CLIMATE CHANGE AND
URBAN ENERGY

01

Energy-related CO2
Emissions in TOKYO

7.6%

Transport

amounted to 56.7 million tonnes, equivalent to

56.7

the total emissions of Austria. Commercial andresidential sectors constitute a large share of themilliontonnesCO2 emissions in Tokyo.

30.2%

As a massive energy consumer, TMG has taken pioneering measures for climate change mitigation and energy
Trade Program, fine-tuned to the characteristics of a megacity densely packed with a variety of buildings including
offices, have produced concrete results and attracted considerable attention of foreign cities, thanks to support

45.0%

Commercial

Residential

Buildings accountfor more than
70% of emissions.

efficient in the light of the Paris Agreement’s long-term goal. Pioneering efforts, such as the Tokyo Cap-and-

CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN ENERGY

17.3% Industrial

Tokyo’s energy-related CO2 emissions in FY 2017

SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING POLICY

01

Sectoral breakdown of energy-related
CO2 emissions in Tokyo (FY 2017)from many businesses, citizens, and NPOs in Tokyo.
Tokyo’s energy consumption has consistently been falling with a peak at around FY 2010, and CO2 emissions
originating from electricity supplied to Tokyo increased following the shutdown of nuclear power plants inthe aftermath of earthquakes compared to 2000 levels. Responding to this situation, TMG has set an energy
consumption target (see page 3) in addition to the greenhouse gas emission target in order to clarify energy
efficiency efforts by citizens and companies in Tokyo.

Three Programs Supporting Sustainable Building Policy
TMG has developed effective programs according to building type (new or existing) and size (large or small/medium).

Million t- CO2

80

At the core of Tokyo’s sustainable building policy, we have the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program for existing large

Energy consumption

Energy-related CO2 emissions

80

Petajoules

80 0
800

facilities, the Carbon Reduction Reporting Program for small and medium facilities, and the Green Building
Program for new buildings. Since 2000 when the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Security Ordinance wasenacted, we have developed effective policies with step-by-step reviews and enhancements.

620 PJ in FY 201756.7 M t-CO2
in FY 2017

2000

2002

2005

2008

2010

60

60

Enacted in 2000

60 0
600
Large
facilities

Carbon Reduction
Reporting Program(Mandatory reporting program)Started in 2002

Tokyo Cap-and-Trade
Program
Evaluation and disclosure
programStarted in 2005

Revised in 2008

Existing
Buildings

40 0
400

Started in 2010

Carbon Reduction
Reporting Program

Small
and
mediumfacilities

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

09

08

07

06

05

04

03

02

01

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 F Y

00

40
40

Mandatory reduction
program

Carbon Report
Started in 2010

Started in 2014

FY 2017 data are preliminary results

Enacted in 2000

Trend of energy-related CO2 emissions and energy consumption in Tokyo

Green Building Program
New Buildings
Started in 2002

7

Green Labeling for
Condominiums
Started in 2005
(Enhancing standards)

Energy Performance
Certificate
Started in 2010
(Expanding coverage)8

27% Reduction Compared to Base-Year Levels

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING POLICY_1

CO2 emissions from the covered facilities in FY 2017, the third fiscal year of the second compliance period,
were 12.04 million tonnes, a 27% reduction from base-year emissions through energy efficiency measures etc.
promoted at the covered facilities. Approximately 80% of the covered facilities have already achieved reductions
over and above their compliance factors for the second compliance period.

In April 2010, TMG introduced the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade

Program design

Program, which sets mandatory CO2 emission reduction
targets for large facilities. This program is not only the first

Coveredfacilities

Approx. 1,200 large CO2 -emitting
facilities that consume 1,500 kiloliters
or more (crude oil equivalent) of energy
annually

cap-and-trade scheme in Japan but also the world’s firsturban cap-and-trade scheme that covers the commercial
as well as the industrial sector, including office buildings,

Covered gas

which are often concentrated in megacities.

Complianceperiods

Five-year period
1st period: FY 2010-FY 2014
2nd period: FY 2015-FY 2019
3rd period: FY 2020 – FY 2024

Compliancefactors

1st period: 8% for offices etc. or 6% forfactories, etc.
2nd period: 17% or 15% respectively
3rd period: 27% or 25% respectively

Owners of facilities covered by the scheme are required
to meet their emission reduction requirements throughon-site energy efficiency measures or through emissions
trading. Measurements, annual reporting, and verification
are also required. CO2 emissions from covered facilities
account for approximately 40% of those from the entire
industrial and commercial sectors in Tokyo.

