THE STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION
OF SELLING SPACE IN MARKETS
In case of Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, JapanOUNCHANUM PANDIN
オウンチャヌム パンディン

京都工芸繊維大学
Kyoto Institute of Technology

THE STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION
OF SELLING SPACE IN MARKETS
In case of Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, JapanOUNCHANUM PANDIN
オウンチャヌム パンディン

11831504

京都工芸繊維大学
KYOTO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYDOCTORAL PROGRAM OF DESIGN SCIENCEGRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYDOCTORAL PROGRAM 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thanks to everyone who contributed to this work. First, I would like to thank myadvisor, Professor Kimura Hiroaki, for his advice in architectural design and research process and ineveryday life in Japan.
I would like to deeply thank Professor Masao Furuyama for encouraging and advising theknowledge and thanks to the Japanese Government Scholarship for supporting this research.
I would like to thank my family for support encouragement me every times in my life.
I wish to thank to my friends and Laboratory member who always helpful me in the Japan life.
Thank you all very much

Pandin Ounchanum
June 2013ii

ABSTRACTThis thesis investigated the creating space for selling and buying in the market which makeatmosphere of the markets to difference from each other. This research studies consisted of flea market
and central market in two historical cities which are Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan forcomparison studies in spatial organization of the market.
The first part is clarified in the spatial structure of the flea market which was set up in specificdate. From previous study in a master’s thesis at Chiang Mai University which research at Tungfabod
cattle market and located at suburb of Chiangmai province, Thailand. In this part compared the flea
markets between Tungfabod cattle market and three flea markets in Kyoto which are Chion Ji market at
Chion Ji Temple, Kobo market at Toji Temple and Tenjin San market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine. The
clearly different result is approach and orderly planning of Kyoto flea markets more than Tungfarbod
markets and clarification in the typology of shops such as temporary shop and shop’s roof. The similarity
in configuration of selling space has been established by various relationships of the seller and customers
which supported to behavior of seller and products for attractive to costumers.
In Addition is the part of the central market, In case of Kad Luang market which is the central
market of Chiangmai that was the center of old kingdom in northern of Thailand, The basis of fieldsurvey for collecting data in Kad Luang market showed the spatial structure and the boundary of sellingspace in spontaneous unregulated space and almost full of stall in the storefront space while themeasurement of numerical control and distance of the overflow of selling space in Nishiki markets in
Kyoto, Japan are the factor for make lively crowed markets. This is the first time for Kad Luang market in
the study of the boundary of selling space. The conclusion in the overflow of selling area in front of shops
in Kad Luang market is more over in lively markets for nearly attractive to costumer than the markets
which control more strongly as Nishiki market which add the approach in orderly and clearly border forsupport tourist area.
This thesis can understand the organization of selling space in markets which was created byvarious factors such as function and behavior of users by the changing of architecture and space inmarkets under difference times and context for supporting to everyday life and tourist place.

iii

概要

この調査研究は、二つの歴史的な都市である、タイ国のチェンマイと日本の京都でのフリーマー
ケットおよび中央市場の空間構成の研究である。本論文は、売り空間と購買空間の互いの異なる市場の持つ雰囲気の要因を明らかにする調査である。
本論文の構成は、大別すると２部構成から成り、一つ目は決まった日だけに開かれる市場であるフリーマーケットの空間構成を明らかにするものである。 チェンマイ大学での修士論文を基にした、チェンマイ郊外のにおけるトゥンファーボッド牛市場での調査研究と、京都における知恩寺の手づくり市、東寺の弘法市、北野天満宮の天神の骨董市等との調査、比較研究により、日本とチェンマイのそのフリーマーケットの類性性と相違を明確し、テント等、仮設的空間のタイポロジーや、客と売り手の様々な関係により成立している空間構成を明らかにした。
また、タイの古都であるチェンマイ最大の中央市場であるカードルアン市場を研究の対象として、現地調査に基づき、一見自然発生的で無秩序な市場における selling-space の境界面の微妙な空間構成の成り立ちや、そして、京都の錦市場と比較対照させながら、市場の賑わいの構成要因である溢れ出しの度合いの加減や制御を数値的な計量化をする事で、チェンマイのカードルアン
市場の空間構成のその法則性の一端を明らかにした。売り場の溢れ出しスペースのその度合いが大きければ、市場は、より生活に密着したライフマーケット的であり、錦市場を例により強く制御される事により、観光化と両立するマーケットに近づくと考察した。
そして本論文は、時間の異なりや観光そして日常生活等を支える場である市場状況の、これら機能による様々な要因よって、建築と空間が変化する selling-space の構成を理解するものである。

iv

CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ii

ASTRACTiii

CONTENTSv

LIST OF TABLE

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Introduction

1

1.1Study background and purpose

1

1.2 Study methodology and structure

2

1.3 Literature review

4

1.3.1 Background and history of markets

4

1.3.2 Built Environment in market place6

1.4 Markets place in Chiangmai and Kyoto

8

1.4.1 Markets in Chiangmai, Thailand

10

1.4.2 Markets in Kyoto, Japan

16

Previous study of Tungfabod cattle market,
Chiangmai, Thailand

19

Selling space in flea markets

27

3.1 Flea market in Chiangmai, Thailand27

3.1.1 Site Selecting

27

3.1.2 Planning of Tungfabod flea market

28

3.1.3 Shop types

31

3.1.4 Selling space type32

3.2 Flea market in Kyoto, Japan

39

3.2.1 Site selecting

39

3.2.2 Planning of flea markets in Kyoto

40

3.2.3 Shop types

40

3.2.4 Selling space in Kyoto flea markets

43

3.3. Comparison analysis between two countries46

3.3.1 Similarity46

3.3.2 Difference

47

v

Page
Chapter 3
3.4 Conclusion

Chapter 4

52

Selling space in Central markets

55

4.1 Market in Chiangmai, Thailand in case Kad Luang market

55

4.1.1 Planning and classification of production in market

55

4.1.2 Building type in Kad Luang market

58

4.1.3 Selling space in front of shophouse60

4.2 Market in Kyoto, Japan in case Nishiki market

69

4.2.1 Planning classification of production in market

70

4.2.2 Selling space74

4.3 Analysis

86

4.3.1 Overflow of selling space in Kad Luang market

86

4.3.2 Overflow of selling space in Nishiki market

93

4.3.3 The difference of overflow of selling space99

4.4 Conclusion

100

4.4.1 The Similarity: The linkage of selling space between
Kad Luang and Nishiki market

100

4.4.2 The Difference: the overflow of selling space ineach market

Chapter 5

101

Conclusion and suggestion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

103

113

vi

LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 4.1

The amount of product type shop in Kad Luang market

Table 4.2

The selling space type in front of shophouse in Kad Luang

61

market65

Table 4.3

The selling space type on the pavement in Kad Luang market

68

Table 4.4

Nishiki market product type shops

72

Table 4.5

The decorative of shophouse in nishiki market in each type73

Table 4.6

The selling space in Nishiki market

83

Table 4.7

Table of comparison of overflow of selling space

100

vii

LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 1.1

Site selecting for case studies

2

Figure 1.2

Research framework

3

Figure 1.3

the type of market place in the world

5

Figure 1.4

the development of market in case of Kad Luang market,
Chiangmai, Thailand

Figure 1.5

6Night walking street market at Wuilai Street, Chiangmai(left) and monday market at front Rimping supermarket,
Chiangmai (right)

8

Figure 1.6

Flea markets in Kyoto, Japan

9

Figure 1.7

Location of 19 markets in Chiangmai

11

Figure 1.8

Main building of market (left) inside main building (right)

12

Figure 1.9

temporary shops (left) and shopping cart (right)

12

Figure 1.10

Shophouse around main building

12

Figure 1.11

Six types of markets in Chiangmai

13

Figure 1.12

Categorized of market in Chiangmai which according to thenature of the marketing plan

14

Figure 1.13

Group of Chiangmai markets plan

15

Figure 1.14

Location of Kyoto market

16

Figure 1.15

Demachiyanagi market, Kyoto

17

Figure 1.16

Furukawa-cho market market, Kyoto

17

Figure 2.1

Spatial arrangement and density of the market by space and
time

22

Figure 2.2

Applied design concept

24

Figure 3.1

Location of Tungfabod flea market

28

Figure 3.2

Selling zoning in Tungfabod flea market

29

Figure 3.3

Fresh food area

29

Figure 3.4

Local product and dress shop area

29

Figure 3.5

Agricultural product shop area

30

Figure 3.6

Local food in front of marke

30

Figure 3.7

Cattle and buffalo area

30

Figure 3.8

Shop type in Tungfabod flea market

31

Figure 3.9

Selling on ground33

Figure 3.10

Selling on step floor 01

27

viii

Figure 3.11

Selling on step floor 02

34

Figure 3.12

Sitting area in selling space 01

34

Figure 3.13

Sitting area in selling space 02

35

Figure 3.14

Sitting area in selling space 03

35

Figure 3.15

All sitting area in selling space

36

Figure 3.16

Selling in front of stalls

36

Figure 3.17

Selling cattle and buffalo in outdoor area

37

Figure 3.18

Selling cocks in outdoor area

37

Figure 3.19

Flea market selection sites in Kyoto

39

Figure 3.20

Planning of three Kyoto flea markets

40

Figure 3.21

Grouping type of shop in three flea markets in Kyoto

41

Figure 3.22

Stalls under the main entrance

42

Figure 3.23

Tents

42

Figure 3.24

Katanagare roof

42

Figure 3.25

Selling with stand and under shade of building

43

Figure 3.26

Selling on the ground44

Figure 3.27

Selling on step floor

44

Figure 3.28

Sitting areas in selling space

45

Figure 3.29

Selling in front of shelf

45

Figure 3.30

The similarity in selling space

47

Figure 3.31

Traditional Thai roof

49

Figure 3.32

Traditional Japanese roof (Katanagare roof)

49

Figure 3.33

Connecting of shops in Thai flea market

50

Figure 3.34

Stand alone shops in Japan flea market

51

Figure 3.35

Native Language on signboard and games shops

52

Figure 4.1

Kad Luang market in 1912

55

Figure 4.2

Developed of Kad Luang market plan from 1912

56

Figure 4.3

Location of Kad Luang market

56

Figure 4.4

Kad Luang market plan in 1912

57

Figure 4.5

Kad Luang market plan in 201257

Figure 4.6

Ton Lumyai market main building

58

Figure 4.7

Warorot market main building

58

Figure 4.8

Shophouse around market

59

Figure 4.9

Four of traditional shophouse in Kad Luang market

59

Figure 4.10

Arcade between market and shophouse

60

Figure 4.11

The color map of product in market in Kad Luang market

60ixFigure 4.12

The color of Kad Luang market shophouse selling product

61

types
Figure 4.13

The chart in percentage of product type shop in Kad Luang
marketFigure 4.14

62

Collection data from in front of shophouse to graphic in Kad
Luang market

62

Figure 4.15

The selling space in cloth shops

63

Figure 4.16

The selling space in fabric shops

63

Figure 4.17

The selling space in glass shops and medicine shops

63

Figure 4.18

The selling space in gold shops

64

Figure 4.19

The selling space in shoes shops, religious ceremony shops,
supermarket and electronic shops

Figure 4.20

64

The selling space in household appliance shops andcosmetic shop

64

Figure 4.21

The selling space in various product shops

64

Figure 4.22

The selling space in clock shop and accessories shop andhouse cloth shop

Figure 4.23

65

The chart of selling space in front of shop in Kad Luang
market66

Figure 4.24

Selling space in front of shops

66

Figure 4.25

Area of data collecting on the pavement area

67

Figure 4.26

Selling on pavement area 01 and 02

67

Figure 4.27

Selling on pavement area 03 and 04

67

Figure 4.28

Selling on pavement area 05

67

Figure 4.29

Selling on pavement area 06

68

Figure 4.30

The chart of selling space on the pavement in Kad Luang

68

marketFigure 4.31

The summaries of selling space in front of shophouse in Kad

69

Luang Market
Figure 4.32

Nishiki market in past time

70

Figure 4.33

Location of Nishiki market

70

Figure 4.34

The block of Kyoto planning and Nishiki market

71

Figure 4.35

The color of product type in Nishiki market plan in 201272

Figure 4.36

The chart of product shop type in Nishiki market plan in

72

2012
Figure 4.37

The decorative of shophouse in Nishiki market
x73Figure 4.38

The decorative shop in percentage

Figure 4.39

Collection data from in front of shophouse to graphic in

74

Nishiki market

75

Figure 4.40

All salted fish shop

76

Figure 4.41

Amount of selling space in salted fish shop

76

Figure 4.42

All dried food shop

76

Figure 4. 43

Amount of selling space in dried food shop

76

Figure 4.44

All of meal shop

77

Figure 4.45

Amount of meal shop

77

Figure 4.46

All of pickles shop

77

Figure 4.47

Amount of pickle shop

77

Figure 4.48

All of meat shop

66

Figure 4.49

Amount of meat shop

78

Figure 4.50

All of side dish shop

78

Figure 4.51

Amount of side dish shop

78

Figure 4.52

All of tofu shop

79

Figure 4.53

Amount of tofu shop

79

Figure 4.54

All of utensil shop

79

Figure 4.55

Amount of utensil shop

80

Figure 4.56

All of vegetable shop

80

Figure 4.57

Amount of vegetable shop

80

Figure 4.58

All of sweet tea shop

81

Figure 4.59

Amount of sweet tea shop

81

Figure 4.60

All of fresh flower shop

81

Figure 4.61

All of sake shop

82

Figure 4.62

The chart of selling space in Nishiki market

83

Figure 4.63

Selling space types in Nishiki market

84

Figure 4.64

Comparison between Kad Luang market and Nishiki market

85

Figure 4.65

Location of section in Kad Luang market

87

Figure 4.66

Type of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang market

88

Figure 4.67

Plan of section a-a in Kad Luang market

88

Figure 4.68

Sections A of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang
market in day time89

Figure 4.69

Section B of Kad Luang market areas

89

Figure 4.70

Section C of Kad Luang market areas

90

Figure 4.71

Section D of Kad Luang market areas

90xi

Figure 4.72

Sections A of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang91

market in night time
Figure 4.73

Case of Kad Luang market which divided by selling area

92

Figure 4.74

Selling area in Front of shop in Kad Luang market

93

Figure 4.75

Location of section A in Nishiki market

94

Figure 4.76

Plan of section A in Nishiki market

94

Figure 4.77

Section A of overflows of selling space in Nishiki market

94

Figure 4.78

Section B of setback shop in Nishiki market

95

Figure 4.79

Section of Nishiki market in day time

96

Figure 4.80

Section of Nishiki market in night time

96

Figure 4.81

Changing of overflows of selling space between daytime
and special day

97

Figure 4.82

Case of Nishiki market which divided by selling area

98

Figure 5.1

Built environment methods by Rapoport(1990)

103

Figure 5.2

Market place following built environment methods

104

Figure 5.3

Relationship of space in market

104

Figure 5.4

Selling space of flea market in Tungfabod market and Kyoto
flea market

Figure 5.5105Comparison of selling space in Kad Luang market andNishiki market plan

Figure 5.6

106Comparison of selling space in Kad Luang market andNishiki market section

106

Figure 5.7

The distance of overflow in 0.00 meter

108

Figure 5.8

The distance of overflow in 0.01-0.50 meter

109

Figure 5.9

The distance of overflow in 0.50-0.80 meter

109

Figure 5.10

The distance of overflow in 0.80-1.00 meter

110

Figure 5.11

The distance of overflow in 1.00 meter and more than 1.00

110

meter

xii

xiii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study background and purpose
Market is the central place for selling and buying many foods, goods and products which
supports for daily life. The activity of buying and selling food has shaped our cities and town for centuries,
since an urban population by nature depends on others for agricultural production. Markets first appeared
as appointed places of exchange, usually bounds by lakes, rivers, forests, of boundary stone. Suchmeeting places were neutral territory, or thresholds of exchange, where differing groups gathered
peacefully for their mutual benefit (Tangires, 2008) 1 . After communities desired to have area foreveryday market so that markets was developed to become permanent place for meeting. Market places ineach country have their traditional characters which reflect to their culture, local life and related to theorigin of the each place so that each market has their identity for represent themselves. At the present,
market was change for support many propose such as modern lifestyle and supporting for tourist place.
Market doesn’t change only products or goods for sell but market place was change also and some market
was gone and some can remain traditional characters markets.
Market is one part of community that always related to activities and time. Local people arounduse markets as a space for do many activities specially selling and buying activity. Markets have many
types and scale which depend on goods types, location and time such as fresh food market, cattle market,
floating markets, street market and night market. Market consists of many shops inside and various
scales. The most important space is selling space in each shop that makes activities with movement andmake atmosphere of markets. The organization of space have difference purposes and according todifferent rules which reflect the activities, values and purposes of the individuals or groups doing theorganizing (Rapoport,1990). Same as the organization of selling space reflect the activity of markets,
behavior of local users and culture in each market.
The purpose of this thesis study to investigate the organization of selling space in markets forunderstanding in creating of selling space by various factors which are function and behavior of users thatwas changed for everyday life and tourist place, also to analysis the changing of architecture and space inthe markets under times and difference context and to analysis the atmosphere of the traditional markets
for local people can keep and develop to become more tourist area with keep old characteristic.
This thesis study focuses in two markets type which are flea market or appointment date market
which are the most easily type to managed and Central market which is the main market of the cities, foranalysis the from the smallest to biggest markets type . The variety of market scale sizes hope tounderstand the simple organization of selling space to the permanent markets and can continuous
development to be unique and maintain the traditional characteristic markets.
This research explored markets in long historical cities which can remain the old characteristicof their markets for case studies in this research from two counties which selected Chiangmai, Thailand
1

Difining the boundaries of Exchange in the market place by Tangires, 20081

and Kyoto, Japan by follows the identity search though a comparative study of selling space in markets
because both of this cities was old Kingdom and old capital cities which had long history. Form both casestudies developed their markets in difference way by the changing of times therefore the result fromanalysis markets in both cities will understand the core of markets and space and architecture inside thatmake atmosphere of market.

Figure 1.1 Site selecting for case studies
1.2 Study methodology and structureThis thesis concept has been based on a qualitative study and participant observation for datacollection and focus on physical identity such as the planning, shop type and selling space. This thesis
focuses on the organization of selling space in market follow the organizations of space method toanalysis for understand the market space. Figure 1.1 shows the research framework and summarizes themain idea of the study.
First, an in-depth literature review on the background of markets and organization of space
theories, analysis and definitions is conducted. The reviewing from the background of markets selected
two types of markets which are flea market and central market because select in the smallest type caseand biggest type for in deep research. The case studies from site selecting choose Chiangmai market andKyoto market following the background.

2

The Methodology process has 3 steps which are: Data Collection, Analysis and Syntheses. The
coding analysis of fieldwork data draws the organization of selling space in market and interpretation ofdifferent data for conclusion the result from the research.
In the method of organization of space by Rapoport (1990) said about environment isrelationship between environmental context with human, human with human and human with object
which have structure under culture and life style of their place. This concept of environmental design was
brought to guidelines in data collection in this method. The research is based on a qualitative method offlea market participant observation and physical surveys for the analysis and examination of find identityof each flea market. This method is the guideline for collection data inside the all market case studies.
The data collection is about physical space areas such as the planning, the shops and the sellingspace, internal space use, space relationships and factor of space design. All of the collected data analyzed
to gain an understanding of selling space types and the characteristics of each market place. The result of
this analysis will present the syntheses process for exploring linkages across Asia and the ideas relating
selling space in markets in Thailand and Japan.

Figure 1.2 Research framework
The dissertation comprises five chapters. This first on provides a brief introduction covering thebackground, purpose, literature review, methodology and background of market in Chiangmai and Kyoto.
Chapter 2 presents previous study before this thesis which is Promoting vernacular identity of
Tunfabod cattle market in Chiangmai,Thailand. It is the background of study in finding the identity offlea market place and continues to comparative study with Japan.
3Chapter 3 presents selling space in flea market in case of Chiangmai and Kyoto. This chapter
describes the planning, the type of shops and selling space inside flea market and interpretation ofdifferent data for finding the linkage of Asia space use and identity of each flea market.
Chapter 4 presents selling space in central market which is bigger scale than flea markets whichis everyday markets. This chapter describes in planning, type of shops and selling space and interpretationof different data for finding the linkage and characteristic of each markets.
Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the organization of selling space of all case studies in chapter 3 and
4 to grouping the type of atmosphere of markets which represent their characteristic follow their purposeof the market. In addition, it identifies and suggests the guideline for develop to keep own traditional
characteristic for next generation local people and tourist to feel the atmosphere of the markets.
1.3 Literature review
A literature review was performed to collect information relevant to 1) Background and history ofmarkets 2) The organization of space. The purposes were to elements within the current research andestablish a theoretical framework to clarify the concept, the method and to contribute to the results.
1.3.1 Background and history of markets
There’re many researchers have researched in market place in Thailand and Japan such as thehistory of markets, conservation in market and space use and architecture in the markets. In this thesis
focus on flea market and central market which include shophouse in Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto
Japan that following the purpose of the research.
The general market in present day is on open area inside one big building which divides many
shops for sell food or goods inside and some market has shophouse building around the main building forsell goods or products. In Thai shophouse as it exist today represent an evolution from hybrid of theEuropean party building into Thailand during the nighteeth century and the traditional Thai dwelling, thatitself was adapted to commercial use even before European influence. The building is also, in its form but
particular in its use, representative of a particular attribute of some traditional Thai vernacular architecture(Howard, 2012). The atmosphere of market changed by the changing of shophouse style and the products
type in the market that it is only place for meeting to selling and buying without the quality of the
traditional architecture and historical feeling.
In Japan, following the planning of cities which was grid line plan so that market was a on street
cover in between with shophouse and there was some temporary stall sell in front side of shops.
Shophouse in japan is Machiya which is type of traditional vernacular house in Japan and it is anindividual dwelling built in rows and belonged to the merchants and artisans in city. Though there aremany Machiya left in Kyoto today, their overall number continues to decrease year by year. This can be
attributed to a range of factors including the aging of the buildings, financial maintencance andrestoration challenges faced by owners and residents, the rise in the number of empty Machiya, anddisaster prevention issues so that the number of Machiya decreased (Mitsumura,2009)2. The decrease of2

The difficulty of preserving Machiya are the most reason for the decreasing Machiya

4Machiya is same as traditional shophouse in every counties same as Thailand because of difficult tomaintain or change to become modern style. Nowadays in Kyoto has many “Shotengai” which refer to
shopping arcades, shopping streets and shopping malls. There are various Shotengai that some ancient
Shotengai that have prospered side by side with the gate town areas of major temple, shines and castles aswell as Shotengai packed with tourist-popular souvenir stores, Shotengai lined with fashionable boutiquesand general stores, and community type Shotengai geared to the daily needs of local citizen (Kyoto
Shimbun,2010). From these can found that selling area was change to become more fashionableboutiques and some shops leave traditional shophouse style to become more modernism or suitable totheir product. Nishiki market is one case of Market which includes Machiya shophouse. Nishiki market is
shopping street which has arcades for protect from weather. This roof arcade cover on the existing street.
This is enclose space market type and under the protective and enclosing roof, designs can be as
extravagant as desired and juxtaposition of designs on against another in this type of enclose space isalways exciting that Nishiki market is one good case for research.

Figure 1.3 the type of market place in the world
In part of flea markets, some researchers have studied in characteristic of flea markets in Kyoto
such as Shinichi and Masakazu (2003) researched about the characteristics and subjects in the flea
markets for the community privatization on the precincts in Kyoto city, the result of the analysis are flea
market is the place for the communication and recreations and the variety of the stall is the characteristic
for keeping which do not include conventional stalls. Ounchanum (2009)3 has been conducted into thevernacular identity at the Tungfabod flea market in Chiangmai, Thailand, the application and guidelines
3

The previous study from The master’ thesis at Chiang Mai University ,Ounchanum, 20095

for conserving and promoting the market for community tourism. This research investigated just in
Identity of physical spaces which are a central place, transitional spaces, diversity of sales and spatialorganization of a rural way of life and social space which are the shared space for locals and non-locals,
warm social relationship, spatial marks by groups of users and an existence of social. Those identities
make the flea markets a significant multifunctional node for rural and urban economic and allowing rural
people to exchange their products and spend time together as well as providing tourists with a uniqueexperience of rural markets. The conclusion of these two researches proposed the flea market is thecentral place of community for trading and recreations and the variety of shops make the identity of flea
markets. It can refer that in difference countries must have the similarity point to linkage between theirflea markets and the difference point is the identity of each country but there was no research in acomparative study in the identity of selling space in flea markets between Thai and Japan.

Figure 1.4 the development of market in case of Kad Luang market, Chiangmai, Thailand
1.3.2 Built Environment in market place
The finding of the selling space have to understand the how to organize space and built
environment concept. From Rappoport (1990) said the environment can be seen as a series of relationshipbetween things and things, things and people, and people and people. These relationship are orderly andwhen environment are being designed, four elements are being organized (Rapoport, 1990) which arespace, time, communication and meaning.
Organization of space - planning and design on all scales can be seen as the organization of
space for different purposes and according to different rules, which reflect the activities, values andpurposes of the individuals or groups doing the organization. At the same time, space organization also
reflects ideal images, representing the congruence between physical space and social space.

6

Organization of time - reflects and influence behavior in time. It can be considered the tempos
and rhythms of human activities that the number of events per unit time and the distribution of activity inthe times such as day and night, weekday and rest day and seasonal.
Organization of communication - the built environment relate to communication which is theactivities of people such as who with whom, when, where, what context and situation. Environments
reflect communication and modulate it, channel it, control it, facilitate it, inhibit it. Environment andcommunication are culturally variable and direction of interaction and withdrawal, is also related to it.
Organization of meaning - while space organization itself express meaning and has
communicative properties, meaning is often expressed through signs, material, colors, forms, size
furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, and the like.
From the concept of built environment by four organizations which show the relationship ofspace, time and communication and create meaning for express themselves. These are the mainconceptual method for applied to finding organization of selling space in markets place.
In the part of presentation of shops to attract to customer, the shops have to presentation their
shops influence customer behavior. There are eight ways that customers form and opinion of what they
will find inside the shop. Some of these are directly under the control of the seller. Other opinions areformed as a secondary result of those efforts which are advertising or all media, location, exterior design,
Signs logo and name, word of mouth, previous visit approach and display in front of shop.
The other of the organization of selling space is the overflow of selling space which seller brings
their stall or shelf over on the pavement or street. The market and shophouses around have streets aroundthem and the streets are for public use. The overflow of selling space was set up in the area in front of
their shops on the footpath. It is the characteristic of the street markets with linear expansion on asidewalk and vendors sit or stand, selling from stalls, small portable stands, and pushcarts (Helen, 2008).
Howard (2012) talked about the opening of shops to the street in any public space which depends on its
exposure to the street for its success, open it up, with a fully opening wall that can be thrown wide open,
and if it is possible, include some part of the activity on the far side of the pedestrian path, so that it
actually straddles the path, and people walk through it while walking along the path 4 . In the past
Chiangmai’s vendors set up their local stalls and sat to sell their products on the street next to front of theshophouse (Apavatjrut and Apavatjrut, 2004). Nishiki markets started from fish markets which had manyfish pushcarts to load their fish into their shops and park in front of the shops (Durston, 1986) that makethe overflow space into public area by pushcarts and shelves. The overflow of selling space on the street
or foot path occur in the street markets which depend on the distance of the each market from past topresent.
From the literature review in markets place, the built environment in markets and organization of
space bring for create conceptual framework for this thesis. The theory of the built environment is theguideline for analysis data process, syntheses and conclusion.

