ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES IN
THE ARITHMETIC OF CYCLOTOMIC FIELDS

by Wojciech Gajda
Abstract. This paper contains a survey on the problem of computing K-groups ofthe integers and its relations to the classical conjectures in number theory, such as the
Vandiver conjecture. The main point which we want to stress is that the topologicalmethods of K-theory can be used in proving new theorems in the direction of thenumber theoretical conjectures.

0. Introduction
The algebraic K-groups of schemes introduced by Quillen are expected to carrydeep arithmetic information, according to conjectures of Lichtenbaum, Beilinson,
Bloch and Kato which relate K-theory to special values of L-functions. Despite thesubstantial progress which has been achieved, there are still many features of therelationship of the K-theory with number theory which remain to be understood.
One of the very fascinanting aspects of algebraic K-theory is the link between Kgroups of Z and deep questions in number theory, such as the Vandiver conjecture.
The conjecture asserts that for any prime number l, the class number h+l of the2πmaximal totally real subfield Q(cos l ) of the field of lth roots of unity, is prime tol. This conjecture is one of the most important questions in the theory of cyclotomic
fields.
It comes as a surprise that the Vandiver conjecture - a classical problem in
number theory, can be reformulated in terms of K-groups, whose definition andproperties come from algebraic topology. Even more surprisingly, it turns out thatusing K-theory of Z one can prove new results in the direction of the conjecture.
One of our goals in this paper is to present some of the recently proven results ofthis type, due to Banaszak, Kurihara, Soulé and the author (cf. Theorems: 4.4, 4.7
and 4.8 below).
After recalling some basic facts on the K-theory of number fields, in Section
2 we review the current state of the knowledge on the K-groups of the integers,
the conjecture of Kurihara on K∗ (Z) and relations to the conjectures of QuillenLichtenbaum and Bloch-Kato. In Section 3 we introduce the Beilinson element
which is a nontorsion element of K2n+1 (Z), where n is an even natural number.
The Vandiver conjecture can be reformulated in terms of the Beilinson element.
The conjecture is true if and only if for all n as above, the group K2n+1 (Z) modulo
2-torsion, is generated by the Beilinson element. In Sections 4 and 5, in addition
1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 19F27; Secondary 19Fxx.
Typeset by AMS-TEX

1

2

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

to the theorems mentioned above, we discuss other reformulations of the Vandiverconjecture and of the weaker form, due to Iwasawa.
In the moment one of the most important problems concerning K-groups of theintegers is to construct nonzero elements (generators) in the groups K2n (Z) for nodd (cf. Remark 5.6). One can expect that such a construction can be provided by
a topological method.
Acknowledgements: The paper contains an expanded version of my lectures on thesubject given at Northwestern University during the Emphasis Year in Algebraic
Topology in 2002. It is my pleasure to thank the organizers of the Year: Eric
Friedlander, Paul Goerss and Stewart Priddy for inviting me to participate in theactivity. The paper was written up while I was visiting the Max-Planck-Institutefür Mathematik in Bonn. I would like to thank the referee for the careful readingof the paper and for useful comments.
In Poznań, the author was partially supported by a KBN grant 2 P03A 048 22.

1. Basic facts on K-groups of number fields
In the paper [Q1] Quillen introduced higher K-groups of a commutative ring R
with unity as the homotopy groups:
Km (R) = πm+1 (BQP(R))
for any m ≥ 0 cf. [Q1, Def., p.103 and Example, p.104]. Here P(R) denotes the category of finitely generated, projective R-modules, Q(−) stands for the categorical
Q-construction and BC is the classifying space of a small category C. Substituting
m=0, 1, 2 into the definition we recover the groups: K0 (R), K1 (R) and K2 (R)which were introduced earlier by Grothendieck, Bass and Milnor, respectively. Recall that
K0 (R) = F (R)/N (R),where F (R) is the free abelian group generated by the isomorphism classes of Rmodules from P(R) and N (R) denotes the subgroup generated by [P ⊕Q]−[P ]−[Q],for P, Q ∈ P(R). The group K1 of Bass is by definition:
K1 (R) = GL(R)/E(R) = H1 (GL(R), Z)S
the abelianization of the general linear group GL(R)= n≥1 GLn (R), where we
identify Gln (R) with its image in GLn+1 (R) by sending an invertible n × n matrix
A 0
A to. The abelianization of GL coincides with the first homology group,
0 1
because for any discrete group G we have π1 (BG)=G. The group K2 (R) of Milnor(usually defined in terms of Steinberg symbols) is the second homology H2 (E(R), Z)of the group of elementary matrices. Proofs of the following facts can be found in
the textbooks on K-theory cf: [M] and [R].

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

3

Theorem 1.1.
(1) If L is a field, then K0 (L)=Z and K1 (L)=L× (the multiplicative group ofL). Moreover we have (Matsumoto’s theorem):
K2 (L) = (L× ⊗Z L× )/N,where
N = hx ⊗ (1−x) :x ∈ L,

x 6= 0, 1i

is the subgroup generated by the Steinberg relations.
(2) For the ring of integers OF of the number field F :K0 (OF )=Cl(OF ) ⊕ Z

K1 (OF )=OF× ,andwhere Cl(OF ) is the ideal class group of the ring OF and OF× denotes its
group of invertible elements (the group of global units of OF ). The group
K2 (OF ) is finite and can be explicitly computed in some special cases.
The class group and the group of units are two of the most important arithmeticalinvariants of the ring OF . The class group can be defined by the exact sequence:
(1.2)

∂

1 −−−−→ OF× −−−−→ F × −−−−→

L−−−−→ Cl(OF ) −−−−→ 0
Lwhere the summation is taken over all prime ideals of OF . The map ∂ =∂p isdefined by the valuations. For c ∈ OF we define νp (c), to be the maximal integer
such that the ideal pνp (c) divides the principal ideal cOF . We put:pZa∂p ( ) = νp (a)−νp (b)bwhere a, b ∈ OF , and b 6= 0 (this clearly makes sense, because F is the field of
fractions of the ring OF ). Using Theorem 1.1 the exact sequence (1.2) can be
identified with:
(1.3)
L
∂
0 −−−−→ K1 (OF ) −−−−→ K1 (F ) −−−−→
p K0 (κp ) −−−−→ K0 (OF )/Z −−−−→ 0
where κp =OF /p is the residue field at p. The residue field is finite. It follows by[Q1, Cor., p.113] that the sequence (1.3) extends to the exact localization sequence:∂−−−−→ Km (OF ) −−−−→ Km (F ) −−−−→

L

p Km−1 (κp )−−−−→ Km−1 (OF ) −−−−→

for any m ≥ 1. Using properties of the map ∂ and the vanishing of even K-groups offinite fields (proven by Quillen in [Q2]) Soulé showed that the localization sequence
breaks down into short exact sequences.
Theorem 1.4. Let n > 0.
(1) There exists a short exact sequence∂

0 −−−−→ K2n (OF ) −−−−→ K2n (F ) −−−−→

L

p K2n−1 (κp )−−−−→ 0.

