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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of thelanguage classroom experience
Duolingo como parte del curriculum de las clases delengua extranjera
Pilar Munday
Sacred Heart University (Estados Unidos)
Abstract
This article explores the idea of using an already existing language learning app, Duolingo,
to complement traditional college level Spanish as second language courses. These types ofapps use adaptive learning technologies, which are able to tailor the tasks to the level of each
student. In the case of this study, Duolingo was used as part of the program of studies in
two Spanish university courses, one a beginner’s Spanish course (level A1) and the other anadvanced intermediate course (B2). The students used the app online, either in its mobile
version or in their web browser. I will describe how Duolingo operates, what kind of activities
can be done, and how learning is achieved. Preliminary results suggest that Duolingo is aneasy-to-use app that is useful and has potential, although its main lessons are not based oncommunicative competence. It is usually enjoyed by students because of several elements,
such as the accessibility on a mobile device, its gamification aspect, and the variety of tasks.
I will discuss possible ways to incorporate Duolingo into foreign language courses, always
considering it as a complement to the curriculum, but considering its value to reinforce
vocabulary and grammar acquisition through spaced repetition, interleaving of different skills
and variety of activities.
Keywords: MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning); didactic use of computer; foreign
language learning; didactics.

ResumenEste artículo explora la idea de utilizar una aplicación móvil (ya existente en el mercado
para el aprendizaje de idiomas), Duolingo, para complementar las clases tradicionales deespañol como lengua extranjera a nivel universitario. Este tipo de aplicaciones hacen uso dela tecnología adaptiva para el aprendizaje, permitiendo así adaptar las tareas al nivel de cadaestudiante. En el caso de esta investigación, Duolingo formó parte del programa de estudio dedos clases universitarias de español, una a nivel principiante (A1) y otra intermedio alto (B2).
Los estudiantes accedieron a la aplicación de manera online, tanto en plataformas móviles
como en su versión de escritorio. Este artículo describe el funcionamiento de Duolingo, eltipo de actividades que se pueden realizar con ella y de qué forma se adquieren conocimientos
con esta aplicación. Los resultados preliminares de este estudio sugieren que Duolingo es

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una aplicación fácil de usar, útil y con mucho potencial, a pesar de basarse en tareas que
no están enfocadas a la competencia comunicativa. Parece ser del agrado de la mayoría delos alumnos por varias razones, como la posibilidad de fácil acceso a través del móvil, losaspectos de gamificación en su diseño y la variedad de tareas que contiene. A la luz de losresultados obtenidos, se sugieren algunas mejoras, además de posibles formas de integración
en el currículo de una clase de idiomas, siempre considerándolo como un complemento
al programa de lenguas, pero también valorando su capacidad para repasar vocabulario ygramática a través de la repetición espaciada, entrelazando habilidades diferentes y con
variedad de actividades.
Palabras clave: MALL (aprendizaje de lenguas asistido por tecnología móvil); uso didácticodel ordenador; aprendizaje de lenguas; didáctica.

Nowadays, most of our students own a smartphone. According to data fromthe report “Worldwide Mobile Phone Users: H1 2014 Forecast and Comparative
Estimates,” by the end of 2015, almost 66% of the world population will have oneof these phones. These mobile devices can be equipped with numerous applications
that can be used to learn a foreign language. Some of these applications are normallyused for other objectives, but can also be useful in this sense, such as watching
YouTube videos, recording voice memos, having online conversations with Facetime
or Google Hangouts or even playing with gaming apps like Trivia Crack (a game
similar to Trivial Pursuit) in languages rather than your own. But there are also an
increasing number of applications that have been created with the main objectiveof learning a foreign language. Examples of these apps are Lingua.Ly (to augment
reading comprehension), HelloTalk (to find people with whom to practice languages),
Memrise (vocabulary acquisition) or Duolingo, the app we will be exploring in thisarticle.
According to Ramírez Montoya (2009), a definition of mobile language learning
can include several components: It is the direct descendant of e-learning, which is
any type of learning supported by electronic tools and resources, and m-learning,which uses online resources that can be accessed through a mobile device. M-learning
allows students to augment the classroom learning by providing a flexible type oflearning that can enrich the classroom experience. Montoya mentions that authors
like Sharples (2005) go a bit further, including in their definition the idea thatm-learning is a process of coming to know, where students, collaborating with theirpeers and instructors build that knowledge together. A more current definition is
the one offered by Crompton (2013, p. 4), which states that m-learning is “learning
across multiple contexts, through social and content interactions, using personal
electronic devices”.
With this meaning in mind, this article will be studying one particular app,
Duolingo, which can be accessed either through the web on a desktop computeror through a cell phone or a tablet. Through a series of exercises, divided into
lessons and skills, this app’s goal is to teach vocabulary and grammar, and to bringstudents to an A2 level by having them complete all the required nodes. One of its

