From choice, a world of possibilities,sx.sl whs;Ska ms<sn| (ie,iqï l< udmsh Ndjh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïfu,kfha m%ldYkh

Sexual rights: an IPPF declaration

ie,iqï l< udmsh Ndjh ms<ns | cd;Hka;r iïfu,kh(IPPF- International Planned parenthood Federation),sx.sl whs;Ska( IPPF m%ldYkh
mQ¾úldj
IPPF ish¨ udkj ysñlïj,úYajdis nj” tlsfklg ne£ we;s nj tlsfkl

u;u r|d mj;sk nj wd§ uQ,sxld. we;=<;a udkj ysñlï m%fõYhla ;=< ish wruqKq
imqrd .ekSug lem ù ys¢hs’ IPPF y÷kd .kakd mßÈ ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï hkq ish¨
fokdf.a ksoyi iudk;ajh yd f.!rjh úIhfhys odhl;ajh ,nd fok ,sx.sl;ajh ydne÷Kq j¾Okh jk ysñlï iuQyhls’,sx.sl whs;Ska ms<sn| IPPF m%ldYkh uQ,sl udkj ysñlï ms<sn| .súiqï yd fjk;atjeks f,aLk” tu cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska ms<sn| n,d;aul ks¾jpk” tajdhska m%lg jk
udkj ,sx.sl;ajhg wod< w;sf¾l ysñlï wdÈh tlaj ieliqKq tlls’ th 1993 tlai;acd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ms<sn| f,dal iuq¿j” 1994 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Okh yd
ck.ykh ms<ns | cd;Hka;r iuq¿j” 1995 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ldka;dj ms<sn| isõjk
cd;Hka;r iuq¿j” tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iyi%l ixj¾Ok wruqKq yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
iyi%l m%ldYkh wdÈh u.ska m%ldYs; f,aLk u; mokï j we;’ tfia u th tlai;acd;Skfa .a wdh;k .Kkdjl yd úfYaI ksfhdað;hkaf.a” úfYaIfhka u 2004 <Õd úhyels by<u fi!LH ;;ajhkag we;s whs;sh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug m;al,ksfhdað;hdf.aúfYaI

udkj ysñlï fldñiu fj; ,ndÿka jd¾;dj wdÈfha fidhd .ekSï”

fhdackd wdÈfhka o oekqj;a Ndjh ,nd we;’,sx.sl whs;Ska( IPPF m%ldYkh ,sx.sl yd m%ckl whs;Ska ms<sn| IPPF m%ldYh mßmQ¾K

njg m;a lrhs’ th ,sx.sl whs;Ska úia;rd;aul y÷kd .ekSu yd ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn|wka;¾.; oelaula i|yd iydh ùu wfmalaAId lrhs’ fuu oelau fjkia fldg
fkdie,lSfï miqìula ;=< ish¨ fokd úIhfhys mj;sk ,sx.sl iajdëk;ajhg we;s1

whs;sh yd ,sx.sl fi!LHh m%j¾Okhg we;s whs;sh wdrlaId lsÍug yd thg .re lsÍug
wfmalaId lrhs’

IPPF úiska ish¨ udkj whs;kS a l%hs dfõ fhoùu i|yd úfYaIs; jk uQ,lswhs;js dislula jYfhka” fi!LHh i,lkq ,nhs’ tfuka u ,sx.sl yd m%ckk fi!LHh
iEu wfhl=g u udkisl yd YdrSrl fi!LHfha <Õd úh yels by< u m%ñ;Sk”a úkaokhl< yels whs;Ska yd iïnkaê; uQ,sldx. f,i úYajdi lrkq ,nhs’ ,sx.sl whs;Skaf.ka
f;drj ,sx.sl fi!LHh <Õdlr .ekSu fyda mj;ajd f.k hd fkdyels kuq;a ,sx.sl
whs;Skag fi!LHh i|yd we;s ysñlïj,g jvd hula we;=<;a fõ’,sx.sl whs;Ska hkq mj;akd udkj whs;sjdislï ,sx.sl;ajh úIfhys fhdod .ekSfï
§ u;=jk iqúfYaIS kshuhka h’ whs;kS a úIhfhys ksoyi” iudk nj” fm!oa.,sl;ajh”
iajdëk;ajh” tald.%;dj ish¨ mqoa.,hkaf.a f.!rjh yd úfYaIfhka ,sx.sl;ajhg wod<
jk fndfyda cd;Hka;r wx.hkays y÷kd .efkk m%;sm;a;s we;=<;a fõ’ ,sx.sl whs;Ska hïhï wkkH;dj wdrlaId lsÍu wvx.= jk yd th blaujd hk m%fõYhla imhhs’ ,sx.sl
whs;Ska m%pKav;ajfhka” fjkia fldg ie,lSfuka fyda n,lsÍfuka f;dr j fuka uf.!rjkSh miqìul flfkl=g u ish ,sx.sl;ajh imqrd .ekSug yd m%ldY lsÍug bv,nd fok fldkafoais fj; m%fõYh we;s nj iy;sl lrkq ,nhs’,sx.sl;ajh hkq Ôú;h mqrd u ñksi;a nfõ m%Odk;u wx.hla jk w;r u”,sx.sl;ajhg u;= oelafjk ish¨ udk we;=<;a úh yels w;r tajd ish,a, u ieu úg uw;aolskafka fyda m%ldY jkafka ke;s nj IPPF y÷kd .kshs’ th ,sx.sl l%shdj ,sx.sl
wkkH;dj” ,sx.sl i;=g” ióm nj yd j¾.hd fnda lsÍu hk ish,a, we;=<;a” j¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk ixl,amhls’ th ilia ù we;af;a ffcj úoHd;aul” ufkda úoHd;aul”

iudchSh” wd¾Ól” foaYmd,ksl” ixialD;sl iodpdrd;aul” ffk;sl” fM;sydisl” wd.ñl
yd wOHd;añl lreKq iuQyhlsks’ ,sx.sl;ajh m%ldY flfrkqfha is;ús ,s” wdYdjka”
úYajdi” wdl,am” jákdlï” yeisÍï” mqreÿ yd in|;d ud¾.fhks’2

,sx.sl;ajfha fndfyda m%ldYk m%ckl fkdjk njg yd ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| f.da,Sh
wfndaOh j¾Okh jk njg IPPF fj; jegySula we;’ tfuka u” IPPF úiska ,sx.sl

whs;Ska m%ckl whs;Ska yd m%ckl fi!LHh úIfhys wka;¾.; fkdjk whs;Ska f,iiqúfYaIS f,i y÷kd .ekSfï wjYH;dj wjfndaO lr .ksh’s,sx.sl whs;Ska i|yd jk fldkafoais n,d;aul lsÍug lemùu u.ska” ck;djf.aksoyi” whs;kS a yd f.!rjh mQ¾K jYfhka u ;yjqre jk” úYaùh iudÔh yd
wka;¾cd;sl meje;au yd iduh yd iïm;a i|yd iudkd;au;dj i|yd jk foaYhS yd
f.da,Sh wr.,h i|yd jvd;a mq¿,a lemlsÍula imqrd .; yels nj IPPF y÷kd .kshs’

ixj¾Okh i|yd jk whs;sh ms<sn| mrdifhys msysgd ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï imqrd .ekSu

mqoa.,fhl=f.a flakaøSh njg w;HjYH jkafka ish¨ ukdj whs;Ska yd uQ,sl ksoyi

mQ¾K jYfhka u imqrd .; yels iudc” wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k j¾Okfha uQ,ls hd”
l%shdYS,S iyNd.sjkakd yd m%;s,dNshd ùu ksid h’
IPPF úYajdi lrkqfha whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£u i|yd jk ;;a;ajhka ks¾udKhlsÍu i|yd jeo.;a wx.hla” úYajdiSh ieliqï ixj¾Okh u; r|d mj;sk njhs’ tjka

ieliqï ;ks mqoa., m%;sld¾hhka yd iemhSu muKla fkdj” ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï lv ùui|yd mdol jk n,h” hk hdka;%Khka yg wNsfhda. l< hq;= h’ fuu úIh ms<sn|jfiajd iemhSu yd Wmfoia ,nd §fï W;aidyhka úIhfhys

n,mdkq we;s njg úYajdi

lrhs’
fï wdldrhg IPPF tys idudðl ixúOdkhka yg Sexual Rights : an IPPF

Declaration, f,aLkh tajdfha l%shdldrlï ;=<ska ,sx.sl whs;Ska .re lsÍu wdrlaId

lsÍu yd j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fukau Tjqkaf.a mj;akd m%;sm;a;s” Wml%u yd jevigyka

jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSug Wkkaÿ lrkq ,nhs’ Sexual Rights:an IPPF
Declaration, hkq uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ,sx.sl whs;Ska flfrys fhdod .ekSu ms<sn|
wjfndaO fldg .ekSu i|yd jQ iels,a,ls’ ix.ufhys ish¨ wxYhkays fuu iels,,a yd

tys uQ,O¾u ish l%hs dldrlï” fiajd yd jevigykaj,g ,sx.sl whs;Ska m%j¾Okh yd

3

/l.ekSfï W;aidyhla f,ig yd tajdfha mj;sk m%;sm;a;s yd Wmdh Wml%u Yla;su;alsÍfï yd jvd;a jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wka;¾.%yKh l< yels h’,sx.sl whs;Ska fjkia l< fkdyels yd fkdfnÈh yels udkj whs;Ska ms<sn| jQ
o¾Ykhla fjkqfjka IPPF lem ù isà’ flfia fj;;a th” m%{ma;sfhys wvx.= m%;sm;a;s yd

whs;Ska l%shd;aul lsÍfï ld,h” wdldrh yd m%udKh flfrys ta ta rgj, miqìu
n,mdkq we;s nj IPPF úiska y|qkd f.k we;’ tjeks ;;a;aj y÷kd .ekSug yd ta ms<sn|
j l%shd;aul ùug úfYaIs; l%shdud¾. l%shdfõ fhdojkq ,efí’fmdÿ uQ,O¾u
IPPF tys idudðl ixúOdk” m%{ma;fs ha wvx.= yd thg mdol jQ uQ,O¾u o we;=¿ix.ufha o¾Ykh” fufyjr” jákdlï flfrys lemjkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs’ fuu
uQ,O¾u m%{ma;sfhys” ,sx.sl whs;Ska hkq ,sx.sl;ajhg iïnkaO udkj whs;Skah” hkqfjka

we;s fldgfia úfYaIs; j olajd we;s ,sx.sl whs;Ska mQrKh m%j¾Okh yd wdrlaIdj
i|yd” ix.ufha ishM wxY úiska ixj¾ê; l%shdldrlï yd Wmdh Wml%u úIhfhys
oekqj;a úh hq;= h’

1 jeks uQ,O¾uh(,sx.sl;ajh iEu ñksil=f.a u mqoa., nfõ úfYaI;s wx.hls’ fï i|yd iEu
wfhl=f.a u ixj¾Okfha wx.hla f,ig ish¨ ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£u i|yd jk
hym;a mßirhla ks¾udKh l< hq;= h’,sx.sl;ajh iEu iudchl u iEu ukqIHhl=f.a u mqo.
a , nfõ úfYaI;s wx.hls’
tla tla mqoa.,hka wNHka;r yd ndysr idOl wkqj fjkia fjkia wdldrhg ish,sx.sl;ajh w;aú¢k w;r” ,sx.sl;ajh yd ne÷Kq udkj whs;Ska iq/lSu yd m%j¾Okh
iEu flfkl=f.a u iEu ;ekl § u ish ffoksl meje;afï wx.hla úh hq;= h’ ,sx.sl
4whs;Ska hkq ish¨ ñksiqkaf.a Wm;ska u odhdo jk ksoyi” f.!rjh yd iudkd;au;dj
u; mokï jQ úYaùh ñksia whs;js dislï h7’
È<s÷ nj hkq ,sx.sl fi!LH ySk ùu yd ,sx.sl;ajh mokï lr.;a wiudk;dj
yd fkdi,ld yeÍu i|yd fya;j= fuka u M,h o jkafka h’ jevigyka ilia lsÍfï §”ñksia whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£fï § yd my;afldg ie,lSfïos § È<s÷ nfõ ld¾hNdrhúfYaIfhka u ,sx.sl whs;Ska Wfoid tys n,mEu y÷kd .ksñka” È<s÷ nj yd fujeks
lreKq w;r we;s iyiïnkaO;dj ms<sn| i,ld ne,sh hq;= h’whqla;siy.;8 nj” wiudk;dj9” ia;%S mqreI nj ms<sn| widOdrK nj10” ia;%S mqreI
nj ms<ns | wiudk;dj11” iy whym;a fi!LHh hk lreKq” iyY%l ixj¾Ok wruqKqwdÈh u; mokï jk ´kE u ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s” jevigyka fyda ie,iqïj, § i,ldn,kq ,eìh hq;= h’ wfkl=;a

wruqKq w;r ie,iqïj,os ixj¾Ok wruqKq <Õd lr.ekSu - udkisl fi!LHh j¾Okh” <ore urK wkqmd;slh wvq lr .ekSu” ia;S% mqreI
iudk;ajh m%j¾Okh yd tÉ’whs’ù’ taâia ;;ajh md,kh lsÍu - ,sx.sl whs;Ska iq/lSu
yd ,sx.sl fi!LH fiajd i|yd mq¿,a m%fõYhla ie,iSu u; iDcqj u r|d mj;S’,sx.sl yd m%ckl whs;Ska ms<sn| m%ldYkh wkqj hñka IPPF ixj¾Okfha flakao%ShúIhh mqo.
a ,hd nj ;yjqre lrk w;r u wd¾Ól” iudÔh” ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl

ixj¾Okfha l%h
s dYS,S idOlhla njg m;aùu i|yd iEu mqoa.,hl= yg u ish¨ ,sx.sl

whs;Ska N=la;s ú£ug yels hym;a mßirhla f.dvke.Sfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .kS’,sx.sl;ajh hkq iEu l,ays u YÍrh” uki” foaYmd,kh” fi!LHh yd iudch yd ne÷Kq
udkj yd iudc Ôú;fha wx.hls’,sx.sl whs;Ska oDIaáuh jYfhka yd foaYmd,ksl fukau fm!oa.,sl j yd wd;aóh
j o n,mEï lrkq ,nhs’ ,sx.sl whs;Skays Ndj úIhl” iïnkaê; yd iyNd.s;ajuQ,O¾uh wvx.= w;r .eUqre f,i YdÍßl tald.%;dj yd iajhx wdêm;Hh iuÕiïnkaê; h’ ,sx.sl whs;Ska y÷kd .ekSfï § yd iqrlaIs; lsÍug lem ùfï §” f.!rjh”
wdrlaId yd fuu whs;kS a imqrd,Su fï ish¨ úIhj, yd uQ,O¾uj, wjOdkhg fhduq
úh hq;= nj IPPF

wdh;khjgyd .kakd w;r u tajd wfkla w;g ñksia
5

l%shdldrlïj, fmdÿ yd fm!oa.,sl wxYhkays l%shd yryd fhfok fM;sydisl l%shdodufha
fldgila o fõ’

