ZMAN ver2.2
User’s Manual

May 2010

www.wonatech.com© 1991–2010 WonATech Co. Ltd.
All rights reserved.

Contents
Chapter 1

Overview ................................................................................................. 1

A.

What is new in ZMAN 2.2 ................................................................................................ 1

B.

History of ZMAN 2.2 ......................................................................................................... 1

C.

Major New functions......................................................................................................... 1

D.

System requirements ....................................................................................................... 2

E.

Installation and Setup ...................................................................................................... 2

F. Licensing Note .......................................................................................................................... 5G.

Known Bug ....................................................................................................................... 5

H.

Legal Information ............................................................................................................. 5I.

End User License agreement ................................................................................................... 5

J. License Agreement ................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 2

About ZMAN ............................................................................................ 7

Chapter 3

EIS DATA FILE ........................................................................................ 9A.

Browse data files .............................................................................................................. 9
1. Base folder selection ............................................................................................................ 9
2. Recent folders ..................................................................................................................... 10
3. Refresh list .......................................................................................................................... 10
4. Expand All Items ................................................................................................................. 11
5. Collapse All Item ................................................................................................................. 11

B.

File Menu ....................................................................................................................... 11
1. Find File .............................................................................................................................. 11
2. Remove file ......................................................................................................................... 12C.

Data file Open ................................................................................................................ 12
1. Without License Code:........................................................................................................ 13
2. With License Code .............................................................................................................. 15

Chapter 4A.

Preview Data file .................................................................................... 18
Preview .......................................................................................................................... 18

B.

Preview Data table ......................................................................................................... 18
1. Data format ......................................................................................................................... 18
2. Empty cell capacitance value ............................................................................................. 20
3. Table Menu ......................................................................................................................... 21

C.

Data Editing .................................................................................................................... 24
1. Data region for analysis ...................................................................................................... 24
2. Delete Data points .............................................................................................................. 27
3. Extrapolation Bad data ....................................................................................................... 28
4. Editing Data points .............................................................................................................. 29

D.

Preview graph Menu ...................................................................................................... 30
1. Nyquist Plot ......................................................................................................................... 30
2. Bode Plot ............................................................................................................................ 32

Chapter 5

Project ................................................................................................... 34A.

How to Use the Project (“C” section) ............................................................................. 34

B.

Data file transfer to project ............................................................................................. 34
1. Add item .............................................................................................................................. 34
2. Batch transfer ..................................................................................................................... 34
3. Merge .................................................................................................................................. 34

C.

External parameter setting ............................................................................................. 35

D.

Data file order change .................................................................................................... 36

E.

Open data file directly .................................................................................................... 36

F. Data preview on Project .......................................................................................................... 37
1. File selection to preview ..................................................................................................... 37
2. Preview type selection ........................................................................................................ 38
G.

Data Editing on Project .................................................................................................. 39

Chapter 6A.

Data analysis ......................................................................................... 40
Kramers-Kronig Consistency ......................................................................................... 40

1. Kramers-Kronig relation ...................................................................................................... 40
2. Data File Selection .............................................................................................................. 40
3. Interpolation Density option ................................................................................................ 41

4. Calculate ............................................................................................................................. 41
5. Graph .................................................................................................................................. 41
6. Check Validity ..................................................................................................................... 41
7. Import data to clipboard ...................................................................................................... 42
B.

Modeling ......................................................................................................................... 43
1. Select data .......................................................................................................................... 43
2. Search Model ...................................................................................................................... 43
3. Select Model ....................................................................................................................... 44
4. Data sequence and Weight ................................................................................................ 44
5. Model Parameters .............................................................................................................. 45
6. Initial guessing .................................................................................................................... 46
7. Fit Data ............................................................................................................................... 46
8. Bisquare option ................................................................................................................... 47
9. Parameter free/fix ............................................................................................................... 47
10. Fitting history information.................................................................................................. 48
11. Export Data to clipboard ................................................................................................... 50

C.

Circular fitting ................................................................................................................. 51
1. Data file selection ............................................................................................................... 51
2. Data range setting for circular fitting ................................................................................... 52
3. Graph pop up menu ............................................................................................................ 52
4. Circular Initial guessing....................................................................................................... 53
5. Circular fitting ...................................................................................................................... 53
6. Including Warburg impedance ............................................................................................ 54
7. Circular fit result .................................................................................................................. 54
8. Circular fit result for Modeling ............................................................................................. 56

D.

Manipulate element or Model ......................................................................................... 59
1. Element subtraction/Addition .............................................................................................. 59
2. Model Subtraction/Addition ................................................................................................. 61

Chapter 7
A.

Equivalent Circuit Model Editor ............................................................... 63
Model file ........................................................................................................................ 63

1. Reinitialize Models to Default ............................................................................................. 63

2. Import Models ..................................................................................................................... 63
3. Export Models ..................................................................................................................... 64
B.

Category Menu............................................................................................................... 64
1. New category ...................................................................................................................... 64
2. Delete category ................................................................................................................... 65
3. Merge categories ................................................................................................................ 65
4. Duplicate ............................................................................................................................. 66
5. Rename .............................................................................................................................. 66
6. Export list of models to clipboard ........................................................................................ 66

C.

Model Menu ................................................................................................................... 66
1. New ..................................................................................................................................... 66
2. Add Models ......................................................................................................................... 69
3. Model Copy ......................................................................................................................... 70
4. Model Paste ........................................................................................................................ 70
5. Model Delete ....................................................................................................................... 70
6. Model Edit/Create ............................................................................................................... 70

D.

Model Design Rule ......................................................................................................... 71

E.

Basic Elements .............................................................................................................. 75
1. Resistive Element ............................................................................................................... 75
2. Capacitive Element ............................................................................................................. 75
3. Inductive Element ............................................................................................................... 76
4. Constant Phase Element (CPE) ......................................................................................... 76
5. Warburg Diffusion ............................................................................................................... 77
6. Diffusion Circuit Element .................................................................................................... 77
7. Finite Diffusion .................................................................................................................... 78
8. Homogeneous Reaction(Gerischer) ................................................................................... 80
9. Spherical Diffusion .............................................................................................................. 81
10. Finite-Length diffusion at planar particles ......................................................................... 81
11. Finite-Length diffusion at spherical particles .................................................................... 81
12. Finite-Length diffusion at sylindrical particles ................................................................... 81

F. Simple elements ..................................................................................................................... 81

1. New/Edit element ................................................................................................................ 82
2. Delete element .................................................................................................................... 83
3. Apply values to Non-Basic Models ..................................................................................... 83
G.

Parameter Simulation..................................................................................................... 83
1. From Model editor ............................................................................................................... 83
2. From data fitting .................................................................................................................. 86

Chapter 8A.

Automatic Model Search......................................................................... 88
Searching Parameter Setting ......................................................................................... 88

1. Target Category selection................................................................................................... 88
2. Parameter value range ....................................................................................................... 89
3. Initial guessing method ....................................................................................................... 89
4. Non linear fitting .................................................................................................................. 90
B.

Model finding Criteria Setting ......................................................................................... 90
1. For Simple circular initial quessing and no initial guessing ................................................ 91
2. For Genetic Analysis ........................................................................................................... 91

C.

Searching process ......................................................................................................... 92
1. Start searching .................................................................................................................... 92
2. Stop searching .................................................................................................................... 92
3. Change searching condition ............................................................................................... 92

D.

Searching Result ............................................................................................................ 93
1. Extensive fitting ................................................................................................................... 93
2. Fitting by parameter range.................................................................................................. 93
3. Initial guessing/fitting .......................................................................................................... 94
4. Re-searching model ............................................................................................................ 94
5. Singular matrix result .......................................................................................................... 94
6. Ending Search process ....................................................................................................... 94

Chapter 9A.

Impedance Data Plot .............................................................................. 95
How to plot data in a graph. ........................................................................................... 95

1. Select a data set ................................................................................................................. 95
2. Select Plot Option ............................................................................................................... 95

1.

Select Graph format ....................................................................................................... 96

3. Format Scales on a graph ................................................................................................ 100
B.

How to Format Axis Scales .......................................................................................... 100
1. Select 2d or 3D Plot settings ............................................................................................ 100
2. Configure Axis/Scale properties ....................................................................................... 100

Chapter 10
A.

Graph .................................................................................................. 102
2D Graph common functions ....................................................................................... 102

1. Legend .............................................................................................................................. 102
2. Side function of Graph ...................................................................................................... 102
3. Rescale to show all ........................................................................................................... 104
4. Cursor Mode ..................................................................................................................... 104
5. Zoom ................................................................................................................................. 106
6. Axis scale .......................................................................................................................... 107
B.

Graph internal function for Bode & Nyquist plot ........................................................... 107
1. Show ................................................................................................................................. 108
2. Remove Bad data: You can delete bad data. ................................................................... 110
3. Rescale to show all ........................................................................................................... 110
4. Matching Scale (Only for Nyquist Plot) ............................................................................. 110
5. Item ................................................................................................................................... 110
6. Contents............................................................................................................................ 111
7. Axis ................................................................................................................................... 111
8. Export Image to Clipboard ................................................................................................ 112

C.

Graph internal function for Parameter plot ................................................................... 112
1. Show ................................................................................................................................. 113
2. X axis setting .................................................................................................................... 113
3. Y axis setting .................................................................................................................... 114
4. Contents............................................................................................................................ 114

D.

3D Plot ......................................................................................................................... 114
1. Cursor ............................................................................................................................... 115
2. Plane Projection ................................................................................................................ 116
3. Projection Style ................................................................................................................. 116

4. Plot Item ............................................................................................................................ 117
5. Contents............................................................................................................................ 117
E.

Parameter Plot ............................................................................................................. 118
1. Parameter to display ......................................................................................................... 118
2. File select .......................................................................................................................... 118
3. Axis ................................................................................................................................... 118

Chapter 1

Overview

ZMAN is a scientific application for impedance analysis and modeling.
With ZMAN, you can integrate a series of impedance measurements and control
parameters into a single file, and then present them in sophisticated 2D and 3Dgraphs including the familiar Nyquist plots and Bode diagrams.
With its powerful equivalent circuit model editor, you can easily add arbitrary circuitcomponents, expressed by complex functions, to build and manage your own
equivalent circuit models.
ZMAN’s special equivalent circuit search engine lets you easily search for an
appropriate equivalent circuit model which best fits the raw impedance spectrum
from pre-defined and user-defined models.
In addition, ZMAN helps you fit model parameters with the equivalent circuit fitter
employing the Levenberg-Marquardt (LEVM) algorithm and to compare the best-fit
result against raw data in graphical form. In fitting impedance series, you can use
previous best-fit parameters as initial values for fitting the next impedance
spectrum.