Million t-CO2

First compliance period

17

Secondcomplianceperiod16-13% -22% -22% -23% -25% -26% -26%

Energy-related CO2
15
14Facilities whose
reduction rates* exceeded
the compliance factor

-27%

22%

Base-year
emissions

16.50
13

Emissiontrading

Excess reductions and offset credits are
tradable

11

Penalties

Fines, charges(1.3 times the shortfall)
Publish the fact of violation

10

78%

12.25 12.14

12

12.04
Base year

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017 FY

In the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program,facilities demonstrating outstanding
performance in emissions reduction as
well as in the introduction, use, andmanagement of energy efficient equipment
are certified as top-level facilities thatreceive lower compliance factors according
to their rate of progress.
The certification standards for top-level
facilities represent the highest-level energy
efficiency measures feasible at present,
stipulating more than 200 different energy
efficiency measures in the case of officebuildings.
In the second compliance period, 66
facilities were certified as top-level as of theend of FY 2018.
An increasing number of facilities use
the standards as reference guidelines forenergy efficiency in design and renovation
processes.

9

Facilities certified as top-level
can use this logo.

Examples of energy efficiency
efforts at top-level facilities*with respect to base-year levels

Trend of total CO2 emissions from facilities under Tokyo Cap-and-Trade(Base-year-emissions and annual emissions are calculated using the CO2 emission factor
for electric power applied to the second compliance period)

Top-Level Facilities

Facilities whose reduction
rates* fell short of the
Ratio of compliance with reduction obligations for the second
compliance period through their own energy efficiency
measures in terms of results in FY 2017

Encouraging Additional CO2 Reductions in the Third Compliance Period (FY 2020 to2024) by Continuing Energy Efficiency and Promoting the Use of Renewable Energy
To realize TMG’s goals for 2030 and “Zero Carbon Facilities” desirable in the future, TMG will strive for further
reduction at covered facilities in the third compliance period by setting new compliance factors, promoting further
energy efficiency action, and enhancing a mechanism to encourage the use of renewable energy.

Energy efficient heat source
equipment• Energy efficient cogeneration••

Setting CO2 reduction targets,
proposing CO2 reduction measuresand plans

Items Applicable in the Third Compliance Period•

Compliance factors: 27% for office buildings etc. 25% for factories etc.

•

Expanding incentives for promoting the use of low-carbon electricity (electricity from renewable energy sources)- All low-carbon electricity that has been procured is calculated as reductions at covered facilities

Energy efficient air conditioning• Ventilation control by CO2
concentration••

Energy efficient lighting (LEDs)
Lighting with motion sensors•

Natural ventilation system•

High-performance building shell•- Additional reductions are calculated at covered facilities when procuring electricity with a highpercentage of renewable energy sources

Realization of “Zero Carbon 4 Days in 2020” and cooperation in“Carbon Offset Programme for the Tokyo 2020 Games”
As a stepping stone to a Zero Emission Tokyo, TMG has started the “Tokyo Zero Carbon 4 Days in 2020” project –offsetting all CO2 emissions that will be generated across Tokyo during the 4 days of opening and closing ceremoniesof the Tokyo 2020 Games with carbon credits from the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program. In addition, as the host city
for the Games, TMG has been working with the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee to offset CO2 emitted by activities
connected with the Tokyo 2020 Games. To this end, TMG has been calling for the cooperation in the provision of credits
from the facilities under the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program.

10

CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN ENERGYWorld’s First Urban Cap-and-Trade Programfor Large Facilities

01CO2 emissions from small and medium facilities

The energy consumption of the residential sector in Tokyo accounts for approximately 30% of total consumption,account for approximately 60% of the total of
the combined industrial and commercial sectors

Thousand t-CO2

4,500

in Tokyo, underlining the importance of reducing
emissions from these facilities.

Reduced by 13.7% below 2009 levels(Results from covered facilities that
submitted reports for 9 consecutive years
from FY 2010)of which over 90% is caused by the use of electricity and city gas.
Through the LED light bulb exchange campaign from 2017 to 2018, TMG promoted the switch to LED fromlighting with high energy consumption.
In order to encourage additional energy efficiency action at home, TMG continues promoting LED lights and

4,000

TMG introduced the Carbon Reduction Reporting

expanding the introduction of energy-efficient home appliances and housing with high energy-efficient performance.