2 jeks uQ,O¾uh(
jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq mqoa.,hkag iy;sl flfrk whs;Ska yd wdrlaIdj
jeäysáhkag ,efnkjdg jvd fjkia jk w;r u tu whs;kS a orejl= úIfhys l%h
s dfõfh§fï § orejdf.a úldYh jk YlH;d ie,ls,,a g Ndckh l< hq;= h’
IPPF úiska jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq mqoa.,hka flfrys iy;sl flfrk whs;Ska yd

wdrlaIdj” cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl kS;sfha mßoafoka” we;eï wjia:dj, § jeäysáhkaf.awhs;kS fa .ka fjkia jk nj wjfndaO lrkq ,nhs’ fï fjkialï udkj ysñlïjk ish¨
md¾Yjhka yd wod< jk kuqÿ ,sx.sl whs;Ska úIhfhys iqúfYaIS t<Uqï wjYHh’ IPPF
wdh;kh m%:ufhka wjqreÿ 18g wvq mqoa.,hka whs;js dislï orkakkah hk ks.ukfhka

yd <ore úh” <ud úh yd kjfh!jkh wd§ úúO ld, iSudjkaj, § we;eï whs;kS a ydwdrlaIdjka wvq fyda jvd;a jeä wod<;ajhla orkafka h” hk ks.ukfhka wdrïN lrhs’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sfhys 5 jeks j.ka;sh12 wkqj foudmshka fyda
fjk;a wh úiska orejd fjkqfjka j.lSfuka iemfhk uÕfmkaùï yd fhduq lsÍïish,a,u orejdg ;uka úiska ;uka Wfoid whs;Ska l%shdfõ fhdojd .ekSfï yelshdj
wksjd¾hfhka u ie,ls,,a g Ndckh l< hq;= h’ orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk YlH;d ms<ns |ixl,amhg” orejka mqrjeishka f,i f.!rjhg Ndckh ùfï whs;sh iys; ish Ôú;fhys
l%shdldÍ ksfhdað;hka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu yd iS>%fhka j¾Okh jk iajdëk;ajhla
iys; whs;js dislï orkakka jYfhka fuka u Tjqkfa .a wk;=rg ,laùfï iajNdjh wkqj
wdrlaId ùug whs;shla we;a;ka jYfhka o y÷kd .ekSu w;r iu;=,s; njla ;sìh hq;=
fõ’ fuu ixl,amhg wkqj orejka wka;%dodhl úh yels l%shdldrlïj,ska Tjqka wdrlaId
lsÍfï uÜgï Tjqkaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okhg wkql,+ j ySk jk nj y÷kd .efkhs’6fuhg wu;r j” yelshdj j¾Ok uQ,O¾uh orejka yg .re lsÍu” Tjqkfa .a.re;ajh ish¨ wdldrfha ysßyerj,ska wdrlaId ùug we;s whs;hs iïnkaO jk w;r u
Tjqkaf.a wdrlaIdj úIhfhys

Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh o y÷kd .efka’ iudchka úiska

orejkag Tjqkaf.a Wmßu YlH;d <Õd lr .ekSug yels tfuka u Tjqkaf.a iyNd.s;aj
yelshdjg Wmßu jYfhka .re;ajhla yd Tjqkaf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj,nd fok mßirhka f.dvke.sh hq;= h’orejkaf.a whs;sjdislï yd wfkl=;a hym;a foa w;r iïnkaOh md,kh flfrk
m%Odk uQ,O¾u lsysmhls’ jhi 18g wvq mqoa.,hka whs;sjdislï iys; wh f,i ie,lSu13
orejdf.a Wmßu hym;14” orejdf.a j¾Okh jk l=i,;d15” fjkia fldg fkdie,lSu16”
yd iM, nj <Õdlr .ekSu i|yd wjYH ;;a;ja hka iqrlaI;s lsÍfï j.lSu17 ta w;rfjhs’,sx.sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ikao¾Nfha §” fuu uQ,O¾u i|yd wod< orejdf.a yd
kj fh!jkhdf.a wjfndaOh” l%hs dldrlï” udkisl fyda YdÍßl fi!LH ;;a;ja h”
foudmshka yd wfkl=;a iïnkaê; md¾Yj yd we;s iïnkaOh” iïnkaê; msßi yd
mj;sk n, iïnkaOhka yd wdikak .eg¨fõ iajNdjh wd§ jYffhka jQ iqúfYaIS
ikao¾Nhka i,ld nef,k yd mßK;Ndjh úoyd oelaùu u.ska oekqj;a jQ ;ks mqo.
a ,m%fõYhla wjYH h’
3 jeks uQ,O¾u(
IPPF wjfndaO lr .kakd wdldrhg ish¨ udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okhg yd wdrlaId

lsÍug18 fjka fldg fkdie,lSfï m%;sm;a;s rduqjla wjYH h’ fuu fjkia fldg
fkdie,lsfï rduqj úiska ,sx.sl;ajh19” jhi20” ia;%S mqreI nj21” ia;%S mqreI wkkH;dj22”,sx.sl ÈYdNsuqL ùu23” újdyl wújdyl nj” ,sx.sl b;sydih fyda p¾hdj, wjHdc
Ndjh fyda jHdc Ndjh” ckj¾.h” j¾Kh” cd;sl;ajh” NdIdj” wd.u” foaYmd,k fyda
fjk;a woyia” cd;sl” N+f.da,Sh fyda iudÔh ;;aj” foam<” Wm;” YdÍßl fyda udkisl
ÿ¾j,;d” fi!LH ;;a;ja h ^ tÉ’whs’ù’ o we;=<;a j&” isú,a foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a ;;a;ja ”
wd§ jYfhka jQ ish¨ udkj whs;kS a yd uQ,lsksoyi foaYmd,k” wd¾Ól” iudc”
ixialD;sl” isú,a fyda fjk;a ´kEu lafIa;h% l § wfkl=;a wh iuÕ iu ;;a;ja hl
7N=la;s ú£u fyda l%shdfõ kexùu” y÷kd .ekSu ke;s lrk fyda ndod lsÍfï wruqK we;s´kE u ;;a;ja hla ;ykï lrkq ,nhs’,sx.sl whs;kS a úIhfhys fjkia f,i ie,lSu” ,sx.sl;ajh” jhi” ia;S% mqreI Ndjh”,sx.sl wkkH;dj” ,sx.sl ÈYdNsuLq ùu” újdyl wújdyl nj ,sx.sl b;sydih fyda
p¾hdj, jHdc nj fyda wjHdc nj, ,sx.sl mqreÿ fyda ,sx.sl ÈYdNsuqL ùu fya;= fldg
f.k ixialD;sl” foaYmd,ksl” wd¾Ól fyda iudchSh whs;Skag we;s wiudk m%fõYh”
fuka u mqoa.,fhl=g wka wh yd iudkj whs;Ska N=la;s ú£u iSud lrjk ,sx.sl fi!LH
fiajd” mQ¾K ,sx.sl wOHdmkh yd ,sx.sl ysxikfhka ñ§fï whs;sh wd§ jYfhka jQ ,sx.sl
whs;sjdislï wysñ lsÍu wd§ lreKq u.ska m%lg fjhs’
tla tla mqoa.,hka úiska Tjqkaf.a ,sx.sl whs;kS a imqrd .ekSfï § úúO ndOl
y÷kd .kq ,nhs’ mQ¾K iudkd;au;dj i|yd mqo.
a ,hkayg wfkl=;a wh iuÕ iuuÜgulska uQ,sl whs;Ska yd ksoyi N=la;s ú£u i|yd fuu ndOl bj;a lsÍu wjYH h’fuys § fldka lsÍug ,la jQ yd m%udKj;a f,i wjia:d fkd,enqKq lKavdhï i|ydúfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYH jkq we;’
4 jeks uQ,O¾uh(
flfkl= orejka ìys lsÍug fyda fkd lsÍug ;SrKh l< o” ,sx.sl;ajh yd thska
ckkh jk i;=g” ñksi;a nj ms<sn| jeo.;a u wx.hls’ ,sx.sl fi!LHh Ôú;h mqrd ume;sr mj;S’ ,sx.sl;ajh ish¨ u m%ckl ;SrKhkays uQ,sl

lreKls’ tfuka u th”

flfkl= orejka ìys lsÍu ms<sn| fyda fkdlsÍu i,ld ne,Su o” udkùh Ndjh ms<sn|
m%Odk;u wx.hls’,sx.sl;ajh hkq yqfola mqoa.,hkag ish m%ckk wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï ud¾.hla
muKla fkd fõ’ m%ckkfhka f;drj ,sx.sl;ajh m%ldYkfha yd w;aú£fï whs;sh yd,sx.sl;ajfhka f;drj m%cdkkh w;aú£fï whs;sh fM;sydisl fuka u j¾;udkfha tn÷
whs;shla w;afkdú¢ msßi ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrñka wdrlaId l< hq;= h’8ish¨ fokd u i;=goq dhl ,sx.sl;ajhla <Õd lr .ekSfï ;;a;ajhla i|yd ysñlï
,n;s’ i;=g mqoa., yd ne£ï ms<sn| iajdêm;Hh u; r|d mj;sk w;r ta i|yd ,sx.sl
wOHdmkh ms<sn| fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s ;sîu” fi!LH fiajd ;sîu” ysxikfhka yd n,y;aldrfha
ksoyi” fuka u hql;a hs ms<ns | lreKqj, § iodpdrd;aul úIh m:hla j¾Okh ùu”
iudkd;au;dj yd iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre l< hq;h= ’ i;=g ,sx.sl;ajfha ffki¾.sl
wx.hla fya;f= jka” th fidhd hdfï” l=uk wjia:djl th w;aú¢kafka o hkak ;SrKhlsÍfï yd m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= fj;ska Wÿrd fkd.; hq;= h
5 jeks uQ,O¾uh(
ish¨ fokd fj; ,sx.sl whs;Ska iqrlaIs; lsÍug ksoyi i|yd jk lemùu fuka
u ysxikfhka wdrlaId ùu o we;=<;a h’ish¨ wdldrfha ysßyerj,ska yd m%pKav;ajhg tfrys Wmfhdackh yd wdrlaId
ùfï whs;sh ,sx.sl whs;Ska úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,nhs26’ ,sx.sl;ajh iïnkaO ysßyerlsÍï úIhfhys YdÍßl” jdÑl” udkisl” wd¾Ól yd ,sx.sl iajNdjh ms<ns | ish¨
wdldrfha wmfhdackh yd ysxikh fukau mqoa.,hkaf.a ,sx.sl;ajh” jhi” ia;%S mqreI nj”
ia;S% mqreI wkkH;dj” ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh” újdyl wújdyl nj” ,sx.sl b;sydih fyda
p¾hdj” jHdc fyda wjHdc” ,sx.sl mqreÿ yd ,sx.sl;ajh m%ldY lsÍfï wdldrh wd§
jYfhka jQ lreKq wvx.= fjhs’ish¨ orefjda yd kj fh!jkfhda27 ish¨ wdldrfha iQrdlEïj,ska wdrlaId ùfïúfYaI whs;sh N=la;s ú£fï ysñlu ,n;s’ tys§” ,sx.sl iQrdlEfuka” <ud .Ksld
jD;a;sfhka yd ish¨ wdldrfha ,sx.sl wmfhdackfhka” orejl=g l=uk wdldrhl fyda
,sx.sl ld¾hhl fh§ug n, lsÍu yd orejka wiNH o¾Yk iy l%hs dldrlï i|yd
fhdod .ekSu we;=¿ ysxikh yd ysßyerj,ska wdrlaId ùu wh;a fjhs’
6 jk uQ,O¾uh(,sx.sl whs;Skays úIh m:h jkqfha wkHhkaf.a whs;Ska yd ksoyi ksis mßÈ
wdrlaId lsÍug thg ksis ia:dkh iy;sl lsÍula” m%cd;ka;%sl iudcfha fmdÿ hym;i|yd kS;sh u.ska ks¾Kh lr we;s iSudjkag wkql+,j;a muKS’
9udkj ysñlï kS;hs wkqj28 wfkl=;a udkj ysñlï fuka u ,sx.sl whs;Ska úIh
jkqfha m%cd;ka;%sl iudcfha fmdÿ hym; yd wkHhkaf.a whs;Ska yd ksoyi flfrys
f.!rjh yd ms<s.ekSu wdrlaId lsÍu29” fmdÿ fi!LHh yd fmdÿ meje;au iy;sl lsÍui|yd kS;sh u.ska ks¾Kh lr we;s iSudjkag muKS’ tu iSud fjkia fldg fkdi,lk
iq¨ w;HjYH hqla;s hqla; wruqKla <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd ilia jQjla úh hq;= h’,sx.sl whs;Ska l%shdfõ fhoùu” fm!oa.,sl yd iudc wruqKqj, .;sl in|;dj ms<sn|
wjfndaOh” o¾Ykhkays nyqúO nj ms<ns | meje;au y÷kd .ekSu iudkd;au;dj” f.!rjh”
o¾Ykhkays nyqúOnj meje;au ms<ns | y÷kd .ekSu yd iudkd;au;dj” f.!rjh yd
fjkialï ms<sn| .re lsÍu iy;sl lsÍfï wjYH;dj30 hk lreKq u; mokï úh hq;=h’
7 jk uQ,O¾uh(
ish¨ ,sx.sl whs;Ska yd ksoyig .re lsÍu” wdrlaId lsÍu yd iïmQ¾K lsÍui|yd jk ne£ug wh;a fõ’,sx.sl whs;Ska yd ksoyi úIhfhys uQ,sl kS;suh wjYH;d yd tu wjYH;d imqrd.ekSfï l%shdud¾. i|yd jk ud¾. o31 we;=<;a fjhs’ wfkl=;a udkj whs;Ska fukau
rdcHhka flfrys ia:r ;=kl ish¨ fokdf.a ,sx.sl whs;Skag .re lsÍug” wdrlaId
lsÍug yd tajd imqrd .ekSug32 j.lSï we;’.re lsÍu i|yd jk j.lSu hkq rdcHhka hïlsis whs;shla” tkï” ,sx.sl whs;Skaúkaokh lsÍu i|yd we;s whs;shg iDcq fyda jl% wdldrfhka n,mEï lsÍfuka je,lSu
h’ wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd we;s j.lSfï §” rdcHhka úiska ;=kajk md¾Yjhka udkj
whs;sjdislï iy;sl lsÍu flfrys n,mEï lsÍu je,elaùfï mshjr .kq ,eîu wjYH
fõ’ imqrd .ekSfï j.lSug” rdcHh úiska whs;sfha mQ¾K imqrd .ekSu i|yd33 iqÿiq
jHjia:dodhl” mßmd,kuh” uqo,auh” m%j¾Okd;aul iy wfkl=;a wjYH;d imqrkq ,eîuwh;a fõ’rdcHh ish foaYiSud ;=< udkj whs;Ska .re lsÍu” wdrlaId lsÍu yd imqrd .ekSu
ms<sn| uQ,sl j.lSï Odrlhd jk w;r u ish l%shdj,sh u.ska ,sx.sl whs;Ska úkaokh
10lsÍu ms<sn|j n,mEula we;s isú,a iudcfha wfkl=;a l%shdldßlhka o fï iïnkaOfhka
j.lsj hq;= h’ fï l%shdldßlhka w;rg wfkl=;a rdcH” foaY iSudka;r ixúOdk” wdOdr
yd ixj¾Ok iydh imhk jHdmD;s” wdrlaIl ie,iqï yd wfkl=;a iïnkaê; jHdmD;sfukau jdKscuh” ,dN fkd,nk yd wd.ñl wd§ jYfhka jQ rdcH fkdjk wxY yd ;ksmqoa.,hka o we;=<;a fõ’fï fya;=fjka rdcH” mqoa.,hl=f.a ,sx.sl whs;Ska W,a,x>kh lsÍfuka fyda n,mEïlsÍfuka je,lS isáh hq;=h” ;=kajk md¾Yjhka u.ska tu whs;Ska W,a,x>kh yd n,mEïlsÍfuka wdrlaId l< hq;= w;r ,sx.sl whs;Ska idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd jQ iïm;afjka lsÍu yd M,odhS iyNd.s;aj wdh;k f.dvkexùu we;=¿ idOkSh l%shdud¾. .;hq;= h’ IPPF ish YlH;d rduqj ;=< yss¢ñka u;= olafjk ,sx.sl whs;Ska .re lsÍu”
wdrlaId lsÍu yd imqrd,Su i|yd jk N+ñldfõ ukd f,i kshe,Sug ish¨ idudðl

