetered electricity usage. Prior to fiscal
year 2016, reported electricity usage was conservatively estimatedbased on maximum contract capacity quantities. We’ve updated
our fiscal year 2016 colocation facilities footprint to more accuratelyreflect Apple’s operational boundaries. Per the GHG Protocol,
we’ve removed from our electricity usage and scope 2 calculations
those emissions associated with colocation facility cooling andbuilding operations.

Introduction

Climate Change

Appendix C

Resources

Smarter Chemistry

Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix

Supplier Clean Energy
Program supplement

2023 Environmental Progress Report94

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2023 Environmental Progress Report95

Appendix

Appendix C

Supplier Clean Energy Program supplement
The Supplier Clean Energy Program is integral to Apple’s
goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2030. We’re focusedon working with our suppliers to help them increaseenergy efficiency at their facilities and transitioning
suppliers to clean, renewable electricity. These efforts are
helping reduce product-related carbon emissions, createa more resilient supply chain, and contribute to healthiercommunities — while offering a model for others to follow.
We’re proud of the progress our suppliers have made.
As of March 2023, over 250 manufacturing partners in
28 countries have committed to 100 percent renewableelectricity for Apple production (see below for the
suppliers participating). Additionally, Apple itself has
directly invested in nearly 500 megawatts of renewableelectricity projects to cover a portion of upstream
emissions. The Supplier Clean Energy Program now
has over 20 gigawatts of clean energy commitments,of which nearly two-thirds are operational. In 2022, the13.7 gigawatts of renewable energy online in Apple’s
supply chain generated 23.7 million megawatt-hours ofclean energy, avoiding 17.4 million metric tons of carbon
emissions — a 23 percent increase over 2021.1

Apple’s clean energy standards
We help our suppliers select projects with the greatest
potential for impact and with a clear carbon, ecological,
and social benefit, and we consider the life cycle
emissions associated with current and emerging clean
energy technologies. In most cases, wind and solar
solutions meet our criteria. For some energy solutions,such as biomass and hydroelectric generation, we
review individual projects so that they deliver positive
impact while minimizing harm. We also uphold stringent
assurance standards so that all clean energy can beverified through third-party assessment.2

Supplier energy efficiency and clean energy achievements

2020

2015

Launch of the Supplier Clean
Energy Program and Supplier
Energy Efficiency Program

More than 100 supplierscommitted to 100 percent
renewable electricity forApple production

2018

Launch of the China Clean Energy
Fund, which enables Apple andour suppliers to invest in more than
1 gigawatt of renewable energy in China

We want to be a driving force for the development of
new projects and help overcome barriers to bring newrenewable electricity online. With the rapidly changing
policy dynamics in some of our key countries, we
continuously evolve our framework both to comply withlocal laws and regulations and to yield the most positiveand meaningful energy transformation.

2017

Supplier Code of Conduct requires
suppliers to maintain an inventory of air
emissions, including greenhouse gases
12021 renewable electricity figures associated with Apple’s Supplier Clean Energy Program do not include REC purchases that Apple made to addressa small increase to its carbon footprint. When accounting for the REC purchases, the total renewable energy online in Apple’s supply chain was
10.6 gigawatts, generating 18.6 million megawatt-hours and avoiding 14.2 million metric tons of carbon emissions.

2Apple’s independent assurance provider for the Supplier Clean Energy Program conducts work against standard procedures and guidelines forexternal verification of sustainability reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. The procedures are based on principles andmethods described in International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000 (Revised), Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or
Reviews of Historical Financial Information (Effective for assurance reports dated on or after December 15, 2015), issued by the International Auditing
and Assurance Standards Board, and ISO 14064-3:2019, Greenhouse gases — Part 3: Specification with guidance for the verification and validationof greenhouse gas statements.

2022

Apple called on its
global supply chain to
decarbonize by 2030

2021

Launch of the Supplier Clean
Energy Portal
Initial Apple investment toward thedevelopment of 500 megawatts ofsolar and wind projects to address
upstream emissions in Apple’s
supply chain

All Apple products’ final
assembly sites committed
to 100 percent renewableelectricity for Apple production

2019

Key supplier commitments reachedin major supply chain countries
First in-person training hosted byApple for over 30 suppliers in China

214 suppliers across
26 countries committed to 100
percent renewable electricity
for Apple production

2023

Over 250 suppliers committed to
100 percent renewable electricity
for Apple production, corresponding
to over 80 percent of Apple’s direct
manufacturing spendIntroduction

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2023 Environmental Progress Report96

Appendix

Supplier renewableelectricity solutions
The following charts include breakdowns of thecontracting mechanisms and technologies that suppliers
have identified to help meet their commitments.

Supplier renewable energy procurement mechanisms(FY2022)

Supplier renewable energy technologies(FY2022)

Apple’s suppliers are implementing clean energy solutions using a variety ofcontracting mechanisms — with renewable power purchases representing
the majority of solutions implemented to date, at 66 percent.

We work with our suppliers to select projects with the greatest potential for impact and witha clear carbon, ecological, and social benefit. “Other technology” includes clean energy
sources such as some forms of biomass, geothermal, and small-scale, low-impact hydro.

2%
Onsite renewableelectricity

24%
Renewable energy
certificates

56%
Wind

32%
Solar

9%
directinvestments

66%
Renewable powerpurchases

Note: Above total doesn’t add up to 100 percent due to rounding.

12%
other
technology

Introduction

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Supplier commitments
As we continue transitioning our supply chain toclean energy, over 250 suppliers globally — including
over 40 new commitments in the past year — havecommitted to producing Apple products with 100 percent
clean electricity:

2023 Environmental Progress Report97

Appendix

3M

BYD Electronic (International) Company Limited

Engineered Materials Solutions LLC

ITM Semiconductor Co., Ltd.

AAC Acoustic Technologies

Career Tech

Epistar*

J.Pond Industry (Dongguan) Co., Ltd.

Advanced International Multitech

Catcher Technology

Everlight Electronics Co., Ltd.

Jabil Inc.

AKM Meadville Electronics

Cathay Tat Ming

Fastway Creation

James Cropper PLC*

Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited

CCL Industries Incorporated

Flex Ltd.

Japan Aviation Electronics

Alps Alpine

Cheng Loong Corporation

Flexium Interconnect Inc.

Jarllytec

Amagasaki Seikan

Cheng Uei (Foxlink)

Fujikura Limited

JCET Group Company Limited*

Amkor Technology Incorporated*

Chengdu Homin

Future Hi Tech Company Limited

JDI

Amphenol

China Circuit Technology (Shantou) Corporation (CCTC)

G. Bopp & Co. AG

Jiafeng Coating Co., Ltd.*

Citizen Watch Company

General Interface Solution Ltd.

Jiangsu Enoel New Material Technology Co., Ltd.*

Anshun (Asia) Investment

CN Innovations Holdings Limited

Global Lighting Technologies

Jiangsu Gian

ArkemaCoherent Corp.

Goertek

Jiangsu Jun Technology*

ASE Technology Holding

Compal Electronics

Golden Arrow Printing Company Limited

Jiangyin Kangrui Molding Technology Company Limited

Asia Vital Components Company Limited

CompeqGSEO

Jinlong Machinery and Electronics

AT&S

Cooler Master Co. Ltd.

Guangdong Ellington

Jones Tech PLC

Auras Technology Co., Ltd.

Corning Incorporated

H.B. Fuller

JXTG Holdings Inc.

Avary Holding

COSMO

Hama Naka Shoukin Industry Company Limited

Kam Kiu Aluminium

Baotou Inst Magnetic New Materials Co., Ltd.*

Cowell Optic Electronics Ltd.

HenkelKC Precision Technology (Dongguan) Co.,Ltd*

Bemis Associates

Crystal-Optech Co., Ltd.

Hi-P International Limited

Keiwa Incorporated

Bichamp Cutting Technology

CymMetrik

HIROSE ELECTRIC CO., LTD.

Kersen Science & Technology

Biel Crystal (HK) Manufactory Ltd

Daesang

Holmen Iggesund

Kioxia Holdings Corporation

Bin Chuan Enterprise Co., Ltd.*

Daikin Industries Limited*

Hon Hai Precision Industry

Knowles Corporation*

BOE

DerkwooI-PEX Inc.

