a -tt~ -li- ± ij) ~ ~~*·t~tTransactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. 66

Palaeontological Society of japan
june 30th, 1967

CONTENTS

TRANSACTIONS
519.

MATSUO, Hidekuni.

A

Cretaceous

Salrinia fromtheHashimaIs.

(Gunkan-jima), Outside of the Nagasaki Harbour, \Vest Kyushu,.................................................................. 49

japan

520. TA:->AI. Toshimasa. On the Hamamelidaceae from the Palaeogene of
Hokkaido, Japan ........................................................ 56

521.

OBATA, lkuwo.

522.

HAYAMI, Itaru and KAWASAWA, Keizo. Some Lower Cretaceous Bivalves

63

Lo\ver Cretaceous Ammonites from the Ivliyako Group

from the Shimantogawa Group of South Shikoku ........................ 73

523.

NAGASAWA, Joji.

On the Fossil Equine Teeth from Kuzuu. Tochigi

Prefecture and Tokyo City .............................................. 83

President : Kiyoshi ASANO
Councillors:

Kiyoshi AsANO (Editor of Fossils), Tetsuro IIANAI (Editor of Transac·

tions and Proceedings). \Vataru llASHI:\IOTO (Treasurer), Kotora IIATAI, Ko·ichiro ICHIKAWA. Taro KAl\AYA, Kametoshi KAN:IIERA, Teiichi KOBAYASHI,
Tamio KoTAKA, Tatsuro tviATSUMOTO (Editor of Special Papers), Masao
Mil\ATO, Hiroshi OZAKI (Planning), Tokio SHIKA:IIA(~lembership),TsugioSIIUTO, Fuyuji TAKAI (Chairman of Executive Councillor's Committee)
Secretaries:

Takashi HAl\! ADA, It ant IIA YAt-11, Yasuhide IwASAKI, Yokichi TAKA·YANAGIAll Communications relating to this journal should be addressed to the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
Geological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, japan

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan. N. S., No. 66. pp. 49-55, pl. 5.

519.

June 30. 1967

A CRETACEOUS SAL YINIA FROM THE HASHIMA IS.
(GUNKAN-JIMA), OUTSIDE OF THE NAGASAKIHARBOUR, WEST KYUSI-IU. JAPAN*
HIDEKUNI MATSUO
Department of Geology, College of Liberal Arts. Kanazawa University-li:~i-!E!r'~~iffl)lh,=:.-;~itfiM (.b~S!li'Ei7:)

rf.O) Salvinia mitsusense ('l\J[fifi):

P'J;lfi~!r'~jillj,!fl',~ fRYj/,j,f11;lJ\:O)mffiJT 970 m 1::.$~:::::. ::~ifli!:;t;Ji1:9\:!Ji:::~;;" ·"C 1963 :if.~'::!*m Lt.: Salvinia
OJ~T!l!~~iliic·j;?;., r!tH!.i;i:Ji:i!i:!::fil±'tL"C1t·?5:::::.-;~iMi1!1'J:F.ll~tmt!!i (1963) :::J::Qt, ~0.e7:H"i!b ll1bH'f. <3ei!l! L. iJfJ!t 0) ·' ~-ij Jt1 " 0) Ttftlf: ~ t: 7.>, .::. 0) ~~ 71 1.:: 1:1 ~IJ: 1962 :if.::.~~ Lt~

Inoceramus cfr. amakusensis'(!:f;.-tr~lf... }-'ffE/d~!ER'iii:~?"C,~11::. Lt~ Equisetum sp. O)~c -Hf1:::4:fill'5:-im~':>;"~,.:(-O)g~!C~il:-t"ii~~=: -;~i'fflfi~H"i_bit!. Inoceramus O>illiW-? 1962 ~!::jjlij);,J=~~:9\:0)i!~fii)!\l'l~l'fflri;H:> Trachodon O)·!lf }f:?~§E]!.~h"(\t • Q~iJ'G
jL~H 0) s:rtUc~ :::;t,t .rt-th:t;K1ii~~ 1 imMll:t :.:.m:'i -J· ~,s!IHci\Y; ~~ Salvinia t L "C ;;t*;J'fil\HJJO) 0) -cit!>'? "C,tI.

:lir.¥.c ;;l'.i~l~{f~.:~iWII!E\.::(7: <. t

and 140m wide being about 0.064 km 2
in area, with about 5,200 people living
there, proving themselves to be very
valuable source of labour and otherservices for the Coal Mining Departmentof the Mitsubishi Co.
In the Takashima Coal-field including
two collieries, namely the Hashima andthe Futago. the Palaeogene Takashima
Flora is well preserved. but the occurrence of the Cretaceous plant fossils has
not been kno,vn: consequently the occurrence of Cretaceous Salz·inia, lhe small.
floating aquatic fern species has not been
expected there. It -..vas a surprise lo us
to hear the discovery, by Ivlr. S. 1-IINoKUMA of the Mitsubishi Co., of a boneof the Trachodon sp. at a point in thelevel of 917 m under sea in the Futagotateko (l\lain shaft) of the Futago
colliery in Takashima Is, about 4.5 km
NE of Hashima Is.: il was found in
April, 1962. This discovery suggested

Introduction

Cretaceous Salvinia was collected by
the writer from the :tvlitsuse Prospecting
Pit of the Hashima Colliery, when he
Yisited the locality of the Palaeogene
Takashima Flora there. guided by ~vlr.
K. AIU~!ATSU of the Coal Jlvlining Depart·
ment of the l\•!itsubishi Co. in December.
1963. This island is known by the production of the best anthracite in ourcountry-the Hashima-tan.
Hashima Island about 19 km SW of
the Nagasaki Harbour in Kyushu, adistance of about one hour by a small
ship. This island looks from a distanceas if it were floating like a warship, andis popularly known by the name of"Gunkan-jima" in japanese that is,warship island. It is about 480 m long---------* Received June 30, 1966; read January,24, 1965 at Tok~•o.
49

50

Hidekuni MATSUO

S. HrNOKUMA the possibility of the occur·
renee of Cretaceous also in the ~·Htsuse
Prospecting Pit in Hashima colliery: hehas been successful to find the evidenceof the Cretaceous in a molluscan shellfrom the grey sandy shale layer at its
pit-wall. This molluscan shell was identified by Prof. T. ~VIATSU:'>IOTO of the
Kyushu University with Inoceramus cfr.
mnakusensis NAGAO et 1\IATSUI\!OTO.
The writer, visiting the locality ofthis Cretaceous evidence, could collect anumber of pyritized stems of Equisetum
sp. as well as many pieces of Salvinian
pinnulets, from the same horizon as thatof Inoceramus.
Before writing this report, the writerwhishes to express his appreciation to
the members of the Coal 1\lining Depart·
ment of the !vlitsubishi Co., especiallyto \Ir. S. Hr~OKUMA of the Futago
colliery, and l'vlr. K. ARiliiATSU of theHashima colliery, for their kindness
shown to him in every way in the field.
And, last but not the least, the writer's
thanks are due to Dr. I. HAy ASAKA for
l1is kind criticism of the work and reading the manuscripts.

II. Geological Notes of the)litsuse Formation
The Mitsuse Formation was establishedby S. HmoKU!'IIA in 1963, and was con·sidered to belong to the lower part ofthe so-called "Akasaki Formation",
which has been believed to conformably
underlie the Futagojima Formation,yielding some Palaeogene brackish mol·luscan shells. It unconformably overlies
the fundamental rock including the
Palaeozoic Schists. Thus. the so-called"Akasaki Formation" has been regarded
to be the Palaeogene and Pre· Tertiaryin age. The new evidece consisting ofa saurian bone and a pelecypod shell

Inoceramus, points to its being of the
1\lesozoic age. however. (S~e Fig. 1).
A saurian bone of Futago colliery was
identified with Nipponosaurus by Prof.
F. T AKAI of the University of Tokyo; heconsidered that it was a humeral bonebelonging to Trachodon (Nipponosaurus)sp., which was found at Kawakami
colliery (Sinegorsk,-35 km
NW
of
Yuzhno-Sachalinsk) in Sachalin Island.
On a shell of Inoceramus of 1-lashima
colliery, Prof. T. l'viATSUMOTO is of
opinion that is must be /. cfr. amaku·
sensis from the Himenoura Group (Upper
Cretaceous) in Amakusa Island, Western
KyushU. Therefore, the so-called .. Akas:~ l<i Formation " in part, at least, represents the Upper Cretaceous. It is
why S. HI!':OKU:\IA proposed to separated
this formation into two formations: thelower part, the 1\litsuse Formation whichcorresponds to a part of the Upper
Cretaceous I-Iimenoura Group in Amakusa
Islands. and the other, the Koyagi Formation, corresponding to the lower Palaeogene formation of the northern KyushiL
The Cretaceous Salvinia was found in
the grey silty shale layer containing
many pyritized nodules, which, in allprobability. is lower in horizon than the
Inoceramus-bearing grey sandy shale
layer, which is characterized by containing many pebbly or cobbly calcareous
nodules.
At Takashima Island the writer col·Jected some pyritized stems of Equisetum
sp. from the same horizon of the Sal·
vinia·bearing sandy shale layer exposedat the pit-wall of the lowest horizontalof the main pit, together with the
pyritized pebbles, similar to the above
mentioned nodules of the 1\Iitsuse For·mat ion.
From these facts. it is suggested that
the Salvinia fragments and the Equisetum
stems were grown in a bitumineous bog

51

Cretaceous Salvinia j1·om lYest Kyiishz{
Age

Species

Fonnation

Iojima150

Hashima
180-240

Cyrenobatissa sp.

Futagojirna
Formation

157-440+
Inoceran:us sp.
,;guise turn sp. ( stew.s)!.H tsuseFormation''alvinia sp.

Trachodon sp.
:..,
0

0.

~;

290-690+

Fig. 1.

Columnar Section of the Takashima Coal-Field.
(Make up for S. I!J:-\OKtj:\JA, 1963).

52-Hidekuni MATSUO

in the upper Cretaceous age, when thearea concerned. ,\ras surrounded by sucha natural environment.
The examination of all the fossils
collected. indicates that the formation
containing them may correspond to the
Himenoura Group, belonging to the
Urakawan Series .'in the japanese Cre·taceous prol1le.

111.

Note of the New Speciesof Salvinia

Although the materials at the writer's
disposal are all incomplete fragments.
the Salvinian leaf impressions show thatthey are striate and pupctate, and el·liptical and equilateral in outline.
In Japan and neighbour countries.
fossil Sa!vinians have only been known
from the Palaeogen and Neogene strata.
with the exception of Salvinia sp. indet ..
t·eported by H. YARE and S. ENDO in
1927, from the Honkeiko (Pen-hsi-hu1
Group in South :1vlanchuria. However,as there had not been record of Saluinia
in Pre-Tertiary formations up to thattime. the authors in doubt as to the
Geological age of the Honkeiko Group.
and assumed that the Honkeiko Group
can not be older than the later Cre·taceous. As the new discover~' inKyfishG is of the later Cretaceous age,
it may more easily accepted the possi·
bility of the lower Cretaceous occurrenceof Saluinia in Honkeiko. Then thelatter is the oldest record of the genus
in Eastern Asia, and the one reported
here from Hashima is the second oldest
so far known from Eastern Asia.
The writer is inclined to propose a
new species named Salvinia mitsusense,*
after the name of the prospecting-pit- - . "Mitsuse" means "three sunken rocks •·,5 km S\V of Hashima Island.

of Hashima colliery_
IY.

Description of the New Species
Family Salviniaceae

Salvinia mitsusense new species
Pl. 5, figs. 1-3 Text-fig. 4.

Description : Laminae lack apex andbase; striate punctate characters, margin
entire: 11.4 mm in length and 6.2 mm inwidth. Midnerve rather thick and dis·tinct: lateral nerves 16 in number, form
an archeid at angle of 60°. Archeidfine but distinctly impressed, commonly,
forming 4-5 regular hexagonal or pentagonal meshes. Impressions of tubercles
or spines rather !age, usually one toeach mesh.
Discussion : On the genus Salvinia,
K.K. SIIAPARE:-lKO (1956) described indetail and arrived at a conclusion thatthe genus should be separated into twogroups. recent and fossil: the former
including eight species, and the lattertwelve. ranging from the younger Cretaceous to the Pleistocene in the world.
In japan and in the neighbouring territories, he recognized the existence of
two recent species. namely, S. cucu/ata
and S. natans. The former species isfound in Southern Asia and the otheris rather widely distribution from japan
to Europe. As to the japanese fossil
species of S. natans (he includes S.
natanel/a,S.
kryshtofovichana,S.
sunschae. S. nalans form fossilis in his
description). he regarded that the range
in the geological horizon from the Eocene
to Oligocene.
On the other hand, the japanese
Palaeo·phytologists
described
threespecies, i. e .. S. nalans fossilis, S. formosa and S. pseudoformosa from the
Neogene strata.

Cretaceous Salvinta· f.1·onr ·lJ?:est Kyiishit~53"-. the present writers ·described with
When S. OISHI and K. HUZIOKA (1941
illustrations two types of Kawabataian Sal,and 1943) described those species fromvinia. namely, S. na'tans ALL. fossilis 01sm
Hokkaido and Karahuto (Sachalin), theyand Ilt;ZIOKA from Karahuto and S. formosaalso referred to many other localities in
HEER from Hokkaido. The former is a typejapan (1941 ; 194). Among those localimorphologically similar to the livingS. natansties, the· writer has become aware ofdiffering only in having more crowded spines
Nakanoshima; the specimen. where fromon the surface of floating leaves: the latter
was described by R. FLORIN in 1919,
shows a very similar morphological characters
named Saluinia formosa l-IEER.
with the type specimen of I-lEER from
Nakanoshima is located at NE 300m
Switzerland as well as so many specimens
described and figured from various parts offrom the Hashima Island. According to
the world under the name S. formosa HR.
the note of T. NAGAO (1927-29; 10).
This is the reason why the present writers
FLOJW(s specimen had been probably
identified the specimens from Hokkaido to-derived from the .. Goma-goshaku Bed "S. formosa, except that in our specimens the..jn the Takashima Group of Eocene age.
minute surface features. which are rather
The .. Goma-goshaku Bed" contains a
obscure in HEER'S specimens especially thoseplant bed and molluscan layer. which are
in respect to the tubercles. are very clearlyinterbedded at a little above the Gomaobserved as already shown in the text-figure,g<!shaku seam. When the writer collectin our second contribution above referred to.
ed manv warm temperate broad leaves-FLORII'i mentioned on S. formosa derived
from this pl~n~ bed in 1962, except Glyfrom the type locality of Schrotzburg in
pto~trobus ·sp.,)lelumbo sp. and Osmunda
Switzerland and described that there were
hair-bases (tubercles) arranged in two rows
lignitum GIEBEL which had been alreadyas were clearly shown in his figure. This is
made known by T. NAGAO in 1926; hecertainly a valuable contribution made byalso collected some Salvinian leaves in
FLORIX, but unfortunately the examination
the debris of the abandoned mine betof the surface feature was made on theween the " 13anto-so ·· and "Goma-so ".
specimens derived from the type-locality, but
These specimens are imperfect in presernot on the type-specimen itself. It is indeed
vation, but they are enough to makeprobable or even possible that the specimens
them recognized that they resemble
which now FLORIN examined represent the.Saluinia formosa of the Neogene age.
same species with BEER's type-specimen, but
On the other hand. K K. SHAPARENKO,
at the same time there is also a probability
revising FLORIN's S. formosa from thethat they may represent a distinct species ofSatvinia grown together with HEER's S.
Nakanoshima. remarked that it should
formosa. As FLORtl"'s ligures show, it isbe similar to. or identical with S. kry·
doubtless that his specimens agree essentially
shtofovichiana. In fact, S. kryshtofoviwith HEER's type-specimen in many morchiana shows a characteristic feature ofphological features except that in the typeS. nalans in general of the modern
specimen the minute surface features as
species. But the Gomagoshaku speciFLORil" pointed out are obscure. Therefore.
men does show closer affinity to S.
if it may be provisionally admitted that
formosa than to S. natans.
HEER'S type-specimens exhibit. really the
S. OISHI and K. HUZIOKA, in theirsame characters coincide in all respects withwork discussing S. natans fossilis from -, those in FLORIN's specimens. then the specithe Karahuto (Sachalin) and S. formosamens which the present writers describedand figured from Hokkaido asS. formosa HR.
from Hokkoido (1942: 67 -68), they obin which the tubercles or hair-bases are arserved as follows ;54Hidekuni MATSUO

ranged in single row should represent a
species distinct from S. formosa in the senceof FLOHIN. Therefore, at the present case,the present writers wish with provisionally tofollow FLORIN in treating his specimens tobe identical with the type-specimen of S.
formosa by III,ER, and to call the specimensfrom Ilokkaido in question pseudoformosa.
The several specimens hitherto described bymany authors as S. formosa need reexamination.-"

The Goma-so species is similar to
Oism and HUZIOKA's S. formosa. The
Hashima species resembles it, so thatthe writer considers that S. mitsusense
to be ancestral form from which the
Palaeogene and Neogene species of Japan possibly had been derived.
References
El'ino. S. (l\l42) : On the fossil Flora fromthe Shulan Coal-Field, Kirin Province andthe Fushun Coal-Field, Fengtien Province(in Japanese); Bull. Cenlr. Nat. Museum
Manclwukuo (Manchuria). 1/sinking. No.
3, pp. 33-43, pis. XVI & XVII.
HEER. 0. (1859): Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae.
Allgemeiner Theil (Bd. III), pp. 1-377,
pis. CL-CL V.
Hil'OKUMA, S. (1963) : On the Cretaceous
layers at Takashima. Nagasaki Pref. (inJapanese) ; Bull. J(yushii Coal lvfining,
Vol. XVI. No. 12, pp. 14-20.

