食の安全／人獣共通感染症

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会《運営協力》《座長》

中 山 裕 之（ 公 益 社 団 法 人 日 本 獣 医 学 会 理 事 長 ／ 東 京 大 学 大 学 院

農学生命科学研究科 獣医病理学研究室 教授）

Field-Validation of Minimum Application Intervals for Use of Raw

《演者》

「」
Animal Manure as a Soil Amendment in the Central Valley, California

Saharuetai Jeamsripong, D.V.M, MPVM, PhD (Western Center for）
Food Safety, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA

Anyarat Thiptara (Department of Population Health andWater Quality in Aquatic Ecosystem in Sierra Nevada Meadows of」
California

Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California,Davis, CA, USA. / Epidemiology Section, Veterinary Research andDevelopment Center (Southern Region), Thung Song, Nakhon Si

Thammarat, Thailand.)Risk of Rabies Exposure among the Foreign Backpackers and its「 Linkages between Pathogens and Cattle Fecal Loads and Microbial「Priyakamon Khan (Eastern Asia University, Thailand / SIAM Health」
impact on Tourism Industry in Thailand

Care, Thailand-Bangladesh / SIAM Health Foundation, Thailand-Bangladesh)

Oral Session 1
オーラルセッ シ ョ ン 1“Food Safety / Zoonosis”
Session Management: Japan Veterinary Medical AssociationChairperson:
Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, DVM, PhD (Chairperson, Japan Veterinary Medical Association / Professor, Department
of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo)
Speakers:“Field-Validation of Minimum Application Intervals for Use of Raw Animal Manure as a Soil Amendment
in the Central Valley, California”
Saharuetai Jeamsripong, D.V.M, MPVM, PhD (Western Center for Food Safety, University of California,
Davis, Davis, CA)“Linkages between Pathogens and Cattle Fecal Loads and Microbial Water Quality in Aquatic
Ecosystem in Sierra Nevada Meadows of California”
Anyarat Thiptara (Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, CA, USA. / Epidemiology Section, Veterinary Research and Development
Center (Southern Region), Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.)“Risk of Rabies Exposure among the Foreign Backpackers and its impact on Tourism Industry inThailand”
Priyakamon Khan (Eastern Asia University, Thailand / SIAM Health Care, Thailand-Bangladesh / SIAM
Health Foundation, Thailand-Bangladesh)Live Love Animals ICAC KOBE 2015 The 4th Kobe International Conference on the Care for All Creatures 201561

1.「食の安全／人獣共通感染症」“Food Safety / Zoonosis”
運営協力：公益社団法人 日本獣医学会
座長：中山 裕之（公益社団法人 日本獣医学会 理事長／東京大学 大学院農学生命科学研究科 獣医病理学研究室 教授）

Session Management: Japan Veterinary Medical Association
Chairperson: Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, DVM, PhD (Chairperson, Japan Veterinary Medical
Association / Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural andLife Sciences, The University of Tokyo)

Saharuetai Jeamsripong1 / Patricia D. Millner2 /Manan Sharma2 /Edward R. Atwill1 /Michele
Jay-Russell1
1 Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA / 2 Environmental

Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural ResearchService, Beltsville, MD“Field-Validation of Minimum Application Intervals for Use of Raw Animal
Manure as a Soil Amendment in the Central Valley, California”
Biological soil amendments of animal origin have been identified as a potential source of contamination offresh produce with enteric pathogens. The original FDA Produce Safety Rule proposed a 9-month interval between
application of raw manure and crop harvest; in contrast, the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) standard requires
120- and 90-day intervals for crops with and without soil contact, respectively. A 12-month experimental field trial was
conducted to examine the survival of a three-strain cocktail of rifampicin-resistant generic Escherichia coli applied
to soil amended with different animal manure types in California’s Central Valley. High (107 CFU/ml) and low (104CFU/ml) inoculum were separately applied by spraying the E. coli cocktail onto 4 untreated horse-, cattle-, goat-, andchicken litter- amended soil and control plots (2m x 1m) at the UC Davis vegetable crop field station. Soil samples
were collected from November 2013 to October 2014 to determine the generic E. coli population by direct plating andMPN methods. The study was initiated during a time when the region was experiencing extreme drought conditions.
We observed a 7.16 log reduction after 120 days from manure application. The generic E. coli populations survived
longest in untreated chicken litter followed by horse, cattle and goat manure. E. coli populations increased after heavy
rains by 5.87 and 5.61 log CFU in high and low inoculums plots, respectively. Time and manure type were statisticallysignificant (P<0.0001) and predicted the concentration of indicator E. coli in a linear regression model. Although
die-off was observed in soil by day 120 during a fall-winter period, resuscitation was observed for all manure types
following heavy spring rains. The findings suggest that generic E. coli experiences multiple log reductions over 120
days, but exposures to rain fall can contemporarily reverse these reductions.

