newsletter
newsletter
Vol 2004 / 6
December 15, 2004

E UROPEAN F USION DEVELOPEMENT AGREEMENT

News
Issued by the EFDA
Close Support Unit
Garching

Contents• Personalities:
New faces in the European Commission
page 2

Council of Ministers
At their meeting on November 26, 2004, the European Research Ministers tackled
the two major dossiers of the European research policy, namely the international negotiations on ITER and the future Community framework research programme. On ITER,
the EU Ministers unanimously endorsed the modifications of the negotiation mandate
as proposed by the European Commission after its meeting on November 16 in Strasbourg (France), aimed at reaching an agreement among the 6 Parties (the European
Union, including Switzerland, Japan, the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the Republic of Korea) for the constructionof ITER at the European site of Cadarache, France, as soon as possible. At the press
conference, European Commissioner for Science and Research Janez Potocnik rejected the idea of setting a deadline for reaching a consensus among the six Parties.

• Personalities /ANS Conference
page 3• Associations:
Research Institute / MFA(Hungary)
page 4• Associations:
FZ Jülich
page 5• JET:
Remote Handling
page 6• Events:• IAEA Conference• “Fête de la Science”
page 7• Obituary:
Sebastian “Bas” Pease
In Memoriam:
Kees Braams
page 8ITER - Decision to amend the negotiating directives
The Council, with a view to concluding the international negotiations with the six partners on the site of ITER, decided unanimously to modify the Commission's negotiating
Directives.
These directives thus modified:• ensure the widest possible international partnership;• confirm the European support for Cadarache as the site for ITER;• recognise the importance of the broader approach in the negotiations with all partners;• provide clarification on the transitional arrangements to ensure an efficient start to
ITER joint implementation.
For more information please see:

http://www.efda.org

http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/1369&format=HT
http://www.eu2004.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=8EBAFDA0A60346668B670E6A8DA4C83EX1X53197X89

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 2

Personalities
New faces in the Commission's Directorate for research
EFDA Newsletter:
Heading the Unit “Joint Development of Fusion” and considering the experience you havegained in your past positions, which aspects of your career would be most valuable foryour future task?

Didier Gambier

Directorate J - Energy
Unit 5: Joint developmentof Fusion
Head of Unit: Didier Gambier
Unit 6: Fusion associationagreements
Head of Unit: Yvan Capouet
Unit 7: Administration andfinance
Head of Unit: Eduard Rille
Find their Cvs on our web:
http://www.efda.org

Find all 14 directorates
and their subunits on
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/
research/organisation.cfm?lan
g=en#ReportDG

D. Gambier: I have gained experience on international technology cooperation in the lastyears when managing the centre for international science and technology in Moscow andwith one sister organisation in Kiev, first as representative of the EU and then as Executive Director of the Moscow Centre. Except for China I was dealing then with the sameactors as the one of ITER: Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States and theRepublic of Korea. Therefore my past experience has facilitated my integration as ateam member of the negotiators for the European Union in a different environment,
and focusing on fusion development with ITER and the Broader Approach, rather
than on the conversion of former weapon scientists' activities. However, I haveexperienced the high value of striving to reach consensus among the Parties,
sometimes smoothly and sometimes with enormous effort of all, in order toachieve a high level of trust and confidence among the Russian Federation,
the host, Japan, the USA and the EU. These have been key elements forthe organisation to evolve, achieve best practices in all the Centre's activities, spanning from fundamental to Security Research and Development.
And this experience should be of a certain value, I hope, for ITER and forthe joint development of fusion.
EFDA Newsletter: You supported the bilateral science and technology cooperation agreement between the EU and the Russian Federation in the field oflife sciences and biotechnology. How could, in your opinion, European industrial
and scientific cooperation be improved in the field of nuclear fusion?
D. Gambier: I operated in the Russian scientific environment for about 9 years. The Russian Federation has maintained a high level of professionalism concerning fusion in general - on the technological as well as on the theoretical side. Being represented by preeminent personalities in the field and being directly involved in the ITER engineering
design activities I therefore would say that furthering the development of fusion with Russia is not only of high value, it is indispensable and can be further exploited. I'm convincedthat many of our colleagues in Russia would stand ready to deliver excellent products for
ITER and for fusion in general. Fusion is a Russian field of excellence and therefore theRussian and the European cooperation in this field can be further developed for the benefit of all the ITER Parties.

