OPERATING MANUALDIGIRATOR DR2

Contact NTi Audio at
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www.nti-audio.com

NTi Audio AG
Im alten Riet 102, 9494 Schaan
Liechtenstein, Europe
is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company.

© All rights reserved.
All information subject to change without notice
Version 1.14 / Jan 2021 / Software 1.14

® Minirator is a registered trademark of NTi Audio.
™ EXEL, XL2, Digilyzer, Digirator and MiniLINK are trademarks of NTi Audio.

Table of contents
Inhalt
1. Digirator Basics................................................................4
Introduction.....................................................................4
Notes..............................................................................5
Items included in the package........................................6
Accessories....................................................................6
2. Overview of the Instrument...........................................7
Connections....................................................................7
Buttons and operating elements.....................................8
The screen display..........................................................9The main menu...............................................................9Power supply................................................................ 11
Characteristics of the outputs ..................................... 12
Characteristics of the SYNC input................................. 13
3. Getting Started..............................................................14
Inserting the batteries................................................... 14
Fitting the protective shock jacket................................ 15
Attaching the hand strap............................................... 16
Connecting the Digirator............................................... 17
4. Operation....................................................................... 18
Switching Digirator on and off....................................... 18
Navigation in the menu bar . ........................................ 18
Selecting a test signal................................................... 19
Setting the parameters.................................................20
Setting the sampling frequency....................................22
Setting the Channel Status...........................................23
Configuring the output channels...................................23
System settings............................................................25
Configurations...............................................................26

5. Linear PCM Test Signals................................................28
Signal generation..........................................................28
Sine...............................................................................29
Sweep...........................................................................29
Chirp.............................................................................31
Delay Test......................................................................32
Pink Noise.....................................................................33
White Noise..................................................................34
Polarity..........................................................................34
Wave File Player............................................................35
6. Dolby / DTS Signals......................................................38
Signal generation..........................................................38
Test signals and formats...............................................40
7. Measuring Functions DR2.............................................43
Channel transparency testing.......................................43
I/O Delay test (Latency)................................................46
8. Updating the Instrument..............................................48
Firmware update...........................................................48
9. Tips and Trouble Shooting.............................................49
Faults and their correction............................................49
Resetting to the factory settings..................................51
Reloading wav-files.......................................................51
10. Technical Data...............................................................52
11. Further Information......................................................53
Registration...................................................................53
Warranty conditions......................................................54
Declaration of Conformity.............................................55
Information regarding disposal / recycling....................55
3

Basics
1. Digirator Basics
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing the Digirator. The Digirator DR2 is areference grade digital audio generator with AES3, S/PDIF and
ADAT outputs.
As an extension to the common stereo audio test signals, DR2also supports surround sound sequences for setup and testingof professional Dolby Digital, Dolby E, ProLogic II and DTS installations. The stable internal clock generator can be synchronized to AES3, DARS, Word Clock as well as video signals. It
further supports the measurements of channel transparency
and I/O delay (latency) as well as clock frequencies.

4Basics
Notes
Damage to equipment connected

Damage from moisture

The Digirator is a test generator and thus
allows creating exceptional signals that do
not appear in normal audio operations.

Do not use the instrument in damp
environments!

Such generated signals may damage ordestroy systems and loudspeakers if notoperated carefully.

Danger of electric shock

The instrument can be permanently
damaged by penetration of water, moistureor any fluid.

Damage caused by opening the
instrument
Never open the instrument.

Never connect the instrument to a power
output!
Non-compliance could result in injury to
persons and/or damage to property that is
not covered by the warranty guarantee.

The instrument can be damaged if the
housing is opened and your warranty will
be invalidated.

5Basics
Items included in the package

Accessories• Digirator DR2• Protective shock jacket• Operating manual• XLR - BNC adapter (Neutrik NA2MBNC)• RCA - BNC adapter• USB cable• Hand strap• Ever-ready Pouch  	• System Case		• Mains Power Adapter• Calibration Certificate

Register your instrument and download test signals here
https://my.nti-audio.com

You can find further additional information on the website
www.nti-audio.com.

6

NTi Audio #  600 000 302
NTi Audio #  600 000 020
NTi Audio #  600 000 333
NTi Audio #  600 000 010

The Manufacturer Calibration Certificate is available with thepurchase of the new product.

Overview
2. Overview of the Instrument
Connections
The Digirator provides the following connections:

1
2
3
1

2

3

4

5

6

4
5
6

S/PDIF and AES3-id
output 75 Ω
AES/EBU output 110 Ω
Optical output
DC power socket
SYNC input (AES3,
Word Clock, Video)
USB connection
7

Overview
Buttons and operating elements
1

2

3

esc

9

level

8

freq

7

6

esc

Terminates an entry andjumps to the top menu level.

2

Rotarywheel

Slow rotation:
Precise setting of the value.
Fast rotation:
Setting the value in larger steps.

8

Selection of the test signal.

5

freq

Setting the output frequency. Also directly
jumps to the „PARAM“ menu with the„SWEEP“ and „CHIRP“ test signals; andto file selection with „FILE”, „DOLBY” and„DTS”.

5

6

mute

When pressed, it illuminates to indicate you
have switched off (Muted) the output signal.
The button also lights up during the cycle
pauses of the „PNOISE” and „CHIRP” signal
waveforms.

7

On / Off

Switches the instrument Power off if held
down for one second. Also switches the backlighting on and off with a shorter press.

8

sens

Changes the sensitivity of the frequency andlevel settings.

9

level

Setting the output level. You can set the output signal unit to dBF or %.

mute

1

Enter

wave

wave

sens

3

4
4

Confirming a selection.

The following signals have a fixed output
level: DTS, DOLBY, TRANSPAR, I/O DELAY.

Overview
The screen display
The main menu

1

2

Menu bar

1

2

3

4

3

1
2

3
4

Menu bar
Battery symbol:
If the battery symbol lights
up the batteries are almost
completely discharged andmust be replaced.
Carrier signal interface settings
Audio signal generation settings.