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main features is the use of spaced repetition, in which its algorithms detect when auser needs to review words or chunks that may have faded from memory. Spaced
repetition has proven to be very effective for acquiring vocabulary in particular, since
repetition is essential to acquire new skills. In a very interesting experiment with cell
phones, Cavus and Ibrahim (2009) showed that students using the devices enjoyed
and learned new words, and the students themselves suggested in their survey that
other educators should augment their teaching with the use of these devices.
In addition to spaced repetition, the activities presented in Duolingo’s lessons
interleave different skills (from pronunciation to translation, for example), andprovide a variety of activities (recognizing a word from a picture, writing down what
you hear, etc.). It is these three elements, spaced-out practice, interleaving, andvariety, which have been shown to produce better mastery as well as longer retention
and versatility in very recent research on learning. (Brown, Roediger and McDaniel,
2014, p. 46). Duolingo, then, seems to be able to tap into these three modes.
Duolingo also offers instant feedback to its users after each task. As García (2013,p. 21) points out in his review of the app, this feedback goes beyond basic multiple
choice and includes other appropriate versions. In many instances, it also includes
a discussion area where users can negotiate the exact meaning or possible problems
with the activity or the offered solution.
Another aim of this study is to observe whether using Duolingo as part of online
homework produces a shift towards self-directed learning by students. Self-directed
learning in this case is understood as “learning in which the conceptualization,
design, conduct and evaluation of a learning project are directed by the learner”(Brookfield, 2009, p. 2615).
One important aspect of this study is the idea that Duolingo can serve well as anaddition to a formal language course offered through a school or university, whether
face-to-face or online. Thus, here we are understanding the use of the app as a way
to augment or substitute more classical types of homework rather than replacing
the class itself. A non-peer reviewed study by Vesselinov & Grego (2012), which wascommissioned by Duolingo itself, estimated than an average of 34 hours spent on
Duolingo were the equivalent of a college beginner-level course. It is not the aim of
this study to discuss the validity of that study, as I believe that Duolingo has a goodpotential for use in a course of studies as one more tool in the instructor’s arsenal.

Duolingo: definition of the app
Duolingo is a free app created by Luis Von Ahn and Severin Hacker in November
2011. Its slogan is “Free language education for the world.” According to its website,
it has more than 30 million registered users. It offers several languages for English
speakers as well as others for non-English speakers.
In the desktop version, the app has different areas:

