Biogas vision
To replace 20% of petrol and diesel inEuropé with the best fuel on market today
Lars Rahm

Only 3 ways to reduceoil dependency andfossil CO2 fromtransportation!
Î Curb the uncontrolled
growth of transportÎ Increase energy
efficiency
Î Increase the use ofbiofuels

Why biogas as a vehicle fuel?
• Biogas is renewable, solving waste problems andmakes it to a resource of energie and fertilizer.
• It replace fossil fuels and in the same time takes
care of existing methan losses (reduce greenhousegases addition up to -180 %)• Less polluting emissions (particles, NOx) Can belocaly produced and distributed in a gas grid.
• No other biofuel has an equal flexibility concerning thechoice of biomass feedstock.
• Less expensive than petrol, diesel and ethanol in Sweden(in petrol equivalents)

Biogas production
Biogas is formed when organic
materia is decomposed bymethane-producing bacteria in ananaerobe environment.
The biogas is typically composedof 55 – 70 % methane, 30 – 45 %carbon dioxide and small
amounts of hydrogen sulphideand ammonia

Source: SGC Jörgen Held

Cleaning and upgrading
Cleaning: Removal of solid particles,
water and corrosive species.
Upgrading: Removal of carbon dioxide
to obtain a higher heating value.
Standard A fuel: 97 + 1 % methaneStandard B fuel: 97 + 2 % methane
Source: SGC Jörgen Held

Bromma Biogas plantHenriksdal Sewage Treatment plant

Henriksdal Biogas plant

Investment
Total 22 410 milj. yen
Grants 4 482 milj. yen
Income5 976 milj. yen /year(20 years contract)
Running cost
2 988 milj. yen /year(45 yen/ Nm3)

Source: SLStockholm Public Transport Co. (SL)Î Provision of public transport in theStockholm region
Î Planning, Procurement and Follow-up
Î Infrastructure issues.
Î Metro, Buses (2 000), Commuter
trains, high speed trams.
Î685.000 passengers / dayÎ 2,5 million boardings / day,Î Owned by the Stockholm CountyCouncil

Targets for SL
renewables
TrainsÎ SL should only use
electricity from renewablesources (wind, hydro,biomass)BusesÎ 25 % renewables 2006
Î 50 %
Î 100 %

Source: SL20112025

How to get there
One of Europe's largest Biogas
Bus Fleets to be built up
51 buses in 2006
Approximately 120 - 130 busesin 2009
Long term co-operation with Stockholm
Water Cmp’s waste plants
New contract signed with Käppala waste
water treatment plant

Source:SL

Scania full-hybrid powertrain

Fuels
Fuels;; Diesel
Diesel;; Ethanol
Ethanol;;;;
;
;

RME
RME
Gas
Gas
…
…

Robust components and subsystems
Source:SL

LocalEmissions(PM, NOx)‫‏‬

Biodiesel

DieselPetrolLPG

Petrol
E 95

E85(electrichybrid)‫‏‬CNG

BiogasH2, electricity(water power)‫‏‬Source:SLelectricity(EU mix)‫‏‬Global effect (CO2)‫‏‬

Net gain in Stockholm with ethanol andbiogas buses (status December 2006)
Î 380 ethanol and 51 biogas
buses (2006):
Î Reduce diesel use with16 million litres of diesel/yearÎ Reduce fossil CO2 by approx.
41 000 tonnes/yearÎ Reduce particulates byapprox.
4 tonnes/year (Approx 5 % of
PM in Stockholm)

Source:SL

Waste Collection inStockholm
••
•
•
•
•

227 000 ton waste from thehouseholds each year
Operation through entrepreneurs
Demand for clean fuels when
procuring the service
85 waste trucks in total
32 of these are biogas
9 of these in TRENDSETTER

Source: Eva Sunnerstedt,
City of Stockholm,eva.sunnerstedt@miljo.stockholm.seBiogas production in Sweden
Total productions today is 1.3 TWh, at 233 plants
Plants= natural gas gridin Sweden.

Sewage treatment plants
Co-digestion plants
Landfills
Industry water
Farm plants

139
1370
47

Upgrading plants (cleaning)30= biogasproduction
in water plants.

% of prod
[GWh]
43
1336
74

Source: Swedish Energy Agency

“Vehicle gas” = natural gas (CNG) andbiogas (CBG)
Not renewable

renewableSewage

Natural gas

Waste

GrainBiogas

Vehicle gas
CH4*How many miles can a car be driven
onbiomass from one hectare of land?

Source:Pål Börjesson, Lund University

Energy efficiency
A football area can provide

One car (one year or 15000km) with biomethane fromenergy grass crops
Six cars (one year or 15000km) with biomethane fromsugar beets

Corn - Etanol:
Æ 2,25 kWh/kg

Corn - Biogas:
Æ 3,12 kWh/kg

Corn – Etanol o Biogas:
Æ 2,90 kWh/kg
Source: Svensk Biogas

Costs for production (incl upgrading) of biomethane

Processyen/ kWhyen l petrol eq.