(2) There is an isomorphism K2n+1 (F ) ∼= K2n+1 (OF ).
Another important result of Quillen concerns the K-groups of algebraic integers.

4

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

Theorem 1.5. [Q3]
For any number field F the groups Km (OF ) are finitely generated.
Borel computed ranks of these groups using cohomology of arithmetic groups.
Theorem 1.6. [Bo]

1





 r1 + r2 − 1
rankZ Km (OF ) = 0
r + r2


 1
r2

m=0
m=1
m > 0, evenm > 1, and m ≡ 1 mod 4
m ≡ 3 mod 4,

where r1 (2r2 , resp.) denotes the number of real (complex, resp.) embeddings of the
field F, hence r1 +2r2 = [F : Q].
Note that the rank of the group K2n+1 (OF ) equals the order of vanishing of the
Dedekind zeta function of F at s = −n. The celebrated Lichtenbaum conjecture[Li] postulates formulas for values of the Dedekind zeta at odd negative integers interms of the K-groups of OF for a totally real number field F (so then r2 =0). In
the case of F =Q (which is of the main interest for us here) OF =Z, r1 =1, r2 =0 andaccording to the Lichtenbaum conjecture we should have:(1.7)|ζ(−n)| = 2#K2n (Z),#K2n+1 (Z)for any odd natural number n, where ζ(s) is the Riemann zeta function. This formula follows from the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture (cf. section 3) and the Euler
characteristic formula in étale cohomology (cf. [CL] and [BN, Thm. 6.2]) which isa corollary of the Main Conjecture in Iwasawa theory. The Quillen-Lichtenbaum
conjecture follows if the Bloch-Kato conjecture is true (cf. Remark 2.2 for the
discussion).
Dealing with torsion in K-groups, it is very useful to have K-theory with finite
coefficients introduced by Karoubi and Browder, cf. [Br]. For natural numbers n
and m ≥ 1 we define
Km (R, Z/n) = πm+1 (BQP(R), Z/n)
as the homotopy group with coefficients in Z/n cf. [N]. The homotopy group
πm (X, Z/n) of a topological space is the set of homotopy classes of maps from
the Moore space M m (Z/n) to X. The Moore space M m (Z/n) is the mapping coneof the map S m−1 → S m−1 which induces mutliplication by n on πm . We will use
K-groups with coefficients in Z/lk , for an odd prime l and k ≥ 1. The cofibration
sequence in homotopy induces short exact sequences:B

0 −−−−→ Km (R)/lk −−−−→ Km (R, Z/lk ) −−−−→ Km−1 (R)[lk ] −−−−→ 0
where we denote by C[lk ] the subgroup of lk -torsion elements of an abelian group C.
The map B is called the Bockstein map. Clearly, the K-groups with Z/lk are torsion
groups and are anihilated by l2k . Let R be a Dedekind domain, which contains a

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

5

primitive root of unity ξlk of order lk , e.g., let R = Z[ξlk ]. Consider the surjective
Bockstein map:
B: K2 (R, Z/lk ) → K1 (R)[lk ](1.8)

Observe that: K1 (R)[lk ] = R× [lk ]. Let µlk denote the subgroup of lk th rootsof unity in R× . There exists the Bott element β = β(ξlk ) ∈ K2 (R, Z/lk ) (which
depends only on ξlk ), such that B(β(ξlk )) = ξlk . By definition, β(ξlk ) is the imageof ξlk by the composition of maps:
∼
=

∼
=

µlk −→ π1 (BGL1 (R))[lk ] −→ π2 (BGL1 (R), Z/lk ) → K2 (R, Z/lk ).
In K-theory and K-theory with finite coefficients there exist transfer maps similar
to the transfer maps in group cohomology cf. [Q1, p. 111] and [So1]. In the case of
number fields we have the localization sequence in K-theory with finite coefficients:
Km (OF , Z/lk )

−−−−→
−−−−→

L

p6 |l Km−1 (κp , Z/l

−−−−→
k

Km (F, Z/lk )

∂

−−−−→

) −−−−→ Km−1 (OF , Z/lk ) −−−−→

which doesn’t split, in general. There are products maps:? : Ki (R) ⊗ Kj (R) → Ki+j (R)which were constructed by Loday [Lo] (see also [We1]). When i=j=0, then the
product is induced by the tensor product of R-modules. Product maps in K-theory
are constructed using multiplicative properties of the space BQP(R), which is thezero space of an E∞ -spectrum in the sense of algebraic
Ltopology cf. [Wal]. All
expected properties of the products hold, which makes i≥0 Ki (R) into a graded
commutative ring. For K-groups with finite coefficients, the product maps:? : Ki (R, Z/lk ) ⊗ Kj (R, Z/lk ) → Ki+j (R, Z/lk ),(at least for l odd) were constructed by Browder in [Br]. Note that there are nowell behaved product maps for l = 2 and k ≤ 3 cf. loc. cit.
2. What we know about K∗ (Z) today
If F = Q and m ≥ 2, then Borel’s theorem implies:
1 if m ≡ 1 mod 4
rank Km (Z) =0 otherwise
With exception for K0 (Z) = Z and K1 (Z) = Z/2, the computation of the K-groupsof the integers turned out to be quite a difficult problem. As for today the following
K-groups of Z are known:(a) K2 (Z) = Z/2(see [M])(b) K3 (Z) = Z/48

