Seizing thecommercial value ofquantum technology

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Foreword

04

The quantum tipping point: Chemistry08

Three dimensions for achieving quantum value

09

A three-dimensional approach19

The urgency of quantum

24

A watershed
moment forquantumtechnology
Quantum technology is rapidly approaching an
inflection point. Consistent roadmaps from IBM provide
confidence in frictionless quantum computing within
the current decade. At the same time, bold programsfrom quantum startups like QuERA and Pasqal could
accelerate this timeline even further, especially when
integrated with new middleware and algorithmic
approaches.
While advancements across technology roadmaps are
generating tremendous excitement in academic circles,industries are struggling to translate the theoreticalpromises of quantum computing into practical value.
For companies, the challenge lies not just in mastering
an extraordinarily complex technology, but also in
identifying a way to use its present capabilities to createan advantage that could not otherwise be achieved
using classical computers. They must also address
practical considerations, including a significant talent
shortage, limited budgets and resources, and theinherent challenges of adopting a new way of working.

We could soon see a quantum
computer that can be used forcommercial applications, particularly
in quantum chemistry. But to unlock
value, companies need to explore
impact end-to-end”.
As we stand on the brink of this transformative
future, companies must adjust their view of quantum
technology, not seeing it as the latest form of digital
evolution, but as a true revolution.

Amid looming uncertainty and complexity, many
enterprises are opting to defer quantum investments
until the technology reaches maturity. While thisapproach may seem prudent, it will ultimately prove
unwise, as postponing quantum investments does not
expedite the realization of value.
In fact, the opposite is true: Delaying quantum
investments today significantly prolongs the company'stime-to-value. Quantum is not just software that can
simply be implemented and deployed once it is ready—it represents a fundamentally new way of working. One
that demands a deep understanding of the technology's
capabilities to tackle challenges that companies may
not have even conceived of yet, and which cannot be
addressed using traditional computing methods.

4

Last year, IBM demonstrated thatquantum systems have reached utility,or the point at which they can run
quantum circuits better than classicalcomputers can simulate them. This
opens the potential for quantum
computers to explore new classes ofproblems in physics, chemistry,materials, and other fields.
“Now, the next step is to find wherethese problems show quantum
advantage. Advantage will be achievedby industry experts using a strong
software platform to map their mostchallenging use cases to real,advanced quantum hardware. This isexactly what we are working on with
our global IBM Quantum Network. We
look forward to seeing those
breakthroughs soon.”
JAY GAMBETTA
IBM Fellow and Vice President, IBM Quantum

PASCAL BRIERJULIAN VAN VELZENGroup Chief Innovation
Officer

CTIO & Head of Capgemini's
Quantum Lab

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

5Defining quantum computers
within the context of theenterprise IT landscape
People often talk about quantum
computing in a naïve way—defining
it simply (and imprecisely) as “better
computing.” This leaves some with theimpression that quantum computers
are essentially the same as classicalcomputers, just faster and more
powerful.
But this is not accurate. Quantum
computers represent a whole new classof computing power that leverages
unique processing methods to operate.
Quantum computers have entirely
different capabilities and limitations than
traditional devices, which means thatthey should not be thought of or usedinterchangeably.
For many corporate executives,
understanding how quantum technology
is different, what it is good at, and where

it can be applied within the context
of existing systems and processes is a
critical first step in drawing commercial
value from the technology.
As research teams and tech leaders lobby
for investments in this area, they must
do so from a point of business value.
Increasingly, this means exploring how
quantum capabilities can completely
redefine workflows, opening remarkable
new opportunities that simply aren’t
available with traditional computers.
In this case, quantum technology itself
will trigger the proverbial “quantum
leap forward,” unlocking a dramatictransformation that will propel industries
to surpass previous expectations,overcome existing limitations, and reach
new levels of innovation.

