Perspectives fromthe US ITER Project
Ned R. Sauthoff
Director, US ITER Project Office

NAS Committee for a Strategic Planfor U.S. Burning Plasma ResearchAugust 29, 2017

Outline• Developments Since 2004
– Negotiations Phase– International Construction and Hardware Progress– ITER Management Turnaround– Hardware Progress in US– US Project Management• Project Engagements and Impacts• Summary• Further Information

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Developments Since 2004

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Excerpts from
NRC 2004 Recommendations• “The United States should participate in a burning plasma experiment.”• “The United States should participate in the International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor (ITER) project. If an international agreement to build ITER is reached, fulfilling
the U.S. commitment should be the top priority in a balanced U.S. fusion science
program.”• “The United States should pursue an appropriate level of involvement in the ITER
project, which at a minimum would guarantee access to all data from ITER, the right topropose and carry out experiments, and a role in producing the high-technology
components of the facility consistent with the size of the U.S. contribution to theprogram.”• “A strategically balanced U.S. fusion program should be developed that includes U.S.
participation in ITER, a strong domestic fusion science and technology portfolio, an
integrated theory and simulation program, and support for plasma science. As the ITER
project develops, a substantial augmentation in fusion science program funding will be
required in addition to the direct financial commitment to ITER construction.”
Source: National Research Council. 2004. Burning Plasma: Bringing a Star to Earth. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10816, p. 4, 6.

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Project History

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5High Level International
Procurement Arrangements

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High Level US Procurement Arrangements
Port-based
Diagnostics

CentralSolenoidElectron
Cyclotron
Transmission
LinesToroidal Field
Conductor

Ion Cyclotron
Transmission
Lines

Disruption
Mitigation(up to capped value)

Pellet Injector

Tokamak Cooling
Water System

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Steady StateElectrical Network

Tokamak Exhaust
Processing System
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Roughing Pumps
Vacuum Auxiliary
System7

International Construction

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Radio Frequency Bldg.
Hosts the radio wavegenerating systems that willcontribute to heating theplasma.

Service Bldg.
Accommodates a large
number of industrial
support services andsystems.

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Assembly Hall
Components will be preassembled in this 6,000-squaremeter building, equipped with adouble overhead traveling craneand powerful handling tools.

Tritium Bldg.
Houses tritium systems.

Poloidal Field Coils
Winding Facility
Four of the six poloidal fieldcoils will be produced by
Europe in this 257-meter long
facility.

Tokamak Bldg.
The crane C1, near thecenter of the bioshield,
marks the approximate axisof the ITER Tokamak.

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Cryoplant
Will provide coolant to theMagnet Systems, thecryopumps and thethermal shield.

Diagnostics Bldg.
Houses the electronic andinformation systems thatwill receive, record andinterpret signals from theoperational arena.

400 kV Switchyard
Connects the site to
the grid.

Magnet Power
Conversion Bldgs.
Host the AC/DC
converters that feed
power to the magnets.

ITER Site, July
9 2017

Overview of ITER Site

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Tokamak Complex

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Assembly Building, Cleaning
Facility and RF Heating Building

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Assembly Building

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RF Heating Building

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Poloidal Field Coils Winding
Facility and Cryoplant

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Poloidal Field Coils
Winding Facility

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Cryoplant Building

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Cryostat Workshop

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Cryostat Workshop

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Magnet Power Conversion
Buildings

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Switchyard

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Hardware Progress in Domestic Agencies

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Toroidal Field Conductor

All toroidal field conductor has been delivered
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EU Progress

A poloidal segment of one vacuum vessel
sector is fitted. Four segments, each weighing
over 6 tonnes, form the full sector.
Photo: Walter Tosto

Production winding has begun for poloidal
field #5. Photo: ITER Organization

Scope: Buildings, Vacuum Vessel, Magnet Systems, Power Systems,
Heating & Current Drive Systems, Cryoplant, Divertor, Fuel Cycle,
Blanket, Tritium Plant, Diagnostics, Radioactive Materials
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Korea Progress

