SC12 ࢀՃใࠂመຊӳ೭ɹதౡ‫ޗݚ‬ɹย‫޹ۅ‬༸ɹେౡ૱࢙ɹ‫ྑాࢤי‬࿨౦‫ژ‬େֶ৘ใ‫ج‬൫ηϯλʔ౦ ‫ ژ‬େ ֶ ৘ ใ ‫ ج‬൫ η ϯ λ ʔ ͷ ‫ ڭ‬৬ һ ͕ ɺ2012 ೥ 11 ݄ 10 ೔ ͔ Β 16 ೔ · Ͱ ɺΞ ϝ Ϧ Χ ͷ Ϣ λभ ι ϧ τ Ϩ Π Ϋ γ ς Ο ʹ ͯ ։ ࠵ ͞ Ε ͨ SC12 (International Conference for High Performance

Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis) ʹࢀՃͨ͠ɻຊձٞ͸ɺߴੑೳ‫( ࢉܭ‬HPC) ෼໺Ͱ͸ஶ໊ͳࠃࡍձٞͰ͋Δͱ‫ʹڞ‬ɺ༷ʑͳ৘ใٕज़ؔ࿈‫ۀا‬ͷٕज़లࣔձͰ΋͋Δɻຊߘ͸ͦͷࢀՃใࠂͰ͋Δɻ1͸͡Ίʹࠓճձ৔ͱͳͬͨιϧτϨΠΫγςΟ͸ɺϢλभͷभ౎Ͱ຤೔੟ెΠΤεɾΩϦετ‫ڭ‬ձ͕ங͍ͨफ‫͋Ͱࢢ౎ڭ‬Γɺಉ‫ڭ‬ͷຊ෦͕ஔ͔Ε͍ͯΔɻ2002 ೥ͷౙ‫ظ‬ΦϦϯϐοΫ։࠵஍Ͱ΋͋Γɺඇৗʹ‫ؾ‬Թ͕௿͘ɺ౸ண೔΋̑ඵఔ౓Ͱମʹઇ͕ੵ΋Δ΄ͲͷਧઇͰ͋ͬͨɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɺ࣪౓ͷӨ‫͔ࢗ͢ڹ‬Α͏ͳ‫Ͱ͞פ‬͸ͳ͘ɺ‫ؾ‬Թͷׂʹ͸ա͝͠΍͘͢‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɻྺ࢙త‫ܦ‬Ң͔Βɺ೔‫ܥ‬ਓͷൺ཰͕ߴ͍౎ࢢͰ͋Δͱͷ͜ͱ͕ͩͬͨɺ৯ࣄ͸ଞͷΞϝϦΧͷ౎ࢢͱಉ༷ɺϏΞόʔͰͷϑΝʔετɾϑʔυ͕ओͱͳͬͨɻΞϧίʔϧɾΧϑΣΠϯΛ‫͡ې‬Δफ೿ͷ౎ࢢͰ͋ Γ ͳ ͕ Β ɺ͍ ͘ ͭ ͔ ͷ ϒ Ϧ ϡ ϫ Ϧ ʔ ͕ ಊ ʑ ͱ ౎ ࢢ ͷ த ԝ ʹ ߏ ͑ ͯ ͍ ͨ ͜ ͱ ͕ େ ม ͓ ΋ ͠ Ζ͘‫͡ײ‬ΒΕͨɻձ৔͸ Salt Palace convention center Ͱɺࡢ೥౓ͷ̎ϗʔϧΛ࢖͏ߏ੒͔Β̍ϗʔϧʹ໭ͬͨͨΊ͔ɺए‫֮ײ͍޿ׯ‬Λड͚ͨɻྫ೥ͱҧ͍ɺຊ೥ͷΧϯϑΝϨϯεςʔϚ͸͋Β͔͡Ίܾఆ͸͞Εͣɺ։࠵·Ͱͷ̍೥ؒͷಈ޲Λ޿͘෼ੳܾͯ͠ఆ͢Δͱ͞Εͨɻ࣮ࡍͷձٞͰ͸ɺϏοάσʔλ΍Ծ૝Խٕज़ͳͲΛओͳలࣔ಺༰ͱ͍ͯͨ͠Α͏ʹࢥ͏ɻٕज़లࣔͷํͰ͸ɺIntel ͷ Xeon Phi ͷൃදΛ͏͚ɺϝχʔίΞΞʔΩςΫνϟͷల͕ࣔࢄ‫͞ݟ‬Εͨɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɺࡢ೥ʹҾ͖ଓ͖ɺ໨ཱͬͨ৽‫ن‬ཁૉٕज़͸গͳ͘ɺࡢ೥ Inﬁniband

