International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions inSouth/Southeast Asia

Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Using
GOSAT and GOSAT‐2GOSAT (2009-)

GOSAT−2 (2018-)(c)JAXA(c)JAXA

Tsuneo Matsunaga
Director, Satellite Observation Center
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 20161

Today’s Topics
 GOSAT Recent Pictures (Siberian forest fires in September 2016)
 About GOSAT Satellite Series
 Overview
 Recent news of GOSAT New TCCON site in Philippines
 Atmospheric pollution monitoring by GOSAT Satellite Series Overview
 GOSAT Air Pollution Watch- Objective and data flow
- Symtem improvement- Case study in China- Case stydy in Vietnam

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 20162

Forest Fires in Siberia (September 2016)

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

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GOSAT CAI Images of Forest Fires in Siberia
September 18, 2016
ColorcompositeonSept.
18,2016
AerosolOpticalDepth@380nmOnemonthcloudfreecomposite

AOT@380
0.1

2.5International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

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GOSAT CAI Images of Forest Fires in Siberia
September 27, 2016
Aerosol
OpticalDepth@27,
3802016nm
Color
composite
onSept.
One
monthcloud
freecomposite

AOT@380
0.1

2.5International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

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GOSAT Satellite Series
GOSAT, GOSAT-2, and GOSAT-3

GOSAT（2009〜）

GOSAT-2（2018〜）•GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite) Satellite Series is a Japanese
earth observation satellite program to monitor global atmosphericconcentrations of greenhouse gases from space.

•1st satellite, GOSAT, was launched in 2009 and has been obtaining CO2 andmethane concentration data for more than seven years. 2nd satellite, GOSAT-2,will be launched in 2018. It will measure not only CO2 and methane but alsocarbon monoxide and PM2.5. The feasibility of 3rd satellite, GOSAT-3, will beinvestigated in FY2017.

•More than 120 joint research contracts have been concluded with more than 20
countries under GOSAT Research Announcement framework so far.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

6

Quick Overview of GOSAT and GOSAT-2
GOSAT Specifications

GOSAT-2 Requirements

Launch year and life timeJan. 2009, 5 years

FY2017, 5 years

Satellite(Dimension, mass, power)

3.7 x 1.8 x 2.0 m, 1750kg, 3.8KW(EOL)

5.3 x 2.0 x 2.8 m, <2000kg, 5.0KW

Orbit (Type, altitude, repeat
cycle, equator crossing time)

Sun synchronous,666 km, 3 days, 13:00

Sun synchronous,613 km, 6 days, 13:00±15 min

Target gases

CO2, CH4, O2, O3, H2O

CO2, CH4, O2, O3, H2O, COFourier Transform
Spectrometer(FTS and FTS-2)

Band 1 : 0.76 – 0.78 µm
Band 2 : 1.56 – 1.72 µm
Band 3 : 1.92 – 2.08 µm
Band 4 : 5.6 – 14.3 µm
IFOV = 10.5 kmφ
Pointing = ±20° (AT), ±35°(CT)Polarimetry = Band 1, 2, 3Nadir

Cloud and Aerosol Imager(CAI and CAI-2)

B1 = 380 nm
B2 = 674 nm
B3 = 870 nm
B4 = 1600 nm
B1-B3 = 500 m / 1000 km,
B4 = 1500 m / 750 km

Other new features ofGOSAT-2 FTS-2

Band 1 : 0.75 – 0.77 µm
Band 2 : 1.56 – 1.69 µm
Band 3 : 1.92 – 2.33 µm
Band 4 : 5.5 – 8.4 µm
Band 5 : 8.4 – 14.3 µm
IFOV = 9.7 kmφ
Pointing = ±40° (AT), ±35° (CT)Polarimetry = Band 1, 2, 3
B1-5: forward (+20°), B610:backward(-20°)
B1 = 343 nm B6 = 380 nm
B2 = 443 nm B7 = 550 nm
B3 = 674 nm B8 = 674 nm
B4 = 869 nm B9 = 869 nm
B5 = 1630 nm B10= 1630 nm
B1-B4, B6-B9= 460 m / 920 km
B5, B10 = 920 m / 920 km

