Wood Biomass Energy
Data Book
2018

Japan Woody Bioenergy Association
This data book was created as part of the project for establishing a support system
for the use of wood biomass subsidized by the Forestry Agency in ﬁscal 2017.

Introduction
This document was created on the basis of statistical information
disclosed by the concerned ministries and agencies and information
relevant to the use of wood biomass energy collected by the Japan Woody
Bioenergy Association. This data book, systematically organizing information on the use of wood biomass energy, is intended to be used for concerned parties involved in the ﬁeld of wood biomass energy in their daily
work.
We hope this data book will be of help to those working in various sites inthe ﬁeld of wood biomass energy.

Table of Contents
Energy Situation in Japan2

1.1 Changes of Domestic Primary Energy Supply
1.2 Future Trend of Domestic Primary Energy Supply
1.3 Domestic Heat Demand
1.4 Energy Balance Flow in Japan

2
4
4
5

Impacts on Climate Change

6

2.1
2.2

6
7

Changes of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Future Trend of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Trend of Renewable Energy

88
3.1 Situation of Fossil Fuels
3.2 Introduction of Renewable Energy in Power Generation 10
10
3.2.1 Energy Mix
3.2.2 Introduction of Renewable Energy by the Feed-in Tariﬀ Scheme 13
15
3.3 Wood Biomass Energy
15
3.3.1 Introduction of Wood Biomass Energy
18
3.3.2 Generation and Use Quantity of Wood Biomass
21
3.3.3 Utilization of Heat from Wood Biomass

Domestic Forest Resources
The Japan Woody Bioenergy Association does not guarantee the accuracy of
information presented in this data book. The contents may subject to change tocorrect errors or modify information; therefore, if you quote any of the informationin this data book, check to verify the source.

Conversion Table

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Energy Situation in Japan
1.1

Changes of Domestic Primary Energy Supply①Breakdown of domestic primary energy supply

Of the total domestic primary energy supply in ﬁscal 2015, the fossil fuel (oil, coal, naturalgas) accounts for approximately 90%, and non-fossil fuel accounts for approximately 10%.

Source: “Energy Statistics” (FY 2015) created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

②Changes of domestic primary energy supply

In recent years, the amount of primary energy supply remains at the same level or is slightly
decreasing. By type of energy, the supply of oil and nuclear power is decreasing, while that ofrenewable energy is increasing.

Source: “Energy Statistics” (FY 2005 to 2015) created by the Agency
for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

2

③Breakdown of domestic primary energy supply (natural energy)

Of the total domestic primary energy supply using natural energy in ﬁscal 2015, hydraulicpower generation accounted for approximately 51%, biomass energy accounted for approximately 23%, and solar power generation accounted for approximately 20%.

Source: “Energy Statistics” (FY 2015) created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

④Changes of domestic primary energy supply (natural energy)

Since the feed-in tariﬀ scheme was introduced in July 2012, the primary energy supply
derived from natural energy is increasing. Especially solar power is growing more than othertypes of energy.

Source: “Energy Statistics” (FY 2005 to 2015) created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

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1.2

Future Trend of Domestic Primary Energy Supply①Domestic primary energy supply in the future

According to the “Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook,” renewable energy
accounts for 13 to 14% of the total primary energy supply in ﬁscal 2030.

1.4

Energy Balance Flow in Japan

In ﬁscal 2015, if we assume domestic primary energy supply in Japan to be 100, the ﬁnal
energy consumption totaled around 68.

Source: “Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook” (July 2015, METI)

1.3

Domestic Heat Demand

The industrial applications of domestic heat demand in ﬁscal 2014 mostly consisted of direct
heating and steam heating. As for the business and home use, air conditioning occupied thelargest share, followed by hot-water supply and kitchens.