Port stub assembly for Sector 6 of thevacuum vessel.
Photo: ITER Korea

The first fully assembled, 800-tonne vacuum
vessel sector sub-assembly tool (SSAT) has been
test fitted and is ready to ship to the ITER site.
The first batch of elements arrived in June.
Photo: ITER Korea

Scope: Vacuum Vessel, Thermal Shield, Magnet Systems, Assembly Tooling,
Power Systems, Blanket, Tritium Plant, Diagnostics
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India Progress

The lower cylinder of the cryostat is now being
assembled in the Cryostat Workshop at the
ITER site. Photo: ITER Organization

Thousands of in-wall shielding plates havebeen fabricated at Avasarala Technologies Ltd.
in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Deliveries to Korea
began in 2015. Photo: ITER India

Scope: Vacuum Vessel, Cryostat, Cryogenic Systems, Heating and Current
Drive Systems, Cooling Water System, Diagnostics
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Russian Federation ProgressThis port stub extension component has
successfully passed pressure and helium leaktests in accordance with French regulations onpressure equipment (ESPN). Photo: ITER Russia

At the Efremov Institute in Saint Petersburg,
equipment for ITER's switching network and fast
discharge units has been fabricated and over 70
tonnes of material, including aluminum busbars andbusbar components, was shipped in December.
Photo: ITER Russia

Scope: Vacuum Vessel, Magnet Systems, Power Systems, Blanket,
Divertor, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive Systems
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Japan Progress

Japan completed its first toroidal field winding
pack in January. Photo: ITER JapanThe 1 MV bushing at Hitachi for the full-scale
ITER neutral beam injector. The bushing has
since been delivered to the PRIMA neutral beam
test facility in Italy for the MITICA (Megavolt ITER
Injector and Concept Advancement) test bed.
Photo: ITER Japan

Scope: Magnet Systems, Heating & Current Drive Systems, Remote Handling,
Divertor, Tritium Plant, Diagnostics
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China Progress

Qualification activities for ITER's smallest
poloidal field magnet (PF6) are underway at
ASIPP in Hefei, China. A dummy double
pancake winding was completed in January
2017 and successfully passed a manufacturing
readiness review. Photo: ITER China

A prototype side correction coil (SCC) at ASIPP is
made of eight layers of niobium-titanium
superconductor. Photo: ITER China

Scope: Magnet Systems, Power Systems, Blanket, Fuel Cycle, Diagnostics
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ITER Management Turnaround

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2015-2017 Timeline
March 2015: Director General Bernard Bigot appointed and action plan approved
by ITER Council.
November 2015: Resource-loaded “Overall Project Schedule to 1st Plasma”
presented to ITER Council, including 29 milestones for 2016-2017.
April 2016: Independent ITER Council Review Group finds that sequence andduration of resource-loaded schedule are logical, and inventory and integration ofschedule activities are complete.
June 2016: Construction-Management-as- Agent contract signed with
MOMENTUM joint venture, to manage and coordinate assembly and installationof Tokamak and associated plant systems.
November 2016: ITER Council approves* Overall Project Schedule through 1st
Plasma in 2025 and onward to start of Deuterium-Tritium (DT) operation.
*Subject to Members’ internal approval processes.
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ITER Management has been
Significantly Improved• Project decision-making more effective– Executive Project Board• Risk/issue management upgraded, and mitigation actions taken– Vacuum Vessel segments transferred from EU to IO to Hyundai Heavy Industry– Building services installation scope transfer from EU to IO…
• Systems engineering and configuration management improved– Central integration and systems engineering: systems, training and utilization– Interface resolution and control• Project controls upgraded– Greatly improved project management and team-building/ training– Milestones established and achieved
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All 25 IC Milestones
Due by the End of Q2 2017 Achieved
2016Q1: Tier-1 Cryostat Base Section Delivered

2016Q3: CMA Contract Signed

2016Q1: B1 Civil Works Started in Tokamak Bldg.

