JEM/SMILES Level-2 Product Guidefor v2.4 (008-11-0502)

July 3, 2013

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

JEM/SMILES L2 Products Guide
Table of Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................................................................4
1.

Purpose of the document ...............................................................................................................52.

SMILES observation and data processing .................................................................................... 6

3.

2.1.

Introduction to SMILES .......................................................................................................6

2.2.

SMILES observation .............................................................................................................9

2.3.

SMILES ground data system ..............................................................................................12

2.4.

Comparison method ............................................................................................................13

2.5.

A priori dataset ....................................................................................................................14

2.6.

Product release history ........................................................................................................15

Latest Updates for SMILES L2 Products ...................................................................................17
3.1.

Summary of algorithm updates ...........................................................................................17

3.2.

useful data ...........................................................................................................................18

3.3.

Profile differences between v2.4 and v2.1 ..........................................................................18

3.3.1

O3 ................................................................................................................................18

3.3.2

HCl ..............................................................................................................................21

3.3.3

ClO ..............................................................................................................................223.3.4

HNO3 .......................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.5

HOCl ...........................................................................................................................26

3.3.6

CH3CN ........................................................................................................................28

3.3.7

BrO..............................................................................................................................29

3.3.8

HO2 ............................................................................................................................. 31

3.3.9

Temperature ................................................................................................................33

3.3.10O3 isotopes ..................................................................................................................34

3.4.
4.

Remaining Issues ................................................................................................................37

SMILES L2 products ..................................................................................................................38
4.1.

Definition of data products .................................................................................................38

4.2.

L2 products overview .........................................................................................................38

4.3.

Data screening .....................................................................................................................39

4.4.

Product format ....................................................................................................................39

References...........................................................................................................................................45
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................482

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

A. 1.

Information in the previous versions...............................................................................48

A. 1. 1. Description of v1.0 (005-06-0024).................................................................................48
A. 1. 2. Improvements in v 1.1 (005-06-0032) update ................................................................48
A. 1. 3. Improvements in v 1.2 (005-06-0150) update ................................................................48
A. 1. 4. Improvements in v 1.3 (006-06-0200) update ................................................................49
A. 1. 5. Improvements in v 2.0 (007-08-0300) update ................................................................50
A. 1. 6. Improvements in v 2.1(007-08-0310) update .................................................................52
A. 1. 7. Improvements IN v 2.2 (007-09-0400) update...............................................................52
A. 1. 8. Improvements in v 2.3 (007-09-0402) update ................................................................54
A. 1. 9. Improvements in v 2.4 (008-11-0502) update ................................................................54
A. 2.

Sample of source code for reading L2 product (in python) ............................................613

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

PREFACEThe Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) was developedfor use aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the International Space Station (ISS)through the cooperation of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). SMILES was successfullylaunched on an H-IIB rocket with an H-II Transfer Vehicle on 11 September, 2009, wasattached to the JEM on 25 September, and began atmospheric observations on 12 October.
Mission objectives are as follows: (1) to demonstrate a 4 K mechanical cooler andsuperconducting mixers in the environment of outer space for submillimeter limb-emission
sounding in the frequency bands of 624.32–626.32 GHz and 649.12–650.32 GHz and (2) toglobally measure minor atmospheric constituents in the middle atmosphere (O3, HCl, ClO, HO2,
HOCl, BrO, O3 isotopes, HNO3, CH3CN, etc.) to gain a better understanding of factors andprocesses controlling the amount of stratospheric ozone and the relationship with climatechange. Unfortunately, SMILES observations have been suspended since 21 April 2010 owing
to the failure of a critical component in the submillimeter local oscillator. Although theobservation period was limited to about six months, SMILES had been performing global
observations at about 100 locations per ISS orbit, except for some restrictions due to ISS
operation. After data processing, we had global and vertical distributions of about 10 minor
atmospheric constituents related to ozone chemistry. In this document we will demonstrate thecapability of obtaining high-quality scientific data which will be important in addressing
scientific issues such as the ozone depletion problem, middle atmosphere chemistry with a
special focus on the diurnal cycle, and the transport process for minor species. We hope theoutput from SMILES will demonstrate its high potential to observe minor atmosphericconstituents in the middle atmosphere.
Masato Shiotani
Principle Investigator of the SMILES mission team4

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

1. PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT
Researchers and scientists in atmospheric sciences can use this document to understand the quality
and characteristics of the data from Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-emission Sounder(SMILES) on the basis of SMILES standard level 2 (L2) products processed and provided by JAXA.

This product guide provides the following:1) Descriptions of SMILES observations.
2) Descriptions of the latest SMILES L2 products.
3) Descriptions of data format.

5JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

2. SMILES OBSERVATION AND DATA PROCESSING
2.1.

INTRODUCTION TO SMILESThe Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) was launched on
September 11, 2009 as a joint project between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) andthe National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), and was attached to
the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 25,
2009. For details of SMILES configurations, see the SMILES Mission Plan, version 2.1, at

http://darts.isas.jaxa.jp/iss/smiles/docs/SMILES_MP_ver2-1.pdf. SMILES carries 4 K cooled
Superconductor-Insulator-Super-conductor (SIS) mixers to carry out high-sensitivity measurements
for submillimeter limb-emission sounding. Since the system noise temperature of SMILES is nearly
350 K, the sensitivity of SMILES is much higher than that of similar sensors in orbit. For generalpost-launch information, you may consult Kikuchi et al. (2010); some important information on
SMILES measurement is summarized in Table 2.2.
SMILES

measuresatmosphericlimb

emissionfrom minor

constituents withinthesubmillimeter-wave region from 625 GHz to 650 GHz for three specified detection bands:
624.32–625.52 GHz (Band A), 625.12–626.32 GHz (Band B), and 649.12–650.32 GHz (Band C).
Target species and sample spectra are shown in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1-1 respectively. SMILES
instruments only consist of two AOS spectrometers. Accordingly, observations of Bands A, B, and C
are made on a time-sharing basis. Depending on the combination, the AOS spectrometer for Band A
may be switched.

Table 2.1-1 Major characteristics of SMILES [Ochiai et al., 2012]

System parameter

Description

Frequency bands

624.26 – 625.59 GHz (Band A)
625.06 – 626.38 GHz (Band B)
649.05 – 650.38 GHz (Band C)

Frequency resolution

1.05 -- 1.20 MHz (FWHM)

Number of channels

1728 for each unit of AOS

Channel separation

approx. 0.8 MHz

Integration time

0.47 s for each observation point

Calibration period

53 s

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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

System parameter

Description

System noise temperature

297 - 380 K

Temperature resolution

0.30 - 0.42 K (for line spectrum)
0.18 - 0.27 K (for continuum)

Beam width

0.089 deg.(V) x 0.173 deg. (H) (FWHM)

Table 2.1-2 SMILES target species in level-2 data processing

Band
Target Species

Band A

Band B

Band C(624.32–625.52GHz)(625.12–626.32GHz)(649.12–650.32GHz)

O3

O3

O3

37

35

HCl (H Cl)

HCl (H Cl)

ClO

18

18

OOO

HNO3

17

O OO

18

HO2

17

OOO

HNO3
CH3CN

OOO
OOO

HOCl

HO2

17

BrO

O OO
BrO

7

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 2.1-1 Theoretical precision ratios (single scan) by a priori profile(March 2010, Northern middle-latitude).

8

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 2.1-1: Samples of observed and fitted spectra (thin lines: observed, thicklines:
fitted) in each band [Suzuki et al., 2012]

2.2.

SMILES OBSERVATIONThe ISS has a circular orbit with an inclination angle of 51.6ﾟ, and is located at an altitude ofabout 400 km above the Earth’s surface. While it circles the Earth at 90 minutes per orbit,
atmospheric observations are being conducted. The SMILES antenna is tilted 45ﾟto the left from thedirection of orbital motion. This design enables SMILES to observe latitudes from 38ﾟS to 65ﾟN.
Figure 2.2 shows an example of globally mapped ozone distribution at 28 km on 20 March, 2010.
Original observation points are plotted using white circles with observed ozone mixing ratios. White9JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

circles without color indicate missing data points rejected as abnormal values. It was discovered that
SMILES performed observations continuously, but we can see that there are specific latitudes where
the data is missing. This is due to solar paddle interference that occurred twice in one circular orbit.
The observation period was from October 12, 2009 to April 21, 2010. The first few weeks until
November 6 were used as a trial period before going into full SMILES operational mode. During
this period, the ratio of missing data was quite high. In addition, the AOS thermal control heaters
were turned off gradually therefore we need to be careful of differing characteristics in SMILES datain the trial compared with the following observation period. Details of data availability, its quality,and valid latitude range are summarized in Table 2.2 and Figure 2.2.
Another important aspect of SMILES observations is that SMILES can measure the atmosphere atdifferent local times because of the non-sun-synchronous ISS orbit. ISS local time precession takes
about two months to cover the whole day therefore we may calculate diurnal variations by
combining the data from the ascending and descending nodes on the basis of a one month period
approximately (Figure 2.2-1).

Figure 2.2-1 Measurement positions for 1day.

Table 2.2-1 Irregular data from SMILES L2 productRatio of
Data
PeriodEvent
un-useable
numberscans
2009/10/12 – 11/06
Trial periodalmostalmostnormalnormal2009/10/12 – 23
AOS thermal control heaters turned on.

Latitudecoveragenormal-10JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

PeriodEvent

2009/10/24 – 26

2010/02/10 09:00- 2010/02/19 23:59
2010/02/24 00:00- 2010/03/05 15:00

Some AOS thermal control
heaters turned on.
AOS thermal control heaters
turned off.
ISS yaw maneuver(Atlantis docking)ISS solar paddles stopped
just in front of SMILESIFOV1ISS yaw maneuver(Endeavour docking)Trouble with ISS/JEM
communication system

2010/04/07 11:00- 2010/04/17 11:59

ISS yaw maneuver(Discovery docking)2009/10/27 –2009/11/19 – 11/24
2009/11/30 – 12/15-

Ratio ofun-useable
scans
-

-

-

-

-

normalnormalnormalhigh

opposite
direction
normalnormalnormallow(10% ofnormallevel)
normalnormalData
numbernormalLatitudecoverage

opposite
direction
normalopposite
direction

Figure 2.2-2 Observation numbers per day for Bands A, B, and C. Gray regions show
total observations; blue regions show available numbers after discarding abnormalscans such as those due to field obstacles indicated by L1B information (L1B 008).