HoLLICK, A. (1894): Fossil Salvinias, including Description of a new Species;
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 21. No. 6,
pp. 253-257, pis. CCV.
HuzJOKA, K. (1943) : Notes on Some Tertiary
Plants from Tyosen. I; jour. Fac. Sci.,
llokkaido Imp. Uniu .. Ser. IV, Vol. VII,
No. 1. pp. 117-139, pi::;. XXI (I)-XXX (V).
- - (196·1) : The Aniai Flora of Akita Prefecture, and the Aniai-Type Floras in
Honshu, Japan; )ourn. Mining Coli.
Akita Univ .. Ser. A, Vol. III. No. 4, pp.
1-105. pis. I-XVIII.
NAGAo. T. (1927-29) :Palaeogene Coalbearing Formations of the Island of
Kyushu: Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,
2nd Ser., Vol. XI. pp. 1-22.
OISHI, S. & Hl"'ZIOI<A, K. (1941): Studies on
the Cenozoic Plants of Hokkaido andKarahuto.
II. Safl,inia 11ala1tS ALI.IONL
fossi/is subsp. nov. from Karahulo andS.formosa Iii'ER from Ilokkaido; journ.
Fac. Sci. Hokkaido 1111/J. Univ., Ser. IV,
Vol. VI. No. 2, pp. 193-199, pis. XLIV (I).
- - & - - (1943) : A Supplementary Noteon Saluinia formosa llE!'R; Ibid. Vol.
VII. No. 1. pp. 67-70. pl. I.
ScHJ~·IPER, W. P11. & Scur~NK. A. (1890) :Palaeophytologie (Ha11dbuc!l der Palaeontologie von IC A. ZITTEl.), 958 pp., 443
ligs.
SEWARD. A. C. (1910): Fossil Plants; VoL
II. 621 pp. Cambridge.
- - (1924) : A Collection of fossil plantsfrom South-east Nigeria:
Bull. Geol.
Surv .. Nigeria, No. 6. pp. 1-16, pl. I.

Explanation of Plate 5
Locality:

Saluinia mitsusense. new species
Mitsuse Prospecting-Pit, Hashima Colliery. Takashima Coal-Field, Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan.

Fig. 1. Reg. No. DGLAKZ-142·11-1 ( x 2).
Fig. 2. llolotype: Heg. No. DGLAKZ-1-1231-2 (x2).
Fig. 3. Reg. No. DGLAKZ-1,1241-3 (x2).
Fig. 4. Upper surface of the new· species.
Fig. 5. Marginal part of the upper surface.
Fig. 6. Undersurface of the new species.

MA T SUO:

Cretaceous Salvinia from West Kyushu

Plate 5

1

3
0

1 em

2

0

1

2 mm

6

55

Cretaceons Salvinia jrorn West Kyz/shtt
SHAPARE:-;Ko. K. K. (1956): History of theSlat1inicz (in Russian); Palaeobotanica.
Bd. II, pp. 7-44. pls. I-III.
SuzuKI. K. (1961):
The Important andCharacteristic Pliocene and Miocene
Species of plants from the Southern Partof the Tohoku District. Japan: Sci. Rep.
Fac. Art & Sci. Fukushima Univ., No.
10, pp. 1-95. pls. I-XIX.

AkasakiAmakusa Island
Futagojimal"utago Tateko
Goma-goshaku
Hashirna Island
Himenoura

iff;

*7.i
1fi. Ji,j'*==r ,t;b==r~.IJt~m;JiR.

~k&

M?. I illl

TA:'>IAI, T. (1961): Neogene l"loral Change
in Japan: ]ourn. Fac. Hokkaido Univ.,
Ser. IV, Vol. XI, No.2, pp. 119-398, Pls.
I-XXXII.
YABB, H. & EI'>DO, S. (1927) : Salvinia from
Honkeiko Group of the Honkeiko CoalField. South 1\•fanchuria: jap. jounz. Geol.
& Geogr., Vol. V, No. 3, pp. 113-115,
Text-fig. 3.

Ilonkeiko (Pen-hsi-hu)
Kawakami (Sinegorsl<)
MitsuseNakanoshima
Takashima Island
Urakawa*~ i.IJI
Ill
J::- '/ itli$2./iff

t.li

im

lfh
iiiJ

Trans. Proc. Palaconl. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 66, pp .. 56-62, pis. 6, 7, June 30, 1967

520.

ON THE HAMAMELIDACEAE FROM THE pALAEOGENEOF HOKKAIDO. JAPAN*TOSHL\IASA TANAI
Department of Geology and Mineralogy,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo~til!iilll~·~c:::?f:ilt~o)..,.. :/")· ~ W.::-:>v•'C :c. OJf.H:.}.o~-t ~ lili~~'iMFHIU:w;OJrp<:: 'bl:ttX:

i'l'~i!IHM!c~;t l?tL·cv · !.d1:. ~[.f/.1Cffl1olillf'ir.A\~'Jft~.l.:fli~Mi~J~~ht.:/./{fi~~-J-t O),;:jrt.s: <t.~:v'. L-;;·L-. ft.1';c: t..·nt~t:.'f'::tf\O)l'f).:::3,f;, c.,l;icWrm.=.;f-n·~?J1><~J!~:tLn'7.:>,;;t~l:ifjjilf0)1:1~~f.:h .t CH!JII~X~JUO);'!;Elti!i?.fE.oif-1.1·1?. 7 :/11" ~ fJH.::.W.-t 7.:> Corylopsis . Disanthus · Hamamelis · Liquidambar .:t~ .t if. Parrotia 0) 5/ir. 5 f·~~1.2,.l0, =. :.. ::.;J~il\X'2 L. t:.,*"'tlfi:rt:~1tt

Parrotia are common. Of these genera
Liquidambar and Parrotia have been
most widely and commonlv found in
the Middle Tertiary of Eurasi-a and North
America. In Japan the fossils belonging
to the l-lamamelidaceae are abundant in
the Neogene (MIKI, 1941; TAN AI, 1961).
The Palaeogene sediments including
many valuable coals are widely distributed in Hokkaido, and contain a number
of well-preserved plant fossils in severalof stratigraphic horizons. The author
has investigated these Palaeogene plants
during recent several years. and here
describes on the representative fossils of
the Hamamelidaceae.

Introduction
The family Hamamelidaceae includes
23 genera and about \50 species in theworld, and the living species is now distributed in the old tropics and warm
temperate regions. !\lost of them arecharacteristic in modern distribution:
they are mostly distributed in limitedareas. Considering the modern and past
distribution. the Hamamelidaceae in·
eludes many of relict genera. This family
has been considered to be one of theolder types in the evolution of Angio·
sperms by many authors (GoBI, 1916:
T AKIITAJAN, l9:Y1; others). on the basisof anatomical structure of woods, andflower structure. The fossils belonging
to the Hamamelidaceae have been widely
recorded through the Tertiary of thenorthern hemisphere. even back to theUpper Cretaceous; especially several
genera such as Cary/apsis. Distylium,
Fothergilla, Hamamelis, Liquidambar. andAcknowledgements
The author wishes to express his great
appreciation to Dr. Kazuo HuziOKA, Professor of mining geology at Akita Uni·
versity, for his valuable suggestion to
identify fossils and for his permission
to study some of his collection. Deep
appreciation is due to Dr. Toshio SHI:O.LO·
KAWARA, Chief geologist of Hokkaido• Received July 12, 1966; read Jan. 25. 1966
at Sendai.

5!1

Hmna-meliduceae frmn the Palaeogene

Fig. LMap showing fossil localities.

Colliery and Stea_mship Co., for his kindpermission to offer several specimens.
Fossils and their stratigraphic
distribution
Palaeogene •fossils of the Hamamelidaceae are found from the Ishikari andKushiro coal fields (Fig. 1) : they are
Corylopsis ishilcariensis sp. nov .. Disantlzus nipponicus sp. nov., Hamamelis
kushiroensis sp. nov., Liquidambar mioTable L--------..._

fossil-bearing
formation
fossil species--...___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----=c=Corylopsis ishikarieizsis
Disanthus nipponica; Hanra1nelis kushiroenszs
I..

sinica Hu et CHA)IEY and Pan·otia fagifolia (GOEPPERT) HEER. Of these genera
Disantlzus and Corylopsis are the firstoccurrence in the Tertiary of East Asia,
though other three have been commonly
found in the Neogene. The genus Dis·
anthus is monotypic, and its living species, D. cercidifolius MAXIM .. is confined
to japan and central China. D. cercidifloius in Japan are living isolatedly withsmall extent in Honshu and Shikoku.
The genus Parrotia is also monotypic.;
its living species, P. persica C. A. MEYER
is distributed only in the coastal regionof the Caspian Sea. northern Iran. The
genus Corylopsis is confined to East Asia
and Himalaya region. and 4 living species are distributed in central and southern japan. On the one hand, both Liquidambar and Hamamelis are separately
distributed in East Asia and eastern
North America each: they are a part ofthe so-called East Asiatic-North American alliance which '\Vas widely distribut.
ed during Middle Tertiary time in thenorthern hemisphere, and is now restricted to East Asia (mainly to japan and
China including Formosa) and North
America.

Stratigraphic distribution of the Hamamelidacean plants
in the Ishikari and Kushiro coal fields.

~-- ----------

57

~-~-

Ltquidambar miosinica

KushirolshikariHe~~~~~~~.-lc_f~_l
l
,---

Yb

Sb

I

:----~ ----- r~~~~-~- -:==--==-~- · ---=====!,

I-_---~=~~- =~-=_•I Parrotia fagifolia
Nc: Noborikawa formation
lc lkushumbetsu formation
He: Harutori formation

(

---.

1

'
_-1

I

'_::.-=_11I

!=___

--1

I

~

__ ,

-----------------Yc: Yubari formation
Ac: Ashibetsu formation
Yb: Yubetsu formation

Be: Bibai formation
Sb: Shakubetsu formation

1iToshimasct 1'ANAI

58

In the Ishikari coal field situated incentral Hokkaido, the Eocene-Oligocene
lshikari group comprises 5 coal-bearing
formations. from which a number ofplant fossils occur. In the Kushiro coal
field situated in southeastern Hokkaido.
the Oligocene Urahoro group comprises
3 coal-bearing formations including many
plant fossils. The Urahoro group has
been correlated to the upper half of the
Ishikari group on the basis of marine
molluscs and plant fossils. Of the abovenoted 5 species of the Hamamelidaceae.
Liquidambar miosinica is found throughthe lshikari and Urahoro groups, especially common in the Yubari and lkushumbetsu formations of the Ishikaricoal field. It is frequently represented
not only by leaves but fruits. Disanthus
nipponicus represented by leaves is usually found in the Ikushumbetsu and theHarutori formations, and is rare in the
Yubari formation. Other three species
show rather rare occurrence in the Palaeogene of Hokkaido. These five species
are distributed stratigraphically in the
Ishikari and Urahoro groups as shownin Table 1.
Descriptions of species

gently curving up, entering marginal
teeth; tertiary veins slender, irregularly
percurrent ; margin dentate with aristate
teeth; texture subcoriaceous; petiole
stout, 4 mm. long.
Remarks :-A single leaf from the
Kamui coal mine, though somewhat incomplete, is referred to Corylopsis in its
venation and marginal character. It isclosely similar to leaves of the modern
C. pauciflora Smn. et Zucc., which is
distributed in central Honshu, japan. A
single incomplete leaf referred to Corylop.~is cf. pauciflora was described fromthe Sarmatian flora of Ungarn, !Iungary(ANDREANSZKY, 1959), but differs in venation character. No fossil leaves of CoryIopsis are similar to C. ishikariensis in.Japan. Our fossil leaf resembles ingeneral appearance to Tilia remoliserrata
OISHI et HUZIOKA from the Estoru coalmine southern Saghalien (Oism et HuziOKA. 19,13), but differs in marginal teeth.
Occurrence :-Kamui coal mine, Utashinai City (Noborikawa formation). collected by H. HONDA.
Collection :-H. U. M.P. Holotype no.
25861.

Disantlzus nipponicus sp. nov.
Pl. 6, figs. 3, 7

Corylopsis ishikariensis sp. nov.
Pl. 6. fig. l

Description :-Leaf ovate, 2.4 em. long(estimated), l.6 em. wide, palmately 3veined from the base; base obliquely
cordate; apex unknown; midrib stout,nearly straight, bearing ·1 or 5 (estimated)
subopposite secondaries at angles of 20
to 25 degrees; a pair of lateral primaries
forming angles of degrees with midrib;
5 or 6 abaxial secondary branches given
off from lateral primaries. curving near
the margin. ending in marginal teeth;
lateral primary and secondary veins

Discription :-Leaves cordate, 5 to 7 em.
long and 7.6 to 10 em. wide: apex obtuse,sometimes slightly emarginate; basebroadly cordate; palmately 5-veinedfrom the base; midvein stout, somewhat
flexuose, bearing 3 or 4 subopposite
secondaries at angles of 40 to 45 degrees,
then gently curved up and approaching
to the margin, where they branch andform prominent marginal loops; inner
pair of lateral primaries forming anangle of 40 to '15 degrees with the midvein, bearing 3 to 4 abaxial secondarybranches, which curved up near theHauuwzehdaceae jr01n the Pal.a.eogene
margin and from marginal loops; outerpair of secondaries somewhat slender.
forming an angle of 75 to 90 degrees
with the midvein. gently curving up,
with about 5 abaxial branches, which
form prominent loops within the margin;
tertiary veins forming a large, irregular.
quadrangular meshes, enclosing a coarse
network of quarternary veins: areolation
fine: margin entire, sometimes shallowly
lobed on one side: texture thin; petiole
medium, unknown in length.
Remarks:-These well-preserved leaves
are similar to those of Cercis, Phytocreneand Disanthus in their general appearance. They are most closely similar toleaves of the modern D. cercidifolius.r..Iaxim. in shape and venation. which israrely living in Honshu and Shikoku.
japan, and in central China. D. nipponicus is closely similar to Cercis miochi nensis Hu et CHANEY from the middle Miocene Shanwang Flora of China (Hu et
CHANEY. 1938), and C. endoi K. SUZUKI
from the Upper Miocene Fujitoge floraof northeastern Honshu (K. SUZUKI. 1958),
but these leaves of Cercis have apparently a small elongation of apex which isusually observed in the modern leaves of
Cercis. Another similar species is Phytocaene sordida (LESX.) !'viACG. from a Middle Eocene flora of the central Sierra
Nevada. the western United States(1\lACGINTLE. 19tH), but differs in marginal character.
Occurrence :-Higure-zawa, Ikushumbetsu, l'vlikasa City (lkushumbetsu forformation). collected by Y. Noz,\KI and
K. KATO; Taiheiyo coal mine, Kushiro
City lllarutori formation). collected by
T. TA~Al.
Collection :-H. U. M.P. Holotype no.
25865; Hokkaido Coli. Steamship Co. G. S.
hypotype no. 501.

