Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 23(1): 173–185

Population dynamics at the spas of Roman Dacia.
Case study: the population of Băile Herculane
Imola BODA1, Călin TIMOC2, Victor BUNOIU3

Abstract. The present study analyses the importance of the Băile Herculane spa resort, based on
epigraphic discoveries and cartographic sources. Social mobility, along with the presence of urban elites
from various towns, passing through, can shed some light on the renown enjoyed by the Băile Herculane
hot springs during the Roman and Late Roman periods. The authors also attempt to research the local
religious life, as well as the layout of the settlement’s sacred enclosures, an endeavour never before
attempted. The results of such an analysis, in comparison with other spa resorts in Dacia, enables thepossibility to understand how the town and its public edifices, dominant during the Roman period,
developed, as well as the urban layout of Băile Herculane.
Rezumat. Prezentul studiu analizează pe baza descoperirilor epigrafice și a surselor cartografice
importanța stațiunii balneare de la Băile Herculane între celelalte stațiuni al Daciei Romane. Mobilitatea
socială, precum și prezența elitelor urbane din diverse localități aflate în trecere pe aici pot oferi un
indiciu privind renumele pe care l-au avut aceste izvoare termale de la Băile Herculane în epoca romană
și romană târzie. Cercetarea vieții religioase și a topografiei sacre a așezării este un alt subiect atins deautori, un studiu ce nu a mai fost întreprins până în momentul de față. O asemenea analiză – comparând
cu situația din alte stațiuni balneare ale provinciei Dacia - dă posibilitatea de a înțelege mai bine felul încare s-a dezvoltat așezarea și edificiile publice care au dominat în epoca romană precum și peisajul urban
de la Băile Herculane.
Keywords: Roman period, epigraphy, population, religion, topography.

The population of Băile Herculane
During all periods, humans have sought ways to treat their ailments as best they could,
even if this implied travelling to a very distant spa resort. The hope of a full and speedy
recovery was often assured by the spa’s renown and hot springs which, being blessed by theBabeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca; boda_imola@yahoo.com
National Museum of Banat, Timișoara; calintimoc@gmail.com
3Timiș County Department of Culture; victor.bunoiu@gmail.com
1
2

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gods of health, attracted, like a magnet, a socially diverse and foreign population which,through its temporary presence, influenced the resort’s development.
The steep slopes of the adjacent Cerna Mountains to the west, as well as the Mehedinți
Mountains, had always limited human habitation in Băile Herculane. The ancient spa resort
could stretch over a length exceeding 1 km, while the maximum width of its two terraces is at
most approx. 150 meters (Figure 1). Even though it was dominated by waterworks, wells,
aqueducts and basins, the ancient spa resort was still organized according to a Roman city’s
strict rules.
Unfortunately, due to continuous habitation and the systematization that followed
consecutive administrative regime changes, especially in the last two centuries, the Romanruins have almost completely disappeared, with only chronicler accounts, statues andinscriptions left, mostly held in Vienna, still hinting at the existence of an ancient settlement.
As such, a somewhat precise identification of areas General Hamilton’s troops excavated,
who had orders to clear the land of ruins and make room for new Habsburg spa resort,

Figure 1. Sketch depicting the Băile Herculane spa resort.
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Imola Boda, Călin Timoc, Victor Bunoiu