2016Q3: 4th US TF Conductor Unit Length Completed

2016Q1: Lot-1 Piping Delivered

2016Q3: IC-Agreed Staffing Positions Recruited

2016Q1: IC Independent Reviews Initiated2016Q4: 1st Vacuum Vessel Sub-segment Completed

2016Q2: Assembly Hall Main Cranes Erected

2016Q4: 1st LN2 Refrigerator FAT Completed

2016Q2: 1st EU TF Winding Pack Completed

2016Q4: SSEN Power Transformers Delivered

2016Q2: TF Conductor Fabrication from RF, CN
and JA Completed

2016Q4: LHe Plant Equipment FAT Completed

2016Q2: PF5/2 Conductor Fabrication Completed
2016Q2: Divertor OVT Unit Test Completed
2016Q2: WDS Tanks Installed in Tritium Bldg.
2016Q2: CS Module 1 Winding Completed
2016Q2: 1st Independent Review ReportCompleted

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2016Q4: VAS Flanges Ready to Ship
2017Q1: 1st JA TF Winding Pack Completed
2017Q1: 400 kV Switchyard Energized
2017Q2: Start of Work Cryoplant Compressor Bldg. 51
2017Q2: Completion of RFE 1A (Assembly Hall)
2017Q2: Receiving Inspection of Sector Sub-Assembly
Tool (SSAT)

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Hardware Progress in the US

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US ITER Hardware Scope
Full Scope
ECH Transmission Lines

Central Solenoid

ICH Transmission Lines
Tokamak Cooling
Water System
75% of Steady StateElectrical Network(Finish in 2017, not shown)

Vacuum System &Roughing Pumps
Tokamak Exhaust Processing
System

8% of Toroidal
Field Coil
Conductor(Finished in 2017)14% Port
Diagnostics
Pellet Injection
Disruption Mitigation

Key: Hardware in fabrication • Prototypes in fabrication • In design
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ITER Project has Defined First-Plasma
and Post-First-Plasma Hardware

US First Plasma SP-1
R&D and
DesignFull Fabrication

Completion
for All
Hardware• Central Solenoid (infabrication)• Toroidal Field
Conductor(completed in FY17)• Steady StateElectrical Network (tobe completed in
FY17)

SP-1 Overview/Sauthoff
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US Post-First Plasma SP-2

Partial Fabrication

Completion of
Fabrication• Tokamak Cooling Water System(some delivered)• Roughing Pumps• Vacuum Auxiliary System (some delivered)• Pellet Injection• Ion Cyclotron Heating• Electron Cyclotron Heating• Diagnostics• Instrumentation & Controls
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Full Fabrication• Tokamak
ExhaustProcessing• Disruption
Mitigation

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US SP-1 Systems by Value

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US Hardware

Toroidal Field Conductor Completed

Strand was produced by Luvata Waterbury, Inc. in Waterbury, CT(above) and Oxford Superconducting Technologies in Carteret, NJ.

The conductor was jacketed and integrated at High
Performance Magnetics in Tallahassee, FL and
Criotec in Chivasso, Italy (above).

Cabling of the strand was performed by New England Wire
Technologies in Lisbon, NH.
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US Hardware

Steady State Electrical Network NearlyComplete (will finish in FY17)
The final shipmentsof powertransformers weredelivered in
December 2016.

HV transformers weredelivered and installedon site in 2015.

The first lots of reactive
power compensators
were shipped in April
2017; the remainder will
be shipped by
September.

Reactive powercompensators in final
assembly testing before
shipment.

