Development of “A Dozen of Actions”

Oct 2008
Mizuho Information and Research Institute1. Background and Objective2

Background•Two “70% reduction scenarios” were developed•Both are confirmed to be “technically possible”•Then the question would be “how to get there ?”Low carbon society is possible, but how?

Ref:

3

Objective

1.

In order to achieve the goals of “Low Carbon Society”, drastic changes((Innovations)) in social systems,y, technologies,
g , and lifestyley are needed.

2.

Sharing the low carbon strategies among the stakeholders is essential torealize this innovation within a limited period.

3
3.

Th objectiveThebj ti off th
the ddevelopmentlt off “A
“Action”
ti ” iis tto propose practicalti l lowlcarbon strategies as an example in order to enhance discussion among
stakeholders, and to formulate robust low carbon strategies.

4.

Therefore, “Action” development should be based on various processes
such as expert interview and survey of literature.

Ref:

4

Definition of terms

Ref:

Terms

Definition

Innovation

Drastic changes in social factors in order to achieve the LCS. Anychanges in factors such as social systems, technological development,
and lifestylesyare included if it is not an extension of current trends andneeds drastic trend-breaks.

PolicyGeneral terms for actions aiming to overcome specific political issues.

ActionActions are defined as p
packages
g of options.
p
The actions should bedesigned to be triggers and engines for innovations towards LCS, while
keeping certain degrees of independency with other actions.
Information of actions as an overall package such as specific target,features time schedules
features,schedules, management framework
framework, and feasibilities
feasibilities,
should be assessed and identified.

OptionIndividual activities that can contribute to achieving LCS. Can bedivided into direct options and indirect options. Direct options are
options that can directly change the driving forces of CO2 emissions.
Indirect options, on the other hand, are options that can influence theeffects of direct options and can contribute to LCS development
indirectly.
y

5

FAQ
•Who’s•Who
s Action is described in Dozen of Actions? : Government•Actions of private companies or individuals are not important? : Clearlythese are very important. However, we cannot rely only on private companies
or individuals
individuals, and government should take leadership role to pursue robust
low carbon strategies. Efforts of private companies or individuals are
expected to accelerate governments’ Actions.
•Why
Why the options need to be integrated into actions?: The effects of theoptions can be substantially enhanced or weakened when they are combinedwith other options. In order to take into account those factors, the effects ofintegrated options,
options “Actions”
Actions would be evaluatedevaluated.
•To what extent, should the options be integrated? : This is heavily
dependent on the objectives of the research. In the case of “Dozen of Actions”,
the objective was sharing the strategies among the stakeholders
stakeholders. Therefore
Therefore,
the number of the Actions were restricted to twelve.

Ref:

6

2. Development of “Actions”

7General Flow of the Action development
Step0:LCS Snapshot development (ESS & Storylines)

Step1:Developing Preliminary Framework of Actions

Step2: Narrative description of “Future Objectives” by Actions

Step3 1: Constraint analysis
Step3-1:

Step4:

Step3 2:Stakeholder analysis
Step3-2:Stakeholder

Compatibility and conflict evaluation

A Dozen of Actions
Ref:

8

Developing Preliminary Framework of Actions•Low carbon strategies should be broken down into certain levels of “Actions”
Actions•The favorable framework of “Actions” is as follows:
9Whole innovations identified in ESS and Storyline development arecovered
9A set of options in the Actions are highly compatible
9Actions should be independent of each other as much as possible,
although no single actions can be perfectly independent.
•Actions
A ti
can beb fformed
db
by stakeholders
t k h ld
as wellll as b
by sectorstStrategies for LCS

ActionRef:

ActionAction9

・・・

ActionFramework setting of Actions
Actions bystakeholders

脱温暖化2050 ポリシ
ポリシーパッケージ
パッケ ジ
活動主体
（○○を普及さえ排出 るための）ポリ部門 シーパッケージ

家
庭

①低炭素型
居住空間

業
務

②低炭素型
オフィス
・商業施設

企業

生活
c.低炭素型「住」

a.低炭素型「買物」

b.低炭素型「食」

d.低炭素型「余暇」

グリーン購入（省エネ家電）

省エネ･創エネ
省エネ
創エネ
高効率調理機器 機器，高断熱,
高効率映像機
高効率冷蔵庫 見える化，省エ 器，エコツアー
ネ行動

④低炭素型
短距離交通

⑤低炭素型
長距離交通

Ref:

