Plants

297

298

Plants――――――――――――――――

Plants of Mizube no Sachi are edible plants grown around villages. People pick them up on theway home from work at the end of the day, or elders and children who stay home would pick themup to make day’s meal. Waterfront in Mekong river basin has plenty of sunshine and hightemperature. It is an ideal habitat for Kaseth (Neptunia oleracea) or Phak Bong (Ipomoea
aquatica) and other aquatic plants. Some terrestrial plants such as Yanang (Tiliacora triandra) andSamek (Syzygium antisepticum) are not picked up as weed, but let growing in open spaces andbushes of commons. Spices and herbs that are often incorporated in cooking are also left to growin home gardens in homes. We conducted a questionnaire survey about uses of foodstuff at homes
in Vientiane Province and Vientiane Capital in Laos in 2010. The result showed Mizube no Sachi
accounted for about half of plant food source.
These plants are not only collected from natural distribution, but some of them are brought bypeople and grown in villages. Even though they are transplanted for harvesting, those kind ofplants receive only a minimum care such as weeding, but even that is advantageous among
competitive environment. Many of Mizube no Sachi plants are treated in such semi domestication.
These plants may be indigenous to Mekong river basin or brought from ancient Africa, and more
recently, introduced from new continent. Taro and Yam which played a vital role in the root
cultivation which originated in ancient Southeast Asia are found as reminiscent of past as Mizube no
Sachi. The origin of the plants of Mizube no Sachi range widely, but it is researcher’s notion thatthey have a long history of being incorporated into human civilization.

Picture: Where Mizube no Sachi grow. Neither from mountain, nor from ocean.
Paddy field in Vientiane, Laos (Right before rain season)

Taste of Mizube no Sachi varies widely as well.
Its unique taste cannot be compared to familiar
taste of carrots or cabbage and other garden vegetables. Many of Mizube no Sachi plants havestrong bitterness and acidity. Especially the bitterness of some was so strong that for Japanese299

who are not used to tasting bitter food, we had some difficulty getting accustomed to it. (In thepast, Japanese used to collect wild plants and many of them tasted bitter. But modern Japanese
have lost this custom except for having them as occasional seasonal delicacy.) We thought
bitterness was distinctive, but an elderly Lao woman said, “Today’s young people do not eat bitter
food as much. When I was young, we were always told to ‘eat bitter for your health’.” In local
published literature, there are descriptions on uses of plant in traditional medicine as well as food.
Some of them are hard to believe at first, but many of the plants’ chemical components have been
extracted and tested, and proven to be truly beneficial. In this report, those traditional healing
methods are briefly introduced based on the original description. It is because this belief ispossibly a reason that plant diet of people has been comprised of such variety in Mekong river basin.
We do have to state a warning that it is not the intension of this report to prove the effect of
medicinal power, so please do not try to medicinally use the plants according to this report.
We had generous cooperation from professionals around the world in order to record the plants incorrect taxonomy. Lao names of plants referred "Mike Callaghan (2004), Lao Plants listed bybotanical, common, & regional / Asean names with Lao names & Lao script" with cooperation of
Lao University Department of Science. Cambodian names of plants are based on "Pauline Dy
Phon (2000), Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia" with direction of Royal University of Phnom
Penh Department of Science. Thai names are quoted from Flora of Thailand based on direction of
Dr. Thaya of Mahidol University. Japanese names are derived from Web version of BG Plants
which Japanese plant scientists support. We also referred a book written by Mrs. Yoshiko Yoshida,a Southeast Asian food sources culture researcher, and some other reference books. As forscientific names, we chose The Plant List as the sole science name source to avoid confusion ofsynonyms being used for same plant species.
In this chapter, 142 species from three classes, 35 orders, 68 families of Mizube no Sachi plants are
introduced. Those are popular plants and commonly sold in markets.

Ka don tree (Careya arborea) in paddy
17 Feb. 2010 Pakse, Laos

Glossary of plant in this chapter
26 Sep. 2009 Vientiane, Laos300

Nymphaea rubra and Ipomoea aquatica
9 Oct. 2013 Chau doc, Vietnam

Flloating-lea
aved plantt

Emergennt plant

Float plant

Free floa
ating plannt

Submmerged pla
ant
Water levellRoot in botttom
Raandupper partpc
comeout in thea from the wa
air
ater
s
surface.

Root in the bottom
and the leaves andstems unnderwater.
Only a flower ismade too bloom in
the air.

Root in th
he bottom
and it open
ns mature
leaves on thetwater
surface.

A basal root iss in the ashorre, ashhoot with flooat elongates thewaterw
surface. Leaves and stems
arre extended in the air.

ot floats withoout
A rooadhering to the bottoom.

Life-form ofo aquaticc plant

50m
40m
30m

20m

10m

E
Emergent
tree

Tree

Sm
mall tree

Life-foorm of wo
oody plannt

301

ClimberShrub

Mizube no Sachi plants used for Lao cooking

Chaom(Acacia pennata Subsp.), Bamboo, Yanan(Tiliacora triandra), Waen (Marsilea crenata)
2 Sep. 2012 Vientiane Laos

Pong(Sagittaria guayanensis), Khin (Zingiber officinale),Horm parn (Coriandrum sativum), Pumpkin flower andleaf (Cucurbita maxima)
20 Aug. 2010 Vientiane, Laos

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
30 Nov. 2010 Naxaitong, Vientiane, Laos

Kheelak (Senna siamea), Yanan, Khaa (Alpinia
galanga), Kheua kheun (Solanum capsicoides)
3 Oct. 2010 Vientiane, Laos

Cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta)
1 Aug. 2010 Vientiane, Laos

Yanan, Kha yang (Limnophila aromatica), Kheua kheun,
Hom pae (Eryngium foetidum)
3 Oct. 2010 Vientiane, Laos302

Order: Salviniales
Family: Marsileaceae

Marsilea crenata
LA

Waen

°ñ¡Á¸−

KH

Chantol pnomចន្ទល់ភ្នំ

TH

Waen, Limpiผักแว่น

VN

Rau bo, Rau deu rang

Rau bợ, Rau dệu răngJP

Nangoku-denjisou

ナンゴクデンジソウ

Remarks

Distribution: Tropical and sub-tropical Asia.
Life form: Aquatic fern. Emergent. 5-50cm tall. Root stalks
expand horizontally in the soil. Grown in paddy fields andshallow village marshes.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane province, Laos

Use: Shoots are eaten as salad with fermented fish or shrimp paste. Young leaves are cooked in asoup. It is used as medicine in Thailand for oral and throat ulcer, and fever.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 20
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Woodsiaceae

Diplazium esculentum
LA

Kouth, Koud nam°ñ¡¡ø©

KH
TH

Kuut khaao

VN

Rang song quan rau, Rau Ráng song quần rau, Rau dớn
donJP

Kuwale-shida

クワレシダ

Remarks

Distribution: From the Himalayas to the Pacific Islands
including south of Kyushu island of Japan.
Life form: Terrestrial fern. Grows alongside streams or

Sep. 2009 Chiang Rai, Thailand

canals along forest edges.
Use: Commonly eaten in Indochinese countries. Raw or slightly boiled shoots are eaten as salad.
Used as an ingredient of various dishes. In Thailand, leaves are used as medicine for fever,inflammation, failing eyesight, anemia, and gingival bleeding. It has a diuretic effect and contains
flavonoid.
Ref. No.: 5, 18, 19, 26

303

Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea lotusLA

Bua khee bae, Bua ngern,
Bua noy

KH

Pralit, Prolet dong្រពលិត

TH

Bua kin saiบัวกินสาย

VN

Sung trang, Sung lam

Súng trắng, Súng lam

JP

Yozaki-suilen

ヨザキスイレン

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from India. Distributed from Africa
to Southeast Asia.
Life form: Floating-leaved plant. Leaves are round, 30-50 cm
in diameter, and spread across the water’s surface.

Jul. 2011 Kratie, Cambodia

Use: The peeled flower-stalk is eaten raw. It has no particular
taste and an enjoyable crunchy texture. Used as an ingredientin various dishes and Cambodian traditional soup.
Traditionally in Cambodia, it is applied as a compress forfever. The plant contains an alkaloid (nupharidine) which has
medical effects. Seeds and root-stalks are used as medicine as
well.
Ref. No.: 18, 27, 38, 46, 48

Sep. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea rubra
LA

Saiboua¦¾¨®ö¸

KH

Proret romchang្រពលិត

TH

Parn dien, Saiboua, Boua บัวสายดอกชมพู
kiepe

VN

Sung doSúng đỏ

JP

Akabana-suilen

アカバナスイレン

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from India. Distributed from Africa
to Southeast Asia.

Sep. 2007 Siem Reap, Cambodia

Life form: Floating-leaved plant. Leaves are round with a
30-50 cm diameter which spread across the water surface.
Use: The peeled flower stalk is eaten raw. It has no
particular taste and an enjoyable crunchy texture. It is used
as an ingredient in various dishes.
Ref. No.: 18, 27, 38, 46, 48
Sep. 2012 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

304

Order: Magnoliales

Uvaria rufa

Family: Annonaceae

LA

Mapipuan

KH

Phlae trealេ្រទៅលេដាះ្រកបី

TH

Phi phuan noiพีพวนน้อย

VN

Bo qua hoe, Day du deBồ quả hoe, dây dù dẻ.

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina, The Philippines and Indonesia.
Life form: Large size climber. Up to 20m tall.
Use: Fruits are used for cooking. In Cambodia, it is used as
postnatal medicine.

Jul. 2010 Pakse, Laos

Ref. No.: 27

Order: Magnoliales

Uvaria sp.
LA

Hao

Family: Annonaceae
Ï¾¡À¢í¾

KH
TH

Maeng krang ， Mung lum
yai，Mang kheng

VN

Bo quaBồ quả

JP
Remarks

Use: Fruits are eaten. It has a slightly sour citrus flavor andis sold at local markets when in season. Its juice is sold in
Vietnam.

305

Jul. 2008 Phonyang, Vientiane Province,
LaosOrder: Piperales

Peperomia pellucid

Family: Piperaceae

LA
KH

Krosangteap

្រកសាំងទាប

TH

Kra sangผักกระสัง

VN

Rau cang cua

Rau càng cua

JPIshigaki-koshou,
Usubana-sunakoshou

イシガキコショウ、ウスバナ
スナコショウRemarks

Distribution: Originated from tropical America. Widely
cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries of the world.
Life form: Annual herb. 10-20 cm tall. The color of a stem istranslucent white.

Jul. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Use: Stems and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Cultivated in backyard gardens and homesteads.
Sap from the leaves is used as oral medicine or liniment. It is known to have a sterilizing effectagainst Staphylococcus aureus and coliform bacteria.
Ref. No.: 5, 42, 45, 46, 47

Order: Piperales

Piper sarmentosum

Family: PiperaceaeLA

Ii leuth, Eilert°ñ¡ºóÀìó©

KH

Chaplu, Komplou

ចាព្លូ

TH

Cha phlu, Eilertช้าพลู

VN

Lot

Lốt

JP

Haigoshou

ハイゴショウRemarks

Distribution: From Northeast India to South China,
Southeast Asia, and the Andamang Islands.
Life form: Perennial herb. lower stems expand across theOct. 2008 Hong Ha, Hué, Vietnam

ground, upper stems assurgent up to 30cm.
It is planted in kitchen gardens or orchard water slots and it also grows wild.
Use: Young leaves are used to dress herbed ground meat, salad, and spicy Thai curry. Boiled leaves
are eaten with fermented fish (shrimp) paste. Leaves are used to wrap fermented meat or
fermented tea leaf (Mien). It is used as a traditional medicine. It has a degassing expectorant effecton the stomach. Roots are prepared as stomachic peptic. Since the leaf contains a high level of oxalic
acid, eating it may cause calculus in the kidneys.
Ref. No.: 5, 10, 26, 47

306

Order: Piperales

Piper sp.
LA

Sa khan, Sakhaa, Sa kharn

Family: Piperaceae
ສະຂ
່ າ

KH
TH

Zakhan

VN

Tieu

Tiêu

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina to Malesia.
Life form: Deciduous tree climber.

Jul. 2008 Phonyang, Vientiane Province,
Laos

Use: Commonly used in northern Laos. Small cut stems are cooked with other ingredients. It is
used as a spice and not eaten directly. Used as medicine for gastric problems and as a compress forcough. It contains eupomatene, crotepoxide, and pipercallosine which are sterilizers.
General info.: There are opinions that this species is P. interruptum however, because thatclassification is still controversial this work will deal with it as Piper sp
Ref. No.: 23, 32, 51

Order: Piperales

Houttuynia cordata

Family: Saururaceae°ñ¡£¾¸êº¤LAKhao thong

KH

Chi slak m'luជរថ្ពាល់ ្រតី, ជរយាបកា

TH

Kra sangผักคาวทอง

VN

Rau giap ca, Diep ca

Rau Giấp cá, Diếp cá

JP

Dokudami

ドクダミ

Remarks

Distribution: Southeast Asia, China to Japan.
Life form: Perennial herb. Expand by underground stems
and vertically elongate to 20-50cm.