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•

•

•

•

•

86

The “tree”, which contains skills, each represented by a node that changes color
from grey (indicating that a skill has not been started), to a color like red, blue orgreen (you have started the lessons within the skill), to gold (you have mastered
all the lessons and vocabulary for that specific skill). Note that the gold color
can “turn” back to another color if the algorithm of Duolingo establishes thatyou need to go back and review those nodes because you have forgotten the
vocabulary or because enough time has elapsed. Duolingo has not, up to now,
published the content of the tree. The only way to find out is to complete thetree yourself. Thankfully, in the case of Spanish, there is a Google Doc, with its
content (Author & Espinoza, 2014, web source). These are the components ofthe tree:▪▪ 66 Skills. Some examples of these are: Food, Animals, Plurals (for beginning
nodes) to Modal Verbs, Subjunctive Past, or Past Imperfect (for the moreadvanced nodes).
▪▪ 329 Lessons. Each skill has several lessons, which can range from one toeleven. Each lesson covers about seven or eight words. Each completed
lesson gives 10 XP (points).
▪▪ 1571 Words.
Words: A list of the words the user has studied or already knew. Each word isaccompanied by a strength bar, which indicates if the word is still strong in yourmemory or if it is time to practice again, according to Duolingo’s algorithm. You
can also review these words through flashcards.
Activity: Duolingo works similarly to a social network site. You can follow otherstudents, and other people can follow you. The activity stream shows not only
what you and the people you follow accomplish in Duolingo (levels opened) but
also if you or they have made a comment in the discussion board. All the people
you follow and you yourself appear on a “leaderboard” list, which shows the XP(Duolingo points) that you obtain weekly. This is reset every Sunday at 7:00 pm
Eastern Standard Time (United States).
Discussion: In this area, users can post discussions about topics that interest
them. A discussion will also be created if there are questions about any of theactivities completed during the lessons, in which case users negotiate meaning
among themselves. The discussions are divided according to the language you
study, and there are also general discussion areas, like the one recently opened
for educators (this will be discussed in more detailed later). Discussions are
voted up or down (similar to places like Reddit), so the more popular ones are
more visible. It is also the area where the creators or moderators of Duolingo
post important messages to the community.
Immersion: This area is for more advanced students. Anyone can upload a public
document in any language and the community can start translating it. Users canoffer suggestions for better translations or can just make general comments.

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experience•

Users get XP points for translating either their own documents or helping withother documents already uploaded to the site. They also get lingots (see below fora definition) if their translations are up-voted by other users.
The Lingot Store: “Lingots” are the currency that Duolingo uses to reward its
users. You get lingots when you complete a skill node or maintain a streakof days using the site. Users can also “reward” other users with lingots in the
Discussion area. With lingots you can buy several things, like a “freeze streak”
which will allow you to miss a day and not lose your streak, some silly outfits forthe Duolingo owl (the program’s mascot), or, more important in my opinion, aprogress quiz, which shows you on a scale of 0 to 5 where you currently stand inyour studies.

The mobile version of Duolingo does not have these many areas. It is limited tothe tree and the Lingot Store, although you still can see there the leaderboard withinformation about the people you follow. The app also informs you of your streak.
You can set up daily goals (the minimum being 10 XP per day), and the app will send
you reminders and notifications if your goal has not been completed that day.
For this study, I have only used the tree area with the skills and lessons. The
following description applies to this area exclusively: students can perform different
types of activities on Duolingo. Once you click on a skill, you are presented with theavailable number of lessons for that particular skill. Each lesson lists the words (up to
eight) that it will review. In addition to the lessons, each skill can be just reviewed ingeneral, once you have completed all the lessons or have tested out of that skill. Thatis called “practice” or “strengthening skills” within the app in order to differentiate itfrom regular lessons. You can chose general practice in order to review areas that the
program considers have not been practiced, rather than just one specific skill. Or you
can choose to do practice within one skill once you have completed all the lessons.
There is a symbol in each lesson that indicates the “strength” of that skill with amaximum “grade” of 5. Once you reach five, the symbol for the skill becomes gold.
Following is a list of the most common activities in each lesson (it may not becomprehensive, since the app is constantly being modified):

•
•
•
•
•
•

Write a vocabulary word after seeing a picture that represents it.
Translate a sentence into your native language. When words are first presented,
the user can hover over the word to see its meaning.
Translate a sentence into the language being studied.
Dictation: write a sentence that you hear. There are two speeds, normal andslow, which you can click to hear the sentence more clearly.
Pronouncing a sentence. Through voice recognition software, the app can detect
whether your pronunciation is correct.
Match pairs of words.

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Put a series of scrambled words in order.
Choose from three sentences in the target language to see which ones fit thesentence in the native language.