買い物／配達グリーン購入（低炭素貨物輸
送の選択）

脱長距離ドライブ，レンタカーf.低炭素型「働き方」

SOHO, 在宅勤
務

省エネ家電の供
給省エネ家電の供給，社員教育高効率IT機器, HEMS

創 ネ機器
創エネ機器，
エネ融通，分散電力制御技術クールビズ・ 省エネ業務機器
ウォームビズ，の供給

省エネ業務機器
高効率機器，高の供給，環境情
断熱，見える
報公開，社員教化，省エネ行動育

高効率IT機器, BEMS

創エネ機器，
エネ融通，分散電力制御技術

ITS，交通良燃費自動車の代替通信機
供給器

地域バイオ燃料
バ
利用，ソーラー
パネル自動車

製
造
業

⑦低炭素型
マニュファクチャリング

グリーン購入（低炭素製造品
の選択）

農
林
水
産

⑧低炭素型アグリ

グリーン購入（低炭素生産の農林水産物の選
択）

旬の食材，高効率農耕器具，高効率漁船

高効率伐採法エネ
転換

低炭素エネルギーシステムグリーン電力購入

部門間エネル
ギー融通

エネルギー融通，太陽光発電，燃料電池地産地消，見える化，フードマ
イレージ

g.低炭素型
オフィス環
境

良燃費自動車の供給

SOHO, 在宅勤
務

高効率輸送機器の供給

職住近接

インバースマニュファクチャリング（Inv.
Mnf.）i.低炭素型情報通信システム

ITS，交通高効率輸送機器
代替通信機
の供給
器

ITS，輸送効率改善

高効率製造機器，LC商品購入の率先行動，見える化，Inv, Mnf.

木造住宅

h.低炭素型ビジネススタイル(企業の姿勢)見えるITS，交通グリーン購入化（低炭素貨物輸 代替通信機
シ
送の選択）
器
ス
テ
ム

テレビ会議

Examples of
option

⑥低炭素型
物流

部
門
横
断

公共･徒歩･自転車，エコドライブ，モータ駆動

職住近接

インフラ

低炭素型
マニュファ
クチャリン
グ（⑦の再
掲）

軽量車体，エコ軽量車体
エコドライブ，モー
タ駆動，パーソ
ナル輸送

運
輸
貨
物

(k,lの再掲)

e.低炭素型「移動」

Actions by sectors

③低炭素型
自動車交通

運
輸
旅
客

2007 10 4
2007.10.4

木造建築物

炭素税，カーボンオフセット，環境金融商品

10j.低炭素型
教育システ
ム

k.エネル
ギーの面的
利用

l.脱炭素系
統電力

公共交通機関，
LRT，自転車道，シームレス輸送，ITS
見える化 環境見える化，環境
公共交通機関，
教育（自動車教
LRT，シームレ
習所，企業，政ス輸送，ITS
府公報）

貨物鉄道・ター
ミナル，貨物港
湾，ITS

地域バイオ燃料利用

グリーン調達， 高効率制御
機器 ，
環境情報公開，高効率製造機器
SCM

エネルギー融通

見える化技
術

エネルギー融通，バイオマス農業

見える化技
太陽光発電，燃 グリーン電力購 術，分散エ
料電池
入
ネルギー制
御技術

バイオ燃料，水素燃料インフラ

低炭素型交
通システム
（再掲）

バイオ燃料，水素燃料インフラ

地域熱供給

CCS, 原子力，
バイオマス，風
力発電

Narrative description of visions by Actions•Based on Narrative storyline and parameters of ESS
ESS, summarize futureobjectives of each Action•The future objective is to explain the goals of actions to the stakeholders•The following
g four factors should be clarified in the future objectives:j
Factors
Technologies

What technologiesgwill be mainstream in 2050?
Where and how will those technologies be applied?

Infrastructure

What kind of infrastructure should be developed in order torealize low carbon society ?

Social systems/Governance

What kind of innovations in social systems are needed in
2050?
Who (which stakeholders) would have a central role in theinnovations?

Environmental
awareness /mindsets
Ref:

Contents

To what extent should the environmental awareness of
citizens or private companies be enhanced?