Hamamelis kushiroensis new species
Pl. 6, figs. 5, 6

Description :-Leaves ovate to oval,
3-plinerved. somewhat inequilateral. 6.5to 12 em. long (estimated), 4.5 to 6 em.
wide; apex missing: base somewhat
asymmetrical. slightly cordate: midrib
slender, somewhat flexuose; secondaryveins 6 or 7 pairs, opposite to subopposite, diverging at angles of 30 to 40·
degrees. nearly parallel, slightly curving
up, craspedodrome; several branchesfrom basal secondaries diverging abaxially, curving up along the margin form·
ing marginal loops with the tertiaries, a
few branches from other secondaries
sometimes given off near the margin,looping along the margin or ending in
marginal teeth ; tertiaries distinct. percurrent, nearly perpendicular to thesecondaries; nervilles thin, finely reticulate; margin irregularly undulate-dentate,with cuspidate teeth; texture firm;
petiole missing.
Remarks:- These leaves. though incomplete, are referred to Hamamelis in
margin and venation character. and areclosely similar to those of the modern
H. japonica SIEB. et Zucc.. which is
widely distributed from Hokkaido to
Kyushu. H. lwshiroensis is distinguishable in shape and venation from H. protojaponica T ANAl et N. SuzuKI recently
described from the Late Tertiary floraof northeastern Hokkaido (T ANAl et N.
SUZUKI. 1965). Another similar species
H. miomollis Hu et CHANEY from the
Miocene Shanwang flora of China (Huet CHAc-;EY. 1938), but the Chinese species
is suborbicular in shape.
Occurrence :-Shimizusawa coal mine.
Yubari City (Yubari formation). collectedby M. KoBAYASHI: Takinosawa. Bibai
City (lkushumbetsu formation), collected

·60

To.shim.asa TAN A I

by T. TANAI; Taiheiyo coal mine. Kushiro City (1-larutori formation). collectedby T. TANAI.
Collection :-H. U. 1\L P. Holotype no.
:25863 ; hypotype no. 25864.
Liquidam.bar miosinica Hu et CHANEY
Pl. 7, figs. ·2-6
1938. Liquidambar m!osinca Ilu ct CHA:-;E)'.
Palaeont. Sinica, new ser. A, no. 1, p. 46,
pl. 23, figs. 1, 2.
1920. Liquidambar europaeum Ar.. BRAt;X.
FLorlr~. Kgl. Sv, Vet.-Akad. fl(ltldl. YoL
6l' p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 5:
1932: · Uquidambar eur~paeum !{,.. BRAV?\,~L' E;-.;r>o et MoRJTA. Sci. Rep. Tohoku?•, Imp. Uniu. ser. 2. vol. 15. no': 2, p. 51.
: .. -:.pl. 3, fig. 9.
1963. •>Liquidambar miosinica Hu et CHA?\EY,' .. TANAI· et SyzuKL Tertiary fluras of•. j(J.pa_~l, I. Af;iQ{:ene jiorc~s. 1>. L28. pl. 23,.ligs.,6, 8. 11 _(~ee synonymy) ..

Remarlis :-Fossil leaves referred to
Lz~~ltid~mbar are. ~ommonly found fromthe ·Pafaeogene of Hokkaido, especiallyfrom the Jshikari group. These leaves
are m-ostly .three-lobed, and are rarely

five-lobed. Three-lobed leaves are highlyvariable in basal form from bro~dlyrounded to cordate, in shape of lobes
from deltoid with acute tip to elongateacute with acuminate tip, and in the extending angles of lateral primaries. Suchleaf characters closely match their variation displayed ·by L. miosinica. which
is one of the common plants in the Neogene of japan. Palaeogene Liquidambar
have farther abundant leaves with deltoid
lobes than of Neogene leaves. However,
Palaeogene leaves are, as a rule. indistinguishable from L. miosi1iica, which is
closely similar to the modern L. formo·sana I !M-ICE living in Formosa and China.
The 5-lobed leaves from japan_ havebeen usually referred to L. europaeum
AL. BRAUN, but they sqould be referred
to L. miosinica. as aln~ady disuc,:ussed bythe. writer (TANAI .~t !'l'. SuzuKI,' 1963).
L. europaeum AL. Bi{A.UN from the Europe,an Tertiary and 1:- paclzyphyllum
K!'\OWLTON from the North Americ;anTertiary are represented mostly by 5'tobed leaves, an9 rarely by 3-lobed!eaves; these two species are closely
similar to the,modern L. slyrac(fliw LI:-<.

Explanation of Plate 6(All natural size unless otherwisw stated)
r'g. 1. Cory/opsis ishikhriensis TAt>; AI sp. nay., from the Noborikawa formation, the Kamui
coal mine, Ishikari ( xl.5). H. U. M.P. holotype No. 25861.
Fig. 2. Coryiopsis pauciflora 811~11. et Zucc., the living leaf for comparison of fig. L
Fig. 3. Disantl111s nipponicus TANAJ ~p. nov .. from the Jkushumbetsu formation, Higurezawa.
Ikushimbetsu, Ishikari. Hokkaido CoiL Steamship Co. G. S. hypotype No. 501.
Fig. 4. Parroha persica C. A. MEYER, the living leaf for comparison of pl. 2, fig. 1.
Fig. 5. Hamamelis k11shiroensis TA:-IAt sp. nov .. from the Ilarutori formation, Taiheiyo coalmine, Kusoiro. H. U. M.P. hypotype No. 25864.
Fig. 6. Hamamelis kushiroensis TA:'>lAI sp. nov., from the Harutori formation, Taiheiyo coalmine. Kushiro. H. U. M.P. holotype No. 25863.
Fig. 7. Disanthus nipponicus TA:o<AI sp. nov., from the lkushumbetsu formation, Higurezawa.
Ikushumbctsu, Ishikari. 1-1. U. M.P. holotypc No. 25862.

TANAI :Hamamelidaceae from the Palaeogene

Plate 6

Hamamelidaceae from the Palaeogene
living in the southeastern United States.
Occurrence:- Yubetsu coal mine. Akanmachi. Akan-gun (Yubetsu formation).
collected by T. TAN AI; Taiheiyo coalmine. Kushiro City {Harutori formation),collected by T. TANAI ; Shimizusawa
coal mine. Yubari City {Yubari formation), collected by M. KoBAYASHI; Kotakino-sawa. Ikushumbetsu. Mikasa City
{lkushumbetsu formation). collected by
T. SHIJ\IOKAWARA.
Collection .-Hypotype H. U. ~vi. P. nos.
25865. 25866.
Parrotia f agifolia (GOEI'l'ERT) HEER
Pl. 7. fig. 1
1859. Parrotia fagifolia (GoEPPERT) HEER.
Flora tert. helv. vol. 3, p. 306.
1955. Parrotia fagifolia (GoEPPART) HEER,
HuziOKA. Illust. Cat. Fos. Fukui Prej.
no. 6. p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 1.
1963. Parrotia fagifolia (GOEPPERT) HEER,TANAI et SuzuKI. Tertiary Floras ofJapan, I. Mioceue jl.01·as. p. 129. pl. 19,
fig. 5, pl. 20. figs. 1-3. (see synonymy
and discussion).

Remarks :-Several incomplete leaves
from the Yubari formation are referred
to Parrotia fagifolia. which is one of therepresentative species in the Middle
1\liocene of japan. As already discussed
by the writer (TANAI et N. SuzUKI, 1963),
P. fagifolia is closely similar to themodern P. persica C. A. l\IEYER of northern Iran. Recently TRALAU (1963) compared such fossil leaves from the European Tertiary with living leaves ofHamamelis, Parrotia and Fothergilla,
and assigned these fossils to cf. P. persica. However, current practice favors
their reference to P. fagifolia rather than
to a modern species.
Occurrence :-Shimizusawa coal mine.
Yubari City (Yubari formation), collectedby M. KOBA Y ASH!.

61

References
AKDREA:>;SZKY, G. (1959): Sarmatische Flora·von Ungarns. Acad. Kaido. Budapest.
E:-;oo, S. et H. MoRITA (1932): Notes on
genera Comptoniphllum and Liquidambar.
Sci. Rep., Tohoku Imp. Univ., 2nd ser.,vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 41-53.
FLORI"-', R. (1920) : Zur Kenntinis der jungtertiaren Pflanzenwelt Japans.
Kg/.
Svensk. l'et.-Akad. Hand/. bd. 61. no. 1.
s. 1-71.
GoBI. CH. (1916): Ubersicht tiber das System
der Pflanzen. Pctrograd.
Flora tertiaria helvetica.
HEER. 0. (1859):
bd. 3.
Hu. II. H. et R. W. CHA:-!EY (1938): A Mio·
cene flora from Shantung province, China,
Palaeont. Sinica. new ser. A. no. l.
HtiZIOKA. K. (1955) : Illustrated Fossil Catalogue in Fukui Prefecture. no. 6 (injapanese).
MAcGI:-:ITJE, D. H. (1941): .Middle Eocene
flora from the central Sierra Ne\·ada.
Carn. Inst. Wash. Pub/. no. 534.
MIKI, S. (1941): On the change of flora ineastern Asia since Tertiary Period. I.
The clay or lignite beds flora in japan
with ~pecial reference to the Pinus lrifolia beds in central Hondo. Japan. jour.
Bot. yol. 11, pp. 237-303.
OisHI. S. et K. Hl'ZIOKA (1934): On the
Tertiary Tilia Hokkaido and Karafuto.
]our. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., ser.
4, \'Ol. 7, pp. 71-80.
SuzuKI, K. (1958): On the occurrence of
Cercis in Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont.
Soc. japan, N. S .. no. 29, pp. 169-171.
TAKIITAJA:\1, A. (1954): Origins of angiosperrnous plants (G. L. STEBBI:><S eel.).
\Vashington.
TA:>;AJ. T. (1961): Neogene floral change inJapan. jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.,
ser. 4, vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 119-398.
- - et N. SuzuKI (1963) : Miocene floras ofsouthwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Tertiary
Floras of ]a pan, I. Miocene floras. pp. 91<19.

- - et - - (1965) : Late tertiary floras from
northeastern Hokkaido, japan. Palaeonl-

·62

Toshimasa TANAI
Soc. japan, Spec. Pap. no. 10, pp. 1-117.
(1963): Asiatic dicotyledonous
affinities in the Cainozoic flora of Europe.

1RALAI.:, H.

Akan-machi
Ashibetsu
Bibai
Harutori
Higurezawa

Jli'J:If-IIIJ

.

~IJ

15
:!.i

rrn

?If:

ti(

1=1

~iR

Ikushumbetsu
Kamui
Kotakinosawa
MikasaNoborikawa

Kgl. S1:ensk. Vei.-Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vol.
9, no. 3, pp. 1-87.

~J{i:}JIJ

:pjl

Jlil(

l]•frif I iR

=

it

,.,.

.u:
Jll

Shakubetsu
Shirnizusawa
Takinosawa
YubariYubctsu})I]R.
lft 7}( iR

i~ I

iR

!>'

*

tl

~II

. -. - - - -- - - - - -Explanation of Plate 7(all natural size)
Fig. 1. Parrotia jagifolia (GoEPPERT) BEER, from the Yubari formation, the Shimizusawa
coal mine. Ishikari. Stored at Department of Mining Geology. Akita Unive1·sity.
Fig. 2-4. Liquidambar miosinica Hu et CuA:-;EY, from the Yubari formation. Shimizusawa
coal mine, Ishikari. Stored at Department of Mining Geology, Akita University.
Fig. 5. Liquidambar miosinica Hu et CHANEY, from the Yubetsu formation, Yubetsu coal mine,
Kushiro. H. U. M.P. hypolype No. 25855.
Fig. 6. Liquidambar miosinica Hv et CHAl'\EY, from the lkushumbetsu formation, Kotakinosawa,Jkushurnbetsu, Ishikari. II. LT. M.P. hypotype No. 25866.

T ANA I :Hamamelidaceae from the Palaeogene

Plate 7

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan, N. S .. No. 66. pp. 63-72, pl. 8. June 30. 1967

5~1.

LOWER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROl\:1 THE
MIYAKO GROUPPART 1

VAJ.-DEDOHSET..LA FROM THE ~riYAKO GROUP*IKUvVO OBATA
Department of Palaeontology, Kational Science Museum. Ueno, Japan

1\'i'!MGfr:JtQ)Jli'Ai!P.*C7 :,;~-r1 r · ~0) 1. "g-iJ~llfjl{,: "Valdedorsella: !{;:f!nCl>'::·;·;!;~Rfl.:rJ)d·o7Y~7"1" !-0)?-:-->.

Valdedorsella ~3fli!O)acili\:~rT~·. "t"Q)iJF:II\1-i'll)';~akusclzaensis -';' 1'. getu/i1w 1;:,fi~;J:Lt:, "7:l:""C'7·-7-"AJI!!.h.£::7·1?Q);z,..$jl'j!j-~i'J~'C1t•t..:. V.

':J!SI\1m~~·~~Q~tl-t..:., t.n!~J::.., -c. ~:t:.ifl+Jt!!lr!(O)ftl!±l!!lK:7·J? t .
~~1-ot..:. _?.· ;::~'1 Go:>fff,:llilt:P'IJ·I? . .if#}{J\l;'"J: G ~l.:EH!Ilfi:IIJ.f~O)~·.:.h&O)JtJ,!.:7:11Jii!i< c t J:fl[;Cl)U!iltJ:t .

o.t;-t:"l?<. IL'illA'CV·"? C!ansayes r::tt1t~i.'LQIT;jgtJ:;7:ff:~~nJ::·j,

{fl;

~t

MOTO I have been engaged in the studyof ammonites from the Lower Cretaceous
1\liyako Group. while Dr. llA YAMI has
been so in the study of bivalves. Dr.
HANAI has generously offered all the
specimens of his valuable collection at
my disposal. and freely given me thestratigraphic information. Thus. thelocalities of the specimens are denotedin this paper by the abbreviation Hn ..
which indicates a locality number in
HANAI's stratigraphic work (1949. 1953).
In addition I myself did field work there
to see the stratigraphic sequences andto collect fossils. The present part con·tains descriptions of the species belonging to the genus Va/dedorse/la. a desmoceratid ammonite.
I wish to record here my cordial
thanks to Dr. Tetsuro HANAI and Dr.
ltaru IIA YA:\11. who rendered their active
cooperation to me in the field work andin various other ways. Thanks are also
due to Professor Kotora 1-IATAI of Tohoku University, who has provided thespecimens kept in the University on

Introduction
Ten cephalopod species from the Mi·
yako Group were described by SHI1\IIZU<1931). in connexion with the correlation·Of the marine Lower Cretaceous deposits
in Japan. lie ascribed the ?vliyako Groupto Lower Aptian to Middle Albian on
the basis of his study of ammonites.
Since SmMizu's work few works havebeen accomplished for the Lower Cretaceous ammonites from Japan in comparison with the remarkable advancesin the study of the Upper Cretaceousammonites. l\leanwhile the knowledge·Of the Lower Cretaceous ammonites in-certain countries has recently been much
improved. In particular CASEY (1961)
has recently presented an admirably finescheme of zones in the Lower Greensand. publishing a magnificent monograph on the Ammonoidea since 1960.
At the suggestion of Professor MATSU·* Received Sept. 5, 1966:
1966.