1

due to maintenance on ISS Port Solar Alpha Rotary Joint Elements
11

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 2.2-1 Latitude and time series of local time at SMILES observation points.

2.3.

SMILES GROUND DATA SYSTEM

Data observed by SMILES is multiplexed with data from other JEM experiments. Multiplexed
data is downlinked from the ISS through geostationary data relay satellites to ground receiving
stations. SMILES data is processed from RAW data to L0 data at the User Operation Area at
JAXA/TKSC. SMILES L0 data is provided to the DPS-L0/L1 Data Processing System for the
SMILES Ground Data System.
L0 data is converted into calibrated limb spectral radiance using calibration data in the L0/L1 dataprocessing system (DPS-L0/L1). Anomalous data is checked and flagged before processing.
Ancillary data such as tangent altitude and position of the observation are created and added as a partof L1 data products. L1 data is transferred to the L2 Data processing system (DPS-L2) via the
network and converted into L2 data which consists of concentration profiles of targeted gases,
temperature and pressure. Standard L2 data processing is performed at JAXA/ISAS.

12JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 2.2-1 SMILES ground data system.

2.4.

COMPARISON METHODThis section explains the comparison method for SMILES data and other datasets (such asozonesonde data). To compare two correlative profiles with different vertical resolutions, verticalresolution should be adjusted with averaging kernels. Other transformed data

is defined,where I is the unit matrix, A is the SMILES averaging kernel, and xa is the SMILES a priori profile.
The difference between SMILES data (x) and the data of other sensors (x’), , is.
Here we will skip the explanation of the SMILES retrieval algorithm. It is based on the optimal
estimation method (Rodgers, 1976, 2000). The details of the retrieval algorithm for the DPS-L2 canbe found in a separate technical paper (Takahashi et al., 2009).

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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

2.5.

A PRIORI DATASETFor operational L2 processing, we prepared 7 sets of a priori data calculated from 5 data sources
including satellite data, reanalysis data, and output from chemistry transport models (Table 2.5-1,
Table 2.5-2).

Table 2.5-1 A priori datasets
Data set

Description

Climatology
Aura/MLSUARS/MLS

CCSR/NIES

SD-WACCM

Monthly average for 2005-2007 from EOS-Aura/MLS v2.2
[Froidevaux et al., 2008]. Latitude bin is 10 degrees, and day-timeand night-time sets were prepared separately for O3,ClO, HOCl,
HO2, BrO.
Monthly average for 1992-1994 from UARS/MLS. Latitude bin is
10 degrees.
Monthly average of CCMVal-REF2 output for 2001-2010 from
CCSR/NIES CCM [Akiyoshi et al., 2009, 2010]. Latitude bin is
10 degrees, and hourly sets in local time were prepared for O3,
ClO, HOCl, HO2, BrO.
Monthly average for same month from SD-WACCM CCM [Kunzet al., 2011] nudged with GEOS-5. Latitude bin is 1.8 degrees,and hourly sets in local time were prepared for all parameters.

Nearest data

GEOS-5

SD-WACCM

AURA/MLS

Reanalysis data produced by NASA/GMAO’s GEOS-5 DAS[Rienecker et al., 2008] included Aura/MLS O3 and Temperature.
The grid is 2.0 deg latitude x 2.5 deg longitude with 3-hourintervals; closest time and location data is used with 4-point
spatial interpolation.
CCM Simulations from SD-WACCM nudged with GEOS-5 (notincluding Aura/MLS). The grid is 1.9 deg latitude x 1.25 deglongitude with 0.5-hour intervals; closest time and location dataon the grid is used.
Gridded data for same day from Aura/MLS v2.2.
Latitude-longitude grid is 5.0 x 5.0 degrees; closest location data
is used with 4-point spatial interpolation.

Table 2.5-2 List of a priori dataset
Data

Climatology data
Aura
/MLS

UARS
/MLS

Nearest data
CCSR
/NIES

SDGEOS-5
WACCM

SDAura
WACCM /MLS

O3

●

○

○

○

HCl

●

○

○

○
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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Data

Climatology data
Aura
/MLS

UARS
/MLS

Nearest data
CCSR
/NIES

SDGEOS-5
WACCM

SDAura
WACCM /MLS

ClO

●

○

○

○

HNO3

●

○

○

○

○

●

○

CH3CN
HOCl

○

●

○

○

HO2

○

●

○

○

BrO

○

●

○

○

Temp.

○

○

○

●

○

Pres.

○

○

○

●

○

○

○

●

○

○

○

●

○

Wind
H2O

○

●

⃰ ○: existing data / ●: data used in v2.4 processing

2.6.

PRODUCT RELEASE HISTORY

We have updated our L2 product almost every six months since the launch. The following
descriptions are brief summaries for each version of the L2 products. See details in Appendix A.1.
Hereafter, in the 9 digit number in the description for each version “XXX-YY-ZZZZ”, XXX shows
the L1B data version number, YY shows that of a priori datasets, and ZZZZ shows that of L2
retrieval algorithms.
•

v1.0 (005-06-0024): for retrieval tests (released 23/01/2010)
V1.0 is a test processing version in order to check L2 processing algorithms designed before
launch [Takahashi et al., 2010].

•v1.1 (005-06-0032): for mapping tests (released 19/04/2010)•

Pointing data was improved to increase the amount of useful data and to create gridded data.v1.2(005-06-0150): algorithm update I (released 15/09/2010)
We included experimental correction factors in the AOS response function (one of the
instrumental functions) which determine that retrieved temperature agrees with TIMED/SABER
to suppress internal inconsistency between receivers.

•

v1.3 (006-06-0200): algorithm update II (released 02/03/2011)15

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

This version is the first update in L1B processing algorithms [For details, see level 1 ProductRelease Notes (Ver.006)]. Screening conditions during solar paddle interference are well defined,
so abnormal values during such conditions can be properly selected.
•

v2.0 (007-08-0300): major update (released 04/10/2011)
The L1B version was updated to ver. 007 by introducing non-linearity correction. This reduced
the bias of stratospheric temperature, resulting in an 8% decrease in O3 at peak height level aswell as other improvements in L2 products [Mitsuda et al., 2011].

•

v2.1 (007-08-0310): improvements to HOCl (released 16/01/2012)
This was a minor update to aim to improve HOCl by re-investigating line data around HOCl. We
have released this version of the data to the public (05/03/2012).

•v2.2 (007-09-0400): algorithm update
Retrieval height range was re-investigated in order to obtain proper results in the upper
mesosphere and the lower thermosphere, and smoothing of the retrieved profiles was taken into
account using the Tikhonov Regularization method (TRM).

•

v2.3 (007-09-0402): status flag update
Screening conditions were re-evaluated, and the useful data rate was improved by around30-50 %.

•

v2.4 (008-11-0502): a priori profile update
Retrieval settings were modified to improve O3 profiles in the lower thermosphere.

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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

3. LATEST UPDATES FOR SMILES L2 PRODUCTS
3.1.

SUMMARY OF ALGORITHM UPDATESMain improvements in the L2 algorithm after v2.1 are the three points as follows; see Appendix
A.1 for details about the updates for each version.
Extension of height range (O3, HCl, HO2, BrO)
In v2.1 retrieval height range was set at 8-85 km for all parameters, but in this version the upper
limit for retrieval height range is set at 120 km for O3 and at 100 km for HCl and HO2. At thesame time a priori values and their errors are adjusted for better comparison with other data
sources, resulting in improvements for those species. In addition, after adjusting a priori errors
for BrO, it is possible to evaluate biases between day-time and night-time values.



Smoothing profiles (O3, HCl, HNO3)
In v2.1 some oscillations remained to the order of a few percent at 50 km for O3 and HClprofiles, and there was divergence of HNO3 profiles in the lower stratosphere. To reduce theseerroneous behaviors we applied the Tikhonov Regularization Method (TRM) in addition to theordinal Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) for the L2 inversion algorithm. We also use theupdated AOS response function prepared by the SMILES instrument team [Mizobuchi et al.,2013]. All these improvements contribute to reducing mesospheric O3 and HCl oscillations.



Increase in available data
The number of usable profiles increases by investigating screening conditions. So far we haveincluded quality flags for L1B data and status of L2 profile convergence, but due to fieldobstacle flags, about 20% of data for one of the L1B data quality flags was judged to beinappropriate for use. In addition, we looked into variations in state vectors normalized byrandom errors as the threshold to observe the validity of retrieval results; however, the threshold
is no longer appropriate since theoretical errors become smaller after introducing the Tikhonov
Regularization Method. In v2.4, as indicated in Table 3.1-1, consistency seen in HCl profiles isused for the new screening conditions. Among species that have strong line intensity such as O3,
HCl, and ClO, HCl measurements were done at all times and as its diurnal and seasonalvariations are relatively small, we decided to utilize the HCl data for evaluating the quality of
retrieved profiles. Moreover, we have included the fitting residual as one of the quality flags, as
the residual becomes valid when using the Tikhonov Regularization Method.

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JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Table 3.1-1 Major changes in screening flags between v2.1 and v2.4
Item

V2.1

V2.4

Field

Field obstacle flag from L1B

Adequacy of HCl profile

obstacles

Calibration error (trouble with

Calibration error (trouble withcalibration mode)

calibration mode)

Convergence of retrieved results

Spectral residual

Retrieval< standard noise (0.5K)

results

Adequacy of HCl profile

3.2.

USEFUL DATA

The amounts and ratios of useful data for v2.1 and v2.4 are shown in Table 3.2-1. As mentioned in
the previous section, the amount of useful data of v2.4 increases by 30 – 50 % in comparison withthat of v2.1. This results in a significant improvement in the zonal mean profiles of BrO and ClO(observed in Band C), as well as in a decrease in missing points in global mapping of the data.

