4ht[Reprintedfrom PsxcHo,Vol. XLV, Nos. ]B(lg3S)l

FOSSIL INSECTS FROM THE CREEDE FORMATION,
COLORADO
Plnt 1. INtnonucrroN, NnunoprERA,
IsoprnnAAND
Drptnnn
Bv F. M. ClnpnNTER, T. E. SNyonR, C. p. Ar,nxlNonR, M. T. J.o,ups.e,NoF. M. Hur,r,INrnooucrroN
Bv F. M. C.tnpnNTER
Harvard Universitv

During the past twenty-five years, intensive geologicwork
fn the Rocky Mountain region has revealedseveral iertiarylake-bed deposits,the presenceof which had not previously
been suspected. one of these beds, termed the Creedefoimation by Emmons and Larson (1928), is extensively exposedon the slopesof Willow Creek,near the town of Creede,
Colorado. The formation is highly fossiliferous with plants,
qnd a prelimin ary aecountof its flora has been published by
Knowlton (1923). In 1932,Mr. Allan caplan, then a seniorin the CreedeHigh School,found that insects also were notuncommonin the formation, and an examination of some ofhis specimensconvinced me that a collecting trip to thisformation would be a practicableand profitable undertaking.
with the aid of a grant from the Milton Fund of Harvard
University, the collecting trip was made during the summerof 1934. In addition to the writer and his wife, the party
consistedof Mr. C. T. Parsons,a student in Harvard Coll€g€,
and Mr. Caplan,who joined us at Creede. In the courseof
the summer about two thousandinsectswere secured;mostof these were actually found by Mr. Caplan,while the rest of
the party collectedin the Green River shalesof Utah.
The present seriesof papersis basedmainly upon the specimens obtained on this trip, but it also covers a collectionof

106

PsycheIJune-Sept.

about two hundred other Creedeinsects,sent to me for determination by Professor Caseof the University of Michigan'
who had pieviously securedthem from Mr. Caplan. All of
the fossils have been sorted into orders and most of theminto families or superfamilies. As in the caseof the insectsof the Latah formation and of the Manitoban amber, I havereferred these Creedefossils to specialistson various groupsof living insects. Although this proceduretends to delay inlarge measure the publication of the results, it is the only
wat capableof yielding authentic determinations and conctusions. Sinceieveral more years may elapsebefore all the
specimensof the Creedecollectionhave passedthrough thehbnds of specialists, it has seemed advisable to publish
the results in severalparts, all under the samegeneraltitle,
whenever a sufficient number of manuscripts have been
completed. The descriptive part of the present paper deals
with the fossils belonging to the following orders andfamilies: Neuroptera (F. M. Carpenter), Isoptera (T. E.
Snyder), Diptera, Tipulidae (C. P. Alexander), Bibionidae(M. J. James),and Syrphidae(F. M. Hull). To these specialists and those who are working upon other families I am
grateful for their indispensablecooperation.
Since this is the first extensive account of the Creede
insects, it is pertinent to include a brief discussionof theirgeologic occu*rence and environment. The geology of
Creededistrict has beenthoroughly investigatedb)'Emmonsand Larsen (1923). According to them, the Creedeformation was depositedin a lake that occupieda valley carved
out of the iocks of the Potosi volcanic series. The lower
partof the formation consistschiefly of fine-textured,thin-bedded,
rhyolite tuffs, usually light grey or light brown'
Thicker beds of sandy material, lensesof conglomerate,and
numerous bodies of travertine are also present. It is thislower part of the formation that containsthe insectsand thebest piant material. The upper part is of coarser texture
and consists of well beddedbreccia and conglomerate,withsome fine tuff. The origin of the formation seemsto have
beenmuch like that of the Florissant shales,which lie morethan a hundred miles to the north-east. Some of the ash
thrown out by local volcanoesfell into the lake and together
with sand and mud was depositedat the bottom. Insects

