Invitation

Summary
International Collaboration for Global Geospatial Information Society

PurposeReinforcement of international collaboration and global research networks for expanding
R&D on geospatial information
the comparative analyses of R&D policies in major countries
the sharing case-studies of R&D cooperation

Main Topic

Directions and implications on geospatial information R&D in major countries
Sharing the case-studies of international R&D cooperation under the changes in thedomestic and external environment
Discussion about the development of a global research network on geospatial information

ProgramTime

Penelists
Program

09:40 10:10

Registration

10:10 10:30

Opening Address (President, KRIHS)
Congratulatory Address (President, KICT)

10:30 11:10

Keynote Speech (1)Geospatial Networking in Europe: The Vision and Actions of EUROGI(Mauro Salvemini, AMFM GIS Italia)

11:10 11:50

Keynote Speech (2)Key Issues on the Management of Geographic Information: An International Perspective(Fraser Taylor, Carleton University)

11:50 13:00

Lunch

Session 1

Global Collaboration( ): International R&D Cooperation

13:00 13:40

R&D Policy on Geospatial Information and International Cooperation in Korea(Hyun Sang Choi, KICT)

13:40 14:20

The Implementation of Interoperable Massive Sensors Data Processing by Cloud
Technology (Tien-Yin Chou, Feng Chia University)

14:20 15:00

Project Proposal on Building Vietnam Urban Planning Information System(Luu Duc Minh, Vietnam Ministry of Construction)

15:00 15:20

Coffee BreakSession 2

Global Collaboration( II ): Global Research Network

15:20 16:00

Evacuation and Sheltering Assistance Planning for Special Needs Population:
Kobe GIS-Mapping Project of People with Special Needs in Times of Disasters(Shigeo Tatsuki, Doshisha University)

16:00 16:40

Strategies for Building a Global Geospatial Information Research Network(Dong Bin Shin, KRIHS)

16:40 17:00

Coffee BreakSession 3
17:00 18:00

Discussion
Panel Discussion"Reinforcement of international research cooperation"

Panelists
Chair

Panelists

Hong, SangKi
Professor, Anyang University Convenor,WG 10 ISO/TC21

Choi, Hyun Sang

Shin, Dong Bin

Director of U-Land Implementation Research Division
KICT(Korea Institute of Construction Technology)

Research fellow,
KRIHS(Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements)

Shigeo Tatsuki

Kim, Min Soo

Professor, Doshisha University

Tien-Yin (Jimmy) Chou

Senior Researcher,
ETRI(Electronics and telecommunications Research Institute)

Professor, Feng Chia University

Hong, Il YoungLuu Duc MINH

Professor, Namseoul University

Head of Database-GIS Division,
Vietnam Ministry of Construction

Speakers
Mauro Salvemini

Italy

Internationally recognized expert in applied
informatics to spatial planning, environment ande-government. Pioneer of spatial data
infrastructure SDI. Civil engineer since 1972, hetaught applied computer technology in planningand urban design in several foreign universities, professor at
Sapienza University of Rome, he is now Senior Researcher. UN
expert already for the UN Human Settlements initiative,
recently he has been invited to join to the small group of world
experts to implement the UN World Conference on Geospatial
Information Management. Expert and evaluator of European
Commission for e-government and the spatial information in
Framework Programs of Research, he has been involved since
the beginning in the INSPIRE directive of European Union.
Head of Laboratory of Geographic and Environmental
Information Systems, University of Rome and president of
Italian Association AMFM GIS Italy, he is the past president
European Association EUROGI. Former President of AGILE
European association of research laboratories for geospatial
information, he taught in Chinese, American, Spanish andEgyptian universities. He has been the initiator and author of
ECDL-GIS certification programme. He is member of Global
Advisory Committee of OGC. Head of research for public andprivate organizations, designer and project manager of major
public contracts in the field of information systems and digital
mapping. Author of more than eighty publications, mostrefereed and presented at international conferences. Memberof national and European committees, already director of
public corporations, he is settled in Italy between Rome andAnzio often world widely traveling for evangelizing geospatial
information and his sustainable utilization.

Fraser Taylor

CanadaDr. Taylor is Distinguished Research Professor ofInternational Affairs and Geography andEnvironmental Studies at Carleton University in
Ottawa, Canada. He is also Director Geomatics
and Cartographic Research Centre. In 2008 he
was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He is
widely recognized as one of the world's leading cartographers.
His main research interests in cartography lie in the applicationof geographic information processing to the analysis of socioeconomic issues in both a national and internationall context
and the presentation of the results in the form ofcybercartographic atlases. He is a member of as theinternational CODATA Task Group on Preservation and Accessto Scientific and Technical Data in Developing Countries, amember of the Group on Earth Observations System of Systems(GEOSS) Data Sharing Task Force and the CODATA Task Groupon Data at Risk. He is also a Board member of the OGC (Open
Geospatial Consortium) Interoperability Institute and the OGC
Global Advisory Council. Dr. Taylor's current funded research
involves working with aboriginal and Inuit communities toempower these communities to express their perceptions of
their own environmental and socio-economic reality in new
ways utilizing the Cybercartographic Atlas Framework.