FDR Λൃද͠ɺ࣍ͷ‫͋Ͱ֨ن‬Δ EDR Λ߇͑Δ Mellanox ࣾΛ͸͡Ίͱ͢ΔΠϯλʔίωΫτͷ ෼ ໺ ͕ ൺ ֱ త ໨ ཱ ͭ ల ࣔ Λ ߦ ͬ ͯ ͍ ͨ Α ͏ ʹ ‫ ͨ ͡ ײ‬ɻઌ ͩ ͬ ͯ ͓ ͖ ͨ ɺΞ ϝ Ϧ Χ ੓ ෎ ͷ εΩϟϯμϧͷͨΊʹɺΞϝϦΧ੓෎ɾެత‫ؔػ‬ͷҰ෦͕༧ࢉ೉ʹΑΓग़లΛதࢭ͍͕ͯͨ͠ɺ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ‫ؔػڀݚ‬͸ΞϝϦΧࠃ಺ͷେֶ‫ؔػ‬లࣔʹ৐ΓೖΕΔ‫Ͱܗ‬లࣔΛߦ͍ͬͯͨɻྫ͑͹ɺ৽‫ن‬ͷεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλγεςϜ Titan Λ༴͢Δ Oak Ridge National Laboratory ͳͲ͸ɺςωγʔେֶͷϒʔεͰͷలࣔͰ͋ͬͨɻ

2SC-XY ʹ͍ͭͯຊձٞ͸Ҏલ͸ Supercomputing-XY(XY:։࠵೥) ͱ͍͏໊শͰɺ1988 ೥ϑϩϦμभΦʔϥϯυ Ͱ ୈ 1 ճ ͕ ։ ࠵ ͞ Ε ͯ ͔ Β ɺຖ ೥ 11 ݄ ʹ Ξ ϝ Ϧ Χ ֤ ஍ Λ స ʑ ͱ ͠ ͳ ͕ Β ։ ࠵ ͞ Ε ͯ ͍ Δ ɻSC-XY ͱ͍͏໊લʹมΘͬͨͷ͸ 1997 ೥ͰɺSupercomputing-88 ͔Β਺͑ͯɺࠓճͰ 24 ճ໨ͷ։࠵Ͱ͋Δɻձٞ͸ɺຖேߦΘΕΔ‫ج‬ௐߨԋ΍ɺ‫ൃڀݚ‬දɺࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷτϨϯυΛ઎͏ BoF(Birds of a Feather:ಛఆͷτϐοΫΛఆΊͨখ‫ن‬໛ूձ) ΍ύωϧ౼࿦ɺओཁٕज़ͷཧղΛॿ͚ΔνϡʔτϦΞϧ1
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ͳͲͰߏ੒͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ
·ͨɺ‫ۀا‬΍֤छ‫ʹؔػڀݚ‬ΑΔɺ࠷৽ͷ੡඼ɺٕज़ͷలࣔൃද΋஫໨͢΂͖಺༰Ͱ͋Δɻ3‫ؔػڀݚ‬ʗ‫ۀا‬లࣔ, ‫ൃڀݚ‬දઌʹ΋ड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɺIntel ͷ Xeon Phi (͜Ε·ͰɺKnights Ferry, Knights Corner ͱ‫ݺ‬͹Ε͍ͯͨ෺ͷਖ਼ࣜϦϦʔε໊) Λ࢝ΊɺNVIDIA ͷ HPC ൛ Keplaer ౳ͷϝχʔίΞϓϩηοα΁ͷରԠٕज़͕ଟ͘‫ݟ‬ΒΕͨɻ͜ΕΒͷಈ޲ʹؔͯ͠ɺGPU ʹ͍ͭͯ͸େ͖͘෼͚ͯɺ࠷৽ GPUKepler ΞʔΩςΫνϟʹؔ͢Δ࿩୊ɺରΞΫηϥϨʔλ൚༻ࣗಈίϯύΠϥ‫ ֨ن‬OpenACC ʹؔ͢Δ࿩୊ɺ‫ط‬ଘͷ GPU Λ༻͍ͨ‫݁ڀݚ‬ՌͷൃදͰ͋ͬͨɻOpenACC ʹؔͯ͠͸ GPU ઐ༻ͷٕज़Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺ‫ޙ‬ड़͢Δ MIC (Many Integrated Core) ΋ର৅ʹͳΔٕज़ͰɺOpenMP ͷΑ͏ͳࢦࣔจΛ༻͍ͯ GPU ౳ͷϔςϩͳฒྻ‫͚޲ڥ؀ࢉܭ‬ͷϓϩάϥϜΛ࡞੒Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ͢Δ΋ͷͰ͋Γɺࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷൃల͕‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɻҰํ MIC ͱͯ͠࡞ΒΕͨ Xeon Phi ͸ GPU ͱಉ༷ʹ‫ੈݱ‬୅ͷ CPU ίΞΑΓ΋୯७ͳ‫ࢉܭ‬ίΞΛଟ਺౥ࡌͨ͠ϋʔυ΢ΣΞͰ͋ΓɺIntel ʹΑΔର GPU ΋͘͠͸ Intel ൛ͷ GPGPU ͱͯ͠ଟํ໘͔Β஫໨ΛूΊ͖ͯͨɻMIC ͸ x86 ΞʔΩςΫνϟΛ‫ܧ‬ঝͨ͠‫ࢉܭ‬ίΞΛ౥ࡌ͠ GPU ͱൺ΂ͯ‫ط‬ଘͷϓϩάϥϜͷҠ২ੑ͕ߴ͍͜ͱ΍ɺ‫ܭ‬ࢉίΞ্Ͱ Linux ͳͲͷ OS Λಈ͔ͤΔͱ͍ͬͨ൚༻ੑͷߴ͕͞ಛ௃Ͱ͋Δɻϓϩάϥϛϯάख๏ͱͯ͠΋‫ط‬ଘͷ CPU ޲͚։ൃ‫༻׆͕ڥ؀‬ՄೳͰ͋ΓɺIntel ੡ͷίϯύΠϥ΍ϥΠϒϥϦ͕
ར༻Ͱ͖ΔɻΞʔΩςΫνϟ΍ੑೳʹؔ͢Δ৘ใ͸༷ʑͳ৔Ͱগͣͭ͠ެ։͞ΕɺҰ෦ͷ‫ڀݚ‬‫ؔػ‬΍ఏ‫ʹۀاܞ‬͸αϯϓϧͷग़ՙͳͲ͕ߦΘΕ͍ͯͨɻ͜ͷϓϥΠϚϦ‫ʹؔػ‬ΑΓɺMIC Λ౥ࡌͨ͠‫ػࢉܭ‬γεςϜͷల͕ࣔଟ਺ߦΘΕ͓ͯΓɺ·ͨ MIC Λ༻͍ͨ‫ڀݚ‬΍σϞΛలࣔ͢Δϒʔε΋‫ݟ‬ΒΕɺMIC ΁ͷ஫໨ͷߴ͞Λ࢕͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɻՃ ͑ ͯ ɺຊ ೥ ͷ ‫ ൃ ڀ ݚ‬ද Ͱ ͸ ɺै དྷ 1 η ο γ ϣ ϯ ఔ ౓ ͷ Fault Tolerance (଱ ‫ ނ‬ো ٕ ज़) ͕ ɺ