19381

Fossil Insects

107

flying over the water were of course caught and entombedby the ash.
Knowlton's study of the Creedeplants led him to conclude
that the Creede formation was about the same age as the
Florissant deposit, i.e., upper Miocene. At the same time,
however,he noticed an obviousdifferencein the compositionof the two floras, the most abundant element in tho Creede
flora being Coniferae, which, although very rare at Florissant, comprised about a third of the speciesand nearly ahalf of the individual specimens. The general content of
the Creede flora strongly indicates that the lake-bed was
depositedat a considerubl{higher elevation than the Florissant shales.l As Cockereillhas stated of the Creede flora,very few, if any, high altitude insect faunas have been preserved. The chief importance of the Creede specimens,
therefore, dependsnot so much on their geologic ige as on
the environment in which they existed. It is of coursefar
too soonto say anything definite about the biotic indicationsof the Creedeinsects, but even a cursory survey of the colIection at hand, made during the sorting of the specimens
into families, indicates that the fauna is an exceedingly
small one, there being an extraordinary duplication of a few
species. This is of coursetypical of existing faunas at highaltitudes.
Onnnn NnunorrERA
FaullyCHnysopID,rE

Bv F. M. CenpnNrER

Eleven specimensof this family are contained in the collection from Creede. This is proportionally a much greaternumber than has been found in the Florissant shales,whichhave produced only about the same number in a total of
approximately 40,000 specimens. Two speciesare represented in the Creede series, one apparenfly being identieal
with a Florissant species,and the other, already described,
being peculiar to the Creede formation. The phylogenetic
significance of the Tertiary Chrysopidae has already been
discussedin an earlier paper (lg3b).
l{t the^^pr-esenttime, however, both lake deposits have an elevationof about 8200 ft.

108

Psych,eIJune-Sept.

Palaeochrysacreedei Carp.
PalaocltrAsa creedei Carpenter, 1935, Journ. Paleont., 9:265, fig. 3.
This species,although similar to the following, is characterized by the extraordinary length of the basal Banksian
cell of the fore and hind wings.2 The holotype is No.
4316 ab, Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Palaeochrysastricta Scudd. (Fig. 1)
PalaochlAsa stri,cta Scudder,1850,U. S. Geol.Survey Terr.
Rept.,13: 166; pl. L4, fig. 13, 14.
There are ten Chrysopids (4462-4471) in the Creede collection which seem to be identical in every way with thisFig. 1. Palaochrysa stricto Scudd. A. Fore -Ying -(Nor 446?,
M. C. f.),length, 12 mm. B. Hind wing (No.4464,M.C. Z.l,lengfth,
9.8 mm. Mioceneof Creede,Colorado.

species,previously known solely from the Florissant shales.
Since this is the only Creedespeciesof those so far determined which appearsto be common to the two beds,I haveincluded drawings of its venation. It should, however, beborne in mind that among the Recent Chrysopidaethe venation of closelyrelated speciesusually showsno differences.
2In mV account of the fossil Chrysopidae_(Journ.Paleont.,9z 259-271,
1935) tlie captions for figures 2 and 7 should be interchanged.

1e381

Fossil Insects

109

F^q,MlLy R^a,pnmtIDAE

Raphidia creedeiCarp.
Rapluidiacreedefcarpenter, 1986, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
Sci.,71: 150,fig. L2.
This speciesdiffers from those of Florissant by the more
slenderwings and narrower costal area. The holotype,No.
3639 ab in the Museum of comparative zoology,is the best
preservedfossil snake-flywhich has beenfound, apart fromthose in amber. The membersof the Raphidiodeaare exceedinglyrare in the Florissant shales,and the presenceof
even one in the relatively small Creedecollectionat hand isanother indication of the biotic differences represented.
Like the Florissant Raphidiodea,this Creedespeciesbelongs
to a genusnow restricted to the Old World.B
Onnnn Isoprnnn
FaurlyRntNotERMITID.iE

By Tnos. E. SNynpn
Senior Entomologist, Divil^on of Forest Tnsects,Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture

The single fossil wing sent to me for identification proves
to representa speciesof Reticulitermesnew to science. Fivefossil speciesof this genus are already known-four fromBaltic amber and one from the Mioceneshaleof Florissant,Colorado. Reticulitermes is confinedto the temperate regions of the world. A living species (R. tibiatis Banks)
occurs in localities in Colorado,but nowhere in the state at
an elevationof over 7,000feet. The wing of tibialis is larger
than in this fossil.
ReticulitermescreedeiSnyder,n. sp. (Plate 13, fig. B)
Wing (hind wing ( ?) ) : Costal area indistinct. Medianvein not free from stump or wing scale; closerto subcosta
than to cubitus; branchesto tip of wing. Cubitus running
3An account of the geographic distribution of the fossil and Recent
Raphidiode? il contained ir11ny_levision of the Nearctic species (Froc.
Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Z0: 8g-ib?, 19B6).