We take an application approach to quantum. It’s not about finding ways tomake the technology work for its own sake, but to deliver value to thebusiness, in the form of enhanced innovation, improved speed, andcompetitive advantage.”
JULIAN VAN VELZENHead of Capgemini’s Quantum Lab
Capgemini

6

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

7

The quantum tipping point:
Chemistry
While quantum computing is poised to revolutionize
numerous industries, particular attention is directed
towards chemistry. This sector offers a distinct classof problems that are practically insurmountable withconventional hardware but are possible to address using
a quantum computer.
For example, areas such as drug discovery, carbon
capture, and battery technology can greatly benefit
from the exponential speed up of processes enabled byenhanced computational power, as well as quantum’s
ability to provide explanations for complex phenomena
more efficiently or effectively than classical computers.
However, the value realization of quantum computing
is not entirely straightforward. Companies must
determine whether these problems, albeit solvable, will
yield practical value that outpaces the cost of change.
For example, if a chemicals company could find a groundstate of an energy a thousand times more accurate
in one-tenth of the time via quantum computing,what value does that bring to the business? If a
pharmaceutical company develops quantum capabilities
that would enable their research team to access entirely
new chemistries, would that offer unprecedented
levels of improvement compared to existing calculation
pipelines?
Whether a company is applying quantum in an existing
workflow or using it as a foundational element ofan entirely new working model, companies need toconsider if doing so would provide the organization witha small improvement or a major advantage—and thevalue of that advantage compared to the delivery cost.
It’s important to keep in mind that calculating the costof quantum includes obvious investments in technology,
as well as secondary costs related to reskilling theworkforce, redefining processes, and adapting the techstack.
Identifying the ideal quantum use case involves morethan merely applying the technology as one mightwith software. Rather it entails identifying a precise
computational challenge within a new or existing
workflow that is uniquely solvable using that technology
and, in a manner, where the derived value surpasses theassociated costs.

8

Three dimensions forachieving the quantum
value
In quantum, as with any emergent technology,
investment requires something of a leap of faith—notin terms of what the technology can do and the impact
it will have, but in terms of when the company will begin
to see a return on their investment.

Organization
challenge

A company’s ability to derive commercial value fromquantum—and the timeframe associated—will depend
not only on the rate of technological advancements
but also on the company's strategic approach, theirreadiness for change, and how well they utilize current
capabilities to reinvent existing workflows or create newones.
In this section we outline three distinct, butinterdependent, elements that companies mustembrace to harness the power of quantum technology
and derive commercial value: 1. Business casedevelopment and adoption strategy; 2. Use caseidentification; and 3. Technology investments.

Business case and adoption strategy
Deﬁning speciﬁc quantum use caseand workﬂow
Squeezing most out of hardware

1. Establishing the quantum business case and adoption strategy
The transformative nature of quantum computing
makes this technology incredibly exciting toorganizations. However, it also poses a considerable
challenge in formulating a business case and adoption
strategy. After all, if the company doesn’t yet know what
avenues the technology can open, how can it evaluate
the return on their investment or develop an adoption
strategy and timeline?
Unlike most technology implementations, the evaluationand development phases of the quantum roadmap areoften deeply interwoven. To understand the value ofthe technology, the company must identify a use case;but to identify a use case, companies must first explore
how the technology can be used. This requires a deep
understanding of the business, its challenges, and its
goals, as well as a firm grasp of how the technology
works and where it excels.

When it comes to quantum, R&D leaders are essentiallyasking the company to invest without knowing thespecifics of the return. That is, on its face, a highrisk request, though perhaps not as risky as delaying
investments or outright ignoring the opportunity.
Rather than denying the investment, companies shouldfind ways to reduce the risk of a quantum investment.
In the most practical terms, this means identifying
a quantum partner that will focus on developing anapproach and deploying the technology in a way thatwill deliver commercial value to the business over time,
as opposed to simply exploring what the technology
can do.

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

9Exploring the real costof quantum

have clearly outweighed the cost—and one could argue
that only those companies that have changed in tandemwith technology have withstood the test of time.

Establishing the business case for quantum tends tobe less straightforward than most typical technology
investments. This is because of both the so-called
long-tail costs that accompany the initial hardware
expenditures and the delayed return on thoseinvestments due to the nature of the technology.

When it comes to quantum computing, one potential
solution to mitigate costs is leveraging cloud computing
infrastructure. This approach mirrors the centralized
computing model used in the 1940s mainframe era.
By hosting quantum computers in data farms andoffering access through cloud services, the costs canbe distributed among multiple users, making quantum
computing more financially feasible and accessible.

