newsletter
newsletter
Vol 2003 / 2April 5, 2003

E UROPEAN F USION DEVELOPEMENT AGREEMENT

News
Issued by the EFDA
Close Support Unit
Garching

Contents

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Interview:Dr. Joseph V. Minervini
page 2
Interview:
Prof. Huo Yuping
page 3ITER:
First Full Scale PrimaryFirst Wall Panel
Prototypepage 4China and the US as New Partners in the ITER Project
For the fusion community an historic milestone was achievedat the Eighth ITER Negotiations Meeting on February 18-19,
2003 in St. Petersburg (Russian Federation), when delegations from the People’s Republic of China and the UnitedStates of America joined those from Canada, the European
Union, Japan and the Russian Federation in their efforts toreach agreement on the implementation of the ITER project. The Head of the Chinese Delegation indicated that
China, as the largest developing country in the world, has agreat need to pursue alternative energy sources. China
believes that ITER can potentially lead to new forms of energy and contribute to the peaceful and sustainable developmentof the world in the long-term. China expressed its strong wishes tobe a valuable member of the ITER family, to make joint efforts withother partners to the successful exploitation of fusion energy.
At their St. Petersburg meeting the ITER Negotiators approved the Report on the
Joint Assessment of Specific Sites (JASS). The JASS Report provided as a main conclusion and despite the differences between the candidate sites (Clarington in Canada,
Cadarache in France, Vandellos in Spain and Rokkasho-mura in Japan) that the JASS
assessment ascertained that all four sites are sound and fully capable to respond to all
ITER Site Requirements and Design Assumptions, as approved by the ITER Council in
its January 2000 meeting.
European candidate sites for ITER confirmed

JET:
Motional Stark Effectdiagnostic
page 5Fusion in Europe:
Candidate Countries
page 6
Conference:
Energy Choices for
Europepage 7More Information /Conference Guide
page 8

http://www.efda.org

After the Spanish Government formally offered Vandellos as a possible ITER site on
17th April 2002 (see Newsletter Vol. 2002/2), the French Government confirmed its proposal for siting ITER in Cadarache at a meeting held in Paris on 30th January 2003
under the Presidency of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin. Claudie Haigneré, French
Minister for Research and New Technologies, declared that the decision of the French
Government showed the importance to France of the work on controlled fusion, and of
the maintenance of their position as one of the leading partners in this field. The French
Government was pleased about the strong support that the local communities expressedby the pledging of financial support for this project.
ITER: Important Topic at Competitiveness Councils
On March 3, 2003 Commissioner Busquin presented the state ofplay of the negotiations on the ITER project at the CompetitivenessCouncil in Brussels (Belgium). A full progress report will be presented at the forthcoming Competitiveness Council on 12-13
May. Commissioner Busquin underlined two issues, whichhave still to be solved: the choice of the site where the ITER
facility will be built, and cost sharing. A consensus on a draft
international agreement, including the site and the costsharing scheme between ITER partners, is envisaged for theend of 2003.
You would like to have more information on these topics?
Please see the last page!

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 2

Interview
The US Fusion Community and Industry are ready for ITEREFDA Newsletter (E.N.): The US withdrew from the ITER project in 1998, but has been still
participating in the testing of the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC), a pulsed superconducting magnet, through a bilateral agreement with Japan. Now as the US decides to rejoin
the ITER project, what could be your main contributions in the field of superconductivity?

Dr. Joseph V. Minervini
is the Division Head forTechnology andEngineering in the Plasma
Science and Fusion
Center at MIT (Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge,
USA). His major project
was as Principal
Investigator for the US
ITER Magnetics R&D
Programme as a part of
the ITER project. His present duties include spokesperson of the US Magnetics Programme organized under the Virtual
Laboratory for Technologyof the DOE Office of
Fusion Energy Science(OFES).