,1, F.1

Read Jan. 21,

63

64

Tlcuwo 0BATA

loan for the present study. r desire to
express my sincere thanks to Professor
Tatsuro r--IATSUMOTO of Kyushu Univer·sity. who has encouraged me during thecourse of this study. shared his precious _time with me in fruitful discussion, andfurthermore ·made a critical review ofthe first draft. Thanks are extended to
Dr. Hiroshi OzAKI and Miss Reiko FusEJTMA for their help in various ways.
Mr. Koichi TOISHI photographed thespecimens. Financial support was de·frayed by the Jvlinistry of Education as
the Grant in Aid for Scientific Re·
searches.
Systematic Descriptions

Order Ammonoidea
Superfamily Desmocerataceae
Family Desmoceratidae
Subfamily Eodesmoceratinae
Genus Valdedorsella
BREISTROFFER. 1947
Type species.-Desmoceras akuschaense
ANTHULA, 1899 (designated by BREISTROFFER. 1947).
Diagnosis.-The shell is small and narrowly to moderately umbilicate. The
whorl is inflated and coronate to oval,
being much depressed to nearly as highas broad. The venter is broadly rounded. Constrictions are distinct, nearlystraight or slightly flexuous on sides,
and very gently projected on the venter.
Behind the constrictions there is a pro·minent rounded rib. Fine ribs, ribletsor rather lirae occur between constrictions. They are rather crowded, simple
or bifurcated, with occasional shorter
ones, more or less prorsiradiate but isless projected on the venter than theconstrictions. In some species the shellis very faintly ornamented. The sutureis rather simple: E is nar'row and deep.
L is nearly as deep as E, and more orless asymmetrically trifid.
Umbilical
lobes are much smaller than E and L
The first and sec·ond lateral saddles are
more or less asymmetrically bifid.
Remar!?s.-This genus was proposedby 13REISTROFFER (1947, p. 60) With abrief description of· diagnosis.
Thegenus varies to some extent in compression and involution of whorls and in thecurvature and str.ength of ornaments.
There is much to be done for proper
understanding of the natural history of
Valdedorsella. There may be three ormore main branches within Valdedorsella, as demonstrated in MATSUJ\-!OTO's
table* (1960):(1) Eodesmoceras--+ V.
crassidorsatum group--+ lf. neumayrigroup, (2) Eodesinoceras-- F. crassidorsalzun group-+Desmoceras (s. s.), (3) Eodesmoce!·as-· V. crassidorsatum groupValdedorsella (s. s.) -+ Melchiorites, (4)Eodesmoceras- V. crassidorsatum group-+lf aldedorsella (s. s.)-Pseudohaploceras.
However, until more material is obtained
at home and abroad and the whole picture of the genus can be figured out, it
is not advisable to subdivide Valdedorsella into subgenera or to separate othernew genera from Valdedorsella.
\~'RIGHT (1957, p. L363) included Valdedorsella in Puzosiinae. In the present
paper the genus is transferred from
Puzosiinae to Eodesmoceratinae, because
Valdedorsella is morphologically moreprimitive. and occurs earlier than thegenera belonging to Puzosiinae. It isallied to Eodesmoceras, as will be men·tioned later. Thus, in regard to the"' Dist,·ibuted for his lecture at the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Palaeontological Society of Japan.

Valdedorsella from the Miyako Groupsystematic posJtJOn of Valdedorsella. I
would agree with MATSUl\lOTO's view(1954. p. 106). In the Lower Cretaceous
age the distinction of the branches in
Eodesmoceratinae was not great enoughfor separation of subfamilies, but they
can be grouped together in one subfamily with Eodesmoceras as its representative. In other words. the main
stock of the Neocomian to Aptian Desmoceratidae is still primitive. very flexible and not differentiated enough toform distinct groups. except for a lateral
offshoot. Beudanticera tina e.

V ald ed or sella a ku scha en sis (ANTJIULA)
Pl. 8, tigs. 1, 4; Text-fig. 1.
1899. Desmoceras

akuschaense ANTHt.:LA,
Beit. Paliionl. Geol. dst.· Ung., 12. Heft2, p. 104 [50]. pl. 8 [7], fig. 3a-c.
1947. 11 aldedorsel/a akuschaense, BREISTROF·
FER, Trav. Lab. geol. Grenoble, vol. 22.
p. 7. 19. 60, listed.
1962. Valdedorse/la akuschaensis var. madagascariensis CoLLIGNON. Atlas Fossiles
caract. Mad. ix (Aptien), p. 33, fig. 979.

Typology.- ANTHULA established D.
a/wschaense on three syntypes. of which
the illustrated and measured one (AN-65

THULA. 1899, pl. 8, fig. 3a-c) is designatedhere as the lectotype. The type specimens are, according to ANTHULA. '' ausden Aptien-Geoden des Akuscha Thales
Daghestan. Kaukasus ". Their repositoryis the University Museum of Vienna (aletter from PERGAMENT. March 30. 1966).
Material.-NSM. 6068 from Joe. Hn.
0018; NSM. 6069 from Joe. Hn. 0220 (Coli.
I. 0BATA). A comparable specimen of
immature stage, NSM. 6072 from loc. Hn.
0650 (Coli. l. 0BAT A).
Description.-The japanese specimens
are very small. Involution of whorl israther moderate and umbilicus is moderate in width (see measurements); coronate section is fairly wider than high,with a broadly rounded venter. Distinct
constrictions are rather frequent (5 perwhorl), nearly straight and slightly oblique on the sides but show very weakflexuosity in the ventrolateral area, thus
widely projected forward on the venter.
forming a chevron. They have a minor
parabolic rib ahead and a major rounded. parabolic rib behind. Walls of theconstrictions are fairly steep on the internal mould.
There are numerous (13 to 19) fine ribs
between the constrictions. Some of themstart from the umbilical edge and bifurcate a little below the midflank. Some

0.5mm
L___(

Fig. 1. 11 aldedorse!la akuschaensis (ANTHULA). Suture, atwhorl-height=3. 1 mm., of the specimen, NSM. 6068, from loc. Hn.
0018, southern sea-cliff of Hiraiga, Iwate Prefecture.

66

fkmvo OBATA

are single and some others are intercalatory. The forward projection on theventer and the sinuosity on the ftankare comparatively remarlmble in a few
ribs preceding the parabolic ones. The
constriction, with a major parabolic rib,
cuts a fev,· ribs behind it In NSM. 6072.
ribs begin to appear at 2.7 mm. in height.
Suture-lines are relatively simple. E isnarrow and deep. L is nearly as deepas E. but is broader than E at the base,showing asymmetrically trifid lobules.
Umbilical lobes are much smaller thanE or L. The first lateral saddle isbroader than E and L at the top, and isasymmetrically bifid. The second lateralsaddle is much lower than the first.

Afeasurements.Specimen
NSI\1. 6068
NSM. 6072

DiameterUmbilicu,:

HeightBreadth14.3(1)
9.3(1)

4.8(0.33)
2. 9(0. 31)

5.7(0.40)

7.3(0.51)

3.5(0.38)
5.2(0.56)
For comparison :V. akuschaensis LANTIIIJLA, 1899, p. 10·1 [50:J:{7(1)
11 (0. 29)
15 (0. ·11)
20 (0. 54)
V. akuschaensis var. madaga:;cariensis [CoLLIG!'0:-1, 1962, p. 33]
45 (1)
11 (0. 24)
22 (0. 49)
25 (0. 56)

Remarks.-The illustrated specimen,
NS1vi. 6068. which is wholly septate. hasdenser ribs (i.e., 8 to 10 between two
constrictions in ANTHULA's specimen)
and a wider umbilicus than the lectotype
from Caucasus (ANTHULA. 1899, p. 104[50]. pl. 8 [7]. fig. 3a-c). The former
has about 80 ribs per whorl, much morethan 65 for the latter. NSl'vl. 6072. thesmallest specimen among ours (max.
diam. c. 11.8 mm.). is similar to NSl\1.
6068 in the rib density, but has a nar·rower umbilicus than the latter, ap·
proaching somewhat to ANTIIULA's speci·
men. A larger deformed specimen (c. 18
mm. in diameter). NSM. 6069, which iswholly septate, has the same rib density
as that of ANTHULA's specimen. An
exact comparison of sutures between thejapanese and Caucasian specimens isdifficult because of dissimilar size. Thus.
as far as our present knowledge goes,the minor differences between the specimens from Caucasus and Japan do notseem significant enough for specific distinction. but, without examining more
specimens from the two rt:>gions, we can·

B/H
1. 28
l. ·19

1. 33
1.1-l

not justify subspecific separation.
In F. akuschaensis var. madagascariensis COJ.LIGNO::-i from the "Clansayesian '' of Madagascar. the \llhorl is morecompressed and the umbilicus is narrower than in the Caucasian specimen,
as CoLLIGNON has already mentioned(1962, p. 33. pl. ccxxix, fig. 979). The
Japanese specimen. NStvl. 6068, shows
the widest umbilicus among the threegroups of specimens but is closer to the
Caucasian lectotype than to the 1vladagascar specimen, although an exact comparison is difficult because of the different sizes of the described specimens.
In less dense ribs and narrower umbilicus. an illustrated specimen from theClansayesian of Allan (Drome) (JACOB,
1905. p. 402, pl. 12. fig. 1) is more akinto the lectotype from Caucasus than to
the Japanese specimens.
A_Oinities.-Valdedorsella akuschaensis(A!\THULA} is allied to. but much morecompressed, more widely umbilicate, andmore distinctly ornamented than. V.
getulina (COQUA!\D) described below. V.
hourcqi COLLIGNON (1937, p. 18, fig. 12,

Valdedorsella from the Miyaku Grcnp
1)1. 2. figs. 6-7) from the .. Gargasien " of!vladagascar has n more depressed whorl.
a narrower umbilicus and broader saddles than V. alwschaetL~is. The mode ofribbing and constriction is also different
between the two species.
Occurrence.- Loc. !ln. 0018. the calcareous sandstone at Tokuzo. southernsea-cliff of Hiraiga. Tanohata \'illage.
where the described specimen, ~Sl\L·6068. was obtained along with Cucullaea
acuticarinala NAGAO. C. transversa NA·GAO. Glycymeris (Hanaia) densi/ineata
NAGAO. and many other molluscan shells.
In addition to this species Hypoph_vl.loceras sp .. Plychoceras sp., 1\lelclziorites
yabei (SIII!'.IIZIJ). and Hypacantlwplites sp.
occur sporadically in the bed. It is
about 3m below the prolific layer ofHypacanthop/ites sp. and belongs to thelower part of the lliraiga formation.
Loc. Hn. 0220, the dark gray. finesandy shale at Kofunare. northern sea·cliff of Hiraiga, Tanohata village. In
addition to this species, l/ypacanthoplilessp., Pseudohaj>loceras (?) sp., and silesitid·Occur sporadically in the bed. The bed
belongs to the upper part of the Tanohata formation.
Loc. l-In. 0650. a concretion in the cai·Careous sandstone containing Orbitolina,
at southern extremity of the Aketo
coast, north of Raga, Tanohata village.
Together with this species, Valdedorsella
cf. getulina (COQUA:\D). Hypoplzyllocerassp., Diadochoceras sp., Hulenites sp ..
Pictetia sp.. Ptychoceras sp .. and otheruncoiled ammonites are sporadically contained in the same concretion. The bed
belongs to the upper part of the " Orbitolina Sandstone".
All the above localities are in Shimo·
hei County. !wale PrefecLUre. From theabove-listed assemblage of species and-other facts the fossiliferous bed at these
localities are referred to Upper Aptian.

(i7

Valdedorsella getulina (CoquAND)Pl. 8. fig. 2; Text-tig. 2.
1880.
1907.

1920.

1947.

1962.

Ammonites Getu/inus CoQl!Ai"D, (~tudes
suppl .. p. 18 (Heinz. pl. 2).
Puzosia Getulina CoQUA:-JD, PERVI:-1Qt;l~:RE, Carte Ceo/. Tunisic. p. 151. pl.
6, fig. 16.
Puzosia Getulina, FALLOT, Trab. del.
Mus. lilac. de Cienc. Nal. de Madrid.
Serie Ceo/., 26, p. 45-46. pl. 2. figs. 710.
lialdedorse/la cf. getulina. BREISTROF·
FER, Trav. Lab. geo/. Grenoble. vol. 22.
p. 19, listed .
Valdedorsella gelu/ina. Co!.LIGN0:-1,
Atlas Fossiles caracler. Mallag. ix. Aptien, p. 33. fig. 977.

Material.- NSrvt. 6070 from loc. Hn.
4151 (Coli. T. 0BATA) . . A comparable
specimen, NSM. 6073 from lor. Hn. 0650,:coli. 1. OnATA).
Description.- The specimen is verysmall. It has a broadly rounded venter.
showing a much depressed whorl-section.
The maximum breadth is between theumbilical shoulders. The umbilicus is
deep and fairly narrov.·. with a sub·rounded umbilical shoulder. There areat least 5 strong constrictions which areprorsiradiate in the lateral area and bent
forward on the venter. Each constriction is posteriorly bordered by a rounded
rib which is low on the flanks and fairly
prominent on the venter. There arelirae on the venter between the constrictions. The lirae are less projected thanthe constrictions. In the younger partthe surface is almost smooth.
The suture line is rather simple. The
first and the second saddles are rather
slender. bifid. and are slightly asymmetric. L is asymmetrically trifid andis as large as E. The auxiliary elements
descend fairly rapidly to the umhi licus.

68

lkuwo 0BATA

lmm
Fig. 2.

1' aldedorsella getuli11a (CoouA:-:o). Suture, at whorl-height=5. 3 mm., of thespecimen, NSM. 6070, from loc. Hn. 4151, Matsushima, Iwate Prefecture.

The observed suture in the japanese
specimen is thus similar to that of Y
getulina from North Africa (PERVIN-QUIERE,

1907. p. 151) and Madagascar(COLLIGNON, 1962, p. 33).

J\feasurements.Diameter

Umbilicus

HeightBreadth13.2(1)2.8(0.21)

5.7(0.43)

9.8(0.74)

B/H
1.72

6 (0. 46)

10 (0.77)

167

Specimen from Majorca [FALLOT, 1920, p. 45]
12 (1)
2 (0.16)5 (0.42)
Specimen from Tunisia [PERVJNQUifmE, 1907. p. 151]

8.6(0. 72)

1.72

6.3(0.45)

9 (0.64)

1. 43(0. 40)18 (0.65)

1. 61

5 (0.15)

6.1(0.'11)

8.5(0. 77)
104(0.69)

1. 70
1. 70

6.5(0.57)

8.5(0. 74)

1. 31

Specimen
NSM. 6070

For comparison :Specimen from Madagascar [CoL!.TGl'\ON. 1962, ix. p. 33]

13 (1)14(1)

3 (0. 23)

4.5(0.32)

Specimen from Tunisia [FALLOT, 1920. p. 45]

27. 5(1)8 (0. 29)ll

Specimen from Algeria [FALJ.OT, 1920, p. 45]
11 (1)
3 (0. 27)

15 (1)

4.5(0.30)
1'. (?) whiteavsi [IMLA't', 1960, p. 100]
11. 5(1)2 (0.17)

Remarks.-FALLOT (1920, p. 45), dealing with the specimens from Majorca
and North Africa, already remarked
some variability of the present species
in the outline of the cross section andthe width of umbilicus in proportion todiameter. The present study likewiseshows that there are minor differencesin these points (see measurements) andalso in the details of the suture among

the specimens from North Africa, Majorca, Madagascar and japan, as mentioned above. They do not seem, however, to be significant enough for subspecific distinction. so far as the available material is concerned.
Affinities. - V. getulina (COQUAND)
from the uppermost Aptian is closely
allied to V. (?) whiteavesi from the Lower
Albian of Alaska (IMLAY, 1960, p. 100,

Valdeclo1·selln from Ike Miyako Grouppl. 11. figs. 20-23, 25-28). in the small
size. the outline of rounded cross section,
weak ornaments. and the general featureof sutures. The latter species shows.
however, a more compressed whorl andmore asymmetric sutures than theformer. V. hourcqi CoLLIGNON (1937, p.
122 [18]. pl. 17 [2]. figs. 6, 6a, b; 7. 7a. b)from the Upper Aptian (" Gargasian '')of Madagascar has a less depressed
whorl. stronger ribbing, much broader
saddles. and nearly straight. instead offorward bent, constrictions. V. akuschaensis (ANTHULA) (1899. p. 10:1 [50]. pl. 8.
fig. 3a-c) from the ' Aptian-Geoden · of
Caucasus has a more compressed whorl
and more distinct ribbing than V. get u·./ina. An example of V. akuschaensis
from Miyako as described above is nearly
equal in size to the specimen of V. getulina but has a more compressed section
and distinct ribbing.
Occurrence.-Loc. Hn. 4151. a calcareous
concretion of the upper fossiliferous bed
at Matsushima. southeast of Omoto village. the upper part of the Hiraiga formation: Uppern1ost 'Aptian. In addition
to this species . .f)iadoclwceras nodoso·
costatifonne (SHI:\liZU), Melchiorites yabei{SHIMIZU). J/ypopltylloceras sp .. and Hamites sp. occur in the same concretion.
Loc. l-In. 0650, the Orbitolina-bearing

Fig. 3.