(Lee and Szczarba, [LS1] )6

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA(c) K4 (Z) = 0 (Lee and Szczarba considered in [LS2] the l-torsion, for l 6= 2, 3.
The 2-torsion was treated in [RW] and [We2] using [Vo1]. The hard workis the 3-torsion, cf. [So6] and [Ro].)(d) K5 (Z) = Z(cf. [LS2] and [E-VGS])(e) Km (Z)⊗ Z2 , for m ≥ 6, is known due to computations of Rognes andWeibel cf. [RW] and [We2], who used the Milnor conjecture proven by
Voevodsky, [Vo1]. By Zl we denote here the ring of l-adic integers, for aprime number l.
There are precise conjectures concerning torsion of Km (Z) which were formulated
by Kurihara cf. [K] and also, independently by Mitchell.
Kurihara Conjecture.
Up to 2-torsion, the following statements are true:(1) K2n (Z) = Z/Nnfor n > 0, odd(2) K2n+1 (Z) = Z/Dn
(3) K2n (Z) = 0

for n > 0, odd

for n > 0, even(4) K2n+1 (Z) = Z

for n > 0, even.

Here Nn and Dn are such relatively prime natural numbers that|ζ(−n)| =Nn,
Dnwhere ζ(s) is the Riemann zeta function. Euler showed that for positive, odd
integers n
Bn+1
ζ(−n) = −,n+1
where Bk denote the Bernoulli numbers, which are defined by the generating series
X Bj
t
=
tj
et − 1j!
j≥0and can be computed by the recursive formula:
m−1
X Bj
Bm
1
=−
.
m!
j!
(m−j+1)!
j=0

It is not difficult to check that B0 =1, B1 = − 12 and Bj =0, for odd j > 1. Moreover
one computes (see the tables in [Wa]):
1
1
1
5
691
B2 = 61 , B4 = − 30
, B6 = 42, B8 = − 30
, B10 = 66
, B12 = − 2730
43867
174611854513
B14 = 76 , B16 = − 3617
510 , B18 = 798 , B20 = − 330 , B22 = 138 .

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

7

Thus the first numbers Dn are:
D1 = 12, D3 = 120, D5 = 252, D7 = 240, D9 = 132, D11 = 32760,
D13 = 12, D15 = 8160, D17 = 14364, D19 = 6600, D21 = 276.
The denominators Dn can be computed completely due to the classical theoremof von Staudt [Wa, Thm. 5.10, p. 56], which shows that Dn is the product ofall primes p such that p−1 divides n+1. In particular, Dn is divisible by 6. The
numerators Nn are much more mysterious. For example, according to (1) of the
Kurihara’s conjecture K38 (Z)=Z/174611 up to 2-torsion. Note that the statements(1) and (2) of the conjecture are consistent with the Lichtenbaum conjecture for Q.
According to (3) and (4) the groups:
K8 (Z), K12 (Z), K16 (Z), K20 (Z),K9 (Z), K13 (Z), K17 (Z), K21 (Z),

...
...

should vanish,
should be isomorphic to Z,

if we ignore the 2-torsion.
K-groups of the integers map to Galois cohomology by Chern character maps.
Theorem 2.1. [Soulé, Dwyer and Friedlander]
For any odd prime l and any n > 0, there exist epimorphisms of groups(1) K2n (Z) ⊗ Zl −→ H 2 (G, Zl (n+1))(2) K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl −→ H 1 (G, Zl (n+1)).
Here G=Gal(QS /Q) is the Galois group (with its natural profinite topology) of
the maximal field extension QS /Q contained in Q̄ and such that QS is unramified
outside of the principal ideal (l). The group acts on all the l-primary roots of unity,
since all the cyclotomic fields Q(ξlk ) are contained in QS . The coefficient module
Zl (n+1) is the (n+1)th tensor power of the G-module
Zl (1)= lim Z/lk (1),←which is the inverse limit of the G-modules of lk th roots of unity. The cohomology
is defined by continuous cochains using the topology of G and the compact Gmodule Zl (n+1). The Dwyer-Friedlander maps were defined by methods of algebraic
topology see [DF], Prop. 4.4. Surjectivity follows by [DF], Th. 8.7 and Rem. 8.8.
Note that the maps constructed in [DF] take values in groups of continuous étale
cohomology H i (Z[ 1l ]; Zl (n+1)). We have replaced the étale cohomology by theisomorphic H i (G, Zl (n+1)), (cf. [Mi, p. 209] or [Sch, p. 204]).
Quillen-Lichtenbaum Conjecture.
The maps from Theorem 2.1 are isomorphisms.
Remark 2.2. This is a special case of the conjecture which was formulated for the
ring of integers of any number field. It was proven by Levine cf. [Le1] and [Le2](see also [SV] and [GL]) that the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture follows from the
Bloch-Kato conjecture, which says that the norm residue map
MKm(L)/l −→ H m (GL , Z/l(m))

from the Milnor K-theory to Galois cohomology is an isomorphism, for any field LMof characteristic prime to l. The Milnor K-group Km(L) is defined as the quotient of8

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

the mth tensor power (L× )⊗m by the submodule generated by Steinberg relations,similar to the subgroup N of Theorem 1.1 (1) for m=2. The norm residue map for
m=1 is the isomorphism:∼=

L× /L×l −−−−→ H 1 (GL , Z/l(1)).
It is obtained when one takes cohomology of the exact sequence of GL -modules:×l

