NATIONAL REPORTTwo Years andThousands of Voices
What Community-Generated Data
Tells Us About Anti-AAPI HateIntroduction
In February and March 2020, Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI)
communities around the country experienced a surge in harassment,
bullying, and other acts of hate. News media cited an increasing numberof horrific attacks targeting AAPI community members. A large numberof these incidents employed anti-China rhetoric that blamed AAPI
communities for the emerging COVID-19 pandemic.
In response, Chinese for Affirmative Action, AAPI Equity Alliance (formerly the Asian Pacific Policy &Planning Council), and San Francisco State University’s Asian American Studies Department launched
the Stop AAPI Hate reporting center on March 19, 2020. In the first week, we received over 600 reports
from across the country. Within one month, we received almost 1,500 reports.
Sadly, two years later, AAPI community members across the country continue to experience hate at
alarming levels. Everyday, we receive stories of anti-AAPI slurs, shunning, physical violence, or otherforms of discrimination. The patterns are consistent: these terrible incidents occur as people attempt
to go about their daily lives — buying groceries, riding public transit, or walking their children to school.
Community members share the fear and trauma that they experience as a result of these incidents.
Collectively, the voices of individuals who have reported almost 11,500 incidents to us over the past two
years have become a powerful tool. Not only have their stories garnered national attention on anti-AAPI
hate, the details that they have provided have facilitated a more nuanced understanding of what antiAAPI hate looks like. We now know that the majority of hate incidents, though harmful and traumatic, do
not meet the legal definition of a crime, and therefore require solutions beyond law enforcement.
This report shares what we have learned over the past two years and what it takes to address thesystemic root causes of anti-AAPI hate. Every individual traumatic incident reported to Stop AAPI Hate
reminds us of the urgent need to address systemic racism; our collective voice advocating for solutions
is how we will do it.

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What We’ve Learned
HOW MUCH ANTI-AAPI HATE IS HAPPENING?

ABOUT OUR DATAOver the first two years of the Stop AAPI Hate reporting center (March
19, 2020 to March 31, 2022), individuals across the country havereported 11,467 incidents.1

Our dataset is unique for three reasons:
Stop AAPI Hate reports on hate incidents --This number is just the tip of the iceberg. Our nationally representative
survey conducted in partnership with Edelman Data & Intelligencefound that one in five Asian Americans and one in five Pacific Islanders
experienced a hate incident in 2020 or 2021.2

WHAT DOES ANTI-AAPI HATE LOOK LIKE?

actions driven by bias against another person’srace, color, disability, religion, national origin,sexual orientation or gender identity. A small
but meaningful percentage of hate incidents
are hate crimes -- bias-motivated criminal
offenses. The majority of hate incidents are
non-criminal behaviors that contribute to an
unwelcoming environment, such as spitting orWhile causing significant fear and trauma, themajority of hate incidents reported to Stop
AAPI Hate are not hate crimes and would not be
investigated or prosecuted as such.3

the use of racial slurs. Many formal federal andstate datasets often only capture hate crimes.
By reporting on the broader category of hate
incidents, Stop AAPI Hate is able to shed lighton the non-criminal incidents that comprisethe majority of hate incidents that AAPI
communities face on a daily basis.

67%

Two in three incidents involved
harassment, such as verbal or written
hate speech or inappropriate gestures.4

Our dataset captures what community
members experience in their own words,
stories that provide a deeper sense of what
hate looks like beyond the numbers published“I was emptying my trash into a public trash can at a rest stop and a
man walked towards me asked me where my mask was, shoved meback and said if anyone should be wearing a mask it is people likeyou. He mocked by pulling his eyes back to resemble slant eyes
and bowed to me.” 5

in government sources.
Our reporting center is accessible to limited
English proficient community members or
those who have concerns reporting to law
enforcement sources. Our form is translated

Marin County, CA—

into 15 Asian and Pacific Islander languages
other than English. It is brief, allows anonymity,
and is sponsored by organizations withdecades of service to the AAPI communities.
For more information about our data, please
see Appendix 2.