G9

calcareous sandstone exposed at thesouthern extremity of the Aketo coast,
north of Raga, Tanohata village. This
is in the upper part of the "Orbitolina
Sandstone ". The associated species inthe same concretion. already mentioned
in the preceding page under the headingof V aldedorsel/a akusclwe11sis (A:--:TJJULA),
indicate Uppermost Aptian.
The above localities are both in Shimohei County. lwate Prefecture.

Valdedorsella sp.
Pl. 8, lig. 3a-d; Text-fig. 3.

Material.-NSl\1. 6071 from the calcareous sandstone boulder at Tokuzo,
possibly derived from toe. Hn. 0016
(OBATA Coli.).
Description.- The specimen is verysmall. It has a broadly rounded venter.
showing a slightly depressed whorl sec. tion. The maximum breadth is probably
in the lower part of the whorl. although
the character is apparently modified bysecondary deformation on one side. The
umbilicus is very narrow and is rather
shallow with
subrounded umbilicalshoulder. There are at least 5 distinct
constrictions per whorl. They are prosiradiate on the inner half of the flank.

Valdedorsella sp. Suture. at whorl-height=5. 3 mm .. of the specimen, NSM.
6071. from Joe. Hn. 0016. southern sea-cliff of Hiraiga, lwate Prefecture.

lkmvo OBATA

70

nearly rectiradiate on the outer half,and very widely projected on the venter,
forming a flexuous curvature in lateralview. Each constriction is posteriorly
bordered by a low rounded rib which isfairly prominent on the venter but
weakened on the flanks. Several liraeoccur between the constrictions on theouter shell. They are less projected on
the venter than the constrictions, andon the flanks they are nearly rectiradi-

ate. so that the Iirae are cut by the constrictions and their posteriorly associated ribs.
The suture line is relatively simple.
The saddles are relatively slender. bifid,.
and are slightly asymmetric. E is divided by a rather high foliole, showing apair of narrow lobules at the base. L
is rather narrow, trifid, and as deep as.
E. The other lobes are asymmetricallytrifid.

J\1ea surement s.Specimen

NSM. 6071

Diameterc. 16.1(1)Umbilicus

HeightBreadthc. I. 3(0. 08)

c.8.2(0.51)

c.9.0(0.56)

Remarks.-ln the described specimen
the living chamber is preserved on thelast half whorl. Whether the specimen
represents an adult shell or is still im·
mature is uncertain.
.4ffinilies.-The present specimen may
represent a species which is somewhat
similar to V aldedorsella getulina and V.
akuschaensis in cross-section, ornament.
and suture. However. a detailed comparison with V a/dedorsella getulina reveals that it is more compressed and isnarrowly umbilicated, and, furthermore.
less inflated on the flank than the former.
This species has less distinct ornament.
more involute and less inflate section
than V. akuschaensis. The suture-line
of immature stage in the present species
is simpler than that of V. getulina ofnearly the same size, thus resembling
the suture of Eodesmoceras.
Occurrence.- The described specimen
was found in a calcareous sandstoneboulder at Tokuzo, possibly derived
from loc. I ln. 0016 of the lower part ofthe lliraiga formation. southern sea-cliffof I liraiga, Tanohata village, ShimoheiCounty, Iwate Prefecture. The rockmatrix of the specimen includes many
fragmentary crinoids.

B/H
1. 09

Concluding Remarks
As a summarized result I list below
the species of the genus Valdedorsel/afrom the Miyako Group which havebeen described above. The stratigraphic
position of each species is indicated inparentheses.
(1) V a/dedorsella a/wschaensis(ANTHULA)(Upper part of the Tanohata formation: lower part of the Hiraiga
formation; upper part of the "Orbitolina Sandstone ")(2) V aldedorsella get ulina (COQUAND)(Upper part of the Hiraiga formation; upper part of the" Orbitolina Sandstone")(3) Valdedorsella sp.
(Lower part of the Hiraiga formation)
As MATSU:\IOTO (1954, 1960) has suggested, Valdedorsella seems to occupy a
critical position in the evolutional history of the Desmoceratidae. A few
species of l'aldedorsel/a are closely allied
to Desmoceras (s. s.) (i.e., the latidorsatum
group of Albian-Cenomanian) : Inflated,
fairly involute and less ornamented
species (e. g., V. getulina) seems to beValdedorsella /l'otn the .Miyako Groupsuch an example (l'vlA TSUMOTO. 1954, p.
106-107).
However, the present paper is not anadequate place for making further discussion on the origin of Kossmaticeratidae, Desmoceratinae or Puzosiinae, since
the available material is insufficient.
Valdedorsella akztschaensis is reported
from the Clansayes of France, Caucasus,
Algeria, r-.•laroc, Egypt, and Madagascar.
Thus, the species is regarded as an important index of the Clansayes age in
the Tethys region (JACOB, 1905 ; BREISTROFFER. 1947). Valdedorsella getulina
is reported from the Upper Aptian of
Tunisia, Algeria, Majorca. and l'vladagascar. The· discovery of the described
two species from the l'vliyako Group is
an interesting fact. They might be expected in other areas of the CircumPacific province.

Bibliography
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pis. 3-5.

HiraigaMiyakoRaga
Tanohata

lf· ;Jf ~

1'i

15'

~

~

Ill

tf :J:!Il

Explanation of Plate 8
Two lateral (a, c.) views and ventral (b) and frontal (d) view ( x 2) of each specimen
are shown. All the figured specimens were collected by I. OuATA from the Miyako Group,
Shimohei County. lwate Prefecture.
Fig. 1. Va/dedorsel/a akuschae11sis (ANTHULA)
NSM. 6068, from the calcareous sandstone of loc. Hn. 0018, which is 3m below the prolific bed of Hypacanthoplites subcornuerianus at Tokuzo, southern sea-cliff of Iliraiga,
lower part of Hiraiga formation, Tanohata village.
Fig. 2. Valdedorsella getulina (COQUAND)
NSl'v1. 6070. from toe. lin. 4151, the upper fossiliferous bed at Matsushima. upper part ofHiraiga formation. southeast of Omoto village.
Fig. 3. ]I aldedorsella sp.
NSM. 6071. from the calcareous sandstone, boulder at Tokuzo, possibly derived from toe.
Hn. 0016. southern sea-cliff of Hiraiga, lower part of Hiraiga formation. Tanohata village.
Fig. 4. ]I aldedorsel/a ak11schaensis (ANTHVLA)
NSM. 6069, from loc. Hn. 0220. Kofunarc, northern sea-cliff of Hiraiga. upper part ofTanohata formation. Tanohata village.

OBA TA;

Valdedorsella from the Miyako G1·oup

3b49

Plate 83d

Trans. Proc. Palacont. Soc. Japan. N. S., No. 66, pp. 73-82. pl. 9. June 30. 1967

522.

SO:ME LOWER CRETACEOUS BIVALVES FROM THE

SHIMANTOGAWA GROUP OF SOUTH SHIKOKU*
ITARU HAYA!vll
Department of Geology, Kyushu University
and

KEIZO KAWASAWA
Susaki Senior High School

I!!Wllh'<il'l!ICD!mn··I·JIII•;>tr;M·0Ji7.: l t:~Ei\ID:~=#:J'l.ll~:~l.:lll\Hfi*WrH~t fiq)(Li'l.~t~liiH.~l~ia-:>c71'1td-:5:!ltti~'i~/~tr·0

Neithea (1 ffitl!~~t;). Plicatu/a, Amphidonte. Pterotrigonia J; I) to:1Sifii~:..: t.{.f'l.i.l: ~J.!. ~ tl..t:CD"::'fli'i!fi" 15. C:.:/1. C::.CDft 5 CD~< l"i:.:. ;11.. ~ "t' :::: El:<f.:~.ltP.CD't!fU:/i.:h J: O'ltii.tt~!l!.~*~t..:#~o:.~ Aptian /~iCD=tl/:.f!l.llY' i:::;J'<iN:t t..::iifrif.J<-r:' ~ 1S oi.:ffl7J':f!Itfuh.U·J?:;til·-> T Myoplwrella ;;:fll'ilfc':h.t..:.:. ci.l~:b 'J. ~:t-7t12i&llll'.!::Jl{fn·:-t1S
t t~.:t&fl..t:;;·.. ~!i~CD'.iE!i!.::::J:~tlk»Au:.~M1St!!IJJ-t-ltl~r.f1rf"Fre: uut~~~) CD
m'fftfi. £f1Hi! (1961) :Hit~ U..:Jift:J. '8i5"11l:£ffi; (Aptian ;t t..::i Albian) "t:· :b 6? .!:. ~tih1~t'L.Q,
iili :t: t'11 · Ill iH ilf :::0

'J.

Some stratigraphers have considered that
Jurassic sediments are.represented in the
Shimantogawa group as \Vel! as Cretaceous, chiefly because some lenticular limestone bodies of this group are lithologically similar to those of the Upper Jurassic Torinosu group of the Chichibu belt
(TAMURA. 1961 ; etc.). So far as themolluscan fossils are concerned, however.
there is scarce positive evidence for the
existence of pre-Aptian sediments in the
Shimantogawa group of Shikoku.
KuRATA (1941. p. 8) reported the occurrence of a trigoniid from a sandstoneof the .. Torinosu series·· at Ochiaidani[Loc. t in this paper], west of Soda-yama[=" Kuwata-yama" in KOBAYASHI, 1956],
Aso village [now northern part of Susaki
City]. Takaoka County. Kochi Prefecture.
The trigoniid was preliminary compared
by KURATA with Trigonia pocilliformis.

Introduction

Fossils are generally rare in the Shimantogawa [=Shimanto] group, whichis enormously thick and occupies theextensive area of the southern subzoneof the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan.
In Shikoku. especially Kochi and Ehime
Prefectures. however, fossil molluscs are
fairly common at some limited places
and offer important biostratigraphicaldata. as were described by MA TSU:'-<IOTO.
KI~IURA and I<.HTO (1952), KOBAYASHI{1956). KATTO and OZAKI (1956). NAGAI.
NAKAi'\0, YOSIIIDA and 0HTSUKA (1962).
KATTO and HATTORI (19{)c1) and NAKAI
and HADA (1966).
'>Vhat is the basement of the Shimantogawa group is still an unsolved problem.
* Received Sept. 26, 1966; read Jan. 21, 1967.

73

74

ltaru I [JI YAM I and Keizo J(A WASA WA

which is now referred to Pterotrigonia
s. sir. and ranges from the Upper Neo·comian to the Albian. Subsequently
KoBAYASHI (1956) described the plastercasts of KuRA TA's specimens under thename of Myoplzorella (Promyophorel/a)obsoleta KOBAYASHI and TA:'\IURA. Because this species was originally reported from the Kogoshio formation of south
Kitakami (rvliyagi Prefecture), KoBA YA-

Fig. 1.

SHI suggested an upper Kimmeridgiarr(or a lower Tithonian) age for this sandstone. Although this species was subsequently known to have survived until
Berriasian (SATO. 1958; IIA y AI\U, SuGITA
and NAGU:'-.10. 1960), the genus Myophorella is believed to have become extinct
in japan immediately after Berriasian inrelation to a more or less conspicuous
mass extinction (HAYAl\11, 1965b, 1966).
The trigoniid-bearing sandstone isevidently situated in the distributed
area of the Doganaro formation. which
exposes in a belt on the south of theButsuzo tectonic line and was considered by KA TTO (1956, 1961) to constitute the earliest sediments of the
Shimantogawa group in Kochi Prefecture. The occurrence of ;\lyophorella(Promyoplzorella) obsoleta from the Shimantogawa group is convertible, because
it disagrees with KA n·o's interpretation,.
in which this group is assigned to theIndex map.

K\

6 Mt BANOAGAMORIH

KUN!t-11

\

\

\

Is

·.. :!~. :i- \':g' ; •.•.••.

60

\

H

\

·· ...

\

·-'

s
soo

Fig. 2.

1000m.Map showing the distribution of the Doganaro formationand the localities of the fossils.

K: Kokuzosan group (=Sambosan group): D: Doganaro formation
H: Hayama formation: S: Susaki formalion.

C1·etaceons Bi·valve;; from. the Syim.antogawa Gronp

Fig. 3. Idealized columnar section of
the Doganaro formation.

l\tliyakoan-Hetonaian series.
KATTO(1961) listed some Cretaceous fossils fromthe Doganaro formation, but they remain undescribed.
So far as one of us (I. H.) examined
the plaster casts which are now preserved in the l'vluseum of the University ofTokyo. the specimens in question are
rather fragmentary but may actuallybelong to Pterotrigonia instead of Myophorella. The concentric lines on thearea are apparently too weak for A!yoplwrel/a (Promyoplwrella). Therefore. we
do not regard the trigoniid as an evidence for presence of jurassic strata in
the Shimanto terrain.
Recently ~vlr. Y. TAKEMOTO. now a
student of Kochi University, and one ofus (K. K.) collected several specimens ofmarine bivalves from the Doganaro formation at Kakurcyashiki (Loc. 2 in Fig.
2) [33"25'40"N, 133'15'40"E], north ofDoganaro. Susaki City. The locality issituated about 800 m west of Ochiaidani(Loc. 1). judging from the subequatorial
distribution of strata in this area. thepresent fossil bed must be comparablewith the above-mentioned "Afyophoref/a"bearing sandstone in the stratigraphic
position (see Figs. 2 and 3).
Some of the present collections wereonce sent to Prof. jiro KA TTO of the Kochi
University and further to Prof. Koichiro
ICHIKAWA of the Osaka City University
for identi!lcation, but later they kindlytransferred them to one of us (!.H.).
Although the material is not always
sufficient both in quality and quantity
to know the detailed specific characters,
the present faunule appears to be important for the consideration of the ageof the lower limit of the Shimantogawa
group in Shikoku.
As the result ofour palaeontological study the following
species were identified :Veithea (Neithea) matsumotoi liAYA),IJ!lleithea (Neithe/la ?) kochiensis sp. nov.
Plicatula sp. indet.
.4mphidollte (ilmphido11te) subhaliotoidea(NAGAO)

P/erotrigonia (Pterotrigonia) ltokkaidoana(YEIIAI{A)In the present paper these bivalves aredescribed and the faunal significance isdiscussed. For the systematic description I. 1-1 AY A:\11 is responsible. and forother statements two of us are so.
At the outset we express our sincere
thanks to Prof. Tatsuro MA TSU::O.IOTO of
the Kyushu University for his kindadvice and supervision of this manuscript and also to Prof. Koichiro IcmKA.\VA of the Osaka City University andProf. jiro KATTO of the Kochi University
for their kindness in putting a part ofthe present material at our disposal.
Acknowledgements are also due to ~vir.
Yoshiharu T AKDWTO, a student of the
Kochi Uinversity, for the privilege of

76

lta1·u HAY AMI and Keizo [(A WASAWA

describing his collection and to Prof.
Emeritus Teiichi KonA Y ASH! and Dr.
Yasuhide IWASAKI of the University ofTokyo for their permission of the examination of the collection of the uni·
versity.

Systematic description(by ltaru IIA YA:-.11)

Class Bivalvia
Order Pteriida
Family Pectinidae
Genus Neithea DIWUET. 1825
Subgenus Neit hea s. str.
Neithea (Neithea) mat .~umotoi HAY AMI
Pl. 9, fig. 2
1965. Neithea (Neithea) matsumotoi HAYA:-.11,
Mem. Fac. Sci., 1\yus/w U11iv., Ser. D.
Vol. 15. No. 2, p. 297. pl. ·11. figs. 1-7.