11

Narrative description of visions by Actions
Category

FactorA

B

reduction inservice demand○○seasonal production and consumption ofagricultural products

average 30% reduction in fuelconsumption for agricultural goods

improvement inenergyefficiency○○

use of high efficiency boilers, motors, etc.

efficiencies improve by: boilers:
11%, direct heating: 67%, motors:
25%, etc.

○○

switchover from oil and coal to natural gas fuel70% shift from steam
steam, heating oiloil,coal to natural gas○

switchover to low-carbon construction materials:
wood, etc.

70% of 2000 levels input
coefficient of cement, iron andsteel, nonferrous metal, metal
products in constructionp○○dissemination and promotion of superinsulatedbuildings

next generation housing standard:
100% implementation○○

optimal control of energy consumption via
HEMS and BEMS

10% of air conditioning demand,
20% of lighting demand○○

dissemination of high-efficiency heat pump air
conditioning, water heaters, and lighting

heat pump for air conditioning:
COP=8.0, for water heating:
COP=6.0

development and dissemination of fuel cells

dissemination of fuel cellcogeneration: 10% of heating
demand○dissemination of solar energy generation

solar generating capacity：42～
86GW○

dissemination of solar thermal water heaters

supply of energy for water heating:
2.0～10Mtoe○

proliferation of biomass-fueled heating andcooking implements

share of biomass heating services:50%

industry
improvement in
CO2 intensity

reduction inservice demandHousehold/Commercial

improvement inenergyefficiency andCO2 intensity○○

Innovation

12

Achievement Level

Narrative description of visions by Actions
Category

Element

reduction inservice demandA

B

Innovation○○

well-utilized property, consolidation of city
functions, walkable livable cities
promotion of a modal shift in travelers topublic transportation (train, LRT, bus)○

infrastructure to promote walkers andbicyclists (parking lots, special bike paths)

increase in walking/bicycling by
17% (person-km)○

dissemination of electric automobiles

Share of Electric cars
Mini passenger vehicle: 40-100％
Mini Freight Vehicle: 40％ etc.

dissemination of fuel cell automobiles

Share off FuelSh
F l cellll cars
Passenger vehicle: 60％
Mini Freight Vehicle: 40％ etc.

○

dissemination of biodiesel

biodiesel mixing rate 50～100％○○

dissemination of highg efficiencyytransportation vehicles

fuel efficiency:
y better than 30%
improvement over 2000 levels○○

improve energy efficiency of freight on rail,sea, and air

rail: 2x as efficient as 2000
shipping: 1.33x as efficient as 2000○○

switchover to low-carbon energy sources(natural gas, nuclear, reusable energies)

transportation

Energyconversion

improvement in
CO2 intensity

26% reduction in automotivetransport (person-km), more buses
and trains○○

improvement inenergyefficiency andCO2 intensity

Achievement Level○

CO2 emission intensity : 67%-99%
67% 99%
reduction○utilize nighttime power effectively, increaseelectrical storage capacity○hydrogen processing using reusableenergyreusable-energy-based hydrogenproduction capacity: 4.5Mtoe○

CO2-free energy and hydrogen production
from CCS

CO2 sequestration & storage:
36MtC/yearConstraints Analysis•Constraints Analysis
y is to identifyyggaps
p between the current situation andvisions described in “Future objective”•options can be defined as countermeasures to overcome the constraints•Various types of constraints should be taken into account including;
9 Initiation
I iti ti constraintst i t
9 Dissemination speed constraints (Cost, amenity, and efficiency)
9 Dissemination limit constraints (Physical, Social, and Technological )TodayTechnical constraints
Economic constraints
Social constraints
Information constraints

14

Low
CarbonSocietyConstraints Analysis
Start !!

Identify direct options

Constraints analysis off
Coptions

The action can be initiatedimmediately?
Analyze next
options

Identify
f indirect (pre(request) options

NO

Identify the constraints(Initiation constraint)

YES

Speed of the options areadequate to attain LCS
in 2050?

NO

Identify the constraints(Dissemination speed
constraint)

YESNO

Is there an
any upper
pper limit
constraint ?

NO

Identify the constraints
Identif(Upper limit constraint)

YES

All the (direct andindirect) options wereanalyzed ?

YES
S

15

Complete !!