Table 3.2-1 Useful data differences between v2.1 and v2.4
Number3.3.

Ratio (%)

A

B

C

A

B

C

v2.1

113093

78768

69296

68.14

59.09

38.22

v2.4

141962112442

136036

89.39

88.78

76.29

PROFILE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN V2.4 AND V2.1

3.3.1 O3
SMILES observes ozone by detecting strong absorption lines at 625.37GHz with Bands A and B,
and the wings of absorption lines at 647.8GHz and 650.8GHz with Band C. Band C is suitable formeasuring ozone near the tropopause because there are few strong lines in the band, but as only
spectrum data above 15km is considered in the present version of the retrieval process, Band C data
has fewer advantages. The signal-to-noise ratio of ozone lines detected with Bands A and B is thehighest among any absorption lines measured by the SMILES spectroscopy system; theoreticalrandom error is lower than 1% at the altitude of 20 – 50 km.
The validation of O3 data in the v2.1 product was done by comparison with satellite-borne data,
CTMs (SD-WACCM and MIROC3.2-CTM) and ozonesonde data [Imai et al., 2013a, 2013b]. It was
found that this data agrees within a 10% difference in stratosphere and a 30% difference in
18

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

mesosphere (see Figure 3.3-1). In addition, the diurnal components of O3 agree well with the resultsof SD-WACCM and MIROC3.2-CTM. These results have been used in the analysis of diurnal
variation of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone. [Sakazaki et al., 2013]
In v2.4, according to the implementation of the Tikhonov Regularization Method, averaging
kernels were widened to full-width-half-maximum (which corresponds to vertical resolution) so thatvibration in the retrieved profile would be suppressed. Retrieval altitude ranges have been extended
and a priori errors have been fine-tuned, resulting in a useful altitude range extension up to 95km. In
the lower mesosphere, the SMILES profile presented small peaks which were detected through othersatellite observation such as SABER (see Figure 3.3-4).
Figure 3.3-3 shows the difference between v2.1 and v2.4 for profiles averaged in all latitudes andobservation periods. Ozone concentration in v2.4 is a few percent higher than v2.1 at most altitudes,
except for the v2.4 ozone decrease in the lower stratosphere. Such trends are common to two AOSs
and all bands, which were mainly affected by revision of the AOS response function.

Figure 3.3-1

Relative differences ( (smiles-other)/((smiles+other)*0.5)) and theirstandard deviations in the stratospheres. For SMILES, data from both Bands A and B
are used. [Imai et al., 2013a]

19

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)Figure 3.3-2(b)Sample of O3 retrieval results at night-time near the Equator. (a) v2.1,(b) v2.4. The panels on the left show the a priori profile (gray line), errors (shaded
region) and a retrieved profile (blue lines: useful altitude range, turquoise lines:
un-useful altitude range). The panels on the right show averaging kernels andinformation values.

Figure 3.3-3

O3 (AB) differences between v2.1 and v2.4. The panel on the left showsO3 profiles averaged for all latitudes and periods. Red, blue and gray lines are v2.4,
v2.1 and a priori profile, respectively. The panel on the right shows the relative
differences between smiles v2.4 and other systems.

20

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 3.3-4 Averaged ozone profile for SMILES and other satellite-borne observation
data (SZA < 85 deg) [Smith et al., 2013]

3.3.2 HCLFor HCl, SMILES detected H37Cl with Band A and H35Cl with Band B. Since the absorption line
in Band B is stronger than that of Band A, retrieval results from Band B have better sensitivity inhigher altitudes.
Improvement of v2.4 HCl included (1) profile smoothing with implementation of TRM and (2)extension of retrieval altitude range and tuning of a priori / a priori errors in the lower thermosphere,
similar to the case of ozone (see Figure 3.3-5).
Figure 3.3-6 shows a comparison of averaged profiles for SMILES v2.4, v2.1 and WACCM. HClconcentration in the v2.4 profile is a few percent different from the v2.1 profile, according to therevision of the AOS response function. In v2.4 profiles, theoretical predictions, such as constantvalues in the mesosphere and decreases in the lower thermosphere, are present in a similar fashion to
WACCM calculations.

21

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.3-5

Sample of HCl retrieval results near the Equator. (a) v2.1, (b) v2.4, in thesame format as that of Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-6

HCl (AB) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in a similar format toFigure 3.3-3. The green line represents WACCM calculations.

3.3.3 CLO
ClO can be detected with the most sensitivity in Band C, so the differences in single profiles
between daytime and night-time can be distinguished (see Figure 3.3-7). Suzuki et al., 2012 reported
that ClO v1.2 agrees with Aura/MLS v2.2 in the stratosphere. In v1.3, ClO profiles had been
compared with ground-based millimeter-wave spectrometer data, and it was reported that both were
almost in agreement at an altitude of up to 40km [Kuwahara et al., 2012].
Figure 3.3-8 shows the averaging kernels of v2.4 data for daytime and night-time. According tothese results, the profiles are “usable” at altitudes up to 70km for both daytime and night-time, andsensitivity is high in that altitude range. The differences in the profiles in a comparison with v2.1
data can be seen in Figure 3.3-9. It is not significant in general whether the profiles are slightly
changed with the revision of AOS response function at the higher altitude and the revision of
nonlinearity correction parameters at the lower altitude.
22

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

In the lower altitude region (<35 km), the SMILES ClO product shows night-time bias. The ClO
value should be zero below 35 km, but it shows a bias value due to instrumental effects (Suzuki et al.,2012). This bias can be corrected by subtracting night-time zonal mean value, as already shown inthe case of BrO (Stachnik et al, 2013). The bias value changes seasonally and with latitude, so it isrecommended that bias value is corrected monthly with a 10° latitude bin. SMILES Acousto-Optic
Spectrometer characteristics were changed after Oct. 23, 2009 when laser diode temperature levels
changed.

Figure 3.3-7

Examples of ClO spectra (November, middle-latitude). The thick lines

show L2 spectra and the thin lines show L1B (observed) spectra. Right: day, left:night.

23

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-8

Sample of ClO retrieval results in northern middle-latitude. (a) v2.1,

daytime, (b) v2.4 daytime, (c) v2.1, night-time, (d) v2.4, night-time, in the same format
as that of Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-9

ClO(C) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format as that of
Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.4 HNO3
HNO3 can be detected with Bands A and C, but there is calibration error due to the line being
24

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

positioned at the observation band in Band C, and there is some error due to the spectral wing of HClin Band A. In order to suppress vibrations found in the lower stratosphere in the profile of v2.1 data,strong Tikhonov Regularization is implemented in v2.4 data processing (see Figure 3.3-10) [Manago
et al., 2013]. In addition, the peak value of the profile from Band A data has been decreased so thatthe profile from Band A data is closer to that of Band C data (see Figure 3.3-11).
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-10

Sample of HNO3 retrieval results in northern middle-latitude. (a) v2.1,

Band C, (b) v2.4, Band C, (c) v2.1, Band A, (d) v2.4, Band A, in the same format as thatof Figure 3.3-2.

25

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 3.3-11

HNO3 (C, A) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format asthat of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.5 HOCL
HOCl can be detected with Band A, but its spectral line is positioned at the shoulder of excited O3
and O3 isotopes, so HOCl retrieval is affected by O3 line parameter and calibration errors in thelower stratosphere. In order to suppress vibrations in the HOCl profile, a smoothing process withaltitude correlation has been implemented since v2.0 retrieval, but the a priori profile which comesfrom climatological Aura/MLS data has some vibrations in v2.1, so these profiles were reflected in
the retrieval results. In the v2.4 retrieval process, CCSR/NIES climatological data is adopted as apriori profiles instead of Aura/MLS data, so that some “sub-peaks” at around 30km have been
suppressed (see Figure 3.3-13).
In averaged profiles, the amount at higher than 40km slightly increases in comparison to v2.1 data,and negative values at around 50km for daytime profiles have been eliminated. On the other hand,some vibrations still remain at lower than 40km in the profiles, so further improvement seems to benecessary (see Figure 3.3-14).

26

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

HOCl
18

OOO

O3 (v1,3)

Figure 3.3-12 Example of HOCl Spectrum at 40km.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-13

Sample of HOCl retrieval results in northern middle-latitude. (a) v2.1,

daytime, (b) v2.4 daytime, (c) v2.1, night-time, (d) v2.4, night-time, in the same format
as that of Figure 3.3-2.

27

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 3.3-14

HOCl (night-time, daytime) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in thesame format as that of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.6 CH3CN
CH3CN can be detected only with Band A, but its retrieval is affected by the spectral wing of HCllines. In v2.1 retrieval, UARS/MLS climatological data*, which is discontinuous at an altitude ofaround 20km, was referred to for the a priori profile. In order to eliminate the effect of the
discontinuous profiles, the nearest grid data of SD-WACCM calculations is adopted as an a priori
value (see Figure 3.3-15). There is little difference above 25km in comparison to v2.1 profiles.
(* Constant 0.15ppb is adopted at lower than 15km according to ground-based results, and 15 – 20km istreated as a transition zone)(a)Figure 3.3-15(b)

CH3CN(A) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format asthat of Figure 3.3-2.

28

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 3.3-16

CH3CN differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format as thatof the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.7 BRO
BrO can be detected with Bands A and C. While the BrO line is overlapping with other spectral
lines, the ozone isotope line that overlaps with the BrO line in Band C is more intense and the ozone
isotope can retrieve other lines of different frequencies, so it is recommended that BrO results from
Band C are used.
In comparison to v2.1 retrieval, a priori and its error values (lower limit) have been modified inv2.4 retrieval. As a result, stratospheric BrO can be retrieved at night-time (see Figure 3.3-18).
According to calculations with numerical chemical models, stratospheric BrO will approach zero atnight-time, so BrO amounts retrieved can be acknowledged to have some bias. Considering this bias,
BrO amounts obtained in v2.3 retrieval would be consistent with the in situ balloon experiment[Stachnik et al., 2013]. Biased data will be delivered in addition to data products themselves.
In v2.4 products, the BrO amount has decreased (i.e. negative bias) at a lower altitude caused by
non-linearity correction. In addition, standard deviation of daytime BrO has also decreased becauseof the suppression of vibrations in HNO3 profiles (see Figure 3.3-19).
Similar to the case of ClO, the BrO product shows night-time bias. The BrO value should be zero
below 35 km. This bias can be corrected by subtracting night-time zonal mean value, as alreadyshown in the case of BrO. [Stachnik et al., 2013] The bias value changes seasonally and with latitude,
so it is recommended that bias value is corrected monthly with a 10° latitude bin. SMILES
Acousto-Optic Spectrometers' characteristics were changed after Oct. 23, 2009 when laser diodetemperature levels changed.

