JAIST Repository
https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/Title

Efficient Evolutionary Algorithm of Multi‑
objective Optimization for High‑Confidence Cyber‑
Physical SystemsAuthor(s)Lim, Yuto

Citation

科学研究費助成事業研究成果報告書: 1‑6Issue Date

2018‑06‑01

TypeResearch Paper

Text version

publisher

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/10119/15395

RightsDescription

基盤研究(C)（一般）, 研究期間：2015〜2017, 課題番
号：15K00120, 研究者番号：90435793, 研究分野：情報学

Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

２版

様式

Ｃ−１９、Ｆ−１９−１、Ｚ−１９ （共通）

科学研究費助成事業

研究成果報告書
平成 ３０ 年

６ 月

１ 日現在

機関番号： １３３０２
研究種目： 基盤研究(C)（一般）
研究期間： 2015 〜 2017
課題番号： １５Ｋ００１２０
研究課題名（和文）Efficient Evolutionary Algorithm of Multi‑objective Optimization for
High‑Confidence Cyber‑Physical Systems
研究課題名（英文）Efficient Evolutionary Algorithm of Multi‑objective Optimization for
High‑Confidence Cyber‑Physical Systems
研究代表者
リム

勇仁（LIM, Yuto）

北陸先端科学技術大学院大学・先端科学技術研究科・准教授

研究者番号：９０４３５７９３
交付決定額（研究期間全体）：（直接経費）

3,600,000 円

研究成果の概要（和文）：本研究の目的は、制御則設計と実時間計算制約との間のギャップを大規模で分散し効率的かつリアルタイムに縮むための、高信頼なサイバー物理システム（HiCoCPS）の新しいモデルを提案することです。その成果は、スマートホームおよび他のCPSベースのアプリケーションにおけるHiCoCPSの3つのモデルを設計および提案することを含む。以下の結果も含む：（1）Satisfiability Module Theoriesに基づく新規リ
アルタイムスケジューリング方法論フレームワークとタスクモデル、（2）2つのsafe‑to‑processスキームを用いた時間遅れモデル、（3）モデル予測制御を用いた最適化モデル。

研究成果の概要（英文）：The goal of this project to propose a novel model of high‑confidence
cyber‑physical systems (HiCoCPS) for bridging the gap between control law design and real‑timecomputation constraints in a large‑scale, distributed, efficient and real‑time manner. The outcomes
include designing and proposing three models, i.e., task model, time delay model, and optimization
model for the HiCoCPS system in the smart home application and other CPS‑based domain applications.
In summary, the results are: (1) novel real‑time scheduling methodology framework and its task
models based on Satisfiability Module Theories; (2) time delay model with two safe‑to‑processschemes; and (3) optimization model with model predictive control.

研究分野： 情報学
キーワード： Cyber‑Physical Systems
Homes

Real‑time System

Internet of Things

SMT

Predictive Control

Smart様式

Ｃ－１９、Ｆ－１９－１、Ｚ－１９、ＣＫ－１９（共通）１．研究開始当初の背景
The motivation of this project comes fromthe observation of global transformativeforces, i.e., Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS) that is initialized by the NationalScience Foundation (NSF), United State inlate 2006 steers the technological trend
to realize the fully automation system ofsystems in the ultramodern applications.
In oversea trends, a high-confidence CPS(HiCoCPS) particularly is a novel researchdomain, which seeks to integrate computing,communication and storage capabilities
with monitoring among connected systems
through networks in a dependable, secure,safe, efficient, and real-time fashion.
In the HiCoCPS system viewpoint of smart
homes, the mountains of raw data from thesurroundingsensors
andtheirmeasurements will be passed into a centralcomputer for processing and spun back out
to remotely control the physical actions,e.g., air-conditioner and window. The
measurements may not be accurate becauseof unpredicted change of environments.
Some measurements could be incomplete
because of occlusion problems due to thewireless nature for example. Furthermore,because of the cheap sensors, inaccurate
or faulty measurements are possible.
Therefore, the HiCoCPS system is a complex
closed-loop control system that makes useof inaccurate or incomplete data from thewireless sensor and actuator networks tomake intelligent control decisions tooperate the actuators for effective
control of physical processes. The design
and implementation of the HiCoCPS system
in large-scale and distributed manner poseseveral challenges with respect to theissues
suchas
time-driven
andevent-driven computation, time-varying
delays, and transmission failures. As aresult, a new model is required to able tocapture the interaction between cyber andphysical properties in a composable manner.
This project is to ensure the new model ofthe HiCoCPS system that can meet the key
interaction among the properties andeventually provide the requirement levelof performance.