ixúOdk Èßu;a lsÍug yd rdcHhkag ish jHjia:dodhl” mßmd,k” uQ,Huh yd wfkl=;am%;sm;a;Ska M, yd l%shdldrlï ;=< ish¨ ysñlï .re lsÍu” wdrlaId lsÍu yd imqrd,Sui|yd Wmfoia ,nd §ï isÿ lrkq ,nhs’,sx.sl whs;Ska ,sx.sl;ajh yd ne|qKq udkj whs;Ska h’
IPPF úiska ,sx.sl whs;Ska hkq udkj whs;Ska nj ;yjqre lrhs’ ,sx.sl whs;Ska

ilia ù we;af;a ish¨ fokdf.a ksoyig” iudkd;au;djg” fm!oa.,sl;ajhg” iajdêm;HHg”
mQ¾K;ajhg yd f.!rjhg we;s whs;Skaj,ska cks; jkakd jQ ,sx.sl;ajhg wod< ysñlï
iuQyhla u.sks’ fndfyda wka;¾cd;sl fuj,ï” Wmudk yd m%ñ;Ska ,sx.sl;ajhg wod<uQ,O¾u y÷kd .kshs’ ,sx.sl whs;Ska hkq mj;akd udkj ysñlï ,sx.sl;ajhg wod< l<úg u;=j tk iqúfYaIS Wmudkhla fõ’ ,sx.sl whs;Ska hï hï wkkH;d wdrlaId lrk
w;r u bka Tíng f.dia wfkl=;a whf.a whs;Skag .re lrñka yd fjkialï
fkdlsÍfï rduqjla ;=< ish¨ fokdf.a ,sx.sl;ajh m%ldY lsÍfï yd imqrd .ekSfï
wjia:d ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs’u;= oelafjk ,sx.sl whs;Ska uQ,sl yd fyd¢ka ia:dms; udkj whs;sjdislï
uQ,O¾u udkj ,sx.sl;aj úIh m:hg wod< lrhs’ tajdfha wod<;ajh È<s÷” fldka lrkq
11

,enQ” iudchSh jYfhka fjka lrkq ,enQ yd W!k fiajd,dNSky
a g úfYaI jeo.;alulaWiq,hs’
IPPF úYaùh nj” iyiïnkaO;dj” tlsfkld u; hemSu” fjka l< fkdyels nj;yjqre lrk fyhska fuu m%ldYkfhys u;= oelafjk ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï wvx.= lr

we;s wdldrfhys lsisÿ wkqms<sfj< iqúfYaIS njla fkdolajhs’ u;= oelafjk j.ka;sl%hs dfõ fhoùu tajdg uq,ks a we;s fmdÿ uQ,O¾u u.ska oekqj;a úh hq;= h’j.ka;sh 1 (iudkd;au;djg” kS;hs u.ska iudk j wdrlaIdj ,eîug yd ,sx.sl;ajh”,sx.sl;dj fyda ia;%S mqreI nj u; mokï j flfrk ish¨ wdldrfha fjkialïj,ska
ksoyi i|yd we;s whs;sh’ish¨ ukqIHfhda Wm;ska u ksoyia yd f.!rjh yd whs;sjdislï w;ska iudk jk
w;r34

kS;sh u.ska35 Tjqkaf.a ,sx.sl;dj” ,sx.sl;ajh fyda ia;%S mqreI nj u; mokï36

fjkia fldg ie,lSug tfrys j iudk wdrlaIdjla N=la;s ú¢;s’• ish,a,ka yg rch u.ska orkq ,nk mQ¾K whs;Skag iudk m%fõYhla we;s” tfia
u tajd N=la;s ú¢k mßirhla ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= h’ rdcHh yd isú,aiudch msßñkaf.a yd ldka;djkaf.a idïm%odhsl N+ñldj fyda ,sx.sl;ajhka” ia;%S
mqreI nj fyda ia;%S mqreI nfõ m%ldYkj, Wiia nj fyda my;a nj ms<sn| woyiu; mokï jQ iudc yd ixialD;sl mqreÿ fjkia lsÍu m%j¾Okh i|yd mshjr .;hq;= h’• ish,a,ka yg wOHdmkhg” fi!LHhg” iudc wdrlaIKhg yd wfkl=;a wd¾Ól”iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska i|yd fuka u tajd idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd
w;HjYH NdKav” fiajd myiqlï yd ;;a;ja hka lsiÿs f,ilskj
a ;a fjkialulg
Ndckh fkdfjñka ,nd .ekSu i|yd whs;hs la we;’• ish¨ fokd yg kS;us h yelshdj yd th l%hs dfõ fhoùu iudk wjia:d”.súiqïj,g t<öug yd foam, md,khg iudk whs;k
S a ;sìh hq;= w;r orejkaf.ayelshdjka j¾Okh ms<ns | kshñ; ie,ls,,afhduq lrñka ish¨ fokd
12wêlrKfha yd úksYp
a h iNdjkaj, mámdàkays ish¨ wjia:dj, § iudk f,ii,lkq ,eìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg ixp,kh ms<ns | yd mÈxÑh yd jdiia:dkh f;dard .ekSu ms<sn|kS;sh fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;dr j iudk whs;Ska ;sìh hq;= h’j.ka;hs 2 ( ,sx.s;ajh” ,sx.sl;dj fyda ia;%S mqreI nj ms<sn| fyda

fjkilska f;drj

ish¨ fokd yg u iyNd.s;ajh ms<sn| whs;sh’ish¨ mqo.
a ,fhda udkj Ôú;fha isú,a” wd¾Ól” iudÔh” ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl
wx. úIhfhys m%dfoaYSh” cd;sl l,dmSh yd wka;¾cd;sl uÜgïj, § l%shdldÍ” ksoyia yd
w¾:dkaú; iyNd.s;ajhla i|yd ysñlu ,nk w;r tu.ska udkj ysñlï yd uQ,slksoyi <Õd lr .; yels h’37
• ish¨ fokd yg ,sx.sl yd m%ckk fi!LHh we;=¿ j ish iqNidOkh38 ;yjqre
flfrk m%;sm;a;s ixj¾Okh lsÍfï yd l%shdfõ fhoùfï whs;sh ,nk w;r tys§ia;%S mqreI nj fyda ,sx.sl;aj idOlh u; jQ woyia fya;=fjka iyNd.s;ajh
j,lajk fyda fjka fldg ;nk mQ¾j ks.uk idïm%odhsl u;” ia;%S mqreI nj
ms<sn| fjkia fldg ie,lSfï Wmudkhka fyda újdyl wújdyl nj’ tÉ’ whs’ ù’;;a;ja hka3a 9 jeks fyda tfia fkdjk ndOl fkdmej;sh hq;= h’• ksrka;r fjka fldg ;eîug Ndckh jk nd,jhialrefjda ish iudchkays
fjkiaùï ms<ns | l%hs dj,sfha iyNd.sjkakka yd m%Odk N+ñld orkakka njg m;afj;s’ Tjqkg iyNd.s;ajh i|yd wd¾:dkaú; úêl%u mj;sk w;r ,sx.sl yd
m%cdkk fi!LHh40 yd whs;Ska wdrlaId lsÍu” m%j¾Okh yd imqrd .ekSu i|yd
jk m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixj¾Okfha § j.lSï orkq ,eìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd u lsiÿs wdldrhl fjkia lsÍulg Ndckh ùfuka f;dr j ;k;=reoeÍu” fmdÿ l%hs dldrlïj, ksr; ùu we;=¿ fmdÿ yd foaYmd,k Ôú;fha §iyNd.s ùfï yelshdj ,n;s’•iyNd.s;ja fha uQ,ls wx.hla jYfhka ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg ie,lSulska
f;dr j ixprKh i|yd yd ish ráka neyer hdug yd kej; taug fuka u13

ixprKh i|yd WmldÍ jk ,sms f,aLk i|yd we;s iudk m%fõYh o i|yd mj;sk
whs;sh N=la;s ú¢h yels h 41’
j.ka;hs 3(

Ôú;hg” ksoyig” fm!oa.,sl wdrlaIdjg yd YdÍßl

tald.%;djg we;s whs;sh’ish¨ fokd yg ish¨ wjia:dj, § fukau úfYaIfhka fjkia fldg ie,lSu ms<ns |hï wdldrhl ;ykï lrkq ,enQ wjia:djl § Ôú;hg” ksoyig whs;hs 42 fuka us ,nk w;rlDDr” wudkqIsl yd wmyid;aul ie,l=ïj,ska ksoyia j ys£fï43 whs;hm%pKav;ajfhka fyda n,lsÍfuka f;drj ish ,sx.sl;ajh l%shdfõ fhoùfï whs;sh o
we;’• ish¨ fokd yg Ôú;hg yd YdÍßl tald.%;dj i|yd44 whs;shla we;’ fuu whs;Ska
mjq,l f.!rjh’ fl,iSu msKi
s 45 wk;=rg fy,Su fyda ;¾ckhla f,i Ndú;lsÍu fkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= ff;sl fyda urKhlg fyda ffk;sl fyda YdÍßl o~qjulg ish,sx.sl p¾hdj fyda b;sydih” ia;%S mqreI wkkH;dj fyda m%ldYkh46 fya;=fjka
hula fkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ ldka;djlf.a Ôú;h” hï wdldrhl ldhsl fyda udkisl ;;a;ja hlafya;=fjka ffjoH m%;sldr m%;slafIam ùulska fyda weh orkakd jQ l<,h ms<sn|
fjk;a wh úiska lrkq ,nkakd jQ w.h lsÍï fya;=fjka fyda wk;=rg ,lafkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ

ldka;djlg

ish,sx.sl;ajh

l%shdfõ

fhoùfï

M,hla

jYfhkan,y;aldrfhka ud;D;ajhg oeÍug fhduq fkdl< hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg ia;%S ,sx.f–okh yd nd,jhialdr újdyh47 jeks wka;rdhldÍ
idïm%odhsl isß;aj,ska ksoyia j isàfï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg újdyh ;=<” újdyhg ndysrj .egqï mj;sk úg fyda r|jd ;nd.kakd wjia:dj, § ish¨ wdldrfha YdÍßl” jdÑl” udkisl fyda wd¾Ól
wmfhdackhka” ,sx.sl ysßyer fyda ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh” ¥IKh yd fjk;a wdldrfha,sx.sl n,y;aldrlï we;=¿ m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr j ys£fï whs;sh we;’14• ish¨ ,sx.hkag wh;a ,sx.sl Y%ñlhka48 we;=¿j ish¨ fokdyg kshudldrfha fydaújdyhg ndysr wkshï wdldrfha ,sx.sl l%shdldrlïj, § wmlS¾;Sh fyda
Tjqkaf.a” ,sx.sl;ajh fyda ia;%S mqreI nj ms<sn| fjkialï u; m%pKav;ajhg ,lafkdùfï ksoyi we;’• lsisÿ wfhl= tlÕ;ajh we;sj isÿjk ,sx.sl l%shd49 iïnkaOfhka ksrjoH fkdjQ
idjoH ks¾jpk wmrdO úêúOdk iïnkaO j w;a;fkdau;sl j r|jd .ekSul”
w;a;fkdau;sl fyda fjkia fldg ie,flk ;yxÑhlg fyda ,la fkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ mqoa.,fhl=f.a kshu fyda wdfrdams; ,sx.sl l%shd mqreÿ we;=<;a j ,sx.sl
f;dard .ekSï mqreÿ fyda m%ldYhka fya;=fjka m%pKav;ajh wmyrKh fyda ysßyer50
i|yd

jk

o~qjï

wvq

lsÍu”

o~qjïj,g

iudj

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fyda

tfia

lsÍu

idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu fyda fkdl< hq;= h’• ish¨ ixl%uKslhka yd ixl%uKsl fiajlhka” úfYaIfhka ,dnd,” ia;S% yd ,sx.d;r
ixl%uKslhka Tjqka fiajh lrk fyda Ôj;a jk rfÜ § Tjqkaf.a ,sx.sl yd ,sx.
m%ldYkh u; mokï jk YdÍßl ysxikfhka yd m%pKav;ajfhka wdrlaId ùug
fukau Tjqkf.a ,sx.sl fi!LH wdrlaId lsÍug yd ,sx.sl whs;Ska imqrd .ekSug
wjldY ;ssìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg rdcHfha l%shd ms<sfj;la fya;=fjka we;s jk fyda mqoa.,hl= oreKq.Kfha wmfhdackhdf.a51 .,jd .ekSug mshjr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a ùu wd§
jYfhka jk ,sx.;ajh” ,sx.sl;ajh” ,sx.sl wkkH;dj” ,sx.sl b;sydih fyda
a hka wd§ ljr lreKla u;yeisÍu fyda ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sfha fyda tÉ’whs’ù’52 ;;a;jfyda msysgd we;s jk ysxikfhka wdrlaId fiùfï whs;sh we;’j.ka;hs 4
ish¨ mqo.
a ,hkaf.a u ish fm!oa.,sl;ajh” mjq,” ksji” ,shlshú,s fyda ,sms
.kqfok5q 4 wdÈhg w;a;fkdau;sl f,i ueÈy;aùfuka je<lSfï whs;sh yd ,sx.sl
l%shdfõ fhoùug wjYH fm!oa.,sl;ajfha whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd ,sx.sl iajdëk;ajh i|yd whs;sh we;s w;r Tjqkaf.a ,sx.sl;ajh”,sx.sl p¾hdj yd ióm wdÈ;hd ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug yelsh’15• ish¨ fokd yg ,sx.sl fi!LH fiajd ms<sn|” ffjoH jd¾;d ms<sn| j yd fmdÿfõ
Tjqkf.a tÉ’whs’ù’ ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| j ryiHNdjh mj;ajd .ekSfï whs;sh fukau
fjka fldg ie,lSulska f;dr j55 yd bv we;s iSudjka iys; rduqjl ys|
w;a;fkdau;sl fy<sorjq lsÍï fyda tn÷ fy<slsÍï ms<sn| ;¾ckfhka .e,ùfï
whs;hs o we;’• ish¨ fokd yg ish ,sx.sl f;dard .ekSï” ,sx.sl b;sydih” ,sx.sl iylrejka yd
p¾hdjka yd wfkl=;a ,sx.sl;ajhg wod< lreKq ms<sn| j fy<sorjq lsÍu md,khlsÍfï whs;sh we;’j.ka;hs 5
ish,a,ka yg kS;sh bÈßfha ms<s.kq ,eîug yd ,sx.sl ksoyig whs;shla we;s w;r
thg mqoa.,hka yg ,sx.sl;ajh yd ine¢ lreKq úIfhys ksoyfia ;SrK .ekSug
yd tajd md,khg we;s ksoyi” ish ,sx.sl iylre f;dard .ekSfï ksoyi” ish
Wmßu ,sx.sl yelshdj yd i;=g w;aoelSu i|yd we;s ksoyi we;=<;a w;r tajd
fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï rduqjla ;=< wfkla whf.a whs;Skag yd <uhskaf.aj¾Okh jk YlH;djkag .re lsÍu ;=< úh hq;= h’• iEu wfhl=g u lsiÿs fjkialulg Ndckh fkdù iEu ia:dkhl u kS;hsbÈßfha ms<s.ekSug Ndckh ùfï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokdg fjkia fldg ie,lSulsk”a ysxikfhka fyda n,lsÍfuka f;dr j ish¨
whs;Ska yd ksoyi ieug iu j ú|.; yels iudc wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k;;a;ajhka iys; mßirhla ;=< iajdëk yd in|;duh ,sx.sl l%shdldrlï ydyeisÍï l%hs dfõ fhoùfï ksoyi we;’• lsisÿ mqoa.,fhl= wkque;sfhka we;s jQ ,sx.sl in|;d w;a;fkdau;sl f,i jrola
f,i i,lk kS;s u.ska jrolre fkdl< hq;= w;r ia;%s mqreI iudc Ndjh”,sx.sl;ajh fyda wkque;sfhka we;s jQ ,sx.sl lghq;= fyda yeisrSï mokï j
w;awvx.=jg fkd.; hq;= h’• w;a wvx.=fõ miqjk ish¨ fokd yg lsiÿs ;ykï lrk ,o fjkia fldg
ie,lSfï ;;ajhl msysgd isÿjk ysßyer lsÍfï wjodkug fyda wmfhdackhg ,lafkdùfï whs;sh we;’ w;awvx.=fõ miqjk ieu fokdyg u fldka lrkq ,eîfuka57
16

wdrlaId ùfï whs;hs fukau ksr;=re j ìß| fyda ieñhd úiska meñK uqK.efikq ,eîfï whs;sh o58 we;’• ish¨ mqoa.,hka yg58 wmrdOh u.ska we;s jk ysxikfhka ksoyia ùfï whs;shwe;’• lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= iajlSh leue;af;ka f;dr j ffjoH m¾fhaIKhlg fyda
l%shdoduhlg Ndckh fkdl< hq;= h’ lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= wdrlaIs; ,sx.sl m%ldYhla”,sx.sl ÈYdk;shla” ,sx.sl b;sydihla fyda p¾hdjla” kshu fyda wkshï ,sx.sl
wkkH;djla fyda m%ldYkhla fyda u; mokï j ffjoH mÍlaIKhlg NdckhlsÍu fyda wka;fkdau;sl ffjoHuh iSud lsÍug Ndckh fkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= ish ,sx. wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍfï ffk;sl wjYH;djla jYfhka
jkaOHlrKh” fydafudak m%;sl¾uh fyda ,sx.sl;ajh m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï ie;alu
fyda jYfhka lsiÿs ffjoHuh l%hs dj,shlg Ndckh ùug n,mZEï fkdl< hq;= h’tfuka u ish ,sx.sl;ajh” jhi” ,sx.sl wkkH;dj fyda ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh iÕjd.ekSug fyda m%;slafIam lsÍug n,mEï fkdl< hq;= h’• lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= ish iajhx ks¾Kh lrk ,o ,sx.sl wkkH;dj Wmamekakiy;slh” .uka n,m;%h” ue;sjrK f,aLk wdÈh we;=<;a jk yd tajdg muKla
iSud fkdjk wkkH;d f,aLkj, we;=<;a lsÍfuka je,elaùu fkdl< hq;= h’j.ka;hs 6is;ú
s ,af,a ksoyig” woyia oeÍfï yd m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyig yd wdY%h i|yd we;sksoyi
ish¨ fokd úIfhys uyck wdrlaIdj fyda uyck fi!LHh” fmdÿ .=KO¾u”
uyck meje;au wd§ fjkia fldg ie,flk ixl,am fyda lemS fmfkk
ixialD;sluh úYajdi fyda foaYmd,k o¾Yk u; mokï jQ w;a;fkdau;sl iSudfyda ueÈy;aùïj,ska f;dr j ,sx.sl;ajh” ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh” ,sx.sl wkkH;dj yd,sx.sl whs;Ska ms<sn| isysú,af,a ksoyi” woyia oeÍfï yd m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi;sìh hq;= h’59
• ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï yd orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk YlH;dflfrys .re lsÍfï rduqjla ;=< n,mEï lrkq ,eîulska f;drj woyia oeÍfï
17

whs;sh we;=¿ j is;sú,af,a ksoyi” yDo idlaIsfha ksoyi yd wd.ñl ksoyi60 ;sìhhq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg” úfYaIfhka u ldka;djka yg iSud lsÍulska f;dr j61 ish
wkkH;dj fyda mqo.
a , nj ‘’’ yeisÍu” we÷u” YdÍßl wx.,laIK” ku f;dard.ekSu” iy wfkl=;a ud¾.hkaf.ka m%ldY lsÍug whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg wkHhkaf.a whs;js dishlï yd orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk YlH;dj
i,lñka fjka fldg fkdi,lk rduqjla ;=< foaYiSud fkdi,ld ´kEu
kS;Hkql+, udOHhla u.ska udkj ysñlï” ,sx.sl whs;Ska” ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh” ,shd
wkkH;dj yd ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| ,nd .ekSug” fiùug yd fnod .ekSug whs;shwe;’• ish¨ fokdyg úúOdldrfhka iduldó /iaùfï yd weiqre lsÍfï62 ksoyi we;’
fuhg lKavdhï yd ixúOdk we;s lsÍfï” idudðl ùfï yd ia:dms; lsÍfï
whs;sh fukau ish¨ fokdf.a u whs;Ska yd ksoyi mQ¾K jYfhka ia:dms; flfrk
iudc meje;aula iys; rduqjla ;=< udkj ysñlï” ,sx.sl whs;Ska” ,sx.sl
ÈYdk;sh” ,sx. wkkH;dj” ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| .eg¨ ms<sn| woyia yd f;dr;=re´kE u udOHhla u.ska ixj¾Okh lsÍfï” yqjudre lr .ekSfï yd fnodyeÍfï
whs;hs we;’
j.ka;hs 7
fi!LHh i|yd yd úoHd;aul ÈhqKqfõ’ m%;sM, i|yd jk whs;sh’ish,q fokd yg YdrSrsl yd udkisl fi!LHfha63 <.Zdúh yels by< u ;;a;ajhka
N=la;s ú|Sfï whs;sh we;’ fuysoS fi!LHhg fya;= mdol jk;=re64 yd frda. je<elaùu
i|yd ,sx.sl fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSu ish¨ ,sx.sl .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd m%;sldrlsÍu we;=<;a h’• ish¨ fokd yg wkjYH .¾NkSNdjh j<lajd .ekSug yd tÉ’whs’ù’ taâia we;=¿ish¨ wdldrfha ,sx.sl j iïfm%aIKh jk frda. j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wdrlaIs;,sx.sl weiqr ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg ;uka Ôj;a jk ck iudcfha fmdÿ fi!LHh ms<ns | j jk kS;”sm%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ia:dmkh lsÍug iyNd.s ùfï whs;sh we;’18

• ish¨ fi!LHuh ueÈy;aùï fldka lrk ,o mqo.
a ,hka yd ck fldgiaj,
wjYH;djkag o ixfõ§ úh hq;= h’• ish¨ mqo.
a ,hka yg fi!LH yd fiajd i|yd fi!LH fiajd imhkakkaf.ayDoidlaIfs ha úfrdaOfhka65 ksoyia jQ m%fõYhla ;sìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg fi!LHh úIhfhys ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï” ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh”,sx.sl;ajh yd ,sx. wkkH;dj ms<sn| f;dr;=rej,g msúiSfï whs;sh we;s w;rúoHd;aul j,x.= m¾fhaIK yd idlaIs jk mokï jQ jvd;a fhda.H fi!LH
myiqlï ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh o we;’ ,sx.sl Y%ñlhka o we;=<;a j ish¨ fokdyg
wdrlaI;s
fiajd ;;a;ja hka” fi!LH fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu” iylrejka yd.kqfokqlrejka yd wdrlaIs; ,sx.sl weiqr b,a,d isàug wjYH iyfhda.h yd
wdrlaIdj ,eîfï whs;hs we;’• wú.egqïj,g ueÈ jQ yd n,y;aldrfhka tla;eka ùug ,la jQ ish¨ mqoa.,hka yg
mQ¾K ,sx.sl yd m%ckk fi!LH fiajdjka ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg úoHd;aul ÈhqKfq õ yd tys m%dfhda.l
s fhdod .ekSï66 ,sx.sl
whs;sjdislï yd ,sx.sl fi!LHh úIhfhys N=la;s ú£fï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;dr j yd wkHhka yd iu uÜgfuka
msysgd m%ckl fi!LH ;dlaIKh” fiajd fyda ffjoHuh ueÈy;aùï ,nd .ekSugfyda m%;slafIam lsÍug whs;sh we;’ fuu whs;sh i|yd jk jhi mdol jQ iSudfjkia fldg fkdie,lSu yd orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk yelshdjka ms<sn|m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, úh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;dr j wfkl=;a wh yd iu;;a;ajhl ys| úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj,g Ndckh ùug fyda th m%;slafIam lsÍug
fyda whs;sh we;’j.ka;sh 8
wOHdmkhg yd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug we;s whs;sh19

ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;dr j” fm!oa.,sl” fmdÿ yd
foaYmd,ksl mrsirhkays mQ¾K mqrjeisNdjh yd iudkd;au;dj l%hs dfõ fhoùug
Woõ jk yd wjYH jk mQ¾K ,sx.sl;aj wOHdmkh yd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yd
idudkH wOHdmkh yd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg fjkia fldg ie,lSu yd wmlS¾;sh ;=rka lsÍu b,lal fldg.;a” ;reKhka ish Ôú;fhys j.lSï ork oekqj;a msßila njg m;a lrk yd,sx.sl fi!LHh yd ,sx.sl wOHdmkh67 ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh ks¾Kh lsÍug iyNd.sùfuys,d n,jka;lrKh flfrk wOHdmkhla ,eîfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd” úfYaIfhka u ;reKhka yg mQ¾K ,sx.sl wOHdmk jevigyka iy,sx.sl;aj yd iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s i|yd odhl;ajh ,nd §fï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg jvd;a Yla;us ;a yd jvd;a idOdrK jQ iïnkaO;djka ,nd .ekSu
i|yd jk l=i,;d yd l%ufõo j¾Okh lr .ekSfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg cd;sl foaY iSud ms<sn| ie,lSulska f;drj” ,sx.sl;ajh” ,sx.sl
whs;Ska yd ,sx.sl fi!LH jeä ÈhqKq flfrk idïm%odhsl yd idïm%odhsl fkdjk
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï whs;hs we;s w;r úfYaIfhka u ;reK mrmqr fj;,sx.sl;ajg wkql+, fkdjk Ôú; ms<sn| yd ,sx.sl in|;dj,g wod< f;dr;=re,nd .ekSfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg ,sx.sl yd m%ckl fi!LH ;yjqre lr .ekSfï l%u yd ljod”
fldfya” ld iuÕ ,sx.sl in|lï mj;ajkafka o iy ,sx.sl p¾hdj m%ckl68 njg
m;ajkafka l=uk úg § o hkak we;=¿ j m%cdj” mdi, yd fi!LH fiajd,ndfokakka mdol f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYhla ;sìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg ish ,sx.sl yd m%ckl Ôú;h ms<ns | .kakd ,nk ´kE u;SrKhla mQ¾K” ksoyia yd oekqj;aNdjhlska hq;a leue;a;lska69 .kakd nj;yjqre lr .ekSug m%udKj;a wOHdmkhla ,eîfï whs;sh we;’j.ka;hs 920újdy ùug fyda fkdùug fyda mjq,la we;s lr .ekSug fyda ie,iqï lsÍug ydflÈkl” flfia orejka ,nkafka o” tfia;a fkdue;s kï orejka fkd,nkafka ohkak ;SrKh lsÍfï whs;hs we;’
ish¨ fokd yg újdy jkafka o fkdjkafka o hkak f;dard .ekSug” mjq,laie,iqï lrkafka o” we;s lr .kafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug” orejka ,nkafka ohkak ;SrKh lsÍug” orejka w;r mr;rh” orejka ixLHdj ;SrKhg” ksoyfia
yd j.lSu iys; j újdyh70 m%;sm;a;s yd kS;s u.ska fyda mrïmrdfjka ks¾jpkh
fkdjk iajrEmhla o we;=¿ mjq, hkafkys úúO;ajh ms<.
s efkk rduqjla ;=<whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk yelshdjkag ksi;
s ek ,nd foñka yd
fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï rduqjl ys¢ñka ish¨ fokd úIhfhys msyg
s k újdyhg
fyda fjk;a tjeks in|;dj,g mQ¾K leue;a; iys; j yd ksoyia t<öug whs;shwe;’• ish¨ fokd yg mrïmrdkq.; fyda újdyh u.Ska ks¾jpkh fkdlrk ,o iajrEm
o we;=<;a j” ;uka f;dard f.k we;s mjq,a iajrEmh fkdi,ld /lshd kshqla;sh”
ixl%uKh wd§ jYfhka jQ iudc iqnidOk iy wfkl=;a fmdÿ m%;,s dN ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd Tjqka yg orejka ,nkafka o keoao hkak ;SrKh lsÍug tfia
,nkafka kï l=uk l,l § o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug yd Tjqkaf.a orejka ixLHdj
yd orejka w;r mr;rh j.lSï iys; j ksoyfia ;SrKh lsÍug wjYH
f;dr;=re” wOHdmkh yd l%ufõo fj; m%fõY ùug whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg hym; fyda yod.;a orejka ,eîug fyda fkd,eîug we;s whs;hs ”
fukau wdrlaId iys;” M,odhs” ms<s.; yels yd oeßh yels ñ,la we;s iM, nj,eîfï l%ufõo m%ckk ;dlaIKh yd m%;ls dr ,eîfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg újdyl wújdyl nj fkdi,ld yd fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï
rduqjla ;=< orejkaf.a j¾Okh jk YlH;d o i,lñka m%ckk ld¾hhu|

ire nj iy .¾NkS nj j,lajd .ekSu ms<ns | WmfoaYkh yd wfkl=;a fiajd ,nd.ekSug whs;shla we;’21

• ish¨ ldka;djka yg myiq oeßh yels” ms<s.; yels f,i m%ckk fi!LH
wdrlaIdj” wdrlaIs; ud;DNdjh yd wdrlaIs; .íidj ,nd .ekSug whs;sh we;’• ish¨ fokd yg orejka orelug ,nd .ekSu” wdrlaIdj ,nd §u yd Ndrldr;ajhoeÍu ms<sn| j fyda cd;sl uÜgfï kS;s.; jQ by; lreKq iïnkaO wdh;kúIhfhys fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï rduqjla ;=< tl yd iudk j.lSï yd
whs;sh we;’ ish¨ lreKqj, § orejka úIhfhys Wmßu uQ,sl;ajh ,nd Èh hq;=h’j.ka;sh 10j.ùu yd m%;sidOkh ms<sn| whs;shish¨ fokd yg M,odhs m%udKj;a” iqÿiq” wOHdmk” jHjia:duh yd wfkl=;a ms<shï;yjqre flfrk mßÈ ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| rdcldÍuh j.lSï orkakkaúiska j.úh hq;= njg b,a,d isàfï whs;sh we;’ fï i|yd ,sx.sl whs;Ska l%shdfõ
fhoùu kshdukh yd m%;is xia:dmkh” jkaÈ f.ùu” mqkre;a:dmkh” ;Dma;su;a njgmeñKùu” mqkreÉPdrKh je,elaùu yd fjk;a tjeks l%h
s dud¾.72 we;=¿ ,sx.sl
whs;k
S a lvùu je,elaùug mshjr .ekSfï m%fõYh ,eîu wdÈh we;=<;a fõ• rdcHh úiska ,sx.sl whs;Ska ;yjqre lsÍu ms<sn| ish ne£ug j.lsjhq;=
wdh;khkays ia:dms; lrkq ,eìh hq;= h’• ish¨ fokd yg wú.egqïj, o úfYaIfhka u” ,sx.sl yd ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn|
m%pKav;ajh úIhfhys m%;sidOkh yd j.ùu ms<sn| M,odhs hdka;%Khla fj;
m%fõY ùfï whs;hs we;’• ish¨ fokd yg ish ,sx.sl whs;Ska lvùu ms<sn| m%;sl¾u yd wdrlaIs;m%;sidOkh ,nd .ekSu msKsi fya;=jk f;dr;=re yd Woõ ,nd .ekSug whs;shlawe;’• ish¨ fokd yg rdcH fkdjk wxYj, l%shdldrlï fyda meyer yeÍï fya;=fjka
ish ,sx.sl whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£fï § we;s jk M, úmdl ms<sn| j.lshkq,eîfï whs;sh we;’ thg ´kE u ,sx.sl whs;Ska lvùul § m%;sl¾u fiùfï
yelshdj yd m%;is dOkh o we;=<;a h’

22• rdcHhka úiska ;=kajeks md¾Yj u.ska isÿjk wkHhkaf.a ,sx.sl whs;Ska
W,a,x>kh je,elaùug mshjr .kq ,eìh hq;= h’
IPPF ish yelshdjka ;=< msysgd ish idudðl ixúOdk ,sx.sl whs;Ska ms<sn| fmkS isàug

ish fiajdodhlhka uq,fa ldg .;a fjkia fldg fkdi,lk mßÈ ,sx.sl fi!LH myiqlï
,nd§ug” mQ¾K ,sx.sl;aj wOHdmkhla yd f;dr;=re ,nd §ug yd fuu m%ldYkfha

wka;¾.; uQ,O¾u yd ,sx.sl whs;kS ga wkql,+ jk f,i ish ld¾h uKav,j,g yd
jHdmD;s jevigykaj,g iyNd.s jk whg ie,lSug wjYH ;dlaIKsl iyfhda.;
S dj
ie,iSu” YlH;d j¾Okh yd uQ,Huh wdOdr iemhSu we;=¿ ish¨ foa lsÍug lemù isáhs’
fuu igyka u.ska ,sx.sl whs;Ska( IPPF m%ldYkfhka i|yd mdol jk uQ,O¾u ydysñlïj,g mdol uQ,dY% y÷kd .efka’ fuu uQ,dY%j,g wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï
ms<sn| yr f,aLk yd wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;s ms<sn| n,dêldÍ ks¾jpk we;=<;a h; tfuka

u wm úiska m%Odk wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;Skays we;=<;a njg IPPF wdh;kh úYajdi lrk

w;sf¾l ysñlï úIhfhys iydh jk uQ,dY% o we;=<;a lrkq ,en we;’ fuu uQ,dY%j,g

cd;sl rdcHj, kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s” cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úoaj;=ka úiska

m%ldYs; lreKq” wkqoekSï yd IPPF idudðl ixúOdk úiska l%hs d;aul lrk ,ol%shdud¾. o we;=<;a h’

http://www.ippf.org/en/Resources/Statements/IPPF+Charter+on+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Rights.htm

1995 ,sx.sl yd m%ckl whs;Ska ms<sn| m%{ma;sfha iïmQ¾K f,aLkh fuu wka;¾cd,
wvúfha we;’
http://www.ohchr.org

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj whs;sjdislï wdh;kj, jd¾;d yd wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;Ska ms<sn|fndfyda f,aLk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ms<sn| uyflduidßia ld¾hd,fha fjí
wvúfhka ,nd.; yelsh’ http://www.ohcir.org,sx.sl whs;sjdislï yd ,sx.sl fi!LHh ms<sn| iïmQ¾K úia;rhla i|yd(
http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/gender/sexualhealth.htm#4

23

,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh yd ,sx. wkkH;dj úIhfhys wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï kS;sh l%shdfõ
fhoùu ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| iïmQ¾K f,aLkh’ ^yogyakarta Principles) (2007)
my; fjí wvúfhka ,nd.; yel’ http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org
1’

udkj ysñlï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl mk;

udkj ysñlï ms<ns | úYaj m%ldYkh ^&isú,a whs;Ska yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl .súiqu ^& yd
tys ffjl,ams; uq,a flgqïm;a fol
wd¾:sl iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl .súiqu’m%Odk wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï wdh;k yd tajdfha kshduk tallil,úO jd¾.sl fldka lsÍu msgqoelSu i|yd jk wka;¾cd;sl m%{ma;sh^ICERD&kshduk tallh ^CERD)
ldka;djkag tfrys úúO fldkalsÍï msgqoelSu i|yd jk m%{ma;sh ^CEDAW&
kshduk tallh CEDAW yd tys ffjl,ams; flgqïm;’ysxidj yd lDDr” wudkqIsl fyda wjuka iys; ie,ls,sj,g tfrys m%{ma;sh ^CAT&
kshduk tallh ( CAT yd tys ffjl,ams; flgqïm;’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh ^CRC& yd tys ffjl,ams; flgqïm;a 2’
kshduk tallh (ish¨

ixl%uKsl

fiajlhkayd

Tjqkaf.a

mjq,aj,iqrlaIs;Ndjh

ms<sn|

wka;¾cd;sl m%{ma;sh ^CMW&
kshduk tallh ^MW&
wdndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a whs;sh i|yd jk m%{ma;sh ^n,iys; jQ Èkh( 2008 uehs
3&24

n,y;aldrfhka w;=reoyka lrùfuka ish¨ fokd wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jk
m%;s{dj ^2008 uehs isg n,d;aul ke;&’
uQ,l
s

udkj

whs;j
s dislï

,shú,sj,g

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j

kS;u
s h

jYfhkafkdne÷fKa jqjo rdcHhka fj; ish yeisÍu ms<sn| uÕ fmkajk yd m%;slafIam
fkdl< yels iodpdrd;aul n,hla jk wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï ,shú,s.Kkdjla we;’ tajd kï(úhdkd m%ldYkh yd l%h
s d;aul lsÍfï jevigyk
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iyY%l m%ldYkh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ldka;djkag tfrys ysxikh msgqoelSu ms<sn| m%ldYkh
ixj¾Okhg we;s whs;sh ms<sn| m%ldYkhújdyhg leue;a;” újdyh i|yd yd újdyh ,shdmÈxÑh i|yd wju jhi ms<ns |m%{ma;shtÉ’whs’ù’ taâia je,lSu i|yd lemùu
2’CESR lñgqj olajk wdldrhg fi!LHh i|yd we;s whs;sh flfkl=f.a fi!LH

yd YÍrh ms<sn| j ;SrKh lsÍfï whs;sh” ,sx.sl yd m%ckl ksoyi we;=¿

lreKqj,ska iukaú; fjhs’ wd¾Ól” iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| lñgqj(fmdÿ m%ldYh 14 ( ,nd.; yels by< u fi!LH ;;a;ajhka <Õd lr .ekSfï
whs;sh;a t’ c’ f,aLkh EIC 12$2004$4 11 200 wf.dai;a =3’

udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdfõ 60 jeks ieishg bÈßm;a flreKq fi!LHh i|yd

we;s whs;sh ms<sn| j úfYaI ieisfha jd¾;dj” t’cd’ f,aLkh EIC 12$2004$49 ^2004&
4’,sx.sl;ajh iudc yd mqoa.,Ndjhka w;rueo ,laIhl msysgd we;s w;r th

foaYSh yd wka;¾ l%shdj,shlska u;=fõ’
5’fi!LHhg we;s whs;sh ms<sn| úfYaI ieisfha jd¾;dj E/CN.4/ 2004$49 ^2004&