Checkpoint/Restart, Fault Resilience, Fault Detection ͷ 3 ηογϣϯʹ౉ΓߦΘΕͨɻ͜ͷ 3ͭͷ࿩୊͸‫׬‬શʹ෼͚Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͕ɺҰͭ໨͕ɺγεςϜϨϕϧͰͷ଱‫ނ‬ো‫ػ‬ೳʹ΋ར༻ՄೳͳɺνΣοΫϙΠϯτϦελʔτΞϧΰϦζϜͷޮ཰Խɺೋͭ໨͕ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯϨϕϧͷ଱‫ނ‬োٕज़ɺࡾͭ໨͕ଞೋͭͷτϐοΫΛࢧ͑Δ‫ނ‬ো‫ݕ‬஌ɺ༧ଌٕज़ʹ͍ͭͯͰ͋Δɻଞʹ΋ɺϏοάσʔλͷॲཧ΍লిྗΞʔΩςΫνϟͱ͍ͬͨɺࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷ‫ڥ؀ػࢉܭ‬ͷେ‫ن‬໛Խʹ޲͚ͯͷτϨϯυٕज़͕ଟ͘ൃද͞Ε͍ͯͨɻలࣔʹ͍ͭͯ͸ࢀՃஂମ਺͸‫ ۀا‬199 ݅ɺ‫ ؔػڀݚ‬132 ݅ͱɺ૯਺ͱͯ͠͸ඍ‫ͨͬͳͱݮ‬ɻ͜Ε͸ɺઌʹ΋ड़΂ͨɺGSA (ถࠃ࿈๜੓෎ௐୡ‫ )ہ‬ͷεΩϟϯμϧʹΑΓɺΧϯϑΝϨϯε΁ͷࢀՃʹ༧ࢉతͳ੍ࡋ͕औΒΕͨ͜ͱ΋ҰҼ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ·ͨ‫ൃڀݚ‬දͷ౤ߘ࿦จ਺͸ 412 ݅ɺ࠾୒਺͸ 100 ݅Ͱɺ࠾୒཰͸ 21% Ͱ͋Γɺηογϣϯ਺͕૿͑ͨͷ͸࿦จ౤ߘ਺͕૿Ճͨ͜͠ͱʹ൐ͬͨ΋ͷͰ࠾୒཰͸ԣ͹͍Ͱ͋Δɻ೔ຊ͔Βͷൃද͸ 5 ݅Ͱ͏ͪ 4 ͕݅౦‫ۀ޻ژ‬େֶͷབྷΜͩൃදͰ͋ͬͨɻ͞Βʹɺϙελൃදʹ͸ 12 ݅࠾୒͞Ε͓ͯΓɺ‫ͳൃ׆‬࿦ٞΛߦ͍ͬͯͨɻ4౦‫ژ‬େֶ৘ใ‫ج‬൫ηϯλʔʹΑΔలࣔ౦‫ژ‬େֶ৘ใ‫ج‬൫ηϯλʔ͸ຊ೥ɺ౦‫ژ‬େֶ෺ੑ‫߹ͱॴڀݚ‬ಉͰ Oakleaf-Kashiwa Allianceͱ͍͏ஂମΛ࡞ΓలࣔࢀՃΛߦͬͨɻ‫ࢉܭ‬ηϯλʔͱ࣮ࡍͷར༻ऀ͕૊ΜͰలࣔΛߦ͏͜ͱʹΑΓɺྫ೥ͱൺͯ͠΋ɺೱ͍಺༰ͷలࣔΛߦ͑ͨͱ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɻ৘ใ‫ج‬൫ηϯλʔ͔Β͸ɺ‫ڭ‬һͷ