Intelligent pointing using FTS-2 FOV camera, fully programmable (targetmode) observation, and improved SNR.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 20167

Role Sharing in GOSAT Project

In GOSAT-2 Project, “Satellite development, launch, and operation “ are added to MOE’s role.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 20168

Global Map of GOSAT Monthly Column
Average Concentration of CO2 and CH4

CO2, April 2016

CH4, April 2016

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

9

GOSAT Satellite Series
Recent GOSAT Achievements
400 ppm• Whole-atmosphere mean CO2
concentration is calculated fromGOSAT data on a monthly basis.
• Recently, the monthly value and thetrend of whole-atmosphere CO2
concentration exceeded 400 ppm forthe first time since GOSAT waslaunched in 2009.
(Press release : May 2016)2013 Methane Anomaly in East Asia found by GOSAT
CH4 Anomaly (ppb)

Whole-atmosphere mean CO2 Concentration

Surface (Saga, Japan)
Surface (Tsukuba, Japan)
Satellite (GOSAT over Japan)

XCH4, Sept. 2012

XCH4, Sept. 2013

• Anomalously high methane concentrations overJapan were observed by GOSAT in the summerof 2013.
• Atmospheric transport model suggests that theweak Pacific High in 2013 may cause thisphenomenon. (Press release : September 2016)10

GOSAT Validation Using FTS data from Total
Carbon Column Observation Network (TCCON)

https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 2016

11

A New TCCON Site in Philippines(Total Carbon Colunm Observing Network)
 FY 2014• Potential sites were identified andvisited.
• Bruker 125 HR FTS with solar tracker
were installed in the container atNIES.

a)
Burgosb)

 FY2015• Decide the site considering scientific,logistical, and human resource
aspects. => Burgos• Negotiate with various stakeholders
and conclude MOU.
• Adjust and evaluate the newly
procured FTS at NIES FY2016• Conclude all the contracts• Move FTS from Tsukuba to the siteand start its operationc)d)a) Locations oh threecandidate sites in Philippines,b) Landscape at Burgos, c)Installation of a container for
FTS at NIES, d) A highresolution FTS in the container.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201612

Atmospheric Observation byGOSAT Satellite Series
GOSAT and GOSAT-2

One-path observation of GOSAT-2 FTS-2

Fourier Transform Spectrometer

FTS and FTS-2
Trace gases
CO2CH4

H2OCOCloud and Aerosol Imager

CAI and CAI-2

One-day observation of GOSAT CAIClouds
Aerosols
AOTPM2.5
Black carbon
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201613

GOSAT Air Pollution Watch• Japan has a satellite (GOSAT) and will have satelllites (GCOM-C andGOSAT-2) with high resolution UV imagers suitable for land aerosol /air pollution mapping (CAI, CAI-2, and SGLI).
• Combined use of these satellites will enable us to monitor detailed land
air pollution frequently (daily) in quasi-realtime.
• GOSAT Air Pollution Watch is a testbed for rapid processing /distribution of data from Japanese satellite UV imagers.
• GOSAT Air Pollution Watch is providing aerosol optical thickness in UV
region and empirically derived PM2.5 concentration for selected regionsin Asia.
• GOSAT Air Pollution Watch can be used to show the current distributionof the polluted air. It will also contribute to validation of the short term
prediction of transboundary air pollution using atmospheric transportmodels.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201614

GOSAT Air Pollution Watch
Overall Flowchart
GOSAT CAIL1B Product(TOA Radiance)

TOA
Reflectance

One-month data (≈10)
Corrected Band 1
Minimumground reflectance byReflectance
Modified Kaufman
in a monthMethod
Fukuda et al.,
JGR, 2013

