Fungus383384

Fungus―――――――――――――――

In general, mushrooms are a product from the mountains. It is not typically included as Mizube noSachi; however, we often came acrosswild mushrooms during the research at markets. Whenconsidering products that are traded at markets, mushrooms are harvested from nearby villages
and neighborhoods. Therefore, we decided they can be added to Mizube no Sachi.
Identification of fungi could be difficult.

Ideally, detailed observation and testing of color reaction

using chemicals of spores are necessary. However, in this research, most of the species wereidentified through referring field guides and information from the internet. We ask for the reader’s
understanding on this approach.
There are some routes of supplying mushrooms in Mekong river basin markets.

One isfactory-produced ones which are often packed in plastic containers. The packaged mushrooms are
only found in supermarkets that have refrigerators. Dried mushrooms such as Auricularia

auricular, A. polytricha, Lentinus edodes are often sighted in dried goods specialty shops. Thoseare fungi that are produced in China and Thailand and have been imported.
Another route is local farm-raised mushrooms. These mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus,

Volvariella volcacea, Lentinus polychrous are produced at farms near markets and often soldfresh. Lentinus edodes is not widely produced currently, but a few farms make it. Pleurotus

ostreatus production method has recently gained more popularity, and it is said to be contributing inbringing income to the farms. Shapes, sizes, and colors appear different. This may be due to adifference in breed and culture media.
The other route is the wild collection, which is the most appropriate as to be Mizube noSachi. There are certain people who prefer wild mushrooms over cultivated ones. Depending on
the season, especially beginning of the dry season which is September through March, various
mushrooms are seen at markets. Most popular ones are Termitomyces spp., Boletaceae spp.,

Russula spp., Tricholomataceae sp.. Other
than those, Schizophyllum commune is used
for making broth, Astraeus hygrometricus isput in soup to enjoy the texture of its springy
outer skin, and many other mushrooms areused.
On the other hand, there are many cases offood poisoning by mushroom. Some varietiesof Russula spp. have a poison that can befatal. Therefore, use of mushrooms should bedone with caution, but despite the fact, people
continue to enjoy the flavorful mushrooms.

30 Jun. 2011 Pakse, Laos

385

Order: Agaricales

Pleurotus ostreatus

Family: Pleurotaceae

LAKH

Psat、Psat mayura

THHet paohu

VN

Nam so (nam bao ngu)

Nấm sò (nấm bào ngư)JPHira-take

ヒラタケRemarks

Basic Information
It is one of cultivated mushrooms that are commonly tradedin markets in Indo-China. Only farm-raised ones are found10 Jun. 2007 Vientiane, Laosin markets. It has become a popular produce for farmers since it is grown easily by using hay tomake the breeding bed. The fruitbody appears different depending on the variety as well as thestructure of the breeding bed. Its Cambodian name, “Psat”, means mushroom. It was called “Psatmayura”, in Ratanakiri, Cambodia.

17 Feb. 2010

Pakse New Market, Pakse, Laos

17 Feb. 2010

Pakse New Market, Pakse, Laos

17 Feb. 2010

386

Pakse New Market, Pakse, LaosOrder: Agaricales
Family: Pleurotaceae

Lentinus polychrous
LA
KH

Het bot，Het kadang、Hetkhao
Psat chhu, Psat sway, Psat tawoa

TH

Het lomVNNam so(nam bao ngu)

Nấm sò (nấm bào ngư)JP

Kegawa-take

ケガワタケ類

Remarks

Basic Information
This type of mushroom is grown widely around Indo-China
region,andsomespecies

areoftenfound

14 Feb. 2010 Lamsaktay Market,Champasak, Laosinmarkets. However, it is difficult to identify those species. A
few wild mushrooms can be found at markets, but in thislisting, we put cultivated variety of L. polychrous as a typicaltype.

In Laos the, following species are grown:

L. squarrosulus (Laos; Het khon khao, Thai; Het khon khao),L. strigosus (Laos; Het phai、Het hou khouang), L. sajor-caju(= Pleurotus sajor-caju) (Laos; Het tin pok, Thai; Het nan fa),

15 Feb. 2010 Savan Sai Market,Savannakhet, Laos

L. volemus (Laos; Het phan). Its Cambodian name, “Psat chhu”, means a mushroom growing on atree. “Psat sway”, means a mushroom growing on a Mango tree.
Use
Both wild and cultivated mushrooms of this type become very hard when grown too big. It is too
hard to eat this way, but people still use it because of its good taste, by chopping it finely. It is usedin variety of dishes such as stir-fry or soup.