KOJA (Cayman) Co., Ltd.

Bosch Sensortec GmbH*

Dexerials Corporation

INB Electronics

Konrad GmbH

Bourns K.K.

DSM Engineering Materials

Infineon Technologies AG

Kunshan KIMD Co. Ltd

Boyd Corporation

E.I. DuPont deNemours and Company

Injection Rubber Industrial Co., Ltd.

Kunshan Luxin*

Bruel & Kjaer

ECCO Leather

Interplex Holdings Limited

Laboratorio Elettrofisico

Bumchun Precision Co., Ltd.

Eldim SA

Intramedia

Largan Precision Co., Ltd.

ams OSRAM*

Engagement and Advocacy*

Asterisks denote suppliers that have newly committed to 100 percent renewable electricity (since March 2022).

**

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2023 Environmental Progress Report98

Appendix

LEALEA Enterprise Co., Ltd.

Nitto Denko Corporation

Seiko Advance Ltd.

Stora Enso Oyj

Trinseo S.A.

Lens Technology

Nordic Semiconductor ASA

Seoul Semiconductor

Sumida Corporation*

Triotek

LG Display

ON Semiconductor Corporation*

SFS Group AG

Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited*

Tripod Technology Corporation

LG Energy Solution

Paishing Technology Company

Shandong Innovation Metal Technology Co., Ltd.

Sumitomo Electric Industries

Tritree

LG Innotek

PegatronShanghai LianYing Screws Co., Ltd.

Sunny Optical

TSMC

Lingyi iTech

Penn Engineering

Sharp Corporation

Sunrex Technology Corporation*

Tsujiden Co., Ltd.

LishenPhone In Mag-Electronics

Shenghe Resource

Sunwoda Electronic

TXC Corporation

Lite-On Technology Corp.

Pioneer Material Precision Tech Co., Ltd.

Shenzhen Deren Electronic Co., Ltd.

Suzhou Anjie Technology

LOTES Co., Ltd.

Plansee Group

Shenzhen Desay Battery Technology Co. Ltd.

Suzhou Becklos Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.

Unimicron

Luen Fung Group

Platinum Optics Technology Incorporated

Shenzhen Everwin Precision Technology Co., Ltd

Suzhou Copper Ze Metal Technology Co., Ltd.*

UnitechLumileds

POSCO

Shenzhen Forceblack Technology Co., Ltd*

Suzhou Hengmingda Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.

United Test and Assembly Center (Dongguan) Co. Ltd

Luxshare-ICT

PPG Industries

Shenzhen Fortunta Technology Company Limited

Suzhou Jiazhi Electronic Co., Ltd.

VARTA Microbattery GmbHMarian Inc.

Primax Group

Shenzhen Linkconn Electronics Co., Ltd.

Suzhou Shihua New Material Technology Co.,Ltd.

Viavi

MicronQiandong Rare Earth Group Co., Ltd.*

Shenzhen Ruicycle

Suzhou Wanxiang Technology Co., Ltd.

VictrexMinebea Mitsumi Inc.

Qorvo

Shenzhen Shi Zhenghe Zhongxin Share Holdings Co., Ltd.

Suzhou Yinke

Viscom AG

MingxunQuadrant

Shenzhen Shindy Technology Co., Ltd.

Tailun Electronic Materials*

Vishay Intertechnology Incorporated*

Molex Inc.

Quanta Computer

Shenzhen Sunlord Electronics Co., Ltd.

Taiwan Hodaka Technology Co., Ltd.

Western Digital

Multi-Fineline Electronix, Inc.

ROE

Shenzhen Sunway Communication Company Limited

Taiwan Surface Mounting Technology Corp.*

Winbond Electronics Corporation*

Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Rohm Company Limited

Shin Zu Shing Co., Ltd.

Taiyo Holdings Co., Ltd.

Wingtech Technology Co., Ltd.

Nan Ya PCB

RRD

Sichuan Furong Technology Co.,Ltd.

Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd.

Winox Enterprise Company Limited

Nano Interface Technology Inc.

RyPax Wing Fat Inc.

Simplo Technology Company Limited

TDK Corporation

Wistron

Nanofilm

Saati S.p.A.*

Singleton Materials Corporation

Teikoku Printing Inks Manufacturing Company Limited*

Xuzhou Henghui Braiding Machine Co., Ltd*

Nidec

SABIC

SK hynix

tesa SE

Yageo

Nihon Dempa Kogyo

SAES Getters S.p.A.

SoluM

The Chemours Company

Ying Shing Enterprises Limited

Ningbo Magsound Industry Co., Ltd.

Samsung Display

SolvayTianma Micro-Electronics (Hong Kong) Ltd.

Young Poong

Nippon Mektron (Mektec)

Samsung Electro-Mechanics Company Limited*Sony Semiconductor Solutions

Tong Tai Ying Technology Co., Ltd.

Yuto

Nishoku Technology

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Memory Division)*

Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.

Tongda Group

Zhuhai CosMX Battery Co., Ltd.

Nissha Co., Ltd.*

Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.

STMicroelectronics

TPK

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Asterisks denote suppliers that have newly committed to 100 percent renewable electricity (since March 2022).

UACJ Corporation**

Introduction

Climate Change

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Appendix D

Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix

Assurance andreview statements
100
102
104
105
106

Net comprehensive carbon footprint, facilities energy, carbon,
waste, paper, and water data (Apex)
Product carbon footprint (Fraunhofer Institute)Supplier Clean Energy Program (Apex)
Supplier Energy Efficiency Program (Apex)
Packaging fiber and plastic footprint (Fraunhofer Institute)2023 Environmental Progress Report99

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2023 Environmental Progress Report100

Appendix

Appendix D

Net comprehensive
carbon footprint,
facilities energy,
carbon, waste,
paper, and water
data (Apex)

INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT

The work was planned and carried out to provide reasonable assurance for all indicators and we believe
it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions.

To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc.

Our Findings

Introduction and objectives of work

Apex verified the following indicators for Apple’s Fiscal Year 2022 reporting period (September 26, 2021
through September 24, 2022):

Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent assurance of selectenvironmental data reported in its 2022 environmental report (the Report). This assurance statement applies tothe related information included within the scope of work described below. The intended users of the assurance
statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aim of this process is to provide assurance to Apple’s
stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivity of Subject Matter included in the Report.
This information and its presentation in the Report are the sole responsibility of the management of Apple. Apex
was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the Report.

Parameter

Quantity▪

Assurance of select environmental data and information included in the Report for the fiscal
year 2022 reporting period (September 26, 2021 through September 24, 2022), specifically, in
accordance with Apple’s definitions and World Resources Institute (WRI)/World BusinessCouncil for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Greenhouse Gas Protocol:
o Energy: Direct (Million Therms) and Indirect (Million kilowatt hours (mkWh))o Renewable Energy (mkWh)o Water Withdrawal (Million Gallons)o Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Direct Scope 1 emissions by weight, Indirect Scope 2
emissions by weight, Indirect Scope 3 emissions by weight (Purchased Goods andServices, Fuel and Energy Related Activities, Employee Commute and Business Travel)(Metric Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent)o Waste Quantities and Disposition (Metric Tonnes)
o Paper Quantities (Metric Tonnes)
o Appropriateness and robustness of underlying reporting systems and processes, used tocollect, analyze, and review the environmental information reported

Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to:▪
▪

Text or other written statements associated with the Report
Activities outside the defined assurance period

Assessment Standards
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external Verificationof Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. Apex proceduresare based on principles and methods described in the International Standard on Assurance
Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews ofHistorical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or after Dec. 15, 2015), issued
by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases -Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas statements.

Methodology
Apex undertook the following activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Virtual/ remote site visit to Apple facilities in Cork, Ireland
Site visit to Apple facilities in Culver City, California
Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;
Review of internal and external documentary evidence produced by Apple;
Audit of environmental performance data presented in the Report, including a detailed review
of a sample of data against source data; and6. Review of Apple information systems for collection, aggregation, analysis and internalverification and review of environmental data.