0 −−−−→ Z/l(1) −−−−→ L̄× −−−−→ L̄× −−−−→ 1,
because H 0 (GL , L̄× )=L× and H 1 (GL , L̄× ) vanishes by the Hilbert Theorem 90
cf. [La, Th. 10.1]. For m>1 the norm residue map is defined by sending anMelement {a1 , a2 , . . . , am } of Km(L) to the cup product a1 ∪ a2 ∪ · · · ∪ am in Galois
cohomology. There are strong reasons to believe that the proof of the Bloch-Katoconjecture for odd primes will be available soon. Then the Quillen-Lichtenbaum
and the Lichtenbaum conjecture (at least for Z) will be proven, too. The caseof l = 2 of the Bloch-Kato conjecture, i.e., the Milnor conjecture, was proven by
Voevodsky in [Vo1].
Remark 2.3. The Galois cohomology groups which appear in Theorem 2.1 belong
more to number theory than to topology. The current knowledge of these groups,
especially of H 2 :=H 2 (G, Zl (n+1)), is limited.
• The group H 2 is finite. It is an immediate corollary of the finiteness ofK2n (Z) and the surjectivity of the Dwyer-Friedlander map.
• If n is even and positive the group H 2 should vanish by (3) of the conjectureof Kurihara and Theorem 2.1. The vanishing is consistent with the Vandiverconjecture cf. section 4.
• If n is odd, it follows by the Main Conjecture in Iwasawa theory proven for
Q by Mazur and Wiles in [MW], that the group H 2 has lk elements, wherelk is the l-part of the number Nn . Theorem 2.1 and part (1) of the Kurihara
conjecture imply that H 2 should be cyclic. The question about the cyclicityof H 2 , for n odd, is related to another conjecture in number theory, which
we will discuss in section 5.
• For odd n, the group H 1 :=H 1 (G, Zl (n+1)) has lk elements and is cyclic,
where lk is the l-part of Dn . It is easy to prove this fact using standard
Galois cohomology. In this case the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture andthe results on the image of J-homomorphism (see [Q4] and [Br, Th. 4.8])
give explicit generators of the group K2n+1 (Z).
Remark 2.4. On the side of K∗ (Z), if the Dwyer-Friedlander maps are proven to
be isomorphisms, then there is still plenty to do.
• As mentioned above, the part (2) of Kurihara’s conjecture follow if the
Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture is proven. To prove part (1) we will stillneed a generator in the group K2n (Z), for n odd.
• Not much is known in the moment about (3) and (4). Note that (3) and(4) are related (cf. Proposition 4.11), if the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjectureholds true. Any results in the direction of statements: (1), (3) or (4) of the
Kurihara conjecture will be of upmost interest for number theory.
Quillen in the classical paper [Q2] computed K-groups of finite fields using methodsof algebraic topology.

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

9

Theorem 2.5.
Km (Fq ) =

0
Z/(q

n+1

−1)

if

m > 0 and m is evenifm = 2n+1,

where Fq denotes the field with q elements, and q is a power of a prime number.
3. Special elements in K2n+1 (Z)The reader has seen already that it is quite difficult to compute K-groups of theintegers. Using Quillen’s calculation of K-groups of finite fields one can try to compare K∗ (Z) with the groups K∗ (Fp ). In this section we discuss such a comparison
given by the map
K2n+1 (Z) −→ K2n+1 (Fp )induced by reductions at prime numbers p, for n even, positive. In this case theconjecture of Kurihara predicts that K2n+1 (Z) modulo 2-torsion is Z. Sketching theproof of Theorem 3.2 below we introduce into discussion the Beilinson element which
conjecturally generates the group K2n+1 (Z). We also introduce certain cyclotomic
numbers, which will be particularly useful in the next section when we talk about
the Vandiver conjecture.
Definition 3.1.
Let P be a set of rational prime numbers. We say that P has natural density d(P),if the limit#{p ≤ x: p ∈ P}limx→∞#{p ≤ x}exists and equals d(P). It is clear from the definition that if P has density d, then0 ≤ d ≤ 1 and that every finite set of primes has density 0.
Theorem 3.2. [G, Theorem 3.6]
Let n be an even, positive integer. Assume that l is an odd prime which does notdivide the number (n+1)b, where b is an integer (depending on n only) defined in
the proof. Let k be a fixed positive integer. Denote by Mk the set of rational primes
p which satisfy the following two conditions:(1) the l-torsion part of the group K2n+1 (Fp ) is isomorphic to Z/lk
(2) the reduction map K2n+1 (Z) −→ K2n+1 (Fp )l is nontrivial.
k−1
Then the set Mk has positive density, which equals l l2k.

Proof. Step 1. The cyclotomic elements of Soulé and the element of Beilinson
Recall that, since the K-groups of the integers are finitely generated, we have:K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl=

lim K2n+1 (Z, Z/lk ),←where the inverse limit on the right hand side is taken over the reduction of coefficients in K-groups with finite coefficients. In the beginning of the eigthies Soulé
introduced the following construction cf. [So3]. Let ξlk be a primitive root of unityof order lk , e.g., ξlk = exp 2πi. Consider the number 1−ξlk which is a unit in thelk1ring R = Z[ l , ξlk ]. There is the canonical Bott element β = β(ξlk ) ∈ K2 (R, Z/lk )which depends only on the choice of ξlk . Using products in the K-groups we can

10

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

consider the nth power β n ∈ K2n (R, Z/lk ) of the Bott element and the productmap∗ : K1 (R) ⊗ K2n (R, Z/lk ) −→ K2n+1 (R, Z/lk ).
Since K1 (R) = R× is the group of units, we can construct an element(1 − ξlk ) ∗ β n ∈ K2n+1 (R, Z/lk ).
Taking the transfer map:
T r : K2n+1 (R, Z/lk ) → K2n+1 (Z, Z/lk )down to K-theory of the integers gives
clk = T r((1 − ξlk ) ∗ β n ) ∈ K2n+1 (Z, Z/lk ).
It can be checked using properties of the transfer that the elements clk are compatible under the reductions of coefficients, hence they give a well defined element(3.3)

cl = lim clk ∈ K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl←

which is usually called the Soulé cyclotomic element. In this way we obtained
one element cl for any odd prime l. This simple construction turned out to bevery powerful in applications. Note that to define cl we have used products andtransfers, which are encoded in the topology of the K-theory spectrum in the senseof algebraic topology. In the eighties there was yet another construction due toBeilinson which gave a nontrivial element in the rational K-group K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Q.
Recently it has been proven by Beilinson and Deligne [BD] (see also [HW] for acarefull check of details) that the element of Beilinson and the element of Soulé arecompatible under the obvious map
K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Q−→

