Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
I Potassium Nutrition of
the Potato Crop - theIndian Scenario
S.P. Trehan(1), S.K. Pandey(2), and
S.K. Bansal(3).
Introduction
In India, the potato continues to be a
remunerative crop benefiting fromincreasing access to irrigation andchemical inputs such as fertilizers, aswell as from the continued expansion in
post-harvest infrastructure such as ofroads and cold storage facilities. Morethan 80 per cent of the potato crop is
cultivated on the Indo-Gangetic plains
during the winter season (Figs. 1 & 2,
Table 1), the three major states of thecountry producing potatoes being Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar which
contribute almost 68 per cent of thetotal area and 78 per cent of production(Table 1).
Potato plays a pivotal role in potato
based cropping systems in India, theproductivity and profitability of theseentire systems being dependent upon it.
High efficiency in nutrient managementof the potato crop therefore assumes
special significance. As compared withother crops, potato has a shallow rootsystem which limits its foraging
capacity in the soil. On the other hand,
uptake of fertilizer nutrients (NPK) by
potato per unit area and time is highbecause of the rapid rate of early growth
and tuber bulking (Singh and Trehan,1997). Potato is a less efficient user ofpotassium than other crops (Trehan andClaassen, 1998, 2000). A healthy cropof potato removes about 170-230 kg
K2O/ha indicating a requirement for K
much higher than that of cereals. Beinga shallow rooted crop, fertilizer use(1) Corresponding author. Central Potato
Research Station, Jalandhar, Punjab-144 003(2) Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh-171 001(3) Potash Research Institute of India, Gurgaon,
Haryana-122 016

e-ifc No. 19, March 2009

Fig. 1. Agro-ecological zones of potato in India (adapted from Singh et al., 2008).

efficiency for K ranges between 50-60
per cent (uptake efficiency). As such
potato invariably responds to potassium
application in the various kinds of soil
and agro-climatic conditions in which itis grown. Application of K increases
plant height, crop vigour and imparts
resistance against drought, frost anddiseases. Potassium increases leaf
expansion particularly at early stages ofgrowth and extends leaf area duration bydelaying leaf shedding near maturity. It
increases both the rate and duration of
tuber bulking. Its application activates anumber of enzymes involved inphotosynthesis,
carbohydrate
andprotein metabolism, and assists in thetranslocation of carbohydrates fromleaves to tubers. Potassium increases thesize but not the total number of tubers(Grewal and Singh, 1980; Trehan et al.,2001). Potassium application thusincreases yield by the formation oflarger sized tubers (Plate 1).
In the north-western plain, potassium
plays an active role in protecting thisrather sensitive crop from frost damage.
In the north-western hills, under long
day and rainfed conditions, K
application prevents the crop sufferingfrom moisture stress during the earlystages of growth.

Produce of four plants

N160+K0

N160+K75

N160+K150

Plate 1. Potassium application increases tuber size (Jalandhar, Punjab, India).
Photo from IPI-CPRI project.

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Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
MadhyaPradesh2%
Punjab
6%

Others4%

Gujarat4%

Uttar
Pradesh
42%

Assam
3%
Bihar
6%

West
Bengal33%

Fig. 2. Contribution of different states in potato production inIndia. Source: Singh et al., 2008.

Table 2. Optimum potassium requirement of potato crop in
different potato growing zones of India and the typical response
and agronomic efficiency (AEK; the response in yield to theapplication of 1 kg of nutrient K2O).
Potato growing zone
North-western plains
West-central plains
North-eastern plains
Plateau region
North-western hills
North-eastern hills
SWB* hills
Southern hills
Mean

Typicalapplication
rate
K2O, kg/ha
120
120
160
110
100
130
110
110
120

Typicalyield
response
kg/ha
5,700
3,400
6,700
3,600
6,400
6,400
5,200
3,800
5,100

Agronomic
efficiency ofK (AEK)
kg/kg
47
28
42
33
64
49
47
35
42

Note: * Sikkim and West Bengal hills.

Crop response to potassium in theAgro-climatic zones of potato crop in
India

response to applied K varies between
soil types, agro-climatic zones andvarieties grown.