Boundary / Protocol

Natural Gas Consumption

903,892

Metric million British
thermal unit

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolElectricity Consumption

3,199

Million kilowatt
hours (mkWh)

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolRenewable Energy

3,199

Million kilowatt
hours (mkWh)

Worldwide / Invoiced
quantities & self-generated

Scope 1 GHG Emissions

55,202

Metric tonnes ofcarbon dioxide
equivalent (tCO2e)Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Scope 2 GHG Emissions(Location-Based)

1,065,405

tCO2eWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Scope 2 GHG Emissions(Market-Based)

3,018

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Scope 3 GHG Emissions –Fuel and Energy Related
Activities (Location-Based)

43,578tCO2eWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions Fuel and Energy Related
Activities (Market-Based)

10,648tCO2eWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions –Business Travel

113,475

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions –Employee Commute

134,242tCO2eWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions Work From Home Emissions(Employee Commute)(Location-Based)

42,967tCO2eWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions –Work From Home Emissions(Employee Commute)(Market-Based)

7,474

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope 3 GHG Emissions Other Cloud Services(Purchased Goods andServices) (Market-Based)

0

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

Scope of WorkApple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following (Subject Matter):

Units

Apex Companies, LLC

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Appendix

Water Withdrawal

1,527

Million gallons

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolGross Carbon Footprint4

Water Discharge

679

Million gallons

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
Protocol1.
2.

Trash Disposed in Landfill

15,086

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolHazardous Waste(Regulated waste)

1,261

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolRecycled Material (Removalby recycling contractor)

35,583

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolComposted Material

3,958

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolWaste to Energy

543

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
Protocol.
C&D Landfilled

4,877

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolC&D Recycled

23,535Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolPaper Used

632

Metric tonnes

Worldwide occupied
properties / Apple Internal
ProtocolProduct end use avoided
emissions

200,000

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol Value Chain(Scope 3)

3.
4.

20.57

Million metrictonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalentWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Corporate GHG Emissions = Scope 1 GHG Emissions + Scope 2 (Market-Based) GHG Emissions + Scope 3 GHG Emissions
Manufacturing emissions (30.83 million metric tonnes) not verified by Apex - reportedly verified by another third-party provider CEP emissions reductions (17.39 million metric tonnes).
Not Verified by Apex. Reportedly verified by another third-party provider.
Gross Carbon Footprint = Corporate GHG Emissions + Product Use + Manufacturing + Transportation + Recycling

Our Conclusion
Based on the assurance process and procedures conducted regarding the Subject Matter, we conclude
that:• The Energy, Water, Waste, Paper, and Scope 1, Scope 2, Scope 3 (Business Travel &Employee Commute) GHG Emissions assertions shown above are materially correct and area fair representation of the data and information;• There is no evidence that the Scope 3 (Work From Home, Other Cloud Services, and Fuel andEnergy Related Activities) GHG emissions are not materially correct and are not a fair
representation of the data and information;• Apple has established appropriate systems for the collection, aggregation and analysis of
relevant environmental information, and has implemented underlying internal assurance
practices that provide a reasonable degree of confidence that such information is complete andaccurate.

Statement of independence, integrity and competenceApex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards amongstaff in their day to day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts ofinterest.
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with Apple, its Directors or Managers
beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification independently, and there
has been no conflict of interest.
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance overenvironmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, has over 30
years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology
for the Assurance of Sustainability Reports.
Attestation:

Gross Carbon Footprint
Corporate GHG Emissions(Market-Based)1

324,059

Product Use

4.86

Million metrictonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalentWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Manufacturing2

13.44

Million metrictonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalentWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Transportation3

1.87

Million metrictonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalentWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Recycling3

0.08

Million metrictonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalentWorldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Apex Companies, LLC

tCO2e

Worldwide occupied
properties / WRI/WBCSD
GHG Protocol

Trevor Donaghu, Lead Verifier
Program Manager
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

David Reilly, Technical Reviewer
Principal Consultant
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

March 13, 2023

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Apex Companies, LLC

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Appendix

Appendix D

Product carbon
footprint(Fraunhofer
Institute)

Letter of Assurance

providing independent feedback that can facilitate continuous improvement andrefinement in the LCA methodology applied by Apple Inc.

Comprehensive Carbon Footprint – Scope 3: Product related Carbon
Footprint for Fiscal Year 2022

Data reported by Apple is as follows:
Manufacturing

Fraunhofer IZM reviewed Apple’s scope 3 carbon footprint data related to the products
manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. in fiscal year 2022.

2022

Transportation

Product Use

Recycling

Total baseproduct
footprint

30.83

1.87

5.06

0.08

37.84

[MMT CO2e][MMT CO2e][MMT CO2e][MMT CO2e][MMT CO2e]

MMT CO2e: million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalents

1

Summary

The total scope 3 product related carbon footprint is reported to be 37.84 million metrictons CO2e, applying a location-based method reflecting the average emissions intensity ofgrids on which energy consumption occurs. This figure does not include greenhouse gas
emissions reductions for manufacturing resulting from Apple renewable energy projects,
supplier renewable electricity purchases, and supplier renewable electricity installations.

This review checks transparency of data and calculations, appropriateness of supporting
product related data and assumptions, and overall plausibility of the calculatedcomprehensive annual carbon footprint comprised of emissions derived from the life cycle
assessment (LCA) of Apple products shipped in fiscal year 2022. This review and verification
focuses on Scope 3 emissions for products sold by Apple Inc. (as defined by
WRI/WBCSD/Greenhouse Gas Protocol – Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting Standard).
Confidential data relating to product sales and shipments were excluded from the scope of
this verification.
This review and verification covers Apple’s annual greenhouse gas emissions and does not
replace reviews conducted for individual product LCAs for greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs). The life cycle emissions data produced by Apple for individual products has been
calculated in accordance to the standard ISO 14040/14044: Environmental management –Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework / Requirements and guidelines. This
review and verification furthermore complies with ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases – Part 3:
Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions.
The review of the annual carbon footprint has considered the following criteria:The system, boundaries and functional unit are clearly definedAssumptions and estimations made are appropriate

Selection of primary and secondary data is appropriate and methodologies used
are adequately disclosed2



is not materially correct and is not a fair representation of GHG data andinformation, and

has not been prepared in accordance with the related International Standard on
GHG quantification, monitoring and reporting.

Reviewed Data and Plausibility Check
A verification and sampling plan as required by ISO 14046-3 has been established for thecomprehensive carbon footprint review and verification, defining the level of assurance,
objectives, criteria, scope and materiality of the verification.
As part of this review and verification Apple disclosed following data to Fraunhofer IZM:

These criteria are also fundamental to the review of LCAs conducted for individual productemissions. The reviewers note that the largest share (99%) of Apple Inc. annual carbon
footprint is comprised of scope 3 emissions from individual products. The aforementioned
criteria have been regularly reviewed by Fraunhofer IZM since 2007 with a view toComprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc.

Based on the process and procedures conducted, there is no evidence that the Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) assertion with regards to scope 3 carbon footprint

1

Sales data for FY2022, including accessories and including AppleCare, Apple's
extended warranty and technical support plans for their devices.

Life cycle GHG emissions for all products, differentiating the actual productconfigurations (e.g. memory capacity)Calculation methodology for the comprehensive carbon footprint

Detailed analysis of the comprehensive carbon footprint including:Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc.

2

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AppendixoThe breakdown of the carbon footprint into life cycle phases
manufacturing, transportation, product use and recyclingoDetailed product specific split into life cycle phasesoThe contribution of individual products and product families to the overall
carbon footprint

For all product LCA calculations, where exact data was missing, the principle of a worstcase approach has been followed and results have been calculated with rather conservative
estimates.

The data and information supporting the GHG assertion were projected (use phase andrecycling) and historical (i.e. fiscal year 2022 data regarding sales figures, manufacturing,transportation, use patterns where available).
This review comprises a check of selected data, which are most influential to the overall
carbon footprint. The overall plausibility check addressed the following questions:

Are product LCAs referenced and updated with more recent data correctly?



Are results for products, for which no full LCA review was undertaken, plausible?

The review has not found assumptions or calculation errors on the carbon footprint data
level that indicate the scope 3 carbon footprint has been materially misstated. The excellent
analysis meets the principles of good scientific practice.