is extremely important for understanding how the Romans exploited the lands and hot
springs4.
In the making of this study, we analysed 17 votive monuments (01BH–17BH), twofunerary monuments (18BH–19BH), one stamped brick (20BH), to which we added the two unepigraphic tombstones, in order to have a full overview of the spas. Regarding inscription
texts, all 20 of them were in Latin.
Regarding the material of the epigraphic monuments: six of them are marble (01BH,
02BH, 03BH, 13BH, 14BH, 18BH), five are limestone (07BH, 08BH, 12BH, 16BH, 19BH), andobviously a clay stamped brick (20BH). Unfortunately, in a large number (eight cases: nos.
04BH, 05BH, 06BH, 09BH, 10BH, 11BH, 15BH, and 17BH) the material is unknown (it is also
unknown where most of the monuments disappeared to). To these, we add the two unepigraphic tombstones made of limestone-dolomite.
In total, 33 people are mentioned in the 20 inscriptions5 and here we also include boththose who made the monuments, as well as those people—if any—these monuments are madefor.
First of all, we wish to mention that, regarding the sex of the individuals, only two are
women, with the rest being men: Iunia Cyrilla (02BH — perhaps a patrician from south of the
Danube, who came here for treatment) and Septimia Valentina (19BH — tombstone states she
was 54 years old).
Regarding the legal status of these 33 people, we notice that four were slaves, while therest are Roman citizens. Interestingly enough, slaves erect monuments raised exclusively for
their masters’ health and on their command (02BH — the slave wished to remain anonymous;
06BH — Syntrophus; 09BH — Felix; 15BH — Eutyches)6. It is important here to specify theoccupations of those arriving in our focus area. We mentioned the four slaves, who wereinvolved in administering private or public fortunes: 02BH was the administrandis of Iunia
Cyrilla’s personal wealth, Syntrophus is referred to as vilicus, Felix worked at statio Tsierna (hisexact role is not mentioned in the inscription), and Eutyches was an actor.
Important people in the society, politics and administration of Roman Dacia were present
in Băile Herculane. So we begin our list with governors such as Claudius Gallus (05BH)7,
Calpurnius Iulianus (07BH)8, Simonius Iulianus (14BH)9 and M. Sedatius Severianus (03BH +WOLF 1995, 55–71.
Cf. www.romans1by1.com
6
It’s apparent that two people have Greek cognomens: Syntrophus and Eutyches. Considering the frequency of thesenames in Roman Dacia (cf. www.romans1by1.com), this doesn’t imply the Oriental origin of these two, but merely the
popularity of naming children such, or who could have come from anywhere or even be locally born.
7
PISO 1993, 162–166.
8
PISO 1993, 79–81.
9
PISO 1993, 203–207.
4
5

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17BH)10. We continue with a procurator centenarius (C. Iulius Paternus — 06BH)11, a conductoris
publicii portorii (T. Iulius Saturninus — 009BH)12 and two Drobeta decurions (P. Claudius Iulius— 11BH and L. Iulius Bassus — 018BH). Concurrently we wish to mention the five persons(legati Romam) who accompany Governor M. Sedatius Severianus of Colonia Sarmizegetusa toRome (03BH — Ulpius Secundinus, Marius Valens, Pomponius Haemus, Iulius Carus, Valerius
Valens), on the occasion of being promoted to the rank of consul13.
Also mentioned is P. Aelius Antipater, who later fulfilled priestly duties. The epigraphic
monument is placed by Eutyches, his financial administrator, for his employer's health.
Eutyches was probably from Apulum, where P. Aelius Antipater is mentioned as a IIvir ofColonia Apulensis14. He is also mentioned in Colonia Sarmizegetusa as a flamen of Colonia Apulensis
and as a sacerdos Arae Augusti 15. The inscription from Sarmizegetusa was erected later than theones at Apulum and Băile Herculane, because in the first two, chronologically, the title ofsacerdos Arae Augusti is not mentioned, however the dedicator or his slave would have surely
done so.
Also mentioned are soldiers or former soldiers (veterans), coming to Băile Herculane inorder to treat various illnesses or injuries, incurred due to their profession during their long
period of military service: M. Aurelius Veteranus (01BH), Mercurius ?(08BH), L. Pompeius
Celer (12BH), and T. Aurelius Geminianus — veteranus (10BH).
Not in the least, we mention one augustalis from Colonia Sarmizegetusa (Q. Vibius Amillus— 13BH), who, for the health of his son Iulianus, erects a monument dedicated to the god
Hercules Salutiferus.
Five people identified in the epigraphic corpus stand out, because their presence in Băile
Herculane has been questioned; we refer to T. Iulius Saturninus (09BH)16, Iunia Cyrilla (02BH),
C. Iulius Paternus (06BH), P. Aelius Antipater (15BH) and M. Sedatius Severianus (03BH +17BH). We believe these high ranking people indeed visited Băile Herculane for treatment,leaving afterwards only to later send a slave/representative to erect an inscription thanking
the gods in their name.
Population mobility in Băile Herculane
Following the presentation of relevant data regarding Băile Herculane’s population, we
desire to tackle the social mobility of the above mentioned town. Therefore, analysing
PISO 1993, 61–65.
PISO 2013, 212–217.
12
PISO 2013, 293–301.
13
PISO 1993, 61–65.
14
IDR III/5, 215.
15
IDR III/2, 217.
16
MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA 2010, 145–147.
10
11