1

Function selection

2

Save and Recall instrument
configurations

3

Select and configure output
channels (individual mute or
invert)9Overview
Settings for signal generation
1

Settings for interface carrier signal

2

3
1

2

4

3
7

6

5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

10

Test signal
Start / Stop for certain test
signals
Parameters setup
Single / continuous modefor certain test signals
Output frequency
Units for the output level
Output level1

Settings and display ofsampling frequency andclock source

2

Configuration and status
display of the optical output

3

Channel status settings

Overview
Power supply
Battery operation
In order to be always able to use the Digirator flexibly, we recommend the use of batteries.

We recommend you use only the NTi Audio
DC supply. But if you want to make use ofa different DC power supply unit, you mustobserve the following:

Only use 3x AA, LR6 batteries.
The battery consumption increases
at higher levels and is based on theconnected load.
During operation, the battery temperature
may increase noticeably. This is not a
defect.
The instrument can also be used withrechargeable batteries.

Operation using mains power supply
You can also connect the Digirator to mains power with a
DC power supply unit. To do this, you will need the corresponding DC power supply accessory unit, which you can order fromNTi Audio.

Use an electrically-isolated, non-earthedlinear DC power supply unit with
2.1 x 5.5 x 9.5 mm plug and connection. Only use DC power supply units
with a voltage from 5 to 8 volts and acurrent of at least 500 mA.
Unbalanced connections in combination
with a switching power supply can lead tonoise interference and an unpleasantly highinterference level when plugging in andout.
Damage caused by using an inappropriate
external DC supply is not covered bywarranty.

11

Overview

2

SYNC INXLR - 110 Ω,
75 Ω, High-Z

1

75

110

AES3,
DARS

3

Clock
Processing

Characteristics of the outputs

fs

Word Clock,Blackburst

Electrical Outputs (AES3, S/PDIF)Video
75
The Digirator features two electrical outputs that are equippedwith a shared high-quality transformer. Both outputs are earthfree and resistant to externally applied Phantom Power.

Do not use both outputs in parallel.

Digital Audio
Transmitter

2
1
3

AES / EBUXLR - 110 Ω

AES3-id
S/PDIF
RCA - 75 Ω

Pin assignments of the XLR Output:

3

2

1
WAVE

1
2
3

DEFAULTThe outputs feature interface carrier levels with fixed levels:
AES3:			6.0 Vpp (open)
3.0 ±0.2 Vpp (into 110 Ω)
S/PDIF, AES3-id: 2.0 Vpp (open)
1.0 ±0.2 Vpp (into 75 Ω)

FOLDER2

12 • Signal1.wav• Signal1.wav• Signal2.wav• Signal2.wav

...

PIN 1
PIN 2
PIN 3

The concurrent use of both electrical outputs leads to reduced interface carrier levels that can lead to malfunction.

AES3idFor generating an AES3id compatible
signal please use the supplied RCA to
BNC adapter. The output signals meet the
AES3-id standard and work well for S/PDIF
signals.

Optical output
The optical output may be used concurrently with one of theelectrical outputs. It can be configured either for „2 Channel“or for „ADAT“ format.

Overview
Characteristics of the SYNC input
The sampling frequency of the Digirator can be synchronized
and locked to external devices. In order to do this, the sync
signal is connected to the universal sync input circuitry via afemale XLR connector to the DR2. An adaptor for connecting
a BNC cable to the XLR input is also included as a standard accessory item with the DR2.
Supported sync / clock formats
The Digirator recognizes clock sources automatically as they
are connected. There is no need for a manual selection of thesync format. The following formats are supported:• AES3 / DARS• Word Clock			• Black Burst			

20 kHz to 216 kHz (continuous)
32 kHz (+/- 100 ppm)
44.1, 48 kHz (x1, x2, x4) (+/- 100 ppm)
PAL (25 Hz) and NTSC (29.97 Hz)
fs = 48 kHz

2SYNC INXLR - 110 Ω,
75 Ω, High-Z

1

75

110

3

75

Jitter suppression
The extracted sampling frequency is fed into a clock recovery
stage with high jitter attenuation. This ensures stable and optimized signals at the DR2 output. With input sampling frequencies that deviate more than 100 ppm from the AES standard
sampling frequencies, no clock recovery will be executed. Under special circumstances this might lead to suboptimal stability of the output signal.

DARS (Digital Audio Reference Signal)

AES3,
DARS
Clock
Processing

Input impedance
AES3 as well as Word Clock signals are separated by an electrically isolated transformer terminated with the nominal impedances of 110 ohm or 75 ohm. But Hi-Z mode is also supported,
allowing trial operation of the DR2 in parallel with other devices.

fs... is an AES3 Signal, intended for synchronizing equipment. Its channel status
data are marked accordingly by setting the
DARS Bits.

Word Clock,Blackburst
Video

13

Getting Started
3. Getting Started
Inserting the batteries
Only use AA, LR6 batteries. You will need
3 AA batteries.
The batteries may significantly warm up
during operation. This is not a malfunction.
The Digirator can also be operated withrechargeable batteries.
For best battery performance only use
new batteries of the same type andmanufacturer.
1. Open the battery cover.
2. Insert three AA, LR6 batteries with the same state ofcharge, paying attention to the +/- marking in the battery
compartment.
3. Close the battery cover once the batteries have been inserted.

14

2.

1.

Getting Started
Fitting the protective shock jacket
The shock jacket protects the instrument against light impacts
without impairing its easy operation. It is recommended toleave it mounted.

1. Push the lower end of your Digirator into the lower end of
the protective shock jacket.
2. Push the upper end of the Digirator into the protective
housing.

Damage through impacts / shocks

1.

2.

The protective shock jacket shields your
Digirator against reasonable impacts that
could occur in normal use.
You must further protect the instrumentfrom extreme stress, exposure to liquids,
and from extremes of heat or cold.
Please do not drop the instrument!
Damage caused by dropping or impact is
not covered by warranty.

15

Getting Started
Attaching the hand strap
To prevent you from accidentally dropping the DR2, a handstrap is supplied with the instrument. You can also fit the handstrap when the protective shock jacket of the DR2 has been
fitted.

1.

1. Pull the hand strap through the opening.
2. Pull the rear part of the hand strap through the loop of thefront part.
3. Pull the hand strap tight.

2.
3.

16

Getting Started
Connecting the Digirator
XLR-connection
Connect the Digirator to your digital audio device using an XLR
cable. Note that the locking pin of the XLR connector will thenbe located on the lower side of the instrument!

