MIND THE GAP
WIKIPEDIA AND ITS GAPSRESPONSES ON WIKIPEDIA• The first section of this

• The second section discusses

presentation covers the mission
and purpose of Wikipedia,
analyzes both the quantity andquality of its information(including what it covers well anddoes not cover well), and thendiscusses issues of structuralequity and inclusion (whatWikipedia refers to as “systemicbias”)

major responses to the gaps andsystemic bias problems on
Wikipedia by looking at three
critical gaps (gender, race, andgeography) while also discussing
more general responses designed
to increase the number of editorsthat (sometimes indirectly) help
address the gaps

WHAT UTA IS DOING• The third and final section
discusses what UTA is doing to fill
the gaps through the lenses of its
three major areas of engagementwith Wikipedia and Wikimedia:“Learn to Edit” workshops andresources, Wikipedia Meetups
and content creation on
Wikipedia, and uploading images
to Wikimedia Commons

WIKIPEDIA AND ITS GAPSANALYZING SYSTEMIC CONTENT GAPS ON WIKIPEDIA IN LIGHT OF ITS MISSION AND PURPOSE

THE MISSION AND PURPOSE OF WIKIPEDIA• In 2004, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales made the following remark about Wikipedia in a Slashdot
article that has become the unofficial mission and purpose of Wikipedia:• “Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all humanknowledge. That's what we're doing.”• Wikipedia’s “purpose” page outlines its purpose as follows:• “Wikipedia's purpose is to benefit readers by acting as an encyclopedia, a comprehensive writtencompendium that contains information on all branches of knowledge. The goal of a Wikipedia article is topresent a neutrally written summary of existing mainstream knowledge in a fair and accurate manner with astraightforward, ‘just-the-facts style.’ Articles should have an encyclopedic style with a formal tone insteadof essay-like, argumentative, promotional or opinionated writing.”

QUANTITY OF INFORMATION ON WIKIPEDIA• As of this month, the English Wikipedia:• Has over 6.1 million articles• Has over 3.6 billion words• Would comprise over 2,700 volumes if printed in the same physical format as Encyclopedia Britannica• As of this month, all Wikipedias collectively:• Have over 54 million articles• Exist in over 300 languages• For comparison:• The final (2013) print version of Britannica has about 40,000 articles (0.6% the size of English Wikipedia)• The final (2009) deluxe edition of Microsoft Encarta has about 62,000 articles (1.0% the size of English Wikipedia)• The online version of Britannica currently has about 120,000 articles (1.9% the size of English Wikipedia)

Depiction of the size of a hypothetical printed English Wikipedia as of January 2020, if printed in the same physical format as the Encyclopedia
Britannica. At that time, if printed, it would total 2,657 volumes and take up 13 full standard-sized shelving units plus part of a 14th. According
to updated statistics, as of this month, English Wikipedia has expanded to a hypothetical 2,775 printed volumes.

QUALITY OF INFORMATION ON WIKIPEDIA• Strengths of Wikipedia’s content:• Computer technology/history• Hard sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, etc.)• Meteorology• Military history• Numismatics (coins)• Science fiction• Video games• Western Europe, North America, Australia, and
New Zealand• Weaknesses of Wikipedia’s content:• Africa (especially sub-Saharan Africa)• Asia (except for East Asia)• Latin America• Non-Western culture (art, literature, music,
etc.)• Non-Western politics• Minority communities in many countries• Women’s history

The Wikipedia article “Peak oil” as it appeared in 2011. Note the green “plus” symbol in the top right corner, noting it is a Good Article, thesecond-highest level of quality on Wikipedia (after Featured Articles). As an undergraduate student at the University of Michigan, I was
assigned this article as part of required reading for a geological sciences course that I took. This is an example of one of Wikipedia’s strengths.

The Wikipedia article “Sundiata Keita” as it appeared in 2008. As an undergraduate student at the University of Michigan, my professor told
our pre-modern African history class not to trust Wikipedia for topics related to Africa. The subject of this article was a major topic in the class.
This is an example of one of Wikipedia’s weaknesses.