Joseph V. Minervini (J.M.): Personally I would prefer that we could come back with a strongrole in the development of the superconducting magnets including delivery of substantial
coils. We have a strong interest in MIT in the US magnetics programme in the CS coilarea, but the US is right now in a sort of informal evaluation of the costs and what the contribution may be. We need to know that information to give it to anybody from the US side
who would be negotiating the background information of what our potential contributions
would be. The reinvigoration of the magnet technology programme in our country would bea big advantage for my team at MIT. After the US withdrew from ITER there was a major
cut back in funding in general on the fusion programme. All technology areas were cut
substantially and also our teams were reduced to a very low level, so there will be a new
impetus to increase budgets and bring back a much stronger technology team.
E.N.: Do you believe you will get those people back now into your project, especially those
who went to industry?
J.M.: I think that we still retained a core of people and activities. Even within the team that wehave now, only about 50 to 60 % of its effort is in fusion magnets, the rest is in other areasof applied superconductivity. Some of our former team’s people are older and actuallyretired. But there are still enough people that we identify in other areas of different industries who have the right background and I think they could be brought into our projectagain from industry. But this is also a chance for some younger people from universities.
I’m optimistic that now, as there is a substantial effort to really build ITER, it will have astrong influence on people deciding to come back into this project and making it a career
commitment.
E.N.: After the US withdrew most of the industrial teams involved in ITER were dismantled. Do
you believe they will be able to immediately participate in the ITER magnets construction?
J.M.: We have already been discussing with industry in the background, seeing who and what
are available for industrial teams and capabilities. I can foresee that there is enough of abasis left there to come back in a strong fashion, including people who had participated inlarge scale industrial activities during the EDA phase and particularly during the construction of the CS model coil. We always have continued the activity with US industry for superconducting magnet development, so I don’t see any big problem for them to reorganize now
on a large scale.
E.N.: Superconductivity is one of the most advanced technologies in the ITER project. After
15 years of research, what are the main lessons learned for ITER?

For more information on
MIT please see:

J.M.: There is still a lot that we need to learn, but I think experiments like Tore Supra havecertainly demonstrated that you can introduce superconductivity to a fusion application andhave it work reliably. This has also been demonstrated in Japan with the Large Helical
Device. The results of CSMC and the Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) give the magnet
technology community worldwide the confidence that the coils of the scale of ITER can be
designed and fabricated in industry, using existing and new technology that was developed
over the last five to ten years. Implementing and operating those coils in the appropriate
operating conditions demonstrated that you can go ahead with confidence to build amachine like ITER and it will work.

http://www.psfc.mit.edu/

Both interviews: D. Lutz-Lanzinger

page 3

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

Interview
Better collaboration, better support, a better future – the Chinese fusion community
is looking forward to joining ITEREFDA Newsletter (E.N.): In 1250 the Venetian Marco Polo travelled to China and thus
opened the trade between China and the West. Do you think that, in the same way, ITER
could be the way to start a high-tech collaboration between China and the West?
Huo Yuping (H.Y.): Yes, I think this is the start of close collaborations, because until now wehave not really joined such a big scientific programme as ITER. We have already contributed to the High Energy Physics programme, but this simply involved sending scientists
who took part in the experiments and were trained. So at present ITER is the first big project which China really wants to join. I hope this will also promote further collaboration inhigh tech and other areas.
E.N.: China started its studies on nuclear fusion in the mid-1980s. What has now made ITER
so attractive for your country that your government is showing interest in joining shortly
before the site selection?
H.Y.: The Chinese fusion community has already been interested in the ITER programme for along time, but we knew that we would have to invest some money. The Chinese
Government, especially the Minister of Science and Technology has supported the efforts
to join the ITER project, but we also needed to convince the other members of China’s
scientific community. For example, some believed that if we paid 10% of the ITER cost,those funds could be lost for the other projects. But more and more people recognize that
fusion research should have comparatively high priority in China because we urgently
need clean sustainable energy sources for the next half of this century. We have established many projects mainly for cheap solar energy, and we also have kept a steady fusionenergy programme over the last two decades.

Prof. Huo Yuping,
Academcian from the
Chinese Academy of
Sciences and Professor at
ZhengZhuo University,
visited the EFDA and
ITER sites at Garching(Germany) and presented
the Chinese fusion programme and its plans tojoin ITER.