(Note) The use for air conditioning included in steam heating for industrial use is excluded (included in air conditioning)

Source: 2016 Annual Report on Energy (Japanʼs Energy White Paper 2017) (June 2, 2017, approved by the cabinet)

Source: “Survey Report on Heat Utilization of Wood Biomass” (March 2017, Japan Woody Bioenergy Association)

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Impacts on Climate Change
2.1

Changes of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emissions①Changes of greenhouse gas emissions

The total greenhouse gas emissions in ﬁscal 2015 were approximately 1.325 billion tons(-6.0% compared to ﬁscal 2013 and -5.3% compared to ﬁscal 2005）. The possible reason
that ﬁscal 2015 marked below ﬁscal 2013 was that CO2 emissions from electricity werereduced by the reduction of energy consumption (energy-saving, cold summer/warm winter,etc.) and improvement of power emission intensity (dissemination of renewal energy,
reoperation of nuclear power plants, etc.)

Emissions(100 Mt-CO2 eq.)

1,399 Mt

1,415 Mt

1,391 Mt

1,380 Mt

1,356 Mt

1,329 Mt
1,274 Mt

③Changes of CO2 emissions (by sector)

The CO2 emissions in ﬁscal 2015, compared to ﬁscal 2005, were decreased by approximately
10% in the industrial sector and approximately 11% in the transportation sector, while
increased by approximately 11% in administrative and other sectors.

1,325 Mt<-2.9% from FY 2014>(-6.0% from FY 2013)
1,364 Mt (-5.3% from FY 2005)

1,409 Mt

1,306 Mt
1,252 Mt

Source: “Japan's National Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fiscal Year 2015” (Final Figures)(April 13, 2017, Ministry of the Environment)

Note 1. “Final ﬁgures” means the ﬁgures oﬃcially submitted to the Secretariat of the Convention as Japanʼs GHG emissions and removals in a national GHG inventory. The ﬁnal ﬁgurescompiled this time will be recalculated when annual values in statistical data are updated, and/or estimation methods are revised.
Note 2. There are some diﬀerences between the ﬁnal ﬁgures compiled this time and preliminary ﬁgures released on December 6, 2016, because some estimation methods were revisedfor a more accurate estimation, and some recalculation was conducted based on annual values in statistics and other data which were made available after the estimation of preliminary
ﬁgures.
Note 3. Total GHG emissions in each ﬁscal year and percent changes from past year (such as changes from FY 2005) do not include removals by forest and other carbon sinks from
activities under the Kyoto Protocol.

Source: “Japan's National Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fiscal Year 2015”(Final Figures) (April 13, 2017, Ministry of the Environment)②Breakdown of CO2 emissions by sector

2.2

Future Trend of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emissions

According to “Submission of Japanʼs Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDCs),”
the target value of CO2 emissions from energy consumption in ﬁscal 2030 is approximately
927 million tons. The target was set to reduce 25% emissions compared to ﬁscal 2013.

Of the total domestic CO2 emissions in ﬁscal 2015 (approx. 1.227 billion tons), approximately
34% came from the industrial sector, approximately 22% came from the administrative andother sectors, and approximately 15% came from the household sector.

Source: “Japan's National Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fiscal Year 2015” (Final Figures)(April 13, 2017, Ministry of the Environment)

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Source: “Submission of Japanʼs Intended Nationally Determined Contribution” (INDCs)(July 17, 2015, Global Warming Prevention Headquarters)

7

Trend of Renewable Energy
3.1

Situation of Fossil Fuels①Changes of fuel prices

The fuel prices (light oil, A-type heavy oil, regular gasoline, kerosene) are changing onmonthly basis. The fuel prices as a whole continued to decrease from 2014, and theyremained at the same level or increased after 2016.

Source: “Oil Price Statistics” created by The Oil Information Center②Balance of energy cost payments against regional gross production

Looking at the balance of regional energy cost payments in about 80% municipalities, funds
equivalent to 5% or above the regional gross production ﬂow outside the region. As most of
the energy sources are fossil fuels, it indicated that many energy cost payments that took
place in the regions were ﬂowing overseas.

③Breakdown of Japanʼs domestic primary energy supply and changes inself-suﬃciency ratio

In Japan, as the energy demand increased during the high economic growth period, theconventionally used coal was gradually replaced by oil by the suppliers, and a large amount ofoil started to be imported. In the 1960s, a 58.1% energy self-suﬃciency ratio was achievedby the use of domestic natural resources, such as coal and hydroelectric power; however, it
drastically reduced since that time. In ﬁscal 2015, Japanʼs energy self-suﬃciency ratio is 7.0%
(estimate) thanks to the introduction of new energy and reopening of nuclear power plants.