387

15 Feb. 2010

Savan Sai Market, Savannakhet,
Laos

15 Feb. 2010

Savan Sai Market, Savannakhet,
Laos

17 Feb. 2010

Pakse New Market, Champasak,Laos

20 Feb. 2010

Dong Makai Market, Vientiane,Laos

20 Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

20 Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

10 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

Lentinus sp.

388

Order: Agaricales
Family: Pleurotaceae

Lentinus edodesLA

Het hom

KH

Psat kliem, Psat kumauTHHet hom,Hed horm, Hed hom
sotVN

Nam huong(nam dong co)Nấm hương (nấm đông cô)JPShii-take

シイタケ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is sighted occasionally in markets in Indo-China. It does

20 Sep. 2009

Mae Sai Market, Chiang
Rai, Thai

20 Sep. 2009

Mae Sai Market, Chiang
Rai, Thainot look very appealing due to its small size. This isbelieved because of a lack of nutrients in its breeding
bed. Although it is said to be native and distributed inSoutheast Asia, we have not been able to find wild Lentinus

edodes in the markets.
Cambodia is dried.

Most of this mushroom sold in

Fresh ones appear occasionally inmarkets in Phnom Penh, but these are grown in China andimported via Vietnam.

389

Order: Agaricales

Schizophyllum commune
LA

Family: Pleurotaceae

Het kab kae, Het tin kab kae,Het bee, Het khao tok

KHTH

Het huVNJPSuehiro-take

スエヒロタケ

RemarksUse
It is used as making soup stock. This mushroom is very

09 Sep. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

hard, so it is not eaten as it is. Its Lao name, “Het kab kae”,
means gecko (kab kae) mushroom (het), and “Het tin kabkae” means, “mushroom that gecko eats”.

10 Jun. 200708 Nov. 2008

Vientiane, Laos

10 Jun. 2007

Tha Heua Market, Louang Phabang,Laos

390

Vientiane, Laos

Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae

Tricholomataceae Gen. sp.
LAKH

Psat kanchoun

THVN

Nam dui gaNấm đùi gàJPShimeji

シメジの 1 種Remarks

Basic Information
There are records from Laos that says Trichostoma crissum
is called Het tin het, Het chan, Het tab tao khao, and Hettin pha. In Cambodia, this mushroom is said to taste good
but is expensive.

391

25 Jul. 2010 Warin Chamrap Market,Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Order: Agaricales

Termitomyces spp.

Family: TricholomataceaeLA

Het pouak, Het pouk, Hettab, Het pouak tab

KH

Psat damboukTH

Het konVN

Nam moiNấm mốiJP

Shiroari-take

シロアリタケ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Its fruiting body appears from mycelium which isdeveloped inside termite mounds. In Laos, twelve species

24 Jul. 2010 Pakse New Market, Pakse,
Laosof Termitomyces spp. are known. Each species has a different appearance. Many of them areedible

while

therearesomethatpeople

avoidbecausetheyaresupposed

tobe

poisonous. Termitomyces spp. is one of most popular among wild mushrooms, along with

Boletaceae Gen. spp., and Russula spp..
T. arbiceps (Thai; Het kon), T. aurantiacus (Thai; Het kon), T. microcarpus （Laos; Het tab kai noi）,
T. robustus （Laos; Het pouak lao, Het pouak chik, Het pouak phane）,
T. albuminosus （Laos; Het kone）, T. clypeatus （Laos; Het tab chik, Thai; Het kon）, T. eurrhisus（Het tab）, T. fuliginosus（Thai; Het kon）, T. globules（Laos; Het tab, Het pouak）,

T. schimperi (Laos; Het pouak tab nhai）, T. striatus（Laos; Het tab dong, Thai; Het kon）,
T. tyleranus（Laos; Het pouak khao）.

24 Jul. 2010

Lomsak Tay Market, Pakse, Laos

24 Jul. 2010 Lomsak Tay Market, Pakse, Laos
Termitomyces microcarpus

392Order: Agaricales

Amanita spp.

Family: Amanitaceae

LAHet la ngok, Het la ngak, Hetmeuak

KH

Psat kompingdoung

THVN

Mot dang nam doc (nguy Một dạng nấm đôc (nguyhiem)hiểm)JPTamago-take

タマゴタケ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Many of the mushrooms of Amanita spp. are fatally

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

poisonous and only a few species are collected as food. Examples of edible ones are: A. caesarea（Laos; Het la ngok daeng）, A. hemibapha（Laos; Het la ngok leuang）, A. princes（Laos; Het la ngokkhao）A. vaginata（Laos; Het khi ka deuane, Thai; Het kai）.
Its Cambodian name, “Psat kompingdoung”, means buds of coconut palm tree.

