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ATLANTEAN RESEARCH
Official Organ of
TH E

RESEARCH

CENTRE GROUP

Vol. 2. No. 2.

Ju n e/Ju ly , 1949

CONTENTSPage

THE COSMOS:
The Cape Hangklip Site
17
By Brigadier R. P. Gatehouse.
A TLA N TIS:
Sunken Lands near the Azores
By Captain R. Dahl.
The METEOR Expedition of 1938
By Captain Hans Rain.
AVALON:
Egyptian Place Names

B.T.S.. 453-5, Fulham Eoad, S.W.IO.

23

24
By Dr. P. L. Collignon.

Causeways Under W ater
By V. G. Howe.

31

Galvao’s Cataract

32
By D. K. Bentham.

LITERARY MONOLOGUES
By Critias.
Editor: E. SYKES.

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22

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32

RESEARCH CENTRE GROUP.
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DOWSINGBY

PIERRE BEASSE.
The a rt of Dowsing or W ater Divining, known from theearliest times of recorded history, has always been surroundedwith an atmosphere of the mysterious and the unseen.
M. Beasse, one of the best known members of the fra ter­n ity of Dowsers in Prance, here presents in simple and straight­
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a little time and trouble in learning how to do it.
The w riter points out that his method is based on thepurely scientific physical approach, in his own words “ Exclud­ing any approach to Occultism.”
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Free: 12/- or $2.40 in the U.S.A. and Canada.

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THE CAPE HANGKLIP SITE.
The author, who is on a visit to South Africa, has contributed
this account of a recently discovered site near Cape Town.

BRIGADIER R. P. GATEHOUSE.
GENERAL.
This prehistoric site lies on Cape Hangklip (Map ref.
233837) and its inmiediate hinterland. It is divided into three
sections: quarry workings on the northern side; a sand dune
and midden area in the centre; and a bed of shells laid downby the sea to the .south. The whole site extends over some
150 acres.
2. QUARRIES.
Th,e.se have recently becomc exposed by the erosion of thesand by which thej" had previously been covered. The erosion
was apparently caused by a considerable number of small water­
ways coming from springs in the higher ground to the north,and mu.st have taken place at a rapid speed recently. Although
the quarries are .surrounded by a good growth of vegetation,very little had been able to take root in the quarry area itself;
here it did sO; erosion has not occurred.
The main quarries extend continuously on a frontage ofabout 1,000 yards acro.«s the base of the cape, and the greatest
depth covered by stone working i.s about 150 yards. The area
slopes gently upward from the seaward side, the latter beingat about 30 feet, and the landward side at about 60 feet, above
sea level. Each flank is bounded by a spur rising to over 80
feet, so that the general appearance is that of a small inlandbay.
The floor of the quarries is depressed by tlie erosion below
the level of the surrounding terrain, the depth increasing in
the landward direction, the landward edge being generally
a fairly .steep bank about five feet high.
Having- regard to the shape of the area and the heightof thQ landward edge, it is no surprise to find that the quarries
are, in fact, a section of the old beach-line which appears toextend right round False Bay at a height of between 40 and 80
feet.
The stones and boulders which have been worked aremostly those of this beach; the comparative uniformitj^ withwhich the smaller stones and the splinters are spread over thearea is very noticeable, and the general appearance does notaltogether .support an assumption that the scattering was dueto the acton of the stoneworkers or of the process of erosion, orof both. It might be more in accordance with the passage ofa very powerful volume of water over the exposed stones andsplinters.
A minor quarry exists about 800 yards NE. of the main
woi'kings, and at a considerable height, possibly 200 feet. A
fall of rock from the Kill top has taken place here and forms
the working material. The work appears very primitive, andonly one artefact has so far been found, and it is a poor speci­
men. This quarry lies on the surface of the western end of1.