Material.-An
incomplete
internalmould of right valve (GH.K6807) is con·cerned with the description below.
Description .-Right valve small, subequilateral. higher than long, moderately
inflated (GH.K6807, right in mould, 13.5'mm. long, 15.5 mm. high, 5.0 mro thick);umbo submesial, prominent: antero- and·po3tero-dorsal margins of the flank alittle concave: ventral margin frilled in
ac:::ordanc~ to the radial plications; apicalar;gle approximately 75 ·degrees: primary ribs six in number, persistent,strongly plicated. roof-shaped in trans·verse section; interspaces more or lessflattened, marked respectively with threefive fine secondary riblets: both lateralareas also ornamented with several rib·
lets of similar strength : anterior auricle
probably much larger than the posterior.
Left valve unknown.
Observations and comparison.-The

present specimen is slightly sufferedfrom secondary deformation, and theauricular and ventral parts are incompletely preserved. The test is completely
eroded away, but the characteristic ornamentation is clearly impressed on theinternal mould. judging from the ornamentation and other characters of rightvalve, it belongs undoubtedly to thegroup of Neithea quinquecostala, which
was defined recently (HAYAMI, 1965a).
Furthermore, it seems to be referable to
Neithea (Neil hea) matsumotoi HAY AM I,
1965, which was originally proposed on
the specimens from the upper Ivliyakon(=Albian) Yatsushiro formation of Kyushu. Although it is somewhat smaller
than the normal adult specimens fromthe Yatsushiro formation, all the essential characters of' right valve. especiallythe surface ornamentation, are quite
identical.
Occurrence.-Fine sandy shale of theDoganaro formation at Loc. 2. Kakureyashiki. north of Doganaro, Susaki City.
KA W ASAWA coli.
Subgenus :Veithella HAY A!\11, 1965
Neithea (Neilhella ?) kochiensis sp. nov.
Pl. 9, fig. 1

Malerial.-The ho!otype (GK.H6808) isan incomplete internal mould of rightvalve from the Dogarano formation of
Kakureyashiki (Loc. 2).
Diannosis.- Large-sized
species of
Neilhea characterized by the right valve
with six persistent, round topped, com·paratively narrow primar}' ribs, wide.
flattened and finely striated interspaces.
and obtuse and subequal auricles.
Description.-Right valve large, tri·
angular, subequilateral. higher than long,moderately inflated (holotype, GK.H6808,
right in. mould. 72.5 mm. long, 78.5 mm.
high, 20.0 mm. thick): umbo submesial,

C1·etaceous Bivalves from the Shimantogawa Grouppointed ; antero- andpostero-dorsal
margins of !lank a little concave: ventral
margin digitated in accordance to theprimary ribs; apical angle approximately
80 degrees: primary ribs six in number,persistent, highly elevated. round-topped,comparatively narrow: interspaces wide,
flattened, marked with numerous fineradial striae, although secondary rib\ets
are absent at all ; both lateral areas narrow, provided with still finer striae;
auricles comparatively small, apparently
subequal, obtusely truncated; hinge-line
unusually short. Left valve unknown.
Observations and comparisons.- The
present species is now represented only
by an incomplete right internal mould.
The test is completely eroded away, andthe postero-ventral
peripheral area
broken off. The auricles, the outline ofwhich appears to be nearly completely
shown, are obtusely truncated and comparatively small for the genus. Consequently the hinge-line is unusuallyshort for Neithea.
In view of the only weakly striatedinterspaces it must be related to thegroup of Neithea wrightii for which
I proposed subgenus Neithe/la (HAYAMl,
1965a). All the known species of Neithella are, however, by far smaller than thepresent species. Moreover, many speciesof Neithel/a have comparatively large
and anteriorly projected byssal auricle
and occasionally effaced or somewhat
weakened 1st and 6th primary ribs.
Because the present species does notshow such a tendency, its subgenericreference is by no means certain.
Some specimens of "Neilhea ataua"
from the Lower Cretaceous of france(o'ORBIGNY, 1847, pL 442, figs. 1-3; CosS:\IANN. 1907. pl. 5, fig. 19), Mexico(ALENCASTER. 1956, pl. 2, figs. 5-7) andTrinidad (Cox. 1954, pl. 64, figs. 1, 4)
have comparable dimensions with the77

present specimen. As pointed out previously (HA YAM I. l965a. p. 308). they
may belong to a distinct species fromthe specimens of Neithea allwa (Ro~IER}
from the Lower Greensand of England(Woous, 1902). which certainly belong to
Neithea (Neithella). A species represented by such large specimens of "N. atava",
though there have been different understandings about its diagnosis. possesses
three-five distinct secondary riblets oneach interspace of primaries, bein·g moreclosely related to the group of Neithea
gibbosa than to Neithella. In the large
dimensions and flattened interspaces thepresent new species may recall Neithea.
(Neitlzea) kanmerai HA YAM!. 1965, fromthe Lower Miyakoan (=Aptian) of south·
west japan and some other species belonging to the group of Neithea gibbosa.
Jlowever, the secondary riblets on eachinterspace, which are never effaced andtypically three in number in the groupof N. gibbosa, are absent at all in thepresent species. It appears somewhat
similar to Neithea sexangularis (o'OR·
HIGNY. UY17) in the mode of surface
striae, but differs evidently from theoriginal figures of that species in the
more flattened interspaces and the more
sharply pointed umbo.
Occurrence.-Fine sandstone of theDoganaro formation of Kakureyashiki(Loc. 2), north of Doganaro, Susaki City ..
T AKE:'.IOTO coli.
Family Plicatulidae
Genus Plicatula LAMARCK, 1801

1'/icatu/a sp. indet.
Pl. 9, figs. 3. 4Compare.1966. Plicatula sp., HAYAMI in 1\L'.TSU:O..IOTo.
HAYA~I! and HAsiiJI'.IOTO, Petrol. GeolTaiwan, Vol. -1, p. 12. pl. 2. fig. 1.

78

ftaru llll YMv/1 and Keizo K A WASA IVA

The present species is represented by
two specimens: one is a right internalmould (GK.H6809, 25.5 mm. long, 20.5+
mm. high. ·i.S mm. thick). and the otheris a right external mould (GK.H68l0,20.;) mm. long, 21.0 mm. high, ca. 2.0 mm.
thick). In addition. similar specimens
were collected from two different localities in the distributed area of the Doganaro formation. The shell morphology
may be fairly variable as usually so inmany species of P/icatula. but the posteriorly curved outline and irregularly
plicated weak radial plications may-characterize the present species. Twostrong crural teeth of Plicatula-type areobserved in the intermould (G K.H6809).
The present species must be closely
related to. if not identical with, Plicatulasp., which was recently found from theburied Aptian of \Vest Taiwan (i'viATSU·~lOTO, llAYAl\U and IIASHIMOTO, 1966)
in view of the similar outline and radialplications.
Occurrence.-Fine sandy shale of theDoganaro formation at Loc. 2. Kakureyashiki, north of Doganaro. Susaki City.
Similar specimens were collected fromthe conglomeratic sandstone of the sameformation at Loc. 3. Nishigumi. and fromthe sandstone of the same formation at
Loc. l. Ochiaidani. the same city. KAWA·
SAWA coli.
Family Ostreidae
Genus Amphidonte
FISCHER DE WALDHEil\L 1829
Subgenus Amphidonte s. st1·.
AmPhidonte (Amp!ridollfe) $llblwlioloidea

1965. Amphidonta (.4mphidonta) sublw/iotoi-dea.

HA YA:\11,

Mrm. Fa c. Sci .. }(yushu

Unill., Ser. D. Vol. 15, No. 2. p. 343. pl.

50, figs. 6-9, pl. 51, figs. l, 2. [sic]1966. Amphidonle (Amflhidonte) subhaliotoi·dea, H..-\YA:MJ, Ibid., Ser. D. Vol. 17, No.
3. p. 248 (poslscript).

In the present collection this species
is represented by an internal mould ofleft valve (GK.H6811. 26.5 mm. long,
44.0 mm. high, 12.5+mm. thick). The
test is completely eroded away, and thepostero-ventral part is broken.
The
Haliotis-like outline with posteriorly
placed planispiral umbo. fine internal
crenulation along the ventral marginand moderately wide attachment area
and the absence of any radial plications
indicate that the present specimen belong
to Amphidonte (s. sir.). ln view of every
essential internal character it is probably
conspecific with Amphidonte (Amphidonte) subhaliotoidea (NAGAO, 193-:1) fromthe !\1iyako group of Iwate Prefecture.
Besides, there are two smaller specimens of Amphidonte (s. s.), which are
impressed on the internal mould of theholotye of Neithea (Neithella ?) kochiensis
sp. nov. (GK.H6808, pl. 9, fig. 1). They
are undoubtedly the remain of attachedshell to the pectinid. In the mode ofumbonal coiling and the absence of radial
ornamentation they are likewise similar
to /I. (A.) sublwliotoidea, although specifically indeterminable.
Occurrence.-F'ine sandy shale of theDoganaro formation at Loc. 2, Kakureyashiki. north of Doganaro, Susaki City.
Kawasawa coli. Similar specimens froma fine sandstone at the same locality.
TAKEli!OTO coli.

(NAGAO)Pl. 9. fig. 5

Order Trigoniida

1934. Exogyra subhaliotoidea :XACAO, jour.
Fac. Sci., Hollkaido Imp. Ulli!J., Ser. 4.
Vol. 2, No. 3. p. 203, pl. 30, figs. 1-·1.

Family Trigoniidae
Genus Pterotrigonia VAN HOFPEN. 1929

Cretaceo'IIS Bivalves from the Shimantogawa Group
Subgenus Pterotrigonia s. str.
Pterotrigonia (Pterotrigonia) hoklwidoana(YEHARA)Pl. 9. figs. 6-9
1915. Trigonia

hokkaidoana YrmA II A, Sci.
Rep!. Tolroku Imp. Univ., Ser. 2, Vol.
2, No. 2. p. 39, pl. 1, figs. 1-·1. 6-9 (?
non fig. 5).
1915. Trigonia lwloi YEHARA. Ibid .. Ser. 2,
Vol. 2. No. 2. p. 40. pl. 1. fig. 10.
1923. Trigonia hokkaidoana. YEHARA, jour.
Ceo/. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. 30. p. 5. pl. 7. tigs.

3-5.
1923. Trigonia hokkaidoana. YEHARA, japan.
jour. Ceo/. Ceogr., Vol. 2. No. 3, p. 70,

pl. 11, ligs. 9, 10, pl. 12, fig. 5.
1925. Trigonia pocilliformis var. sachalinensis

and 2'iAGAo, Sci. Rept. Tohoku
Imp. UniL'., Scr. 2, Vol. 7. No. •I, p. 118,
pl. 28. figs. 5, 6.
1926. Trigonia hokkaidoana ?, YABE andNAGAO, Ibid., Ser. 2, Vol. 9. No.2, p. 46.
pl. 11. fig. ~{.
1927. Trigonia hokkaidoana. YABE, Ibid., Ser.
2. Vol. 11, No. 1. pl. 4, figs. 6a. b.
1931. Trigonia hokkaidoana. YEHAR,\, Iu:anami Lecture Series. Ceo/. Palaeont ..
T'rigoniae from japan, p. 15, text-fig.
1931. Trigonia kotoi, YEHAHA, Ibid .. p. 15.
1934. Trigonia hokkaidoano, NAGAO, jour.
Fac. Sci .. J/o!lkaido Imp. Urziv., Ser. 4.
Vol. 2, ~o. 3, p. 205.
1954. Pterotrigonia hokkaidoana. KoBAYASHI,
japan .. jour. Ceo!. Geogr. Vol. 25. Nos.
1-2. p. 76.
1954. Pterotrigonia kotoi, KonA YASIII. Ibid.,
Vol. 25, Nos. 1-2. p. 77.
1957. Pterolrigonia lwkkaidoana. KouA YASH 1
and NAKANO, Ibid., Vol. 28, No.4, p. 229,
pl. 16, fig. 4.
1958. Pterotrigonia hokkaidoana, KoiiA YASIIJ
and NAKANo, Ibid., Vol. 29. Nos. 1-3.
p. 148, pl. 11. figs. 9-11.
?1964. Pterotrigonia cf. hokkaidoana, MATO·
nA, Trans. !'roc. Pal. Soc. japan, N. S ..
No. 55. p. 259. pl. 37. figs. 1-3.
1964. Pterotrigonia hokkaidoana, MATOBA,
Ibid .. No. 55. p. 259. pl. 37, figs. ·1. 5.
YABE

7!)

Five specimens (GK.H6812-6816) in thepresent collection are generally characterized by the relatively tall outline andwidely spaced. tuberculated. obliquecostae of Pterotrigonia-type on the flank.
The original outline may be well pre·served in a right internal mould (GK.H
6812, 36.0 mm. long, 29.0 mm. high, 9.5
mm. thick). and the test with tuberculated costae is partly preserved in a left
valve (GK.H6813. 28.5+mm. long. 29.0
mm. high, 8.5 mm. thick).
In many characters the present specimens resemble closely the lectotype ofPrerotrigonia (Pterotrigonia) hokkaidoana(YEHARA) which was illustrated by
YEHARA (1915, pl. 1. fig. 1) and designated by KOBAYASHI and NAKANO (1957,
p. 230). The adult individuals of P. (P.)
hollkaidoana from the Miyako group. as
represented by the lectotype and manyother specimens. attain larger size thanthe present ones. but in other characteristics. especially the ratio of length/
height. the prominence of umbo and theinterval of oblique costae on the flankthey are hardly distinguishable.
P. (P.) hokkaidoana itself seems to beclosely related to Pterotrigonia (Pterotrigonia) pocilliformis (YOKOYAMA. 1891)
which has been reported from the Lower
Cretaceous of many areas of japan. The
former is typically distinguishable fromthe latter by the more trigonal and taller
outline and the more prominent umbo.
According to NAKA>iO ~1959) and someothers. however. the two species are
sometimes coexistent in one formation
or even in one fossil bed. and the stratigraphic ranges overlap greatly eachother. Furthermore. specimens of anintermediate outline are not rare. Evenat the type locality of !'. (P.) lwllkaidoana. i.e. the Hiraiga formation al Hiraiga. Tanohata village, lwate Prefecture.
some specimens showing relatively low