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りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず ICAC KOBE 2015

第 4 回神戸 全ての生き物のケアを考える国際会議 2015

Anyarat Thiptara1, 2 / Philip H. Kass1 / Kenneth W. Tate3 / Edward R. Atwill1
1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universityof California, Davis, CA, USA. / 2 Epidemiology Section, Veterinary Research and Development
Center (Southern Region), Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. / 3 Department ofPlant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California,Davis, CA, USA.

“Linkages between Pathogens and Cattle Fecal Loads and Microbial Water
Quality in Aquatic Ecosystem in Sierra Nevada Meadows of California”
Water-related diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly affecting children indeveloping countries. Livestock grazing increases risk of waterborne pathogen contamination and related recreational
diseases. This cross-sectional study clarifies the link between waterborne pathogens and cattle grazing practices
in California’s Sierra Nevada. Range cattle feces and creek water samples around Lake Davis in Plumas County
were collected to detect Salmonella, E. coli O157H:7, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and fecal indicator bacteria during
the 2011 summer grazing season. Neither Salmonella nor E. coli O157H:7 were found in fecal and water samples.
Cryptosporidium and Giardia loads (adjusted for percent recovery) in meadow creek water ranged from 0-2.8 oocysts/
L and 0-2.3 cysts/L, respectively. Waterborne protozoa were found in both grazing and non-grazing areas, suggesting
non-bovine sources exist in this watershed. Sequence analyses confirmed C. parvum and possible mixed concentrationsof G. intestinalis assemblages B and C. Based on these water volume concentrations, ingestion of 3.6-9.1 and 4.3-14.3
L of creek water yields a 50% infection probability, assuming that all (oo)cysts are pathogenic and infectious. Overallprevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in range cattle at this site was 19.5% (8/41) and 2.4% (1/41), respectively.
Percentages of Giardia positivity were 60% (3/5) and 14% (5/36) with excretion intensities of 6,169 cysts/g and 42,694
cysts/g of feces in calves and adults, respectively. Calves had 4.3 times higher risk of yielding a positive test result for
Giardia than were adults (95% CI 1.31-14.21; P = 0.04). Genotyping of positive feces revealed C. andersoni and G.
intestinalis assemblage E. Because Cryptosporidium and Giardia found in creek water and cattle feces were different
assemblages, the source of protozoa was unlikely to be cattle, and no association was found between fresh bovine fecal
loads and concentration of waterborne protozoa.

Priyakamon Khan1, 5, 6 / Naila Al Mahmuda2, 5, 6 / Md. Golam Abbas3, 5, 6 / Manirul Islam
Khan5, 6
1 Eastern Asia University, Thailand / 2 School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,

Japan / 3 Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Kanazawa University,Kanazawa, Japan / 4 Infectious Diseases Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh / 5 SIAM Health Care,Thailand-Bangladesh / 6 SIAM Health Foundation, Thailand-Bangladesh“Risk of Rabies Exposure among the Foreign Backpackers and its impact onTourism Industry in Thailand”
Rabies, a very big public health problem in the Southeast Asia where large numbers of backpackers visit each year.
During July to December 2014, a survey was conducted by our team among the foreign backpackers in Bangkok,
Thailand to assess their risk of rabies exposure as well as effects on tourism. One thousand five hundreds and eighty
five filled questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Tourism was the main reason (76.6%) for travelling to Thailand.
The majority of the backpackers were within the age group 25 to 35 years old. Most of them were from European(47.7%), followed by North American (26.9%). Rest was from Asia and Africa. 90% had sought health information
before traveling but only 41.8% had received information about rabies. Most (65.9%) of the backpackers had not been
vaccinated for rabies at all. Only 22.6% had completed pre-exposure rabies vaccination course before travel. The cost

Live Love Animals ICAC KOBE 2015 The 4th Kobe International Conference on the Care for All Creatures 201563

of the vaccine was the major reason (80.9%) those who had not been vaccinated. Almost all backpackers (89.9%) knewthat they could get rabies if bitten or licked on broken skin by an infected animal. 91.1% European and American knewthat bats are the major reason for human rabies transmission along with 56.1% knew dogs also transmit this. Almostall (99.2%) Asian and African knew that dogs are the main source for rabies transmission. In this study, the incidenceof being bitten and or licked was 5.54%. Among the 74.6% of European and American backpackers, 54.9% will think
once more (whether they will visit or not) before they plan to visit South East Asia and 35.7% will inform their friends/
relatives about the risk of rabies exposure in South East Asia which might decrease the number of tourists in this region(especially in Thailand) and finally may impact negative effects on the tourism industry.

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りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず ICAC KOBE 2015

第 4 回神戸 全ての生き物のケアを考える国際会議 2015