Technical Appendix, Figure 1.
Aggie J. Yellow Horse, Russell Jeung, and Ronae Matriano, “Stop AAPI Hate National Report: 3/19/20 - 9/30/21,”https://stopaapihate.org/national-report-through-september-2021/. Published November 18, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
3
Individual incidents could involve multiple categories of hate. For example, an incident could involve both harassment and physical violence.
4
Technical Appendix, Figure 1.
5
All anecdotes of hate incidents in this report were reported to Stop AAPI Hate with consent to share. Anecdotes throughout this report have been lightly
edited for length, clarity, and privacy of those involved in the incident.
1

2

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3One in six (17%) incidents
involved physical violence.6“Walking on the street when a man jumped in front of me and screaming racial slurs(you Chinese b—h, f—---g Asian, “Go back to your country,” etc). He then pushed me tothe street. The man was a stranger and was totally unprovoked.” (San Francisco, CA)

One in six (16%)
incidents involved
avoidance or shunning.7“After being seated next to a white family at an outdoor eating establishment, thewoman stated she didn’t want to eat next to people like them (my Filipino family) andshe stated she lost her appetite. Then she requested the waiter box her family’s foodand she dramatically stormed out of the restaurant.” (Columbia, SC)

More than one innine (12%) incidents
included possible civilrights violations, suchas discrimination in abusiness or workplace.8“A higher up asked me to participate in a recruiting video because I am an Asian female.
When I refused, he became very persistent and intimidating. Then started with theracist comments assuming I was of Thai descent. Photos of Thailand were sent and avideo clip of an Asian man speaking broken English on a boat. A complaint was made,retaliation started, and I was moved to another division.” (Detroit, MI)

Hate incidents occur in everyday locations.

40%

Two in five incidents took place in public
spaces, such as a street, sidewalk, road,park, hiking trail, or beach.9“A man called me a ‘c—k’ several times at thecorner of ___ St and ___ Ave... He also started
spitting at me and took his shirt off to try to fightme and my boyfriend.”
New York, NY—

More than one in four (27%)
incidents took place inbusinesses, such as grocery
stores, pharmacies, or“big box” retail.10“I walked into a discount store where I saw a woman conversing with another person;
when she got in line at a register to purchase her food, she was stopped and the person
working the register called her slurs, then a virus, and then refused to check her out.”(Westport, CT)

Ibid.
Technical Appendix, Figure 1.
8
Ibid. Incidents coded as possible civil rights violations included those involving job discrimination or a hostile work environment, housing-related
discrimination, denial of service, or being barred from transportation.
9
Technical Appendix, Figure 2.
10
Ibid.
6
7

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4One in ten (10%) incidents
occurred online.11

9%“Was playing on an online server, my username could identify me as Asian. Was called a‘bat eater’ and a ‘c—k’ multiple times by one user.” (online)

Nearly one in ten incidents
occurred on public transit.12“A man came up to me on the DC subway and asked if I spoke English. When I
ignored him, he pointed his finger in my face and said, ‘I’m talking to you.’ I nodded
my head ‘no’ because I didn’t want to talk to him, and I thought if he thought I didn’t
speak English, he’d go away. Instead, he sat down on the seat across from me and started
yelling at me in front of the entire subway about how he couldn’t believe I didn’t speak
English, what was I doing in the US, and that I must be a Chinese spy. This continued for a while.
I was quite scared because he seemed unpredictable and I didn’t know if he’d try to push me off the
train or follow me out. Nobody on the train said anything. When we got to DuPont Station, a bunch ofpeople stood up to leave, and I felt safer to get up among a big crowd of people. I considered leaving thetrain but was worried he’d follow me out, so instead I ran to a different part of the car.”
Washington, DC—“Walking in front of our local college, a man yelled repeatedly across the street at me
and my friend, ‘Watch out for Asian girls like them. Beware the red dragon.’”(Pasadena, CA)

AAPI individuals who
are also female, nonbinary, or LGBTQIA+
experience hate incidents
that target them fortheir multiple identities.