For more information on
the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, please see:
http://english.cas.ac.cn/english/page/home.asp

The ZhengZhou University
is represented on:
http://www.zzu.edu.cn/
edefault.htm

E.N.: In which way will your country contribute to the ITER project as a major partner?
H.Y.: According to our evaluation group, we could deliver some conventional products, such aspart of the power supply systems, mechanical structure manufacturing, blanket modules,
superconducting conductors etc., but this depends on the negotiations.
E.N.: As you know, the US are going to rejoin the ITER project. Have you already made contact with them with regard to future cooperation in this field?
H.Y.: I believe within the ITER project we could develop a much stronger relationship with the
US. During the last decade the US fusion programme has mainly emphasized studies ofbasic plasma physics. The Chinese fusion programme has mainly concentrated on reactor
relevant problems. So there are some discrepancies between our goals of research, but inthe end we work for the same project.

Chinese Guests at
EFDA / ITER / IPPGarching (Germany):

E.N.: With which one of the ITER partners do you have the closest relationship?

From left to right:

H.Y.: We have a very close relationship with the European fusion community. Our two main
institutions, the Chengdu Southwestern Institute of Plasma Physics and the Bejing
Chinese Academy of Sciences received a lot of support from the European Fusion
Community. Many of our researchers were sent to European fusion laboratories. We alsocollaborate very well with the Japanese fusion community, especially JAERI and Nagoya.
But according to Chinese philosophy we would like to expand our collaboration and relationships with old friends and also new friends.

Prof. A. Bradshaw(Director of Association
Euratom-IPP, Garching,
Germany),
Prof. Weng Peide(Institute of Plasmaphysics,
Chinese Academy of
Sciences and Deputy
Director of HT-7U Project),
Dr. R. Aymar(ITER director),
Prof. Huo Yuping,
Prof. K. Lackner(former EFDA leader).

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 4ITER
First Full Scale EU Prototype Primary First Wall Panels for ITER
ITER shield blanket:
comprises 421 modules(404 regular modules, 17
Neutral Beam Injector
modules)Shield module:
consists of one shieldblock (316L StainlessSteel) and 4-8 separable
Primary First Wall (PFW)
panels.
PFW panel:is a bi-metallic structurewith a 316L StainlessSteel backing plate and a
Copper alloy heat sinklayer (CuCrZr or CuAl25
alloy).
Beryllium (Be) armor tiles
are joined to the Cu alloy
heat sink.

Cu/SS joining
Solid HIPThe ITER project is considering two shield module design options (A and B) for theshield blanket, as described in the Final Design Report issued in July 2001. The outerdimensions of the modules and the interfaces to the rest of the machine are the same forboth options. The difference arises from the type of panel-to-shield attachment systemused, which has implications for the detailed design of the components. For option A, studied in detail by the EU and shown in the figure
SS Backing Plate
below, the Primary First Wall (PFW) panels are
Shield blockattached to the shield block by a poloidal row ofstuds made from a high strength nickel-based
Cu alloy
alloy. These are located on a central poloidal
heat sink
key, which is also used as the electrical contact
with the shield to minimise the current flowing
Be tilesthrough the studs. This central location for theelectrical contact reduces the electromagnetic
loads on the attachment system.
Two Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPping)methods are being considered for the fabrication of the bi-metallic structure of the PFW
Primary First Wall Panelpanels. With solid HIPping, the stainless steel(SS) backing plate, the copper alloy plates and the SS tubes are joined together with one
single HIP cycle at 1040 °C. With powder HIPping, a first HIP cycle at 1100 °C is used toconsolidate the SS powder with embedded SS tubes. A second HIP cycle at 1040 °C is thenperformed for consolidating and joining the Cu alloy powder. Beryllium (Be) tiles are finallyjoined by HIPping or brazing as shown in the table below.

PFW panel
1

Cu alloy
CuAl25

Be/Cu joining
Furnace brazing (780 °C)

Manufacturer
Framatome ANP

2

CuCrZrSolid HIP

Solid HIP (580 °C)

CEA

3
4

CuAl25
CuCrZrSolid HIP
Powder HIP

Solid HIP (730 °C)
Solid HIP
(low temperature)

Framatome ANP
Metso Powdermet& NNC Ltd

5

CuCrZrSolid HIP

Inductive brazing

Framatome ANPAn R & D programme is in progress todemonstrate the manufacturing feasibility ofthese panels and to select the best fabrication
method for the ITER Blanket procurement. Threefull scale panel prototypes have already been
completed (panels 1 to 3 in the table). Two moreare under fabrication. All of these panels will bethermal fatigue tested to confirm the good results already obtained with PFW mock-ups. The
fabrication method to be used for the series production will be selected after analysis of the thermal fatigue test results and after a comparativeand detailed fabrication cost assessment.
PFW Panel 1 fabricated by Framatome