2
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2013

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ձ৔ͱ AICS ϒʔεOakleaf-Kashiwa Aliance ϒʔεશ‫ࣸ߹ूͱܠ‬ਅ‫঺ڀݚ‬հ΍෋࢜௨ PRIMEHPC FX-10 Λ‫ؚ‬Ήຊηϯλʔͷओཁεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͷ঺հΛߦͬͨɻओ࣠ͱͨ͠಺༰͸ JST CREST ʮϙετϖλεέʔϧߴੑೳ‫͢ࢿʹࢉܭ‬ΔγεςϜιϑτ΢ΣΞٕज़ͷ૑ग़ʯʹ͓͍ͯߦ͍ͬͯΔʮࣗಈνϡʔχϯά‫ߏػ‬Λ༗͢ΔΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ։ൃɾ࣮ߦ‫ڥ؀‬ʯͷలࣔͰɺ͜Ε͸ෳࡶԽɺେ‫ن‬໛Խ͢Δεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλ্ͰͷϓϩάϥϜ։ൃͱͦͷ҆ఆͳ࣮ߦΛࢧԉ͢ΔϥΠϒϥϦɾϑϨʔϜϫʔΫΛ։ൃ͢ΔϓϩδΣΫτ
Ͱ ͋ Δ ɻຊ ೥ ͸ ɺ͜ ͷ ϓ ϩ δ Σ Ϋ τ ͷ ੒ Ռ ෺ Ͱ ͋ Δ ppOpenHPC ver. 0.1.0 ͷ ഑ ෍ Λ ߦ ͬ ͨ ɻ· ͨ ɺྫ ೥ ߦ ͬ ͯ ͍ Δ ϒ ʔ ε Ͱ ͷ ެ ԋ ʹ ɺࠓ ೥ ͸ ւ ֎ ͷ ߨ ԋ ऀ Λ ট ଴ ͠ ‫ ͳ ൃ ׆‬ҙ ‫ ݟ‬ͷ ަ ‫ ׵‬ΛߦͬͨɻՃ͑ͯɺຊ೥౓͸ຊηϯλʔͷ‫ڭ‬һΛ͸͡Ίɺଟछ‫ۀا‬ͷࢀՃ͢Δจ෦ՊֶলͷϓϩδΣΫτʮϨΠςϯγίΞͷߴ౓Խɾߴޮ཰ԽʹΑΔকདྷͷ HPCI γεςϜʹؔ͢Δௐࠪ‫ڀݚ‬ʯʹؔ͢ΔఏҊɺൃද΋ຊϒʔεʹซઃ͠ɺଟछͷ࣭໰ɺ౼ٞΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɻ5‫ج‬ௐߨԋɾট଴ߨԋॳ೔ͷ‫ج‬ௐߨԋ͸ Physics of the Future ͱ୊͠ɺૉཻࢠɾ௒‫ݭ‬ཧ࿦‫ऀڀݚ‬ͷ Michio Kaku ࢯ͕ߦͬͨɻࢯ͸Պֶղઆऀͱͯ͠΋ஶ໊ͰΞϝϦΧͷՊֶςϨϏ൪૊ɺσΟεΧόϦʔνϟϯωϧ౳ʹ΋Α͘ग़ԋ͍ͯ͠Δɻ಺༰͸ɺٕज़ൃలʹΑΔະདྷΛ૝૾͢Δͱ͍͏΋ͷͰɺٕज़ͷՁ஋ͱͦͷٕज़͕΋ͨΒ͍ͯ͘͠ະདྷΛࣾձ৘੎ͱ߹Θͤ࿦ͨ͡ɻࢯ͸͙͢ʹ͸঎‫ۀ‬Խ͞Εͳ͍‫ٕૅج‬ज़ͷॏཁੑΛৠ‫ؔػؾ‬΍ిྗͷྫΛҎͯઆ͖ɺͦΕΒͷ‫ٕૅج‬ज़ͷॏཁੑ͸޿ใʹΑΓੈؒʹ஌Β͠ΊΔඞཁ͕͋Δͱͨ͠ɻ͞΋ͳ͘͹ɺະདྷʹ͓͍ͯɺଞͷஂମʹ஗ΕΛऔΔ͜

