The Titles and Abstracts
Presented on the 3rd Sophia Research Workshop in Economics
The speakers’ titles and abstracts are respectively.
Each title and abstract are followed by the spekaer’s name.

① 10:10-10:50
Tetsuya Horie (Sophia University),
The First Order Impact of the Introduction of Carbon Pricing Policy on Chinese Industries(jointly with Karen Ohyori)
To be announced② 10:50-11:30
Morihiro Yomogida (Sophia University),
Border Carbon Adjustments and Foreign Direct Investment with Technology Transfer(jointly with Yan Ma, Kobe University)
Implementing a carbon price in a country may cause production migration and carbon leakage to anothercountry that does not have a comparable carbon price. To tackle the leakage problem, Border Carbon
Adjustments (BCAs) are proposed, i.e., carbon tariffs on imports and carbon price refunds for exports.
Although pollution-haven foreign direct investment (FDI) could act as a channel for carbon leakage, existingstudies do not examine the effect of BCA policies on firms' FDI decisions. This paper develops a North-Southoligopoly model in which a firm can make decisions on production locations and technology adoptions,
namely producing in the North or making FDI in the South and adopting "clean" or "dirty" technology. We
show that, even under a North's BCA policy that eliminates South's competitive advantage based on its lower
carbon price, a Northern unilateral emission tax could induce that country's firms to engage in FDI in theSouth. Such FDI, however, could result in negative carbon leakage, i.e., global emissions would decline
because the BCA policy provides an incentive for the firm to adopt "clean" technology in the South. We also
show that the North's welfare-maximizing emission tax could induce its firms to make FDI with clean
technology transfers to the South.
1③11:30-13:00
Euston Quah (Nanyang Technological University),
Belt and Road Initiative: Cost-Benefit Analysis and Meeting Environmental Obligations
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is expected to bring about significant economic growth through trade,
infrastructure, finance, policy and people. To ensure sustainable infrastructure and resource extraction,
manage environmental impacts, and create a win-win outcome for China and the world, Cost-Benefit Analysis(CBA) is an important economic tool for policy evaluation. In conducting Cost - Benefit Analysis (CBA), for
the BRI, one has to take into account both the tangible and intangible costs and benefits, considering issues
such as pollution, employment, and even China’s role as the environmental steward for the region. In addition,
one has to note the various constraints in conducting CBA in developing countries, adjusting for inefficient
markets and survey biases.
The BRI is also not spared the Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) Syndrome, which calls for local environmental
management and the involvement of stakeholders. With the conduct of complete and inclusive CBA, theresolution of NIMBY conflicts, and the engagement of stakeholders, the BRI could perhaps prove that thegoals of economic development and meeting environmental obligations can be simultaneously met by China.

④14:00-14:40
Masamitsu Kurata (Sophia University),
Gendered Impacts of Household and Ambient Air Pollution on Child Health: Evidence fromHousehold and Satellite-based Data in Bangladesh (jointly with Kazushi Takahashi and Akira Hibiki)
Reducing health risks from household air pollution (HAP) and ambient air pollution (AAP) is a critical issuein achieving sustainable development worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Children areparticularly at high risk because their respiratory and immune systems are not fully developed. Previousstudies have identified the adverse impacts of air pollution on child health; however, most have neither
focused on HAP and AAP simultaneously nor addressed differences in the timing and magnitude of prenatal
and postnatal exposure across genders. This article examines the impacts of prenatal and postnatal exposure
to ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) and household use ofsolid fuels (a main cause of HAP) on child health in Bangladesh. We combine individual-level data fromnationally representative surveys with satellite-based high-resolution data on ambient PM2.5. We find that:(1) the use of solid fuels is associated with respiratory illness among girls but not boys; (2) prenatal exposure
to ambient PM2.5 adversely affects stunting, without any clear evidence on gender differences; and (3)postnatal exposure consistently increases the risk of both stunting and respiratory illness for both genders.
These results provide new evidence on the heterogeneous impacts of AAP and HAP on children in terms ofgender and the timing of exposure. The main policy implications are that intervention against HAP would be
more effective by targeting girls and that intervention against AAP should cover not only born children but
also pregnant mothers. In sum, our findings highlight the importance of protecting women from air pollution
and achieving Target 3.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals.
2⑤14:40-15:20
Yu Ri Kim (Sophia Institute for Human Security),

Management Practices, Quality Control and Trade: Evidence from SMEs in Vietnam(jointly with Yasuyuki Todo)
There has been long literature linking export performance to firm productivity. But how can firm improve
productivity and enter the international market? Sometimes, foreign capital, technology adoption and large
size do not work. One key answer to improving productivity is good management practices. Using uniquefirm-level data collected from Northern Vietnam, we investigate whether these sample small and mediumsized enterprises with good management practices and quality control mechanisms have a better chance ofexport. To measure the management practices, we ask the top managers regarding targets, monitoring andincentive schemes. For quality control, we let the professional inspectors score each firm and each productaccording to the industrial standards. We find that improving management practices raise the likelihood ofexport. More specifically, firms with better management and quality control enhance export performance byreducing difficulty to adapt products to be suitable for exports and difficulty to deal with tax and regulations
related to export activities.