25

6’

tjeks wjia:d y÷kd .ekSfï l%hs d ms<fs j, idudðl ixúOdk úiska rgl kS;hs owe;=<;a j Tjqkaf.a rgj, ixo¾Nhg wod< jQ úfYaIs; lreKq fya;=fjka
Wmdud¾.sl rduqfõ ish¨ b,lal m%udKhg jvd wvq m%udKhla l%hs dfõ fhoùu
yd iudk h’ idudðl ixúOdkh u.ska tys§ rg ms<ns | ú.%yd;aul úYaf,aIKhla
u.ska ;;aj jd¾;djla ilia lrkq ,nk w;r l,dmSh wOHlaI$ l,dmSh úOdhl
lñgqj iuÕ .súiqulg t<fUkq ,nhs’
7’n,kak P’ Ilkkaracan S. Jolly, Gender and Sexuality: Overview Report(Bridge Institute for Development Studies, 2007)
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports-gend-CEP.html#Sexuality
8’

idOdrK;ajh hkq j.lSï yd m%;,s dN fn§hdfï we;s idOdrK nj hs’ ,sx.

idOdrK;ajh hk ixl,amh úiska ñksik
q a yd .eyekqka yg fjkia jQ Wjukdtmdlï yd n,;, we;s nj;a tu fjkialï y÷kd .ekSu yd wduka;K% h” ia;S%mqreI nj w;r wiu;=,s; nj igyka flfrk whqßka l< hq;= nj;a y÷kd .kq,nhs’
9’iudkd;au;dj hkq fiajd i|yd m%fõY ùfï §” iïm;a yd m%;,s dN fn§ hdfï §yd wjia:d ie,iSfï § fjka fldg ie,lSu;a fkdue;s ùu hs’
10’ia;S% mqreI idOdrK;ajh hkq ñksik
q a yd .eyekqka w;r wjYH;d fjk;awjia:dj, § iïm;a yd Wmfhda.ls wjOdkh tu wjYH;dj,g iudkqmd;sl úhhq;= ùu” iudk wjia:d iqrlaIs; úh hq;= ùu yd wjYH úg § m%;sM,j,iudk;ajh we;s lsÍu msKis fjkia wjOdkhla yd ie,ls,,a la fhduq l< hq;=ùu yd fM;sydisl j ldka;dj úiska w;aú¢k ,o wjdis m%;is dOkh hs’
11’ia;%S mqreI iudk;ajh hkq ñksh yels ia;%S yd mqreI tl iudk ksfhdackhls’

ia;%S mqreI iudk;ajh ia;%Ska yd mqreIhska tl yd iudk njg woyia fkdlrk
w;r Tjqka iudk jákdlï ork w;r tl yd iudk f,i i,lkq ,eìh hq;=nj woyia lrhs’ ia;S% mqreI iudk nj hkq” n,h yd n,mEï fn§ hdfï § iudkf,i isÿ ùu” iudk wjia:d ,eîu” fiajh fyda wdodhï bmhSï úIhfhys rdcH
26

fukau fm!oa.,sl wxYfha § o iudk whs;kS a ,eîu” .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla
iudkj ,eîu yd YlH;d j¾Okh i|yd wjia:d ,eîu” ish mQ¾K YlH;dj
j¾Okhg wjia:d ,eîu” mjq, ;=<” iudch ;=< iïm;a yd fiajd i|yd iu
m%fõYhla ,eîu” yd kS;hs bÈßfha yd m%;ms ;a;s úIhfhys iudk f,i i,lkq,eîu i|yd ia;%Skag yd mqreIhka yels ùu h’ ia;%S mqreI iudk;ajh hkq ia;%Ska yd
mqreIhka iudk ùu fkdjk w;r th Tjqkfa .a whs;kS ”a j.lSï yd wjia:djka,sx.sl;ajh u; mokï fkdùu h’
12’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 5( wkqj ish¨ md¾Yjhka úiska

foudmshkaf.a fyda wod< jk wjia:dj, § úia;D; mjq,a idudðlhkaf.a fyda iudc
pdß;% úêj,g wkqj ie,fik mßÈ kS;fs hka ksYÑa ; Ndrlrejkaf.a fyda kS;fs hka
orejkaf.a Ndrldr;ajh ,nk mqo.
a ,hka i;= j¾;udk m%{ma;sh u.ska y÷kd.efkk <ud whs;sjdislï imqrd,Su úIfhys we;s j.lSï” hq;=lï yd whs;Ska .re
fldg i,lkq ,efí’ www.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm
13’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh ksYaÑ; lrk mßÈ whs;sjdislï ysñjkafka

jhi wjqreÿ 18g whg h’ wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha j¾;udk Ndú;hg wkqj jhi
wjqreÿ 18g wvq iEu ukqIH cSúfhl= <ufhla fõ’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh j¾;udk m%{ma;sfha ld¾hhka i|yd
<ufhla hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka <uhskag wod< kS;sh u.ska mQ¾jfhys

nyq;rhúiska olajd fkdue;s kï jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq ´kEu ukqIH Ôúfhl= h’
14’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 3( ^1& <uhska yd iïnkaO ish¨

l%shdjkays §” tajd l%shdjg k.kqfha rdcH fyda mqoa.,sl iqnidOk wdh;kwëlaIKh” mßmd,k fyda jHjia:dms; wdh;k u.ska jqj o uQ,l
s i,ld ne,Suúh hq;af;a <uhskaf.a mQ¾K hym; h’ ^2& <uhskaf.a hym; i|yd wjYH jk;dla wdrlaIdj yd md,kh ;yjqre lsÍug j.lSu ,nk md¾Yj úiska <uhdf.a
foudmshka” kS;Hdkql+, Ndrlrejka fyda <uhdf.a j.lSu ork fjk;a kS;Hdkql+,
mqo.
a ,hkaf.a j.lSï yd whs;Ska ie,ls,a,g .ksñka WÑ; ish¨ mßmd,kuh yd
jHjia:duh mshjr .kq ,efí’^3& wkqj <uhdf.a wdrlaIdj yd md,kh ms<ns |27

j.lSu ork wdh;k” fiajd yd myiqlï úfYaIfhka u wdrlaIdj” fi!LH fiajl
ixLHd yd fiajl fhda.H;dj fuka u ksis iqmßlaIdj o ms<sn|j ksis n,OdÍka
úiska ks¾ñ; ;;ajhkag wkql+, j mj;ajd .; hq;= h’
15’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 5( wkqj foudmshka” fyda wod<

wjia:djkays § foaYSh pdß;% u.ska olajd we;s mßÈ úia;D; mjqf,a idudðlhdf.a
ck fldÜGdifha idudðlhka” kS;Hdkql+, Ndrlrejka fyda <uhd ms<ns |kS;Hdkql+, j.lSu we;s mqoa.,hka fyda úIhfhys <uhskaf.a j¾Okh jk
YlH;dj,g wkql+, j yd j;auka m%{ma;sfha y÷kd .;a <uhdf.a whs;Ska l%shdfõ
fh§ug oelafjk fmfoia yd uÕfmkaùïj,g wkqj we;s whs;kS a yd j.lSï ish¨
md¾Yj úiska lrkq ,eìh hq;= h’
16’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 2’1( wkqj ish¨ md¾Yj <uhdf.a

fyda foudmshkaf.a fyda kS;Hdkql+, Ndrlrejdf.a ckj¾.h” j¾Kh” ,sx.sl;ajh”
Ndidj” wd.u” foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a woyia cd;sl” cd;sl;aj fyda iudc iïNjh”
foam,” wdndê; ;;ajh” Wm; fyda fjk;a ;;ajhka uq,a fldg.;a lsis÷
fjkialulg Ndckh fkdlr iEu <uhl= úIhfhys kS;us h iSudj ;=< j;aukam%{ma;sh u.ska olajd we;s whs;Ska ;yjqre l< hq;= yd tajdg .re l< hq;= h’17’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 6’2( wkqj md¾Yj <uhdf.a

ixj¾Ok yd Ôj;a ùu yels Wmßu whqßka ;yjqre l< hq;= h’18’fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï rduqj fuu f,aLkfha oelafjk fjkia fldg ie,lSu

ms<sn| ish¨ igykaj,g wod< h’
19’,sx.sl;ajh hkqfjka oelafjkafka ñksiqka ia;%S fyda mqreI hkqfjka ks¾Kh

flfrk ffcj úoHd;aul ,laIK wkqj h’ fuu ffcj úoHd;aul ,laIK”
foj¾.hgu wh;a ,laIK iys; mqoa.,fhda o ys¢k neúka” wfkHdkH jYfhka
iSud fkdjk w;r” ñksik
q a ia;S% mqreI jYfhka fjka lrhs’

28

20

’fuu m%{ma;hs 2 jk uQ,O¾uh n,kak’ jhi wkqj fjkia fldg ie,lSu

jeäysá whg o tl fia wod< h’
wd¾Ól” iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;hs ” j.ka;hs 2’2(
j¾;udk iïuq;hs g wod< ish¨ md¾Yj j;auka iïuq;fs hka olajd we;s ish¨
whs;Ska lsis÷ wdldrhl ck j¾.h” j¾Kh” ,sx.sl;ajh” NdIdj” wd.u” foaYmd,kfyda fjk;a u;jdo” cd;sl fyda iudchSh iïNdjh” foam,” Wm; fyda fjk;a;;a;ja hka u; mokï jQ fjkia lsÍulg Ndckh fkdlr l%hs dfõ fhoùu
iy;sl l< hq;= h’
21’,sx.sl;ajh hkq hï ld,hl § ia;%S fyda mqreI ùu ms<sn| j we;s iudÔh”

ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól wdl,amh’
22’,sx.sl wkkH;dj hkq ia;%S fyda mqreI nj ms<sn| hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a wNHka;r

wd;audjfndaOh h’
23’,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh hkq iajlSh ,sx.slhka” úreoaO ,sx.slhka fyda foj¾.h flfrys

u we;s jk m%d:ñl ,sx.sl wdl¾IKh hs’
24’ish¨ lafIa;% yd ckj¾.h” ,sx.sl;ajh yd ,sx.;ajh iïnkaO ikao¾Nhkays

jd¾.sl fjkia fldg ie,lSfï oekg mj;sk yd wruqKq iys; wdldrhkag wod<
fjkia fldg fkdie,lSfï cd;Hka;r kS;sfha w¾:l:k ms<sn| WodyrK i|ydudkj ysñlï lñgqfõ wxl 18 fjkia fldg fkdie,lSu’ ^Non-discrimination&
uefhka jQ fmdÿ m%ldYh n,kak’
UNDOC. HRI/GEN/1 Rev.6at 146, 2003

tfia u ish¨ j¾.fha jd¾.sl fjkia fldg ie,lSï msgq oelSu i|yd jk lñgqfõ
jd¾.sl fjkiafldg ie,lSfï ,sx.;ajh mokï jQ udkhka ^Gender-related
dimensions of racial discrimination& uefhka jQ 25 jk fmdÿ WmfoaYh on,kak’ UN/DOC A/55/18,2000.

25’

CLADEM m%ldYh ^,sÅ; yd m%ckl whs;Ska ms<sn| m%{ma;shla i|yd jQ

jHdmdrh 2006 Tlaf;dan¾& ms’ 26’
http://www.convencion.org.uy

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l,dmSh wêlrKhla u.ska ,sx.sl ysßyerhg tfrys j l,lg fmr ,nd ÿka

iqúfYaIS ;Skÿa jla i|yd n,kak( udkj ysñlï i|yd jQ hqfrdamh
S wêlrKh” X
AND Y v. the Netherlands, 1985 ud¾;= 25’
27’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 34( <uhd ish¨ wdldrfha ,sx.sl

iQrdlEfuka yd wmfhdackfhka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ish¨ md¾Yj lghq;= l< hq;=
h’ fuys§ ish¨ md¾Yj úiska ^9& <uhska lsis÷ wdldrfha kS;súfrdaë ,sx.sl
l%shdjl ksr; ùug n,lsÍug fyda fmd<Ujkq ,eîu ^wd& <uhska n,y;aldrfha.Ksld jD;a;hs we;=¿ kS;s úfrdaë fjk;a lghq;=j, fhoùu ^wd& <uhska
n,y;aldrfhka wiNH l%shdjkays yd m%ldYkj, fhdod .ekSu je,elaùu i|yd
WÑ; cd;sl” oaúmd¾Yaùh yd nyqmd¾Yaùh l%shdud¾. .kq ,eìh hq;= h’28’udkj ysñlï ms<ns | úYaj m%ldYh”

j.ka;sh 29( ^1& iEu mqoa.,fhl= ish

fm!reIfha mQ¾K yd ksoyia j¾Okh

h:d¾:j;a flfrk iudch flfrys we;s hq;=lï ;sfí ^2& ish ksoyi yd whs;Skal%hs dfõ fhoùfï § iEu wfhl= u wkHhkaf.a ksoyi yd whs;kS a flfrys we;sf.!rjh yd ms<s.ekSu wdrlaId lsÍu yd m%cd;ka;%sl iudchsl iodpdr;aul nfõ
idOdrK wjYH;d bgq lsÍu mQ¾K jYfhka u wruqKq fldg .;a kS;sh u.ska
y÷kd .kakd ,o iSudjkag muKla úIh úh hq;= h’ ^we& fuu whs;kS a yd ksoyi
fudkhï wjia:djl § fyda tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh yd wruqKqj,g mgyeks
wdldrhg fkdfhÈh hq;h= ’
http://www.un.org/Overview/right.html.
29’

wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sh’ j.ka;sh12(^1& j;auka m%{ma;shg wod< ish¨ md¾Yj” fN!;sl yd udkisl fi!LHfha<Õd úh yels by< u ;;a;ajhka w;aú£u i|yd we;s whs;sh y÷kd f.kwe;’ ^2& m%{ma;hs g wod< md¾Yjh úiska whs;sfha mQ¾K;ajh <Õd lr.kq ,eîui|yd .; hq;= mshjrj,g my; lreKq we;=<;a úh hq;= h’ ^1& u< ore Wm;am%;sY;h wvqlr .ekSug” Wmf;a isÿjk <ore urK ixLHdj wvq lr .ekSug yd<uhdf.a fi!LH iïmkak j¾Okhg wjYH lreKq imhd §u’ ^2& mdßißl yd30

ld¾ñl iajia:;dj ms<sn| ish¨ lreKqj, iEu wx.hl u j¾Okh ^3&wdfõKsl” jix.;” /lshdj,g iïnkaO yd wfkl=;a frda. je,lSu yd md,kh’^4& wikSmhla we;s jQ wjia:dfõ § ish¨ fokd yg ffjoH fiajd yd wjOdkh;yjqre flfrk ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lsÍujeä ÿrg;a wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd ixialD;sluh whs;Ska ms<sn| lñgqfõ 14 jeksfmdÿ m%ldYh n,kak( “<Õdúh yels by<u fi!LH ;;ajh i|yd we;s whs;hs ” (The right to the highest attainable standard of health) UN Document
E/C.12/2004/4 11 200 wf.daia;= 28 - 29 mßÉfþo’30’

fuu uQ,O¾ufhys m%ldYs; kshu b,lal yd mrud¾: yd tlÕ fkdjk

kS;sfhka ia:dms; iSud fjkia lsÍu i|yd l%shdl< hq;= h’
CLADEM m%ldYh n,kak ^2nd version & msgj
q 33

http://www.convencion.org.uy
31’

ixj¾Ok iyfhda.;
S dj i|yd jk udkj whs;js dislï uQ,lsm%fõYh( t’c’

ksfhdað;dh;k w;r fmdÿ tlÕ;djla i|yd(www.undp.org/governance/docs/HR_Guide_CommonUnderstanding.pdf
32’“.re lsÍu” wdrlaId lsÍu yd imqrd,Su” ixl,amh Wmqgd f.k we;af;a wd¾Ól”

iudchSh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| lñgqfjks’ th cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól”
iudchSh yd ixialD;sl” m%{ma;hs kshdukh lrk wdh;kh hs’ th isÿjkqfha
wfkl=;a whs;Ska w;r fi!LHhg we;s whs;sh ms<sn| ish¨ md¾Yjhkays we;s ne£uúYaf,aIKh u.sk’s wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| lñgqj^CESCR& fmdÿ ks¾foaY wxl 14” 34 - 37 mßÉfþo’33’

n,kak CESCR fmdÿ ks¾foaY wxl 14” mß’ 39

34’

udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYh” 1948 j.ka;sh 1( ish¨ ukqIHfhda Wm;ska u

ksoyia yd whs;sjdislï yd f.!rjh úIhfhys iudk fj;s’

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35’

foaYmd,k yd isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 2 ^1&(j;auka m%{ma;shg wod< iEu md¾Yjhla u m%{ma;sfha oelafjk whs;sjdislï tys
iSud yd kS;suh iSud ;=< ish¨ mqoa.,hka i|yd iy;sl lsÍug ne£ isáhs’ tys§
jd¾.sl;ajh” j¾Kh” ,sx.sl;ajh” NdIdj” wd.u” foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a woyia”
cd;sl fyda iudc m%Njh” foam,” Wm; fyda fjk;a ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| iSud
fkdie,fla’
j.ka;sh 3( j;auka m%{ma;shg wod< ish¨ md¾Yj tys oelafjk isú,a yd
foaYmd,k whs;Ska N=la;sú£fï § ia;%S yd mqreI hk fofldgig u iudk
whs;sjdislï iy;sl lsÍug ne| isà’j.ka;hs ( ish¨ fokd kS;hs bÈßfha iudk jk w;r lsis÷ fjkialulska f;drj
kS;sfha wdrlaIdj ,eîug whs;sh ,n;s’ fuys§ kS;sh u.ska fjkia fldg ie,lSu
msgoq elsh hq;= w;r ish¨ fokd yg jd¾.sl;ajh” j¾K” ,sx.sl;ajh” NdIdj” wd.u”
foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a woyia” cd;sl fyda iudÔh m%Njh” foam,” Wm; fyda fjk;a;;a;ajhka wd§ lsisÿ lreKla mokï jQ fjkia fldg ie,lSfuka iudk yd
M,odhs wdrlaIdj ie,ish hq;= h’udkj ysñlï lñgqj o fuu ,sx.sl;ajh mokï fldg.;a fjkia fldg ie,lSu
ms<ns | j jQ m%;smdok ks¾jpkh fldg yd Ndú;dfõ fhdod we;’ ^lshjkak
ldka;djkag tfrys jQ ish¨ wdldrfha fjkia fldg ie,lSï msgqoelSuy i|yd jk
m%{ma;sh” 1979” j.ka;sh 1( j;auka m%{ma;shg wkqj “ldka;djkag tfrys fjkia
fldg ie,lSu” hk i|yfkka w¾:j;a jkafka foaYmd,k” wd¾Ól” iudchSh”
ixialD;sl” isú,a fyda fjk;a ´kE u lafIa;h% l § udkj ysñlï yd uQ,ls ksoyi”újdyl wújdyl nj fkd;ld ia;S% yd mqreI iudk;dh u; mokïj” ldka;djúIhfhys N=l;a s ú£u fyda l%hs dfõ fhoùu ksYal%Sh lrk fyda thg ydks muqKqjk,sx.sl;ajh mokï fldg .;a ´kEu fjka lsÍula” fkdi,ld yeÍula fyda iSud
lsÍu;a h’n,kak “the committee on the Elimination of All from of Racial Discriminations^ish¨ wdldrfha jd¾.sl fjkia fldg ie,lSu msgq oelSu i|yd jQ lñgqj&General Recommendation 25, UNDOC A/55/18, 2000.

yd

32

t’cd’ wd¾Ól yd iudchSh ljqkia ,s fha cd;sjdohg tfrys f,dal iïfï,kh fj;
bÈßm;a lrk jd¾.sl fjkia fldg ie,lSu yd ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh wkqj fjkia
fldg ie,lSu w;r in|;d ú.%y flfrk f,aLkh E/CN.4/1999/WG.1/B.P.7(1999)<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” 1989” j.ka;sh 2 ^1& “ish¨ md¾Yj j;aukam%{ma;sfha olajd we;s iEu <ufhl= u fjkqfjka olajd we;s whs;Ska orejdf.a fyda
Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a foudmshkaf.a fyda ks;Hkql+, Ndrlref.a jd¾.sl;ajh” j¾Kh”,sx.sl;ajh” NdIdj” wd.u” foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a woyia cd;sl ckjd¾.sl fyda
iudchSh m%Njh” foam,” wdndê; nj” Wm; fyda fjk;a ;;a;ja hka u; mokï jQ
fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;drj ish kS;Hdkql+, rduqj;=< msysgd iy;sl l<hq;= yd .re l< hq;= jkafka h’ ^2& “ish¨ md¾Yj <uhdf.a foudmshka” kS;Hkql+,
Ndrlrejka fyda mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a ;;a;ajh” l%shdldrlï” m%ldYs; woyia fydaúYajdihka u; mokï j flfrk o~qjï lsÍï fyda fjkia fldg ie,lSïj,ska
wdrlaId lsÍu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ish¨ WÑ; mshjr .; hq;= jkafka h’wdndê; ;;a;ajhka iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a ysñlï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 1”

2

iy 3 yd j.ka;hs 5 ys oelafjk fjkia fldg ie,lSug tfrys úfYaIs; ;ykïlsÍï( 1’ish¨ md¾Yj ish¨ fokd kS;hs bÈßfha yd kS;hs hgf;a iudk nj yd
fjkia fldg ie,lSulska f;drj kS;fs ha wdrlaIdj yd m%;,s dN iudk f,i,eîug ysñlï ,nk nj y÷kd .; hq;= h’
2’ ish¨ md¾Yj wdndê; ;;a;ja h u; isÿ flfrk ish¨ fjkia fldg ie,lSï;ykï l< hq;= w;r wdndê; mqoa.,hka yg ish¨ wdldrfha fjkia fldg
ie,lSïj,g tfrys iudk yd M,odhS kS;us h wdrlaIdj iy;sl l< hq;= h’;jÿrg;a n,kak” wdndê; iys; jQjkaf.a ysñlï ms<sn| m%{ma;sfha 2 jeks
j.ka;fs hka w¾: oelafjk wdldrhg “wdndê; ;;ajh fya;=fjka jk fjkia
fldg ie,lSu” hkq foaYmd,k” wd¾AÒl” iudchSh” ixialD;sl” isú,a fyda fjk;a´kEu lafIa;h% l § ish¨ udkj ysñlï yd uQ,ls ksoyi wka wh yd iudk;;ajhl ys| y÷kd .ekSu” N=la;s ú£u fyda l%shdfõ fhoùu ksfYaO lrk fydaj,lajk ´kEu fn§ula fkdi,ld yeÍula fyda iSud lsÍu;a h’

33

36’

,sx.sl;ajh mokï fldg.;a úfYaIfhka u ,sx.sl ÈYdk;sh mokï lr.;afjkia fldg ie,lSu je,elaùu ms<sn| úfYais; uQ,dY% udkj ysñlï lñgqfõ
mkiajk
488/1992,

ieis jdrfha ;SrKj,ska ,nd .; yels h’ Communication No.
U.N.

http://hrw.org/lgbt/pdf/toonen.pdf

n,kak,I.

Doc

CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992(1994):

Saiz, “Bracketing Sexualitity: Human Rights and Sexual

Oriertation A Decade of Development at the UN”, (2) fi!LH yd udkjysñlï ff;%udislh” 49” 80” 2004’,sx.sl;ajh ms<ns | úYajdi fya;f= jka iudk;ajh wysñ lrk ,o ia;k
S% a i|yd”

udkj ysñlï lñgqfõ fmdÿ ks¾foaY wxl 28 yd ICCPR j.ka;sh 3 ^”ia;%Ska yd
mqreIhkaw;rysñlïj,iudkd;ajh&n,kakCCPR/C/21/Rev.1/ADD.10 (2000).

37’

UNDOC

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fmdoq tl.Z;d m%ldYh ( ixj¾Ok iyfhda.;
S dj i|yd jQ udkjysñlï mdol m%fõYh-t’c’ ksfhdað;dh;k w;r fmdÿ tlÕ;djla i|yd UN
Inter-Agency Workshop, May 2003.
38

WodyrK i|yd n,kak’ ldka;djkag tfrys ish¨ j¾.fha fjkia fldg ie,lSïmsgqoelSu i|yd jk m%{ma;sh” j.ka;s 7( ish¨ md¾Yj úiska rgl foaYmd,k yd

fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § ldka;djkag tfrys ish¨ j¾.fha fjkia fldg ie,lSu msgq
oelSu i|yd ish¨ mshjr .; hq;= w;r mqreI mlaIh yd iudkj u ^w& ish¨ue;sjrKj, § yd uyck u; úuiSïj, § Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug iy uyck
Pkaofhka ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kakd wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug iqÿiqlï ,eîug
^wd&rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § iyNd.s ùug” ;k;=reoeÍug yd rcfha ish¨ uÜgïj, oS fmdÿ l%hs dldrlïys kshe,Sug ^we& rfÜ fmdÿyd foaYmd,k lreKq iïnkaO rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, kshe,Sug we;s whs;hsiqrlaIs; l< hq;= h’fuh ;jÿrg;a lñgqfõ fmdÿ ks¾foaY wxl 23 ^foaYmd,k yd iudc Ôú;h” 16jeks ieis jdrh 1997& hgf;a olajd we;’;jÿrg;a n,kak Yogyakatra Principle 25.
39’

udkj ysñlï yd tÉ’whs’ù’ taâia ms<sn| cd;Hka;r Wmfoia ^200634

taldnoaO ix.%yh& udkj ysñlï ms<sn| uyflduidßia ld¾hd,h yd
UNAIDS

http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/hiv/guidelines.htm

40’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;s lusgqfõ 14 jeks fmdÿ ks¾foaYh n,kak’<ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;shg wod< ikao¾Nh ;=< kj fh!jk ixj¾Okh
yd fi!LHh ^2003& mß’ 8’ <uhdf.a woyiaj,g .re lsÍu ( ksoyfia woyia m%ldYlsÍfï whs;sh yd tajd ksis mßÈ ms<.
s kq ,eîu o ^j.ka;hs 12& kj fh!jkhskfa .a
fi!LHh yd ixj¾Okhg we;s whs;sh i|yd uQ,sl fjhs’ ish¨ md¾Yj kj fh!jkúfha miqjk wh yg ;ukag n,mdk lreKq úIhfhys ish woyia ksoyfia m%ldYlsÍug ^úfYaIfhka u mjq, mdi, yd ck iudcfha §& ks¾jHdc wjia:d ,nd §u;yjqre l< hq;= h’ kj fh!jk úfha miqjk wh i|yd fuu whs;sh wdrlaIs; yd
ksis whqßka N=la;s ú£u i|yd rdcH n,OdÍka” foudmshka yd <uhska iïnkaOj
iy <uhska iuÕ lghq;= lrk jeäysáhka” úYajdih” f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd;SrK .ekSfï l%hs dj,sfha § kj fh!jkhkag iudk f,i iyNd.s ùu
myiqflfrk weyqïlka fok iy uÕfmkajk mßirhla ks¾udKh lrkq ,eìhhq;= h’41

n,kak” udkj ysñlï lñgqfõ fmdÿ ks¾foaY 28 “ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka w;rwhs;js dislïj, iu;dj’”
tfiau” Yogyakatra Principle 22 .....