4

Small unit with narrow frontage, with direct connection to the street or public realm that is strongly connect to the street.

7

1.4 Markets place in Chiangmai and Kyoto
Following the literature review in 1.3.1 background and history of markets, in this part describe
in the background of flea market and Central in Chiangmai and Kyoto market.
“Flea market”
Flea markets began long time ago for over a hundred years. It’s a place for exchange and trade
goods which was set up in specific date only. Over a hundred years ago, a Thai flea market was amarketplace for fresh foods, agricultural products and animal sales. These included cattle because during
this era, in agricultural society, cattle were dominant domestic animals used for variety of purposes
including; labor, transportation and consumption. A flea market would usually be established in a ruralvillage, in front of temples or flooded plain rice production area (Nimmanhaeminda, 2009). Flea market
was set up in 1948 in every province following government policy for local people brought goods andproducts in fairly price and install Thai people to know selling. In 1997 Thailand got economic downturn
that people brought their products in sell in second hand flea markets for earn extra money.
Flea market developed to a central place of a community, activity and being a place where
people meet to exchange their products and get together for social gatherings. In present time, there aremany type of flea markets fulfill to human and community need which change follow economic andsocial such as night market, walking street market or weekend market. In Figure 1.5 show the example offlea market which is the night walking market at Wuilai street and Monday market at the free space frontof supermarket at Chiangmai province, Thailand.

Figure1.5 Night walking street market at Wuilai Street, Chiangmai (left)
and monday market at front Rimping supermarket, Chiangmai (right)
In Japan, a few flea markets were established well over four or five hundred years ago aroundcountry. One such flea market held at Toji Temple in Kyoto from the Edo period. About eighty percent offlea markets selling Japanese antiques. The number of new flea markets has gradually increased since
1970s, with a surge from the mid-1990s. One reason frequently cited for the current increase in popularityof flea markets in that after a long love affair with everything foreign, the Japanese have rekindled theiraffection for the traditional Japanese object. Excluded are flea markets selling only or primarily everyday
items such as food, personal-care products, shoes, and clothing. Monthly flea markets tend to be held
outdoors on the grounds of temple or shrine, while flea markets taking place intermittently tend to be heldindoors at special venues (Theodore, 2003).
8

The official name of each flea market is given in both Romanized Japanese and Japan character.
Monthly flea markets tend to be held outdoors on the grounds of the temple or shrine. Most flea markets
take on a regular monthly schedule which on the same day or the same date. In present time, Flea market
does not locate only in temple or shrine also arrange in public space of cites or free space of station or
department store. Figure 1.6 shows Monday flea market which location at Shinagawa intercity near
Shinagawa station and use the corridor space inside and outside building for arrange flea market.

Figure 1.6 Flea markets in Kyoto, Japan(left figture ; Tenjisan market,Kitano tenmangu shrine,
right figure; Flea market in front of Kyoto townhall)Flea markets in both countries were the public places for the activity of buying and selling in thespecific date of the agreement of the community. The most important thing to consider for merchant wasshop installation and storage because a flea market opened only specific date. The changing of selectedmaterials for making shops makes the process of installation and storage easier in present times made flea
markets change in to a variety of shop. There are very few examples of old and traditional flea markets
still remain. It means that there is a possibility for loosing identity from changes over times. From theabove reasons, the research objective was to promote the identity for remain although it is not as urgent
issues but if leaving there atmosphere to be lost and then recover to make scene in visual way to relive thepast. Therefore, the research should be done while the flea markets still exists in the present-day.
“Central market”
A market is a place for selling and buying foods and goods for over a hundred years in allcommunities. The first markets were set up as appointed places for exchange and developed into
permanent places for everyday life following the development of the cities.
In Thailand, A.D. 1250, when Sukhothai was the capital, was main markets and flea markets
were founded in the north of the city, and minor markets spread inside and outside the city mainly to sell
agricultural products. The selling place was a temporary shop which was made of local materials andgoods were laid on the floor for selling. After that in A.D.1350, the capital was moved to Ayutthaya,
which was the new centre of the kingdom in strategic and economic aspects. The landscape was open
fields and had rivers around the city which was good for agriculture all-year-round and easy for suitablecommerce with European and Chinese merchants by trade boat. The places appropriate for trade made thebig market for the river market, onland market and shophouses (Chivakul, 1982). There are many kinds of9markets in Thailand such as fresh markets, river markets, onland markets and flea markets which arelocated in different areas of the country. Thai markets are important daily-life places for social activities
which are not meant for selling and buying but for recreation and communication with people incommunities.
In Japan, A.D.794, Kyoto was the capital of Japan in the Heian period which new city wasestablished on a grid pattern of newly-constructed streets in the centre of a basin to the northeast. The
buildings were orderly lined up with their ridges parallel to the street and the entrances were at the sidesof the buildings. Shop buildings’ planning was arranged in rows which followed the grid line of the city
plan. In the end of the Muromachi period (1568 -1600), in the case of houses which were selling goods,
there was a display shelf fixed at the foot of such openings. The selling area was an open space in any
side which faced the streets. On the streets, there were sellers with stalls selling their products by walking
along the streets. Sellers carried stalls on their shoulders and put the stalls down when communicatingwith buyers. The streetscapes of Kyoto had become standardized to Edo (Tokyo) about the middle of thenineteenth century (Masafumi, 1994). From the city planning, most of Japanese markets were made to be
street markets with shophouses parallel to the street and placed in rows along the street.
Both countries developed in different directions, according to the way of life, topography,
climate and the influence of international trade within the country which are different from each other.
Few markets in both countries could conserve their characteristics from change through the times.
1.4.1 Markets in Chiangmai, Thailand
Chiangmai is the biggest province in the north of Thailand and was the centre of the biggest
Kingdom called the “Lanna Kingdom” for 700 hundred years. The Chiangmai market, in the past, was set
up near the main city gate early every morning. Villagers brought their goods and agriculture products
and sold on either side of the street. The backside of the village was stalls of merchants from China and
Myanmar (Tiengmit, 2002)5.
The market has developed significantly in building up a permanent change with age but varies
according to the growth of the city. There is a wide variety of buildings in the market which can bedivided into two groups. The first group is the permanent building in Figure 1.8 which is the mainbuilding market for selling fresh foods inside. The second group in Figure 1.9 is temporary shops which
are near the main building such as big tent markets, shelters and shopping carts, and some of them set up
selling areas on the street or footpath. In Figure 1.10 is shophouse around the main building market.

5

The thesis of the historical of local market in Chiang Mai which show the Local market in Myanmar and the central Chiang Mai

10

Chiangmai markets have many sizes for supporting their areas and communities. This thesis
collected the planning of 19 markets in Chiangmai which there’re 1) Bantor Market, 2) Changpheuk
Market, 3) Kad Luang Market, 4) Kajaow Market, 5) Maeheiy Market, 6) Mingmuang Market, 7)
Nronghoy Market, 8) Pratu-Chiangmai Market, 9) Pratukom Market, 10) Roumchok Market, 11)
Sanpakroy Market, 12) Siriwatana Market, 13) Suthep Market, 14) Thepmongkol Market, 15) Thongkom
Market , 16) Night Bazaar, 17) Anusand Market, 18) Wui Lai walking street market and 19) Mee chokflea Market.

Figure 1.7 Location of 19 markets in Chiangmai

11Figure 1.8 Main building of market (left) inside main building (right)

Figure 1.9 temporary shops (left) and shopping cart (right)

Figure 1.10 Shophouse around main building
From figure 1.11 can divide in six types which are 1) dwelling around main market building, 2)
in front of market connect to street and shophouse around main market building, 3) shophouse aroundmain market building, 4) temporary market parallel on the side of street, 5) weekend flea street and 6)
complex market which have main building, shophouse, shopping cart and tent. The character of market
have three part which are main building, shophouse around and temporary shops or shopping cart aroundbecause of the expanding of selling space from the center of main building.

12Figure1.11 Six types of markets in Chiangmai

13

The grouping of markets plan make more understanding Chiangmai markets following the figure 1.12.

Fig 1.12 Categorized of market in Chiangmai which according to the nature of the marketing plan

14

The plan of Chiangmai markets can be divided into three groups as shown in Figure 1.13
according to the size of the market and connection between the buildings in the markets as follows:i. Houses around market
This group is a small-type market for supporting their communities or local people. There arejust the main building located around a grouping of houses and divide the area for selling goods in kind of
concrete stall in grid line plan.
ii. Townhouses around market
The main building of the market was located in the middle of the townhouses. Townhousesaround the market sell different products within a specific market. Some of the new markets open thefront of the market to connect to the main street for ease to see and to access inside. The shopping carts
are located in front of the market in the open space and easy to move and park near the foot path area.
This group is the biggest type and size depends on the area of each market.
iii. Parallel to the street
This type does not have a main building for selling goods inside. This type is many temporary
shelter shops which are placed near and parallel to the street and use the street area to set their shops on
public area. The purpose is to support the local people for only fresh goods and foods for everyday life.

Figure 1.13 Group of Chiangmai markets plan15

1.4.2 Markets in Kyoto, Japan
Kyoto is the former capital of Japan. The city layout was geometrically composed of multiple
unit and grid patterns. From the city plan, street markets with shophouses parallel to the street are placedin rows. Now Kyoto has few markets because of the expansion of supermarkets that are more convenientand located around the area. Kyoto markets do not have a main building like Chiangmai markets but there
are many shophouses which line up parallel to both sides of the street and open the front area of every
shop. In Figure 1.15 is Demachiyanagi market which shows a Kyoto market’s atmosphere which is astreet market type which built up the roof covers the whole street to become an arcade street for
convenience to shop by protection against rain and sunlight. This thesis observation in 5 markets in Kyoto
which are 1 ) Nishincho market, 2) Furukawa-cho market, 3) Nishiki matket, 4) Shugakuin Yamabana
Itchodacho market and 5)Yoshidatachibanacho maket for understand the Kyoto market follow location infigure1.14.

Figure 1.14 Location of Kyoto market

16

The market planning can be divided into two types according to the grid city planning which are
horizontal plans and vertical plans show in Figure 1.15 and 1.16. The difference between these two types
is only the direction of planning, but the elements of the market are the same as arcade and shophouse.
The width of the street is fixed which is around four to six meters but various lengths following the sizeof the communities.

Figure 1.15 Demachiyanagi market, Kyoto

Figure 1.16 Furukawa-cho market market, Kyoto
The background of flea markets and central markets in Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japanare the begin information for selecting case studies and analysis the building type and selling space in themarkets. The criteria of comparison flea market in two countries were selected from the traditional flea
market that still exists and famous place for community and tourists. The collection data in market focus
in the planning, shop types and selling space for understanding in the organization of selling space in caseof Chiangmai and Kyoto that explained in Chapter 3 and 4.

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18

CHAPTER 2
PREVIOUS STUDY OF TUNGFABOD CATTLE MARKET,CHIANGMAI, THAILAND
2.1 Introduction
This paper explores Tungfabod cattle market Chiangmai to find the vernacular identity and apply
it to guidelines for conserving and promoting the market for community tourism. Integrated concepts
based on qualitative study are used including vernacular identity, environmental design and community
tourism. Physical identity includes a central place and prime location; transitional spaces that are flexible
and user-responsive; diversity of sales; and spatial organization of rural way of life. Social identity
includes history of the market; transmission of market custom through generations; long period of sales;
shared space for locals and non-locals; warm social relationship; spatial marks by groups of users; andexistence of social space. The identity makes the market a significant multi-functional node for rural andurban economy, allowing rural people to exchange their products and spend time together as well as
providing tourists an experience of rural markets. The synthesis leads to conservation guidelines
including: arranging multi-functional community center; promoting vernacular environment; adding
transitional spaces for recreation; managing diversity; enclosing spaces for warm atmosphere; andcultivating pride of the history. This research contributes both knowledge and practical guidelines forconserving and promoting vernacular markets to remain their identity through time and change.6
Sustaining vernacular environment
The sustainability of vernacular environment has long been addressed especially about the
impact of influencing factors on the identity of vernacular environment worldwide. Through global
stream of changes vernacular environment has changed and many have disappeared. The disappearanceof vernacular identity affects the social and cultural values which construct the identity of a place andbrings about cultural crisis about the homogeneity of global environment.
Roles of cattle market in agricultural society
In agricultural society cattle are dominant domestic animals for various purposes including aslabor, transportation and consumption. To exchange resources many communities worldwide have a
specific marketplace for animal sales including ‘a cattle market’. Similar to a common market a cattle
market is usually a central place of a community, being a place where people meet to exchange theirproducts and get together for social gathering.
In Thailand a cattle market is usually established in flooded-plain rice production area. The
rudiment of cattle markets in Thailand has started by farmers bartering cattle and domestic products fromhome. As a concept of marketplace developed, cattle markets were established especially in central
locations of rice farming communities thereby became a rural meeting place. For long has a cattle market
played a direct role of a free-trading place between farmers and local producers in a fair manner without a6
Promoting Vernacular Identity of Tungfabod cattle Market ChiangmaiIn Master degree of Architecture, Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand, Ounchanum,2009

19

middle man. As cattle market is appointed on weekends to allow buyers and sellers to work during
weekdays, it is perceived as a kind of weekend market. Though major goods in cattle market are cows
and buffaloes, various consumer products are associated in the market because cattle markets can attract
sellers and buyers from nearby communities and provinces. A number of visitors a day, both buyers andsellers, are more than 1,000 persons during 8-9 opening hours. Due to extensive spatial requirement of
cattle sales a cattle market is usually large, being an important node for farmers, merchants and local
villagers. A cattle market therefore performs function beyond cattle sales but to all kinds of sales fromfactories, villages and households as well as associated activities, making it a central place for weekend
meeting and a rural shopping center.
Cattle market is significant for both rural and urban regions of Thailand. In rural areas Thai
farmers have raised cattle to supplement their income; cattle markets allow them a fair trading place.
Meanwhile local meat producers rely to some extent on cattle market as a source of meat supplies forurban consumption. Cattle markets therefore have a role in supplementing income for rural farmers whoneed year-round income due to unstable agricultural seasons as well as a feeder of rural products to urbanhouseholds.
Situation of cattle market in Thailand
Social changes have brought about the decline of cattle use in agricultural works due to thereplacement of agricultural machinery, use of modern transport and the change of meat supply system.
These factors affect directly the demand for cattle thus worsen the situation of cattle markets. During thepast decades the number cattle markets has closed down and the existing ones have difficulties to sustain
their businesses. Nearly 75% of cattle markets have closed down in all regions of Thailand; some turned
from cattle markets to flea common flea markets and daily markets.
The loss of identity
The decline of cattle markets in its number and identical characteristics raises the issue about
conservation of vernacular identity of cattle market in the changing context. In many cases vernacularenvironment has already vanished and conservation was about reinventing new environment from past
memories which cannot recall the spirit and history of the place. The conservation of cattle market istherefore urgent as the rate of change and closing down continues to increase. There are predominantquestions to ask – what is vernacular identity of cattle market and how to preserve it while the markets
still exist.
2.2 Objectives and methods
Ounchanum(2009) aims at finding vernacular identity of existing cattle markets through thedetailed investigation of a case of Tungfabod cattle market Chiangmai (Ounchanum, 2009). The identity
identified from the research is then applied to environmental design guidelines for conserving cattle
market for both community socio-economic use and community tourism. The research is based on aqualitative method of participant observation including: 1) a physical survey of the market of spaitosocial use; 2) a temporal survey of market hours and; 3) interviews with the owner, sellers and customers.
20

The coding analysis of fieldwork data draws the identity of the market and the applied design theories
generate environmental design guidelines of cattle markets.
Conceptual theories
Predominantly the research (Ounchanum, 2009) is based on the idea of vernacular identity. This
concept looks at vernacular environment as an environment that is made by and for ordinary people who
use the environment in daily lives and their distinguished ways. This concept provides the way to look at
cattle market from vernacular point of views so as to identify how the users create their space to fit needsin their own identical ways. Complementing to the theory of vernacular concept is the applied designconcept (Rapoport, 2006) which guide ways to transform abstract ideas which, in this research is theidentity of cattle markets, to tangible design guidelines for sustaining cattle markets for community
tourismTungfabod cattle market
Tungfabod cattle market is selected as a case study because it is one of the existing cattle
markets that still runs well and can conserve their traditional characteristics of rural markets to someextent. The market is 50 year-old, family-owned and operated. It is the largest cattle market in Chiangmai
and the north. Situated on the Chiangmai-Hod Street not far from downtown Sanpatong the market is alarge 150-rai-node of weekend market for South and East districts and provinces of Chiangmai.
From an overview Tungfabod can sustain its business due to central location which is the one of
the key factors of successful marketplace. Its location can attract local farmers from Chiangmai, Lampoon,
Lampang, Phrae, Nan and Tak. The history of the market shows that the market was established by local
people who had a strong will to build-up a fair rural trading place. Through generations the market was
run by the same family who transmit the same family value in their market operation and improvement.
Likewise, the sellers and buyers are those who have been loyal to the market through generations.
Physical survey
The physical survey forms one of the major parts of data collection. It involves the process of
producing a baseline map from an aerial photograph and complementing by a detailed ground survey toderive an accurate map for recording field data. This map is then used for survey of spatial organizationof the market and temporal record of market hours which create identity of a place.
A physical survey reveals that the market is organized informally into several zones. Thesezomes are particularly identified by physical determinants and social determinants. In terms of physical, it
is arranged by types of goods, building structure, building materials, ages of development and some otherminor factors. The spatial arrangement is not fixed in boundary; rather flows along the site which makes
the informal atmosphere. The most crowded zone is in the consumer product and fresh food because most
shoppers are women gathering for chatting and shopping and the rows are relatively narrower than other
zone.

21

Figure 2.1 Spatial arrangement and density of the market by space and time
The spatial arrangement of the market responds strictly to several factors and the most obvious
one is orientation. These include laying out buildings according to direction to the sun, the existence oftrees, and shades as well as lighting and ventilation, smell and dirt. As is evident the animal zone is by theback which is located under the wind and use the back-sided access and sanitation. Most stalls respond totree shades thus having two layers of roof: one is a roof structure or umbrella and the other is tree shading.
Similarly, natural setting of the stalls and trees highlight a natural atmosphere of rural market place. This
point is similar to the aesthetics of vernacular as highlight is literature that vernacular grows according tonatural contexts.
The other determiner of spatial arrangement is the general rules of competition including access,connectivity, location and zones. Mostly the stalls locate towards the front access, near major rows,
connect to activity areas and group together according to similar product types. This arrangement is
informally identified by the sellers from the first time they came. This informal arrangement createsvarious groups of sales by the sellers and later perceived by the buyers.
In terms of social factors it is observable that the market is also explicitly divided by gender.
Mostly men occupy space at the back which is animal sales and hobby zone while women occupy
consumer products and food services. Both genders share space in the transition which is the foodservices. This zone is obviously is a space for all especially during lunch time. During different time of22

observation there are social activities taking place in different locations inside the market. It appears thatthe market place does not perform a single function, rather a space that changes according to spatial,social and economic needs, similar to the idea of vernacular environment found in the literature(Oranratmanee, 2009).
Temporal survey of the market reveals that the market hours are relatively long, compared tomost weekend markets. The market starts as early as 2 o’clock in the morning and continues to 2 o’clockin the afternoon. As an open market, the market runs in relation to comfortable time zone of the day to
avoid heat from sunlight. The most crowded time is during 7-10 when the sun is not strong; by noon moststalls start to close and by 2pm the market turns to an empty ground.
Interviews
The other major data collection is from interview of the owner, sellers and customers. The datafrom this part reveals history, ideas, and identity of the market from the view of users. The history shows
how the market was established by a family who would like to create a community market for both
economic and social reasons. Since the start the market had closed down once, similar to other closeddown cattle markets yet it re-opened again by the son of the same owner. With strong will and community
participation the market turned itself back to business and expanded its area for nearly 10 times.
The interviews with sellers showed that the market is operated in a form of family business. The
fees are fair and the rules are not strict. The owner lets the sellers determines their space use and mostsellers have been with the market for generations. In the market there are the network of friends, kin andrelatives getting together for economic activities as well as social relations.
Interviews with customers reveal their profile that the customers in cattle market are both locals
and tourists. Many tourists have heard of the cattle market and would like to see the rural way of life.
Most customers are local people coming weekly to monthly. Their interests are varied and their walking
routes expand over the market area.
2.3 Triangulation
The survey and interviews have identified several identical characteristics that make Tungfabodmarket a sustainable cattle market. In terms of physical the space use and arrangement produces warmed
and relaxed atmospheres while the contextual arrangement is respect to environment, needs and uses.
Existence of trees and vernacular construction materials highlights rural atmospheres found commonly inrural villages. Spatial marks, divisions, layers and transitions play roles in dividing space and linkages fordifferent uses and users.
Similarly social characteristics of the market play part in creating social identity of rural market.
The owner’s community spirits and will; kinship atmospheres; generosity of people; existence of rural
activities and life ways and spatio-social arrangement according to gender, age groups and interests
highlight the identity of the market, being one of the reasons of regular marketplace for most customers.
Economic aspects of cattle sales along with diversity of goods and services create economic
identity of the market. Location and access of the market may be the prime success factors but the cattle
sales are still the ‘brand name’ of the market. During weekend most communities have weekend markets
23but the only cattle markets in the south-East of Chiangmai is still the identity of Tungfabod. This brandname attracts both sellers of other types of products, buyers and tourists.
The findings about identity of Tungfabod confirm that multi-dimensional characteristics of themarket create identity to vernacular environment of the cattle market. The identity is perceived as thequality and brand of this market that sustain the market through time and changes. The synthesis of thecase of Tugfabod market can provide lessons and environmental design guidelines for other vernacularmarkets.
Synthesizing vernacular identity to design guidelines of Tungfabod market
In environmental design the concepts and ideas about the place is the valuable input for design.
Rapoport (2006) states that most design based on vernacular usually brings only key characteristics
directly to new design; merely he considers it a coping process (Figure 2.2, Top). He suggests thatvernacular should be analyzed to generalize the ideas to principles and design mechanisms.

Figure 2.2 Applied design concept (Rapoport, 2006)
Using the design theory as a tool to interpret concepts, the guidelines for promoting vernacular
identity of Tungfabod cattle market for community tourism were established. These guidelines include
the maintenance of vernacular atmospheres both physically, socially and economically. Physically ruralmarkets should be close to ground and natural atmospheres and respond directly to nature, orientation andnatural ventilation. Spatial arrangement should be made so as to remain relaxed atmospheres by having
sellers and buyers determine the use of space rather than fully assigning zones for them. The diversity ofspace use should take into account of diversity of stalls, goods, sellers and buyers; the specific needs
should be maintained to provide space for diversified uses and users. Community area should be added tomake the market responding more to social and cultural activities while being an economic node for rural24

farmers and villagers. Economically the cattle sales should still be highlight as the main activity while
consumer products are supplementary.
The above guidelines pinpoint the major characteristics for conservation which can be used forboth cattle markets and other types of vernacular markets. In conserving the vernacular atmospheres thedevelopment should be gradual so as to allow the market to grow naturally.
The future of cattle market in Chiangmai
The decline of cattle markets in Thailand addresses several issues. It points out that the cattle
markets are experiencing the loss of sense of place as well as identity. To identify identity makes explicit
the major characteristics that should be conserved and to apply the findings of identity to design
guidelines suggests practical way of improvement. This paper briefly summarized the above process.
In many ways cattle markets have performed socio-economic functions for agriculturalcommunities. Like communities worldwide, however, adaptation to modernization has brought inchanges to vernacular environment of cattle market. The means that cattle markets could maintain its
position is to approach wider market of tourism while conserving its vernacular environment as pursuingcharacteristics for both tourism and community spirit.
Tungfabod cattle market may be the identical case that survives due to its own characteristics
including its central location, size, age, atmospheres and roles of owners, sellers and buyers but thefindings about this case study is worthwhile for other traditional market who wish to follow the method of
identifying identity and apply it to guidelines for improvement. The method can be used not only by cattle
market study bout for other types of markets and environments. Its application exemplifies tangible
results of finding abstract ideas about identity and thereby applying to practical recommendation thus
providing methodological approach for environmental study.
The study of spatio-social-economic relationship in the context of cattle market which focuseson multidimensional issues opens door to the study of multi-dimensional relationship in the built
environment. It relates to architecture, environmental behavior, planning and management, social,anthropological and economic studies.

25

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CHAPTER 3
SELLING SPACE IN FLEA MARKETS
Following the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the organization of selling space inmarkets for understanding in creating of selling space by various factors which are function and behavior
of users that was changed for everyday life and tourist place, also to analysis the changing of architectureand space in the markets under times and difference context and to analysis the atmosphere of the
traditional markets for local people can keep and develop to become more tourist area with keep old
characteristic. In chapter three focuses in flea market which is the smallest markets type. The variety ofmarket scale sizes hope to understand the simple organization of selling space to the permanent markets
and can continuous development to be unique and maintain the traditional characteristic markets.
In the studying of selling space in flea market select case study from Chiangmai, Thailand andKyoto, Japan for doing in the comparative study. One in Chiangmai which is Tungfabod cattle market
which continue from previous study in chapter two and three in Kyoto which are Chion Ji market at
Chion Ji Temple, Kobo market at Toji Temple and Tenjin San market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine. The
analysis of both case studies can find out the organization in flea markets.7
3.1 Flea market in Chiangmai, Thailand
In present time, the expansion of the flea market has increased in many communities forstimulate the economy and increase revenue. Flea market was set up in many new places such as in freespace free space front of supermarket or department store or public area and Close Street in weekend fornight walking street. All of new flea markets use readymade tent or shopping cart for set up their shop for
selling their goods and they didn’t have the character of local flea market because of it is new material
tent which is convenient for storage. In this thesis would like to search the flea market which has local
traditional characteristic for understanding the origin and inheritance of selling space.
3.1.1 Site Selecting
The criteria of comparison flea market in two countries were selected from the traditional flea
market that still exists and famous place for community and tourists. In Thailand, Tungfabod flea market
has been selected as a case study, as it is one of the existing successful flea market and cattle market thathave conserved their traditional Thai rural market characteristics. It runs in a traditional way and theowners hope to conserve the traditional characteristics of a rural Thai market to some extent. The market
is a fifty years old, family-owned and operated business. It is the largest flea market and cattle market in
Chiangmai and the north of Thailand. Situated on the Chiangmai-Hod Road not far from downtown
Sanpatong the market is a large weekend market for south east districts and provinces of Chiangmai. The
market was established by local people who had a strong can build-up a fair rural trading place. Throughgenerations the market has been run by the same family who practice the same family values in their

7
Identity of Selling Space in Flea Market - A Comparative study between Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan,Ounchanum ,201127

market operation and improvements. Likewise, the buyers and sellers are also those who have been loyal
to the market through generations.