Potatoes are grown over the length andbreadth of the country whereverconditions are favourable, on about 1.2
million ha. However, 80 per cent of thearea under potato is confined to the
Indo-Gangetic plains extending fromthe Punjab to West Bengal. Potato

A large number of trials have been
conducted in different potato growing
agro-climatic zones in India (Grewal
et al., 1991). The optimum rate of K
fertilization in different zones based on
tuber yield response from theseinvestigations is given in Table 2.
Processing varieties of potato Kufri
Table 1. Contribution of individual states in
Chipsona 1 and Kufri Chipsona 3
Indian potato area and production. Source: Pandey
and the like, grown specifically to
et al., 2007.
produce large processing grade
State
Area
Production Yield
tubers, require a high rate of K
‘000 ha‘000 mt
mt/hafertilization - as much as 33 to 50
Uttar Pradesh
418.8
9375.422.4
per cent more than those normally
West Bengal
314.9
7439.2
23.75
Bihar
147
1370.3
9.3
recommended.
Assam
Punjab
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Meghalaya
Uttarakhand
Maharashtra
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Chhatisgarh
OrissaSikkimNagalandTripura
Tamil Nadu
Arunachal Pradesh
ManipurRajasthanAndhra Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Delhi
Mizoram

77.4
65.8
40.5
37.8
34.2
18.5
16.8
16.6
16.3
13.2
9.5
7.6
6.8
6
5.5
4.8
4.4
4
3.1
2.7
1.6
1.1
0.4

e-ifc No. 19, March 2009604
1341.7
345
521.3
825.1
155.6
228.6
74.9
329.5
155
63.1
77.9
28.5
47.8
99.1
84.3
30.5
20.4
31.7
19.7
17.1
9
2.2

7.8
21.66
9.32
13.52
24.01
8.38
13.82
4.51
20.17
11.73
6.71
10.21
4.16
8.25
18.12
17.38
6.97
5.23
10.45
7.64
10.19
5.32
5.13

Potato growing alluvial soils on the
Indo-Gangetic plains are mostly
coarse in texture, low in organiccarbon and neutral-to-alkaline in pH.
On the north-western plains, themean optimum requirement is 120
kg K2O/ha with a likely response of
5,700 kg/ha (Table 2). The
corresponding values for the westernand central Gangetic plain are 120kg K2O/ha with a likely response of
3,400
kg/ha.
The
highestrequirement for K of 160 kg K2O/ha
with a likely response of 6,700 kg/ha
is found on the eastern Gangetic
plains. In plateau regions, potato isgrown in Black Cotton and Red soils
mostly as a rainfed crop. The mean

optimum requirement for these soils is
110 kg K2O/ha with a likely response of
3,600 kg/ha (Table 3). Potato growing
acidic hill soils are characterized byhigh organic carbon and low pH. In thenorth-western hills the mean optimum
requirement is 100 kg K2O /ha with alikely response of 6,400 kg/ha(Table 2). Corresponding values for thenorth-eastern hills are 130 kg K2O/ha
with the same likely response. In the
Nilgiri hills the optimum rate ofapplication is 110 kg K2O/ha with alikely response of 3,800 kg/ha.
The mean response to the optimum rateof K fertilizer was 5,100 kg/ha, or 42 kgof product for each kg K2O applied(Table 2).
Physiological aspects of K nutrition in
the potato crop
K needs of potato
The potassium needs of the crop varywith the agro-climatic region, variety,crop sequence taken and soil type.
Indian soils are generally high in total K
but only a small fraction of it is inavailable form which relates to theTable 3. Critical levels of soil available K
for potato in alluvial soils.
Soil potassium status
Low
MediumHigh