Identification of necessary actions
Step by step strategies
Diffusion of green
design and building
R l ti l hi
Relativelyhighh costt
compared to general building

L k off knowledge
Lackkl d off region-specifici
ifi
climatic conditions

Incentives to higher
performance buildings

Organizing trainingclasses and events

Lack of information ofenvironmental performance ofthe building

Direct options

Certification &registration of labeling
Too complicated;calculation required

Establishment ofsimplified evaluation
methodIndirect options

Lack in personnel who canmake calculations

dissemination ofdiagnosis practitioners

16

B i b
BarrierbreakingkiStakeholders Analysis• Stakeholder analysis is to assess Actions bottlenecks• Identify all stakeholders related to the Actions and analyze barriers andbenefits qualitatively• Well-designed and efficient Actions should equalize the benefits ofstakeholders and maximize the effects
Stakeholder A

Stakeholder B

Stakeholder C

Stakeholder D

Without
actions

Bottle neckWith
actions

Ref:

17

Compatibility and conflict evaluation•When Actions are developed,
developed compatibility and conflict among the options
should be reassessed.
•Reform the framework of Actions where necessarily, and follow the Action
developmentppprocedures

Ref:

18

3. Example of output: “A Dozen of Actions”

19

A Dozen of Actions

20

Action 1: Comfortable and Green Built Environment

Ref:

21

Action 1: Comfortable and Green Built Environment

Ref:

22

Action 1: Comfortable and Green Built Environment

Ref:

23

Action 1: Examples of related actions/options“Energimærke”of Denmark：Energy Labelling of Buildings・A
A system requiring buildings to assess and reveal their energy reduction performance
・Buildings that fail to reach a certain standard will not receive permission for construction,
sale, or lease; buildings that are especially energy efficient will receive low loan rates, tax
breaks, and other incentives
・A
A special cons
consultant
ltant will
ill assess bbuildings.
ildings Pro
Provideide cons
consulting
lting to impro
improvee energ
energy efficienc
efficiency
performance.
・Strengthen in 2006. Aim for 25-30% improvement in energy efficiency in new buildings.
・Maintain reliability of assessment (publish a handbook, train consultants, maintain astandard of technology)
・Makes a great contribution to the improvement of energy efficiency in Denmark’s buildings
Net heating consumption in relation toDanish Building Regulations

Ref: http://www.energistyrelsen.dk/sw12325.asp

Certification
SchemeRef: Web site below

24

Action 2: Anytime, Anywhere Appropriate Appliances

Ref:

25

Action 2: Anytime, Anywhere Appropriate Appliances

Ref:

26

Action 2: Anytime, Anywhere Appropriate Appliances

Ref:

27

Action 2: Examples of related actions/options
Panasonic Akari Anshin Saabisu [Lighting Relief Service] (Japan)
・PanasonicP
i iis ddeveloping
l i abbusinessi
tto provide
id nott “li“lights”
ht ” bbutt “li“lighting”
hti ”
・Lights are the property of the service company (specified Matsushita Electricity agents), which takes
responsibility for retrieving them when they are no longer needed・The service company guarantees proper disposal of lights, and in doing so extends “piece of mind”
to contracted ((“user”)
user ) organizations
・In addition to light disposal, the company works toward a solution strategy while consulting aboutlighting equipment
・as a result, recycling is carried out as it should be (reuse rates: 99.9%)・as of March 2006, 3600 offices were contracted with the company (an increase of 3.6x from theprevious year)
・the company focuses on recycling, but through this also contributes greatly to energy savings andlow carbon society
Rent
Use

Consulting

Management

Service contract

User

Service company
Retrieving
Returnhttp://www.tbr.co.jp/pdf/report/mon_c004.pdf
http://denko.panasonic.biz/Ebox/akarianshin/akari_01.html

28

RecycleAction 3: Promoting Seasonal Local Food

Ref:

29

Action 3: Promoting Seasonal Local Food

Ref:

30

Action 3: Promoting Seasonal Local Food

Ref:

31

Action 3: Examples of related actions/options
Promoting local consumption of local produce （Japan：MAFF）
・A system for connecting the producers and consumers of agricultural goods through promotion of needsbased production and local consumption・Will also promote an improvement in food self-sufficiency rates and a reduction in “food mileage”
・Annual sales for local markets were approximately 338.7 million yen in 2006
・Local agricultural products make up approximately 70% of handling at local markets
markets, with a focus on fruits
and vegetables
c.f. Slow Food (Italy), CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) (USA)
Rice
Wheat