SYSTEMIC BIAS ON WIKIPEDIA• A great example of geographical systemic bias on Wikipedia is the “rough evaluation of coverage” used by WikiProject Countering
Systemic Bias to address both history and politics:• Excellent: North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand• Good: East Asia, Japan, Eastern Europe• Mediocre: Latin America, Middle East, North Africa, South Asia
• Poor: Sub-Saharan Africa• Wikipedia’s gender bias, which along with its geographic bias is often considered one of its two greatest flaws, can be seen clearly in twoareas:• Content: 18.6% of biographies in the English Wikipedia are currently about women• Note that this is up from 15.5% in 2014, and also that there are over 1.8 million biographies on English Wikipedia• Contributors: 8-15% of Wikipedians are female• The number varies from survey to survey: a 2018 survey found 13.6% female editors on English Wikipedia, but just 8.8% female editors on all Wikipedias, whilea 2015 survey found 15% of American Wikipedians were female

Screenshot from the Wikipedia project page “Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/History” showing a color-coded table giving the“rough evaluation of coverage” for history-related topics on English Wikipedia. An identical table appears on the project page
“Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/Politics.”

RESPONSES ON WIKIPEDIAVARIOUS RESPONSES TO BIASES RELATED TO GENDER, RACE, AND GEOGRAPHY ON WIKIPEDIARESPONSES TO GENDER BIAS

WIKIPROJECT WOMEN IN RED• Perhaps the most notable and effective of all Wikipedia efforts to counter systemic bias,
WikiProject Women in Red is a WikiProject, which is “a group of contributors who want to work
together as a team to improve Wikipedia” and “often focus on a specific topic area.”• The name “Women in Red” refers to wikilinks (hyperlinks) on Wikipedia articles that link toarticles on women that do not (yet) exist. Wikilinks display as blue if their target page exists, but
as red if it does not.

WIKIPROJECT WOMEN IN RED• WikiProject Women in Red was founded in 2015 by Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight and Roger

Bamkin. Emily Temple-Wood joined shortly thereafter, and she has become famous in the
Wikipedia community for creating a new Wikipedia biography on a female scientist every time
she is harassed about her editing. At Wikimania 2016, Stephenson-Goodknight and TempleWood were named Wikipedians of the Year. (Wikimania is the main international conference for
Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement.)• The WikiProject hosts both virtual and in-person edit-a-thons to improve the coverage of women
on Wikipedia. Its work has substantially increased the percentage of biographies of women on
Wikipedia, from 15.5% in October 2014 (before it was formed) to 18.6% by September 2020.

Screenshot from the Wikipedia project page “Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red” showing a line chart giving the number of new articles
they have created each month since the project was created in 2015. Note the sheer amount of content they are creating, on average between
2,000 and 3,000 new biographies every month.

A Wikipedia meetup/edit-a-thon at Newnham College, Cambridge, held to coincide with International Women's Day and in conjunction with
the Women in Red WikiProject. March 8, 2017.

ART+FEMINISM EDIT-A-THONS• Founded in 2014, Art+Feminism is a series of global edit-a-thons that focus on improving
Wikipedia’s coverage of female artists.

• Art+Feminism was founded by Siân Evans, Jacqueline Mabey, Michael Mandiberg, and Laurel
Ptak, a group of artists and librarians.

• After hosting 30 separate edit-a-thons that engaged over 600 volunteers in its first year (2014), it
has grown extensively. As of 2020, over 18,000 people have participated in over 1,200
Art+Feminism edit-a-thons around the world, creating or improving roughly 84,000 Wikipedia
articles about female artists.

The University of Zambia Art+Feminism Edit-A-Thon, a four-day event to address the information gender gap. March 6, 2020.

RESPONSES TO RACIAL BIAS

BLACK WIKIHISTORY MONTH• In February 2015, the first Black WikiHistory Month was celebrated with multiple edit-a-thons in
the United States, including at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Harlem, NewYork City), the Brooklyn Public Library, Howard University (in Washington, D.C.), and NPR’s
headquarters (also in Washington, D.C.).