K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Ql ,for any odd l. Since K2n+1 (Z) is finitely generated, the compatibility implies that
there exists a nontorsion element b2n+1 in K2n+1 (Z), which for any odd l maps
to cl by the map induced by the imbedding of Z into Zl . Slightly abusing theterminology in what follows we will keep calling b2n+1 the Beilinson element. The
number b from the assumption of the theorem is by definition the index of thesubgroup of K2n+1 (Z) generated by b2n+1 .
Step 2. A map from K-theory down to cyclotomic units
We will denote by E the cyclotomic field Q(ξlk ) for k > 0. Note that E is the fieldof fractions of the ring OE . For a finite set S of prime ideals of OE by OE,S wedenote the ring of S-integers in E. By definition, the ring OE,S consists of fractions
×from E with denominators divisible by prime ideals from S. The symbol OE,S
isthe notation for the group of units of the ring. The map(3.4)

α : K2n+1 (Z)

−→

k

×
×l
OE,S
/OE,S
⊗ Z/lk (n)kkwhich we are about to define takes values in twisted units of the cyclotomic field
E. We use étale cohomology for conventional reasons but the reader should keep inON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

11

mind that in what follows it can be replaced by the continuous cochains cohomology
of Galois groups similar to the group G from Theorem 2.1. The map α is thecomposition of the following maps:
K2n+1 (Z)
α0 y(K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl )/lk

α1 y
H 1 (Z[ 1l ]; Zl (n + 1))/lk


α2 y

(3.5)

H 1 (OE,Sk ; Zl (n + 1))/lk
α3 y
H 1 (OE,Sk ; Z/lk (n + 1))


α4 y∼
=
k

×
×l
OE,S
/OE,S
⊗ Z/lk (n)kkThe map labeled α0 is induced by the obvious
K2n+1 (Z) → K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl
which sends x to x ⊗ 1. The map α1 is induced by the Dwyer-Friedlander map from
K-theory to étale cohomology. Note that α1 is an isomorphism for prime numbersl such that K2n+1 (Z) = 0 has no l-torsion by our assumption on l. To define α2 wechoose a finite set Sk of primes of OE such that Sk contains primes over l and theclass group of the ring OE,Sk vanishes. This can be done because the class groupof every field is zero and Cl(E) = lim→ Cl(OE,S ), where the direct system is over
all finite sets S of prime ideals of OE . The arrow α2 is the injection which comesfrom the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence of the monomorphism Z[ 1l ] → OE,Sk .
The map α3 is an imbedding which comes from the exact sequence in cohomology
induced by the exact sequence×lk

0 −−−−→ Zl (n+1) −−−−→ Zl (n+1) −−−−→ Z/lk (n+1) −−−−→ 0.
Finally, the map α4 is the inverse of the isomorphism provided by tensoring theKummer exact sequence
k

×
×l
/OE,S
−−−−→ H 1 (OE,Sk ; Z/lk (1)) −−−−→ Cl(OE,Sk ) −−−−→ 0,
0 −−−−→ OE,Skk

by Z/lk (n), since Cl(OE,Sk ) = 0.
Lemma 3.6. The map
α : K2n+1 (Z)

−→

k

×
×l
OE,S
/OE,S
⊗ Z/lk (n)
k
k

12

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA
(n)

(n)

sends the Beilinson element b2n+1 onto uk ⊗ ξl⊗nk , where uk
Y
n
(n)
uk =
(1 − ξlak )a .

is the number

1≤a<lk , (a,l)=1

Proof of Lemma 3.6 is a routine exercise. The key point is the well-known propertyof the transfer map: T r when composed with the map α2 gives the product overthe elements of the Galois group Gal(E/Q). The exponents a in the formula for(n)uk come from the Galois action on the units in OE,Sk , while the an ’s indicate the(n)Galois action on the module Z/lk (n) = Z/lk (1)⊗ n . The numbers uk provide thelink between K∗ (Z) and the conjectures in number theory which we are going todiscuss in the next section.
Step 3. Application of the theorem of Chebotarev
We use the Chebotarev density theorem which enables us to count the density ofthe set Mk . We prepare the setup accordingly. The map α which we have definedby the diagram (3.5) appears as the left vertical arrow in the following commutative
diagram.

(3.7)

φp

K2n+1 (Z)y−−−−→ K2n+1 (Fp )l = Z/lk=y(K2n+1 (Z) ⊗ Zl )/lky−−−−→ (K2n+1 (Fp ) ⊗ Zl )/lk


y

k

k

×
×l
k
×l
OE,S
/OE,S
⊗ Z/lk (n) −−−−→ κ×w /κw ⊗ Z/l (n)kkThe horizontal arrows in the diagram are induced by the reduction at p. Herew∈
/ Sk is a prime of OE which divides the principal ideal (p) and κw = OE,Sk /w
denotes its residue field. It is a finite field containing Fp . The lower horizontal
arrow is the natural map induced by the projection Oq
E,Sk −→ κw . We will need a(n)

bit more arithmetic of the numbers uk . Let L = E(

lk

(n)

uk ) be the field extension(n)obtained by adding to E the lk th root of uk . The field is well defined because thelk th roots of unity are in E. It is a cyclic extension of E with the Galois group
G(L/E) = Z/lk . We choose a prime ideal w
e in OL dividing w. The situation isshown in the picture below, where on the left hand side stands a tower of field
extensions. On the right we have indicated the chosen prime ideals such that w|w
e
and w|(p) :√k
L = E( l uk )we

E = Q(ξlk )

w

Q

(p)

Inside the Galois group G(L/E) there exists the canonical automorphism F rw ,called the Frobenius automorphism, which generates the cyclic group Gal(κw̃ /κw ) ⊂G(L/E). We have the following result.

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

13

Lemma 3.8. In this setting, the number of elements of the image of the reduction
map φp equals the order of the Frobenius element F rw .
Theorem of Chebotarev. Let L/K be a finite extension of number fields with
Galois group G. Assume that the element σ ∈ G has c conjugates in G. Let Pσdenote the set of prime ideals of OK which have a prime divisor in OL whosec
Frobenius automorphism is σ. Then the set Pσ has the density which equals #G.
To finish the proof of Theorem 3.2 one uses the Chebotarev theorem for the extension L/Q. The Galois group G(L/Q) is the semidirect product of two cyclic
groups: Gal(E/Q) = (Z/lk )× and G(L/E) = Z/lk . It is possible to compute thenumber of conjugates in G(L/Q) of the elements of a given order. Together with
the Chebotarev theorem and Lemma 3.8 this implies the claim on the density of
Mk . For more details we refer the interested reader to [G]. Proofs of the theorem ofChebotarev which can be found in textbooks on number theory, e.g., [Ne] usually
rely on analytic methods. We recommend the survey paper [SL] which contains asketch of the Chebotarev (purely algebraic) proof and some interesting historical
remarks about the theorem and its author.