Program in FY 2010 to encourage owners ofsmall and medium facilities to identify their

3,500

3,983

CO2 emissions and implement energy efficiency
measures. Starting in FY 2020, TMG will introduce

3,000

21.0%

a mechanism that evaluates and publicizes
businesses with excellent reduction performanceor that have made great efforts to introduce
renewable energy in order to motivate businesses

8.1%

3,437

Others 7%

Industrial

Electricity 46%

City gas 47%

Breakdown by use

Breakdown by use

Transport02009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 FY

620

Trend of emissions from covered facilities(excluding facilities that submit reports voluntarily)

petajoules
in total

to take action.
Using data given in the reports, TMG provides

31.5%

Low Carbon Benchmarks to recognize their

39.4%
Commercial

Residential

performance; self-rating of emission levels•

Lighting

18%•

Hot-water supply 64%•

Refrigeration

18%•

Heating•

Air conditioning

13%

20%

compared to the same business type and a
Carbon Report that depicts energy efficiency

Sectoral breakdown of energy
consumption in Tokyo (FY 2017)

levels in an easy-to-understand format.

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING POLICY_3

Green Building Program for New Buildings

Breakdown of energy consumption by use
at home (FY 2017)

Promoting Zero Emission
Action at Home

Replace home appliances eligible
for Tokyo Zero Emission Points
Air conditioners having a uniﬁed
energy-saving label of 4 or more stars

In October 2019, TMG will start new action to grant Tokyo Zero

Refrigerators having a uniﬁed
energy-saving label of 5 stars

Emission Points that can be exchanged for gift certificates or LED
By requiring owners who build large buildings to submit a Building
Environmental Plan and disclosing an outline of the plan, this program
encourages their voluntary environmental conservation efforts at thearchitectural planning stage and aims to form a market that attributes
value to environmentally conscious buildings. Subject to TMG’s
evaluation criteria, building owners make three-grade evaluations infour areas of environmental considerations: rational use of energy,
proper use of resources, natural environment conservation andmitigation of heat island effects.

Green Labeling for Condominiums
Building insulation

light bulbs coupons. The points will be given to Tokyo residents who
have replaced their air conditioners, refrigerators or water heaters,

Equipment energy
efﬁciency

which typically consume larger amounts of energy, with those having

Solar power generation/
heating
Longer building life
expectancy

a high energy-efficient performance.

GreeneryThis label complies with the Tokyo Metropolitan
Environmental Security Ordinance. FY 2014 Standards

Condominium owners are required to display
the environmental performance label on all
advertisements upon sale or lease.

TMG will also provide energy efficiency advice to those who have

High-efﬁciency water heaters© ECOCHIL

made the replacement to improve their energy efficiency awareness.

Promoting the Tokyo Zero Emission House
To reduce energy consumption at home, it is critical to make residential buildings more energy efficient, including

From FY 2020, TMG will expand the program coverage and introduce

improvements in thermal insulation.

ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) Evaluation as a higher rank thanAiming for the spread of houses with high energy-efficient performance matching the regional characteristics ofthe highest one in the current program for the purpose of energy

Tokyo, from October 2019 TMG will subsidize new residential buildings that meet the Tokyo Zero Emission House

efficiency assessment of equipment systems.

specifications.

11

12

01
CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN ENERGY

Carbon Reduction Reporting Program for
Small and Medium Facilities

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCYMEASURES AT HOMESUSTAINABLE BUILDING POLICY_2

EXPANSION OF USE OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY

Promoting the use ofother renewable energy

01

on the potential for the adoption ofgeothermal heat and subsidizes theearly stages of adoption.

LegendEffective thermal conductivity
100mover 3.0 W/m·K
2.8-3.0 W/m·K
2.6-2.8 W/m·K
2.4-2.6 W/m·K
2.2-2.4 W/m·K
2.0-2.2 W/m·K
1.8-2.0 W/m·K
1.6-1.8 W/m·K
1.4-1.6 W/m·K
1.2-1.4 W/m·K
1.0-1.2 W/m·K
under 1.0 W/m·K

We also encourage energy use
FY 2017, power generated by renewable energy

Thousand kW

accounted for approximately 14.1% of the total

550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

electricity used in Tokyo. The introduction of solar
power generation has been amplified throughsupport projects of TMG with information available
online through the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register, andthe Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) system started by the national
government in 2012.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN ENERGY

TMG provides online information

matching business characteristics,
including the use of sewage heat, as

Ten-fold increase

well as small hydroelectric generation
at water supply and sewage facilities.