EFDA Newsletter:
Your present activity is Head of the Fusion association agreements Unit. Considering theexperience you have gained in your past positions, for example as Head of Cabinet of theCommissioner for Research, which aspects of your carrier would be most valuable foryour future task?
Y. Capouet: Everything that I have done so far in the Commission has always been linked tointernal policies, for the European Union, its members States and industry. This means
networking people, gathering forces and creating the right framework conditions for cooperation. This was also very much the input I gave to Mr. Busquin as Head of his Cabinet during the last 20 months. In order to cope with the major challenges of ITER we will
have to maintain the idea of integration. This has been the case in the past and I'm willingto contribute my own experience to continue to strengthen the integration in the fusion area.
Yvan Capouet

EFDA Newsletter: As former engineer in the Belgian nuclear safety inspectorate in which
way can you use this experience to support nuclear fusion?

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 3

Y. Capouet: My engineering experience is very much related to the project's experience. Thismeans: defining a goal, defining deliverables, doing everything which is necessary to getto the final goal, avoiding traps and anticipating difficulties. I think all that will be relevant aswell for the future of the fusion programme. My experience in the field of the nuclear fission
energy was also in a time where fission was moving away from the scientists labs, into
more cooperation with and ownership by the industry. All these are challenges that we will
face also in the field of fusion as our aim is to make fusion a realistic and affordable energy source before the middle of this century.
EFDA Newsletter: Considering the experience you have gained in your past positions ininternational organisations, industry and at university, which aspects of your carrier
would be most valuable for your future task as head of administration and finance?
Eduard Rille: The most valuable thing is that I have gained a great deal of experience in working with people. Administration and finance sounds very dry, but inpractice this means working on positions, careers, dealing with budgets and public money. In parallel to my management position at LEICA AG in Switzerland I
was teaching at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. The most valuable thing
I've learned, in working with students and researchers, is patience.
EFDA Newsletter: At LEICA AG you worked as project manager and director ofmarketing and logistics. What is in your opinion the most important thing in a goodbusiness plan for the European Research Area?
E. Rille: The European Research Area is a very innovative concept: and it is basedon the idea that we should pursue research in areas where the member states alone
cannot achieve a certain target. Fusion, especially ITER, is one part of the European
Research Area, which demands infrastructures and large installations that require very
experienced management skills. The senior management will be adapted to those needs.
In Europe we have enough talent and enough young people who combine these importantskills and I think that our big challenge will be to involve them effectively.

Eduard Rille

Interviews: D. Lutz-Lanzinger

Conference
American Nuclear Society Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy
Sept. 14-16, 2004 Madison (USA)The conference organised by the University of Wisconsin (Madison) has gathered morethan one hundred participants in a nice university environment and offered worldwide contributions from eleven countries.
The introductory speech was delivered by Prof. H. “Jack” Schmitt, a former senator andastronaut in the Apollo programme.
Specific sessions were dedicated, among other topics, to ITER, safety issues, experimental devices and reactor studies.
Presentations included a review of the US activities both in magnetic and inertial fusion.
The ITER project was represented by two main contributions presented by Dr. V. Chuyanov
and Dr. P. Barabaschi. The European technology activities in support of ITER were reported by the EFDA Associate Leader for Technology, Dr. R. Andreani.
The conference presented also an interesting review of the American and Japanesefusion technology programmes. The two countries appear to have very strong relationshipand many collaborative programmes in fusion, in particular in the field of materials.

Conference contributions
can be downloaded fromthe conference web site:
http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/tofe/ho
me.htmlEFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 4

Associations
Structural deformation characterisation of ferromagnetic
materials by sensitive magnetic flux leakage measurements
In the frame of the Fusion Underlying Technology Work programme, novel electromagnetic non destructive techniques weredeveloped in the Research Institute for Technical Physics andMaterials Science in Budapest (Hungary). The physical background of this technique is based on the fact, that structuralchanges in materials are accompanied by modification of magnetic properties. One of the performed tasks was the characterisationof structural deformation of ferromagnetic materials by the measurement of the stray magnetic field around the specimens. For
this purpose a new, fluxgate type magnetic field sensor (Fluxset
sensor) was applied for the measurement of magnetic leakage fluxin plastically deformed, ferromagnetic, low alloy steel samples.