• Black WikiHistory Month has been celebrated annually with multiple events every February
since 2015. In addition to frequent events in New York City and Washington, D.C., numerous
states have hosted multiple events, including California, Missouri, Tennessee, and Washington(state).

Wikimedia UK’s Black History Month Edit-A-Thon in the map room of the Geography Department at University College London. October 26,
2012.

AFROCROWD AND BLACK LUNCH TABLE• AfroCROWD was founded in New York City in 2015 by Alice Backer with the goal of improving
Wikipedia’s content on Black culture and history.

• It regularly hosts edit-a-thons in the New York City metropolitan area.
• It has partnered with other organizations, such as the Haiti Cultural Exchange, to host edit-athons.

• AfroCROWD also partners with Black Lunch Table (BLT), which focuses on creating oral histories
with Black artists and which also organizes Wikipedia edit-a-thons of its own.

AfroCROWD Panel presenting at Wikimania 2017 in Montreal. Wikimania is the main international Wikipedia and Wikimedia conference.
August 13, 2017.

New Wikipedians learning to edit at Black Lunch Table’s Black History Everyday edit-a-thon at the Staten Island Museum. February 9, 2019.

RESPONSES TO GEOGRAPHIC BIAS

WIKIPEDIA ZERO
• Wikipedia Zero was a Wikimedia Foundation project that provided free access to Wikipedia on mobile phones,
mostly in developing countries.

• It used the “zero-rating” technique of providing access to content without cost, which was made possible bysubsidies that exempt Wikipedia content from a user’s mobile data allowance.

• The goal of Wikipedia Zero, which was based on Facebook’s similar zero-rating project Facebook Zero, was toincrease access to Wikipedia in developing countries.

• From its launch in 2012 until its end in 2018, Wikipedia Zero provided Wikipedia content to over 800 million
people in 72 countries via 97 different mobile plan operators.

• While it received a South by Southwest Interactive Award for activism in 2013, it was frequently criticized forviolating the principle of net neutrality and experienced lack of growth before its termination in 2018.

A smartphone accessing the English Wikipedia article “Petra” via Wikipedia Zero through Umniah, a Jordanian mobile network operator thatparticipated in Wikipedia Zero while it existed. October 7, 2013.

WIKIMEDIA MOVEMENT AFFILIATES• There are numerous Wikimedia affiliate groups around the world, including 39 Wikimedia chapters(“incorporated independent non-profits”) that mostly represent the wealthy countries of the global north, such as
Germany, France, Canada, and South Korea. However, there are also chapters in middle-income developing
countries such as Argentina, India, Mexico, Thailand, and South Africa.

• There are a further 134 Wikimedia user groups (“open membership groups…designed to be easy to form”) thatprovide even greater representation from the global south. Examples range broadly, from Benin to Iraq and Nepal
to the Caribbean. There are also non-geographic, thematic user groups like AfroCROWD and Art+Feminism.

• All movement affiliates exist to organize Wikipedians in their respective areas (either geographic or topical) and tosupport Wikipedia, generally by editing and creating new content. Some affiliates, especially major global north
Wikimedia chapters such as those in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, also support Wikipedia andWikimedia projects through donations and even technical support (as in the case of Wikidata).

Map of all recognized Wikimedia chapters (blue) and Wikimedia user groups with a regional focus (green). June 20, 2020.

Group photograph of attendees at Wikimania 2012 in Washington, D.C. Photo taken in University Yard at George Washington University. July
14, 2012.

GENERAL RESPONSES RELATED TO BIAS

VISUALEDITOR• Long a dream on Wikipedia, VisualEditor is a “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) editing interface thatallows Wikipedians to edit Wikipedia easily. It looks similar to the editing interface on a blog or a word processor,
and it is much easier to use than writing in wikitext markup, the simplified form of hypertext markup language(HTML) that was the only way to edit Wikipedia for over a decade (2001-13).