A. What is new in ZMAN 2.2
ZMAN is loaded with features that will enable you to systematically analyze
impedance data. ZMAN offers various types of graphs including Nyquist Plot, Bode
Diagram, Parameter Plot and 3D Plots. There are powerful fitting modules supporting
built-in equivalent circuits and user-defined libraries.
These exciting features will help you manage and analyze your impedance data in amore productive way than ever before.

B. History of ZMAN 2.2
 Upgrade from ZMAN 2.1
 ZMAN 2.1
 ZMAN 2.0
 Upgrade from ZMAN 1.1

C. Major New functions
in ZMAN version 2.2
 Interpolate Bad data Black-Nichols Plot 3D graph setting option
 Improved Model editor
 Application Model library for automatic searching Parameter Simulation of model Genetic analysis option for fitting
 Automatic initial guessing
 Trace movie function on fitting

1




in ZMAN version 2.1
Data analysis for WonATech data format (WDF, WIS file) without a license code.
WDF file extension is from WEIS system, WIS file extension is from Z# and Z100
systems

Data editingCircle fitting

Add/remove element parameter

Add/remove model parameter

Impedance E,M,Y,Z in polar Admittance Modulus Dielectric constant Data display

D. System requirements
In order to run ZMAN, you must ensure that your computer meets the following
minimum software and hardware requirements:
Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, Vista, or Windows 7
Processor: Intel Pentium 4 or equivalent
RAM: 512MB
Display: 1280 x 1024 recommended
If you have lower resolution, you can use ZMAN by maximizing window.
Internet: An internet connection is required for registration

E. Installation and Setup
Installation and setup is performed by running "setup.exe" or "install.exe" from the
ZMAN software CD.
The ZMAN software will then be installed, along with the National Instruments
libraries.
After installation, you can run ZMAN by going to the Start Menu, All Programs,
WonATech, ZMAN 2.2 and clicking ZMAN.

Figure 1. Intro Menu without license(Before license Request)

2

Figure 2. Intro Menu without license(After license Request)

Figure 3. Intro menu with licensed

You can see intro menu of ZMAN2.2 as the above figure1.
You can select blank project at start or select recent project which you handled lasttime or you can browse specific file by clicking Brows button.
If you want to edit/create model only, you can directly enter Model editor
If you select blank project, the following window will appear.

Figure 4. ZMAN starting

If you have purchased ZMAN and have not activated the ZMAN license, you will needto send some information to WonATech in order to be sent a valid license code.

3

Figure 5. License Code Entry

Click the “Send e-mail” button, and fill in your registration details:

Figure 6. License code application form

If you have not purchased ZMAN and want to evaluate the software, click the“Cancel” button.
If you have purchased ZMAN, then fill in the required information and click the “OK”
button.

Figure 7. Send registration email

If you click “OK” button, the program will automatically e-mail this information to
WonATech to obtain a license code. If your PC is not connected to the internet,
please paste (Ctrl+V) the information into a text editor and email it tosales@WonATech.com. You will then receive the license code for ZMAN by email.
Until the license code has been entered into ZMAN, you can only use it with
WonATech generated data.

4

Figure 8. License notice

F. Licensing Note
A ZMAN license code is required for each PC you use it on. You must install ZMAN
into the PC you want to use ZMAN software for 3rd parties data analysis. Without
License code, you can use ZMAN for WonATech generated data in any PC with fullfunctions.

G. Known Bug
ZMAN uses Microsoft Common Control to open a file; however, the file open dialog is
not loaded in some machines. It is caused from a licensing issue of the ActiveX
control. The easiest way to fix it is to install Microsoft Visual Studio or Visual Basic.

H. Legal Information
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. This document isprovided for informational purposes only and WonATech makes no warranties, either
express or implied, in this document. The entire risk of the use or the results of theuse of this document remains with the user.
Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be
reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, or for any purpose, without the express written permission of
WonATech.
Copyright © 2004-2010 WonATech. All rights reserved.

I.

End User License agreement
Take the time to read this License Agreement prior to installing this software,because by installing the software, you accept the terms and conditions of thisLicense Agreement. Likewise, if you do not accept the terms of this agreement, do
not install this package.

J.

License Agreement
WonATech Co., Ltd grants you, the purchaser, a non-exclusive license to use thesoftware programs included in this package. This license is subject to the terms andrestrictions set forth in this agreement.
You may
Make archival copies of the software programs for backup purpose only.
You may NOT
Sublicense, rent or lease the software programs
Modify the program
Reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble

thesoftwareprograms

or5

programmable logic devices
Terms
This license is effective until terminated.
Contact
We can be contacted via:
E-mail: support@WonATech.com
Fax: 82-2-576-2635
Phone: 82-2-578-6516
Address: WonATech Co., Ltd
8-6, WooMyun-Dong, SeoCho-Ku, Seoul 137-900, Korea
If you write to us about a problem, please provide as much information as possible.
Limited Warranty
WonATech Co., Ltd warrants to the original user of this product that it shall be free of
defects resulting from faulty manufacture of the product.
WonATech Co., Ltd makes no warranties regarding either the satisfactory
performance of ZMAN package including the software encoded in this product or thefitness of the system for any particular purpose.
WonATech Co., Ltd reserves the right to make revisions to the system at any time
without incurring any obligation to install same on systems previously purchased. All
system specifications are subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
Microsoft, Windows, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT, Windows
2000, and Windows XP Windows Vista Windows7 are registered trademarks ofMicrosoft Corporation.
LabVIEW is a registered trademark of National Instruments.
Other names of actual companies and product names may be trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective holders.

6Chapter 2

About ZMAN

The basic concepts and features of ZMANTM are shown in the figure below.
In this section, you will learn about the main features and functions of ZMAN. To get
an overview of some of the features of the software, follow these steps:
1.

Open a data file. Refer to EIS Data File for details.
file or importing 3rd paries data file2.

Edit your data file. You may edit bad data or combine some series measurement
for ZMAN analysis. Refer to Preview data file for details

3.

Project concept. You can use Project function to manage your series of data
files measured with max 3 control variables. Refer to Project for details

4.

Check validity using the Kramers-Kronig relation. For details, see KramersKronig Consistency. However, this is not a general procedure used to analyze
impedance data.

5.

Using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, best fit the data to an Equivalent
Circuit which is defined and selected in the Equivalent Circuit Model Editor. Refer
to Modeling6.

Try circular fitting for your nyquist plot’s shape having semi-circle. Refer toCircular fitting for details

7.

You can add or subtract some element or model from your data. Refer toManipulate element or Model for details

8.

You can create/manage your own model or models in libraries. Refer toEquivalent Circuit Model Editor.

9.

When you are uncertain what is an appropriate equivalent circuit or you are notfamiliar with equivalent circuit, you can use the ZMAN automatic Search Engine
to find possible choices. Refer to Automatic Model Searching for details.

You can use your EIS data

10. Plot the data file. Refer to Impedance Data plot for details. You may plot raw
data with KK checked results or best fit results in various types of graphs. Bestfit parameters are plotted against control variables.
11. There are many type of graph handling for impedance data presentation. Referto Graph for details

7Equivalent Circuit Fitter
Project Manager
Control Variables

InitialParameters

Best Fitted
Parameters
LEVM Engine

Data(3 cols)

text

text

Z'

Z"

|Z|



text

f

Best Fitted
Data

Raw Data
Check Validity of Data
Model
K-K
Consistency
Search Engine

Plot

Equivalent Circuit Model Editor

3D Plot

Equivalent Circuit Model

Nyquist plot

Built-in

Bode Diagram

User

Circuit Elements
R

C

Q

W

Symbol...

User

Parameters Formula

Figure 9. ZMAN Diagram

8Chapter 3

EIS DATA FILE

ZMAN use project concept. Each impedance data file(s) can be transferred toproject file.
Only if the data file was transferred to project section, it can be analyzed.
Project section can be handled as single file or multiple files. Main reason of project
concept is series analysis from various data set by experiment circumstancechanging.
In the Project tab, there are 3 sections..

A

B

C

Figure 10. Main windows structure

You can select raw data as an individual file or you can group several data together
and save them in a ZMAN project file in Project Tab. ZMAN Project files end with theextension .zmp.
You can see 3 sections as shown above.
“A” section: Data files handling“B” section: Data file Preview“C” section: Project file handling for ZMAN data analysis

A. Browse data files
1. Base folder selection
ZMAN shows data file list which can be used in ZMAN. These file list is different bylicensing. Displayed data files are located on base folder which user can determine.
You may need to select folder which contains EIS data files. To select folder, click9

right mouse button at “A” section in Figure 10. Then pop up menu will appear.

Figure 11. Data file handling pop up menu

You can change base folder by selecting “Change Base Folder..” on pop up menu,
ZMAN will show file list including subsidiary folders.
If you check on, ZMAN will show the files which you set as base folder
at last time when you open ZMAN program

Figure 12. Base folder display

You can see current base folder at bottom.
If you select the file, you can also see file information base folder

information.

Figure 13. File information

2. Recent folders
You can easily change highest path using Recent folders. Recent folders displays
folder which you did set as base folder.

Figure 14. Recent folders

3. Refresh list
If you select Refresh or click refresh button, data file list is updated.

104. Expand All Items
You can display All EIS data files in subsidiary folders when you select “Expand All
item”
Generally subsidiary folder’s EIS data can be seen when you click this folder.

Figure 15. Open All items

Note: WDF file is not all for EIS data.
5. Collapse All Item
If you select this, you can just see base folder data list. Sub folder’s data list will
be collapsed.
You can back to normal display by selecting “Collapse All items”.

Figure 16. Collaps All items.

B. File Menu
1. Find File
You can find file using “Find item function”.

11

To use this function, you can click“A”

icon or select submenu on file list section

Figure 17. File list submenu

You can see following menu

Figure 18. Find item menu

If you want to sort file name or date, double click on title then it will be sorted.
2. Remove file
You can erase data file on harddisk.

Figure 19. Remove file

Select data file which you want to erase and select “Remove file”
You can see warning message box.