80

ltaru HAYAM! and Keizo KAWASAWA

and crescentic outline are more similar
to P. (P.) pocillijormis than to the typical individuals of P. (P.) hokkaidoar.abelonging to the same population. Except for the type localities of the two
species, the specific identification of thespecimens having an intermediate outline
is not always easy. much less secondary
deformed specimens. It is not impossiblethat P. (P.) hoklwidoana is actually nothing but an ecological or geographicalvariety of P. (P.) pocilliformis. Anyhow,
more adequate conclusion on the relationship between the two nominal species
would be obtained by a further detailed
quantitative study of populations.
Trigonia kotoi YEHARA. 1915, from the
Miyal<o group is here regarded as asynonym of P. (P.) hokkaidoana. The
holotype (by monotypy) of T. ko/oi [IGPS
cat. no. 4351] is actually a deformed andincomplete specimen, so that the outline
is apparently more crescentic than thatof the latter species. The area of thisspecimen is much narrower than in thelectotype of P. (P.) hokkaidoana. but its
breadth, as noted by YEHARA (1915, p.
39), varies to a great extent in one
population of the latter species from the
l'v!iyako group.
Occurrence.-Fine sandy shale of theDoganaro formation at Loc. 2, Kakureyashiki. noth of Doganaro, Susaki City.
KAWASAWA coli.
Concluding remarks
The newly discovered marine faunulefrom the Doganaro formation in the typearea is composed of five species ofbivalves as described above. The speciesof Neithea seem to be important for theage consideration, because the genus isa diagnostic group in the Cretaceous.
The genus Neithea ranges from the
Valanginian to the l\laastrichtian inwestern Europe and Africa, but, as noted
before (HA YA~II, 1965a). its occurrence
is restricted almost to the Lower Cretaous in the Pacific region. In japan all
the hitherto known species of Neitlzea
have been found from the Aritan (upper
Neocomian+lower Aptian) and the Miyakoan proper (upper Aptian+Albian). andthere is no known species ranging up
to the uppermost Miya,koan (lower lower
Cenomanian). The occurrence of Neithea(Neithea) malsumotoi indicates a i'vliyakoan age, because this species has been
known only from the upper l'vliyakoan(=Albian) Yatsushiro formation of Kyushu and a similar species occurs fromthe buried Aptian of Taiwan. The Pli·
catula sp. is also similar to the specimensfrom the Aptian of Taiwan. AmpJzidonte(Amplzidonte) sublzaliotoidea has been
known only from Aptian-Albian Miyako
group of Iwate Prefecture. Pterotrigonia(Pterolrigonia) hol~kaidoana is actually along ranging species, but has been commonly found from the Miyakoan properin the outer zone of Southwest japan.
Although we cannot make a good interpretation at present about the occurrenceof Myophorella (Promyop!wrella) obsoleta
reported by KOIIA YASH I (1956) from the
distributed area of the Doganaro formation, the specimens may be actually
juvenalia of Pterolrigonia (Pterolrigonia}
hoklwidoana or Pterotrigonia (Pterotrigonia) pocilliformis. Anyhow, it is now
firmly concluded that the Doganaro formation. the lowest subdivision of the
Shimantogawa group in Kochi Prefecture, is at least in part assignable to the
Miyakoan proper (Aptian-Albian). The
present palaeontological evidence agrees
well with KATTo's (1961) interpretation,in which the Shimantogawa group of
Kochi Prefecture ranges from the l'vliyakoan to Hetonaian. Taking the occurrence of Cheloniceras (s. str.) from theCretaceous Bivalves from the Shimantogawa Groupso-called " Torinosu group" in Ehime
Prefecture (NAKAI and HADA, 1966) into
consideration, it is presumable that jurassic sediments are scarcely or not at all
represented in the Shimanto terrain of
Shikoku.
J{eferences
ALE:"CASTER Dl> CsERr-;A, Gloria (1956):
Pelecipodos y gastcropodos del Cretacicoinferior de Ia region de San juan Rayazapotitlan. Estado de Puebla. Paleont.
Mexicana, 2. 1-47, pis. 1-7.
Cox, Leslie Reginald (1954): Lower Cretaceous Mollusca from Point-a-Pierre. Trinidad. jour. Pc1/eont., 28. (5), 622-636, pis.
64-67.
HAYA:>.ll, ltaru (1965a): Lower Cretaceous
marine pelecypods of Japan. Part I. Mem.
Fac. Sci .. Kyushu Univ., [OJ, 15, (2). 221349. pis. 27-52.
- - (1965b): Transition of jurassic andCretaceous marine pelecypods. " Fossils",(9), 13-23. (in Japanese)- - (1966): Lower Cretaceous marine pelecypods of japan. Part III. Mem. Fac. Sci.,
Kyushu Univ .. [OJ, 17, (3). 151-249, pis.
22-26.
- - . St:GITA. i\lunemitsu and NAGUMO. Yoshihiro (1960): Pelecypods of the Upper
Jurassic and Lowermost Cretaceous Shishiori group. northeast japan. japan.
jour. Ceo/. Ceogr., 31. (l ). 85-98. pl. 8.
KATTO. jiro (1961): Shimato belt. Itt Kochi
Prefecture: E:cp/anatory text of the geologic and mineral resource map of Kochi
Prefecture. 56-90. (in Japanese)- - and HATTORI. Mutsuo (1964): Some
Veneridae from the Shimantogawa groupin the outer zone of Shikoku Japan. Res.
Rept, Kochi Univ .. 13. Nat. Sci .. l. (2).
7-10, pl. 1.
- - and OzAKI. Hiroshi (1956):
FossilSolemya found from the undivided Mesozoic complex of southern Shikoku. Ibid.,5, (10), 1-3. pl. 1.
KoBAYASIII, Teiichi (1956): Some Jurassic
trigonians from central and west Japan.

81

Studies on Jurassic trigonians in Japan,
Part V. japan. jour. Ceo[. Ceogr .. 27.
(1), 1-8, pl. 1.
- - and NAKA:"O. Mitsuo (1957): On the
Pterotrigoniinae. Ibid., 28. (4), 219-238.
pis. 16-17.
KURATA, Nobuo (1941): Geology of theTogano basin and its vicinity, Koti Prefecture, with special reference to thestratigraphy of the Torinosu series. Part
2. jour. Ceo/. Soc. japan. 48. (568), 1-16.
(in Japanese with English abstract)
MATsu:o.roTo, Tatsuro, H.'\YAI\11, Itaru and
HAsHI:\IOTO, Wataru (1966): Some molluscan fossil from the buried Cretaceousof west Taiwan. Petrol. Ceo/. Taiwan. 4.
1-24 (pis. 1, 2 incl.).
- - . Kr:\IURA. Toshio and KATTO, ]iro (1952):
Discovery of Cretaceous ammonites fromthe undivided Mesozoic complex of Shikoku. Mem. Fac. Sci .. Kyushu Univ .. [OJ,3. (4), 179-186, pl. 13.
NAGAI. Kozo, NAKANO, Mitsuo. YoSHIDA.
Akihiko and 0HTSUKA, Fumio (1962):
The inoceramids. discovered in the Shimantogawa group of Ehimc Prefecture,
Shikoku. Mem. Ehime U11iv .. II (Sci.).
[OJ. 4. (3). 1-7 (1 pl. incl.).
NAGAO, Takumi (193·1) : Cretaceous Mollusca
from the Miyako district. jour. Fac. Sci.,
Hokkaido Imp. Univ., [4]. 2. (3), 177-277,
pl. 23-39.
NAKAI. Isao and HADA, Shigeki (1966): Discovery of Aptian ammonites from the
Shimanto terrain,western Shikoku.
Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan, N. S ..
(62). 242-250. pis. 29-30.
N.'\KA:->0. Mitsuo (1960): Stratigraphic occurrences of the Cretaceous trigoniids
in the japanese Islands of their faunalsignificances. jour. Sci., Hiroshima Univ ..
[C]. 3. (2), 210-280. pls. 23-30.
o'ORB!G:"Y. Alcide (1843-1847) : Pateolltologie franraise. Terrain cretaccs. Vol. 3.
Lamellibranches. 807 pp.. pis. 237-489.
Paris.
SATO. Tadashi (1958): Presence du Berriasian dans Ia stratigraphic du plateau deKitakami (Japon septentrional).
Bull.
Soc. geol. France. [6]. 8. 585-599, pl. 28.

!tan!- HAYIIMI and Keizo KAWASAWA

82

TA:I.IURA, Minoru (1961): A stratigraphic
study of the Torinosu group and its relatives. A/em. Fac. Educ., Kumamoto
Univ., a. Supple., 1-40. (in Japanese)
Woons, Henry (1899-1913): A monograph of
the Cretaceous Lamellibranchia of England. VoL 1 (1899-1903) 227 pp,, 42 pis.:Vol. 2 (1904-1913) 473 pp., 62 pis. Palaeontogr. Soc. London.
YEIIARA, Shingo (1915): The Cretaceous
trigoniae from Miyako and Hokkaido. Sci.
Rep., Tohoku Imp. Urliv. [2], 2. (2), 3544, pis. 1. 2.

-------Doganaro
Kakureyashiki~-Jl~ilt'6~ishigumi[l!j~nf"!{•JJz*-ilOchiaidani
Sodayama
Susaki-;r; 1s- 1:t~llllll~~

Explanation of Plate 9
Neithea (Neilhella ?) kochieusis sp. nov. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Fig. 1. Right internal mould (GK. H6808), holotype, xl. Loc. 2. Kakurcyashiki (TAKE·

p. 85

MOTO COil.)

Neithea (Neilhea) ma/sumotoi HA YA:I.11 ........................................... _....... p. 85
Fig. 2. Right internal mould (GK.ll6807), x2. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coli.) 2a: lateral
view: 2b: anterior view.
Plicatula sp. indet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 86
Fig. 3. Right internal mould (GK. H6809). xl.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coli.)Fig. 4. Right external mould (GK. H6810), xl.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coli.)
Amphidon/e (Amp1lidoute) subhaliotoidea (NAGAO) ............. , ........................ p. 87
Fig. 5. Left internal mould (GK. 116811). xl.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coli.)
Pterotrigotlia (Pterotrigonia) hokkaidoana (YEHARA) .................................. p. 88
Fig. 6. Right internal mould (GK. H6812), x 1.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coiL)
Fig. 7. Left valve (GK. H6813). x 1.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coiL)
Fig. 8. Internal mould of conjoined valves (GK.I!6814), xl.5. Loc. ditto. (KAWASA\\'A
coil.)
Fig. 9. Internal moulds of two right valves (upper: GK. H6815; lower: GK. H6816), xl.5.
Loc. ditto. (KAWASAWA coli.)
All specimen~ are kept in the Department 9f Geology, Kyushu· University.

HA YA M! and KA WASA WA:

Cretaceous Bivalves

Plate 9Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S .. No .. 66, pp. s:~-91. pl. 10. June 30, 1967

528.

ON THE FOSSIL EQUINE TEETH FROM KUZUU.
TOCHIGI PREFECTURE AND TOKYO CITY*
JOJI NAGASAWA
Institute of Earth Science, Toj(yo Gakugei University

WI*

l\H&t&V:llt:sit iffi•~!.~O') UJf(1) ltE : ~lfrJ:~~IIti:WJ*\~~:tb,J=. .kiiiHHili:c{l;J.t~llili¥L ~.!Ht:P"P :::.i¥.(1)"f~:tU\IJ?f,-:k8t# -f@.t.;:.:!?-:> t: • ~:P-l±•1 1 00iijli.j1§1JZ:.~"!:r.¥.mfl.H ·.~(1)'f~:tilftUJ:g-AWtt:.:t~·t.J: lJ J: <it.:tL'v'~, iT.i'§f.n(1)iffl1'J':iii;~!!iJ.!~(1).:Ctt.U: <fU·n·>.;.n:, I!Jioffl-~.I!H~
t%JWH:.tJJj~(1)fJ:'. ·:::.&V:f&~.it$1.:i!['. 'jilij{ltij(1)~}Ut.;:II'.l~!'t-J:.:;E -~ L''. 'Q :~.f.i~. ltfX LJ:I'4~ftO')i*-;li.~OJ:ill·flf c V:tW -:> '"Cv' 6, ~:hli lti4: ~~giltl· Mll:it.tJ:v't.i:. iifi!.iH~ 15::~ii!~ CiJ~/i-t.Qbi:T:.:t 1.-•iJ·ib.WC'. :;$:(l:.fii'i'l''i< Equus sp: c L-t.:. ~UiHmfiJfi~fii~illiO')JI!!r:T:li2J: IJ~t:fl:1i(1) J:l];ift(lli]~-:kStfrii. ~ti.\Jii, ~l:.iluJ!l±l:li~O').:f:*t.:.:jl:l, '"Cv' 6;¢:, :lt.iffiil!±I'L~
f.i:~oli'J,!~O') ~lilllitfi,fl,!ffi·c .t> 6 .!f~;?{ .n:rur ~ :i"t-!i.ll:.n iJ '-i'ft::ua~(J.~ c iftfu·r 0 t>:t r: t" ·n·!tlO')Tf.'i< Equus sp. c L-t.:. itl!.7't~ft:i=~~t:.:iM1!111:&ii-f$/IN.tit!!:T.:b6, :ik i.R ~li iX

Pleistocene or not younger than Older
Holocene in age. Unfortunately. theexact horizon of the specimen is unknown.
Another fossil specimen described inthis paper is a single upper left firstmolar tooth belonging to fquus and was
obtained by the same collector from theolder Holocene or Pleistocene beds at
Kuramae, Tokyo City about ten years
ago.
The specimen was found during the
digging of the subway of Tokyo.
The important features for determination of the species, are the size ofthe teeth, the relation of the length ofthe cheek-teeth to their breadth. andthe condition of the enamel folding.

Introduction
The first occurrence of a fossil equine
tooth from Kuzuu, Tochigi Prefecture.
japan dates back to about twenty years
ago. when the writer found a lower
third molar in the fossil mammlian collections of Kuzuu. obtained by Mr.
Tatuo l\miA.
Later. in 195-1 the writer again foundanother tooth belonging to a pony inthe fossil mammlian collections obtained
from Ogano. Kuzuu by the same collector. This tooth is described in thispaper.
The latter specimen is an isolated
lower right molar tooth, probably a firstmolar, yellowish brown in colour andfossilized.
Considering from the state of fossilization, it may probably be of Upper

Acknowledgements
During the course of this study thewriter has received support from thefollowing gentlemen to whom he takes* Received August 31. 196(i; read June 18,
1966, at Tokyo.

83

84

Joji NAGASA TVA

this opportunity to express his deep
gratitude. Mr. Tatuo No:-..IA of the
Natural and Cultural Garden at lnokashira, Tokyo City, for his kind offer
of the materials and informations; Mrs.
Shoichi HoNZAWA, Asao SHIJ\OHARA of
the Zootechnical andExperimental
Station at Nishinasuno, Tochigi Prefec·
ture, the l\linistry of Agriculture andForestry, Mrs. Goro El'<DO. Akitune
AWADA of the Ueno Zoological Garden,
Professor Yukio SATO, Assistant Pro·
fessor Dr. l\lasayuki DAIGO of the
Nippon Verterinary and ZootechnicalCollege. Tokyo, Dr. Yoshinori lMAJZU!Iflof the Ueno National Science Museum,
Assistant Professor Dr. Koushi Mocm·
ZUKI of the Department of Zootechny ofTokyo University and Mr. Keiji KIRYU
of the Research Institute for race-horse
health of the Nippon Central Race-horse
Club, for permission to study their
specimens and for the necessary photo·graphs.
The writer also thanks Professor
Kotara HATAJ of the Institute of Geology
and Paleontology, Tohoku University at
Sendai for his reading of the manu·
script.

younger than Older Holocene.
Measurements :-l'vlaximum length ofgrinding surface 23.5 mm, maximum
breadth of griding surface of anterior
lobe 13.0 mm, and that of posterior lobe
12.0 mm, all exclusive of cement; maxi·
mum breadth of posterior lobe, inclusiveof cement 15.3 mm ; length from theanterior border of metaconid to theposterior border of metastylid 12.7 mm ;length from upper surface of crown to
distal portion of posterior root 67.0 mm;
maximum breadth of enamel layer ingrinding surface 1.0 mm.

67

Description
Order Ungulata
Family Equidae
Genus Equus L.
Equus sp.
Pl. 10, ftgs. 5.. 6, Text.figs. 4-7

Specimen :-An isolated lower rightfirst molar tooth. in Mr. T. No~tA's col·lection.
Locality:- Fissure deposits ? of Ogano
at Kuzuu, Tochigi Prefecture, japan.
Horizon :-Exact horizon unknown;
probably Upper Pleistocene or not

Text.fig. 1. Enamel pattern on grinding
surface of the lower right first molar of
the so-called Kiso horse from Kiso. Nagano
Prefecture. 2. Ditto of a Recent pony, No.
1 from Cheju lsi., Korea. 3. Ditto of a
Recent pony from Kwangfeng, Kiangsi,
China. 4. Ditto of the specimen from
Kuzuu, Tochigi Prefecture. 5. Posterior
dew of ditto. 6. Inner side of ditto. 7.
Outer side of ditto.

Fossil Eq1tid Teeth
Description :-Specimen refered tolower right first molar tooth. nearlycomplete. moderately worn and small insize; crown rather elongated anteroposteriorly: in upper view. metastylid
narrow bar-like and metaconid of a comparatively long bar and roundish triangular in outline at its anterior part;
anterior and outer corner of protoconid
projected outwards; enamel inlet lacking
in outer wall of hypoconid; position of
metaconid bar situated internally, interval between metaconid and protoconid
distinct: entoconid and talonid rather
small. outer wall of talonid not parti ·cularly projected outwards; space between metaconid and paraconid rather
large; a feeble, small but clear enamelspur projected from anterior side of
hypoconid into valley at outside of tooth.
Comparison ·-The present specimen issimilar to Hemionus in size, but differsfrom the latter in having a narrowerand bar-like metastylid and a metaconid
composed of a comparatively long,narrow bar and a roundish triangle
instead of a triangular to roundish
metastylid and roundish metaconid without a bar, as figured by l\1. BoULE & T.
TEILHARD DE CHALDIN (1928), W. 0.
DIETRICII (1959) and W. C. P~;I WEN·
CHUNG and others (1958).
Further. the shape of the talonid of.this specimen differs from that of
Jlemionus.