％

130

Barley and rye

120

Poteto

110

Bean

100

Begetable

90

Fruit

80

Meat

70

Egg

60

Milk & Dairy products

50

Fish

40

Sea alga

30

Sugar

20

Oils & Fats

10

Mushroom0food self-sufficiency(calorie(base))

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Rate of food self-sufficiency of Japan
Ref:http://www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html

2005
Year

32

food self-sufficiency(production
amount base)Action 3: Examples of related actions/options
Promotion of energy reduction in agricultural production（Japan: MAFF）

10

2500008200000

6t-CO2

Mt-CO2・Implementation
I lt ti off plansltot disseminatedii t enhancedhd ffarm managementt policies,li iandd accelerationl ti off energy
reduction in institutional horticulture and agricultural machinery in response to the steep price increases incrude oil prices
・Institutional horticulture and agricultural machinery: set 2005 as a standard for emissions and reduce
annual emissions by approximately 174
174,000
000 CO2t by 2010
・Development and dissemination of energy efficient agricultural machinery・Examples of energy efficiency experiments in order to remove oil from agricultural production
Use of wood pellets and hybrid heaters for institutional horticulture heating needs in Miyazaki Prefecture
Coating green houses at the Okayama Prefecture Agricultural Center with resin sheets to improve heatretention

42150000100000
50000

0
1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

0

Year

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Amount of CO2 emission in agriculture and forestry
industry production field*not including emissions from rice fields, domestic animals, and soil

Ref:http://www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html

YearAmount of CO2 reduction expectedwith measure promotion

33

Action 4: Sustainable Building Materials

34

Action 4: Sustainable Building Materials

35Action 4: Sustainable Building Materials

Ref:

36

Action 4: Examples of related actions/options
FSC（Forest Stewardship Council）
・An
An independent organization established for the promotion of maintenance of the world’s
world s forests inan environmentally-appropriate way, and in a way that advances societal benefit and ensures longterm economic feasibility
・Through certification of the below-mentioned points, the FSC intends to integrate all those involvedin the forests, from forest managersgto the consumers of wood p
products, and help
p to pprotect theworld’s forests in the process
・Are forests being maintained appropriately? assessment and certification (Forest Management; FM
certification)→79 countries are certified, in 9337 locations, for a total of 103,456,399ha
・Lumber
L b andd woodd products
d t ffrom certified
tifi d fforestst willill bbe marked
k d with
ith a llogo, ensuring
i ththatt ththey comefrom certified forests (certification of production, processing, and shipment (Chain of Custody; CoC
certification))→8678 instances confirmed worldwide
FM Certification

FSC

Coc Certification

Logo
licensing
Example of using logo marks(pamphlets, etc.)
Ref: http://www.fsc.org/

37

Action 5: Environmentally Enlightened Business & Industry

Ref:

38

Action 5: Environmentally Enlightened Business & Industry

39

Action 5: Environmentally Enlightened Business & Industry

Ref:

40

Action 5: Examples of related actions/options
CDP（The Carbon Disclosure Project）
・An
An NPO that promotes an enduring relationship between shareholders and corporations byworking to provide a response to the effects of climate change on companies’ worth andactivities
・Publication and maintenance of a database of information pertaining to operational risk andopportunities for operations resulting from climate change and greenhouse gas emissions
・2007 survey of 2400 major global corporations
・The various data collected will be put to work in fields ranging from policy making toconsulting, corporate accounting, and market surveys
・Investments into CDP-participating organizations amount to 41 trillion dollars
CDP

Data consolidation and publicationof results

Dissemination
Dii ti requestt to
t eachh enterprise;tiData collection

Ref: http://www.cdproject.net/index.asp

41

Use in various fields(policy, finance, etc.)

