Insects

177

178

Insects―――――――――――――――

Mekong river basin has tradition of eating insects and one sees variety of insects in the market today.
Insects and freshwater fish have been used as good source of protein especially among inland areas.
Although modern advancement of transportation enabled to have food from distance and madeinsects as less important as a sole source of protein, they are still popular as food to enjoy. They
can be a main dish, a snack or an appetizer so they are enjoyed by everybody from elderly to young.
In the cities, insect dishes are available in markets, stalls, and eateries.
In the market, there are insects that are sold throughout year, only in certain season, and only bychance. Geographic difference plays a role and marketed insects change from area to area.
Commonly seen insects are from Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera．
There are even insects that are very popularly consumed in Mekong river basin yet they areprotected species in Japan. In this study, we recorded more than 120 species of insects, but inreality, there are more species consumed than one can see in market.
Most popular method to cook insects is frying and seasoning it with salt, fish sauce and MSG, or
mix it with chili. Other than frying, they can be roasted, boiled, stir fried, steamed, eaten raw ormixed with chili paste.
Also noted is an insect is cooked differently according to its
development phase of egg, larva, cocoon, and adult form.
Many of insects are common species and caught in wetlands near villages. They are consumed athome as well as sold at markets in exchange of money. Some species such as silkworm (Bombyxmori) and house cricket (Acheta domestica) are cultured to enable stable supply to markets.

There
are suppliers that export them overseas. In this study, approximately 120 species of edible insects
have been confirmed. Those species that lack detailed information are introduced with only
picture and name. Our purpose here is to introduce as many species as possible.

179

The Collection Method
As mentioned before, many insect species are utilized as food source in Mekong river basin.
Various collection methods exist according to species, seasons, and habitat. In this section, we
introduce most popular collection methods.
<Light trap>
This method incorporates fluorescent light and black light which emits strong ultraviolet to be lit
during night. It attracts insects with phototactic behavior. Insects fly into light and hit a piece ofgalvanized metal sheet or cloth set behind the light and drop into a bucket or box underneath. The
bucket or box is filled with water so that fallen insects would not escape. This type of trap is often
set up in one’s yard where it has easy access to electric outlet. The light is shone towards
waterfronts such as paddy fields. The trap is filled with water and lit in the evening, then theycollect the trapped insects in the morning. It is simple and effective. Typical catches are giant
water bug, predaceous diving beetle, water scavenger beetle, termite, mole cricket and others.
Large insects and popular species are sorted out and others are frozen altogether to be sold atmarket or cooked at home. Kinds and amount of insects vary depending on the season, so somepeople set trap throughout year while others only collect during certain seasons.

<Night collection>
In this method, people go out at night with a light. It is a casual walk to paths, forest fridge, or
paddy field near the village. Diurnal insects such as grasshopper which does not move at night areoften caught in this method.

180

<Bamboo colander>
A round bamboo colander is used, or a handle-less net which is spread and fitted in round or
triangular woven bamboo is used to scoop water in. This method is used in shallow water such as
paddy or marsh. Aquatic insect such as dragonfly larva, Ferocious water bug, Water stick insect
and aquatic coreoptera such as predaceous diving beetle and water scavenger beetle are popular
catch. Shrimp, small fish and tadpoles are caught at the same time. It is often used by womenand youth.

181

Morphology of insects
Odonata
Antenna

Forewing
Eye(Compound eye)Head

HindwinThoraxAbdomen

9th 10th

Dorsal spine
Lateral spine

Eighth abdominal segment

Head Thorax【Larva】

Abdomen【Adult】

Orthoptera

Hemiptera
Compound eye

Pronotum

Antenna

Temur

Tibia

Eye
(Compound
eye)

Mouth
parts

Shingle eye

Wing apex

Ovipositor（Grasshopper）(Cicada)182

Coreoptera

Pronotum
Elytra

Femur

Tibia
TrasusSpined process(Water scavenger beetle)(Beetle)Rostrum

Lepidoptera
Wingspan

Puncture series（Billbug）(Emperor moth)183

Order: Odonata
Family:Odonata spp.
LA
KH
TH

Maeng por，Maeng nangam，
Iniaw
Kantomroy ， Dounchy ，MeichahTou on ma lang por bann,Tou on ma lang por seau

VN

Chuon chuon trauChuồn chuồn trâu

JP

Tombo (adult), Yago (larva)

トンボ（adult），ヤゴ（larva）

Remarks

Basic Information
Dragonfly larvae have completely different appearance

Epophthalmia frontalis frontalis
18 May.2010 Laosfrom the adults. The body of a larva is short and thick,usuallycylindrical.

LarvaeofAeshnidae have a

proportion of their body width and length as 1:5.

Larvae ofGomphidae and Macromiidae have flat abdomen, and the
proportion is 1 to 2:3.5.
proportion of 1:4.

Larvae of Libellulidae have

Most of the species are one generation

per year, and larvae are aquatic.

Both adults and larvae
Epophthalmia frontalis frontalis
8 Jul.2009 Laosare carnivorous.
They eat other smaller insects.

Depending of the species, eggs are dropped on a water body or laid

on a plant body in water. When larvae are ready for their final molt, they leave the water andcrawl onto a bank where they will molt into adults.

Newly emerged adults leave the aquatic

environment for a while then come back when they are fully matured.
Use
The dragonfly larvae are primarily used as food.
is not a common habit.

Adults are said to be eaten in some areas, but it

Especially in Laos, dragonfly larvae are used frequently, whereas inCambodia, they are not a popular insect as food.
served.

Larvae are fried, stir-fried, or steamed to be

In Lao market, steamed larvae wrapped in banana leaves are sold.

Adults are roasted orfried to be eaten.
Collection of larvae is usually done by skimming them by using a colander or a hand-held net.
During rain season, collection takes place at shallow water with ample aquatic vegetation, such as
marshes, and during the dry season, it is done at rivers which have decreased water volume.
Several species of larvae are more frequently used, such as Aeshnidae, Gomphidae, Corduliidae,
and Libellulidae.

They are often sold mixed with other small aquatic animals.

introduce species that are often sighted in markets and around water.
many more species used as food other than those written in this report.

184

In this section, we

It is assumed that there areEpophthalmia sp.

04 Sep. 2010

Vang Vieng Market, Vientiane
Province, Laos

10 Jun. 2007

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

14 Oct. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

06 Sep. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

09 Sep. 2010

Phon Sim, Savannakhet, Laos

19 Jan. 2013

Lak14 Market, Champasak, Laos

02 Sep. 2010

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

25 Nov. 2009185

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

21 Feb 200916 Sep. 2007

Vientiane Capital , Laos

26 Jun. 2010

Anax guttatus

26 Aug. 2010

Arak Svay, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Sinictinogomphus clavatus

Cambodia

Sinictinogomphus clavatus

Laos

02 Sep. 2010

Ictinogomphus decoratus melaenops

25 Nov. 2010

Mueng Song Market, Vientiane
Province , Laos

Norng Bon, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Ictinogomphus decoratus melaenops

Vientiane Capital, Laos

8 Jul.2009 Laos

186

27 Jul. 2008

Gomphidia perakensis

Jul.2008 Vientiane, Laos

Hydrobasileus croceus

Hydrobasileus croceus

Orthetrum

Orthetrum glaucum

18 May.201023 Jul. 2008

Gomphidia perakensis

Nathone, Vientiane Capital, Laos

Cambodia

12 Oct.2010

Dong Makkai, Vientiane Capital ,
Laos

Laos

9 Sep.2009 Laos

Orthetrum triangulare

Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum

6 May.2010 Laos

27 Jun. 2010187

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
LaosOrthetrum sabina sabina

16 Aug.2010

Dong Makkai, Vientiane Capital ,Laos

27 Jul. 2008

Brachydiplax chalybea chalybea

9 Nov.2007 Vientiane Capital, Laos

12 Sep. 2007

26 Jul. 2010

Diplacodes trivialis

Brachydiplax farinosa

Phone Ngeun, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Diplacodes trivialis

Phoxay, Vientiane Capital, Laos

7 May.2010 Laos

Neurothemis tullia tullia

02 Sep. 2010

Brachydiplax

Nathone, Vientiane Capital, Laos

Neurothemis tullia tullia

Vang Hou, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

8 Nov.2007 Siem Reap, Cambodia

188

02 Sep. 2010

Tholymis tillarga

Tholymis tillarga

Pantala flavescens

Pantala flavescens

Norng Bon, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

04 Sep. 201025 Jul. 201026 Jul. 201013 Oct.2010 Laos

12 Oct.2010 Laos

Vientiane Province, Laos

Potamarcha congener

Trithemis pallidinervis

Na Seng, Vientiane Province, Laos

01 Aug. 2010

Trithemis aurora

Phone Ngeun, Vientiane Province,
Laos

26 Nov. 2009

189

Napuheuy, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Diplacodes nebulosa

Dong Borng, Vientiane Capital,
LaosBrachythemis contaminate

28 Jun. 2010

Crocothemis servilia servilia

Mueng Song, Vientiane Province,
Laos

01 Aug. 2010

Rhyothemis triangularis

09 Sep. 201027 Jun. 2010

Napuheuy, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Rhyothemis plutonia

Thating Hang, Savannakhet,
Laos

22 May 2009

Neurothemis fluvia

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

190

Houasang, Vientiane Capital,
LaosOrder: Orthoptera
Family: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa orientalis
LA

Maeng sone

KH

Tok tolTH

Maeng gi son，Ma lang kra
sone，Krachorn

VN

De nhuiDế nhủi

JP

Kera

ケラ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, Australia, andAfrica.

