Disaster Prevention(KIX Disaster Resilience Enhancement Project)
May 31st, 2019

Project overview
1. Typhoon damage◼

Although the tidal level of 2.5 meters (CDL) recorded on Typhoon Jebi’s approach was lower than the record highof 3.2 meters observed when Typhoon Nancy hit Japan, the storm’s strong winds created waves over 5 meters
high, significantly higher than the previous height of 3.4 meters, resulting in seawall overtopping.

◼

Phase I Island was extensively flooded (90% of the total flood volume of 2.3 to 2.7 million m3) mainly due to highwaves overtopping east and south seawalls.

◼

Resultant damage includes flooded Runway A and other facilities making flight operations impossible; a power
outage resulting from damage to 3 high-voltage electrical facilities in the basement of T1; and a loss of drainage
functions at three locations due to damaged power distribution panels in drainage pump systems.

2. Details of the project(i) Basic concept◼

In preparation for massive natural disasters in the future, comprehensive and systematic measures to enhance
KIX’s disaster preparedness will be implemented in a prompt and steady manner with the focus on the following
three pillars: prevent high waves from overtopping seawalls and flooding airport islands; protect electrical facilities
and other key infrastructure from future flooding of the airport island caused by torrential rain or high waves thatare greater than the necessary height of a seawall; and keep drainage systems functioning to allow for speedy
recovery of airport functions.

◼

The project takes into account basic visions of the final report by the “committee to assess measures against
large-scale natural disasters implemented at nation's major airports”1 and “three-year emergency plan fordisaster prevention, mitigation and national resilience enhancement”2 along with recent changes in climate and an
influx of foreign passengers.

1 Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, April 10, 2019
2 Cabinet decision, December 14, 20181

Project overview(ii) Details of disaster defense
Description(1) Wave
overtopping
prevention measures⚫

⚫
⚫
(2) Anti-flooding
measures(3) Measures tosecure drainage
functions

The design waves (or the 50-year stochastic wave) for south, east and northseawalls on Phase I Island were revised given recent changes in climate, datafrom Typhoon Jebi, and other factors in order to identify the necessary heightof seawalls to block storm surge and high waves keeping also in mind
placement of blocks on the seaward side of seawalls to dissipate waves
Desirable seawall construction heights were determined given the amount of
future settlement and sufficient elevation of Runway A and others
Based on the above, raise the south, east and north seawalls followed by
Runway A and place blocks on the seaward side of south and east seawalls

Protect the airport
against flooding due totorrential rain or highwaves overtopping thenecessary height of aseawall⚫

In order to maintain and secure crucial airport
functions, relocate electrical facilities above groundin T1, install water barriers, watertight doors andothers⚫

In order to quickly restore airport functions, deploy
large pump trucks and mobile generator trucks andshelter electrical facilities for drainage pumps2

Project overview(iii) Project cost: Approx. 54.1 billion yen(iv) Schedule◼ By the end of June 2019 (short-term measures):
Deployment of large pump trucks and installation of water barriers as well as watertightdoors at electrical rooms, etc.,◼ By the end of FY2020:
Elevation of control panels and south, east and north seawalls and relocation of electricalfacilities for Terminal 1, KAP bldg. and AL bldgs. above ground, as well as sheltering ofcontrol and power distribution panels for drainage pumps◼ By the end of FY2022 (long-term measures):Elevation of Runway A and taxiways following the east seawall elevation, placement ofblocks on the seaward side of south and east seawalls and elevation and extension of
concrete walls around Terminal 1, etc.

3

Reference4

Typhoon Jebi floodwater volume◼ Total floodwater on the airport premises estimated based on possible flood factors was
2.3 to 2.7 million m3◼ This result is by and large consistent with the estimation made based on the actual
measurements of flood height (2.7 million m3)*The flood factors include: waves overtopping seawall; overflow water from collapsed seawall nearby VOR/DME;
backflow from drainage pipes due to inoperable pumps; and rainfall.
* VOR/DME: navigational aids providing aircraft position and distance information
5

Damage from Typhoon Jebi
[Runway & apron]• Flooding throughout entire area

Runway B[Aeroplaza(commercial complex)]• Broken glass in Level 2
lobby, one pax injured

Terminal 2[Cargo warehouse]• Roofs blown off, shuttersdamaged• Utilities (power, AC) partiallyor totally offline in nearly allbuildings due to flooding• Damage to some goods inwarehouse[Pax handling systems]• Partially offline due topower outage andflooding (check-in,
BHS, etc.)