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 5

JET
Improved measurements of current density and electric field on JET
The active control of plasma profiles, such as pressure and current density, is key to therealisation of steady state operation on ITER and is an important area of research on JET.
Control requires accurate measurements and, recently, the measurement of the plasma
current density on JET has been improved significantly. The Motional Stark Effect (MSE)
diagnostic provides a local measurement of the pitch of the magnetic field and thus thesafety factor (q). This is used as a constraint on the calculation of the magnetic geometry
and the determination of the current profile. The diagnostic (fig. 1) is based on the Stark
splitting of the Dα line excited by collisions between the fast neutral particles injected by the
Neutral Beams used for heating the plasma, and thermal plasma ions. In the presence ofa magnetic field B the Lorentz field E = v x B produces a separation of the Dα line into components polarised parallel (ρ) and perpendicular (ς) to the E field. By measuring the polarisation angle of one of these components, together with information from magnetic sensors,
it is possible to determine the safety factor q.

Safety factor q
Number of turns the helical magnetic field lines ina tokamak make roundthe major circumference
for each turn round theminor circumference,
denoted by q. The use of
the term safety factor
refers to magnetic plasma
stability and not to the safe
operation of a tokamak.

Pulse No. 51976
10

Relay
lensesSurveyspectrometer

PEM

CCD
camera4.940s, Pinis 1,3,4,5
5.075s, Pinis 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

PC

Surveyspectrometer

Heatingbeams

JG99.146/1c

Dataacquisition
Lens
TunablefilterAPD
modulePreampMeasured Pitch Angle γm (degrees)

Prism

5

0

-5

-10
2.6

Fig.1 - Layout of the MSE diagnostic

2.8

3

3.2 3.4
Radius (m)

3.6

3.8

Fig. 2aPulse No. 55971
10
6.095s, Pinis 1,56.220s, Pinis 1,5,7
Measured Pitch Angle γm (degrees)

During the Shutdown of 2001 the Neutral Beam source (PINI #1) used by MSE wasupgraded in energy from 80 kV to 130 kV. As a result there is an increased Doppler shift of
the Stark emission, which is thus spectrally resolved from that due to the other sources whose
neutral beams intersect the detection line-of-sight at different angles. Another beneficial effectis the separation from interfering CII spectral lines in the outer edge of the plasma.
Experimental evidence of the enhanced performance especially at high power when all
neutral beam sources are used is shown in fig. 2.a/b. Prior to the upgrade all detection
channels were perturbed by about 7 degrees (fig. 2a) when one of the sources (PINI#7, notused for MSE) was also operated. Now, this effect is reduced to less than half a degree (fig.
2b) with smaller interference at higher toroidal magnetic field, compared with a statisticalerror of 0.1 degree.
A further use of this diagnostic is for the measurement of the radial electric field Er in
the plasma. The influence of Er can become significant when plasma rotation is large andpressure gradients are steep, as in high performance discharges. A measurement of Er is
also important for testing theories of improved plasma confinement mechanisms. On theother hand, the measurement of Er in the core of a hot (100 Million degrees), large(100 m3) plasma is extremely challenging. Recently, an estimate of Er has been obtainedin JET by measuring the change in the polarisation angle of the MSE emission when two
different sources are operated sequentially at different energies. The first profile measurements have been made and further experiments planned for 2003 aim at improving thetechnique.