Ammoniumacetate-K (ppm)<105105-150>150

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Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
dynamic equilibrium between fixed,
non-exchangeable and exchangeable K.
Under conditions of high crop intensity
and high rates of K removal, soils arelikely to become deficient in K withtime. A healthy crop of potatoes
removes on average 4.60 kg K2O per
ton of tuber yield corresponding toabout 170-230 kg K2O/ha depending
upon the variety, crop duration andagro-climatic
region.
Maximum
accumulation of K takes place between
30 to 60 days of planting in the plains
and between 65 to 85 days in the hills(Grewal and Trehan, 1993). Therefore,a ready supply of K from the soil isrequired during the early stages ofgrowth of the fast growing potato crop.
Most of the light textured potato
growing soils are poor in fertility andunable to meet the demands of thegrowing crop (Grewal et al., 1991) sothat crop growth is retarded. Additional
supply of K through fertilizers andmanures is therefore essential.
Potassium deficiency symptoms
Potassium
deficiency
normally
coincides with the onset of tuber
initiation. Mild K deficiency starts withthe appearance of dark bluish green
leaves and shortened internodes.
Terminal leaves show bronzing-Kaccompanied by necrotic spots as theseverity of K deficiency increases(Plate 2). In the case of acute deficiency,
leaf margins may dry up and premature
death of the plant often occurs.
Deficiency limits in soil and plant
Alluvial soils with less than 105 mg/kg
K (NH4OAC-K) have been classified as
deficient (Table 3) for potato (Singh and
Grewal, 1985). In experiments on three
alluvial soils of Patna, the average
responses to four levels of K application(60,120, 180 and 240 kg K2O/ha) were
9,100,
4,300
and
600
kg/ha
corresponding to soil test values ofammonium acetate extractable K of 55,
131 and 177 mg/kg, respectively,
indicating that the lower the available K
in soil, the higher the response to the K
applied. Likewise, for the acidic hillsoils average responses to applied K
were 6,400, 3,900 and 1,800 kg/ha whensoil test values of ammonium acetate
extractable K were 140, 182 and 212
mg/kg respectively (Grewal et al.,1991). Plant tests measuring K
concentration in tissues are indicative of
the supply from the soil medium.
However, this concentration rapidlychanges during the growth period as aconsequence of several factors which
limits the use and reliability of this+K

Plate 2. Potassium deficiency symptoms in potato (Jalandhar, Punjab, India).
Photo from IPI-CPRI project.

e-ifc No. 19, March 2009

determination as a means of detecting
deficiencies under field conditions. In
alluvial soils, a leaflet K concentrationof 3.62 per cent or less at 50 days after
planting has been classified as deficientwhereas concentrations ranging from
3.8-5.0 per cent as adequate (Singh,
1987a, b). The concentration of K ishighly variable with crop age and evenbetween cultivars (Trehan and Grewal,
1994).
Potato response to K as affected byvariety
Potato response to applied K is
considerably influenced by the variety
grown (Trehan and Sharma, 2002;
Trehan and Sharma, 2003; Trehan andSharma, 2005; Trehan, 2007). The low
response in some varieties to K is
attributed to their capability in utilizing
more K from the soil source. The
varietal response to applied K is often
related to its yield potential and thenumber of large sized tubers it can
produce. In general, rapid bulking
potato varieties producing large size
tubers respond more to K than do thevarieties with small sized tubers, asapplication of K is known to increase
the tuber size (Trehan and Grewal,
1990). Kufri Jyoti was more responsive
to K than Kufri Chandramukhi in theplains of West Bengal (Dasmahapatra etal., 1984). Results of field experimentconducted at the Central Potato
Research Station, Jalandhar, Punjab
showed wide variation in potassium
efficiency of different potato cultivars(Trehan, 2007). The cv. Kufri Pukhraj
was the most K efficient followed by
Kufri Sutlej, Kufri Badshah, Kufri
Bahar, Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Ashoka,
Kufri Jawahar, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri
Lalima and Kufri Chandramukhi basedon tuber yield without potassium
application (Fig. 3) and with potassium
fertilizer required to produce maximum
achievable fixed yield. The potassium
efficient cultivars gave higher tuber
yields with less applied K fertilizer thanless efficient cultivars. The most K

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Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
55

K.BadshahK.JyotiChandramukhi
K.Ashoka
K.Jawahar
K.BaharK.Lalima
K.Pukhraj
K.Sutlej
K.Sindhuri

Tuber yield (mt/ha)

50
45
40
35
30
25
20

- green manure

15
0

40

80

+ green manure

160

0

40

80

160

K application (kg K2 O/ha)
Fig. 3. Effect of K application on tuber yield of ten potato cultivars with and without green manure(GM); (The CD (0.05) was 17.0, 10.6 and 34.0 without GM and 23.7, NS and NS with GM for
cultivar mean, K rate mean and cultivar x K rate, respectively). Source: Trehan, 2007.