17The sand covering must have been tlie result of one of twocauses; either the rising of the sea level with the concomitant lay­ing- down of san d ; or by the action of the wind blowing in sandfrom seawards. Whichever it was, it must have occurred at a ver^rapid speed to overcome the process of erosion caused by the
number of small waterways covering the area, assuming thatsprings were in action at the time, which there is no good reason
to doubt. To-day, iittle, if any, sand is blown in, wliereas theerosion continues at some speed. It is also to be noted that noconspicuous belt of drift sand exists around the quarry area.
If, then, the wind-blown sand propasition is to be accepted, it
w’ill be necessary to believe that at some time a small quantityof sand was blown in at a very great rate, and, when it had almost
exactly filled the quarry depression, it cea.sed, and allowed
erosion to commence. This does not sound very convincing, tosay the least of it.
I t is noticeable that w'hereas the surrounding terrain iscovered with vegetation whose roots prevent rapid erosion, thisis not tlie case in the quarries. This infers that tlie sand covering
the latter had no time in which to become fertile enouglt tonourish seeds before it was affected by erosion. Since the local
vegetation will flourish on a minimum of i'ertility, it follows
that the sand covering could not have been laid down very long
ago, and that the quarries were open quite recently, w'hether
they were worked or not. It is, however, obvious that if thequarries had previously been subject to the incursion of wind­blown sand they would not have remained open unless they wereactually being worked, when the workers would have kept themclear. If, then, wind-blown sand is the correct solution, it isdifficult to escape the conclusion that the quarries were being
worked at a very recent date, and that the tools and weapons
recently manufactured follow the model of far older ones, since
they are all attributed to the Acheulean culture. The alterna­
tive would be that the entire workings are recent, and that the
Acheulean model is the tyi)e that would be produced by a natural
progression, as mentioned above.
If, on the other hand, the sand covering was laid down bya rise of the sea-level, the difficulties inseparable from the wind­blown theory disappear. Firstly, the sand could be deposited ata far greater rate than could be overcome by the process oferosion; in fact erosion could not take place at all except, per­haps, at brief periods and within a small area as a result of thefall of tide. Secondly, a long delay in reaching fertility would
bo probable owing to the strong salt content of the sea-borne
sand, and, probably, for other reasons. The lack of fertility ofthe old sea bed on the cape is a case in point.
In connection with erosion by spring-fed water, mention
must be made of the great fall of soil, which has at some timeoccurred, from the hill tops, leaving the upper rocks bare andfilling the lower levels with a gently .sloping mass representing
the foot-hills. It is conceivable that this fall might have blocked
20

the springs, thereby delaying tlie etosion of the quarries, but if
this is true, the fall of soil must have taken place at a very rapid
rate. Even so, it would not require a very long period for thespring water to make its way through the mass to the lower
levels. It is true that the fall of soil may have occurred rapidly,
but this is a separate problem, and, since it does not materiallyaffect the question of quarry erosion, it need not detain us here.
3. Reasons for Abandonment.
A part from the interest attaching to the reasons for theabandonment of the area, a solution of the problem might wellassist in arriving at the time at which the stone working ceased.
The excellence of the site in regard to the supply of goodstone, proximity toi the sea for fish and .shell fish, good drainage
combined with a fairly level area, a reasonable hinterland for
game, and a good water supply, rendei-s it probable that it wasabandoned for the best of reasons. W ithout a knowledge ofthe conditions prevailing at the time it is not possible to con­sider all possible motives that may have operated, but it is notunreasonable to suppose that so important a reason is likely tohave been either the arrival of more powerful enemy forces who
did not themselves wish to use the site, or a natural phenomenonsuch as the failure of the water supply by the blocking of thesprings, a rainy period of such intensity that man-built accom­
modation could not withstand it and recourse to caves was ne­
cessary, or the rising of the sea level. The two last-named might,
of course, have operated simultaneously.
I t is somewhat difficult to imagine a prehistoric enemj',
lacking a stone culture, driving out what must have been a morecivilised and better equipped people, though this is, of course, apo.ssibility. A band of Strandlopers might have thus succeeded,
who then proceeded to live in the dunes and to whom the middens
may have been due. If, however, the quarries were then filled
up by wind-blown sand at the rate previously mentioned, thesand dune area would have been so) highly undesirable as a resi­
dential site as to be practically out of the question. It is, infact, difficult to dissociate the quarries and the middens (if they
are really middens); a brief view of the latter is sufficient toshow that their age is just as difficult to arrive at as i.s that of
the old sea bed area of the cape. It must at least be probable
th at the quarry workers made the middens if middens they are.
The only other likely enemy action is the historic one of thearrival of Europeans by ship in the Caj>e Peniasular, and their
movements inland. This might well frighten a primitive jjeople
into flight. This may seem a ridiculous idea at first sight, but
it is difficult altogether to disregard it if the quarries are held
to have been filled by wind-blown sand; no efficient culture otherthan that of stone was likely before the arrival of Europeans,at least in this remote area, and the working of the quarries
up to so recent a time is by no means an impossibility. The
point would not, of course, arise if the quarries were submerged
by a rise of sea level.
21In considering the question of abandonment as the resultof a phenomenon of nature, it is necessary^ to pay regard to theminor quarry discovered to the NE. of the main workings andat a considerably higher elevation. This quarry is neither sowell nor so extensively worked as the others, and it is difficult
to understand why it was worked at all . The position is in noway so convenient, and if the question of the rights of owner­ship was concerned, better sites could have been found else­
where at a lower level. There might well be grounds for the
belief that the community was driven from the site of the main
quarries, and for a time worked the higher one, but finding it
too inconvenient abandoned the whole area. Such a movement
could not have been the result of a period of intense rain, sinceboth sites would have been equally affected. I t is, however,perfectly consistent with a rise of the sea level.
CONCLUSIONS.
I t is, of course, impossible to arrive at definite conclusions
from the somewhat scanty evidence available, but it will be seenthat there' are remarkably consistent indications of variations of
the sea level reacting on the lives of the pre-historic people who
lived on the coast.
There is no doubt that the sea, at some remote period, wassome 40 - 80 feet above its present level, and remained there longenough to cause the formation of a beach. There is no reason
to suppose that its withdrawal from that level was its final move­
ment, and the evidence of the Hangklip site gives grounds forthe possible belief that there was a further rise at least to its
previous level, if not beyond it. That movement, which could
hardly have brought the sea exactly to the 40-80 foot beach line,
was evidently of a temporary nature, and appears to have takenplace in comparatively recent times.