Berlin, March 1, 2023

- Karsten Schischke Fraunhofer IZM
Dept. Environmental andReliability Engineering- Marina Proske Fraunhofer IZM
Dept. Environmental andReliability Engineering

This review was done remotely.

3

Findings

Reviewer Credentials and Qualification

In FY2022 and beginning of FY2023 11 recent product LCA studies have been reviewed
successfully against ISO 14040/44. These LCAs cover product segments iPhone, iPad,
MacBook Air, and MacBookPro. These recently reviewed LCA studies cover products which
represent in total 35.6% of the total scope 3 carbon footprint. Representatives of otherproduct segments (iMac, Apple Watch, iPod, Mac Pro, HomePod, AirPort Express / AirPort
Extreme, Apple TV, Airpods and Beats products) underwent no or only minor designchanges compared to those which went through a full LCA review in former years. Allreviewed LCA studies up to now cover in total 68.4% of the total scope 3 carbon footprint.
All questions raised in the course of the review were answered by Apple and related
evidence was provided where needed.

4

Conclusions
Apple’s assessment approach is excellent in terms of granularity of the used calculation
data. A significant share of components is modelled with accurate primary data fromApple’s suppliers.

Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc.

3

Karsten Schischke: Experience and background in the field of Life Cycle Assessments include
Life Cycle Assessment course and exam as part of the Environmental Engineering studies (Dipl.-Ing. Technischer
Umweltschutz, Technische Universität Berlin, 1999)

more than 150 Critical Reviews of LCA and PCF studies since 2005 (batteries, displays, mobile devices, networked
ICT equipment, home automation devices, servers, desktop computers, inverters) for 7 different industry clientsand of the EPEAT Environmental Benefits Calculator
Coordination of and contribution to compilation of more than 100 ELCD datasets (available at www.lca2go.eu;
product groups: hard disk drives, semiconductors, printed circuit boards, photovoltaics)
Environmental Lifecycle Assessments following the MEEuP / MEErP methodology in several Ecodesign ProductGroup Studies under the European Ecodesign Directive since 2007 (external power supplies, complex settop-boxes,
machine tools, welding equipment, mobile phones, tablets)
comparative Life Cycle Assessment of SIM technologies
various environmental gate-to-gate assessments in research projects since 2000 (wafer bumping, printed circuitboard manufacturing)
Further updated information at: www.linkedin.com/in/karsten-schischke
Marina Proske: Experience and background in the field of Life Cycle Assessments include
Life Cycle Assessment course and exam as part of the Environmental Engineering studies (Dipl.-Ing. Technischer
Umweltschutz, Technische Universität Berlin, 2009)
Critical Reviews of LCA studies incl. water, fiber and plastic footprints since 2012 for 2 industry clients and of the
EPEAT Environmental Benefits Calculator
Life Cycle Assessment of modular smartphones (Fairphone 2, 3 and 4)
Studies on the environmental assessment and carbon footprint of ICTStudies on material and lifetime aspects within the MEErP methodology
Further updated information at: https://de.linkedin.com/in/marina-proske-74347164/en

Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc.

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Appendix

Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix D

Supplier Clean
Energy Program(Apex)INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT
To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc.

6. Review of Apple information systems for collection, aggregation, analysis and internalverification and review of environmental data.
The work was planned and carried out to provide reasonable assurance for all indicators and we believe
it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions.

Introduction and objectives of work
Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent assuranceof its Supplier Clean Energy Program data reported in its 2022 environmental report (the Report). Thisassurance statement applies to the related information included within the scope of work described
below. The intended users of the assurance statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aimof this process is to provide assurance to Apple’s stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivityof select information included in the Report.

Our Findings
Apex verified the following indicators for Apple’s Fiscal Year 2022 reporting period (September 26, 2021
through September 24, 2022):

ParameterThis information and its presentation in the Report are the sole responsibility of the management ofApple. Apex was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the Report.

Quantity▪

Methodology for tracking and verifying supplier clean energy contributions, including the Energy
Survey, Renewable Energy Agreement, and other forms of supporting documentation provided
by suppliers where available;▪

Assurance of Clean Energy Program data and information for the fiscal year 2022 reporting
period (September 26, 2021 through September 24, 2022), specifically, in accordance withApple’s definitions:oEnergy: Reported megawatt-hours (MWh) of clean energy attributed to the Clean Energy
Program for suppliers;o

Avoided Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with clean energy attributed to the
Clean Energy Program;oOperational Capacity in megawatts (MWac) of clean energy in support of Apple
manufacturing as a part of Apple’s Supplier Clean Energy Program;oAppropriateness and robustness of underlying reporting systems and processes, used tocollect, analyze, and review the information reported.

Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to:▪

Text or other written statements associated with the Report▪

Activities outside the defined assurance period

Assessment Standards
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external Verificationof Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. Apex proceduresare based on principles and methods described in the International Standard on Assurance
Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews ofHistorical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or after Dec. 15, 2015), issued
by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases -Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas statements.

Methodology
1. Virtual/ remote site visits to Apple facilities in Cork, Ireland
2. Site visits to Apple facilities in Culver City, California
3. Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;

Boundary / Protocol

23.66

Million megawatt
hours (mMWh)

Apple suppliers / AppleInternal Protocol

Avoided GHG Emissions

17.39

Million metric tonsof carbon dioxide
equivalent(mMtCO2e)Apple suppliers / AppleInternal Protocol

Operational Capacity

13,708Megawatts (MWac)

Apple suppliers / AppleInternal Protocol

Scope of WorkApple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following:

Units

Clean Energy Use

Our Conclusion
Based on the assurance process and procedures conducted, we conclude that:•

The Clean Energy Use, Avoided GHG Emissions, and Operational Capacity assertions shown
above are materially correct and are a fair representation of the data and information; and•Apple has established appropriate systems for the collection, aggregation and analysis of
relevant environmental information, and has implemented underlying internal assurance
practices that provide a reasonable degree of confidence that such information is complete andaccurate.

Statement of independence, integrity and competenceApex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards amongstaff in their day to day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts ofinterest.
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with Apple, its Directors or Managers
beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification independently, and there
has been no conflict of interest.
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance overenvironmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, has over 30
years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology
for the Assurance of Sustainability Reports.
Attestation:

Trevor Donaghu, Lead Verifier
Program Manager
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

David Reilly, Technical Reviewer
Principal Consultant
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

March 7, 2023

4. Review of internal and external documentary evidence produced by Apple;
5. Audit of environmental performance data presented in the Report, including a detailed review
of a sample of data against source data; andApex Companies, LLC
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Engagement and Advocacy

Appendix D

Supplier Energy
Efficiency
Program (Apex)

The work was planned and carried out to provide limited, rather than reasonable assurance
and we believe it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions.

INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT

Our Findings

To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc.

Apex verified Avoided Greenhouse Gas emissions for fiscal year 2022 reporting periods:
PeriodIntroduction and objectives of work
Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent
assurance of its Supplier Energy Efficiency Program data. This assurance statement applies
to the related information included within the scope of work described below. The intended
users of the assurance statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aim of this process
is to provide assurance to Apple’s stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivity of thereported information.
This information and its presentation are the sole responsibility of the management of Apple.
Apex was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the reported
information.
Scope of work
Apple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following:▪

Methodology for tracking and verifying supplier energy efficiency projects, including
supplier energy audit reports, supplier progress reports, energy efficiency project
verifications, and other forms of supporting documentation provided by suppliers whereavailable;▪

Assurance of Energy Efficiency Program data and information for the fiscal year 2022
reporting period (September 26, 2021 through September 24, 2022), specifically, in
accordance with Apple’s definitions:oAvoided Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with energy reductions
attributed to the Energy Efficiency Program;oAppropriateness and robustness of underlying reporting systems and processes,
used to collect, analyze, and review the information reported.

Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to:▪

Activities outside the defined assurance period.

