「新境界設定問題」は何を語っているのか
Liu Hanyi
広島大学

人間社会科学研究科

1. Background of New demarcation problem
1.1 demarcation problem"Demarcation Problem" is a philosophical issue with a long history. According toPlato's dialogues, there has been a debate about the definition of trustworthy
knowledge since the time of Socrates. Now, when we talk about demarcation issues,
it usually means the issue that help us to distinguish between science andnon-science or pseudo-science. Depending on the solution, we can roughly divide
the demarcation problem into three phases. Logical positivism is the main claim of
the first phase, and the second phase begins with Popper's falsifiability. The idea ofthe demise of the demarcation problem was put forward by Larry Laudan in 1983,
but on the contrary, the issue of demarcation continued to be debated. In response
to Laudan's argument, researchers suggests that we should shift our attention
away from assessing the logic and verifiability of theories and towards false claims
and wrongdoing (Pigliucci&Boudry, 2013). This renaissance led an era ofmultidisciplinary perspectives and multiple criteria for demarcation. And one ofthese perspectives is to rethink the relationship between science and values, to define
good science and others by separating legitimate and illegitimate influences of valuesin science.

1.2 science and values

According to the three phase，the relationship between science and value also canbe divided into three stages. The first is rationalist scientific theory, such as logicalpositivism and falsificationism up to the 1960s. Douglas (2009) calls the idea ofovercoming the influence of external values to make science as truthful andobjective as possible the Value free Ideal and argues that it’s origins can be traced
back to the Cold War. After this, science entered the second stage in the 1970s,
which is represented by the theory of Social Constructionism. The second one
broke out Value free Ideal and researchers began to generally accept the fact thatscience is full of values. With Alexandrova suggesting that scientific terminology
itself has ethical and cultural implications, and Holman noting that externalfunding has a non-negligible impact on research activity. How to reconcile experts
and knowledge, and reconstruct the trustworthy relationship between science andsociety became a central issue for the third stage which New Demarcation Problem

emerged in.
2. Emergence of the New demarcation problem

The realization that external values inevitably play a role in science led to thedebate on the New Demarcation Problem. Holman&Wilholt described as following:"We argue that attention should now be turned from debating the value-free ideal
to delineating legitimate from illegitimate influences of values in science, a project
we dub "The New Demarcation Problem".
Based on this premise against the value-free ideal, Holman&Wilholt's
categorization of demarcation strategies excludes the view that values have noimpact on scientific activity at all, and the view that the distinction between
legitimate and illegitimate values can be made by a principled demarcation
strategy. For the demarcation strategies of legitimate and illegitimate influences ofvalues so far, Holman&Wilholt classified them into five categories, named 1.
Axiological demarcation strategies, 2. Functionalist demarcation strategies, 3.
Consequentialist demarcation strategies, 4. Coordinative demarcation strategies,and 5. Systemic strategies.
Bennett Holman, Torsten Wilholt (2022). The new demarcation problem, Studies inHistory and Philosophy of Science, Vol.91, 211-220.
Larry, L (1983). The Demise of the Demarcation Problem. In Robert S. Cohen &Larry Laudan (eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor ofAdolf Grünbaum. D. Reidel. pp. 111--127.
Pigliucci, M. and Boudry, M. (eds.) (2013) The Philosophy of Pseudoscience:
Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press.

Douglas, Heather (2009). Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal. Pittsburgh, PA:
University of Pittsburgh Press.

（講演時の使用言語：日本語）