２．研究の目的
The purpose of this project is to propose
a novel model of HiCoCPS system forbridging the gap between control law

designandreal-time
computation
constraints in a large-scale, distributed,
efficient and real-time manner. To achieveit, this project has two main objectives.
(1) to propose and develop three models,i.e., task model, time delay model,
and optimization model, which should
be captured the interaction between
cyber and physical properties in acomposable manner; and(2) to implement a HiCoCPS testbedenvironment
forsmart
homeapplication and other CPS-based
domain applications.

３．研究の方法
This project consists of proposing threemodels, i.e., task model, time delay model,
and optimization model in order to bridge
the gap between control law design andreal-time computation constraints in theHiCoCPS system. This project also
implements
theHiCoCPS
testbedenvironment using the smart homeenvironment, iHouse.

４．研究成果In first fiscal year, a task model isproposed to attain an efficiency
scheduling algorithm for the HiCoCPS
system. To achieve this, a real-timeschedulingmethodology
basedonSatisfiability Module Theories (RSMT)
framework is designed as illustrated in
Figure 1. In RSMT, the task model isbreaking down into a task dependency graph,
which is used to illustrate the task
execution orders before an optimization
scheduling algorithm, i.e., the proposed
SMT-based scheduling. The schedulingissue is formalized as a form of theconstraint satisfaction problem that isusing the first-order logic with equality.
As a results, the proposed SMT basedscheduling can maximize the total numberof tasks to meet their deadlines
regardless of the system and target
constraints. Figure 2 depicts thecomparison analysis of success ratio
versus task arrival rate. RSMT frameworkoutperforms the baseline algorithms
regardless of the input task arrival rate.
To show the usage of RSMT framework in thepractical applications, a case study on arunning car, which is equipped withmultiple processors is also studied.

Figure 1: RSMT framework with its task
model.

In third fiscal year, the proposed timedelay model with the safe-to-processschemes for the HiCoCPS system, which
consist of a main controller and two
sub-controllers is evaluated. Figure 4
shows the percentage of safe-to-process
performance of both RMS-based and DA-based
schemes. As shown in Figure 4, the proposed
DA-based scheme can guarantee 100% of
safe-to-process regardless of any averageinter-arrival time of two arrival tasks.

Figure 2: Comparison analysis of successratio versus task arrival rate
Figure 4: Percentage of safe-to-process
performance.
In second fiscal year, a mathematicalrepresentation of the time delay modelwith consideration of network time delay,
latencies of sensors and actuators, andclock error for the HiCoCPS system isstudied and derived. Figure 3 shows ageneric HiCoCPS system with threeplatforms. The concurrent issue happens at
the merge in the platform 3. This
concurrent arrival issue of two tasks isformalized as a critical problem of FIFO
approach when those two tasks have adependency of each other. Therefore, theproposed time delay model with a task
dependency method is considered. To solve
this problem in the HiCoCPS system, twosafe-to-process schemes, i.e., the root
mean square (RMS) based scheme and thedouble average (DA) based scheme areproposed.

Figure 3: Generic HiCoCPS system withthree platforms.