Ground source heat potential map: potentiality is color-coded with warmer colors indicating
higher heat exchange efficiency.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 FY

Trend of solar power generator installation in Tokyo

As a massive electricity consumer, Tokyo depends on power sources in many other regions for much of its power

Further Expansion of Use in Harmony
with Tokyo’s Characteristics
High land prices in Tokyo make it difficult to install large generators.
However, densely built-up Tokyo has significant potential for setting up solar

Efforts Made for Both Supply and Demand
supply. TMG will encourage the expanded adoption of renewable energy in Japan as well as in Tokyo throughefforts in both supply and demand.

Measures for energy suppliers

Solar panels
Output indicator

To improve the environmental properties of electricity, TMG requires electricity suppliers for Tokyo to reduce CO2

power generators. TMG supports local-production-for-local-consumption

emission factors, set targets for renewable energy volume, and report the results through the Environmental

renewable energy.

Energy Reporting Program.

Mechanisms for consumers to select electricity from renewable energy
Promoting the adoption of solar energy

In light of the full liberalization of the retail selling of electricity, TMG depicts renewable energy sources for power

Online information is provided by the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register, which

through the Green Labeling for Condominiums program and stimulates consumers to select renewable energy byclearly shows buildings’ suitability for solar power generators and otherproviding information about the advantages.

equipment.

Solar power generation at a bus stop

100% Renewable Energy at Tokyo Metropolitan Government City Hall
In agreement with the RE100* philosophy, TMG has been promoting “100% renewable electricity purchase policy at
the Tokyo Metropolitan Government city hall” since 2019. TMG started purchasing electricity sourcing all renewableenergy at the Building No. 1 in August 2019.

Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register (potential map)

Promoting the Use of Renewable Energy at
Businesses and Others
TMG’s official mascot
character: Roof Power

Click to check a building’s
potential (estimated annual
power generation, feasible
system capacity, etc.)

13

In June 2019, TMG, together with businesses pledging RE100 and renewableenergy electricity distributors, held the Action Meeting with the aim ofcreating a major movement to expand the use and supply of electricity from
100% renewable energy. Taking this as an opportunity, TMG is extensively
calling for the use of electricity from renewable energy, providing an occasion
for matching businesses with electricity distributors.
* RE100: An international collaboration initiative sponsored by the Climate Group and CDP
that is committed to sourcing electricity used by businesses for their operations
from 100% renewable energy.

100% RE Action Meeting(held in June 2019)14

EXPANDING THE USE OF ZEROEMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVs)

3

2.5

01
CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN ENERGYMITIGATION OF URBAN
HEAT ISLAND
2

Urban heat island effects have continued in Tokyo as
urbanization progresses. Ahead of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic
and Paralympic Games, measures to reduce heat for citizens
and tourists have become a critical challenge.
The daily mean maximum
temperature in August, the month inwhich the Tokyo 2020 Games willtake place, was 32.4ºC
from 2010 to 2014.

1.5

To realize a Zero Emission Tokyo, TMG has set a goal to increase the market share of ZEV—vehicles not emitting1

any CO2 or air pollutants during driving, such as EVs, PHVs and FCVs—to 50% of new passenger car sales by

0.5

2030. TMG accelerates the introduction of vehicles and infrastructure development to achieve this goal.

0
-0.5
1900

1920
Tokyo

1940

1960

Japan

World

1980

2000

2020

Changes in annual average temperature anomalies
in the world, Japan, and Tokyo since 1900

Promoting the Use of ZEVs
As the price difference from gasoline-powered vehicles presents an obstacle when residents and businesses inCreation of Cool Spots

Tokyo consider the purchase of ZEVs, TMG builds on the financial support it provides along with the national

In collaboration with business operators and municipalities ready to installfine mist generation equipment or plant more flowers and trees, TMG has
been creating cool spots for heat mitigation to allow citizens and tourists tostroll comfortably during midsummer.
Towards the Tokyo 2020 Games, TMG has introduced heat mitigationequipment around the arenas, covering many spots to create a cool area.

Since March 2017, fuel-cell buses have been introduced on regular routes on Tokyo metropolitan bus lines. They

government to clear obstacles to the purchase of ZEVs.
are the first commercially-available fuel-cell buses operated as route buses in Japan.