3
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ਤ3དྷ৔ऀ΁‫಺ڀݚ‬༰Λઆ໌͢Δ‫ڭ‬һਤ4ϓϨθϯςʔγϣϯͱʹͳΔͱ͍͏ɻ͜Ε͕ɺࢯ͕ߦ͍ͬͯΔςϨϏग़ԋ‫׆‬ಈͷಈ‫͍ͯͬͳͱػ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ͜ͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠஌Β͠ΊΒΕٕͨज़͸ɺ࠷ऴతʹʮEveryware and Nowareʯͭ·ΓɺͲ͜ʹͰ΋͋Δ΋ͷ͸Ͳ͜ʹ΋ͳ͍ͱ͍͏วࡏੑΛ֫ಘ͠ɺ೔ৗ‫͔ޠ‬Β͢Βফ͍͑ͯͩ͘Ζ͏ͱͨ͠ɻ
͜Εʹ΋ water ΍ electricity Λ΋͸΍೔ৗͷৠ‫ؔػؾ‬ɺిྗʹରԠ͢Δ‫͍ͳ͍ͯͬ࢖ͯ͠ͱޠ‬͜ͱΛྫʹ͍͋͛ͯͨɻͦͯ͠ɺࠓ‫ޙ‬ಉ͡ਐలΛͨͲΔ΋ͷͱͯ͠ Computer Chip ͕͋Δͱࢯ͸͍͏ɻͦͯ͠ɺComputer Chip ͕วࡏԽͨ͠‫ޙ‬ɺ༷ʑͳഔମ͕ిࢠԽɺਓ޻஌ೳ΋‫ͳܹٸ‬ൃలΛͱ͛ɺϒϧʔΧϥʔδϣϒ΍૝૾ྗΛඞཁͱ͠ͳ͍࢓ࣄ͸औͬͯ୅ΘΒΕΔ͜ͱʹͳΔͷͰɺਓؒ͸෺࣭Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺࢥߟͱΠϝʔδΛՁ஋ͱͯ͠ੜ͖͍ͯ͘΂͖ͩͱకΊͨɻࢯ͕ղઆऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱ΋͋Γɺ࢝ऴΤϯλʔςΠϝϯτੑͷߴ͍‫ޠ‬Γ‫Ͱޱ‬ձ৔Λ෸͔͍ͤͯͨɻཌ೔ͷট଴ߨԋ͸ Simulating the Human Brain - An Extreme Challenge for Computing ͱ୊4
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ਤ5‫ج‬ௐߨԋɾট଴ߨԋͷ໛༷͠ɺHenry Markram ࢯʹΑΔ The Blue Brain Project ʹ͍ͭͯͷߨԋͱͳͬͨɻ͜ͷϓϩδΣΫτ͸ɺίϯϐϡʔλʹਓؒͷ೴ΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͤ͞Δͱ͍͏΋ͷͰɺਆ‫ࡉܦ‬๔ͷ૬‫࡞ޓ‬༻ɺਆ‫ܦ‬ճ࿏ͷϚοϓͱ͍ͬͨϓϦϛςΟϒͳ࢓૊Έʹؔͯ͠๲େͳ‫࡯؍‬ɺϞσϧԽɺ‫ͱূݕ‬͍ ͏ ख ॱ Λ ‫ ͯ ܦ‬BlueGene/Q ্ ʹ ਓ ؒ ͷ ೴ Λ ࠶ ‫ ͢ ݱ‬Δ ɻࢯ ͸ ࣮ ࡍ ͷ ‫ ࡯ ؍‬ͷ Έ Ͱ ೴ ͷ ൓ Ԡ Λ ࠶‫͠ݱ‬Α͏ͱࢥ͏ͱ 2000 ೥͸͔͔Δͱ‫͍ݴ‬ɺ΋͠ਖ਼͍͠ϞσϧΛߏஙͰ͖ɺͦΕΛ HPC ͰॲཧͰ͖Ε͹ɺ༷ʑͳೖྗΛԾ૝೴ʹ༩͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɺैདྷͷωζϛΛ࢖͏࣮‫ݧ‬ΑΓ΋ߴ଎ʹɺσʔλΛಘΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ·ͨɺ͜ͷԾ૝೴ʹΑͬͯɺকདྷɺਓ͕ؒզ͕ࢠΛҭͯΔΑ͏ʹਓ޻஌ೳΛ‫ڭ‬ҭ͠ɺߴ଎Ͱॊೈͳਓ޻஌ೳΛ࡞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ༷ʹͳΔͱͷ͜ͱͩͬͨɻ૒ํͱ΋ɺ‫ػࢉܭ‬ͷߦ͖ண͘ઌͱͯ͠ͲͷΑ͏ͳखஈ͕͋Δ͔ɺͦͯ͠ͲͷΑ͏ͳະདྷʹͳΔ͔ͱ͍͏͜ͱʹ஫ࢹͨ͠ߨԋͰ͋ΓɺਓʑΛ‫ڵ‬ฃͤ͞ΔΑ͏ͳ͔ͳΓେ‫ن‬໛ͳߏ૝ɺ૝૾Λ‫ͨͬޠ‬΋ͷͰ͋ͬͨɻͦͷ΄͔ʹ΋ɺཧԽֶ‫ॴڀݚ‬ɹ‫ࢉܭ‬Պֶ‫ߏػڀݚ‬ͷԣ઒ࡾ௡෉ࢯʹΑΔ೔ຊͷεύίϯͷൃలͱʮ‫ژ‬ʯ։ൃͷ‫ܦ‬Ңʹ͍ͭͯߨԋͨ͠ The K Computer - Toward Its Productive Application

to Our Life ΍ɺ DoE ͷ William J. Harrod ࢯʹΑΔ A Journey to Exascale Computing ͱ‫ࢉܭ‬‫ػ‬ͷະདྷʹ͍ͭͯͷߨԋ͕ଟ͔ͬͨΑ͏ʹ‫ͨ͡ײ‬ɻ