For example, companies will need to move awayfrom traditional, on-premise computing models andtransition to the cloud to support quantum computing
operations. They will also need to invest in specialized
equipment and integrate infrastructure components
to maintain the stability of quantum computers. These
supplemental technology and infrastructure expenses
come in addition to the multi-million-dollar hardware
purchase price.
Another important consideration within the businesscase and adoption strategy is the human element.
The demand for quantum talent at the PhD level far
outpaces supply, making it extremely difficult for eventhe most renowned brands to recruit and retain talent.
While it is possible to reskill existing R&D team memberswith relevant backgrounds and experience, doing so will
also require an investment in time and resources fromthe business.
When adopting this technology, organizations mustalso be prepared for the very real possibility that
implementing quantum computing could negatively
impact productivity initially given the complexity of thetechnology and its impact on existing processes andworkflows.

Quantum is not a plug-and-play technology. Companies need to develop
their capabilities to use the technology—and they need to start now ifthey want to make market-disrupting moves and create an advantage.
IFTIKHAR AHMED
Capgemini’s Quantum Lab | Quantum Advisory
Capgemini Invent

10

On the other side of the value equation, calculating thereturn on quantum investments tends to deviate fromthat of most other IT expenditures. This is because thecomputational advantages of quantum only become
significant for problems that are fundamentally difficult
to solve using classical hardware. This is a process that
can take years to complete and, thus, years to draw
value.
While this may appear daunting, we must consider
that the cost and complexity of quantum computing
very closely resemble some of the earliest challenges
of classical computers. These devices were also
prohibitively expensive, created intense disruption toexisting systems and processes, and required a massive
shift in skills among people. Over time, the benefits

For many companies, it's not
immediately obvious that
there is a tradeoff between
the cost and value ofquantum. We bring together
that commercial
understanding of the businessand the technical expertise tohelp companies calculate thebenefit of the extra computein real terms.”
JAMES CRUISE
Capgemini’s Quantum Lab | Application
Aware Algorithms
Cambridge Consultants, part of Capgemini Invent

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

11

2. Defining a specific quantum
use case and workflow

Use case

The application of quantum technology in an enterprisesetting is often both narrow and specific. As such, thesuccessful execution of a use case by one company
represents the art of the possible but does notnecessarily offer a roadmap for other organizations,even in the same industry.
With this in mind, companies must accept thatquantum use cases will only be discovered by informed
exploration, usually with the help and guidanceof a qualified partner. Further, the key to drawing
commercial value from that use case lies in identifying
clear and specific areas where quantum algorithms canoutperform classical approaches or enable activities thatwould be otherwise impossible via traditional processes.
By way of example, here we explore three chemistrybased use cases where quantum technology shows
great promise for delivering practical value.

With quantum computing, thequestion is: What can webuild today that will help us
create value in only a few
years’ time, while
progressively improve thereturn in the following
years?”SAM GENWAY
Capgemini’s Quantum Lab | Quantum-centric
data-driven R&D
Capgemini Engineering

12

Challenges

Quantum capabilities

Drug development is a long,complex and expensive
process, with average
timelines lasting more than
one decade and budgets
exceeding $1 billion.

• Simulate the interactions of potential drugcandidates with complex biological targets,enabling companies to explore a potentiallybroader space of “hard-to-drug” targets.

CarboncaptureFor effective carbon capture,
the materials used to bindwith carbon dioxide molecules
must possess features likeadequate pore size to allow
gas flow and stability andenable selective removal.
These materials are extremelycomplex to model using
traditional methods, making
progress in this sector difficultand costly.

• Simulate the interaction between carbon
dioxide molecules and adsorbent materials
to enable the design of novel materials
or optimize existing materials for more
effective carbon capture.

Batterytechnology

Existing battery materials
undergo degradation
processes, leading to therelease of transition metals
into the electrolyte, where
they catalyze unwanted
reactions and lower
performance. This challenge
is particularly pronounced
in cathode materials, which
often contain heavy metal
atoms and are difficult tosimulate.

• Support researchers in modeling andsimulating degradation processes indetail, enabling them to gain insights into
the underlying mechanisms of battery
degradation and develop strategies tomitigate them.

