Connectivity and Its Role in
Spatial Governance of China
Wenlong LI
Kyoto University

Contents

1. Transportation Development
2. Spatial Planning History
EconomicPlanning

Territorial

Ecological

Governance

Governance1.1 Importance of Transportation
Correlations between Turnover of freight traffic and GDP, Case of Japan and Chinaln(Turnov
Correlation Coefficient: 0.986
China
Turnoverof freighttraffic(0.1 billion
tonnekilometers)

er offreighttraffic)Japan(0.1 billion
tonnekilometers)ln(GDP) (yuan)

GDP (trillion yen)Transition

China’s Freight
Traffic Over Time
(0.1 billion tons)

Adaption
Shortage1.2 Transportation Development HistoryYear

1978 ~ 1995

1996 ~ 20102011 ~ Now

Transportation
Development[Shortage]
Capacity constraints[Adaptation]
Gradually meet demand[Transition]
Improving quality

Liberating the Economy

Driving the Economy

Leading the Economy

10%

10%

7%

18%〜29%31%〜50%52% ~ 65%

5th~8th

9th~11th

12th~14th

West, East, Middle,
Northeast Area

Optimizing D. R.;
Focusing D. R.;
Restricted D. R.;
Prohibited D. R.

Transportation &Economy
Average GDP
growthUrbanizationRate
5 YearNational Plan
Territorial Planning
Concepts

Coastal & InlandArea1.3 Road & Railways

200Shortage

Economic openarea

Adaption

300

Economically
open coastalcities

400

Specialopen area
Economic
economic zone

500

Economically open
coastal cities

Transition

3. Railway length (10,000km)
Special economiczone

1.
Road Length (10,000km)
600

Transition

13High-speed
rail length119Adaption

75

Shortage100

3011949 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

2. China’s Motorway Development

19491959

1969

1979

1989

1999

2009

4. China’s Railway Development20192.1 National Strategic Planning of China“Ecological”
GovernanceTerritorial
GovernanceTerritorial
Governance

EconomicPlanning

EconomicPlanning

EconomicPlanningAdministrative
Development

Administrative
Development

Administrative
Development

Administrative
Development

1949~1978

1978~20122012~2018

Post 2018

2.2 Regional disparities within China

West Urban Area:
4% Economic Contribution
3% Population Share
East Urban Area:
74% Economic Contribution
55% Population Share2.3 Economic Planning History

Year

1950s

1960s-70s

1980s-1990s

2000-2012

Characteristic

Balanced

Decentralized

FocusedCoordinatedDeployment
Approach

National Projects
Construction

National Corporates
Relocation

Regional Policy

Market Mechanism

NationalStrategies“156 Projects”“Three LineConstruction”“Eastern Area
Priority”• Great Western Development• Rise of Central China• Revitalization of Northeast China

Territorial Plan

Coastal & Inland

1st, 2ed, 3rd Line

Coastal & Inland

West, East, Middle, Northeast Area

2.4 Territorial Governance (2012~)
National / Provincial

Optimizing Development Region
Focusing Development Region
Restricted Development Region
Prohibited Development Region

Specialeconomi
c zonecitiesEconomic openarea

2 Horizontal and 3 Vertical
National Development Axis:• Yangzi River• Continental Railway• Coastline• Jing-Ha Jing-Guang Railway• Bao-Kun Railway

2.5 Territorial Governance: City Clusters Hierarchy
Prioritized 4 National
City Clusters
Focused 7 Regional
City Clusters
Nurtured 8 Subregional
City Clusters
Diamond core area
Special openarea
Special economic zone
Economically open coastal
citiesEconomic open area

Diamond internal area
Diamond external area
Transnational
Connectivity

2.6 Territorial Governance: National to Transnational
Strategy: Reform and Open up (1978～)
Industry clustered in the east;
Orientated towards western markets
High-end
materials &equipment

Coastland
provinces

Weekly led
Labor

WesternCountry
Markets

Labor
Resource
EnergyConsumer
goods

Other
ForeignMarkets

Closedcycle
systemInlandprovinces

Labor

Consumer
Goods
Manufacture

Week
Feedback

Basic rawmaterials
Production

EnergyResource

Elementaryequipment
manufacture2.6 Territorial Governance: National to Transnational
Strategy: Belt and Road Initiative (2013～)
Open up in both directions;
Balanced Industry Layout

Strategy: Reform and Open up (1978～)
Industry clustered in the east;
Orientated towards western markets
High-end
materials &equipment

Coastland
provinces

Weekly led

Inlandprovinces

Coastland
provinces

Labor

Products

Middleprovinces

Products

Material

North & west
provinces
Products

WesternCountryMarkets

ServiceLabor
Resource
EnergyConsumer
goods

Labor

Consumer
Goods
Manufacture

DemandWeek
Feedback

Basic rawmaterials
Production

EnergyResource

Elementaryequipment
manufacture

Production

ProductsWesternCountry
Markets

Other
ForeignMarkets

Closedcyclesystem

Technology

High-end
components

ResearchTechnology
Innovation

Domestic Technology
LaborMarketProducts

Products

High-techTechnology

Labor

Integrated
manufacture

DemandSoutheast
Asia andOther
Markets
MaterialComponents

Products

DemandProcessing
trade industry

2.7 Ecological GovernanceContiguous Poverty Area
National Key Ecological Area
First Issued in 2010
Added in 2016

Promote ecological and resource
advantages for Poor Region
Biological resources

Agriculture

Specialeconomic zone

SpecialAgricultural resources
economiczone

Tourism

Economically
open coastal
citiesEconomically
Cultural resources
open coastalcities

Economic openareaopen area

Energy & Mining
Economicresources

Green Economy
biopharmaceuticalindustry

2.8 Rural Revitalization
Administrative
divisions in China

Rural-to-Urban
Local
Migration
Urbanization

NationalCity

Provincial
PrefecturalCounty
TownshipVillageCountyPopulation

CountyNumberPopulation
Movement

CountyTownship
Population

UpgradeTownshipDowngrade

VillageTownshipNumber3. Paradigm shift ?
Dimensions

Urbanization Until 2018

Paradigm Shift ?

TrendsUrban-Rural wealth disparities →Inner-city wealth disparities

Urban affluence feeds back intorural areas

People, Goods,Money Flow

Rural to Urban

Mutual Flow

DevelopmentFocus

Urban economic development

Coordinated developmentin economy, culture, and ecology

Outcomes

Increasing Urban-Rural Disparity

Leaving no placeand no one behind

Urbanization
Standards

Urban population’s percentage

Degree of urban-rural Integration

Thank you for your attention!

References
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