• VisualEditor was implemented in 2013. After receiving pushback from many existing editors, it was made an optin choice until it was refined and further developed and ultimately restored to being an opt-out feature in 2015.

• While not explicitly designed to address systemic bias or lack of diversity among Wikipedians, VisualEditor does

benefit Wikipedia’s efforts to recruit more female, minority, and developing-world editors just as it does all otherpotential editors because it makes editing the site substantially easier for all new users, lowering the bar to entry.

Screenshot showing the English Wikipedia article “Tarrant County, Texas” being edited with the VisualEditor. The text format menu is selectedin this screenshot. Note how closely this editing interface resembles the appearance of live Wikipedia articles.

Screenshot showing the exact same page being edited with traditional wikitext markup, illustrating the difference that VisualEditor makes forincreasing the ease of editing on Wikipedia and reducing the learning curve for new Wikipedians.

WIKIPEDIA TEAHOUSE• Another Wikipedia project begun to help all new editors is the Wikipedia Teahouse, which isdesigned to be a friendly, unintimidating place for new Wikipedians to ask questions.

• The Teahouse is run by a series of experienced Wikipedians known as “hosts,” who volunteer tomentor new Wikipedians and answer their questions as they begin editing.

• As with the VisualEditor, the Teahouse was not explicitly created to address systemic bias on
Wikipedia, but it provides support and encouragement for all users that new female, minority,and developing-world Wikipedians can benefit from as much as anyone else.

Screenshot showing the English Wikipedia project page “Wikipedia:Teahouse.” Note how “ask a question” is prioritized, but there are also
clearly marked buttons for “meet your hosts” and “articles to improve,” both of which are also important to new Wikipedians, both in terms of
where to look for help as well as where to look to start editing articles.

WHAT UTA IS DOINGBUILDING A MORE DIVERSE USER
COMMUNITY THROUGH “LEARN TO EDIT”
WORKSHOPS AND RESOURCES• Since I started working at UTA in April 2019, I have helped to build a more diverse Wikipedia
community here at the university, in three closely interrelated ways, by providing:• Occasional formal two-hour-long “Learn to Edit Wikipedia” workshops, such as the one at the 2019UTA Open Access Week

• “Learn to Edit Wikipedia” LibGuide, based off the content of the workshops, which is continuallyavailable online to anyone interested in learning to edit Wikipedia• One-on-one, one-hour-long “Learn to Edit Wikipedia” trainings conducted via Microsoft Teams, whichhave been especially popular since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemicScreenshot of the home page of the UTA “Learn to Edit Wikipedia” LibGuide, which I created and continue to maintain. It is designed to teach aprospective future Wikipedian the fundamentals of Wikipedia editing in about one hour.

UTA WIKIPEDIA MEETUPS AND DIVERSECONTENT CREATION ON WIKIPEDIA• I have also begun leading a UTA Wikipedia Meetup, which meets twice every long term (September,
November, February, and April) for two hours around lunchtime on a Friday to collaborate on anarticle (generally a new article created from scratch, unless otherwise noted):• November 2019 (inaugural Wikipedia Meetup): Lady Movin’ Mavs wheelchair basketball team
• February 2020: Emerson Emory• April 2020: Climate of Dallas (improvements to an existing article)• September 2020: Santa Fe Freight Building in Fort Worth• November 2020: TBD (likely a biography about a cartographer whose works are held in Special Collections)• Informally last year and more formally going forward, the February meetup is and will be tied in tothe other Black History Month events celebrated by the UTA Libraries.

Screenshot of the English Wikipedia article “UT Arlington Mavericks women’s basketball team” (the “Lady Movin’ Mavs”), which was createdduring the inaugural UTA Wikipedia Meetup in November 2019.

Screenshot of the English Wikipedia article “Emerson Emory,” which was created during the UTA Wikipedia Meetup in February 2020. Although
not officially a Black History Month event as celebrated by the UTA Libraries, the topic of the article was specifically chosen because February isBlack History Month.