Feb. 2010

Savannakhet, Laos

Use: In Northern Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, raw leaves are eaten for a salad. In Cambodia,
leaves are used for aromatization of raw fish. In China, a leaf is not eaten but the undergroundstems are used to dress salad dishes. It contains lauryl aldehyde and quercitrin. In Japan, it is
known also as a medicine called "Jyu-yaku". It is effective for swelling, bug bites, cuts, eye-washing,skin disease, gastroenteric disorders, and is also used as an anthelmintic.
Ref. No.: 14, 18, 23, 27, 29, 42307

Order: Alismatales

Limnocharis flava

Family: Alismataceae

Kan chong°ñ¡¡É¾−¥º¤

KH

Trakiet paong្រតេកៀតេបា៉ង

TH

Talapat ruesi, Bua loi, Bua ตาลปั ตรฤาษี
khuak

VN

Keo neo, Cu neo

Kèo nèo, Cù nèo

JP

Kibana-omodaka

キバナオモダカ

LARemarks

Distribution: Originated from tropical America,
introduced to South and Southeast Asia.
Life form: Aquatic plant. Emergent. Up to 1m tall. It

Sep. 2009 Chiang Rai, Thailand

grows in the shallow ends of a ponds.
Use: The raw or boiled young leaves, buds and inflorescences are used for a salad or a soup.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 27, 46

Sagittaria guayanensis subsp. lappula
LA

Pong

°ñ¡¯ûº¤KH

Chrach្រចាច់

TH

Tao kiat , Phak khang kaiเต่าเกียด

VN

Tu co tron

Từ cô trònJP

Omodaka-modoki

オモダカモドキ

Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae

Remarks

Distribution: From the tropical Africa to East andSoutheast Asia.
Life form: Floating-leaved plant in lakes, swamps, andnearly stagnant water of streams.
Use: Leaves are cooked. It is used as an ingredient in Laos.
Ref. No.: 14, 46, 47

308

Sep. 2007 Vientiane province, Laos

Order: Alismatales

Amorphophallus paeoniifoliusLA

Ka book

KH

Toal

TH

Lum e book

VN

Nua chuong

Family: Araceaeទាល់ ធំ
Nưa chuông

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.
Life form: Perennial herb. 1～2m tall. In the ground a stalkgrows a tuber fat. It grows in secondary vegetation, forest

Jul. 2011 Ratanakiri, Cambodia

margins, and village groves.
Use: Edible after leaf stalk are well boiled, drained, and rinsed to rid oxalic acid . It is found at local
markets in select areas of Cambodia, south Laos, and northeast Thailand.
In traditional Laos medicine, it is said that a tuber is effective against malaria.
General info.: It has acrid tubers and stems, due to the presence of calcium oxalate crystals andalkaloids.
Ref. No.: 7, 21, 27, 47
Order: Alismatales

Colocasia esculenta

Family: Araceae

LA

Bon

Ã®®º−, °ñ¡®º−

KH

Traw

កា្តតេហារា

VN

Mon nuoc

Môn nước

JP

Sato-imo

サトイモ

THRemarks

Distribution: Originated in Southeast or southern
Central Asia.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 1-2m tall.

Use: Corms, young leaf blades, and petioles can be eaten. The swollen stem base, known as corms,
were the most important staple food in the ancient agricultural cultures all throughout southeast
Asia. Oceania, and west Japan.
Ref. No.: 36,45, 47309

Order: Alismatales

Lasia spinosa

Family: Araceae

Phak nam

°ñ¡−Õ

TH

Phak namผักหนาม

VN

Choc gai, Mop

Chóc gai, Móp

JP

Mizu-yatsude

ミズヤツデ

LA
KH

Remarks

Distribution: India, South China, Southeast Asia.
Life form: Perennial herb. It grows in shade near river banks
or ponds.

Feb.2010 Pakse, Laos

Use: Well boiled or pickled, young leaves and flowers are eaten for garnish.
The stalk is used for cough medicine and decoction is used for the itchiness associated with skindisease. Raw leaves and leaf stalks contains hydrocyanic acid and calcium oxalate.
Ref. No.: 7, 23, 42, 49,
Order: Alismatales

Wolffia globosa

Family: Araceae

LA

Pham

ພ
ໍ້ າ

KH

Chor bai teaេឈីបាយទា

TH

Pham, Khai nae, Khai namผํา, ไข่น้ าํ

VN

Beo phanBèo phấn

JP

Mijinko-ukikusa

ミジンコウキクサ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from warm temperate to tropicaleastern Asia. It was introduced over Africa and America.
Life form: Floating plant. A single body is ellipsoid, 0.4～

Nov. 2011

Vientiane province, Laos

0.8 mm long. It is rootless. Grows in clumps on the water
surface.
Use: Eaten as an ingredient of fish or chicken soup.
Raw plants contain 100g, energy 8kcal, 59 mg of calcium, 25 mg of phosphorus, and 6.6 mg of iron.
General info.: This species is the smallest seed plant in the world.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 20, 49

310

Order: Alismatales

Ottelia alismoides

Family: Hydrocharitaceae

Houm hap°ñ¡¹º´Á»®

KH

Slap changwa

សា្លប្រចវា

TH

Santawa, Bai pai, Hoump สันตะวาhep

VN

Ma de nuocMã đề nướcJP

Mizu-Oobako

ミズオオバコLA

Remarks

Distribution: From northeastern Africa to tropical
Australia, through India, China, Japan and Southeast
Asia.
Life form: Submerged plant. Leaves broadly ovate.

Nov. 2008 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Flower blooms above the water surface.
Use: Petioles and leaves are eaten as a vegetable withexcellent flavor. The fruit is also edible. Even though it isseldom seen at the local market, it is used by villagers
regularly.
Medicinally used for treatment of hemorrhoids and used
as a poultice for fever.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 18, 47

Nov. 2008 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Dioscorea spp. (D. alata / D. bulbifera / D . esculenta)
LA
KH
TH

Order: Dioscoreales
Family: Dioscoreaceae

Mam pao / Ee moo / Ka thart ចាពលូ
Damloong chhiem moen / ដឡូងឈាមមាន់,ដឡូងភ្លុក /Dehs prei / Damloo chhvie េលៀប,លា្វ្រសុក,លា្វធំ
prei
Man sao / Wan phra chim / มันเสา / มันมือเสื อ
Man mue suea

VN

Khoai ngot

JP

Ooyamaimo,
TogeimoKhoa ngọt
Mukagoimo, オオヤマイモ / ムカゴイモ /トゲイモ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated in the Far East.

Nov. 2011 Vang Vieng, Laos

Life form: Perennial climber.

Use: Tubers are used as a starch food. Broods formed on the side of leaf are also edible.
General info.: This group of plant is called Yam. Along with Taro, Yam was an important staple foodof the ancient agricultural culture in the Far East. It is still found in local and city markets.
Occasionally in the countryside it meets with a semi-domestic Yam species.
Ref. No.: 4, 18, 36, 38, 42, 45, 47
311

Order: Arecales

Borassus flabellifer

Family: ArecaceaeLA

Ton taan , Mak taoªí−ª¾− (Ï¾¡ªÈ¾¸)

KH

T'naotេតា្នត

TH

Tan

ตาล

VN

Thot notThốt nốt

JP

Ougi-yashi

オウギヤシ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from Africa. It was introduced to
Asia as useful plant in prehistoric age.

Jul. 2011 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Life form: 25-40m tall palm.

Use: The edible fruits are much appreciated in cakes or jellies. Palm wine and palm sugar are madefrom the sap of inflorescence.
There are many known traditional medicinal uses for every part of the toddy palm.

Leaves areused to make marketable products such as hats, mats, roof covers, and writing paper. Canoes may
be made out of trunks. Bark is used to make strong rope.
Ref. No.: 10, 14, 27, 38, 42, 45, 46, 47

Endosperm

Jul. 2011 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Palm sugar

Jul. 2011 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Feb. 2010 Thakhek, Laos

Tapping

312

Jan. 2013 Salavan, Laos

Order: Arecales

Calamus tenuis
LA

Family: Arecaceae

Naw yae່ໍ ແຍໜMay dan, May manhMây đan, Mây manh

KH
TH
VN
JP
Remarks

Life form: A rattan.
Use: A peeled stem is cooked.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane Capital, Laos

Ref. No.: 12

Order: Arecales

Rhapis cochinchinensis

Family: Arecaceae

ÎÒ¦¾−

LA

Naw sanKH

T'naot

TH

Chang

จัง๋

VN

Mat catMật cật

JP
Remarks

Life form: A rattan. Stems to 42 m tall, to 65 cm in diam.
Leaves palmate.
Use: The top of young shoot are edible.

Feb. 2010 Thakhek, Laos

Ref. No.: 12, 48

313

Order: Poales

Bamboo shoot

Family: Poaceae

LA

Naw maiÎÒÄ´ÉÄìÈ

KH

Russeyឬស្សីTH

Naw mai

VN

Tre

Tre

JP

Takenoko

タケノコ

Remarks

Distribution: From tropical to temperate Asia.
Life form: Bamboo plant. Stems are fascicled. 10-30m tall.
Usually planted beside a village.
Jul. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Use: Young shoot is commonly eaten in East and Southeast Asia. There are many bamboo
ingredients in local markets. In Indochina genus Indocalamus and Yushania were seen but

Bambusa predominates the region. Bamboo shoots are boiled and cooked. Yanan (Tiliacora
triandra, Menispermaceae) is used for cooking in Laos and Thailand, Ngop (Sauropus androgynus,
Phyllanthaceae ) is used in Cambodia. In Japan there are many recipes for bamboo and the ricebran is used for boiling.
Ref. No.: 7, 12, 16, 27, 42

Bambusa sp.

Jul. 2011 Ratanakiri, Cambodia

Jul. 2011 Kratie, Cambodia

Knaing russey Feb. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Naw Mai Soto

314

Nov. 2011 Vang Vieng, Laos

Order: Poales

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen
LA

Deuay

KH

Skuey

TH

Dueai

เดือย

VN

Bobo nep, Ydi nep

Bobo nếp, Ýdĩ nếpJP

Hato-mugi

ハトムギ

Family: Poaceae

ໝາກເດ
ື ອຍ

Remarks

Distribution: The origin is unknown. Indigenous tosouthern and eastern Asia.
Life form: Perennial grass. Up to 3 m tall.

Sep. 2009 Houayxay, Laos

General info.: The form with soft-shelled false fruit has been cultivated since ancient times 3000-4000 years ago in India and 2000 years ago in China. It was very important before maize andrice. Forms with hard-shelled false fruit are also occasionally cultivated. Plants escaped from
cultivation occur as weeds. Boiled Jobi was sold in northern Laos.
Ref. No.: 25, 35, 46, 47

Order: Poales

Oryza sativa

Family: Poaceae

LA

Khao kamÀ¢í¾¡Ô

KH

Sraw ngai

្រសូវ

TH

Khao

ข้าว

VN

Lua nuoc, Lua gao

Lúa nước, lúa gạo

JP

Ine

イネ

Remarks

Distribution:

Originated

from

east

foothillsofHimalayas.

theSep. 2009 Houayxay, Laos

Life form: Annual and perennial herb. 50-130 cm tall.
General info.: First cultivated in the middle and lower Yantze River 9000 years ago. This plant is astaple in East and Southeast Asia diets. The photo above is an example of young upland rice sold in
northern Laos. Precooked rice is made from young rice (grains still attached not dropped); this is avery old and time-honored way to prepare rice.
Ref. No.: 36, 40, 47

315

Eleocharis dulcis var. tuberose
LA

Heo

KH

Mem plong khtim

TH

Haeo chinแห้วจีน

VN

Nang ngotNăng ngọt

JP

Shina-kuroguwai

シナクログワイOrder: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae

Remarks

Distribution: The actual distribution is uncertain.
Cultivated in the Old tropics from Africa to Papua.
Life form: Perennial herb. Emergent plant. Grows on

Nov. 2011 Vientiane province, Laosmarshy or flooded ground. 40-80cm tall.
General info.: The tuber, know as "water chestnut", is eaten. Commonly cultivated. Japanese may
have mistaken similar tuber of Sagittaria trifolia 'Caerulea' of Alismataceae.
Ref. No.: 14, 15, 48

Order: Commelinales

Eichhornia crassipes

Family: PontederiaceaeLA

Tob sava, Tob porng©º¡°ñ¡ªö®

KH

Kom plau, Kon plaokកំេបា្លក

TH

Tob chawa, Tob pongผักตบชวา

VN

Luc binhLục bình

JP

Hotei-aoi

ホテイアオイRemarks

Distribution: Native to Brazil, introduced and naturalized
all over the tropics.
Life form: Perennial herb. Free floating plant or emergent
plant rooted in mud. 30-60 cm tall.

Nov. 2011

Vientiane province, Laos

Use: Boiled young shoots and young flowers are eaten with fermented fish or shrimp paste.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, stems are used as an antidote for poison and to degas the
belly.
Flower’s primary use is ornamental. Stems of the emergent type are used to make baskets in avillage beside Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia. In Thailand, E. hygrophilus called "Makok nam" ismore popular than this species.
General info.: One of the 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species of IUCN.
Ref. No.: 6, 14, 18, 27, 47

316

Order: Commelinales

Monochoria hastate

Family: Pontederiaceae

LA

Tob

°ñ¡ªö®

KH

Dong veik្រតេកៀត

TH

Phak top thaiผักตบไทย

VN

Rau mac thonRau mác thonJP
Remarks

Distribution: Native in tropical South and Southeast Asia
extending to northern Australia.

Jan. 2009 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Life form: Emergent plant. 50-200 cm tall.
Leaves triangular.
Use: Leaves and young flowers are eaten.

General info.: In the traditional medicine, the sap of leaves was used for suppressing a swelling of
the gum.
Ref. No.: 5, 10, 14, 27, 47

Order: Commelinales

Monochoria vaginalis

Family: Pontederiaceae

LA

Iehin

À¹ñ©ºó»ó−

KH

Chrach, Kom plau្រចាច់

TH

Phak khiat, Phak hin namผักเขียด

VN

Rau mac bao, Co luoi vit

Rau mác bao, cỏ lưỡi vịtJP

Ko-nagi

コナギ

Remarks

Distribution: Native in South Asia, throughout Southeast
Asia, extending also to China, Japan, Fiji islands andnorthern Australia. America and Europe.
Life form: Annual herb. Emergent plant. 5-50 cm tall.

Jun. 2007 Prek Toal Area, Cambodia

Use: Young stems are eaten raw or boiled with fermented fish or shrimp paste. It is an ingredient ofsoup, Lap, and Salad.
General info.: In the traditional medicine of Thailand, the whole plant is used for high fever,asthma, bloody urine, conjunctivitis, etc. The dried leaf is used as powder and to cover swelling.
Ref. No.: 5, 10, 14, 18, 20, 27, 29, 47

317

Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae

Alpinia galangal
LA

Khaa

¹ö¸-¢È¾

KH

Rum deng

រំេដង

TH

Kha pa, Kha luangข่าป่ า, ข่าหลวง

VN

Rieng nepRiềng nếpJP

Nankyou

ナンキョウ

Remarks

Distribution: The exact origin is unknown. It is cultivatedfrom Southeast Asia to India.

Jun. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 3.5 m tall.
Use: Rhizome is used for the spice as must-have in thisregion. A pungent condiment with a sweet flavor. Usuallyplanted in home gardens.
General info.: As a medicine, rhizome is prescribed for
diarrhea,

nausea,abdominal

fullness,parasitic

extermination, etc.
There are many hybrids with A. conchigera in Thailand.
The lower photo is an example of pure A. galanga.