SUNKEN LANDS NEAR THE AZORES.
Dear Editor,
On the way between FOYAL (Azores) and ABACO, about
half to three-quarters of the way across, while observing theworking of the ship’s propellers, I was lying flat on the deck,
looking down into the water. The sun was high, the sea calmand very clear, and I could see very deep down. Suddenly I
noticed a dark fiat area passing slowly by, and then several more
patches, some larger and some smaller, and all about the same
depth under the surface of the ocean. I estimated that they
were about 90 - 100 metres distant, and I am convinced that what
I saw was the ocean bed, and that these were beds of weed on alight-coloured ground.
The Hydrographic Institute have written to tell me that it
is unlikely that I could have seen the ocean bottom. Please letme have your opinion.
Capt. R. DAHL.
22

THE METEOR EXPEDITION OF 1938.
Dear Mr. Sykes,^
The news appeared recently in the press of your intention
to form an expedition to examine afresh the Atlantis problem.
This was of particular interest to me, as I was in command of
the German Navy Research ship Meteor, and I led the German
N orth Atlantic Expedition of 1938, which was part of the“ International Polar Year of 1938.”
You are no doubt fam iliar with the scientific results of thegreat Meteor expeditions of 1925-27 to the South and Central
Atlantic. The expedition led by me followed these up, withinvestigations of the area between 15° and 35° N. The scientificappraisal of the material collected was interrupted by the war,and I fear th a t im portant discoveries have not yet become
generally known. The first short report appeared in 1939, in
the January issue of the Annalen Der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie.
In this connection, 1 would remind you of the discoveryof the “ Great METEOR Bank,” located approximately 30° N.
and 28|° W. about which I wrote the following report at the
tim e :—“ On 3.5.1938, the ‘Great METEOR Bank’ was dis­covered. It extends for approxim ately 40 sea miles between
I.at. 29° 35’ N. and 30° 15’ N., and Long. 28° 14’ W. and28° 46’ W. Hitherto the charts of th at area had indicateddepths of nearly 5,000 metres. W ithin two hours, the sound­ings showed a rise from a depth of almost 4,000 metres to 262
metres, the shallowed p a rt of the bank. On the bank itself,
the soundings indicated an even, flat surface. Core samples
taken at a depth of 280 metres proved on analysis to be formedoi’ coralinc matter. Work was carried ou., for a period of 15Jhours, and the bank was Ihoroi^ghly sounded, in radial andzig-zag courses, the position was established by astronomicalreadings at three points, and it was given the name of ‘GreatMETEOR Bank’.”
There is another equally interesting location in this area,
where the echo-sounding instruments gave results as rem ark­able, even if not so sudden and surprising.
An extraordinary depth was found in the Canary l^asin(Kanaren Becken) at 24° 49’ N. and 32° 37’ W., which places
the greatest known depth in the North Atlantic at 6,435 metres.
In the Porto Rico channel at 19° 42’ N. and 65° 55’ W.
we sounded the greatest echo-depth at 8,360 metres. This gives
a true depth calculation of 8,530 metres, and is the greatest
depth yet discovered in the whole Atlantic Ocean.
HANS HAIN, Naval Capt. R et’d23