5

0

-5

-10
2.6
Fig. 2b2.8

3

3.2 3.4
Radius (m)

3.6

3.8

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 6

Fusion in Europe
Bulgaria:
Sofia University St. Kliment
Ohridski,
http://www.uni-sofia.bg/
Bulgarian Academy of
Science,
http://www.bas.bg/indexen.html
Institute for Nuclear Researchand Nuclear Energy – IRNE,
Sofia,
http://www.inrne.bas.bg/

Association EuratomIPP.CR (Czech Republic):
Institute of Plasma Physics,
http://www.ipp.cas.cz/WWW/

Association Euratom-HAS(Hungary):
KFKI-RMKI Dept of Plasma
Physics,
http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/plasma/
Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics,
http://www.bme.hu/en/index.html

Association Euratom-Univ.
of Latvia (Latvia):
Institute of Solid State Physics,
University of Latvia, Riga,
http://www.cfi.lu.lv
Institute of Latvian Academyof Sciences, Salaspils,
http://www.lza.lv/EN/INST/in0
1.htm

Candidate Countries: New Impetus in Fusion
Next year, the EU is set to expand from 15 to 25 member states, with further countries
joining a few years later. As part of their preparations for membership, the candidate countries are already participating in many EU activities. In the field of research, the enlargement
is already a reality. The strong scientific traditions in the candidate countries enrich andstrengthen our research community.
Fusion research, funded
Framework Programme, is wellbringing these countries into
collaborations. Contracts ofEuratom have been estabRepublic, Hungary, Latvia andBulgaria, the Slovak Republicand Slovenia participate bymeans of Cost-Sharing contracts on specific projects. Since they contribute to the global poolof funds, researchers and organisations in these countries canapply for funding on equal terms with researchers in the Member
States. The Associations in the candidate countries are also
members of EFDA. In all countries, co-operation is promoted by
the Agreement on Staff Mobility and a fellowship scheme supports the involvement of young scientists in fusion research.
(http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/call_details.cfm?CALL_ID=46)

through the Euratom
along the road to
substantial, long-term
Association
withlished in the Czech
Romania,
while

The integration of the fusion research activities of the new partners into the programmeis proving successful. Not only are their researchers involved in the collective use of JET,
in work on other large European fusion devices and facilities, as well as in technology activities under EFDA, which offer them world-class research opportunities, but the expertise of
their laboratories also attracts the interest of researchers from all over Europe.

Slovak University of technology
http://www.stuba.sk/eng1/

At the National Institute of Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (within the Romanian
Association) a laboratory for micro-tomography has been established with Community support. Here it is possible to undertake non-destructive testing of materials with on-line threedimensional interpretation during the exposure of samples. A further interesting example
concerns the preparation, based on considerable experience in liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics in the University of Latvia, of an experiment to study a liquid metal limiter(as a possible alternative to having solid materials in contact with the plasma) in collaboration with the Portuguese Association Euratom-IST. On the Castor tokamak of the Institutefor Plasma Physics (Prague, Czech Republic) preparations are being made for edge plasma diagnostics and experiments on larger fusion devices in collaboration with scientists
from a number of Associations. Building on its experience of implementing and operating
diagnostics on a number of fusion devices, the Hungarian Association (HAS), in collaboration with others, is further developing the technique of beam emission spectroscopy withaccelerated Lithium and Helium beams for plasma density and turbulence measurements.
The HAS is also carrying out studies on the tomographic reconstruction of the radiation profile from bolometry measurements for ITER.

Slovak academy of Sciences,
Institute of ElecricalEngineering
http://www.elu.sav.sk/

The expertise of these and other institutes and the established collaborations on fusion
physics and technology are a good basis on which to build enhanced involvement of our new
partners in the developments needed for the construction and future exploitation of ITER.

Association Euratom-MEC(Romania):
Institute of Atomic Physics
http://alpha1.infim.ro/ifa

Slovak Republic:
Comenius University
Bratislava, Faculty ofMathematics, Physics andInformatics
http://www.uniba.sk/mffuk/e/Slovenia:
Jozef Stefan Institute,
Ljublijana,
http://www.ijs.si/ijs.html

page 7

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

Conference Report
Participating Companies /Organizations:

Energy Choices: “China wants to be the first nation to generate electricity from fusion.”
This was the startling message from Professor J. Li at the “Energy Choices for Europe”
conference, which was held in Brussels (Belgium), on March 5, 2003.The one day crossparty conference was organised by Touchstone Europe and sponsored by European
Industry with an interest in energy including EFET (European Fusion Engineering andTechnology), CEA, BP, Centrica and Areva.
Under the Presidency of Dr. G. Adam MEP the conference debated European long-tem
energy needs together with the role which the different energy sources could play in the
future. Energy supply, liberalisation of the energy market, climate change, green-house gas
emissions, R&D policies were the background topics which provided the boundary conditions to define a future strategy.
All these aspects were analysed during a very intense day with the help of international
speakers, such as members of the EU Parliament, EU Commission officials, energy experts
and advisors.