FY2022(9/26/2021-9/24/2022)

Quantity
1.35

Units
Million metric tonsof carbon dioxide
equivalent

Boundary / Protocol
Apple suppliers / AppleInternal Protocol

On the basis of our methodology and the activities described above:▪

Nothing has come to our attention to indicate that the reviewed emissions data within
the scope of our verification are inaccurate and the information included therein is not
fairly stated and have not been prepared in accordance with Apple’s stated protocols
for the Supplier Energy Efficiency Program;▪

It is our opinion that Apple has established appropriate systems for the collection,
aggregation and analysis of quantitative data such as energy and associated GHG
emissions reductions.

This independent statement should not be relied upon to detect all errors, omissions or
misstatements that may exist.
Statement of independence, integrity and competenceApex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards
among staff in their day to day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the preventionof conflicts of interest.
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with Apple, its Directors orManagers beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification
independently, and there has been no conflict of interest.
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance overenvironmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, hasover 30 years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex
standard methodology for the Assurance of Sustainability Reports.
Attestation:

Methodology
As part of its independent verification, Apex undertook the following activities:
1. Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;
2. Review of documentary evidence produced by Apple;

Trevor Donaghu, Lead Verifier
Program Manager
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

3. Audit of performance data;
4. Review of Apple’s systems for quantitative data aggregation.
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external
Verification of Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance.
Apex procedures are based on principles and methods described in the International Standard
on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits
or Reviews of Historical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or afterDec. 15, 2015), issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO
14064-3: Greenhouse gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation andverification of greenhouse gas statements.

March 7, 2023

Apex Companies, LLC

Apex Companies, LLC

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David Reilly, Technical Reviewer
Principal Consultant
Sustainability and Climate Change Services

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Appendix

Appendix D

Packaging fiberand plastic
footprint(Fraunhofer
Institute)

Review Statement

2022

Plastic w/oadhesives
Fiber

Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint

Fraunhofer IZM reviewed Apple’s corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint data
related to corporate packaging fiber and plastic usage from products, retail and service
operations in fiscal year 2022.

1

Total

VirginRecycled

10,40010,400--265,700[metric tons]

84,100[metric tons plastic]

181,600[metric tons plastic]

All results and figures reviewed for fiscal year 2022 are plausible.

2

Reviewed Data and Findings

Summary
As part of this review Apple disclosed following data to Fraunhofer IZM:This review checks transparency of data and calculations, appropriateness of supporting
product and packaging related data and assumptions, and overall plausibility of thecalculated corporate annual packaging fiber and plastic footprint of Apple products
shipped in fiscal year 2022 and of retail and service operations in the same period.
As there is no standardised method available for calculating a packaging fiber and plastic
footprint Apple defined a methodology for internal use. The scope of the fiber and plastic
packaging footprint includes Apple’s corporate packaging fiber and plastic usage fromproducts, retail operations and Apple care services. The packaging fiber and plastic
footprint tracks the total amount of plastic, virgin and recycled wood fibre, that Apple uses
in packaging. Apple obtains and analyses supplier-specific data for each product line andsums up these figures for the entire company using sell-in numbers. For some products, a
representative supplier is chosen to calculate the product-specifc packaging. The output is a
total packaging fiber and plastic footprint. For labels, beats products and accessories,
individual sell-in numbers were only availabe for a share of products. These wereextrapolated for the whole category. ESD packages (within Apple care) are excluded fromthe packaging plastic footprint.
The review of the corporate annual packaging fiber and plastic footprint has considered thefollowing criteria:









Calculation methodology for the corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint

Aggregated packaging fiber and plastic data for all products and the total
corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint for the fiscal year 2022

Sales data for FY2022, including accessories
Selected product and supplier specific data on packaging materials and production
yieldsThe methodology paper provided by Apple (Packaging Plastic Footprint at Apple –Methodology Description – V1.0 in 2018, Fiber Footprint at Apple - Methodology
Description - V1.1 reviewed in 2017), is considered a sound and appropriate guidance fordetermining the company packaging fiber and plastic. Where appropriate, this approach
follows methodological principles applied for state-of-the-art Life Cycle Assessments.
This review comprises a check of packaging fiber and plastic data for selected products(Apple watches, iPhone 12).
Plausibility of some data has been questioned and discussed with Apple in detail. No
corrections were needed. However, more granular data for accessories is recommended.
This review was done remotely. All questions raised in the course of the review wereanswered by Apple and related explanation was provided where needed.

The system boundaries are clearly defined
Assumptions and estimations made are appropriate
Use of supplier data is appropriate and methodologies used are adequately
disclosed

Data reported by Apple is as follows:

Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review

1

Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review

2

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Appendix

Based on the process and procedures conducted, there is no evidence that the corporate
packaging fiber and plastic footprint is not materially correct and is not a fair
representation of fiber and plastic data and information.

Berlin, March 10, 2023

- Marina Proske Fraunhofer IZM
Dept. Environmental andReliability Engineering- Karsten Schischke Fraunhofer IZM
Dept. Environmental andReliability Engineering

Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review

3

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Appendix E

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Appendix

Environment, Healthand Safety Policy

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Appendix

Appendix E

Environment, Health and Safety Policy
Mission Statement

Guiding Principles

Apple Inc. is committed to protecting the environment,
health and safety (EHS) of our employees, contractors,
and customers in the design, research, manufacture,
distribution, and use of our products and services and theglobal communities where we operate.

Meet or exceed all applicable EHS requirements.

We recognize that by integrating sound EHS
management practices into all aspects of our business,
we can offer technologically innovative products andservices while conserving and enhancing resources for
future generations.

Design, manage, and operate our facilities safely, promoteenergy efficiency and renewable energy, and protect
biodiversity and the environment.

Strive to create products that are safe in their intended
use, conserve energy and materials, and prevent pollution
throughout the product life cycle, including design,
manufacture, use, and end-of-life management.

Encourage contractors, vendors, and suppliers to provide
safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity andrespect, act fairly and ethically, use environmentally
responsible practices, and have effective programs for thecontrol of environmental aspects, wherever they perform
services for Apple.

Pursue continual improvement through the evaluationof our EHS performance by monitoring ongoing
performance results and through periodic management
reviews, as well as a commitment to correcting
EHS nonconformities.

Apple strives for continuous improvement in our EHS
management systems and in the environmental quality ofour products, processes, and services.

Where laws and regulations do not provide adequate
controls, apply higher standards to protect human healthand the environment.

Support and promote sound scientific principles,
practices, and public policy initiatives that enhanceenvironmental quality, health and safety performance, andethical sourcing of materials.

Communicate EHS policies and programs to Apple
employees and stakeholders, and ensure suppliers
operate in accordance with Apple’s Supplier Codeof Conduct. Supplier Responsibility resources
and Supplier Code of Conduct are available
at apple.com/supplier-responsibility.

Ensure that all employees are aware of their roleand responsibility to fulfill and sustain Apple’s EHS
management systems and policy by providing training
and tools in the user’s primary language.
Luca Maestri
Senior Vice President and CFO
February 2023

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ISO 14001
certification

Engagement and Advocacy

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Appendix

Appendix F

ISO 14001
certification
Apple operates manufacturing facilities in Cork, Ireland.
We certify 100 percent of these facilities with ISO 14001.