Drugdiscovery

At Airbus, we are actively
exploring quantum computing
applications and see
enormous potential that thistechnology can help us solve
some of the most complex
aerospace challenges. The
range of use cases is broad
and includes challenges inchemistry: For example,
modelling reactions in fuelcells might accelerate
solutions for hydrogenpowered aviation, a key
element towards
decarbonisation of aviation.
But we are still in an earlystage, so leveraging its
unique properties will require
longstanding efforts,
encouraging us to draw
strong ties and work in close
collaboration with thequantum ecosystem.”
JASPER KRAUSER
Central quantum coordinator, Airbus• Facilitate the exploration of chemistries
that are difficult to simulate, potentiallyadvancing research and making R&D moreroutine for new categories of therapeutics.

• Enable more accurate simulations of battery
performance, supporting the developmentof next-generation batteries with enhanced
performance, efficiency, sustainability
and durability.

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

13

It's important to note that quantum computers cannot be used in isolation. Companies must identify crucial elements
within their workflows that necessitate the precision or computational power attainable solely through quantum
computing, while utilizing classical hardware for other aspects due to current limitations in quantum capabilities. It
also means that companies must adapt or build the surrounding tech stack and processes to enable the use case infull and, in turn, reap the benefits of quantum.

One of the greatest challenges in drug discovery is to predict with highenough accuracy the binding of a drug molecule to certain proteins in the
body responsible for a given disease, but this is fundamental tounderstanding the functioning of a drug. At Algorithmiq, we have combined
within our drug discovery platform, our state-of-the-art classical algorithms
with the most powerful proprietary quantum algorithms to solve thesecomplex problems in chemistry. It allows us to explore classes of drugs
which are currently inaccessible to classical computation. An example ofsuch use case concerns the optimal engineering of drug-photon interactions
where the drug molecule is to be activated solely by external sources of lightafter being administered to the patient. This requires that both the groundand excited chemistry of the cancer drug be understood which is currently
too much of a formidable task to be possible with contemporary classicalcomputational methods.”
SABRINA MANISCALCO
CEO, Algorithmiq

3. Squeezing the most out ofexisting quantum hardware
The timeline around quantum maturity remains fluid.
That said, most experts agree that quantum applications
won’t be available “out of the box” for at least the next
decade. So if companies want to draw commercial value
from the technology within the next three-to-five years,
they will need to be creative about how to do so.
In the quantum world, being creative essentially means
finding clever ways to overcome the current constraintsof technology. Here we explore some of the challenges
and limitations associated with quantum computers,
their implications for businesses, and the steps
companies can take to help mitigate these issues.

the computation and must be actively managed from end
to end.
To achieve reliable and efficient quantum computations,companies must identify strategies for how to reduce
errors to improve the speed and accuracy of algorithms.

Quantum 101: Error
suppression, mitigationand correction
Error Suppression:

Framing problems withrespect to quantum
While quantum computing presents a genuine
opportunity to achieve what would be impossible onclassical hardware today, the limitations of today’squantum computers require companies to prepare
problems in a way that they can be processed using
current capabilities.

Techniques directly applied to interactions
with quantum hardware to either reduce
the number of errors or making errors moremanageable. This includes optimization ofgate implementations to minimize errors andactively isolating qubits when carrying out
measurements.

Error Mitigation:

Restructuring problems typically involves techniquessuch as embedding, or encoding the problem in aformat that quantum computers can efficiently process,as well as using supplemental technologies like machinelearning, which can help identify patterns or structuresin the problem that can be exploited for quantum
computation.

Techniques implemented on the output of
the quantum circuits at the algorithmic levelto minimize the effect of errors that occur.
Generally involves executing further circuits on
the quantum hardware to infer the influence ofnoise.

The integration of data-driven methodologies also
plays a pivotal role in this process. By leveraging data tofill in gaps that traditional simulations cannot address
explicitly, it is possible to enhance the problem-solving
capabilities of quantum computers.

Error Correction:

Error correction and noise

Software based detection and correction oferrors during circuit execution by introducing
redundancy by encoding a single logical qubit
across a large number of physical qubits.
Requires on the fly detection of correction toprevent errors propagating through circuit
execution.

In traditional computing, systems are naturally errorcorrecting, meaning noise is automatically dealt with. Thispassive capability ensures the reliable performance of thesystem without much additional effort.
In quantum computing, however, noise correction is verymuch an active exercise. Any deviation in the state of aqubit, even at the smallest scale, will extend throughout

14

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

15Performance: Scale, quality,
and speed

Data loading

In computing, we often equate speed with time,measuring how quickly calculations are processed.
However, quantum computing introduces a uniquechallenge in that electrons can flip circuits at lightning
speed, but the pace at which we can change the state ofatoms lags far behind.