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US Hardware

Central Solenoid Module Fabrication Progressing

General Atomics developed a 64,000 ft2 Magnet Technologies Production facility
with 10 work stations
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US Hardware

Central Solenoid Module Fabrication Progressing

Left: Winding of Modules #1 and #2 is complete; #3 is underway. Middle: Heat treatment of the Module #1 is complete.
Right: Module #1 is now in the turn insulation station. Photos: GA
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US Hardware

Tokamak Cooling Water System
Initial deliveries complete; piping fabrication underway
Final Design Review for First Plasma hardware planned for November 2017

Drain tanks fabricated in the US were the first nuclear-certified
components delivered to the ITER site
(September 2015).

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Pipe fabrication is underway at the Schulz
Xtruded Products facility in Robinsonville, MS.

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US Hardware

Vacuum Auxiliary System
Deliveries in Progress; prototypes in testing

Tokamak vacuum volume: 1330 m3
Cryostat vacuum volume: 8500 m3
Neutral beam injector volume: 860 m3
Vacuum system performance: 105 Pa à10 Pa in 24 hours
Vacuum operating pressure: 1 x 10-4 Pa
Roughing pumps: 400+ vacuum pumps(10 different technologies)
Service vacuum system: >1500 clients
Vacuum piping: 6 km
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Hydrogen Isotope
Selective Pumping Unit (HISPU)

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US Hardware

Vacuum Roughing Pumps
Pump Inlet(Hydrogen Isotopes and Helium)• Novel second stage
pumps regeneratedhydrogen isotopes fueland helium from firststage cryo-sorbtion
pumps.
• Hydrogen isotopes
pumped by cryocondensation and helium
pumped by the flow ofhydrogen isotopes andmechanical pumps• Separates fuel andhelium created in thefusion process.
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Pump
Outlet(helium)

80K

The full-sized cryoviscous compressor
prototype was tested at ORNL’s Spallation
Neutron Source Cryogenic Facility before
shipment to ITER for further testing.

4.5K

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US Hardware

Ion Cyclotron Transmission Lines
Prototypes in fabrication and testing; production unit fabrication started• 20 megawatts total power transfer to the plasma• Up to 6 megawatts per line

Tri-axial vibrational test stand
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Insulator flange with 3-spoke quartz pin supports
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US Hardware

Electron Cyclotron Transmission Lines
Prototypes in fabrication and testing; contracts for manufacturing processes awarded• 20 megawatt total power transfer to the plasma• 1.2 megawatts per line

A laser-based wave guide inspection
system was developed
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1.5 MW power load test stand
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US Hardware

Pellet Injection and Disruption Mitigation Systems• Prototypes are in fabrication and testing; testing on current tokamaks continues• Cryogenic pellet plasma fueling in development to perform at 300 m/s at 16 Hz

Pellet trajectory

Pelletfragments

A shattered 7 mm neonpellet in DIII-D tokamak
plasma8/29/17

A three-barrel prototype for shattered pellet injection (SPI).
SPI components will be installed on JET for further testing.
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US Hardware

Diagnostics
State of the art distributed plasma diagnostics are in design, with prototypes infabrication and testing
Upper Visible/IR Camera (5 locations)(‘eyes’ of the ITER operators)

Low Field Side Reflectometer(LFSR)(plasma density)

Core Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (CIXS)(plasma ion temperature)

Motional Stark Effect (MSE)(magnetic field)

Diagnostic Residual Gas
Analyzer (DRGA)(plasma elements)

Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE)(plasma electron temp)

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Toroidal Interferometer &Polarimeter (TIP)(plasma density)48

US Hardware

Tokamak Exhaust Processing
Design activities continue• High-throughput (240 Pa*m3/sec) tritium processing system is in design.
• Palladium membrane separates hydrogen isotopes from methane-steam reforming reaction

High density of equipment in Tritium Building
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Typical glovebox
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U.S. Project Management