4. Vandiver conjecture and K-theory
Let A denote the l-Sylow subgroup of the class group of the ring Z[ξl ]. It has anaction of the Galois group ∆ := Gal(Q(ξl )/Q) ∼= (Z/l)× . We define the Teichmüllercharacterω : ∆ −→ (Z/l)×ω(σ)

by σ(ξl ) = ξl, for σ ∈ ∆. Note that ω generates the character group
Hom(∆, C× ) ∼= Z/(l−1).

Since ∆ has order prime to l, we have the canonical decomposition cf. [Wa, section
6.3]
(4.1)

A

=

M

A[i] ,

0≤i≤l−2

where
A[i]

=

{a ∈ A :σ(a) = ω i (σ)a for every σ ∈ ∆}is the ith eigensubmodule of A. Note that A[i] = ei A, whereei =1 X −iω (σ)σl−1
σ∈∆is the orthogonal idempotent of the ring Zl [∆]. It is well known that A[0] = A[1] = 0
cf. [W, Prop. 6.16].

14

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

Vandiver Conjecture.
A[i] = 0 for every even integer i such that 2 ≤ i ≤ l−3.
This statement was formulated by Vandiver about 70 years ago. Vandiver writes
in [Va] that the conjecture had appeared to him much earlier, around 1912. It
is also being attributed to Kummer, who considered the same statement on classnumbers of cyclotomic fields in a letter to Kronecker dated on the 28th of December
1848, cf. [Ku, p. 84]. The Vandiver conjecture has been checked numerically formany primes. The most recent published account [BCEMS] shows that there isno counterexample for the conjecture for primes smaller than 12, 000, 000. Notethat there exists an heuristic argument against the conjecture based on certain
assumption on the divisibility properties of the numbers Nn by prime numbers[Wa, p. 158].
(n)

The numbers uk which have been introduced in the previous section are ofinterest for number theorists because of their direct relation to the Vandiver conjecture.
Proposition 4.2. Let l be an odd prime and let n be an even interger such that2 ≤ n ≤ l−3. Let k be a positive integer. The following statements are equivalent.
(1) The number
Y
n
(n)
uk =
(1 − ξlak )a(a,l)=1; 1≤a<lk(n)

can not be written as uk = η l , for any η ∈ Z[ξlk ].
(2) The eigensubmodule A[l−1−n] is trivial.
(n)

Proof. We show how to reduce the proof to the similar statement for u1 which(n)
was obtained earlier by Thaine [Th]. To simplify notation a little bit, let uk =uk .
For every k>1 the following three statements are equivalent(1) u1 is an lth power in the group Q(ξl )×(2) u1 is an lth power in the group Q(ξlk )×(3) uk is an lth power in the group Q(ξlk )× .
In order to see this, observe that for every n and k we have the following equalities
in the group Q(ξlk )× /Q(ξlk )×l .
Y
Y
n
uk ≡
[
(1 − ξlak )]b1≤b<l a≡b mod l; 1≤a<lk

≡

Y

[

Y

(1 − ξlb+lj
)]b
k

n

1≤b<l 1≤j≤lk−1

(4.3)

≡

Y

[

Y

(1 − λξlbk )]bn1≤b<l λlk−1 =1≡

Y[(1 − (ξlbk )l

k−1

)]b

n

1≤b<l

≡

Y

n

(1 − ξlb )b = u11≤b<lThis shows that (2) and (3) are equivalent. Note that the congruence uk ≡ u1 isexactly the assertion on the compatibility of the classes clk under the reduction of

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

15

coefficients: K2n+1 (Z, Z/li ) −→ K2n+1 (Z, Z/li−1 ). Also, (1) clearly implies (2). To
check that (2) implies (1), let us assume that u1 ∈/ Q(ξl )×l . Consider the Kummer√lextension L = Q(ξl , u1 ). By assumption it has degree l over Q(ξl ). It is notdifficult to check that the Galois group G(L/Q) is not abelian. Since G(Q(ξlk )/Q)√
is obviously abelian, we see that L 6⊂ Q(ξlk ), hence l u1 6∈ Q(ξlk ). 
Using properties of the map α from (3.5) one can show the following result.
Theorem 4.4. [G, Th. 2.14]
Assume that the l-torsion part of the group K2n+1 (Z) is trivial. Let lk0 be thelargest power of l which divides the index of the subgroup of K2n+1 (Z) generated by
the Beilinson element. Let k be a natural number which is not smaller than k0 . Ifk1(n)uk = η l , for some η ∈ Z[ξlk ], then k1 ≤ k0 .
Observe that the statement of Theorem 4.4 relies on topology, because in orderto define the Soulé elements one needs products and transfers in K-groups, whichcome from the multiplicative structure of the K-theory ring spectrum. To the best(n)of the author’s knowledge no bounds on the divisibility of the numbers uk has
been obtained by other methods.
Corollary 4.5.
Fix a positive, even integer n. If the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture is true, thenthe following two statements are equivalent.
(1) The group A[l−1−n] = 0, for every odd prime l.
(2) The Beilinson element b2n+1 generates the group K2n+1 (Z) modulo 2-torsion.
The class groups of the cyclotomic field are also connected with the even dimensional
K-groups, because of Theorem 2.1 and the following observation due to Kurihara,[K, Cor.1.5].
Proposition 4.6.
Let l be an odd prime. If n > 0 is even, then A[l−1−n] =0iff

H 2 (G, Zl (n+1))=0.

