----------

a -It"\-I;±~~~_-i·!~fTransactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
HB ~~I 12 6:P

1937

No. 6

(±1!!'f1t~mi,ii:{; ~ 44 '& 1It 520-522~!X mAilI])[Reprinted from Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 44. No 520-522.J

Palaeontological Society of Japan

:k

§
~

26.

Tsuneteru

Ol No~nKADo,

CONTENTS"* Transactions
Molluscan Fossils f rom the Pleisto-

cene Deposit of Sisinai in Tobetu-mura I sikari-g un, Hokkaido(Published Janunr y 20) . .. . .... .... .. .. . " .. .. . . . . . . . . . ...
~t nfj,~;Q~~'W\~'~iJJIJtNI\]'::;- I*J EE7JI,fkl!!:J{1t;Q (jl~@~ ) (1 )~20 IOJ ~~ ). ........ . . . ............ " . . .. ........ . .. .. ..... .. . . "27.

*j,'l(1a~ f" ff,Hj~

chiopod Shell (Published February 20) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

11: 11, [,-£

10(ji~~) (2 fJ

20 f:J l&~ ) ~II

Tokio SHlKAMA, Pathologic Examples of Fossil Deer Bo ne
a nd Antler fr om the Fissure De posits of KUZllU (Publislwd
February 20) . . ... . ... . .... . ..... . .. .. ..... . . . . ... ...
;1,t~.fo~;lJ¥JIWffllEE1t;QJllUo·~1'J.k.V: frJ <7.Jf*;ljii19U (JI~~ ) (2 )'j

20 f:J!fHO
un II-li'. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ...... .. .. ill'.

29.

6

Kotora HATAl, A ShOlt Note on the Punctation of t he BranlliJ'l!:.iI!Jl\\X<7.) Punctation KJit@: L

28.

1

K otora lVL HATAl, Bra chiopod Morp hology :

5k

]2

14

Studies on the

A nterior and Lateral Commissures of Certain Forms and theCurvature of the Beak, t heir R elat ion ship and Morphologi cal

30.

31.

32.

Im portance (Published March 20) . . .. .. . ... ... ... . .. .... . ..

17

V l[§ 1J1lJf1(J~ 1It~'I!t KH,.tv' L <7.:>litF yt (Ji'iii ~ ) (3 )'j

IDiIJi!:.!i!JiJfMJIlJJ£: J1X; 0 J[§<7.:>Tjutl'jl:;1ft.:z fl!lj ffil'j~1l-.2!<. V: 1!JIj <7.:> 1lll11l1, Jl;~ ~ <7.:> *I1JIfMilff-.2!<.
20 f:J l&~ ) ' ·:J;jll 11' I j , JJf.

26

Yaichil'o OkADA , A Fossil Frog from J apan (Published March20)· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

27

F-J ;>j;:EE!Illi<7.:> 1t;Q (fiii~ ) (3 n 20 r:Jl&;t< ) .. ..... ..... .. Wol Efl iff4l 311 7"G') FJJm!" .. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it\]; ,1,

])11

29

~I\

30

Jiro MAKIYAMA Discussion of Type (Resume) (Published ·Ma rch 20)

32*

Hisakatsu Y ABE and Toshi o SUGIYA~U, Sundry Notes on Livinga nd Fossil l"ub ipoj'u (Published March 20)· . . . . . . . . . ...... ' .
mt~.2!<.v:1t;Q Tubipora KJ~tv " L (fi'iii~) (3 ).j... ... .... " " " " " " .. .. " " " .. " x 7(i\

*c

~

33

20 IH1~)""" """"~

ProceedingstJ- IJ,!iji jll\

38. .... . .. . .. . ' . "

15

5/;,

(Transactions of the Palaeontological Society of Japan)

26.

Molluscan Fossils from the Pleistocene
Deposit of Sisinai in Tobetu-muraIsikari-gun, Hokkaido.
By

Tsuneteru OINOMIKADO.
(Received Oct. 30th.; read Nov. 21st, 1936)

In th e summer of 1936, I have made a large collection offossil shells from the P leistocene deposit of Sisinai (about 20 km
NNE of Sapporo). Cross-bedded brown sand containing numerous
fo ssil is exposed on a cliff near Sisinai, and the Sisinai fauna
jornprises Mollusca, F oraminifera, Ciripedia, B rachiopoda and Bryozoa, and among them Mollusca and Foraminifera are dominant.
R ecently Prof. N AGA01 ) r eported the Pleistocen e fossiliferous depositsin Hokkaido and m entioned 39 species of Molluscan fossil of Sisinai.
The aistinguishable sp ecies in my collection is attained to 71
in total, of whicl:i.' 36 belong to Pelecypoda, 34 to Gastropoda and
1 to Brachiopoda. Amon g the 70 sp ecies of Mollusca, 54 h ave
been specifically identified, while 16 r emain undetermined. The
latter include mostly very small forms and ~10st of t hem areprobably new to science.
The fo ssil shells of Sisinai are as follows :Pelecypoda
1.
2.
3.
4.

Nt~ct~ l(~ (Acil(~)

CommonCommonAbulldant
Abundant

insig nis GOULD

Al'ca bottCanli JO USSEAME
Gly cym el'is y essoensis (SOWERBY)
Cl'en ella yo/coya?ncti NOlliURA.

1) NAGAO: Post·Setana F oss ili ferous Beds
Tokyo, Vol. 41, No. 487, pp. 205- 207, 1934.
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10

Hokka id6, Jour. Geol. Soc.

'1'. O[NO~IlK ADO

66

Abundant
5 . Myt-ill1~s gmy anus D UNKER
R are
6. ClIlamys (Chlamys) sw iftii (BERNARDI)
R are
7 . Chlarnys (C hlarnys) /a?TM'i a7cazC!?"a KURODA
Abundant
S. Pecten (Pat-inop ect en) yessoens-is JAY
Common9. Lirn ah~ la subatwi ct~l a ta (MON'fAGU )Rare
10. C(l?'~lita (Mio:lont isc1Ls) lJ?'%ngata (CARPENTER)(= Vene?··ica?·cl-ia nakarntu'a-i YOKOYAMA)
11. Ven e1'-ica?' cl-i c~ (CyclocM'd-ia) f e?Tuginea (A . ADA~IS) CLESSI N Common
Rare
12. C01·b ·ict~ la sp . (Immatu re of C. n-ilJponensis ?)13. D ip lo donta (Felani ella) 'u sta (GOULD)
CommonR a.p.
14. Codak-ia (P-ill~~ c in a) lJisidiU1n (DUNKER)
15. M ysella oblongata (YOKOYAMA)
Commo n16. lJiysella ja ponica (YOKOYAMA)
Common17. Carcliu,rn (Ce rastod enna) calijo,,;niense D ESHAYESRare
I S. Callis/ a brev·i siphonata (CARPENTER )Ra:'e
19. Sax·i do mus pw'ptt!"att~s (SOWE,RBY )Rare
20. P?'otothaca starninea (CONRAD )Rare
21. Venen~lJis (Arnygd ala) va?'iegata (SOWERBY)
Common22 . lIiact?'a sp . (Immature of lIi . ca?'ne01Jicta?)
Rare
23. Mact?'a (lliact?'orne?'is) polynyrna voyi (GABB)
Common24. Scmgu-i?io la?··ia (Nt~ttallia) ol-ivacec~ (J AY)
Rare
25 . Ga?··i (Psarnrnocola) cali!o?·n·i ca (CONRAD)
R are
26. lIiacornc~ -incongn~a (v. MARTENS)
Rar e
27. Macorna n-ilJponica (TOKUNAGA)
R are
2S. l 'e llina (Fabulina?) nitidu la D UNKER
Rare
29 . 1'ellina (P e?'oniclia) sc~lmonea (CARPENTER)
COl1}mOn
30. A lo-iclis v em~s ta (GOULD)
Ral'e
Rare
31. H iMel/a O?'-ientalis (YOKOYA~IA)
R are
32. lIiya tnm cata LINNE
Rare
33. lIiyc~ a?'ena?'-ia japonica J AY
R are
34. C?'yptorny c~ sp.
R are
35. Lyons-is (Entodesrnct) t nmcatiss-irna (PILSBRY)
36 . lIiyaclO?"a fl1~c tu os a GOULD

Com rr: on
Gastropoda

Pwzcttwellc~ (Pt!nc tw'ellc~) nobilis (A . ADAMS )Patelloida sch?'enckii (LrScHKE)
P atelloicla lJygrnaea (DUNKE R)
40. P CLtelloicla sp.
41. P atello-icla (1'ect u?"C~) pallida (GOULD)
42 . lIia?'ga?'-ites (Liru la?'ia) pygmaea (YoKOYA~rA)
43. Ma?'ga?'it es sp.

37.
3S.
39.

-(

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RaTe
Commo nCommon

R are
R are
Rare
CommonMolluscan Fossi ls from the P leistocene Deposit of Sisinai in Tobetu-mura 67

44. Sola9'i ella s p .
45. Calliostoma 9nttlti li9'atum (SOWERBY)
46. Ganesa (L elJtogY9'a) sp.
47. H omalo poma amttssitata (GOULD)
48. Lacttnaino9'natct (YOKOYA~fA)
49 . Cingula sp . No. 1.
50. Cingttla sp. No _ 2.
51. Alvania concinnct A. ADAMS (=Rissoct sarlo ensis YOKOYAiVfA)
52. Alv ania m ay a (YOKOYAiVIA)
53. Caecum, sp _M. Cedth·i opsis sp.
55. S eila crassicincta (YOKOY A~fA)
56. 'l'9'iphMa sp .
57. L CHcotinct dianae (A. AD AMS)
58. M en estho (lJi enestho) ex al'atisshna (DALL et BARTS CH)
59. Menestho (Ocl etta) sp .
60. Polini ces (L ttnatina) pallida BRODERIP et SOWERBY
61. N aticct ('l' ectonat ica) clattsa BRODERIP et SOWE RBY
62. 'l" rolJhon (BM'eotl'olJhon ) sp .
63. Ocenebl'a (Ocin eb9'ellus ) aclu.ncct ( S OWERBY)
64. Mih' ella bw·chcw cl·i (DUN KER)
65 . Sea1'lesia f uscolabiat ct ( S~n'.rH)
66 . Nassari'll,s ('l'9'itonella) clo'lninulu s l T APPARONE -CANEFRI)
67. IT aecl9'o pleul"a f tt lC'u chiana (Y OMOYAiV[A)
68. Cythet1'CIJ (Mang elia) deshayesii ( D UNKER)
69 . Ringicuta sp.
70. R et usa sp.

CommonCommonRare
Abundant
CommonCommonRare
CommonCo I11mon
CommonRaTeCommonRare
Rare
R ar e
Rare
Rare
Rare
Rare
Rare
Abundant
Rare
R a.re
Rare
RUl'e
Rare
R ar eBrachiopoda
71.