6Grand Challenge

6.1 TOP500/Green500/HPCC
Top500 List (http://www.top500.org/) ͸ɺੈքͷεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͷੑೳΛɺLINPACKͱ͍͏ɺ܎਺ߦྻ͕ີߦྻͷ࿈ཱҰ࣍ํఔࣜΛղ͘ϕϯνϚʔΫͷॲཧ଎౓ʹΑͬͯ‫͏ڝ‬΋ͷͰ͋Δɻ1993೥ͷ։࢝Ҏདྷɺ6݄ʹϤʔϩούͰߦΘΕΔձٞͰ͋Δ ISCͱɺຊձٞ SCʹͯ೥ 2 ճͷߋ৽Λଓ͚͍ͯΔɻ·ͨɺTOP500 ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɺిྗ౰ͨΓͷ LINPACK ੑೳΛൺֱͨ͠ϥϯΩϯά
ͱͯ͠ Green500(http://www.green500.org/) ͕͋ΔɻTOP500 ͷ্ҐͰ͸ GPU(NVIDIA Keplar,NVIDIA Fermi)ɺCPU(Intel Xeon E5, IBM Power BG/Q, IBM POWER7, Fujitsu SPARC64)ɺ
MIC(Intel Xeon Phi) ͱ ༷ ʑ ͳ ϓ ϩ η ο α ͕ ༻ ͍ Β Ε ͯ ͍ Δ ͕ ɺBlueGene/Q ͕ ্ Ґ 10 ‫ ػ‬ͷ ͏
ͪ 4 ‫ػ‬Λ઎Ίͨ͜ͱ͕ಛ௃తͰ͋ͬͨɻࡢ೥౓ 1 ҐͰ͋ͬͨʮ‫ژ‬ʯ͸ 3 Ґʹ‫ޙ‬ୀͨ͠ɻτοϓ͸2009 ೥ 11 ݄ɺ2010 ೥ 6 ݄ʹτοϓͰ͋ͬͨ Jaguar ʹ࠷৽ͷ NVIDIA GPU Λ౥ࡌͨ͠ ORNL ͷTitan Ͱɺ2 ೥ͿΓʢ2011 ೥ 11 ݄ͷ Tianhe-1A Ҏདྷ ʣʹ GPU εύ ίϯ ͕௖఺ ʹཱ ͬͨ͜ ͱʹ ͳ5スーパーコンピューティングニュース- 60 -

Vol. 15, No. 12013

ΓɺվΊͯ GPU ‫ۀ‬ք͸஫໨ΛूΊ͍ͯͨɻͦͷ΄͔ɺಛච͢΂͖͸ 7 ҐʹͳͬͨςΩαεେֶͷ Stampede Ͱɺ͜Ε͸ Intel Xeon Phi Λར༻ͨ͠ॳͷେ‫ن‬໛εʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͱͳΔɻ

Green500 ʹ͓͍ͯ͸্Ґ͸΍͸ΓΞΫηϥϨʔλΛ౥ࡌͨ͠γεςϜ͔ BlueGene/Q ͷͲͪΒ͔Ͱ઎ΊΒΕ͍ͯͨɻେ‫ܕ‬εʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͷதͰ͸ Titan ͱ JUQUEEN ͕૒ํͰ10 ҐҎ಺ʹϥϯΫΠϯ͍ͯ͠ΔɻGreen500 ͸খ‫ܕ‬ͷγεςϜͰ͋Δ΄Ͳ޷੒੷ΛऩΊ΍͘͢ɺެฏੑΛܽ͘෦෼͕͋Δ͕ɺͦͷதͰ͜ͷ 2 ͭͷγεςϜͷ஋͸ಛච͢΂͖ͱߟ͑Δɻ͞Βʹɺଟ໘తʹεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͷੑೳΛධՁ͢Δ໨తͰ࡞ΒΕͨ HPC Challenge(HPCC)ͱ ͍ ͏ ϕ ϯ ν Ϛ ʔ Ϋ (http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/) ͕ ͋ Δ ɻ͜ Ε ͸ ֤ ϕ ϯ ν Ϛ ʔ Ϋ Ξ ϓ Ϧ έ ʔγϣϯʹ͓͍ͯಉҰͷγεςϜߏ੒Ͱଌఆ͢Δ෺Ͱ͋Γɺ෯޿͍ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ΁ͷରԠྗ͕ ‫ ٻ‬Ί Β Ε Δ ɻHPCC Ͱ ͸ HPLɺSTREAMɺRandomAccessɺFFT ͷ 4 ͭ Λ ಛ ʹ ओ ཁ ͳ ੑ ೳ ධՁΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͱͯ͠ HPCC Award Λൃද͓ͯ͠Γɺ2011 ೥ 4 ‫ͨͬ͋Ͱף‬ʮ‫ژ‬ʯ͸ 4 ͭͷϕϯνϚʔΫ͢΂ͯʹ͓͍ͯະͩ 3 ҐҎ಺ʹೖ͍ͬͯͨɻ