Cargowarehouse
Terminal 1
Runway A[Ground handling]• Flooding submerged 90% of
600 vehicles (i.e. towingcars) and 2,200 pieces ofequipment[Seawall]
Seawall partially damaged[T1]• Flooding of electricalequipment, AC,
pax/cargo handlingfacilities and disasterprevention facilities• Power offline in northand central areas ofmain terminal building[Railway trench]• Flooded[Access bridge]• Heavy damage fromtanker collision• Gas leaks fromdamaged areas• Roads blocked• Rail service halted

Accessbridge6

Seawall overtopping◼ Of all flood waters, about
60% came over the eastseawall and 30% over thesouth seawall◼ Key airport facilities such as
Runway A and aprons were
floodedFuel areaSouthseawallEastseawall

VOR/DME◼ The fuel area was flooded◼ The seawall right beside
VOR/DME collapsed due to
unexpected wave pressure

Fuel area flooded

Seawall nearby VOR/DME collapsed7Facilities failure including power outage◼ Sea water flooded into thebasement of the Terminal 1
building through a slope◼ Three high-voltage facilities
installed on the basement floor
were damaged by flooded water,
reducing the power supply to thebuilding to half
◼ Disaster prevention andmonitoring facilities installed on
the basement floor weredamaged by flood water andrendered inoperable◼ Control panels for the baggage
handling system were rendered
inoperable due to flooding

Terminal 1

Water flowing into basement

Slope leading to T1 basement

T1 basement ER
8Drainage function impaired◼ Power distribution panels fordrainage pumps installed at threelocations near the east seawall
were damaged by wave
overtopping and powerful winds◼ Of the total drainage capacity of
200,000 m3/hour for the entire
Phase I Island, 110,000 m3/hour
were lost due to inoperable pumpsystems at the three locations

3 locations of affected power distribution panels

Distribution panel
Drainage pump

Terminal building
Rain catch basin

Reclaimed land

Sea
Rainwater drainage

Rainwater and drainage pump

Distribution panels for drainage pumps

9Other facilities damaged◼ Cargo goods, electricalequipment, warehouses andvehicles were damaged byflooding and powerful winds

International cargo area

Railway trench◼ The railway trench was flooded
with sea water from overtopping
waves
Access bridge◼ A tanker adrift by powerful winds
dragging anchor collided with theaccess bridge, damaging roadlanes and railway track◼ Boarding bridges, groundhandling vehicles and warehouses
were damaged by flooding andpowerful winds
International cargo area

Railway trench
10(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures(1) Overview of wave overtopping prevention:
Seawall raising and tetrapod placement

Extend cut-off walls

Raise RWY A and TWYs as necessitated by east seawall raising
Improve drainage systems

Enhance seawall to prevent flooding
through the northern partRaise east seawall
Raise south seawall
Place blocks for south seawall

Place blocks for east seawall

Raise north seawall
Reinforce seawall

Reinforce seawall＊ Seawall reinforcement
The design criteria for the strength of the seawalls have been revised from the current ones aimed at withstanding theexternal force (wave power) of the 50-year stochastic waves to those aimed at withstanding the external force of highwaves of a similar magnitude of Typhoon Jebi in 2018 (equivalent to the external force of the 100-year stochastic waves).
Additional reinforcing steels will be embedded in the upper part of the north and south seawalls＊ Cut-off wall extension (overflow retention wall)
The existing cut-off wall in the green zone behind the south seawall will be raised by about 1.5 m in order to prevent floods
from reaching closer to the center of the airport island even if waves should overtop the necessary height of the south
seawall. Waves in the vast ocean on the south side of the airport island are usually higher than those in the eastern 11
watersof about 4 km between the airport island and the mainland(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Revision of the design wave (50-year stochastic wave)◼ The design waves (50-year stochastic wave) used for calculation of the seawalls’ necessary heights
have been revised based on the wave heights of the recent typhoons, etc. including Typhoon Jebi
◼ The current record-high tidal level used for calculation of the seawalls’ necessary height will remain
unrevised since the tidal level during Typhoon Jebi was below the current record-high tidal level(during Typhoon Nancy)
Overtopping wave

(C)

(A)
(B)

CDL ± 0 m

Wave
elevation

Waveheight

Tidal
level

[Waves observed at KIX MT]
Typhoon Jebi

Existing design
requirement

New design
requirement

Wave height (A)

5.2 m

3.7 m
(Former design
wave)

4.3 m
(New design
wave)

Tidal level (B)CDL + 2.5 m

CDL + 3.2 m(Typhoon Nancy)

CDL + 3.2 m(Typhoon Nancy)

Wave elevation(C)=(A)/2 + (B)CDL + 5.1 m

CDL + 5.05 m

CDL + 5.35 m⚫ MT station(seadrome weather station
south-west of Phase II Island)12(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Effects of tetrapods
Wave-breaking point[Single-layer protection with seawalls]
Wave force[Double-layer protection with seawalls and blocks]
Wave-breaking point