In addition to speed considerations, loading data intoand out of a quantum computer presents significant
challenges. Unlike classical computing, where data canbe easily cloned and manipulated, it is impossible tocopy a quantum state. This means that any manipulation
performed on a copied piece of information also affects
the original.

Consequently, quantum computing operates at a clock
speed roughly a thousand times slower than that ofa GPU. Since quantum chemistry typically requires
long calculations, it means that traditional, classicalcomputing tasks performed on a quantum computer
will be inherently slow.

As such, traditional concepts like checkpointing, wheredata is stored for future reference, do not apply inquantum computing. Instead, each time a piece of
information is needed, it must be reloaded into thequantum computer, preventing the creation of multiple
copies for different computations.

To leverage the power of quantum hardware effectively,
teams must identify and utilize its strengths, rather than
forcing it to mimic classical computing.

This limitation underscores the importance of a "lowdata, high compute" approach in quantum computing.
With this in mind, organizations should focus on
scenarios where small amounts of data can be efficiently
processed through multiple computations to achieve
meaningful results. This is precisely why chemistry
use cases, and materials development in particular,
represent a strong quantum opportunity.

That said, even when considering the theoreticaladvantage of quadratic speedups for tasks where
quantum computers excel, companies must recognizethat the benefits of doing so may be offset or evennegated by slowdowns that result from physicalconstraints and implementing error correction methods.
Such factors may impact quality and scale.
This complex nature of quantum performance
underscores the need for companies to approachquantum use cases holistically and conduct a full-scale
analysis of the value of the output with respect to thetotal cost of operation.

16

While it is critical to overcome the constraints ofquantum computing in the present tense, companies
must proceed with an eye for the future. This means
taking an ecosystem approach so that the organization
is aware of what developments are coming and thatthe work being done today is aligned with thoseadvancements.
Understanding future computing is critical for unlocking
the long-term benefits of quantum technology. For
example, when it comes to error correction, developinga noise reduction strategy against near term hardware
is generally not worth doing. This is more of a long-term
capability, that acts as a bridge between the hardwareand organizational value.

A partner approach toquantum computing
As an entirely new class of computing, most organizations do not have the internal expertise or capabilities to develop
and launch quantum use cases. Now, especially in the early stages, it is important for companies to engage a reputablepartner that can help the organization assess the viability of use cases, and define the value of activity relative to the costand scale efforts over time.

In the near future, we anticipate the emergence of quantum computers
suitable for delivering real value to commercial applications. The ecosystem isnascent and fractured, making it difficult for enterprise customers to derivevalue directly from the machines on offer. Addressing noise, error, andperformance is not solely the responsibility of hardware manufactures - it also
extends to algorithm design, infrastructure software, and applications. To
facilitate the development of high-value applications by quantum researchers,
we are dedicated to creating robust and user-friendly noise and error
suppression techniques that can dramatically boost hardware performance.
Collaborating with Capgemini enables us to deliver these capabilities toenterprise customers effectively.”
MICHAEL J. BIERCUKCEO, Q-CTRL

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

17

Drawing commercial value
from quantum technology
with Capgemini’s
Quantum Lab
To attain the quantum advantage, companies require a partner that
understands the technology and how it can be applied strategically toderive business value.
Capgemini’s Quantum Lab is a group of quantum experts with extensive
experience across various domains and cutting-edge applied researchendeavors. Our team is dually focused on pushing the boundaries ofwhat is possible over time, while also prioritizing value creation fromcurrent capabilities.
Our approach hinges on practical utility, helping companies groundheuristic exploration in a more secure foundation and develop use caseswith tangible outcomes. We strike a balance between innovation andpragmatism, channeling the potential of quantum technology into realworld applications that will deliver a true competitive advantage.

IFTIKHAR AHMED

Quantum Lead, Capgemini Invent
Who
we are:The Quantum Lab byCapgemini• A holistic quantum partner, providing true end-to-end support
across strategy development, use case identification, workflow
integration, iteration and value realization.
• A robust system integrator with established partnerships withleading players, like IBM, as well as a diverse range of startups,
academics, research organizations, and tech companies, to help
clients leverage collective expertise and resources for impactful
innovation.
• A multi-faceted, cross-functional team that combines deep
domain expertise and strong business acumen, ensuring companies
approach quantum technology from the perspective of value
creation.