42’

foaYmd,k yd isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh” 1996” j.ka;sh 9’1(

ish¨ fokd yg mqoa., wdrlaIdfõ yd ksoyi i|yd whs;sh we;’ lsis÷ mqoa.,fhl=
w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu fyda r|jd ;nd .ekSug Ndckh fkdl<
hq;= h’ lsis÷ whl=f.a ksoyig kS;sfhka ia:dms; mßmdá yereKq úg iSud
fkdmeúh hq;= h’

35

43’

isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh” j.ka;sh 7 ( lsis÷

wfhl= jOhg fyda lDDr” wudkqIsl fyda wjukaiy.; ie,ls,a,lg fyda o~qjlg
Ndckh fkdl< hq;= h’ úfYaIfhka u lsis÷ mqoa.,fhl= ish leue;af;ka f;drj
ffjoHuh fyda úoHd;aul mÍlaIKj,g Ndckh fkdl< hq;= h’jO ysxidjg tfrys lñgqj uO ysxidjg” lDDr wudkqIls fyda wjuka iy.;
ie,ls,,
a g tfrys tfrys wdrlaIdj tlai;a ckomfha isr f.j,aj, ys¢k ldka;d/|úhka yg isÿjk ,sx.sl ysxikhg tfrys j Ndú; lr we;’
fuu lñgqj ;jÿrg;a jO ysxidjg” lDDr” wudkqIlsyd wjuka iy.;
ie,ls,a,g tfrys wdrlaIdj wmfhdackd;aul - yd iu,sx.sl fyda ,sx.;ajhg
we;=<;a fkdjk mqo.
a ,hka jeks yeisÍï úIhfhys o Ndú; lr we;’jOysxidjg tfrys úfYaIs; ksfhdað;hd ,sx.sl fyda ,sx.;aj wkkH;dj fya;=fjka
mqo.
a ,hkag t,a,jk ,sx.sl myr§ï” fukau jO ysxid yd lDDr” wudkqIls fydawjuka iy.; ie,ls,s iïnkaOfhka ish n,j;a ixfõ.h m%ldY lr we;’44’YdÍßl tald.%;dj ms<sn| whs;sh ish¨ fokd úfYaIfhka u ldka;djka YdÍßl

fi!LHh w;ska msßySug ,la lrk m%pKav;ajh yd wfkl=;a wmfhdackj,ska
wdrlaId lsÍu i|ydj.lSïrdYshlayd mqo.
a , ksoyi iy jO ysxidj,ska ksoyi i|yd wjYH

i|yd

iïm;a

jeä

jYfhkafhdod.efka’

A162/122/Add at para 277.

UNDOC.

45’

îcsx m%ldYh yd l%hs dldrlï moku l%shd;aul lsÍfï mia wjqreÿ ie,iqfuysm%;Ms , úYaf,aIKh” t’c’ uyd uKav, /iaùï ;SrK A/Res/s-23/3 mrs’ 69’

http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/follownp/ress233e.pdf
46’n,kak udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lrkafkkaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn| uy f,alïf.aúfYaI

ksfhdað;hdf.a

jd¾;dj’

E/CN.4/2006/95/Add.1.March.22, 2006;

ldka;djkag tfrys ysxikh thg fya;= yd M,úmdl ms<sn| úfyaIs ksfhdað;”E/VN.4/2005/

udkj

ysñlï

lñgqj”

wjidkksÍlaIK

chils,

CCPR/C/79/Add.104, ud¾;= 30” 1999” para 20 Report of the Special
36

Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. E/CN.4/2001/9,
January 11, 2001 and E/CN.4/2001/9/Add. 1, january 17, 2001, para 175.

See also, International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in

Human Rights Law., References to Jurisprudence and Doctrine of the United Nations
Homan Rights System, October 2007, at:

http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=42097lang=en
47’

fuu lreK cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï kS;fs ha meyeÈ,s j olajd we;’ WodyrKi|yd ldka;djkaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj” ia;%S ,sx.f–okh ksu lsÍums<sn| fhdackdj 51$2” .eyeKq <uqka i|yd n,y;aldr újdyh ms<sn| fhdackdj
51$3UN Doc.E/2007/27 - E/ CN.6/2007/at ia;%Skag tfrys m%pKav;ajh ;=<we;s ixialD;sl mqreÿ E/CN.4/2002/83 2002 ckjdß 31
48’

udkj ysñlï yd tÉ’whs’ù’ taâia ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl Wmfoia 2006 taldnoaO

msgm;’ t’c’ udkj ysñlï ms<sn| uyflduidßia ld¾hd,h yd;jÿrg;a n,kak” “hqfrdamfha ,sx.sl Y%ñlhka ms<sn| m%ldYh” yd “hqfrdamh
S ,sx.sl
Y%ñlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%ldYkh”
49’

udkj ysñlï yd tÉ’whs’ù’ taâia ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl Wmfoia 2006 taldnoaO

msgm;’ t’c’ udkj ysñlï ms<sn| uyflduidßia ld¾hd,h yd;jÿrg;a n,kak’ http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/hiv/guidelines.htm

See also, Yogyakarta Principle 7.
50’See Yogyakarta Principle 5.
51’

udkj ysñlï fhdackd i|yd jk fldñIka iNdj 1998$52” “ldka;djkag tfrys

m%pKav;ajh msgqoelSu”” ^1998&; ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh” ta i|yd fya;= yd
tys m< úmdl ms<sn| úfYaI ksfhdað; jßhf.a jd¾;dj” rdÈld l=udriajdñ ñh”^udkj ysñlï fhdackd ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj 1997$44 wkqj bÈßm;a lrk ,È’
UN Doc E/ CN.4/1998/54
37

,sx.sl;ajh u; mokï jQ iu,sx.sl jYfhka y÷kd .;a yd ,sx.hlg wh;afkdjk whg iïnkaO ysxid meñKùï ms<ns | úia;r i|yd yd /ljrK i|ydn,kak’
52’

tlai;acd;Skaf.a

irKd.;hka

ms<sn|

uy

flduidßia(UNHCR&“

irKd.;hkag tfrys ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg m%;spdr oelaùu yd msgqoelSu ms<sn|
Wmfoia’ 1995
53’

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a irKd.;hska ms<sn| uyflduidßia ^UNHCR&” irKd.;hkag

tfrys ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg m%;spdr oelaùu yd msgqoelSu ms<sn| Wmfoia 1995’
jeä úia;r i|yd” tlai;a cd;Skaf.a irKd.;hska ms<sn| uy flduidßia ^UNHCR& irKd.;hkag” kej; ishrg meñfKkakg yd wNHka;rj wj;eka

jQjkag tfrys ,sx.sl yd ,sx.sl;ajh mokï jQ m%pKav;ajh’ m%;spdr oelaùu yd
msgoq elSu i|yd Wmfoia ^2003& iy

23’

54’

isú,a yd foaYmd,ksl ysñlï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh” j.ka;sh 17( lsis|qmqoa.,fhl=f.a

fm!oa.,sl;ajh”

mjq,”

ksji

fyda

,sms

.kqfokq

flfrysw;a;fkdau;sl fyda kS;súfrdaë ueÈy;aùula fkdl< hq;= w;r Tyqf.a fyda wehf.alS¾;sh yd f.!rjhg ydks fkdmeñK úh hq;= h’55’n,kak( f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh” “HIV Status disclosure to sexual partners:

Rates, Barriers and outcomes for women; ^,sx.sl iylrejka yg tÉ’ whs’ù’;;a;ajh fy<s lsÍu( ldka;djkag we;s ndOl yd M, úmdl& ^Geneva: WHO,2004&

http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/VCTinformationheet-%b5b92%20KB%5d.pdf

For full report http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/genderdimensions.pdf
56’See Yogyakarta Principle 9.
57’Yogyakarta Principle 9.

38

58’

mSvd lsÍu” o~qjï lsÍu yd mqoa.,hka úfYaIfhka u ldka;djka yd <uhska kS;súfrdaë f,i m%jdykh lsÍu je,elaùu i|yd jQ t’c’ flgqïm;’ ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.awka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkd;aul wmrdOj,g tfrys iïuq;hs g w;sf¾l jYfhka tla
lrk ,oaols’&
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crime-cicp-convention.htm#final
59’Yogyakarta Principle 19.
60’

udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh” 1948” j.ka;sh 19 ish¨ fokd yg

m%ldYkfha yd woyia oeÍfï whs;hs we;s w;r thg ndOdjlska f;drj woyiaoeÍfï ksoyi yd foaYiSud ndOlj,ska f;drj f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug ydikaksfõokh lsÍug we;s ksoyi o we;=<;a h61’Yogyakarta Principle 19.
62’

udkj ysñlï ms<ns | úYaj m%ldYkh” j.ka;hs 20( iEu wfhl=g iduldó f,iksoyfia /iaùfï yd ixúOdkh ùfï ysñlu we;’ lsi÷s wfhl= yg ixúOdkhlg
tlaùu i|yd n, fkdl< hq;= h’63’

cd;Hka;r w¾Ól” idudchSh yd ixialD;sl iïuq;sh” j.ka;sh 12’1( j;aukam%{ma;shg wod< ish¨ md¾Yj ish¨ fokd yg <Õd lr .; yels Wmßu uÜgfï
udkisl yd YdÍßl fi!LHh N=la;s ú£fï ysñlu we;’64’

wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd ixialD;sl ysñlï ms<sn| lñgqj” fmdÿ ks¾foaY 14( <Õdlr .; yels by<u fi!LH ;;ajh i|yd we;s whs;sh ^wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd
ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sfha j.ka;sh 12” 2000&
65’,sx.slyd

m%cdklwhs;Skams<sn|IPPF

m%ldYh

jeä

úia;r

i|yd

http://www.ippf.org/en/Resources/Statements/IPPF+Charter+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Rights.htm

See also, Yogyakarta Principal 21.

39

66’

wd¾Ól” iudchSh yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh” j.ka;sh15’1 ^4& j;auka iïuq;shg wod< ish¨ md¾Yj úiska iEu mqo.
a ,hl= yg u ‘’’’’ ^wd&
úoHd;aul ÈhqKqfõ m%;sM, yd tajdfha m%dfhda.sl;ajh w;aú£fï ysñlu y|qkd .;hq;= h’67’

ldka;djkag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha fjkia fldg ie,lSï msgqoelSfï m%{ma;sh”

j.ka;hs 10^h& ish¨ md¾Yj ldka;djka yg wOHdmkfha § msßñka yd iu whs;Ska,eîug yd úfYaIfhka u ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka w;r iudk ;;ajhla ,eîug we;sfjkia fldg ie,lSu msgq oelSug yd Wmfoia we;=¿j mjqf,a fi!LHh yd hym;iqrlaIs; lsÍug Woõ jk úfYaIs; wOHdmk f;dr;=re fj; m%fõY ùug whs;sh
we;’
68’

n,kak ixj¾Okh yd ck.ykh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh yd ck.ykh

ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq¿fõ l%shdldÍ jevigyk ;jÿrg;a l%shdfõ fh§u i|yd
jk m%Odk l%hs dldrlï” UNDOC.A/Res/s-21/2, mß’73.

wdKavq” cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.a iyfhda.h yd ;reK msßif.a mQ¾K

iyNd.s;ajh we;sj l%shdldÍ jevigyka 7’45 yd 7’46 mßÉfþo yd
iu.dó j kj fh!jk ,sx.sl yd m%cdkl fi!LH l%hs d;auljevigyk m%uL
q ld¾hhla f,i l%hs dfõ fhoùug ish¨mshjr .;hq;= w;r’’’’ foudmshkaf.a ysñlï” hq;l= ï yd j.lSï flfrys kshñ;
f.!rjh olajñka” kj fh!jkhka yg m%ckl fi!LH wOHdmkhg”
f;dr;=re yd /ln,d .ekSug we;s whs;hs yd kj fh!jkhskfa .aj¾Okh jk YlH;d wkqj hñka” kj fh!jkhka” mdi, ;=< § yd
bka neyer § o” wvq jhia .eí .ekSï wvq lsÍu i|yd Tjqkg ish,sx.sl yd m%ckl fi!LHh ms<sn| j.lSï iys; yd oekqj;a jQ
f;dard .ekSï isÿ lsÍu i|yd yelsjk wOHdmk” WmfoaYk yd
je<elaùu ms<sn| j jQ wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh ;yjqre
l< hq;= h’

http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/does/icpd5/resolution/icpd5-eng.pdf.

40

69’

,sx.sl yd m%ckl whs;Ska ms<sn| IPPF iïuq;hs ’ 8’1

Adopted by IPPF Governing Council, 10 May 2008

http://www.ippf.org/en/Resources/Statements/IPPF+Charter+on+Scxual+Reproductive+Rights.htm
70’Yogyakarta Principal 24.
71’

ldka;djkag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha fjkia fdlg ie,lSï msgq oelSu i|yd jk

m%{ma;sh” j.ka;sh 16 ^1& ^e& ( ish¨ md¾Yj” újdyh yd mjq,a iïnkaO;dúIhfhys ish¨ ldrKdj, § ldka;djkag tfrys j isÿjk fjkialï msgoq elSu
i|yd wjYH ish¨ mshjr .; hq;= w;r úfyaIfhka u ldka;dj yd msßñhd iu;;ajhl ;nd ‘’’’ ^e& orejka .Kk yd orejka w;r mr;rh ksoyiaj yd j.lSï
iys;j ;SrKh lsÍug fuka u fuu whs;kS a l%hs dfõ fhoùu ldka;djkag
yelshdj ,nd fok f;dr;=re” wOHdmkh yd l%ufõo i|yd m%fõY ùug we;s
whs;sh iqrlaIs; l< hq;= h’
72’Yogyakarta Principal 28 and Yogyakarta Principal 29.

Adopted by IPPF Governing Council, 10 May 20082q
.

41

42

43