⑥15:20-16:20

Zadia M. Felciano (Queens College, The City University of New York),
Hurricane Maria’s Impact on Puerto Rico’s Labor Market: Plant Closing, Job Losses and Wages
Several months before Hurricane Maria landed in Puerto Rico on September 20th 2017 as a category 4
hurricane, the government of Puerto Rico filed for bankruptcy similar to chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy
Code. Puerto Rico’s government owes more than $74 billion dollars to creditors and 40 billion in pension
liabilities. Lack of spending in infrastructure may have contributed to the long and difficult recovery fromthe hurricane, responsible for thousands of deaths estimated to range from 1,400 to 3,000 and 94.4 billion
dollars in damages. Moreover, the slow recover dealt a blow to an already weak labor market. In the threemonths following the hurricane, October to December 2017, Puerto Rico experienced 76,402 gross job
losses and net employment losses of 30,415, which represents -4.6% of private employment. The economy
regained only a fraction of those jobs nine months after the hurricane, from January to June 2018, Puerto
Rico had a net employment gain of 22,842, approximately 2/3 of the jobs lost after the Hurricane. In thispaper, I estimate the impact of the hurricane on overall employment, the sectors of the economy that werehurt the most and those that rebounded quickly. I estimate differences in the impact of the hurricane on
regional employment, considering the distance of each region from the path of the hurricane, infrastructure
quality, poverty rates and economic importance in the island.

3⑦16:40-17:20
Gabriel Iván Fuentes Córdoba (Tohoku University),
The Long-Term Effect of Civil Conflict on Political Beliefs and Preferences: Evidence from Guatemala
Does exposure to civil conflicts during childhood changes political beliefs and preferences? I combine datafrom the distribution of the number of human rights violations during Guatemala's civil war with nationally
representative data on political beliefs and behaviors from 2003 to 2017. Preliminary results suggest that
exposure to conflict during youth have little impact on later preference for democracy, social capital, andvoting. However, the baseline results on preference for democracy seem to mask a heterogeneous effect bygender. Exposure to conflict during childhood has a negative effect on preference for democracy for males
while it has no effect for females. The results are robust to a number of specification checks.

⑧17:20-18:00
Kohei Kamaga (Sophia University),
Infinite Population Utilitarian Criteria (jointly with Geir B. Asheim and Stéphane Zuber)
We examine utilitarian criteria for ranking well-being distributions for infinitely many individuals. One
possible interpretation of such distributions is that they represent intergenerational well-being
distributions where the possibly different number of individuals are alive in each generation. Since there isno natural order for counting individuals and no natural isomorphism between individuals alive in differentdistributions, we examine strongly anonymous utilitarian criteria. We introduce four strongly anonymous
utilitarian criteria, including the limit of rank-discounting criterion, the strongly anonymous Cesàrosummation criterion, and the strongly anonymous catching-up criterion. We clarify the relationship between
them and present an axiomatic characterization of a class of evaluation criteria that includes the three criteriausing sensitivity, independence, and continuity axioms.

⑨18:00-19:00
Yoshio Kamijo (Kochi University of Technology),
Mother’s Paradox: Proxy Vote for Children Lowers Parents’ Altruism for Future Society
We test for altruism towards future generation and how it is affected by the collective decision rule byconducting an incentivized voting experiment with 2,000 participants. Controlling for whether
participants have young children, we compare the ordinary voting rule, where each person has one ballot,
with the proxy voting rule, where parents have additional ballots on behalf of their un-enfranchisedchildren and thereby exert a greater impact on voting outcomes. We show that mothers with young children
exhibit the highest altruism towards the future generation. However, the results also reveal that under theproxy-voting rule, mothers’ voting behaviours tend to be egoistic. Consequently, empowering the mostaltruistic people for the future generation rather demotes the sustainability decision. A possible interpretationof this finding is that the proxy ballot emphasizes the benefit of the voter’s own children so that the mothers’
original altruistic motives towards the future generation are redirected towards their own children.

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