Shape and sizes of the measured sample andthe investigated area (in gray)

The method can be illustrated by the measurements, performed on a series of A533B type steel specimen. The investigated specimens were shaped in a standard loading test sample asshown in the Figure (top). Different tensile stress up to P=530 MPa
were applied on these samples. After loading, prior to the measurement, samples were polarised in 1 kOe magnetic field. The
measurement of the flux leakage was performed in zero external
field by applying different sensor orientations, parallel (X and Y
direction) and normal to the sample surface (Z direction). As an
illustration, the leakage flux density, measured by the X direction
oriented sensor (along the axis of the sample), scanning over thesurface is shown in the bottom part of the Figure, as a function ofloading. (Only the highlighted area of the sample was measured.)

0 MPa

470 MPa530 MPa

Operational range:± 100 µT
Operational temperature range:
sensor only:± 100 ºC
sensor with circuit: - 40 / + 85 ºC
Accuracy:± 0.5 %
Bandwidth:
DC-10kHz/-3dB
Noise:< 30 pT / \/Hz
Orthogonality:< 1ºSpatial resolution:
0.5 mm(E-mail: vertesyg@mfa.kfki.hu)
http://www.mfa.kfki.hu/fluxset

Fluxset sensor characteristics:

For more information contact
Dr. G. Vértesy

The magnetic flux leakage distribution over the
sample's surface after different loading

The results prove the applicability of this technique: theobtained pictures show the fine details of the flux distribution,
which is due to the degradation of the material. It has been found,that high resolution and high sensitivity can be achieved, strong inhomogeneities can be revealed in the investigated sample, andthe fine structure of the magnetic flux distribution can be detected.
Another advantage, is that the measurement can be performed
within a short time. The method is especially suitable for the measuring of magnetic fields, parallel to the sample surface.
Samples, having small remanence, can also be measured bythis technique, due to the high sensitivity of the applied magnetic
field sensor. This means that in many cases the previous magnetisation of the samples is not necessary, which makes the application easier. Last, but not least, the described technique is suitable for the simultaneous measurement of the DC magnetic fieldand even the AC leakage field as well. An applicable local AC
exciting coil makes it possible to apply localised magnetic excitation instead of global magnetic polarisation of the huge samples tobe tested, and in addition, it introduces the ability of the eddy current type measurements.

page 5EFDA Fusion Newsletter

Associations
The Ruhr-University
Bochum is represented on

New Virtual Institute for ITER-relevant Plasma Boundary Physics
The Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HGF) has approved theapplication of Research Centre Jülich for a new virtual institute named "ITER-relevant
Plasma Boundary Physics" (IPBP). The Jülich Institute for Plasma Physics FZJ, which isa member of EFDA, is a partner of this virtual institute as member of the Helmholtz
Association of German Research Centres, while Ruhr-University Bochum and HeinrichHeine-University Düsseldorf (both in Germany) represent plasma and fusion research at
the regional level.
The main strategic goal of the Institute for ITER-relevant Plasma Boundary Physics
is to integrate expertise in different disciplines at the partner institutes - especially at theNorth Rhine-Westphalian universities. Key knowledge in boundary plasma and surface
materials such as:• atomic physics and advanced plasma diagnostics,• surface physics,• computational physics and non-linear dynamics, and• laser plasmas
will be oriented towards the needs of ITER, the next step on the road to a fusion power
plant. Fusion and ITER will receive a broader visibility, especially at the university level,
gaining more young students for research work. Details are available at IPBP's new website http://www.iter-boundary.de .

http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/index_en.htm

The address of the English home-page of theHeinrich-Heine-University
Düsseldorf is
http://www.verwaltung.uniduesseldorf.de/abteilung42/
index-e.htm