Currently, land only

AtmosphericCorrection

UV CloudMask

AOT at 380
nm

Thick aerosol is NOT masked

NEW

Empirical
conversion
equations
Currently, Beijing/Shenyang only

NEW

LookupTable
Based on RSTAR 6b

PM 2.5

PBL Height
Humidity
Temperature
MERRA 1.25 x 1 deg 3-hourly data

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201615

GOSAT Air Pollution Watch

PM2.5 (in-situ) [µg/m3]

Improved Empirical Conversion Equation for China
Data : PM2.5 concentration data
at Beijing and Shenyang,
China, provided by US
Embassy in China.
N=205
r = 0.76 (0.67)
RMSE= 22.4 µg/m3(25.5 µg/m3)
Without outliers
RMSE= 17.8 µg/m3(21.4 µg/m3)

http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/aqirecent3.html
http://shenyang.usembassy-china.org.cn/air-quality-monitor.html

Coeffcients of Empirical
Conversion Equation
Variables(Intercept)
AOT380.avr.
AOT380.SD.
D.b1.SD.
r.band2.
r.band3.
r.b2.SD.
Ag.1.
Ag.2.
Ag.3.
Ag.1.SD.
Ag.2.SD.
inv_PBLH
T2M
QV2M

CoefficientTerm-476.6 Intercept
47.23 Averaged AOT@3801377 Std. dev. AOT@380-16435 Std. dev. of (band1-Ag1)
1054 Band2 TOA reflectance-380.2 Band3 TOA reflectance-4715 Std. dev. of band2 TOA refl.
16108 Band1 albedo-2922 Band2 albedo-801.8 Band3 albedo
26502 Std. dev. band1 albedo-1719 Std. dev. band2 albedo
17.67 Inverse of PBL Height (km)1.480 Temperature-6654 Specific Humidity

PM2.5 (GOSAT) [µg/m3]
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201616

East China, October 1 and 7, 2015

Beijing

Shenyang

Beijing

Shenyange_AOT
PM 2.5380nm[µg/m3]e_AOT
PM 2.5380nm[µg/m3]0100 1.50100 1.53300

3300

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201617

East China, October 16 and 19, 2015

Beijing

Shenyang

Beijing

Shenyang

PM 2.5380nm[µg/m3]e_AOT

PM 2.5380nm[µg/m3]e_AOT

100 1.500100 1.5300
3300
3International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201618

GOSAT CAI AOT@380 nm andUS AirNow PM2.5 Data at Hanoi (Preliminary)
3PM2.5 (in-situ)
PM2.5[µg/m ]160
20160208

14012020160229

10020160214

80
60
40
20
0
00.5

11.5
22.5
AOT380
AOT @ 380nm (GOSAT)3AOT380 = Average of 5×5 pixels
12 match-up data in January – September, 2016
February data show a trend different from data of other months
Simple estimation of PM 2.5 from GOSAT AOT@380nm and Reflectance @band3r > 0.82, RMSE=19.8µg/m3• PBL Height or other meteorological data are not used yet.
• We will compare our results with those of VNU Group using MODIS data.
••••

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201619

GOSAT CAI Images of Hanoi, Vietnam withUS AirNow PM2.5 Data at Hanoi (Preliminary)

AOT@380nm020160208 (PM2.5 = 143.6 µg/m3)

123

20160414 (PM2.5 = 86.2 µg/m3)
180
160

PM2.5 µg/m3

140

Data at GOSAT
overpass time

120
100
80
60
40
200

20160601 (PM2.5 = 11.1 µg/m3)

From : https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.global_summary#Vietnam$Hanoi

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201620

Thank you for your attention.
For more information, send e-mails togosat-2-info@nies.go.jp
orVisit our website:
http://www.nies.go.jp/soc/en
http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/
http://www.gosat-2.nies.go.jp

International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 201621