Source: “2016 Annual Report on Energy” (Japanʼs Energy White Paper 2017)(June 2, 2017, approved by the cabinet)

Consultation service for utilization of wood biomass energy
We oﬀer a consultation service to respond to various inquiries and worries about utilization of woodbiomass. Please feel free to contact us.
Powergeneration

Experts of woodbiomass energy
answer yourquestions.
Solveyour questions
and worries!

Thermal use

Biomass fuels

You can also
receive advice
directly from ourstaﬀ on site.

Disseminationofwood biomass

Tax system

A special website (onlyin Japanese) oﬀers
information on
utilization of woodbiomass energy.

Please ﬁll in and send the Inquiry form on our website to contact us.

Support page QR code

Pl e ase che ck FAQs p ost e d on our we bsi t e .
Inquiries are accepted via email.
Source: “Long-term Low-carbon Vision” (March 2017, Global Environmental Committee,
Central Environment Council)

8Note that we do not undertake creation of business plans and other administrative work while oﬀering support by professionals.

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3.2
3.2.1

Introduction of Renewable Energy in Power Generation
Energy Mix①Breakdown of generated and purchased electric power

Of the total domestically produced and purchased electric power in ﬁscal 2015, approximately 83% came from thermal power generation, approximately 9% came from hydroelectric power generation, and approximately 5% came from new types of energy (wind power,
solar power, geothermal power, biomass, waste). Of the entire renewable energy, approximately 65% came from hydroelectric power, approximately 23% came from solar power, andapproximately 6% came from biomass energy.

Note: Values indicated as “thermal power” are calculated by subtracting the electric power generated using biomass
and waste from the electric power generated and purchased from thermal power plants.
“New types of energy” includes wind power, solar power, geothermal power, biomass, and waste.

Source: “Electric Power Statistics” (FY 2015) created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

②Changes of electric power generation by type of power source
The amount of generated and purchased electric power tends to increase in winter andsummer.

③Change in the amount of generated and purchased electric power
derived from natural energy

Since the feed-in tariﬀ scheme was introduced, the amount of primary energy supply derived
from natural energy has been increasing. Solar power, in particular, is growing more thanother types of energy.

Note: Hydroelectric power is divided into general hydroelectric power and pumping-up hydraulicpower generation, and the pumping-up hydraulic power generation is excluded from the category of natural energy.

Source: Website of the Renewable Energy Institute④Changes in the capacity of natural energy equipment

Since the feed-in tariﬀ scheme was introduced in July 2012, the capacity of natural energy
equipment has been increasing. Especially solar power is growing more than other types ofenergy.

Note: The equipment capacities for large-scale hydroelectric power generation andgeothermal power generation in FY 2016 are provisional ﬁgures.

Source: Website of the Renewable Energy Institute10

Source: Website of the Renewable Energy Institute113.2.2 Introduction of Renewable Energy by the Feed-in Tariﬀ Scheme⑤Future power source mix (FY 2030)

According to the “Long-Term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook,” renewable energy willaccount for 22% to 24% of the power source mix in 2030, while biomass will account foraround 3.7% to 4.6%.

Source: “Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook” (July 2015, METI)①Certiﬁed equipment capacity by type of renewable energy

Since the feed-in tariﬀ scheme (FIT scheme) was introduced in July 2012, the certiﬁed
capacity of solar power generation, which has higher preset procurement price and relatively
less technical restrictions in introducing equipment,, has increased rapidly. While solar power
accounted for more than 90% by type of energy between ﬁscal 2012 and 2015, by ﬁscal
2016, the certiﬁed capacity of bioenergy and wind power had increased and now accounts
for about 20% of the entire ﬁgure.

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)

How to Join the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association
Our members include individuals, corporations, organizations, and municipalities who have agreed to thepromotion of using wood biomass energy.
SpecialoﬀerSpecialoﬀer

You can receive newsletters(wrriten in Japanaese).
We will send members a newsletter
issued on a regular basis (1-2times/months).