110

PsyclteIJune-Sept.

in about the middle of wing area, with numerousbranches,to posteriormargin of wing.
Length of wing-6.5 mm.
Width of wing -I.7 mm.
Wing smaller than in Reticulitermesfossarum Scudderfrom Florissant,Colorado,in Mioceneshale.
Holotype: Museumof ComparativeZoology,No. 4472ab;
collectedin the Mioceneshalesat Creede,Colorado.
Onnnn Drptrn^lFluu,yTrpulrp.Ln

Bv Cn.lnr,ss P. Ar,rxnNnun
MassachusettsState College

I am greatly indebted to Dr. F. M. Carpenter for theprivilege of studying the series of Tipulidae collectedby him
at the fossil beds located near Creede, Colorado. As indicated elsewhereby Dr. Carpenter, the Creede formation isof approximately the same age as the Florissant shales(Miocene), about a hundred miles to the northeast, near
Pikes Peak, Colorado.
All of the ,specimenspertain to the single genus Tipuln
Linnaeus and virtually all seemto belong to a single species
that I am herewith describing as new under the name Tipula
curpenteri. In almost all of these individuals, the wings are
the only parts that are well preserved. Throughout the vast
complexof forms now included within the limits of the genus
Tipula (approximately 1000 species,Recentand fossil), thewing venation is singularly uniform and offers but slightaid in the subdivision of the genus into smaller groups. In
the recent fauna, the definition of species in this genus
is based in great part upon the structure of the male
hypogygium, characters that are quite unavailable in thepresent fossil series. A careful analysis of wing-patternand venation has been made since any determination of thepresent series must depend chiefly or solely upon suchcharacters.
More than a scoreof fossil Tipuln and closelyallied groups
have been described from the early Tertiary of western1e381

Fossi| Inseets111

North America by Scudderand Cockerell,the majority fromthe Florissant shales. Scudder (1894) proposedfour supposedly new generic groups centering about Tipula thatmust be analyzed and evaluated in relation to the great
increasein our knowledgeof the Tipulidae in the past thirty
years.
ManapsisScudder (1.c.,pp.222,223) with cellM1 lacking
or imperfectly developed. Affinities with other Tipulinae
uncertain, due to the difference in venation in the two wingsof the type. SeveralRecentTipuline groups are now known
in which cell M 1 is lacking (as ldiotipula Alexander,
Xenotipuln ,{rlexander,and others) .
Rh,adinobrochusScudder (1.c.,pp. 223, 224) basedon thecharacter of an unusually narrow cell /st M2, which, in one
wing of the unique type, shows an extra vein issuing therefrom, lying between veins M1+2 and MS of the normal
Tipuline venation. The value of this character is questionable, especially in the present instance where the venation
appearsto be abnormal (seeAlexander,1919).
Tipulideo Scudder (1.c.,pp. 238,239) was separatedfrom
Tipula s.s. only on the basis of small physical size (wing,
9.5-13.5mm.) and the relative shortness of Rs which isapproximately equal to m-cu. Both of these characters are
duplicated in the recent subgenusScltummel;iaEdwards ofthe genus Tipula. The status of Tipulidea must remain inquestionuntil more evidencebecomesavailablebut it seems
possiblethat the group may be maintained as a valid subgenus of Tipula.
Micrapsfs Scudder (1.c.,pp.242-243) is basedon a single
imperfect specimen. The characters upon which the groupis founded are very weak, consisting of the shortness of,Rsand of an unusually small 7st M2, with vein MI forking
at base of this cell, with rn-cll placed some distance beyond
the origin of M4. The latter combination of characters i.smuch as in Nephrotoma and some Tipuln and the status of
the group is very much in question.
In my opinion, none of the four Tipuline groups discussed
aboveis well founded and all should wait upon the discovery
of further material to substantiate or disprove their claims.
It appearsto me that all except Tipulidea may well be foundto be based on teratological specimens,while all are basedLLz