Figure 3.1 Location of Tungfabod flea market
Source: http://maps.google.com co-ordinate 18.601814, 98.889755
The research searches for similarities of the criteria in flea markets from Tunfabod flea market in
Chiangmai with flea markets in Kyoto. In Kyoto has many popular flea markets located in temples andshrines, which usually attract crowds of people from around the country. They usually open once a month
but never on the same day. The overall feel of both markets is that of a lively, bustling outdoor
community market (Theodore, 2003).
Tungfabod flea market is a large area around 27,000 square meters. The flea market has a big
scale for has a many variety stalls and the product. From the analysis and grouping in physical survey canbe divided data collection into the planning, selling space and shop type.
3.1.2 Planning of Tungfabod flea market
From a physical survey, planning of Tungfabod flea market was a many line perpendicular to
face to the road for easily walk into flea market and within each row was connected to each other in all
directions. A survey reveals that the market is organized informally into several zones. These zones are
particularly identified by physical determinants and social determinants. The spatial arrangement is not
fixed in a boundary; but rather flows along the site which creates the informal atmosphere. The most
crowded area is in the consumer product and fresh food zone. This is because most shoppers are womengathering for social interactions and shopping. Upon closer study it is noted that these rows are relatively
28

narrower than in other zones (Figure 3.2).The spatial arrangement of the market responds strictly toseveral factors and the most obvious one is orientation. These include the layout of buildings according tosun direction, the existence of trees. As Most stalls prefer tree shade thus having two layers of roof: one isa roof structure or umbrella and the other is natural tree shading. Similarly, a natural setting of the stalls
and trees highlight a natural rural market place atmosphere. This point is similar to the aesthetics ofvernacular as quoted that vernacular grows according to natural contexts.

Figure 3.2 selling zoning in Tungfabod flea market

Figure 3.3 Fresh food area

Figure 3.4 Local product and dress shop area29

Figure 3.5 Agricultural product shop area

Figure 3.6 Local food in front of market

Figure 3.7 Cattle and buffalo area30

3.1.3 Shop types
There’re many type and materials use inside the market. From the analysis of data collection cangrouping the shop type in 4 groups which are permanent shop, semi permanent shop, temporary shop andoutdoor space selling.

Figure 3.8 Shop type in Tungfabod flea market
1. Permanent shop
Tungfabod cattle market is the flea market which opens in every Saturday so that there’re many
shops inside build their shop to be the Permanent shop in this area for comfortable to display their productand don’t have to set the shelter in every week. The materials of shops are the strong materials for longtime useable such as woods and concrete to be a column and zinc or aluminum to be the roof. The roof is31triangle form but in the front will short than back side because of the heighted of the people can walktrough and don’t disturb eye view of the seller.
2. Semi-permanent shop
These shop types don’t use permanent material for their shop but use natural materials whichhave short term use than iron and concrete. The materials usually use are wood for be a structure or someshops use bamboos and the roof use leaves so that this type look local shop by using natural materials.
There’re 2 roof shapes which is using in this type which are Lean-to roof (The left side picture below) and
Hip roof (The right side picture below). Lean-to roof is the most popular roof shape in the market because
it’s face to the corridor and communicates with customer easier. In Hip roof is the local roof style which
is use in the market and be the character for the local shop. In Semi-permanent shops have to changematerial 1-2 times per year for maintenances their shops.
3. Temporary Shop
This type shops wouldn’t like to building up the shop in to the marker because the seller sell inmany place per week so they have to use temporary material for easy to movement and packing back toanother place. The most material use is fabric and umbrellas hang up and connect together and the shelves
are below the fabric roof. This type is more use in the back side.
4. Outdoor space selling
The outdoor space selling is use the open space for selling many animals. So that there’re notnecessary to have shelter just only open space for selling under the nature.
3.1.4 Selling space typeAn analysis of the markets physical surveying in micro scale of flea market which refers toselling space reveals four main factors; planning of commerce areas, category of trade patterns, seller
trading behavior and environmental factors that attract customers. From this analysis, the stalls in themarket area hold a variety of selling set ups which can be divided into five types.
i) Selling on ground Selling on the ground is a widely used general type with minimal
preparation. Sellers just lay their products directly on the floor for viewing. The main advantage in using
this type is its flexibility in location. Business can be conducted under permanent shelters, under
temporary shelters or perhaps even under a tree.

32

Figure 3.9 Selling on groundii) Selling on step floor selling on step floor is especially for the more elderly and infirmed.
During past times sellers would sit and conduct business on wooden steps as the interaction withcustomers would generally be easier. This type supports customer buying behavior as the ability to view,
feel and smell products is greatly improved. In addition the close quarter environment of a corridor
market adds more intensity to the social shopping experience.

Figure 3.10 Selling on step floor 01

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Figure 3.11 Selling on step floor 02iii) Sitting area selling space can be a relaxing space for sellers and customers for eating
and drinking. A sitting area offers a different space from other stalls as the sitting area can be utilized as a
sub-area node for comfortable social interactions. The sitting area in a selling space can be divided into 3
different sub-sections; a sitting area at the rear of a shop, in the middle of a shop and an area surroundinga shop.

Figure 3.12 Sitting area in selling space 01

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Figure 3.13 Sitting area in selling space 02

Figure 3.14 Sitting area in selling space 03
35

Figure 3.15 All sitting area in selling spaceiv) Selling in front of stalls structures are widely used as an inexpensive selling tool in markets
as customers can easily view products on sale. The materials used in construction are relatively quick toassemble and easy to transport.

Figure 3.16 Selling in front of stalls

36v) Selling outdoor option has no need for shelter structure. Sellers generally only need asufficient open space to parade livestock animals such as cattle, buffalo and chickens. The traditional
selling approach is to stand near the animals on sale and bargaining with potential customers.
The selling space can defined as a public space, semi- private space and a private space. A public
space support for public corridor. A Semi-private space is an area where both sellers and buyers caninteract, exchanging money with products. A purely private space is reserved just for the seller to store
products and conduct private business operations. Some shops and stalls don’t have a private spacebecause they want to create a friendly open atmosphere for their customers. The public areas are normallysituated at the front of any stall and the private spaces are usually located near the rear.

Figure 3.17 Selling cattle and buffalo in outdoor area

Figure 3.18 Selling cocks in outdoor area
37

The mostly shops bring canvas to stretch between shops cover corridor for prevention of sunlightand rain because in the afternoon of Thailand have high temperature. The traditional shops use wood
structure, banana leaves in skin roof it’s a slope or hip roof. These types are very few in flea markets
because nowadays sellers use most permanent materials such as concrete, steel and zinc as durable
materials and last for longer. Tungfabod flea market has a diversity of selling space for support local
community and still conserves traditional style for remain the characteristic of traditional flea markets.

38

3.2 Data analysis of physical surveying at Kyoto flea markets
3.2.1 Site selecting
The following the same criteria with Tunfabod flea markets which, are the famous place forcommunity and tourists and still remain traditional style include located in a local history place, are Chion
Ji market at Chion Ji Temple (opens 15th of the month), Kobo market at Toji Temple (opens 21st of themonth) and Tenjin San market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine (opens 25th of the month). Those flea markets
were set up on pavement of temple and Shrine or area inside and have a diversity of stalls such as manykinds of handicrafts, ethic clothing, antiques, clothing, statues, fabric, kimonos, foods and fresh
vegetables. These three flea markets was examined closely for the identity of selling space and brought it
to compare with the identity of Tungfabod Flea Market.

Figure 3.19 Flea market selection sites in Kyoto
Source: http://cosmos.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp/csm/
In Kyoto flea markets have chosen from three well known and still remain traditional styleconsist of Chion Ji market, Kobo market, and Tenjin San market which all are located in temple or shrine
The data analysis can be divided data collection into the planning, selling space and shop type.
39

3.2.2 Planning of flea markets in Kyoto
The location of flea markets was set up in open space inside temple and shrine or outside aroundtemple and shrine in this case is only Tenjin San market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine. All of case studies
have the main pathway of flea markets which is path from main gateway of temples to sanctuary building.
This pathway makes approach and access point following the temples or shrine plan for worship in the
sanctuary.
Shops were placed parallel to the pavement and leave a way for walking. Main entrances of flea
markets were located follow the main gate of temple or shrine and connect to secondary gate. The subplanning was divided into side of main pathway and expands to be another which is a grid system. The
main shopping corridor starts from the entrance of the temple or shrine; the public are attracted andenticed by a spiritual feeling associated and worship to the temple or shrine which adds to the shopping
experience.

Figure 3.20 Planning of three Kyoto flea markets
Source: http://maps.google.com
3.2.3 Shop types
Choosing a seller’s shops types is based on are selected area where located on open area or undershade of building in temple or shrine. From the physical survey of the three sites has shown similarities ofstalls location which can be divided into three areas which (1) stalls under the main entrance of the temple
and shrine which connects to the main road. (2) Stalls on the pavement and open space in the temple or
shrine, and (3) area outside of the shrine (only Tenjin San market situated outside and on pavements tomain gate of shrine).These three flea markets have many styles of shops and stalls inside of similar type.
The following describes the shop type of each site for comparison and analysis. These three sites include;40

Figure 3.21 Grouping type of shop in three flea markets in Kyotoi) Stalls under shade of the main gate are selling around the main Gateway of Temple gate. The
shops have only their shelf and their products for selling. Shelves almost use only table and setting theirproduct on the table and the seller will start beside the shelves for easy to communicate with the customer
and comfortable to take care their products inside their space. This shop will not place in the middle ofgateway but will be near column of gateway.

41

Figure 3.22 Stalls under the main entranceii) Stalls on the pavement and open space are flexible. It is easily transferred from one day
market to another due to its flat pack design. The stand alone option has three sub-types that owners use.
a) Tent about fifty percent of stalls use a tent as it’s very lightweight and easy to take home. It
design itself is divided into two parts; the tent structure and shelf for displaying products. The tent
structures are usually comprised of four uprights poles and a fabric roof.

Figure 3.23 Tentsb) Katanagare roof distinguished by its unique character and sloping back roof. The spaces
inside and under the roof can only accommodate one shelf. However this type of shelter can be connectedon either side to other upright structures. Every stall with this design looks similar; however the shelfdesign and the materials used can change the look and appearance subtlety. The shelf design is anotherway to entice customers and present products; some owners might have one or more steps to place
products on.

Figure 3.24 Katanagare roof
42c) Selling with stand, some stall owners prefer to only have a shelf to sell from. This provides avery quick assembly time as they only need their products and the shelf itself. These types of stalls can befound under trees or out in the open air. In addition owners might bring an umbrella to shade them fromthe sun or rain.

Figure 3.25 Selling with stand and under shade of buildingd) Selling under the shade of the building, this type uses an existing permanent building or
structure such as a temple or shrine. Many temples and shrines have covered areas with beautifully
crafted architecture; this can provide an interesting selling environment for customers. The selection oflocation depended on the times of registration for selling in flea markets.
3.2.4 Selling space in Kyoto flea markets
In each shop has a variety of selling space which depends on seller to arrange the area forsupporting their selling activity.
From the analysis of data it can divided selling space in four different types each have an
individual layout of their own. These are illustrated by the researcher in sketches below;i) Selling on the ground
It is very easy to construct as the preparation of space and equipment is minimal. There areadvantages to using this selling space as the products are easily viewed by passing customers. There arethree sub-types of selling on the ground, selling under a permanent shelter, selling under a temporary
shelter and selling under a natural shelter such as a tree.
Sellers only need to lay the products out for customers. By studying the sketch picture a
comparision can be made. There are many similarities between each selling space. This type of sellingstyle is very basic and its format is used in many countries (Figure 3.26).

43

Figure 3.26 Selling on the groundii) Selling on step floor
The main point of this set up is its height. Generally the step is approximately fifty centimetersfrom the ground floor for easy to interaction with their customers. Therefore, in both countries they utilize
the same space. Sellers prefer to sit on the step floor because it’s comfortable (especially for more elderly
people) and they have good interaction with their customers.

Figure 3.27 Selling on step flooriii) Sitting area in selling space
There are two types; a sitting in area for the seller and a sitting area for customers. The sittingareas can be used for many activities such as eating, drinking and general socializing. A sitting area spacecan be defined differently from other shops and stalls as they only have selling space.
44

Figure 3.28 Sitting areas in selling space
In Figure 3.28 shows two separate sitting zones at the rear and front of the stall. The seats in therear are usually reserved for the sellers. This space can be divided into two zones; first is front area where
foodstuffs are prepared and customers can order from the menu. The second area is an eating area usually
located at the rear of the shop or stall with many tables. The sketch comparison revealed that in Thailand
more permanent structures are created for food stalls and shops, they employ more temporary shelters byconnecting with another tents to create a suitable eating space (Figure 3.28 right).
In Thailand the eating space is a semi-private space, customers are free to sit in the front and rearareas. However, in Japan they have a more temporary structure as this is easy to pack and transport todifferent locations, therefore a private space is required to operate the shop effectively.
iv) Selling in front of shelfThis type of space is mostly used in flea market design as it’s far easier to communicate with thecustomer. The seller usually stands beside the shelf and serve passing customers. The front of the shop is
almost always facing the main customer corridor or path way.

Figure 3.29 Selling in front of shelf
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The sale of goods and services in this way is a general and very common style used throughout
the world. This style can be further separated in three ways; a public space in the front connecting to thecustomer corridor, a semi-private area for selling products to customers and private area for owners totake care their products (Figure 3.29). A close examination of the sketch found that the space is very
similar. However, three differences can be highlighted in the shape, the material used and transportabilityof the Japanese structure.
3.3. Comparison analysis between two countries
From the data analysis of both countries, a comparison study has been conducted to find thesimilarities and differences. The similarities are the linkage ideas of flea market design and thedifferences show an individual cultural identity.
The main purpose of this comparison is to find similar traditional, transferable characteristics
from both countries and link the Pan-Asian idea of a selling space between Chiangmai and Kyoto.
3.3.1 Similarity
The data analysis of selling space revealed that the similarities were very apparent in bothcountries from Figure 3.30. The selling space was divided similar to four groups which are selling on the
ground, selling on a step floor, a sitting area selling space, and selling in front of shelf. The space inside
can be further separated into three areas; a private area, a semi private area, and a public area.
The private area is reserved only for the owner to take care of their products and severe products
from inside the space. The semi-private area is a connecting area between sellers and buyers. This is a
dynamic area where products are sold and people can communicate freely. Markets on the street aroundthe world are characterized by their linear expansion on a side walk, in a street or vacant lot and vendors
sit or stand, selling from stalls, small portable stands and pushcart (Tangires, 2008).8
The similarities of selling space in Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets are same as generalcharacteristics because it is a common from that vendor can think of accumulated experience in the
selling by a factor of the creating different depending on the behavior and type of products. Tangires(2008) collected illustrated compendium of the public markets in the world, most vendors in street
markets stand or sit on the floor in their stalls area. The selling of the step floor types founded in Asia
area such as Samarqand, Uzbekistan. Sitting on the same stall level is comfort for handing of goods andservice to buyers. This selling space has been used less because seller can place a few of products on thisplane. This format is identical to the traditional and most elderly easily for this selling space.

8

In market day or flea market was set up for support selling in their communities

46

Figure 3.30 The similarity in selling space
3.3.2 Difference
Identity is the specific of the person, things or place which has been extended to the specificproperties that make them stand out or different from the other else can change according to context andtimes (Fuengfusakoon, 2003). The differences between both of Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets are theidentity of place which specific only those countries. The differences between the traditional
characteristics form the comparative analysis data can be defined in the four points as follows:
3.3.2.1 Approach and flea market planning
Approach and flea market planning in Chiangmai and Kyoto was different from the location. In
case of Tungfabod flea market was set up in ground outdoors nearly the city which did not have systemfor planning layout of flea market. Lay out was planned in a many line perpendicular to the highway foreasy to entrance. They consider in facilitate buyer to many access in each row for through into all area.
The planning was many parallel line arrangements and the link between the rows inside. In case of Kyoto
flea markets was situated in the temple or shrine which have to place in designate area only or parallel tothe street outside shrine (in case of Tenjin San market). In the temples have main gate entrance andShrines have Torii gate (entrance gate of Shinto shrine) for be a main approach for entrance to these place
and the pathway line from the main entrance to the main building of the temple or shrine. Designatedarea for stalls or shops is side of this pathway and the open space behind. This pathway makes approachand access point following the temples or shrine plan for worship in the sanctuary. This planning makes
47

two dimension of space in one place which is relaxing space and respect space for people walk to troughthe shopping area to destination of those places. Planning for open space is grid system which easy towalk and comfort for shopping. Thai flea markets rarely have a main approach like flea markets in Japan
where the temple building gate way is the main point of access. Therefore the differences are main
entrance. In Japan there is a main gateway access into the flea market but in Thailand the market sites aremainly open spaces with no main point of access. Entrance to a Thai market can be made in many ways
from the main adjacent road and the walkway inside. They are generally not fixed and can follow
different straight and curved lines depending on the internal stall planning.
3.3.2.2 Characteristic of Shop’s roof
In Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets are many types of shops and stall structures that use arange of different materials. These are similar shops such as instant tents or canvas gable roofs but thedifference points are associated with the traditional roof shape and materials used in construction of eachcountry.
The traditional shop styles in Chiangmai are Hip roof and Lean-to roof style (Figure 3.31). The
Lean-to-roof is generally traditional popular as it offers a clear view for both buyer and seller. Roof infront side is high fit to human level which can stand in front of shop and back side extends to the seat.
The Hip roof style is a semi permanent local structure and local traditional type. This roof has a gable
roof and eaves of the increase came in the front. The selling space was created under these roofs depend
on favor of the seller. The material is base on natural material such as wood for structure and banana leaf
for roof. There are a few shops in Chiangmai flea markets because it’s hard to maintain in long term but
it’s still popular for elderly due to the atmosphere and traditional vernacular itself.
The difference shops in Kyoto flea markets with Tungfabod market is the Katanagare roof style(Figure 3.32). The main characteristic of this type of roof is its sloping back appearance. The space inside
and under the roof can accommodate between one to three shelves depending on the roof size. Many
shops with this style look the same however subtle differences in shelf design and material structure canmake them more unique. The shelf design itself can be engineered in many ways depending on the
products and sellers creativity.

48

Figure 3.31 Traditional Thai roof

Figure 3.32 Traditional Japanese roof (Katanagare roof)
In Japan they employ many kinds of materials mix use in their shops for create a unique personaldesign such as bamboo, wood, canvas, fabric, rope and iron. The Katanagare roof style is a good exampleof mixed materials. Canvass can be stretched across a bamboo or steel structure to form the roof andropes are used to bind and secure the structure to other shops or buildings. Almost all sellers in Japan sit
or stand at the rear of these structures. Some stalls are made with Bamboo to give it a more authentic
traditional local feeling. However, the use of bamboo means the structure has a shorter life span. Material
selections of these two countries are not different because it’s conventional material and natural materials
such as wood or bamboo are local market which can found in any place only use to make the local or
traditional atmosphere. The difference part is the shape of the roof can divide the character of eachcountry.
49

3.3.2.3 The Placement of shops
The placements of shops in both counties are line on side of the walkway along the pathfollowing the planning of each market. The difference is physical connection of the shop next to eachother which in Chiangmai has it more than Kyoto.

Figure 3.33 Connecting of shops in Thai flea market
A physical link between the shops in Chiangmai flea market is the binding canvas and large
umbrellas between shops for cover the walkway, the shade from canvas can prevent to Thai climate
which is hot and rainy. The canvas is easy to construct and store away in a car or truck for move toanother many times a week. Shelves can also be erected underneath.
The areas management within the Kyoto flea market was quite strict. Vendors did not interferewith other area shops and positioned clearly divided into only their own area. Tents make up 50 percent
of all market stalls as they are easy to construct and transport to and from the market. A lot of tents werearranged in an order manner and clearly distinguish the areas which make shops separated into group baseon the intersection of the walkway in the flea markets.
50

A tent is the most popular used materials in both countries are easy to transport and construct.
The same ideas are used but in a different form when connecting one stall to another. In Japan a flea
market shop usually stands apart from other stalls, they don’t hang anything or connect to each other. The
tents are used in Chiangmai flea market as well but from the binding canvas and large umbrellas between
shops make the connection of shops and more unity in physical view. However in comparison with theThai flea market, Japanese markets are clean and orderly managed.
Another difference style with Chiangmai flea market is selling space under the building. This
type of selling space can be found at the Chion-ji temple flea market. This is very similar to that of sellingwith a shelf only. However this type uses an existing permanent building or structure such as a temple or
shrine. Many temples and shrines have covered areas with beautifully crafted architecture; this canprovide an interesting selling environment for customers. The selling space under a sub-building is better
than selling under a main building because one can hang products on display from structures or walls. In
Thailand however, there are usually no sub-structures to set up selling spaces. Most flea markets arelayout in open plan spaces. Thai sellers will generally build their own shop and stall to display products.

Figure 3.34 Stand alone shops in Japan flea market
3.3.2.4 Element of cultural Japanese identity
Identity on the part of Japanese culture is also presented in the physical form and supporting toactivity inside Kyoto flea markets. In the physical from is Japanese on the signboard or decorations shop
which every countries have native language for represent their identity and easy to communicate topeople same nation as Japan. Signboards displaying local or national language can act as a great
advertisement for a product or service. Most signboard in front of shops sell foodstuff for easy to see andattract to customers.
There’re some shops supports to recreation activity as shops for local games and many toys. The
shelves in kids stalls are generally lower fit to kids scale so that children can easily view, touch and playgames (Figure 3.35 right). Sellers created more shelf step designs for with more space to display theirproducts on. Japanese sellers pay particular attention to the layout of their products, as they wish to havethe most attractive displays.

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Figure 3.35 Native Language on signboard and games shops
The difference is the identity of each country which can promoted and maintained in theother flea markets in their countries. At present we are faced with the problem that townhouses of Kyoto
have gone though and there are very few really old example still remain (Masafumi,1994) same as
traditional flea markets in Kyoto which this paper can be guideline for conserve the identity for remain
for learning and understand traditional and local style of selling space.
3.4 Conclusion
Following the main propose of this research was two topics which are find 1) the identity ofselling space in each country for promoting and conservation 2) the linkage of selling space between
Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets to reveal a Pan-Asian linkage of ideas, traditional characteristics andthe preservation of culture and the guideline for flea market design can be derived from the similarity inthe linking of Asian market ideas and the different characteristics of selling space between Thailand andJapan.
3.4.1 The identity of selling space in each country
All of this identity was derived from comparison between Tungfabod flea market, and Kyoto
flea markets, Japan with the separation of the differences. From the differences data analysis, identity can
divide into two areas which are physical space and social space follows in the study of space-oriented
anthropology divided in three levels which are physical space, social space and Metaphysic space (Shirley,1997) but in this research did not investigate in metaphysic space. The identities in physical space in bothcases are about the planning, shop roofs and the placement of shops. The planning of flea markets was set
up for support the selling and buying activity as lines in a row and can connect together inside. Shop roofs
has been copied styles from past to presents and the placement of shops was depended on the climate andnon interference with other area. The selling plan is created by the context of place. Additionally theJapanese and Thai climates vary greatly and structures are built differently to protect against different
types of weather. All these uncontrollable factors also help to differentiate the two market types.
In case of Tungfabod flea markets was planned for easy to access inside from the location. Shoproofs was created by copying from the historical and learning in climate and environment to built
following people in the past which make wind and shade for prevent hot and rainy climate in Thailand.
Kyoto flea markets were set in the temple of shrine for people can respect to these place andpromote tourism as well. The shop roofs as the reason same with Tungfabod flea market that learnt to52

copy from the past for applied into present times. The placement of shops did not interfere with the othershops which didn’t same as Thailand that use canvas to connect between shops or place some goods inshop nearby which are kindness of Thai people. The identities of social in Kyoto flea markets are
recreation place which support relaxing activity in any ages such as game shops for kids and foodstuff
shops for eating and make relationship to each other same as Tungfabod flea markets is a local coffee
shop for be a meeting place for all ages. It appears that the market place does not perform a single
function, rather a space that changes according to spatial, social and economic needs, similar to the ideaof vernacular environment found in the literature (Oranratmanee, 2009).The differences of their Identityof selling space are apparent and are specifically derived from their location of flea markets, climate andindividual cultures. The identities have changed and have been developed from generation to generation,and the history of market culture is still kept alive through family participation and social preservation.
3.4.2 The linkage of selling space between Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets
From analysis data of two countries found there are mostly similar to each other and seem
similar to any countries in the world (Tangires, 2008) because selling space was found are the basis ideaof created space for selling such as stand or sit on the ground or front of the stalls which anyone can thinkof it. The physical of their shops, elements of products under their culture make them difference fromeach other. The linkage of Tungfabod and Kyoto flea markets which difference from another country in
the world is the selling on the step floor. This type found only in these two countries from data analysis.
In environmental design the concepts and ideas about the place is the valuable input for design.
Rapoport (2006) states that most design based on vernacular usually brings only key characteristics
directly to new design; merely he considers it a copying process. He suggests that vernacular should beanalyzed to generalize the ideas to principles and design mechanisms.
The similarity was from a similar context and coping from one place to another place as fromcountry to another country in same continent. This pattern is one case of similarity in the Chiangmai and
Kyoto flea markets that are not common in other countries which cannot be found in the general market.
The similarity is a linkage characteristic of both countries which are the selling on the step, It was createdfor support their selling behavior and present their goods to buying. This selling space type can develop touse in both countries which support to Asia cultural. The use of natural materials in both countries isinteresting and the similarities of use are very apparent. Overall both countries share similar market
characteristics that can be closely related to each other. The similarity is the selling space which has beencreated by the behavior of owner selling their own products in selected shop and stalls. The main factor of
creating a selling space is behavior of seller, buyer and products of shops. There are a vast amount of
products. The selling space and its suitability can also vary greatly depending on the product or service
being offered. The behaviors of the local society and lifestyle can make selling space inherently different.
The products on display in both countries are of a similar type. Therefore the discovery of similar
products, selling spaces and general human behavior in Japan and Thailand suggests there are many
common Asian attributes.

53

From this study hopes that all of the similarities and differences analyzed in flea markets from
Chiangmai and Kyoto offer new scope and guidelines for flea market design. This research basedknowledge and information about traditional characteristics from both countries can ideally improve anddevelop flea markets, to be more flexible and conserve the character of each country through time andchange.

54

CHAPTER 4SELLING SPACE IN MARKETSThis thesis focuses in two markets type which are flea market or appointment date market which
are the most easily type to managed and Central market which is the main market of the cities, foranalysis the from the smallest to biggest markets type. The variety of market scale sizes hope tounderstand the simple organization of selling space to the permanent markets and can continuous
development to be unique and maintain the traditional characteristic markets.9
4.1 Market in Chiangmai, Thailand in case Kad Luang market
The case study for this research chose the historical markets in Thailand and Japan which are inold cities, to study the development of traditional characteristics from former times until the present time.
“Kad Luang Market” is the oldest market in Chiangmai at a hundred years in northern Thailand.
“Kad” means market and “Luang” means big so this name relates to the big scale of the market that
includes three markets, i.e., Warorot market, Ton Lumyai market and Nawarat market, together in thesame area. This market is the centre market of Chiangmai because there is every type of local goods,
products and fresh foods for supporting local people and tourists.