Specialoﬀer

You can participate in events andworkshops held by the Association(members only).

We will introduce eﬀorts in yourcompany. (only for corporations
and organizations)

Members can participate in study
members-only meetings and otherevents hosted by the Association ona regular basis.

Members are oﬀered a booth for
introducing their eﬀorts in various
events we participate and theircompany names (with links) areposted on our website.

②Introduced equipment capacity by type of renewable energy

Of the entire amount of introduced renewable energy, solar power generation, which requires
relatively less of an equipment installation period, accounted for over 94% in ﬁscal 2016
since the introduction of the FIT scheme. It is expected that the introduction of otherrenewable energy than solar power will become more popular as the rate of certiﬁed capacity
increases.

Annual fee
Registration
RegularmemberAnnual fee

Individual member

10,000 Yen

Corporation/organization member

100,000 Yen

Our members

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Unsawn-timber manufacturer
User of wood biomass fuelForestry/lumber businesses

Construction machine manufacturers

Manufacturer of wood biomass fuelPellet/chip manufacturers

Fuel manufacturing device manufacturers

Paper manufacturers/power plants

Boiler/generator manufacturers

OthersFinancial institutions, trade company, engineering, consulting, municipalities, etc.

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)

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3.3
③Changes of the amount of purchased electric power by type of
renewable energy

The introduced capacity of renewable energy indicated in the previous section(newly certiﬁed
amount) is 35.4 million kW, and about 2% came from biomass power generation. However,
the accumulated electric power purchased at the purchase price (procurement price) set in
the FIT scheme reached about 152.5 billion kWh (including the amount purchased from theequipment that was conventionally controlled under RPS law and currently controlled under
the FIT scheme) of which biomass power generation accounts for approximately 13%. This isachieved because biomass power generation is not aﬀected by weather and ensures highgenerating eﬃciency (long actual operating time).

3.3.1

Wood Biomass Energy
Introduction of Wood Biomass Energy①Certiﬁed equipment capacity for wood biomass energy

There are 491 power plants certiﬁed as wood biomass power generation equipment (as ofthe end of March 2017) with around 12 million kW of certiﬁed power generation capacity.
Approximately 84% of the certiﬁcation and 95% of the certiﬁed capacity are occupied bypower generation using general wood, agricultural residue, etc.

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)④Changes of purchase price by type of renewable energy

Although it has already been 4 years since the feed-in tariﬀ scheme was introduced, in ﬁscal
2016, the amount of renewable energy purchased under the scheme reached 2 trillion yen.
Of that, electric power generated by biomass power generation accounted for approximately
9% of the entire ﬁgure (ﬁscal 2016). The reason for the small ﬁgure compared with the
produced amount was the high proportion of power generation using fuel categories, whichwere purchased at relatively low prices.

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)14

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)②Introduced capacity for equipment using wood biomass energy(new + migrated)

Source: A document released by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(as of the end of March 2017)15

③Introduction map of wood biomass power plant in the FIT scheme④Certiﬁcation/introduction status of wood biomass power plants byprefecture

Map of FIT-certiﬁed wood biomass power plant (nationwide)
Classiﬁcation by untapped wood below 2,000 kW,
untapped wood equal to or above 2,000,
general wood and agricultural residue,and construction waste (as of the end of March 2017)
Size of output (kW)LegendUntapped wood below 2,000 kW
Untapped wood 2,000 kW and above
General wood, agricultural residue
Construction waste

Source: Created by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association based on a document releasedby the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (as of the end of March 2017)

Source: Created by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association based on a document releasedby the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (as of the end of March 2017)16

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3.3.2

Generation and Use Quantity of Wood Biomass①Generation and use of various types of biomass

Biomass generation (potential quantity) is decreasing over the medium-and-long term thanks
to eﬀorts for suppressing the generation of waste biomass. While the amount used in ﬁscal
2015 (carbon equivalent)was about 24 million tons, we aim to increase it to 26 million tons in
2025. Taking the existing use in to consideration, we set individual goals by biomass type forpromoting multi-staged use to create economic value as well as for promoting thermal use toensure high energy eﬃciency.