PsyclteIJune-Sept.

on uniques in an indifferent state of preservation. The
figures supplied by Blake do not always conform to thedescriptions of Scudder (as in Manapsfs,where in the left
wing vein R1+2 is shown as being distinctly preserved,
whereas on the right wing it is not indicated and is either
the venaatrophied or poorly evident. In Rhadinobroclr,us,tion of the two wings of the unique type is so di,ssimilarthat the veins of the two sides cannot be homologized) .
Tipula carpenteriAlexander,n. sp. (Plate 13, figs. L,2)Male.-Length about L6-L7mm.; wing 17-18mm.
Female.-Length about 2L-22mm. ; wing 20-24mm.
General coloration dark. Praescutal pattern apparently
consisting of three entire dark stripes on a somewhatpaler
ground. Abdomen dark, the tergites with a still darker
median longitudinal stripe that is narrowly interrupted at
posterior border of each segment; lateral tergal stripes
narrower and less distinct; sternites with a similar but
much narrower medianvitta.
Antennae of male longer than in female, subequalto the
combinedhead and thorax; flagellar segmentsbicolorous,
the basalenlargementdarker than the apex; verticils short.
In female, antennae about twice the length of head. In
both sexes,flagellar segmentswith poorly developedbasal
enlargementsto appear subcylindrical.
Wings subhyaline,with a conspicuousbrown and white
pattern ; brown areas include a medium-sizedmarking at
origin of Rs; stigma and a confluentseamon anterior cord;'tn-cuand adjoining portions of vein Cu; a dark cloudin cells
M and Cu at near midlength of vein Cu, with another similar
dark area near outer end of Cu, chiefly in cell M, the two
dark markings separated by a whitish or ground area atnear two thirds the length of cell M; distal portions of cells
R2 and R3 slightly darkenedbut outer half of cell R5 somewhat paler; the white areas appear chiefly as a broad poststigmal fascia involving cell ScZ, basal third of cell R2,
subbasalthird of cell R3 and the subproximal end of cell
R5; additional obliterative areas involving base of cell lst
M2 and the adjoining basal portions of cells M3 and M4.
Wings relatively broad, the length about 3.6 times thele38lFossil Insects

113

greatest width. Venation: Rs relatively long, about one
half longer than rn-c'u,or subequalto the width of cells R
and M oppositeits origin; vein RI+g preserved;petioleof
cellM 1 variable in length, from onethird as long to subequal
to m; tll-cl,cat fork of Ms*l; cell pnd A of moderatewidth.
Hypopygium moderately enlarged, the outer end truncated. Ovipositor with relatively stout valves.
Holotype: No. 4536,Museum of comparative zoology,
collectedby Allan Caplan; this consistsof a nearly complete
insect.
Paratypes (both sexes): twenty-three in the Museumof
comparative zoology ( Nos. 4478-449b) , and one in theuniversity of Michigan Museum (No. 1bB8B). The specimens figured are the holotypeand paratype no. 4489.
I take unusualpleasurein namingthis interestingMiocene
Tipula in honor of Dr. F. M. carpenter. As ,shownby the
figures, there is a somewhatmarked variation in the wingpattern and venation in different individuals. The possibility exists that more than a single speciesis includedin
the present seriesbut this doesnot seemto be the case. In
some specimensthe radial cells beyond the post-stigmatic
white fascia are more uniformly darkenedthan in others,
as shown by the figures, which representextremeswithin
the ,series. In No. 4489,figured, cell Ml is more strongly
narrowed at wing-margin than in the holotype,while vein
R3 is slightly less extended. This individual, while representedchiefly by the wings, is evidently a female and is thelargest specimenwhosemeasurements
are given above.
The speciesthat is most similar to the present fly would
appearto be Tipula limi Scudder,which is somewhatsmaller,
with narrower wings. Scudder describesthe speciesas
having a darkenedcloudat origin of Rs but in neither of his
flgures(1.c.,PI.8, fig.4, 9 ;PI.9, fig. 1, 6 ) is this distincily
shown. This Florissant specieshas distinct lateral stripeson the abdominaltergites in addition to the subequalmedianvitta.
The various allied Miocenespecieshaving patternedwings
may be separatedby the accompanyingkey:
1. wings with vein sc relatively short, scz ending at near
midlength of cell .RI and about oppositetwo thirds thelength of Rs.
zLL4

PsyclteIJune-Sept.