Sewage treatment

5,649,8Slaughter house waste

7,564,8

Energy Crop Gas

8,171,4The price on petrol is about 20 % higher ( 215 yen/ lit)
compare to biogas (179 yen petrol eq.) in Sweden

Source: Svensk Biogas
Refers to production in Sweden

Biomethane as vehicle fuel in Sweden 2006

~ 13 500 gas vehicles (NGVs)~ 100 fueling stations for CBG/CNG
CBG/CNG=Compressed Biogas/ Compressed
Natural Gas~ 23.7 mill.Nm3 biomethane (CBG)~ 20.2 mill.Nm3 natural gas(CNG)

First Biogas train in the world

Name :AMANDA
20 juni i Linköping 2005
Source: Svensk Biogas

CO-operation Biogas (metan) – Naturalgas (metan) - Hydrogen• Biogas can be distributed into the natural gas grid
• Gives possibilities to continius production, avoiding
flaring• Gas grid can be used as a backup storage• New customers can be reached• Hydrogen can also be provided to the grid, up to 10 %(Reducing emission and fuel consumtion – projectin Malmö)
Biogasplant

Up grading

Natural gas
Source: Business region
Göteborg

Methane sold as vehicle fuel in Sweden
Volumein kNm3
50000
45000
40000
naturgas

35000

biogas30000

totalt

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
01995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Year

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Biogas and natural gas co-operation
Mix of biogas and natural gas for vehicles in Sweden

200
BiogasNatural gas
100

0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004(GWh)300• 45 % biogas and 55 % CNG reduce CO2 with 55 %Source: Business region
Göteborg

SWEDEN1999

Gas filling stations

2005

UppsalaStockholm (4)LinköpingTrollhättan
Göteborg (4)Falkenberg
KalmarHelsingborg
Lund
MalmöEslöv

ÖrebroSkövde
Trollhättan
Lilla Edet
Lerum
Stenungsund
Kungälv
Partille
Göteborg (6) +2
MölndalBorås
Gislaved
Falkenberg
Halmstad
LaholmÄngelholm
Helsingborg (2)Lund
Malmö (3) +1

UppsalaVästerås
ArlandaStockholm (4) + 2
Eskilstuna
Katrineholm
Nyköping
Norrköping +1
Linköping (3) +1
MotalaÅtvidaberg
Mjölb
JönköpingyGnosjöKalmarÅstorpKristianstad +1
Eslöv +1

Red = stations under construction 2005
E = filling stations (European highways) under construction 2005

Source: Business region
GöteborgSwedenbiogas potential year 2050
45 TWh/ 4 635 Milj Nm3ForestCrops
ManureSew ageHousehold
OrganicWaste

New Cooperation California-Sweden& Biogas Cities• Agreement between Swedish Environmental Minister Lena
Sommestad and Cabinet Secretary to Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger Mr Terry Tamminen• Starting a Task Force• Look at the possibility of developing a transport system
based on biogas in California• Mr Tamminen and Mr Kawamura (Agriculture Minister inCA) will come to Sweden in May/JuneSource: Business region
Göteborg

Government incentives to promote clean vehicles• 40% reduction of income tax for use of company NGVs
• Government procurement policy - 75 % clean cars
• Municipal/regional procurement policies – up to 100 %• Subsidies (Climate program - LIP/KLIMP) for vehicles
purchased by municipalities.
•State subsidy (166 000 Yen) when a clean vehicle ispurchased privately.
• Free parking benefits in many cities• Clean cars exempted from Stockholm congestion tax

Governmental incentives to promote biomethane• National (LIP/KLIMP) grants, usually 30 % ofinvestments in biogas production and upgrading facilities.

•Approx 2 822 million Yen towards (30% of investment)
establishing new filling-station, 2006-2007.

• Low tax on natural gas, no tax on biomethane, means
substantial fuel cost savings

Biomethane potential in Europe• Cities -sewage, household waste,
food industry, waste, landfills• Agriculture – manure, agriculture waste,energy crops• Forest -Source: Business region
Göteborg(gasification ) Wood, wood rests,
energy forests

Biogas potentials as % of all vehicle fuel(conventional organic waste, use of currently set-aside land, assumed 8 % of annual forest growth)

Austria
Belgium
Denmark
FinlandFranceGermany
Greecewaste

Irelandset-asideforest

Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
SwedenUnited Kingdom
0,010,020,0Källa : Peter Boisen 2004-03-29

30,040,050,060,070,0Distribution through natural gas grid in Europa• 1 400 000 km pipes in32 countries• 2 000 gas filling stations• 550 000 gas vehicles• Potential from Waste to biogas
enough to 30-50 milj. cars or
1-2 milj. buses
Source: Business region
Göteborg

Gas vehicles

Citroën C3*

Citroën Berlingo*

Ford C-MAX*

Fiat Punto

Fiat Dobló*

Fiat Multipla*

Fiat Panda*

Mercedes E 200 NGT*

Opel Combo

Opel Zafira

Peugeot Partner*

Renault Kangoo*

VW Touran

VW Caddy

Volvo S60

* genom Miljöbilscenter
Volvo V70

VW Golf Variant
finns som beg.

Mercedes B-klass

Skoda Octavia

Proposed EU support• EU Commission planning to start using NGVs or hybrid cars
• NGV Technology Platform proposed• New directive setting European targets for use of natural
gas in road transports proposed• The European Parliament via the Morgan report inDecember 2006 highlighted that gaseous biofuels (likebiomethane) must not be seen only as a fuel for heat andpower generation, but also as a biofuel option in the roadtransportation sector.

Directives and long-term targets of the EU
Biofuel is to replace petrol and diesel with2%
5,75 %

2005
2010

The long-term target for 2020
10 % natural gas
8 % biofuels
5 % hydrogen
Source:BusinessARIGATO GOZAIMASHITA
ありがとうございました
Thank you for your attention!
Lars Rahm
Lars.rahm@stockholmvatten.se
www.sgc.se
www.fordonsgas.sewww.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/134.htm#tab42