Figure 4.1 Kad Luang market in 1912
4.1.1 Planning and classification of production in market
A hundred years ago (around 1912), Warorot market (in the left side in Figure 4.4), was built up
first near the Mae Ping River by a rich family in Chiangmai and Ton Lumyai market (in the right side in
Figure 4.4) was built afterward, that is Kad Luang at the present day. Warorot market was popular andbigger than the others. In the beginning, selling space was open space with market women bringing theirlocal stalls and sitting all over the area. Later, the governor at that time developed the market by building
wood shophouses around the main market hall to rent area for selling.

9
The Overflow of Selling space: A Comparative study between Kad Luang, Chiangmai, Thailand and Nishiki, Kyoto, Japan,
Ounchannum, 201255

Figure 4.2 Developed of Kad Luang market plan from 1912
In 1949, the main market hall was developed into a concrete building and designed in a longspan to make a big open space inside and divide permanent stalls for vendors to rent the area. In 1968,
Kad Luang (both markets) caught on fire. Most of the shophouses were burnt because of wood materials.
The main market hall was redesigned to saw-tooth roof for taking sunlight through to the inside of thebuilding (Apavatjrut & Apavatjrut, 2004). Figure 4.5 showed Kad Luang market in 2012 had expanded
selling space coverage in all areas such as the main hall, shophouses around the main hall, on pavement infront of shophouses and temporary tents in open space. All of these selling spaces are connected together
by the trade between the adjacent areas.

Figure 4.3 Location of Kad Luang market

56

Figure 4.4 Kad Luang market plan in 1912

Figure 4.5 Kad Luang market plan in 201257

4.1.2 Building type in Kad Luang market
The total area of selling space in Kad Luang market does not cover only the main hall of
Warorot and Ton Lumyai markets but also surrounding shophouse buildings, space on the sidewalk andmany alleys. Each of the areas has selling space in different way to present their goods for buyers. Kad
Luang market can divided into three groups which are as follows:a) Market main hall building
After a great fire in 1968, Warorot and Tom Lumyai market had to build a three-floor hightownhouse building around the market building and between the townhouses. The market building was
set at six meters for be a buffer against fire. The market buildings were designed to have a big open spacein the middle with a saw-tooth roof for sunlight to enter into the middle court of the building.
The first floor is divided into trading area by grid line planning and the concrete pedestal 4x3
meters per block which shares both sides for rental. The second floor is for selling clothes by dividing
each block for one owner. The walk way is just in front of shops to connect to the building whichsurrounds the market and there are many temporary stall shops set up of the footpath for public use.

Figure 4.6 Ton Lumyai market main building

Figure 4.7 Warorot market main buildingb) shophouse around market
In the beginning, buildings around the markets were two-floor wood shophouse buildings forsupporting the development of the selling area in Kad Luang area. After the big burn, the shophouses
were rebuilt to become three-floor concrete townhouse building types for more durable strength and by
the modern periods. The townhouse building types are located around the four sides of Warorot market,
58

but Ton Lumyai market has three sides because in the east side is a car-park building. The selling area isjust only the first floor and opens all of the front shop for giving a welcome to the customers. Second andupper floors are for storage area and few buildings allow people to live in them. Building on the west sideof the Warorot market building opens the front and back side of the first floor to get customers from both
inside the market and the street view. Each shop does not pay attention to the decoration but tries toemphasize the products so customers can see the products clearly and correctly. The varieties of productsin every shop are diversified but do not have local character in architecture.

Figure 4.8 Shophouse around market

Figure 4.9 Four of traditional shophouse in Kad Luang marketc) Arcade in between market and shophouse
The free space between the market building and townhouses was set to block fire if it caught onfire, but the market was developing and expanding its area by opening more area for rental shops andmaking a roof to cover this area to become like an arcade. Those rental shops are 1x2 meters temporary59

shops which are placed in the middle of the walkway that makes walkway around 1.2 meters narrow.
There are two types of rental shops, which are block rental shops and stall shops. Block shops are morepermanent retail shops including roof and door locks to keep their product inside but the stall shops are
just only stalls for selling and store products under the stalls. The arcade of stalls makes open a wider
area than permanent retail shops because the highest stall shops make a bigger volume than other types.

Figure 4.10 Arcade between market and shophouse
4.1.3 Selling space in front of shophouse
This thesis focuses on the selling space in front of shophouse which connect to public area andthere is density of space use in this area. Shophouse have many type of product and selling space typewhich can divide follow map picture bellow.

Figure 4.11 The color map of product in market in Kad Luang market

60Figure 4.12 The color of Kad Luang market shophouse selling product types
The kind of selling product in shophouse can divide following the table below. All of shophousearound the main building market are around 222 shops which are sixteen kinds of product type. The mostkind of shop is cloth and the gold shop is the second type and. In the other product are in the average to asimilar number. From the color map of product in market can found the each area of product types which
located in same area such as gold shop area, fabric shop area and cloth shop area and the other are in
between each shops. For the fruit shop are temporary shelters in front of the shophouse and flower shop
as well which located area on the pavement next to the Ping River. In front of shophouse area are theother temporary stall shops sell their product along on the pavement which are many kind of product type
and the most product type is selling clothes.
Table 4.1 The amount of product type shop in Kad Luang market
NumberProduct type

shop amount

1

cloth

53

2

fabric23

3glasses

44

medicine

11

5

gold

32

6

shoes

7

7

religious ceremony

58supermarket

39electronic

4

10

household appliances

22

11

bank

6

12

etc

20

13

cosmetic

6

14

clock

2

15

accessories

2

16housecloth

4

17

close

18

All shops

222

61

2%
1%
1%

3%

cloth

8%

fabric24%
glasses
9%

medicine

3%

gold
10%

10%
5%

2%
1%
2% 3%

2%

14%

shoes
religious
ceremonysupermarket
eletronic

Figure 4.13 The chart in percentage of product type shop in Kad Luang market
In the collection data of selling space in front of shops by survey, take photo and video forcollecting data and grouping the same type of selling space in each of product shop type in 16 producttypes to find the mostly organization of selling space in Kad Luang market .The picture was transferred tographic and draw the mostly type in the analysis process. In selling space in the front of shophouse candivided in four type of the organization which are selling almost full in front of shops, Separate corridor
into shop, overflow of stall and separate corridor into shop and enclose shop.

Figure 4.14 Collection data from in front of shophouse to graphic in Kad Luang market
62

The graphic bellow showed the separation of selling type in each product shop type for all of
sixteen types and the amount of each type in the number below each graphic.
1. Cloth shops

Figure 4.15 The selling space in cloth shops
2. Fabric shops

Figure 4.16 The selling space in fabric shops
3. Glass shops and 4. Medicine shops

Figure 4.17 The selling space in glass shops and medicine shops

63

5. Gold shops

Figure 4.18 The selling space in gold shops
6. shoes shops, 7.religious ceremony shops, 8. supermarket, 9.electronic shops

Figure 4.19 The selling space in shoes shops, religious ceremony shops, supermarket and electronic shops

10. household appliance shops and 13. cosmetic shop

Figure 4.20 The selling space in household appliance shops and cosmetic shop
11. bank – All of Bank are enclose building.
In bank case are the enclose building which organize area inside the building follow each bankcompany system. In this case didn’t bring to analysis with the other case.
12. Various product shops

Figure 4.21 The selling space in various product shops

6414. clock shop 15. accessories shop and 16 house cloth shop

Figure 4.22 The selling space in clock shop and accessories shop and house cloth shop
All of selling type in each type can organized into four groups which are 1) selling almost full offront shop area, 2) shop separated area to have corridor to walk inside the shops, 3) the shop put the stallover the shop area and separated area for walk into the shops and 4) the shop organized all of stall inside
shops area. The table below showed the amount of each selling type of each product shops types.
Table 4.2 The selling space type in front of shophouse in Kad Luang market

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Product
type
cloth
fabricglasses
medicine
gold
shoes
Religious
ceremonysupermarket
electronic
householdappliancesbanketccosmetic
clock
accessories
housecloth
close
All

1.sellingalmostfull frontof shop
6
0
0
0
0
0

2.separate
coridor3.overflow ofstall &separate

into shop

coridor into shop

4
0
0
3
22
0

36
22
1
3
7
7

4.enclose
shop
6
1
3
5
3
0

0

1

4

0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6

Total

2
0
0
0
0
0

Amountof shop
54
23
4
11
32
7

0

0

5

2
3

1
1

0
0

3
4

2

12

8

0

22

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32

0
14
4
2
1
4
0
122

6
6
2
0
1
0
0
43

0
0
0
0
0
0
18
20

6
20
6
2
2
4
18
223

closedFrom this table, the most groups is group third which are The shop put the stall over the shop
area and separated area for walk into the shops and for sixty percentage of all shops. For the gold shop
organized in the seconded types which didn’t put stall over their area because of the gold product are theexpensive which must close to seller for safety. Some shops such as glasses shops and medicine shop
organized area all inside and showed their product on shelves which is easier for customer to65communicate with the seller. The enclosed shop is the particular products which don’t have to makeselling area for attractive to customer than the other product which is same as each other so that the sellers
have to show their product to attractive to customer in the front area of the shops.

3%

21%

1.selling almost full frontof shop16%

2.separate coridor intoshop
3.overflow of stall&separate coridor into
shop
4.enclose shop
60%

Figure 4.23 The chart of selling space in front of shop in Kad Luang market
The chart of selling organized of selling area in percentage showed that the sixty percentages isthe overflow of stall and separate corridor for walk into the shops. The most of shops are similar kinds ofproduct that make seller organized their stall to interactive to customer easier that walk into shops areaand show the main product in the front of shop area. For the enclose shop are the particular products
which are the target of customers anyway that did not have to set area in front of shop too much but
organized inside shops area for select products inside shops area.

Figure 4.24 Selling space in front of shops
In the pavement on the front of shophouse around the main building, there are the temporary
rental shops which set up selling area. There are many organization of selling space in those areas which
can divide in three areas which are divide corridor in area, divide area free area inside and stall place full
area.

66

Figure 4.25 Area of data collecting on the pavement area
Area 01 and Area 02

Figure 4.26 Selling on pavement area 01 and 02
Area 03 and Area 04

Figure 4.27 Selling on pavement area 03 and 04
Area 05

Figure 4.28 Selling on pavement area 05
67

Area 06

Figure 4.29 Selling on pavement area 06
From the grouping of the organized of selling area on the pavement can divided into threegroups which are 1) The stall place full of selling area, 2) The stalls was divided area for walk to see
products inside selling area and 3) The stalls was divided area in the middle for test the products. The
most types are first types which is the stall place full of selling area because the area on the pavement of
set the selling area is around 1x2 meters so that seller would like use area to be useful as they can makearea for sell.
Table 4.3 The selling space type on the pavement in Kad Luang market
stalls place full area

divide corridor in area

divide free area inside

A1

4

1

0

A2

13

0

0

A3

7

0

0

A4

7

0

0

A5

31

0

2

A6

17

2

2

All

79

3

4

3%
5%

stalls place full area
divide corridor in area
divide free area inside

92%

Figure 4.30 The chart of selling space on the pavement in Kad Luang market

68Figure 4.31 The summaries of selling space in front of shophouse in Kad Luang Market
From the chart of the percentage of the selling area on the pavement, 92 percentages is set stalls
full selling area and the other types are the less percentage in the chart so that seller set area full of sellingarea for show and put their product as much as they can for attractive to customer. The main propose of
selling space in the front of shophouse and on the pavement for the seller is how to show their product tocustomer as much as possible by set product in the front of shop area.
4.2 Market in Kyoto, Japan in case Nishiki market“Nishiki Market” is four hundred years old and is one of Kyoto’s most prosperous market
arcades street (The Kyoto Shimbun Project Development Co., Ltd., 2010). There is a 390- meter longnarrow shopping street located on a road one block north and parallel to Shijo Street. Along both sides ofthe five meter-wide road line about 126 shops and stalls selling traditional Japanese foods, ingredientsand other novelties. The first store (fish store) opened as early as A.D. 1311. In the Edo period (16thcentury), Nishiki became a prosperous fish market with several wholesale fish stores operating. Later, themarket shifted from wholesale to retail sale, and stores selling items other than seafood opened, too.
Nowadays, many tourists visit Nishiki market (Takafumi et al., 2009).

69

Figure 4.32 Nishiki market in past time
4.2.1 Planning classification of production in market
Planning of Nishiki market followed from the past which is a narrow street market compressedwith shophouses in between. The Kyoto city layout was geometrically composed of multiple of units,
forming larger and larger blocks. Figure 4.34 shows that in the past the city layout was separated in big
rectangular blocks and it was divided in the middle of the blocks for disperse streets inside. Everyshophouse faces the street which gives easy entrance and communication. The area of Nishiki market isonly one narrow street with shophouses face to face with opposite shophouses with the street in the
middle. System of plan layout in Japan was following in the tatami (a tightly- packed stiff rice straw mat)method which was subject to the structural system of the room enclosures (Engel, 1985). The planning of
the shophouses was set up from tatami mat size to the layout plan of each house. The measurement ofshophouses can show the scale of plan near to tatami mat size plan. In the figure 4.33 showed the map of
Nishiki market area which is orange color are in the grid city plan.

Figure 4.33 Location of Nishiki market
70Figure 4.34 The block of Kyoto planning and Nishiki market
The figure 4.34 showed the divided of the block system of city plan in Nishiki market area thatin each block is quiet same distance. The character of Nishiki market is street market which covers withshophouse in between. The shophouse in this area was faced to connect to the street same as the Nishiki
shophouse building which faced building to the main street.
The planning of both markets was developed in different ways. Kad Luang market was expanded
and the density of the selling space was more than at the beginning. It does not have clear boundaries but
the centre of Kad Luang market, which is in between Warorot market and Ton Lumyai market, is known.
The market did not have a clear management plan initially. Since the establishment of Warorot market
and Ton Lumyai market, there has been an open space and then a market building was built on this area.
The development of the townhouse building was set up around the market and the street around them.
Following this cause the Kad Luang area to become a group of free- form plans. But the Nishiki market
had a straight grid plan which is placed from the east to the west side. The plan was following the gridline city plan of Kyoto city. The shophouses are arranged facing each other and have a street in the
middle of both sides. Both markets have development of planning in different ways. Kad Luang market
did not take into account the rules in the planning and the market grew up on the expansion of sellingspace in a wider area while Nishiki market had a clear plan which has not been modified from the past
because of strong planning of the city that cannot change because it would impact the overall city plan.
The elements of buildings in both markets have similar building types which is townhouses in Chiangmai
and shophouses in Kyoto.
In Nishiki market has many products types which are Japanese traditional foods and goods andutensils and sundries. There are 132 shops inside the Nishiki markets. The figure 4.35 showed the color of
product type in twelve product types. Nishiki market didn’t set zone of product types and placed spread in
the market.

71

Figure 4.35 The color of product type in Nishiki market plan in 2012
Table 4.4 Nishiki market product type shops
NumberProduct type

shop amount1

salted fishdried foodmeal
picklesmeats and eggs

27
7
12
7
5
17

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

side dish-dellcacy
tofu-Grain-Riceutensils-Sundries
veg.&friuts
sweet-Tea

11
12

fresh flower
sake

3
3

13

close

5

All

132

2%
2%

2%

salted fish4%

dried food
21%

8%

9
24
10
3

meal
pickles
5%

18%

meats and eggs
side dish-dellcacy

9%
5%

7%

tofu-Grain-Riceutensils-Sundries
veg.&friuts

13%
4%

sweet-Tea

Figure 4.36 The chart of product shop type in Nishiki market plan in 201272

From the chart upper founded that the most product shop type is the salted fish shops because in
the beginning Nishiki market was fish markets and continued shops until the present time. The second
type shops is utensil and sundries which is the variety product types from the traditional product andcontemporary product that can interactive to tourist customer and foreign people.
The shopshop building can divided in four types which are 1) Keep traditional Japanese element,2) Concrete building and Modern Japanese style, 3) Decorate shop accord to product type and 4) Japanesecontemporary decoration shop.

Figure 4.37 The decorative of shophouse in nishiki market
Table 4.5 The decorative of shophouse in nishiki market in each type1 salted fish
2 Dried food
3 Meal4 Pickles
5 Meats and eggs
6 side dish-dellcacy
7 Tofu-Grain-Rice
8 Utensils-Sundries
9 Veg.&friuts
10 Sweet-Tea
11 Fresh flower
12 SakeAll

1.keeptraditional
style
1
0
6
5
0
5
1
3
1
1
0
0
23

2.concretebuilding
20
3
0
0
4
6
3
11
5
4
2
0
58

3.product
type
shop
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
6
0
0
1
0
9

4.Japancontemporary
style
3
4
6
1
1
5
4
4
2
5
0
3
38

close
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4

In the data collecting of the decorative of shophouse in Nishiki market from the table below
found that fifty five shop in 132 shops which are forty five percentages of all shops. The seller didn’t care73

in the decorative into Japanese style and care for selling their products more than but in the keep
traditional style and Japanese contemporary style is forty eight percentages that is almost half of all shops
in Nishiki market that make Nishiki market have atmosphere in traditional market though the traditionalarchitecture inside.

18%
1.keep traditional style30%

2.concrete building
3.product type shop
7%

4.Japan contemporary
style

45%

Figure 4.38 The decorative shop in percentage
The shophouse in Kad Luang Market and Nishiki maket have the same function as each other,which is selling space on the first floor and second floor for storage or some building have people living
there. But in Kad Luang market, there are more building types which are the market building hall,temporary tents and shopping carts. Kad Luang market is more complicated than Nishiki market because
many types of selling space is included in one place and connected to each other, but Nishiki market iscleaner, clear and can manage area inside the market. The main reason comes from the planning. Nishiki
market only covers the street with shophouse buildings but Kad Luang market includes three markets anda market building hall in the middle and townhouses cover them and streets cover one more layer. From
this, it is can be seen that Kad Luang has a connection of more layers of selling space than Nishiki market.
4.2.2 Selling space
Nishiki market is a kind of street market characterized by its linear expansion side walk
(Tangires, 2008). The shophouses open their front of shops space and slide their shelves in the walkway
for around fifty centimeters to have interaction with custumers and the second floor is for storage. There
are a variety of shophouses which are wooden and concrete structures. The decoration of the shops
depends on the owners’ purpose to present their products such as traditional Japanese style andcontemporary façade by decorating to suit with their product. The selling space in the front of shops totrade and attract customers can be divided into four types: (Figure 4.63) 1) stall stores full of front shop;
organizes all areas to the front to reduce the distance between the merchant and the buyer, and maketrading easy by placing the item between them. Some shops do not have too much area to show theirproducts inside. 2) Corridor in the shop; separates the area inside the shop by making a corridor to see
74

products on the shelves. There are so many products for offering to customers that just front of shops
cannot show all of them. 3) Selling space inside; have more open space inside than second type. They canorganize the area for circulation. The counter was set up in the back or some were located in front of thestore so it is easier to get money from customers. And 4) the seating area inside is the kind of food shops
and restaurants which set a dining area inside the shop for eating their products. Some shops set sittingarea in front of the shop due to having less space. Most shops set the selling area near the front side
because Nishiki market has a narrow street (around four meters) for walking two ways is easier to show
products to customers when they walk through their shops.
In the collection data of selling space in front of shops by survey, take photo and video forcollecting data and grouping the same type of selling space in each of product shop type in 12 producttypes to find the mostly organization of selling space in Nishiki market .The picture was transferred tographic and draw the mostly type in the analysis process. In selling space in the front of shophouse candivided in four type of the organization which are 1) stall stores full of front shop, 2)Corridor in the shops,3)Selling space inside and 4) the seating area inside is the kind of food shops and restaurants.
The graphic bellow showed the separation of selling type in each product shop type for all of
sixteen types and the amount of each type in the number below each graphic.

Figure 4.39 Collection data from in front of shophouse to graphic in Nishiki market

75

1. Salted fish shop

Figure 4.40 All salted fish shop

Figure 4.41 Amount of selling space in salted fish shop
2. Dried food shops

Figure 4.42 All dried food shop

Figure 4.43 Amount of selling space in dried food shop76

3. Meal shop

Figure 4.44 All of meal shop

Figure 4.45 Amount of meal shop
4. Pickles shop

Figure 4.46 All of pickles shop

Figure 4.47 Amount of pickle shop77

5. Meat shop

Figure 4.48 All of meat shop

Figure 4.49 Amount of meat shop
6. Side dish shop

Figure 4.50 All of side dish shop

Figure 4.51 Amount of side dish shop78

7. Tofu shop

Figure 4.52 All of tofu shop

Figure 4.53 Amount of tofu shop
8. Utensil shop

Figure 4.54 All of utensil shop

79

Figure 4.55 Amount of utensil shop
9. Vegetable shop

Figure 4.56 All of vegetable shop

Figure 4.57 Amount of vegetable shop80

10. Sweet tea shop

Figure 4.58 All of sweet tea shop

Figure 4.59 Amount of sweet tea shop
11. Fresh flower shop

Figure 4.60 All of fresh flower shop81

12. Sake shop

Figure 4.61 All of sake shop
From this table, the most groups is first group which are set stall in the front of shops forinteractive to customer for sixty three shops that is fifty percentage of all shops because the Nishiki
market is street market and customer walk on the street pass each shops so that shops have to organizedarea in shop of shop to easier for customer to see products. The second is set area for walk into the shops
which is thirty five percentages of all. These types show some products in the front and organized area
inside for test and see inside more than in the front. Same as every shop that have main propose for show
their product to interactive to customer for sell products.

82

Table 4.6 The selling space in Nishiki market
1 sell front
shop
21
4
3
4

2 corridor
into shop
32
4
2

3 openarea inside010
1

4 seat area
inside00505 meats and eggs

5

0

0

0

6 side dish-dellcacy

11

3

1

2

7 tofu-Grain-Rice

4

3

1

0

8 utensils-Sundries

0

16

7

0

9 veg.&friuts

4

3

1

0

10 sweet-Tea

7

3

0

0

11 fresh flower
12 Sake
All

0
0
63

3
3
45

0
0
12

0
0
7

1 salted fish
2 dried food3 meal4 Pickles

6%
9%

1 sell front shop50%

2 corridor into shop
3 open area inside
4 seat area inside

35%

Figure 4.62 The chart of selling space in Nishiki market

83

Figure 4.63 Selling space types in Nishiki market
Figure 4.63 showed the plan of each the organized area shop in four types and the example ofshops in the upper of the plan.
The main area of selling space in shops of both markets is at the front side of the shops whichconnects the pavement for people to walk in the public area. It is easy to contact and communicate withcustomers when they walk through the front side. Sellers have to arrange their front side to be attractive
and suitable for showing their products and goods. The selling space is similar in both countries because
there is a general organization on selling in every country; stall stores full of front shop, corridor in theshop, selling space inside and the seating area inside. The different point is the displaying and storaging
which in Kad Luang market try to show their products as much as they can, but Nishiki market chooses
products for showing and attract customers and storaging in the back of shops or upper floors. Because
Nishiki market is rather narrow, the customers have less time to see the goods and products in front of the
shops when they walk through their shops. But in the case of Kad Luang market, there are many streets
and kinds of goods and products. Shops do not have to arrange their area too much if compared to
Nishiki market because most customers who come to Kad Luang market have target shops and selecttheir products inside, so shops have to show every product for customers to choose.

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Figure 4.64 Comparison between Kad Luang market and Nishiki market
The simple system market is the case of Kyoto market which the organized of planning and theselling space was controlled that makes market clean and clear for easier to walk and select the product inthe market following the grid system of city plan and limit market area which did not expanded market
area more than is necessary for easier to control. The shops divided area out of the nearby shops in clearlyorganized selling space in their shops area. The overflow of selling space also can be seen in Kyoto
market too but didn’t disturb in public area too much. The organized of selling space in the front of shop
didn’t have only set shelve full of the front of shops but shops consider in their sell product which
managed area support to good and products such as set space for walk into shop or set sitting area inside
shops for rest and eat their food products. The Nishiki market has fifty percentage of building can remain
to Japanese traditional building which make the traditional atmosphere from the organized of shops own
by conserve from old building or built new building in the contemporary building style. This group iseasier to understand and walk though inside for people who come into at first time which not complicatedin the organized of the space because of the system control of market and Japanese people habit that carefor public or the other people than Thai people so that Kyoto market didn’t overflow of selling space into
the public area too much for disturb customer and nearby shops. This group control the appearance of themarket into the remain traditional market and clean and clear of market for easier to understand and feelthe traditional atmosphere market from goods, products and architecture which support to become tourist
area and also support to local people and daily life of Kyoto people.

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4.3 Analysis
The previous study said overflow of selling space on the street (Tangires, 2008) is the generalexpansion of selling space at the front of shophouses by strongly extending their shelves to the street or
footpath area to increase area to business and to get close to customers in the public area. The expansionof the shops makes overflow of selling space which does not interfere with the walking area on publicarea and each market has different overflow distances. Howard (2012) said in the front of shophouses
there are many small units with narrow frontages with direct connection to the street of public realm thatis strongly connected to the street. This allows for economic independence of units or buildings and formany buildings together on the same street. The overflow of selling space on the footpath or on the street
can help to create an active atmosphere. Thai shophouses extend to sell their goods on the footpath whichmakes them privately owned but actually for public use. Japanese shophouses know their border for
extending their shelves into public area which does not disturb the walking route. Data collection of theoverflow space in both markets shows different distances which depend on various factors of eachlocation and their context.
4.3.1 Overflow of selling space in Kad Luang market
The distinctive point of Kad Luang market is the selling area in front of shophouses which arearound the main market buildings. These areas are linked by footpath in front of their shops. These
footpaths are for public use, but shops bring their shelves to expand from their shops and on the other sideof the footpath was an area for the other shops to rent. The footpath was a shared area to become abusiness area and was left for only one way route. The pavement is the connection area between the street
and the building which is a public area of the city. For Kad Luang market, it does not function as only awalkway but becomes a selling space for some shops next to the pavement and a set area of temporary
rental shops. The pavement was a separated space for walking space in the middle and selling space is in
front of shops and next to the street. This area is overflow selling space which is caused by the expansionof the market for commercial space on the pavement. The overflow of selling space on the pavement canbe divided into three types (see Figure 4.66): a) selling only front of shops, b) selling in front of shops andnear the street with the fence between and c) selling on the street. The selling only front of shops expands
only in front of their area because they left a footpath area to walk and in the other side of the footpath
doesn’t have a fence to block the street. If some shelves were set up for selling in those areas, walking
will be danger. The selling in front of shops and the other side close to the fence is overflow of sellingspace in both edges of the footpath and leaves a fit space in the middle for two-way walking. The market
uses the free space on the footpath as much as possible for business because on the other side of front
shops there is a fence which can set area for selling and is not dangerous for people but walk incongestion. The selling on the street set area is on the side of the road. These are the temporary shops anddo not have many shelves or goods. They can set their shelves on these areas because the local taxi is abuffer from traffic on the street by taking one to two lanes to become a taxi stop station and park their car
to wait customers. The overflow space does not occur only in selling space but also happens in theoverflow of local taxi parking on the street for public use. Figure 4.68 shows the section a-a of the86relationship between shophouses and the overflow of selling space and the above footpath space The
overflow space in Kad Luang can be divided into two kinds, which are overflow of selling space on thefootpath and overflow of local taxi parking on the street which makes overflow of selling space on thestreet between. The overflow of selling space on the footpath expands on both sides which do not use all
the area of the footpath but every shop sets visible lines for the border of the overflow area. Kad Luang
market’s footpath width is around three meters and it was left around one meter for walking which is theminimal distance for one- way walking. The space organization of shops recognizes the distance for
expansion of the shelves without disturbing people walking on the footpath. The right picture in Figure
4.66 shows the selling on the street in night time, there is a change of selling space from the day time. For
the night time, stall shops are not the same shops as the day time and sell products to eat and accessories
which make a recreational area for walking without sunlight in the day time.