Activities are presented sequentially, and the lesson “extends” itself if you getwrong answers, as indicated by the strength bar at the top of the lesson. If there
are no mistakes, it takes seventeen short activities like the ones described above
to complete a lesson. This generally takes five to ten minutes. This time may vary,
however, since new activities are added if you make mistakes.
Duolingo incorporates some gamification elements to motivate and engage
learners. Some examples of this are the lingots as awards given when you completea skill; the inclusion of a weekly leaderboard, where you can “compete” against
friends to see who has the highest XP; a symbol of a flame next to your name with
the numbers of days of your streak on the site; the aforementioned strength bar,which appears when a user is completing a lesson, to indicate how close they are tofinishing it, etc. These elements make the app more enjoyable, although the exercises
themselves are quite traditional, as we have seen.

Educator’s Area in Duolingo
Recognizing that many educators were using this tool with their students, asevidenced by the numerous discussion boards posting to that effect, Duolingo openeda new area in its website in January 2015, dedicated to teachers who want to use theplatform with their classes. The new area, https://dashboard.duolingo.com/, allows
educators to create “groups” or classes. This generates a link, which can be sent to
students so that they can join the group. In the dashboard, the teacher can monitor
students’ progress in several ways. The dashboard shows the time the student logged
in, the lesson or practice he/she completed and the XP he/she obtained. A weekly
report is sent by email, which includes all the work students have done during thattime. In addition, there is now a dedicated area in the Discussion Forums just for
educators’ concerns and ideas.
This dashboard did not exist when the study described here was conducted,
and the instructor had to follow each student to see how many lessons they had
completed. This new dashboard should facilitate the work of educators immensely
and make this tool much more useful, as suggested in this study.

Duolingo as an educational tool for online and face-to-face courses
As we can see, even though Duolingo is presented as a very modern-looking
gaming app, in reality most of the activities necessary to complete the lessons arevery traditional and are heavily based on translation, dictation, and pronunciation. In

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fact, there is already some criticism of the app within the language learning researchcommunity. Krashen (2014) points out in his rebuke of the Vesselinov and Grego(2012) study, in which they equated 34 hours of Duolingo to a university language
course, that language learning is different from language acquisition. Krashen statesthat the activities presented in Duolingo (or in similar tutoring programs such as
Rosetta Stone) involve conscious learning. In his opinion, conscious learning does
not lead to language competence. He presents a summary of the research done by
Mason, 2004; 2011; and Mason, Vanata, Jander, Borsch, and Krashen, 2009, notingthat in his view, acquisition-oriented methods, which use subconscious learning, aresuperior to skill-based methods such as those used by Duolingo. I do not dispute hisstatements, but, as already mentioned in the introduction, the proposal presented
here aims not to replace language study with this app, but rather to complement any
regular course with it. In fact, as we will see, for both college groups in which theapp was tried as part of their syllabus, Duolingo represented only 10% of their final
grade, hopefully having the rest use acquisition-oriented tasks.
It is also interesting to point out that although the translation and dictation
exercises used by Duolingo harken back to the old days of the grammar-translation
method, recent research shows that they do have value. Hall, Graham and Cook,(2012) point out that there is in fact a revival in the role of translating as part ofSecond Language Acquisition (SLA) research. According to them, “the argument
is that in many contexts, translation is a natural and effective means of language
learning, develops an important skill, answers students’ needs and preferences, andprotects students’ linguistic and cultural identity.” (Hall, Graham and Cook, 2012,
p. 283). In their review of the literature, they point out that Laufer & Girsai (2008)“make the case for explicit contrastive analysis and translation as part of formfocused instruction after finding that learners taught unfamiliar vocabulary items
via translation fared better in a subsequent retention test than those taught solely
through meaning-focused instruction” (Hall, Graham and Cook, 2012, p. 289).
In the case of dictation, recent research in SLA shows that it may also be beneficial.
In an interesting study, Rahimi (2008) conducted an experiment in which a groupof students used dictation in class practice in addition to their regular assignments,
while another group skipped the dictations. The results of his study showed that thegroup with additional dictation exercises made more gains in grammar, vocabulary,reading, and listening comprehension. In another experiment, Kuo (2010) useddictation to help students decode words that they heard on the radio. The dictation
exercises helped students facilitate their listening and enhanced their comprehension.
Nation and Newton (2009) also consider dictation a valid language learning tool.
They observe that “dictation helps language learning by making learners focus on thelanguage form of phrase and clause level constructions, and by providing feedback on
the accuracy of their perception.” (Nation and Newton, 2009: 59). They also believethat dictation is most useful if it involves familiar vocabulary presented in different
constructions, and, importantly, when “there is opportunity for the repetition of the