Its length is 30 to 35mm.

30 Jun.2009

Laos

Its front legs areformed so that they are suitable to dig holes and bury itself.
There is no significant difference in appearance between amale and female.

It lives in burrows in the ground of

paddy or farm field.

Both male and female make a sound,and they communicate while being underground.
omnivorous and eats any organic matter.

It is

Adults havetendency to fly during night and gather around the lightsources.

It can swim as well.

02 Jul. 2010 Phonekeo, Vientiane
Province, Laos

Use
It is used as food in many areas.

It is often fried, roasted, of stir-fried to be served.

used as an ingredient of chili paste.

In Laos, it is

It has neutral taste, and people like it very much.

is mostly done by light trap method.

191

CollectionOrder: Orthoptera
Family: Gryllidae

Gryllidae spp.
LA

Chinay，Chilo，Chilli

KH

ChongratTH

Ji pon，Chi reedVN

De comDế cơmJP

Koorogi

コオロギ類

Remarks

Basic Information

Tarbinskiellus portentosus

Its body is horizontally flat with black to dark brown color,and its antennae are thin and long.

9 Sep.2008 Laos

Most of the species

live closer to the ground surface, and many are nocturnal.
Adults live hiding behind an object on the ground, or by
digging a shallow hole close to the surface.

It isomnivorous and feed on carcass of small animals or deadplants.
Use
Both adult and larva are used as food.

It is fried, roasted,

or stir-fried to be eaten. In Laos, it is used as an ingredient10,000kip
12 Sep. 2007 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laosof chili paste.
In Thailand, it is blanched first then cooked slowly in a fish paste.
also popularly distributed.

Canned, fried Gryllidae spp. is

Popular species that are sold in markets are large Brachytrupes

portentosus, mid-sized Gryllus bimaculatus, and cultured Acheta domesticus. In Cambodia, B.
portentosus is very popular, therefore it is sold at higher price than other Gryllidae spp.. Other
species confirmed in this study are; Teleogryllus occipitalis, Gymnogryllus vietnamensis, andTeleogryllus sp.. The farming technology of A. domesticus has been studied in advance, and its
farms are widely seen in many areas.

The cultured crickets are fed with artificial diet, and it takes

a little over one month for an egg to become ready for shipping.

Other than being shipped to themarkets, it is also traded as food for pet reptiles to pet stores and zoos.
Collection of Gryllidae spp. takes place at dry paddy field or grass areas by digging soil to find it in
the nest.

192

24 Jun. 2010

Laos

10 Sep. 2010

Laosou Liya, Savannakhet, Laos

Vientiane, Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Yang Song, Savannakhet, Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Yang Song, Savannakhet, Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Yang Song, Savannakhet, Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Yang Song, Savannakhet, Laos

06 Oct. 2010

20 Sep. 2011 Na Bong University,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

193

20 Sep. 2011

Sokham, Vientiane Capital, Laos

20 Sep. 2011

Sokham, Vientiane Capital, Laos

20 Sep. 2011

Acheta domestica

Gryllus bimaculatus
19 May.2009

Gymnogryllus vietnamensis
19 May.2009

Cambodia

Teleogryllus occipitalis
19 May.2009

Sokham, Vientiane Capital, Laos

Cambodia

Teleogryllus sp.

Cambodia

29 Jun.2009

194

Laos

Order: Orthoptera
Family: Tettigoniidae

Mecopoda elongata
LA

Maeng yong yo

KH
TH
VN

Vat sanhVạt sành

JP

Taiwan-kutsuwa-mushi

タイワンクツワムシ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Indo-China, tropical Asia, Taiwan, andJapan (Nansei Islands).

16 Nov.2007

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Its length is 50 to 75mm. It lives

in a grass area or on a leaf of bushes in forest fringes.

It ismore active during the night, and adult males make a loudsound during the night.
Use
The general use of Gampsocleis spp. will be described inthis section.

People eat only adult Gampsocleis spp..

It is

12 Sep. 2007 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

usually fried or stir-fried to be served, and its legs are
typically removed
when cooking because they tend to prick a person’s mouth.

Gampsocleis spp. is sold in markets,

but it is less often seen when compared to other grasshoppers.
and some people really favor it in Cambodia.
night by flashing a light.
field.

It is popular as homemade dish,Large species are collected by bare hands during the

It is often found in grass, in a bush, or in forest fringe along the paddy

Mecopoda elongate is especially attracted to a light, so it is collected by light trap method.

Small species are collected by swinging a net in the grassland.
grasshoppers will be caught as well, so they are all eaten together.

With this method, other

Other than Mecopoda elongate

in the Gampsocleis spp., Conocephalus maculatus is also popularly used.
used commonly.

195

Other species are also

03 Aug. 2009

Vientiane Capital, Laos

17 Sep. 2011

Conocephalus maculatus
20 Oct.2010

Ducetia curciata

Laos

9 Sep.2008 Laos

Euconocephalus gracilis

18 May.2009

Holochlora venosa

Cambodia

26 Jun.2009

Pyrgocorypha sp.

26 Jun.2009

Sainyabuli, Laos

Laos

196

Laos

Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acrididae

Crytocanthacris tatarica
LA

Takten thong

KH

Kon dob krohom，Kon dob
para

TH

Tak ka tan lai

VN

Cao cao vo, Chau chau

Cào cào vồ, châu chấuJP

Tsuchi-inago

ツチイナゴの一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Female length is about 52mm to the end of wings.
length is about 4.2cm to the end of wings.

Male

24 Sep.2008 Cambodia

Its body isgrayish brown and has distinct dark brown mottle.
Use
The general use of Acrididae, and Pyrgomorphidae in

Orthoptera spp. will be described in this section.

Only

adults are used as food, and it is fried to be served most of
the time. Variety of seasonings are used such as dipping
sauce of MSG and fish sauce, salting to fry, frying with

12 Sep. 2009 Dong Makai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

leaves of Citrus hystrix as a flavor, or frying chili together
to make it spicy.
When eating larger grasshoppers, their legs are removed because they tend to prick a person’s
mouth.

Smaller ones are sometimes stir-fried with other grasshoppers.

by bare hands at night by flashing a light.
collected well by this method.

Larger ones are collected

Crytocanthacris tatarica is a species particularly

Smaller ones are caught by swinging a net in grass areas. In thismethod, other grasshoppers are caught in the net as well, so they are all eaten together.

Other

species that are seen in the markets are Chondracris rosea, Patanga succincta, and Oxya japonica

japonica. Other species which we could not confirm in the markets are eaten in the same way.
Confirmed species are described with basic information below.
are introduced by pictures.

197

Some of other unconfirmed species

Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea
LA

Takten，Maeng meuin

KH

Kon dob kiew

TH

Tak ka tan kha daeng

VN

Cao caoCào cào

JP

Taiwan-oo-batta

タイワンオオバッタ

Remarks

Basic Information
Female length is about 60mm to the end of wings.

Malelength is about 45mm.

4 Sep.2008 Laos

Its body is bright green, with yellowish brown compound eyes.
areas and on the leaves of bushes along the forest edge.
human.

It is usually found in tall grass

It flies away when approached by a

It is mostly active in a daylight.

Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acrididae

Patanga succincta
LA

Takten thong

KH

Kon dob krohomTH

Tak ka tan pa tan ga

VN

Cao caoCào cào

JP

Taiwan-tsuchi-inago

タイワンツチイナゴ

Remarks

Basic Information
Female has about 53mm body length to the end of
abdomen, about 70mm to the end of wings.

24 Sep.2008 Cambodia

Its body is light brown. Its forewings are generally thin and long.
abdomen is distinctively longer than that of other species.

From its dorsal side of prothorax

toward an area where forewings overlap is colored grayish brown.
vertical and broad dark brown bands when seen from the side.

198

Part where wings extend past
Its prothorax has distinctiveOrder: Orthoptera

Oxya japonica japonica

Family: Acrididae

LA

Takten thong

KH

Kon dob smauTH

Tak ka tan kheow

VN

Cao cao xanh, Chau chau

Cào cào xanh, Châu chấuJP

Hanenaga-inago

ハネナガイナゴ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Southeast Asia, China, Taiwan, India
and Sri Lanka.

26 Jun.2009 Laos

Male has a body length of about 17 to 34mm (to the end of wings), and female 21 to 40mm.
Individuals differ in coloration of their body and dorsal side; either yellow green or yellow brown.
In general its body is glossy. There is a dark brown band from behind the compound eyes to theside of the wings when folded.
grasslands.

Both adults and larvae live in a paddy field and surrounding wet

They favor eating leaves of gramineous plants.

19 Nov. 2009

Thong Khan Kham Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

26 May 2009

Na Khan, Louang Phrabang, Laos

31 May 2009199

Na Ngom, Vientiane Capital, Laos

25 Jun. 2010

Crytocanthacris tatarica

Don Makkai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Crytocanthacris tatarica

25 Jun. 2010

Don Makkai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

25 Jun. 2010

Don Makkai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

24 Jun. 2010

Hong Kae, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Atractomorpha sp.

Tagasta sp.

Acrida sp.

Aiolophus thalassinus tamulus

Cambodia

Laos

Cambodia

Laos

200

Calephorus vitalisi

Catantops pinguis

Choroedocus sp.

Eyprepocnemis sp.

Gastrimargus marmoratus

Hieroglyphus banian

Cambodia

Laos

Laos

Laos

08 Sep. 2008 Laos

Cambodia

Locusta migratoria

Patanga luteicornis

04 Sep. 2008 Laos

24 Sep. 2008 Cambodia

201

Phlaeoba antennata

Sep.2007

Pternoscirta sp.

Sep.2007

Vientiane, Laos

Trilophidia annulata

Sep.2007

Valanga nigricornis

Vientiane, Laos

Sep.2007

Xenocatantops humilis

Sep.2007

Vientiane, Laos

Vientiane, Laos

202

Vientiane, Laos

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Cicadidae

Cicadidae spp.
LA

Chakchan

KH

Rey，Dong kau duongTH

Juk jan，Ma lang e

VN

Ve sauVe sầu

JP

Semi

セミ類

Remarks

Basic Information

Macrosemia umbrata
21 Oct.2010 Laos

Many of the adults of this species have wings that aremembranous and transparent.

The abdomen of males

serve as a sounding organ and their abdominal cavity ishollow to serve as a resonance chamber. Females use thetip of their abdomen to scratch a tree branch to lay eggs.
After the larvae emerge, they descend to the ground bythemselves, and go underneath the soil through cracks on
the surface.
years.

They stay there and grow slowly over a few

When it is closer to the final molt, they emerge tothe surface during the evening to the night, then climb on atree or a grass to molt as adults.

19 Nov. 2009 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

When matured, males sing to attract females in order to mate.
Use
In Laos and Thailand, several species of adults and larvae are used. Its culinary use in Cambodia
was not confirmed in this study.
served with salt.

Adults are often fried to eat, and sometimes roasted ones are

Larvae are also fried and served.

In this study, 4 genus and 6 species are

confirmed, however, it is assumed that more species are being used.

Adults are collected by usinga hand-held net with a long handle, a slingshot, a birdlime, or hand-collected by shaking trees
during the night.

In the Lao mountainous region, there is the method to lure in imitation sound of

the cicada voice by bamboo.

In Laos, they use Ton Yang as a birdlime, which is made by adhesive

resin extracted from woody vines.

Using Ton Yang, a collector catches newly emerged adults

when they come to acquire water from the moist ground along the Mekong River. He can collect
more than 10 Meimuna subviridissima in a matter of 5 minutes.
the base of a tree with a hoe.

Larvae are collected by digging

In Vientiane Prefecture, Laos, they were collected in forests aroundpaddy fields during the dry period. People can collect 20 to 30 larvae in an hour.

203

Macrosemia tonkiniana

Meimuna subviridissima

Muda sp.
21 Oct.2010 Laos

Platylomia bocki

Pomponia sp. (aff. linearis)

17 Nov.2008 Laos

21 Oct.2010 Laos

28 Nov.2007

Apr.2010

14 Apr.2010 Laos

2 Dec.2010 Laos

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Vientiane Capital, Laos

19 Nov. 2009204

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

18 Feb. 2010

Morpou, Champasak, Laos

18 Feb. 2010

Morpou, Champasak, Laos

27 Nov. 200918 Feb. 2010

Morpou, Champasak, Laos

Meimuna subviridissima

18 Feb. 2010

Dong Makkai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Morpou, Champasak, Laos

27 Nov. 2009 Dong Makkai,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

27 Nov. 2009 Dong Makkai,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

27 Nov. 2009 Dong Makkai,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

205

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Scutelleridae

Tessaratoma quadrata
LA

Maeng kheng

KH
TH

Maeng krang ， Mung lum
yai，Mang kheng

VN

Bo xit nhanBọ xít nhãnJP
Remarks

Basic Information
The stink bugs have a length of 24.5mm to 34mm.

Its

body is relatively flat and a light yellowish brown color.

It

26 May 2009 Khouathi, Louang
Phrabang , Laosis a pest for longan and lychee trees; therefore, it can beeasily found in and around a longan orchard. It feeds onplant sap by inserting a needle-like sucking mouthparts on
a leaf vein or the stem of a plant.
on the back of a leaf.

Eggs are laid in a cluster

Larvae live together right after

hatching, they are then dispersed to have a solitary life.
Use

13 Feb. 2010

Both adults and larvae are used as food.
Live and cooked ones are sold at markets.

5,000kipTha Heua Market, Louang
Phrabang, Laos

We could not confirm its use in Cambodia in this study.

It is fried or stir-fried to be served. In Laos, it is a popular ingredient for chili paste, called Cheo,and served with sweet rice.

Other edible stink bugs tend to have a distinct aroma, but this species

is found to be less aromatic.

Adults and larvas that are on longan and lychee trees are collected by

insect nets. In Laos, a larger amount is collected just before the rain season.
3 to 4kg can be collected per day.

206

From April to June,

26 May 200917 Sep. 2011

Khouathi, Louang Phrabang,Laos

26 May 2009

Sampana, Vientiane Capital, Laos

13 Feb. 2010

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phrabang, Laos

29 Jun. 2010 Dong Borng,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

17 Sep. 2011

Sampana, Vientiane Capital, Laos

15 Feb.2010

Savan Say Market, Savannakhet,
Laos

17 Sep. 2011

207

Khouathi, Louang Phrabang,
Laos（Cheo-Maeng khen）
Sampana, Vientiane Capital, Laos

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Coreidae

Leptocorisa spp.
LA

Maeng kheng khao

KH
TH

Ma lang singh

VN

Bo xit hoi

Bọ xít hôi

JP

Kumo-heri-kamemushi

クモヘリカメムシ属の一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Its length is 14 to 17mm.

The body is slender overall.

It

Leptoorisa sp.
21 Nov.2007 Vientiane Capital, Laos

has a pale green body with brown wings when alive, but thegreen part changes to yellow when it dies.

It lives ingramineous grassland or near the paddy field, and sucks onplant sap from the plant spikes.

Its Lao name, “khao”,

means rice, since it is often found around rice paddies.
Use
Adults are used as food in Laos.

It is fried or roasted andalso used as an ingredient for chili paste.

It has thedistinctive fruity aroma of stink bugs.
The collection takes place at night.

Leptoorisa sp.
10 Jun. 2007 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

Adults are inactive at night, so a collector walks by shining alight to catch them.