29

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

BrO
BrO
17

OOO

CH3CN

HNO3
CH3CN
CH3CN

Figure 3.3-17 Examples of BrO spectrum at 30 km.

30JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-18

Sample of BrO (C) retrieval results near the Equator. (a) v2.1, daytime,(b) v2.4 daytime, (c) v2.1, night-time, (d) v2.4, night-time, in the same format as that of
Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-19

BrO (night-time, daytime) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in thesame format as that of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.8 HO2
HO2 can be detected with Bands B and C, and there are independent spectral lines withcomparable intensity in both bands. It was impossible to obtain mesospheric HO2 at night-time with31

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

v2.1 retrieval because of the small values of a priori errors. In v2.4 retrieval, a priori errors havebeen extended, so that HO2 can be retrieved up to an altitude of 90km. As a result, there was a peakof around 80km in the profiles which had not been recognized with older versions of the product(see Figures 3.3-21 and 3.3-22). However, stratospheric values in HO2 profiles still have different
biases in each band and these will be re-evaluated in further studies in a similar manner to BrO
profiles.
Similar to the cases of ClO and BrO, HO2 value should be zero below 35 km at night-time.
However, it shows bias value due to instrumental effects.[Suzuki et al., 2012] This bias can becorrected by subtracting night-time zonal mean value, as already shown in the case of BrO. [Stachnik
et al., 2013] The bias value changes seasonally and with latitude, so it is recommended that bias
value is corrected monthly with a 10° latitude bin. SMILES Acousto-Optic Spectrometers'
characteristics were changed after Oct. 23, 2009 when laser diode temperature levels changed.

Figure 3.3-20 Examples of HO2 Spectra (November, near Equator). Thick lines show
L2 spectra and thin lines show L1B (observed) spectra. (left) Band C, (right) Band B.

32

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-21

Sample of HO2 (C) retrieval results near the Equator. (a) v2.1, daytime,(b) v2.4 daytime, (c) v2.1, night-time, (d) v2.4, night-time, in the same format as that of
Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-22 HO2 (night-time, daytime) differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in thesame format as that of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.9 TEMPERATURE
There is no measurable spectral line of O2 in the SMILES observation bands, so temperature
profiles are retrieved with O3 and HCl lines in Bands A and B. Since the v2.1 algorithm, a priori data33

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

with small errors has been directly referred in the retrieval process in order to avoid errors withretrieving mesospheric temperature. The V2.4 algorithm follows the principle adopted in v2.1 (see.
Figure 3.3-23). However, using the nearest grid of Aura/MLS climatological data to impose sometidal effects with GSWM data as a priori values has resulted in enhanced vibration in HCl profiles intropical regions. In order to resolve this problem in the v2.4 algorithm, GEOS-5 data which isnudged with Aura/MLS temperature and O3 data up to the mesosphere has been adopted up to 60km,
and tidal effects have been calculated within GEOS-5 data. For altitudes higher than 60km, thenearest grid in Aura/MLS climatology data is directly referred to as a priori.

(b)

(a)

Figure 3.3-23

Sample of temperature retrieval results near the Equator. (a) v2.1, (b)v2.4, in the same format as that of Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-24 Temperature differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format asthat of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.3.10 O3 ISOTOPES
SMILES can detect 3 out of 4 types of O3 isotope excluding O18OO. 18OOO and 17OOO in Band
C are relatively easy to retrieve because their spectral lines are positioned independently with other34

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

lines, but 18OOO and O17OO in Band B are positioned at the shoulder of the intense spectral lines ofO3 and HCl respectively, so retrieval results of those isotopes are likely to be affected by O3 and HCl
results. In v2.4 retrieval algorithms, lower limit values of a priori O3 isotopes have been modified,
which resulted in an extension of their sensitive altitude range (see Figures 3.3-25, 3-3.26, and3.3-27). Averaged profiles differ by a few percent at the peak altitude and by around 5% in themesosphere caused by the revision of AOS response function and that of non-linear correction. In
addition, 18OOO (Band B) differed by around -10% at the peak altitude according to the revision ofspectral line parameter (see Figure 3.3-28).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3.3-25

Sample of 18OOO retrieval results near the Equator . (a) v2.1, Band C,(b) v2.4, Band C, (c) v2.1, Band B, (d) v2.4, Band B, in the same format as that of
Figure 3.3-2.

35

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

(a)Figure 3.3-26(b)Sample of 17OOO retrieval results near the Equator . (a) v2.1, (b) v2.4.,
in the same format as that of Figure 3.3-2.

(a)Figure 3.3-27(b)Sample of O17OO retrieval results near the Equator . (a) v2.1, (b) v2.4,
in the same format as that of Figure 3.3-2.

36

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Figure 3.3-28 O3 Isotopes differences between v2.1 and v2.4, in the same format asthat of the panel on the left in Figure 3.3-3.

3.4.
•

REMAINING ISSUESThe Dicke narrowing effect was not considered and the profiles in the upper mesosphere may
have negative bias. However, we have found that this effect is small in reality.

•

Frequency calibration in L1 processing has long-term drift.

•

Differences between profiles retrieved from AOS1 and AOS2 according to the revision of AOS
response function. For O3 and HCl in Band A, those differences are as high as around 5% in themesosphere.

37

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

4. SMILES L2 PRODUCTS
4.1.

DEFINITION OF DATA PRODUCTS

The definitions of datasets are in Table 3.1-1. The DPS-L2 produces Level 2 data to convert thecalibrated measurements of brightness temperature called Level 1B data into vertical distributions ofgeophysical parameters along the measurement track of the instrument. The main geophysicalparameters retrieved are in Table 3.1-2

Table 3.1-1 SMILES Datasets

Data type

Description

RAW

Unprocessed mission data in binary packets

Level 0Reconstructed, unprocessed mission data in binary packets

Level 1B

Calibrated instrument radiances and related data

Level 2Derived geophysical variables at the same resolution and location as
Level 1 source data

Level 3

Variables mapped on uniform space–time grid scales, usually with some

(at a glance)completeness and consistency

4.2.

L2 PRODUCTS OVERVIEW

There are two types of SMILES L2 products. One is “L2Product” and the other is“L2Product_G_RA”. The file names are defined as follows.
L2Product_G_RA:
SMILES_L2_{product_name}_{version_name}_{observed_date}.he5
L2Product:
SMILES_L2_{product_name}_{band_name}_{version_name}_{observed_date}.he5“L2Product” includes all available datasets retrieved from all observation bands. Each file isseparately provided by species, observed date and observation band. Data fields include a priori
profiles, averaging kernels and retrieved profiles of the pressure grid (see Table 4.4 2). As a result,38

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

the size of each file is up to 8MB.
For “L2Product_G_RA”, each file is separately provided by species and observed date. For
profiles retrieved with multiple bands, only the data from the band with higher “band priority” isprovided. Data fields include only 5 items. As a result, the size of each file has been reduced to
0.8MB.

Product
O3
HNO3
BrO
17
OOO

4.3.

Table 4.2-1: Band priorities for each productPriority
Product
Priority
Product
A, B(, C)
HCl
B, A
ClO
C(, A)HOCl
A
CH3CN
C(, A)HO2
B, C
Temperature
18
C
O17OO
B
OOO

Priority
C
A
A, B
B, C

DATA SCREENING

This version of the L2 product includes all the processed profiles but some of these are inadequate
for scientific use. If using these profiles, we strongly recommend that usable scans are selectedaccording to the following screening condition: status = 0 (for details, see Table 4.4-2). Moreover,L2 products include data for altitude range that is not usable for validation and/or scientific purposes.
If retrieval errors that include spectrum data information are not sufficiently smaller than errors
without spectrum data, L2 profiles will be retrieved from other information (such as a priori profiles,
smoothing effects of Tikhonov Regularization). In that case, these profiles should not be used inscientific analysis. In v2.4 algorithms, the threshold of effectiveness is set to 50%, and if retrieval
errors exceed the threshold, the data in L2Precision field transforms into a negative value in order tonotify data users.

4.4.

PRODUCT FORMATWe show the format of the HDF-EOS5 data file below.

39

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Table 4.4-1 Structure of HDF-EOS5 data file
No.

Group

Attributes

1

HDFEOS

Observation and retrieved data using retrieved/SWATHaltitude grids/{product_name}・Retrieved profile
・Status flag
・Geolocation data and so on…

2

HDFEOS

Observation and retrieved data interpolated/SWATHpressure grids/{product_name}_Pressure
3

HDFEOS/

File information such as:

ADDITIONAL/

・Instrument Name

FileAttribute・Processing Level
・Version・Observation Day
・Band Name and so on…

*: http://www.hdfgroup.org/(1) Standard processing data (HDF5-EOS)
The structure of standard processing data is as follows.