efficient cv. Kufri Pukhraj produced ayield of 36,400 kg/ha without K
whereas Kufri Badshah and Kufri Sutlej
needed 80 kg K2O/ha to produce yieldsof 36,100 and 37,000 kg/ha,
respectively in the same field.
It can be thus concluded that varieties
behave differently in relation to K
requirement in their response to K
application so that selection of the rateof K application should be based onvariety in addition to the soil test value.
Effect of K on tuber quality
Apart from its effect on tuber size,
application of K has a significant
influence on nutrient composition of
tubers and tuber quality parameters viz.
dry matter content, sugar, vitamin C
content. Application of K has a direct
influence on tuber quality. It increases
total and reducing sugar contents but
decreases tuber dry matter content, thedecreasebeing
associatedwithpotassium chloride (MOP) rather thanpotassium sulphate (SOP). The negative
effect of MOP on dry matter is mainly
due to the accompanying chloride ion in
MOP. However, the decrease in dry
matter was not significant in alluvial
soils. Application of SOP produces

e-ifc No. 19, March 2009

sulphur it contains. By far the mostcommonly used salt is MOP whichconstitutes 97 per cent of potassium
fertilizer consumption in the potato
crop. Another potassium fertilizer, i.e.
potassium schoenite, an indigenous
source, the double salt of potassium andmagnesium sulphate, has also beenfound to be equally good for potato inacidic and alluvial soils (Sharma et al.,1998).

tubers higher in dry matter, starch andVitamin C contents. The chip quality ofpotato tubers is also affected by K
source. Application of K as MOP has
been reported to decrease enzymatic
discoloration and phenol content thereby
reducing the browning of potato chips(Joshi et al, 1982). Potassium
fertilization promotes a lustrous
appearance on the surface of the tubers.
Potassium application has a significant
role in enhancing tuber keeping quality
under storage.
Fertilization of the potato crop in
India
Comparative evaluation of sources of K
Several potassium fertilizers have been
tried out on the potato crop but of these,
potassium chloride (60% K2O) andpotassium sulphate (50% K2O), the mostcommon forms of inorganic potash
supply, have been studied in depth invarious agro-climatic regions. Although
SOP has been found to be best in termsof its beneficial effect on tuber quality
viz., dry matter, ascorbic acid and sugar
content, its high cost has meant that it
has not found much use in potato
cultivation (Sharma et al., 1976).
However, in sulphur deficient soils, it
can be more effective because of theOrganic sources
Farmyard manure application can
supplement the K needs of potato, theextent depending upon the quantity of
FYM applied. Studies on the acidic
soils of Shimla and alluvial soils of
Jalandhar have shown that applicationof 30 mt/ha of FYM can not only meetthe full K needs of potato but also of a
succeeding wheat crop, besides
maintaining higher yield than with K
from inorganic fertilizers (Grewal andSharma, 1980,). Subsequent studies
indicate that at 15 mt/ha, FYM alongwith a 50 per cent rate of K application
is as effective as 100 per cent K
inorganic rate (Grewal and Trehan,1988). The combined use of FYM and
K in general is more effective than theirseparate use. Later studies have also
revealed a higher K use efficiency and25 per cent saving in the K rate ofapplication with even smaller quantity
of FYM i.e. 5 mt/ha applied along with
K fertilizers in furrows at the time ofplanting (Grewal and Sud, 1990). Green
manuring with dhaincha and sunnhemp
in alluvial soils is also beneficial in
substituting in K crop requirement andhence the K application rate for potato(Sharma and Sharma, 1990).
Time and method of K application
Because of the sparse root system of thepotato crop, the proper placement of thefertilizer has a great influence on K
utilization by the potato roots andsubsequently on the effectiveness of theroots on fertilizer use efficiency. Where,