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experiencematerial.” (p. 60). According to them, it becomes even more valuable if learners areaware of the mistakes that they made. In our observations of the Duolingo app, allthese characteristics seem to be present. The dictation activities consist of very short
sentences in which familiar vocabulary is placed in different structures, repetition isconstant (according to the algorithms used, which emphasize words that may havebeen forgotten), and each sentence always comes with the right response at the end
so that students are informed of their mistakes.
Another aspect that has been traditionally neglected in language courses has
been that of pronunciation exercises. Here also, new research indicates the validityof such exercises. Trofimovich & Gatbonton (2006) examined the role of repetition
exercises focusing on form with several experiments in a Spanish course. They statethat “both repetition and focus on form have measurable benefits for L2 speechprocessing, lending validity to those approaches to teaching pronunciation that
include repetition and involve focus on form.” (Trofimovich & Gatbonton, 2006, p.
532). Although they include pronunciation exercises that have a more communicative
approach, even those without it were still effective. Jensen & Vinther, (2003)
also found that repetition of utterances led to improvements in comprehension,phonological decoding strategies, and grammatical accuracy.

Aims of this study
The aim of this study has been to see whether Duolingo can be used efficiently
as part of a language course, with the idea that students can practice anywhere andanytime, in a manner adapted to their level and needs, so as to ideally complement
and augment what is covered in class. With this aim, the instructor wanted to answer
these questions:

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•
•
•
•

Is Duolingo an easy to use, helpful, and enjoyable app to practice Spanish?
How does it compare to regular, book based, homework?
Does Duolingo promote self-directed learning that moves beyond the course’s
requirements?
Will Duolingo be useful even after the course is completed?
What are the students’ suggestions for improving the use of Duolingo as part ofa Spanish course curriculum?

METHOD
Forty six students from a first-year Spanish course (level A1) and sixteen froma more advanced course (level B2) used Duolingo for one university semester (from90

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the end of August to the middle of December). Students were free to use the mobile
or the desktop version of the app. For both groups, Duolingo represented 10% of
their final grade. Both groups took the free placement test offered by Duolingo when
you sign up for a new course. This meant that each student started at a different
point, depending on where they placed in the test. As expected, most of the first-year
students started at zero. Starting levels varied considerably for students in the levelB2 course.
These were the instructions given to both groups:
First-year Spanish course: Students needed to complete five Duolingo lessons
per week. Points were given based on when students did the lesson, according to thistable.
Table 1. Grading for Duolingo in A1 group
Duolingo Lessons Completed

Grade

5 lessons in 5 different days

100%

5 lessons in 4 different days

95%

5 lessons in 3 different days

90%

5 lessons in 2 different days

85%

5 lessons in 1 day

80%Less than 5 lessons

10 points for lesson completed

As evident from the table, doing a little on more days had more value than doinga big chunk in only one sitting. The reasoning for this is that the instructor wanted
to emphasize spacing learning, since research on learning how to learn suggests
it is best for memory retention to study a little every day, rather than doing a big
chunk the day before a task is due (Brown, Roediger and McDaniel, 2014). Students
were not required to complete any one set of lessons or skills. Instead, each student
worked at his/her own level, completing five lessons wherever they were. They
were also encouraged by the instructor to turn the past nodes gold if they became
another color (an indication that they needed to refresh those skills, according to theDuolingo algorithm). The main goal was not so much to advance far in the tree as tomaintain a consistent practice.
For the B2 course, the learning objectives were very different. Students comeinto this course from many different backgrounds, and their levels vary widely.
The goal was to have students complete all of the lessons offered by Duolingo (asmentioned above, at the time of this writing there are 329 lessons, divided into 66
skills, with a total of 1571 words reviewed). Students were required to complete fiveskills per week. As noted previously, skills, that is, each node in the tree, vary in the