Wings with Sc longer, ScZ ending beyond midlength ofcell ^RI and nearly opposite three fourths the length
carpenteri sp.n.
of Rs.
3
2. A conspicuousdarkened cloud at origin of Rs.
4
No darkenedcloud at origin of Rs.
3. ^Rs unusually long, approximately twice rn-cu; wings
broad, about 3.5 times as long as wide. tartari Scudder
Rs of moderate length, approximately one and one halftimes as long as rn-cu,'wings narrower, approximately
limi, Scudder
four times as long as wide.
4. A conspicuousdark cloud at near midlength of vein Cu,
extending caudad into cell Cu; abdominal pattern ofindividual tergites transverse; sizelarge (wing, female,macluref Scudder
2 3m m . ) .
No dark cloud at midlength of vein Cu; abdominal
pattern of the individual tergites longitudinal ; size
medium (wing, female, to L7.5 mm.).
carolina Scudder
Tipula spp.
In addition to the material previously discussed, theCreede colleetionsincluded seven specimensthat appear torepresent one or more additional species. These belong to
the group with wings immaculate or virtually so and noattempt can be made to make a more detailed identification.
The specimensincluded bear the numbers 4496.
Fllur,v

BrgtoNnan

By Mlunrcu T. J.e,uos
Colorado State Co'llege

Plecia creedensisJames,n. sp. (Fis. 2)This speciesdiffers from the Florissant speciesand fromthose described by Handlirsch from the Canadian Tertiaryin that vein R2 +3 arises from the radial sector a considerable distancebefore the apex of RI, is strongly and distinctly
elbowed at its origin, and runs almost parallel to RI for aconsiderabledistance.

re38lFossil Insects

115

g . A yellowish species,the thorax, head, palpi, and baseof the proboscis brown ; the abdomen is very light yellow
along the narrow posterior margins and on the venter; theantennae are slightly darkened basally. Pile concolorous

Fig. 2. Plecia creedensi^sJames, n. sp., drawing of wing ofholotype, No. 4523,M. C. Z.

with the background. Halteres evenly light yellow. Eachtibia with a short, black preapical bristle. Wings slightly
yellow-fumose,the veins yellow; those of the posterior partof the wing evident, though definitely lighter than the heavy
anterior veins.
Length, tZ mm. ; of abdoment,8 mm. ; of wing, 9 mm.
The following measurementsare in millimeters. Anterior
femur, 2, tibia, 2.3,tarsus,2.6; middle femur, 1.8,tibia, 1.8,
tarsus, 1.9; posterior femur, 2.'1, tibia, 2.8, tarsus, 2.4;
length of head, .8, of antennae,.8, of thorax, 2.7; length ofvein .Rsto cross-veinr-m, 1.5, of Rs from r-nt, to origin of
R2+3, .7, of cross-veinr-ffi, .4, of M from r-n't,to the furcation, .4 ; distanceof apex of Rl from base of wing, 6.4, oforigin of.RZf I from baseof wing, 5.1.
Holotype (female) : No. 4523, Museum of Comparative
Zoology. This specimenis well preserved and is in lateralposition, so that practically all characters of taxonomic
importanceare visible.
Paratypes: twelve females; eleven (Nos. 4524-45q2)inthe Museumof ComparativeZoology,and onein the Museumof the University of Colorado. Eight other specimensare
present in the collection at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, but they are not designatedas paratypes becauseof poor preservation.

116

PsycheIJune-Sept.