Jun. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Ref. No.: 21, 27, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51
Order: Zingiberales

Amomum sp.
LAFamily: Zingiberaceae

Kouk

KH
TH
VN
JP

Myoga-modoki

ミョウガモドキ

Remarks

Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 3 m tall.
General info.: The fruits are eaten raw, cooked or
candied. The fresh, sweet, juicy aril around ripe seeds is
considered a delicacy. Young shoots, young inflorescences
and young fruits are eaten as vegetables cooked withrice.
It is rarely found in local market.
Ref. No.: 40, 47, 48

318

Sep. 2011, Phiang, Sainyabuli, Laos

Order: Zingiberales

Boesenbergia rotunda
LA

Ka sai

KH

KhchieyTH

Kra chaiกระชายVN

Cam dia ta

Cam địa ta

JP

Kurachai

クラチャーイFamily: Zingiberaceae

Remarks

Distribution: Native to Java and Sumatra. It is widely
cultivated in Southeast Asia and Southern China.
Life form: Perennial herb. 30-80cm tall.

Jul. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Use: Boesenbergia rotunda is principally used as a spice and a medicine. Enlarged roots that budfrom rhizome are used. Usually it is used with fish. They are quite pungent and flavorful.
Ref. No.: 27, 42, 47

Order: Zingiberales

Curcuma longa

Family: ZingiberaceaeLA

Kha min, Kha min kheun,
Kha min xan

KH

Romiet ou lmiet

THKhamin, Khamin chanขมิ้น, ขมิ้นชัน

VN

Nghe

Nghệ

JP

Ukon

ウコン

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from probably India. Cultivated in
the tropics.

Jul. 2011 Kratie, Cambodia

Life form: Perennial. 1-1.5 m tall.
Use: Turmeric powder is made from rhizomes. Young shoots are eaten.
Rhizomes have a lot of medicinal usage. For example, stomachic, stimulant, carminative, diarrhoea,
rheumatism, cough, and tuberculosis. Turmeric also has insecticidal, fungicidal and nematicidal
properties which make it a potential biocide.
The yellow powder is used by Cambodian women, in the countryside especially, to coat their faceand body and have beautiful skin. The paint is used to dye fabrics, in particular the clothes ofmonks.
Ref. No.: 27, 42, 45, 47
319

Order: Zingiberales

Curcuma sp.

Family: Zingiberaceae

LA

Kachieng dang，Kachiengkhao©º¡¡½¥È¼¸Á©¤KH

Lum dein proiរំេដងៃ្រព

TH

Kachieng dang

VN
JP
Remarks

Distribution: This genus distribute from China to Malesia

region.
Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 0.5 -1m tall. The white orJul. 2008

Vientiane province, Laos

red color parts are bracts. Pale yellow flower is inside of thegreen bract. See the lower photo.
General info.: Young inflorescences have good flavor that is a

bit strong. Young shoots are eaten raw with papaya salad.
Tubers, young shoots, and flowers have medicinal effect for
extracting the gas of the belly.
Ref. No.: 5, 18
Nov. 2008

Order: Zingiberales

Etlingera elatior

Family: Zingiberaceae

Ton khaຕ່ າົ ້ ນຂ

TH

Dala, Carlar

ดาหลา

VN

Da loc, Sen thaiĐa lộc, Sen thái

JP

Torch-jinger

トーチジンジャーLA

Siem Reap, Cambodia

KH

Remarks

Distribution: Natural distribution in Malaysia, Java andSumatra, but is also widely cultivated in tropical region.
Life form: Perennial, tillering herbs with a rhizome at ornear the ground surface. Leafy stem up to 5 m tall. Flower isJan. 2009 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

red, 0.5-2.5 m tall.
Use: Boiled young flowers and shoots are eaten with fermented fish paste, used for an ingredientof curries, and for Thai spicy salad. It is not so popular in Lao and Cambodian markets.
Ref. No.: 6, 18, 45320

Order: Zingiberales

Kaempferia sp.

Family: Zingiberaceae

LA

Toupmoub

KH

Swaa

TH

Pro

VN

Thieng liengThiềng Liềng

JP

Ban-ukon

バンウコンの仲間េ្របាះសា្វ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from India. It is widespread totropical Asia and Malesia.
Life form: Perennial herb. Leaves usually 2-3 sheaths, blade

Jun. 2011 Meuang Mai, Laosoften horizontal and appressed on the ground, broadly
elliptical or suborbicular, 6-15 cm x 5-10 cm.
Use: Leaves are eaten in raw with “Cheo” in Attapu Laos.
Fresh leaves are light texture and have a slight ginger
flavor. It is cooked with bamboo shoot. Popular in thehighland in southern Laos and northern Cambodia.
Ref. No.: 27, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48

Cambodian Kaempferia,
Photo H.Kashiwadani

321

Order: Zingiberales

Zingiber officinale

Family: Zingiberaceae

LA

Khin

©º¡¢ú¾®É¾−

KH

Knyay

ខ្ងី

TH

Khing

ขิง

VN

Gung

Gừng

JP

Shougaショウガ

Remarks

Distribution: Wild forms of ginger have not been foundand its origin is uncertain. Ginger has been grown intropical Asia since ancient times.

Jun. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Life form: Perennial herb. 50-100cm tall.

Use: Rhizomes are used for a lot of dishes as a spice. Young flower buds are eaten raw. There are redflower buds and green buds of Z. officinale in local markets. Commonly, it is planted in the homegarden of each house.
General info.: Rhizomes have been used as medicine since B.C.. Gingerol, which is an extract of a
raw rhizomes, controls liver problems. Shogaol, which is an extract from dried rhizomes, has
painkilling, antitussive, and alleviation-of-fever effect.
Ref. No.: 18, 27, 40,42, 48

Z. officinale Sep. 2009 Vientiane province, Laos

Zingiber sp.
Sep. 2009

Z. officinale Jul. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Z. montanum

322

Vientiane province, Laos

Jul.2011

Pakse, Laos

Order: Zingiberales

Musa sp.

Family: Musaceae

LA

Kuay

KH

Chyeak

TH

Kuay

VN

Chuoi

Chuối

JP

Bananaバナナ

េចកRemarks

Distribution: Tropical Asia and Malesia are considered
the center for Banana.
Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 5m tall. A pseudo stem
is formed by overlapped and rolled leaf sheath.

Jul. 2010 Phnom Penh , Cambodia

Use: Fruits are "Banana" as we all know. Sliced reddish flower bracts and inside pseudo stems arealso used as a garnish.
Ref. No.: 18, 47

Jul. 2010 Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

Aug. 2013 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Jul. 2010 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Aug. 2013 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam323

Order: Ranunculales

Cyclea barbata
LA

Family: Menispermaceae

Ni ma noy

KH

.

TH

Ma noi, Khruea ma noi

VN

Day sam, Sam long

Dây sâm, sâm lông

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina, Sunda and Java.
Life form: Woody climber. Up to 5 m.
Use: A leaf and a thin vine are used in order to make aJul. 2010 Pakse, Laos

grass jelly.

General info.: A decoction made of the roots is used in local medicine against fever, stomatitis andliver disease.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 47

Order: Ranunculales

Tiliacora triandra
LA

YanangFamily: MenispermaceaeÃ®μ¾−¾¤

KH.

TH

Thao yanang, Choi nang, เถาย่านาง
Thao wan khieo

VN

Day xanhDây xanhJP
Remarks

Distribution: Assam, South Burma, Cambodia, Laos,
Vietnam and Malay peninsula.

Sep. 2009 Houayxay, Laos

Life form: Climber. Common in forest edges and open bush.
Use: Crushed leaves and thin vines are used to coax out flavor. It is an essential kitchen ingredientwhen cooking bamboo shoot in Laos and Thailand.
General info.: In the traditional medicine of Thailand, the shoot is used as an antifebrile andleaves are used as a medicine to discharge toxins. In Cambodia, a shoot is used for the
preparation of a medicine for dysentery.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 18, 40, 42324

Order: Proteales

Nelumbo nucifera

Family: Nelumbonaceae

LABoua, Boua louang

Ï¾¡®ö¸

KH

Chouk, Chuok sow

ឈូក

TH

Boua louangบัวหลวง

VN

Sen

Sen

JP

Hasu

ハス

Remarks

Distribution: Asia, Europe, and Australia.
Life form: Perennial herb. Emergent plant. Leaf is 0.5-1m
tall above the water face, circular, 25-90cm diameter, leaf

Jul. 2010 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

stem attached on the center of leaf. Flower is taller thanleaf,
10–23 cm in diameter, color white to pink.
Use: Thin young rhizomes are popular ingredients in Indochina. It is used as an ingredient in soup,boiled with coconuts milk, and fried with other vegetables. The texture of the young rhizome islight. Young seeds are eaten raw for a snack.
All parts of the N. nucifera are used for medicine. Alkaloid is included in the leaf, stamen, fruits,
and seed. Rhizome and seed are effective against throat ulcers and skin disease.
Ref. No.: 5, 10, 18, 27, 29, 38, 48

Sep. 2009 Vientiane province, LaosFeb. 2010

Jun. 2007 Chong Khnies, Cambodia

Thakhek, Laos

Jul. 2010 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

325

Order: Vitales

Cissus hastate

Family: Vitaceae¦í´ìö´LASom loum

KH

Sannda (as C. repens)

TH

Som sandan, Som op ep,ส้มสันดาน

VN

Ho dang mui giaoHồ đằng mũi giáo

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to the east coast of Australia
Jul. 2008

through Indochina, Thailand and Southeast Asia.

Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Evergreen climber. Family of grape.
Use: Leaves are used as a sour taste ingredient. It is used for mushroom soup. In Thailand, leaf,
stem, and fruit are used for coughs, as an expectorant, and as an anti-emetic. The powder of a root
is applied to swelling. In Cambodia, young leaves and fruits of C. repens are used for same
purpose as C. hastata.
Ref. No.: 7, 27, 47

Order: Celastrales

Salacia chinensis
LA

Family: CelastraceaeÃ®ª¾Ä¡È

Takai

KH
TH

Kam phaeng chet chan, Ta กําแพงเจ็ดชัน
้
kai

VN

Chop mau Trung Quoc

Chóp mau Trung QuốcJP
Remarks

Distribution:

Scatteredfrom

tropical

Africa,Indochina, Malesia and Fiji.

India,
Sep. 2009 Houayxay, Laos

Life form: Liana or shrub. 3-10 m long.
General info.: The photo is of leaves that were put in order with other vegetables at a morningmarket in northern Laos. According to PROSEA, fruits are eaten. The roots are astringent. In thePhilippines a decoction from the roots is used against amenorrhoea and is supposed to cause
abortion.
Ref. No.: 12, 15, 47, 48

326

Order: Oxalidales

Connarus cochinchinensis
LA

Soapsap°ñ¡§º®Á§®

KH

Lumpuehs, Smachលំ ពស់

TH

Thopthaep, Ma woถอบแถบ

VN

Lop bopLốp bốp

Family: Connaraceae

JP
Remarks

Distribution: South Laos, Cambodia, South Vietnam to
Northern Malay Peninsula.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Climber or small tree.
Use: Young leaves are used as vegetable. The bark can be chewed with the betel.
General info.: C. bariensis and C. semidecandrrus have the same local name in Laos. These are notseen in a market.
Ref. No.: 12, 14, 27

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Irvingiaceae

Irvingia malayana
Ï¾¡®ö¡

LA

Mak bok

KH

Cham bakTH

Krabokกระบก

VN

Ko-niaKơ-niaJP
Remarks

Distribution: FromIndochina to Peninsula Malaysia,
Borneo, and Sumatra.
Life form: Evergreen tree. 10-30 m tall in Indochina.

Sep. 2009 Vientiane province, Laos

Use: The seeds are roasted and their inner part served as a snack.
Seeds are used for the manufacturing of wax, cocoa and soap.
Ref. No.: 10, 14, 27, 45327

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Hypericaceae

Cratoxylum cochinchinense
LA

Phak tao

KH

Lngieng tuk

TH

Tio kliangติ้วเกลี้ยง

VN

Thanh nganh nam

Thành ngạnh nam

JPOhaguro-no-ki

オハグロノキRemarks

Distribution: From Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia,
Borneo, Sumatra, and Palawan.

Jun. 2011 Parkse, Laos

Life form: Deciduous small tree.

Use: Acid young leaves are appreciated as vegetables, eaten raw with rap in Laos, and for "samla"
in Cambodia. A tree that has grown on a common is used. It makes good firewood.
Ref. No.: 16, 27, 45, 46

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Hypericaceae

Cratoxylum formosum
LA

Tiew

°ñ¡¡½ª…¸, Ã®ª…¸,°ñ¡ª…¸

KH

Lngiengេល្ងៀង

TH

Tio khaoติ้วขาว

VN

Thanh nganh dep, Do ngon

Thành ngạnh đẹp, Đỏ ngọnJP
Remarks

Distribution: MyanmarIndochina, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, and southern China.
Life form: Deciduous small tree. Up to 3–6 m tall..
Feb. 2010

Savannakhet, Laos

Use: Young leaves and young flowers are eaten raw with Laap and used in fish curries, giving afragrant and sour tannin-like taste.
Dried Leaves, bark and roots are consumed as a tea and have medicinal properties. In traditional
medicine, resin from the bark is used to scrub the soles of feet with dry and broken skin.
The wood is good for making charcoal.
General info.: This tree that has grown on a common of village is used. In Laos, C. f. subsp.

prunifloorum called "Tiew daen" is similarly-used as this species.
Ref. No.: 7, 12, 21, 22, 23, 27, 45, 48, 49

328

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Antidesma ghaesembilla
LA

Hmauz nooyz

KH

Dangkiep k'dam

TH

Mao-khaipla,
Maothung

VN

Choi moi, Chua moiតេង្កៀបកា្តម
Mangmao,Chòi mòi, Chua mòi

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Tropical Africa, India, southern China,
Southeast Asia and Australia.

Jul. 2013 Kampong Chhunang, Cambodia

Life form: Deciduous small tree.
Use: Sour fruits are eaten raw and prepared into jams.
Stems are used as construction material.
Ref. No.: 27, 45

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus acidusLAYomÏ¾¡¨ö´

KH

Kantotកន្ទួត

TH

Mayom

มะยม

VN

Chum ruot, Tam ruotChùm ruột, Tầm ruộtJP

Amedama-no-ki

アメダマノキRemarks

Distribution: Probably native to coastal Brazil. Cultivated intropical Asia and Polynesia islands since immemorial times.
Life form: Small tree, up to 10 m. Fruits grow on a trunk.