RCA connection
Connect the Digirator to the digital input of the unit to be tested using a good quality RCA cable. Please note that not all RCA
cables are suitable for digital audio use.

Optical connection
Connect the Digirator to the optical input of the unit to be tested using an optical TOSLINK cable. The cover flap of the output
opens automatically with the insertion of the cable.

1.

2.

17

Operation
4. Operation
Switching Digirator on and off
Switching the Digirator on
To switch the Digirator on, press the “On/Off” button. The display lighting is switched on.

Switching the Digirator off
To switch the Digirator off, press the “On/Off” button and holdit down for one second.

Navigation in the menu bar
The menu bar is divided into three parts. On the left-hand side,
you can choose between the Generator, Transparency-Test, I/O
Delay (Latency) and System functions.

1. To do this, select the left side of the menu bar with the rotary
wheel and confirm with “Enter”.

 A selection window opens.
2. Select the desired function with the rotary wheel.
3. Confirm the selection with “Enter”.

 You have now selected the desired function.
In the middle section of the menu bar you may mute or invert
individual channels of the output signal. In the right-most menu
you can save and recall configurations (see “Configurations”).

18Operation
Selecting a test signal
You have two choices for selecting test signals. You can use
either the direct access buttons or the rotary wheel.
Signal selection using the direct access buttons
1. Ensure that GENERATOR 1 is selected in the menu bar.
2. Press the “wave” button.

Signal selection using the rotary wheel
1. Ensure that GENERATOR 1 is selected in the menu bar.
2. Select “WAV” 2 with the rotary wheel.
3. Press “Enter”.

 A selection menu appears.

 A selection menu appears.
12

3. Select the desired test signal with the rotary wheel.
4. Press “Enter”.

 You have now selected the test signal.

4. Select the desired test signal with the rotary wheel.
5. Press “Enter”.

 You have now selected the test signal.

19

Operation
Setting the parameters
You have two possibilities for setting up the parameters of thetest signals. Use either the direct buttons or the rotary wheel.

Setting parameters using the rotary wheel
1. Turn the rotary wheel.

 The selected parameters will be marked with a black bar.
Setting parameters using the direct access buttons
1. Press the “level” or “freq” button.

 You have selected the desired parameter.
2. Turn the rotary wheel to set the parameter.
3. Confirm the setting with the “Enter” button.

 You have now set up the parameter.
2. Confirm your choice with the “Enter” button.

 The parameter display flashes.
3. Turn the rotary wheel to set the parameter.
4. Confirm the setting with the “Enter” button.

 You have now set the parameter.

20

Operation

Setting the sensitivity of the rotary wheel
You can set up the sensitivity (step size) of the rotary wheel. To
do this, proceed as follows:
1. Select Level
or Frequency
2. Hold down the “sens” button.

with the rotary wheel.

 The current sensitivity of the rotary wheel
will be displayed 1 .
3. Turn the rotary wheel to set up the desired sensitivity.
4. Release the “Sens” button to accept the desired sensitivity.

1 You have now changed the sensitivity of the rotary wheel.

21

Operation
Setting the sampling frequency
Internal clock source
You may choose to have the Digirator DR2 either generate
the sampling clock internally or be synchronized to an external
clock source (see „Synchronizing to an external clock“). Withno signal applied to the SNYC input you may choose among theinternally generated clock frequencies:
1. Select from the available internal values with the rotary
wheel and then press „Enter“

 The actual sampling frequency value is highlighted with ablinking bar.

2. Turn the wheel to alter the sampling frequency.
3. Confirm your selection by pressing „Enter“.

 You have changed the sampling frequency.

Synchronization to an external clock
The SYNC input of the DR2 is continuously monitored andscanned for useable clock references (see „ Characteristics of
the SYNC input“). In this mode the SYNC input is terminatedwith Hi-Z. As soon as a clock signal is detected a window for
selecting the termination impedance appears:

Note also that there are different ways to route the independent reference clock to the two devices. If the reference clock
source has multiple buffered outputs, separate cables may beconnected to the SYNC input of the DR2, and to that of thedevice under test, in a “star” configuration. But if a single reference clock output must drive both the DR2 and the device
under test, the first connected sync input would be placed inhigh impedance (Hi-Z) mode, and the second (or last) would beterminated.
1. Choose the desired impedance with the rotary wheel andpress „Enter“ to confirm.
The following termination impedances are available:

For non-linear PCM Signals (Dolby / DTS)
as well as in the TRANSPAR mode thesampling frequency is fixed to 48 kHz.
22

Video
Word Clock
AES3 / DARS

75 Ω
•
•
•

110 Ω

•

Hi-Z
•
•
•

Operation
Setting the Channel Status

Configuring the output channels

You can define the most important settings in the channel status data:

The output channels of the DR2 can be individually muted orinverted.

1

2

3

1. Choose the desired parameter 1 , 2 or 3 with the rotary
wheel and press “ENTER“ to change the value.

 You have changed the Channel Status data.

Both output channels are active
Channel A is active, channel B is muted
Channel A is muted, channel B is active
Channel B has inverted polarity (-180°)

The settings are always applicable for bothchannels.
All non-visible settings of the channel
status information are automatically set by
the DR2.
Emphasis settings 3 do not have any influence on the signal generation.
23

Operation
Optical output
There are three operation modes available for the optical output:

The optical output can operate up to thefollowing maximum sampling frequencies:

2 channel mode (AES)ADAT mode (8 channels)
Channels 1, 3, 5, 7 are fed from channel A of thestereo signal , while channels 2, 4, 6, 8 contain theaudio of channel B
Optical output is switched off

You may alter settings as follows:
1. Select the value under the LED icon with the rotary
wheel:

2. Press “ENTER“ to change the value.

 You have configured the optical output
24

2 channel mode: 106 kHz
ADAT: 			55 kHzAt any selected sampling frequency higher
than the given limits the optical output is
automatically disabled and the visual icon
indicators behind the symbol will not bepresent:

Operation
System settings
You can adjust various system settings of your instrument. To
do this, switch to System 1 in the menu bar using the rotary
wheel and confirm with “Enter”.
The possible system settings are displayed:

3. Turn the rotary wheel to set the desired time.
4. Confirm the entry with the “Enter” button.

 You have now changed the switch-on time of the PowerSave mode.