'l' cl' ebmtalia cOl'eanica (ADAMS et REEVE)

Rare

Among th e 38 species of Mollusca r eported by Prof. NAGAO,
the 17 sp ecies are not r epresented in my collection and they are as
follows : Pswdog?'Ctmatodon obliquetta (YOKOYAMA), Anadam inflata(REEVE), 111ytil~ts ed~dis (LINNE), Ost?'ea gigas THUNBERG, Osl?'ea?'osacCCt DESHAYES, Joanisiella c1tmingi (HANLEY), L~tcina acutilinectlet (CONRAD), Ccwdium m~ttic~(,m REEVE, Callista pacifica(DILLWY N), Cyclina sinensis (GlIIELIN), Schizothae?'1('s ?wttalli(CONRAD), JJt[acomet tolcyoensis MAKIYA MA, Panope japonica A.
ADAMS, Cctlliostoma shinagawensis T OKUNAGA, Natica janthostoma
DESBAYES, Nept1('?WCL CL?·th?·itica (BERlIIARDI) , lVassa?·ius japoniws(A. ADAMS). Th e two species, Calliostoma shinagawensis T OKU-

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68

T. OmOMlKADO"
NAGA and Nassa?'i'us japonicus (A. ADAMS), should be ident ified as
Gallio.sto?1w ?1ndlilimtttrn (SOWERBY) and Nasscwitts dorninul'tts(TAPPARONE.CANEFRI), both arc r epresented in my collection .
H ence all of the known species of the Sisinai ' fossil Mollusca up
to the present time indicates 69 in lllunber, viz. 54 of m y identified forms together with 15 of NAGAO', ' collection.
Messr s. KINOSITA and I SAHAYAl) have r elorted 109 sp ciesof the r ecent sh ells from Hokkaido, of which the following species
are found in the Sisinai fauna : A?'ca boucct?'di JO USSEAME, Glycyrne?'is yessoensis (SOWERBY), l11ytilus gmyantts DUNKER, 1I1ytil11s
edulis Lnn,fE, Ghlarnys swiftii (BEHNARDI), Ghlamys akazcwa KURODA,
Pecten yessoensis J AY, OstTea gigas THUNBERG, Gcwdiurn califo?'niensc DESHAYES, Gallista b?'evisiphonata (CAI{PENTER), Saxidorn11s
pU?"pttmtv,s (SOWERBY), Vene?'upis va?'iegata (SOWERBY), l11acfm
voyi (GABB), Sang7.tino lcwia olevacea (JAY), l11acoma incong?"7.ta (v.
MARTENS), Tellina salrnonea (CARPENTER), Hiat ella o?'i entalis(YOKOY AMA), Panopejaponica A. ADAMS, l11ya japo~1iw JAY, Patelloida pallida (GOULD), Hornalopoma arnttssitala (GoULD), Natica
jan thostorna DESHAYES, '1'?'i tonalia adunca (SOWERBY), JIIlif?'ella
bm'chct?'di (DUNKER), Nepttmea a?,tMitiw (BERNARDI), Sea?'lesia
fttscolabiata (SlIH1.'H), Nassa?'ius domimdtts (TAPPARONE-CANEFRr).
Dr. SASAKI~) listed 87 living species of P elecypoc1a fOimd in
Hokkaido and Saghalin, and among them the following. pelecypods
are also kl;l.Own in the shell bed of Sisinai: Nttculct insigni~
GOULD, Pseudog?'arnatodon obliquata (YOKOYAMA), A?'w bottca?'di
J OUSSEAME, A nadam injlctta (REEVE), Glycyme?'is yessoensis (SowERBY), 111ytil1ts gmyanus DUNKER, Ghlam.ys swiftii (BERNARDI),
Diplodontct 'l.wta (GOULD), L1tcina acutilineata (CONRAD), Godakia
pisidi'l.trn (DUNKER), Ga?'diurn rn'l.ttiC1trn REEVE, V en e?'1tpis vao'l'iegatd(SOWERBY), 1I1act?'Ct voyi. (GABB), Schizothae?''I.ts nuttalli (CONRAD),
Ga?'i wlifomica (CONRAD), lVlacorna nipponica (TOKUN;'\.GA), Aloidis 'vemtsta (GouLD), l11ya tmncata LINNE, Mya japnica J AY.
There are 31 species of mollusks, which wer e not r eported
by SASAKI, KINOSITA and I SAHAYA. But are indicated in my pre1) KrnOSTTA and I SAETAYA: C,Ltalogue of th e Mollusca of Hokkaiclo, R ep .
Fish. Exp. Stat. Hokkaido, No. 33, 1934.
2) SASAKI: A List of Lame llibranchs from Hokkaido and SaghaJin, Bull.
S('h. Fish. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Vol. 3, 1913.
-

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Molluscan Fossils from the Pleistocene Deposit of Sisinai in Tobetu-mura 69

sent paper, and they are already known in northern Japan except
the following 7 species : C1'enella yolcoyamai NOMURA, Ost1'ea 1'osacea DESHAYES, Mysellct oblongatct (YOKOYAMA), Lac~ma inomata(YOKOYAMA), Le'ncotinct dianae (A. AD.\MS), Haed1'ople~tm jltlct(,chicma (YOKOYAMA), Cytha1'Ct deslwyesii (DUNKER). Of the abovem entioned species, 111ysella oblongata YOKOYAMA and Lac~ma
ino1'natCt (YOKOYAMA) are not found in living state, and distribution of these 7 species in fossil and living state is as follows:

C1'enella yolcoyamai NOMURA
Fossil: Pleistocene and Post~Pleistocene of Kwanto region.
Living : Central Japan.
Ost1'ea CLopha) 1'osacea DESHA YES
Fossil: Miocene of Akita-ken and Hukusima-ken. Pliocene of Taiwan (For:mosa). Pliocene, Pleistocene andPost-Peistocene of K wan to r egion.
Living: Central and "\Vesterrt Japan. China. Lord Hood's
I sland .
.1J!Iysella oblongata (YOKOYAMA)
Fossil: Peistocene of Kwanto region and Noto P eninsula.
Lacuna ino1'1wtCt (YOKOYAMA)
Fossil: Pliocene of Akita-ken .
Lencotina clianae (A. ADAMS)
Fossil: Pliocene of I sikawa-ken and Niigata-ken.
Living: Central and vVestern Japan.
Haed1' opleum fLtknchiana (YOKOYAUA)
Fossil: Pleistocene of K wanto region.
Living: Central Japan.
CythaTa (lJ1ange lia) deshaye sii (DUNKER)
Fossil: P liocene of Akita-ken a nd Sado island. Pliocene,
Pleistocclle and Post-Pleistocene of K wanto r egion.
Living: Central and vY.estern J apan.
The Sisinai fauna ar e mostly living in northern Japan, anda few species which are not found yot in this r egion are k nownamong the Oyasio-type fossils of several localities. From the evidence obtained by the Sisinai fossil fauna, it seems to be r easonable to conclude that during the deposition of -the sh ell bed, the
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70

T. OINOli[l KA DO

wat!')r ~emperatur e ill Sisillai region wss
with th~t of th e presept time.

appl'oximato ~ysimilar~t1lifill~~;J'P,[\'iZIj~;-j3tFfr-l gt:;\!HkUt ~1t~ G~~).

)'"·:k .:I* ~~ r~ . t;!IT '1[1·ffL~ ftM'.(jl)i:K 1t~-?L~'H!f-lt b ~1..t~ ~Gi[!j:iill: ;r:J~~' !IlI\·'; ::"JJIJHJJlJi ·:H"J v..) Jl ft;r:J Kll" tv'L ~ " L

ib :.5 0~1!{~1ti: 71 flU,~"k t e:> ft

f"JJf.JE'i.iJl 36, Jl!lJEifJl 34, JlmJE ~iJ[ 10 Jf.RJ!filfl.U'lJU:JE~ 70 t 'll e) g-J/i'ilJi;:L.
54 fill""(', {me:> 16 fill f;J: j:tttJ, tJ: Jl ""(.;'f~ b < liml]U, .[t f;J: ~ :.5. t e:> t it,- i ~ L.Q :.5~~. K .~Lf;J:§~~~$""(, ib:.5~b .*M ~$* ~ :.5 ~~ KL. k~ o~ffi~ffl e:>$ L;!r -It is ~ t:: t
m:tE ~G 8 ~K:r:lU.l!, L. L.Q:.5 0e) .!: %:1" :.5 .!:w.:r. r"J e:> Jl1t;r:J f;J: 69 fill i'C tJ: ~ , k e:> jc'il'!S,.Nt:f!t-?L;;j;:Jl Jfl-e):tIlJj't1W 1r!J'.") 7j,i:'f;J:~ 8 e:> ~G7f!j: iill:e) k ~ .!: jell:tJ: i:J>-?t~ .!:.m f;J: ~:.5 o

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(Transactions of the Palaeontological Society of Japan)

27.

A Short Note on the Punctation of theBrachiopod Shell.
By

Kotora RATAl(Contribution from the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Tahoku
Imperial Universit.y. Sendai, Japan. Read Nov. 21st.;
received Nov. 25th.; 1936.)

It is well known that in many species of both recent and·fossil brach.iopoda, the shell is traversed by more or less verticalcanals or tubnles which expand upward and are said to terminate
in the lamellar layer, not piercing the periostracum. These pores
are usually simple (noll-branching type) but in certain forms they
divide into f::everal branches of antler-like fashion (branching type).
I n the non-hranching type, the pores, althou gh variable in size,
take the same or similar shape.
The- function of these pores have been attributed to different
phenomena .by different authors, one school considers ·them to besense-organs, another regards them as food-canalE', the third believes them to be water passages, a nd the fourth school place's
them as respiratory organs. As far as I am aware, nothing definite has yet been published in this regard, probably due to th'odifficulty of securing specimens for study OLl · the one hand and.t he greater weight being laid on the study of fossi l material by
paleontologists and to. the study of anatomy, ecology or otherbiological sciences 011 the other . I am in the belief that the pores
either aid in respiration of the aniinal or are l:elated iIi. a simi larway.
.- - (

7 )-A Short Note on the Punctation of the Brachiopod Shell

151

Punctations of the brachiopod shell, such as fine and dense,coarse and distinct, l?-ave ,been employed ' by some authors for
specific distinctions, a~d is s~id to pos.sibly even indicate genetic
series.
McCoy!) described a new specie:::, Waldhemia mac?'opom(synonym of J1Iagetlania imb?'icata TENISON-VVOODS), from the
Tertiary of Victoria, distinguishing it from ]lagellanicL flav escens(LAhl.m cK), a r ecent species of southeast 'Australia, by its coarser
punctation; possessing about 18,..19 pores -in the space of one line
as against 27-28 in J11..flavescens (formerly placed in the genus
Waldh em.ia). BUCKMAN~) evidently considers it probable that differences in punctations in terebratulids from the Oligocene-Mioceneb eds of Cockburn I sland, Antarctica ~ight indicate genetic series.
H e states that "ther e are two series which differ conspicuously
i n the character of their tests. The first series show,' coarser
an d distinct punctae associated with a rath er thick test. The
second series shows a fine densely punctate test. which is alsothin."PERCIV A. L made studies on two English fossils, 'Pe?'ebmtula
biplicata and 'P. plmctata. From his studies he concluded thatthe r ange of pore density is so great in differ ent individuals that
this feature can have little value for. specific discrimination. ,Vhether or not this may be the same for the ,'pecies belonging toother genera, cannot be judged by his studies alone.
L EIDHOLD (after THoi\ISON3»), "has found that the pore diameters a nd pore-density are sufficiently constant in fossil Orthi:1s
to b3 u sed for specific discriminations, and r ecognizes two typesone in which the pores are all of the same size, and another inwhich they vary in diameter in the sanJ.e individual, in general
beinK divisible into two series of larger and .smaller pores."
I n the rich collection of r ecent and Tertiary brachiopods now
before me the punctations of some species have been studied.
From the present studies, which is but a preliminary bne, various
1) McCoy, F., Geol. Surv., Victoria, dec. 6, p. 11, p I. 34, figs. 4, 6, 1877. '2) BUCKMAN, S. S., Antarctic Fo~s. Brach., ",Vissensch. Ergebn. Schwed. Siidpolar Exped. 1901-1903, Bd. 3, Leif. 7, 1910.
3) PERCIVAL, F . G., Geol. Mag., dec. 6, Vol. 3, pp. 51-56, 1916.
4) THOMSON, J . A., Brach. Morph . a. Gen., p. 105, 1927.
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K. HAT AI