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Assessment of US Performance
June 2014, GAO:
• US ITER Project’s schedule “fully reflects the characteristics of highquality, reliable schedule estimates”• US ITER’s cost estimate “substantially met best practices forcomprehensive, well documented, and accurate estimates”
April 2015, DOE audit of US ITER QA Program:• “…. Rigorous process controls for integration of quality principles inall aspects of procurement, design, fabrication andinspection/acceptance testing”
April 2015, DOE Office of Project Assessment• “capable management team, and the processes and tools are inplace to deliver on the near-term scope”
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Robust Risk Management System
Utilized Since 2006
June 2013, DOE Independent External Review Committee:“The review team found that the US ITER project has developed a relevant andcomprehensive risk analysis with a state-of-the-practice process for developing
contingency as well as a reasonable and comprehensive approach to risk identification."

Reports/Results(Primavera Risk Analysis)

2000 Monte Carlo simulations

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DOE Deputy Secretary Approved First Plasma
Performance Baseline and Total Project Range
on January 13, 2017
DOE-approved Package (Jan 2017)
First Plasma Project Baseline(CD-2/3):• Total project cost (TPC): $2.5B• CD-4: December 2027
Total US ITER Project Range(CD-1R):

driven by budgetary
constraints—not technical• Cost range: $4.7B−$6.5B• CD-4: 2034−2038

September 2034 – March 2038

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16% of All US Hardware Has Been Delivered
US Hardware Deliveries• Deliveries by the US ofearly-need hardware began
in 2013• Deliveries have continued
on-pace with the evolving
international schedule

First Plasma(Deliveries to Date)

16%

First Plasma(Remaining)

40%

Post First
Plasma44%

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Project Engagements and Impacts

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Industries are Engaged
Industry

Area of Contribution

General Atomics, San Diego, CA

Central Solenoid modules

AREVA Federal Services, LLC, Charlotte, NC

Tokamak Cooling Water System design and drain tank fabrication

Luvata Waterbury, Inc., Waterbury, CT

Toroidal Field conductor strand

Precision Custom Components, York, PA

Central Solenoid lower structures and tie plates

Transproject, Houston, TX

Shipping

Oxford Superconducting Technology, Carteret, NJ

Toroidal Field conductor strand

High Performance Magnetics, Tallahassee, FL

Toroidal Field conductor integration/jacketing

Schneider Electric, Palatine, IL

Steady State Electrical Network components

Robatel Technologies, Roanoke, VA

Central Solenoid assembly toolingPetersen, Inc., Ogden, UTCentral Solenoid structures

Superbolt, Carnegie, PA

Central Solenoid tensioning components

Hyundai Corporation, Houston, TX

Steady State Electrical Network HV transformers

New England Wire Technologies, Lisbon, NH

Toroidal Field cabling

Robatel Technologies LLC, Roanoke, VA

Central Solenoid assembly tooling

Hamill Manufacturing, Traford, PA

Central Solenoid upper structures

Major Tool & Machine, Inc., Indianapolis, IN

Central Solenoid structure R&D

Mega Industries, LLC, Gorham, ME

Ion Cyclotron heating

Dielectric Communications, Raymond, ME

Ion Cyclotron heating

Siemen’s Industry, Inc., Wendall, NC

Steady State Electrical Network control & protection

Eaton Corporation, Cleveland, OH

Steady State Electrical Network switchgear

G&G Steel, Russellville, AL

Central Solenoid structure tie plate prototype

ABB, Raleigh NC

Steady State Electrical Network transformers

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Universities are Engaged
University

Area of Contribution

Columbia University

Project support

Florida State University

Analysis for toroidal field strand and conductor, central
solenoid conductor and tie plates

Indiana University

Core imaging x-ray spectrometer R&D

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Electron cyclotron R&D, central solenoid analysis,
quench detection
University of California Los Angeles

Computational fluids dynamic analysis, ITER teamtraining

University of California San Diego

Magnet design review support

University of Michigan

ITER stainless steel

University of Tennessee

ITER stainless steel, central solenoid and toroidal field
conductor R&D, central solenoid module R&D, radiation
modeling