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number of lessons they have, which can range from just one lesson to up to eleven.
Although at the beginning, it was very easy for students to complete the nodes in thetree and turn them into gold, as the semester progressed it became more and moredifficult, particularly for students with a lower level of Spanish. Thus, by the end of
the semester, many students in this group were frustrated with Duolingo, as evident
from the results of the survey.
All students in both groups completed surveys at the end of the semester. Two of
the questions in the survey were the same as the one used in the Vesselinov and Grego(2012) study of Duolingo. Question #1 concerned user satisfaction with the app andquestion #2 asked, “How likely are you to recommend Duolingo to a colleague or‘friend?” (All the survey questions can be found in Appendix 1).

RESULTS
Regarding our first question from the aims of this study, “Is Duolingo an easy touse, helpful, and enjoyable app to practice Spanish?”. Tables 2 and 3 show the results
for groups A1 and B2.
Table 2. User satisfaction for A1 students

StronglyAgreen.= 46Agree

Neither
Disagreenor
AgreeDisagreeStrongly
DisagreeDuolingo was easy to use

54.3%

37%

6.5%

0%

2.2%

Duolingo was helpful instudying Spanish

43.5%

37%

15.2%

4,3%

0%

I
enjoyedlearning
Spanish with Duolingo

39.1%

41.3%

8.7%

8.7%

2.2%

I am satisfied
Duolingo

41.3%

37%

17.4%

2.2%

2.2%

with

If we combine the Strongly Agree with the Agree results we obtained, we observethat 91% found Duolingo easy to use, 82% found it helpful, 80.4% enjoyed using it
and 78.3% were satisfied with the app. In addition, not too many students seem todisagree with these statements.

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Table 3. User satisfaction for B2 students

n. = 16

Strongly
Agree

Agree

Neither
Disagreenor
AgreeDisagreeStrongly
DisagreeDuolingo was easy
to use

43.8%

43.8%

0%

12.5%

0%

Duolingo
washelpful in studying
Spanish

50%

31.3%

6.3%

6.3%

6.3%

I enjoyed learning
Spanishwith
Duolingo

31.3%

12.5%

18.8%

18.8%

18.8%

I am satisfied with
Duolingo

25%

25%

6.3%

18.8%

25%

The results were a bit different from those seen for the beginner’s group. Althoughstudents in both classes found the app easy to use and helpful in studying Spanish,
clearly the students in this group did not enjoy using the app as much (only 43.8%
said they Strongly Agree or Agree). Only half the class was actually satisfied with
Duolingo (when we again combine the results from Strongly Agree and Agree). It is
still encouraging that over 80% of students still found the app helpful.
For question number two, “How does it compare to regular, book based,
homework?” we can look at the answers students gave in the following tables:
Table 4. Comparison to regular homework“Do you like Duolingo better than other types of homework?”
Yes

No

The Same

A1 students (n. = 46)

84.8%

8.7%

6.5%

B2 students (n. = 16)

43.8%

43.8%

12.5%

As we can see, students in the A1 group did indeed like it much better thanregular homework. The questionnaire presented a follow-up question to this one,i.e. “Why?” Some of the responses given in this group were evidence that (1) students
liked the variety of activities provided by Duolingo (“Because it is better. Includes
hearing and writing to practice more”.), (2) it is an easy and simple app to use (“Easy
app that I could do whenever I wanted.”;”It was better because it was easy to do