types have been noticed, they are, hranching a nd non-bra nchingamong the pu nctate fOl"i~s , a nd non-punctate am ong the rhynchonellid brachiopods.
Among the sp ecies having an impunctate sholl, the fo llowing
a re worthy of mention, namely ;H emithY1'is p sittacea (G~1ELIN ) ... . . . : . . . . . Recent and fossil
I-I. bmtGnsi H AYASAKA . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . .. . Fossil
II. pelltLcida Y AB E a nd FL'I 'l'AI .. . . . . ... . . . Recent
H. p ewlia1'i s NOMURA a nd H A1'A I . . . .. .. . Fossil
Neo hemithY1'is ltwida (GOULD) . ... . .. . . . . . R ecent and fossil'l 'egtdo1'hynchia docle1'leini (D AvID SO:~) . .. . Recent
Of the above mentioned for ms, T egti lo1'hynchia ' clode1'leinih as a ch aracteristic pr ismatic structure of shell, tha t Of H emithY1'isp ell1icicla is som ewhat capillary, whi le H emith Y1'is psittacea shows
also a prismatic .structure.
Among the form . belonging to the punctate g roup, two types.
of . punctae ar e recogni zed, namely, branchin g and non, branchin g.
Th e branching punctae ar e found in form.s possessing r adial striae
a nd those of the non-bra nching types in those without radia l striae.
T h e character,i stic species of the branchin g type are;T e'l'eb1'attLlina 1'et1isa (LINNAEUS) . .. . . . . . R ecent and fossil'1'. japonica (SOWERBY) . .. .. . . .. ..... . . R ecent and fossil
1'. pacifica YABE and HATAI . . . ... . . . . . . Recent'1'. kiien si s DAI.L and PILSBRY .. . .. . . .. . R ecent and fossil'Pe?'ebmtalia gou lcli i (DALL) .. . . . . ... .. R ecent and fossil
Copt othy1'is gmy i (DAVIDSON) . , . ... . . .. .. Recent and fossil
Th e branching pa ttern is most clearly seen in the valleys between the ra dial rib., ; from the bJttom of the valley they extend
outwardly to the radial ribs on their sides. There are also othernot be enumerated at thisspecies belonging here, but theyplace. Among those belonging to the non-branching type, thefollowing are worthy of mention;
G1'yplms steMn.,i DALL and PILSBRY .. .. R ecent a nd fo ssil
T e1'ebmtalia c01'eanica (ADAMS and REEVE).. . . . . ..... ... . .. . .... .. . .. . . . . .. .. . R ecent a nd fo ssil
Laquws 1·tLbe llus (SOWERBY) ... .... . . . . . Recent an d fossil
Nippon ithY1'is nipponensis YABE and HATAI. . .. .. .. . . .. .... .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . R ecent a nd fossil,,,ill-( 9 ) -

A Ehort K ole on the Punctatioll of the Brachiopod Shell

153.
In the car;o of NipponithY?'is nipponeliJl§i~, .the branching pattern is found at the median septum, Quh not elsewhere, thus it
was placed in the above group, Probably all of the species ofG?'yph~Gs, Laq~wls, PictothY?'is and other genera provided withsmooth sculpture belong here. There are a large number of
species and genera belOllging to the group with non-branching
punctations, but they will not be enumerated h ere.
Studies on the pnnctations of the form s in our possei3sion
show that BUCKMAN and McCoy were quite right in their statements, and that PERCIVAL, although correct for his species, cannot
be appJied to our species as a geneml rule. For example, JapanithY?'is ??w?'ia e (A. ADAMS) can easily be distinguished from J,
nipponensis Y ABE and HA'rAI, by means of the punctation alone,
one being fine and dense and the other being coarse and notdense. Ther efore, the chances for differentiating species by meansof the shell pUl1ctation is rather good, but whether this statement
may hold good for other species or not is yet to be settled. However, should my assumption prove correct, then it follows that,fragmentary specimens may be generically or specificall y determined in fossil state by means of the punctations-method. I feelthe necessity for this study and hope to carryon further studies
ill the: futuTe.
At 'this place I ::;hould like to record my sincere thanks to
Prof. H. Y ABE, under whose direction I am now studying ther ecent and fossil brachiopod fauna of Japan, for the kind advices
and supervision given me throughout the course of stndy.

~J;Ut:;l~K1t1:i1lliIJE!fn (7)r&: ;3'$-& canals 3(f';J: tubes-c~&:M (Periostracum) bili-tf-fK lamellar

K J:: ~ :f:l/f~ ;HL,

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layer K -Cll:1~c ~f'i ;tL~o z~ C') :fL

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154

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1) impuLlctate ")~)(:c 1-]-)- ~ t ~) f;J: R hyncbollellic1ae II) t (1) I ':~ <, prismatic

JJcrY cftpillary structure 7;' !<l<tfDi.*~~1- ~o 2) pUllctat e ")~jW: 2~~;W#~:.:i'h ji.::~~1radial ribs :c :fT-)- ~ ~LJ: - {jli:I ': :$)-I!l1(~rj~-Z:', ;{-]" L t.: v' t ") f;J:jYI.f:1rrYM<:'ib 0 0~rt~f;J::£!:I;: J: M}!Jdil!: J:

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155.28. Pathologic Examples of Fossil Deer Boneand Antler from the Fissure
tl'i
Deposits of Kuzuu.
It

By

Tokio SHIKAMA.
(Contribution from the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,
Toholru Imperial University, Bendai, Japan. Read Nov.
21 st.; receil'ecl Nov. 25th.; 11)36.)./. Deer r emains· of differ ent species frOlTt the limestone fiSSlll'O
deposits of Kuzuu, Simotuke province, are very important asmaterials for studying the Pleistocene deer history of Japan.
Among a great number of limb bones, rib.:i; .ver tebratef', teeth,
skulls and antlers of deers collected by the wi'iter from the locality
there 'were found two fragmental remains of anomalous grol,\7th, aleft metatarsus (proximal part) ·and a right antler (basal part),
both probably of Ce1'vlls (D epC1'etia) praenipponicus, SHIKAMA,
which is a very peculiar, rather primitive deer of the Japaneso
Pleistocene.
The anomalous m etatarsus has a distinct hyperostosis of spongy
substance' espe~iall y on the aft side; it is tuberculous and lamellar
postc60rly, pOJ'OUS anteriorly and sm.ooth laterally. The medianaft groove 0f the cannon bone has yanished due to hyperostosis.
On the inner -latera l side is a bordered hallow penetrating the aftwall of the bone,. and the marrow cavity is blocked by pathologic
osteogenesis above tho hollow. The hyperostosis outside the bone
Ivall may b e due to osteoma, while the hollow to tumors of bono
marrovl'. This exmnplo is well allied to the case of a cannonbone of deer r oported by O. ABELl) from the Pleistocene of Hundsh eim, Austria. As tho writer could ascertain the accumulationof deor remains in the limestone fissure of Kuzuu to bo due tosome natural agencios, !O uch as ·rainfall, hillwash, landslide or
certain others,. the anomalous bono now at hand can not be con1)

O. ABEL (1936), VO l'zeitlicheu Lebemspnren, p. 559.

- ( 12)-

156

Pathologic Example3 of Fossil Deer Bone and Antler

sidered as a case' of cave-arthriti~, as seen in certain examples ofcave bear from the Drachenhole near MiXnits r eported by O. ABEL
and R. BREUER. ,The anomalous antler is of an adult animal; its dimensions(in mm.) are given below in comparison "with those of a normal
one (the parntype of pmenipponicns);
anomalousnormalside-to&f ore-•&'..a f t .side-to-,.' Sl"d e fore- -aft side
Circumference of bul'!'
39.5
37.5
35.0
33.5
Ditto under first tin e
27.0
17.0
45.0
26.0
Ditto above first tine
13.0
26.0
17.5
25.0
Di.-tance between burr and bifl1l'cation 92.0
89.5
It is much smaller and poorly constructed; the beam above
the bifurcation is abruptly stender, and undulated antero-posteriorly.
The first tine is very small. A callus at the outer-posterior sideof the poi.nt of bifurcation may have probably been produced
either by a break of beam just above it or in reaction to stimulus
r cceived in polishin g antlers. The beam under bifurcation is bent
ont,vards in an angle of about 20° with the pedestal and the part
above the point of bifurcation rever sely or imvards' in an angle ofabout 25° to that . under it.
In general, stunted or imperfect antlers of deer are due tothe insufficient osteogenesis of anomalous animals detrimented intheir reproductive organs or having ,veakened metabolism owing to
deficient feeding or movement of bodies. Dr. Y. ABE' ! reported atincieEs antler of an adult deer from Mt. Siraki, Mita-village,
Takada-district, Aki province, aDd stunted antlers of deer from
Miyazima of Seto-Uti resulted from poor metabolism characteristic
to the isolated life in such a small islet. Accordingly the fossil
antler now at hand may perhaps bo all analogous example of thepast.
The obliquity of beam to pedicle is a feature frequent in the
Pliocene deer belonging to Anoglochis and a lliei:', as Ce1'vns (Ano glochis) a?'deus CROIZET and JOBER1.', C. (A.?) kaz1Lsensis MA1.'SUMOTO
and C. (Depc'I'eticL) kohLb1Lni SHIKAi\IA, but rath er rare in C. CD.)
pmenipponic1Ls SHIKAMA ; h ence it is very likely that this feature
1) Y . ABE (1936 ), Zool. Mag., Vol, 48, No. 4, pp. 177- 178.
-

( 13 ) -T. SIUKAMA

157

is a primitive charactcr of them, and its appearance in the anomalous antler no,\, at hand may be interpreted as an atavisni.
Finally the ,vriter wishes to record his warmest thanks to
Prof. H . Y ABE and Mr. K. HATAI for their kind assistance given
during the course of the study and also for corrccting the present
note before pll blication.

T-!l1J·:rJ;~(I,)~iW:ljUl'Wi.1 J:: ~ iit

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Explanation of Plate 2 (1)C e1'VUS (D el'e1'etia) l'1'Cwnil' l'onictts SHIKAlIfA.

Fig. 1. A nOl'lnal adult left metatarsus ; aft side cited for compari~son. x O.5
Fig. 2. An anomalous left metatarsus ; inner side of proximal portion X .1.
Fig. 3. Ditto. Af side of proximal portion. xl
Fig. 4. Basal portion of an anomalous right antler with pedestal.
xO.5- ( 14)-

Jour. GeoJ. Soc. Japan, Vol. XLIV, PI. 2 (1) (SHIKAMA)

iiiii~~i~~rr~ Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3Fig. 4

i1B'l'f1 11 6p 9 JJ 26 '""';;j<: r!r1:.tfJlf!~~l1t 4 Il!H9UifIl a: JIDjf';j't~*-J,~tlll~1l"iS J1I!.'f§t~~:k*Kii~'-C lj:i1W.-t 0 ~Mlif~3lEKili'IUJfJ~.iHl :kcn:tm L 0±f~lli!Wi!.§:.1trf[A!HJi ~ ±f~ffim'2<:~;nllif!frt-(;:r&~-1t;;, E!r,;);JmJI!1t1:i~
fLJliIt!liitc Cl) .l:til~~~
illy
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EI;<1<:iili Robtllus costatus (FICIITEL and MOLL) .2i<. Vqi~.ill!flllK)l,t
,,'-c
ill}
r;lf
li
An Occurrence of R eceptaculites from the Ordovician ofNorthwestern Corea.
Nolimo IREBE
A Brief Note on the Genus Ech-inamchnius.
Syozo NISIYAMA
Calliost(ma shinagawaensis TOKUNAGA' an:l Its Allie:i Species
Nobuo IREnE 'from the Pleistocene of South Kwanto
An Abnorm~l Form of Umbonium monil'ffcrtlm (LIMAHCK)
from tbe Pleistocene of Sisui, Tiba Prefecture.
Koiti SUZUKI
Fossil Mollusca from the .Seki Beds of Mituisi-yama, Tiba
Prefecture. (Studies on the Fossil Mollusca of the 'Ko iti SOZUKI
Boso Peninsula. No.3.)
Quaternary Non-Marine Gastl'opo:is from l'sing-"ing an:l
. ShilJ -cbia-c~uang in North China .
Koiti SUZUKI
N~ -~& 1:0 '7 """ t- < :1' '71 '71 GY1'aulus cD 1 fill, !j<\<;:;I;~~4N-:f­'ft.t
JiX,,'-c~r:1;;j<:EIt TW"1"itelia IlfJ K)/,,tv·-C:*- :!§i 5(iQ Z JJ)JThe Geologic Significance of the Hecent Mollusca fi'om the.
Vicinity of I sinomaki, Rikuzen.
SU,ihei NOMUHA an:l Kotora HA'r,IIOn' the Brackish and Fresh--Watel' Shells of the Tetol'i
Teiichi KOBAYASm and Koiti SUZUKI
Series.
Re,tudy on the FRECH'S Type Specimens of Actinocem s
Teiichi KOBAYASH'I
j·ichthojeni.
Apical End of the Ordovician Cephalopo:l and its Bearing
on the Classification.
Teiichi KOBAYASHi
Restudy on the DAMES' Type Specimens of Cambrian Trilobites from South Manchlll'ia.
Teiicbi KOBAYASHi
Cambrian Faunas of the Bunkei and Tanyo Areas, South
Teiichi KOBAY'ASHI
Chosen.
K otes on the Nomenclature of the Cambro-Ordovician
Fossils.
Teiichi KOBA YASm
Fossil Elephants from Tiba Prefecture, Japan.
Fuyuji T AKAI~:lr~J: lJr&Ji!.Cl) Desmostylus
fit! :ik 111 JJlt
!1!!.'l1I:~1-1i;Cl)tM*Cl)~;tp,( K;iX,,'-c!fI; :\1l" B 3~ll
On the Epidermis of Ile.7: 7n'iyagiensis sp. nov. from theLower Lignite Bed neal' Sendai.
Misaburo SIIlMAKUHA and Hamo OKUTSU
i§it'jllrlflifjJ<J1 Cl)':::=:: (1.J Sphenophyllum K);:,t", -C
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Rotal'iel-ium, a New Genus of Foraminifera from the P,-icific.