Figure 4.65 Location of section in Kad Luang market

87Figure 4.66 Type of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang market
The selling area was extended to sell their products one more line on the street. The temporary
stall shops and shop carts set up their selling areas on the street in two ways ; selling on the main entrance
street which uses two-three meters from the pavement and on the main street in the middle of two markets
which set an area for three lanes and left only one lane for driving. The circles in the Figure 4.66 areumbrellas to prevent sunlight and dew at night and there can make the own space boundary of each shops.
The street is a public area for vehicles but was changed to become a recreational area and business atnight by overflow of stall shops.

Figure 4.67 Plan of section a-a in Kad Luang market

88Figure 4.68 Sections A of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang market in day time

Figure 4.69 Section B of Kad Luang market areas

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Figure 4.70 Section C of Kad Luang market areas

Figure 4.71 Section D of Kad Luang market areas

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Figure 4.72 Sections A of overflows of selling space in Kad Luang market in night time
Kad Luang market can divided the overflow from the border of shop area into the public area inseven cases. The factor of the overflow are the partition which make the buffer area for not to exceed overthan the partition on the street. From the figure 4.73 showed the section of seven cases. In the case of one
to two cases are the overflow didn’t over on the street area and the case of three to case seven are
overflow on the street. In case one, three, five, six and seven have fence to block from the street but thecase of two and four didn’t have fence. The factors of the distance of overflow are the fence and car parkof local taxi on the street. In the case one in the mostly overflow case in Kad Luang market which didn’t
overflow into street because of the fence to divide area from the street. In the case of five, six and sevenalso have fence to block area but on the street next to the pavement have local taxi park for wait thecustomer that make street area next to the pavement is the safe area for set temporary shop on this area by
the local taxi are the buffer for protect vehicle movement. The shops in case three bring some stall on thestreet to not disturb the street too much. The case seven over on the street too much because of it is nightmarket which didn’t have vehicle movement on the street as the day time. All of seven cases are theoverflow of selling space in the public area.

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Figure 4.73 Case of Kad Luang market which divided by selling area

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Figure 4.74 Selling area in Front of shop in Kad Luang market

4.3.2 Overflow of selling space in Nishiki market
In fact, the selling space of each shop must be confined only in their shops’ area and do
not interfere with public access of the pavement in the middle of the market. However, every shop brings
their stall overflow out of their shop area on the pavement to a distance that does not interfere with thewalking area (Fig. 4.76). The seller knows the distance limit of overflow space from their sense of thebrick pattern on the street and cannot poach in the public area. The overflow space was set up following
each purpose of each seller. Some over all of stall front of shop or over some stall in the left, right or bothsides of shops and open middle area for walking through into the shops area.

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Figure 4.75 Location of section A in Nishiki market

Figure 4.76 Plan of section A in Nishiki market

Figure 4.77 Section A of overflows of selling space in Nishiki market
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Figure 4.78 Section B of setback shop in Nishiki market
Figure 4.78 shows the section B of Nishiki market and the location of this section can be seen in
Figure 4.78 This section shows the overflow of shop stalls and area above that has the sign shop,
decorative of shops and roof to the market environment and a holistic approach. The characteristic of
Nishiki market is a street market in which shophouses align themselves parallel to the street on both sides.
This street was used to walk in day time and for vehicles to ship products in their shops in earlymorning and at night. The shops slide their shelves out from the front out on the street when they open
their shops. Shophouses on both sides of the street extend their shelves in the distance that does not
disturb people walking in two ways and they consider the space above people’s head to show theircultural decorative and tent roofs which are over the highest human around 180 centimeters that people
can walk through it and can make the boundary of their shops.
Changing of selling space in festival day
Nishiki market is open from early morning and every shop closes around seven o’clock at night(Durston, 1986). At the close times, few people walk through this street and some cars of the owner shops
use this time for driving in and loading their products into their shops. In the most important festival in
Kyoto, which is Gion Festival held on 14th-17th July in every year and on 14th-16th July, there are nightstalls selling foods on Kawaramashi Street near Nishiki market. People can walk through Nishiki market
and some food shops open their shops for customers. Their shops take space overflow on the middle
street more than day times for half the distance of the street because people do not use this street at nightand during festival periods. The selling space expands only on special days and is not considered public
space. Shops brought portable tables on the street just in front of their shops and in front of shops next totheir shops which were closed already (Figure 4.75). The overflow of selling space is flexible anddepends on selling times and consideration to the public area, people and nearby shops to exist together.
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Figure 4.79 Section of Nishiki market in day time

Figure 4.80 Section of Nishiki market in night time96

Figure 4.81 Changing of overflows of selling space between daytime and special day97

Figure 4.82 Case of Nishiki market which divided by selling area98

4.3.3 The difference of overflow of selling space between both markets
The pavement around Kad Luang market and street of Nishiki market is public area for walking,and it is an area in front of every shop. In selling time, shops bring stalls or shelves to put over the shop
area on that pavement for more attraction for customers. Shops in Nishiki market do not bring out many
stalls because of the narrow street and shops are arranged along both sides of the street. It will disturb thewalking area and other shops. But in the case of the pavement, Kad Luang market has just along one sideof the building along it that makes much free space on the pavement. This area can be divided into threeparts which are overflow area of shops near the front of the shops, walk way in the middle of thepavement and temporary rental shops near the street. In the middle street of Kad Luang market,
temporary shops are set up on the street area, which is near the pavement for one lane because that area
has to become a parking area for the Chiangmai taxi terminal and service cars. People can walk and sell
their goods because those taxis are a buffer for the people. At night, this market allows to set up
temporary shops on the street to become night Market Street. Nishiki market overflow space will just takeplace in festivals of special days at night. Kad Luang market needs to use all space for selling space asmuch as possible. Overflow of selling space is not over only in shelves but also to the roof over the frontof shops. Nishiki market’s purpose is to make an atmosphere of a market even if there is a big roof coveras a arcade while Kad Luang market makes roofs for protection against sunlight and rain. This roof canretract in good weather and for ventilation. The wideness of the street makes overflow of selling space infront of shops unequal size, and Nishiki market uses less overflow of selling than Kad Luang market.
Table 4.7 show the comparison in overflow of selling space which is a calculated ratio between
the overflow of shelves and area that was left for walking on the footpath or street. Kad Luang market’s
footpath is around three meters and left around one meter to walk and shops extend their shelves on bothsides of the footpath. The overflows of selling space are around 0.75/3 and 0.6/3 of footpath distance andfree space to walk is around 1.25/3 of footpath distance while the street of Nishiki market for walking
inside is around four meters and the overflow of selling space in which every shop extends their shelvesin front of their shops around 0.6/3 and the free area to walk is around 1.8/3. From the ratio of overflow
space and walking space in both markets it can be seen that Kad Luang market extends area into publicarea more than Nishiki market and left area to walk only one way while people can walk two ways in
Nishiki market. This amount of overflow space and free area to walk in both markets are close together
but Nishiki market considers people walking and left more free space, to walk. Streets in market areas canbe divided in two areas which are overflow space and walking space which makes the market’s
atmosphere become livelier if compared with the other markets which do not have overflow of sellingspace. In the case of Kad Luang markets it does not overflow only selling space but the local taxis use thestreet to become a waiting area for people for almost half of the street or around 2.75/6 of the street
distance. The expand area of local taxis makes the buffer to set stalls between the footpath and local taxis
around 1/6 of the street distance.

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Table 4.7 Table of comparison of overflow of selling space

4.4 Conclusion
The comparison analysis the in-depth knowledge about overflow of selling space, representing inorganization and design space in markets, developing of markets plan and selling space of both casestudies help to understand their characteristics.
4.4.1 The Similarity: The linkage of selling space between Kad Luang and Nishiki market
In both case studies, there is a similarity in the selling space from comparison data analysis
which in fact every country in the world has similarly (Tangires, 2008). The selling space of both markets
has the similar main structure of street markets which consists of shophouses in Japan or townhouses inThailand and the pavement in front of their shops and the street. However, the plan of the markets isdifferent. Kad Luang market has two main hall markets. From this structure, the selling space in bothmarkets can be divided into three areas which are the inside of the shops, in front of the shops andoverflow on the pavement. Shophouses are useful because they support everyday life in the most ordinary
and common sense (Howard, 2012). The first floor is for selling space and the upper floor for storage.
The shops set the same selling space in front of the shops which set stall stores all of front shop area,
corridor in the shop and selling space inside. This is the basic organization of space in every country tofind the suitable space for their goods and attract customers when they walk through their shops. There
are overflows of selling space from the front of shops in both markets by adding more to their areas toattract shoppers, but in Kad Luang market, there is more overflow than in Nishiki market. The similarity
of selling space shows the basic organization of space which is the linkage spaces in both markets(Ounchanum & Kimura, 2011).

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4.4.2 The Difference: the overflow of selling space in each market
The difference in selling space in both markets was synthesized from the comparison analysis
data. Organization of space (Rapoport, 1990) is expressed by consistency between physical space andsocial space which was set up under their culture and the relationship between human and human, humanand things, and things with each other which are the points to organize space to become environment. The
differences of human, culture and environment of both markets make the organization of space and theoverflow of selling space different. The plan of both markets is a street market. Nishiki market has only
one long street market while Kad Luang markets has many streets around the two market hall buildingsthat make Kad Luang market to have much selling space such as space between shops and hall market
buildings and shops with area in front of the shops and streets. But Nishiki market only has a relationshipof selling space between shops and the street. The area of both markets is similar but Kad Luang is denser
than Nishiki market in that Kad Luang arranges all free space to become selling area, not only on the
pavement area. The organization of selling space in Kad Luang market expanded their area from thecentre of markets which are Warorot and Tom Lumyai markets and had townhouses around the market
and rental areas for shops on the pavement while Nishiki was stable from the beginning because of the
fixed city plan that cannot expand the area, unlike Kad Luang market. The overflow of selling space in
Kad Luang market which covers the pavement and some lanes on the street put rental shops on it and aseparate area for walking. From those differences in selling space, it seems Kad Luang market supports
local life more which does not care about management in aesthetic but considers being the most efficientin every space to become selling space. Nishiki market has changed to become more than a local market
that supports foreigners and tourists by keeping its characteristics of historical market and adapting to thepresent time. The differences and the similarities of both markets can be brought to adapt to the othermarkets by learning the suitable points. This research-based knowledge and information about traditional
characteristics from both countries can ideally improve and develop historical markets, to be more
flexible and conserve the character of each country.

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CHPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Following the purpose which investigate the atmosphere of the market from space use andarchitecture in the market and analysis the creating space for selling and buying in the market and to findthe change in the marker in each time which support to difference activities. The outputs are theatmosphere of the traditional markets for local people and tourist which can keep and develop to become
more tourist area with keep old characteristic, the organization of selling space for understanding increating of selling space by various factors which are function and behavior of users that was changed foreveryday life and tourist place and the change od the architecture and space in markets under differencetime and difference context.
From the built environment by Rapoport(1990)10 said the environment can be seen as a series ofrelationship between things and things, things and people, and people and people. These relationships areorderly and when environment are being designed, four elements are being organized which are
Organization of space - Planning and design on all scales can be seen as the organization of space fordifferent purposes and according to different rules, which reflect the activities, values and purposes of theindividuals or groups doing the organizing. At the same time, space organization also reflects ideal
images, representing the congruence between physical space and social space
Organization of time - reflects and influence behavior in time. It can be considered the tempos
and rhythms of human activities that the number of events per unit time and the distribution of activity inthe times such as day and night, weekday and rest day and seasonal.
Organization of communication - the built environment relate to communication which is theactivities of people such as who with whom, when, where, what context and situation. Environments
reflect communication and modulate it, channel it, control it, facilitate it, inhibit it. Environment andcommunication are culturally variable and direction of interaction and withdrawal, is also relates to it.
Organization of meaning - while space organization itself express meaning and has
communicative properties, meaning is often expressed through signs, material, colors, forms, size
furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, and the like.

Figure 5.1 Built environment methods by Rapoport(1990)

10

Four elements of the built environment ,Rapoport,1990

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In case of market place can change this diagram in the seller and buyer use the market place inwhich flea market and central market for selling and buying or the other activities that the marketplace
was changed in the difference time and day depend on difference context. The shop and the selling makemeaning for indentify themselves through signs, material, colors, forms, size furnishing.

Figure 5.2 Market place following built environment methods
The objective of this thesis was to investigate the organization of selling space in markets. To
apprehend the creating of selling space by various factors both function and behavior of users that ischanged in everyday life and also changing from markets to tourist place. This research selected twomarkets in the long historical cities as Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan by comparing the sellingspace in each market. This thesis focuses in two markets type; 1) flea market or appointment date market
which is the most easily type to managed, and 2) central market which is the main market of the cities.
The thesis analyzed the smallest and the biggest markets type. This is the qualitative research and basedon participant observation to collect the data and also focused on physical identity such as the planning,shop type and selling space.

Figure 5.3 Relationship of space in market
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In the comparative study, the selling space of the flea markets between both counties; one in
Chiangmai which is Tungfabod cattle market and three in Kyoto which are Chion Ji market at Chion Ji
Temple, Kobo market at Toji Temple and Tenjin San market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine. The planningof Kyoto flea markets arranged shops in orderly gridline plan which approach to the temple or shrine. The
traditional shops mostly use Katanagare roof and separated their own area from nearby shops clearly.
Meanwhile, the planning of Tungfabod cattle market has many lines to access which include straight line
and some curve lines plan. The shops do not divide area clearly. The shelves, canvas roof, and umbrellas
are overlap to the nearby shops and the traditional roofs are used by the lean-to leaves and hip roof. The
similar characteristics of both cases in the selling space are the setting of selling area on raised steparound fifty centimeters from ground floor which easier to display goods and customer can see clearly.
The similarity occurred and copied from one place to the other place as from one country to othercountries in the same continent. The differences of the identity of selling space are apparently andspecifically derived from their location of flea markets, climate and individual cultures.
The conclusion of the flea market and central market in the planning of the market, theorganization of selling space in shop and the express character of the market can divided in two groups
which are 1) Complicate system market and 2) Simple system market. The Complicate system market isthe case of Chiangmai market which organized the selling area over from shops area to shop nearby andon the public area such as pavement and the street. The planning of selling space expanded from thecenter of the market and set the other rental shops on the pavement for add more commercial area in thecentral of the market. The express of character of traditional market cannot remain less than Kyoto market
because the changing of the building to general concrete building and decorated shops follow products
type which consider in selling space more than making the traditional atmosphere of the market. This
groups is difficult to understand in the beginning from the system of organized of selling space which
didn’t strict in the area of each shops too much such as overflow of stall or shelve on the public area but
the shops have their own rule or market rule which leave area for people can walk on the pavement in thefit space. This group care in the selling their products which manage their area for selling as much as theircan. This group support to local and daily life which did not consider in appearance too much but thevariety of the product on the stall or shelve makes the feeling of the atmosphere of local market which
support to local life.

Figure 5.4 Selling space of flea market in Tungfabod market and Kyoto flea market

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Figure 5.5 Comparison of selling space in Kad Luang market and Nishiki market plan

Figure 5.6 Comparison of selling space in Kad Luang market and Nishiki market section
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The main point of the organization of selling space is managed the area in front of the shop tointeractive with the customer. The seller try to show their products come out of shop area on the street asmuch as possible for people can see product easier so that seller break the rule of their own area come out
into the public area as they can. It is the overflow of selling space by bring stall, shelve, seat or signboard
over shop border on the public area. In Nishiki market case is shophouse cover the street by their twosides that the overflows come out though the border in the both side and leave area in the middle insuitable area for walking area. For Kad Luang market is only the pavement in front of the shophouse andstreet next to the pavement so that shophouse overflow the selling area on the pavement from the front ofshophouse area and the other side is free area so that the other rental shop set stall or shelve on the
pavement in the other side and face back to the street. Both case study have overflow on the street or
pavement on the both side and leave space in the middle for walking area.
Nishiki market also have overflow of selling space on the street in the middle of the shophousein both side. Nihsiki market can divided the case of the overflow in three cases which are 1) overflow inthe daily time in the both side of front shops, 2) overflow more than daily time because in the special day
which the other shop nearby close their shops and the night time and 3) set back shop area inside and not
overflow into street which organized their area inside which showed in figure 5.6. The first case is thegeneral and most organized of overflow in Nishiki market. The walking area in the middle was divided
for four lane of people walk from the observation data. In the case two brought seat out of shops area on
the street because people didn’t walk too much in the night time. In case there was set selling are inside
for not disturb into public area.
The overflows of selling space make the atmosphere of selling space in market which reasonfrom the habit of seller that try to showed their product to attractive to customer as much as possible byover the shelve into the walking area for nearby to customer. The distance of overflow make walk area
feel difference from comfortable to tightly space for walking than can be seen in both case studies and in
the other market in the world but in difference distance. This thesis analysis in case of Chiangmai and
Kyoto market for understand the organization of selling space. In Nishiki market case is more control in
the overflow of selling space for become clean and do not disturb the public area for comfortable to walkand select product for local people and tourist. Kad Luang market do not control as the Nishiki market
more overflow than because care the selling area more than rule and for sell product as much as possible
and support to local people and daily life. This advantageous knowledge brings the understanding aboutorganization of selling space in markets which can be applied to the other market and support the market
which develop in tourism and local community in the present time and in the near future.

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Suggestion to future research
From the analysis of distance of overflow in selling space in the public area in all of bothmarkets can divided in 3 types from the distance of the overflow and consider in walk area per one person.
The distance of overflow of selling space over the border of the shop effect to the walking area on the
pavement or the street which make people feel in difference atmosphere in the market. The conclusion
can divided following the distance of the overflow in three types which showed in the figure below. The
Kad Luang market case is in the left side and Nishiki case is in the right side.
1. The overflow of selling space don’t over on the public area
None of overflow on the pavement makes market clear and orderly in the organization. The
people can walk clear between people walk next to. The walk area Kad Luang market case is around 1.50
meter and Nishiki market is around 1.00 meter which is standard of walking area distance on the
pavement or corridor of walk path.

Figure 5.7 The distance of overflow in 0.00 meter
2. The overflow of selling space in distance of 0.01-0.50 meter
In case of overflow in distance of 0.50 meter make walking area in Kad Lunag market around1.00 meter and Nishiki market is around 0.75 meter which make feeling fit for walking area. Thisdistance in Kad Luang market make more comfortable than Nishiki market for walk but for Nishiki is the
maximuim distance for suitable for walk which don’t disturb in next to person so that 0.75 meter is the fit
distance for walk suitable and feel crowed in the market street.

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Figure 5.8 The distance of overflow in 0.01-0.50 meter
3. The overflow of selling space in distance of 0.50-0.80 meter
This distance of the overflow make the walking area of Kad Laung market in 0.75 meter which
is suitable for walk same as Nishiki market in type two but in this distance make walking area in Nishiki
market in 0.60 meter which it is the average width of one person. This distance makes person space forwalk adjacent to people who walk on the street and it is the distance can walk on the own area on thestreet because if less than this distance, people cannot walk straight on the street.

Figure 5.9 The distance of overflow in 0.50-0.80 meter109

4. The overflow of selling space in distance of 0.80-1.00 meter
This distance of overflow of selling space do not have in Nishiki market. This distance makewalk area person in 0.60 meter which is same as type three in Nishiki market case. The stall or shelve canshow product more than the other type and the walk area is fit and adjacent for two people walk. If the
distance of overflow more than 1.00 meter, it makes walk area less than 0.60 meter which become tightly
walk space.

Figure 5.10 The distance of overflow in 0.80-1.00 meter
5. The overflow of selling space in distance in 1.00 meter or more thanThe distance of overflow of selling around 1.00 meter or morn than make walk area for one
person in 0.50 meter or less which make people walk too tightly and too much crowed. People can walkin these distances but walk by side. It is too tightly for walk in the selling area and did not comfortable forselect product and communicates with seller.

Figure 5.11 The distance of overflow in 1.00 meter and more than 1.00 meter
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From all the distance of the overflow of selling space showed that the distance of overflow effectto walk area in the pavement or the street which in the fit distance around 0.75 meter is the suitable forwalk and shops can extend stall or shelve in around 0.50-0.80 meter for show their product. These
distances make feel the atmosphere of the market and did not distance to public area too much for people
walk on the street.

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in Bangkok: Expansion and Development. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University (in Thai).
Durston, D. (1986). Old Kyoto: a guide to traditional shops, restaurants, and inns. Japan: Kodansha
International Ltd.
Engel, H. (1985). Measure and Construction of the Japanese House. Singpore: Tuttle publishing.
Fuengfusakoon, A. (2003). Identity. Bangkok: Thailand, National Research Council committee, the fieldof sociology. The National Research Council of Thailand.
Howard, D. (2012). Living Over the Store: Architecture and Local Urban Life Great Britain: Routledge
Löfgren, K. (2003). Machiya: History and Architecture of the Kyoto Town House. Stockholm: KTH RoyalInstitute of Technology.
Masafumi, Y. (1994). Kyoto: its cityscape traditions and heritage. Tokyo, Japan: Process
Architecture Co., Ltd.
Nimmanhaeminda, K. (2009). Encyclopedia of Northern Thai culture, Book 1: Bangkok: Community
Foundation of Thai culture, The Siam Commercial Bank.
Oliver, P. (1997). Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world. Cambridge, New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Oranratmanee, R. (2009). Vernacular Architecture: Education, Research and Practice. In Faculty ofArchitecture KMITL Journal, Bangkok.
Ounchanum, P. (2009). Promoting Vernacular Identity of Tungfabod Cattle Market for Community
Tourism. Published Master’s Thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University.
Ounchanum, P. & Kimura, H. (2011). Identity of selling space in flea market Comparative study between
Chiang Mai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan. Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design. 4(1), 53-64.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment. Tucson: The University of Arizona
Press.
Rapoport, A. (2006). Vernacular Design. In Vellinga, M. and Asquith, L. (Eds) Vernacular Architecture in
the Twenty-First Century. London: TJ International.
Shinichi, A. and Masakazu, N. (2003). The Study of the Characteristics and Issues in the Flea-Markets
Impact on Community Revitalization in the Precincts. Journal of the Japanese Institute ofLandscape Architecture, Vol. 66 No. 5, 789-794.
Shirley, A. (1997). Women and Space: ground rules and social maps. Oxford, New York: Berg Publishers.
Takafumi, T., Tomomi, F., & Taher, G. (2009), Nishiki Ichiba. http:// www.kyoto-nishiki.or.jp/english,
accessed: 24 September 201211

Tangires, H. (2008). Public Markets (Library of Congress Visual Sourcebooks). London: W. W. Norton &Company.
The Kyoto Shimbun Project Development Co., Ltd. (2010). Experience Shotengai to really experience
Kyoto- an exciting world awaits in Kyoto’s shotengai!.Kyoto: Industry and Tourism Bureau.
Theodore, M. (2003). Flea Markets of Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd.
Tiengmit, S. (2002). Local Market in Keng Tung and Chiang Mai. unpublished Master Thesis. Chiang Mai
University (in Thai).

11

PUBLICATIONSAt Kyoto Institute of Technology
1. Title:

Identity of Selling Space in Flea Market- A Comparative study between Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan-

Journal name:

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design (JHED) 2012
Volume 4 Numbers 1, ISSN2186-6503

Page:

53- 64

Co author:

Professor Hiroaki KIMURA

Web site:

http://www.ishedweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/JHED4_1_Contents.pdf

Date:March 2012

2. Title:

The Overflow of Selling space: A Comparative study between Kad Luang,
Chiangmai, Thailand and Nishiki, Kyoto, Japan

Journal name:

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design (JHED) 2013
Volume 5 Numbers 1, ISSN2186-6503

Page:

27- 39Co author:

Professor Hiroaki KIMURA

Web site:

http://www.ishedweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/JHED5_1_Contents.pdf

Date:March 2013

At Chiang Mai University
1. Title:

Promoting Vernacular Identity of Tungfabod cattle Market Chiangmai
In Master degree of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Publication in:

The International Symposium on Architecture and Culture in Suvannabhumi(ISACS) 2009

Co author:

Dr.Rawiwan Oranratmanee

At:

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandPage:

6.1-1 to 6.1-8

Date:

2nd - 4th December 2009

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design 2012
Volume 4, Number 1, 53 – 64
Original Article

Identity of Selling Space in Flea Market- A Comparative Study between Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan Pandin OUNCHANUM

Doctor Candidate, Design Science Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Instituteof Technology
Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 JAPAN; pandin.oun@gmail.com

Hiroaki KIMURA

Professor, Division of Architectural Design, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute ofTechnology
This research explores flea markets in Chiangmai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan, follows the identity search though a comparative
study of selling space to find a linkage in space usage between both countries and for the promoting of local flea markets. The
research concept has been based on a qualitative study and participant observation. The research focus on physical identity
includes the planning, shops and selling space. The similar characteristics in the selling space management are selling on step
floor. It created by a similarity of behavior from seller’s experiences and local culture. The identities of Kyoto are the approachto the temple or shrine, Katanagara roof; shops clearly divided their area, Japanese signboard and game shops for recreation. The
identities of Chiangmai are many accesses, lean-to, hip roof and the binding canvas, large umbrellas between shops for cover
walkway to prevent sunlight. Flea markets make a multi-space node for a local area and spend time for sharing and relaxing. The
synthesis suggests conserving the identity of each country including space required for recreation and the preservation of local
atmosphere. The findings from both flea markets have contributed to this research and their identity remains the same through timeand change.