Wave
force
BlocksBlocks can;▪ keep wave-breaking points further
away from the seawalls, and▪ diminish the wave force imposed on
the upper part of the seawalls
13(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Review of necessary heights of seawalls
in light of revised design waves◼ A review of the necessary heights of the seawalls has revealed that not only the south and east seawalls,
overtopped by waves during Typhoon Jebi, but also the north seawall need to be raised, taking into
account the revised design heights of the south, east and north seawalls of Phase I Island (from the 50year stochastic wave) and the plan to place blocks with expected effects of breaking waves before theseawalls◼ The appropriate construction heights have been determined with consideration for anticipated future
ground settlement, etc.
◼ The necessary height of each seawall has been confirmed to be sufficient to withstand high waves of thetidal level and wave height similar to those during Typhoon Jebi
South seawall

Design wave
(50-year stochastic wave)

East seawall

Before review

After review

Before review

W/o blocks

W/
blocksW/o blocks

3.9 m

1.7 m

+6.0 m

+6.3 m

+4.5 mSeawalls’ construction height CDL*3-+7.5 mElevation of seawalls-

Blocks’ necessary height CDL
Blocks’ construction height CDL*3

Seawalls’ necessary height CDL*2

After review
W/o blocks*1

3.6 m

North seawallW/
blocks

Before review

After review

W/o blocks

W/o blocks*1

2.2 m

2.8 m

3.4 m

+5.6 m

+4.6 m

+5.0 m

+7.6 m

-+6.6 m

+5.4 m-+8.0 m

1.5 m

-

2.7 m

1.7 m

-

2.7 m

-

+4.8 m

--+3.4 m

---+6.0 m

--+4.3 m--*1: Blocks will not be placed seaward of the northern part of the east seawall as well as the north seawall since these seawalls are perpendicular
to the sea bottom; thus, placing a large number of blocks may trigger significant ground settlement around the foot of the access bridge
14*2: The anticipated rise in the sea level of 0.1 m is factored into the seawalls’ necessary heights under the new requirement
3* : The seawalls’ heights upon completion of the construction(Seawall raising and tetrapot placement will be completed in FY2020 and FY2022 respectively)

(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Raising south, east and north seawallsSouthseawall

Construction 嵩上高height▽▽+7.5
+7.5
▽+6.3
必要高▽
+6.3
消波ブロック設置高 ▽ +6.0 Necessary height
Blocksconstruction height▽ +4.8▽+6.0
消波ブロック必要高
Blocks necessary height ▽+4.8

進入表面

To be raisedNorthseawallSouthseawall

BlocksEast seawallNorthseawallEastseawall

Construction height▽+5.4
嵩上高 ▽+5.4 m
Necessary height
必要高▽+4.6▽+4.6 m
消波ブロック設置高 ▽+4.3 m
Blocks construction height▽+4.3 m
消波ブロック必要高▽+3.4
Blocks necessary height ▽+3.4

嵩上高▽ +8.0
Construction height ▽+8.0

計画高▽ +7.6

Necessary height ▽+7.6

To be raised

転移表面

To be raised

Blocks15

(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Raising RWY A and TWYs as requiredby raised south seawall◼ Runway A and taxiways will be raised in order to prevent the top of the raised east seawall
from conflicting with the obstacle limitation surface* of the runway, thereby securing safe
flight operation*A restriction on the height of buildings in and around an airport to ensure safe landing/taking-off of aircraft[Current]
150 m
140 m

Obstacle limitation surface(after the April 2019 regulation
change)Obstacle limitation surface(before the April 2019 regulation
change)East seawall

RunwayObstacle limitation surface[Raising of RWY/TWY]

CDL ＋ 5.4 m (FY2020)

140 m
Runway to be raised byapprox. 16 - 42 cm

Seawall to be raised by 1.7 m
CDL ＋ 3.7 m (FY2020)16

(1) Wave overtopping prevention measures

Effects of wave overtopping prevention measures
Verification of the effects of the wave overtopping prevention measures shows:◼ The volume of wave overtopping will be kept down significantly for Typhoon Jebi class in
2018

After

Flood volume: 3 million m3

Flood volume: 0.01million m3*The above illustrates the results of a flood simulation with waves overtopping the east and south seawalls in the same
way as Typhoon Jebi in 2018, using the same tidal level and waves (Typhoon Jebi).