Note that the Galois twisting of the G-module Zl (n+1) forced the unusual indexingof the eigensubmodules of A. Section 6 contains the proof of Proposition 4.6. Since
K4 (Z)=0, and the group surjects onto H 2 (G, Zl (3)) by Theorem 2.1, we have
Corollary 4.7. [K, Cor.3.8]
For any odd l the eigensubmodule A[l−3] is zero.
This has not been proven by another method. A couple of years ago Soulé was able
to extend the result of Kurihara cf. [So4].
Theorem 4.8.
4Assume that m > 1 is odd.1 If log l > m224m , then A[l−m] = 0.
The starting point of Soulé’s proof of Theorem 4.8 is as in [K]. By Theorem 2.1
we know that to control A[l−m] it is enough to bound the torsion of the groupK2m−2 (Z). Then Soulé uses the Hurewicz map and the stabilization theorem forthe homology of the general linear group to get the map
K2m−2 (Z)−→H2m−2 (SLN (Z) , Z)

1 Put m = n+1 to return to our previous indexing.

16

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

with N sufficiently large. It follows from a result of Arlettaz [A] that the kernelof the latter map has exponent divisible only by primes smaller than m. Thus it isenough to bound the torsion of the homology of the SLN (Z). The classical Voronoi“reduction theory” gives an explicit cell decomposition of the compactification of
the locally symmetric space attached to the group SLN (Z). With this in hand,Soulé implements the following brilliant observation of Gabber: there is an upperbound on the torsion in the homology of a finite CW-complex. The bound depends
only on the data associated to the chain complex C∗ (X) of X, such as the numberof cells of a fixed dimension and the number of faces of each cell. This yields the
explicit bound on the torsion in K2m−2 (Z) and consequently the double exponential
bound in Theorem 4.8.
In the paper [So5, 5.5] Soulé sketches a way to prove that A[l−5] =0, by bounding
from below the value of the Borel regulator on K9 (Z).
As far as we are aware Theorem 4.4, Corollary 4.7 and Theorem 4.8 are the only
results on the Vandiver conjecture of general nature proven until today.
We have two additional reformulations of the Vandiver conjecture in terms of Ktheory.
Theorem 4.9. [BG1, section 5.2]
The following statements are equivalent for a fixed odd prime l(1) The Vandiver conjecture holds true for l.
T(2) The groups of infinitely l-divisible elements Dn+1 (Q)l := k≥1 lk K2n (Q) of
the K-groups of Q vanish for all n, even and positive.
(3) The étale K-theory group K4et (R) is trivial, where R=Z[ 1l , ξl +ξl−1 ] is thering obtained from Z by inverting l and adding the number ξl +ξl−1 =2 cos 2πl .
If the Quillen-Lichtenbaum holds true, then Dn+1 (Q)l =K2n (Z)l in (2) and one canskip the superscript ét in the statement of (3). The l-torsion part of an abeliangroup C is denoted here by Cl .
T
Remark 4.10. The subgroup Dn+1 (F )l = k≥1 lk K2n (F ) of infinitely l-divisible
elements of K-groups of a number field F, for any n > 0 was introduced andinvestigated by G.Banaszak in [Ba1] and [Ba2]. Theorem 1.4 (1) implies that thegroup is contained in K2n (OF ), hence it is finite. For k large enough the group isisomorphic to the cokernel of the boundary map ∂ in the localization sequence forthe K-theory with finite coefficients:
L∂k
K2n+1 (F, Z/lk ) −−−−→
p6 |l K2n (κp , Z/l ) −−−−→ Dn+1 (F ) −−−−→ 0(compare this sequence with the sequence (1.2) defining Cl(OF )). Because of theseproperties the group Dn+1 (F ) can be considered as an anologue in higher K-theoryof OF of the class group. For more on the group of infinitely divisible elements andits rich arithmetic the reader is refered to the papers: [Ba1], [Ba2], [BG1], [BG2]and [BGKZ]. Note that in the paper [BGKZ] the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture
was reformulated in terms of divisibility properties of elementary matrices.
If the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture is proven, then the groups K2n+1 (Z) andK2n (Z), with n>0 even, will be related like units and the class group of the cyclotomic field in a classical formula of Kummer. The formula of Kummer relates
the index of the cyclotomic units in the group of units to the class number of thecyclotomic field Q(ξl ) cf. [Wa, p. 145].

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

17

Proposition 4.11.
Assume that the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture holds true. Let n > 0 be an eveninteger and denote by hb2n+1 i the subgroup in K2n+1 (Z) generated by the Beilinson
element b2n+1 . Then up to a power of 2 the following index equality[K2n+1 (Z) : hb2n+1 i]=#K2n (Z)holds true.
Proposition 4.11 is a consequence of the Main Conjecture cf. [BK, (6.6), p.385]. Observe that it shows that two approaches toward the Vandiver conjecture which werediscussed in this section are closely related, if the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjectureis true.
5. Iwasawa cyclicity conjecture
Theorem 5.1. [Herbrand-Ribet]
Fix an odd prime number l. Let i be an odd integer such that 1 ≤ i ≤ l−2. Thenthe following two statements are equivalent.
(1) The group A[i] is nontrivial.
(2) The prime l divides the number Nl−i−1 .
Recall that in our notation Nn is the numerator of the divided Bernoulli number
Bn+1
n+1 . The implication (1) ⇒ (2) was known classically, [Wa, Thm. 6.17]. The converse and its proof due to Ribet is the cornerstone of the arithmetic of cyclotomic
fields [Ri]. Nowadays this can be proven using the important techniques of Euler
systems due to Kolyvagin and Rubin. The original proof of Ribet and its reinterpretation by Wiles [Wi] was a significant clue in the work of Mazur and Wiles on
the Main Conjecture in [MW]. This in turn has direct consequences for the eigenl−i
submodules A[i] . For n as above we have by [Wa, Cor.5.15] Bl−i
≡ B1,ω−i mod l,
where
l−1
1 X −iB1,ω−i =aω (σa )l a=1
is a certain l-adic integer (the generalized Bernoulli number attached to the character ω −i ) and σa ∈ ∆ is the automorphism mapped by ω onto a ∈ Z/(l−1). The
following result was proven by Wiles in [Wi].
Theorem 5.2. [Wiles]
Let i be an odd integer such that 1 ≤ i ≤ l−2. Then A[i] has exactly lki elements,
where lki is the maximal power of l dividing B1,ω−i .
Iwasawa Cyclicity Conjecture.
For every odd integer i such that 1 ≤ i ≤ l−2 the group A[i] ∼= Z/lki .
This conjecture appeared as an assumption of a theorem of Iwasawa cf. [I1, p.78].
The claim of the theorem concerned Galois module properties of class groups of
towers of cyclotomic fields and was reformulated by Iwasawa in [I2] as a conjecture,later named the Main Conjecture in Iwasawa theory. The Main Conjecture for Q
was proven by Mazur and Wiles in [MW] by considering reductions of modular
curves. There exists more elementary proof of the Main Conjecture based on the