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epigraphic monuments brings attention to people from another seven settlements, including
22 individuals who, most certainly come from different areas to get treatment (Figure 2).
As it the inscriptions show, we know exactly how many people arrive in the spa resortfrom the following settlements: Colonia Sarmizegetusa (03BH, 13BH), Apulum (01BH, 05BH,
07BH, 10BH, 14BH, 15BH), Dierna (09BH), Drobeta (11BH, 18BH), south of the Danube(unfortunately, the precise location is unknown; 02BH, 06BH), and an individual originatesfrom Odorheiu Secuiesc (12BH).
An intriguing inscription, sent to Rome for Sedatius Severianus’ nomination as consul17, isdedicated to Dis et Numinis Aquarum by Ulpius Secundinus, Marius Valens, Pomponius
Haemus, Iulius Carus and Valerius Valens. They raise this altar to the gods in gratitude for
returning unharmed to their home in Dacia (03BH).

Figure 2. Map depicting population travel routes toward Băile Herculane.

PISO 1993, 61–65: M. Sedatius Severianus (150/151–153), of senatorial rank, was from Limonium (Gallia); he was firsta Questor in Sicily and then people's tribune Rome, becoming Praetor in 143, he is then commander of the V
Macedonica legion between 144–147, then curator viae Flaminiae (between 147–150), afterwards replacing C. Curtius
Iustus to become governor of Dacia during 150–151 AD. His administration lasted until early 153, when he became
consul suffectus in Rome. It seems he wasn’t granted this office in absentia, as we know from this inscription that adelegation was present for his investiture in Rome; he was also a patron of Colonia Sarmizegetusa. A few years later, heis named governor of Cappadocia, where we find him at the end of Antoninus Pius’ reign and the beginning of that of
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, the brother emperors. It is also known that this senator had a tragic end, being
ambushed in Armenia in 161 by the Parthian army and, after a short battle in Elegeia, dies in battle along with hisentire army. This date is the end of Legio IX Hispanica, which lost all its banners.
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In Roman Dacia, four spa resorts are known to have existed: Germisara/Geoagiu,
Aquae/Călan, Săcelu, and Băile Herculane. Germisara and Aque, along with the resort targetedby the present study, are the most well-known both archaeologically and epigraphically.
The accompanying map shows that Roman Dacia’s population preferred Băile Herculane
for treatment, even though Germisara or Aquae were geographically closer. The reason for thispreference cannot be accurately determined, as no source could provide the needed insight,
especially considering epigraphic sources also attest the importance of the Germisara resort,as shown below.
The population mobility in Germisara/Geoagiu and Aquae/Călan
From Germisara / Geoagiu there are 34 votive inscriptions18, referring to 31 people, 14 ofwhich originated from other areas. Thus we have: governors (from Apulum)19, soldiers (fromMicia20, Hoghiz21 and Apulum22), decurions from Apulum23 and Colonia Sarmizegetusa24 and one
augustal from Colonia Sarmizegetusa25. In this case, the number of relevant areas is much lower
compared to Băile Herculane, which is apparent even at first glance. The other people arefrom Cigmău fort (the Numerus singularium Peditum Britannicorum auxiliary unit) and its civil
settlement.
From Aquae / Călan we have, in total, nine votive inscriptions, which mention six people.
Attendance at these spas is much lower when compared with Băile Herculane and Germisara,
as we only know of a soldier from Apulum (C. Valerius Ingenuus)26, a procurator from Colonia
Sarmizegetusa (Q. Decius Vindex)27 and four decurions from Colonia Sarmizegetusa (C. Iulius
Marcianus28, M. Aurelius Valentinus29, Grattius Paternus30, Lucius Grattius31).
Aquae was a statio, a Roman settlement on the Sarmizegetusa–Apulum highway (theimperial road) and a hot spring spa included in territorium Colonia Sarmizegetusa. The Pagus

IDR III/3, 231–247; ILD 318–329; PISO 2015, 47–68.
IDR III/3, 232, 233, 240, 241.
20
IDR III/3, 246.
21
IDR III/3, 233.
22
IDR III/3, 244; ILD 318, 319.
23
IDR III/3, 245; ILD 327.
24
IDR III/3, 236, 237; ILD 328.
25
IDR III/3, 242.
26
IDR III/3, 15.
27
IDR III/3, 7.
28
IDR III/3, 10.
29
IDR III/3, 17.
30
IDR III/3, 18.
31
IDR III/3, 19.
18
19