-(15' ) -Kiyosi ASANO

fll'liiJjf

]59.

On the J apanese Species of Gussidu/ina.
Kiy03i ASAKO 'and Masayosi NAKAMURA
Brachiopoi Morphology; Studies on the Anterior and Lateral Commi~sure s of Certain F orms and the Curvatureof the Beak, their Relationship and Morpho!ogical'Kotora HA'l'AI
I mportance.
K otora RATAIA Short Note on the Pqnctation of the Brach iopo:i thel!.
On Some Terrestrial Gastropods from K uzuu, Totigi Pre. fecture.
K6iti SUZUKI
Molluscan Fossils from. the Pleistocene Dep03it of Sisinai
Tunete ru OINOM IKADO
in Tobetu-IYJ;ura, I sikari-Gun, H okkaido.
CCl1'diurn (Nernoca?"Clhlrn) iwak'iense Makiyama coj i!J. ~ (J~jJf((;:Ie ji!J.lilll(j~7)-;ffi K Jl,t-c

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.Iih ;tlHbl\ilii foF! fRT IIH iii co 1l-1t E K nXv' -C
On Some Middle Cretaceous Fossils from H oklmiclo. (COl~­tributions to the Cretaceous P alaeontology of J apan, II.)

k

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Jl))

Tatmo MA1'uMOTO
K
7'\.
jff

Brief Su=ary of the Cambro-Ordovician f'helly Fauna ofSouth America,
Part I. Faunal Aspect and its Bearing on' the EoPalaeJZoic P alaeogeography,
Part II. List of Non-Graptolite Faunas,
Desmostylus co7~ W.lkrJ&W.K)JXv'-C
Pathologic Examples of F ossil 'Deer Bone and Allt!er from. the Fissure Deposits of Kuzuu,:Jjft:eJ<K -CfiJi!.-!t;r, JID:1tE Cl.:> -flll K)};,t-c
Wit1ii::kllXiLIlII!Jlj',IJt& t'7 :/ '€: A. J (Elephas Zjj'i1T;:igen·ius) I'C)jXv'-C
E~fiM:tFJY!i1/ll'cotF@"~':::=K1M:v' -C

Teiich i K OBAYASlll

Tokio SIKAMA
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Notes on the Bast of Mesozoic Conifers,
A,

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29. Brachiopod Morphology: Studies on
the Anterior and Lateral Commissuresof Certain Forms and the Curvatureof the Beak, their Relationship andMorphological Importance.
By

Kotara M. HATA!
(Contri bution from th e Institute of Geology and Palaeon tology, 'J 6hoku
Impe ri al University, Sendai, Japan . Read Nov. 21st.:
reeeived Dec. 25th. 1936 )Up to the present time studies on the morphology of theBrachiopoda is mainly due to the elaborate studies by J. A. T nmI'SON, W. J. J ACKSON, F. BLOCHMANN and others. The morphological features to be di scussed in sh or t in this ar ticle are an extension of the ,-vork by the two former mentioned authorities. As
my work is yet in progress, I have no wish to state the results
which will come from the pl'e.'ently continued studies in morphological features of the Japanese recent and 10Esil Brachiopoda,
however, I wif: h m 0rely to briefly outline some of the points
whi ch I believe to be of considerable importance in discrimination of genera and species on the one harid and to show theirr elationship to each other on the oth er. This article
notcover up all previous literatures concerning the subj ect as it ismerely preliminary to a more detailed study which will appear
in the near future.
Classification of the fossi l brachiopoda, unlike that of th er ecent ones in which the loop and other peculiarities are yetretained, is diffi cult owing to the fact that the interior features
are generally inaccessible and when accessib le, the l oop is notwill- ( 17 ) -234

Kotora M. HATAI

preserved in m.ost of the cases and never preserved in those withcomplicated loops as far a.. observed among Japanese specimens,
systematic morphological descriptions are frequently quite impossible. However, as a means for neglecting the interior features
which are gen erally inacessible, it seem s necessary to find therelationship existing between the interior peculiarities and theextern al morphological characteri. tics, in order to carry out amore or less .satisfactory basis for their classification.
·With such a view in mind, I have attempted to find therelationship existing between the folding of the valves, curvatureof the lateral commissure and curvature of the beak towards thedorsal valve. As the next step, I wish to find the relatiol1ship
existing between those features to the interior features ; thisstudy will be reported at a near date.
At th;s place I should like to express my sincere thanks to
P rof. H. Y.<\BE of the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,
T ohoku Imp rial University, Sendai , Japan, not only for the per Ju ission to publish thi s incomplete article but also for the criticisms and suggestions given me during the course of the present
study.
Th e figures in this article are reproduced from the work of
J. A . THOMSON, and the more important literatUre in r egard to
the present article, ' are given in the bibliography annexed at ' the€lnd.

Folding of the Valves
The type.. of folding in the Cenozoic Brachiopoda of JapanI S not exceedingly great nor varied, but even at that there are
Beveral interesting kinds observed among the r ecent and fossil
species. The types of folding of the anterior commisi:\ure and its
relation to the curvature of the lateral eommissure is h ere believed
to prove a great h elp in identification and classification. The
types of folding defined by THOMSON (1927, pp. 55- 60) are closely
followed and to make explanat ions clear, hi s :6.gures of the types·of fo lding of the anterior commissure are reproduced (Fig. 1.).
His definitions are as follows;
Sulcate (2): a single sulcus in the dorsal valve, opposed bya fold in the ventral. Also known as inve?'ted or ·no?·ella stage-( 18)-

235

Brachi o]:od Morpho:ogy.

/
/

-

""

/

~

- --

luleU0//~

Gulc iplicl1t o

pll rD ~ul cllteI~nnt'~l l ca:eFig. 1m RhYllchonellids and th e ceni?'onell n stage in · Ter ebratulids ;ventrally uni plicate,
I ntraplicate (5) : a fold raised in the middle of the dorsal
sulcu s. A lso known as ventral biplication and the prepygites
stage.
Para plicate (6): "folds are formed laterally of a dorsal lmlcus
which pOl'sisto, giving rise to biplication from a sulcate stage."
Also known as the holcothyrid stage.
Antiplicate (9) : " tho making of a dorsal fold in the sulcus
of a paraplicate changing the type from biplicate to ventrally
biplicate. Unknown in R ecent and Tertiary genera. "Unip licate (4): a single fold in the dorsal valve opposing asulcus in tho ventral valve. Also known as Everted or rhynchonella stage in Rhynchonellids, and th e lophrothyrid stage in
Tel'ebratulids.
Sulci plicate (7) : "the rai sed fo ld of the uniplicate stage isbroken down by median sulcation , and a fo ld is raised in themidd le of th e ventral sulcus-the reversed counterpart of intraplicate. BUCKMAN term s this typo of biplication the ter obra tu lastage. It occurs in 'Pe?'ebmtnla, G?'yplms, LiothY?'ellct, and Cancel lothy?'is, "Parasu lcate (8): a sulcus formed on each sido of th e uniplica·- ( J !I ) -236

Kotora M. I-lATAI-the reversed counterpart of paraplicate. "Dalli'na has ventral
biplicat.ion whi.ch in its marginal contours has much the appearance of parasulcation, but nevertheless is probably due toin traplication."
Episulcate (10): a sulcus is imposed upon the median plicaof a parCl sulcate form. A further modification of the para sulcate
and the rbver sed counterpart of anti.plicate.
Quadriplicate : Quadriplication may be produced by episulcation as just described, 01' by making folds after the paraplicate
pattern on an already-formed p~rasul cate. "Multiplicate : "Alternate multiplication may arise by the r epeated splitting (suI cation) of plicae in a folded shell, as in Eudesia,
which passes through a uniplicate sta ge, while opposite multiplication may arise in a similar w<!y from forms in the cincta stage."
The types of folding shown by the anterior commissure havebeen made fL basis of generic distinction by DOUVILLE (1879),
BUCKMAN (1907, 1918), and THOMSON (1915).
In the Japan ese species of Brachiopoda the kinds of folding
noticed are stated below. In 11 emithyris pellucida Y ABE andHATAI, the anterior comi15sure or folding is r ectimarginate, thatis to say, the commissure is in a plane. In I-I. psittacea (GMELIN)
and I-J. bra~msi I-IAYASAKA, the anterior commissure is strongly
folded unipli.cate and in such cases the lateral comissure is strongly ctuved dorsall y. In I-I. psittacea the folding or uniplcation
oftentimes shows a median ' sulcation in the r ai:::ed fold of the. plica, in this case the commissure becomes sulcipli cate. In H.
brc{'unsi, the uniplication is generally t:quarely incised and not
gently rounded . Although there is considerable change in thestrength of the anterior and lateral commi'3sures, very little changetakes place in the shape of the beak. Therefore, it becomes
evident that the folding of the anterior commissure is r elated tothe curvature of the lateral commissure.
In the genus Nipponithyris, two types of folding are found,
one is sulcate (N. nipponensis Y... BE and HATAI) and the other isrectimq,rginate (lV. s~{,bovata HATAI). In the former, the degreeof sulcation is not strong and concordant with thi s is the weakcurvature of th9 lateral commissure ; in the latter form, the r ectimarginate commi.ssure prese nts a truncated front margin with a-(20) -

Brachiopod Morphoiogy.