Plasma-Wall Interaction Experts met in Jülich
The interaction of a fusion plasma with the surrounding walls is a key issue on the way
towards a fusion power plant. The subject, increasingly in the focus of European fusion
research, is of utmost importance for ITER. Experts in the field of plasma-wall interaction
met at Research Centre Jülich (FZJ, Germany) on October 14-15, 2004 to discuss the current progress and to work out immediate future plans within the EU Task Force on PlasmaWall Interaction. The Task Force was started two years ago under the leadership of Dr. V.
Philipps from FZJ with J. Roth ( IPP Garching) and A. Loarte (EFDA) as deputy leaders (seeNewsletter December 2002), who will remain in function until the end of 2005.
The participants (see photograph) have analysed in detail recent reports of the six special working groups on chemical erosion, gas balance, transient heat loads, high-Z plasmafacing components, tritium removal, and dedicated technology tasks. To highlight some of
the results, progress has been achieved in qualifying the carbon chemical erosion source
under the divertor conditions in ITER, indicating lower carbon influx than previously
assumed. Also the temporal and spatial distribution of disruption power loads indicate lesscritical margins than previously assumed. However, the main critical question associatedwith the present ITER wall material choice remains the long term tritium inventory. Morework is necessary in present fusion devices to qualify tritium removal methods which areapplicable in ITER. Interesting progress with the use of tungsten as main chamber wallmaterial has been obtained in ASDEX Upgrade.
The Task Force is largely organised along topics which is seen as a key ingredient to achieve
progress. In the topical areas, well-defined questions and areas in which efforts will be concentrated in the coming year have been identified.
The reports of the special expert working
groups were followed by presentations of thework performed in thirteen European Fusion
Associations, for the first time including Poland
and Slovenia. All questions picked out during
the workshop have been discussed in view of
their relevance to ITER.

More information on
Research Centre Jülich:
http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/
index.php?index=3

All presentations and a shortsummary of the discussions
can be found on the Task
Force website(http://www.efda-taskforcepwi.org/) under the navigation
item "News". The site can beused as a reference to current
research fields of plasma-wallinteraction and to physicalconcepts associated with thedevelopment of plasma-facing
components.

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 6

JET
Operational Experience in JET Remote Handling“Man in the loop” strategy:
The Remote Handling system is open to manualcontrol when a high levelof human supervision
and/or adaptability isrequired. In more routine
tasks, or when there is aneed for time optimisation
and/or accuracy of motion,
the Remote Handling system is operated in an
automatic or robotic way.

The radiation levels expected in ITER during the later stages of machine operation aresuch that maintenance work cannot be carried out by human intervention. Remote Handling(RH) was therefore defined by the ITER project, as the nominal solution for the maintenanceof the reactor.
Similar considerations provided the main incentive for the development of the RH system at JET. The in-vessel maintenance and divertor modification that followed the introduction of tritium in the DTE campaign (1997) was possible only thanks to the RH methods.
Even today, application of ALARA principles, encourages the JET operator to accomplish
most of the in-vessel work using remote handling techniques.
JET has today the only operating platform within the fusion programme where RH techniques have been developed, tested, and improved to a stage that allows in-vessel works to
be carried out fully remotely. Although ITER RH will feature a number of differences from the
JET system, the experience gained by the JET RH group over many years will be of great
importance for ITER. According to JET's experience, the RH systems work efficiently when
the following aspects are thoroughly considered:
Adaptability: Experimental facilities, such as JET, are subject to changes in their configuration in order to test new components and systems. To cope with the changes, from the
beginning JET adopted a generic “man in the loop” RH strategy, which maximised its
adaptability to the environment and minimised the need for re-configuration of the equipment from one shutdown to the next. This approach also lends itself well to RH tasks related to unexpected interventions.
Planning: In-vessel maintenance is not limited to component replacement. There are
numerous supplementary tasks, e.g. inspection, cleaning, metrology or re-tightening bolts.
Many of them require development of specific equipment. Installation of in-vessel services(lights, power lines etc.) should not be underestimated either.
Development: The RH equipment is of one-off nature and it is still vital to predict its reliability. At JET, the reliability was assessed and improved during long-term tests using specially built full scale mock-ups and the general scheme for new RH components is definedby the so-called “life-cycle”. The life-cycle can be divided into four phases: design based on
definition of the requirements, first version system, development to maturity and, last, RH
operation. This evolution can only be efficient if the R&D work is completed and interfaces
between RH and machine are frozen.
Space: Designing tools to be remotely operable means providing them with specific features, which reduce the level of risk in performing the task. A common feature is that thesetools require more space than would have been needed for manual tooling. The RH equipment also needs a huge amount of external backup, i.e. space outside the working zone forservices, operators, mock-ups, maintenance, decontamination,commissioning etc.