Figure 20. Warning message

C. Data file OpenYou can load data file(s) into ZMAN using two methods.

12

1. Without License Code:You can select data file in section“A” by double clicking on the file name, you canthen see, EIS data preview of this selected file. If this is the file you want to load
into Project for data analysis, click “add” button. You can then see selected files
information in section “C”. ZMAN can load the data files (zmp, wdf etc) which comefrom WonATech products directly without a license code. If you want to load ASCII
file produced by 3rd parties you will then need to obtain a ZMAN license code.
a) Single EIS data set

If a data file is a single EIS data set, Double Click on the data file in section “A”
Then you can see data preview in section “B”

Figure 21. Data previewb) Multiple EIS data set


WDF file (WEIS data file)If your WDF data file includes multiple EIS data sets (e.g. Series measurementetc). Double click on data file name on section “A”

Figure 22. Multiple data loading

If you inserted Cycle marker to produce the above sequence file, the box above willappear. Click “Yes” then multiple EIS data will be split automatically and loaded in
Project part (Section ”C”)

Figure 23. Parameter value editing13

If you do not want to use all EIS data set, click “No” and the select box will appear.

Figure 24. File selectYou can then select one EIS data set for analysis.


Other data fileIf your data file has multiple EIS data sets, you can split the file into each EIS data set
using the data range function.

Figure 25. Data file containing multiple EIS data set

c)

Project file

Double click on project data file (zmp) name in section “A”
Then project data will be loaded in section “C”

14Figure 26. Parameter editing example

2. With License Code
Reading of ACSII and 3rd Party files requires a License Code to be obtained
from WonATech.
a) Direct reading 3rd parties data(Needs License Code)ZMAN read Zahner Data file(*.ism), Autolab Data file(*.dfr) directly without
text file importing menu.
b) Ascii file and 3rd party’s data (Needs License Code)

Select an ASCII file(needs license code) to analyze. You may change
extensions among Data File (*.dat), Text File(*.txt) Solartron Datafile(*.z)and Gamry Data File(*.dta). ZMAN supports ASCII data file containing
several lines of header, which are automatically recognized and ignored in
ZMAN, and three successive columns with numbers such as frequency, realand imaginary part of impedance. Available orders of columns are:nth Column
Frequency(f)orAngularFrequency(w)(n+1) th Col(n+2) th Column

Real(Z’)
Mod.(|Z|)
Real(Y’)Mod.(|Y|)&

Imaginary(Z”)
part
Impedance
Phase of Impedance
Imaginary(Y”)
partAdmittancePhase of Admittanceofof

These columns should be delimited by delimiters such as space and tab.
If you attempt to open ASCII file or 3rd party’s data file without license code, you
can see the following message box.

15

Figure 27. File format information

Once you select an ASCII format data file or after you checked the “Show dialog”
check box ON, you may see the following window.

Figure 28. Read Text File

If the data file which you selected has no EIS data or invalid file format, thefollowing message box will appear.

Figure 29. No data in file message

If additional columns are inserted before the three successive data columns,
type the number of additional cols in the Ignore the first cols check box. With
predetermined file formats, column skip function and negative colum3 selection
will be inactive.

Figure 30. 1st column: serial number, Zimg polarity opposite

16Sometimes, the sign convention of the third column may be inverted. In such acase, press Negate COL3 and plot it in Nyquist Plot and Bode Diagram. With
predetermined file format, column skip function and negative colum3 selection
will be inactive
Press “OK”.

17

Chapter 4

Preview Data fileIf you selected data file, The data file will move to preview section(B) or project
section(C) when you selected project file.

A. Preview

Figure 31. Preview EIS data in section “B”

When you open the data file, EIS data will be displayed at preview section. You cancheck the data by view various graphic or data list also you can edit the data file
before EIS data analysis.

B. Preview Data table
1. Data format
The following data formats are available for display

Figure 32. Data format“in Polar…” means in polar coordinate.

18a) Impedance Zc) Admittance Yb) Impedance Z in polard) Addmitance Y in polar

19e)Modulus Mf) Modulus M in polarg)Dielectric constant Eh) Dielectric constant E in polar

2. Empty cell capacitance value
To get dielectric constant and modulus, you must input empty cell capacitancevalue

Figure 33. Empty cell capacitance value input

If you do not know empty cell capacitance value, click

button located on the20input area then you can see “set geometry”
Click this button then you can see the following menu

Figure 34. Parallel plate model parameter input

Area is electrode area(Unit is m2)
Separation is the distance between two electrode (Unit is mm)
If you input two parameter value and click “OK” then the calculated empty cell
capacitance will be displayed on value input.
3. Table Menu
To see table menu, click right button of the mouse then menu will appear.

Figure 35. Table menua) Copy

If you want to copy row or column of table, click title or index number or“select Col” or “Select Row” and select “copy”

Figure 36. Row copy

21

Figure 37. Column copyb) Paste (Needs License Code)This function is to paste the copied valued on the table. If you do not havelicense code, this will be inactive.
c) Copy Table

This command will copy entire table value.
d) Insert Row

This will insert a new row above the current row. This can make generate new
virtual data point if requirede) Delete Row

This will delete data point.
f) Set Column ValueYou can change the value of the user defined formula.
Click/select the column in which you want to change the data value and clickright button of mouse to see the menu.

Figure 38. Set column value

The “set column value” menu will appear

Figure 39. Set column value

If you want to change the polarity of column C (Z”), type C[i]*(-1);

22Figure 40. Input formula directly

If you click OK button column C data’s polarity will be changed.

Figure 41. Polarity changed data

If you want use predefined function, Use the following rule.

Figure 42. Select column parameter

Select column parameter which you will change for the selected.
Click

Figure 43. Dragging variable for usage of functions.

If you want to use the abs(x) function, double click or drag the parameter
which you want to apply.

23

Figure 44. Select function

Select function or constant and click

Figure 45. Set colum value result

Click OK button and the data will be recalculated.

C. Data Editing
If you want to modify the original data before analyzing, you can do it as follows.
1. Data region for analysis
You can use part of data for analysis

Figure 46. Preiew

If you want to use positive data for Zimg, then zoom up the 0 point of Zimg by
selecting regional zoom function and dragging the mouse in the area to zoom up.

24

Figure 47. Zoom menu

Figure 48. Zoom up

Place the mouse cursor on the graph and click right button of mouse then you can
see the sub menu. Select the cursor as follows

Figure 49. Cursor mode selection

You can select data point near the 0 value of Zimg by dragging the cross haircursor and click right button of mouse.

Figure 50. Select data point by cursor modeor click right button of mouse. Then click “Goto indexed data”

25Figure 51. Cursor function

You can see the data point corresponding to the cursor location

Figure 52. Cursor pointed

data

The cursor pointed is the 8th data point in data list.
You can input 8 in the Range box instead of 0.

Figure 53. Selected data region

Selected data will be displayed as blue colored. These data points will be used foranalysis.

Click thesection”C”

icon and the selected data set will be transferred to project

Figure 54. Transferring data set to project26

You can see data preview by selecting file name at section “C”

Figure 55. Data preview in project

2. Delete Data points
If you want to delete bad data point(s) on original data before analysis, you can doit using the following process.
To find bad data, zoom up by selecting the regional zoom function and dragging
the mouse on an area to zoom up.

Figure 56. Zoom up

By cursor function, move the cross-hair cursor to the bad data

Figure 57. Cross hair cursor on bad data27

Click right button on graph and select “Remove bad data”

Figure 58. Remove bad data

Now the bad data point was deletedFigure 59. Bad data was deleted

3. Extrapolation Bad data
If you want to change bad data as expected data using extrapolation, you mustchange graph format as Bode plot at first.

Figure 60. One point bad data on Bode plot

You can select bad data by cursor function and click right button of mouse. Thenclick interpolate bad data.

28

Figure 1. Interpolate bad data(before & after)

4. Editing Data points
If your data contains bad data points, you can change the point value

Figure 61. Select bad data by cursor function

You can select bad data by cursor function and click right button of mouse. Thenclick “Go to indexed data”

Figure 62. Bad data value list

You can change the value of Zimg to -180.

29

Figure 63. Data value changed

You can delete or modify the bad data points on project section

D. Preview graph Menu
1. Nyquist Plot
If you want to see Nyquist plot, clickright button on plot region.

button. To view pop up menu, click

Figure 64. Nyquist pota) Cursor

Figure 65. Nyquist plot cursor display

If you move mouse cursor to cross hair and click on it then you can see thepoint information as the left side graph (point number and frequency) If you
release the mouse button, you can see the right side graphAt cursor mode, pop up menu is as the follows.

30

Figure 66. Pop up menu on Nyquist plot

Goto Indexed Data & Remove Bad Data is activated.
b) Legend submenu

Only when pop up menu is displayed, you can move mouse cursor onto
Legend. Then click right button of mouse.

Figure 67. Legend submenu

You can change each line’s properties using this pop up menu.
You can refer to this function in Graph section.
c) Remove Bad data

You can delete cursor pointed data.
d) Rescale to show all

If the graph was zoomed up, it will initiate scale to see whole graph

Figure 68. Rescale to show all in Nyquiste) Matching scaleThis will display X axis scale equally to Y axis scale.

Figure 69. Matching scale in Nyquist

31f) Export image to clipboard

Copy graphic into clipboard to use in other application software such as Word,
Excel etc..

Figure 70. Clipboard image

2. Bode Plot
If you want to see Bode plot, click
button. To view pop up menu, click rightbutton on plot region.
Same as Bode plot except matching scale.
a) Cursor

Figure 71. Bode Plot cursor display

Same function with Nyquist plot
Pop up menu on cursor mode is as the following.

Figure 72. Pop up menu on Bode plot

Same function with Nyquist plot except Interpolate bad data function.

32b) Legend submenu

Only when pop up menu is displayed, you can move mouse cursor onto
Legend. Then click right button of mouse.

Figure 73. Legend submenu

You can change each line’s properties using this pop up menu.
You can refer to this function in Graph section.
c) Remove Bad data

You can delete cursor pointed data.
d) Interpolate Bad data

With this function, ZMAN changed cursor pointed data by interpolation with two
data points.
e) Rescale to show all

If the graph was zoomed up, it will initiate scale to see whole graphf) Export image to clipboard

Copy graphic into clipboard to use in other application software such as Word,
Excel etc..

Figure 74. Clipboard image

33

Chapter 5

Project

A. How to Use the Project (“C” section)
ZMAN software was designed to handle impedance data file using a project concept.
The Project can contain several EIS data files and this project can be used foranalysis of serial measurement files or grouped data files. This can manage data files
related among them by control variables. For example, for the evaluation ofproperties of a battery, one may measure impedance of the battery in its open circuit
state. In such a case control variable is OCV.
These data files sets can be saved as a project file with analysis result.
If you have already opened a project file (*.zmp), ZMAN automatically loads it in the
Project section“C”.

B. Data file transfer to project
You can upload multiple files on project by the above process.
1. Add item
You can transfer data file on preview section to project section by clicking “Additem” button.