University of Texas at Austin

Electron cyclotron emission diagnostic R&D

University of Wisconsin at Madison

Global neutronics

Washington State University

Pellet injector experimental support

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National Laboratories are Engaged
National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Area of Contribution
Overall U.S. project management, systems engineering, fuel pellet
injection technology, and high-performance computing fortheoretical models

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

Advanced microwave, laser, x-ray and optical diagnostic
instruments, and theoretical models

Savannah River National Laboratory

Exhaust gas processing and tritium recovery

Argonne National Laboratory

Neutronics analysis

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Solenoid cold testing and toroidal field strand testing

Idaho National Laboratory

Beryllium dust characteristics, codes and standards

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Solenoid support structure design

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Magnet systems design and analysis

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Tritium plant R&D and massive gas injection

Sandia National Laboratory

Blanket and shield R&D and design

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Over 80% of Awards andObligations Remain in the US
600+ contracts awarded to US industry and universities, and obligated to DOE national
laboratories in 44 states
500+ direct jobs and 1100+ indirect jobs created or maintained per year.

Total: ~$942M

Data as of June 30, 20178/29/17

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ITER Technologies AdvanceDomestic Capabilities and Capacities
High Power
Superconducting
Cable-in-Conduit
7 kV @ 68kA

High Power,
High Purity
Microwave Power
Transmission
20 MW transfer capacity,
1.2 MW/line> 90% mode purity

High Field,
High Storage
Superconducting
Magnets

High Power,
Low Loss
Radiofrequency
Power Transmission

5.5 GJ storage
capacity
13.1 T field

20 MW transfer capacity,
6 MW/line

High Velocity,
High Rate
Cryo-Pellet
Injection

Neutronics Modeling75 million spatial tally cells
10,000X reduction incomputational time

300 m/s second
16 Hz

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Summary

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ITER status summary• ITER negotiations led to international agreement
and ITER construction• The ITER Organization is now well-managed and is
integrating the project• Construction and fabrication are well underway on– Buildings and plant infrastructure at the ITER site
– Hardware components in all Domestic Agencies• The US ITER Project has been baselined and has
performed well
• US universities, industries and government
institutions are engaged
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“the importance of U.S. research supporting
ITER to the development of fusion energy”• U.S. burning plasma research is already underway with existing
facilities and modelling/simulation, positioning the U.S. to be among the
BP-research leaders before and on ITER
– Guides the design (e.g., disruptions and other transients)– Supports operations (e.g., plasma instrumentation and control,
predictive models and analysis tools)– Enables leading research (e.g., advancing burning plasma
understanding and creating related tools such as predictive models
for designing BP experiments and interpreting BP data)• ITER physics and hardware design, the ITPA, and Joint Experiments
have– Achieved global convergence on priorities for advancing tokamakbased fusion science and fusion technology, focusing on issues for areal device– Been highly effective as a forcing function for progress in fusion
science and technology
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“the scientific and technical developments since the 2004
report of the NAS Burning Plasma Assessment Committee”• Physics developments have supported ITER design
and research planning– Cf. Tony Taylor’s presentation• Technology developments have enabled the designof ITER’s high-tech systems– Cf. Phil Ferguson’s presentation• Research since 2004 has strengthened ourconfidence in ITER performance

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Possible statements for the Committee• Tokamaks remain the only concept mature enough tonow serve as the basis for a near-term burning plasma
experiment.
• The ITER Project, the International Tokamak Physics
Activity, and Joint Experiments have
– Achieved global convergence on priorities foradvancing tokamak-based fusion science and fusion
technology, focusing on issues for a real device; and– Been highly effective as a forcing function forprogress in fusion science and technology.
• Research since the NAS Burning Plasma Report (2004)
has strengthened our confidence in ITER performance.
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Title/Author

65Further Information
2016 ITER Organization Annual Report

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