Table 4.4-2 : Detailed structure of L2 product files(Underlined fields are included in both types of L2 Product files)
Group/Dataset name

Explanation

Dimension

Type

Retrieved Value(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

float

vmr

float

vmr

Unit

HDFEOS
SWATH{Productname}*1
Data Fields
L2Value*2
L2Precision
PrecisionWOsignal

Calculation Error(negative values show unuseful (nLevel,nTimes)
data)
Calculation Error without(nLevel,nTimes)
Signal Information

MeasurementError

Measurement Error(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

SmoothingError

Smoothing Error(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

40

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Explanation

Dimension

Type

Apriori

A Priori Value(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

AprioriError

A Priori Error(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

CorrLength

Correlative Length of A Priori(nTimes)

float

km

AveragingKernel

Averaging Kernel(nLevel,nLeveln
Times)

float-

VerticalResolution

Vertical Resolution(nLevel,nTimes)

float

km

InformationValue

Information Value(nLevel,nTimes)

float

-

Pressure

Retrieved Pressure(nLevel,nTimes)

float

hPa

AprioriPressue(Temperature product only)
Temperature(Except Temperature product)

A Priori Pressure(nLevel,nTimes)

float

hPa

Retrieved Temperature(nLevel,nTimes)

float

K

(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

Group/Dataset name

WaterVapor

Using

Baseline0

Coefficient of Continuum(nLevel,nTimes)

float

km-1

Baseline0Precision

Baseline Error of Coefficient(nLevel,nTimes)

float

km-1

(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-1.km-1(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-1.km-1

Baseline1
Baseline1Precision

Retrieval

Water

Vapor

of

Unit

Primary Coefficient ofContinuum
Baseline Error ofPrimary Coefficient.

Baseline2

2nd Coefficient of Continuum(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-2.km-1

Baseline2Precision

Baseline Error of
2nd Coefficient(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-2.km-1

Baseline3

3rd Coefficient of Continuum(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-3.km-1

Baseline3Precision

Baseline
Error
Coefficient(nLevel,nTimes)

float

Hz-3.km-1

RadianceResidualMax

Max. Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K

RadianceResidualMean

Mean Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K

RadianceResidualRMS

RMS Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K(nTimes)float

degrees(nTimes)float

degrees(nTimes)

int-

RetrievedViewAngleOffset
RetrievedViewAngleOffsetError
NumIterPerformof

Antenna Elevation Angle
OffsetAntenna Elevation Angle
Offset Error
Convergence Loop Number
and Result

3rd

MaxNumIteration

Max. Convergence Number(nTimes)

int-

StatusStatus Information
・ Useful Data = 0
・ Error Status
Spectrum Fitting =1
Altitude Range =2
Convergence Status = 4
HCl Profile Status = 8(nTimes)

int-

SeqCount

Sequence Counter(nTimes)int-

AOSUnitNum

Number of Observed AOS Unit (nTimes)

int-

Convergence

Convergence Status

float

-

(nTimes)41

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Group/Dataset name

Explanation

Dimension

Type

Unit

FOVInterference

Interference Flag
・ NO Interference = 0
・ Interference by Sun = 1 /(nTimes)
Moon = 2 / Solar Paddle = 4
・ NO information = -1

int-

CostfunctionYAll

Cost/function of Spectra

float

-

float

-

float

-

float

-

doubleseconds

CostfunctionY
DifferenceYAll
DifferenceY(nTimes)

Cost/function of Spectra(nLevel,nTimes)
for each Altitude
Maximum HCl Difference
between Scan and Zonal Mean (nTimes)
Profile normalized by std.
HCl Difference between Scan
and Zonal Mean Profile (nLevel,nTimes)
normalized by std.

Geolocation Fields
Time
TimeUTC

Observation Time
(Total no. of seconds since (nTimes)
1/1/1958)
Observation Time（UTC）(nTimes)yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.sss

char

-

AltitudeRepresentative Altitude(nLevel)

float

km

LatitudeObservation Latitude(nTimes)float

degreesLongitude

Observation Longitude(nTimes)float

degrees

SolarZenithAngle

Solar Zenith Angle(nTimes)float

degrees

LocalTime

Local Time(nTimes)float-

LineOfSightAngle

Azimuth View

(nTimes)float

degrees

AscendingDescending

Ascending/Descending Flag
(Asc = 0 / Desc = 1)

(nTimes)char-

Reserved

Reserved Field(nTimes)int-

L2Value

Retrieved Value(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

L2Precision

Calculation Error(nLevel,nTimes)

float

vmr

RadianceResidualMax

Max. Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K

RadianceResidualMean

Mean Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K

RadianceResidualRMS

RMS Radiance Residual(nTimes)float

K(nTimes)

int-(nTimes)

int-{Productname}_Pressure*3
Data Fields

NumIterPerform

StatusConvergence Loop Number
and Results
Status Information
・ Useful Data = 0
・ Error Status
Spectrum Fitting =1
Altitude Range =2
Convergence Status = 4
HCl Profile Status = 8

SeqCount

Sequence Counter(nTimes)int-

AOSUnitNum

Number of Observed AOS
Units(nTimes)

int

-

42

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Explanation

Dimension

Type

Convergence

Convergence Status(nTimes)float-

FOVInterference

Interference Flag
・ No Interference = 0
・ Interference by Sun = 1 /(nTimes)
Moon = 2 / Solar Paddle = 4
・ No Information = -1

int-

CostfunctionYAll

Cost/function of Spectra(nTimes)float-

DifferenceYAll

Maximum HCl Difference
between this Scan and Zonal
Mean Profile normalized bystd.

(nTimes)float-(nTimes)doubleseconds(nTimes)charGroup/Dataset name

Unit

Geolocation Fields
Observation Time
(Total no. of seconds since
1/1/1958)
Observation Time（UTC）
yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.sss

Time
TimeUTC-

Pressure

Representative Pressure(nLevel)

float

hPa

LatitudeObservation Latitude(nTimes)float

degreesLongitude

Observation Longitude(nTimes)float

degrees

SolarZenithAngle

Solar Zenith Angle(nTimes)float

degrees

LocalTime

Local Time(nTimes)float-

LineOfSightAngle

Azimuth View

(nTimes)float

degrees

AscendingDescending

Ascending/Descending Flag
(Asc = 0 / Desc = 1)

(nTimes)char-

Reserved

Reserved Field(nTimes)

int-

StructMetadata.0

Matrix Information for Swath
Data

1

char

-

coremetadata.0

HDF-EOS Information

1

char

-

ADDITIONAL
FILE_ATTRIBUTES*4HDFEOS INFORMATION※1

Attributes of {Productname} group

No.

Name
1 Altitude
2 VerticalCoordinate※2

Explanation

Dimension

Data type

Unit

Calculation Altitude(nLevels)

float

km

-

char

Vertical Coordinate
System Name

Attributes of Dataset in Geolocation/Data fields group

43

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

No.

※3

Name

Dimension

Data type1 MissingValue

Missing Value- float2 TitleField Name

- char3 Units

Unit- char

4 UniqueFieldDefinition

Field Definition- charAttributes of {Productname}_pressure group

No.

Name
1 Pressure
2 VerticalCoordinate※4

Explanation

Explanation

Dimension

Data type

Unit

Calculation Pressure(nLevels)

float

hPa

-

char

Vertical Coordinate
System Name

Attributes included File Attribute group

No.

Name

Explanation

Dimension

Data type

1 L1BID

L1B File Name(nTimes)char

2 InstrumentName

Instrument Name (SMILES)

-

char

3 ProcessLevel

Processing Level (L2)

-

char

-

char

-

char

4 StartUTC

5 EndUTC

Start Time for File(yyyy-mm-ddT00:00:00.000)
End Time for File(yyyy-mm-dd T23:59:59.000)

6 GranuleMonth

Month (mm)-int

7 GranuleDay

Day (dd)-

int

8 GranuleDayofYear

Granule Day of Year-int

9 GranuleYear

Year (yyyy)-

int

10 PGEVersion

Processing Version (XXX-XX-XXXX)

-

char

11 StartScan

Scan Count for First Day for File

-

char

12 EndScan

Scan Count for End Day for File

-

char

13 BandNameBand Name

-

char

44

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

REFERENCES
Akiyoshi, H., L. B. Zhou, Y. Yamashita, K. Sakamoto, M. Yoshiki, T. Nagashima, M. Takahashi, J.
Kurokawa, M. Takigawa, and T. Imamura (2009), A CCM simulation of the breakup of the
Antarctic polar vortex in the years 1980-2004 under the CCMVal scenarios, J. Geophys. Res.,
114, D03103, doi:10.1029/2007JD009261.
Akiyoshi H., Yamashita Y., Sakamoto.K, Zhou.L.B., and Imamura T. (2010), Recovery ofstratospheric ozone in calculations by the Center for Climate System Research/National
Institute for Environmental Studies chemistry-climate model under the CCMVal-REF2
scenario and a no-climate-change run. J.Geophys.Res., 115, D19301.
Froidevaux, L., Y. B. Jiang, A. Lambert, N. J. Livesey, W. G. Read, J. W. Waters, E. V. Browell, J.
W. Hair, M. A. Avery, T. J. McGee, L. W. Twigg, G. K. Sumnicht, K. W. Jucks, J. J.
Margitan, B. Sen, R. A. Stachnik, G. C. Toon, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, K. A. Walker, M.
J. Filipiak, R. S. Harwood, R. A. Fuller, G. L. Manney, M. J. Schwartz, W. H. Daffer, B. J.
Drouin, R. E. Cofield, D. T. Cuddy, R. F. Jarnot, B. W. Knosp, V. S. Perun, W. V. Snyder, P.
C. Stek, R. P. Thurstans, and P. A. Wagner (2008), Validation of Aura Microwave Limb
Sounder stratospheric ozone measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S20,
doi:10.1029/2007JD008771.
Imai, K., M. Suzuki, and C. Takahashi (2010), Evaluation of Voigt algorithms for the
ISS/JEM/SMILES L2 data processing system, Advances in Space Research, doi:
10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.005.
Imai, K., N. Manago, C. Mitsuda, Y. Naito, E. Nishimoto, T. Sakazaki, M. Fujiwara, L. Froidevaux,
T. von Clarmann, G. Stiller, M. Donal, P. Rong, G. M. Martin, K. A. Walker, D. Kinnison, H.
Akiyoshi, T. Nakamura, T. Miyasaka, T. Nishibori, S. Mizobuchi, K. Kikuchi, H Ozeki, C.
Takahashi, H. Hayashi, T. Sano, M. Suzuki, M. Takayanagi and M. Shiotani, 2013a, Validationof ozone data from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder(SMILES), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., Accepted.
Imai, K., M. Fujiwara, M. Suzuki, N. Manago, T. Sano, C. Mitsuda, Y. Naito, and M. Shiotani,
2013b, Comparison of ozone profiles between Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave
Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) and worldwide ozonesonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., submitted.
Kikuchi K., T. Nishibori, S. Ochiai, H. Ozeki, Y. Irimajiri, Y. Kasai, M. Koike, T. Manabe, K.
Mizukoshi, Y. Murayama, T. Nagahama, T. Sano, R. Sato, M. Seta, C. Takahashi, M.
Takayanagi, H. Masuko, J. Inatani, M. Suzuki, and M. Shiotani (2010a), Overview and early
results of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES), J.
45