Feb. 2010 Pakse, Laos

Use: Sour ripe fruit is edible. Leaves are eaten as a salad. Since ancient times, the latex, root, bark,leaf, and fruit of this plant are used to make various medicines.
Ref. No.: 14, 16, 27, 42, 47

329

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus emblica
LA

KhampomÏ¾¡¢¾´¯Éº´

KHKantout prayកន្ទួតៃ្រព

TH

Ma kham pomมะขามป้ อม

VN

Chum ruot nui, Me rungMalakkanoki, Anmala,YukanChùm ruột núi, Me rừngマラッカノキ、アンマラ、ユカン

JPRemarks

Distribution: India to Southeast Asia and Malesia.
Life form: Tree. Up to 20 m tall. Small linear-oblong single
leaves are alternate and densely crowd along the branch.

Sep. 2009

Vientiane province, Laos

A shoot looks like a compound leaf.
Use: Sour ripe fruit is edible. Used for the sour ingredient of dishes. It is rich in vitamin C andapplied for expectorant. Roots, leaves, bark, and insect galls are used for the making of many
medicines. The decoction of roots is used against fever. Tannin is extracted from the bark. Woods
are used for furniture construction and as firewood.
Ref. No.: 14, 26, 27, 37, 42, 47
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Sauropus androgynusLA

Wan ban

KH

Ngup

ងប់

TH

Wan ban, Kan tongผักหวานบ้าน

VN

Bo ngot, Bu ngot

Bồ ngót, Bù ngót

JP

Amameshiba

アマメシバ

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina and Malesia.
Life form: Shrub or small tree. Up to 4 m tall.
Jul. 2010 Stung Treng, Cambodia

Use: Leaves are used for cooking as vegetable. It is a popular ingredient of fried vegetable, soup,
and curry. In Cambodia, bamboo shoots are boiled and they are essential kitchen ingredient . Fruits
are edible. Jam can also be made.
In traditional medicine, leaves are used as a medicine against coughs. It is used to soothe the lungs,
as a tonic, and as a febrifugal to relieve internal fever.
General info.: It is planted in most home gardens.
Ref. No.: 14, 18, 27, 42330

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Codiaeum variegatum
Ngeun, KhamÃ®À¤ò−Ã®£¿TH

Koson, Ko ton, Kri krasom

โกสน

VN

Co tongCô tòngJP

Henyouboku, Kuroton

ヘンヨウボク、クロトン

LA
KH

Remarks

Distribution: Malesia and the West Pacific Island arcs up to
Fiji.

Sep. 2009 Chiang Rai Thailand

Life form: Shrub, up to 3 m high. Cultivated for the showy
leaves, there is extreme variations among the various races.
General info.: Primarily an ornamental plant, for its variegated leaves, with a variety of races.
Information as foods is not mentioned in the Flora of Thailand. Nevertheless, it was assured that
this species had been sold as a vegetable at one market in north Thailand.
Ref. No.: 14, 46
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Manihot esculenta
LA

Manton´ñ−ªí−

KH

T`ngangថ្ងាន់

TH

Man sampalangมันสําปะหลัง

VN

Khoai mi, San

Khoai mì, SắnJP

Kyassaba

キャッサバ

Remarks

Distribution: Cultivation and found throughout SE Asia
and Malesia.
Sep. 2007

Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Shrub. Up to 7 m high. Leaf blade palmately 3-9-lobed, diameter 20cm wide.
Use: Tapioca is made from cassava. The roots are eaten cooked, steamed, fried or roasted whenfresh or after drying or fermenting. The leaves and young flowers are also eaten, they containreasonable amounts of carotene and vitamin C, though they too have to be cut in pieces and they
have to be cooked to rid the HCN.
General info.: The roots constitute one of the world's most important stock crops for starch. It is also
an important emergency crop. There are two types of Cassava; a sweet one and bitter one. Only
sweet cassava can be eaten fresh in small quantities (the peel contains the most HCN). The bitterones have to be treated due to a much higher HCN content.
Ref. No.: 14, 42, 48
331

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida
LA

Baung, Yoth mak noth°ñ¡ບ້ ວ¤, ຍອດໝາກນ
໋ ອດ

KH

Sau mau prayសាវមា៉វ

TH

Ka thok rok, Rokกะทกรก

VN

Nhan long, Lac tienNhãn lòng, Lạc tiênJP

Kusa-tokeisou

クサトケイソウ

Remarks

Distribution: Cultivated and often naturalized in most
tropical countries.

Jul. 2010 Stung Treng, Cambodia

Life form: Perennial climbing herb. Usually grows wild
on a common and wayside of village.
Use: Young leaves are cooked. It is popular in local market inIndochina.
The ripe fruits are eaten raw. They are sweet and juicy.
Ref. No.: 42, 46, 47

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Pandaceae

Microdesmis caseariifolia
On taw°ñ¡ºÈº−ªÒTH

Salot pa, Tana tua miaสลอดป่ า

VN

Chanh oc, Chan

Chanh ốc, ChẩnJP

Kurokiibo

クロキイボ

LA
KH

Remarks

Distribution: From South China, Burma and Indochina to
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Philippines.
Life form: Small tree. Up to 10m tall.
General info.: A villager said that this is also eaten in Laos.
Ref. No.: 14, 46, 48

332

Jul. 2008 Vientiane province, Laos

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae

Garcinia cochinchinensis
LA
KH

Sunndangសណ្តាន់

Bua nha, Tai chuaBứa nhà, Tai chua

TH
VN
JP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina, often cultivated in Cambodia.
Life form: Small tree, 10-15 m tall.
Use: The acid fruits are used as culinary spices. When cut

Jul. 2010 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

and dried in the sun they will keep for a long time. They
are used in cooking as acid element, like a lemon. These
fruits are more popular in Cambodia then they are in Laosor Thailand
Since this tree is the same genus as Mangosteen, aseedling is used as a rootstock of Mangosteen.
Ref. No.: 27, 47
Jul. 2011 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae

Garcinia oliveri
LA

Mohng

KH

Tamoung

TH

Mohng

VN

Bua nui្រទមូង
Bứa núi

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina, often cultivated in Cambodia.
Life form: Tree, 20-30 m tall.

Jul. 2010 Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

Use: Leaves are used as sour condiments. The fruit cut in slices can be kept in salt.
Popular in Cambodia and less so in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, bark is a component of a remedy against bronchitis. In
ground form, it can be used to treat a hematoma and to make an anti-inflammatory analgesic
plaster for sprains.
According to recent studies, a substance with an antioxidant action is extracted from the bark.
Ref. No.: 12, 27333

Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae

Flacourtia indica
LA

Kane

Ï¾¡ເກ
ັ ນ

KH

Ka khop pray្រកខុបៃ្រព

TH

Ta khop paตะขบป่ า

VN

Hong quan anHồng quân ẤnJP

Indo-lukamu

インドルカムRemarks

Distribution:

1cm
Cultivated in Africa and Asia.

Life form: Deciduous tree. Up to 15 m tall. It has longSep. 2007 Vientiane province, Laosspines on the twig.
Use: The fruit is edible.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, the roasted leaves, bark, and fruit were used to make tonic
drinks prescribed to young mothers.
The wood, not affected by termites, is used to make columns for houses, pestles for rice, and axe
handles.
Ref. No.: 27, 46

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Acacia concinna
LA

Som poy

KH

Bay damnaeb, Banla saotສົ ້ ມປອຍ
្រកទុេំ ថត, ក្ទម្ពេទស

TH

Som poiส้มป่ อยVN

Keo dep, Phi tao giap

Keo đẹp, Phì tạo giáp

JP

Okinawa-nemu

オキナワネムRemarks

Distribution: Tropical Asia
Life form: Woody climber.

Feb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laos

Use: Young leaves are sour and eaten in salad.
In traditional medical treatment, the fruit is used; externally for eczema or leprosy and internallyas a laxative. The seed has a medical reputation for providing a comfort effect during birth process.
Fruit is used for washing hair.
Ref. No.: 27, 46

334

Acacia pennata subsp. Insuavis
LA

Kha

°ñ¡¢½

KH

S'am, Thama toeb

ស្អំ

TH

Cha omชะอม

VN

Keo kerr

Keo Kerr

JP

Chaom

チャオーム

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Remarks

Distribution: Introduced and cultivated to Southeast Asia.
Jul. 2010 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Life form: Woody climber or shrub up to 5 m tall. Found in open, scrubby forest or swampy forest
and along streams.
Use: Boiled or steamed young leaves are eaten with fermented fish paste, with Laap, and soup. The
bark is used as a condiment.
Vitamin A, B1, B2, C, and Niacin are contained in new leaves. In the traditional medicine ofThailand, bark is used as a parasiticide. In Cambodia, seeds are used to treat diarrhea, dysentery,and hemorrhoids. It is long held belief that the oil yielded from seeds is a remedy for leprosy.
Ref. No.: 5, 23, 27, 51

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Bauhinia variegate©º¡®É¾−

LA

Ban

KH

Cheng kooTH

Siao dok khaoเสี้ ยวดอกขาว

VN

Mong bo soc

Móng bò sọc

JPSoshinka

ソシンカ

Remarks

Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Life form: Shrub or small tree. The leaf shape is likeFeb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laosa butterfly with two lobes and veins radiating from the base of the leaf.
Use: The flowers are edible when fried. Young leaves, buds, and fruits are also edible.
In local medicine, the bark is used to cure wounds. A decoction of any part of the plants is taken
against dysentery. It is planted on the roadside or in a garden as an ornamental plant.
Ref. No.: 27, 42, 45, 46335

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Caesalpinia mimosoides
Nam panya

ຜັກນ
ໍ້ າ

TH

Puya, Nam puyaผักปู่ ย่า, หนามปู่ ย่า

VN

Diep trinh nu, Moc meoĐiệp trinh nữ, Móc mèo

LA
KH

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to China and Indochina.
Life form: Woody climber. Branchlets densely ferruginous
glandular hairy, with curved prickles.

Jun. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Use: Young shoots are eaten with soup and bamboo dishes. This is popular in the local markets of
Laos.
In traditional medicine this plant is used as a medicine for blood and dizziness.
Ref. No.: 7, 48

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Delonix regia
LA

Hang nok yung, PangÏ¾¡¹¾¤−ö¡¨÷¤ Íõ Ï¾¡Á¯¤

KH

Kroap chukrot,
Kngaok barangឈូករត្ន

TH

Hang nok yung farangหางนกยูงฝรั่ง

VN

Phuong vi, Diep tayPhượng vĩ, Điệp tây

JPHouou-boku

ホウオウボク

Remarks

Distribution: Originating from Madagascar. Planted asstreet or garden tree in the tropics.
Life form: Tree. 10-20m tall.

Feb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laos

Use: In Laos, seeds are eaten as a snack. In Cambodia, the young leaves are sometimes consumed
as vegetables.
It is supposed that the young leaves are effective against rheumatism.
Ref. No.: 27336

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Leucaena leucocephalaLA

KathinÃ®¡½ê†−

KH

Kanthom thead្រកធំេថត, ក្ទុមេទស

TH

Kathin, Krathinกระถิน

VN

Keo Binh linh, Keo giau, Bo Keo Bình Linh, Keo giậu, Bọ

JP

chet

chét

Gingoukan, Gin-nemu

ギンゴウカン、ギンネム

Remarks

Distribution: Native to tropical Central

America.

Life form: Small tree to 4-8m tall. Often occupying the

Sep. 2009

Vientiane province, Laos

common and roadside of a village.
Use: The young leaves are eaten as salad with fermented fish paste or laap. Young fruits, green
seeds are also eaten.
General info.: Poisonous amino acid called Mimosine is contained in this plant. There are reports ofdepilation and poisoning of people and livestock.
One of the 100 world's worst invasive Alien Species of IUCN.
Ref. No.: 6, 10, 16, 18, 27, 45, 46, 47
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Neptunia oleracea
LA

Kaseth°ñ¡¡½À¦©

KH

Kanh chaetកែញ្ឆត

TH

Kra chet,
Ruunong

VN

Rau nhuc, Rau rut

Rau nhúc, Rau rút

JP

Mizu-ojigisou

ミズオジギソウ

Kasethnam, ผักกระเฉด

Remarks

Distribution: Widely distributed in the tropics.
Life form: Floating plant rooted on the ground of shore. It
forms the white thick float on the stem. Shoots run on thesurface of water.

Sep. 2007 Siem Reap, Cambodia

Use: Young shoots are removed and the float is eaten with fermented fish or shrimp paste. It is a
popular ingredient in Indochina. It has rich nutrition containing protein, a mineral, and vitamin.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, sap is used for a throat ulcer and hepatitis, and leaves areprescribed as an anodyne and for fever reduction.
General info.: Plants grown in the village reservoir and canals are self-consume or sold at market.
Leaves are very sensitive to contact stimulation and will immediately close when touched.
Ref. No.: 5, 18, 23, 40, 42, 46, 47
337

Order: Fabales

Senna siamea

Family: Fabaceae°ñ¡¢šÀ¹ùñ¡LA

Kheelak

KH

AngkanhTH

Khi lekขี้เหล็ก

VN

Muong xiem, Muong denMuồng Xiêm, Muồng đen

JPTagayasan

タガヤサン

.

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina, Malesia.
Life form: Tree, Up to 30m tall. It is often planted in thegarden or wayside.

Feb. 2010

Pakse, Laos

Use: In Thailand and Indochina, young fruits and leaves
are eaten as a vegetable. During preparation, the cooking
liquid is replaced three times to remove toxins. Freshleaves and boiled leaves are seen in the local market.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand each part of thetree is used. Bark is used for hemorrhoids; leaves are used
for calculus; flower buds and young leaves are used as alaxative; sapwood is used to treat a throat ulcer; andJul. 2010

Ubon Ratchathani,Thailand

heartwood is used as a medicine for gonorrhea.
Ref. No.: 5, 17, 18, 37, 42, 47, 48

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Sesbania grandiflora
LA

Khae

©º¡Á£

KH

Ong kie daiអង្គាសដី

TH

Khae banแคบ้าน

VN

So duaSo đũaJP

Shiro-gochou

シロゴチョウRemarks

Distribution: It is considered native to Southeast Asia. It is
widely distributed to the tropics.
Life form: Small tree, 4-10m tall.