EGYPTIAN PLACE NAMES
in relation to the diffusion of Culture

I decided to try to talk to you about Dr. Kendel H arrisfor two reasons. First, because I thought that his work in con­nection with the migration of Culture might be very little known
to many of you, and, secondly, because I am quite sure, in myown mind, that the contributions he has made in this particularsphere ought to be known and studied by everybody who isinterested in culture contact. Perhaps you may a s k : What is
his special contribution to knowledge, so far as our Societie.s areconcerned? The answer is that he is the man who has madethe most remarkable suggestions which have ever been made about
the influence of the Ancient Egyptians on other parts of the
Globe.
He bases most of his suggestions on place names,
supported by an erudition and memory of facts which are truly
phenomenal.
Before I go any further I feel sure that you would like me
to give you some information about the man himself. I think
so because when I read any arresting work, especially if it isquite new to me, I do like to know what qualifications the author
lias for saying what he does: what, in short, is his background.
So many “ cranks” with bees in the bonnet manage to air theirviews . . . . but I can assure you from personal knowledge thatR. H. was no crank. He was, on the other hand, quite the bestbalanced mind I have ever known.
Rendel H arris was born in 1852 and died in 1941. He was
educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where he greatly dis­tinguished himself as a mathematician, graduating as third
AVrangler.
He was elected a Fellow^ of Clare and for someyears he was a college don there. He became acquainted withthe writings of the great classical authors and he was proficientin no less than fourteen languages, ancient and modern. He
became Professor of New Testament Greek and Palaeography
at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and while he was there
he published works which carried to the initiated the convic­
tion that a new scholar of unique quality had entered the field.
A fter three years at Baltimore he became Professor of Theology
at Haverford College, Pennsylvania. A few years later he went
to the East, where, while he was staying in Egypt, he discovereda part of a papyrus roll of the Book of Deuteronomy in the
Greek version of the Septuagint which is acknowledged to be
300 years earlier than any other M.S. of the Bible in Greek.
Subsequently he was offered the Chair of Biblical Exegesis at
Leyden University, but, instead, he accepted the post of Directorof Studies at the newly founded settlement at Woodbroolfe, near
Birmingham, for Social and Religious Study. He was certainly
one of the most eminent scholai’s this country has ever pro-

duced. He held Doctorates from the Universities of Dublin,
Ijeyden, Pennsylvania, Birmingham and Glasgow.
He was amember of the Society of Friends—a Quaker—but the purfeuitof Truth was the whole work of his life and if T ruth conflictedwith any idea he had previously held. Truth won. It was only
Truth th at mattered.
And now I think th at I ought to tell you how 1 came incontact with him—and I will take care not to be too long
about this—because you may wonder what qualifications I haveto come and talk to you this evening. A fter I have done
th a t I propose to give you an outline of Rendel H arris’s workso far as we are concerned.
Briefly, then; nearly th irty years ago, when I M’as au
undergraduate at Oxford, I became extremely interested in
the idea of Culture M igration and formed the opinion that thePsychological School, led by Dr. M arett, was Avrong, and th at
the historical school, led by Elliot Smith and P erry was right,
in principle. That is to s a y : I believed, as I still believe, tliat
similarities of behaviour and belief among human beings allover the world, are due, not in the main to similarities ofcircumstances and human reactions to them, but to the spreadof culture from one, or perhaps more than one, source. ThenI read various works by Elliot Smith and Perry and found
th at I had some unknown allies. I t was by pure chance that
I came to work for four or five years with these two rem ark­
able men. I decided to do some research work in London
University. During the course of my association there with
Elliot Smith and F erry I liecame acquainted with the earlier
works of Rendel H arris but not with the man himself.
Later on I took np an enquiry into the m atter of Ancient
Egyptian objects found in the British Isles. There had l)een ruDiours that Egyptian scarabs and other ob.jects had been foundin many places in these islands, especially of the scarabs foundon Salisbury Plain. I conducted an exhaustive enquiry andfound that there never has been any genuine find of an Egyp­tian object here except in association with foreign burials.
At the same time I was impressed by the finding in some bar­
row's on Salisbury Plain of beads which were clearly of Medi­terranean origin and similar, in fact very similar, to somefound in Egypt. One thing led to another and I eventuallycame to think that, in remote times there existed what I calleda Masonic civilization without which culture could not havespread as it did. It must have had initiation ceremonies, highSecrets, which were learned at progressive degrees of initia­
tion, and those seci'ets of the Masonic Craft must have included
a high degree of mathematical knowledge, including geometry,
astronomies, and, above all, building and architecture. I wassure th at Stonehenge was of Egyptian oi'igin.
This is where R-endel H arris steps in. Ju st about 15 years
ago I read in the daily Press a report of a lecture given by
him in Birmingham. This is what it sa id :“ Dr. Rendel Harris, the famous archaeologist and2425

An hitrodiictiou to the work of D r. Beudel Harris.
A
Lecture deliv«red at Caxton H all, 'Westminster, on Thursday,
26th 'Jlay, 1049, by 1>. L. Colligiiou, M.A. (Oxon), I'h.U.
(Loud).