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Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
the crop is taken under rainfed
conditions, moisture stress at early
growth stages or excess rains after
planting have a direct bearing on theutilization of applied nutrients. This isparticularly true for K, a highly mobile
nutrient prone to leaching to lower
horizons in light soils or being washedout by surface run off from hill soils.
Several approaches to increase theefficacy of K fertilizers by the potato
crop have been found to be quite
effective. Application of K at planting
time in furrows is better than its
application above or below seed tubers
or broadcasting in hill soils (Sud andGrewal, 1992). In the ware potato crop,that is for potatoes grown for seedpurposes, split application (i.e. half at
planting and the rest at earthing up
along with the N application) increases
the yield of large size tubers suitable forseed (Sud and Grewal, 1991; Singh and
Grewal, 1995).
Foliar application of K by a 2 per centsolution of KCl to potato at 50 or 70
days after planting has been found to bequite effective in Kufri Badshah in thenorthern plains and has helped to lower
the K rate of application by 40 kg K2O/
ha but not to replace soil application(Trehan and Sharma, 1998). Foliar
application was not beneficial over soil
applicationinWest
Bengal(Dasmahapatra et al., 1984). Foliar
application can therefore be resorted toonly in the case of severe K deficiency
visible in the standing crop and then
only with limited benefits. To avoid
scorching of foliage due to salt andchloride toxicity, spraying should be
restricted to the morning and evening
hours.
Effect of continuous K application
Firstly, no deleterious effect ofcontinuous application of K has beenreported. Reversible reaction between
available, exchangeable and fixed K
fraction in soils is attributed to themaintenance of available K levels in thesoil. Secondly, a build up of K in thee-ifc No. 19, March 2009

soil is precluded because the uptake of K
from soil is often in excess of thatapplied thus resulting in a negativebalance of K in the soils of potato based
cropping systems.
Residual effects of K fertilizers
Among the inorganic and organic
sources of K, the residual effect of FYM
has been found to be higher than that of
fertilizer K (Sharma, 1998). Soil
analysis also indicates the superiority oforganic manures like FYM over K
fertilizers in improving the available K
content in soils. The residues of wheat
and paddy straw have been found to besuperior to FYM in increasing K
availability to the crop in acidic hillsoils. This report has also been further
supported by the radiotracer studies
using 86Rb by Sud and Sharma (2002)
and Sud (2005).
Long-term studies on alluvial soils of
Indo-Gangetic plains and in hill soils
have revealed a residual effect of K bothfrom inorganic or organic sources oncrops like maize, paddy rice wheat,mung, jute etc. This can be attributed to
the fact that the cereals and legumes are
more efficient extractors of K fromresidues left over from K applied topotato. The residual effect of K applied
to cereals on the other hand, however, is
not sufficient for the potato crop becauseof its sparse rooting system indicatingthat direct application of K to potato isneeded in order to obtain optimum
yields. The residual effect of K is more
pronounced in acidic hill soils than in
alluvial soils of the plains. The potato
crop has thus a priority for the use of K
fertilizers whereas other crops including
cereals or pulses in a crop sequence canthrive well on the K derived from theresidual effect.
Nutrient interactions
Nutrient interaction is a common featurein agricultural crops as they play a vitalrole in modifying the nutrient needs ofmany crops including potato. Studies

show that K has a significant interaction
with N indicating that the rates of N andK application are interdependent.
Studies conducted on alluvial soils of
the Indo-Gangetic plains show thatapplication of N induces K deficiency inthe plant thereby necessitating abalanced K application. Studies
conducted by Chadha et al. (2006) incold desert soils of the Lahaul Valley
and Sharma and Sood (2002) in the
Shimla hills showed a significant
interaction between N and K. According
to these researchers, application of N
induces K deficiency in the plant
thereby necessitating a balanced K
application. Application of K on theother hand helps to increase N
utilization in drought years. Singh andRagav (2000) attributed the significant
interaction between N and K in the tarai
belt of Uttrakhand to the better
utilization of N in the presence of K as
reflected by increased plant height.
There are also reports that high levels of
K application depress the Caconcentration in potato leaf petioles andhaulms.
Maintenance fertilization of potassium
Application of P and K to only the
potato crop in the potato based cropping
systems was recommended during theeighties (Grewal and Sharma, 1981;
Sharma et al., 1983) because
succeeding cereals and other crops
failed to respond to direct application of
P and K fertilizers. The residuals of K
applied to potato fully or partially met
the requirement of the succeeding crops(Prasad et al., 1981; Mandal et al.,1981).
However, long-term experiments haveshown that in intensive cropping
systems (two to three crops per year)
removal of K from soil was far inexcess of applied K, resulting in asevere negative balance of K in the soil
to the detriment of crop yields (Sharma
and Singh, 1989; Singh et al., 1997,
2001; Singh et al., 2000; Roy et al.,2000). The rice-potato-wheat cropping6

Optimizing Crop Nutrition

Research findings
system suffered the most from thisnegative balance (Fig. 4). A negativebalance of K in the soil was shown to be
responsible to a large extent for the
decline in the yield of crops and has
rendered potato based cropping systems
unsustainable in the long run (Singhet al., 2001).

also been reported in western Uttar
Pradesh. Potato response to K
application is positively correlated with
frost damage. Potato varieties also
differ in relation to susceptibility to
frost injury. Potato varieties like Kufri
Chandramukhi and Gulmarg Special arehighly susceptible whereas Kufri
Sindhuri is most resistant. In general,varieties which are more susceptible tofrost injury are highly responsive to K.