In-vessel operation

Control: The local JET RH team has been playing an important role in rationalisation of the RH control systems. For example,
recent developments of Virtual Reality at JET show that real
improvements for RH operations can be achieved by exploiting 3Dcomputer simulations. Virtual Reality is used extensively during
RH preparation and final task execution. Nevertheless, real-timecamera views remain central to the JET RH strategy in order tocope with unpredictable situations.
The successful remote handling of JET has demonstrated thefeasibility of remote maintenance for fusion. Many lessons havebeen learnt of which the JET remote handling team consider themost significant to be the necessity for rigorous preparation andattention to detail in the design, build and testing of the remotehandling devices and the JET components.

page 7

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

EventsFind more information on:
Instituto Superior Técnico

20th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference

http://www.ist.utl.pt/

From the 1st to 6th of November 2004 the Instituto Superior Técnico through Centro de Fusão Nuclear on behalf of the Portuguese
Government and the Association EURATOM/IST hosted the "20th
IAEA Fusion Energy Conference" in Vilamoura (Portugal). The Fusion Energy Conferenceis the main meeting for fusion research worldwide, and attracts delegates and contributions
from most countries involved in fusion energy research. This year, 597 delegates representing 33 countries and 3 international organisations participated to the conference.

Centro de Fusão Nuclear
http://www.cfn.ist.utl.pt/

and
http://www.cfn.ist.utl.pt/20IAEA
Conf/index.html

The meeting took place in Vilamoura, a small holiday town on the South coast of Portugal. The conference venue was perfect to host such a large event, with a main hall were alloral contributions were presented, as well as poster contributions, which were presented in parallel to the oral sessions. The Fusion Expo exhibition was also on display for
the whole duration of the conference, and local schools were invited to a guided tour
during the week.
The Conference proceedings were opened by a welcome speech by Dr. W. Burkart(IAEA), followed by 3 contributions to the traditional “Fusion Pioneers” section: thesewere delivered by Dr. C.M. Ferreira (Portugal), Prof. Sir C. Llewellyn-Smith (UKAEA)
and Dr. Y. Shimomura (ITER). Dr. Ferreira expressed the strong support of the Portuguese Government to fusion research, and to ITER in particular. Support to ITER andto a vision for the fast realisation of fusion for energy productions (the so-called “fasttrack to fusion”) was the main theme of the strong and enthusiastic talk of Sir LlewellynSmith. In his speech, he conveyed to the audience both the challenge and the rewards thatthe final development of fusion energy will bring about to humankind in the near future.
Finally, Dr. Shimomura gave a thorough update of the status of the ITER project, highlighting the progress towards licensing and construction of the device, as well as the technicaland organisational challenges ahead of this ambitious international project.
The summary of the results obtained in the main research laboratories and experiments
since the last Fusion Energy Conference (Lyon, France, 2002) were presented in theoverview sessions that took place in the first two days of the conference. The rest of theweek was dedicated to presentations of talks and posters describing more detailed andspecific results of fusion research in the last two years. As customary, the Conference
closed with five summary talks, collecting and contrasting all major results and contributions
presented during the week. Finally, the conference adjourned with the announcement of thenext IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, that will be held for the first time in China, in the cityof Chengdu, October 16-22, 2006.
Fusion in Paris: “Fête de la Science”
During the second week of October the “Fête de la Science” was held in Paris, France.
Part of this yearly science week was the “Village des Sciences”, which was held from October 15th to 17th 2004, in the “Jardin du Luxembourg”. The “Village” was organised by
the French Ministry of Science and opened by the French Minister for Research,
François d'Aubert. Scientists from the EURATOM - CEA Association, Cadarache(Dr. A. Maas, Dr. J.M. Ané) together with their Dutch colleagues from EURATOMFOM Association-Rijnhuizen. (Dr. M. Beurskens and Dr. M. Westra ) informed the visitors about fusion energy. The beautiful “Jardin du Luxembourg”, which houses the
French Senate and is surrounded by government buildings and famous universities
like the Sorbonne, was the perfect backdrop of the “Village”. About sixty scientificorganisations presented themselves in info tents. Thousands of visitors mostly from
Paris found their way to the exhibition during the three days of the event.
The CEA tent consisted of a section on hydrogen, one on granular matter andanother on fusion. The Dutch delegation was invited to the festival because of its
country being the current holder of the EU presidency. The FOM team performed theFusion Road Show, which proved to be very popular and effective in drawing a large
crowd to the tent. A lecture on fusion was given at the “Ecole des Mines”.