237

straight lateral commi::;sure. The latter form posse::s a very hi ghbeak which is nearly straight, whi le in the former the beak isshort, truncated and about suberect.
The species belonging to the genus Laq'Uens are all found to ·posseFs a straight lateral commissure and a r ectimarginate anteriorfold, but sometimes there is truncation of the valves as in L.
quadmt·u,s YARE and HATAI, or a tendency to bilobation as in L.
blanjordi DUNKER, or a straight or "weakly indented front margin
as in L. 1'1Lbellus (SOWERBY), ,veIl rounded as in L . ,japoniC1ls YARE
and HA'l'AI, or a squarely rounded one as in L. q1wcl1·atus YARE
and HATAI. Even though the auterior margin shows such a wide
range in its outline, the commissure is alway, · r ectimarginate andthe lateral commissure straight. In such specimens the beakseems to be nearly the same for all, being fairly promin ent, thebeak ridges are sharp and the foramen permesothyl'id and slightly
r emigrant. In the genus Pictothyris, the lateral commi ssure is theBame as in that of Laque1Ls and the anterior one r ectimarginate ;in these points both genera .are mu ch similar to each othol'. HovvDver, in PictothY1'is the foramen is at trite instead of r emigrant.
The genus Te1'ebmtalia is r epresented b y forms with a rectimarginate or sulcate anterior commissure and a straight or curved 'lateral comm.i.ssure.. The most characteristic species r opresenting
the sulcate folding is T . cC1'eanica (ADAMS and REEVE), h er e the. lateral commissure is strongly curved dorsally, and tho weakor
the su1cation becomes, tho weaker is the lateral curvt'. A typicalrectimarginato form is T. c;e ndcLica HATAI, T. innaiens'is (HAY ASAKA), or T. tenuis (I-lAYASAKA), in these form s both the anterior
and latp.ral commissnros are straight. A form with a fl exuous anterior commissnre is T. gmdclii (D.UL).
The anterior and lateral commissures of NeohernithY1' js l1LCida(GOULD) agree with EJ. psittacca oxccpt for staying within thelimits of rounded-uniplicate, and, the lateral commissure attains
a stronger cui've,
The genus G1'vplms r eprcsents three intoresting forms, one,-G. tolcionis DALL, posseEs a r ectimarginate anterior and a straightlateral commi stmre, the second, G . hanzawai YABE and HATAI
sho·ws a roundly and gently uniplication for the antorior and aweakly curved lateral commissure, the third, is G, ·stea1'nsi (DALL-(21)-

21)8

Kotnr a M, H ATA !

and PILSBRY), in this form the anterior is, in th e adult stage
sulciplicate and th e lateral commissure is very str ongly cll.ryed.
G, ang1da?'is (HAYASAKA) belongs to a flexuous type, very neart o G, hanza1UCti in its type of folding, G. ?'adiata HATAI h as arectimarginate fold, and a straight lateral commissure.
I n th e for ms of l 'e?'eb?'atulina dealt with" t h e anterior comm issure is represented by both rectimarg inate and uniplicate forms
with intermediate ones. The' lateral commiEslll'e is either straightor curved according to the type of folding of the anterior com:p:1issure. A t:Yl)ically r ectimal'ginate form is '1'. kY1tsyuensis Y ABEand H ATAI or T, photina DALL; fo r the uniplicate forms, T . ?'et'usct(LINNAEUS) and T . id1wnsis HA'l'AI are typical ; and for forms
with a very weak uniplication, '1' , c?'ossei DAVIDSON is notewor thy.
Even in some of the r ectimarginate forms, the lateral commifs nre
is found to be weakly cUI'\7ed, but becomes stronger w ith an increase in strength of anterior folding.
Th e strangulate stage, or when the anterior excavation, anda sulcus or depression in each valve, more or lef'S confined toanterior portion of the valves are indicated, the cincta stage properis indicated, Such a stage is found ill Laq1teUS blanjO?'di DUNKER,
The Cinta stage iR 'known as the opposite .tage and is subdivided
into, Ligate stage, Strangulate stage, Bilobate stage, and Metacarinate stage, according to THOMSON (1 927, p. 56).
From the data given above, it may be said that the lateralcommi ssure remains straight as long as the anterior commi ssure
or folding i.' recti marginate. Further, in uniplicate forms thel ateral commi.:sure is generally curved in the ventral direction,in su lcate forms, the commissure generally curves dorsally, and,in rectimarginate forms a straight lateral commiEsure is common.
Neoh ernithy?'{s ltt[ida repreRents the fir st form, T e?'el,?'atali a co?'wnica the second, and , L aq'ue1ls ?'ebellus th e third. It should also
be stated that in Dcdlina, where the anterior commi ssure isbroadly sulcate to intra plicate, the lateral commiESUI'O is curved
in tho dorsal direction, The above mentioned statement h olds
good for all except those belonging to the genus T e?'ebmt1dinct.
Th e r,elation between the anterior folding of -the valves andtheir lateral commissures seems to be much n ilated to the ontogeny of the folding, and may be called parallel development.
-(22 ) -Brachiopod Morphology.

239This parallel d,evelopment in the Cen ozoic Brachiopoda of Japan
appears to be valuable in discriminatiDg the fossil specimens,
especially when the curvature of the beak is brought into fullc onsideration. DE1termination of the species is often possible bystudying the parallel development aud curvature of the beak .

Curvature of the Beak in some Brachiopods
The curvature of the ventral beak towards the dorsal valve
i s quite variable in certain species yet found to be fairly constantin others. The t erminology of tho curvature varies with theauthor, and h er e the t erms proposed by THOMSON (1927, p. 80)
is followed, his figures are reprodu ced to make explanations clear.
The curvature of the beak is an important featme for specificdiscrimination and it alone, in cases where the interior features
are inaccessible, often becomes th o dec:din g point.

F :g. 2In H emithY?'i s the beak is ch aract eristically curved in rhynchonelliform man ner, being quite erect, its length may be variable but its shape is generally constant. Also in Pictothyris, wefind that in P. hanza~uai the beak is always strong ly incurved, apoint by which it may easily be distinguish ed from P. picta(DILLWYN), the gen otype of PictothY?'is. Among th e species ofTe?'e bmlia, T. i n nai en sis if:; di stinguishable from T. got~ldii byu sually h aving curved beak, from T. sen daica HA1.'AI by the ' samefeatu~e , both are di stinguiEhable from T. gouldii (DALL) by nothaving a truncated and worn beak. T. co?'ecmica is most variablein this respect, and the curvature of the ' beak d,oes not seem toplay any important role in discrimination ' of species among the
genu s T e?'eb?'atalia. Likewise in CoptothY?'is, the beak is toovariable to be of ' importance.
-( ·23) -240

K o~oraM, I-l ATA !

The gCl1 US G?'yphus pOff;efs sl:ch a characterist'c beak, thatit alone i s sUffi'cient in di stingui:;:hi Dg it from the other genera
k nown from J apan . , The lower 'part of th e be~ k (foraminal par t)
is characteristically curved in liplike fashion, the symphytium
underlying the beak is always complete aDd concave to some extent.
In the forms of this genufl, the bEa k alon e is the decidiDg factor
in the ina ccel"mbility of the interior featl:res as in fm'si l 'pecimens.
There are no other genera from Japan that possess such a beakas found in G?'yph1lS, The genera Dallina, Jolonica, Jap anithY?'isand CCL?njJages all res mble one another in the sh ape of the beak,an d differentiation by mean s of the beak alone would bring about
dangerous results in the pre.'ent casE', H ow vel', the f'i ze of 'thebeak, sh ape of the sym phytium and stren gth of the foramen areimportant, In Laq1wus we fi nd that the beak in all of th e forms
except L . P?'op?'ius YABE and HA'I.'A I, are constant. In the form'3of Te1'ebmttLlina the beak varies with age, i, e" in the adult form
the beak becomes truncated (st:berect), while in the young it ismuch higher . I n adu lt stage, the beak alone may di.'til1gui FlL
the gem: s 'Te?'ebmttdi?w from other genera, but in , r egard tospecies, its value is at pre!':rnt n ot cOllRiderabk. The genu s rPanakum is di stingui shable from the oihf'r genera in Japan , by mean sof the shape of the beak only. lYipponithY?'is is also distinguish edby the same manner, to this group may also be added S1L?'1Lgathy1'is and Di estothY?'is.

Curvature of the Lateral Commissure
Observations on numerous specimens of both recent and fossil m aterial has led me in believing that the late'r al commissure
is morph ologically more important than hitherto regarded. T e?'e bmtali a gotddii (DALL), and CoptothY?'is gmyi (DAVIDSON) including such forms as C. aomo?'iensis HAYASAKA (a synonym of C.
g1'ayi ) and C. b?'evis H AYASAKA (also a sy'nonym) and the typi cal
C. gmyi are indi stinguish able from one another in many cases
as they are merely ecological forms of each other, however,compared to T. g01Lldii, a form which is oftentimEs indistinguish able from some' of the forms of C. gmyi, distinction may befound in the lateral commi ssure, that of C, gmyi being indented
while that of T. g01Llclii is not so,- ( 24 ) -Brach iopod Morpbology.

24L

H emithyris psittacea (GMELIN) is dist.iilguishable from its subspecies, wood~ua?'di (A. ADAMS) by th0 lateral commissure; in theformer specie::; tiL0 commisRure is more strongly curved eventhough it may h ave a weaker uniplication compared to that of
the latter. H. lcynsyv,ensis Y ABE and HATA1 shows a straight or
rectimarginate anterior fo ld and is thus d istinguishable from~uooclwa?'di wh'i ch h as either a weakly un.iplicate fo ld and a gen tly
curved lateral commissure while kYl~sY1/,Gnsis has a straight lateralcommissure. II. b1"C~1~nsi HAYASAKA comes n ear to psittaeea but
is actually nearer to wooclwa?'cli in the strength of the lateralcommis.sure.
Alm.ost all of the sp3cies of Laql~e~~s show a straight commissure, except for L. japonieus YABE and I-I A'1'A1, which is in one
case, ventrally curved and in other cases it is flexuous. However, it is to be r egretted that PictothY?'is pieta (DILLWYN) cannot be d istinguished from L . n~!) ellns (SOWERBY) by m eaus of
the lateral commissure alone.
I n the gen us TG1'eb1"Ctt1dinc~, it is found that its species have
either a straight or a ventrally curved Jateral commissure, it isnever dorsally curved as in certain spocies of ot1ie~' genera. I n
one form , T . c?"ossei DAVIDSON, it varies from nearly straight toventrally curved. I n T. pacifiw YABE and HA'l'A1 the maximum
C1HVJ is s itua.ted posteriorly, thereon anteriorly it is as nearly:otraight as ca 1 be detected by tho eye. I n this case the curveis very sharp and shor t in length. Th':l su bgenus Sun~gathY1'ishas a straight lateral commissure, but is curved in th':l posteriorr egion noar th') hill ge-line, but the curve is so gentle that it ishard ly noticed.
Te ?"e b1"C~talia co?'eanica (ADAMS and REEVE) is characterized
by being strongly curved in the dorsal direction; the curve is alarge one and well defined. T . Eendaiw HA'1'A1, T . tennis (HAYASAKA), a:l d '1'. innaiensis (I-L'lYASKA) all p :)ssess a straight lateralcommissure, but ar distinguish able from each other by meansof the sh ape of the beak.
The latera l commissur e of Dallina is u sually curved towar ds
the dorsal valve. III D. obessa Y ABE and HATA1 and D. mphaelis(DALL) this is soon noticed. The lateral commissure in D. obessa
appears to be) rec urved, in D. 'Y)liyatokoense H A'l'AI it is weak ly-( 25 ) -Ko tora M. H ATA I

242

curved or nearly straight, and in some specimens of 1). 'm phaelis,th e lateral commissure is almost straight .
Although the lateral commissure sh ows variati Qu in different
individuals of the same spec ies~ there appears to be a tendency
to curve in a defi ned dii'ection according to speciefl and genus.
This tendency is in accordance with the curvature of th e beakand folding of th e valves. A threefold relation lead!> to importantmorphological features.
'

Bibliography
BEECHER, C. E. : R evisi on of t h e F ami lies of L oop -b ear ing Bl'Rchiop oda,
1'ran s. Conn . Acad .. Arts Sci., Vol. 9, pp. 376- 391, 1895.
BUCKMAN , S. S.: B rachiopod Morp hology : Cincta, E ud esia, and the Deve lop men t of Ribs, Quart. Jo ur. Geol. So c., Vol. 63, pp . 338-343, 1907.
//
T lJ e Brachiopoda of the Namyau Beds, Nort hern Sh a nStates, Burma, Palaeont. I ndica, Vo l. 3, Mem. 2, 299 p p ., ]918.
DESLONGCHAMPS, E ..E. : Note sm' Ie clevelop p e ment du deltidium ehez lesbrachiopodes articules, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 2, Vol. 19, p p .
409-413, J862.
J ACKSON, W . J . : Brachiopod Mor phology: Notes a nd Comments of Dr .
J . ALLAN TrrOll1:S0N'S Papers, Geol. Mag., dec. 6, Vol. 3, 'p p . 21-26,
1916.
T rro1l1sON, J . A . : Brachiopod Mor p hology : 'r ypes of F oldin g in theTe2'ebratulaeea, Geol. l\fag., dec. 6, Vol. 2, pp. 71-76/ 1915.
1/:
Th e Classificat ion of t he Tel'ebrat elli dae, Geo1. Mag.,
dec. 6, Vol. 3, p p. 496- 505, 1916.
1/:
Brachiopod Morphology aud Genera (R ece nt a nd Tcl't ial'Y), New Zealan d Board of Sci . A :t t ., Manual No. 7, ]9 ~7 .