Certificate of Registrationof Environmental Management
System to I.S. EN ISO 14001:2015
Apple Operations Europe
Hollyhill Industrial Estate
Hollyhill
Cork
Ireland

CERTIFICATENSAI has issued an IQNet recognised certificate that the organisation:

Apple Operations Europe
Hollyhill Industrial Estate
Hollyhill
Cork
Irelandhas implemented and maintains a

E n v i r o n me n ta l Ma na g e me n t S y s te m

NSAI certifies that the aforementioned company has been assessed anddeemed to comply with the provisions of the standard referred to above inrespect of:The management of all EMEA operational activities related to manufacturing,sales, delivery and after sales support for direct retail and channel customers

for the following scope:
The management of all EMEA operational activities related to manufacturing, sales,delivery and after sales support for direct retail and channel customers.
which fulfils the requirements of the following standard:

I.S. EN ISO 14001:2015
Issued on: 14 July 202 1
First issued on: 20 Mar ch 2001
Expires on: 10 July 202 4

This attestation is directly linked to the IQNet Partner’s original certificate and shall not be
used as a stand-alone document

Registration Number: IE-14.0202
Approved by:
Stewart Hickey
Head - Business Excellence, NSAI

Registration Number: 14.0202
Original Registration: 20 March 2001
Last amended on: 14 July 2021
Valid from: 14 July 2021
Remains valid to: 10 July 2024

This certificate remains valid on condition
that the Approved Environmental
Management System is maintained in an
adequate and efficacious manner. NSAI is apartner of IQNet – the international
certification network (www.iqnetcertification.com)

Partner ofAll valid certifications are listed on NSAI’s website – www.nsai.ie. The continued validity of this certificate
may be verified under “Certified Company Search”

NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland), 1 Swift Square, Northwood, Santry, Dublin 9, Ireland T +353 1 807 3800 E: info@nsai.ie www.nsai.ie

CERT-161 WM: 14001 2015 INAB (3)Alex Stoichitoiu

President of IQNet

Stewart Hickey

Head – Business Excellence, NSAI

IQNet Partners*:
AENOR Spain AFNOR Certification France APCER Portugal CCC Cyprus CISQ Italy CQC China CQM China CQS Czech
Republic Cro Cert Croatia DQS Holding GmbH Germany FCAV Brazil FONDONORMA Venezuela ICONTEC Colombia
Inspecta Sertifiointi Oy Finland INTECO Costa Rica IRAM Argentina JQA Japan KFQ Korea MIRTEC Greece MSZT Hungary
Nemko AS Norway NSAI Ireland NYCE-SIGE México PCBC Poland Quality Austria Austria RR Russia SII Israel SIQ Slovenia
SIRIM QAS International Malaysia SQS Switzerland SRAC Romania TEST St Petersburg Russia TSE Turkey YUQS Serbia
IQNet is represented in the USA by: AFNOR Certification, CISQ, DQS Holding GmbH and NSAI Inc.
* The list of IQNet partners is valid at the time of issue of this certificate. Updated information is available under www.iqnetcertification.com

CERT-067.14001: MMA IQNet NSAI 14001 2015 A4 (1)Introduction

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Appendix

Report notes
About this report
This report is published annually, typically in April, andfocuses primarily on fiscal year activities. This reportaddresses environmental impacts and activities at Apple
facilities (corporate offices, data centers, and retail stores),as well as the life cycle impacts of our products, includingin the manufacturing, transportation, use, and end-oflife phases. To provide feedback on this report, pleasecontact environment-report@apple.com.

Reporting year
We track our environmental progress based on Apple’s
fiscal year. All references to a year throughout the reportrefer to Apple’s fiscal years, unless “calendar year” is
specified. Apple’s fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week periodthat ends on the last Saturday of September.

Data assurance
We obtain third-party verification for some of theinformation in this report from Apex Companies andthe Fraunhofer Institute in Germany (as denotedin Appendix D). Data in this report, including data
or verification from third parties, reflects estimatesusing methodologies and assumptions believed
to be reasonable and accurate. Those estimates,
methodologies, and assumptions may change in the
future as a result of new information or subsequentdevelopments. In addition, the bulk of Apple’s recycledcontent data is certified and thus verified by anindependent third party. Less than 5 percent of the total
mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2022 isrecycled content data that is either supplier verified,meaning it has been reported by the supplier and crosschecked by Apple, or supplier reported, meaning it has
been reported by the supplier based on production andallocation values. In all cases, Apple defines recycledcontent in alignment with ISO 14021. Product claims are
made as of the launch date of those individual products,
and they are accurate as of product launch.

Forward-looking statements
The report does not cover all information about ourbusiness. References in this report to information should
not be construed as a characterization regarding themateriality of such information to our financial results orfor purposes of the U.S. securities laws. While certain
matters discussed in this report may be significant,any significance should not be read as necessarily
rising to the level of materiality used for the purposesof complying with the U.S. federal securities laws andregulations. The information covered by the reportcontains forward-looking statements within the meaningof the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,
including statements regarding our environmental goals,
commitments, and strategies and related business andstakeholder impacts. Forward-looking statements canbe identified by words such as “future,” “anticipates,”“believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,”“predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “aim,”“strive,” and similar terms. These statements involve risks
and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materiallyfrom any future results expressed or implied by theforward-looking statements.
These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation,
any failure to meet stated environmental targets, goals,
and commitments, and execute our strategies in the timeframe expected or at all, global sociodemographic andeconomic trends, changing government regulations,
technological innovations, climate-related conditions
and weather events, our ability to gather and verify data
regarding environmental impacts, the compliance ofvarious third parties with our policies and procedures, andour expansion into new products, services, technologies,
and geographic regions. More information on risks,
uncertainties, and other potential factors that could affectour business and performance is included in our filings
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission,
including in the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations” sections of the company’s mostrecently filed periodic reports on Form 10-K and Form
10-Q and subsequent filings. Further, from time to time
we engage in various initiatives (including voluntary
disclosures, policies, and programs), but we cannot
guarantee that these initiatives will have the desired
effect. We assume no obligation, and expressly disclaim
any duty (including in response to new or changed
information) to update any forward-looking statements
or information, which speak as of their respective

dates. Readers should not place undue reliance on
the forward-looking statements made in this report.
Moreover, many of the assumptions, standards, metrics,
and measurements used in preparing this report continue
to evolve and are based on assumptions believed to bereasonable at the time of preparation, but should not be
considered guarantees. Given the inherent uncertaintyof the estimates, assumptions, and timelines containedin this report, we may not be able to anticipate whether,or the degree to which, we will be able to meet our plans,
targets, or goals in advance.

For more information
Respect for human rights shapes how we make our
products and services. Our responsibilities go beyond ourstores and corporate offices: They extend to our supply
chain, the communities we’re a part of, and the planet weall share. Read Our Commitment to Human Rights.
Apple’s Racial Equity and Justice Initiative aims to help
dismantle systemic barriers to opportunity and combat
injustices faced by communities of color.
Read more about our work to uphold the highest
standards of labor and human rights, health and safety,
and environmental stewardship across our global supply
chain in our People and Environment in Our Supply Chain
2023 Annual Progress Report.

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Appendix

End notes
Introduction

Climate Change

1Apple is carbon neutral for corporate emissions, which include scope
1 and 2 emissions, as well as scope 3 emissions from employee travel,business commute, work from home, and third-party cloud services.

7

We plan to reach carbon neutrality beginning with our fiscal year 2030
carbon footprint.

17 Testing was done under the condition of streaming 4K movies playedon Apple TV 4K with the Siri Remote from the Apple TV app.

2

Apple follows the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and ReportingStandard (GHG Protocol) to calculate value chain emissions. The
GHG Protocol defines scope 1 emissions as direct greenhouse gas
emissions that occur from sources that are owned or controlled by
the company; scope 2 emissions as the indirect greenhouse gas
emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heat,and cooling consumed by the company; and scope 3 emissions as all“other indirect emissions” that occur in the value chain of the reporting
company, including both upstream and downstream emissions. Apple
sets an operational boundary for its emissions and excludes thefollowing scope 3 categories, as defined by the GHG Protocol, whichcollectively make up less than 10 percent of our 2015 base year scope
3 emissions: “capital goods” due to limited data availability, which
limits our ability to influence these emissions, and “waste generated inoperations,” as these emissions are negligible.

8Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Summary for
Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C
approved by governments,” press release, www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/
summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-globalwarming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments.

9

Corporate emissions include scope 1 and 2 emissions from Apple
retail stores, corporate offices, Apple-owned and colocated data
centers, and Apple-produced digital content for Apple One services,
as well as scope 3 emissions associated with business travel,
employee commute, work from home, upstream impacts from scope 1
fuels, and use of third-party cloud services.

18 Testing was conducted by Apple in February 2022 using
preproduction Mac Studio systems with Apple M1 Ultra with 20-core
CPU and 64-core GPU. Power was measured using a representative
workload in a commercial application. High-end PC desktop data
comes from testing Alienware Aurora R13 with Core i9-12900KF and
GeForce RTX 3090. Performance tests are conducted using specificcomputer systems and reflect the approximate performance of
Mac Studio.