18

A three-dimensional approach to value
realization with Capgemini’s Quantum Lab
Our Quantum Lab’s comprehensive service offering is based on three interconnected capabilities that align with thecritical dimensions companies need to harness the power of quantum technology and derive commercial value:

1

Quantum Advisory: Defining the business case development and adoption strategy

2

Quantum-Centric Data-Driven R&D (QDDRD): Identifying and executing strategic use cases

3

Application Aware Algorithms (Triple A): Maximizing quantum hardware investments

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

19Quantum-Centric Data-Driven R&D: Identifying andexecuting strategic use cases
Quantum-Centric Data-Driven R&D (#QDDRD) is an approach developed by The Capgemini Quantum Lab that isoffered in conjunction with our advisory services to address the challenges associated with implementing and scaling
the use of quantum technology in an industrial setting.

Capgemini’s
response

Quantum advisory

The QDDRD framework focuses on redesigning the research pipeline to place quantum at its core. We work withclients to develop an end-to-end computational workflow drawing on a combination of quantum technology, classicalprocessing, and lab and simulated data to produce research results.

Quantum-centric data-driven R&D
Application Aware Algorithms

Quantum Advisory: Defining the business casedevelopment and adoption strategy
Deriving a commercial value from quantum computers
rests not just on technical capabilities, but an effective
strategy and approach.
Our global team of quantum physicists and specialists,business strategists, industry analysts, machine learning
experts, engineers and biologists integrates seamlessly
within the client organization, helping companies
reimagine their business in the quantum era andpinpoint the challenges only this technology can solve.
We assist companies at every stage of the journey, fromdefining the business case and establishing an initialuse case to developing a targeted strategy to help theorganization overcome specific quantum challenges
and constraints. Our team of experts operate acrosspartners and platforms, enabling companies to identify
the optimal course forward and develop a longer-term
strategy that aligns with an advancing landscape.
Our advisory team, in conjunction with our QuantumCentric Data-Driven R&D solution and Application Aware
Algorithms (Triple A), helps organizations bridge thegaps between an organizational problem, a quantum
solution and commercial value.

Fragmentation

Prediction of
key properties

f(x;θ)

Experimental data formodel training

Embedding(DMET) & Active
SpaceTransformation

MachineLearning“Quantumﬁngerptint

y=0.218

Our approach envisions an end-to-end workflow where quantum computing is used to probe properties andinteractions within a wider machine learning pipeline which draws on all available data to make industry-relevant
predictions.
Working with our advisory team, we help clients leverage the capabilities of QDDRD to tackle small problem sizes
today while also preparing for future scaling of quantum hardware.

Capgemini offers the following end-to-end capabilities:

20

Selection ofmolecule &approximate
solver

Domain knowledge insights

Deep quantum expertise

Flexibility to deliver

Broad modeling experience

Ability to scale

Broad partner ecosystem

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

21

Application Aware
Algorithms (Triple A):
Maximizing quantum
hardware investments
The perfect hardware does not yet exist—and, giventhat the timeline to achieve full fault tolerance isestimated at a decade or more, it is unlikely to become
available soon. Rather than waiting idly, developers canmitigate this issue by rethinking algorithm design andembracing two fundamental principles:1

Algorithms should share responsibility forerror correction with hardware. This will
help optimize them against hardware
characteristics.

2

Algorithms should incorporate applicationspecific information. This will make themmore robust to errors and maximize
hardware performance.

By embracing these two concepts, it is possible
to mitigate some of the shortcomings of existing
hardware. It will also help position early adopters
to draw value from quantum investments as thetechnology matures and realize the full commercial
potential over time.
Our Application Aware Algorithms (Triple A) aredesigned with these principles in mind. Purpose-built forvalue creation, our solution helps companies develop
and fine-tune algorithms and optimize limited quantum
resources to enable them to unlock value sooner. Our
comprehensive understanding of the entire stack, fromapplications to error-correcting codes, allows us to takea comprehensive approach to algorithm development,
bringing the applied quantum advantage closer.