208Order: Hemiptera
Family: Coreidae

Coreidae sp.
LA

Maeng kheng ka po

KH
TH

Mung nug kranVN

Bo xit nauBọ xít nâuJPheri-kamemushi

ヘリカメムシ科の一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Its length is 15 to 18mm. Its body is a long oval shapewith a dark brown color.

20 Apr.2010 Laos

There are three distinctive brownbands on its hind femur.
Use
Adults are eaten in Laos and Thailand.
stir-fried to be served.
chili paste.

It is fried or

In Laos, it is a popular ingredient of

It is favored for its fruity aroma. Collection isdone by using a tool which is a long stick with a bag
attached at the end.

28 Jan. 2013 Thoag Mang, Vientiane
Province, Laos

A collector would tap on the insect in the tree, and when it drops, he catches it in the bag.

A few

species within Coreidae sp. are confirmed, but the above pictured species is most commonly seen in
the market.

209

19 Nov. 2009 New Nong Neow Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

14 Feb. 201028 Jan. 201311 Nov. 2008

Vientiane Capital, Laos

10,000kip
Nongsa, Vientiane Province, Laos

14 Feb. 2010

Don Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

28 Jan. 2013

210

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Don Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Margarodidae

Drosicha sp.
LA

Khai chakchan

KH
TH

Phai pang

VN
JP

Waraji-kaigaramushi

ワラジカイガラムシ属の一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Its body is oval and flat.

Larvae and adults have evolved

into a shape that is well adapted to a parasitic life in which
it attaches to the host plant.

15 May 2009 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capotal, Laos

There is almost no border or

joint between its head, thorax and abdomen.

Its suctorial

mouth is a long thread-like tube which can extend a few
times more than its body length. Adults cover their bodywith wax coating.

Only during the larva stage, can theycrawl and move.

While maturing, they lose theirvestigial legs, antennae, eyes and become immobile. They
feed on plant sap.
10,000kip
15 May 2009 Dong Makkai Market,
Xaythany, Vientiane Capotal, Laos

Use
It is used as food in Laos, but rarely seen in the market.
each year. It is fried or steamed in banana leaves.

211

It only circulates in the market in May of

It is often mistaken for a cicada’s eggs.

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Belostomatidae

Lethocerus indicus
LA

Maeng da，Maeng da na

KH

Kanteatuk

TH

Maeng da，Malang da

VN

Ca cuong

Cà cuống

JP

Taiwan-tagame

タイワンタガメ

Remarks

Basic Information

24 Jun.2009 Laos

It is distributed in tropical to subtropical areas in Eastern
Asia and India.
and flat.

Its body is 60 to 90mm. Its body is oval

It lives in a deep pond or a water hole with

abundant aquatic plants.
surrounds a branch.

Eggs are laid in a pattern that

The beginning of the rain season

marks the peak of the egg laying season.

Males protect

the eggs until they hatch. The larvae and adults hide
between aquatic plants, and catch aquatic insects, tadpoles
and small fish by their front legs to feed.

10,000kip
11 Jul. 2008 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

Use

It is one of a famous edible insect in Indo-China, and is very popular.
which resembles coriander, which is the reason it is favored.

Adults have distinct aroma

Males are supposed to be morearomatic than females, so they are traded at a higher price.

Mature females with eggs are said tobe as tasty as males.

It is also used as a spice to add flavor

to other dishes.

It is roasted, fried, or steamed to eat.

In Laos and Thailand, it is used as an ingredient for chili paste.

In Cambodia, it

is popular as a snack to go with alcohol beverages. There is even an artificial seasoning that tastes
like Lethocerus indicus.

Many methods are used to collect it:

net, cast net, draw net, gill net, or a light trap.

skimming it by a colander or hand

In Laos, during the high season, 45 to 50 counts,

sometimes 100 of these can be caught by a colander in half a day.
counts can be collected in 1 hour.

212

Using a cast net, 20 to 30

17 Jul. 2010

Napuheuy, Vientiane Province,
Laos

28 Jun. 2010

Mueng Song, Vientiane Province,
Laos

05 Sep. 2010

Vientiane Capital, Laos

02 Jul. 2010

Napuheuy, Vientiane Province,
Laos

15 May 2009

Vientiane Capital, Laos

09 Sep. 2010

Phon Sim, Savannakhet, Laos

（Cheo-Maeng da）
Ban Khun Market, Vientiane
Province, Laos

02 Jul. 2010

Ban Khun Market, Vientiane
Province , Laos

02 Jul. 2010213

03 Aug. 2010

Suvarnabhumi International
Airport, Thai

29 Jan. 2013 Thalat Sao, Chanthabuly,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

02 Jul. 2010

Napuheuy, Vientiane Province,
Laos

214

21 Sep 2011

Talat Sao, Vientiane Capital, Laos

25 Jun. 2010

Dong Makai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

29 Jun. 2010

Dong Borng, Vientiane Capital,
LaosOrder: Hemiptera
Family: Belostomatidae

Appasus sp.
LA

Maeng khaosan

KH
TH

Malang da suan

VN

Ca cuong nho

Cà cuống nhỏJP

Kooimushi

コオイムシ科の一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Its length is about 13mm.

The body is flat and has an

Appasus sp.
24 Jun.2009 Laoselongated oval shape with the widest part occurring at 1/3
from the caudal end.

There are dark and light mottles

along the edge of latter part of forewings.

Adults hide

under dead plants at the bottom of the water, and catch
nearby aquatic insects and tadpoles or small fish by theirfore legs.

The life cycle of larvae is not fully known.

Use
In Laos, adults and larvae are eaten.

They are fried or

steamed to be served.

30 Jun. 2010

Dong, Vientiane Province,
Laos

This species is often not eaten by itself, but rather mixed with other aquatic organisms. Collection
takes place in a shallow marsh or paddy field.
animals are collected together.

Hand-held nets are used, and other aquatic small

It is not well recognized among local people.

with Lethocerus indicus or Dytiscidea sp..

It is often confused

Sometimes, a Naucoridae sp. is caught because of its

similar appearance and used in the same way.

215

28 Jun. 2010

Appasus sp.
Mueng Song, Vientiane Province,
Laos

28 Jun. 2010

Naucoris scutellaris

Appasus sp.
Mueng Song, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Naucoris sp.
9 Jul.2009 Laos

9 Jul.2009 Laos216

Order: Hemiptera
Family: Nepidae

Laccotrephes grossus
LA

Maeng ngoa nam

KH

Kan teaTH

Mung mang pong nam

VN

Bu cap nuocBù cạp nước (Bu cap nuoc)

JP

Taiwan-taikouchi

タイワンタイコウチ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Southeast Asia and China.
is 24 to 29mm.

Its body is long,

Body length

22 Sep. 2008 Laosthin and flat, with adark brown color.

L. maculatus is the smaller species inthe same family.

L. maculatus has 16 to 18mm bodylength, and has a blunt beak at the base of the femur of its
front legs. Adults hide in dead plants at the bottom of thewater and with its front leg catch aquatic insects, tadpoles,
and small fish.
known.

Its larva stage of lifecycle is not well

Mature females lay a cluster of eggs, about 10, in

the wet soil near the waterline.

24 May 2009 Phonekeo, Vientiane
Province, Laos

It is assumed that hatched larvae molt 5 times in about 2 months, before becoming adults.
Use
Adults and larvae are used as food. It is not sold by itself, but mixed with other aquatic organisms
such as shrimp, small fish, or larvae of a dragonfly.

The mixture is steamed, stir-fried, or fried to

be served. Due to its slenderness, this insect is not specially favored as food.
Cambodia.

It is not used in

Other than culinary use, it is sometimes used as food for farmed fish.

It is collectedby using a hand net or colander in the shallow water with abundant aquatic plants such as
marshes.

Usually, other aquatic insects and animals are caught together. L. maculatus is used in

the same manner.

217

24 May 200924 Nov. 2009

Laccotrephes sp.

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

24 Nov 2009

Laccotrephes sp..

Laccotrephes sp.

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Laccotrephes maculatus

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

29 Aug.2008 Laos218

Order: Hemiptera

Ranatra longipes

Family: Nepidae

LA

Maeng ngord nam

KH

Chang komTH

Mung mang pong num

VN

Chom chom nuoc

Chôm chôm nướcJP

Madara-ashimizu-kamakiri

マダラアシミズカマキリ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia.

It isalso found in Taiwan and Japan (Ryukyu Islands).

10 Dec.2008 Cambodia

Its body is 24 to 29mm, with a stick-like long and narrow appearance. The color varies from lightbrown to brown.