Biblical scholar, lecturing last night at Woodbrooke Settle­
ment, Birmingham, propoiinded a startling new explana­tion of Stonehenge, the age-long mystery of Salisbury
Plain.
“ It was built, he says, by the Egyptians, 1,800 to
2,000 years before Christ, for the joint worship of the
Sun and of the Dead. (Accepting the popular chronologyof the Bible, Jacob built Bethel about the same tim e).
“ I t is a second Abydos. (Abydos was the great
E gyptian sanctuary of the dead and, after Thebes, was themost im portant town in the ancient kingdom of Upper
E gypt).
“Its architect and builder was probably named
Meri-An (meaning the Beloved of Osiris), who is no otherthan Merlin, the wizard of A rthurian legend.
“Going even further than this last fascinating state- *ment. Dr. H arris says th at King A rthur himself, hero_ of
mythological romance, was either Osiris (the Egyptian
God of the Dead) or someone whose story has beencoloured by the Osiris legends; while A rth u r’s beautiful
queen, Guinevere, was really Isis, queen of the gods ofE gypt.”When I had read that, I am sure you can very well under­
stand how inteirested I was. I said to myself, “ This man iseither mad or right.” W ithin a few days I had communicatedwith him and found myself his guest in Birmingham and I
paid him several visits afterwards. He certainly was not mad.
His mind was as bright as ever it had been.
I shall never forget th at first afternoon I spent with thisGrand Old Man. We sailed the oceans together for hours
and we sailed in Egyptian ships. We came to the S traits ofGibraltar and he asked, putting his finger on the nmp. “ W hat
did the Ancients call these S traits?” To which, of course, I
answered “ The Pillars of Hercules.” Then he asked “ Do
you suppose th a t the Greeks were the first to sail throughhere?” and I said “ No, of course not. The Egyptians musthave done it long before.” Then came his first friendly blow
at me.
“W hat do you suppose the Egyptians would havecalled the S tra its’” he asked. And I answered th at if they
were going to call them Pillars (Way-Marks,_ as I afterw ards
learned) they would have called them “Pillars of Osiris”(which is, of course, an expression well known to Egyptolo­
gists). He put my finger on the map of Africa .just opposite
to Gibraltar. I read TETUAN, and this is pure E gyptian for“Pillars of Osiris.” That, I am sure, was sufficient to awake
serious interest. Sometimes, forsaking the sea we took flights—of his imagination. Wc landed at Baku, on the CaspianSea, which is the name of a town and also of a large province.
He asked “ W hat do we get from BAKU?” and, of course, I
replied “ Oil.” Then he informed me th at BAKU is Egyptian
and means O I I j , in the plural. I remembered at once th at theplace where, in Koumania, oil wells are plentiful is also called
20

Baku, and later on 1 found the same name in Abyssinia, which
Dr. M artin (who was the Abyssinian representative at the time)assured me bore oil.
“ Did I know,” asked R.H. “ that the original name of the“ Volga” was “Ray,” the name of the Egyptian Sun God?”I didn’t know this, but I was able to tell him th at the oldname of the Channel which, at one time brought ships to theport of Bruges, in Belgium, was also called by this name.
And so we went on. We visited Sokotra in the Indian
Ocean which turned out to be Sekhet Ra which in Egyptian
means The Field of the Great God. The Greeks ra,lled thisisland by the very same name in their own language, Dios
Chora, Dios Ohorides, which seems a very clear proof that
Rendel Harris’s identification is correct.
At this point I am going to quote the Doctor. He says:“It may be readily adm itted th at all of the proposed Egyptian
identifications . . . are not of equal weight or validity, andagainst some of them alternative explanations of higher pro­bability may be brought forward. I t is not, however, a caseof a chain which is dependent on its weakest link: the links
in the present chain are parallel, not successive. If a single
one of our Egyptian place-names is correct, the thesis of
Egyptian colonisation is proved. . . . Once the thesis of Egyp­tian m igration is proved, the door of research is wide open
for further investigation; the Egyptian term s exclude the
Phoenicians and the Cretans, nor do I think th a t it will bepossible to limit the immigrants to traders only. They must
be colonists as well as traders.”
I think it is time for us to return to our native land forthe present and see whether there is any evidence here of
Egyptian influence in the very remote past. Leaving Sokotra,
we pass over Java in our imagination and we note th at it isreally an Egyptian island called “ B arley” ; Peru, in SouthAmerica suggests the Egyptian root which underlies theword Pharaoh. In Central America we note the possibility
that Nicaragua and Guatemala, as well as Honduras are Egyp­tian, and th at the southern-most State of Mexico, Tabasco
seems to be the home of the Basques, in Egyptian, while
Campeachy Bay means “ The Bay of E gypt.” Turning North
we ignore Cairo and Memphis on the Mississippi, but we notice
Missouri, “ The Children of the S un” ; Massachusetts, which
may well mean “ The Children of the Red One” (!), andTennessee, “ The Land of Isis.” Looking Northwards as wetu rn across the Atlantic we see the N iagara Falls and remem­
ber that Nga-Ra meant the Bull of Ra to the Egyptians whocalled the Nile by the name of Bull. None of these names
has ever been satisfactorily explained in any other language.
In fact, when I consult the Oxford Dictionary about any word
for which Rendel H arris offers an explanation, I usually findthere the words “origin unknown.”
Having crossed Cornwall, where we see a considerable
number of Egyptians in the garb of Cornish Saints, we find27