Figure 75. Upload EIS data file

2. Batch transfer
You can transfer multiple data file to project section by clicking “batch” button or
select batch on file menu (short key: ctrl + B). When you click “batch” button, you
can select multiple data files. If these files need text file importing function, thesefunction will do sequentially.
3. Merge
You can merge other project file into current project without clearing the project.
This function can be done by selecting Merge in File menu.
If you select other project file directly, current project will be cleared.
4. File part transfer to project
If your data file have cyclic impedance data then you can break down each
impedance using data region transferring.

34

Figure 76. Data file containing multiple EIS data set

You can check how many data points included in one EIS data set on data list.
And input each data set’s range.

Figure 77. Data transfer by splitting.

You can transfer each data set to project.

C. External parameter setting
If you did upload multiple files, you can you can input values, at X1, X2, X3, such astemperature value, voltage value, distance value etc. for use in a parameter plot. To
input a value, double click on the required cell and input the value as shown above.

Figure 78. Parameter editing

Also you can define (name) parameters (X1, X2, and X3) by clicking “Edit item” icon

35

in “C” section

Figure 79. Labeling Control Parameters

If you change parameter name, these name will be used for parameter plot or 3D plot.
You can upload multiple data files by clicking “Batch” button at central part. You can
upload multiple data files by clicking “Batch” button at central part. You can selectmultiple files by normal windows ctrl or shift button operation.
Note: Batch uploading will not display preview (section “C”).

D. Data file order change
For series fitting and data display for 3D plot, you need file order adjustment.
If you want to change the order of files of the list, Select one file name in the item
list and click up or down icon to move to wanted location.

Figure 80. Edit item

E. Open data file directly
1. Project file reading
You may open the project file(file extension: zmp) by clicking folder icon
“C” section or double click project file at file browser (section “A”)
In this case current folder’s data will be cleared.

atFigure 81. Warning message

2. WDF file reading
If your WDF file(WEIS data file) has multiple impedance data set by cycling, It canbe directly transfer set of data to project region(section”C”)

36

When you did double click on WDF then following message box will appear

Figure 82. Multiple data set WDF file opening

If you click Yes button, all set of data will transfer to project.
These files will be added to current project file configuration.

F. Data preview on Project
If you want to preview data file from project, click index number for the data filename on item list or select file name on combo box.
Data preview function is same as in Preview section. You can refer to chapter4
Preview data file.
1. File selection to preview.
Figure 83. Select file name on combo box37Or double click the index number on item list.

Figure 84. Select file name on item list

Then you can see preview for the data file as Nyquis, Bode, Black Nichols,
Parameter value and model pictorial with data list
You can also change the preview file using arrow key
2. Preview type selection

Figure 85. Preview graphics on Project (Nyquist,Bode,Black Nichols plot)

38

Figure 86. Preview parameter info & model pictorial

G. Data Editing on Project
You can delete or modify the bad data on project section. Refer to Preview section
regarding to data editing.

Figure 87. Data editing on project39

Chapter 6

Data analysis

A. Kramers-Kronig Consistency

Figure 88. KK Consistency menu

1. Kramers-Kronig relation
The validity of Complex Impedance data may be checked by the Kramers-Kronig
Relation. The Kramers-Kronig Relation is given by the following.
Z” to Z’ Transform:

Z ' ( )  Z ' () 2xZ " ( x)  Z " ( )dx
0x2   2Z’ to Z” Transform:

Z " ( )  

2  Z ' ( x)  Z ' ( )dx
 0x2   2

In order to perform the calculation, ZMAN first interpolates impedance data withpoints equally spaced in the frequency domain. After that, the interpolated data is
calculated by Maclaurin’s series method.

Figure 89. KK consistency

2. Data File Selection
Select a data file analyzed in the Filenames Box. If you want to analyze all data inthe project, make “All” check box checked.

40

3. Interpolation Density option
Select an option in the “Interpolation Density” list box. There are three options:
Low, Medium, and High. If you select High, it may take around half minute tocomplete the calculation, depending on the performance of your computer.
4. Calculate
Click Calculate. After calculation if there is error, error color will change to red.
Calculation time will be displayed.

Figure 90. Calculated result

5. Graph
There are Nyquist plot and Bode plot to show KK consistency result.
To view pop up menu for graph, click right mouse on graph region.

Figure 91. Nyquist plot pop up menu

Figure 92. Bode plot pop up menu

6. Check Validity
After completion of the calculation, you may check the validity of your impedance
data by comparing data and result in the Nyquist Plot and Bode Diagram. The
difference between both is shown in the Error Graph, where ΔZ and ΔPhase iscalculated by the following equations:

ΔZ [ dB ]= − 20log

Z KK
Z raw

and

ΔPhase [deg]=φ Z KK − φ Z raw

41

Figure 93. KK consistency error diagram

7. Import data to clipboard
When you click “import data to clipboard” button, KK consistency calulation result
will be copied to clipboard.
No Freq
1 1.000000E+6
2 7.957100E+5
3 6.331500E+5
4 5.038100E+5
5 4.008800E+5(1) ktu3:Zre
9.534747E+2
1.140401E+3
1.425871E+3
1.712020E+3
2.131309E+3(1) ktu3:Zim-2.402724E+3-2.837647E+3-3.414924E+3-4.079632E+3-4.828724E+3(1) ktu3:Zre_KK
1.161808E+3
1.282861E+3
1.480751E+3
1.790460E+3
2.129337E+3(1) ktu3:Zim_KK-3.456998E+3-3.891953E+3-4.350381E+3-4.928293E+3-5.645927E+3

When you click OK button, KK consistency result will be applied on project. If you
click “Cancel” button, result will be discarded42

B. Modeling
In order to fit your EIS data to equivalent circuit, Enter to Modeling Menu..

Figure 94. Modeling menu selection

Figure 95. Modeling

1. Select data
If your project has multiple EIS data set, From the left-upper list box, select thedata that you want to fit.

Figure 96. Data selection

When you click the data set name, Nyquist plot and Bode plot will be displayed atright side.
2. Search Model
When you are uncertain as to which model best fits the data, click
searchmodel button. You can quickly and easily search available models that best fit thedata. See ”Automatic Model Search” for details. This step may be skipped.

43

3. Select Model
You can select model directly from model editor or by input equivalent circuit
symbol.
a) From Model editor

Click
Select Model button in order to select an equivalent circuit to be
applied to the data. See “Equivalent Circuit Model editor” for details.
You can select model in model library. Each library has same model withdifferent initial parameter values. If you selected one model in equivalentcircuit model editor by clicking
model will transferred to Modeling window

button, its initial value in theb) Direct Input Model symbol

You can input Symbol in model input box as same rule in model editor.

Figure 97. Symbol input box

If you did not complete it, following error message will appear.

Figure 98. Error message box

See “Equivalent Circuit Model editor” for detailsc) Select Model in combo box.

You can select model list on combo box. The listed models are from libraries.

Figure 99. Model selecting combo box

4. Data sequence and Weight
Select an data sequence and a weighting method.
a) Data sequence

You can select data set which will be used to fit.

44

Figure 100. Data sequence selecting

Default data set is Zreal and Zimg for Nyquist plot
You can change other data set following data characteristics to get moreaccurate fitting resultb) Weighting Factor

You can select weight factor on fitting process.
Default is modulus to data.

Figure 101. Weighting factor

5. Model Parameters

Figure 102. Model parameter window

You can modify model parameters value to use as initial values of fitting process.
When you input value, Nyquist plot and bode plot display(fitting curve) will bechanged following this value.

45

Figure 103. Parameter input result

6. Initial guessing

There are 3 initial guessing method.

a) Direct parameter value inputb) Simple circular initial guessingc) Genetic analysis initial guessing

For details See “Automatic Model Search”
7. Fit Data
Click Fit Data one round minimize

or 10 round minimize

to fit model

parameters to the model. You can do series fitting when you check on “ALL”.
Then fitting process will done sequentially data by data.
After fitting routine is finished, you may compare the best-fitted data against raw
data in Nyquist Plot and Bode Diagram. Check All TRUE to fit parameters ofimpedance series. ZMAN automatically use best-fitted parameters as initial values
to fit the next impedance data set. So you need to locate data set in order aschanging control test conditions such as time, voltage etc.
You can change file location order in project tab’s edit items.

Figure 104. File location order change

46Note: If you use series fitting using check on, Fitting process will use
1st data’s model with its parameter setting in fixed or free for all otherdata sets even if you selected other model for other data set.
In Error Graph,

ΔZ and ΔPhase is calculated by the following equations:

ΔZ [ dB ]= − 20log

Z BestFitted
Z raw

and

ΔPhase [deg]=φ Z BestFitted − φ Z raw .

Figure 105. Error graph

Figure 106. Model fitting result

You can view the equivalent circuit model by clicking “PIC” button.
Left bottom side information is fitting result. If you see “Singular matrix…”, fix theparameter in model by check out “Free” section and do fitting again.
8. Bisquare option
Check on Bisquare option, you will get more accurate result but it takes more time.
9. Parameter free/fix
Only free parameters will be used for fitting. If some parameter(s) are set as fixed,
those parameter will not be used for fitting process.
There are two free condition by fitting value rangea) Positive value acceptable only

ZMAN will fit the parameter value within positive value. If you set this one, freemark will beb) All value including negative acceptable

ZMAN will fit the parameter value with all value. If you set this one, free markwill be.

If parameter was fixed free mark will be

47

You can set all parameter as positive value only or all parameter by cliking
right mouse button on “Free” characters then following pop up menu willappear.

Figure 107. Free option pop up menu

You can change free status per parameter by click this mark then mark will bechanged by every clicking.
If you select copy to clipboard, each parameter’s setting information will copied
to clipboard as;
Free,Rs,100,Free(+),R1,100,Fixed,C1,0.001,Free,R2,100,Free,C2,0.001,Free,R3,100,Free,C3,0.001,-

10. Fitting history information
Every fitting process will be logged and displayed at left bottom side

Figure 108. Fitting history informationa) Initial guessing log.

If you do initial guessing, following information will be logged.


Simple circular(1) 1
Function Evaluated
Reduced Chi-sqr = 0.530671
R square = -0.038813
Degree of Freedom = 113
Initial Guessed - Circular Fit
Elapsed Time = 0 ms

Genetic analysis(1) 1
Function Evaluated
Reduced Chi-sqr = 0.075619
R square = 0.963088
Degree of Freedom = 113
Initial Guessed by Genetic Analysis
Fitness(Chi-sqr) = 0.075619

48

Number of Populations = 100
Number of Generations = 175
Elapsed Time = 13135 msb) Fitting log
Successful fitting result(1) 1
3rd: Successfully Finished - 1 Rounds
Number of Function Calls = 56
Reduced Chi-sqr = 0.000364
R square = 0.999826
Degree of Freedom = 113
Elapsed Time = 167 ms
2nd: Successfully Finished - 1 Rounds
Number of Function Calls = 45
Reduced Chi-sqr = 0.000316
R square = 0.999799
.
.
.