There are 2 small blunt beaks in the middle of front leg femurs.

Use
General use is similar to that of Laccotrephes grossus.

Both adults and larvae are used. It is

stir-fried with other aquatic animals or steamed in banana leaves. Genus Cercotmentus in thesame family is used in the same way.

It is collected by a hand net or a colander in shallow waters

with abundant aquatic plants such as marshes. Other aquatic animals are caught together.

17 Sep.2007

Wat Preah Yesu, Siem Reap Cambodia

Cercotmentus brevipes
24 Jun.2009 Laos

Cercotmentus sp.
17 Sep.2008 Laos219

Order: Isoptera
Family: Termitidae

Termitidae spp.
LA

Maeng mao

KH

Me pleing

TH

Malang mao

VN

Moi

Mối

JP

Shiroari

シロアリ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult length is 6 to 20mm, with a queen of largest species
reaches up to 120mm.

The winged caste has brown to

23 Jul. 2010

Stung Treng, Cambodia

dark brown coloration on the dorsal side, and light coloredlateral and ventral sides.

Soldier caste has a larger headthan worker caste and its jaw is well developed and black incolor.

Larvae are white.

Its colony is consisted of kings

and a queen and other family members, and their social life
is based on division of labor.

Adults possess wings only fora short period, of which they are involved in reproduction.
During the mating season, some of them are attracted to

15 May 2009

Vientiane Capital, Laoslights.
Some colonies become as large as containing 300 million individuals over the period of a few years.
Use
Winged adults are used as food. They are fried or stir-fried to be eaten.
are sun-dried and used as preserved food.

In Thailand, grilled ones

Its collection takes place in the beginning of a rainseason, which is when they start to fly in clusters.
his yard, a large number of them swarm to it.

220

At this time, when a collector sets up a light inOrder: Neuroptera
Family: Corydalidae

Corydalidae sp.
LA

Maeng kan ter

KH
TH

Maeng song kan

VNJPHebitombo

ヘビトンボ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Forewings and hindwings of an adult are about the same
shape.

They are broader than that of a dragonfly, and thewingspan is 40 to 150mm.
final molt.

22 Nov. 2009 Na Kom, Vientiane
Province, Laos

Larvae become 50 to 60mm at

They have hard head and prothorax, and awell-developed mandible and legs.

Middle and hindthorax are soft, and each segment of the abdomen has
distinctive flexible protuberance. Its egg, pupa, and adultare terrestrial whereas the larva is aquatic.

Larva period

is usually 1 to 3 years during which it molts about 10 times
and grows.

During the daytime, it hides under dead leaves

or small gravels in the water, and becomes active at night.

24 Nov. 2009 Vang Vieng Market,
Vientiane Province, Laos

It is carnivorous and catches aquatic insects with its well-developed mandible.

At the final molt,

larvae leave the water and make a round room in the ground to become a pupa.

A pupa emerges as

an adult in about 10 days.
Use
In Laos, larvae are used as food. It is sold in the market together with other aquatic organisms,
but it is not found very often.

It is fried, put in soups, or skewed to be served.

Sometimes it issteamed with other fish or aquatic insects.

Its collection takes place at rivers and streams, but it is

not intended to catch solely this species.

Other aquatic animals are collected together withcolanders and nets.

221Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae

Oecophylla smaragdina
LA

Mod som，Mod deng

KH

Ang krongTH

Mod daeng

VN

Kien vangKiến vàngJP

Asia-tsumugi-ari

アジアツムギアリ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Indo-China peninsula, Malaysia, India,
South China, and the Philippines.
10mm.

Total length is 5 to

17 Sep.2007

Wat Preah Yesu, Siem Reap,
Cambodia

Its body is pale, semi-transparent brown in color.

Their habitat is forest, and they make a ball-shaped nest in
the tree by gathering nearby leaves.

Their colony is madeup of a large number of ants, sometimes 500 thousand
individuals.

Adults are extremely aggressive, and if ahuman comes close to the nest, they would bite with theirstrong jaw. It is called “weaver ant” because it makes its
nest by weaving leaves together using a thread which is
16 Jan. 2013 Kham Hai Market, Khon
Kaen, Thailand

secreted from its body.
Use
Adult, pupa, larva, and egg are used as food.
omelet to be served.

In Cambodia, it is stir-fried together with a float plant Neptunia oleracea. It

is often used to add sour flavor to a dish.
uterus.

It is stir-fried, made into a salad, put in soup or

In Cambodia, it is used as a medicine to condition the

In Laos, it is collected in a forest near a village or a paddy field.

A bag is attached at theend of a rod of about a few meters, and using the bagged end, a collector will tap the nest andcatches the adult, pupa, larva and egg that are dropped into the bag. Cambodia exports a large
amount of collected Oecophylla smaragdina to Thailand.

Other than this species, use of

Clematogaster sp. was confirmed, but it is not often found in the markets. Clematogaster sp. isused in the same way.

222

24 Oct.2008 Cambodia

14 Feb. 2010

Lak2 Market, Khammouane, Laos

06 Nov. 2008

27 May 200914 Feb. 2010

Lak2 Market, Khammouane, Laos

19 Sep.2007

Siem Reap, Cambodia

Dong, Prey Veng, Cambodia

02 May 2009

Nathone, Vientiane Capital, Laos

Na Khan, Louang Phrabang, Laos

19 Jan. 2013

Lak14 Market, Champasak, Laos

223

28 Aug. 2008

Otdom, Prey Veng, Cambodia

19 Jan. 2013

Ban Watlouang, Champasak,Laos

14 Mar. 2009

Dong Borng, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

23 May 2009

Vang Vieng, Vientiang Province,
Laos

27 Jan. 2013

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Clematogaster sp.

14 Feb. 2010

224

Lak2 Market, Khammouane,
LaosOrder: Hymenoptera
Family: Vespidae

Vespa affinisLA

Tor hua seua

KH

Au mal, Koun au mal, Somboh au mal

THTor hua suea

VN

Ong vo ve

Ong vò vẽ

JP

Tsumaguro-suzumebachi

ツマグロスズメバチ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in tropical areas of East Asia, Himalayan
region, India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.

12 Sep.2008 Laos

Workers

have 18 to 28mm body length with a dark brown color.

Itsabdomen has distinctive coloration with yellow anterior
half and black posterior half.

They live in secondary

environment, and make their nests on a tree branch, on
grass near the ground surface, on a vine up to 1m above
ground, or space under the eaves of a house.
02 Jul. 2010

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Use
Larva, pupa, and adult are used as food.

In Cambodia, only the larva is used.

Larvae and pupae

are steamed or fried to be served. Usually, a nest itself is steamed and pupae and larvae inside are
picked up to be eaten. In Thailand, it is marinated in fish sauce and being sold.

This is eaten by

grilling with butter and served as a snack hood of alcohol. Adults are often fried to be served. In
Laos and Thailand, an alcohol beverage in which adults are pickled, is sold.
are used in the same manner.

225

Other species of Vespa

13 Jul. 2010

Vientiane Capital, Laos

29 Nov. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vietntiane
Capital, Laos

06 Sep. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vietntiane
Capital, Laos

24 Jun. 2010

Dong Makkai Market, Vietntiane
Capital, Laos

29 Jul. 2010

Nong Yao, Vientiane Capital, Laos

26 May 200927 Jul. 2010

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phrabang, Laos

Dong Makkai Market, Vietntiane
Capital, Laos

Vespa sp.
01 Dec.2010 Laos226

Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae

Apis spp.
LA

Pheuang

KH

Pong rout，Tak khmom

THPheung min

VN

Ong mat

Ong mật

JP

Mitsubachi

ミツバチ類

Remarks

Basic Information

Apis cerana
01 Dec.2010 Laos

Worker bees are about 15mm. They have a dark brownbody with relatively large head which has no significant
development on its hind angle.

The compound eyes arelarge, and they reach from front angle of the head to hindangle.

Antennae are relatively short.

Abdomen is yellow,

but it looks striped due to dark lining of a posterior edge ofeach segment.

Bees that are kept by humans from ancient

times, such as Apis mellifera, make a nest in closed spacesuch as a hollow of a tree, and develop a few honeycombs
16 Feb. 2010 Dongfai Market,
Savannakhet, Laosthat are suspended in parallel.

Bees such as Apis dorsata and Apis florea make a nest in open space with one honeycomb.