18

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

method of Euler systems which is due to Kolyvagin and Rubin. We refer theinterested reader to [C] and [Gr] for the introduction to the Iwasawa theory and to[Wa, Chapter 15] for the discussion of the Rubin’s proof of the Main Conjecture. It
is well-known that the Vandiver conjecture implies the Iwasawa cyclicity conjecture[Wa, Cor. 10.15]. Contrary to the case of the Vandiver conjecture, there is no
doubt that the cyclicity conjecture should hold true. If proven, it would simplify
the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields considerably.
As far as the connection with Galois cohomology and K-theory is concerned wehave the observation of Kurihara (for the proof see Section 6).
Proposition 5.3. [K, Cor. 1.5]
Let l be an odd prime. If n > 0 is odd, then A[l−1−n] is a cyclic group
H 2 (G, Zl (n+1)) is a cyclic group.

iff

Remark 5.4. In [BG1] new elements in K-groups of Q were constructed using certain
Gauss sums introduced by Coates [C]. The elements have the Euler system property
in the sense of Kolyvagin, which made them useful for computing the order of thesubgroup Dn+1 (Q) ⊂ K2n (Z)l , for n odd cf. [BG1, Th C]. In [BG2, Th. 2.4,
Th. 3.4] the same elements were used to construct nonzero cohomology classes in
the groups H 2 (G, Zl (n+1)), when n is odd. Assuming the Quillen-Lichtenbaum
conjecture we obtain the following statement about the group K2n (Z).
Theorem 5.5.
Assume that l and n are as in Proposition 5.3 and that the Quillen-Lichtenbaum
conjecture is true. Let k be so large that K2n (Z)l = K2n (Z)[lk ]. Then every nonzero
element x ∈ K2n (Z)l can be written in the form (note the resemblance to the Soulé’selement cl ):x = B[T r(λx ∗ β n )],where β = β(ξlk ) ∈ K2 (Z[ξlk ], Z/lk ) is the Bott element, T r denotes the transfer
map in K-theory and
B: K2n+1 (Z, Z/lk ) −→ K2n (Z)[lk ]is the Bockstein map in K-theory with finite coefficients. Here λx is an element of
K1 (Q(ξlk )), which depends on x. It was defined using Gauss sums cf. [BG2, p.11] .
Remark 5.6. Let n and l be odd. In the moment one of the most important problems
concerning K∗ (Z) is to construct new nonzero elements - possibly generators, in thegroups K2n (Z)l . In this respect Theorem 5.5 is not satisfactory enough because theGauss sum λx and its arithmetical properties depend strongly on x. In the case ofK2n+1 (Z)l , (n and l odd) the nonzero elements came from algebraic topology, or
more precisely from the image of the J-homomorphism cf. Remark 2.3. It is possiblethat in the case of K2n (Z)l , the expected nonzero elements will be constructed by
a topological method. With the development of motivic cohomology and related
theories (for example the algebraic cobordism theory of Voevodsky cf. [Vo2] and[LM]), such a construction may be accomplished in the future.

ON K∗ (Z) AND CLASSICAL CONJECTURES

19

6. Proof of (4.6) and (5.3)
Proposition 6.1. Let l be an odd prime.
(1) If n > 0 is even, then A[l−1−n] =0 iff H 2 (G, Zl (n+1))=0.
(2) If n > 0 is odd, then A[l−1−n] is a cyclic group iff H 2 (G, Zl (n+1)) is a
cyclic group.
Proof. Since the groups in question are finite l-groups, it is enough to show thatfor any l and n(6.2)

A[l−1−n] /l∼=

H 2 (G, Zl (n+1))/l.

Taking the long exact sequence in Galois cohomology associated to the sequence ofGalois modules
×l

0 −−−−→ Zl (n+1) −−−−→ Zl (n+1) −−−−→ Z/l(n+1) −−−−→ 0
we obtain that H 2 (G, Zl (n+1))/l = H 2 (G, Z/l(n+1)), because H 3 (G, Zl (n+1))=0,
by the cohomological dimension. In the remaining part of the proof it is moreconvenient to replace the Galois cohomology by the isomorphic etale cohomology
groups. In particular, we are going to prove that
(6.3)

A[l−1−n] /l∼=

1
H 2 (Z[ ]; Z/l(n + 1)).
l

Let R be the ring Z[ 1l , ξl ] and let F denote the cyclotomic field Q(ξl ). Consider theexact sequence in etale cohomology
0 −−−−→ H 1 (R, Gm )/l −−−−→ H 2 (R, µl ) −−−−→ H 2 (R, Gm )[l] −−−−→ 0
which comes from the exact sequence of group schemes over Spec R
×l

1 −−−−→ µl −−−−→ Gm −−−−→ Gm −−−−→ 1.
Note that µl =Z/l(1). By the basics of etale cohomology, cf. [Mi] we know that
H 1 (R, Gm )=P ic(R) is the class group of the ring R and H 2 (R, Gm )=Br(R) is its
Brauer group. It follows by the class field theory that Br(R)[l]=0, the reason beingthat there is a single prime ideal in R above l (recall that in R we have the equalityof ideals (l)=(1−ξl )l−1 ). Hence we get
H 2 (R, µl ) = H 1 (R, Gm )/l = A/l = P ic(R)/l.
Tensoring with Z/l(n) and taking invariants under the action of ∆ gives(A ⊗ Z/l(n))∆ ∼= H 2 (R, Z/l(n+1))∆ .
Since ∆ has order prime to l, it follows by a standard transfer argument that thegroup on the right hand side is isomorphic to H 2 (Z[ 1l ]; Z/l(n+1)). The group on
the left hand side equals A[l−1−n] /l, as can be checked by a simple computation. 20

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA

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22
[Wi]

BY WOJCIECH GAJDA
A. Wiles, Modular curves and the class group of Q(µp ), Invent. math. 58 (1980), 1-35.

Mathematics Department, The Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 87, 61614 Poznań,
POLAND
E-mail address: GAJDA@math.amu.edu.pl