Fine mist and green walls“Uchimizu” (Water Sprinkling)
Sprinkling water is part of the traditional Japanese culture. Sprinkling water in front of houses or stores lowers
the temperature of the hot ground surface, helping mitigate the summer heat. TMG is making efforts to promote
Uchimizu activities in conjunction with citizens and businesses in Tokyo.
Electric vehicle

Laying Solar Heat-Blocking Pavements,
Maintenance and Management of Trees
Reducedby approx.
最大約8℃抑制
8 ºC at maximum

Normalpavement

通常の舗装

NormalSolar
通常の舗装
pavement
heat遮熱性舗装
blocking
pavement

Solar
遮熱性舗装
heatblocking
pavement

Road surface cooled with solar heat-blocking pavement

Promoting the Installationof EV Chargers andHydrogen Stations(No. of chargers)

Double the number of chargers by 2025!
1,000 fast chargers by 2030!

Increase ZEV sales
to 50%!

5000

2,500
EV chargers
2500

In order to eliminate users’ anxiety about insufficientcharging opportunities and promote the installation of EV
chargers as social infrastructure, TMG promotes installation

ZEV sales are
1.6% of the total
2018

2020

2025

2030

© Iwatani Corporation

For Tokyo metropolitan roads mainly in the central core area,
TMG has laid solar heat-blocking pavements and water retaining
pavements to mitigate road surface temperature rise. With the goalof paving approximately 136 km in total by the Tokyo 2020 Games,
TMG completed approximately 126 km at the end of FY 2018.
To ensure the shade of trees blocking the blaze of the sun insummer, TMG properly maintains trees along Tokyo metropolitan
roads as well as those in parks, including keeping a mass ofgreenery through planned pruning.

Fuel cell bus

at public facilities and subsidizes installation costs at private
facilities, such as multi-family residential buildings andHeat Countermeasures for Spectators at the “Last-Mile*” to theVenues of the Tokyo 2020 GamesTo ensure the success of the Tokyo 2020 Games, TMG conducted trial verifications at test
events in the summer of 2019 concerning heat countermeasures for spectators at the “lastmile” to the venues, and the roadside areas of on-the-road sports events.
At test events of five competitions, TMG distributed cooling goods and installed temporarytents, misting devices, etc. on a trial basis. Based on the verification results, TMG puts
together a plan for measures to be taken in the Tokyo 2020 Games.
* “Last Mile” route: a route for spectators between transportation hubs (e.g. train stations) and competition
venues.

15commercial facilities. Through these efforts, TMG aims todouble the number of EV chargers installed in Tokyo by 2025
and increase the number of fast chargers to 1,000 by 2030.
By means of massive financing and effective use of its site,
TMG will encourage the spread of hydrogen stations. They
will be primarily installed in areas with a concentration ofTokyo 2020 Games arenas and along transportation routes
for athletes and officials.

Hydrogen station

16

CREATING A HYDROGENBASED SOCIETY
Hydrogen is a clean energy that emits only water when used, helping reduce environmental load as well as
contributing to a diversified energy mix, with a spillover effect on economy and industries, and response to
emergencies. When the use of hydrogen derived from renewable energy, rather than depending on fossil fuels, ismade practical in the future, hydrogen-based energy will be a definitive step towards a low-carbon society.
To realize a hydrogen-based society, a JPY 40 billion fund has been set up to support efforts to be made throughto the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Promoting the Use of CO2
Free HydrogenTo take full advantage of hydrogen energy in realizing adecarbonized society, we need to aggressively introduce hydrogen
derived from renewable energy sources. For the production andfuture use of CO2 -free hydrogen, TMG will encourage facilities

Water electrolysis machinein Tokyo to install equipment for using hydrogen derived fromrenewable energy and consider hydrogen supply systems that use

Fuel cell

Use of CO2 -free hydrogen (image)renewable-energy-sourced power from Tohoku and other regions.

Effective Use of Hydrogen Stimulated by the Tokyo
2020 Games©Designated Builder of Urban
Redevelopment Project in the west
Harumi 5-Choume District

TMG will install hydrogen stations in the Olympic Village after
the Tokyo 2020 Games to supply hydrogen to FCVs and Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT). To realize the first full-scale hydrogen supply
system in Japan and make it a model for achieving a hydrogensociety, TMG will introduce new technologies, including hydrogenpipelines and next-generation hydrogen fuel cells.

Olympic Village after the Tokyo 2020 Games (image)

Education Center
At the end of July 2016, TMG opened an education center topromote the spread of information about hydrogen energy, andallow citizens and facilities in Tokyo to learn more about thesignificance, technologies, safety, and future of a hydrogen-basedsociety. It also helps small and medium operators of hydrogenstations learn the skills necessary to operate their stations
successfully and safely, as well as promoting facility tours at home
and abroad.
17

Tokyo Hydrogen Museum