Action 6: Swift and Smooth Logistics

Ref:

42

Action 6: Swift and Smooth Logistics

Ref:

43

Action 6: Swift and Smooth Logistics

Ref:

44

Action 6: Examples of related actions/options
Collaboration between apparel companies and department stores (SCM ofdiff i iindustries)
differingdi ) (Japan)
・A system in which both industries work together to share information about demand, production, and sales
estimations to increase mutual profitability by reducing “blemished stock” from returns and “missed sales
opportunities” from shortages
・The negative cycle of the current system (refer to figure below, left)→a positive cycle from collaboration (figure below, right)
・With the current system, department stores lose an estimated 26% of clothing sales (approx. 880 billion
yen in 2002) due to “missed opportunity”→this is estimated to be reduced by 62% (approx(approx. 550 billion yen) after reform of the system
・Department stores share data and collaborate with the apparel industry to perform market analysis→develop products suitable for their markets
Sales of both parties increase

Sales of both parties decrease
Production of a small
amountApparelLoss of sales
opportunities

Loss of mutual trust

Returning goods comes
into usage

Produce as ordered

ApparelDepartment
store

Dealings of the past
45

Department
store

Reduction in loss ofsales opportunities

Collaboration dealings

Ref: http://www.jri.co.jp/consul/report/pdf/report080218_shimomura.pdf
http://www.retech.jp/PDF/RT-200502.15/p10-11.pdf

Strengtheningof mutual trust

Observance ofdelivered rate anddelivery date

Order more thannecessity

Promise the amount ofsalesAction 7:Pedestrian Friendly City Design

Ref:

46

Action 7:Pedestrian Friendly City Design

Ref:

47

Action 7:Pedestrian Friendly City Design

Ref:

48

Action 7: Examples of related actions/options
Compact City (The City of Freiburg :Germany)・Concentration
Concentration of urban functions
・Establishment of pedestrian-only routes, implementation of transit malls
・Regulations on personal vehicle use (restrictions on entering the city center, promotion ofpark-and-ride)・Promotion of bicycle use (establish and enrich bicycle-only routes and parking)・Enrichment of public transportation (bus, LRT, train, etc.) and improve usability (efficientarrangement of stations and bus stops, offering commuter pass ticket discounts, etc.)→Between 1982 and 1999
・The contribution of cycling to the city’s volume of traffic increased from 15 to 28 percent
・Public transportation increased from 11 to 18 percent
・Distances driven by motor vehicles decreased from 38 to 30 percent.
・Freiburg
Freiburg has the lowest motor vehicle density in Germany today, with 423 motor vehicles per
1,000 people. c.f. London (UK) Portland (USA) Toyama (Japan)

Ref: http://www.freiburg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1140679_l2/index.html

49

Action 8:Low-Carbon Electricity

Ref:

50

Action 8:Low-Carbon Electricity

Ref:

51

Action 8:Low-Carbon Electricity

Ref:

52

Action 8: Examples of related actions/options
Project to prove CCS Technology with coal heating power (IHI, electrical
power resources development (JPOWER), Mitsui & Co., LTD.)
・The first project in the world to run an experiment to prove an integrated CCS technology (CO2
separation, recovery, transport, and storage) system by introducing oxygen-burning technology at ag electrical power plant ((260 million AUS dollars ((approx. 20 billion yyen)) estimated cost))
coal-burning
・Construction at the Callide Power Station A (generating capacity 30MW), 450 kilometers from
Brisbane in Queensland, Australia, will be the site of renovation beginning in the first half of 2008
・The oxygen burning technology-enabled zero-emissions electricity production proving experiment isscheduled to begin at the end of 2010
・CO
CO2 willill bbe collected
ll t d ddeep iin th
the earthth westt off th
the plant
l t・Because concentrated oxygen, from which the nitrogen has been removed, is used to burn the coal,
it is simple to separate and collect CO2 from emitted gases
・Applicable at existing large-scale coal-burning power plants, the project aims to reduce CO2
emissions by more than 90%
Image ofoxygencombustion
technology

N2：79％

O2：21％＋→
Coal

N2：79％

O2：5％

O2：21％

N2：5％
CO2：90％O2：95％

N2：Removal

CO2：16％

N2：79％

→

＋

N2：5％

Coal

Ref: http://www.jpower.co.jp/news_release/news080331-1.html
http://www.mitsui.co.jp/release/2008/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2008/04/02/ja_080331_01.pdf