Sep. 2009 Lamphun, Thailand

Use: Young flowers are used as a vegetable for salads, curries and soups. It is planted in a homegarden and it doubles as an ornament tree.
Leaves have a medicinal effect against a cold and fever and the bark is used for diarrhea in
traditional medicine. Young leaves and tender pods are used as a fodder.
Ref. No.: 5, 18, 23, 27, 43, 46, 47, 49
338

Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Sesbania javanica
LA

Khae

ດອກແຄ

KH

Snau

េសា្ន

TH

Sano

โสน

VN

Dien dienĐiên điển

.

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to Australia through China andSoutheast Asia.

Aug. 2013 Can Tho, Vietnam

Life form: Small tree. 1-5m tall.
Use: Young flowers are used as an ingredient in soup and omelets. It is popular in Cambodia andsouth Vietnam, and also seen in Laos. The yellow color of the flower is carotene. The flower is used
as food color since carotene is stable with heat.
In traditional medicine, leaves are used for swelling, flowers as a medicine of intestine, and roots forthroat ulcers.
Ref. No.: 5, 23, 27, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Tamarindus indica
LA

Kham

ªí−Ï¾¡¢¾´

KH

Ampl

អម្ពិល

TH

Kham

มะขาม

VN

Me

Me

JP

Tamarindo

タマリンド

Remarks

Distribution: Indigenous in Africa. Widely cultivated allover the tropics.
Life form: Tree. Up to 20m tall.

Jul. 2010 Pakse Laos

Use: The green fruits and flowers may be used for souring soupy dishes of fish and meat. The ripe
fruit of the sweet type is usually eaten fresh, whereas the fruits of sour types are made into juice,
jam, syrup and candy.
Fruits are used as an antifebrile, a laxative, and an antiscorbutic agent. In traditional medicine
mature leaves are used for dysentery, fruit pulp is used as a laxative, and old seeds are used as aparasiticide for children.
Wood is hard and heavy. It is used for productive materials like a cutting board.
Ref. No.: 5, 15, 18, 37, 45, 47, 49339

Order: Rosales

Artocarpus integer

Family: Moraceae

LA

Mi

KH

Chompa dokចំបា៉ដក់

TH

Champada, Champedakจําปาดะ

VN

Mit to nu

Mít tố nữJP

Koparamitsu

コパラミツ

Remarks

Distribution: From Myanmar to Malesia throughIndochina.

Jul. 2010 Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

Life form: Tree. Up to 20m tall. It is same genus of Jack fruits.
Use: The fleshy perianths which surround the seeds are eaten fresh or cooked. It is sweet and juicy.
Ref. No.: 42, 46, 47

Order: Rosales

Ficus sp.
LA

Hai

KH

Leap

Family: Moraceae

TH
VN
JP
Remarks

Life form: Tree.
Use: Young leaves are eaten raw with meat.
Ref. No.: 12, 27

Feb. 2010 Pakse, Laos340

Order: Rosales

Ficus sp.
LA

Tour hair

KH

L’vearom, Lvie dai

Family: Moraceae

TH
VN

Va

Vả

JP
Remarks

Life form: Tree.
Use: Fruits are eaten. Some species of Ficus fruits are seen

Feb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laosin local markets.
Ref. No.: 12, 27

Order: Rosales

Morus alba

Family: Moraceae

LA

Mom

KH

Mon touch, Mon pooh

TH

Mon

หม่อน

VN

Dau tamDâu tằm

JP

Ymama-guwa

ヤマグワ

Remarks

Distribution: From Afghanistan to China and Japan throughJul. 2010

Himalaya region

Ubon Rachatani Thailand

Life form: Small tree. 3-10m tall.
Use: In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, the leaves are a component of a remedy against the
conjunctivitis or wounds. The barks are used as an astringent.
It is an important sericulture food source.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 48

341

Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae

Coccinia grandis
LA
KH

Bah

TH

Tamlueng, Khaepตําลึง

VN

Day batDây bát

JP

Yasai-kalasu-uri

ヤサイカラスウリ

Remarks

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Old World. Fromnorthern tropical Africa to North Australia through India

Jul. 2011 Kratie, Cambodia

and Malesia.
Life form: Climber to 8m long. Fruit is green, grow in rows, and turn bright red when ripe.
Use: Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. It is used for "samla", liquid dishes in Cambodia.
The plant is used in traditional medicine for scabies and diabetes.
General info.: Popular vegetable in local markets. Usually grown in home gardens and roadside.
Ref. No.: 14, 42

Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita maxima
LAEu, Fak kham

KH

Lpeu

TH

Fak khiao, Fak thong

VN

Bi ro, Bi do

Bí rợ, Bí đỏ

JP

Seiyou-kabocha

セイヨウカボチャ.

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from America. It was introduced allover the world.

Sep. 2012 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Life form: Annual herbaceous climber.
Use: All parts of this species are edible except thick stems and old leaves. In the Indochina region,
flowers and young leaves are a popular ingredient of dishes. Flowers are eaten raw or with soup.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 42, 46, 48

342

Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae

Luffa cylindrical
LA

Buab

KH

No noung moulTH

Buap klom, Buap hom

VN

Muop huongMướp hương

JP

Hechima

ヘチマ.

Remarks

Distribution: Originally in south Asia. Widely cultivated.
Life form: Medium-sized climber to 5 m long.

Sep. 2009 Houayxay Laos

Use: Young fruits that appear powdery-white are ready to eat. The photo was taken in Laos,
flowers, young leaves, and young fruit are sold at local market.
Ref. No.: 42

Momordica charantia f. abbreviateSai°ñ¡Ã¦È

KH

Marea

្រមះ

TH

มะระ

VN

Mara, Phakhoei,
Phakhai, Mahoi
Muop dang, Kho qua

JP

Nigauri

ニガウリ

LA

Order: Cucurbitales
Family: CucurbitaceaeMướp đắng, Khổ qua

Remarks

Distribution: The tropics.
Life form: Annual herb. Climber. Up to 5 m long.

Jul. 2008 Keun, Vientiane, Laos

Use: Young leaves and fruits are edible. Boiled young leaves are eaten with fermented fish paste orwith soup for the bitter-tasting ingredient. Fruits are eaten raw, stir-fried, or as pickles.
It is a popular ingredient. They are often grown in village clearings, waysides, and home-gardens.
It contains a chemical compound called Momordicin which cause bitter-taste. Fruits are prescribedfor numerous medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, it is prescribed for diabetes, hepatitis, a knee
pain, etc. A decoction of the root is used for allergy.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 18, 26, 27, 42, 47, 49343

Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae

Momordica cochinchinensis
LA

Khao, Kheua, Khai

KH

.

TH

Khao

VN

Gac

Gấc

JP

Namban-karasu-uri

ナンバンカラスウリ

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Malesia through Indochina.
Life form: Deciduous woody climber. It climbs up tall

Sep. 2010 Vientiane province, Laos

trees and fruiting occurs on a high position. It has a tuber in the ground trees. Fruiting on a highposition. It has a tuber in the ground.
Use: Young fruits, new shoots and flowers are used for an ingredient of curry. Young shoots arecooked with shrimp or meat with oyster sauce. This plant is called "Rice vine". It is used to makered rice for celebration. Red ripe pulp and seeds are steamed with sticky rice.
General info.: Since it is rich in lycopene it has antioxidant properties. It is also rich in vitamin A, C,
and alpha-linoleic acid.
Ref. No.: 14, 42, 46, 47, 49

Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae

Castanopsis sp.
LA

Kaw

KH

KhaohsTH

MaikouVN

De, Kha thu

Dẽ, Kha thụJPShii-no-mi

シイの実

ໝາກກ
ໍ
.

Remarks

Life form: Tree.
Use: Nuts are eaten raw, boiled or roasted.

Sep. 2009 Vientiane province, Laos

General info.: Some big trees are left behind village.
Ref. No.: 14, 23, 45344

Order: Myrtales
Family: Onagraceae

Ludwigia adscendens
LA

Pouy nam°ñ¡²¸¨−ÕKH

Komping pouyកំពីងពួយស

TH

Phaeng phuai namแพงพวยนํ้า

VN

Rau dua nuoc

Rau dừa nướcJP

Ke-mizu-kinbai

ケミズキンバイ

Remarks

Distribution: Native of continental Asia. Introduced as aweed in tropical Africa.

Sep. 2007

Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Perennial herb. It roots on shallow bottom land and elongates stem to the water area.
A stem forms a white float. The stem elongates above the water about 20cm, it opens leaves andwhite flowers.
Use: Young shoots are eaten raw with fish sauce. Not found in markets.
In traditional medicine of Cambodia, Leaves are used as a remedy against the diseases of thescalp.
Ref. No.: 10, 27, 46, 47

Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae

Terminalia chebulaLA

Som mor

KH

Sramaสมอไทย

TH

Samo thaiVN

Xang, Tieu (ca lich, chieu lieu Xàng, Tiếu, (cà lich, chiêu
xanh)liêu xanh).

JP

Mirobalan-no-ki

ミロバランノキ

Remarks

Distribution: From the sub-Himalayan region of Nepal andnorthern India to Indochina.
Jul. 2011 Pakse, Laos

Life form: Deciduous tree. Up to 25 m.

Use: The bitter green fruit is eaten raw with roasted fish in Cambodia and eaten raw with Laap in
Laos.
The fruit is rich in tannin. Leather tanned with this fruit is soft. The bark produces a gum.
Ref. No.: 18, 27, 46 , 47345

Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae

Syzygium antisepticum°ñ¡¦½À´ñ¡

LA

Samek

KH

Poun

TH

Mek, Samet chunเม็ก, เสม็ดชุน

VN

Tram

Trâm

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to Malesia through Indochina.
Life form: Tree. Up to 20m tall. This small tree that has
grown on a common is used.

Jul. 2010 Pakse, Laos

Use: Young leaves are eaten with Laap in Laos. After eating with oily meat, mouth feels fresh.
The bark has been used as a black dye.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 45, 52

Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae

Trapa natans
LA

Chap

Ï¾¡¥ñ®

KH

Krochap្រកចាប់

TH

Ma ngaengมะแง่ง

VN

Au nuocẤu nước

JP

Tou-bishi

トウビシ

Remarks

Distribution: Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical
Asia.

Sep. 2007 Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Annual herb. Floating leaved plant. Two horn water chestnut. It grows in theslow-moving rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds.
Use: Fruits are eaten raw or cooked.
In Cambodia the hard pericarp, in infusion, is considered a tonic and febrifuge.
Ref. No.: 12, 27, 42, 46, 48, 52346

Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae

Bouea oppositifolia
LA

Phang

ໝາກຜາ¤KH

Mak prangមា៉ក់្របាង

TH

Ma pring, Ma yong chitมะปริ งVN

Thanh tra, Xoai rung

Thanh trà, xoài rừngJP

Pulam-mangoo

プラムマンゴーRemarks

Distribution: Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropicalAsia.

Feb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laos

Life form: Tree. 6-30 m tall.
Use: Fruits are sweet and eaten as desserts.
Trunk is used to make a valuable varnish and wood is used for supports or pillars.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 42

Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae

Spondias dulcis
LA

Kork

KH

Makak

មា្កក់

TH

Makok farang, Makok waanมะกอกฝรั่ง

VN

Coc

Cóc

JP

Ama-yani-lingo,
Tahichi-monbing, Tamago-no-ki

アマヤニリンゴ、タヒチ
モンビン、タマゴノキ

Remarks

Distribution: Native from Melanesia to Polynesia.
Introduced into all over the tropics.
Life form: Tree. 10 - 15m tall.

Jul. 2010 Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

Use: Young leaves and fruits are edible. Fruits are eaten raw with salt and pepper. Ripe fruit isstewed and used for jams, jellies, and juice. The green fruit is used frequently in green salads,
curries, and making pickles.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, the bark is used against diarrhea. There are diverse
medicinal uses of fruit, leaves, and bark in different parts of the world. Its use for the treatment ofwounds, sores, and burns has been reported in several countries.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 27, 42, 45, 46, 47347

Or der : Sapindales

Spondias pinnata

Family: Anacardiaceae
Ï¾¡¡º¡

LA

Kok

KH

Mkak prei, Puen si phlae, មា្កក់
Pounblay
Ma kok, Kok-mon, Kok khao มะกอก

TH

.

VN

Coc rungJP

Yani-lingo, Kohaku-monbing ヤニリンゴ、コハクモンビン

Cóc rừng

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Malesia through Indochina.
Life form: Deciduous tree. 5-25 m tall.
Jan. 2009 Chiang Mai, Thailand

Use: Young leaves are eaten raw with fermented fish paste. It is used for Laap and Coi in Laos.
Raw fruits are edible but not so popular because of their astringent, acid and turpentine flavor. It is
used for a crystallized fruits, jam and ice cream.
The trunk is used against the malaria in Cambodia. Medicinally the fruit is used as an astringent,antiscorbutic and it is also used against bilious dyspepsia. The juice is applied against earache.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 27, 42, 45, 46, 47

Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae

Azadirachta indicaLA

Ka dao, Khom

ກາເດ
ົ າ

KH

Sdau, Salien

េសៅ្ត

TH

Sadao, Saliam, Kadao

สะเดา

VN

Sau dauSầu đâu

JP

Indo-sendang

インドセンダン、ニーム

Remarks

Distribution: Native to Indo-Pakistan to Myanmar. It is
widely cultivated.

Feb. 2010

Louang Phrabang, Laos

Life form: Tree. Up to 25m tall.
Use: Boiled young leaves and flowers are eaten as bitter-taste vegetable. Fruits are sweet andedible.
Mature leaves have anti-diabetic properties. Bark is used like quinine. India extracted acontraceptive ingredient from dried seed in 1994. In the traditional medicine of Thailand, tea madefrom dried flowers is used for stomach health and used as an antifebrile.
Ref. No.: 11, 21, 27, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 49348

Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Aegle marmelos
LATumÏ¾¡ªø´

KH

Pnou

ភ្េនៅ

TH

Matum

มะตูม

VN

Quanch, Bau nau

Quách, Bầu nâu

JPBelu-no-ki

ベルノキ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated in the India. Cultivated in
Indochina and Malesia.