Singular Matrix result(1) 1Singular Matrix - Fix Qa2 - 1 Rounds
Number of Function Calls = 184
Reduced Chi-sqr = 0.000412
R square = 0.999952
Degree of Freedom = 112
Elapsed Time = 694 ms

If you meet singular Matrix result, there will be no Error value on the result.

Figure 109. Singular matrix result

In this case, you must FIX
do fitting again.

by clicking parameter which log informed and49

Figure 110. Fitting result after fixing parameter

11. Export Data to clipboard
Clickto copy best-fitted parameters or data to clipboard
then following message box will appear.

Figure 111. Fitting result clip board copy

Click Okay to close this window. If you click OK button, fitting result will
be accepted and can be saved in project file. If you click Cancel button,
fitting result will be discarded.

50

C. Circular fitting
If your EIS data’s nyquist plot has circle(s), you can get circle information using thisfitting function.

Figure 112. Circular fit menu

When you selected Circular fit function, circular fit menu will show with 1 st data.
ZMAN will do circular initial fitting automatically. If there are no previous analysis
including circular fit, modeling, ZMAN will set data range for circular fitting as fullrange which data contains. If there was previous analysis, data range will bechanged following previous result.

Figure 113. Circular fit menu

1. Data file selection
Select data file for circular fitting on Active item

Figure 114. Data file selection

When you select new data file, ZMAN will do circular initial fitting again
automatically.

51

2. Data range setting for circular fitting
If you did not analyse selected data before, data range will be show all range.

Figure 115. Before range settingMove left(violet) & right(olive) cursor bar into circle region by clicking anddragging the cursor bar.

Figure 116. After range setting

Data points color outside of range bar will be change to grey. Blue colored data
points will be used in calculation for circular fitting.
3. Graph pop up menu
You can get pop up menu by clicking right mouse button on graphic region.

Figure 117. Graph pop up menu

52a) Initialize cursors

This will relocate two cursor bar to initial position.

b) Violet cursor/Olive Cursor

1) Go to center: Cursor bar will locate at center
2) Go to cursor: Graphic window will locate at cursorc) Rescale to show alld) Matching scales

Adjusting Nyquist plot X, Y axis with same scale
4. Circular Initial guessing
After setting data range by moving cursor bars.
If you click the circular Initial guessing icon
done with new setting data range.

, then circular fitting will be

Figure 118. Circular fitting data range setting

If there are multiple circles and you want to fit other circle, move cursor bar tothe circle region and click guessing icon.

Figure 119. Other circle fitting

5. Circular fitting
Click fitting icon for 1time or 10 time fitting

53

Figure 120. Fitting process

Fitting process is same as described in above modeling. See “ Modeling” fordetails
6. Including Warburg impedance
If the circular data has Warburg diffusion element as simple circuit, you canselect the model as the follows.
a. Select Model Rs-(R-W)|Q or Rs-(R-W)|C

Figure 121. Model changeb. Move right(olive) cursor bar to linear regionc. Click fitting icon for 1time or 10 time fitting

Figure 122. Fitting again

7. Circular fit result
You can see the data list, Report, Initial Guess information, Result, Residual, Bode as
follows..

54

Figure 123. Data list

Figure 124. Circular fitting result display

Figure 125. Circular fit report display

Figure 126. Initial guessing data

55

Figure 127. Residual

Figure 128. Bode plot overlay with result

Click accept button if you want use this parameters This fitting result parametervalues will transfer to model parameter for Modeling and can be used as further
fitting initial value.
You can see fitted data in plots if you select raw data + fitted data.

Figure 129. Raw data + circular fitted data in Nyquist plot after circular fitting

8. Circular fit result for Modeling
You can use these circular fitting result parameter values as fixed parameter andother parmeters are free then furter fitting can be done for other freeparameters.
If there is 3 circles on Nyquist plot, you can do circular fit for 1 st circle and canuse this result for other 2 circle’s fitting data in Modeling.

56

Figure 130. 1st circles circular fit

After circular fit finished, click OK button and enter Modeling menu.
You can find same fitting result value was tranferred to Modeling.

Figure 131. Circular fitting result transferred to Modeling

You can input adding Symbols to current circuit formula.

Figure 132. Input Adding Symbols for new model to fit

After input adding symbols and press enter key, then adding symbol(parameter)list will displayed.

57

Figure 133. Added parameter list

You can fixed Rs, R, Q values by clicking Free parts.

Figure 134. Fixed parameters from circular fit

Click simple circular initial guessing
set added parameters initial value.

or genetic analysis initial guessingtoNow you can do further fitting for other circles by clicking fitting buttons

Figure 135. 1st Fitting result

Check free for parameters from circular fitting and click fitting button again.

58

Figure 136. Final fitting result.

D. Manipulate element or ModelIf you want to add or subtract element/circuit model from data, select Manipulation
data model. You can select Add or subtract
If you select element or model in combo box or from model editor by clicking
and input the value for manipulation, you can select subtraction or Addition of thisvalue.
You can input Model symbol directly but if there is such model in library, input is notavailable. You must make same model in model editor before doing this.

Figure 137. Select element or model for manipulation.
1. Element subtraction/Addition
If you want 6kOhm resistor from data, select R for element and input 6kOhm thenorigianl data and subtracted data will be displayed as overlayed.

59

Figure 138. Manipulation result display

If you click Add & close, you can see the original data and the manipulated data atsame time on the graph menu as the follows.

Figure 139. Overlay (original data and manipulated data)

Manipulated data will be new data named adding “_1” at end of original file name.
So this manipulated data can be used for fitting etc independently.

The above data is assumed Q-Q1|R1

Q is straight line at right side
Q1|R1 is semi circle at left side.
If you subtract Q from original data, semi circle will remain.

60

Figure 140. Q subtraction

Figure 141. Q subtracted result (red line)

2. Model Subtraction/Addition
You can subtract or add model. For example If you subtract Q1|R1 model, straightline will remain.

Figure 142. Q1|R1 subtraction

61

Figure 143. Q1|R1 subtracted result (red line)

62

Chapter 7

Equivalent Circuit Model Editor

You can use this menu on intro menu or tool-Model editor.

Figure 144. Model editor menu

When you select this function, you can see independent window as the follow.

Figure 145. Equivalent Circuit Model Editor

A. Model file
You can backup/import/initialize model file if you want.

Figure 146. Model file menu

1. Reinitialize Models to Default
If you want to clear current models/categories and come back to default, then click
this menu. You can see the warning message box.

Figure 147. Confirmation of initialize model file

2. Import Models
If you want import model/category from backup file, ZMAN old version model fileor other person’s model file which he/she made using ZMAN, you can import it intocurrent model file.

63

Figure 148. Model Importing

3. Export Models
Using this function, you can backup current model file including model/category
information. Default file name format is “Backup(today’s year-mnth-day-hourminute-second).models”

B. Category Menu
There are several predefined category for each application’s library. You can makeyour own category(library). These category will be used when you search themodel. You can search the model for all of categories or some category only.

Figure 149. Predefined categories

Figure 150. Category Menu

1. New category
If you want make your own category(library), Select New in Category menu.

Figure 151. New category/model

64

You can input your category name(eg. Test1 etc) by typing then the category willbe created. (Note: Each category must have minimum one model)
2. Delete category
If you want to delete category which has models, Select Delete in Category menu.
Please note ;deleted category with models can NOT be recovered(permanently erased).
Before delete category, you must select category which you want to delete as thefollowing window.

Figure 152. Delete category

And select delete in category menu the following window will appear.

Figure 153. Delete confirmation box.

If the category has just one model, you can delete model then its category will bedeleted.
3. Merge categories
If you want merge several categories into one new category, you can use thisfunction.
Note: If you did merge function, source category will be disappeared.
Example) If you want TEST1, TEST2, TEST3 categories into one TEST_total
category, select 3 category in left window and click right side arrow and change the
New Category name as TEST_total and click OK button then 3 source categories
will be disappeared and all models in 3 categories will move to new category
named TEST_total.

Figure 154. Merge Menu

65

When you click the OK button, you can see warning message as the follows

Figure 155. Merge confirmation

If you confirm it, click the Merge button.
TEST1, TEST2, TEST3 category and its models will be erased and merged
TEST_total including all models ,which 3 model had, category will be created
4. Duplicate
This function will make clone of source category.
5. Rename
You can change category name using this function
6. Export list of models to clipboard
You can copy the model list which included in category into clipboard

C. Model Menu
Each category can contains several models(equivalent circuit model). Each model
can be included in multiple categories with different default parameter value to meeteach application.

Figure 2. Model Menu

1. New
You can make new model by clicking Model-New on the menu or clicking Model
New button. New model editor will be displayed as the follow.

Figure 156. New Model/Category Menu

66

Firstly you must select Category which you want the new model into.
If you need new category, just type on Category input then new category will becreated.
Example)If you selected Category, input the model following Model editor rule described in
the following “model design rule”

If you want to make above equivalent circuit model, type “Rs-Cdl|(R1-W)” on
Model input. And enter key or click other part.

If there is no error, the following window will be displayed.

67

If you click OK button, this model will be saved in TEST1 category.
If there is an error in Model description, the following error will be displayed.

Figure 157. Duplicated Model

If there is same model in target category, the above error will be happened.

Figure 158. Missing element

If element is missing on the above model, the above error will be happened.

68Figure 159. Missing Right Parenthesis

Need Right Parenthesis to complete the formula.

Figure 160. Unbalanced Right Parenthesis

There is missing left Parenthesis on the formula.
2. Add Models
You can add model(s) into category by typing symbols or paste model list if you
did “Export list of Models to clipboard” on category menu. Before this action, youmust select category at first.

Figure 161. Symbols to add

After typing or paste symbol list as the above, click OK button then following box
will appear. If valid model exist, valid model color will be change to blue and OK
button activated. When you click OK button, valid models will be added to target
category.