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Geophys. Res., 115, D23306, doi:10.1029/2010JD014379.
Kikuchi K., T. Nishibori, S. Ochiai, T. Manabe, H. Ozeki, R. Sato, T. Sano, Y. Irimajiri, and M.
Shiotani (2010b), Instrument Overview and Operation of JEM/SMILES, Proc. International
Activities of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science (ISPRS)Technical Commission VIII Symposium, p. 100.
Kunz, A., L. L. Pan, P. Konopka, D. E. Kinnison, and S. Tilmes (2011), Chemical and dynamical
discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause based on START08 and WACCM analyses, J.
Geophys. Res., 116, D24302, doi:10.1029/2011JD016686.
Kuwahara, T., T. Nagahama, H. Maezawa, Y. Kojima, H. Yamamoto, T. Okuda, N. Mizuno, H.
Nakane, Y. Fukui and A. Mizuno (2012) Ground-based millimeter-wave observation ofstratospheric ClO over Atacama, Chile in the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere; Atmos. Meas.
Tech., 5, 2601–2611, doi:10.5194/amt-5-2601-2012.
Livesey, N. J., W. Van Snyder, W. G. Read, and P. A. Wagner. Retrieval algorithms for the EOS
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) (2006), IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
44(5):1144–1155.
Manago, N., M. Suzuki, C. Mitsuda, K. Imai, M. Yamada, S. Takehiro and M. Shiotani (2013),
SMILES retrieval using Tikhonov regularization and Non-voigt line shape, Proc. of atmosphere
symposium (written in Japanese)
Mitsuda, C., M. Suzuki, Y. Iwata, N. Manago, Y. Naito, C. Takahashi, K. Imai, E. Nishimoto, H.
Hayashi, M. Shiotani, T. Sano, M. Takayanagi, and H. Taniguchi (2011), Current status oflevel 2 product of Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES),
Proc. SPIE 8176, 81760M.
Mizobuchi, S., K. Kikuchi, S. Ochiai, T. Nishibori, T. Sano, K. Tamaki, and H. Ozeki (2012),
In-orbit Measurement of the AOS (Acousto-Optical Spectrometer) Response Using Frequency
Comb Signals, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote
Sensing, 5 (3), 977-983, DOI:10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2196413.
Ochiai, S., K. Kikuchi, T. Nishibori, T. Manabe, H. Ozeki, K. Mizukoshi, F. Ohtsubo, K. Tsubosaka,
Y. Irimajiri, R. Sato, and M. Shiotani (2010), Performance of JEM/SMILES in orbit, 21thInt’l Symp. Space Terahertz Technol., S8.1, (Oxford, UK), March 2010.
Ochiai, S., K. Kikuchi, T. Nishibori, T. Manabe (2012), Gain Nonlinearity Calibration ofSubmillimeter Radiometer for JEM/SMILES, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied
Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 5(3), 962-969, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2193559.
Pickett, H. M., R. L. Poynter, and E. A. Cohen (1992), Submillimeter, millimeter, and microwave
spectral line catalogue. Technical Report JPL Publication 80-23, Rev.3, JPL.
Rienecker, M. M., M.J. Suarez, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister, L. Takacs, H. -C. Liu, W. Gu, M.
Sienkiewicz, R. D. Koster, R. Gelaro, I. Stajner, and J. E. Nielsen (2008), The GEOS-5 Data
46

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Assimilation System – Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, NASA Technical
Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, 27, NASA/TM-2008-104606.
Rodgers, C. D. (1976), Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remotemeasurements of thermal radiation, Rev. Geophys., 14(4), 609–624.
Rodgers, C. D. (1990), Characterization and error analysis of profiles retrieved from remotesounding measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D5), 5587–5595.
Rodgers, C. D. (2000), Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, Ser. on
Atmos., Oceanic, and Planet. Phys., vol. 2, World Scientific, Singapore.
Rothman, L. S. et al. (2009), The HITRAN 2008 Molecular Spectroscopic Database, J. Quant.
Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110, 533–572, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013.
Sakazaki T., M. Fujiwara, C. Mitsuda, K. Imai, N. Manago, Y. Naito, T. Nakamura, H. Akiyoshi, D.
Kinnison, T. Sano, M. Suzuki, and M. Shiotani (2013), Diurnal ozone variations in thestratosphere revealed in observations from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave
Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) onboard the International Space Station (ISS), J.
Geophys. Res., in press.
Smith, A. K., V. L. Harvey, M. G. Mlynczak, B. Funke, M. García-Comas, M. Hervig, M.
Kaufmann,6 E. Kyrölä, M. López-Puertas, I. McDade, C. E. Randall, J. M. Russell III, P. E.
Sheese, M. Shiotani, W. R. Skinner, M. Suzuki, K. A. Walker (2013), Satellite Observationsof Ozone in the Upper Mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., under revision.
Stachnik, R. A., L. Millán, R. Jarnot, R. Monroe, C. McLinden, S. Kühl, J. Puķīte, M. Shiotani, M.
Suzuki, Y. Kasai, F. Goutail, J. P. Pommereau, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker (2013),“Stratospheric BrO abundance measured by a balloon-borne submillimeterwave radiometer”,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3307-3319, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3307-2013.
Suzuki, M., C. Mitsuda, K. Kikuchi, T. Nishibori, S. Ochiai, H. Ozeki, T. Sano, S. Mizobuchi, C.
Takahashi, N. Manago, K. Imai, Y. Naito, H. Hayashi, E. Nishimoto, M. Shiotani (2012),
Overview of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES)
and Sensitivity to Chlorine Monoxide, ClO, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals andMaterials, 132, 8, 609-615, doi:10.1541/ieejfms.132.609.
Takahashi, C., S. Ochiai, and M. Suzuki (2010), Operational retrieval algorithms for JEM/SMILES
level 2 data processing system, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 111, 160–173.
Takahashi, C., M. Suzuki, C. Mitsuda, S. Ochiai, N. Manago, H. Hayashi, Y. Iwata, K. Imai, T. Sano,
M. Takayanagi, M. Shiotani (2011), Capability for ozone high-precision retrieval on
JEM/SMILES observation, Advances in Space Research, v48, p1076-1085.

47

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

APPENDIX
A. 1. INFORMATION IN THE PREVIOUS VERSIONS
A. 1. 1. DESCRIPTION OF V1.0 (005-06-0024)
V1.0 is a test version in order to check L2 processing algorithms designed before launch [Takahashi
et al., 2010]. V1.0 gave priority to quality rather than quantity and 46 % of L1B files which hadsome kind of error status were not processed.


The tangent altitude (geometrical) is calculated by using a) SMILES Star Sensors, b) SMILES
scan mirror angle, and c) ISS position. SMILES Star Sensor shows unexpected large scatteredoutput. We smoothed out the SMILES tangent altitude by second order fitting in this version.
The tangent altitude precision should be 100 m (1 sigma) in rms according to the specifications
which are now under verification.



The two SMILES Star Sensors are pointing in fairly close directions to each other therefore
there is a possibility that the SMILES tangent point cannot be calculated when both the sensors
are within 45° of the Sun. In this situation, no L2 product is processed.

The condition of vertical correlation is not introduced in the retrieval of any species except
temperature, according to the results of the vertical correlation study.

A. 1. 2. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 1.1 (005-06-0032) UPDATEThe goal of v1.1 is to increase the amount of useful data for creating gridded data using
STT-ISS hybrid pointing data. The pointing direction for determining tangent altitudes iscalculated by using SMILES scan mirror angle and ISS position. However, since pointing
accuracy will heavily affect tangent altitude determination errors and an average altitude within
a single scan is retrieved using the SMILES Star Sensor in L2 processing. In the case thatsunlight or moonbeams enter the FOV of the SMILES Star Sensor, positioning information
cannot be obtained, so this will be estimated from the information of 50 scans before and after
the scan in question.

A. 1. 3. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 1.2 (005-06-0150) UPDATEThe goal of v1.2 is to suppress internal inconsistency between receivers. SMILES has 2 receivers(units 1 and 2) and response functions are fitted with the sum of triple-Gaussian functions based on
48

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

ground test data. However, these functions are not correct and mesospheric O3, HCl and temperature
have differences of 10-20 % between receiver units 1 and 2. We include experimental correction
factors for the functions which determine that retrieved temperatures agree with TIMED/SABER.
Illegal values in longitude when the longitude of the tangent point is around 180 degrees havebeen corrected.

Altitude offset of Star Trackers (STT) has been reduced to +/- 1km due to the implementationof a compensation formula for time from STT.



Rate of convergence in the retrieval process has been improved by smoothing vibrations in the
ISS altitude data which do not seem to represent actual vibrations.



Description of line shape has been refined with introducing the coefficient (v / v 0 ) .

Line parameters of O3, HNO3, HO2 and ozone isotopes have been changed from the JPL catalog
to HITRAN2008.



Profiles of temperature and HCl around 50km have been improved, with the compensation ofan effect from the Doppler shift.

Consistency between retrieval results from Band A in Setting 2 (Bands A/C) and Setting 3(Bands B/A) have been improved by compensating between the response functions of AU1 andAU2 (2 units in AOS).

Hydrostatic assumption has been introduced as a constraint in the calculation of pressure andtemperature.

Retrieval results of HOCl have been improved by ignoring ozone isotopes whose absorption
lines overlap that of HOCl in Band A.

Information contents of ozone isotopes, HNO3, ClO and CH3CN have been increased byadjusting the error value in the a priori profile.



Rate of convergence in the retrieval process has been increased by ignoring temperature
retrieval in Band C.

Rate of convergence in the retrieval process has been increased by raising the upper limit of
iteration trials in the retrieval process from 5 to 8.