Backlight
1
2
3
4
5

Power Save
The Power Save mode switches the instrument off if no button
has been pressed within an adjustable time period.
1. Select the Power Save function 2 using the rotary wheel.
2. Confirm the selection with the “Enter” button.

AUTO:
The backlight will be switched on automatically during operation, and will be switched off again after a period of time.
MANUAL:
Press the “On/Off” button to switch the background lighting
on and off.
You can choose between “Auto” and “Manual”.
1. To do this, select the Backlight 3 function with the rotary
wheel.
2. Press “Enter”.

 The display now changes between “Auto” and “Manual”.

 The display starts to blink.
25

Operation
Configurations
Firmware
Displays the version number, with the possibility to carry out
a firmware update for the DR2 4 (see “Updating the Instrument”).

With the DR2, you can store your current instrument settings
as configurations, and recall these at a later date.
Storing configurations
10 configuration storage locations are available to you.

Display of the serial number
You can read out the instrument’s serial number
bottom line.

5

from theSetting the contrast

1. Using the rotary wheel, select CONFIG in the menu bar.
2. Confirm with “Enter”.

 The following menu is opened:

Changing the contrast of the screen display.
To do this, proceed as follows:
3. Select STORE and confirm with “Enter”.
1. Hold down the “esc” button and turn the rotary wheel until
the desired contrast is obtained.

 You have now changed the contrast of the screen display.

26

 The following selection menu is opened:Operation
4. Select a memory location with the rotary wheel and store
your configuration by confirming the selection with “Enter”.

 You have now stored the current instrument settings as aconfiguration.

following A removable memory drive will be indicated on thecomputer.
2. Select the CONFIG sub-folder.

Calling up configurations
1. Use the rotary wheel to select CONFIG in the menu bar.
2. Confirm with “Enter”.

 The

1. Connect your DR2 to a computer via USB.

menu

is

opened: You will see the stored configurations of your DR2.
3. Copy this data to your computer.
4. Connect another DR2 to the computer via USB.
5. Copy the previously copied data into the CONFIG sub-folder by overwriting the data therein.

 You have now transferred configurations from your DR2 to
3. Select RECALL and confirm with “Enter”.
4. Select the desired configuration in the Selection menu andconfirm with “Enter”.

 You have now loaded the desired configuration.
Transferring configurations to another device
You have the possibility of transferring stored configurations toanother device.

another DR2.

In order to easily remember configurations
you may rename them.
For altering the file names, connect the
DR2 to a computer via USB and rename
the files in the CONFIG folder. Only the
first 10 configurations are shown in thedisplay.
27

Linear PCM Test Signals
5. Linear PCM Test Signals
Signal generation
The Digirator DR2 flexibly generates linear PCM test signals
such as sine, noise or even other arbitrary signals from 48 kHz
wave (WAV) files. The match and lock of the selected sampling
rate to the applied reference signal is handled by an internal
sample rate converter.
This configuration ensures that the generated audio signal
frequency is not dependent on the sampling rate but left unchanged. The sample rate converter, featuring a high dynamic
range of 144 dBA, does not affect the audio signal quality specification.
Audio frequency range
The generated audio signals feature a bandwidth of 24 kHz,sine signals can be synthesized up to 20 kHz. Settings violating
the Nyquist theorem are not prohibited as the sample rate converter will simply attenuate these signals. (e.g. Sine signal withf = 20 kHz at a sampling rate of 32 kHz is attenuated because
sampling rate should be at least twice the signal frequency).

DR2 internal signal flow for linear PCM test signals

Digital Audio
ReceiverAnalyzer

Sample Rate
Converter

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Transmitter

fs = 48 kHz
INT
fs = 20 - 216 kHz
EXT		 Audio signal
		 Clock signal
		 not active

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS

Digital Audio
ReceiverAnalyzer

Sample Rate
Converter

28

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
TransmitterLinear PCM Test Signals
Sine

Sweep

Characteristics and use
Pure sinusoidal signals are required for many standard audio
measurements. The Digirator provides a wide and adjustable
output level range and selectable output frequencies.

Characteristics and use
Stepped sweep signals with a resolution of up to 1/12 octave
can be generated over a freely-selectable frequency range. An
audio analyzer like the Minilyzer or Digilyzer from NTi Audio can
automatically trigger to this signal sequence to measure thefrequency response.

Parameter
You can define the following parameter for this test signal:
Output frequency
Output level

Starting the Sweep signal
1. Select the “START” symbolwith the rotary wheel.

 You can interrupt a running sweep via the “STOP“symbol.

29

Linear PCM Test Signals
Sweep Signal modes
Using the “MODE” symbol, you can run the test signal in thefollowing modes:

f

f STOP
B

Once-only:
Plays the test signal once
Continuous: Repeats the test signal
Parameter
You can define the following parameter for this test signal:
Output level
The frequency display is for information only. The
current frequencies will be displayed here once the
SWEEP test signal has been started.
You can configure the signal sequence here.

30

A

f RES

1 kHz
t STEPt TRIGf STARTt

A

The sweep recording starts as soon as the frequency drops from 1 kHz to fSTART.

B

The end of the sweep is signaled by a falling frequency.

Linear PCM Test Signals
Chirp
Once-only:
Plays the test signal once.
Continuous: Repeats the test signal after an adjustable			pause (t).
PAUSEParameter
You can define the following parameters for this test signal:
Output level
The frequency display is purely for information only.
The current frequencies will be displayed here after thestart of the CHIRP test signal.
Configuration of the signal sequence.

Characteristics and use
A Chirp is the name for a signal whose frequency continuallychanges over time (also known as continuous sweep). It is used
for the recording of frequency responses, the measurement of
impulse responses and the acoustic assessment of rooms.
Starting the Chirp signal
1. Select the START
symbol with the rotary wheel.