Sep. 2009 Chiang Rai, Thailand

Life form: Tree. Up to 10-15m tall.
Use: Young shoots are eaten as a salad. Ripe fruit is eaten fresh and is also prepared as sherbet,
syrup, and jam. The most popular usage is tea made with sliced and dried young fruits.
As a medicine, the tea has an effect on chronic dysentery, diarrhea and constipation.
General info.: It is an old cultivated tree in India, particularly found in temple gardens. In
Indochina, trees are grown nearby villages.
Ref. No.: 17, 42, 45, 47

Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Citrus hystrix
LA

Khee hootÏ¾¡, Ã®¢š¹ø©

KH

Kro sauch្រកូចេសីច

TH

Makrutมะกรู ดVN

Truc, Chanh sac

Trúc, Chanh sác

JP

Kobu-mikan

コブミカン

Remarks

Distribution: Widely naturalized from Sri Lanka to Malesia
through Indochina.

Jul. 2013

Battanbang, Cambodia

Life form: Tree. Up to 12 m tall.
Use: Leaves are the flavoring ingredient famously called"Bai Makrut" in Thailand. The juice of the fruit is used forseasoning and to prepare drinks.
Fruits are used as an insecticide in shampoo and it is also
used for treating feet to ward off leech attack.
General info.: Usually it is planted in a home-garden. In
Cambodia, the fruit is mixed with lustral water for use inreligious ceremonies.
Ref. No.: 12, 27, 42, 45, 47
349

Sep. 2007 Vientiane Laos

Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Feroniella lucida
LA

Sang

KH

Krasang្រកសាំងសុីែផ្ល, ្រកសាំងពុល

TH

Ma sang, Mak ka sang

มะสัง

VN

Can thangCần thăng

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina and Java.
Life form: Tree. Up to 25 m tall.
Jul. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Use: The pulp which surround the seeds of young fruit is used as an acid element in Cambodian
culinary called "samla mchu". The flowers are also used as vegetables or to prepare some dishes.
In traditional medicine, flowers and leaves are used as a medicine which helps digestion. In
modern chemistry, some organic compounds are extracted from the root system. Control of cancer
cells, anti-malarial activity, and an anti-tuberculosis activity has been reported. The bark is used tomake incense sticks in Cambodia.
General info.: It is often seen at local markets in Cambodia and Vietnam.
Ref. No.: 10, 19, 27, 31, 45
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Limonia acidissima
LA

Ka sang

KH

Khvat

ខ្វិត

TH

Ma khwitมะขวิด

VN

Quach, Can thang

Quách, Cần thăng

JP

Wood-Apple

ウッドアップル.

Remarks

Distribution: Wilde in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar andIndochina. Cultivated and naturalized in Malaysia andJul. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Indonesia.
Life form: Tree. Up to 12m tall.
Use: The fresh pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten with sugar. It contains rich vitamin and minerals.
In traditional Khmer medicine, fruits are used for a heart tonic and pulp is used for gingivitis.
Leaves are used for an anti-diarrheal. In the modern chemistry, various components such asalkaloid and a steroid are extracted. It has an anticarcinoma activity.
Ref. No.: 17, 27, 28, 45, 46, 47, 52

350

Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Murraya koenigii
LA
KH

Kontorop, Kantrook, Kantroob កេ្រន្ទាក,កេ្រន្តាកសម្ល
samla

TH

Hom khaek, Bai kariหอมแขก, ใบกะหรี่

VN

La cari

Lá cà-riJP

Ooba-gekkitsu,
Nanyo-sansho

Kalee-no-ki, オオバゲッキツ、カレーノ

キ、ナンヨウサンショウ

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina.
Life form: Small tree. Up to 4 m tall.
Jul. 2010

Kampong Chhnang,
Cambodia

Use: Leaves are used as condiments. It is used for soup called "Som low" in Cambodia, and the curryof India and Sri Lanka. English name is “Curry leaf”.
One Japanese women scientist who lived in Indochina over the long term said that “Even if thewhite flowers boiled in soy sauce, it did not lose a scent. It was good side dish.”
In India, it is used as a medicine from B.C.. In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, the bark, root,and leaves are considered invigorating and tonic. The decoctions of leaves are used to bathechildren with scabies. Recent scientist reports indicate a decoction of leaves has strong
antimicrobial action.
Ref. No.: 18, 27, 40, 42, 46, 48

351

Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae

Zanthoxylum sp.
LA

Khane

KH

.

TH
VN

Hoang moc

JP

Unnan-sansho

Hoàng mộc(cf. 40)

ウンナンサンショウ (cf. 40)

Remarks

Life form: Genus Zanthoxylum is shrub or tree. The leaves
and fruits of this species looks like Zanthoxylum

ailanthoides that distribute in Japan. The fruit is about

Nov. 2011 Vang Vieng , Laos

4mm in diameter.
Use: Fruit walls are used as a strong condiment. When theauthor bit into this fruit, the tongue went numb about 10
minutes. Young leaves are also used as a vegetable withlaap or Bamboo shoot.
General info.: Literatures shows Z. rhetsa and Z.

myriacanthum and we think this species in the photos may
be Z. myriacanthum because of the fruit size.
Ref. No.: 13, 14, 17, 40, 47, 48

Nov. 2011 Vang Vieng , Laos

Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae

Arytera litoralis
°ñ¡¡¾

LA

Ka dukKH

Bei sanlekTH

Si puk dong, Kho kam

VN

Truong duyen haiTrường duyên hảiJPFutago-no-ki

フタゴノキ

.

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Solomon through China,
Indochina and Malesia.
Life form: Small tree. 3-10m tall.

Sep. 2009 Houayxay, Laos

Use: Young leaves are eaten as vegetable in Laos. The fruits are also edible.
Ref. No.: 10, 14, 15, 27, 45, 46352

Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae

Nephelium hypoleucumLA

Ton mak ngayªí−Ï¾¡Á¤È¸

KH

Ser moenសិរមាន់

TH

Kho lean, Ma ngaeo

คอแลน

VN

Chom chom trang duoi

Chôm chôm trắng dướiJP
Remarks

Distribution: Indochina.
Life form: Tree. Up to 30m high. It grows in the forest
nearby the village.
Jul. 2008 Vientiane, Laos

Use: The acidic fleshy seed coat is edible.
The wood is used to make tool handles.
Ref. No.: 14, 27

Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae

Schleichera oleosaLA

Kho som, Kho

KH

PongroTH

Ta khro, Kho, Kho som, Pan ตะคร้อ
rong
Dau dauDấu dầu

VN

ព្រង

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Introduced from Sri Lanka and India to eastparts of Indonesia through Indochina.

Jun. 2011 Parkse, Laos

Life form: Tree. Up to 40m tall. Typically growing near termite mounds. The fruit is reddish yellow,
juicy and sour aril.
Use: Young leaves may be eaten as a vegetable in Thailand. The fruit is eaten raw or cooked, buteating too much of it causes stomach ache. Young fruits are sometimes used in spicy papaya saladin Lao. The golden yellow arillus is used to acidulate some liquid dishes, especially spawns "samla"
in Cambodia.
The seed contain up to 70% oil, called "Macassar oil", which has the reputation of stimulating hair
growth. Boiled seed is used to treat back pain and the peel of the fruit is applied to wounds. Barkand stem extracts are used for wounds and to slow down cancer cell growth. The bark is mixed with
red ants to treat stomach aches. It has been believed that the bark is an effective remedy against
malaria and various inflammations. It was discovered recently that sterol or steroid alcohols in thebark have anti-cancer properties.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 51353

Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae

Ceiba pentandraLA

Ngiu barn

KH

Kou, Koor fii

TH

Nun

VN

Bong gon

Bông gòn

JP

Panya-no-ki

パンヤノキ

គរ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from India. Cultivated intropical South America, Africa and Asia.

Jul. 2010 Stung Treng , Cambodia

Life form: Deciduous tree up to 20m tall. Fruit capsule oblong, 12-15 by 3-5 cm, densely silky hairy
inside. Seed shape is reniform and color is black.
Use: Young flowers and fruits are consumed as vegetables in Cambodia.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, resin from the trunk is dilated into water. It constitutes adelicious tonic dessert. Bark is used as a medicine for diarrhea.
Its cotton is used as contents for bedding or pillows.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 46

Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae

Hibiscus sabdariffa
LA

Sompordee¦í´²ð©óKH

Kro chap kdamស្លឹកជូរ,សណ្តាន់េទស

TH

Krachiap
daeng
Sompormo, Sompordee

VN

Bup giam, Day nhatBụp giấm, Đay NhậtJP

Rozel-so

ローゼルソウ, กระเจี๊ยบแดง

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from Africa. Introduced to
Pan-tropics.
Life form: Annual herb. 0.5-3m tall.

Sep. 2007 Vientiane, Laos

Use: Young leaves are used as an acidic ingredient for cooked dishes like Tamarindo soup. Ripe
fruits are sour. It is used for jelly, syrup, and juice.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, buds and leaves are used as digestive medicine. A decoction
is used to wash a wound. Flowers are effective against fever, cough, and to remove bile. It is
supposed that the seed reduces fat in blood.
Ref. No.: 6, 18, 46, 47, 49354

Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae

Leptonychia heteroclite
LA

Wanຜັກຫວານ

Wan dam, Wan parผักหวานดํา

KH
TH
VN
JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indonesia through Indochina.
Life form: Shrub, 1-3m tall.

Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

Use: Buds, young leaves, and young fruit are boiled or steamed. It is taken with a fermented fish
paste or with Laap. It is also cooked with ant egg, fish, and coconut soups.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, a root suppresses the work of poison. It is prescribed when
one is in ill-condition.
Ref. No.: 5, 14

Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae

Scaphium macropodum
LA

Jon, Jon ban

KH

Samrang

TH

Samrong, Phung thalaiสํารอง, พุงทะลาย

VN

Luoi uoiLười ươi

JP

Funemi-no-ki

フネミノキ

Remarks

Distribution: From Indochina to Borneo and Sumatra
through peninsula Malaysia.
Life form: Tree. Up to 45m tall.

Jul. 2011 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Use: The Jelly made from water soaked seed is eaten. In
Laos, the dish using this jelly called "Laap mak jon" isconsidered fine dining.
This jelly is also used as a medicine for the throat.
General info.: Seeds are collected from the forest. It is notin the village area.
Ref. No.: 12, 21, 27, 33, 34
1996 Pasoh FR, Malaysia

355

Order: Malvales
Family: Muntingiaceae

Muntingia calaburaLA

Ta khop

KH

Krakhob្រកខុប

TH

Ta khop farangตะขบฝรั่ง

VN

Trung ca, Mat samTrứng cá, Mật sâm

JP

Nanyou-zakura

ナンヨウザクラ

.

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from West Indies and Mexico.
Cultivated in the tropics.

Jul. 2011 Parske, Laos

Life form: Small tree. Up to 10m tall.
Use: Ripe fruit is eaten raw. It is a snack for children. It is not seen in local markets.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, crushed fresh leaves are applied to bee and wasp stings.
Roots are a component of a medicine for some diseases of the liver.
General info.: Usually it is planted in front of a house and along the village wayside in the
Indochina region.
Ref. No.: 14, 17, 18, 27, 46

Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae

Nasturtium officinaleLA

Si sang°ñ¡−Õ

KH

Kong kepេភៅ្លកែង្កប

VN

Cai-soongCải soong, Xà lách xoong

JP

Oranda-galashi, Kuleson

オランダガラシ、クレソン

TH

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from Europe. Introduced andcultivated in the world.

Jul. 2010 Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

Life form: Aquatic perennial herb. Emergent plant. It grows in shallow water.
Use: Young shoots are eaten raw as a salad plant.
General info.: Cultivation canals are used for commercial production. Plants that have escaped
cultivation canals can be found in the streams or drain canals of a village and are collected by the
local people.
Ref. No.: 14, 18356

Order: Brassicales
Family: Cleomaceae

Cleome gynandra
LA

Sien

KH

MamienមមាញTHSian, Som siangผักเสี้ ยน

VN

Mangmang trang

Màng màng trắng

JP

Fuchoso

フウチョウソウ

Remarks

Distribution: Native to Asia. Widely introduced to the oldworld and new world tropics.

Aug. 2013 Battambang, Cambodia

Life form: Annual herb. 15-80cm tall.
Use: Leaves are used for a vegetable. It is a bitter-taste ingredient.

In traditional medicine, adecoction of the roots is taken as a febrifuge, and used against tuberculosis. The fermented plant isused to sober up, and placed on a tumor to sooth itchiness. Because it has a negative influence on
the womb, it is supposed that a pregnant woman must not eat.
Ref. No.: 7, 27, 46, 47, 49
Order: Brassicales
Family: Moringaceae

Moringa oleifera
LA

Ii fim, Ihum

KH

M'rom, Mrum

TH

Marum, Phak e-heem, มะรุ ม
Phak e-hum, Ma khon kom

VN

Chum ngayChùm ngâyJP

Wasabi-no-ki

ワサビノキ

្រមុម

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from India. Cultivated andnaturalized in tropical Asia, Africa and America.

Sep. 2012 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Life form: Small tree. Up to 10m tall. Leaves compound, tripinnate, 30-60cm long.
Use: Young leaves and fruits are edible. Small leaflets are cooked with soup. Deep fried leaflets areeaten with salt. Young fruits without green peel are boiled or fried. Leaves and fruits are scent ? andnot spicy. It is rich in vitamins, calcium, and iron.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, bark is given as tonic for women to drink after delivery.
Ben oil is extracted from the seeds. This oil contains a powerful flocculant that is used to clarify
turbid water.
General info.: The Ministry of HLW of Japan has called attention to the ingestion of this species;“http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/syoku-anzen/hokenkinou/4e-3.html” ( May 2004).
Ref. No.: 27, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48357

Order: Santalales
Family: Opiliaceae

Melientha suavisLAWan, Wan kok°ñ¡Á¸−

KH

Preich្រពិច

TH

Phak wanผักหวาน

VN

Ran sang

Rau sắng

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula,and Philippines.