A. 1. 4. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 1.3 (006-06-0200) UPDATEIn this version, determination of screening flags and overall algorithm have been slightly modified.
Mainly changes that have a physical basis have been adopted as it is assumed that thesemodifications can significantly affect the retrieved profiles with the implementation of the nextplanned update of L1B data processing.


L1B data has been updated from version 005 to version 006.
Retrieved profiles from scans near “FOV interference” were improved by referring to “the49

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

flags indicating FOV disturbance.” For details of the L1B data update, see the document“Level 1 Product Release Notes (Ver.006)”.
Standard temperatures for Lorentz width of absorption lines of O3, HNO3, HO2 and ozone
isotopes have been corrected from 300K to 296K. The effect of this correction is around a few
percent.



In correcting the tangent height on the observation point, antenna elevation offset introduction
is retrieved from the average of altitude offset within one scan. According to this change, O3
and HCl above 50km increase by a few percent.

Antenna movement within the time to acquire a spectrum for single height is taken into accountwith the antenna pattern. This improvement causes an increase of a few percent in ozone at thepeak height (lower stratosphere).

In order to make better fitting of the curved baseline of brightness temperature, the uncertainty
of absorption coefficient is fitted with a 2-dimensional function instead of its original
1-dimensional function. As a result, baseline residue has been decreased by around half incomparison with the previous version.

Regularization of status vectors in the inversion model with a priori errors has been introduced.
Due to this improvement, 2-dimensional terms of the absorption coefficients with a small
number of digits can be retrieved.

The grids of retrieval altitude have been adjusted by 2, 3 or 4 km depending on species, band
and altitude, instead of the uniform 3km in the previous version. In adjusting the altitude grid,the information of altitude resolution is referred to. As a result of this modification, species withhigh sensitivity (such as O3 and HCl) can be retrieved on a more precise altitude grid, and thosewith low sensitivity (such as BrO and HO2) can be retrieved with a wider altitude range.

Altitude correlation of 10km has been introduced for all species except O3 from Bands A and B.

Information on convergence, FOV interference and observation altitude are stored in the status
field. For details, see the format sheet in the Product Guide of v1.3.

Information in order to evaluate spectrum residue, cost function for all species and all altitudes
is stored in the CostFunctionY and CostFunctionYAll fields in the products.

Bugs in the AveragingKernel, InformationValue and VerticalResolution fields have been fixed.

Preliminary “status flag” has been newly added from this version onwards.



For the retrieval of Band C, a priori values for the tangent altitude are provided from Bands A
or B. (There are operational modes with Bands A+C and Bands B+C.)

A. 1. 5. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 2.0 (007-08-0300) UPDATE

50

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

The objective of this update is to improve temperature profiles. L1B data has been updated toversion 007 in which non-linear correction has been newly implemented. In this version, biases instratospheric temperature have been suppressed and therefore O3 amounts decreased by 8% at thepeak altitude. [Mitsuda et al., 2011]


L1B data has been updated from version 006 to 007.
Gain nonlinearity correction has been applied to observed spectra [Ochiai et al., 2011). In
the middle stratosphere, retrieved temperatures become closer to those of the Goddard
Earth Observing System-5 assimilated data. Nonlinearity effects influence not only
temperature but also other molecules. For those species such as O3, HCl and ClO withstrong lines the retrieved values decrease by 5 – 7% at 25 – 45 km. For those species suchas HOCl and BrO with weak lines located at the wing of strong lines, the retrieved values
change from around 50 – 100 %. In v1.3, the retrieved profiles of HOCl contained
negative values at around 30km, but this has now been improved.



A new AOS response function has been introduced. This function was modeled on new on-orbit
measurement data for AOS response function in January of 2011 [Ozeki et al., 2011).



Temperature field in the mesosphere is very sensitive to retrieval results, but retrieved
temperature profiles above 40- 50 km were not so good. Thus MLS temperature products (v2.2)
to which the migrating tidal model (Global Scale Wave Model) was applied were referred to as
the mesospheric temperature field.

Preliminary corrections in observed frequency grids have been introduced. By removing
frequency fitting residue in L1B data, residue in general decreases from 100 kHz to 50 kHz.



Some line parameters have been updated (see Table A.1-1).

Bugs in frequency grids around O17OO (Band B) and 18OOO (Band C) have been fixed. Thisupdate reduces systematic errors above 50km.

Table A.1-1 Updated line parameters in v2.0
Parameters
O3Line position(MHz) 0 (MHz/hPa)n
H35Cl
Line position(MHz)- 0 (MHz/hPa)n

L2 v1.3

v2.0

Reference

624371.112

624371.223

2.258
0.77

2.30780.78

Ozeki, private communications(preliminary results)
HITRAN2008
HITRAN2008

625901.603
625918.756
625932.007
2.57
0.73

625901.6584
625918.6975
625932.0081
2.541
0.723

MASTERMLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)
MLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)

51

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters
H37Cl
Line position(MHz) 0 (MHz/hPa)n
ClOLine position
(MHz)
18
OOO
Line position(MHz)

L2 v1.3

v2.0

Reference

624964.374
624977.821
624988.334
2.57
0.73

624964.3694
624977.8013
624988.2821
2.541
0.723

MASTER

649445.040
649451.170

649445.250
649451.072

Oh and Cohen, 1994

649137.611
649137.611
649149.603
649152.601

649137.132
649137.132
649152.038
649152.038

Ozeki, private communications(preliminary results)

MLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)
MLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)

A. 1. 6. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 2.1(007-08-0310) UPDATEThe HOCl product was improved in v2.1. Other products such as O3 have not been changed.
Some line parameters have been updated (see Table A.1-2 エラー! 参照元が見つかりません。). HOCl spectral lines are located at the shoulder of these lines. Residual spectra around
HOCl were suppressed.

Table A.1-2 Updated line parameters in v2.1
ParametersO3(v1,3) (625012.89 MHz)-  0 (MHz/hPa)nO3(v1,3) (625051.27 MHz)-  0 (MHz/hPa)
n
18
OOO
- Line position (MHz)

L2 v2.0

v2.1

Reference

2.3078
0.78

2.017
0.76

HITRAN 2008

2.3078
0.78

2.172
0.79

625088.260
625091.258

625090.4623
625091.8080

JPL catalog

A. 1. 7. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 2.2 (007-09-0400) UPDATEThe objectives of this version are improvements in retrieval in the mesosphere and vibrations in the
profile. In order to resolve these problems, the following improved points have been adopted:
・

Altitude range of retrieval has been extended. In addition, the altitude ranges are independently
modified by species (e.g. Upper limit of retrieval was 85km for all species in the previous
version but it has been extended up to 100km for O3, HCl and HO2 whose sensitivity isrelatively high). Moreover, a priori errors for BrO, HO2, and O3 isotopes have been widened in52JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

comparison to the previous version. This has resulted in the presence of an HO2 peak in thelower thermosphere at night-time.
・The inversion algorithm has been modified in order to suppress vibrations in the profiles. For
the retrieval of O3, HCl and HNO3, Tikhonov Regularization has been implemented in
combination with the Optical Estimation Method. (Manago et al., 2013)

・

AOS response function has been revised. Although the data referred to in the retrieval process isstill that of the same orbit as the previous version, another analytic method for modeling weakersignals has been adopted. (Mizobuchi et al., 2012)・

Spectral line parameters for O3 and its isotopes have been modified. The preliminary results ofa new measurement experiment have been replaced with certified values. For 18OOO in Band B,
the parameters have been also replaced from HITRAN2008 [Rothman et al., 2009] with JPL
Catalog [Pickett et al., 1992] (see Table A.1-3). As a result, the spectrum residual has beensignificantly improved.

・Some other minor changes have been implemented:
For a priori profiles of HOCl, climatological data generated from Aura/MLS v2.2 has been
replaced with CCSR/NIES climatological data.



A formula for gravity acceleration in the Forward model has been modified so that theGeodetic Reference System 1980 has been adopted uniformly in the L2 retrieval system.

For altitudinal interpolation of pressure data in a priori datasets, a linear interpolation oflogarithm of pressure has been adopted instead of a linear interpolation of pressure.

Some programming bugs have been fixed.


Mistakes in standard temperature for spectral line parameters of HCl have been fixed.

Table A.1-3 Line parameter updates in v2.2
Parameters
O3Line position
(MHz)
H35Cl
 0 (MHz/hPa)37
H Cl
 0 (MHz/hPa)

L2 v2.1

v2.2

Reference

624371.223

624371.242

Ozeki, private communications

2.541

2.566

MLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)

2.541

2.566

MLS Forward model ATBD (v1.0)

53

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters
18
OOO (band B)
Line position(MHz)-

log10(Intensity)(nm2 MHz)- 0 (MHz/hPa)

-

n

18

OOO (band C)
Line position(MHz)

L2 v2.1

v2.2

Reference

625564.930
625939.671-3.463879-3.858954
2.14882.12190.79
0.81649137.132
649137.132
649152.038
649152.038

625387.9462
625563.6585
625939.4177-5.502000-3.428500-3.825100
2.14882.14882.1488
0.79
0.79
0.79
649137.167
649138.651
649152.004
649152.004

JPL catalog

Ozeki, private communications

A. 1. 8. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 2.3 (007-09-0402) UPDATEIn this version, the retrieval algorithm is the same as that of v2.2, and some product data and flags
have been improved.
・

Datasets which interpolated with pressure grid data have been added. This grid data is uniform
throughout all species.

・The definition of status flag has been modified and therefore that percentage of available scandata has exceeded 80% for all observation bands. Screening with convergence conditions has
been relaxed, while screening with spectrum fitting has been newly introduced. Quality
information for HCl profiles has been reflected in status flags for indicating FOV interference,
instead of flags of FOV interference from L1B data. Quality information will have error values
if an HCl profile runs out of variance for profile zonal means 5 times.

A. 1. 9. IMPROVEMENTS IN V 2.4 (008-11-0502) UPDATEThe objectives of this version are improvements in thermospheric O3 and HCl and mesospheric HCl.
Other than the modifications described in Section 3, some other points have been adopted:
・

L1b data has been updated to version 008. In this version, non-linear correction factors andinformation for tangent height have been revised. [Ochiai et al., 2012]

・

A priori and its errors for O3 and HCl have been modified in order to extend the available
altitude range for retrieval process up to the lower thermosphere.