17

(2) Anti-flood measures(2) Overview of anti-flood measures:
Relocation of electrical facilities above ground,installation of water barriers and raising of control panels
Install watertightdoors for bldg
equipment rooms
Install water
barriers in Fuel
Center

Install watertightdoors for heat
supply facilities

Prepare water seal
sheets forwarehouses in Int’l
Cargo Area

Raise control panels

Anti-floodmeasures forhydrant facilities

Raise control panels

Raise and extend
concrete walls
around T1

Raise and extend
concrete walls
around T1

Build protective mounds
for Int’l Cargo Area

Install watertightdoors for bldg
equipment rooms

Install water
barriers in T1(north and south)

Relocate electricalfacilities for T1, KAP and
AL bldgs above groundAnti-flood measures foraeronautical navigation
aid facility’s electricalrooms*Anti-flooding measures for common utility tunnel: The common utility tunnel’s openings for access andventilation will be raised or enclosed by concrete walls
18

(2) Anti-flood measures

Relocating electrical facilities for T1, KAP & AL bldgs
above ground◼ A drastic anti-flood measure will be taken for electrical facilities for T1, KAP bldg andAL bldgs; we will relocate extra high & high voltage electrical rooms, central
monitoring room, disaster prevention center, and public address systems above
groundT1 MTB section view

Ground level19(2) Anti-flood measures

Installing water barriers in T1 (north and south)◼ We will install water barriers as well as raise and extend the concrete walls around T1
Main Terminal Building (MTB) in order to prevent water from flooding into thebasement of T1 MTB. Further, double-layer protection for the areas in and around T1
MTB home to important facilities will be established by installing watertight doors andraising control panels

Slope to MTB basement

Water
flow
To the slope

Water barrier

Water
flow

Water barrier

Install water barriers on the path ofwater flow into T1 basement

20

(2) Anti-flood measures

Building protective mounds in Int’l Cargo Area
Preparing water seal sheets for warehouses◼ GSE passages will be raised by 20 cm to protect Int’l Cargo
Area from a flood of one million m3◼ When a typhoon is approaching, entrances will be covered
with water seal sheets prepared in advance so as to prevent
water from flooding into the warehouses

Flood volume of 1 million m3
After
GSE passages to be raised

Water seal sheets
Flood volume of 1 million m3
21

(2) Anti-flood measures

Raising and extending concrete walls around T1◼ Approx. 2-m high concrete walls will be erected
in order to prevent flooding of the terminal area

◼ The walls can protect the T1 MTB area from aflood of six million m3

Flood volume of 6 million m3
Install concrete walls as a water
barrier for the terminal area
Phase I Island

After

RWY A

Flood volume of 6 million m3
22

(3) Measures to secure drainage functions(3) Overview of measures to secure drainage functions: Protection ofdrainage pumps from flooding, deployment of large pump trucks
Groundwater defense (entire Phase I Island)

Groundwater defense (central area)

Deploy new large pump trucks
Install emergency runway lights

Deploy small drainage pumps

Shelter control and power distribution panels for drainage pumps;
loop power distribution system

Deploy mobile generator truck* Groundwater defense
Enhance functions necessary to keep groundwater levels low* Installation of emergency runway edge lights
Introduce portable emergency runway edge lights with built-in battery to ensure speedy recovery of runways even in the eventthat the airport island is flooded rendering runway edge lights inoperable due to a power loss and damaged facilities23

(3) Measures to ensure drainage functions

Sheltering control and power distribution panels for drainage pumps; adopting
a loop power distribution system; deploying mobile generator trucks◼ In order to ensure continuous operation of drainage pumps even in times of
emergencies, shelter electrical facilities, adopt a loop power distribution system anddeploy 3 mobile generator trucks for drainage pumps in preparation for damage toelectrical facilities

Control & power distribution panels fordrainage pumps

Current

Mobile generator truck

After

電源

For illustrative purposes only

※ 500kVA x 3 trucks

24

(3) Measures to ensure drainage functions

Deploying large pump trucks and small drainage pumps
To enhance drainage functions and facilitate speedy recovery of airport functions in timesof flooding:■ Deploy 4 large pump trucks■ Introduce 17 small portable pumps

Large pump trucks

Small drainage pumps

25Schedule
Emergency measures(To complete by the end ofJune 2019)

Install water barriers in T1 (north and south) and watertight doors at basement
equipment rooms in T1, raise control panels in the basement of T1, prepare water
seal sheets for cargo warehouse in Int’l Cargo Area, introduce large pump trucks,
small drainage pumps, and emergency runway edge lights
(FY)

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

1. Wave overtopping prevention measures
Raise south and north seawalls
Raise east seawall
Raise runway A and taxiways following elevation ofeast seawall
Place blocks on the seaward side of south and eastseawalls
Improve cut-off walls
2. Anti-flooding measures
Relocate electrical facilities for T1, KAP bldg. and AL
bldgs. above groundSwitching after relocation

Raise and extend concrete walls around T1
Build protective mounds for Int’l Cargo Area
Install watertight doors at bldg. equipment rooms

DesignRaise control panels

Construction

3. Measures to secure drainage functions
Shelter control and power distribution panels fordrainage pumps; loop power distribution system

26