 If this is activated, it turns into a STOP symbolft CHIRPf STOPt SCALE = LIN, whicht PAUSEwill end the test signal when selected.
Chirp Signal modes
Using the “MODE” symbol, you can run the test signal in thefollowing modes:t SCALE = LOG
f STARTt31

Linear PCM Test Signals
Delay Test
The normal fading in and out of any Chirp
signal generates spurious frequency
components, leading to ripple in thefrequency response.
The Chirp sequences of the DR2 are
optimized for ripple of ± 0.2 dB maximum.
Chirp parameter combinations which would
result in higher ripple are automaticallycorrected during input.

Characteristics and use
The Delay Test signal is a specially configured Chirp signal. In
combination with the “Acoustilyzer AL1“ or “XL2“ from NTi
Audio, it makes it possible to determine acoustic signal propagation delay times. You can find further information in the handbooks for the AL1 Acoustilyzer or XL2.
Parameter
You can define the following parameters for this test signal:
Output level32Linear PCM Test Signals
Pink Noise1
2

Characteristics and use
The Pink Noise test signal is characterized by flat amplitude
response per octave band of frequency (or per any other constant percentage unit of bandwidth) up to its band limit; highspectral density, an infinite period (> 100 years) and 20 kHz
bandwidth. Pink Noise is used as a reference signal for the
setup of loudspeaker systems (PA systems), with a Real Time
Analyzer (RTA) executing the required measurements.

Operation
You can choose between the following test signal modes with
the MOD setting 1 :CONT : generates a continuous test signal.
: generates an intermittent test signal.
You can determine the cycle times of the intermittent signal
with the CYC setting 2 .
(3/3 = 3 seconds of signal and 3 seconds pause.)
These settings have no effect in the continuous mode.
Parameter
You can define the following parameters for this test signal:
Output level

When operated in the intermittent mode, Pink Noise also forms
the basis for reverberation time measurements.

33

Linear PCM Test Signals
White Noise

Polarity

Characteristics and use
The White Noise test signal has a high spectral density, Gaussian amplitude distribution and a nearly infinite period (> 100
years). White Noise is used for all measurements with FFTanalyzers or where a linear frequency scale is used, and has aconstant signal power per Hertz and a 20 kHz bandwidth.

Characteristics and use
The saw-tooth test signal is ideally suited for checking the polarity of loudspeakers. The “Minilyzer ML1”, “Acoustilyzer AL1”and “XL2“instruments from NTi Audio detect this signal anduse it to indicate polarity.

Parameter
You can define the following parameters for this test signal:
Output level

34

Parameter
You can define the following parameters for this test signal:
Output level
The frequency display is for information only.
The frequency cannot be adjusted.

Linear PCM Test Signals
Wave File Player
Parameter
You can define the following parameter for this test signal:
1
2

Characteristics and use
With the Digirator, you can play back your own test signals andsequences from wave (WAV) files. The test sequences will beseamlessly looped without pauses. For a better overview, wave
files storage in the DR2 is organized using sub-folders.
The DR2 is already equipped with a series of demo sequences in
the WAV file format. You can create a link to a computer at any time
via the USB interface and can exchange existing WAV files or add
new ones.

Output level
The output level of this test signal is adjusted indBF (dB full scale) or %.
Possible applications
Possible applications include, for example:• channel ID / line occupation „in-use“ transmissions• Musical signals for the assessment of PA systems• Playing back complex test signals
Selecting a folder
1. Select the folder symbol 1 with the rotary wheel.
2. Confirm with “Enter”.
3. Select the desired folder with the rotary wheel.
4. Confirm with “Enter”.

 You have now changed the current playback folder.

35

Linear PCM Test Signals
Selecting a wav-file
1. Use the rotary wheel to select the file symbol 2 .
2. Confirm with “Enter”.
3. Select the desired wav-file with the rotary wheel.
4. Confirm with “Enter”.

 The wav-file will be played.
Loading your own wav-files
Wave files for the DR2 must conform to the following requirements:•••

48 kHz sampling frequency
Mono or Stereo
16 - 24 bit definition

If a wave file does not meet therequirements, the playback stops
and the “mute” button lights up
continuously red.

36

To load WAV-files, you will need a computerwith the following minimum specifications:• PC with Windows 98SE
• Macintosh computer with OSX• Available USB port

1. Connect the DR2 to the computer via USB.

 The DR2 appears on your computer as a removable data
storage medium.
2. Open the “WAVE” sub-folder on the removable medium

All the sub-folders in the “Wave” folder
now appear in the folder selection 1 . You
may add additional sub-folders to this folder
level as required.

Linear PCM Test Signals

WAVE

4. Copy the desired files into the folder.

 You have now loaded your Wave files.
Folder1• Signal1.wav• Signal2.wav• ...

Folder2• Signal1.wav• Signal2.wav• ...

Copyright
NTi Audio delivers a set of demonstration
wave files with the DR2. These wave files
are licensed to you only for playback withan NTi Audio unit. Any further usage isforbidden.

3. Open one of the sub-folders in the “WAVE” folder.

If necessary, you can make use of theother standard possibilities of a removabledata medium. For example, you cancopy WAV files from the DR2 onto yourcomputer or delete unnecessary files.

37

Dolby / DTS Signals

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Transmitter

fs = 48 kHz
INT

6. Dolby / DTS Signals

fs = 20 - 216 kHz
EXTSignal generation

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS

DR2 internal signal flow for Dolby / DTS test signals
Dolby and DTS signals are compressed, multi-channel audio
signals. They are transmitted as non-linear PCM signals andneed to be processed by a Dolby / DTS decoder before they
can be used as multi-channel audio.
The available test signals have been externally encoded and are
implemented as WAV files.

All DOLBY and DTS signals stored in the
DR2 have been encoded and recorded on
DOLBY and DTS certified equipment.

Digital Audio
ReceiverAnalyzer

Sample Rate
Converter

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Transmitter

fs = 48 kHz
INT

The sampling frequency is fixed to 48 kHz
and may by synchronized to an externalreference of 48 kHz within ±100 ppm
accuracy.
The wave files are stored in the sub directories DOLBY and DTS.
All files stored in these folders are treated as „Non-Linear PCM“
signals and the channel status is automatically marked accordingly.
38

fs ≈ 48 kHz
EXT

		 Audio signal
		 Clock signal
		 not active

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARSDolby / DTS Signals

The handling of Dolby and DTS files is identical to wave files,
described in the previous chapter.