rseives landing on i^alisbury Plain. Rendel H arris takesstraight to Stonehenge and tells us th a t it is of Egyptian
origin. Time will not permit me to go into a great deal ofdetail about this, this evening, and I shall have to content
myself with a summary which I hope will excite your interest.
F irst of all, then, Rendel H arris tells us th at this is by
no means the first Egyptian find in the British Isles.
The
earliest, he thinks, may be somewhere about 2,800 B.C. The
great pyramid builders were not the stay-at-home people that
we have sometimes imagined them to be. In the 28th century
B.C. there is carved on the wall of a Pyram id Temple of thereign of Sahure a sea-going ship, which with seven others,
sailed in the M editerranean and returned carrying Phoenician
prisoners.
The ship has a double mast and three steeringoars in the stern. I t was one of a fleet of eight ships. In the
15th century B.C. in the time of Queen Hatshepsut, the Queen’s
fleet of five ships is shown on the wall of a Temple at Thebes.
They went by way of the Red Sea to Punt, a country to theSouth, to bring back luxuries from the Tropics. The ships
have long yardarm s with sails furled.
It appears that theships must have been at least as large as Francis D rake’s
C4olden Hind which sailed round the world. The earliest men­tion of big ships is that of the 60 constructed in a year byKing Sneferu, 3000 B.C. (Palermo Stone). So there is no
reason why Egyptian ships should not have come here. Thereseems little reason to doubt that they did. The habit of colon­
ists of giving the names of towns or people in the old country
to places in the new is well known, of course, for instance,
New England, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Australia,
and this is .just w hat the Egyptians did. There seems to bea large number of Egyptian names in the British Isles.
One of the places which Dr. H arris found most useful in
his work on Stonehenge is St. K nighton’s Kieve. close to
Tintagel. He says th at Knighton was not the original formof the name of the so-called hermit, but th a t it was Nectonor Nectan, and in Egyptian this means “ The property ofOsiris.” The legend says that when the hermit died, twoladies came to bury him in a sarcophagus under the stream
there. “ They were known in E gypt,” he says, “ as Isis andNephthys, the two Weeping Sisters w'ho follow the corpse of
Osiris.” Not far away, in H artland, the patron saint of thechurch is Nectan who is canonized as a m artyr who had bemi
decapitated, his head and other relics being ultim ately deposit­
ed in some of the H artland churches. “ It A vas easy to see th at
this also was an Osirian tradition, whicli carried on the Egyp­tian story of the m urder and the dismemberment of Osirisby his wicked brother Set.”
There is an ancient fair in
H artland, the date of which is the 17th June, the normal date
for the rising of the Nile. “ So we draw the general conclusion
that, on a certain Summer Day, the people in H artland used
to celebrate an Osirian festival.”
In South Cornwall on the estuary of the Fowey River,