11
12“During the lockdown, I needed to go to the store, and a man stopped me in front of thestore and started yelling at me, telling me this was my people’s fault. I am perceived
as a Vietnamese woman and he kept calling me a Chinese pest along with many otherslurs. I am non-binary but haven’t come out of the closet. He made comments about myhaircut and how I looked like a d–e.” (Lubbock, TX)“I am a part of the LGBTQ+ community so I was wearing a mask that showed love andsupport for the community. As I walked away, a woman proceeded to walk up to me
and stop me. She looked me up and down and said, ‘Oh so you’re one of them?’ I was
confused but then I remembered I had on the LGBTQ+ mask. I politely responded‘Excuse me?’ She proceeded to say slurs that were both directed towards Asians and theLGBTQ+ community.” (Jeffersontown, KY)

Ibid.
Ibid.

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WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF ANTI-AAPI HATE?
Anti-AAPI hate has had significant impacts, such as physical and mental trauma. Repeated incidence of hate canlead to fear, stress, depression, and anxiety — indications of racial trauma.13
Anti-AAPI hate has led to increased fear.
A 2021 nationwide survey of AAPIs found that:
ONLY HALF (49%)
of AAPIs felt safe going out.

TWO IN THREE (65%)
worried about the safety of family
members and elders.

ONE IN THREE (32%)

Among Asian Americans who experienced a hate
incident reported to Stop AAPI Hate, almost all (95%)
viewed the U.S. as more dangerous for them.15
Elders ages 60 and older are especially vulnerable to fear.
Nearly all (98%) of Asian elders who experienced hate
incidents believed the United States has become more
physically dangerous for Asian Americans.16

parents were concerned about their child beinga victim of anti-AAPI hate or discrimination in
unsupervised spaces and on the way to school.14

Hate has had a devastating impact on mental health. Among Asian American
individuals who experienced a hate incident reported to Stop AAPI Hate,
ALMOST HALF (49%)

ALMOST THREE-QUARTERS (72%)

reported depression or anxiety

named discrimination against them as
their greatest source of stress, even ahead of
their health concerns during the pandemic.17

Williams, M. T., Metzger, I. W., Leins, C., & DeLapp, C. (2018). “Assessing racial trauma within a DSM–5 framework: The UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress & Trauma
Survey.” Practice Innovations, 3(4), 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000076.
14
Stop AAPI Hate survey conducted in partnership with Edelman Data & Intelligence. For more information about this survey, see Technical Appendix in “Stop
AAPI Hate National Report: 3/19/20 - 9/30/21,” https://stopaapihate.org/national-report-through-september-2021/.
15
Anne Saw, Aggie J. Yellow Horse, and Russell Jeung, “Stop AAPI Hate Mental Health Report,” https://stopaapihate.org/mental-health-report/. Published May 27,
2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022
16
Russell Jeung, Aggie J. Yellow Horse et al. “Anti-Asian Hate, Social Isolation, and Mental Health among Asian American Elders During COVID-19,”https://stopaapihate.org/elder-report-2022/. Published May 24, 2022.
17
Anne Saw, Aggie J. Yellow Horse, and Russell Jeung, “Stop AAPI Hate Mental Health Report,” https://stopaapihate.org/mental-health-report/. Published May 27,
2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022
13

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HOW DATA INFORMS OUR SOLUTIONS TO ANTI-AAPI HATEOur approach to addressing anti-AAPI hate directly follows from what communities are experiencing and telling us in
their own words. We leverage data, alongside capacity-building, policy and advocacy, and narrative change, towards
our mission of ending anti-AAPI hate.
Our initiatives align with those that the AAPI community has identified as the most effective to address anti-AAPI
racism: education equity, community solutions, and civil rights. (See Chart 1.)

Chart 1. MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS IN ADDRESSING ANTI-AAPI HATE
53%

Education

50%

Community-based solution
Civil rights legislationand enforcement

40%

More law enforcement

26%

More ways to report anti-AAPI
hate or discrimination

18%

46%

29%

22%

21%
20%

Solidarity with otherethnic and racial groups
More AAPis in civic
and leadership roles

58%

30%

21%

More leaders speaking out against
anti-AAPI hateor discrimination
17

58%

11%

14%

Asian Americans
Pacific Islanders

Source: Stop AAPI Hate / Edelman National Survey of Asian American and Pacific Islanders, 2021.18

Our solutions respond to what we see in our dataset. Most of our incidents are not criminal in nature, and, therefore,
require solutions outside of the criminal justice system. We do not endorse solutions such as increased policing or
incarceration that have a disparate impact on communities of color, perpetuating rather than dismantling long-term
systemic racism.