On the other hand, a hybrid predictive
control is proposed to optimize real-time
control operations of the HiCoCPS system
considering the different aspects of themultidimensionality of the HiCoCPSproblem. To accomplish this, a model
predictive control (MPC) is taken into
consideration. The MPC controller is
integrated into the existing energy
efficient thermal comfort control (EETCC)
system, which was developed for theexperimental smart home environment asshown in Figure 5. The advantages of MPC
is explored in a real time manner for two
objectives, i.e., reference tracking andenergy minimization scenarios. In thisproject, the implementation of the MPC is
successfully derived, simulated andbenchmarked with four different seasons byusing an evolutionary algorithm pursues
the optimization of a dynamic multiple
objective function, i.e., settling timeand energy consumption for the EETCC incyber-physical home system. Figure 6
depicts energy consumption comparison for
all seasons. MPC 1 uses single objective(reference tracking), whereas MPC 2performs two objectives (referencetracking and energy minimization). As aresult, MPC 2 is managed to reduce theenergy consumption for all seasons. Inaddition, MPC 2 is extended with theself-adaptive model.

cyber-physicalhomesystems,”
Advanced Science Letters, American
Scientific Publishers, ICCSE 2016,vol.23,
no.11,pp.11530-11534,
November
2017.
DOI:
10.1166/asl.2017.10322 査読有Figure 5: System model with MPC

Figure 6: Energy consumption comparisonfor all seasons.

In summary, this project reveals manybreakthroughsincontributing
theresearch domain of the emergence conceptof CPS in the era of Internet of Things.
Some improvement and evaluation parts ofthis project are still needed to beaccomplished. Nevertheless, this project
leadstolong-term
research
collaborations
internationallyanddomestically although this project has
been finished.

５．主な発表論文等〔雑誌論文〕（計 9 件）(1) Yuto LIM and Yasuo TAN, “Time delay
modeling for energy efficient thermal
comfort control system in smart homeenvironment,” In: Alfred R., Iida H.,
Ag. Ibrahim A., Lim Y. (eds)
Computational Science and Technology.
ICCST 2017. Lecture Notes inElectricalEngineering(LNEE),Springer,
Singapore,vol.488,
pp.42-52,
2018.
DOI:
10.1007/978-981-10-8276-4_5 査読有(2) Yuto LIM, Sian En OOI, Yoshiki MAKINO,
Tze Kin TEO, Rayner ALFRED, and Yasuo
TAN, “Implementation of energy
efficient thermal comfort control for(3) Shamsul Faisal MOHD HUSSEIN, Abu
Bakar MOHD Anuar, Yoshiki MAKINO,
Hoaison NGUYEN, Shahrum SHAH ABDULLAH,
Yuto LIM and Yasuo TAN, “Simplifying
the auto regressive and moving
average (ARMA) model representing thedynamic thermal behaviour of iHouse
based on theoretical knowledge,” In:
Mohamed Ali M., Wahid H., Mohd SubhaN., Sahlan S., Md. Yunus M., Wahap A.
(eds) Modeling, Design and SimulationofSystems.
AsiaSim2017.
Communications in Computer andInformation Science (CCIS), vol.751,
pp.697-711, Springer, Singapore,
2017.
DOI:
10.1007/978-981-10-6463-0_59 査読有(4) Rayner ALFRED, Gabriel Jong CHIYE,
Yuto LIM, Chin Kim ON and Joe Henry
OBIT, “A multi-objectives genetic
algorithm clustering ensembles based
approach to summarize relationaldata,” In: Berry M., Hj. Mohamed A.,
Yap B. (eds) Soft Computing in Data
Science. SCDS 2016. Communications in
Computer and Information Science(CCIS), Springer Singapore, vol.652,
pp.113-122,
2016.
DOI:
10.1007/978-981-10-2777-2_10 査読有(5) Shamsul Faisal MOHD HUSSEIN, Hoaison
NGUYEN, Shahrum SHAH ABDULLAH, Yuto
LIM and Yasuo TAN, “Black box
modeling the thermal behaviour ofiHouse using auto regressive andmoving average (ARMA) model,” Jurnal
Teknologi, Advances on Intelligent
ControlandRobotic,Penerbit
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Press, vol.78, no.6-13, pp.51-58,
2016. DOI: 10.11113/jt.v78.9272 査読有(6) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,and Yuto LIM, “A case study: SOFL +model
checking
for
OSEK/VDXapplication,” In: Liu S., Duan Z.
(eds) Structured Object-Oriented
Formal Language and Method. SOFL+MSVL
2015. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science (LNCS), vol.9559, pp.132-146,
Springer,Cham,
2016.
DOI:

10.1007/978-3-319-31220-0_10 査読有(7) Yuto LIM and Yasuo TAN, “Towards acloud-based platform framework forsmart homes,” IEEJ Transaction onElectronics, Information and System(C),SpecialIssue
onAsianConference on Information Systems
2014/2015,
vol.136,no.12,
pp.1677-1705,2016.
DOI:
10.1541/ieejeiss.136.1699 査読有(8) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,
and Yuto LIM, “SMT-based schedulingfor overload real-time systems,”
IEICE Transactions on Information andSystems, vol.E100.D, no.5, 2017. DOI:
10.1587/transinf.2016EDP7374 査読有

time
model
frameworkofcyber-physicalsystems,”
IEICE
Technical Committee on Ambient
intelligence and Sensor Networks(ASN), 30-31 January 2018, Yufu,Japan, vol.117, no.426, ASN2017-102,pp.109-114. 査読無(5) Cheng LI, Yuan FANG, Yuto LIM, andYasuo TAN, “Highly available datainterpolation (HADI) scheme for
automated system in smart homeenvironment,”
IEICE
TechnicalCommittee on Ambient intelligence andSensor Networks (ASN), 30-31 January
2018, Yufu, Japan, vol.117, no.426,
ASN2017-89, pp.35-40. 査読無(9) Zhuo CHENG, Yasuo TAN, and Yuto LIM,
“Design and evaluation of hybrid
temperature
controlfor
cyber-physicalhomesystems,”
International Journal of Modelling,
Identification and Control (IJMIC),
vol.26,no.3,2016.
DOI:
10.1504/IJMIC.2016.080295 査読有(6) Sian En OOI, Yoshiki MAKINO, Yuan FANG,
Yuto LIM, and Yasuo TAN, “Study ofpredictive thermal comfort control
forcyber-physicalsmart
homesystem,” IEICE Technical Committeeon Ambient intelligence and Sensor
Networks (ASN), 30-31 January 2018,
Yufu,
Japan,
vol.117,no.426,
ASN2017-88, pp.29-34. 査読無〔学会発表〕（計 16 件）