OPEC:
http://www.opec.org/homepage/frame.htm
BP:http://www.bp.com/

Centrica:
http://www.centrica.com/framesets/frontfset.htm
International Energy Agency(IEA):
http://www.iea.org/index.html
AREVA:
http://www.arevagroup.com/se
rv-let/ContentServer?pagename=arevagroup_fr/home

The topics discussed included oil, renewables, fission, gas, energy efficiency, fusion, coaland an overview was provided on the state of art and the future development in these areas.

World Nuclear Association:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/

It was recognised that the European Union, through theCommission, Parliament and the Council of Ministers, is taking
very seriously these issues - energy will be an important topic
for the future development of the Union. The Green Book on
Energy, published by the Commission in 2000, and similar
documents in other EU countries provide a good basis for adebate and urge measures to be taken swiftly.

Commissariat à l’Energie
Atomique (CEA):
http://www.cea.fr/default_gb.htm
Gasunie:
http://www.gasunie.nl/n_eng/in
dex.htm
Eurogas:http://www.eurogas.org/
Wuppertal Institute:
http://www.wupperinst.org/Sites/home1.html

Prof. Sir D. King,
Chief Scientific Advisor to
the UK Government, outlined the UK recent White
Paper on Energy and theconcerns that he hadover global warming. He highlighted the fact that 1.6 billion
people have no access to electricity, 2.4 billion have to rely
on wood burning for cooking and heating and it would only
take a one metre rise in sea level to lose 50% of
Bangladesh. With this in mind he went on to present thecase for fusion. He defined ITER as a kind of international“man-on-the-moon project”. G. Caudron MEP, who was the European Parliament’s
Repporteur on Fusion for FP6, reiterated the need to give fusion the necessary support during FP7 to construct ITER. Prof. J. Li explained how fusion is urgently needed in China,
which has triggered the current commitment for ITER. Mr. A. Vallée, President of EFET,
underlined the role of industry in ITER and gave examples of the spin off in employment
and competitiveness.
The provisional dates for the “Energy Choices for Europe Conference 2004” are March 2/3.

Energy Saving Trust:
http://www.est.org.uk/
Université de Liège:
http://www.ulg.ac.be/foreign/
Energy Charter:
http://www.encharter.org/index.jsp

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 8...more information
For more information
see our EFDA website:

China and the US as New Partners in the ITER Project
For the full text of the press release please see our website: http://www.efda.org
The JASS Report can be found on: http://www.iter.org/jass

http://www.efda.org

and additionally
http://www.jet.efda.org
http://www.iter.org

Further information:
http://www.energy.gov/HQPress/releases03/janpr/pr03026_v.htm

European candidate sites for ITER confirmed
Find the full text on: http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/discours/2003/enprojetiter.htm
If you missed reading the opening speech of the Spanish Minister for Science andTechnology, Josep Piqú, at the Seventh ITER Negotiations meeting in Barcelona, find iton our website: http://www. efda.org

ITER: Important Topic at Competitiveness Councils
The full text of the document, please see:=> Council => General Affairs and2487 th Council meeting => Page 22 on ITER

http://ue.eu.int/newsroom/newmain.asp?lang=1

External Relations=>

Conference Guide 2003

EFDA Close Support Unit - Garching
Boltzmannstr. 2
D-85748 Garching / Munich - Germany© J. Pamela (acting EFDA Leader) 2003.

phone: +49-89-3299-4237
fax: +49-89-3299-4197
e-mail: federico.casci@efda.org
editors: Federico Casci, Doris Lutz-Lanzinger
graphic design: Karen Jens

The EFDA Parties are the European Commission and the Associates of the European
Fusion Programme which is co-ordinated and managed by the Commission.
Neither the Commission, the Associates nor anyone acting on their behalf is responsible
for any damage resulting from the use of information contained in this publication.

This internal newsletter or parts of it may not be reproduced without permission. Text,
pictures and layout, except where noted, courtesy of the EFDA Parties.