CONTRIBUTING DIVERSE CONTENT TO
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS• Since last year, the UTA Libraries has also been uploading images from numerous alreadydigitized collections to Wikimedia Commons and then integrating them into Wikipedia articles.

• While the largest collections in terms of raw numbers are the UTA Photograph Collection, UTA
News Service Photograph Collection, and maps, there are three collections documenting peopleof color that have also been contributed already:• Pancho Medrano Papers• Emerson Emory Papers• Elzie and Ruby Odom Papers

Screenshot of the Wikimedia Commons category “Pancho Medrano Papers at the University of Texas at Arlington Libraries,” which consists ofall the already-existing digitized photographs and documents from the Pancho Medrano Papers that were already available on UTA’s Digital
Gallery.

Screenshot of the Wikimedia Commons category “Emerson Emory Papers at the University of Texas at Arlington Libraries,” which consists of all
the already-existing digitized photographs and documents from the Emerson Emory Papers that were already available on UTA’s Digital Gallery.

IMAGE CREDITS• AfroCROWD logo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afro_Free_Culture_Crowdsourcing_Wikimedia_(AfroCROWD).svg (AfroCROWD User
Group, CC BY-SA 4.0)

• AfroCROWD Panel presenting at Wikimania 2017: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afrocrowd_Panel,_Wikimania_2017_(36633133076).jpg(Uncommon Fritillary, CC BY-SA 2.0)

• Black History Everyday edit-a-thon at Staten Island Museum with Black Lunch Table:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BLT_%2B_SIM_Editathon_05.jpg (Heathart, CC BY-SA 4.0)

• Black Lunch Table logo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lunch_Table_logo.png (blacklunchtable.org, CC BY-SA 4.0)
• Mind the Gap logo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mind_the_gap1.svg (London Student Feminists, Pro Femina, and Anonmoos, CC BY-SA
3.0)• Size of printed Wikipedia January 2020: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Size_of_printed_wikipedia_January_2020.png (The Anome, CC BY
4.0)• University of Zambia Art+Feminism Edit-A-Thon: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UNZA_Art%2BFeminism_Edit-a-thon_2020_13.jpg(Icem4k, CC BY-SA 4.0)

IMAGE CREDITS (CONTINUED)• Wikimania 2012 Group Photograph: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimania_2012_Group_Photograph-0001a.jpg (Helpameout, CC BYSA 3.0)

• Wikimedia chapters existing and regional user groups:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_chapters_existing_and_regional_user_groups.svg (Effeietsanders, Bidgee, and others, CC0 1.0)

• Wikimedia UK Black History Month: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_UK_Black_History_Month_editing.JPG (Caroline Bressey
and Daria Cybulska, CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Wikipedia Editathon at Newnham College, Cambridge, March 2017:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Editathon_at_Newnham_College,_Cambridge,_March_2017_-_9.jpg (Parkywiki and Nick
Moyes, CC BY-SA 4.0)

• Wikimedia Commons screenshots (Wikimedia Commons contributors, CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Wikipedia screenshots (Wikipedia contributors, CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Wikipedia Zero – Umniah: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Zero_-_Umniah.jpg (Pshegubj, CC BY-SA 3.0)

BIBLIOGRAPHY• “AfroCrowd.” 2020. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AfroCrowd&oldid=973673592.
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• “Climate of Dallas.” 2020. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Dallas&oldid=979973100.
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• “List of Wikipedias.” n.d. Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Accessed October 14, 2020. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)• “Microsoft Ends Encarta Encyclopaedia Service.” 2009. Campaign. March 31, 2009. https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/microsoft-ends-encarta-encyclopaediaservice/894965?utm_source=website&utm_medium=social.

• “Santa Fe Freight Building.” 2020. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Freight_Building&oldid=982877994.
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• “UTA Open Access Week: Learn to Edit Wikipedia.” n.d. University of Texas at Arlington. Accessed October 14, 2020. https://events.uta.edu/event/uta_open_access_week__learn_to_edit_wikipedia_workshop#.X4dK4ud7mUk.

• “VisualEditor.” 2020. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor&oldid=982967481.
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