Keywords: Traditional market, Thai flea market, Japan flea market, Selling space, Vernacular identity
1. Introduction
1.1 Flea Market Background in Thailand and Japan
Flea markets began long time ago for over a hundredyears. It’s a place for exchange and trade goods which
was set up in specific date only. Over a hundred years
ago, a Thai flea market was a marketplace for fresh
foods, agricultural products and animal sales. These
included cattle because during this era, in agriculturalsociety, cattle were dominant domestic animals used forvariety of purposes including; labor, transportation andconsumption. A flea market would usually be establishedin a rural village, in front of temples or flooded plain riceproduction area (Nimmanhaeminda, 1999). It developed
to a central place of a community, activity and being aplace where people meet to exchange their products andget together for social gatherings.
In Japan, a few flea markets were established wellover four or five hundred years ago around country. One
such flea market held at Toji Temple in Kyoto from theEdo period. About eighty percent of flea markets sellingJapanese antiques. Excluded are flea markets selling onlyor primarily everyday items such as food, personal-care
products, shoes, and clothing. Monthly flea markets tend
to be held outdoors on the grounds of temple or shrine,
while flea markets taking place intermittently tend to beheld indoors at special venues (Theodore, 2003).
Flea markets in both countries were the public
places for the activity of buying and selling in thespecific date of the agreement of the community. The
most important thing to consider for merchant was shop
installation and storage because a flea market opened
only specific date. The changing of selected materials
for making shops makes the process of installation andstorage easier in present times made flea markets change
in to a variety of shop. There are very few examples ofold and traditional flea markets still remain. It means that
there is a possibility for loosing identity from changes
over times.
From the above reasons, the research objective wasto promote the identity for remain although it is not as

ISSN: 2186-6503©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

54

Ounchanum and Kimura

urgent issues but if leaving there atmosphere to be lost
and then recover to make scene in visual way to relive
the past. Therefore, the research should be done while
the flea markets still exists in the present-day.
1.2 Research Propose
The propose was to find the identity of flea market for
promoting their identity and remain with the changeover times by selected flea markets which have thephysical characteristics of traditional flea markets andthe expansion for area and number of shops continues.
These show the existence of stability in the flea market
and still retain the original format as possible. The
researcher selected case study from two countries
which are Thailand and Japan to find and comparison
the identity of each countries for find a linkage of
flea markets characteristic and selling space. The
comparison process can divide into two topics which
are the similarity and difference of the identity of flea
markets. The similarity is the linkage of selling spacein both flea markets which can be used as a guideline in
the development and maintain for the existence of the
traditional form in other flea markets. The difference is
the identity in each country. The identity differentiates
itself from other nations and people can recognize andremember flea markets of each country, therefore flea
markets are a distinct identity for maintain its own stylecontinue into the future.
This paper provides research-based information
about traditional characteristic in flea markets from bothcountries. The knowledge of links in selling spaces is
the guideline and pinpoints the major similarities for thedevelopment and the conservation of flea markets. The
authors further raise the suggestion that the research can,in turn, be utilized internationally for other traditional
flea markets to retain their individual characteristic
through time and change.
1.3 Site Selecting
The criteria of comparison flea market in two countries
were selected from the traditional flea market that still
exists and famous place for community and tourists.
In Thailand, Tungfabod flea market has been selected
as a case study, as it is one of the existing successful
flea market and cattle market that have conserved theirtraditional Thai rural market characteristics. It runs in
a traditional way and the owners hope to conserve thetraditional characteristics of a rural Thai market to someextent. The market is a fifty years old, family-owned andoperated business. It is the largest flea market and cattle
market in Chiangmai and the north of Thailand. Situatedon the Chiang mai-Hod Road not far from downtown
Sanpatong the market is a large weekend market forsouth east districts and provinces of Chiangmai. The
market was established by local people who had astrong can build-up a fair rural trading place. Throughgenerations the market has been run by the same family
who practice the same family values in their market
operation and improvements. Likewise, the buyers andsellers are also those who have been loyal to the market
through generations (Fig.1).
The research searches for similarities of the criteria
in flea markets from Tunfabod flea market in Chiangmai
with flea markets in Kyoto. In Kyoto has many popularflea markets located in temples and shrines, which usuallyattract crowds of people from around the country. They
usually open once a month but never on the same day. The
overall feel of both markets is that of a lively, bustlingFig. 1 Location of Tungfabod Flea Market
Source: http://maps.google.com
Co-ordinate 18.601814, 98.889755

Fig. 2 Flea Market Selection Sites in Kyoto
Source: http://cosmos.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp/csm/©International Society of Habitat Engineering and DesignIdentity of Selling Space in Flea Market

outdoor community market (Theodore, 2003) (Fig.2).
The following the same criteria with Tunfabod flea
markets which, are the famous place for community andtourists and still remain traditional style include locatedin a local history place, are Chion Ji market at ChionJi Temple (opens 15th of the month), Kobo market atToji Temple (opens 21st of the month) and Tenjin San
market at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine (opens 25th of themonth). Those flea markets were set up on pavement oftemple and Shrine or area inside and have a diversity ofstalls such as many kinds of handicrafts, ethic clothing,antiques, clothing, statues, fabric, kimonos, foods andfresh vegetables. These three flea markets was examinedclosely for the identity of selling space and brought it tocompare with the identity of Tungfabod Flea Market.
1.4 Research Method
This research aims at finding and compares the identity ofexisting all of flea markets case study by use environment
design concept. Rapoport (1990) said about environmentis relationship between environmental context withhuman, human with human and human with object whichhave structure under culture and life style of their place.
This concept of environmental design was brought toguidelines in data collection in this method. The researchis based on a qualitative method of flea market participant
observation and physical surveys for the analysis andexamination of find identity of each flea market. The
Methodology process has 3 steps which are: Data
Collection, Analysis and Syntheses. The coding analysis
of fieldwork data draws the identity of the market and theapplied design theories generate environmental design
guidelines of cattle markets (Table1).
The data collection includes physical space areas
Table 1 Research Method Map

55

such as the selling space, internal space use, space
relationships, factor of space design and the elementsof traditional market design. All of the collected data
analyzed to gain an understanding of selling space types
and the characteristics of each market place. The resultof this analysis will present the syntheses process for
exploring linkages across Asia and the ideas relating
selling space in flea markets in Thailand and Japan. The
identity identified from the research is then applied tothe environmental design guidelines for conserving theflea market for both community socio-economic use andcommunity tourism.
1.5 Previous Study
There are some researchers have studied in characteristicof flea markets in Kyoto such as Shinichi and Masakazu(2003) researched about the characteristics and subjects
in the flea markets for the community privatization on
the precincts in Kyoto city, the result of the analysis
are flea market is the place for the communication andrecreations and the variety of the stall is the characteristic
for keeping which do not include conventional stalls.
Ounchanum (2009) has been conducted into thevernacular identity at the Tungfabod flea market in
Chiangmai, Thailand, the application and guidelines forconserving and promoting the market for community
tourism. This research investigated just in Identity ofPhysical spaces which are a central place, transitional
spaces, diversity of sales and spatial organization of arural way of life and social space which are the sharedspace for locals and non-locals, warm social relationship,
spatial marks by groups of users and an existenceof social. Those identities make the flea markets asignificant multifunctional node for rural and urban
economic and allowing rural people to exchange theirproducts and spend time together as well as providing
tourists with a unique experience of rural markets.
The conclusion of these two researches proposed
the flea market is the central place of community fortrading and recreations and the variety of shops makethe identity of flea markets. It can refer that in difference
countries must have the similarity point to linkage
between their flea markets and the difference point is theidentity of each country but there was no research in acomparative study in the identity of selling space in flea
markets between Thai and Japan.

©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

56

Ounchanum and Kimura

2. Analysis
2.1 Data Analysis of Physical Survey at TungfabodFlea Market
Tungfabod flea market is a large area around 27,000
square meters. The flea market has a big scale for has amany variety stalls and the product. From the analysis
and grouping in physical survey can be divided datacollection into the planning, selling space and shop type.
1) Planning of Tungfabod Flea Market
From a physical survey, planning of Tungfabod flea
market was a many line perpendicular to face to the roadfor easily walk into flea market and within each row
was connected to each other in all directions. A survey
reveals that the market is organized informally into
several zones. These zones are particularly identified
by physical determinants and social determinants. The
spatial arrangement is not fixed in a boundary; butrather flows along the site which creates the informal
atmosphere. The most crowded area is in the consumer
product and fresh food zone. This is because most
shoppers are women gathering for social interactions andshopping. Upon closer study it is noted that these rows
are relatively narrower than in other zones (Fig.3). The
spatial arrangement of the market responds strictly toseveral factors and the most obvious one is orientation.
These include the layout of buildings according to sun
direction, the existence of trees. As Most stalls prefertree shade thus having two layers of roof: one is aroof structure or umbrella and the other is natural tree
shading. Similarly, a natural setting of the stalls and trees
highlight a natural rural market place atmosphere. This

point is similar to the aesthetics of vernacular as quoted
that vernacular grows according to natural contexts(Oliver, 1997).
2) Selling Space and Shop Types
An analysis of the markets physical surveying in micro
scale of flea market which refers to selling space reveals
four main factors; planning of commerce areas, categoryof trade patterns, seller trading behavior and environmental
factors that attract customers. From this analysis, the stallsin the market area hold a variety of selling set ups which
can be divided into five types (Table 2).
i) Selling on ground Selling on the ground is a widely usedgeneral type with minimal preparation. Sellers just lay
their products directly on the floor for viewing. The main
advantage in using this type is its flexibility in location.
Business can be conducted under permanent shelters,
under temporary shelters or perhaps even under a tree.
ii) Selling on step floor selling on step floor is especiallyfor the more elderly and infirmed. During past times
sellers would sit and conduct business on wooden steps
as the interaction with customers would generally beeasier. This type supports customer buying behavior as
the ability to view, feel and smell products is greatly
improved. In addition the close quarter environmentof a corridor market adds more intensity to the social
shopping experience.
iii) Sitting Area selling space can be a relaxing spacefor sellers and customers for eating and drinking. A
sitting area offers a different space from other stalls as
the sitting area can be utilized as a sub-area node for
comfortable social interactions. The sitting area in a

Fig. 3 Selling Zoning in Tungfabod Flea Market©International Society of Habitat Engineering and DesignIdentity of Selling Space in Flea Market

selling space can be divided into 3 different sub-sections;a sitting area at the rear of a shop, in the middle of ashop and an area surrounding a shop.
iv) Selling in front of stalls structures are widely used as aninexpensive selling tool in markets as customers can easily
view products on sale. The materials used in construction
are relatively quick to assemble and easy to transport.
v) Selling outdoor option has no need for shelter
structure. Sellers generally only need a sufficient open
space to parade livestock animals such as cattle, buffalo
and chickens. The traditional selling approach is to standnear the animals on sale and bargaining with potential
customers.
In Table 2, the selling space can defined as a public
space, semi- private space and a private space. A public
space support for public corridor. A semi-private space
is an area where both sellers and buyers can interact,exchanging money with products. A purely private spaceis reserved just for the seller to store products and conductprivate business operations. Some shops and stalls don’t
have a private space because they want to create a friendly
open atmosphere for their customers. The public areas arenormally situated at the front of any stall and the private
spaces are usually located near the rear.

57

The mostly shops bring canvas to stretch between
shops cover corridor for prevention of sunlight andrain because in the afternoon of Thailand have hightemperature. The traditional shops use wood structure,banana leaves in skin roof it is a slope or hip roof. Thesetypes are very few in flea markets because nowadays sellers
use most permanent materials such as concrete, steel andzinc as durable materials and last for longer. Tungfabod
flea market has a diversity of selling space for support local
community and still conserves traditional style for remain
the characteristic of traditional flea markets.
2.2 Data Analysis of Physical Surveying at Kyoto Flea
Markets
In Kyoto flea markets have chosen from three wellknown and still remain traditional style consist of Chion
Ji market, Kobo market, and Tenjin San market which all
are located in temple or shrine The data analysis can bedivided data collection into the planning, selling spaceand shop type.
1) Planning of Flea Markets in Kyoto
The location of flea markets was set up in open spaceinside temple and shrine or outside around temple
and shrine in this case is only Tenjin San market at
Kitano Tenmangu Shrine. All of case studies have theTable 2 Selling Space Type in Tungfabod Flea Market©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

58

Ounchanum and Kimura

main pathway of flea markets which is path from main
gateway of temples to sanctuary building. This pathway
makes approach and access point following the temples
or shrine plan for worship in the sanctuary (Fig.4).
Shops were placed parallel to the pavement andleave a way for walking. Main entrances of flea markets
were located follow the main gate of temple or shrine
and connect to secondary gate. The sub planning was
divided into side of main pathway and expands to beanother which is a grid system. The main shopping
corridor starts from the entrance of the temple or shrine;
the public are attracted and enticed by a spiritual feelingassociated and worship to the temple or shrine whichadds to the shopping experience.
2) Shop Types
Choosing a seller’s shops types is based on are selectedarea where located on open area or under shade ofbuilding in temple or shrine. From the physical surveyof the three sites has shown similarities of stalls location
which can be divided into three areas which (1) stalls
under the main entrance of the temple and shrine whichconnects to the main road. (2) Stalls on the pavement
and open space in the temple or shrine, and (3) area

outside of the shrine (only Tenjin San market situatedoutside and on pavements to main gate of shrine).These
three flea markets have many styles of shops and stalls
inside of similar type. The following describes the shop
type of each site for comparison and analysis. These
three sites include; (Table3)i) Stalls under shade of the main gate are sellingaround the main Gateway of Temple gate. The shops
have only their shelf and their products for selling.
Shelves almost use only table and setting their producton the table and the seller will start beside the shelves foreasy to communicate with the costumer and comfortableto take care their products inside their space. This shop
will not place in the middle of gateway but will be nearcolumn of gateway.
ii) Stalls on the pavement and open space are
flexible. It is easily transferred from one day market
to another due to its flat pack design. The stand alone
option has three sub-types that owners use.
a) Tent about fifty percent of stalls use a tent as it’svery lightweight and easy to take home. It design itself
is divided into two parts; the tent structure and shelffor displaying products. The tent structures are usuallycomprised of four uprights poles and a fabric roof.
b) Katanagara Roof distinguished by its unique characterand sloping back roof. The spaces inside and under theroof can only accommodate one shelf. However thistype of shelter can be connected on either side to otherupright structures. Every stall with this design looks
similar; however the shelf design and the materials used
can change the look and appearance subtlety. The shelfdesign is another way to entice customers and present
products; some owners might have one or more steps toplace products on.

Fig. 4 Planning of Three Kyoto Flea Markets
Source: http://maps.google.com
Table 3 Grouping Type of Shop in Three Flea Markets in Kyoto©International Society of Habitat Engineering and DesignIdentity of Selling Space in Flea Market

59c) Selling with stand, some stall owners prefer to only
have a shelf to sell from. This provides a very quick
assembly time as they only need their products and theshelf itself. These types of stalls can be found under trees
or out in the open air. In addition owners might bring anumbrella to shade them from the sun or rain.
iii) Selling under the shade of the building, thistype uses an existing permanent building or structuresuch as a temple or shrine. Many temples and shrines
have covered areas with beautifully crafted architecture;
this can provide an interesting selling environment forcustomers. The selection of location depended on thetimes of registration for selling in flea markets.
3) Selling Space in Kyoto Flea Markets
In each shop has a variety of selling space which
depends on seller to arrange the area for supporting
their selling activity. From the analysis of data it candivided selling space in four different types each have an
individual layout of their own. These are illustrated by
the researcher in sketches below;i) Selling on the Ground
It is very easy to construct as the preparation of spaceand equipment is minimal. There are advantages to using
this selling space as the products are easily viewed bypassing customers. There are three sub-types of sellingon the ground, selling under a permanent shelter, sellingunder a temporary shelter and selling under a natural
shelter such as a tree.
Sellers only need to lay the products out forcustomers. By studying the sketch picture a comparision
can be made. There are many similarities between eachselling space. This type of selling style is very basic andits format is used in many countries (Fig.5).
ii) Selling on Step Floor
The main point of this set up is its height. Generally

the step is approximately fifty centimeters from theground floor for easy to interaction with their customers.
Therefore, in both countries they utilize the same
space. Sellers prefer to sit on the step floor because it
is comfortable (especially for more elderly people) andthey have good interaction with their customers (Fig.6).
iii) Sitting Area in Selling Space
There are two types; a sitting in area for the seller anda sitting area for customers. The sitting areas can beused for many activities such as eating, drinking andgeneral socializing. A sitting area space can be defineddifferently from other shops and stalls as they only haveselling space.
In Figure 7 shows two separate sitting zones at
the rear and front of the stall. The seats in the rear areusually reserved for the sellers. This space can be divided
into two zones; first is front area where foodstuffs areprepared and customers can order from the menu. The
second area is an eating area usually located at therear of the shop or stall with many tables. The sketch
comparison revealed that in Thailand more permanent
structures are created for food stalls and shops, they
employ more temporary shelters by connecting withanother tents to create a suitable eating space (Fig.7).
In Thailand the eating space is a semi-private space,customers are free to sit in the front and rear areas. However,in Japan they have a more temporary structure as this iseasy to pack and transport to different locations, therefore a
private space is required to operate the shop effectively.
iv) Selling in front of Shelf
This type of space is mostly used in flea market design
as it is far easier to communicate with the customer. The
seller usually stands beside the shelf and serve passing
customers. The front of the shop is almost always facing
the main customer corridor or path way.

Fig. 5 Selling on the GroundFig. 6 Selling on Step Floor©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

Ounchanum and Kimura

60

The sale of goods and services in this way is a
general and very common style used throughout theworld. This style can be further separated in three ways;
a public space in the front connecting to the customer
corridor, a semi-private area for selling products tocustomers and private area for owners to take care theirproducts (Fig.8). A close examination of the sketch
found that the space is very similar. However, threedifferences can be highlighted in the shape, the material
used and transportability of the Japanese structure.
3. Comparison Analysis between Two Countries
From the data analysis of both countries, a comparison
study has been conducted to find the similarities anddifferences. The similarities are the linkage ideas of flea
market design and the differences show an individual
cultural identity. The main purpose of this comparison
is to find similar traditional, transferable characteristics
from both countries and link the Pan-Asian idea of aselling space between Chiangmai and Kyoto.
3.1 Similarity
The data analysis of selling space revealed that thesimilarities were very apparent in both countries (Fig.9).
The selling space was divided similar to four groups
which are selling on the ground, selling on a step floor,a sitting area selling space, and selling in front of shelf.
The space inside can be further separated into three areas;a private area, a semi private area, and a public area.
The private area is reserved only for the owner to takecare of their products and severe products from inside thespace. The semi-private area is a connecting area between
sellers and buyers. This is a dynamic area where products
are sold and people can communicate freely. Markets
on the street around the world are characterized by theirlinear expansion on a side walk, in a street or vacant lot
and vendors sit or stand, selling from stalls, small portable
stands and pushcart (Tangires, 2008).
The similarities of selling space in Chiangmai and
Kyoto flea markets are same as general characteristics
because it is a common from that vendor can think ofaccumulated experience in the selling by a factor of
the creating different depending on the behavior andtype of products. Tangires (2008) collected illustrated
compendium of the public markets in the world, mostvendors in street markets stand or sit on the floor in theirstalls area. The selling of the step floor types foundedin Asia area such as Samarqand, Uzbekistan. Sitting
on the same stall level is comfort for handing of goods
and service to buyers. This selling space has been usedless because seller can place a few of products on thisplane. This format is identical to the traditional and mostelderly easily for this selling space.
3.2 Difference
Identity is the specific of the person, things or place
which has been extended to the specific properties thatmake them stand out or different from the other else canFig. 7 Sitting Area in Selling Space

Fig. 8 Selling in Front of Shelf

Fig. 9 The Similarity in Selling Space©International Society of Habitat Engineering and DesignIdentity of Selling Space in Flea Market

change according to context and times (Fuengfusakoon,2003). The differences between both of Chiangmai
and Kyoto flea markets are the identity of place which
specific only those countries. The differences between
the traditional characteristics form the comparative
analysis data can be defined in the four points as follows:
1) Approach and Flea Market Planning
Approach and flea market planning in Chiangmai
and Kyoto was different from the location. In case of
Tungfabod flea market was set up in ground outdoors
nearly the city which did not have system for planninglayout of flea market. Lay out was planned in a manyline perpendicular to the highway for easy to entrance.
They consider in facilitate buyer to many access in eachrow for through into all area. The planning was many
parallel line arrangements and the link between the rows
inside. In case of Kyoto flea markets was situated in
the temple or shrine which have to place in designate
area only or parallel to the street outside shrine (in caseof Tenjin San market). In the temples have main gate
entrance and Shrines have Torii gate (entrance gate of
Shinto shrine) for be a main approach for entrance tothese place and the pathway line from the main entrance
to the main building of the temple or shrine. Designatedarea for stalls or shops is side of this pathway and theopen space behind. This pathway makes approach andaccess point following the temples or shrine plan forworship in the sanctuary. This planning makes twodimension of space in one place which is relaxing
space and respect space for people walk to trough the
shopping area to destination of those places. Planningfor open space is grid system which easy to walk andcomfort for shopping. Thai flea markets rarely havea main approach like flea markets in Japan where thetemple building gate way is the main point of access.
Therefore the differences are main entrance. In Japan
there is a main gateway access into the flea market but
in Thailand the market sites are mainly open spaces withno main point of access. Entrance to a Thai market canbe made in many ways from the main adjacent road andthe walkway inside. They are generally not fixed and canfollow different straight and curved lines depending on
the internal stall planning.
2) Characteristic of Shop’s Roof
In Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets are many typesof shops and stall structures that use a range of different

61materials. These are similar shops such as instant tents
or canvas gable roofs but the difference points areassociated with the traditional roof shape and materials
used in construction of each country.
The traditional shop styles in Chiangmai are Hip
roof and Lean-to roof style (Fig.10). The Lean-to-roof
is generally traditional popular as it offers a clear viewfor both buyer and seller. Roof in front side is high fit tohuman level which can stand in front of shop and backside extends to the seat. The Hip roof style is a semi
permanent local structure and local traditional type. This
roof has a gable roof and eaves of the increase came in
the front. The selling space was created under these roofs
depend on favor of the seller. The material is base on
natural material such as wood for structure and banana
leaf for roof. There are a few shops in Chiangmai flea
markets because it is hard to maintain in long term but
it’s still popular for elderly due to the atmosphere andtraditional vernacular itself.
The difference shops in Kyoto flea markets with
Tungfabod market is the Katanagara Roof style(Fig.11). The main characteristic of this type of roof isits sloping back appearance. The space inside and under
the roof can accommodate between one to three shelves
depending on the roof size. Many shops with this style
look the same however subtle differences in shelf design
and material structure can make them more unique.
The shelf design itself can be engineered in many ways
depending on the products and sellers creativity.
In Japan they employ many kinds of materials mix
use in their shops for create a unique personal design
such as bamboo, wood, canvas, fabric, rope and iron.
The Katanagara roof style is a good example of mixedmaterials. Canvass can be stretched across a bamboo
or steel structure to form the roof and ropes are used tobind and secure the structure to other shops or buildings.

Fig. 10 Traditional Thai Roof

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Ounchanum and Kimura

Almost all sellers in Japan sit or stand at the rear of thesestructures. Some stalls are made with Bamboo to giveit a more authentic traditional local feeling. However,the use of bamboo means the structure has a shorter life
span. Material selections of these two countries are notdifferent because it is conventional material and natural
materials such as wood or bamboo are local market
which can found in any place only use to make the local
or traditional atmosphere. The difference part is the shapeof the roof can divide the character of each country.
3) The Placement of shops
The placements of shops in both counties are line on side of
the walkway along the path following the planning of eachmarket. The difference is physical connection of the shop next
to each other which in Chiangmai has it more than Kyoto.
A physical link between the shops in Chiangmai flea
market is the binding canvas and large umbrellas between
shops for cover the walkway, the shade from canvas canprevent to Thai climate which is hot and rainy. The canvas
is easy to construct and store away in a car or truck formove to another many times a week. Shelves can also be
erected underneath (Fig. 12).
The areas management within the Kyoto flea market
was quite strict. Vendors did not interfere with other area
shops and positioned clearly divided into only their own
area. Tents make up 50 percent of all market stalls as
they are easy to construct and transport to and from themarket. A lot of tents were arranged in an order manner(Fig.13) and clearly distinguish the areas which makeFig. 11 Traditional Japanese Roof
(Katanagare Roof)

Fig. 12 Connecting of Shops in Thai Flea Market

shops separated into group base on the intersection of the
walkway in the flea markets.
A tent is the most popular used materials in bothcountries are easy to transport and construct. The sameideas are used but in a different form when connecting
one stall to another. In Japan a flea market shop usually
stands apart from other stalls, they don’t hang anythingor connect to each other. The tents are used in Chiangmai
flea market as well but from the binding canvas and large
umbrellas between shops make the connection of shops
and more unity in physical view. However in comparison
with the Thai flea market, Japanese markets are clean andorderly managed.
Another difference style with Chiangmai flea market
is selling space under the building. This type of sellingspace can be found at the Chion-ji temple flea market.
This is very similar to that of selling with a shelf only.
However this type uses an existing permanent building
or structure such as a temple or shrine. Many temples
and shrines have covered areas with beautifully craftedarchitecture; this can provide an interesting selling
environment for customers. The selling space under asub-building is better than selling under a main building
because one can hang products on display from structures
or walls. In Thailand however, there are usually no substructures to set up selling spaces. Most flea markets arelayout in open plan spaces. Thai sellers will generallybuild their own shop and stall to display products.
4) Element of Cultural Japanese Identity

Fig. 13 Stand Alone Shops in Japan Flea Market

Fig. 14 Native Language on Signboard andGames Shops©International Society of Habitat Engineering and DesignIdentity of Selling Space in Flea Market

Identity on the part of Japanese culture is also presented in
the physical form and supporting to activity inside Kyoto
flea markets. In the physical from is Japanese on thesignboard or decorations shop which every countries havenative language for represent their identity and easy tocommunicate to people same nation as Japan. Signboards
displaying local or national language can act as a great
advertisement for a product or service (Fig. 14 Left). Most
signboard in front of shops sell foodstuff for easy to see
and attract to customers.
There’re some shops supports to recreation activity as
shops for local games and many toys. The shelves in kids
stalls are generally lower fit to kids scale so that children
can easily view, touch and play games (Fig.14 Right).
Sellers created more shelf step designs for with more
space to display their products on. Japanese sellers pay
particular attention to the layout of their products, as theywish to have the most attractive displays.
The difference is the identity of each country which canpromoted and maintained in the other flea markets in theircountries. At present we are faced with the problem that
townhouses of Kyoto have gone though and there are very
few really old example still remain (Masafumi,1994) sameas traditional flea markets in Kyoto which this paper can be
guideline for conserve the identity for remain for learningand understand traditional and local style of selling space.
4. Conclusion
Following the main propose of this research was two
topics which are find 1) the identity of selling spacein each country for promoting and conservation 2) the
linkage of selling space between Chiangmai and Kyoto
flea markets to reveal a Pan-Asian linkage of ideas,
traditional characteristics and the preservation of culture
and the guideline for flea market design can be derived
from the similarity in the linking of Asian market ideas
and the different characteristics of selling space between
Thailand and Japan.
4.1 The Identity of Selling Space in Each Country
All of this identity was derived from comparison between
Tungfabod flea market, and Kyoto flea markets, Japan
with the separation of the differences. From the differences
data analysis, identity can divide into two areas which arephysical space and social space follows in the study ofspace-oriented anthropology divided in three levels which
are physical space, social space and Metaphysic space