Stop AAPI Hate survey conducted in partnership with Edelman Data & Intelligence. For more information about this survey, see Technical Appendix in “Stop
AAPI Hate National Report: 3/19/20 - 9/30/21,” https://stopaapihate.org/national-report-through-september-2021/.

18

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7EDUCATION EQUITY
Our education equity work focuses on ensuring AAPI students’ needs, concerns, and assets are fully addressed
and incorporated into our educational system. Such needs may include language access, campus safety, culturally
responsive mental health services, and curriculum and educational materials that reflect their own histories andidentities. A recent nationwide survey of American adults of all racial and ethnic backgrounds found that 42% could notname a single historical event involving Asian Americans, such as the Japanese American incarceration, and 58% could
not name a single prominent Asian American in American life.19 To address these gaps in foundational knowledge about
AAPI communities, we have advocated for ethnic studies to help all students learn about racism and develop empathy
across racial lines. Since the pandemic, AAPI communities across the nation have successfully advocated for legislation
which requires content on Asian Americans to be included in their state’s K-12 curriculum in nine states.20 Additionally,
Stop AAPI Hate has successfully advocated for HR 3525, a federal bill creating a commission to study a potential
national museum focused on AAPI history.

COMMUNITY-DRIVEN SAFETY SOLUTIONS
We reimagine community safety to be individuals living their lives to the fullest social, economic, and political benefits
without fear or hindrance from violence and discrimination in all places and spaces. Ensuring community safety
requires a holistic approach that simultaneously responds to harm and builds trust and collaboration within and acrosscommunities. For example, our community-driven dataset identified street harassment as an issue. In response, in
California, we have partnered with other organizations to declare street harassment a public health issue that affects
all communities of color and other marginalized groups and to ask our state government to act.21 Nationwide, we are
currently exploring partnerships with other organizations who have developed effective models that center healing aswell as prevention and community care and share lessons learned on community-driven solutions that increase a senseof safety and solidarity with other communities of color.

CIVIL RIGHTS EXPANSION
We advocate for better enforcement of civil rights and expansion of these protections. Civil rights ensure the equal
treatment of, and full participation by, AAPIs and others in civil society and political life, and accountability forwrongdoers who violate these rights. In California, we worked with our elected officials to introduce No Place for Hate
California, legislation to address hate where it happens: in spaces open and accessible to the public. Assembly Bill2448 expands civil rights protections at large businesses, where more than a quarter of reported hate incidents in thestate occur, and Senate Bill 1161 requires the largest transit operators to address the hate-based harassment of riders.
Everyone should be able to go to a grocery store or ride a bus without fear of harassment and discrimination becauseof their race, gender, or other personal characteristics. Going forward, we seek to enhance civil rights protections andensure opportunities for redress and accountability when individuals’ civil rights have been violated.

The Asian American Foundation. “STAATUS Index Report 2022.” https://staatus-index.s3.amazonaws.com/STAATUS%20Index%202022%20Report.pdf.
Published May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
20
For more information on these bills and provisions by state, please see “Asian American Studies Legislation” athttps://asianamericanresearchinitiative.org/project/organizing-for-aas-cpios-toolkit/.
21
Cal. Assemb. B. 2549 (2021-2022).
19

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Conclusion
Our data is only the starting point. By connecting our data to capacity building, policy
advocacy, and narrative change, we are building a path from experiencing anti-AAPI
hate to empowerment and healing. At a community level, we envision our data
sparking conversation to reimagine what safety and well-being means beyond law
enforcement. At local, state, and national levels, we hold policymakers, the media,
and others in power to account, helping them understand that addressing hateagainst our communities goes beyond criminal enforcement and requires long-term
structural changes.
Two years into this journey, our work is far from done. We will continue to leverage
the power of our collective data to advance equity, justice, and power; dismantle
systemic racism; and build a multiracial movement to end anti-AAPI hate.