One

nest of Apis mellifera is consisted of 40 to 60 thousand workers, 200 males and one queen. The
queen lays 1,500 eggs per day, and usually lives 1 to 5 years.
perpendicular honeycombs filled with hexagonal rooms.
the eggs and larvae, and collect flower nectar.

Workers secrete wax to makeWorkers also maintain the nest, nurse

Their life span is about 6 weeks. When a queen

weakens or number of workers exceeds a certain level, colony fission (swarming) occurs.
Use
Larva and nest (honey) are used as food.

Honey is especially favored in every day diet.

A nestthat contains larvae are cut into square bars and roasted or steamed in banana leaves to be served.
It is very sweet.

In Thailand, larvae marinated in fish sauce are sold.

served with alcohol.

227

It is grilled with butter and19 Feb. 2010

Lak2 Market, Khammouane, Laos

13 Feb. 2010

23 Nov. 2009

Tam Chan, Vientiane Province,
Laos

21 Jan, 2013

Pakse New Market, Champasak,Laos

31 Jan. 2010

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

29 Nov. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

29 Nov. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

29 Nov. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos228

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phabang, Laos

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae

Heliocopris bucephalus
LA

Chuchee，Bao

KH

Kom poung aeh

THChuchee bou

VN

Bo hung

JP

Seaka-namban-daikoku-kogane セアカナンバンダイコクコ
ガネBọ hung

Remarks

Basic Information

22 Apr. 2010 Laos

Body length is 30 to 50mm, with some large ones reaching
maximum of 70mm.
round figure.

It is entirely black color and has a

Its thickness of lateral side and width of

dorsal side are about the same.

Its front edge of the headbroadens like a fan.

Front legs are serrated which areadapted to digging.

It gathers around a dung of anelephant or a water buffalo, and larvae feed on it.

A pairwill mate at a dung site and they dig a tunnel under thedung to make a broad chamber.

Parents roll the dung to

make a ball and bring it into the chamber.
Each dung ball has one egg inside.
the ball.

14 Feb. 2010 Boung Huana Market,
Khammouane, Laos

Hatched larva feeds on the dung ball and becomes pupa inside

Parents stay with the ball inside the chamber during this period to keep the ball freefrom mold and flies.
Use
Larva, pupa and adult are used as food in southern Laos and surrounding area.
are mainly used, and dung balls that contain those are sold in the markets.
in soup, stew, omelet and salad.

They are gutted when cooking.

ground to be put into a curry dish.
eating it.

Larva and pupa

They are fried or put

Adults are fried, or roasted thenSince its nature of feeding on dungs, many local people avoid

Dung balls are collected mainly in dry season from November to May. It takes place inand around a paddy field.

A collector tells that the high season is March through April, during

which individuals are plump and taste better. The grooming chamber is sought by digging under
old and dried dung of a water buffalo. A few dung balls and a female adult are found per chamber.

229

14 Feb. 2010 Boung Huana Market,
Khammouane, Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Haumeueng Toy, Savannakhet,
Laos

23 Jan. 2013

Watlouang, Champasak, Laos

24 Jan. 2013

Pa khaor yai, Champasak, Laos

17 Feb. 2010

Pakse New Market, Champasak,
Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Haumeueng Toy, Savannakhet,
Laos

23 Jan. 201324 Jan. 2013230

Lak20, Salavan, LaosPa khaor yai, Champasak, Laos

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae

Proagoderus mouhoti
LA

Chuchee

KH

Kom poulaieh

TH

Chuchee bou

VN

Bo hungBọ hung

JP

Kabuto-emma-kogane

カブトエンマコガネ

Remarks

Basic Information
Its body length is 15 to 19mm. The entire body is darkgreen and shiny.

Adult flies and finds dungs which become

food for its larva.

It digs a shallow tunnel underneath the

24 Jun. 2010 Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laosdung, and brings in the dung ball to lay one egg in it.
Larva feeds on the dung ball from inside, and eventually
becomes a pupa and emerges.

Adult is active during

daytime, but more so after evening through night, and is
attracted to a light.
24 Jun. 2010

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Use
No culinary use was confirmed in Thailand, but adult use was observed in Laos.
roasted to be eaten.

It is fried or

People take time to clean the dung from a beetle, then soak it in the water or

wash thoroughly before cooking.

If this process is not thoroughly done, the odor lingers.

feeds on dungs, some local people avoid eating it.

Since it

It is collected by picking adults that gather

around dungs of a water buffalo in the early morning, or by digging underneath the dung.
Collection mainly takes place around a dried paddy field during the dry season.
species, adults of smaller to medium sized dung beetle are also used.
size is 10 to 20mm, are preferred in the markets.
genus Onthophagus are sold.

Smaller species which body

Other than this species, many individuals from

Many other species are mixed and sold.

231

Other than this24 Jun. 201026 Jul. 200928 Jul. 201017 Feb. 2010

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

24 Jun. 2010

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

26 Jul. 2009

Dong Makkai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

24 Jun. 2010

Onthophagus spp.

Pakse New Market, Champasak
Laos

30 May 2009232

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Onthophagus spp.

Dong Makai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

24 Nov. 2009

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

24 Nov. 2009

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

24 Nov. 2009

Onthophagus. sp.

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Catharsius birmanensis
22 Apr.2010 Laos

Copris siamensis

Copris sinicus

30 Jun.2009 Laos

01 Jun.2010 Laos

Digitonthophagus bonasus

Liatongus rhadamistus ♂

22 Apr.2010 Cambodia

01 Jun.2010 Laos233

Microcopris reflexus
01 Jul.2009 Laos

Onitis sp.
30 Jun.2009 Laos

Onthophagus armatus

Onthophagus recticornutus ♀

Onthophagus sagittarius ♂

Onthophagus seniculus ♂

Onthophagus sp.
09 Sep.2009 Laos

Paracopris punctulatus

21 Jan.2009 Laos

09 Sep.200901 Jul.2009 Laos

Laos

01 Jul.2009 Laos

01 Jun.2010 Laos234

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae

Holotrichia spp.
LA

Maeng chee noun，Chee noun
deng

KH

Khnyong krohom

TH

Malang chinoon

VN

Bo ray, Ray meBọ rầy, Rầy me

JP

Kurokogane

クロコガネ属の複数種

Remarks

Basic Information
Body length is 15 to 35mm.

It is uniformly brown to a

black color with oval shape.

Larva lives underground near

the surface, and feeds on plant roots.

Holotrichia sp.
02 Dec.2010 Loas

Adult is active

during the daytime, and feeds on various plant leaves.
Adult becomes more active after the evening, and is
attracted to a light after dark.
Use
Adult is used as food. It is fried or stir-fried to be served.
Holotrichia sp.

It is collected by placing a light in the yard.

16 Apr. 2010

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Other than genus Holotrichia, culinary use of herbivorous beetles such as Anomala, Apogonia, andLepidiota is confirmed. Genus Holotrichia is preferred in Laos, and Anomala antique is preferably
used in northeastern Thailand.

In Cambodia, it is used in only a few areas.

235

28 Jul.2010

Dong Makai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

10 Jun. 2007 New Nong Neow Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

13 Feb. 2010

Dong Makai Market, Vientiane
Capital , Laos

02 Dec.2010 Cambodia

Anomala antique

Anomala sp.1
02 Dec.2010 Cambodia

Anomala sp.2
02 Dec.2010 Laos

Apogonia cribricollis

Lepidiota bimaculata

02 Dec.2010 SCambodia

02 Dec.2010 Vientiane, Laos

236

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae

Xylotrupes gideon tonkinensis
LA

Maeng kham

KH

Kanh chae

TH

Malang kham

VN

Kien vuongKiến vương

JP

Gideon-hime-kabuta

ギデオンヒメカブト

Remarks

Basic Information
Male has a length of 35 to 80mm. Female length is 28 to
55mm.

Entire body is glossy reddish brown to a blackcolor.

Females lack cephalic horn, but males have

04 Nov. 2008

Takeo, Cambodia

distinctive forked-horns one on the head and the otherpointing forward from the center of the thorax.

Larvaefeed on decomposed plant material and become pupae overthe period of 2 years. Adults feed on plant sap and live 2
to 4 months.
12 Sep. 2007 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

Use
Larva, pupa, and adult are used as food.

In Laos, adults are used more often.

by removing forewings and fried or roasted.

Usually the abdomen is the only part that is eaten,

but since there is not much volume, it is not very popular as edible insect.
marinated in coconut milk and roasted.
an insect fight in northern Thailand.