③Use amount of wood biomass by type and origin

Of the total use of wood biomass by type in ﬁscal 2016, “wood chips” accounted forapproximately 87%, “wood meal (sawdust)” accounted for approximately 3%, “wood pellets”
accounted for approximately 2%, “ﬁrewood” accounted for about approximately 0.5%, all ofwhich occupied approximately 93% of the total ﬁgure. The use amount of wood chips
included in the ﬁgure consisted of construction waste (approx. 52%), lumber fromthinning/remainder materials of forest areas (approx. 25%), and remainder material fromsawmilling factories (approx. 21%).
Use amount of wood biomass by typeUse amount of wood chip by origin

Source: “Circumstances Concerning Utilization of Biomass” created by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries (April 2017)②Use amount of untapped wood biomass in power generation

The amount of untapped materials, such as lumber from thinning and remainder materials offorest areas, is increasing each year since the introduction of the feed-in tariﬀs scheme. In
ﬁscal 2015 and 2016, it increased by about 60% compared to the previous year.

Source: FY 2016 “Survey of Wood Biomass Use Trends by the Forestry Agency④Use amount of wood biomass by industry type

By industry, “Manufacturing industry” has the largest share, approx. 64%, followed by“Electricity/gas/heat supply/water industry,” which accounts for approx. 34%. Approximately
98% of the entire ﬁgure is occupied by these two industries.

Source: According to the survey of the Wood Utilization Division of Forestry Agency for data of 2014 andearlier. Data in 2015 and 2016 is based on the “Survey of Wood Biomass Use Trends” and “Statistics ofProduction of Forest Products for Special Use” created by the Forestry Agency.
Source: FY 2016 “Survey of Wood Biomass Use Trends by the Forestry Agency

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3.3.3⑤Changes in the number of wood pellet manufacturing facilities anddomestic production volume

Wood pellet fuels are made from compacted sawdust. It has a consistent shape, high energy
density, low moisture and other beneﬁts including the easiness of transfer and storage. The
domestic production volume of wood pellets was 120,000 tons (in ﬁscal 2016), and there has
been no remarkable changes in the past three years. The number of wood pellet manufacturing facilities is about 140 to 150, of that small-sized pellet factories with an annual production
volume 100 to 1000 tons account for about 60%.

Documents: According to the investigation of Wood Utilization Division of Forestry Agency for data of 2009and earlier. Data after 2010 is based on “Basic Material for Forest Products for Special Use” of Forestry Agency.)⑥Changes of import quantity of wood pellet

As mentioned above, the domestic production volume and the number of facilities have notincreased in recent years. However, as part of the measures against global warming,
co-combustion of wood pellets in coal ﬁred power plants is becoming popular, and woodpellets are exclusively used for imported wood pellets. In ﬁscal 2015, the import quantity
increased more than two times the previous year, which has further grown by one and halftimes from then on. Most of the imports depend on Canada and Vietnam.

Source: Trade Statistics of Japan of Ministry of Finance20

Utilization of Heat from Wood Biomass①Number of boilers using wood resources

About 2000 boilers using wood biomass are currently installed mainly in the manufacturing
and agriculture industries, however the ﬁgure has remained steady since ﬁscal 2014.

Document: According to the investigation of Wood Utilization Division of Forestry Agency for data of 2014
and earlier. Data after 2015 is based on “Survey of Wood Biomass Use Trends by the Forestry Agency②Classiﬁcation of boilers using wood resources by fuel and industry typeOf the total number of boilers using wood resources by type of fuel in ﬁscal 2016, waste
wood ﬁring (780 units) and wood pellets (915) accounted for more than 80% of the entire
ﬁgure. Also, by type of industry that introduced the boilers, while the manufacturing andagricultural industries accounted for more than half the entire ﬁgure, recently they have also
begun to be introduced in public facilities and spa facilities.

