Vol. 23, No. 1 (2024)23

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Technologies and future applications in smart contact lenses
Saman AZHARI1, Gabor MEHES1, Takeo MIYAKE*1
1

Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems (IPS), Waseda University

Abstract
Smart, non-invasive wearable devices and sensors are the path to future medical diagnosis. Ophthalmology would
especially benefit from the introduction of non-invasive monitoring technologies as well as visual augmentation
technologies like artificial reality (AR) and telescope lenses. The importance of vision in our daily lives makes theeyes a crucial target for smart technologies, for continuous and long-term monitoring of its performance andintegrity while wearing it on the eyes. Wireless technologies are a promising approach to overcome the limitationsin this field. This review article briefly examines the history of contact lenses and their development. Then, expand
into near-field wireless technologies and their influence on the current trends of smart contact lens devices. We
then move on to current trends and innovations in smart contact lens technologies, such as implementing
biosensors for various biomarker monitoring, alternative approaches for eye/ocular health monitoring, and thefuture of AR lenses, followed by a discussion on the prospects of such devices.
Keywords: Smart contact lens; Near-field wireless technology; Medical devices

1. Introduction
In the past few decades, the world of technology hastaken some big steps toward a future that could have only
been imagined by a few great minds. The semiconductor
industry is one of the essential pivoting points toward thefuture, including smart contact lens devices, which isreported to be a 9.9 billion dollar industry in 2022 with acompound annual growth rate of 5.8 % [1]. In the UnitedStates alone, more than 40 million people use contact lenses
daily [2]. You may ask yourself, how can there be more
improvements in contact lenses? Arent they alreadyperfect? What more can we ask from them? According to a
Mizuho industry survey, the penetration rate of smart
contact lenses in the market is estimated to go from 0% in
2023 to 10% in 2040 and 70% in 2050, while thepenetration of smartphones and PCs in 2050 is expected todrop to 0%. Thus, smart contact lenses are not fiction but a
future that can become a reality.
Even though Leonardo da Vinci is credited as the first
person to introduce the idea of contact lenses in his 1508
Codex of the eye, Manual D [3], it took a long time for these*808-0135

FAX: 093-692-5158 E-mail: miyake@waseda.jp

2-7small devices to become a reality. In 1636, René Descartes
proposed a hollow glass tube filled with water to be placed
directly on the cornea, but the idea was not practical as it
made blinking impossible [4].
Two centuries later, in 1801, Thomas Young made a pairof lenses inspired by Descartess model [5]. In 1845, Sir
John Herschel proposed two ideas in EncyclopediaMetropolitana: first, a spherical glass capsule containing
animal jelly, and the second, a mold of a cornea that could
be pressed on a transparent medium, although he never got
to test them [6], Herschels methods inspired Joseph Dallosin 1929 to fabricate a mold from living eyes which allowed
the manufacturing of lenses that adapted to the shape of theeye [7]. Of course, the list goes on and on with many great
names, such as Louis J. Girard, who invented a scleralcontact lens in 1887; German ophthalmologist Adolf
Gaston Eugen Fick, who fabricated the first successful
afocal scleral contact lens in 1888 [8]; or August Müller ofKiel who corrected his own myopia during the same time[9].
The 20th century was the time for substantial changes in48

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