63(Shirley, 1997) but in this research did not investigate
in metaphysic space. The identities in physical space inboth cases are about the planning, shop roofs and theplacement of shops. The planning of flea markets was set
up for support the selling and buying activity as lines in a
row and can connect together inside. Shop roofs has been
copied styles from past to presents and the placement of
shops was depended on the climate and non interferencewith other area. The selling plan is created by the context
of place. Additionally the Japanese and Thai climatesvary greatly and structures are built differently to protect
against different types of weather. All these uncontrollable
factors also help to differentiate the two market types.
In case of Tungfabod flea markets was planned foreasy to access inside from the location. Shop roofs wascreated by copying from the historical and learning inclimate and environment to built following people in thepast which make wind and shade for prevent hot andrainy climate in Thailand. Kyoto flea markets were set in
the temple of shrine for people can respect to these place
and promote tourism as well. The shop roofs as the reason
same with Tungfabod flea market that learnt to copy fromthe past for applied into present times. The placement of
shops did not interfere with the other shops which didn’t
same as Thailand that use canvas to connect between shops
or place some goods in shop nearby which are kindness ofThai people. The identities of social in Kyoto flea markets
are recreation place which support relaxing activity in
any ages such as game shops for kids and foodstuff shops
for eating and make relationship to each other same as
Tungfabod flea markets is a local coffee shop for be ameeting place for all ages. It appears that the market placedoes not perform a single function, rather a space thatchanges according to spatial, social and economic needs,
similar to the idea of vernacular environment found in theliterature (Oranratmanee, 2009).The differences of their
Identity of selling space are apparent and are specificallyderived from their location of flea markets, climate andindividual cultures. The identities have changed and havebeen developed from generation to generation, and thehistory of market culture is still kept alive through family
participation and social preservation.
4.2 The Linkage of Selling Space between Chiangmai
and Kyoto Flea Markets
From analysis data of two countries found there aremostly similar to each other and seem similar to any©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

64

Ounchanum and Kimuracountries in the world (Tangires, 2008) because sellingspace was found are the basis idea of created space forselling such as stand or sit on the ground or front of thestalls which anyone can think of it. The physical of their
shops, elements of products under their culture make themdifference from each other. The linkage of Tungfabod andKyoto flea markets which difference from another country
in the world is the selling on the step floor. This type foundonly in these two countries from data analysis.
In environmental design the concepts and ideas about
the place is the valuable input for design. Rapoport (2006)
states that most design based on vernacular usually brings
only key characteristics directly to new design; merely heconsiders it a copying process. He suggests that vernacularshould be analyzed to generalize the ideas to principles anddesign mechanisms.
The similarity was from a similar context and copingfrom one place to another place as from country to anothercountry in same continent. This pattern is one case ofsimilarity in the Chiangmai and Kyoto flea markets thatare not common in other countries which cannot befound in the general market. The similarity is a linkage
characteristic of both countries which are the selling on
the step, It was created for support their selling behavior
and present their goods to buying. This selling space typecan develop to use in both countries which support to Asia
cultural. The use of natural materials in both countries isinteresting and the similarities of use are very apparent.
Overall both countries share similar market characteristics
that can be closely related to each other. The similarity is
the selling space which has been created by the behaviorof owner selling their own products in selected shopand stalls. The main factor of creating a selling space isbehavior of seller, buyer and products of shops. There
are a vast amount of products. The selling space and its
suitability can also vary greatly depending on the productor service being offered. The behaviors of the local society
and lifestyle can make selling space inherently different.
The products on display in both countries are of a similar
type. Therefore the discovery of similar products, sellingspaces and general human behavior in Japan and Thailand
suggests there are many common Asian attributes.
The researchers are hoped that all of the similarities
and differences analyzed in flea markets from Chiangmai
and Kyoto offer new scope and guidelines for flea market
design. This research based knowledge and information

about traditional characteristics from both countries canideally improve and develop flea markets, to be more
flexible and conserve the character of each country throughtime and change.
Acknowledgement
Pandin Ounchanum deeply like to thank Professor Masao
Furuyama for encouraging and advising the knowledge
and thanks to the Japanese Government Scholarship forthis study and Mr. Mark Lewis for review English writing.
References
Fuengfusakoon, A. (2003). Identity. Bangkok: Thailand,
National Research Council Committee, the field ofsociology. The National Research Council of Thailand.
Masafumi, Y. (1994). Kyoto: its cityscape traditions andheritage. Tokyo, Japan: Process Architecture Co.
Nimmanhaeminda, K. (2009). Encyclopedia of Northern
Thai culture, Book 1: Bangkok: Community Foundationof Thai culture, The Siam Commercial Bank.
Oliver, P. (1997). Encyclopedia of vernaculararchitecture of the world. Cambridge, New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Oranratmanee, R. (2009). Vernacular Architecture:
Education, Research and Practice. In Faculty ofArchitecture KMITL Journal, Bangkok.
Ounchanum, P. (2009). Promoting Vernacular Identityof Tungfabod Cattle Market for Community Tourism.
Published Master’s Thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai
University.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built
Environment. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Rapoport, A. (2006). Vernacular Design. In Vellinga, M.
and Asquith, L. (Eds) Vernacular Architecture in the
Twenty-First Century. London: TJ International.
Shinichi, A. and Masakazu, N. (2003). The Study of the
Characteristics and Issues in the Flea-Markets Impact
on Community Revitalization in the Precincts. Journalof the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture,
Vol. 66 No. 5, 789-794.
Shirley, A. (1997). Women and Space: ground rules andsocial maps. Oxford, New York: Berg Publishers.
Tangires, H. (2008) Public Markets (Library of Congress
Visual Sourcebooks). London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Theodore, M. (2003). Flea Markets of Japan. Tokyo,
Japan: Kodansha International Ltd.

©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design 2013
Volume 5, Number 1, 27 – 39
Original Article

The Overflow of Selling Space: a Comparative Study between Kad Luang,
Chiangmai, Thailand and Nishiki, Kyoto, Japan
Pandin OUNCHANUM

Ph.D. Candidate, Design Science Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute ofTechnology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 JAPAN; pandin.oun@gmail.com

Hiroaki KIMURA

Professor, Division of Architectural Design, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute ofTechnology
This paper explores the overflow of selling space through a comparative study between Kad Luang market, Chiangmai, Thailand
and Nishiki market, Kyoto, Japan to understand selling space in local markets which support daily life and tourists. The similarity
is the linkage of selling space which is the structure of street markets which consists of shophouses, pavement in front of shops
and on the street. Shops set up in front of shops with stall stores full of front shop, make corridor in shop and have sitting spaceinside. The difference in the overflow of selling space derives from different plans. Kad Luang is a group of free-form plans which
are complicated but Nishiki has a straight grid plan. The overflow of selling space in Kad Luang extends on pavement and somelanes on streets to put rental shops on and separate fit area for walking, but Nishiki brings their stall overflow out of their shop areaon the pavement in the distance does not interfere with the walking area. The density of overflow make active atmosphere. Thisknowledge will help understand the characteristics of markets which can be applied to be used for tourism and community daily
life.

Keywords: Overflow of selling space, Thai Market, Japan Market, Kad Luang Market, Nishiki Market
1. Introduction
1.1 Market background in Thailand and Japan
A market is a place for selling and buying foods
and goods for over a hundred years in all communities.
The first markets were set up as appointed places forexchange and developed into permanent places foreveryday life following the development of the cities.
In Thailand, A.D. 1250, when Sukhothai was thecapital, was main markets and flea markets were foundedin the north of the city, and minor markets spread insideand outside the city mainly to sell agricultural products.
The selling place was a temporary shop which was madeof local materials and goods were laid on the floor for
selling. After that in A.D.1350, the capital was moved
to Ayutthaya, which was the new centre of the kingdom
in strategic and economic aspects. The landscape wasopen fields and had rivers around the city which wasgood for agriculture all-year-round and easy for suitablecommerce with European and Chinese merchants bytrade boat. The places appropriate for trade made thebig market for the river market, onland market andshophouses (Chivakul, 1982). There are many kindsof markets in Thailand such as fresh markets, rivermarkets, onland markets and flea markets which arelocated in different areas of the country. Thai markets
are important daily-life places for social activities which
is not meant for selling and buying but for recreation andcommunication with people in communities.
In Japan, A.D.794, Kyoto was the capital of Japanin the Heian period which new city was established
on a grid pattern of newly-constructed streets in thecentre of a basin to the northeast. The buildings wereorderly lined up with their ridges parallel to the street
and the entrances were at the sides of the buildings.
Shop buildings’ planning was arranged in rows which
followed the grid line of the city plan. In the end of the
Muromachi period (1568 -1600), in the case of houses
which were selling goods, there was a display shelf
fixed at the foot of such openings. The selling area wasan open space in any side which faced the streets. On
the streets, there were sellers with stalls selling theirproducts by walking along the streets. Sellers carriedstalls on their shoulders and put the stalls down whencommunicating with buyers. The streetscapes of Kyoto

ISSN: 2186-6503©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

Ounchanum and Kimura

28

had become standardized to Edo (Tokyo) about the
middle of the nineteenth century (Masafumi, 1994).
From the city planning, most of Japanese markets weremade to be street markets with shophouses parallel to thestreet and placed in rows along the street.
Both countries developed in different directions,according to the way of life, topography, climate andthe influence of international trade within the country
which are different from each other. Few markets inboth countries could conserve their characteristics fromchange through the times.
1.2 Chiangmai markets
Chiangmai is the biggest province in the north ofThailand and was the centre of the biggest Kingdom
called the “Lanna Kingdom” for 700 hundred years. The
Chiangmai market, in the past, was set up near the maincity gate early every morning. Villagers brought theirgoods and agriculture products and sold on either sideof the street. The backside of the village was stalls ofmerchants from China and Myanmar (Tiengmit, 2002).
The market has developed significantly in building up apermanent change with age but varies according to thegrowth of the city. There is a wide variety of buildingsin the market which can be divided into two groups. The
first group is the permanent building in Fig. 1 which is
the main building market for selling fresh foods inside.

Fig. 1 Main Building of Market

The second group in Fig. 2 is temporary shops which arenear the main building such as big tent markets, sheltersand shopping carts, and some of them set up sellingareas on the street or footpath.
Chiangmai markets have many sizes for supporting
their areas and communities. The plan of Chiangmai
markets can be divided into three groups as shown in
Fig. 3 according to the size of the market and connection
between the buildings in the markets as follows:
1.2.1 Houses around market
This group is a small-type market for supporting theircommunities or local people. There are just the mainbuilding located around a grouping of houses and divide
the area for selling goods in kind of concrete stall in gridline plan.
1.2.2 Townhouses around market
The main building of the market was located in
the middle of the townhouses. Townhouses around themarket sell different products within a specific market.
Some of the new markets open the front of the market toconnect to the main street for ease to see and to accessinside. The shopping carts are located in front of themarket in the open space and easy to move and park near
the foot path area. This group is the biggest type and size
depends on the area of each market.

Fig. 2 Temporary Shops

Fig. 3 Group of Chiangmai Markets Plan
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The Overflow of Selling Space

1.2.3 Parallel to the street
This type does not have a main building for selling
goods inside. This type is many temporary shelter shops
which are placed near and parallel to the street and use
the street area to set their shops on public area. The
purpose is to support the local people for only fresh
goods and foods for everyday life.
1.3 Kyoto markets
Kyoto is the former capital of Japan. The citylayout was geometrically composed of multiple unit andgrid patterns. From the city plan, street markets withshophouses parallel to the street are placed in rows.
Now Kyoto has few markets because of the expansionof supermarkets that are more convenient and locatedaround the area. Kyoto markets do not have a mainbuilding like Chiangmai markets but there are many
shophouses which line up parallel to both sides of thestreet and open the front area of every shop. In Fig. 4 isDemachiyanagi market which shows a Kyoto market’s
atmosphere which is a street market type which built
up the roof covers the whole street to become an arcade
street for convenience to shop by protection against rain
and sunlight.

Fig. 4 Demachiyanagi Market, Kyoto
The market planning can be divided into two
types according to the grid city planning which are
horizontal plans and vertical plans show in Fig. 5. The
difference between these two types is only the directionof planning, but the elements of the market are the sameas arcade and shophouse. The width of the street is fixedwhich is around four to six meters but various lengths
following the size of the communities.

29

Fig. 5 Horizontal and Vertical Market Plan
1.4 Research purpose
The purpose of this research is to understandthe overflow of selling space in Thailand and Japanand the characteristics which can be kept through thepresent time in the old city of the two countries which
Chiangmai is the old kingdom in northern Thailand
for 700 years and Kyoto is the old capital city ofJapan for 1,200 years. The main aim of this study is tounderstand the overflow of selling space in Thai andJapanese markets which have developed in different
ways and offer to the community and tourists equally.
This research aims to find and compare the identity of allexisting markets case study by use of the environment
design concept. Rapoport (1990) said environment is therelationship between environmental context with human,
human with human and human with object which has
structure under culture and life style of their place. This
concept of environmental design was used as guidelines
in data collection in this method. The objectives are
as follows: 1) to investigate the selling space in Thaiand Japanese markets from past to present times, 2) toanalyze the similarities and differences in selling spacefrom both cases and 3) to explain the overflow of sellingspace in each country and the linkage of selling space inboth countries. This knowledge will help understandingof the characteristics of markets which can be applied
to be used for tourism and community daily life in thepresent time and the future.
1.5 Previous Study
The market and shophouses around have streetsaround them and the streets are for public use. The
overflow of selling space was set up in the area in frontof their shops on the footpath. It is the characteristic of
the street markets with linear expansion on a sidewalk
and vendors sit or stand, selling from stalls, small
portable stands, and pushcarts (Helen, 2008). Howard©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

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Ounchanum and Kimura(2012) talked about the opening of shops to the street inany public space which depends on its exposure to thestreet for its success, open it up, with a fully opening
wall that can be thrown wide open, and if it is possible,
include some part of the activity on the far side of thepedestrian path, so that it actually straddles the path, andpeople walk through it while walking along the path.
In the past Chiangmai’s vendors set up their local stalls
and sat to sell their products on the street next to frontof the shophouse (Apavatjrut and Apavatjrut, 2004).
Nishiki markets started from fish markets which had
many fish pushcarts to load their fish into their shops andpark in front of the shops (Durston, 1986) that make theoverflow space into public area by pushcarts and shelves.
The overflow of selling space on the street or foot pathoccur in the street markets which depend on the distanceof the each market from past to present.
2. Site selection
The case study for this research chose the historicalmarkets in Thailand and Japan which are in old cities, tostudy the development of traditional characteristics fromformer times until the present time.
“Kad Luang Market” is the oldest market in
Chiangmai at a hundred years in northern Thailand.
“Kad” means market and “Luang” means big so thisname relates to the big scale of the market that includes
three markets, i.e., Warorot market, Ton Lumyai market
and Nawarat market, together in the same area. This
market is the centre market of Chiangmai because thereis every type of local goods, products and fresh foods forsupporting local people and tourists.
“Nishiki Market” is four hundred years old and is
one of Kyoto’s most prosperous market arcades street(The Kyoto Shimbun Project Development Co., Ltd.,
2010). There is a 390- meter long narrow shopping street
located on a road one block north and parallel to Shijo
Street. Along both sides of the five meter-wide road line
about 126 shops and stalls selling traditional Japanese
foods, ingredients and other novelties. The first store (fishstore) opened as early as A.D. 1311. In the Edo period(16th century), Nishiki became a prosperous fish market
with several wholesale fish stores operating. Later, themarket shifted from wholesale to retail sale, and stores
selling items other than seafood opened, too. Nowadays,
many tourists visit Nishiki market (Takafumi et al.,2009).
3. Comparison analysis between the two markets
The comparison analysis between Kad Laung andNishiki markets analyzed the organization of sellingspace from the planning scale to the front of shops scale.
3.1 Planning
3.1.1 Development of Kad Luang planning
A hundred years ago (around 1912), Warorot market(in the left side of Fig. 6), was built up first near theMae Ping River by a rich family in Chiangmai and Ton
Lumyai market (in the right side of Fig. 6) was built
afterward, that is Kad Luang at the present day. Warorot
market was popular and bigger than the others. In the
beginning, selling space was open space with market
women bringing their local stalls and sitting all over
the area. Later, the governor at that time developed themarket by building wood shophouses around the mainmarket hall to rent area for selling.
In 1949, the main market hall was developed into a
concrete building and designed in a long span to makea big open space inside and divide permanent stallsfor vendors to rent the area. In 1968, Kad Luang (bothmarkets) caught on fire. Most of the shophouses wereburnt because of wood materials. The main market hall
was redesigned to saw-tooth roof for taking sunlightthrough to the inside of the building (Apavatjrut &Apavatjrut, 2004). Fig. 7 shows that Kad Luang market
in 2012 had expanded selling space coverage in all areas
such as the main hall, shophouses around the main hall,on pavement in front of shophouses and temporary tents
in open space. All of these selling spaces are connected
together by the trade between the adjacent areas.

Fig. 6 Kad Luang Market Plan in 1912

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The Overflow of Selling Space

Fig. 7 Kad Luang Market Plan in 2012
3.1.2 Development of Nishiki planning
Planning of Nishiki market followed from thepast which is a narrow street market compressedwith shophouses in between. The Kyoto city layout
was geometrically composed of multiple of units,
forming larger and larger blocks (Löfgren, 2003). Fig.
8 shows that in the past the city layout was separated
in big rectangular blocks and it was divided in the
middle of the blocks for disperse streets inside. Everyshophouse faces the street which gives easy entrance andcommunication. The area of Nishiki market is only one
narrow street with shophouses face to face with opposite
shophouses with the street in the middle. System of planlayout in Japan was following in the tatami (a tightlypacked stiff rice straw mat) method which was subject
to the structural system of the room enclosures (Engel,1985). The planning of the shophouses was set up fromtatami mat size to the layout plan of each house. The
measurement of shophouses can show the scale of plan
near to tatami mat size plan.

Fig. 8 Nishiki Market Plan in 201231

The planning of both markets was developed indifferent ways. Kad Luang market was expanded andthe density of the selling space was more than at the
beginning. It does not have clear boundaries but thecentre of Kad Luang market, which is in between
Warorot market and Ton Lumyai market, is known. The
market did not have a clear management plan initially.
Since the establishment of Warorot market and Ton
Lumyai market, there has been an open space and then amarket building was built on this area. The developmentof the townhouse building was set up around the market
and the street around them. Following this cause the
Kad Luang area to become a group of free- form plans.
But the Nishiki market had a straight grid plan whichis placed from the east to the west side. The plan was
following the grid line city plan of Kyoto city. The
shophouses are arranged facing each other and have a
street in the middle of both sides. Both markets havedevelopment of planning in different ways. Kad Luang
market did not take into account the rules in the planningand the market grew up on the expansion of sellingspace in a wider area while Nishiki market had a clear
plan which has not been modified from the past becauseof strong planning of the city that cannot change because
it would impact the overall city plan. The elements ofbuildings in both markets have similar building types
which is townhouses in Chiangmai and shophouses
in Kyoto. They have the same function as each other,which is selling space on the first floor and second floor
for storage or some building have people living there.
But in Kad Luang market, there are more building types
which are the market building hall, temporary tents andshopping carts. Kad Luang market is more complicatedthan Nishiki market because many types of selling spaceis included in one place and connected to each other,but Nishiki market is cleaner, clear and can manage
area inside the market. The main reason comes fromthe planning. Nishiki market only covers the street withshophouse buildings but Kad Luang market includes
three markets and a market building hall in the middle
and townhouses cover them and streets cover one morelayer. From this, it is can be seen that Kad Luang has aconnection of more layers of selling space than Nishiki
market.
3.2 Selling Space
Both markets have similarities and differences of©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

32

Ounchanum and Kimura

Fig. 9 Selling Space Type in Kad Luang Market
selling space types because of the planning which makes
the building type different from each other.
3.2.1 Selling space in Kad Luang market
The total area of selling space in Kad Luang market
does not cover only the main hall of Warorot andTon Lumyai markets but also surrounding shophousebuildings, space on the sidewalk and many alleys. Eachof the areas has selling space in different way to present
their goods for buyers. Fig. 9 shows the divided sellingspace in Kad Luang market which can be divided into
three groups which are as follows:a) Market main hall building
After a great fire in 1968, Warorot and Tom Lumyai
market had to build a three-floor high townhouse building
around the market building and between the townhouses.
The market building was set at six meters for be a buffer
against fire. The market buildings were designed to havea big open space in the middle with a saw-tooth roof forsunlight to enter into the middle court of the building.
The first floor is divided into trading area by grid line
planning and the concrete pedestal 4x3 meters per block
which shares both sides for rental. The second floor isfor selling clothes by dividing each block for one owner.
The walk way is just in front of shops to connect to thebuilding which surrounds the market and there are many
temporary stall shops set up of the footpath for publicuse.
b) Townhouse around market
In the beginning, buildings around the markets were
two-floor wood shophouse buildings for supporting
the development of the selling area in Kad Luang area.
After the big burn, the shophouses were rebuilt tobecome three-floor concrete townhouse building types
for more durable strength and by the modern periods.

The townhouse building types are located around thefour sides of Warorot market, but Ton Lumyai market
has three sides because in the east side is a car-parkbuilding. The selling area is just only the first floor andopens all of the front shop for giving a welcome to thecustomers. Second and upper floors are for storage areaand few buildings allow people to live in them. Buildingon the west side of the Warorot market building opens
the front and back side of the first floor to get customers
from both inside the market and the street view. Eachshop does not pay attention to the decoration but tries
to emphasize the products so customers can see theproducts clearly and correctly. The varieties of productsin every shop are diversified but do not have local
character in architecture.
c) Arcade in between market and townhouse
The free space between the market building andtownhouses was set to block fire if it caught on fire, but
the market was developing and expanding its area by
opening more area for rental shops and making a roof tocover this area to become like an arcade. Those rental
shops are 1x2 meters temporary shops which are placedin the middle of the walkway that makes walkway
around 1.2 meters narrow. There are two types of rental
shops, which are block rental shops and stall shops.
Block shops are more permanent retail shops including
roof and door locks to keep their product inside but
the stall shops are just only stalls for selling and store
products under the stalls. The arcade of stalls makes
open a wider area than permanent retail shops because
the highest stall shops make a bigger volume than othertypes.
3.2.2 Selling space in Nishiki Market
Nishiki market is a kind of street market
characterized by its linear expansion side walk (Tangires,©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

The Overflow of Selling Space

33

Fig. 10 Selling Space Type in Nishiki Market2008). The shophouses open their front of shops spaceand slide their shelves in the walkway for around fifty
centimeters to have interaction with custumers andthe second floor is for storage. There are a variety ofshophouses which are wooden and concrete structures.
The decoration of the shops depends on the owners’
purpose to present their products such as traditional
Japanese style and contemporary façade by decorating
to suit with their product. The selling space in the frontof shops to trade and attract customers can be divided
into four types: (Fig. 10) 1) stall stores full of front shop;
organizes all areas to the front to reduce the distance
between the merchant and the buyer, and make trading
easy by placing the item between them. Some shops do
not have too much area to show their products inside. 2)
Corridor in the shop; separates the area inside the shop
by making a corridor to see products on the shelves.
There are so many products for offering to customers
that just front of shops cannot show all of them. 3)
Selling space inside; have more open space inside thansecond type. They can organize the area for circulation.
The counter was set up in the back or some were locatedin front of the store so it is easier to get money from
customers. And 4) the seating area inside is the kind offood shops and restaurants which set a dining area inside
the shop for eating their products. Some shops set sittingarea in front of the shop due to having less space. Most
shops set the selling area near the front side because

Nishiki market has a narrow street (around four meters)
for walking two ways is easier to show products tocustomers when they walk through their shops.
The main area of selling space in shops of both markets
is at the front side of the shops which connects the
pavement for people to walk in the public area. It iseasy to contact and communicate with customers when
they walk through the front side. Sellers have to arrange
their front side to be attractive and suitable for showing
their products and goods. The selling space is similar inboth countries because there is a general organization
on selling in every country; stall stores full of front
shop, corridor in the shop, selling space inside and theseating area inside. The different point is the displaying
and storaging which in Kad Luang market try to show
their products as much as they can, but Nishiki market
chooses products for showing and attract customers andstoraging in the back of shops or upper floors. Because
Nishiki market is rather narrow, the customers have lesstime to see the goods and products in front of the shops
when they walk through their shops. But in the case of
Kad Luang market, there are many streets and kinds ofgoods and products. Shops do not have to arrange theirarea too much if compared to Nishiki market because
most customers who come to Kad Luang market havetarget shops and select their products inside, so shops
have to show every product for customers to choose.