3

4Apple reports data about the recycled content of its products at
different levels of fidelity, based on the level of independent data
verification. The bulk of Apple’s recycled content data is certified andthus verified by an independent third party. Less than 5 percent of
the total mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2022 contains
recycled content that is either supplier verified, meaning it has beenreported by the supplier and cross-checked by Apple, or supplier
reported, meaning it has been reported by the supplier basedon production and allocation values. In all cases, Apple defines
recycled content in alignment with ISO 14021. We do not currently
include industry-average recycled content, which may result inunderreporting actual recycled content. Total recycled material
shipped in products is driven by product material composition andtotal sales — as a result, this overall recycled or renewable content
percentage may fluctuate based on the number and type of products
sold each year.
Renewable electricity refers to fossil fuel–free sources of energy, like
wind, solar, and low-impact hydroelectricity projects. Clean electricity
refers to both renewable electricity as well as other projects that
Apple considers “low carbon” but not “renewable,” like nuclear andlarge-impact hydroelectricity projects, which may be included as aresult of low-carbon electricity provided by the grid.

5

We plan to reach carbon neutrality beginning with our fiscal year 2030
carbon footprint.

6

Beginning in fiscal year 2025, we plan to eliminate plastic
from our packaging. Apple’s goal to eliminate plastic from our
packaging includes retail bags, all finished goods boxes (including
plastic content in labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent
to our customers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare packaging
for whole units and service modules (with the exception of plastics
needed to protect items from electrostatic discharge), and secondary
packaging of Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our
goal does not include the inks, coatings, or adhesives used in our
packaging. We plan to eliminate plastic from the packaging ofrefurbished Apple products by 2027, once old product packaging
designs are phased out.

10 Refer to Appendix A for a description of our methodology forcalculating life cycle carbon emissions.
11 The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) has validated the following
emissions reduction target for Apple: 61.7 percent by fiscal year 2030
relative to our fiscal year 2019 emissions. This SBTi-validated target
is derived from our target to reduce emissions by 75 percent by fiscal
year 2030 relative to 2015, with a base year of 2019 instead. Our SBTitarget excludes less than 3 percent of scope 1 and 2 emissions in thebase year, including fire suppressants, refrigerant leakage, purchasedor landlord-provided steam and chilled water, and certain greenhousegases (HFC, PFC, SF6, and NF3), which do not meet Apple’s
relevance threshold. In addition, our SBTi target excludes the following
scope 3 categories, which collectively are approximately 10 percent
of our base year scope 3 emissions: “capital goods” due to limited
data availability, which limits our ability to influence these emissions,as well as “fuel and energy related activities” and “waste generated inoperations,” as these emissions are negligible.
12 Gross carbon footprint refers to Apple’s carbon footprint before
applying carbon offsets. Our net carbon footprint incorporates
carbon offsets.
13 Testing was done under the condition of streaming 4K movies
played on Apple TV 4K (3rd generation) with the Siri Remote fromthe Apple TV app.
14 Based on sales-weighted averages of Mac, iPad, iPhone,Apple Watch, Apple TV, HomePod, AirPods, and Beats.
15 Eligible products are those in a product category for which
ENERGY STAR certification exists. For more information, visit
www.energystar.gov. ENERGY STAR and the ENERGY STAR markare registered trademarks owned by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
16 Apple lists eligible products sold in the United States and Canada
on the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)
Registry. Eligible products are those in a product category for which
EPEAT registration exists, including desktop computers, notebook
computers, computer displays, mobile phones, and tablets. For more
information, visit www.epeat.net.

Resources

19 Efficiency performance is based on the U.S. Department of Energy
Federal Energy Conservation Standards for Battery Chargers. Theenergy efficiency values are based on the following conditions:• Power adapter, no load: Condition in which the Apple USB Power
Adapter with the USB-C to Lightning Cable (1 m) is connected to
AC power but not connected to iPhone• Power adapter efficiency: Average of the Apple 20W USB Power
Adapter with the USB-C to Lightning Cable (1 m) measured efficiency
when tested at 100 percent, 75 percent, 50 percent, and 25 percent of
the power adapter’s rated output current
20 Apple began sourcing 100 percent renewable electricity for its
corporate operations on January 1, 2018.
21 Apple’s independent assurance provider for the Supplier Clean
Energy Program conducts work against standard procedures andguidelines for external verification of sustainability reports, basedon current best practice in independent assurance. The proceduresare based on principles and methods described in International
Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000 (Revised),
Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of Historical
Financial Information (Effective for assurance reports dated on orafter December 15, 2015), issued by the International Auditing andAssurance Standards Board, and ISO 14064-3:2019, Greenhousegases — Part 3: Specification with guidance for the verification andvalidation of greenhouse gas statements.
22 Our use of the term RECs covers renewable energy certificates andsimilar certifications around the world, such as Guarantees of Origin(GOs) in Europe, Large-Scale Generation Certificates (LGCs) in
Australia, and Green Electricity Certificates (GECs) in China.
23 2021 renewable electricity figures associated with Apple’s Supplier
Clean Energy Program do not include REC purchases that Apple madeto address a small increase to its carbon footprint. When accounting
for the REC purchases, the total renewable energy online in Apple’s
supply chain was 10.6 gigawatts, generating 18.6 million megawatthours and avoiding 14.2 million metric tons of carbon emissions.
24 ELYSIS was used in the production of the 16-inch MacBook Pro thatwas released in 2019. The 16-inch MacBook Pro released in 2021 now
features a 100 percent recycled aluminum enclosure.

25 Based on the methodology Apple uses to calculate transportation
emissions, which is regularly reviewed by a third party,
Fraunhofer IZM.
26 Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C.
Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca,
R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018: “Mitigation Pathways Compatible
with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development.”
In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impactsof global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related
global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context ofstrengthening the global response to the threat of climate change,sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla,
A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R.
Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M.
Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/
uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf.

27 Apple reports data about the recycled content of its products at
different levels of fidelity, based on the level of independent data
verification. The bulk of Apple’s recycled content data is certified
and thus verified by an independent third party. Less than 5 percentof the total mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2022
contains recycled content that is either supplier verified, meaning
it has been reported by the supplier and cross-checked by Apple,
or supplier reported, meaning it has been reported by the supplierbased on production and allocation values. In all cases, Apple defines
recycled content in alignment with ISO 14021. We do not currently
include industry-average recycled content, which may result inunderreporting actual recycled content. Total recycled material
shipped in products is driven by product material composition andtotal sales — as a result, this overall recycled or renewable content
percentage may fluctuate based on the number and type of products
sold each year.
28 Beginning in fiscal year 2025, we plan to use 100 percent recycledcobalt in all Apple-designed batteries (on a mass-balance basis),
100 percent recycled tin soldering and 100 percent recycled gold
plating of all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuit boards,
and 100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets. We
calculate our use of recycled cobalt on a mass-balance basis at theend of each fiscal year.
29 Apple’s goal to eliminate plastic from our packaging includes retailbags, all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in labels
and in-box documentation), packaging sent to our customers as partof Apple Trade In, AppleCare packaging for whole units and service
modules (with the exception of plastics needed to protect items fromelectrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging of Apple products
and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal does not include the inks,
coatings, or adhesives used in our packaging. We plan to eliminate
plastic from the packaging of refurbished Apple products by 2027,
once old product packaging designs are phased out.
30 We currently do not account for industry average recycled content,
and therefore it is likely that far more than 4 percent recycled gold
exists in Apple’s supply chains today. Apple’s focus is on creating
certified and ethical sources of recycled gold.
31 Apple reports data about the recycled content of its products at
different levels of fidelity, based on the level of independent data
verification. The bulk of Apple’s recycled content data is certified
and thus verified by an independent third party. Less than 5 percentof the total mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2022
contains recycled content that is either supplier verified, meaning
it has been reported by the supplier and cross-checked by Apple,
or supplier reported, meaning it has been reported by the supplierbased on production and allocation values. In all cases, Apple defines
recycled content in alignment with ISO 14021. We do not currently
include industry-average recycled content, which may result inunderreporting actual recycled content. Total recycled material
shipped in products is driven by product material composition andtotal sales — as a result, this overall recycled or renewable content
percentage may fluctuate based on the number and type of products
sold each year.