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Aquaensis was led by a praefectus who was also decurion in Colonia Sarmizegetusa32, which
explains the decurions’ presence.
By comparing social mobility of all three resorts we can observe some similarities, butalso important differences. All spa resorts in Dacia are visited by people from all theprovince’s social categories. However, the frequency is not the same. Apparently, Băile
Herculane, being closer to the Danube and having a greater diversity of hot springs, attracted
more visitors. Even from an archaeological viewpoint, the ruins cover a greater surface andthe number of hot spring pools if clearly superior compared to the other resorts.
Furthermore, a clearer presence of civil servants/magistrates and urban elites from all of
Dacia’s major towns and cities can be epigraphically observed at Băile Herculane, thoughsoldiers are statistically less represented.
The sacred topography of Băile Herculane
Very useful in understanding the urban organization and sacred topography (Figure 1), towhich epigraphic discoveries are closely linked, are the works of 18th century Habsburg
scientists who visited Băile Herculane. They published rather accurate city outlines and,through writings and engravings, described how the spa resort on the Cerna’s banks and its
Roman ruins looked like. For his research approach, Francesco Griselini’s33 merit inreconstituting the context of how the statues, inscriptions and Roman walls were discoveredis relevant. His 1774 sketched map of the spa resort is almost identical to Tolvai’s map34 andreflects realities portrayed on all era engravings, but also doubled by detailed, descriptive
data: the hot spring basins can be seen on the Cerna’s banks, along with the ruins on thesecond terrace, less affected by Andreas Hamilton’s troops dig in 173635.
Several important discoveries were made around the Catholic military chapel (18thcentury), such as the inscription dedicated to Aesculapius and Hygia (01BH + 02BH). If Nicolae
Stoica of Hațeg is correct: "There, at Comorâște (the terrace toponym), where many stones withinscriptions were found, the Romans had as holy places their curch of Hercules, Aesculapius with
Highia, with priest houses"36. It is not farfetched that an Asklepieion existed in the area inquestion, if we take into account that this location drew sick people from all over fortreatment.

IDR III/3, 10.
FENEȘAN 1984, 204–214.
34
BOZU, MICLI 2005, 123–142.
35
BENEA, LALESCU 1997-1998, 267–301.
36FENEȘAN 1981, 173–174.
32
33

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Data presented by 18th century chroniclers led by Pascal Caryophyllus37, who inventoriedand first published the discoveries from Băile Herculane, indicate that the population used
the internal cure hot springs Hercule I and II, along with the Hygia spring, thermal waters
found near the Cerna’s bank, at the contemporary town’s northern edge and near the Roman
Hotel. This spa’s rock wall also contains an engraved votive relief, more a sketch actually,
depicting Hercules with his club, which is probably from Antiquity. The six Hercules statues
originate from around these springs, some almost 1-m tall, made of white marble and some of
the inscriptions dedicated to the god-hero: 04BH, 07BH, 08BH, and 10BH. Some of thesestatues are not well known, as the vessel carrying them to Vienna on the Danube sank around
Budapest38. Still, that they were found together near where the springs stemmed fromindicates the location was a place for worshiping Hercules, the god’s physical strength being
directly connected with the water’s healing power. It is possible that the springs had in theirvicinity a temple dedicated to the Nymphs and Diana at Germisara (Geoagiu Băi)39.
According to older information, two armless statues and a stone representation of awoman lying down were discovered on the Cerna’s right bank, near the military sanatorium,
between the Roman walls of a monumental building, adjoining the Catholic chapel’s highplateau. According to analogies from Pergamum, Aquincum and Tibiscum40, the dressed woman
lying on her back, but raised on her elbow, is a standard representation, very popular in the
Roman imperial era during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, especially of a nymph, with the
sculpture—rather a high relief—being the decorative side of a large public fountain, with anopen water basin. This proves a nympheum existed here — several inscriptions originate fromhere: 03BH, 09BH, 12BH.
Judging by the dominance of votive inscriptions in epigraphic sources, other worship
edifices were most certainly present in Băile Herculane. Unfortunately, the overlap of modern
interventions and the urban systematization of the area, beginning in the 18th century, havecompletely destroyed the ancient ruins. The few walls unearthed by General Hamilton’s
troops and marked on topographical sketches do not allow, at this stage of research, to clearly
define either the urban layout, or that of the resort’s worship sites or the route of inner roads
and outlying burial grounds.
The artistic value of the sculptures and the very good quality of engraving the Latin text
on the stone monuments of Băile Herculane indicates however a spa resort with a highly
developed religious and urban life, often visited and probably of some renown in the Roman
Empire’s Lower Danube regions.