53

NOX・SOX
O2：5％

Isolation

NOX・SOX

Action 8: Examples of related actions/options
Power industry initiatives aiming toward the realization of a low-carbon
societyi t (Japan:(J
FEPC)
・Aim to reduce CO2 emissions per unit activity of source to an average of 20% the 1990 values (0.34kgCO2/kWh) between 2008 and 2012
・Expand nuclear power installation and usage, a non-CO2-producing energy source
・Expand
Expand comparatively low-CO
low CO2 emitting LNG
LNG-burningburning electrical power generation
・Develop and disseminate renewable energy sources such as hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, andbiomass
・Introduce LNG combined-cycle technology and high-efficiency coal combustion methods to improve theefficiency of electrical generation via combustion
・Improve the efficiency of electrical transmission and decrease losses
10000

0.700

9000
8170

8380

8240

8410

8340

8650

8830

8890

9200

0.600
0.500

7000 6590
6000

0.436

0.421

5000

0.407
0.375

0.378

2770

3070

0.421

0.423

0.410

3640

3730

3650

0.400

0.379
4170

4000
3000

0.453

3170

3120

3420

3630

0.300

Amount ofelectric powerused
CO2 emissions

0.200

2000
0.100

1000
0

0.000
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Data of CO2 emission of electric power use
Ref: http://www.fepc.or.jp/future/warming/index.html㎏-C
CO2/ｋWｈ10 8kWh o
or 10 8㎏-CO2

8000

54

Year

Unit requirement
for CO2 exhauston use edge

Action 9:Local Renewable Resources for Local Demand

Ref:

55

Action 9:Local Renewable Resources for Local Demand

Ref:

56

Action 9:Local Renewable Resources for Local Demand

Ref:

57

Action 9: Examples of related actions/options
Samsø’s Renewable Energy (Denmark)・Under the “Denmark Natural Energy Island” national plan, the country aims to run on
100% natural energy within 10 years of 1998
・Electrical power already comes from 100% natural sources
・The countryy has 11,, 1MW windmills operatingpg on land,, and 10,, 2.3MW units operatingpgin the ocean (all owned by citizens of Denmark). The sea-based units produce enoughpower to sell some to the mainland, the proceeds from which a portion is invested into
energy development in Denmark.
・Many
Many organizations are involved in the projectproject, and the participation of stakeholders isseen as very important. Workshops and other education-promotion activities, as well as
consultations, are plentiful.
・Heating comes from woodchip burning and solar-thermal collection plants, as well as
plants that use straw
straw. As of now
now, 200 locations have installed solar thermal heating
systems.
c.f. Feed-in Tariff（Germany）

Ref:http://www.isep.or.jp/kako/samsoe.html

http://www.energiakademiet.dk/default_uk.asp 58

Action 10:Next Generation Fuels

Ref:

59

Action 10:Next Generation Fuels

Ref:

60

Action 10:Next Generation Fuels

Ref:

61

Action 10:Next Generation Fuels

Ref:

62

Action 10: Examples of related actions/options
JHFC ((hydrogeny g fuel cell p
project)j ) ((Japan:pMETI))
・A project organized from the “fuel cell vehicle research” and “hydrogen infrastructure research”
projects, subsidized by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry
・Goal: to gather and communalize data on energy efficiency, safety, environmental characteristics,
fuel cell vehicle (FCV) performance under current usage legislation, and hydrogen extraction
techniques from various precursors; and to determine paths to full-blown production anddissemination
16000

Operation results of hydrogen supply station((amount
t off hydrogenh d
supply)l )14000
Aichi-Setominami

12000
Aichi-Setokita
Tokyo-Ome

10000

Kanagawa-Sagamihara

㎏-H2

H2

8000

Kanagawa-Hadano
Yokohama-Tsurumi

6000

Kanagawa-Kawasaki
Tokyo-Ariake

4000

Tokyo-Senjyu
Yokohama-Asahi

2000

Yokohama-Daikoku

0Tokyo-Kasumigaseki～2002.3

Ref: http://www.jhfc.jp/e/63～2003.3～2004.3～2005.3

Action 10: Examples of related actions/options
Biomass cellulose disassembly (Japan: RITE)
・Because
Beca se current
c rrent methods of converting
con erting biomass into fuelf el rely
rel on the sugarss gars and starches ofprecursors such as corn and sugarcane, production competes with food security→Because demand is so great, we must develop technology that utilizes the non-edible cellulosic
portions of biomass
Research into cellulose disassembly from comparatively low-lignin-content
low lignin content “softsoft biomass”
biomass
・Research(switchgrass and other crops, stems and leaves from corn and rice and other agricultural plant
waste, etc.)
・Research and development of technology that effectively utilizes microbes and enzymes tosaccharify cellulosic biomass; research into technology for fuel production
Example: Honda’s collaborative research into bioethanol conversion technology (in April 2007, Honda
built a pilot plant in their research facility and the practice run of a Flexible Fuel Vehicle usedbioethanol to drive is planned.
Saccharification