we come across a little church of St. Nectan again, and only
a mile or more away, close to the river, a church of St. WinJ iow . Nectan, we already know, means “ Osiris’s” : and It isn’t,
therefore, surprising to discover th at WNNW is one of thecommonest names given to Osiris in Egyptian.
(Anotherform is W N). “ St. Winnow is pure Egyptian: it is Osiris
without a single phonetic change.” The next parish, says Dr.
Harris, is that of St. Veep. He says th at this is certainly thename of Anubis, whose name in Egyptian was written WP.
Anubis, the faithful dog, so closely associated with Osiris
was known as the Opener of the W ay—Wip-Wat—'who opens
the way for the dead into the Kingdom of Osiris.
Quite
incidentally I may draw your attention to the fact th at on
Christian tombs one often sees Knights in armour withfeet resting on a dog, who will, presumably, “guide our feet
into the way of peace.” We all know, of course, th at theword “ w hippet” is one well known in the dog-racing com­munity.
“ The word has, I believe, been the despair of
etymologists,” but it need be so no longer. It simply means
Anubis.
Dr. Rendel H arris shows, too, th at this “ Opener of the
W ays” is evident very especially and naturally at the mouthsof rivers, waterways, and other highways, where the syllable
Wip often becomes Ebb; philologically the same.
For in­stance Ebb’sfleet in Kent.
Now we come to the precise question; Who built Stone­
henge? and Dr. H arris’s answer is th at the Egyptians did.
Stonehenge is a dual structure: not one circle, but two, andlietween the two there is a radical difference in the material
employed. As you know, the inner circle of stone (the socalled Blue_ Stones) quite certainly came from the Prescelly
Mountains in Pembrokeshire where there are a great manystone circles. “ Two kinds of stone being employed in twocircles, one local and the other foreign, we are obliged toinfer th a t Stonehenge is two temples, not one: there is aduality of religious idea in the structure.” “ In Egypt there
were two ways of expounding the doctrine of im m ortality andthe life after death. Each of them was by telling the storyof a Dying and Rising G od: in one ease it was Ra the Sun-God,
who died and rose daily, having in the interim between his
dying and rising made the tour of the Blessed Isles: in theother ease it was th e human god Osiris, who died annually,
either as buried grain or as the falling Nile, and rose again
when the return of the annual inundation brought back life
to the grain and plenty to the land.” The one was solar andfeudal; “ the other was funereal and democratic as death itself,
a genuine Cult of the Dead, for whom Osiris was sponsor andthe dog Anubis his special m inister.”_“ The existence of two coalesced temples on Salisbury Plain
invites the supnosition that here we have an amicable adjustmenb of the claims of Ra and Osiris, and that one of the circles
represents the Solar and Feudal religion, and the other the popu-

28

29

11’ and democratic creed.”
Dr. Harrl.s goes on to compare
ibydos in Egypt with Stonehenge. Abydos is the funerary
centre of Egypt, being in fact, the grave and temple of Osiris,around which are grouped the temples of the gods who are asso­
ciated with Osiris, and the tombs of those who had the good luck
to be buried near him, and have access to the Other Worldthrough his good offices and of those of his satellite Anubis.”‘‘In the days of the Sixth Dynasty it became usual to inter thedead from all parts of Egypt at Abydos . . . The pious E g p tia ndesired no better fortune than to have his corpse carried to
Abydos, there to find its last abode beside the Tomb of Osiris.”
The importance of this statement is obvious because we are en­
abled to picture the site of Stonehenge as the centre of the Cultof the Dead—a second Abydos. Around it are groups of Long
Burrows affiliated to the central sanctuary. F irst and, foremost
there is a group of them immediately to the north of Stonehenge.
There are five of them and they lie upon, or close to, Knighton
Down. This at once recalls that the same name—Knighton—-isfound at Tintagel and th at it is a perversion of Necton, whichmeans “ the property of Osiris.”
So Osiris is fovind in the Stonehenge vicinity and further
north we find, as we ought to find, his faithful Dog at Doghill Barrow. Further, says Dr. Harris, not far away we findevidence for the two AVeeping Sisters (Isis and Neplithys)at Heytesbury. Chapperton Down he claims to be derived
from the name of the Solar Beetle, Kheper, from whom wederive our Chafer. “ So here is a place named after the beetle
which is the most sacred and powerful of all E gypt’s am ulets.”
He also thinks th at the barrow called Sutton Veny is named
after Osiris; VENY being equated philologically with WNNII.
There is no doubt that in one of the barrows in what Dr.
H arris calls “ the Isis and Nephthys group” chips from Stone­
henge had been laid in the barrow with the dead person, andth at both the inner and outer circles of Stonehenge were re­presented, both the sarsen and the blue stones. The samething is true of three Round Barrows, of a later date, whichshows how strong was the traditional belief in the sanctityof Stonehenge materials.
“ If the dead bodies were thus
brought into touch with the central sanctuary itself, we havea right to regard these groups of barrows as annexes of Stonerenge itself.”
At this point we may as well look and see w hat Geolireyof Monmouth has to say on the subject in his “ History of the
Britons.” He has for a long time been regarded as a fabulistof the first order although he claimed th at what he wrote wastranslated from a Keltic original.
To begin with, he says
what we now know, by excavation, to be perfectly tru e :“They are mystical stones, and of medicinal value . . . there
is not a stone there which has not some healing virtue.” WhenI say “perfectly true,” I mean, of course, th at the ancientsbelieved th a t it was, or else we would not find chips from
Stonehenge in the Barrows. (I’d he continued.)