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Technical Appendix
Appendix 1. Summary of Findings across the Stop AAPI Hate Incident Dataset
Figure 1. TYPES OF REPORTED ANTI-AAPI HATE INCIDENTS
March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022

Total Number of Incidents: 11,467

67%

Harassment (total)

63%

Verbal hate speech and/or harassment
Behavioral

1%

Gesture1%

Written

1%
17%

Physical assault (total)

10%

Physical attack
Being sprayed or things thrown at2%

Threat or intimidation (verbal)

2%
2%
1%

Threat or intimidation
Physical assault (without information)

16%

Avoidance or shunning

9%

Online misconduct (total)

4%4%DirectIndirect
Online (without more information)

1%
8%

Coughed or spat on
Job discrimination/
hostile work environment

6%Graffiti, vandalism,
robbery, or theft (total)

4%4%Graffiti or vandalism
Robbery or theft1%
4%

Refusal of service
Barred from transportation

1%
7%

Other (total)
Microaggression (see note 2),treating differently

3%

Threatening to call police/ICE,
negative ineractions with police

1%

Other

2%

Total number of incidents in a category
Total number of incidents in a subcategory

Note 1: percentages add up to greater than 100% because incidents
could involve more than one category of hate. For example, an
incident could involve both harassment and physical violence.

STOP AAPI HATE|

Note 2: incidents are coded as “microaggression”
only if individuals reporting the incident explicitly
used that term in their description of the incident.

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Figure 2. SITES OF REPORTED ANTI-AAPI HATE INCIDENTS(March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022)

Total Number of Incidents: 11,467

40%

Public street and space (total)

31%

Public street or sidewalk

8%

Public park
Public space and on the road1%

Parking lot

<1%
<1%

Outside (e.g., hiking trail, beach)

27%

Business (total)

17%

Non-grocery business
Grocery store

10%

Private residence

10%

Online10%

Public transit

9%

School, university, or college

9%6%K-12 school

3%

University or college

Workplace1%

Hospital, medical practice, or clinic

1%

Place of worship

1%

Government building

1%

Total number of incidents in a category
Total number of incidents in a subcategory

Note: percentages add up to greater than 100% because individuals who reported to Stop
AAPI Hate could select more than one site of discrimination.

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Figure 3. 20 STATES WITH LARGEST NUMBER OF REPORTED INCIDENTS(March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022)

Washington
556
Minnesota
144

Oregon136

New York
1,840
Michigan
130

Illinois
367

Colorado130

California
4,333

Ohio
140

Massachusetts
340

Pennsylvania
312

Virginia
192

New Jersey
214
Washington, DC
152
Maryland189

North Carolina
106

Arizona123

Georgia
186
Texas
446
Florida240

Note: to protect the privacy of individuals reporting to us, we do not publish data for any
state or territory where there were fewer than 100 incidents.

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Figure 4. ETHNICITY OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING INCIDENTS(March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022)

43%

Chinese16%

Korean9%P/Filipinx
Japanese8%

Vietnamese

8%

White

Total Number of Incidents: 11,467

14.5%

Taiwanese

7%
6%

Asian (did not specify subgroup)3%

Latinx2%

Indian

2%

Hmong

2%

Thai

2%

Black or African American

1%

Cambodian

1%

Lao

1%

American Indian or Alaska Native

1%

Indonesian<1%

Mixed, biracial, and/or multiracial<1%

Mongolian<1%

Pacific Islander<1%

Hong Kong

<1%

Other

1%

Note: percentages add up to greater than 100% because individuals who reported to Stop AAPI Hate
could self-identify with and select multiple racial and ethnic categories. The “Asian” category represents
respondents who selected the category “Asian” instead of a specific Asian subgroup. The “White,” “Latinx,”“Black or African American,” and “American Indian or Alaska Native” categories represent respondents who
are multiracial AAPI individuals or non-AAPI individuals reporting on behalf of AAPIs after witnessing an
incident. Some respondents of mixed, biracial, and/or multiracial background selected “Mixed, Biracial, and/or Multiracial,” while others selected two or more categories (e.g., “Chinese” and “White.”)STOP AAPI HATE|

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Figure 5. GENDER OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING INCIDENTS(March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022)

Total Number of Incidents: 11,467

3%

7%

NonbinaryUnknown(prefer not to specify
or did not respond)

30%

60%

Male

FemaleFigure 6. AGE OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING INCIDENTS(March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2022)

Total Number of Incidents: 11,467

27%

19%
14%

14%

10%

8%

14.5%

5%
1%

Under
12

Ages
12-17

Ages
18-25

Ages
26-35

Ages
36-45

Ages
46-60

1%

Ages
61-75

Over
75

Unknown**Prefer not to specify or did not respondNote: percentages add up to less than 100% due to rounding.