Soft biomass

Alcohol fermentation
H H| |HーCーCーOH｜ ｜H H

Cellulose（C6H10O5）nEnzyme reaction
Microorganism reaction

Ref: http://www.rite.or.jp/Japanese/labo/biseibutsu/01/01_top.html

64Action11:Labeling to Encourage Smart and Rational Choices

Ref:

65

Action11:Labeling to Encourage Smart and Rational Choices

Ref:

66

Action11:Labeling to Encourage Smart and Rational Choices

Ref:

67

Action 11: Examples of related actions/options
Systemization of Carbon Footprint (UK: BSI, Carbon Trust, Defra)・DevelopmentDlt off a ttechniqueh ibby whichhi h companies
i can estimate
ti t ththe GHG iimpactt off a ththeir
i products,
d t
including an extensive range of products and services applicable to the supply chain・Three guidelines are currently under consideration which would revise the current British Standard
PAS2050 in an effort to create a carbon footprint program. These should be decided on by the endof October
October.
・Apply to also to a global standard
c.f.International standardization of the “carbon footprint” under ISO
CO ：○○g2
from productmanufacturing
g

CO2

CO2
CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2
CO2
Ref: http://www.bsi-global.com/en/Standards-and-Publications/How-we-can-help-you/Professional-Standards-Service/PAS-2050/

68

CO2

Action 11: Examples of related actions/options
Smart Meter (Center Point Energy : USA)・Center
Center Point Energy is a company providing electrical power to the capital of Texas
Texas, and gas toneighboring states. Their combined gas and electric customers total 5 million (approx. 2 million electric, 3million gas).
・Approx. 10,000 customers received Smart Meters for a pilot program (with permission from theappropriate
pp p
regulatorygy agency)gy)・Development of the program includes developing the below in a customer portal (a website providing
information and services to customers)
・Meter maintenance (for the power company): Connection/cessation of power, remote meter reading,control of in-home appliances (cutting power in case of rationing)・CheckingCh ki amountt off power used,
d comparingi costs:
t Customers
C t
may reviewiththe pastt 12 months
th anddcheck power usage per week or per day, as well as comparing rates with other retailers.
・Usage analysis: Assessment of air conditioning costs (comparison with outside air; monthly comparisonspossible) automatic control of air conditioning temperature settings according to how much a customer
wants to pay
Optimization ofelectric power use

Meter-reading load reduction

Optimization of power supply
Peak control
Cost reduction

Improvements in saving

Reduction of CO2 emissions

Ref: http://www.centerpointenergy.com/home69
http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/materials/downloadfiles/g71101c04j.pdf

Cost reduction

Action 12:Low-Carbon Society Leader ship

Ref:

70

Action 12:Low-Carbon Society Leader ship

Ref:

71

Action 12:Low-Carbon Society Leader ship

Ref:

72

Action 12: Examples of related actions/options
Yale University’s sustainable campus （USA）
・Yale has in place programs to reduce its environmental burden, consume local goods, and promote
lateral societal improvement in order to promote the sustainability of its campus.
・Establishment of special offices and promotion of a school-wide program
・Implementation of programs unified with training the leaders of the future
・Goal of －10％ of 1990 levels of CO2 emissions on campus
・Programs being carried out that relate to low carbon society: direct implementation of renewableenergy, use of carbon offsets, adjustment of waste disposal policies, examination with the town of
local traffic policies, and others
・Network with other universities implementingp
g advanced pprogramsgEnhancingrenewable energy

Food security &sustainability

Chemical waste
management
Execution of plan that improves
campus sustainability througheducation
Reduction of CO2
emissions

Ref: http://www.yale.edu/sustainability/

Waste management& recycling

Transportation
policy73

Promote talents that
contribute to thesustainability of society