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

10 Jun. 2007

10 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

393

Vientiane, Laos

Order: Agaricales

Volvariella volcacea

Family: PluteaceaeLA

Het fang

KH

Psat chombaungTH

Het fang

VN

Nam romNấm RơmJP

Fukuro-take

フクロタケ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is cultivated widely by making a mushroom bed with

10 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

straw. This mushroom and Pleurotus ostreatus, Panus spp. can be called three most grown fungi in
Indo-China, because they are seen at almost any market in the region. Therefore, it is naturally
assumed that these mushrooms are important ingredients of most popular dishes. Its Cambodianname, “Psat chombaung”, means “mushroom of straw mounds”. English name: Straw mushroom.

15 Feb. 2010

20 Sep. 2009

Savan Sai Market, Savannakhet,
Laos

20 Sep. 2009

Mae Sai Market, Chiang Rai, Thailand

394

Mae Sai Market, Chiang Rai, Thailand

Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae

Boletus edulis
LAHet pheung dam, Het tab tao

KH
THHet taitaodam

VNJP

Yamadori-take

ヤマドリタケ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is often seen during the dry season in Thailand andLaos. It looks like a few different species are mixed in one
basket because they have a slightly different appearance. It
is not clear how many species are mixed together.

395

14 Feb. 2010

Luk2 Market, Thakhek,
LaosOrder: Boletales

Boletus sp.1

Family: Boletaceae

LAKH
TH

Het houVN
JP

Amiashi-iguchi

アミアシイグチ(仮称)Remarks

Basic Information
This mushroom was observed in Southern Laos inSeptember. It is one of Boletus sp.. It turns dark when

19 Feb. 2010

Thakhek , Laos

cooked, and is often stir-fried with pork to be served.

19 Feb. 2010

Thakhek , Laos

19 Feb. 2010

Thakhek , Laos

20 Feb. 2010

396

Thakhek , Laos

Order: Boletales

Boletus sp.2
LA

Het nam ma

KH

Psat chombo

Family: Boletaceae

THVN
JP

Tsuchi-iguchi

ツチイグチ(仮称)

Remarks

Basic Information
It has thick and crisp flesh, but also a earthy flavor. It ispreferred for stewing. Its Lao name, “Het nam ma”, means

14 Feb. 2010

Luk2 Market, Thakhek,Laos“Areca palm mushroom”. Its Cambodian name, “Psat chombo”, is the name of a tree, and they use
this mushroom as medicinal and aphrodisiac.

23 Sep. 2009

Mouang Keo Market, Houay Xai, Laos

19 Sep. 200924 Jul. 2010 Lomsak Tay Market, Pakse, Laos

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

397

Order: Boletales

Boletaceae Gen. spp.

Family: Boletaceae

LAKH
TH

Het phaan

VN
JP

Iguchi

イグチ類

Remarks

Basic Information

Boletaceae Gen. spp. are important edible wild mushrooms

14 Feb. 2010

in Indo-China peninsula. Many seasonable varieties areLuk2 Market, Thakhek,Laosfound in markets around the region. There are records from Laos about Boletus edulis, Boletus

chrysenteroides (Laos; Het pheung leuang), and Boletus chromape (Laos; Het pheung tinleuang). Many other species are being sold.

14 Feb. 2010

Luk2 Market, Thakhek, Laos

10 Jun. 2007

14 Feb. 2010

Vientiane, Laos

398

Luk2 Market, Thakhek, Laos

Order: Russulales

Russula delica
LA

Family: Russulaceae

Het khai khao, Het lom khao

KH
TH

Het lom, Het takai

VNJPShirohatsu

シロハツRemarks

Basic Information
The peak season of this mushroom is September inNorthern Thailand, and many people go to the mountains

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,Thailand

to pick it. It is often stir-fried with meat or put in soup. It is called, “Het khao khai”, in Attapeu
region in Laos, which means “egg white mushroom”.