Figure 162. Model check for symbol to add

69

3. Model Copy
If you want copy a model to paste into other category, click model copy icon or
select copy on Model menu.
4. Model Paste
If you did copy some model, you can paste it into other categories.
5. Model Delete
You can delete the model in specified category. Same model in other categories will
NOT be erased.
6. Model Edit/Create
You can edit current model in parameter default value, alias, note field. If you
modify symbol(model circuit), software will accept it as new model.
a) Model Edit

You can input some information in Alias by typing.(It may be used as comment
for application). Also you can input the information in Note field. If you double
click on Note field, New memo window will be displayed.

Figure 163. Memo input window.

b) Model create

If you want to create new model using current model modification, ZMAN willrecognize it as new model.
Eg) If you want add C3 as serial connection, then type “-C3” end of formula.

70

And press enter key. If there is no error on symbol connection then thefollowing New category/Model window will appear.

But if there is any error, the following error message will appear.

D. Model Design Rule
An equivalent circuit is made of combination of circuit functions. ZMAN already has
12 basic circuit functions. See Basic Elements to know details. If you want to haveyour own circuit function, refer to Single Elements.
In ZMAN, a circuit model is described as symbols of functions and 4 special operators
standing for relation of functions or their combinations. You can identify eachsymbols with an ASCII characters (0 to 9, a to z, and A to Z) next to symbols suchas R1, R2, and Rs.
Those 4 operators are- : Serial Operator. For example, “R-C” means a resistor is serially connected with acapacitor. “+” operator can be used instead of “-“ operator.r.

71

| : Parallel Operator. For example, “R|C” means a resistor is connected in parallelwith a capacitor. “/” operator can be used instead of “|“ operator.

Figure 164. Equivalent Circuit Model Editor(and): Left and Right parentheses are used to clearly define a group of elements. For
example, “Rs-(Rct|Cdl)” means a resistor (Rs) is serially connected with a bundle of a
resistor (Rct) and a capacitor, in which each is parallel, connected the other..

Figure 165. Rs-(Rct|Cdl)

72

Figure 166. (Rs-Rct)|Cdl

In ZMAN, the Parallel Operator has a higher priority than the Serial Operator similar tothe * and + operators in normal Math calculations. It is quite natural that Parentheses
operators are the highest among them. This means, if a circuit is expressed as “L(R|C)”, then “L-R|C” is equivalent in ZMAN.
Example) Complicated model designing

Figure 167. Sample Model

The above circuit can be grouped as the follows. Each group should be identified byParenthesis.

Figure 168. Sample model group analysis

1st stgep: Red group is;73

Rs-(C1|R1)-(blue group)
2nd step: Blue group is
Rs-(C1|R1)-((Green group)|R3)
3rd step: Green group is
Rs-(C1|R1)-(((violet group)-C4)|R3)
4th step: Violet group is
Rs-(C1|R1)-(((C2|(R2-C3))-C4)|R3)

Figure 169. Check the symbol for sample model designing74

E. Basic Elements
There is 12 basic element in BASIC category which already defined in ZMAN
software.
These elements can not be deleted nor modified in formula.
When you click right button of mouse at symbol area, pop up menu will appear as
the follows.

Figure 170. Basic element

You can change parameter default value and it can be applied to other category as
their default value by selecting “Apply Values to Non-Basic Models”

Figure 171. Default parameter value change in target category

Each element in Basic category
Note: s represents jw , where j is imaginary unit, 1 , and w is angular frequency.

1. Resistive Element
Symbol: R
Parameter(s): R
Formula:ZR  R

2. Capacitive Element
Symbol : C
Parameter(s): C

75

Formula:

ZC 

1
sC

3. Inductive Element
Symbol: L
Parameter(s): L
Formula:Z L  sL

4. Constant Phase Element (CPE)
Symbol : Q
Parameter(s): Qy, Qa

ZQ 
Formula:1
Q y s Qa

The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was
discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems. In
some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex
Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a semicircle with the center on the xaxis. However, the observed plot was indeed the arc of a circle, but with the center
some distance below the x-axis.
These depressed semicircles have been explained by a number of phenomena,depending on the nature of the system being investigated. However, the common
thread among these explanations is that some property of the system is nothomogeneous or that there is some distribution (dispersion) of the value of somephysical property of the system.
Mathematically, a CPE's impedance is given by
1 / Z = Y = Q° ( j)nwhere Q° has the numerical value of the admittance (1/ |Z|) atunits of Q° are S·sn (ref 1).

=1 rad/s. The

When n=1, this is the same equation as thatfor the impedance of a capacitor, where Q°=C.
1/Z=Y=jQ° = jC

When n is close to 1.0, the CPE resembles acapacitor, but the phase angle is not 90°. It
is constant and somewhat less than 90° at all
frequencies. In some cases, the 'true'
capacitance can be calculated from Q° and n
The Nyquist (Complex Impedance Plane) Plot of a CPE is a simple one. For asolitary CPE (symbolized here by Q), it is just a straight line which makes an angleof (n*90°) with the x-axis as shown in pink in the Figure. The plot for a resistor

76

(symbolized by R) in parallel with a CPE is shown in green. In this case the centerof the semicircle is depressed by an angle of (1-n)*90°
http://www.consultrsr.com/resources/eis/cpe1.htm
5. Warburg Diffusion
Symbol : W
Parameter(s): Wy

ZW 
Formula:1
Wy s

The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element,
but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to modelsemi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planarelectrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear
distance from the electrode that matters.
The Warburg impedance is an example of a constant phase element for which thephase angle is a constant 45° and independent of frequency. The magnitude of the
Warburg impedance is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency() as you would expect for a CPE with an n-value of 0.5. The Warburg is
unique among CPE's because the real and imaginary components are equal at all
frequencies and both depend upon
http://www.consultrsr.com/resources/eis/diffusion.htm

6. Diffusion Circuit Element
Symbol : O
Parameter(s): Oy, Ob

ZO 

1
Oy s

tanh[ Ob s ]Formula:The most commonly used diffusion circuit element is the Warburg, but it is
not always the most appropriate one! It is often wise (and fairly common) to use arotating disk electrode (RDE) in impedance studies. It is particularly wise whenstudying reactions involving diffusing species when the "DC" current is different
than zero -- studies at potentials away from the open circuit or equilibrium
potential ( away from the rest potential or the corrosion potential: ). If a stationery
electrode and unstirred solution were used instead, the current would slowly
decay. The changing and non-steady state "DC" current would corrupt theinterpretation of the lower frequency measurements. In systems such as the RDE,
there is a region close to the electrode in which mass transport happens only bydiffusion. Outside of this "Nernst Diffusion Layer" the solution is homogeneous dueto the stirring produced by the rotating electrode assembly. The concentration of
the diffusing species in the bulk solution remains unchanged by the experiment(i.e., the reaction vessel is big!) The material simply diffuses through the Nernst
Diffusion Layer (NDL) to reach the electrode. The impedance in this case isdescribed by the so-called O circuit element. The RDE is not the only case where
the O element might be seen. Often the rate of corrosion is limited by the slow

77

diffusion of oxygen through a coating or a passive film. This situation is quite
similar to the RDE example, above. The oxygen concentration is homogeneous in
the solution phase due to mixing and the concentration just outside the coating orfilm is fixed and constant. The impedance in this example also fits the O element
model

The figure to the left shows the Nyquist plot for the O diffusion element. The O
element is characterized by two parameters, an "admittance" parameter, Yo, and a"time constant" parameter, B (units: sec½ ). At high frequency ( f > 2 / B 2 ) the O
circuit element is indistinguishable from a Warburg impedance! This frequency
range is shown in red in the figure. Since the time for a molecule to diffuse acrossthe thin layer is much longer than the period of the AC stimulus applied, theelectrode does not 'see' that the film or coating is of finite thickness.
Equations for the O element.
The equations for the complex admittance ( Y( ) ) and complex impedance( Z( ) ) are given by the equations below. The O circuit element gets its namefrom the hyperbolic cotangent ( coth[] ) admittance response.

Yo has the same definition as for the Warburg impedance. Yo can be used to
calculate a diffusion coefficient for the mobile species within the film, coating, orin the NDL using the same equations. For large values of the argument (the redregion of the Nyquist plot, above), the tanh and coth functions both approach unity
and the impedance has the same dependence as the Warburg. This region canbe used to estimate Yo.
If the thickness of the NDL (for RDE) or the thickness of the film is , then theconstant B is related to that thickness and the diffusion coefficient, D. B
characterizes the time it takes for a reactant to diffuse through the NDL or thinfilm.

(http://www.consultrsr.com/resources/eis/diff-o.htm)

7. Finite Diffusion
Symbol : T
Parameter(s): Ty, Tb

78

ZT 
Formula:1
Ty scoth[Tb s ]The T circuit element is characteristic of another type of film -- a film whichcontains a fixed amount of electroactive substance. The classical "thin layerelectrochemistry" cell is an example of such a system. Batteries or supercapacitors
also may share this behavior. The common feature is the fixed amount ofelectroactive material present. Once it has been consumed, it can not be
replenished.

A Nyquist plot for the T element

The figure to the left shows the Nyquist
plot for the T diffusion element. Like theO element, the T element ischaracterized by two parameters, an"admittance" parameter, Yo, and a "timeconstant" parameter, B (units: sec½ ). At
high frequency ( f > 2 / B2 ) the T circuit
element is indistinguishable from a
Warburg impedance! This frequency
range is shown in redi in the figure.
Since the time for a molecule to diffuse
across the thin layer is much longer thanthe period of the AC stimulus applied theelectrode does not 'see' that the film or
coating is of finite thickness.
At low frequency, the T element looks
like an R and a C in series, with R=(B /Yo) / 3The equations for the complex admittance ( Y( ) ) and complex impedance( Z( ) ) are given by the equations below. The T circuit element gets its namefrom the hyperbolic tangent ( tanh[] ) admittance response.

Yo has the same definition as for the Warburg impedance. Yo can be used to
calculate a diffusion coefficient for the mobile species within the film, coating, or
thin layer cell using the same equations. For large values of the argument (the redregion of the Nyquist plot, above), the tanh and coth functions both approach unity
and the impedance has the same dependence as the Warburg. This region canbe used to estimate Yo.
If the thickness of the thin layer is , then the constant B is related to thisthickness and the diffusion coefficient, D. The parameter B characterizes the time
it take for a reactant to diffuse from one side of the layer to the other.

79http://www.consultrsr.com/resources/eis/diff-t.htm
8. Homogeneous Reaction(Gerischer)
Symbol : G
Parameter(s): Gy, Gk

ZG Formula:Gy

1
Gk  sThe Gerischer ( G ) circuit element was first derived for a preceding chemical
reaction happening in the bulk solution. This is the so called CE mechanism.