JDtiJE@Jm'b J.L~~ : ]IZ :0 1I'b 7) mr B11111z Ie 1JW'ffl\~ifR rJ~rr V') m1 rliI , Jlt~ 7)
i:j§1L~rut*2Z. rJMtL~~a"J]!W'l:1 1e ~ft0 L V') 1i£FYE (j~jlJl:=)
~1Il

:tl-

/j'

u/f.

l)~1:E filiiJE91'i l) 5HJl : :l'l',J L ~ 1I:.!I\iUIS;-:: llilJl:=iiil:', ~ ~1.- t.J. 7J>"? tdi}fiJ:J;J(ls M1'!:j' l'UJiH-:: i:tliFJJ:Ij1~ ii/l'v:-e

m- is c ,'[l'fft ~ ~1.- is a Illl 'S7lX 7.)iJtr1liS:;lt : ;: flI1Jh11 1~% CD 7f}jlk1k V:nJ.ljCD Jlj] ilil CD '/1 jlk, :;It:·;: Jlt~ CD ;frl1LlUl1* !:;: .J: -::J -e JroJllu.::fif(CDm:z>JII ~ ~ is j;J1%;?;lif < t.J. ii' afifF':Itl'1 m1:EiEfr CDii; 'I' K';;;' is i'ilc, ;!'tffr:ll', :;:)}')tv, -CI';l: * tc'ifliii1k L11ft.J. v''!? ' c ,'iI',V;t ~ is t ")'&rF:jll,:;7)1ytl ~K ~ilLv' -ella Lt-:: a-( 26)-

j;, 2,3 CD:ill.lJl:='I1';;;'

30. A Fossil Frog fro m Japa n .
By

Yaichiro OKADA(Zoo:ogical Institute, Tokyo Hi6ber Normal College.
Received Jim. !l71.b.; read Jan. 301h.: 1937.)

In 1934 Prof: J. MAKIYAl'l'IA and Mr. Y. KIMIZUKA of the Geo-'
logical J:n stitute of Kyoto Imperial University reported tl}e .occur-·rence of the present specimen of fOf:sil frog i ) Then they p~inted
out it belonging toRq,na, but did not give any specific name . Since
fossil frogs are extremeJy rare, I reexamined the speci men through.
the courtesy of Dr. J. MAK IYAlIIA, ' who has kindly placed it at
my disposal.
On the 12 th of Augu, t . 1933, the present
fo,'sil was found when
they were collectin gfossil plants in a bed
at an attitute of 1200 m.
in Taruno-sawa, 'on the, Q.uthern side of X a,butoiwa, Minami f··aku. county, Nagano Prefecture.
The Kabuto-iwa is ,.
a i att of the table land
lying in the · southernpoint of Al'afune-volcano, which is known
as one of the dissectedvolcanoes, lying between
Shinan o and K ozukc
Provinces. I n this district is developed . thePleistocene deposit com.,. .
Text·fi g. 1. Banp. a1' chitem]JG1'a1'~Ct
posed ;0£ an alternation
about na'tural s ize.
.
,. .

l

1) 'Cbikyfl, 1934, v.o'. 21, no. 5, pp. 5-8, p I. 5, t cxtfig. 1.
=

(27)

,

Yaiehiro OKADA

244

of thi.n tuffaceous shales and sandstones. The shale i, ' grayish or
light reddish brown il~ cololll", and very thin, H1@
asuring 1 cm. at
the thi.ckest. The tuffaceous sandstone is grayish brown or light
bro'wn, and is var ~ab le in thickness, but seldom reaching 10 cm.
F o,'sil bearing bed is about 8 m . thick and intruded by thepyroxen e andesite. The rock a~ the contact part becomes h ard
and is apt to be easily broken into pieces. The layer remote fr om 'the lava is less inclined with a strike of N. 30° W . and a dip of
NE 8°. '1'110 fossil bea~'ing bed looks like the obsidian but carefulobservation reveals that fo ssil plants are present In it and its motherrock is an aql:eOl:S deposit.
'
The fossil frog ·specimen discovered in the shale and is secondarily flattenEd so tha t the breadth of body may be increased~ Thefragments or sk elet.on s were left both on the upper ·and lower slabs.
The muscular portion is of sel)ia color, while the eye.and visceralportion s are black. The cartilagenous part is · faintly traceable.
This fo ss il specimen was compared with Rana · fem.po?"a?·iaternpo?"a?"ia L. an d Rana nig?'omaculata nig?'omaculata H. of Japan .
It i, agrees with the recent species in the length of the body.
However, in regard to its skeleton it resembles Rana tem,po?"a1'iil
tempo?"a?"ia rather than Bana nig?'ornawlata nig?"oma c ~~la ta . The
distinct featuro of the present specimen in comparison with therecent specie, ' i. ' its shorter cranium and limbs, as ·will be seen in
the following table. T?-ereforn I wish to propose a now name ofRana a?"chitem.po1·aria for the fossil frog.
Fossilspecimen
48 mOl.
20
13

From tip of h ea·d to anus
Breadth of cranium
Length of craniwn
Breanth of frontoparietal
4
L ength of frontoparieta l
913.5
Length of brach ium
Thickness of bpad of bracb ium
2.5
Length of antebrachium
fJ
Thickness of distal eud of antebl'>lCh iw]1 2.'>
Total length of vertebrae
32
Length of urostyle14
L ength of vertebrae proper
18
Lengtb of process of third vertebra
4
Length of femur
23
-

,

(28)-

Rana ni g1·.
n,'ig1'omaculata
62 mOl.
24
24
4.5
14
14.8
3
9.2
3
38
18
20
4
24.9

R m:a temp.
t emporaria

59mll1 .
24
22
4
1l
20.5
4
i3
4
54
26
.28

5
37

245

A F O.isi I Frog from J apa n...oThickn<:ss of b ead of femur
Tbinnermost portion of femur
Lengl b of tibia
Tbickness of bead of t.ibia
Breadth of acetabulum
Length of ilium

3.5
1.5

1.

4
1.5
35

25

24
1.5
4
18

4
4

4.5

22

29

4.5

I n writing the present paper I than k Dr. S. TOKUNAG A for
his suggestions and criticisms.

lIi:l'f:!I 5 "1.0. 5 JH;::wHj·~;/1. 1:: "1w.:eR" I ~ , Ji(:IIj;1iJ'~*t!f~{i\'tlll *RI\i\J;i±1kV: ;g'~))]htlRI\Jf!

±;?' , ffi: illI-l\i,f:ft\: / i'.~ C'J 1200 :)j(: 7) ±w.lt:/~;?, IS'**~ ~1.- t::: !/lli IV1'/:::G ~;::;1X ~ wt£~ ~ ;tt. t::: o7C C')tlcriIDti

c. L.. -c Vi , f.t.f5N;;jq-j: 7 ;!J;lf~ I~JZii Bana /';::'f.-';-;i Q Q b ~) <:<b Q ;?', fm.1;j{ij'Uf.J.t L..tJ: v' c IV ~J:):<: <b-.?tr: 0 ~P;:1!!fVi i"l~j'\i:o.:>1ill W-:~:-;:: J: ~, k C') t~i:>j~ ~ 'f-FJi!. i" Q ~J:r.;?qfl3{H::: IV <:, z;/1. ~m. fri" Q*~IIK:Ii':l:b =Mf.ill1tJ: Q ~ / .y- .... ;lf~ I~ Bana n,i,gj·. nigj'omaculata H. 1kV::z. '/7 :JJ jf~
I~ Ranet temp. tempO?'aj'ia L. r.N:fill 7) , *1'/:::Gt~Pl;:: c B1ll- vrIf.iJ ~ IV b 0) C')'jlJ'f!'l1- ~ C. ~ ;fUJ;I:~[:(
L..tt: Q K , 1'/: ::Gt~;;j;::Vi I- / .y- .... ;If ~ I~ J: ~ Z~9:n -.?tr:o'/ Tj] j)' ~;v /-;:: , k OJ '~J'f!'lFjjJ'H~b 'W: 'L 1.> Q 1:. C.

i'§. L..f.t.t1'i;;jqj:I'ivrIf.iJ ~:& C').:r. -/7:JJ ;lf~/~ ~;::J;I: L.. ,liB(~f.'m· IV~~1kLFrwti;?'/J'<:,.El.-.?Tlu'l*:jiJlj}JX;?( ~L..< Xitv ' b C') <: vQo {:t(-.?'L ,Z;/1. ~~ifmc

L.. Bema architempo?'a7'ia cI.

11t'.1;i" Q ;;j;:Tt/fv'1: ~ iffitr Q 1-;::1;ij ~, XI·:lWfJ~.ft".:>fiE~i]: ~:lfQ.--- b;/1. t::: . 'i!ihkifl ))]tjt~±r;::~t2:x z&
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J~:f'L-t -'5rftj'~f't 240*£ t ~ -'5 f71Jr...Y;f~O 7' -1 7· ~ Genotypc C \,rI~" en0

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Type genus

r"

~£i:~

fL-r -'5 i1> e n t ~ 5 ~0f:I1fL~r... -'5 ~,~iJ,t:r: \,rio
7' -17·~IM::m:fL* !Jj&bOf't!Ii;\J;J,T o 5f~jot~H;' -c'~ -'5

0

MJo 7' -1 7· ~~~.

t.&"C'f't Tne~ ~M c \,rl bo.f't e~KJ:!J~~G~~ o ~~-r -'5 m~f't

Jj!$~K J: !J ~~0~/1'i.l ~ ~ iliJ'~'LfJ:. \,ri o ~o~.N:JY.f't~~K J: !J t;Jc~-e f'tt..: Gt..:\,ri o mOJJj[lf:1lfoli2.;tll:fim1\ bkAK Wl~-r -'5 1h 0 -c'fi fJ:. \,rio ~1:it.&-c' f'tJ!IU cllli

J%J C f't/1'i.l - ~1~:"C'1& bo .lI:f:;j'iJ:iL: genotype iJ> subgellotype~~fJ:.v-:5 G f't L \,rI4]1f.iJ>!b -'5 0~kK~r...~;l.l'f·t..: G~ .

genotype f'tilI11!r~J:-c'f't~ <Jj Jj o ~i~Q* ojff:i·"C' ib !J , ti~!jI!11~J: K t ~~ ~f9~~l((* L -efflU. Gn -C ?l -'5 o e 0 * "1::- ==- A 0fnJfl.-il':$tiJ'fL$t\,rl -e ;t- ;;<:'-F - /iJ,~t.tc::4]1f. t ~ -'5iJ">. , Jr:~J: genotype c \,rIf't

i" c t type -c'4]1f.JE!J -'5 0 -c'5fiji~OJj ~ m'ltffl L kJjil'~ \,rI C1§i" -'5

0

J!lUo 7' -1 7·Kf't~~ t.&0~~ k:miji iJ'~ -'5 0 ~n '!:JJJj[lf:1lf O t§'~ Lk to,monotypy, tautonymy, ipso facto type, i&-C't§'~ L t<: t o~""e~ -'5 0 .lI:f:;~;mt..:.
fillijiKf:t L geno c type onfJK~'ii'fJ:.~~:j~A.,lc1:iil':f.lf::I±\ L -e ~ ~o LiJ, L.
- ( 30 ) -

1

I,l

7'

Q)

/111.