1
2

Select the signal
1. Select the file symbol 2 with the rotary wheel.
2. Confirm with Enter.
3. Select the desired signal with the rotary wheel.
4. Confirm with Enter.

 The selected test signal is immediately played back.
Sequence of test signals
The order sequence of the files is sorted first by file extension(e.g. file.001) and secondarily by actual file name. This enables
maximum flexibility in grouping similar test signals together.

The test signals in the directories are sorted by non-linear format type.
Select the multi-channel format
1. Select the desired signal format (DLBY or DTS)
2. Use the rotary wheel to select the group symbol 1 .
3. Confirm with Enter.
4. Select the desired format.
5. Confirm with Enter.

In case the optical output is used for the
Dolby / DTS signal, then set the instrumentfrom ADAT to 2CH in the right bottom
display corner.

 You have changed the multi-channel format.
39

Dolby / DTS Signals
Test signals and formats
Test signals
Name
CH_ID_L
CH_ID_C
CH_ID_R
CH_ID_LS
CH_ID_RS
CH_I_LFEPNOISEPNOI_LFE
POLARITY
SINE_80
SINE_400
SINE_997
SINE_1K
SINE_10K
VOICE

40

Test signal
On each of these channel ID files:
There is the spoken channel identification followed by a 400 Hz sine signal.

Spoken channel identification with pulsed 80 Hz sine signal on LFE channel.
Pink Noise, -20 dBFS, L, C, R, LS, RS: 20 - 20‘000 Hz, LFE: 20 - 120 Hz
Pink Noise, -20 dBFS, 20 - 120 Hz
Polarity test signal
Sine 80 Hz, 0 dBFS, on all channels
Sine 400 Hz, 0 dBFS, on all channels
Sine 997 Hz, 0 dBFS, on all channels
Sine 1.000 Hz, 0 dBFS, on all channels
Sine 10.000 Hz, 0 dBFS, on all channels
Reference voice announcement on all channels, -20 dBFS

Length
0:25
0:25
0:25
0:25
0:25
0:25
0:30
0:15
0:15
0:15
0:15
0:15
0:15
0:15
0:21

Dolby / DTS Signals

Formats

Copyright

Name
D_20
D_51

FormatDolby Digital 2.0 @ 256 kbit/s
Dolby Digital 5.1 @ 448 kbit/s

E16_51
E20_51
E20_5120

Dolby E 5.1 @ 16 Bit
Dolby E 5.1 @ 20 Bit
Dolby E 5.1 + 2.0 @ 20 Bit

All Dolby and DTS signals stored in the
DR2 are licensed to you, and must only
be used and played back on the DR2.
Any further use of these files is strictly
forbidden.

PROLOG2

Dolby ProLogic IIx @ PCM Lt/Rt (5:2:5)

Test Signals

755K_20
755K_51
1509K_51

DTS 2.0 @ 754.5 kbit/s
DTS 5.1 @ 754.5 kbit/s
DTS 5.1 @ 1509 kbit/s

Due to the huge size of the non-linear PCM
signals, not all files will fit into the internal
flash disc of the DR2 at the same time. You
may download the non-linear PCM signals
here https://my.nti-audio.com.

41

Dolby / DTS Signals

Dolby ProLogic II
The Dolby ProLogic II format is an
uncompressed linear PCM format thatcodes the channel assignment in the L/Rphase relation.
You will therefore find the ProLogic II files
in the WAVE folders, not in the Dolby
folder.

LevelsAll announced levels of the non-linear
signals refer to audio levels prior it’s coding
into the non-linear format. Minor level
differences may occur due to the encoding
process.

42

Measuring Functions
7. Measuring Functions DR2
Channel transparency testing
The displayed validity bit 2 and channel
status details 3 are for information only.
They are not part of the transparency
measurement.

The channel transparency test verifies whether the audio andauxiliary data of a digital transmission channel are transparently
transmitted. The transparent transmission is crucial for nonlinear PCM formats such as surround sound. The verification
always covers both audio channels.

1
3

2

Function
The test signal used in the DR2 is a short deterministic noise
sequence. The signal stream applied to the SYNC input is monitored and verified for a 16, 20 or 24 bit correlation.
AES3 transmission format frames
Preamble1
2
3

Result of the analysis
Status of the validity bitof the input signal
Channels status information of the input signal

03

Auxiliary

LSB

4

8

7

Audio Data
11 12		

MSB

V

U

C

27

28

29

30 31

P

<--------- 16 Bit ----------><----------------- 20 Bit ----------------><------------------------ 24 Bit ------------------------>

43

Measuring Functions

A nontransparent signal is indicated by the “DATA CHANGED”
message. This means that the received bit pattern is different
to the expected bit pattern. This could be caused by any changes in e.g. the gain setting or in the word length with added
dither.
Sampling frequency, synchronization and clock source
The sampling frequency is fixed to 48 kHz but can be synchronized to an external reference with 48 kHz within ±100
ppm range. External-synchronization is very helpful for offline
tests. e.g. to record the transparency test signal on a recording system and analyze as played back. Also, the test may also
optionally be conducted using two DR2 units in different locations, with one acting as the signal source and the other as theanalyzer.
With a word clock or video signal
applied to the DR2, it automatically tries to synchronize after querying for the termination impedancechoice. With a valid AES signal applied the user should determine
whether the DR2 should Sync
(slave mode) or continue to run
from the internal clock (Mastermode).
44

INTERNAL Synchronization
In this mode the DR2 acts as a clock master and the connected
device or system is synchronizing its clock to the DR2. Selectthis mode if the device under test is unable to generate its own
clock, or if the device under test automatically synchronizes tosignals presented to its input.
SYNC INPUT (external synchronization)
In this mode the device under test is the clock master and theDR2 synchronizes to this connected device by selecting clock
via “SYNC INPUT“. Synchronization is necessary to preventfrom losing samples through drop-outs or glitches.
With no valid clock applied to the SYNC input of the DR2, theinternal sampling frequency starts to drift and the external
synchronization aborts. With no Sync signal the DR2 switches
back to its internal clock generation and transmits the test signal derived from its internal clock. As soon as this transmitted
signal again reaches the SYNC input, the selector boxes for
IMPEDANCE and CLOCK source will appear again.

fs = 48 kHz
INT
fs = 20 - 216 kHz
EXT

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)

Digital Audio
Transmitter

Test procedure
For testing
the transparency of a transmission channel you profs = 48 kHz
32.0 kHzINT
ceed as follows:
44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
fs ≈ 48 kHz

INT

fs ≈ 32 - 48 kHz
EXT

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS

Signal flow during transparency test

An intermittent appearance of INPUTIMPEDANCE and CLOCK SOURCE
is a
Digital Audiostrong indicator that the device orReceiversystemunder test does not create its own clock,but regenerates
the input clock. To solve
Sample Rate
Converter
this loop-back problem switch back to
CLOCK SOURCE INTERNAL.