6.2 ACM Gordon Bell Awardେ‫ن‬໛γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ࣮ޮੑೳ͓Αͼ‫ࢉܭ‬Պֶͷ੒ՌΛ‫ ͏ڝ‬ACM Gordon Bell ৆Ͱ͸ɺੴࢁஐ໌ࢯɾࣅௗ‫ࢯޗܒ‬ʢஜ೾େʣɺ຀໺३Ұ࿠ࢯʢ౦޻େʣͷ 4.45PFlops Astrophysical N-Body

Simulation on K Computer - The Gravitational Trillion-Body Problem ͕ ε έ ʔ ϥ Ϗ Ϧ ς Ο ͱ‫ؒ࣌ࢉܭ‬ͷߴ଎ԽΛධՁ͞Ε࠷༏ल৆Λड৆ͨ͠ɻ͜ͷϓϩάϥϜ͸ɺN ମ໰୊Λ‫ژ‬ίϯϐϡʔλ্Ͱߦͬͨ΋ͷͰɺଞͷϑΝΠφϦετͰ Sequoia Λ࢖ͬͨνʔϜ͕ FLOPS ஋Ͱ͸ 2 ഒͷੑೳΛग़͍ͯͨ͠ɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒɺࢯΒ͸ɺΞϧΰϦζϜ্ුಈখ਺ԋࢉ͕‫͓ͯͬݮ‬ΓɺFLOPS஋͸Լ͕͍ͬͯΔ͕ɺΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ͕໨తͱ͢Δ౴͑ΛಘΔ࣌ؒ͸ Squoia ͷνʔϜΑΓߴ଎Ͱ͋Δͱओுͨ͠ɻ࠷༏ल৆͸͜Ε͕ධՁ͞Εͨ‫ͳͱܗ‬Δɻͳ͓ɺࡢ೥ͱҧ͍ɺಛผ৆౳ͷൃද͸͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ɻ

6.3 Graph500
ۙ೥ॏཁͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔεʔύʔίϯϐϡʔλͷେ‫ن‬໛σʔλॲཧʹར༻͞ΕΔάϥϑॲཧ͸ɺ‫཰ޮࢉܭ‬Λ্͛ͮΒ͍ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷ 1 ͭͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷੑೳΛ‫͏ڝ‬΋ͷͱͯ͠ࡢ೥ͷ

SC10 ͔ Β Graph500 ͱ ͍ ͏ ϕ ϯ ν Ϛ ʔ Ϋ (http://www.graph500.org/) ͕ ൃ ද ͞ Ε ͨ ɻࢦ ඪ ͱ ͯ͠ ͸ ά ϥ ϑ ߏ ଄ ͷ ෯ ༏ ઌ ୳ ࡧॲ ཧ ʹ ͓ ͚ Δ TEPS (Traversed Edges Per Secondɿ1 ඵ ؒ ʹ ୧ Δά ϥ ϑ ͷ Τ ο δ ਺) Λ ༻ ͍ Δ ɻࠓ ೥ ͸ AICS ͷʮ ‫ ژ‬ʯί ϯ ϐ ϡ ʔ λ ͕ 4 Ґ ɺKEK ͷ SAKURA ͕12 Ґɺ౰ηϯλʔͷ Oakleaf-FX ΋ 18 Ґͷ੒੷ΛೲΊͨɻ·ͨɺࡢ೥ 3 Ґͩͬͨ౦‫ۀ޻ژ‬େֶͷ
TSUBAME2.0 ΋ 20 ҐʹҐஔ͍ͯ͠ΔɻTEPS ͸ɺ໰୊‫ن‬໛ʹΑΓมΘͬͯ͘Δ͕ɺGraph500 Ͱ͸͜ΕΛߟྀͤͣɺ७ਮʹ TEPS ʹΑͬͯͷΈ৹ࠪΛߦͬͨɻ͜Ε͸ࡢ೥͔Β໰୊ࢹ͞Ε͓ͯΓɺࠓ೥͸ରԠ͕ߦΘΕΔͱ͍ΘΕ͍͕ͯͨɺ࣮ࡍ͸ࠓ೥΋ TEPS ͷΈͰͷධՁͱͳ͍ͬͯͨɻ