CAUSEWAYS UNDER WATER
Dear Editor,'
I was much interested in the article in the March number of“ Atlantean Research” on the “ Underwater Causeway in the
Scilly Isles,” and I feel that further research on this subject
could bring interesting results.
It would appear to me that Underwater Causeways might
be divided into two lieadings, (1) those made by man, (2) thoseformed by natural or cosmic causes; an example of the latteris the G iant’s Causeway in N. Ireland, those great geometricallyshaped blocks of basalt running from Dunluce on the Antrim
coast under the sea^ coming up at F ingal’s Cave, on StafEa Island,
off the Scottish coast. ^In his article on the Scillonian Causeway, the author dates
it from the time of the Roman occupation. The stones it i.?
true are round and similar to tliost^ of the Roman I’oads, but
their smoothness could have been effected by the constant flowingof the tides since their submergence. I would suggest that the
Causeway is probably much older and might date back to the
Beaker period; there are many traces of the Beaker Folk in
Cornwall including a large burial ground which was discovered
intact in recent years near Constantine Bay, Padstow, in N.
Cornwall. It is doubtful if the land between the three islands
between which the Causeway runs, was submerged as late as
Roman times as not far from the St. M artin’s end of the Cause­way, recent finds have exposed traces of a dwelling and potteryof the Beaker period and these have been found below the presenthigh tide level! If a connecting link can be made between thedwelling site and the Causeway, it would appear to be very muchbefore the Roman era, although it is not so easy to put a dateto the submergence which might possibly have taken place gradu­
ally although from the nature of the geological formation of the
Scilly Isles, this is not probable.
I believe there are various other underwater causeways bothin the British Isles and elsewhere, there is said to be one under
the river Severn but I seek information about its exact location.
In the region of Easter Island and also in Conape there exists
othera which must be of great antiquity: possibly the one con­necting St. Michael’s Mount with the Cornish mainland is ofcomparatively modern origin, but of this one again, I seek in­formation.
There is a book written by Munro (1) on this subject
mentioned by W atkins (2) but so far no library has succeededin tracing it for me. If any of your readers knows of a copy or
has any other information on this interesting line of research,
I should be glad to hear from them if they would w rite:—c/o
The Research Group, 9, Markham Square, London, S.W.3.
V. GARNER HOWE.
(1) Scottish Lake Dwelling.«( by Robert Munro.
(-’) 'I'he 01(1 Straight Track” by Alfred W atkins, London, 1925.

31

GALVAO’S CATARACT.
LotTghborongh, June 5th.
Dear Editor,
In regard to the letter by Mr. Forster, published in theNovember issue, the statement about the cataract visited by Dr.
G'alvao in the region of the Upper Tapajos would appear to beincorrect. The description given, by Glalvao differs considerablyfrom that of the Bandeiristas in 1743-53. Therefore, as a clue
to the lost city it is useless. However, tliree of the inscriptions
are definitely related to those on the mausola; one similar to
the Titieaca character “ To Create” and the sign .of fremini.
Mr. Wilkins says there is a similar Babylonian sign. Another is.^imilar to the hot cross bun sign found at Arequipa, Peru, which
is identical with the Phoenician “ te th ” associated with Baal.
However these signs are crude and intermixed with crude animal
pictures, which is not the case with the others.
______________________________ D. K. BENTHAM.

LITERARY MONOLOGUES.
Atlrintis Och Atlanten, Hans Pettersson, Stockholm, 1944
Kr. 5.75.
Atlantic Und Atlantik, Hans Pettersson, Wien, 194S.
The original Swedish text, and a German translation ofProfessor Pettersson’s work on Atlantis, first appeared in
Sweden during the war. The Professor, who is well known for
his round the world trip on the Albatross, completed in 1948,
for the purpose of exploring the deep seas, looks at the whole
Atlantis problem in terms of underwater exploration, a realistic
viewpoint which cannot fail to bring about interesting results.
According to the plans of the Atlantic Bed prepared by
the author, a reduction of the water level by 4,000 metres, would
produce three land masses in the centre. The first a peninsular
stretching southwards from the land bridge connecting Canada
and Britain via Greenland, of which the peaks are now the
Azores; the second a relatively small island centred ror.nd A vh.atare now St. Paul Islands; and the third, and largest, stratchingas far south as the Falklands, and having TrLstan da Cunha as
its main peak. At the same time the present Carribean Sea wasan inland lake, while the Mediterranean was separated from theAtlantic by a strip of land over a hundred miles wide.
It is to be hoped that the results of the journey of the Alba­
tross, when they are published, will not only confirm Professor
Pettersson’s statement of December last to the effect that thecentre of the Atlantic was above water 15,000 years ago, but will
amplify it sufficiently to enable him to produce a sequel to thisinteresting book.
CRITIAS.
Rectification.
It is regretted that owing to an error the name of theauthor of “ Did Tobacco Originate in America” in the last issue,
was given as M. Brendon Francklyn ijistead of M, Brenda
Francklyn.
32

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