SignalGenerator

fs = 48 kHz

Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS

ImportantAnalyzer

Measuring Functions

Sample Rate
Converter

SignalGenerator

 The result of the continuously measured transparency anal-

Digital Audio
Transmitter

fs = 48 kHz
INT

48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)

1. Connect the output of the DR2 to the Videoinput
of the system(PAL, NTSC)
EXT
Word Clockunder test.
AES3, DARS
2. Connect the output of the system under test with the SYNC
input of the DR2.
3. Select the settings for clock source and termination.

Digital Audio
ReceiverAnalyzer

fs = ~ 48 kHz
EXT

32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS		 Audio signal
		 clock signal
		 not active

ysis is displayed.

45

Measuring Functions
I/O Delay test (Latency)
The function I/O Delay (latency) test determines the exact timedelay which a piece of equipment or an entire system is introducing. For this test, the SYNC input connector of the DR2 isused for receiving the delayed signal.

3

1
2

FunctionDR2 generates a short test burst every 2 seconds. The SYNC
input is continuously monitored and the delay calculated. Level
adjustments and minor distortion do not affect the measurement result.
Sampling frequency, synchronization and clock source
The sampling frequency can be selected to be either 32, 44.1
or 48 kHz. These frequencies can also be used for external synchronization, provided the accuracy is within ±100 ppm.
46

The sampling frequency of the input signal may be non-synchronized and range anywhere from 20 - 216 kHz.
Right after the connection of a signal to the SYNC input, theDR2 queries for the desired termination impedance and afterthat whether the clock should be generated internally or synchronized to the external source.
Also refer to the synchronization details outlined in the section„Channel transparency testing“.
Test sequence
For measuring the I/O delay (latency) of a device, please proceed as follows:
1. Connect the output of the DR2 with the input of the device
under test.
2. Connect the AES3 output of the device with the SYNC input of the DR2.
3. Make the proper settings for termination impedance andclock source.

 The result of the I/O delay (latency) measurement is now
continuously displayed.

Measuring Functions

PAL / NTSC settings
The measured I/O delay time (latency) is displayed in milliseconds 1 as well as in video frames 2 . To alter between PAL
and NTSC settings, proceed as follows:
Digital Audio
Analyzer

ReceiverDR2 internal signal flow for the I/O Delay measurement

1. Navigate the cursor with the rotary wheel to the field displaying NTSC or PAL 2 .Sample Rate
Converter time and video frames.
2. Press „ENTER“ to alter between
Signalconfigured the units for the FRAME
DigitalAudio You havedisplay.
Generator
Transmitter

Non-equal values for channel A and B
fs = 48 kHz
kHz
In case there is a non-equal delay value
for32.0channels
A and B,
INT
44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
the instrument will display
thetwodifferent
respective
values48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
fs = 20 - 216 kHz
in an alternating sequence. The channel display 3 follows theVideo (PAL, NTSC)
EXT
actual displayed channel.
Word Clockfs = 20 - 216 kHz

Analyzer

Sample Rate
Converter

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Transmitter

fs = 48 kHz
INT
fs ≈ 32 - 48 kHz
EXT

AES3, DARS

Digital Audio
ReceiverAnalyzer		 Audio signal
		 Clock signal
		 notactiveAnalyzer

Sample Rate
Converter

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Receiver32.0 kHz44.1 kHz (*2 , *4)
48.0 kHz (*2 , *4)
Video (PAL, NTSC)
Word Clock
AES3, DARS

Digital Audio
Receiver

Sample Rate
Converter

Digital Audio
Transmitter

SignalGenerator

Digital Audio
Transmitter47

Updating the Instrument
8. Updating the Instrument
Firmware update
You can find the firmware version of your instrument as follows:
1. Select “SYSTEM” in the menu bar.
2. Confirm the selection with the “Enter” button.

 The firmware version of the instrument is displayed.
Kindly register your instrument at https://my.nti-audio.com (fordetails see chapter “Further Information”). Upon registration
you may access the support page, which offers• detailed update instructions• firmware revision history
Proceed as follows to update the firmware:
1. Select “SYSTEM” in the menu bar.
2. Click on Firmware and follow the instructions on the screenof the DR2.

 You have updated your DR2.
48

In order to update the firmware, youwill need a computer with the following
minimum specifications:• PC with Microsoft® Windows 2000 orlater• an available USB port
• Internet accessTrouble Shooting
9. Tips and Trouble Shooting
Faults and their correction
Fault

Fault finding

Cause

Remedyno output signal„mute“ button flashes

You have switched the
instrument to Mute.

Press the “mute” button.

“mute” button lights up
continuously

You have called up the “Pink
Noise” (PNoise) test signal or
you are in the Pause cycle of
the Chirp test signal.

Wait until the pause has
ended.

cable not plugged in correctlyor mis-wired

Plug in the cable correctly andcheck pin wiring.

contrast needs to be
adjustedPress “esc” and operate therotary switch to set thecontrast.

screen contrast poor

Wave Files, DTS or Dolby
Wave files are notplayed back“mute” button lights up
continuously

Press the “Start” button.

You have loaded a non-sup- Load a supported Wave
ported Wave format.
format (see page 36).

49

Trouble Shooting

Fault
INPUT IMPEDANCE and
CLOCK SOURCE window
appears intermittently.

50

Fault finding

Cause

RemedyYou have selected SYNC
INPUT but the device connected is not acting as aclock master.

Select clock source INTERNAL or
disconnect the Sync cable.
Configure the external device toact as clock master.