A Gerischer has also been used to model a porous electrode ( ref 2).
On a Nyquist plot, it looks quite a lot like the O diffusion element (diffusion through athin layer).

A Nyquist plot for the G element. It is not ashigh as an O element with the sameintercept. The value of the low frequency
intercept for the Gerischer is shown.

The figure to the left shows
the Nyquist plot for the G
diffusion element. The G
element is characterized by
two parameters. an"admittance" parameter, Yo(units S-s1/2), and a "rateconstant" parameter, k (units:s-1 ). At high frequency the G
circuit element is
indistinguishable from a
Warburg impedance! At highfrequency, it presents a 45°
line on the Nyquist plot and astraight line with slope of -1/2
on the Bode magnitude plot

The equations for the complex impedance ( Z( ) ) and complex admittance( Y( ) ) are given by the equations below. (Ref 1)

Yo has the same definition as for the Warburg impedance. Yo can be used to
calculate the diffusion coefficient for the mobile species using the same equations as
for the Warburg. The high frequency region can be used to estimate Yo
http://www.consultrsr.com/resources/eis/gerischer.htm

80

9. Spherical Diffusion
Symbol : S
Parameter(s): Sy, Sk

ZS Formula:1
Sy

1
Sk  s10. Finite-Length diffusion at planar particles
Symbol : X
Parameter(s): Xr, Xc
Formula: Zx=sqrt(3*Xr/Xc/s)*CotH(sqrt(3*Xr*Xc*s))
11. Finite-Length diffusion at spherical particles
Symbol : Y
Parameter(s): Yr, Yc
Formular:Zy=Tanh(sqrt(3*Yr*Yc*s))/(sqrt(3*Yc*s/Yr)-Tanh(sqrt(3*Yr*Yc*s))/Yr)
12. Finite-Length diffusion at sylindrical particles
Symbol : Z
Parameter(s): Zr, Zc
Formular:
Zz=Zr*BesselI(0,sqrt(2*Zr*Zc*s))/sqrt(2*Zr*Zc*s)/BesselI(1,sqrt(2*Zr*Zc*s))

F. Simple elements
Simple element is User defined element. User can define specific symbol asfunctional element in SIMPLE category.
Note: It is for only advanced users. If you want to use this function of ZMAN, please
make contact with us.

Figure 172. Simple category editing.

81

1. New/Edit element

Figure 173. New/Edit Model in simple category

Select one Symbol. Available Symbols are one among A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J, K, M,
N, P, U and V. Valid symbol is dark and used symbol is grey

Figure 174. Formula input for user defined model.(Left: formula correct)

Type “Pr/(1+s*Pr*Pc)” in the Formula tab. If the formula is correct, then green
check mark will appear but if it is incorrect then check mark’s color will bechanged to grey. and click OK button

Figure 175. Default parameter input

Input each default value in the table of Parameter tab and type each parameter’smeaning.

82

.
Figure 176. Evaluation tab

Click Save to save it.
2. Delete element
Click Delete to erase element in Simple category
3. Apply values to Non-Basic Models
You can change parameter default value and it can be applied to other category as
their default value by selecting “Apply Values to Non-Basic Models”

G. Parameter Simulation
ZMAN provides unique simulation function. This function can display multiple
impedance spectra following parameter value change as matrix.
There are two way to simulate.
1. From Model editor
This function can be used for default parameter change for the selected model orfor study the impedance spectra for the selected mode.
You can select model in model editor for simulation.

Figure 177. Model selection for simulate

83

Click simulation button

the simulation window will appear.

Figure 178. Parameter simulation windowa) Select parameter

You can select two parameters to view simulation result following these twoparameter value changes.

Figure 179. Parameter selection

1) You can select log scale or linear scale for matrix.
2) Parameter value range setting: Max. Min value for simulation
3) You can change matrix value for X, Y samples (default value is each 10).
b) Simulation

1) Show tag: If you checked on show tag, matrix simulation spectra will be
displayed with X,Y value.
2) If you check on Automatic update, then simulation will be done
automatically whenever you change the parameter.
If you did not check on above two check box then when you click
button, you can see simulated matrix view.

84Figure 180. Parameter matrix displayc) Frequency range for simulation

Figure 3. Frequency range

You can extend frequency range by input minimum frequency and Maximum
frequency at left bottom side.

Figure 181. Change frequency range 10uHz to 100MHz for simulationd) Selected Spectra

You can select one of simulated spectra by clicking on it. Selected color can bechanged.

Figure 182. Simulated spectra selection85

If one spectra was selected, those parameter value will be displayed at left side
parameter information.
You can also see bode, Nyquist plot or model pictorial for selected spectra by
clicking one of buttons.

e) Model default parameter value

If you selected spectra on simulation and click
button, then selected
spectra’s parameter value will be saved as the model’s default value.
If you do not want to change model’s parameter default value inside thecategory, do NOT click

button2. From data fittingThis function can be used for determining initial parameter value for further fitting
or for study the impedance spectra for the selected mode.
You can enter simulation from fitting result

Figure 183. Fitting result

Click simulation button

the simulation window will appear

If you check on show data, you can see simulated spectra(blue color) with raw

86

data(grey color).

Figure 184. Matrix simulated spectra with raw data

Figure 185. Simulated graphic display

Regarding to other function, refer to the above “1. From the model”.
If you selected one of simulated spectra and click select button, the parameter willtransfer to fitting menu. You can fit from these initial parameter values

Figure 186. Fitting display

87Chapter 8

Automatic Model Search

ZMAN has unique function namely Automatic Model Search. User who is not familiar
with EIS model, they can find suggested models which are better fitted with theirdata.
To do automatic model search, you need to upload your data to project side.
And select Analysis-Modeling in menu.

Figure 187. Automatic Model search selection

A. Searching Parameter Setting
Click search model button then the following box will appear.

Figure 188. Automatic Searching Condition

1. Target Category selection
You can select single category or multiple categories which will be used forsearching.
Default selection is all categories selected. It will take longer time to search models
than with selection of single category.
Option: Remove duplicates On/Off
If this option is ON, duplicated model in various categories will be skipped insearching.
If user make their own categories which contains proper models for their test,
searching time will do not take long time to get best result.

88If you want to use multiple categories for searching, select categories by mouseclick under pressing ctrl key

Figure 189. Multiple categories selection

2. Parameter value range

Figure 190. Parameter range selection

You can select searching condition in parameter value range.
If you select “Free may be positive,zero, or negative”, Fitting parameter value canbe under zero value (artificial value).
If you want positive value only for parameter value, you must select “Free but
must stay positive”
3. Initial guessing method

Figure 191. Initial guessing method selection

There are 3 methods.

a) None: If you select None, Searching process will start from default parametervalue in each modelb) Default method is Simple circular method. This is assumed that nyquist plot
contains circular shape and finding initial value to start fitting.
c) Genetic Analysis.: This method put random value matrix as initial value and try
to find proper initial value. It takes much longer time than simple circularmethod. If you fail to find proper model, you may use this method.

With Simple circular method or Genetic analysis method, parameter default value
in model will not used.

89

4. Non linear fitting

Figure 192. Non linear fittinga) Data sequence

You can select data set which will be used for non linear fitting.
Default data set is Zreal & Zimg.(Nyquist)
For some data, you can use Zmag & Zph (Bode)b) Weighting factor

Figure 193. Weight factor selection

You can select weighting factor as unit, proportional to data or Modulus to
data.
Default setting is Modulus to datac) Bisquare

Bisquare obtains the slope and intercept using an iterative process andcalculates the residue using the same formula as in the Least Square method.
This option takes longer time but more accurate.
Default setting is off.
When you select searching condition, click OK button then searching process
will start.

B. Model finding Criteria Setting
You can set model finding criteria for model searching by selecting options in Tools.

Figure 194. Option Menu

90

1. For Simple circular initial quessing and no initial guessing

Figure 195. Modeling of Data for searching criteria

If you select no initial guessing or simple circular initial guessing for automatic
model searching, you can set limit criteria for ZMAN to determine the model.
a) Maximum number of evaluations; Default value (180)This setting value is maximum number of evaluations of the model initial
guessing and fitting in each round.
Input number range: Minimum 10 to Maximum 1000
If you input larger number, the searching result is more accurate but it takes
much longer time.
If the fitting result in Chi-square meet following “Convergence parameter for
Chi-square” before setting “Maximum number of evaluations” number, Modelsearching to move to next model.
b) Convergence parameter for Chi-square; Default value (2.220446E-16)

Minimization process terminates when the relative error in Chi-square is lessthan the setting value
Input number range: Minimum 2.220446E-16 to Maximum 0.01
If you input small number, the searching result is more accurate but it takes
longer time.
2. For Genetic Analysis

Figure 196. Genetic analysis for searching criteiraIf you select genetic analysis initial guessing for automatic model searching, you
can set limit criteria for ZMAN to determine the model.

91a) Population size: Default (100)Number of individuals within each generation
Input number range: Minimum 10 to Maximum 1000b) Number of Generations: Default(500)

Number of generations(iterations) to be computed
Input number range: Minimum 10 to Maximum 5000

C. Searching process

Figure 197. Searching process

1. Start searching
During searching process, searching engine is trying to find proper model anddisplaying spectra matching process graphically in real time. You can see thetracing process in Nyquist plot, Bode plot and error diagram.

Figure 198. Process bar

If the process bar is working, The software is running (complicated model may
take long time).
2. Stop searching
If you need to stop during searching, click
button.
If fitting process is complicated with multiple parameter model, it could not be
stopped promptly. In this case stop button will be changed
After calculation, searching process will be stopped.

button.

3. Change searching condition
If you stopped or finished searching process, you can change searching process byclicking
button then searching condition menu will appear. You can restart
searching with new condition.

92

D. Searching Result
When searching process finished, you can see the model list on left upper side. List
will be arranged by chi square value.

Figure 199. Searching result

1. Extensive fitting
If you did not set Bi-square option when you search, you can use it at this moment
to find best model.
To do this, check on Bi-square option and click“minimize 1 round” button.
If fitting process look to need further process by tracing trend, you can click“minimize 10 round” button. This button will do 10 times repetition of“Minimize 1round”.

Figure 200. Bi-square fitting

If the result(chi-square value) order is different from previous, you can rearrange
the order by clicking

button.

2. Fitting by parameter range
You can check the fitting result and if you want to change parameter range, you
can change all parameter range by clicking right button of mouse at “Free”
character’s area then popup menu will appear.