IDR III/1, Istoricul cercetării, 20–22.
IDR III/1, Istoricul cercetării, 20–22.
39
IDR III/1, 239–243; ILD 318–329.
40
TIMOC 2004, 78.
37
38

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Conclusions
We wanted to find out which deities were the most worshiped in the three spas resorts.
By analysing votive monuments, we concluded that, statistically, no pattern emerges fromthe comparative analysis of the number of inscriptions erected for the same deity in the threespas. Instead, we have a mathematical pattern regarding the spread of a certain deity in agiven locality. We can easily ascertain that Hercules' holy springs were dominant in Băile
Herculane (we have until now 12 epigraphic monuments dedicated to this god), the same as
those of the healing Nymphs in Germisara (we have 15 inscriptions dedicated to the Nymphs.
A special inscription was erected by C. Sentius Iustinus, centurio of the legio V Macedonica, to
the Nymphs, Odrysta, Asklepios, Artemis, and Hypnos41).
For Aquae/Călan, obvious in this diagram, we cannot ascertain the local preference for adeity over another. No particular deity seems to “dominate” at Aquae, though there is apreference for Greco-Roman deities in the population, probably because of clerks from Colonia
Sarmizegetusa who, by virtue of their high office, express their religiosity primarily towards
the Roman state’s official deities (Figure 3).
Reviewing Băile Herculane’s population and social mobility begs the question: what do weactually know about the local populace of this area? The only sources on this issue consists ofthe two funerary monuments (18BH + 19BH), along with two un-epigraphic monuments42
from the studied area. According to I. Piso43, L. Iulius Bassus’ tenure as municipal decurio, theone killed by latrones near Băile Herculane, could indicate that the spa resort had been part ofDrobeta’s territorium since the beginning, in which case it would be the only specific example
regarding the issue of the local population.
In conclusion, if we take into account the information’s chronological component, which
for Herculane epigraphs is fairly consistent in the data, we can see that from the mid-2nd
century, very early, the resort enjoys a good reputation among all social categories and is an
important point on Dacia’s demographic mobility map. Until the time of the Severan dynasty, it
undergoes continuous development, after which, despite the difficulties of the 3rd century
military anarchy, it remains one of the most popular resorts north of the Lower Danube(Figure 4). As indicated by epigraphic sources, notables and soldiers continue to come to gettreatment and to thank the gods for healing, while stamps on tegulae material indicates thatbuildings were still constructed in the area, while the spa establishments are restored by thearmy and administration of the late Roman era.

PISO 2015, 47–68.
TIMOC 1998-1999, 103–106.
43
Information provided by Prof. Dr Ioan Piso, to whom we offer our gratitude for his graciously offered suggestions.
41
42

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Figure 3. Divinities attested in the three spa resorts: Băile Herculane, Germisara and Aquae.

Figure 4. The dating of the epigraphic monuments.