In the present specimen. the clear
development of a little spur from theanterior wall of the hypoconid into thevalley at the outside of the tooth andthe surface inclined towards the outside-of tooth are the same as those of mongolian horses. but in Hemionus of thesame age, the development of the spuris traceable and the grinding surface ofthe teeth is flat in general.
A Recent Asinus from Shantung,85

China, Mule from England and Zebra
from Africa can be distinguished frompresent one by their broad leaf-likemetastylyds and large roundish metaconids of their lower first molar teeth
and this form also differs from a
Thoroughbred and an Anglo-Arab. by
the sizes and shapes of the enamel
foldings of their teeth.
The lower first molar of the fossil
pony, E. przewahkii PoL. subsp. fromthe Pleistocene beds of Dokantin, Korea
is distinguished from the present one by
the broader metastylid and the different
shape of the talonid, although the sizes
are equal to one another.
judging by the illustrations given by
T. S!llKAMA and Y. ONUKI. E. nipponicus
SmKAl\·IA and ONUKI (=l'rof. MATU·
MOTO's E. hemionus) from the Pleistocene
beds of northern japan, is characterized
by its broad leaf-like or triangularmetastylid.
In 1951, H. KAJI reported on a semi
fossil left mandible of a pony with sixteeth which he collected from the rivercliff west of Iizuka-machi north of Kanamachi, Katushika-ku, Tokyo City.
This pony was found with fragmentsof the Yayoi type potteries which aredated at approximately between 1500
and 2000 years B. P.. The lower firstmolar tooth of the pony resembles, insize and enamel pattern of grinding
surface, the present specimen except forthe shrinkage of the anterior outer partof the protoconid, the lack of the bar
and the hugeness of the roundish tri·
angular part of the metaconid.
The dimensions and enamel patternof the lower first molar tooth of KAJI's
pony can be considered to be almost
identical with those of a Recent ponydescended from ancient times in Hokkaido.
Excepting for the Ass and :tvlule, theJoji NAGASA WA
recent ponies domesticated since ancient
times in Japan, Korea and eastern China
have not been completly explained
whether they are merely the forms
derived from the mongolian horse or
Table 1.

separate species. but those of Japan aild'
Korea appear to have relation with the·mongolian horse.
With regard to the horses now livingin Cheju Island, Korea and the so-ca\\ed

Measurements of the tooth of the Ogano specimen compared with M1of the mongolian. other oriental and mixed horses. (in mm)

SpeciMen & localities-~-----I Maximum
lengthTransverse diameter ofmetaconid-protoconid.
Transverse diameter ofmetastylid-hypoconid

Anteroposterior
length of metaconid-metastylid------- ---------------------12. 7
23.5
13. o.
12.0

Present specimen------ ·-------- ---------------12.5
A pony from Kwangfeng,
23.5
13. 5,
Kiangsi. China
13.0------- - - - · - - - - - - --------12. 7
Cheju lsi., No. 1
13. 5,
23.5
12. 7
-

-~~

Miyako lsi., No. 1

21.5

13. 5.
12.0

Miyako lsi.. No. 2

22.0

13. 5.
13.0---14.0,
14.0

·--

---

Mongolia, Pangchiang, No. 1763

25.0

Mongolia, Pangchiang. No. 1762

25.0

H.O,

13 0

12.0

-

12.5
13.0
13.0

Yamanashi Prefecture

23.0

14. 3.
13.0

12.0

Kiso, Nagano Prefecture

25.5

15.0,
15.0

13.0

Takara Isis. off Kyushu

18.0

12. 0,
10.0

Hokkaido, No. 1

23.5

15. 2.
13. 7

1-l. 01-lokkaido, No. 2

26.0

16. 5,
14.5

14.0

Thorough bred

28.0

15. o.
14.8

IA.5

26.0

15. 0,

14.0-- - ------------ - - - -

--- -

--- -

--~--

Anglo-Arab

14.0

All values except for a pony from Takara Isis. were measured on the grinding surface(exclusive of cement) of the lower right molars and maximum length, along the directionof tooth rows.

Fos.sil Equid Teeth
Kiso horses of japan. it is presumed
from the ancient records that the former
was mixed by the blood of the mongolian horse and the latter by the Arabblood in the past.
Although, this specimen resembles in-Size and pattern of enamel folding themolar teeth of the recent ponies des-cended from those of ancient times injapan. it may be closely related in thesepoints to the recent ponies from Kwangfeng. Kiangsi in South China. Cheju
Island in South Korea. and the Recent
and fossil mongolian horses, especially tothe pony from Kwangfeng, South China{Table 1).
The size and the enamel pattern ofthe grinding surface of both the Kwangfeng and present specimen almost coin·Cide with each other except for thepresence of a minute enamel inlet at the
middle point of the outer wall of the
hypoconid and in the thinness of the-dentine in the former.
But. generally speaking. it happensthat a minute enamel inlet on the outerwall of the hypoconid disappears on theteeth of the same species in Equus.
The enamel wall facing outwards onthe metaconid of the lower first molars
in the horses from Cheju Island. Miyako
Island, Yamanashi Prefecture, Kiso in
Nagano Prefecture, Hokkaido. and also
probably the ones from the Takara Isis.
in southern Japan is linear in upper
view. but those of the mongolian horse,
Recent and fossil, the Kwangfeng ponyand the present specimen drow a sharp
line between the bar and roundish
triangle.
The above nature of the enamel foldin the metaconid is the important characteristic which distinguish the present
specimen from the former group andrefer it to the mongolian horse or
Kwangfeng pony.

87

It will be known from Table 2. thatconsidering from the comparisons between length and breadth in each upper
cheek teeth, the above mentioned horses
except for the Thoroughbred and AngloArab have intimate relation with one
another. namely: Except for P" and1\P. the breadth is larger than the length
in most of their upper cheek teeth.
The above nature coincides with thefact that except for P 2 and ~P. thebreadth usually exceeds the length in
the upper cheek teeth of the horses thatwere refered to the mongolian horsefrom the Pleistocene beds of China andexcept for ~p. this is the contrary in
Hemionus.
Furthermore. the enamel patterns of
the grinding surfaces of their molar
teeth and the principal morphologicalcharacters of the skulls of these horses
mentioned above are similar to that of
the mongolian horse, though there aresome differences in detaiLAt any rate. the present specimen
most resembles the lower right firstmolar of the Kwangfeng horse and theskull of the K wangfeng horse mostresembles that of the mongolian horse
except for the lacking of a sinus on theposterior part of the processus zygomaticus and in upper view. the marginal crest of the posterior part of thehead shows a linear outline.
But. as the mere inspection of only
the skull of the Kwangfeng horse can
not decide the question whether it belongs to a mongolian horse. no specificname can be proposed to this specimen
at the present time.
Conclusions
It is especially interesting that a ponyfrom the deposits of the Pleistocene orOlder Holocene in }lipan is " S!Jecies

.oo
00

Table 2. Measurements of skulls. and compm·isons between length and breadth
in upper molars. of mongolian horses and other oriental ponies (in em).

Specimens & localities

A pony from Kwangfeng.
China

Maximumlengthof skull

Cranialbreadth

41.8

10.2

Cranialheight9.9Comparison between length and breadth
in upper cheek teeth

LengthLengthfromfrompz to Ma P 2 to M3

pz

I pa

PI

Mt

MZ

Ma

B>L

B=L

B<L

14.9
r

15.1
I

r

B<L

B<L

B=L

13.5

H.O

r

I

B<L

r

B=L

B>LIB>L

B>L

B<L

13.3

13. 1
1

I

B<L

B>L

B>L

B>L

B>L

B<L

<.;>,

B<L
r

B=L

B>L

B>L

B>L

B<L

~

-----Chcju lsi.. No. 7

44.5

Cheju lsi.. No. 19<15.0

Miyako lsi.. No. 1

48.6

Mongolia. No. 1765

54.8

Mongolia. No. 1762

56.2

10.3
10.3

10.0
10.4

r

9.9

12.3

14. 1
r

14.0
r

...~
~

(J)

10.6
11. 1

10·3
10.8

Kiso, Nagano Prefecture
Yamanashi Prefecture

57.8

11.1

11.4

16. I
r

-

B<L
1

B<L

B=L

B>L

B<L

B<L

16.3

16.4

I

r

B<L

I

B=L

B>L

B>L

B>L

B<L

16.9
I

16.4
r

I

B<L

B<L

B>L

B>L

B<L

B<L

16.8

15.5

I

I

B<L
r

B<L

B=L

B>L . B>L

B<L

B<L
r

B=L

B>L

B>L ,B>L..
Tokara Isis.

Teeth were measured on grinding surface; r .... right side, I. ... left side.

B<L

;J:.

~

Fossil Equid Teeth
allied to or the same as the one now
li\·ing in the eastern part of China.

Equus sp.
Pl. lO, fig!'. 8-10

Specimen :-An isolated upper left firstmolar tooth collected by Mr. T. NOMA.
Locality :-Fossiliferous beds at 6 m
below the ground surface at Kuramae,
Daito-ku, Tokyo City, japan; obtained
during the construction of the Tokyo
Subway.
Horizon :-Older Holocene or Pleistocene.
1\Ieasurements :-lV!aximum length ofgrinding surface 22.5 mm, maximum
breadth of grinding surface 26.3 rom anddirect length of protocon in grinding
surface 11.3; maximum thickness ofenamel layer 1.15 rom: length fromhighest point of upper surface of crown
to distal portion of anterior outer root
44.6 rom; maximum length of anterior
outer root 25 rom.
Description ·-Specimen referee! to l\!1
by its composite morphological characters. It of old age and slightly fossillized, surface of roots sticking a little
to tongue.
Specimen exceedingly worn, and especially on central part of anterior lobe
and adjacent to. on same part of posterior lobe and inner wall of crown moreworn than on outer wall. so grinding
surface shows an inward inclination;
large enamel inlet and small one on
anterior wall of crown and two small
inlets on its posterior wall; two small
enamel islets, measure 3 mm and 1.2 rom
respectively, in each elongate diametersin central part of crown surface; crownmoderate in size and its outline rectangular in upper view ; breadth exceeding
length; enamel dark bluish white in

8Hcolour with minute wrinkles. dentine
brown and root dark brown : roots fourin number and two of inner side united
into one: protocon elongated anteroposterialy.
Comparison :-Based only on an isolated tooth which is much worn. it isdifficult to distinguish whether the specimen belongs to /!emionus.
But. the characteristics are the breadthmuch exceeds the length. the outer wallof the paracon is considerably concave.
the posterior border of the protocon does
not cross the line which passes themesostyl and is parallel to the anterior
and posterior walls of the crown, andby wearing the grinding surface inclines
much towards the inner side of thecrown.
By these characteristics. the specimen
is distinguishable from Hemionu.s.
The outlines or characteristics of theenamel folds in the anterior, posterior
and inner walls of the crown coincidewith those of the upper left first molar
tooth, worn to the same degree. of a
recent pony (No. 19) from Cheju Islandof Korea, already described (Pl. 8. fig.
7).
Conclusions
As far as the comparison of the available parts are concerned. this specimen
is not different from the upper left
first molars of the mongolian horses anda horse descended from ancieent timesin Hokkaido. japan.
But. as the horse descended fromancient times in Hokkaido is not proved
to be a variety ·or a race of the mongolian horse, no specific name can be proposed for this specimen at the present
time (Table 3).

~JOJoji NAGASA TVA
Table 3.

Measurements of the tooth of the Daito-ku specimen compared with 1\-1 1of the mongolian and other oriental ponies (in mm)
MaximumlengthMaximum
breadthLength ofprotocon

22.5

26.:3

11.3

21.7

10.5

23.5

25.0

13.0

K;'"g';·~~O
·

23.0

11.2

Specimen & localities
-

-

--

1. Present specimen, left-

2. Mongolian horse. Pangchiang.

24.0

No. 1763, leftII

3. ~1ongolian horse, No. 1762. left j
4. A pooy. KW"og[,og.
China. left

5. Yamanashi Prefecture, right

25.5

13.0

----·
20.0

23.0

11.0

18.5

23.0

10.0

21.3

24.0

10.0

22.0

10.0

26.0

13.0

24.0

-

24. 5

6. Cheju lsi., No. 7, rightI

7. Cheju lsi., No. 19. left

8. Miyako lsi., Loochoo Isis.,
right

1

I

9. Okinawa lsi.. left

26.0

10. Kiso, Nagano Prefecture. left

25.5

11. Takara Isis. off Kyushu left

18.0

12. Hokkaido, No. 1, left

22.0

25.5

11.0

13. Hokkaido. No. 2. left

25.5

25.0

11.2

I

Nos. 2, 3 and 5 are stored in the Ueno National Science Museum, Nos. 4. 6, 7, 9 12 and13 in the Zootechnical and Experimental Station at Nishinasuno. No. 8 in the Nippon
Verterinary and Zootechnical College. Tokyo, No. 10 in Department of Zootechny of Tokyo
University and No. 11 in the Research Institute for race-horse health of the Nippon Central
Horse-race Club in Tokyo.

Explanation of Plate 10
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

1. Profile of the cranium of a pony from Kwangfeng, Kiangsi, China.
Profile of the lower jaw of the same specimen. xca. 0.2.
3. Upper view of ditto. xca. 0.2.

xca. 0.2.

2.

Palatal view of ditto. xca. 0.2.
Crown view of the fossil specimen from Ogano, Kuzuu. x 1.
Inner side of ditto. x I.
Crown view of upper left first molar of a· Recent pony, No. 19 from Cheju Island,
Korea. xl.
Fig. 8. Crown view of the fossil specimen from Kuramae, Daito-ku. Tokyo City. x 1.
Fig. 9. Outer side of ditto. x 1.
Fig. 10. Anterim· side of ditto. x 1.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Plate 10
NAGASA WA :7

Fossil equid teeth

89Fossil Equicl Teeth
References
TEJLIIARD OE CIIARDJN. P ..
(1928): Le Paleolilhique de Ia Chine.
Arch. !nsf. Pal. !fum .. Mem. 4, pl. 8--9.
DJETRICII, W. 0 .. (1959): Hemionus Pallas im
Pleistozan von Berlin. Vertebrata Palasiatica. Vol. III. No. 1, p. 13-22.
MATl.::-!OTO, H .. MOHI, H. & CHIBA, s.. (1963):
On an Equid Fossil from Coast of theInawashiro Lake, Konan Village, Azaka
District, Fukushima Prefecture (in Japanese). Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo),Vol. 6. Xo. 4 (No. 53), p. 423--127. pl. 62.
MoTOIIASIII.
II.. (1930):
Craniometricalstudies on skulls of wild Asses fromwest Mongolia. Mem. Tottori Agri. Col/.,Vol. 1, p. 1-62.
·OKABE. T., (1953) : Studies on the horses
from ancient times of Japan (in japanese).
National Research Council in japan .. p.
1-209.
PEl, W. C. & Woo. ]. K., (1957): Tzeyang
BouLE, !VI. &·Cheju Island
Daito-ku
Dokantin
Hokkaido
Iizuka-machi
InokashiraKanamachi
Xatushika-ku
Xiangsiitr fH lib
il'JRIK
1m WI U\

w

:It
jfi:
fllil:jj(IIIJ;t¥ (}) ~ri~

lliJ
1.S fi~j g

ii

jill

Kiso
KuramaeKuzuu
Kwangfeng
MiyakoMusashino
NaganoNishinasuno
Okinawa

91

Paleolithic Man.
Inst. Vert. Pa/eon/.,Academia Sinica, Mem. No. I. p. 1-71.
PEl, W. C. and others, (1958) : Report on the
Excavation of Palaeolithic Sites atTingtsun, Hsiangfenhsien. Shansi Province. China. Ins/. Fer/. Pa/eonl. Academia Sinica. Mem. No. 2. p. 1-111.
- - , (1958): Discovery of Quaternary Mammalian Fauna at Ch•ao-tsun, Chil'n-An
County. Hopei Province.
l' ertebrata
Palasiatica. Vol. II. No.4, p. 226-230.
SHJKA:\1:\.. T. & 0;-.;t:Kl. Y., (1962): Equid
Fossils from lwate and Miyagi Prefectures (in Japanese). Sci. Rep. Tohoku
Univ., Ser. 2. Vol. 34. No. 2. p. 187-197.
TOKC:-<AGA. S. & NAORA, N .. (1939): Fossil
Remains excavated at Ku-hsiang-tungnear Harbin. Manchoukuo (in Japanesewith English abstract). Rep. !st. Sci.
Exp. Manchouk11o, Sec. 2. Pt. IV, p. 116130.
ToKt:NAGA, S. & MoRI. T .. (1939): Reportof Diggings at Dokantin, the coast of theriver Toman, Korea. Ibid .. p. l-43.

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