93

Figure 201. All parameter range selection

You can change parameter range by clicking parameter range marker.
Parameter range setting markers are: Fix: Positive value only free
: Negative/Positive value free
3. Initial guessing/fitting
From the result, you can try to fitting for each model on result list.
Generally do not use initial guessing on result.
: Simple circular method: Genetic analysis method
4. Re-searching model
Based on searching result, you can search the result model again in chi squareorder.
In this case, select “no initial guessing” and click start button

Figure 202. Re-searching model

5. Singular matrix result
At category display region, If the result is singular matrix error,
tag will be
displayed.
If the result is successful,
tag will be displayed.
If the singular matrix happens, you can see the reason at left bottom side.

Figure 203. Fitting process report

As following to fitting process report, fix some parameter by clicking parameter
range setting marker tostatus and try to fit again.

6. Ending Search process
If you find proper model by automatic model searching function, you must click
button.

94

Chapter 9

Impedance Data Plot

A. How to plot data in a graph.
1. Select a data set
Select a data set from a data series or individual data files from Project (Section“C”). This will be shown in a graph.

Figure 204. Project file data preview

2. Select Plot Option
Select one among the following three options from Plot menu. If you want aparameter plot, skip this step.

Figure 205. Plot display selection for 2D plots (except parameter plot)Show only Raw Data
Show Raw and K-K
Show Raw and Fitted-Data95

3. Plot formats
Available graph types are listed in the following table.

2D

Type

x

y

NyquistReal part(Z’)
Y’

-Z”
Y”

Bode

f

Parameter

CtrlVar1..3
Z’
Y’

y1
y2
|Z|
ΦZ
Z’, -Z”, |Z|,ΦZ
Y’, Y”, |Y|, ΦY
P1..PnNo, f,
CtrlVar1..3

Bode

f

#, CtrlVar1..3

Parameters

Not available

Nyquist3D

Where f is frequency,

Z  Z ' jZ" | Z | e jZ , and Y 

z

-Z”
Y”
Z’, -Z”,|Z|,ΦZY’, Y”, |Y|,ΦY1
 Y ' jY" | Y | e jY .
Za) 2D Nyquist Plot

Figure 206. 2D Nyquist plot’s display selection

Figure 207. Impedance & Admittance plots

96

Figure 208. Modulus & Dielectric constant plotsb) 2D Bode Plot

Figure 209. 2D Bode plot’s display selection

Figure 210. |Z|& phase, |Y| & phase, |M| & phase, |E| & phase plots

97

Figure 211. Z’,Y’,M’,E’ vs. Frequency plots

Figure 212. Z’’,Y’’,M’’,E’’ vs. Frequency plots

Figure 213. |Z|,|Y|,|M|,|E| vs. Frequency plots

98Figure 214. Phase of Z’,Y’,M’,E’ vs. Frequency plotsc) Parameter Plot

Figure 215. 2D Parameter plot’s parameter selectiond) 3D Nyquist plot

Figure 216. 3D Graph > 3D Nyquist

99

Figure 217.

3D Graph > 3D Bode –Impedance

Figure 218. 3D Bode-AdmittanceB. How to Format Axis Scales
1. Select 2D or 3D Plot settings
Select 2D Plot Settings or 3D Plot Settings from the Plot menu. Y2 axis isavailable only in 2D-Bode Plot.
2. Configure Axis/Scale properties
Configure the axis scale properties. Modifications are immediately reflected in
the graph.
 Use the Format and Precision to format Tick Label on an axis.
 Click Major Grid and Minor Grid Box to change color of major and minor gridcolor, respectively. “T” means transparency.
 Make Auto scale ON to automatically adjust the scale.
 Make Loose Fit ON to round the end markers to a multiple of the increment
used for the scale.
 Make Flip Axis ON to reverse min and max positions on the scale.
 Change Logarithmic ON/OFF for logarithmic/Linear scale mapping mode.
 Make Show Cursor ON/OFF to show/hide cursor on the graph.
 Make Show Graph Palette ON/OFF to show/hide graph palette on the graph.
Click Apply to apply the modification to the graph.

100

3. Setting

Figure 219. 2D Setting

Figure 220. 3D Setting101Chapter 10 Graph
A. 2D Graph common functions

1. Legend
You can display Legend on graphic region by clicking
bar.

button on graphic tool

File name change on graph(Just displaying)
If you click Legend button
you can see legend right upper side and you canchange the name by clicking on the name.

Figure 221. Legend

Click on file name and change it.
2. Side function of Graph
You can use this function only when Legend is ON.
Move the cursor to Legend and click on box right side of file name then pop up
menu will appear.
a) Common plot

Figure 222. Legend menu

102b) Line color

Figure 223. Line color settingc)Line style

Figure 224. Line style settingd)Line width

Figure 225. Line width settinge)

Bar plot

Figure 226. Bar plot setting

103

f)

Interpolation

Figure 227. Interpolartion settingg)

Point Style

Figure 228. Point style selection

3. Rescale to show all
This function will redraw the graph to initial scale by clicking
graphic tool bar.

button on

4. Cursor Mode
Cursor On/Off: You can make cursor mode on by clicking
button on graphic
tool bar. If it is enable, you can see cross hair type cursor.
If you click on cross hair cursor location, you can see the cursor value display atnear by cursor point.

Figure 229. Cursor data display

Cursor will be displayed as cross hair. You can move the cursor position with yourmouse or keyboard left/right direction key. Cross hair cursor’s color will be

104changed by file’s color. By keyboard up/down direction key, you can select data
file which were overlaid.
When cursor mode is activated (on), 3 menu will be activated.

Figure 230. Pop up menu on 2D grapha) Remove Bad data; You can delete bad data on cursor located.

You must check on cursor for this function. Select bad data using cursor
function and click “Remove bad data”

Figure 231. Remove bad datab) Bring Cursor to Center:If you check on this function, cursor will be located on center point of zoomedarea.

Figure 232. Zoom up display

If you click cursor button
but cursor was not displayed on the screenthen select “Bring cursor to center”.
The cursor will be located near by center position.

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Figure 233. “Bring cursor to center” function

Please note that the data should be located in center position. You can use
move button

to move the display position.

5. Zoom
For zooming Clickbutton and drag the area

Figure 234. Before Zoom up

Mouse selecting an area to zoom up

Figure 235. After zoom up

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6. Axis scale

Figure 236. Before Max value change

Change maximum axis value by clicking on a value

Figure 237. After max value change

B. Graph internal function for Bode & Nyquist plot
Move the cursor inside the graph and click right button, the following sub menu willthen appear.

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Figure 238. Graph function menu

1. Showa) Legend On/Off: If you check on Legend you can see Legend on the graph

you can click

Figure 239. With legendb) Palette on/off

You can enable/disable the palette function.
Graph Pallet

Figure 240. Graph palletc) Cursor On/Off

Refer to the above Cursor mode
If You can select Impedance, Admittance, Modulus or Dielectric constant108d) Impedance

Figure 241. Impedancee) Admittance

Figure 242. Admittancef) Modulus

Figure 243. Modulusg) Dielectric ConstantFigure 244. Dielectric Constanth) Only Raw data

Plot with raw data only109

Figure 245. Raw data onlyi) Raw+Fitted

Plot with raw data and fitted data together.

2. Remove Bad data: You can delete bad data.
Refer to the above cursor mode
3. Rescale to show all
Initiate graph scale.
4. Matching Scale (Only for Nyquist Plot)The Nyquist plot will be displayed with the same scale for X axis and Y axis.

Figure 246. Show all scale(Left) & Matching scale(Right)

5. Item
You can select file to plot and select raw data or raw + fitted data or Raw+K-K
Data.

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Figure 247. Plot item selection

6. Contents
You can select plot typea) Nyquist plot

Figure 248. Nyquist plot contentsb) Bode Plot

Figure 249. Bode plot contents

7. AxisYou can set graph properties.

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Figure 250. 2D graph setting

8. Export Image to Clipboard
You can use image in other program Using Windows Paste(Ctrl+V) function

Figure 251. Paste result

C. Graph internal function for Parameter plot

Figure 252. Parameter plot

112Move the cursor to inside the graph and click right button, the following sub menu
will appear.

Figure 253. Parameter plot menu

1. Showa) Legend On/Off:If you check on Legend you can see Legend on the graph

Figure 254. With legendb) Palette On/Offc) Cursor On/Off

2. X axis setting

Figure 255. X axis setting

X1, X2, X3 will be replaced if you input name for these parameters.

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3. Y axis setting

Figure 256. Y axis setting

4. Contents

Figure 257. Parameter plot contents

Other functions are referred to above 2D plot

D. 3D Plot
3D plot can be used for multiple EIS data display or Multiple axis plots.

Figure 258. 3D graph Internal function

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1. Cursora) Cursor On/Off

You can select Cusor On/Off on Show option or clickside.

button at left upper

Figure 259. Cusor On at 3D graph Nyquist plot per parameterWith Cursor On, there is X, Y, Z coordinate value with data color. Cross haircursor can be moved to other point or other data file by mouse draggin. Up anddownward key on keyboard can be used for moving data on same data file.

Figure 260. Cursor on at 3D graph Nyquist plot per frequencyb) Cursor plane

Cursor plane can be visible by selecting cursor plane on Show option.

Figure 261. 3D plot with cursor plane115

2. Plane Projection

Figure 262. XY , XZ, YZ plane projection

You can select plane projection in Show option.

3. Projection Style
There is two type depending on projection style (orthographic or perspective)

Figure 263. 3D nyquist plot (orthographic style)

Figure 264. 3D Nyquist plot(perspective style)Version 2.2 does not provide surface plot which have provided in previous versions.
You can change the view angle by dragging on the graph116

Figure 265. View angle change(Left: orthographic, Right perspective)

4. Plot Item

Figure 266. 3D graph plot item

You can select file(s) to plot and select “Show Only Raw Data” or Show Raw & KK Data” or “Show Raw & Fitted Data”



K-K data and Fitted Data selection is only enable status after analysis of fitting or
K-K

If you select “Show Only Raw Data”, then Raw data will be plot as solid line withdot. But if you select “Show Raw & Fitted Data”, then Fitted data is solid line andraw data is dot
5. Contents

You can select one of 3D plot in followings.

Figure 267. 3D Plot contents

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E. Parameter Plot
After fitting result, you can get parameter plot with fitting result

Figure 268. Parameter plot

1. Parameter to display
You can select parameter(s) to display on plot by selecting contents in the pop up
menu.

Figure 269. Parameter to display

Multiple parameters can be selected by cliking ctrl+click or shift+click
2. File selectYou can select file(s) to display parameter(s) by selcting items in the pop up menu.
3. AxisParameter plot can select X1, X2, X3 control value as X axis. X & Y axis can bedisplayed as linear scale or log scale.

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