Source: FY 2016 “Survey of Wood Biomass Use Trends” by the Forestry Agency

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Domestic Forest Resources①CO2 circulation through utilization of wood resources

The utilization of wood resources not only leads to the creation of a comfortable living
environment and revitalization of the regional economy, but it also contributes to preventionof global warming through CO2 absorption by woods. In particular, by using domestic woodmaterials, we can maintain a cycle of plant -> grow -> use -> plant to continually make thebest use of the multidimensional functions of forests, while distributing proﬁts to mountainowners for regional revitalization.
Use well fora healthy forest

emission③Forest resources in JapanThe cumulative amount of forest, which
represents forest resources, is as much as
about 4.9 billion m3, more than twice theﬁgure 30 years ago. It is still increasing by
about 100 million m3 each year.

④Goals in using forest products

The amounts of wood to be used in 2020
and 2025 by usage are determined for therealization of the smooth circulation offorest practices and the sustainable andhealthy development of forestry.

Changes of cumulative amount of forest

Result and target for the amount of wood used

Source: “Trends of Forest and Forestry(May 2016 Annual Report on Forest and Forestry
in Japan Fiscal Year 2016)

Source: “Basic Plan of Forest and Forestry”(2016) created by the Forestry Agency

HarvestFinal cutting

absorption

Use wood in our lives

Grow

Houses,buildings

Paper products
Wood biomass

Plant

Wood products

Weeding

Thinning
Pruning

Source: “For those who considering power generation and thermal use using wood biomass‒ Introduction Guidebook - ” issued by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association②Forestry map of Japan

Japan is one of the countries well known for abundant forest areas with two-thirds of its
territory covered by forests. The forest area of Japan is about 25 million ha (of which 10
million ha is occupied by planted forests), which is bigger than the main island (23.1 millionha). The proportion of national forests and privately owned forests is 3:7.

④Changes of the demand for wood and self-suﬃciency rate

Looking at the changes in Japan, wood demand continually increased during the period ofhigh economic growth, reaching a record high of 121.02 million m3 (round wood equivalent)
in 1973. After that, the demand kept on ﬂuctuating because of the impact of the ﬁrst andsecond oil shocks, and although it continued on a downward trend due to the recession after
the collapse of the bubble economy, the demand has recovered in recent years. Moreover,the self-suﬃciency rate of wood, which also marked the worst 18.8% in 2002, recovered to34.8% in 2015.

(Unit: 10,000ha）
National forest

PublicforestPrivate forest

Private &communal

Note: The values in the graph are as of 31 March 2012.

Source: Released version of forest cloud(NTT Space Information, Inc.)

22

Source: Trend of Forest and Forestry in Japan”(Annual Report on Forest and Forestry in Japan Fiscal Year 2016)

Source: 2016 Wood Demand Table created by the Forestry Agency

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Conversion Table⑤Woodﬂow chart for Japan

Dr. Furubayashi and his team at Tohoku University are conducting research on the quantiﬁcation of the cycle of raw wood materials through ﬁnal use and visualizing it along with the useof wood biomass energy.

Conversion table of volume and weight of wood

(Note) The conversion rate used for transactions is diﬀerent depending on the region, tree species, section, and quality.
Wet weight of raw wood used for chip is diﬀerent by tree species and moisture content.

Source: Conversion between round wood and bone-dry weight: Wood Demand Table created by the Forestry Agency,
Conversion between apparent capacity and round wood capacity: Wood Chips (1987) created by Japan Wood Chip
Industrial Association,
Conversion between bone-dry weight and pulp yield: Wood Industry Handbook edited by Forest Research andManagement Organization,
Conversion between round wood and wet weight of raw wood for chip: administrative documents created by the Forestry
Agency (results of interview in the industry)

About water content and moisture content

Source: Operational Text Concerning Introduction/Operation of Wood Biomass Boiler,
created by Forest Realize Co. Ltd. and other organizations.

Unit conversion table of water content by type of fuel and energy content(Softwood)

Source: Created by Bioenergy Research & Investment Inc. based on a document issued
by the LWF (The Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Germany)

Conversion table of energy unit

Source: Wood Flow Chart for Japan: Material and Energy Utilization, Journal ofJapan Institute of Energy (2017)
Takaaki Furubayashi and his team, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University

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