Introduction

Climate Change

Resources

Smarter Chemistry

Engagement and Advocacy

2023 Environmental Progress Report114

Appendix

Resources continued
32 Recycled cobalt is used in all Apple-designed batteries across iPhone,
iPad, and Mac devices and is accounted for on a mass balance–system basis.

42 This statistic compares the carbon footprint of aluminum fromrecycled sources with primary aluminum smelted with electricity
generated from coal.

55 According to “2021–2022’s Phone Depreciation Report” publishedby BankMyCell, a website that tracks the trade-in and sale value oftechnology products.

33 Since publishing the “Material Impact Profiles” white paper, we’ve
expanded our analysis to include biodiversity factors.

43 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled cobalt, on a massbalance–system basis, in all Apple-designed batteries beginning infiscal year 2025. We calculate our use of recycled cobalt on a massbalance–system basis at the end of each fiscal year.

56 This applies specifically to our U.S.-based Trade In program.

44 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled tin soldering andgold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuitboards beginning in fiscal year 2025.

58 Estimated based on rock-to-metal ratios from USGS — a change
from our previous report, which used ore-to-metal ratios — and on
recovery rates from iPhone main logic boards and flexes.

34 In Apple’s 2022 Environmental Progress Report, we stated that the
14 priority materials account for 90 percent of the total product mass
shipped. For fiscal year 2022, Apple has improved its internal data
models, resulting in an increase in the total product mass shipped,
thereby reducing the coverage of our priority materials to 87 percentof the total product mass shipped.
35 Recycling makes better use of finite resources by sourcing fromrecovered, rather than mined, materials. Apple defines recycledcontent in alignment with ISO 14021.
36 We define biomaterials as those that can be regenerated in a human
lifespan, like paper fibers and sugarcane. Biomaterials can help us
use fewer finite resources. But even though biomaterials can regrow,they’re not always managed responsibly. Renewable materials area type of biomaterial managed in a way that enables continuous
production without depleting the earth’s resources. That’s why wefocus on sources that are certified for their management practices.
37 Apple reports data about the recycled content of its products at
different levels of fidelity, based on the level of independent data
verification. The bulk of Apple’s recycled content data is certified
and thus verified by an independent third party. Less than 5 percentof the total mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2022
contains recycled content that is either supplier verified, meaning
it has been reported by the supplier and cross-checked by Apple,
or supplier reported, meaning it has been reported by the supplierbased on production and allocation values. In all cases, Apple defines
recycled content in alignment with ISO 14021. We do not currently
include industry-average recycled content, which may result inunderreporting actual recycled content. Total recycled material
shipped in products is driven by product material composition andtotal sales — as a result, this overall recycled or renewable content
percentage may fluctuate based on the number and type of products
sold each year.
38 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled cobalt, on a massbalance–system basis, in all Apple-designed batteries beginning infiscal year 2025. We calculate our use of recycled cobalt on a massbalance–system basis at the end of each fiscal year.
39 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled tin soldering andgold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuitboards beginning in fiscal year 2025.
40 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled rare earth
elements in all magnets beginning in fiscal year 2025.
41 To account for recycled aluminum, we leverage third-party certified
recycled aluminum data, as well as supplier verified data, meaning it
has been reported by the supplier and cross-checked by Apple.

45 This achievement was made in 2023 and is not reflected in the total
estimated recycled content, which captures fiscal year 2022 data.
46 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled rare earth
elements in all magnets beginning in fiscal year 2025.
47 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled tin soldering andgold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuitboards beginning in fiscal year 2025.

57 MIL-STD 810H is a certification for military equipment. Tested
categories include: Altitude, High Temperature, Low Temperature,
Temperature Shock, Immersion, Freeze/Thaw, Shock, Vibration.

59 Apple is willing to license five patents relating to Daisy and certain
other associated intellectual property on reasonable, royaltyfree terms.
60 Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled cobalt, on a massbalance–system basis, in all Apple-designed batteries beginning infiscal year 2025. We calculate our use of recycled cobalt on a massbalance–system basis at the end of each fiscal year.

48 Beginning in fiscal year 2025, we plan to eliminate plastic from our
packaging. Apple’s goal to eliminate plastic from our packaging
includes retail bags, all finished goods boxes (including plastic
content in labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to ourcustomers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare packaging for wholeunits and service modules (with the exception of plastics needed toprotect items from electrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging
of Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal does
not include the inks, coatings, or adhesives used in our packaging.
We plan to eliminate plastic from the packaging of refurbishedApple products by 2027, once old product packaging designs arephased out.

61 We define high stress as areas with high or extremely high overallwater stress based on the WRI Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas tool andrefined by additional local knowledge and research.

49 Breakdown of U.S. retail packaging by weight. Adhesives, inks, andcoatings are excluded from our calculations of plastic content andpackaging weight.

64 These savings do not include reduction in water use from facility
closures and reduced occupancy due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
We consider those savings temporary, and we acknowledge that thewater use was transferred to employees’ homes.

50 Refers to retail packaging.
51 Estimation of avoided plastics, paper, and carbon emissions are basedon weight of materials per unit and projected sales data.
52 Estimation of avoided plastics, paper, and carbon emissions are basedon weight of materials per unit and projected sales data.
53 Our packaging design guidelines apply to retail packaging
and shippers, and exclude plastic-based components, wraps,
and adhesives.
54 Based on expected equivalent fiber production from our forestry
projects and virgin fiber used for Apple product packaging. To
determine the output of Apple’s projects, we work with our partners
to understand the productive potential of these working forests. The
forest management plans required to achieve or maintain certification
limit harvest volumes to sustainable levels. We use these potential
harvest volumes to estimate the sustainable productive capacity ofthese forests.

62 We calculate water discharge based on known evaporation, from
activities like cooling and irrigation. For sites where these evaporative
activities are not present, we estimate that water withdrawn isreturned to municipal systems. We estimate our margin of error to beapproximately 10 percent, and we will continue to update our modelwith new sources of data.
63 Based on previous estimated consumption and observed use patternsof nearby facilities.

65 These savings are based on data observed from pilot operations.
66 We account for savings through this program on a fiscal-year basis,
rather than a calendar-year basis as reported in publications before
fiscal year 2021.
67 Per the WRI Volumetric Benefit Accounting methodology.
68 Waste diversion rates do not include construction and demolition
waste or electronic waste for fiscal year 2022. Electronic waste isaccounted for in the total metric tons of electronic waste that we sent
to recycling, found on page 83.
69 These sites have been third-party verified by UL Solutions against
the UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation
Procedure (ECVP). UL Solutions requires at least 90 percent diversion
through methods other than waste-to-energy to achieve Zero Waste
to Landfill (Silver: 90–94 percent, Gold: 95–99 percent, and Platinum:
100 percent) designations.

70 Our Mesa and Prineville data centers are third-party certified
as Zero Waste by USGBC TRUE, receiving their certifications in
2021 and 2020, respectively. TRUE requires 90 percent diversion
or higher from the landfill without the use of waste-to-energy toachieve the TRUE-certified project designation.
71 All established final assembly supplier sites — or those that havebeen Apple suppliers for more than one year — for iPhone, iPad,
Mac, Apple Watch, AirPods, HomePod, Apple TV, and Beats arethird-party verified as Zero Waste by UL Solutions (UL 2799
Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation Procedure(ECVP). UL Solutions requires at least 90 percent diversion
through methods other than waste-to-energy to achieve Zero
Waste to Landfill (Silver: 90–94 percent, Gold: 95–99 percent,and Platinum: 100 percent) designations.
72 These sites have been third-party verified by UL Solutions against
the UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation
Procedure (ECVP). UL Solutions requires at least 90 percent
diversion through methods other than waste-to-energy toachieve Zero Waste to Landfill (Silver: 90–94 percent, Gold:
95–99 percent, and Platinum: 100 percent) designations.

© 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, Restore
Fund, and Power for Impact are trademarks of Apple Inc. Beats is atrademark of Beats Electronics, LLC., registered in the U.S. and othercountries and regions. iOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco
in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license. ENERGY STARand the ENERGY STAR mark are registered trademarks owned by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Other product and company names
mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.