Feb. 2010 Savannakhet, Laos

Life form: Small tree. Up to 10m tall.
Use: Young shoots and flowers are eaten as vegetables. This plant is famous in Cambodia as a mostdelicious of all vegetables. They are eaten cooked in various culinary preparations. It contains richvitamin C and the protein.
General info.: It is seen in the market uncommonly. The Flora of Thailand called attention to thedifficulty in identifying Melientha suavis without flowers or fruits since similar leaves of otherspecies are sometimes eaten. Thailand reports that poisoning and death may occur if leaves of thewidespread Urobotrya siamensis are mistakenly eaten.
Ref. No.: 14, 27

358

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Molluginaceae

Glinus oppositifolius
LA

Dong kok

KH

Dang’khem

TH

Phak khuangผักขวง

VN

Rau dang dat

Rau đắng đất

JP
Remarks

Distribution: The tropics.
Life form: Annual herb. Stem erect spreading sometime

Feb. 2010 Savannakhet, Laos

creeping; branches 3-50 cm.
Use: As a vegetable substitute. The bitter leaves are eaten
cooked with meat or fish and for soup.
In traditional medicine, the leaves are used to treat headaces and flu as well as digestive-system troubles in
Cambodia.
General info.: Grows in open land places which periodicallyflood, sandy banks, and paddy fields durning the dry season.
The acridity is quite similar to Swertia japonica (Japanese

Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laosname is Senburi).
Ref. No.: 14, 27

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleraceaLA

Tin khii khap

°ñ¡ຕ
ີ ນຂ
ີ ້ ເຂ
ັ ບ

KH

Kbet chun្របមា៉ត់ថ្មTH

Bia yaiผักเบี้ยใหญ่

VN

Sam

Sam

JP

Suberi-hiyu

スベリヒユ

Remarks

Distribution: The tropics and the sub-tropics.
Life form: Annual herb, more or less creeping, branchingout, 10-30cm. Grows in waysides and uncultivated places ofa village.
Use: Eaten as a vegetable.
The decoction of leaves is absorbed to aid diarrhea.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 46
359

Feb. 2010 Pakse Laos

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae

Polygonum odoratum°ñ¡Á²È¸LA

Peo, Phaew

KH

Krasang tumhum

TH

Phak phaiผักไผ่

VN

Rau ramRau răm

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Life form: Annual herb. 50 -80cm tall.

Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

Use: Leaves are used as a condiment. It is strong and pungent. It is eaten raw with meat.
It has anthelmintic action.
Ref. No.: 12, 18, 22, 27, 42

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Basellaceae

Basella alba
LA

Pang

ຜັກປ
ັ ¤

KH

Chunlueng, Chilongជន្លង់

TH

Plangผักปลัง

VN

Mong toiMồng tơi

JP

Tsulu-murasaki

ツルムラサキRemarks

Distribution: Introduced to the tropics. Probably from Africa.
Life form: Herbaceous climber.

Jul. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Use: Leaves and flowers are eaten raw or cooked. It is a daily vegetable with high nutritive value.
The seeds yield many things from juice to eye-salve. A tea made from the whole plant is used as alaxative for children and for easing child delivery.
General info.: It is often seen in a home garden, near villages, and old clearings.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 23, 27, 41, 46, 49

360

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus spinosus
Houm°ñ¡¹ö´

KH

Ptiផ្ទីបន្លា

TH

Phak khom nam,ผักขมหนาม
Phak hom nam
Den xanh, Den hoang, Den Dền xanh, Dền hoang, Dền gai
gai

LA

VN
JP

Hali-biyu

Remarks

ハリビユ

Distribution: Originated from the new world

tropics. Distributed to the tropics and warm temperateregions of the world.
Jul. 2008 Keun, Vientiane, Laos

Life form: Annual herb. 40～80cm tall.
Use: Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable or soup.

In the traditional medicine of Indochina, roots are used as a diuretic, for gonorrhea, an anti-febrile,and a plaster for wound. Leaves are also used as an anti-febrile, a remedy for poison, a skinemollient, and a galactagogue.
Ref. No.: 6, 14, 18, 25, 27, 46, 47

Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus tricolorLA

Hom den°ñ¡¹ö´Á©¤KH

Pti leakផ្ទី្រកហម ផ្ទិដូង

TH

Khom si, Khom khao

VN

Den canh, Den tia

Dền canh, Dền tía

JP

Hiyu

ヒユ

Remarks

Distribution: Cultivated in pan-tropic. Native to India.
Life form: Annual herb. Often much branched, up to 2m tall.

Feb. 2010 Savannakhet, Laos

Use: Popular vegetable in local markets. Often cultivated in the home garden as a daily vegetable.
Eaten like spinach. Seed contains rich starch.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 39, 46

361

Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae

Diospyros decandra
LA

Chan

KH

Chan

ចាន់, ែប៉ន

TH

Chan

จัน

VN

Thi

Thị

JP
Remarks

Distribution: India, South China, Indochina.
Life form: Evergreen tree. Up to 20m tall.

Jul. 2010 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Use: Fruits are eaten raw. People of Indochina love the fragrance of this fruit.
Leaves, roots, and fruits are used in traditional medicine. Leaves are used as poultice applied on
ulcers. Roots are a component of a remedy against the plague and venereal diseases. Fruits areused as vermifuge. Wood is very hard and used in cabinetwork.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 47

Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae

Diospyros sp.
LA

Ta kouangÏ¾¡ª¾¡¸¾¤

KH
TH
VN
JP
Remarks

Use: Fruits are eaten raw. In February, the fruits were soldat a temporary market along a road in south Laos.

362

2010 Feb. 19 Thakhek, Laos

Order: Ericales
Family: Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia acutangula°ñ¡¡າÂ©−−ÕLA

Ka don nam

KH

Trouy reang

TH

Chik na, Kra don tun, Kra จิกนา
don nam
Chiec, Loc vungChiếc, Lộc vừngVN

រាំងទឹក, រាំងអន្លក់

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From Pakistern to Malesia and northern
Australia through Indochina.
Life form: Tree. 10-25m tall. It grows in swamps,
water-banks, and lowlands that get soaked in the rainy

Feb. 2010

Pakse, Laos aseason.
Use: Young leaves are eaten as salads. It is rich and bitter tasting. It is popular in local markets of
Indochina.
The edible part exhibits extremely high antioxidant activity. There are a lot of reports about its
medicinal components i.e. an anticancer, antibacterial action, an opioid analgesia agent, and so on.
In the local medicine of Cambodia, the bark is said to be efficient against fever, diarrhea, malaria,
and gonorrhea. Root is usable in substitution for a cinchona. In Thailand, decoction of bark is used
to wash wounds. Fruits are used as a cold medicine.
General info.: The dominant species of Lake Tonle Sap.
Ref. No.: 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 27, 47, 49363

Order: Ericales
Family: Lecythidaceae

Careya arborea
LA

Ka don, Ka don hok°ñ¡¡¾Â©−KH

Reang koukកេណ្តាល

TH

Kradon, Kradon kokกระโดน

VN

Vung, Vung xoan

Vừng, Vừng xoan

JP
Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina and Malay peninsula.
Life form: Tree. Up to 20m tall.
Use: Young leaves are eaten as a salad with fermented fish

Jul. 2010

Stung Treng, Cambodia

Feb. 2010

Nam Song, Pakse, Laos

paste or Cheo in Laos and Thailand.
In traditional medicine, fruits are used for digestion. Seeds
are used as antidote for poison and bark is a medicine ofdiarrhea. Black dye from the bark is is used to wash andbandage ulcerated wounds.
The bark is used make saddlecloth for elephants.
Ref. No.: 7, 16, 17, 27, 44

Order: Ericales
Family: Theaceae

Camellia sinensis
LA

Xar

KH

Tae

TH

Miang

เมี่ยง

VN

Tra

Trà

JP

Cha-no-ki

チャノキ

Remarks

Distribution: From India to Indochina and south China.
Life form: Shrub. Up to 15m tall.
Use: Cultivated for conventional tea and fermented tea.
Fermented tea leaves are eaten. Fresh leaves occasionallyare seen in a local market.
Ref. No.: 14, 26, 27, 46364

Nov. 2011 Vang Vieng, Laos

Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae

Gardenia obtusifoliaLA

See dar parÏ¾¡¦ó©¾¯È¾

KH

Bai remeas , Plae oulបាយរមាស

TH

Kramopกระมอบ

VN

Danh danh la ta

Dành dành lá tà

JPLife form: Shrub. Up to 4m tall.
Use: Fruits are eaten raw. It has not been seen in markets
but found growing in an empty lot near by a village.
Jul. 2008 Dong Makkai, Vientiane, Laos

Ref. No.: 12

Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae

Morinda citrifoliaLA

Nyor barn

KH

Nho srokTH

Yo banVN

Nhao, Nhau

Nhào, Nhàu

JP

Yaeyama-aoki

ヤエヤマアオキ

Remarks

Distribution: Native of Queensland. Widespreadthroughout Southeast Asia.
Life form: Shrub. 4-10m tall. Often cultivated near houses.

Aug. 2013 Battambang, Cambodia

Use: Leaves often eaten as vegetables in a special dish, "amok" in Cambodia. Ripe fruits eaten withsome salt.
In traditional, the roots are used as a hypotensive medicine.
Know as “Noni” in Hawaii; the white ripe fruit is picked, washed, put in a container, and kept in acool dark place to produce a clear liquid that is consume for medicinal purposes.
Ref. No.: 12, 27, 45, 46, 47

365

Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae

Aganonerion polymorphumÀ£ˆº¦í´ìö´LAKhea som lom

KH

Thnong, Kaot prumេកាត្រពំ , ថ្នង(វល្លិ)TH

Som lomส้มลมVN

Day dang, Day la giang

Dây dang, Dây lá Giang

JP
Remarks

Distribution: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos.
Life form: Climber. It is grown at a common of village.
Jul. 2010 Kratie, Cambodia

Use: The leaves and fruits are used fresh in cooking as a substitute for lemon. At the local market inCambodia, this plant is often seen. Acid ingredient.
Elastic stem used as a string.
Ref. No.: 14, 27

Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae

Telosma cordataLA

Xar deua

KH

Sralot្រសឡិត

TH

Salit

สลิด

VN

Thien lyThiên lýJP

Yalaikou

ヤライコウ

Remarks

Distribution: Origin unknown. Cultivated in India andSoutheast Asia.
Life form: Climber.

Aug. 2013 Ho Chi minh, Vietnam

Use: Young leaves and flowers eaten as vegetables in the Cambodia dish "Samla”.
The juice of leaves would have curative properties against uterine ptosis.
Ref. No.: 27, 42, 46366

Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae

Limnophila aromatic°ñ¡Î¾´ (°ñ¡¢½Á¨¤)LA

Kha yang

KH

M'orm

TH

Ka phrao yai, Khayaengกะเพราใหญ่

VN

Rau om, Ngo om

Rau Om, Ngò om

JP

Shiso-kusa

シソクサ

Remarks

Distribution: From India and Sri Lanka to Indochina,
southern China, Japan, Taiwan, throughout Southeast Asiaand northern Australia.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane province, Laos

Life form: Annual herb, 30-100cm tall. Emergent plant.
Use: The young shoots are used to flavor some dishes, in particular "samla" in Cambodia and“Somtam” Papaya salad in Thailand and Laos.
In traditional medicine, stems and leaves are components of an antispasmodic remedy. The sap ofleaves is used to clean wounds, and a decoction of the leaves is given for fever. It is used as apurgative. It is supposed that pregnant woman must not eat.
In external use, stalks and leaves mixed with wood ash and common salt make a cosmetic for
face-care.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 18, 27, 46, 47, 52

Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae

Ocimum tenuiflorumLA

Ee tooKH

Mrua prauTH

Ka phraoกะเพรา

VN

Huong nhuHương nhuJP

Kami-mebouk

カミメボウキRemarks

Distribution: Native to tropical Asia. Introduced to thetropics.
Life form: Herbaceous plant. 30-60cm tall.

Jul. 2010 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Use: The leaves are used for flavoring “Chan kdao” in Cambodia. It is cultivated especially for the
mucilaginous seeds, which is soaked in water to make a soft drink.
In traditional medicine, the seeds would facilitate delivery.
Ref. No.: 12, 27, 46, 47
367

Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae

Markhamia stipulate
LA

Khae , Khae paa©º¡Á£È¯È¾,ໝາກດອກແຄປ
່ າ

KH

Dak po, Chroluf

ដកព

TH

Khae, Khae pa, Khae hang แค
khang

VN

Thiet dinh, DinhThiết đinh, ĐinhJP
Remarks

Distribution: From south China to Indochina.
Life form: Small tree. Up to 15m tall.
Use: Flowers and young fruits are edible. Young fruits areboiled after burning the hair of the surface. It is eaten withFeb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

Laap. This plant is a bitter ingredient. Since flesh corollas
are collected in the early morning, the flowers are seen
only in the morning market.
Bark is used as a medicine in Laos.
General info.: The meaning of “khae hang khang ” in Thai
is a tail of guenon.
Ref. No.: 14, 41, 51, 52
Feb. 2010

368

Savannakhet, Laos

Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae

Oroxylum indicum
LA

LinmaiÏ¾¡ìó−Ä´É

KH

Pika, Sroum dauេ្រសាមដាវ

TH

Pheka, Linmai, Ma linmai

เพกา

VN

Nuc nac

Núc nác

JP

Sorizaya-no-ki

ソリザヤノキRemarks

Distribution: From Nepal and Bhutan to Java, Sumatra
and Pilippines through Indochina.

Feb. 2010

Thakhek, Laos

Life form: Small tree. Up to 12m. Length of fruit is60-100cm. When fruit is ripe, a sheath rolls back open.
Seeds with a thin wing are launched gliding.?
Use: After roasting young sheath, the burnt skin is
stripped, it is then washed with warm water and sliced
thinly. It is eaten with fermented shrimp paste, Laap, orsoup. Young leaves and flowers are boiled and eaten withchili paste in oil.
Flavonoid is contained in a leaf and a seed. It has
inflammation, allergy, a free radical, and oncostasis effect. A

Feb. 2010

Savannakhet, Laosseed is the material of a Chinese medicine which serves tocure an ulcer.
In traditional medicine of Cambodia, they are used to treat
diarrhoea and dysentery. In Thailand, decoction of seeds areused as a cough medicine.
General info.: Locally cultivated near human settlements orhome gerdens.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 47, 48, 49
Jan. 2009 Mae Hong Son, Thailand369

Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae

Radermachera ignea
LA

Peeb

KH

Jeik kriumTH

Ang kial bo, Kaki, Kasalong
kham

VN

Ra det lua©º¡¯ó®

Rà đẹt lửaJP
Remarks

Distribution: South China, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.
Life form: Evergreen tree, 6-15 m high. Corolla orange,

Feb. 2010 Thakhek, Laostubular-funnel-shape.
Use: Flowers are used as an ingredient in soup.
Ref. No.: 14, 17

Order: Solanales
Family: Hydroleaceae

Hydrolea zeylanica°ñ¡Ä§ºÈ¼−

LA

Saieing, Bee ian

KH

Krapen tuk, Tien, Kon deang កេណ្តៀង

TH

Po phiปอผี

VN

Thuy le, La nuocThủy lệ, Lá nướcJP

Seiron-hakobe

セイロンハコベ

Remarks

Distribution: S. China, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.
Life form: Annual herb. Emergent plant. 10-60cm tall.