fill

.247

ti:iI> :G~*:~f~ T«rJrK*m. L~LL Ii?l ti: 0j], G, m:lfIiJE~ ~~c:I~~ L ti: 11 fL
1;f~~i.I>l),' L t ~1,Ij ~ ti: 0'Ff*1 -C-i/;:Q 0 ~rJjKqi/lilffbj~~0 COlil.l::-U ~f~j;;: 0i.1'~!&tli ,:' H* ~ 1c:l1i~ Lti: 11 fLr;fti: G ti 0 0 .lI:l:iI'tK5fili genotype ;&0' ..': ,fLK1~1°..b~
apog'enotype, genoholotype, genoplesiotype , ~1,) ilf..~ ~~FJF L t'L 0 0 ·1ff1m-r"" .
~ ~mfj:p< ·t

30 . Ii'e/; ~ 0

flI!(7)3" -17' 1i type specimen -C-i/;~ o lMlkli3" -17't~bjs: ~~ (7)*fM'~mK1*1f:
T ~~~~ ~o ~~(7)M~~~.~~~t-r ~o 3"-1~ (7) U.lim0k~a~

ib ~o flI! (7) /fiJJEK 3" -17" Ii*Elt:tti:~~-C-i/; ~ i.I' i:fLKJJmtJl-r ~ 1iJ\I:( L0

0

~fH'

Hom o sct,iens (7) 3"-17":&: ~n-:JL?l -O iJ'0 *31~flI!Ii3"-1 7" K~iFtG~t, t ~PJ,cM~-c' i: fL ~ holotype"" ~ *:f~'(7) t (7) -C' ti: fj' ~1...f;f ti: G tx. 0 0 *~ (7) 3" -1 7" Ii IIjk-t, 0b o holotyp e .!;I,7i- 7.) IJf( ~clW<K~m LktJ¥f*~ paratypes

t L,

i:fLi.I'~

Tliit!!. (7) TtffYLt~~ml'C X:t~~ L L~X.r-...ti: 0 0 i5-}'ti~-C' tx.0 = ;f)c.!7{ (7) ;;{:;IJ- :iJ-:}t~ co-t L k~% t ib ~ i6, Zc;;{:J{PJlliJ':&: h()~otype t Lit!!. ~ pal atype K T

types
.

'

"

I

~ i.I.' iE L '0 0 allotype
bi6~m-C' i/; ~ot Ii pal'atype-C' i/;-':JL hdotype t ~'I!:Eti: t (7) ~ 0

anm:otype IiML(7) 3" -1 7"(7):Jjr-C'/Fm'C'&:>.-O o chil'otype IiJE

L < mr~~ fL-i5 ~ l}-(7). (7) 3" -1 7"'C'i/; -0 0 i:

t 1UHy;k(7) -t ,r&', ..b~o chol'otype

1i3"-17"t /fiJ ~7.) Ji-ft!H'C It -01t/Ei~*~0V. , topot ype Ii 3" -17" t /fiJ~:f;t!!.O'.:>t'l'?*~ 0 b o i: O)=Ii~fM!Pim t 1i,1[l,.r-...1i 0i.1';Q:'~1i~'C- t 1i 0 0 Jt1t!!.K::E~
ti:~fffi ~ i/; ~f -0 : clastotype

Ii holotype (7) 1~}'I' gynetype Ii Jlt1E 0'':> 3" -17",

ideotype IiJJJ[gEJI!!..!;I.j~ ")tJ\'?* ~ JJf(~::tfiJ' /fiJJE Ltc t (7) , morphotype 1i~7f~{t.
~7.) holotype .!;I,7i-7.)~ :&:1t* -r -0 t (7) , neaIJ otype Ii ~ 1i ~' (7) 3" -1 7 ", l1epio-

type IiY;JJfffill 7.) 3" -1 7"'C' i/; ~ o .lI:t~lifrtJfL t~oparatype 'C' ii;-':JL ~.&t1i WIf'C' ihhomoeotype IiTltii1iA.-n'/fiJJELtd~*, hypotypc 1i3"-17":&::t§"JELti:iJ'-':J

k~::tf 7.) f& LtdclW<;&V:[,1IK~m Lkt~l*'C' pl esiotype

Ii :/ /=..J.,. 'C' t* -'E:-

ib ~=. .l, C' tt /fiJ t. c'ih ~o (1f~

ih -0 (7) 'C'1ff1~ ~ .:0)., lectotype Ii 3" -1 7":ti1iJE

n ~ t (7), neotype 1i:>i(lifLtc !J -1 7"v 1tmfb'J, plasMype

1X. ~~i5-1&c'JEC6 G

1i!J-17"(7)/Ei{r~7.)-'E:-:T')v ,syntype Ii cotypet , : / / =..J.,.c'ih ~ o .!;I,J::Iii/;-':JL'l0m~ih-O~~<LtMKi5-b(7)~ ~ -O,-( 31 ) -. -

248
~ T .0 I'C 5 -1 7'1'C BID T .0 Qil1JF.r:f Vi ib i

~ Wf< ~i-It t <7J iJ~ ib ~ t"~., - i td~m:;;lf 11:

JE~U: !~k 1'C~.oiJ' Gt~~E ~*Tf;fil' ~ c 'il>.o o ~il> 0-Cintlt \,A.II:l:.~ <7JF.r:f Vi,fGI,

0. '@- ~ };!;-C -C L- i.b ~=:;;If(/)

lj. b~,~ ~ L-,

m~ L-, ;flIt<7J 5 -1 7'l'Ct:t L- -CVi bolotype, pal'atype <7J
pJt topotype, bypotype, lectotype, neotype Vi:r~-%I'C

Discussion of Type (Resume)
By
Jil'O MAKIYAMA
Types in taxonomy are coming · up for discussion. There are at least 240
names of different sorts of types, without taking words in another side of biology
and in printing into account. Of these some number being synonyms or homonyms will be given up. Statements or outlines of -such special names of types
have been changed fr equently by later writers. To make simpler the words used
in J. R. Z. N. are only offered and if needed a short account on the special quality of that type may be given. The simple word" type" will do enough in atl
cases, for example, it is clearly pointing type species when it is used respectinga ge~us. Holotype and parat,ype are the npcessary words, while topotype, hypotype, lectotype and neotype may b~ used sometimes as well.

-( 32 ) -- -32.

Sundry Notes .on Living and Fossil
Tubipora. t)
By

Hisakatsu YABE and Toshio SUGIYAMA

I.

'.

.

(Cont.ribut.ion from the In stitute of Geology and Palaeontology,
Tohoku Imperial University, Senclai, Japan. Read andreceiYecl J an . 30th., 1937.)(Wit.h t.wo

Platl'S~

In the collection of the reef-coral s from the Japanese Seas andthe South Sea, there ~re numerous spehimells of the Alcyonarian
genus T1.6bip01'O" . their localities are ;_1. Titi-zi.ma (Reg. No. 44621?lalld Haha·zima (Reg. No. 44620),
both in the Ogasawara group.
2. Garanbi, the southernmost cape of Taiwan (Formosa) (Reg ..
Nos. 59330, 60647).
3. Fulalap in tho Caroline grol;p I(R eg. No. 50796).
4. Yap (Reg. No. 41997) and Kaza~l gl (Reg. No. 60650), bothin tho Palau group.
·1.
.
5. Ngulu (Reg . No. 53028), Kwaj elin (Reg. No. 48792), Wotze(Reg. No. 48729), Jaluit (Reg. No. 49726), Likieb (Reg.
No. 36993), all in the Marshall group.
I
6. Itu Aba in the Tizard Bank (Reg. No. 37271).
7. Batavia, Java (Reg. No. 37188).
Of the specimens of Tubipom some fifty in number now at
our disposal, the largest one which is l from Jaluit is ' almost as
large as a man's h ead, whi le the other s >He 10-51 em in diameter.
One specimen from Garanbi forms a stbck more or less flattened,.
whereas all others are dome-shaped. Among 'these matedals are
distinguished two types characterized a? follows;
Type A: Corallites 1-].8 mm brot d, much crowded, 5 or 6·
1) Communicated in the January Meeting, 'llokyo, 1937, under the title, "Two·Forms of Tubip c1"a".
2.) Re.:;ister number of 1he specimen s · ored in the collection of the Institute·of Geology and Pa!aeonto'ogy, Tobolm Irpperial Uniyersit.y, Sendai, Japan.

-( 33 )-1

250

Hisakfltsu YAEll and Tosbio SUG[YAMA-counted in 10 mm; mostly round but ral'ely octagonal in outline;",'aIls 0:2 iifl~ ~rsliglitly',Je'ss thick. 'Platfo~mq c()J1tinuoue', parallel,
4 - 6 mm distant.
'
Type B: Corallites 1.6-25 mm/)less crowded, 4 counted in 10mm; u sually with weak ringlets ' outside ; walls uSllally thinnerthan in the type A. Platforms discontinuous, far apart and inu neqllal intervals:
A few of the spcimens belonging to the Type A are charact erized in the pOeseesion of their tubes being octangular in outline,,due to longltudinal -sulci. - In one specImen from Yap the sulcation is quite distinct ili all tubes ; the distinction of such a specim en from the usual ones with roun d tubes is so dicisive that we-first too¥: tho formeI' as representing an independent species, I n
cer-tain ,ot-h~r specimens, however, most of the tu,?es are nearlyround as usual, while some of them are sulcated but slightly that~hi s fea~ure .can ' be seen · by proper application 0f ' light. 'The T:ype A with round tubes is without doubt referable toT~[bipo ra mus i ca LINNJD and the Type B to 'P'ubipora P~wpu?'e a
L Ai\1i\.RCK on their respective characteristic featu{'es cited above.
-On the ~ther hand, having no acquaintance of previous records
about such a form with"angular tubes, it ·willhereafter be d,i stinguish~d as fo'r ma sulc~td of T. rnusica. W e ha~e now specimens.0~ T. ?1~~[si~a from Ngulu (1), Fulalap (1), Ka~angl (J), Batavia (1),:;m d yaranbi (6); , of ,forma s~[l cata ~r9m.yap (lJ, Wotze (4), and'Gi1l'anbi (2); and of T,p~wp1l?~ea from Kwazelin (1), Jaluit (2), Itu
Aba (6), Likieb (2), Titi-zima (6), Haha-zima (13), and Garanbi (1).
Our presen:t '~atel'ials show that the two species are living in ,t~opi­
cal.and subtropical seas, while T. PU?'p1[?'ea has its c1istri·butioD.
-extended further north than T, mtlsica.
,
I n the literature we consulted there. are found only sevenspecies bearing distinct , names which are all living in the I ndo-,
Pacific.' .Their diagnol3~s are : ,'l'ub'i pora mus'ica LI NNE :-;---Polypiel'ites et l'o its, ' ri'ayant g.uere' plus c1'un. 'millimefre c1e c1iarnetre, tres-rappl'ocMs (environ 6 it 13 ' par centim.e·tre) et pal'alleles entre aux. Planchers exotMcales t l'es-raproches I ) .
- 1) Occassionally a few of the tubes in one and, the 'same stock 'are co'nspi,,cuously broader ' than ot.hers, :being 'at times, ' as·'bl'oai:l as 3,6·mm: .

-( 34 ) -Sundry Notes on' LiviJlg. and Fossil Tubipo?'(tLo.c ality :251

Indian .ocean.

'l'ub i p om jJu·rpuj· ea LL\l'IIARCK :- Polypilh'ite's beauCOUlj p lus gr os . que.'ce1!:X: ~u 1'. ' m 'Usica (pre3' de 2 mill imetre en d iametI'e), t r es-l'aprocM es, r eg'ulier et assex lisses, P lanchers exot he cales non~bl'eux ,~). L ocality : R eel ' Sea.

. .

,

.