22

Application Aware Error
Mitigation (AAEM): Error
mitigation based on trained
noise models
Since quantum computers require huge overhead to
reduce noise, correction mechanisms need to be used inconjunction with other methods. Most often this is doneby intentionally increasing noise, monitoring the results,
and then extrapolating back to lower levels.
Application aware error mitigation (AAEM) is a powerfulerror mitigation technique that focuses on improving
measurement estimations within a quantum circuit
using application-specific information. By incorporating
insights from the structure of the specific problem
and then intentionally increasing noise, companies canaccelerate problem-solving capabilities, potentiallybringing the quantum advantage years closer.

Recursive Amplitude Estimation(RAE): Efficient sampling foramplitude estimation
Recursive Amplitude Estimation (RAE) is a quantum
computing tool that enables organizations to maximize
information extraction and achieve optimal speedups
from a quantum computer for problems of amplitude
estimation or eigenvalue estimation through Bayesian
methods.
In simpler terms, RAE identifies the point at which thelevel of noise outweighs the information gain fromincreasing the circuit depth. This strategy effectively
maximizes the quantum computer's utility, essentiallypushing the algorithm to its limits to reach maximum

performance, while being aware of the limitations
due to noise. This approach offers a nuanced balance
between no speedup and theoretical maximum
speedup on a perfect device, with the degree of
improvement governed by the noise level of the system.
This innovative technique, in conjunction with AAEM’serror mitigation capabilities, improves the efficiencyof the estimation process and achieves speedups
comparable to ideal quantum algorithms.

AAEM, when executed in conjunction with our advisory
services, also enables organizations to apply what are
typically isolated estimations to a broader workflow
perspective. Instead of conducting resource-intensive
and time-consuming individual estimations, this tool
uses the interconnectedness of the estimations boththrough the common application and the use of thesame quantum computer to reduce the estimation
overhead. By consolidating information and considering
the consistent noise characteristics of the machine,
companies can create a unified model of noise toenhance accuracy across multiple calculations.
AAEM is also closely intertwined with QDDRD, helping
organizations apply the newly created unified noise
reduction model across relevant R&D processes, thus
helping to simultaneously optimize limited quantum
resources, improve the accuracy of calculations andreduce the time it takes to complete those calculations.

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

23

The urgencyof quantum
While exact timelines for quantum
technology maturity are uncertain, thesignificance of this technology in shaping
the future is undeniable. Companies mustacknowledge that quantum computing will
inevitably become a pivotal component of
the future, whether its tipping point arrives
in 2029 or shortly thereafter.
Our recommendation is that companies
should decouple their quantum strategy
from quantum hardware progression
timelines. Instead, they need to use the time
between now and 2029 wisely, to frame
their challenges, explore use cases, andquantify costs with respect to value.
Companies that wish to draw the commercial
value from this technology, must act now,
integrating quantum workflows into realbusiness processes and leveraging deep
quantum algorithm capabilities in specificapplications to maximize the potential of
current hardware and drive value for theirbusiness.

Experts in
Residence
Iftikhar Ahmed
iftikhar.ahmed@capgemini.com

James Cruise
james.cruise@cambridgeconsultants.com

Julian van Velzen
julian.van.velzen@capgemini.com

Sam Genway
sam.genway@capgemini.com

Contributors
Jasper Krauser
Central quantum coordinator, Airbus

Jay Gambetta
IBM Fellow and Vice President, IBM Quantum

Michael J. Biercuk
CEO, Q-CTRL

Pascal BrierGroup Chief Innovation Officer, Capgemini

Sabrina ManiscalcoCEO, Algorithmiq

24

Seizing the commercial value of quantum technology

25AboutCapgemini
Capgemini is a global business and technology transformation partner, helping organizations
to accelerate their dual transition to a digital and sustainable world, while creating tangible
impact for enterprises and society. It is a responsible and diverse group of 340,000 teammembers in more than 50 countries. With its strong over 55-year heritage, Capgemini istrusted by its clients to unlock the value of technology to address the entire breadth of theirbusiness needs. It delivers end-to-end services and solutions leveraging strengths fromstrategy and design to engineering, all fueled by its market leading capabilities in AI, cloudand data, combined with its deep industry expertise and partner ecosystem. The Group
reported 2023 global revenues of €22.5 billion.

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