Adults are cooked

Larva and pupa are

Other than culinary use, its male is very popularly used in

Adults raised for fighting is also sold.

237

26 Nov.2007

Vientiane Capital, Laos

10 Oct. 2009

Vientiane Capital, Laos

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

238

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Dytiscidea

Cybister limbatusLA

Tap tao，Maeng nieng，
Maeng cheid

KH

Khonteh long，Dong kam bot

TH

Doung dingVN

Bu nieng

Bù niểng

JP

Fuchitori-gengprou

フチトリゲンゴロウ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Southeast Asia, China, Taiwan, Japan(Nansei Islands), the Philippines, India and Nepal.

Adultlength is 32 to 35mm and has a long oval shape.

Its

22 Jul.2009 Laos

dorsal side is shiny and black with brownish tint. Thereis a yellowish brown lining from lateral dorsal prothorax tothe lateral forewing.

Ventral side is uniformly black.

Adults are carnivorous.

Eggs are laid singularly in theaquatic plant tissue. In a captive life, a larva malts twice
in one month before leaving the water, then it buries itself
about a few to 10cm in the ground to become a pupa andemerges.

Newly emerged adult comes out from theground then starts an aquatic life.

Cybister sp.
28 Jun. 2010 Phonekeo, Vientiane
Province, Laos

Use
Not only this species but most of the genus Cybister is used as food.
countries, but the use of larva is only confirmed in Laos.
eaten.

Hard forewings are removed when cooking.

other types of Hydrophilidae.

Adult is used in many

Adult is mainly fried or stir-fried to be

In the market, it is often found mixed with

Larva is stir-fried, cooked, or steamed to be served.

It is rarely

used solely, but rather, it is cooked as a mixture with larvae of dragonfly, tadpoles, or shrimps andother aquatic organisms.

Adults are collected by skimming with a hand net or a colander, orgathered by light trap method.

Larvae are skimmed by a hand net or a colander. Many adults

are found in the remaining puddles of dried paddy field during the dry season.

239

06 Sep. 2009

Dong, Vientiane Province, Laos

24 Jul. 2010

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

27 Jun. 2010

Cybister sp.
Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

06 Sep. 2009

Dong, Vientiane Province, Laos

12 Sep. 2010

Cybister sp.
Sivilay, Vientiane, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

30 May 2010

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Cybister sp.

28 Jan. 2013 Thoag Mang,
Vientiane Province, LaosJan. 2013

240

Cybister sp.
Lak14 Market, Champasak, Laos

19 Jan. 2013

Lak14 Market, Champasak, Laos

24 Jul. 2008

Mai Haiyone, Vientiane Province,
Laos

26 Nov. 2009

Dong Bong, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Cybister rugosus

01 Sep.2008 Laos

Cybister sp. 1
01 Sep.2008 Laos

Cybister sp. 2
2007 Vientiane Capital, Laos

Cybister sugillatus

Cybister tripunctatus ssp.

2 Jul.2009 Laos

2 Sep.2009 Laos

241

Hydrophilus bilineatus cashimirensis
LA

Tap tao，Maeng cheid

KH

Khonteh longTH

Malang neang

VN

Dien dienĐiên điển

JP

Kogata-gamushi

コガタガムシOrder: Coleoptera
Family: Hydrophilidae

Remarks

Basic Information
Its body length is about 35mm.
with slender oval shape.

It has a shiny black body

Hydrophilus cavisternum has asimilar appearance to this species.

05 Oct.2010

Laos

Adults are often

found clinging to an aquatic plant and staying still.
Adults are herbivorous except for the mating season,
during which they feed on animals.

Females use plantfragments in the water to make an egg sac filled with eggs,
called “cradle”, near the water surface.
tens of eggs in one egg sac.
about 2 weeks.

There are several

Eggs are expected to hatch in

Larvae are carnivorous, catching small

animals alive by their strong mandibles.

After larvae

malt twice, they leave the water to bury themselves in the
ground and become pupae, then adults.

Larva, Hydrophilus sp.
25 Jun. 2010 Dong Makai, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Newly emerged adults come out from the ground and start an aquatic life.
Use
Adults are eaten including H. cavisternum in the same genus.

It is mainly fried or stir-fried to beserved. The hard forewings and prickles on the underside are removed when cooking.

Larvae arealmost never used, but in Lao market, it is found occasionally mixed with larvae of dragonfly, frogs,
or shrimps and other aquatic animals.
colander.

Adults are skimmed and collected with a hand net or aLight trap is also used for collection.

Adults of Hydrophilidae are called by the same

local name with Dytiscidae, and the two are not distinguished as separate species.

In Laos,

Hydrophilus and Cybister are considered as female and male of the same species. Hydrophilus isconsidered as males because people mistakenly recognize the spiny protuberance on the undersideof its abdomen as a reproductive organ.

242

06 Sep. 2010

29 Nov. 2009

Hydrophilus sp.
Dong, Vientiane Province, Laos

25 Jun. 2010

Hydrophilus sp.
Dong Makai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

06 Nov. 2008

Hydrophilus bilineatus cashimirensis

Hydrophilus sp.
Dong Makai, Vientiane Capital,
Laos

Hydrophilus sp.
Neak Loeung, Kandal, Cambodia

Hydrophilus cavisternum
04 Oct.2010 Laos

27 Sep.2010 Cambodia

243Order: Coleoptera
Family: Buprestidae

Sternocera sp.
LA

Maeng khap

KH

Kom phem

TH

Malang tub

VN

Kim quit

Kim quít

JP

Midori-futo-tamamushi

ミドリフトタマムシ類

Remarks

Basic Information
It is a large beetle with body length of 30 to 40mm.
Overall, its color is light golden green with metallic luster.
Some species have reddish brown antennae and legs.
few species are distributed in Indo-China region.

27 Nov. 2007

Vientiane Capital, Laos

A

They

are very similar in appearance, such as Sternocera

aeguisignata and S. ruficornis. Their detailed ecology is
not understood yet; however, larvae of Sternocera sp.,including this species, are known to feed on plant roots in
the ground.

Adults are diurnal and feed on plant pollen

and leaves.
10 Sep. 2010

Use

Adults are used as food. It is occasionally found in the markets.

When cooking, its forewings are

removed and the remaining is fried, roasted, or stir-fried to be served.
hands if it is on a tree, or by shaking it off the tree.

To collect, it is picked up by

In Cambodia, it is said to be cultivated, but it

is assumed to be merely protecting the host trees that the beetles feed on.

244

Sternocera sp.
Chaleun Souk, Savannakhet,
LaosOrder: Coleoptera
Family: Cerambycidae

Cerambycidae spp.
LA

Maeng nam fon

KH
TH

Doung creem，Doung hnoudyaoVN

Xen toc

Xén tóc

JP

Kamikirimushi

カミキリムシ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult body is 40 to 70mm for larger species and about
3mm for smaller species.

Dorysthenes walkeri

Medium to large sized species

of more than 30mm are popularly used.
body is slender and cylindrical.

29 Jun. 2010 Dong Borng, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

In general, theIt is known for its longantennae, which are the longest among other beetles.
When touched, it produces sound by rubbing the edge ofthe pronotum scrapeping against a file on the mesonotum.
Smaller species usually matures in one year, while larger
species takes 3 to 5 years to mature.

Most of the species

bore holes on plant materials, usually a tree, and feed on
them.

Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
29 Jun. 2010 Dong Borng, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Use
Larvae, pupae and adults of larger species are used as food.

Adults are occasionally spotted in themarkets, but it is not sold solely, but mixed with other insects.
roasted to be eaten.

Adults are fried, stir-fried or

Hard parts such as the forewings are removed when cooking.

In Thailand,

larvae and pupae of Apriona japonica are fried or steamed in banana leaves to be served.
that are attracted to lights are collected by light trap method.

In Laos, adult use of Dorysthenes

walker, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Xystrocera globose, and Batocera davdis are confirmed.

245

SpeciesOrder: Coleoptera
Family: Curculionidae

Hypomeces squamosus
LA

Maeng sang

KH

Me ambok

TH

Malang kom tong

VN

Cau cau xah

Câu cấu xanhJP

Zoumushi

Family ゾウムシ

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult length is about 10mm.
short.

Its mouthparts are stout andFresh adult is covered with shiny green scales, but

eventually they all scrape off.

28 Nov.2007 Cambodia

The color of scales varies

depending on the region it resides, from green, reddish
copper, purple, to gray, but green individuals are mostabundant.