'

.'T ubipo1'a fimbj'i otta DANA :---:-(D isk of the 'p olyps bi:OwJ:1,is,h-l'ed, .mout1~

yellow, t eilt.:d ees pa le yell ow, loosely fr inged, 'p ~tpill ae violet, in-2
or 3 series ;"); tubes of the coralIum scarcely 2/ 3 of' a line thick,vel'Y
much crowded and irr egular , septa quite n'u merous:l ) . 'Lo'cal ity ;Fij i I slan ds.
.
1.'ub·i p o1'a sy?··i nga DANA : -(Po lyps pal e violet, p a,p illae i n contact - a n d
a rranged' n eatly i n an even p l ane) ~I ; t ubes of t he c,o rallu~l as_ in
the f i mb?·iata.") L oca lity : Fij i I slands.
- .
'j:u bipom ch amissonis EHRENBERG:- P olyp ierit es un .pen ',p lus l al.ge q)..1e
dan s ~es especes ln ecedentes, as~e? se1;r es. Piripui es .d es- t !-,! iJ.tacllles'. d isposees en deux seI'ies.(') · Lo ~ali ~ ' es : Rada ck Archipelago ; a nd
Eas t Indies.
'l 'ub ipo1'a h emp?'iclii EflRENBE i'lG : -Polypie~'ltes ::issez · gros, . p lus espa~. ces que d ~ n s les es peces pl'llcedentek ; p lanchers exotheca:les ~s caJ':~t es : P olyp s a tent acu les bjeufttres oll:vercH ti.·e3; . a pinllules 1m isei'iees.7) . L ocality : R ed S ea.. .i.' I,l" ttbip or a ?'ltbeola Q UOY et GAIMARD, :. - ~~ubipo?'a-, t ub is cyl inc1ricis, l Oll~gis, laxis, I'ubris, se piment is separ~tes. (Polyp is' subrubl'is; tenta~
culis Ta diat is, . p ect~n at is.?)S) . Lo cai iti.e s :~ ~,ew I i'eland and E mit ·Indies.

T'ubipo?'Ct 'rJwsica with dicidedly narrower . corallites and weli
-developed, mor0crowded platforms can ~asily be di stiD'~ uished fromall of the other s, which do not se~m ,v,orthy of sp~cifi c sepai'atio ~l
at 'lea'st as far as the solid 1 art only i concem ed or 'foipala~on­
tological
p\upose ; ,ve are quite
in ac j o rc1~nce with the ,dew'. of
.
'
.,.
.~

H . M . EDWARDS : Histoire naturelle de. Coralliail'es ou Polypes propremel1t.
• 1! • I
dits, Vol. ], p. 132, 1856.
2) H. M. E DWARDS : loc. cit.
3) Brackets are oms.
4) J . D . DANA; Synopsis of the Reports on Zaophytes· of the U. S. Ex plo,ring E xpedition aroun d t be , Vo rld, under C. 'W I L KE S, U. S. N . Commander, in 1 be.yeal.'s .]838-1842, p. 128.
5) J .. D. 'DANA: .Ioe. cit.
6) H . M. EDWARDS: loc. cit., p. ;1.33. '!. "7) H . lV1. EDWARDS : ' ibid.
8) J . R. C. Quoy et J . P. GAIM.IRD : Voyage de d6coll\'ertes de l'Ast.l'alabe·execute par ~rder .du ROi, ~enrlant les Anneesj 1826: 1829, ~o~ s: 'Ie Cominandellt
de M. J . D. d URYILLE, p. 2<17.
)
1)

J

'-

( 35

..

252

Sisakatsu YABE a nd T cshio SUGJYAMA

T. ,lV. VAUGHAN 1) who recognized only ,]'. ?nllsica and T. PU1'pu1'ca
as valid species. On the other hand, after careful examin'a tion ofman y hundred specimens' collected from the Oelebes, S. F. HICKSON~ pointed out that the shape of the stocks, size of the tubes,
distance of the platforms and the colour of the coral substance
are all variable, so dependent upon the characters of environment
in which the corals grow; thu s h e recognizes' only one species
under the name T . m1lsica.
T~6bipom is an inhabitant of the tropical and subtropical seasof the Indo-Pacific. R. TAYA~1A and M. EGUCHI who hayr:"\ rich experience in the coral reefs of the South Sea I slands under Japanese Mandate, inform u s that its usual habitat is in the outer slopo
of coral reefs where its stocks often attain 0.3 meters in diametel'; living in other parts of the reef>:, it grows to stocks commonly much smaller. The junior author found only small colonies(10-20 cm in diameter) in tranquil waters of Haha-zima and Titizima, Ogasawara group. At Garanbi, Taiwan, the condition is .
more favourable to its growth, E. EHARA ob tai ned there somewhat
larger stocks than those from the Ogasawara grOl:: p. At presrnt
we do not known T~6bipom living north of the latitude of Titizima in the Noi·th Pacific . .
Previous records of T~6bipom in fossil state is very rar0 and
we are informed with only one in stan ce, namely T. 1'ubeola r eported by J. FELIX~I from the Pliocene of T.imor. Vole have several
specimens at our di sposal which were collected by R. AOKI and
S. HANZAWA of our Institute from the Ryukyu limestone of the
Ryuky u I slands. These fo ssils are qnite indi stinguishable from .
the living examples of T. P'u?jJu?'ea with corallites as broad as 25mm, packed rather lax and provided with very ~li sco ntinuous platforms at very irregular intervals.!1 The localities are:
1. Kikai-zima, Osima subgroup, RyukYll g roup. One specimen (Reg. No. 44375).
1) T. vV. V.AUGHAN : Some Shoa],watel' Cora ls from Murray Isla nds (Australia), Coccos-Keeling I sla nds and Fanniug I slands, Dep t. Mar ., BioI. CarnegiE'Inst . Washington, PubI. IX, p. 206, 1918 . .
2) S. J. HICKSON: An Iutroduction to th e Stud y of Rece nt Corals, p. 112,
1924.

3) J. FELIX: Jungterti al'e undP al. v Timor, Lief. 8, p. 25, 1920.

Quart.a re An1hozoen yon Timo]' und Obi,

- ( 36)-

Sundry Notes 011 Living and Fossil T itbipom

2.
3.

253

Yonakuni-zi ma, Okinawa subgroup, Ryuky u group. One
specimen (Reg. No. 39963).
Miyako-zima, Sakisima subgrouPJ Ryukyu group. Two sp ecimens (Reg. No. 393 L16).

Explanation of P late 3 (2)(All figur es are in n atural size)
T ·u b·i pom PU1'lnwea LAMARCK

Loc. Titi -zima, Ogasawar a Groui) (Reg'. No. 44621)
F ig. 1. UppeI' view.
Fig. 2. Latel'd VIew.
l'ubip01'a 1nllsi ca L INNE

Loc. Gal'[!nbj, Ta iwan (Reg. No. 59330)
Fig . 3. Upper view.
F ig. 4. L ~ tel' al view .
1''Ubip o1'a 1nusica LINNE

Loc . B a tavi a, J ava (Reg. No. 37188)
Fig. 5. Lateral view.
l''U b-ipora pm'lnwea L A1If ARCK

Loc. Kika i-zima, Ryukyi1 I slands (Reg . No. 443 75) ; R yCtkyu limeston e F ig'. 6. Lateral view.
l 'u b-ipo1'a p tl1'p'n rea LAwIARCK

Loc. Yonakuni-zima, R y CtkyCt I slands (Reg . No. 39963); Ryftkyft l imestone
F ig. 7. L a teral view .

E xplanatio:l of Plate Ll (3)l'u bilJ01'a 1n'Us-ica f. salcata YABE et SUGIYA]\,Ltl, nov. f .

Loc. Yap, Palau Grou p (Reg. No . 41997)
F ig. 1. L at eral view; X 7/8
Fig . 2. Upper vi ew; X 7/8
Fig. 3. L ateral view of a cOl'alli te; X 9.
1) Cited as T. musiw ill our previolls papers, Reef Cora ls found in the Japanese Seas, Sci. Rep. T6hoku Imp. Univ ., SCl'. 2 (G ~ol. ), X V, 2, p. 168, 1932. Geological and Geographical Dist,ribution of Heef-Corals in J apan, J our. Pa!., MenashaIX, 3, pp . 191, 206, 1935. Revised Lis!s of the Reef Corals fr om the J apaneseSeas a nd of the F ossil Reef Corals of t,be Raise1 Reefs and the Ryukyu Lime,stone of J apan, J our. Geo!. Soc. J ap., Tokyo, XLII, 502, pp. 390, 401, 1935.

-( 37 ) -'25'1,. S iSH katsll .Y p.BE and T osb io SGGIY A~[A:;ji:'~ I) 1P.i;i¥;1f<. V:f'1'1If.lHf .I~j ili:~U1H!¥f"1~.& V:J3li~'It'l' I:!i cv!ii1:PjF£jiX*ili: tll1~15;{:J!'i;;j>:..g- ~L *';) 50 ·fI~.
K1iJtv'LIDI,j~ L..t:::f.IJ:ll'~ T ubipo?'U ?nusic{! LINNE '&V: Tab-ipora PU1'pw'ea LAlolAR CK

Z: Ilf}JIJ"t Q c. U,~,~ U .{"?t::: 0 lltr~f:l:JJUlli}lH';:jjq,p1 <, !ii'.:~ L..il.t!lJl fiZjj,~{t- <!i¥.:£(i L.., i,'. H C91WI.
k jj,[[/i<j£~"t Q C9 ii::%f/l C L.., ~~f:l:}UtX:1i:* < , *1U[cvH€~'llii;1 < , tJ1JltocFFJ't:5}:'::1l.

"? 1 tf b I.::j£jj; L.. L;r., Q 0 i!·j'lltr ~ (D1 '@C L.. L fj~: C9-t;JJ ~ii'iijj, i\ f(HrH:~"t Q ~ C9jj, ih Z 0c.;tL Z: Tttbipo?'U ?nusicc! formil sulcata Cff:J"t Q c. c K L.. t~ 0 fiif;tL t il:!':~r'l'mJ.1li!!~·r'l' l0itIDIC.

~91ti"t Q t cv -C:, ·'1fZ:filW:Htrf:ill J: ~ t im:K~tlJi ""(·~~.5"}~nlf:f.E...H:~tf L.. L J;j Q]i{ j 1 -c: t 5j-;fiT L.. L;r., Q 00gil i>/H~,*~c jj' I:IH!U:c ~..s, L Illft::: ;j', 1t15Z: 11~:tlk..s,~:'C:I1:;{GI~ I:P 1l't- :i.(21'i$.J: D 7 f:ill;FIKI;)Jij ~ ;tLt::: jj'1UhW:J: t~C9 2lill:';::il-~ Q c.
50 HIl'KSON f:l:~mS/OJ-f.illICTI.f-;-T-< ~ t (J)ti b 5

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Constitution of the Palaeontological Societyof Japan.
Article 1. The Societ,y shall be known as the Palaeontological Society of J apan.
It forms a section of the Geological Society of Japan.

Article 2. The object of the Society is the promotion of palaeontology and related sciences.
Article 3. This Society to execute the scheme outlined under Article 2, shall holdannual meetings and discussions.
Article 4.

Proceedings of the SOCiety and arLicles for publication shall be published t hrough the Journ al of t.he Geological Society of J apan. Separates and circulations will be sen t to m embers of t he Palaeo ntolog ical
Societ,y who are not members of the Geological Societ.y of Japan.

Article 5. The a nnual dues of this Society is two dolla rs for the foreign membe rsof the Soc iety.
Article 6.

This Societ.y shall hold th e fol lowing e xecut i\'e~ . Pres ident one pel son,Councillors several persons.

Ar tic le 7.

The President a nd Conl1cillors s hall be e lected annually. Tire President and Counci llors s hall be e lected from t.he Society body by vot eof its members. A ll e ll' ctiol1s sha ll be ballot.

President

Shigeyas L1 TOKUNAGA

Councillors Ichil'o HAYASAKA

Haru yosi HuzarOTO*

T s unenaka I KI

K inosuke I NOUYE

N obuyas u KANEHARA

Takeo K ATO

Rokuro KIJIfURA

Teirchi KOBAYASHI*

Hanzo MURAKA1II

Takumi NAGAO

S bintaro NAKA11'URA

Tun etcl'U OINOMIKaDo*

Ich izo 0 1:[uRA*

Yanosuke OTUKA*

Iwao TATEIWA

Shigeyasu TOKUNAGA*

Hisakatsu Y ABE

Shinj i YAMANE(* Executive comm ittee)

All communicat ions relating to th is Journal should be addressed to the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN

Geological I nstitut e, Facult.y of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japau