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Inscriptions from Băile Herculane
01BH: CIL III 1560 = IDR III/1, 54 = EDCS-26600755
Di{i}s Magnis / et Bonis Aescu/lapio et Hygiae / Marc(us) Aur(elius) Vete/ranus praef(ectus)
leg(ionis) / XIII G(eminae) Gall(i)eniana(e) / v(otum) l(ibens) m(erito) p(osuit)
02BH: CIL III 1561 = IDR III/1, 55 = AE 1962, 233 = EDCS-26600756
Aesculap(io) / et Hygiae / pro salute Iuniae / Cyrillae quod a / longa infirmita / te virtute aqua
- / rum numinis sui / revocaverunt / t(utor) b(onis) a(dministrandis) eius v(otum) s(olvit)l(ibens) m(erito)
03BH: CIL III 1562 = IDR III/1, 56 = AE 2005, 23 = EDCS-26600757
Dis et Numinib(us) / Aquarum / Ulp(ius) Secundinus / Marius Valens / Pomponius Haemus /Iul(ius) Carus Val(erius) Valens / legati Romam ad / consulatum Seve/riani c(larissimi) v(iri) /missi incolu/mes reversi ex voto
[E A] – letters added maybe in 18th century
04BH : CIL III 1563 = IDR III/1, 59 = EDCS-26600758
Hercule / tibi / v(otum) s(olvi)
05BH: CIL III 1564 = IDR III/1, 57 = EDCS-26600759
Herculi / pro salute Impe/ratorum Severi / et Antonini f(ilii?) conser/vatori Augustorum /dominorum nos/trorum Cl(audius) Gallu/s c(larissimsus) v(ir) legatus eorum / pr(o) pr(aetore)
cum suis / v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)
06BH: CIL III 1565 = IDR III/1, 58 = EDCS-26600760
Herculi pro / salute Imp(eratoris) / M(arci) Aurel(i) Anto/[nini Pii Aug(usti)] / [et IuliaeDom]/nae Aug(ustae) matri / Aug(usti) et castrorum / sub cura Iul(i) Pa/terni proc(uratoris) /Syntrophus vil(icus)
07BH: CIL III 01566 = IDR III/1, 67 = ILD 186 = EDCS-26600761
Herculi Genio / loci fontibus / calidis Calpur/nius Iulianus / v(ir) c(larissimus) leg(atus)leg(ionis) V Mac(edonicae) / leg(atus) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) / [pro]v(inciae) Daciae /[sup]er[iori]s / v(otum) l(ibens) s(olvit)
08BH: CIL III 1567 = IDR III/1, 68 = EDCS-26600762
Herculi / et / Veneri / Mercurius / PR E L N / cum suis
09BH: CIL III 1568 = IDR III/1, 60 = EDCS-26600763
Herculi Augusto sacrum / Felix T(iti) Iuli Saturnini c(onductoris) p(ublici) p(ortorii) / t(ertiae)p(artis) ex priv(atis) stationis / Tsiernen(sis) IIII I(dus) Dec(embres) anno XI / Barbaro etRegulo co(n)s(ulibus) / ex voto posuit
10BH:
CIL
III
1569
=
IDR
III/1,
61=
EDCS-26600764
Herculi Invicto / T(itus) Aur(elius) Geminianus vet(eranus) le/g(ionis) XIII Gem(inae)
Antoninian/ae ex voto posuit

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11BH CIL III 1570 = IDR III/1, 62 = ILD 185 = EDCS-26600765
Herculi / Invicto / P(ublius) Claudi/us Iulius / dec(urio) col(oniae) / [D]r<o=U>b(etae) v(otum)s(olvit)
12BH: CIL III 1571 = IDR III/1, 63 = EDCS-26600766
Herculi In/victo L(ucius) Pomp/eius Celer / praef(ectus) coh(ortis) / I Ubior(um) v(otum)s(olvit)
13BH: CIL III 1572 = IDR III/1, 64 = EDCS-26600767
Hercul[i] / [S]alutifero / Q(uintus) Vib(ius) Amillu[s] / Aug(ustalis) col(oniae) Dac(icae) / pro
salute / Iuliani fili sui
14BH: CIL III 1573 = IDR III/1, 66 = EDCS-26600768
Herculi Sanc/to Simonius / Iulianus v(ir) c(larissimus) / praeses Da/ciarum
15BH: CIL III 1573a = IDR III/1, 65 = EDCS-26600769
Herculi Sancto Eutyches act(or) / P(ubli) Aeli Antipatri ex voto posuit
16BH: CIL III 1574 = IDR III/1, 79 = EDCS-26600770
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / Antesti/us Gaius / pro salute / sua et su/orum / v(otum) l(ibens)p(osuit)
17BH: CIL III 1575 = IDR III/1, 70 = ILD 187 = AE 1998, 1108 = EDCS-26600771[D(eo)] Suc(ello) / pro salute / M(arci) Sedat(i) / Severiani / leg(ati) Aug(usti)
18BH: CIL III 1017 = IDR III/1, 71 = EDCS-26600775
D(is) M(anibus) / L(ucio) Iul(io) L(uci) fil(io) Sergia / Basso dec(urioni) mun(icipii) / Drobetae
quaes/tori interfecto a / latronib(us) vix(it) an(nos) / XXXX Iuli(i) Iulianus / et Bassus patri /piisimo / et Iul(ius) Valerianus / frater mortem / eius exsecutus / f(aciendum) c(uraverunt)
19BH: CIL III 12598 = IDR III/1, 72a = EDCS-2910085
D(is) I(nferis) M(anibus) S(acrum) / Septi(mius) Bitus et Septimi(a) / Valentina vixerunt /annis LIIII pos(u)er/unt Septim(ius) Bas(sus) et Aur(elius) / Vale(n)s patris bene – / merentis
20BH: IDR III/1, 74 = EDCS-11200394
Figulinus
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for
Scientific Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PNII-RU-TE-2014-4-0488.

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