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Appendix 2. About the Stop AAPI Hate Data Set
We approach our dataset as information collected in partnership with
communities, rather than on communities. We are committed to quality andtransparency in our data collection, analysis, and reporting.

DATA COLLECTION
Individuals report an incident at the Stop AAPI Hate website through a Typeform interface. They may choose
to report in English or one of 15 other Asian and Pacific Islander languages.

DATA CLEANINGThe responses are downloaded from Typeform in spreadsheet form. Hate incident reports in each language
option are stored in their own spreadsheets. For combined analyses, first, we translate the in-language hate
incident reports into English. We merge the translated reports with the hate reports already in English, andthen we create anonymized data for collective data cleaning. Once the complete uncleaned data is created bymerging multiple spreadsheets, the personally identifying information (i.e., first name, last name, and email) is
removed from the data and each hate incident report receives a unique identifying number.
We carefully review data and remove duplicate cases, trolls, and cases that do not report anti-AAPI hate within
the United States. (We include cases in Guam and Puerto Rico). Duplicate cases are defined as submissions
where there are multiple records of identical reports (i.e., two or more cases include the same answers for
all questions and identical descriptions of the hate incident). Troll cases are submissions attacking the Stop
AAPI Hate coalition and/or reporting racist and xenophobic “fake accounts” of hate incidents. We exclude
hate incident reports from persons who do not self-identify as AAPI on their own experiences of racism anddiscrimination.

DATA CODING
We qualitatively re-code selected categories to identify subcategory groupings in those categories. Additional
categories were created from the information individuals voluntarily provided under “Other, please specify”
and the full hate incident description. We do not make judgments about what constitute “harassment” or“discrimination.” Rather, we code incidents according to how individuals describe the type of discrimination
they experienced.
For more information, please see our living data cleaning codebook that documents our data practices with
the Stop AAPI Hate incident dataset in full. We highly value feedback and suggestions for our data practices
at community@stopaapihate.org.

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Acknowledgments
Aggie J. Yellow Horse, Ph.D. and Theresa Chen led this report. Kiran Bhalla,
Candice Cho, Cynthia Choi, Carly Finkle, Kenna Fung, Yamuna Hopwood,
Melissa Hung, Russell Jeung, Ph.D., Manju Kulkarni, Dan Nguyen-Tan,
Kim Scully, Norbert Tan, and Andy Wong also made key contributions.
We express our sincere gratitude to the thousands of individuals who shared
incident reports on behalf of themselves or others. Without you, this work
would not be possible. If you or someone you know experiences an anti-AAPI
hate incident, please report to us at stopaapihate.org.

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AboutOur mission is to advance equity, justice, and power by dismantling systemic
racism and building a multiracial movement to end hate against Asian Americanand Pacific Islander communities. The Stop AAPI Hate coalition was foundedby AAPI Equity Alliance, Chinese for Affirmative Action, and San Francisco State
University’s Asian American Studies Department.
stopaapihate.org

AAPI Equity Alliance (formerly the Asian Pacific Policy & PlanningCouncil, or A3PCON) is a coalition of more than 40 community-basedorganizations that serve and represent the 1.5 million Asian Americans
and Pacific Islanders in the greater Los Angeles area, with a particularfocus on low-income, immigrant, refugee, and other vulnerable
populations. AAPI Equity Alliance is dedicated to improving the livesof Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders through civic engagement,
capacity building, and policy advocacy.
Chinese for Affirmative Action (CAA) was founded in 1969 toprotect the civil and political rights of Chinese Americans and toadvance multiracial democracy in the United States. Today, CAA is a
progressive voice in and on behalf of the broader Asian American andPacific Islander community. We advocate for systemic change that
protects immigrant rights, promotes language diversity, and remedies
racial and social injustice.
San Francisco State Asian American Studies (AAS) is the oldest
and largest such academic program in the nation. Founded after
the 1968-69 Black Student Union and Third World Liberation
Front student strike, it maintains the strike’s values of student
activism, social justice, and community self-determination.