Potassium and tolerance of potato
crop to stresses
Frost tolerance

Moisture stress

Frost appears in December-January in
the northern plains, i.e. Punjab andwestern Uttar Pradesh. This coincides
with when the crop is in an active
bulking phase and its effect is to bringabout yield losses up to 40 per cent.
Observations on frost injury to thepotato plant reveal a strong interaction
between frost injuries and K nutrition in
K deficient soils (Grewal and Singh,1980). Potato crops grown on soils
supplied with a sufficient quantity of K
are protected from frost injury.
Similarly, leaf K content is inversely
related to the frost damage index. Ahigh concentration of K in leaf
depresses the freezing point of the cell
sap thereby protecting the plant fromthe frost. A decrease in intensity of frost
damage associated with an increase in K
rate of application in alluvial soils has

Potassium contributes greatly inmaintaining the water economy ofplants. This is particularly true in thecase of rainfed crop in the hills where
moisture stress often occurs during thetime of plant emergence and at the tuber
initiation stage. Potassium application,although not economizing on the waterneeds of the potato crop, does increasewater use efficiency in terms of tubers
yield/mm water.
Disease resistanceIn addition adequate K also imparts
resistance to late blight, a common
feature in the hills (Sharma et al.,1999). Besides this application of K
also reduces the occurrence of black
scurf in potato. An inverse relationshipbetween available K in soil and disease
severity in potato has been observed.
Conclusions
In India, the potato crop invariably
responds to potassium application interms of improved tuber yield, tuber
appearance, and processing and nutritive
quality. At higher rates of supply it also
improves the keeping quality of tubers incountry stores. Direct application ofpotassium to potato is essential for
maximum benefit. Basal application is
the preferred mode of fertilization, but
split application may be beneficial inlight textured soils. Fertilization withpotassium is highly cost effective.
Considering the mean response to an
optimum rate of K fertilizer as 5,100 kg/
ha or 42 kg of potatoes for each kg ofpotash (K2O) applied (Table 2), a farmer
can obtain a return of Rs. 14 for eachrupee spent on potash (assuming the costof potash (K2O) as Rs. 9 kg and the priceof one kg of potatoes as Rs. 3). In
intensive potato based cropping systems,
all the crops in the system needpotassium fertilization particularly inalluvial and hill soils. This is necessary
to maintain soil K for long-termsustainability and productivity of thecropping systems.
References

P o ta to -P o ta to -M a ize Whe a t (winte r)-Gre e n
m a nure-1,875-3,425

P o ta to -P o ta to -M a ize

P o ta to -Whe a t (s pring)M a ize-3,575

P o ta to -Whe a t (s pring)R ic e

-4,025-4,500 -4,000 -3,500 -3,000 -2,500 -2,000-1,500-1,000-500

0K balance (kg/ha)
Fig. 4. Mean balance of potassium in soil after 17 years (1970-1987) in different cropping systems.
Source: Singh et al., 2001.

e-ifc No. 19, March 2009

Chadha, S., S.S. Rana, Rameshwar, and
D.R. Chaudhary. 2006. Effect of split
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Dasmahapatra, A.N., S.S. Mondal., andB.C. Pandit. 1984. Response tomethods of potassium application on
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Gangetic plains. J. Indian Potato
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Grewal, J.S., and V.P. Jaiswal. 1990.
Agronomic studies on potato under
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Optimizing Crop Nutrition

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Fertilizer use in potato based
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Effect of K nutrition on frost damage
and yield of potato on alluvial soils of
Punjab. Plant and Soil 57:105-110.
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Sharma. 1991. Soil and plant tests for
potato. Technical Bulletin No. 29.
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