7͓ΘΓʹຊ೥ͷ SC12 ͸ MIC, GPU ͱ͍ͬͨϝχʔίΞΞΫηϥϨʔλ‫ܥ‬ͷൃද͕໨ཱͬͨձٞͱͳͬ

ͨɻ·ͨɺ‫ͯ͠ͱڀݚ‬͸ΤΫα‫ن‬໛ͷ࣍ੈ୅ΞʔΩςΫνϟΛҙࣝͨ͠΋ͷ͕ଟ͘ɺ࣮෺͕‫ݟ‬͑࢝ΊͨϝχʔίΞΛ೗Կʹͯ͠ΤΫαͷ‫ن‬໛ʹ࣋ͬͯߦ͔͘ɺ͋Δ͍͸ͲͷΑ͏ʹΤΫα‫ن‬

6
スーパーコンピューティングニュース- 61 -

Vol. 15, No. 12013໛ͷγεςϜΛޮ཰Α͘ར༻͢Δ͔ͱ͍ͬͨτϐοΫ͕ࢄ‫͞ݟ‬Εͨɻ‫ج‬ௐߨԋΛ‫ؚ‬Ίɺࠓ‫ޙ‬ͷ‫ػࢉܭ‬ͷະདྷ΁ͷϏδϣϯΛશ໘ʹԡ͠ग़ͨ͠ձٞͩͬͨΑ͏ʹࢥ͏ɻདྷ೥ͷ SC13 ͸ 2013 ೥11 ݄ 17 ೔͔Β 22 ೔ʹ͔͚ͯίϩϥυभσϯόʔͰ։࠵͞ΕΔ༧ఆͰ͋Δɻද1Rank
1TOP500 List ্Ґ 10 Ґ

Site/System/Country
DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Titan - CrayRmax

Power(TF/s)

(kW)

17590

8209

16324.8

7890

10510

12660

8162.43945

4141.2

1970

2897

3423

XK7 , Opteron 6274 16C 2.200GHz, Cray Gemini interconnect, NVIDIA K20x, Cray Inc.
2

DOE/NNSA/LLNL, Sequoia - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC
16C 1.60 GHz, Custom, IBM United States

3

RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science(AICS), K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect, Fujitsu, Japan

4

DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory, Mira - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz, Custom, IBM, UnitedStates

5Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ), JUQUEEN - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.600GHz, Custom Interconnect,IBM, Germany

6

Leibniz Rechenzentrum, SuperMUC - iDataPlex DX360M4,
Xeon E5-2680 8C 2.70GHz, Inﬁniband FDR, IBM, Germany

7Texas Advanced Computing Center/Univ. of Texas, Stam-2660.3

pede - PowerEdge C8220, Xeon E5-2680 8C 2.700GHz, Inﬁniband FDR, Intel Xeon Phi, Dell, United States
8National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin, Tianhe-1A -2566

4040

1725.5822

15153576

NUDT YH MPP, Xeon X5670 6C 2.93 GHz, NVIDIA 2050,NUDT, China
9CINECA, Fermi - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz,Custom, IBM, Italy

10

IBM Development Engineering, DARPA Trial Subset Power 775, POWER7 8C 3.836GHz, Custom Interconnect,IBM, United States7
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ද2RankMF/W

Green500 List ্Ґ 10 ҐSite

ComputerPower(kW)12,499.44NationalInstituteComputationalforBeacon - Appro Green-Sci-Blade GB824M, Xeon E5-ences/University of Ten-

2670 8C 2.600GHz, Inﬁni-nessee

band FDR, Intel Xeon Phi

44.89

5110P
22,351.10

King Abdulaziz City for

SANAM-Science and Technology

ESC4000/FDR G2, Xeon
E5-26508C

Inﬁniband

Adtech179.152.000GHz,

FDR,

AMD

FirePro S10000
32,142.77

DOE/SC/Oak Ridge Na-

Titan - Cray XK7 , Opterontional Laboratory

6274 16C 2.200GHz, Cray
Gemini8,209.00

interconnect,

NVIDIA K20x
42,121.71

Swiss Scientiﬁc Computing

Todi - Cray XK7 , OpteronCenter (CSCS)

6272 16C 2.100GHz, Cray
Gemini129.00interconnect,NVIDIA Tesla K20 Kepler
52,102.12

Forschungszentrum Juelich

JUQUEEN - BlueGene/Q,(FZJ)

Power BQC 16C 1.600GHz,

1,970.00

Custom Interconnect
62,101.39

SouthernOntario

ComputingSmart

Innovation

Consortium/Universityof

BGQdev-BlueGene/Q,

41.09

Power BQC 16C 1.600GHz,
Custom Interconnect

Toronto72,101.39

DOE/NNSA/LLNL

rzuseq-BlueGene/Q,

41.09

Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz,
Custom82,101.39

92,101.12

102,101.12

IBM Thomas J. Watson Re-BlueGene/Q, Power BQC

search Center

16C 1.60GHz, Custom

IBM Thomas J. Watson Re-

BlueGene/Q, Power BQC

search Center

16C 1.60 GHz, Custom

Ecole Polytechnique Fed-CADMOS BG/Q - Blue-erale de Lausanne

Gene/Q, Power BQC 16C

41.09
82.19
82.19

1.600GHz, Custom Interconnect8
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Vol. 15, No. 1

2013