M. Beurskens (FOM, front) and J. M. Ané (CEA, in theback) explaining the principles of fusion

page 8EFDA Fusion Newsletter

Obituary

Sebastian “Bas” Pease
R. S. "Bas" Pease, former Director of UKAEA Culham for 20 years, diedaged 81 on 17 October 2004 after a short illness. After obtaining a wartime Honours degree in Physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, he joined AERE Harwellin 1947, specialising in solid state physics and producing some of the classic
work on radiation damage and neutron diffraction.
In 1955 he began his long career in fusion research and became leader ofthe ZETA Team, coming into the public eye in 1958 when worldwide coverage
was given to the results obtained on this machine.
In 1964 he moved to the newly-built Culham Laboratory and became Director in 1968. He played a leading role in worldwide collaboration in fusion
research, playing a key role in both bringing JET to Culham and in the earlyplanning of the next international device INTOR - later to become ITER.
Following his retirement in 1987 he took on an active role in Pugwash, an internationalorganisation of influential scholars and public figures concerned with nuclear disarmament.
Among his many awards and honours, he was President of the Institute of Physics
from 1978-80 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1977 for "his distinguished contributions to the experimental study of behaviour or dense plasmas in strong
magnetic fields with particular reference to nuclear fusion". Former colleague Dr.M. Forrest recalls his "ebullient personality and an almost overpowering enthusiasm for the
topics and projects he became involved in." For his friend Dr. D. Palumbo, Bas Pease
was quite simply "the British representative in the world of the Fusion Programme."“Bas” Pease (centre) in front of
ZETA 1958, with a BBC broadcast
man on left and Bob Carruthers,
who designed ZETA, on right.

In Memoriam
Kees Braams Memorial meeting
Dr. C.M. (Kees) Braams was the founder and the first director of the FOM-Institute for
Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen from 1959 until his retirement in 1987. On October 7th his significance for the Institute and for the international fusion research was commemorated at
Rijnhuizen with a ceremony and the inauguration of a bronze plaquette of Kees Braams.
About 150 visitors, mainly scientists who had worked with Kees Braams, participated in the event, many from abroad. The six speakers memorated many aspects of Kees
Braams. “The atmosphere of intellectual freedom, the encouragement of creativity andinquisitiveness, the friendliness of human relations of this place stemmed to a great partfrom the character of its founder Kees Braams.”, said Prof. C. Schüller, who followed
Kees Braams as 'Mister Fusion' in the Netherlands.
Among the foreign guests were many representatives of the international fusion community, among whom Dr. D. Palumbo (80), the first director of the European Fusion programme.
All speakers, Prof. P. Vandenplas, Dr. U. Finzi, Dr. P. Stott, Prof. F. Engelmann andProf. C. Schüller, stressed the important role Kees Braams played in uniting the European Fusion Programme, and his role as one of the founding fathers of JET. From the
speeches, a picture emerged of a gentleman of physics with a sharp intellect, critical butable to listen, with a profound knowledge of physics and acute diplomatic skills.

EFDA Close Support Unit - Garching
Boltzmannstr. 2
D-85748 Garching / Munich - Germany
phone: +49-89-3299-4237
fax: +49-89-3299-4197
e-mail: federico.casci@efda.org
editors: Federico Casci, Doris Lutz-Lanzinger
graphic design: Karen Jens

For more information
see our EFDA website:
http://www.efda.org

and additionally
http://www.jet.efda.org
http://www.iter.org© M.Q. Tran (EFDA Leader) 2004.
This internal newsletter or parts of it may not be reproduced without permission.
Text, pictures and layout, except where noted, courtesy of the EFDA Parties. Picture on
page 7: Courtesy of IAEA.
The EFDA Parties are the European Commission and the Associates of the European
Fusion Programme which is co-ordinated and managed by the Commission.
Neither the Commission, the Associates nor anyone acting on their behalf is responsible
for any damage resulting from the use of information contained in this publication.