(7) Yuto LIM, Nyiak Tien TANG, Yoshiki
MAKINO, Tze Kin TEO, and Yasuo TAN,
“Simulation of solar photovoltaicand fuel cell energy system for smart
communitysimulator,”
IEICE
Technical Committee on Information
Networks (IN), 16-17 November 2017,
Kitakyushu, Japan, vol.117, no.306,
IN2017-39, pp.1-8. 査読無(1) Yuan FANG, Sian En OOI, Yuto LIM, andYasuo TAN, “Time task scheduling forsimple and proximate time model incyber-physicalsystems,”
5thInternational
ConferenceonComputational Science and Technology(ICCST), 29-30 August 2018, Kota
Kinabalu,Malaysia.
査 読 有(submitted)(2) Sian En OOI, Yuan FANG, Yoshiki MAKINO,
Yuto LIM, and Yasuo TAN, “Study ofadaptive model predictive control forcyber-physical home systems,” 5thInternational
ConferenceonComputational Science and Technology(ICCST), 29-30 August 2018, Kota
Kinabalu,Malaysia.
査 読 有(submitted)(3) Sian En OOI, Yoshiki MAKINO, Yuto LIM,and Yasuo TAN, “Predictive thermal
comfort control for cyber-physicalhome systems,” 13th IEEE Annual
Conference on System of Systems
Engineering (SoSE), 19-22 June 2018,
Paris, France. 査読有 (accepted)(4) Yuan FANG, Cheng LI, Yuto LIM, andYasuo TAN, “Simple and proximate(8) HoaiSon NGUYEN, Yoshiki MAKINO, YutoLIM, and Yasuo TAN, “Short-term
prediction of energy consumption ofair conditioners based on weather
forecast,” 4th National FoundationforScienceandTechnology
Development (NAFOSTED) Conference onInformation and Computer Science(NICS), 24-25 November 2017, Hanoi,Vietnam.
DOI:
10.1109/NAFOSTED.2017.8108063 査 読有(9) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,
and Yuto LIM, “Scheduling overload
for real-time systems using SMT
solver,”17thIEEE/ACISInternational Conference on Software
Engineering, Artificial Intelligence,
Networking and Parallel/Distributed
Computing (SNPD), 30 May-1 June 2016,
Shanghai, China, pp. 934-937. DOI:

10.1109/SNPD.2016.7515899 査読有(10) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,
and Yuto LIM, “SOFL-based dependency
graph generation for scheduling,”
11thIEEE
SystemofSystems
Engineering Conference (SoSE), 12-16
June 2016, Kongsberg, Norway, pp. 1-6.
DOI: 10.1109/SYSOSE.2016.7542958 査
読有

Sapporo, Japan, pp. 845-850. DOI:
10.1109/ICUFN.2015.7182663 査読有〔その他〕
ホームページ：
http://www.jaist.ac.jp/is/labs/lim-lab/

６．研究組織(11) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,
and Yuto LIM, “SMT-based schedulingformultiprocessor
real-timesystems,”
15thIEEE/ACISInternational Conference on Computerand Information Science (ICIS), 26-29
June 2016, Okayama, Japan, pp. 1-7.
DOI: 10.1109/ICIS.2016.7550822 査読有(12) Zhuo CHENG, Haitao ZHANG, Yasuo TAN,
and Yuto LIM, “A framework forscheduling real-time systems,” 22ndInternational Conference on ParallelandDistributedProcessing
Techniques and Applications (PDPTA),
25-28 July 2016, Las Vegas, USA, pp.
182-187. 査読有(13) [Invited Talk] Yuto LIM, “Acyber-physical systems approach tosmart homes,” 14th InternationalConference on Computer Applications(ICCA), 25-26 February 2016, Yangon,Myanmar. 査読無(14) Zhuo CHENG, Yasuo TAN, and Yuto LIM,
“rERA: An optimization algorithm oftask
dependency
graphforscheduling,”
IEICE
GeneralConference, 15-18 March 2016, Fukuoka,
Japan, A-10-16. 査読無(15) Siew Gin LING, Yasuo TAN, and Yuto LIM,
“Designandmultiobjectiveoptimization of efficient vehicle
management
frameworkforcyber-physicalintelligent
transportationsystems,”
IEICE
Society Conference, 8-11 September
2015, Sendai, Japan, B-6-22. 査読無(16) Naushin NOWER, Yasuo TAN, and Yuto
LIM, “Incomplete feedback data
recovery scheme with Kalman filterforreal-time
cyber-physicalsystems,”
7thInternational
Conference on Ubiquitous and Future
Networks (ICUFN), 7-10 July 2015,(1)研究代表者
リム 勇仁 （LIM, Yuto）
北陸先端科学技術大学院大学・先端科学技術研究科・准教授
研究者番号：90435793(2)研究分担者
丹 康雄 （TAN, Yasuo）
北陸先端科学技術大学院大学・先端科学技術研究科・教授
研究者番号：90251967