It lives in a flatland to low hill areas, andcommonly found on leaves of trees along the roadside.
Use
Adults are eaten in Laos and Cambodia.
to be served.

It is mainly friedInsect nets with a long-pole are used tocollect ones on a tree.

246

18 Feb. 2010 Pakse New Market,
Champasak, Laos

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Rhynochophoridae

Crytotrachelus spp.
LA

Maeng kwang

KH
TH

Duang mai pai

VNDuong treĐuông treJP

Oo-osazoumushi

オオオサゾウムシ属の複数種

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult body is 15 to 30mm.
vermillion.

Its coloration is shiny

Larvae have a dark brown head with yellowish

brown body, and they do not have legs.

Crytotrachelus sp.
09 Sep. 2010 Thating Hang,
Savannakhet, Laos

They feed onbamboos from inside, sometimes reaching to the outer layer
and making a hole.

Fully grown larvae make a simple

chamber in a bamboo joint, using tree debris and become
pupae then emerge.
Use
Larvae are used in Laos and Thailand.

It is usually fried

to be served. In Laos, people said larvae of bamboo-eating
weevils have soft skin and are tastier than larvae of

Larva, Crytotrachelus sp.
24 Sep. 2010 Phonekeo, Vientiane
Province, Laos

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.
Its collection takes place in a bamboo forest, and larvae are sought inside bamboos.

247

03 Oct. 201024 Sep. 2010

Crytotrachelus sp.

14 Oct. 2010

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

24 Sep. 2010

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Phonekeo, Vientiane Province,
Laos

248

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Rhynochophoridae

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
LA

Duang ton tan，Maeng
kwang

KH
TH

Duang sakoo

VN

Duong duaĐuông DừaJP

Yashi-oo-osazoumushi

ヤシオオオサゾウムシ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is distributed in Southeast Asia, India, China, Taiwan,
Japan (Okinawa), and Papua New Guinea. Adult length is
22 to 35mm.

17 May 2009

Vientiane Capital, Laos

Its body is shaped like a grain of rice.

Larvae have a dark brown head with yellowish brown body,and they do not have legs. Larvae feed on palm trees, andthe woody part of palm trees become powdery after larvae
feed on it.

When larvae have reached their full growth,

they make pupal chamber by using palm fibers and pupate
then emerge.
27 Jun. 2010 Phonekeo, Vientiane
Province, Laos

Use
Larvae and pupae are used as food in Laos and Thailand.
Texture and taste are close to that of French fries.

They are mainly fried to be served.

It is a pest for Palmyra Palm (Borassus

flabellifer). It is collected from an infested, dying Palmyra Palm. It is occasionally found in themarkets.

Its harvesting method is being studied in universities in Thailand and Laos.

249

Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pyralidae

Omphisa sp.
LA

Duang mai phai，Duang mae

KH

Dong kau neangTH

Rot duan, Duang mai pai，None mai pai

VNJP

Taketsutoga

タケツトガ

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult wingspan is 20 to 30mm for males, and slightly larger
for females.

17 Nov. 2008 Laos

Adults fly out from bamboo stem during thenight to mate and lay eggs on the surface of a young
bamboo shoot.

Hatched larvae gather around and move toa fresh part of the shoot in a single line and make a hole in
the joint to go inside. Larvae feed on the inside tissue of abamboo.

Larvae become pupae in about 10 months.

Pupae collectively hang from the joint of a bamboo, andemerge as adults after 40 to 60 days.

10,000kip
11 Nov. 2008 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laos

Use
Larvae are one of the frequently used edible insects, and often found in the markets.
used in Laos and Thailand.
the border of Thailand.

It is widely

In Cambodia, it is not a common edible insect, but it is popular near

It is usually fried to be eaten.

Its collection takes place in a bamboo forest.

It is popular as a snack to go with a beer.

First a collector looks for a dying bamboo stem due tothe infection by this species. If there is a hole of about 2mm in diameter near the bamboo root, hewould cut open the joint to check for the presence of larvae. It there are larvae, the joint one below
where the larvae are is cut to fell the bamboo and extract the larvae. From one bamboo, about acup full of larvae can be collected.

250

19 Nov. 2009

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

11 Nov. 2008

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

20 Sep. 2009

Bokeo, Laos

21 Sep. 2009

Huay Khom Nok, Chiang Rai,
Thailand21 Sep. 2009

Huay Khom Nok, Chiang Rai,
Thailand21 Sep. 2009

Huay Khom Nok, Chiang Rai,
Thailand21 Sep. 2009

Huay Khom Nok, Chiang Rai,
Thailand251

Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Bombycidae

Bombyx moriLA

Duck dae morn

KH

Dok duaTH

Duk dae mai

VN

Nhong tamNhộng TằmJP

Kaikoga

カイコガ

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult wingspan is 180 to 230mm. Its body and wings arecovered with white scales.

Larvae of popular breeds have

12 Sep 2007

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

21 Jun. 2009

Hou Kua Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laosa white body, and at full growth, they are 6 to 7cm long andweigh 5 to 6g.

Larvae exclusively feed on mulberry leaves,and they molt 4 times before making a cocoon and become apupa.

Pupae emerge in about 2 weeks

Use
It is one of the most popular edible insects, and its pupa isfound in the markets throughout a year.
roasted, or boiled to be served.

It is fried,

It has distinct aroma.

In Laos, a tea made out of dried larvae dungs are sold, but it is not very popular.
having taken the silk is supplied steadily.

252

The pupa after03 Nov. 2008

21 Sep.2011

Central Market, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia

10 Jun. 2007

Dong Makkai Market, Vientiane
Capital, Laos

Talat Sao, Vientiane Capital, Laos,
Laos

21 Sep.2011

Talat Sao, Vientiane Capital, Laos,
Laos

253

Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Saturniidae

Saturniidae sp.
LA

Douang，Duck dae morn ka
beua，Ka beua

KH
TH

Duk dae mai pa

VNJPYamamayu

ヤママユガ属の一種

Remarks

Basic Information
Adult wingspan is about 130mm. Its body and wings arecovered with yellowish brown scales.

Full grown larvae

26 May 2009

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phrabang, Laos

are measured 70 to 80mm, and weigh 17 to 20g. Its cocoon
is milk white in color and 18mm in length.

Pupae areyellowish brown to dark brown in color and 14 to 15mm inlength.

From one cocoon, 600 to 700m of silk thread can beproduced.
Use
26 May 2009

In Laos, pupae are used as food.

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phrabang, Laos

Although it is not a popular insect as food, pupae in the cocoon and pupae without cocoon are sold in
the market.

It is mainly fried to eat.

254

Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Sphingidae

Sphingidae spp.
LA

Ka bee，Cha ruad

KH
TH

Pee seu cha ruad

VN
JP

Suzumega

スズメガ科の複数種

Remarks

Basic Information
It is a medium to large sized moth, with adult wingspanmeasuring about 30 to 150mm.

Wings are slender andlong, with the forewings considerably longer than thehindwings.

Its thorax is stout and streamline shaped.

31 Jun. 2010 Dong Borng, Vientiane
Capital, LaosItspectoral muscle is well developed, and provides strength for
its ability to fly.

Its body is covered with hair-like scales,

and they are easily scraped off when touched.

It has a longand thin mouthpart like that of butterflies, which areadapted to suck flower nectar.

There are varieties ofpatterns on its prothorax and wings, depending on thespecies.

In general, its forewings have dull color and
01 Mar. 2009 Dong Makkai Market,
Vientiane Capital, Laospatterns, while hindwings have brighter colors.
Larvae have classic shape of worms and lack major hair.
spiny protuberance on the posterior abdomen.

Adults of many species are nocturnal, but there are

species which are active during daytime or in the evening.
reach a speed of 50km per hour.

It can fly very fast, with some species

Many are attracted to lights at night, and many are found staying

there even after sunrise due to drop of temperature.
stages.

They are characterized by a distinctive

They feed on various plant leaves.

Larvae live a solitary life since their early

When touched, larvae take threatening position byraising their head and thorax high and swinging them right to left.

At full growth, larvae burythemselves in the ground and become pupae without making a cocoon.
Use
In Laos, adult use was confirmed, but it is rarely seen in the markets.

It is fried or stir-fried to beserved. People capture the moth with other insects by using a light trap. Sphingidae spp. is notintended to be eaten solely but rather, cooked as mixture with other insects.

255

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256