・

GEOS-5 dataset, which is used as an a priori for the meteorological field, has been revised bynudging with temperature and O3 data from MLS observation, which resulted in the
improvement of mesospheric temperature in the dataset. For the a priori of temperature profiles
54JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

in the v2.4 algorithm, GEOS-5 is referred up to 70km, and the nearest grid of Aura/MLS data isreferred to at a higher altitude. Tidal correction of Aura/MLS data with GSWM has beensuspended. As a result of these modifications, the variance of mesospheric HCl which depends
on temperature variation has been suppressed.
・The frequency of spectral lines of O3, excited O3 and O3 isotopes have been re-measured inlaboratory experiments (see Table A.1-4). [Ozeki, private communication] As a result of thismodification, the peak amount of HOCl has changed by around 10%, whose spectral line ispositioned at the shoulder of these O3.

・For a priori profiles, climatological data from UARS/MLS data has been replaced with thecalculation results from the nearest grid from SD-WACCM.

Table A.1-4 Line parameter updates in v2.4
Parameters
O3Line position(MHz)
O3(v2)
Line position(MHz)
O3(v1,3)Line position
(MHz)
O17OO
Line position(MHz)

L2 v2.3

v2.4

Reference

624371.242
625894.872

625371.2411
625894.8670

Ozeki, private communications

625280.7683
625324.0214

625280.6315
625324.2100

Ozeki, private communications

625051.274

625051.3218

Ozeki, private communications

625770.858
625770.918
625771.308
625771.757
625771.787
625771.877
625772.027
625772.117
625772.147
625772.177
625772.177
625772.357
625772.477
625772.986
625773.046
625773.496
625781.950
625782.010
625782.400
625782.850
625782.880
625782.910
625783.089
625783.179
625783.209

625770.914
625770.974
625771.364
625771.813
625771.843
625771.933
625772.083
625772.173
625772.203
625772.233
625772.233
625772.413
625772.533
625773.042
625773.102
625773.552
625782.027
625782.087
625782.477
625782.927
625782.957
625782.987
625783.166
625783.256
625783.286

Ozeki, private communications

55

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters

L2 v2.3
625783.239
625783.239
625783.419
625783.569
625783.989
625784.109
625784.528
625868.740
625868.770
625869.130
625869.400
625869.550
625869.669
625869.729
625869.819
625869.909
625869.939
625869.969
625869.969
625870.329
625870.389
625870.749
625870.989
626086.269
626086.299
626086.689
626087.139
626087.139
626087.169
626087.349
626087.469
626087.469
626087.529
626087.529
626087.649
626087.858
626088.188
626088.368
626088.728
626315.311
626315.401
626315.791
626316.240
626316.300
626316.420
626316.510
626316.600
626316.660
626316.660
626316.690
626316.870
626316.960
626317.529

v2.4625783.316
625783.316
625783.496
625783.646
625784.066
625784.186
625784.605
625868.897
625868.927
625869.287
625869.557
625869.707
625869.826
625869.886
625869.976
625870.066
625870.096
625870.126
625870.126
625870.486
625870.546
625870.906
625871.146
626086.346
626086.376
626086.766
626087.216
626087.216
626087.246
626087.426
626087.546
626087.546
626087.606
626087.606
626087.726
626087.935
626088.265
626088.445
626088.805
626315.353
626315.443
626315.833
626316.282
626316.342
626316.462
626316.552
626316.642
626316.702
626316.702
626316.732
626316.912
626317.002
626317.571

Reference

56

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters

L2 v2.3
626317.529
626318.039
649793.407
649793.587
649793.857
649794.307
649794.367
649794.667
649794.667
649794.696
649794.726
649794.786
649794.906
649794.996
649794.996
649795.656
649795.746
649796.315

v2.4626317.571
626318.081
649793.493
649793.673
649793.943
649794.393
649794.453
649794.753
649794.753
649794.782
649794.812
649794.872
649794.992
649795.082
649795.082
649795.742
649795.832
649796.401

Reference

625009.205
625009.235
625009.535
625009.565
625009.595
625009.715
625009.775
625009.805
625009.895
625010.075
625010.164
625010.284
625010.374
625010.644
625010.944
625011.514
649274.647
649274.856
649274.946
649275.216
649275.276
649275.546
649275.606
649275.696
649275.756
649275.786
649275.846
649275.846
649275.936
649276.325
649276.745
649276.985
649969.595
649969.805

625009.882
625009.912
625010.212
625010.242
625010.272
625010.392
625010.452
625010.482
625010.572
625010.752
625010.841
625010.961
625011.051
625011.321
625011.621
625012.191
649274.532
649274.741
649274.831
649275.101
649275.161
649275.431
649275.491
649275.581
649275.641
649275.671
649275.731
649275.731
649275.821
649276.210
649276.630
649276.870
649969.474
649969.684

Ozeki, private communications

17

OOO
Line position
(MHz)

57

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters

L2 v2.3
649969.895
649970.105
649970.195
649970.465
649970.495
649970.615
649970.675
649970.705
649970.765
649970.765
649970.765
649971.244
649971.634
649971.874
649980.298
649980.628
649980.628
649980.988
649981.167
649981.317
649981.347
649981.407
649981.437
649981.527
649981.557
649981.587
649981.857
649981.977
649982.457
649982.876
650009.498
650009.828
650009.858
650010.187
650010.397
650010.547
650010.577
650010.637
650010.667
650010.727
650010.787
650010.817
650011.087
650011.177
650011.686
650012.106
650041.456
650041.755
650041.785
650042.145
650042.265
650042.445
650042.505

v2.4649969.774
649969.984
649970.074
649970.344
649970.374
649970.494
649970.554
649970.584
649970.644
649970.644
649970.644
649971.123
649971.513
649971.753
649980.295
649980.625
649980.625
649980.985
649981.164
649981.314
649981.344
649981.404
649981.434
649981.524
649981.554
649981.584
649981.854
649981.974
649982.454
649982.873
650009.549
650009.879
650009.909
650010.238
650010.448
650010.598
650010.628
650010.688
650010.718
650010.778
650010.838
650010.868
650011.138
650011.228
650011.737
650012.157
650041.458
650041.757
650041.787
650042.147
650042.267
650042.447
650042.507

Reference58

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters

L2 v2.3
650042.535
650042.595
650042.685
650042.715
650042.745
650042.955
650043.105
650043.614
650044.004
650158.585
650158.944
650158.974
650159.304
650159.544
650159.664
650159.694
650159.754
650159.784
650159.844
650159.904
650159.964
650160.233
650160.293
650160.833
650161.253
650166.859
650167.129
650167.159
650167.488
650167.608
650167.818
650167.878
650167.878
650167.938
650168.028
650168.088
650168.088
650168.298
650168.478
650168.957
650169.317
650333.813
650334.083
650334.113
650334.443
650334.533
650334.743
650334.803
650334.833
650334.893
650334.982
650335.042
650335.042

v2.4
650042.537
650042.597
650042.687
650042.717
650042.747
650042.957
650043.107
650043.616
650044.006
650158.676
650159.035
650159.065
650159.395
650159.635
650159.755
650159.785
650159.845
650159.875
650159.935
650159.995
650160.055
650160.324
650160.384
650160.924
650161.344
650166.808
650167.078
650167.108
650167.437
650167.557
650167.767
650167.827
650167.827
650167.887
650167.977
650168.037
650168.037
650168.247
650168.427
650168.906
650169.266
650333.882
650334.152
650334.182
650334.512
650334.602
650334.812
650334.872
650334.902
650334.962
650335.051
650335.111
650335.111

Reference59JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

Parameters

L2 v2.3650335.192
650335.432
650335.912
650336.242

v2.4650335.261
650335.501
650335.981
650336.311

Reference

625090.4623
625091.8080
625563.6585
625939.4177
649137.167
649138.651
649152.004
649152.004

625089.9539
625091.3796
625563.6906
625939.4927
649137.1577
649138.7454
649151.6253
649152.4312

Ozeki, private communications

18

OOO
Line position
(MHz)

60

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

A. 2. SAMPLE OF SOURCE CODE FOR READING L2 PRODUCT (IN PYTHON)
A sample python code is shown below.

#!/usr/bin/env python# import normal libraries.
import os
import sys
import numpy as np# import HDF5 library
import h5py
print "Process Start‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐"# set HDF filefnam = 'dir/008‐11‐0502/A/2009/10/12/SMILES_L2_O3_A_008‐11‐0502_20091012.he5'# open HDF file
if os.path.exists(fnam):f = h5py.File(fnam,'r')else :
print 'File does not exist: %s'%(fnam)
sys.exit()# read HDF fields
L2Val=np.array(f['/HDFEOS/SWATHS/O3/Data Fields/L2Value'])
L2Prc=np.array(f['/HDFEOS/SWATHS/O3/Data Fields/L2Precision'])L2Flg=np.array(f['/HDFEOS/SWATHS/O3/Data Fields/Status'])
L2Tim=np.array(f['/HDFEOS/SWATHS/O3/Geolocation Fields/Time'])
L2Alt=np.array(f['/HDFEOS/SWATHS/O3/Geolocation Fields/Altitude'])# change array's shape (timexaltitude)
L2Val=L2Val.reshape(len(L2Tim),len(L2Alt))
L2Prc=L2Prc.reshape(len(L2Tim),len(L2Alt))# set scan screening conditioncnd = (L2Flg == 0)# scan loop (screened)
for i in range(len(L2Tim[cnd])) :print 'LOOP %i ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐'%(i)# print L2 data and precision.
# However, if this data is unuseful, print "‐999.99".
for j in range((len(L2Alt))) :61

JEM/SMILES L2 Product Guide for v2.4

if ( L2Prc[i,j] < 0 ) :print L2Alt[j], '‐999.99', '‐999.99'
else :
print L2Alt[j], L2Val[i,j], L2Prc[i,j]# loop breakif i > 3 :breakprint "Process end‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐"

62