©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

34

Ounchanum and Kimura

4. Overflow of Selling Space
The previous study said overflow of selling spaceon the street (Helen, 2008) is the general expansionof selling space at the front of shophouses by strongly
extending their shelves to the street or footpath area toincrease area to business and to get close to customers
in the public area. The expansion of the shops makes
overflow of selling space which does not interfere withthe walking area on public area and each market has
different overflow distances. Howard (2012) said in thefront of shophouses there are many small units withnarrow frontages with direct connection to the street of
public realm that is strongly connected to the street. This
allows for economic independence of units or buildings
and for many buildings together on the same street. The
overflow of selling space on the footpath or on the street
can help to create an active atmosphere. Thai shophouses
extend to sell their goods on the footpath which makes
them privately owned but actually for public use.
Japanese shophouses know their border for extending
their shelves into public area which does not disturb thewalking route. Data collection of the overflow space inboth markets shows different distances which depend on
various factors of each location and their context.
4.1 Overflow of selling space in Kad Luang market
The distinctive point of Kad Luang market is theselling area in front of shophouses which are aroundthe main market buildings. These areas are linked by
footpath in front of their shops. These footpaths are forpublic use, but shops bring their shelves to expand fromtheir shops and on the other side of the footpath wasan area for the other shops to rent. The footpath was ashared area to become a business area and was left for
only one way route. The pavement is the connection area
between the street and the building which is a publicarea of the city. For Kad Luang market, it does not
function as only a walkway but becomes a selling spacefor some shops next to the pavement and a set area of
temporary rental shops. The pavement was a separated
space for walking space in the middle and selling spaceis in front of shops and next to the street. This area isoverflow selling space which is caused by the expansionof the market for commercial space on the pavement.
The overflow of selling space on the pavement can bedivided into three types (see Fig. 11): a) selling only
front of shops, b) selling in front of shops and near thestreet with the fence between and c) selling on the street.
a) the selling only front of shops expands only in front of
their area because they left a footpath area to walk andin the other side of the footpath doesn’t have a fence toblock the street. If some shelves were set up for sellingin those areas, walking will be danger. b) The sellingin front of shops and the other side close to the fence isoverflow of selling space in both edges of the footpath
and leaves a fit space in the middle for two-way walking.
The market uses the free space on the footpath as muchas possible for business because on the other side offront shops there is a fence which can set area for sellingFig. 11 Type of Overflows Selling Space in Kad Luang Market©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

The Overflow of Selling Spaceand is not dangerous for people but walk in congestion.
c) The selling on the street set area is on the side of theroad. These are the temporary shops and do not have
many shelves or goods. They can set their shelves onthese areas because the local taxi is a buffer from traffic
on the street by taking one to two lanes to become a taxi
stop station and park their car to wait customers. The
overflow space does not occur only in selling space but
also happens in the overflow of local taxi parking on thestreet for public use. Fig. 12 shows the section a-a of therelationship between shophouses and the overflow ofselling space and the above footpath space which show
location in Fig. 7. The overflow space in Kad Luang canbe divided into two kinds, which are overflow of sellingspace on the footpath and overflow of local taxi parking
on the street which makes overflow of selling space on
the street between. The overflow of selling space on thefootpath expands on both sides which do not use all thearea of the footpath but every shop sets visible lines forthe border of the overflow area. Kad Luang market’s
footpath width is around three meters and it was left
around one meter for walking which is the minimal
distance for one- way walking. The space organizationof shops recognizes the distance for expansion of
the shelves without disturbing people walking on thefootpath. The right picture in Fig. 11 shows the sellingon the street in night time, there is a change of sellingspace from the day time. For the night time, stall shops
are not the same shops as the day time and sell products

35

to eat and accessories which make a recreational area forwalking without sunlight in the day time.
The selling area was extended to sell their products one
more line on the street. The temporary stall shops andshop carts set up their selling areas on the street in two
ways; selling on the main entrance street which uses
two-three meters from the pavement and on the mainstreet in the middle of two markets which set an area forthree lanes and left only one lane for driving. The circles
in the Fig. 11 are umbrellas to prevent sunlight and dew
at night and there can make the own space boundary ofeach shops. The street is a public area for vehicles but
was changed to become a recreational area and businessat night by overflow of stall shops.
4.2 Overflow of selling space in Nishiki market
In fact, the selling space of each shop must be
confined only in their shops’ area and do not interferewith public access of the pavement in the middle of themarket. However, every shop brings their stall overflow
out of their shop area on the pavement to a distance that
does not interfere with the walking area (Fig. 14). The
seller knows the distance limit of overflow space fromtheir sense of the brick pattern on the street and cannot
poach in the public area. The overflow space was set up
following each purpose of each seller. Some over all ofstall front of shop or over some stall in the left, right orboth sides of shops and open middle area for walking
through into the shops area.
Fig. 13 shows the section b-b of Nishiki market and theFig. 12 Section of Overflows Selling Space in Kad Luang Market©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

36

Ounchanum and Kimura

Fig. 13 Section of Overflows Selling Space in Nishiki and Table Comparison of OFS

Fig. 14 Plan of Overflows Selling Space in Nishiki Market
location of this section can be seen in Fig. 8. This section
shows the overflow of shop stalls and area above that has
the sign shop, decorative of shops and roof to the market
environment and a holistic approach. The characteristicof Nishiki market is a street market in which shophousesalign themselves parallel to the street on both sides.
This street was used to walk in day time and for vehicles
to ship products in their shops in early morning and atnight. The shops slide their shelves out from the front
out on the street when they open their shops. Shophouses
on both sides of the street extend their shelves in the
distance that does not disturb people walking in two
ways and they consider the space above people’s headto show their cultural decorative and tent roofs which

are over the highest human around 180 centimeters thatpeople can walk through it and can make the boundaryof their shops.
Changing of selling space in festival day
Nishiki market is open from early morning andevery shop closes around seven o’clock at night(Durston, 1986). At the close times, few people walkthrough this street and some cars of the owner shops
use this time for driving in and loading their products
into their shops. In the most important festival in Kyoto,
which is Gion Festival held on 14th-17th July in every
year and on 14th-16th July, there are night stalls selling
foods on Kawaramashi Street near Nishiki market.

©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

The Overflow of Selling Space

Fig. 15 Changing of Overflows Selling Space
People can walk through Nishiki market and some foodshops open their shops for customers. Their shops takespace overflow on the middle street more than day times
for half the distance of the street because people do not
use this street at night and during festival periods. The
selling space expands only on special days and is notconsidered public space. Shops brought portable tableson the street just in front of their shops and in front of
shops next to their shops which were closed already(Fig. 15). The overflow of selling space is flexible anddepends on selling times and consideration to the publicarea, people and nearby shops to exist together.
4.3 The difference of overflow of selling space between
both markets
The pavement around Kad Luang market and streetof Nishiki market is public area for walking, and it isan area in front of every shop. In selling time, shops
bring stalls or shelves to put over the shop area on thatpavement for more attraction for customers. Shops inNishiki market do not bring out many stalls becauseof the narrow street and shops are arranged along bothsides of the street. It will disturb the walking area andother shops. But in the case of the pavement, Kad Luang
market has just along one side of the building along it

37that makes much free space on the pavement. This area
can be divided into three parts which are overflow areaof shops near the front of the shops, walk way in the
middle of the pavement and temporary rental shops near
the street. In the middle street of Kad Luang market,
temporary shops are set up on the street area, which isnear the pavement for one lane because that area has tobecome a parking area for the Chiangmai taxi terminaland service cars. People can walk and sell their goods
because those taxis are a buffer for the people. At night,
this market allows to set up temporary shops on thestreet to become night market street. Nishiki market
overflow space will just take place in festivals of specialdays at night. Kad Luang market needs to use all spacefor selling space as much as possible. Overflow ofselling space is not over only in shelves but also to theroof over the front of shops. Nishiki market’s purpose is
to make an atmosphere of a market even if there is a big
roof cover as a arcade while Kad Luang market makes
roofs for protection against sunlight and rain. This roof
can retract in good weather and for ventilation. The
wideness of the street makes overflow of selling space infront of shops unequal size, and Nishiki market uses lessoverflow of selling than Kad Luang market.
Fig. 13 has a table to show the comparison in
overflow of selling space which is a calculated ratio
between the overflow of shelves and area that wasleft for walking on the footpath or street. Kad Luang
market’s footpath is around three meters and left around
one meter to walk and shops extend their shelves onboth sides of the footpath. The overflows of selling space
are around 0.75/3 and 0.6/3 of footpath distance andfree space to walk is around 1.25/3 of footpath distance
while the street of Nishiki market for walking inside isaround four meters and the overflow of selling space inwhich every shop extends their shelves in front of their
shops around 0.6/3 and the free area to walk is around
1.8/3. From the ratio of overflow space and walking
space in both markets it can be seen that Kad Luang
market extends area into public area more than Nishiki
market and left area to walk only one way while people
can walk two ways in Nishiki market. This amount of
overflow space and free area to walk in both markets
are close together but Nishiki market considers people
walking and left more free space, to walk. Streets inmarket areas can be divided in two areas which are©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

38

Ounchanum and Kimura

overflow space and walking space which makes themarket’s atmosphere become livelier if compared withthe other markets which do not have overflow of sellingspace. In the case of Kad Luang markets it does not
overflow only selling space but the local taxis use thestreet to become a waiting area for people for almost halfof the street or around 2.75/6 of the street distance (seeFig.12). The expand area of local taxis makes the buffer
to set stalls between the footpath and local taxis around
1/6 of the street distance.
5. Conclusion
The comparison analysis the in-depth knowledge
about overflow of selling space, representing inorganization and design space in markets, developing ofmarkets plan and selling space of both case studies help
to understand their characteristics.
5.1 The Similarity: The linkage of selling space
between Kad Luang and Nishiki market
In both case studies, there is a similarity in the
selling space from comparison data analysis which infact every country in the world has similarly (Tangires,
2008). The selling space of both markets has the similar
main structure of street markets which consists ofshophouses in Japan or townhouses in Thailand and thepavement in front of their shops and the street. However,the plan of the markets is different. Kad Luang market
has two main hall markets. From this structure, theselling space in both markets can be divided into threeareas which are the inside of the shops, in front of the
shops and overflow on the pavement. Shophouses areuseful because they support everyday life in the mostordinary and common sense (Howard, 2012). The
first floor is for selling space and the upper floor forstorage. The shops set the same selling space in frontof the shops which set stall stores all of front shop area,
corridor in the shop and selling space inside. This is thebasic organization of space in every country to find thesuitable space for their goods and attract customers when
they walk through their shops. There are overflows ofselling space from the front of shops in both markets byadding more to their areas to attract shoppers, but in Kad
Luang market, there is more overflow than in Nishiki
market. The similarity of selling space shows the basicorganization of space which is the linkage spaces in bothmarkets (Ounchanum & Kimura, 2011).

5.2 The Difference: the overflow of selling space ineach markets
The difference in selling space in both markets
was synthesized from the comparison analysis data.
Organization of space (Rapoport, 1990) is expressed byconsistency between physical space and social space
which was set up under their culture and the relationshipbetween human and human, human and things, andthings with each other which are the points to organize
space to become environment. The differences ofhuman, culture and environment of both markets makethe organization of space and the overflow of sellingspace different. The plan of both markets is a street
market. Nishiki market has only one long street market
while Kad Luang markets has many streets around thetwo market hall buildings that make Kad Luang market
to have much selling space such as space between shops
and hall market buildings and shops with area in frontof the shops and streets. But Nishiki market only hasa relationship of selling space between shops and thestreet. The area of both markets is similar but Kad Luangis denser than Nishiki market in that Kad Luang arranges
all free space to become selling area, not only on the
pavement area. The organization of selling space in Kad
Luang market expanded their area from the centre ofmarkets which are Warorot and Tom Lumyai markets
and had townhouses around the market and rental areas
for shops on the pavement while Nishiki was stablefrom the beginning because of the fixed city plan thatcannot expand the area, unlike Kad Luang market. The
overflow of selling space in Kad Luang market which
covers the pavement and some lanes on the street put
rental shops on it and a separate area for walking. From
those differences in selling space, it seems Kad Luang
market supports local life more which does not careabout management in aesthetic but considers being themost efficient in every space to become selling space.
Nishiki market has changed to become more than a local
market that supports foreigners and tourists by keeping
its characteristics of historical market and adapting to
the present time. The differences and the similarities
of both markets can be brought to adapt to the othermarkets by learning the suitable points. This researchbased knowledge and information about traditional
characteristics from both countries can ideally improveand develop historical markets, to be more flexible and©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

The Overflow of Selling Space

conserve the character of each country.
Acknowledgement
Pandin Ounchanum would like to deeply thank Professor
Masao Furuyama for encouraging and advising theknowledge and thanks to the Japanese Government
Scholarship for supporting this research.
References
Apavatjrut, S. & Apavatjrut, C. D. (2004). The story of
Kadluang market vol 1. Chiang mai: Foundation for
Urban Development.
Chivakul, K., Watanapasuk, J., Thadaniti, S., Atibodhi,
K., Nakeerak, C., Nakavachara, N. (1982). Market
in Bangkok: Expansion and Development. Bangkok:
Chulalongkorn University (in Thai).
Durston, D. (1986). Old Kyoto: a guide to traditional
shops, restaurants, and inns. Japan: Kodansha
International Ltd.
Engel, H. (1985). Measure and Construction of theJapanese House. Singpore: Tuttle publishing.
Howard, D. (2012). Living Over the Store: Architectureand Local Urban Life Great Britain: Routledge
Löfgren, K. (2003). Machiya: History and Architectureof the Kyoto Town House. Stockholm: KTH Royal39

Institute of Technology.
Masafumi, Y. (1994). Kyoto: its cityscape traditions andheritage. Tokyo, Japan: Process Architecture Co., Ltd.
Ounchanum, P. & Kimura, H. (2011). Identity of sellingspace in flea market Comparative study between
Chiang Mai, Thailand and Kyoto, Japan. Journal of
Habitat Engineering and Design. 4(1), 53-64.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built
Environment. Tucson: The University of Arizona
Press.
Takafumi, T., Tomomi, F., & Taher, G. (2009), Nishiki
Ichiba.
http:// www.kyoto-nishiki.or.jp/english, accessed: 24
September 2012
Tangires, H. (2008). Public Markets (Library ofCongress Visual Sourcebooks). London: W. W. Norton& Company.
The Kyoto Shimbun Project Development Co., Ltd.
(2010). Experience Shotengai to really experience
Ktoto- an exciting world awaits in Kyoto’s shotengai!.
Kyoto: Industry and Tourism Bureau.
Tiengmit, S. (2002). Local Market in Keng Tung andChiang Mai. unpublished Master Thesis. Chiang Mai
University (in Thai).

©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

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Ounchanum and Kimura©International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

1ISACS 2009
Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, Thailand

PROMOTING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD CATTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI
Pandin Ounchanum and Rawiwan Oranratmanee
Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University
Abstract
This paper explores Tungfabod cattle market Chiang Mai to find the vernacular identity and apply it to guidelines forconserving and promoting the market for community tourism. Integrated concepts based on qualitative study are used
including vernacular identity, environmental design and community tourism. Physical identity includes a central place andprime location; transitional spaces that are flexible and user-responsive; diversity of sales; and spatial organization of rural wayof life. Social identity includes history of the market; transmission of market custom through generations; long period of sales;
shared space for locals and non-locals; warm social relationship; spatial marks by groups of users; and existence of social
space. The identity makes the market a significant multi-functional node for rural and urban economy, allowing rural people toexchange their products and spend time together as well as providing tourists an experience of rural markets. The synthesis
leads to conservation guidelines including: arranging multi-functional community center; promoting vernacular environment;
adding transitional spaces for recreation; managing diversity; enclosing spaces for warm atmosphere; and cultivating pride of
the history. This research contributes both knowledge and practical guidelines for conserving and promoting vernacularmarkets to remain their identity through time and change.

Sustaining vernacular environment
The sustainability of vernacular environment has long
been addressed especially about the impact ofinfluencing factors on the identity of vernacularenvironment worldwide. Through global stream ofchanges vernacular environment has changed and many
have disappeared. The disappearance of vernacular
identity affects the social and cultural values whichconstruct the identity of a place and brings about
cultural crisis about the homogeneity of global
environment (Oliver P, 1997).

Roles of cattle market in agricultural society
In agricultural society cattle are dominant domestic
animals for various purposes including as labor,transportation and consumption. To exchange resources

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

2

many communities worldwide have a specifictherefore performs function beyond cattle sales but tomarketplace for animal sales including ‘a cattle market’.

all kinds of sales from factories, villages andSimilar to a common market a cattle market is usually ahouseholds as well as associated activities, making it acentral place of a community, being a place where

central place for weekend meeting and a rural shopping

people meet to exchange their products and get together

center.

for social gathering.

Cattle market is significant for both rural and urban

In Thailand a cattle market is usually established inregions of Thailand. In rural areas Thai farmers haveflooded-plain rice production area. The rudiment ofraised cattle to supplement their income; cattle markets

cattle markets in Thailand has started by farmers

allow them a fair trading place. Meanwhile local meatbartering cattle and domestic products from home

producers rely to some extent on cattle market as a

(Chusith, C, 1995). As a concept of marketplacesource of meat supplies for urban consumption. Cattle

developed, cattle markets were established especially inmarkets therefore have a role in supplementing income

central locations of rice farming communities thereby

for rural farmers who need year-round income due tobecame a rural meeting place. For long has a cattle

unstable agricultural seasons as well as a feeder of ruralmarket played a direct role of a free-trading place

products to urban households (Krabuansri, K, 1988).

between farmers and local producers in a fair mannerwithout a middle man. As cattle market is appointed on

Situation of cattle market in Thailand

weekends to allow buyers and sellers to work during

Social changes have brought about the decline of cattle

weekdays, it is perceived as a kind of weekend market.

use in agricultural works due to the replacement ofThough major goods in cattle market are cows andagricultural machinery, use of modern transport and the

buffaloes, various consumer products are associated inchange of meat supply system. These factors affectthe market because cattle markets can attract sellers anddirectly the demand for cattle thus worsen the situation

buyers from nearby communities and provinces. Aof cattle markets. During the past decades the number

number of visitors a day, both buyers and sellers, arecattle markets has closed down and the existing ones

more than 1,000 persons during 8-9 opening hours. Duehave difficulties to sustain their businesses. Nearly 75%

to extensive spatial requirement of cattle sales a cattleof cattle markets have closed down in all regions ofmarket is usually large, being an important node for

Thailand; some turned from cattle markets to flea

farmers, merchants and local villagers. A cattle market

common flea markets and daily markets.

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

The loss of identity
The decline of cattle markets in its number andidentical characteristics raises the issue about
conservation of vernacular identity of cattle market in
the changing context. In many cases vernacularenvironment has already vanished and conservation was
about reinventing new environment from past memories
which cannot recall the spirit and history of the place.
The conservation of cattle market is therefore urgent as
the rate of change and closing down continues toincrease. There are predominant questions to ask – what
is vernacular identity of cattle market and how topreserve it while the markets still exist?

Objectives and methods
This paper aims at finding vernacular identity ofexisting cattle markets through the detailed
investigation of a case of Tungfabod cattle market
Chiang Mai (Ounjanum, P, 2009). The identity
identified from the research is then applied toenvironmental design guidelines for conserving cattle
market for both community socio-economic use andcommunity tourism. The research is based on aqualitative method of participant observation including:1) a physical survey of the market of spaito-social use;
2) a temporal survey of market hours and; 3) interviews
with the owner, sellers and customers. The coding
analysis of fieldwork data draws the identity of the3market and the applied design theories generateenvironmental design guidelines of cattle markets.

Conceptual theories
Predominantly the research (Ounjanum P, 2009) isbased on the idea of vernacular identity (Oliver P,
2003). This concept looks at vernacular environment as
an environment that is made by and for ordinary people
who use the environment in daily lives and their
distinguished ways. This concept provides the way tolook at cattle market from vernacular point of views so
as to identify how the users create their space to fit
needs in their own identical ways. Complementing to
the theory of vernacular concept is the applied designconcept (Rapoport A, 2006) which guide ways totransform abstract ideas which, in this research is theidentity of cattle markets, to tangible design guidelines
for sustaining cattle markets for community tourism

Tungfabod cattle market
Tungfabod cattle market is selected as a case study
because it is one of the existing cattle markets that stillruns well and can conserve their traditional
characteristics of rural markets to some extent. The
market is 50 year-old, family-owned and operated. It is
the largest cattle market in Chiang Mai and the north.
Situated on the Chiang Mai-Hod Street not far fromdowntown Sanpatong the market is a large 150-rai-node

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

of weekend market for South and East districts andbaseline map from an aerial photograph andprovinces of Chiang Mai.

complementing by a detailed ground survey to derive

From an overview Tungfabod can sustain its businessdue to central location which is the one of the key
factors of successful marketplace. Its location can
attract local farmers from Chiang Mai, Lampoon,4

an accurate map for recording field data. This map isthen used for survey of spatial organization of themarket and temporal record of market hours which
create identity of a place.

Lampang, Phrae, Nan and Tak. The history of theA physical survey reveals that the market is organizedmarket shows that the market was established by local

informally into several zones. These zomes arepeople who had a strong will to build-up a fair ruralparticularly identified by physical determinants andtrading place. Through generations the market was run

social determinants. In terms of physical, it is arrangedby the same family who transmit the same family value

by types of goods, building structure, building materials,

in their market operation and improvement. Likewise,

ages of development and some other minor factors. The

the sellers and buyers are those who have been loyal tospatial arrangement is not fixed in boundary; rather

the market through generations.

flows along the site which makes the informal

Physical survey

atmosphere. The most crowded zone is in the consumer
product and fresh food because most shoppers are

The physical survey forms one of the major parts ofwomen gathering for chatting and shopping and thedata collection. It involves the process of producing arows are relatively narrower than other zone.

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

5Spatial organization in Tungfabod Market

By space types

Back area

Local food area
Open space

Front area

By product types

Permanent buildings

Specific goods

Local food
General goods

Local food area

Front shops

Time

Figure 1 Spatial arrangement and density of the market by spaceatmosphere of rural market place. This point is similar

and time

to the aesthetics of vernacular as highlight is literature

The spatial arrangement of the market responds strictlythat vernacular grows according to natural contexts

to several factors and the most obvious one is(Oliver P, 1997).

orientation. These include laying out buildings

The other determiner of spatial arrangement is theaccording to direction to the sun, the existence of trees,and shades as well as lighting and ventilation, smell anddirt. As is evident the animal zone is by the back which
is located under the wind and use the back-sided accessand sanitation. Most stalls respond to tree shades thus
having two layers of roof: one is a roof structure or
umbrella and the other is tree shading. Similarly,
natural setting of the stalls and trees highlight a naturalgeneral rules of competition including access,connectivity, location and zones. Mostly the stalls
locate towards the front access, near major rows,
connect to activity areas and group together according
to similar product types. This arrangement is informally
identified by the sellers from the first time they came.
This informal arrangement creates various groups ofsales by the sellers and later perceived by the buyers.

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

6In terms of social factors it is observable that the market

the view of users. The history shows how the market

is also explicitly divided by gender. Mostly men occupy

was established by a family who would like to create aspace at the back which is animal sales and hobby zone

community market for both economic and social

while women occupy consumer products and foodreasons. Since the start the market had closed down

services. Both genders share space in the transition

once, similar to other closed-down cattle markets yet it

which is the food services. This zone is obviously is a

re-opened again by the son of the same owner. With

space for all especially during lunch time. Duringstrong will and community participation the market

different time of observation there are social activities

turned itself back to business and expanded its area fortaking place in different locations inside the market. It

nearly 10 times.

appears that the market place does not perform a single
function, rather a space that changes according tospatial, social and economic needs, similar to the ideaof vernacular environment found in the literature(Oranratmanee R, 2009).

The interviews with sellers showed that the market is
operated in a form of family business. The fees are fair
and the rules are not strict. The owner lets the sellers
determines their space use and most sellers have beenwith the market for generations. In the market there are

Temporal survey of the market reveals that the market

the network of friends, kin and relatives getting

hours are relatively long, compared to most weekend

together for economic activities as well as social

markets. The market starts as early as 2 o’clock in therelations.

morning and continues to 2 o’clock in the afternoon. As
an open market, the market runs in relation to
comfortable time zone of the day to avoid heat fromsunlight. The most crowded time is during 7-10 when
the sun is not strong; by noon most stalls start to closeand by 2pm the market turns to an empty ground.

Interviews with customers reveal their profile that thecustomers in cattle market are both locals and tourists.
Many tourists have heard of the cattle market andwould like to see the rural way of life. Most customers
are local people coming weekly to monthly. Theirinterests are varied and their walking routes expand

Interviews

over the market area.

The other major data collection is from interview of the

Triangulation

owner, sellers and customers. The data from this part
reveals history, ideas, and identity of the market fromThe survey and interviews have identified several
identical characteristics that make Tungfabod market aP.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

7sustainable cattle market. In terms of physical the space

The findings about identity of Tungfabod confirm thatuse and arrangement produces warmed and relaxed

multi-dimensional characteristics of the market create

atmospheres while the contextual arrangement is

identity to vernacular environment of the cattle market.

respect to environment, needs and uses. Existence of

The identity is perceived as the quality and brand of thistrees and vernacular construction materials highlights

market that sustain the market through time andrural atmospheres found commonly in rural villages.

changes. The synthesis of the case of Tugfabod market

Spatial marks, divisions, layers and transitions playcan provide lessons and environmental designroles in dividing space and linkages for different uses

guidelines for other vernacular markets.

and users.
Similarly social characteristics of the market play partin creating social identity of rural market. The owner’s

Synthesizing vernacular identity to design
guidelines of Tungfabod market

community spirits and will; kinship atmospheres;

In environmental design the concepts and ideas about

generosity of people; existence of rural activities andthe place is the valuable input for design. Rapoport

life ways and spatio-social arrangement according to(2006) states that most design based on vernaculargender, age groups and interests highlight the identity

usually brings only key characteristics directly to newof the market, being one of the reasons of regulardesign; merely he considers it a coping process (Figure

marketplace for most customers.

3, Top). He suggests that vernacular should be analyzed

Economic aspects of cattle sales along with diversity ofgoods and services create economic identity of theto generalize the ideas to principles and design
mechanisms.

market. Location and access of the market may be theprime success factors but the cattle sales are still the‘brand name’ of the market. During weekend mostcommunities have weekend markets but the only cattle
markets in the south-East of Chiang Mai is still theidentity of Tungfabod. This brand name attracts bothsellers of other types of products, buyers and tourists.

Figure 3 Applied design concept (Rapoport A, 2006)

Using the design theory as a tool to interpret concepts,
the guidelines for promoting vernacular identity ofP.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

Tungfabod cattle market for community tourism wereexperiencing the loss of sense of place as well as

established. These guidelines include the maintenanceidentity. To identify identity makes explicit the majorof vernacular atmospheres both physically, socially andcharacteristics that should be conserved and to apply

economically. Physically rural markets should be close

the findings of identity to design guidelines suggests

to ground and natural atmospheres and respond directly

practical way of improvement. This paper briefly

to nature, orientation and natural ventilation. Spatialsummarized the above process.

arrangement should be made so as to remain relaxedatmospheres by having sellers and buyers determine theuse of space rather than fully assigning zones for them.
The diversity of space use should take into account ofdiversity of stalls, goods, sellers and buyers; thespecific needs should be maintained to provide spacefor diversified uses and users. Community area should
be added to make the market responding more to socialand cultural activities while being an economic node forrural farmers and villagers. Economically the cattle
sales should still be highlight as the main activity while
consumer products are supplementary.
The above guidelines pinpoint the major characteristics
for conservation which can be used for both cattle
markets and other types of vernacular markets. In
conserving the vernacular atmospheres the development
should be gradual so as to allow the market to grownaturally.

The future of cattle market in Chiang Mai
The decline of cattle markets in Thailand addresses
several issues. It points out that the cattle markets are

8

In many ways cattle markets have performed socioeconomic functions for agricultural communities. Like
communities worldwide, however, adaptation tomodernization has brought in changes to vernacularenvironment of cattle market. The means that cattle
markets could maintain its position is to approach wider
market of tourism while conserving its vernacularenvironment as pursuing characteristics for bothtourism and community spirit (Sarobol, S andSongpornwanich, S, 2003).
Tungfabod cattle market may be the identical case thatsurvives due to its own characteristics including its
central location, size, age, atmospheres and roles ofowners, sellers and buyers but the findings about thiscase study is worthwhile for other traditional market
who wish to follow the method of identifying identityand apply it to guidelines for improvement. The method
can be used not only by cattle market study bout forother types of markets and environments. Its application
exemplifies tangible results of finding abstract ideas
about identity and thereby applying to practical

P.Ounchanum AND R.Oranratmanee, CONSERVING VERNACULAR IDENTITY OF TUNGFABOD KETTLE MARKETCHIANG MAI

9recommendation thus providing methodologicalAcknowledgement

approach for environmental study.

This paper was drawn from a Masters Thesis at theFaculty of Architecture Chiang Mai University in 2009.
The researchers would like to thank the Faculty for
their academic support and the Thailand Tourism
Development Research Institute (TRI) for funding thisresearch.

The study of spatio-social-economic relationship in thecontext of cattle market which focuses on
multidimensional issues opens door to the study ofmulti-dimensional relationship in the built environment.
It relates to architecture, environmental behavior,planning and management, social, anthropological andeconomic studies.

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