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experiencethe lessons on the app”.), (3) they like both the fact that it is on the phone and its
gamification aspect (“Since college students like to use their phones, it makes it feellike we are playing a game rather than doing homework;” “It was like playing a gamewhile learning”.), and (4) it gives them instant feedback (“Because instead of simply
doing the homework and not knowing if you were right or wrong, this program
helped you understand if you were wrong or right, and if you were wrong it would
correct you and show you your mistake;” “Duolingo will tell you right then and there
if you are wrong and help you correct your mistakes”.). For the students in this group
who answered that they didn’t like it, one person wrote: “I like doing my homeworkfrom a workbook with paper and a pen. I learn better if I handwrite the information
myself”.
For group B2, we can see again that the results were very different. But eventhough not that many students liked Duolingo better, if we combine the “Yes” answers
with those of “The Same,” the percentage is 87.6%. This indicates to this researcher
that, although there were aspects they may not have liked about the app, they stillthought it could be considered as valid as regular homework. The answers from thisgroup as to why they liked it more are similar to the ones we saw for the other group(“Because it is easy to do on the go, and I honestly feel that it helps me remember the
language well;” “it was easier to access and it also kept me motivated to keep turning
the circles gold;” “It was easy to complete and convenient that it was on my phone;”“Because it is easy to do on the go, and I honestly feel that it helps me remember the
language well”.). As to why they did not like it, many students expressed frustration
not so much with the app, but with the requirement of turning five skill circles gold
every week. They also complained that often, the translations in Duolingo have to be
specific and the program marks them wrong even if there is another option.
Questions 3 and 4 of our aims for this study: “Does Duolingo promote selfdirected learning that moves beyond the course’s requirements?” and “Will Duolingo
be useful even after the course is completed?” were answered with the following
questions in our survey, tables 5 and 6.
Table 5. Self-Directed Learning 1“Did you complete more lessons than those required for class?”
Yes

No

A1 (n. = 46)

56.5%

43.5%

B2 (n. = 16)

20%

80%

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experience

Table 6. Self-Directed Learning 2“Will you continue using Duolingo?”
Yes

No

Maybe

A1

39.1%

17.4%

43.5%

B2

6.7%

46.7%

46.7%

We observe here the same differences than before. Students in the A1 groupseemed much more inclined to do more lessons than the required ones (some ofthem even did lessons in other languages as well), and most of them believe that they
may use Duolingo in the future without any prompt from a course. Most students ingroup B2, on the other hand, did not complete extra lessons and do not think they
will continue using Duolingo, although if we combine the Yes with the Maybe, it
indicates that more than 50% of the class thinks it is a possibility.
The survey to the students also included the question “How did you access
Duolingo?”, since I wanted to gauge the popularity of the mobile options, the phoneor tablet, as opposed to the browser version. Students could click on all that applied.
The following chart presents the results.
Chart 1. Access modality

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From this chart, we see that more than half of students in both groups used theirmobile phones or tablets at some point. The B2 group appeared to also use the web
desk version more often, but that may have had to do with the fact that in the web
version, Duolingo allows you to do a quick practice to turn a skill back to gold, andthis was what they needed to do for this class. In any case, based upon their written
responses and these results, it is obvious that having the ability to do homework on
your mobile devices is something preferred by both groups.
Lastly, all of our students were asked how the use of Duolingo in class could be
improved. In group A1, many students said that they liked it the way it was. Somementioned that the skills they were reviewing in Duolingo did not correspond withwhat was seen in class and thought that they should be better aligned. Others alsosuggested doing the lessons in class, maybe for five minutes every day.
For our B2 students, many suggested that the requirement be made less stringent
and count XPs rather than requiring five skills turned to gold per week, so thatstudents could enjoy it more.