Fn urly Synpnman
Bv F. M. Hur,r,University of Mississippi

one speciesof Syrphidae is contained in the collection offossil insectsfrom Creede. This belongsto the Recentgenus
Platycheirus. The only other reference to fossil forms ofthis genus is that of Pongracz (1g28, p. 190), who places
here two speciesfrom oeningen, originally included by Heerin Syrphus. I examinedPongracz'sspecimensin the British
Museum and found them to be poorly preserved.
Platycheirus persistensn. sp. (Fig. B)
Male. Length 10.0 mm.; of abdomenand scutellum 6.0mm.; of wing 7.2 mm.; secondspeeimen,length 10.0 mm.;thorax and abdomen6.2 mm.; of wing 8.8 mm.
Head: hemispherical, obviously narrower than thorax.
Eyes narrowly dichoptic. Face dark in color. No detailsof antennae visible. Thorar.' dark, though very litile
pigment is preserved, and no details of pile can be seen.
Scutellumsemicircular,the margin evenlyconvex,the widthabout one and three fourths greater than the length.
Abdomen: slender,the .sidesnot quite parallel, but slightly
convex,leaving the middle segmentsbarely wider. The first
segmentjuts beyond the rim of the scutellum by a fifth thelatter's length. Secondand third segmentsof nearly equal
length, the former the longer. Fourth segment slightly
shorter than third. Fifth segmenttwo fifths as long as thepreceding one. Hypopygium prominent and smoothly
rounded. The segmentsare marked with brown. The posterior two-fifths of the secondsegmentwith a median wedge,
pointing to and reaching the anterior border, and similar
pattbrn on the two succeedingsegments,the brown of theposterior border on the fourth segment occupying nearly
the whole of the posterior half. The fifth segment is elear.
Legs: slender. For the most part, they are not well preserved,but one set of tarsi, apparently the left hind tarsi, iswell preservedand shows decidedexpansionand thickeningof the joints. Wings.' poorly preserved.

re38lFossil Insects

Lt?

Female. specimenNos. 3950and Bgbl is without head,obverseand reverse. Thesewings are a little better preservedand showthe third longitudinalvein and costaending
quite beyondthe tip of wing, though not nearly as much as
in Rhingia. The abdominalpattern is quite similar; beyond
the fact that the segmentsare slightly wider, I am unable
to detect differencesof importance. one whole hind leg_ Fig. 3. Platgcheiruspet.sistensHull, n. sp. A, abdomen;B, tibia
and tarsus of holotype,No. 3949,M. C. Z.

(right) is preserved. The femora were slightly thickened
one and two-fifths the width of tibiae and the tarsi were
not dilated. The obverseis fragmentary and poor. Perhaps
a trace of antennae appears upon it. The opposite hindtarsus is shown, the maculation is deceptiveand the abdomenalso appears disproportionately short and wide.
Holotype: 1 male, No. 3949; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Paratype: 1 female, No. 3950; in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

118

PsEcheIJune-Sept.

REFERENCES
Alexander, C. P. 1919. The crane-flies of New York. Part 1. Cornell
Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 25 z 767-993.
Carpenter, F. M. 1935. Tertiary Insects of the Family Chrysopide.
Journ. Paleon., 9: 259-272.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933. A Fossil Sawfly from the Miocene Shales
near Creede, Colorado. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 28: 186-187.
1934. An Ancient Foxtail Pine. Nature, 133: 573.
Emmons, W. H., and Larsen, E. S. L923. Geology and the Depositsof the Creede District, Colorado. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 718.
Knowlton, F. H. L923. Fossil Plants from the Tertiary lake-beds ofsouth-central Colorado. Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Surv., 131G.
Pongracz, A. 1928. Die Fossile Insekten von lJngarn. Annales
Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 25: 1-194.
Scudder, S. H, 1894. Tertiary Tipulidae, with Special Reference tothose of Florissant, Colorado. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,32 (143):
1-93.
EXPLANATIONOF PLATE 13

Fig. 1r Tipula carpenteri Alexander, n. sp. Photograph ofholotype, No. 4536, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Length of wing,
18 mm.
Fig. 2. Tipula carpenteri Alexander, n. sp. Photograph ofparatype, No. 4489, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Length of wing,
17 mm.
Fis. 3. Reticulitermes ereedei Snyder, n. sp. Photograph ofholotype, No. 4472, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Length of wing,

6.5 mm.

l , r .j , \ i

I I f)
V o r . . - 1 5 .I ' r . , r ' r ' \l l; l l .

' ' .. r{tii

I " r , s s i l I n s t , t ' t s I ' lo l r r ( ' r ' t ' t , r l t

r*i