Trouble Shooting
Resetting to the factory settings
If the Digirator reacts unexpectedly, a reset to the factory settings might solve the problem.
1. Switch the instrument off.
2. Hold down the “esc” button and simultaneously operate
the “On/Off” button.

 The confirmation of the reset is displayed on the screen.

Reloading wav-files
You can reload the Wave, Dolby and DTS files of the DR2 thatwere installed at the factory. The files are available on the Test
signal backup DVD.

51

Technical Data
10. Technical Data
FormatConsumer/Professional, up to 24 bit audio

Sampling Frequencies / Outputs

XLR, RCA: 32, 44.1, 48, 88.2, 96, 176.4, 192 kHz
Optical:up to 96 kHz
ADAT:
up to 48 kHz
Accuracy: ± 2.5 ppm

Outputs

InputsLinear PCM Signals

Non-linear multichannel signals

Wave File Format

Frequency Settings

52• AES3 (110 ohms) XLR• S/PDIF (75 ohms) RCA• AES3id (75 ohms) with RCA to BNC adapter• TOSLINK: Stereo and ADATXLR Sync. input for:• AES3, DARS
• Video (NTSC, PAL)
• Word Clock using BNC to XLR adapter
Sine, Polarity Test Signal, Delay Test Signal,
Pink Noise (crest factor = 4.42),
White Noise (crest factor = 3.47),
Playback of Wave Files
A comprehensive library of pre-encoded surroundsound signals is available in the following formats:• Dolby Digital• DTS• Dolby E• Dolby ProLogic II
Sampling frequency: 48 kHz
Resolution: 		Mono + Stereo
Range: 		
Step width:		
Accuracy:		

16, 20, 24 Bit,

10 Hz - 20 kHz
min 1 digit steps
0.01%

Stepped Sweep
Function

Frequency range:
Step width:		
Sweep speed:

selectable, 10 Hz - 20 kHz
1/1, 1/3, 1/6, 1/12 octave
selectable, 0.5 - 5 s / step

Gliding Sweep(Chirp) Function

Frequency range:
Increment:		
Chirp speed:

selectable, 20 Hz - 20 kHz
linear / logarithmic
1.0 - 39 seconds per sweep

Level UnitsdBFS, %

Output Level Range-100 dBFS to 0 dBFS

Distortion THD+Nof the synthesized sine signal:-138 dB (22 Hz - 22 kHz, AVG, @ 1 kHz, typical)

USB Functionality• for firmware update• mass storage device

Flash Memory• 512 MByte• for storing wave files and configurations

Display

Graphical, with back illumination

Auto-Power-Off

10, 30, 60 minutes or OFF

Batteries• �������������������������������������������������
3 x AA Alkaline dry cells or rechargeable equivalents• Battery life typ. 10 hours (continuous)

Temperature Range

0° to 45° C (32° to 113° F)

Humidity< 90% rel. humidity, non-condensing

Protection Rating

IP51

Dimensions (LxWxH)

152 x 81 x 43 mm (incl. protective shock jacket)

Weight

310 g (11 oz.) incl. batteries

Further Information
11. Further Information
Registration
Register as a customer with My NTi Audio and benefit from thefollowing possibilities:• Keep your products up-to-date
Access free firmware and software updates.
• Activate options
Enable additional functions for your products.
• Access premium content
Access downloads, information and specific support foryour products.
• Receive application and product news
Subscribe to the NTi Audio Newsletter.
• Get fast worldwide support
Register your products for fast support.
• Confirm your ownership
Allows us to contact you with important product notifications and provides a product record in case of loss or theft.

How to Register• Open the web page “https://my.nti-audio.com”.
• You are prompted to login or create the My NTi Audio Account.
• The web page “My Products” opens.
• Select the product type and enter the serial number.
• Confirm with “Register”.
• Now the product is listed in the table “My Products“.

 Congratulations, your NTi Audio product is registered.

53

Further Information
Warranty conditions
International warranty
NTi Audio guarantees the function of the DR2 and their individual components for a period of one year from the date ofsale. During this period, defective instruments will be repaired
free of charge, or will be replaced.
Limitations
Opening the unit case voids the guarantee. These guarantee
provisions also do not cover accessories; nor damage causedby accidents, immersion in or exposure to water or other fluid,
transportation; incorrect use, or carelessness, nor the installation of any parts that were not delivered with the instrument,
the loss of parts, connection to any AC mains voltage; nor operation with non-specified input voltages, adapter types or incorrectly inserted or leaking batteries. In particular, NTi Audio accepts no responsibility for incidental or consequential damagesof any kind. The guarantee will be voided if repairs or service
work are carried out by any third parties who are not part of an
approved NTi Audio Service Center.

54

Repair of the Digirator DR2
In the case of faulty functioning or damage please contact yourlocal NTi Audio partner for assistance. If your instrument needs
to be returned for service, kindly follow the service guidelines
at www.nti-audio.com/service.

Calibration
The Digirator DR2 has been carefully tested during production and performs to the specifications listed in the “TechnicalData” chapter.
NTi Audio recommends yearly calibrations of the instrument.
For the calibration of your instrument kindly follow the service
guidelines at www.nti-audio.com/service.

Declaration of Conformity

Information regarding disposal / recy-

CE / FCC Compliance Statement

cling

We, the manufacturer NTi Audio AG, Im alten Riet 102, 9494
Schaan, Liechtenstein, do hereby declare that the Digirator
DR2 product, approved in 2007, complies with the following
standards or other standard documents:••••

EMC: 89/336, 92/31, 93/68
Harmonized standards: EN 61326-1
Explosive atmospheres (ATEX): 94/9/EG
Directive 2011/65/EC on the restriction of the use of certain
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS).
• Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronicequipment (WEEE).
This declaration will become invalid if modifications to the instrument are carried out without the written approval of NTi
Audio.

Dispose of the instrument in accordance withthe legal environmental regulations in the country.

Regulations for the European Union and other European
countries with corresponding laws:
The instrument must not be disposed of in the household garbage. At the end of its service life, bring the instrument to acollecting point for electrical recycling in accordance with thelocal legal regulations.

Other countries outside the European Union:
Date: 01.12.2007
Contact the respective authorities for the valid environmental
regulations in the country.
Position: Technical Director

E 500 dt 06.17