DISCUSSION
In this paper, I have tried to see if adding Duolingo to a Spanish course can
improve the course and also can give students a new tool that they can use after thecourse is completed. I studied the use of Duolingo in two different Spanish level
university courses with different pedagogical goals. In one course, the aim was
simply to complement the course (A1 group), while in the more advanced group, thegoal was to have students review basic vocabulary and grammar that they should
know at that level.
Based upon the results in the survey and the aims of this study, students appear
to find Duolingo an easy-to-use, helpful, and enjoyable app to practice Spanish; they
seem to like it more than regular, book based homework because of the convenience
it provides; they like the fact that it can be accessed in different formats, particularly
through mobile access; and lastly, they also enjoy its gamification aspects. I believethat this app is also successful because of the way the lessons are presented, withshort prompts that are varied and with different skills interleaved. As we saw withthe research from Brown, Roediger and McDaniel (2014), these methods, together
with spaced repetition, make learning more efficient.
There are some drawbacks to Duolingo, which were also noticed by students.
One of them is the accuracy of its translations, which may not always be exact or
which sometimes do not accept other versions. In the browser app, you can discuss
your answer with other learners to try to negotiate meaning in a way, but this is
not possible in the mobile version. The writer of the article has tried to do all of theDuolingo tree in Spanish, and has experienced this only rarely and mostly in moreadvanced nodes, thus it does not represent an important obstacle.

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experience

The author believes that Duolingo can still be a valid addition to any course,
online or face-to-face, since students are able to review the language at their own
level. It should not represent more than 15% of any course grade and, considering
the differences we saw in the two levels studied, is more recommended for beginners.
I also recommend that students do a number of XP a week, which now can be easily
tracked through the new Educator’s dashboard in Duolingo, and that they do themin several days so as to remain in frequent contact with the language. As alreadymentioned, this type of m-learning allows students to augment the classroom
learning by providing flexible learning that can enrich the classroom experience.
This Duolingo study also suggests that it promotes self-directed learning beyond
the course’s requirements, although more research in this area is needed. In an
anecdotal form, the instructor has also observed that about 10% of students in bothgroups have continued using Duolingo after the semester ended. Thus we can saythat it may still be useful once the course is completed, even if just for a few students.
I agree that we need to conduct more studies in which we can account for the learningthat took place thanks to Duolingo, but given the responses of students to this study
we do not see a drawback to implementing it.

REFERENCES
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newgr/ats/

PERFIL ACADÉMICO Y PROFESIONAL DE LA AUTORA  
Pilar Munday. Profesora de español en Sacred Heart University (EEUU).
Licenciada en Filología Inglesa por la Universidad de Granada y Doctora en Lingüística
Teórica por la Universidad de Nueva York. Está interesada en la investigación sobre
nuevas tecnologías para facilitar el aprendizaje de idiomas.
E-mail: mundayp@sacredheart.edu
DIRECCIÓN DE LA AUTORA
5151 Park Avenue
Fairfield, CT 06825
Estados Unidos

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experience

Fecha de recepción del artículo: 18/05//2015
Fecha de aceptación del artículo: 20/09/2015

Como citar este artículo:
Munday, P. (2016). The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language
classroom experience. RIED. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 19(1), 83-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/ried.19.1.14581

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P. Munday
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Appendix 1
Survey questions.
1.

Do you agree with the following statements?
Strongly
Disagree

Neither
Disagreenor Agree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly
Agree

Duolingo was easy touseDuolingo was helpfulin studying Spanish
I enjoyed learning
Spanish with Duolingo
I am satisfied with
Duolingo

2. How likely are you to recommend Duolingo to a colleague or friend? (on a scalefrom 0 to 10)
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Very unlikely

10
Very likely

3. Did you like Duolingo better than regular homework?
▪▪ Yes▪▪ No▪▪ The same
4. Why?
• Did you complete more lessons than the required for class?
• This could be in other languages as well.
▪▪ Yes▪▪ No
5. How did you access Duolingo?
• Check all that apply.

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The case for using DUOLINGO as part of the language classroom experience▪▪ Phone▪▪ Web▪▪ Tablet
6. Will you continue using DUOLINGO?
▪▪ Yes▪▪ No▪▪ Maybe
7. With which tool do you feel you learned the most Spanish in this class?
▪▪ Exams▪▪ Blog▪▪ Podcast▪▪ Recordings▪▪ Duolingo
8. How can DUOLINGO for classroom use be improved?
9. Do you have any other comments?

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