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thailand

10 Jun. 2007399

Vientiane, Laos

Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae

Russula spp.
LAHet din

KH
THVN
JPBenitake

ベニタケ類

Remarks

Basic Information
Within Russula spp., a few more species are used as food

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,
Thailandother than Russula delica. However, many of them have
similar appearance and it is difficult to confirm if adesignated name and a fruiting body matches. Dependingon

thecountry,

somespecies

areregarded

aspoisonous. Therefore, identification of Russula spp. needs
to be organized by a specialist. There are some species
that are fatally poisonous, so its consumption without
proper identification should be avoided. There are manycases of serious poisoning from this mushroom. R. lepida(Laos; Het daeng, Het nam mak), R. densifolia

08 Nov. 2008

Tha Heua Market, Louang
Phabang, Laos

(Laos; Het than noi, poisonous in Taiwan), R. alboareolata (Laos; Het khao peng), R.a cyanoxantha(Laos; Het na mouang), R. emetic (poisonous in Japan and Taiwan, Laos; Het khai lang khiou), R.

foetens (poisonous in Japan and Taiwan, Laos; Het khai), R. nigricans (Thai; Het taan), R. virescens(Laos; Het na ngoua).

400

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun, Thai

401

Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae

Russula aeruginea
LAKH
TH

Het khon

VN
JP
Remarks

Basic Information
It is popular in Northern Thailand because of its taste. It

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,Thailand

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,Thailand

was washed and sold on a big plate.

402

Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae

Lactarius volemus
LAKH
THHet hart

VN
JP

Chichitake

チチタケRemarks

Basic Information
It was spotted only in Northern Thailand.

403

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,
Thailand19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,Thailand

Order: Gomphales
Family: Gomphaceae

Gomphaceae Gen. sp.
LA

Het nouathKH
TH
VN
JP

Houkitake

ホウキタケの 1 種

Remarks

Basic Information
This type of mushroom is rarely seen in Indo-China
Peninsula. It was found only once in Northern Thailand in
September. Its Lao name, “Het nouath”, means “beardmushroom”.

404

19 Sep. 2009

Thung Yao, Lamphun,
ThailandOrder: Auriculariales

Auricularia polytrichaLAHet hou nou dam, Het houling,Katan,KH

Psat trouchea kondol

Family: AuriculariaceaeTHVNNam meoNấm mèoJPArage-kikurage

アラゲキクラゲ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is less often seen than A. auricular in markets.

10 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

It is said to be bred in beds, but we could not confirm details on that method. We also heard that it
is cultivated by inoculating logs with mycelium. In the wild, it is found growing on fallen orsemi-dead trees. Its Lao name, “Het hou nou dam”, means “black rat’s ear mushroom”, and “Hethou ling” means “monkey’s ear mushroom”. Its Cambodian name, “Psat trouchea kondol”, alsomeans “rat’s ear mushroom”.

20 Feb. 2010

Thakhek , Laos

20 Feb. 2010

405

Thakhek , Laos

Order: Auriculariales

Auricularia auricula

Family: AuriculariaceaeLA

Het hou nou daeng,

KH

Psat trouchea kondolTH

Het hu nu

VNNam meoNấm mèo

JPKikurage

キクラゲ

Remarks

Basic Information
It is commonly found in markets since it is a popular

10 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laos

ingredient of stir-fry and soup dishes. Both cultivated andwild ones are sold, but cultivated ones are seen more often. In Laos, similar types of Auricularia

auricular are collectively called, “Het sanoum (hou nou)”. Other than the term, and depending on
the varieties, they call it as following:

A. delicate (Het hou nou hang pheung), A. fuscosuccinia (Hethou ling), A. tennus (Het hou nou khao). Its Lao name means “Red rat’s ear mushroom”. In
Cambodia, it is not differentiated from A. polytricha. English name: Mouse-ear mushroom.

08.Nov. 2008

Louang Phabang, Laos

26, Sep., 2009406

Vientiane, Laos

Order: Sclerodermatales
Family: Astraeaceae

Astraeus hygrometricusLA

Het pho, Het tob, Het pohfaai, Het poh nang

KHTH

Het toup

VN
JP

Tsuchi-guri

ツチグリ

Remarks

Basic Information
There are two types of Astraeus hygrometricus; one has a30 Jun. 2011

Attapeu, Laos

11 Jun. 2007

Vientiane, Laosdarker outer layer and the other has a lighter layer. In
Laos, darker ones are called, “Het pho faai”, meaning“cotton”, and the lighter ones are called, “Het pho nang”,
which means “skin”.

Even after its inside had turned into

spores, it is put in stir-fry or soup to be eaten. It becomes
available in June through September.

407

Reference
今関六也 ほか 編著（1998）日本のきのこ（山渓カラー名鑑）．山と渓谷社．
周文能・張東桂（2005）野菇図鑑（台湾四百種常見大型真菌図鑑）．遠流出版事業股份有限公司．
「ランナー・タイ、北タイのキノコ」 http://lannathai.nomaki.jp/kinoko/kinoko.htm

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