Jul. 2008

Vientiane province Laos

Use: The young shoots are consumed as vegetables and sometimes sold at markets.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, leaves are prescribed for intestinal tumors.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 46

370

Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae

Solanum capsicoides
LA

Kheua kheun

Ï¾¡À¢ˆº¢ˆ−

KH

Trap lung, Trap khaa្រតប់លុ, ្រតប់

TH

Kheua kheun

VN

Ca trai vang

Cà trái vàng

JP

Kingin-nasubi

キンギンナスビ

Remarks

Distribution: Originally from coastal Brazil. Now commonly
naturalized in the tropics and the subtropics.
Life form: Perennial herb. 1.2m tall.
Jul. 2008

Vientiane province Laos

Use: Fruits are eaten with papaya salad. It is used to make pickles in Thailand.
This fruit softens an astringent taste.
Root is used as an antitussive and is effective in controlling blood fat.
General info.: The meaning of “Kheun” in Lao is a strong smell. It is planted in the home garden or
the circumference of a settlement.
Ref. No.: 7, 12, 46, 47, 52
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae

Solanum torvum
LA

Kheng

Ï¾¡Á£¤

KH

Trap put raw nyong្រតប់ពត់លំញង

TH

Ma khuea phuang, Khengมะเขือพวง

VN

Ca nut ao, Ca dai hoa trang

Cà nút áo, Cà dại hoa trắng

JP

Suzume-nasubi

スズメナスビRemarks

Distribution: Originally from South America. Now
commonly naturalized in the tropics.
Life form: Perennial herb. 2-3m tall. A fruit is 8-10mm inFeb. 2010, Savannakhet, Laos

diameter. Flower is white.
Use: It is an essential ingredient in Thai curry and many dishes in Indochina. It also eaten raw
with paste. It has a subtle bitter taste.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, the fruit is used as an emulgent, antitussive, anddigestant. Squeezed leaves are used to stop bleeding.
General info.: It is planted in home gardens. Plants that grow on the wayside or a common are used.
Ref. No.: 18, 26, 27, 46, 49, 52371

Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae

Solanum stramoniifolium
LA

Eak

ໝາກເອ
ິ ກ

TH

Ma uekมะอึก

VN

Ca phao

Cà pháo

JP

Coconijya, Ke-nasu

ココニージャ、ケナス

KH

Remarks

Distribution: Originally from Amazon. Commonly in
Indochina.
Life form: Perennial herb. Up to 2m tall. Fruit 2-3cm inJun. 2007 Vientiane province, Laos

diameter, covered by densely hairs. Flower is white or
purple.
Use: The ripe fruits are used for papaya salad. The fruits are used as juice that has a flavor similar
to peach and tomato. It is also eaten raw. In Laos, it is a ingredient in Cheo dip sauce.
It contains vitamin C.
General info.: Sometmes, the hair removed fruits are sold in the market.
Ref. No.: 7, 49

Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae

Solanum violaceum

VN

Kheng khomໝາກແຄ¤ຂົ ມ
Traup put raw nyong pray, ្រតប់ពត់លំញង
Trab put lumnhong
Ma kae khom, Ma waeng, Ma
khwaeng dam
Ca An
Cà Ấn

JP

Tenjiku-nasubi

LA
KH
TH

テンジクナスビ

Remarks

Distribution: Widely cultivated in tropical Asia.
Life form: Perennial herb. 1.5m tall. The Color of flower ispurple. The fruit is 6mm in diameter.

Jul. 2010 Pakse, Laos

Use: Young fruit is eaten with fermented fish paste, Laap, and Coi.
It contains vitamin B.
In the traditional medicine of Thailand, it has effect against diabetes, food poisoning, and fever.
General info.: This fruit looks like S.torvum. An identifying point in a market is the purple color offlower, the small size of fruit and arrangement of fruits. The fruits are attached equals right andleft of the scape lengthwise. The meaning of “khom” in Lao and Thai is bitter.
Ref. No.: 7, 46, 48, 49372

Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea aquatic
LA

Bong

ຜັກບ
ົ້ ¤

KH

Trow kun sor្រតកូន

TH

Phak bungผักบุง้

VN

Rau muongRau muống

JP

You-sai, Kuu-shin-sai

ヨウサイ、空心菜

Remarks

Distribution: Native of tropical Asia. Cultivated in thetropical and sub-tropical region.
Life form: A perennial or sometimes annual. It roots

Jul. 2010 Kampong Cham, Cambodia

in the ground at the shallow end or banks of a pond or canal. Hollow stems become elongated on thewater surface or ground.
Use: Young shoots are eaten raw or cooked. It is a very popular daily vegetable in Asia. There arevarious recipes. There is commercial cultivation for urban communities. In the local area, plants
growing in village canals or ponds are used.
In the traditional medicine of Cambodia, shoots are the component of a remedy against
Delirium and its associated high fever . The buds are used to make a paste for herpes.
General info.: There is a legend that forgetfulness will occur if taken too much.
Ref. No.: 5, 10, 18, 46, 49

Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea batatasLA

Man darng, Man thet

KH

Domlong, Damloong chhieដំឡូងជ្វា

TH

Man thet, Mak oiมันเทศ

VN

Rau lang, Khoai lang

Rau lang, Khoai langJP

Satsuma-imo

サツマイモ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from South America.
Life form: Annual herb.

Jul. 2011 Ratanakiri, Cambodia

Use: A root tuber known as Sweet potato. Not only the root tuber but also young shoot is eaten in
Indochina.
General info.: It was the vegetable of which it replaced Yam and Taro in Indochina in the 16th
century.
Ref. No.: 14, 27, 42, 46
373

Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae

Acmella paniculata
Khaat°ñ¡£¾©

TH

Khrat, Khrat phawenผักคราดVN

Cuc aoCúc áoJP

Sennichi-modoki

センニチモドキLA
KH

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from America. Naturalized to the
Asia tropics.
Life form: Annual plant. 50-100cm tall. It grows in theSep 2009 Chiang Rai, Thailand

wayside, fields, and village commons.
Use: Young leaves and flowers are eaten raw with paste as a salad. It is used for curry or Laap. It
contains rich minerals, calcium, iron, and vitamins A, B, and C.
Medicinal component are also rich in the flower, leaf, and root. Since spilanthol is contained in aflower, it has a paralysis action. In the traditional medicine of Thailand, the root is used as apurgative and flesh leaves have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Ref. No.: 5, 12, 22, 26, 40, 46, 48, 49

Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae

Gnaphalium sp.
Kath khao, Kev

ດອກ°ñ¡ກາດຂາວ

VN

Khuc vang, Khuc te

Khúc vàng, Khúc tẻJP

Hahako-gusa

ハハコグサの仲間

LA
KH
TH

Remarks

Life form: Annual plant. 10-20cm tall.
General info.: It is seen rarely at a local market in Laos.

Feb. 2010 Vientiane province, Laos

There is a new year custom of using this plant in Japan. "Nanakusa-Gayu" is the porridge whichuses seven ingredients of wild herbs and is eaten by the Japanese on the 7th of January. The sevenbitter plants used are; Oenanthe javanica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Lapsanastrum

apogonoides, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus, and Gnaphalium affine.
Ref. No.: 12, 18374

Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae

Hydrocotyle verticillata
LA

Boua bok, Nok

KH
TH

Waen kaeo

VN

Rau ma la sen, Rau ma nhat Rau má lá sen, Rau má NhậtJP

Uchiwa-zenikusa

ウチワゼニクサ

Remarks

Distribution: Originated from north America.
Life form: Perennial. Emergent plant. Leaf stem attachedFeb. 2010 Savanaket, Laos

center of leaf.

Use: Leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Since Lao name of this plant is same as Centella asiatica, thisplant is probably used similarly.
Ref. No.: 12, 46

Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae

Trevesia palmate
LA

Deua

ໝາກເດ
ື ອ

KH

.

TH

Tang luang

VN

Nhat phien, Thoi hoang, Nhật phiến, Thôi hoàng, đu đủ rừngDu du rungJP

Ally of Nanyou-yatsude

Ally of ナンヨウヤツデ

Remarks

Distribution: From India and South China, Myanmar to
Indochina.
Life form: Small tree. Up to 5m.

Feb. 2010 Louang Phrabang, Laos

Use: Young flowers are eaten at the end of the rainy season. It is used as bitter ingredient for spicy
curry.
It is known as the popular ornamental plant named ”snow flake”
General info.: There is no record of cultivation of this plant.
Ref. No.: 15, 17, 48, 49375

Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae

Anethum graveolens
LA

Sii

ຜັກຊ
ີ

KH

.

TH

Thian khao plueak, Thianta takkataen

VN

Rau thi la, Thia la

Rau Thì là, Thìa là

JP

Inondo, Dyl

イノンド、ディル

Remarks

Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean area, SW. Asia.
Life form: Annual herb. 50-100cm tall.
Aug 2013 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Use: Leaves are used as a vegetable. It is an ingredient in the hot and strong flavored curry named“Kaeng Lao”. It is popular in the local market.
Ref. No.: 14, 42, 46, 47

Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae

Centella asiatica
LANok°ñ¡Îº¡

KH

Trachiek, Tranh, Chi, Mlu្រតេចៀក្រតាញ់

TH

Boua bok, Nok, Wengkork

บัวบก

VN

Rau maRau Má

JP

Tsubokusa

ツボクサ

Remarks

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Life form: Perennial creeping herb.

Sep. 2009 Chiang Rai, Thailand

Use: Leaves are consumed as vegetables. Raw leaves are used as salad with fermented shrimp
paste. It is eaten with noodles, curry, Laap, and Coi. Extracted leaves are used to make a freshjuice. It has the invigorating scent peculiar to Apiaceae.
It has been known as a medicinal plant since early times. Sap of leaves has a antimicrobial
property. It clarifies the blood and is well known also for treating cough and tuberculosis. It is
known to have both sedative and moral stable actions.
Ref. No.: 5, 14, 18, 27, 40, 45, 46, 47

376

Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae

Coriandrum sativum
LA

Horm parn, Horm porm°ñ¡¢½Á¨½

KH

Chi van soyវា៉ន់ស៊ុយ (ជី)

TH

Chi, Hom pom, Hom noi

ผักชี

VN

Ngo ri, Rau mui, Ngo ta

Ngò rí, Rau Mùi, Ngò ta

JP

Koendoro, Kousau, Koliandaa, コエンドロ、香菜、コリア
ンダー、パクチー
Phak-chiRemarks

Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean, Asia. Cultivated in

Nov. 2008 Louang Phrabang Laosthe tropics and sub-tropics.
Life form: Annual herb. 50-100cm tall.
Use: The fruit is commonly used as a condiment and the leaves as a garnish or salad. The leaves orthe entire young plants are popular as a culinary herb and vegetable in Southeast Asia.
The oil extracted from the seeds can be efficient against cough and invigorating.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 27, 45, 46, 47

Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae

Eryngium foetidum
¹º´À¯

LA

Hom paeKH

Chi ronaTH

Chi farang, Hom pom kula, ผักชีฝรัง
่Chi doiជរបារាំង, ជរបន្លាVN

Ngo tay, Ngo gai

Ngò tây, Ngò gai

JP

Ooba-Koendoro,
Togeba-koliandaa

オオバコエンドロ、
トゲバコリアンダーRemarks

Distribution: Tropical America, introduced to East andSoutheast Asia.

Sep. 2007

Life form: Perennial herb. 6-35cm tall.

Vientiane province, Laos

Use: Leaves and flower buds are aromatic and smell like coriander. It is used as a condiment insoups, noodle, and fish dishes.
General info.: It is popular in the local market. It is grown in a home-garden and a village common.
Ref. No.: 7, 14, 27, 45, 46, 47377

Order: Zygnematales
Family: Zygnemataceae

Spirogyra spp.
LA

Thao

À«‰¾

KH
TH

Thao, Phak kai

VN

Tao xoan, Rong nhot

Tảo xoắn, Rong nhớtJP

Aomidoro

アオミドロ

Remarks

Life form: Algae in the fresh water. Fine green line has nobranch and it feels slimy, the possibility of spirogyra ishigh.

Jul. 2008 Vientiane pref., Laos

Use: It is eaten in soup, as well as with Kaeng and Laap.
It is also eaten raw or boiled with Thai salad. It is slimy
like seaweed in texture when put into soup.
It contains vitamin A and calcium. It is used as a
medicine to reduce cholesterol, as an iodine supplement,
and as a laxative. In traditional medicine, it is supposedthat it should not be eaten since it is thought to causeinternal bleeding in elderly people.
General info.: It grows in canals, ditches, and pools. It is

Jun. 2010 Vientiane pref., Laosused as a cooking ingredient only when grown in cleanwater. In the Xaythany district of Vientian prefecture,
Tao taken from a village pond was sold to the market.
There are some villagers who cultivate it in a small pond
for self-consumption during the dry season.
Tao is a plant which photosynthesizes although there are
no leaves, stems and roots.

Nov. 2008 Louang Phrabang, Laos

Ref. No.: 1, 7, 24, 49, 50

378

Order: Cladophorales

Cladophora spp.
LA

Family: CladophoraceaeÄ£Á°È−

Khai phane

KH

.

TH
VN

Rong memRong mềm

JP

Kamoji-shiogusa

カモジシオグサ

Remarks

Distribution: All over the world.
Life form: Algae. 0.1mm in diameter and 1m in length.

Feb. 2010

Louang Phrabang, Laos

Use: Mixed Khai phene and seasonings are extended like a sheet and dried. The dried Khai phane
sheets are fried quickly in oil. It has a crispy texture and flavor and is well matched with boiled rice.
General info.: It starts to elongate in the dry season when the river water level is down and water
becomes clear. Khai phane is a main food source for the Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas)
which is an indigenous and endangered species of Mekong river. Khai phane belongs to the plantgroup which photosynthesizes.
Ref. No.: 1, 2, 3, 24, 50

Feb.2010 Louang Phrabang, LaosFeb.2010

Feb.2010 Thin Hong, Louang Phrabang, Laos

Louang Phrabang, LaosFeb.2010 Louang Phrabang, Laos379

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