Hyun Sang Choi

Korea

Hyun Sang Choi is Director of U-Land
Implementation Research Division in Korea
Institute of Construction Technology. He
received Ph.D. in Water Resource Management
based on GIS Technology. His Major research
fields are convergence of Construction and ICT technologies,

Ubiquitous Sensor Network application for Smart City(u-City)
and National R&D strategy for National SDI Technicaldevelopment, etc. He had contributed in Strategic Planningfor Korean Land Spatialization Group (2006) and also recently
has taken the lead in Strategic Planning for Advanced
Technologies of National Spatial Digital Infrastructure (2011).

Shigeo Tatsuki

Japan

Shigeo Tatsuki is a professor of sociology at
Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan. He
received Ph.D. in Social Work at University ofToronto. He is also a senior research scientist atDisaster Reduction and Human Renovation
Institution in Kobe, Japan. His major research topics include
counter-disaster measures for people with special needs intimes of disaster, long-term life recovery from mega-disasters,
and the power of social capital in controlling crimes. He is aVice Chairperson of the Institute of Social Safety Science,
Japan.

Luu Duc MINH

VietnamLuu Duc MINH is the head of Database-GIS
Division of Vietnam Institute of Architecture,
Urban and Rural Planning which is under Vietnam
Ministry of Construction. His major was urban
development policy and strategy since studied
from University of Tokyo, Japan until now. Recently, he has
moved to research on applying GIS into urban planning
formulation and management as well. The project proposal onbuilding Vietnam Urban Planning Information System is now inresearch which is leading by him in expectation of strengthening
and enhancing urban development management of Vietnam at
both central and local government.

Tien-Yin (Jimmy) Chou Taiwan
Prof. Chou had his doctorate degree from
Department of Resources Development at
Michigan State University in 1990. He has been
the Director of GIS Research Center of Feng Chia
University (GIS.FCU) for 20 years, and served asa Distinguished Professor since 2009. With his profession andenthusiasm, Prof. Chou has worked hard with his 140
employees to bring the GIS.FCU as one of the leading role in
the GIS-related academic and industry field. GIS.FCU has
implemented a wide range of GIS projects, including resource
management, hazard monitoring, e-Learning, fleet monitoring,etc. He also supervises graduate students and teaches
courses pertaining to GIS science, land management, andresources management at FCU.

Dong Bin Shin

Korea

Dong Bin Shin is a Research Fellow in Korea
Research Institute for Human Settlements. He
received Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at Yonsei
University. Major research fields are National
GIS policy, Geographic Information Circulation
and Quality Control of GIS Database. Recent research works
include A Strategy to Construct the Spatial Information of
National Territory for Socially Vulnerable Groups (2009), GISbased Public Participation in Urban Planning : Design ofPrototype Web2.0 Site and Policy Implication (2008), Policy
Framework for introducing World Geodetic Reference System(2007), Strategies for Enhancing National Geographic
Information Clearinghouse (2006), A Study on the Promotionof Integrated Management Plan of Roads and Underground
Facilities Database (2003).

Direction

How to get KINTEX(by car)South End of Yeongdongdaegyo(Bridge) > Olympic Expressway >South End of Gayangdaegyo (Bridge) > North End of Gayangdaegyo(Bridge) > Gangbyeon Expressway > Jayro > KINTEX IC > KINTEX

105

Evacuation and Sheltering Assistance Planning for Special Needs
Population: Kobe GIS-Mapping Project of People with Special
Needs in Times of Disasters
Shigeo Tatsuki, Doshisha University, Japan

Abstract
This paper reports the results from the 2008 Kobe GIS-Mapping project of people withspecial needs in times of disasters, which demonstrates the use of GIS for mapping special
needs populations in order to facilitate community-based evacuation and sheltering assistanceplanning. In response to a national government request, Kobe city administration collated
separate social service recipient databases, resulting in an integrated database involving one
hundred and twenty thousand individuals who were considered being potentially vulnerable intimes of disaster. The database identified 4,329 people with physical disabilities in Hyogo
Ward. The 2008 project geocoded and mapped them on land slide, flood and tsunami hazard
layers. 914 individuals were found residing in hazardous areas. These individuals werevisited by interviewers and 612 or 67% responded to a structured questionnaire whichmeasured demographics (i.e., age and gender), levels of disability, social isolation, housingfragility, and physical immobility. A social vulnerability score was then calculated as afunction of these five variables for each respondent. As a result, 17% of those who responded
were found the most vulnerable and requiring priority assistance at times of disaster.
Furthermore, a social vulnerability weighted kernel density map of people with special needs
was created. The weighted kernel density map indicated which particular areas would require
more man power for assisting a special needs population for evacuation and sheltering. After2011 Great East Japan Earthquake , it became evident that recent developments in GIS-based
preparedness measures had been uncritically relying on the assumption that maximum
probable event (MPrE) would occur. In reality, maximum possible event (MPoE) occurred in
Tohoku regions. Fundamentally re-thinking entire hazard estimation process from MPrE toMPoE framework was discussed in the end.
Key words: persons with special needs in times of disaster, hazard vulnerability, GIS
mapping of social vulnerability, person-in-environment model, maximum probable event,maximum possible event

1. Introduction and Background
The issue of special needs population gained high attention after 2004 when a series of natural
disasters hit the Japanese Archipelago. Those included July Niigata-Fukushima flood,
October typhoon 23 and October Niigata Chuetsu earthquake disasters, wherein notably morethan 60% of the victims were over the age of 65. As a response to these tragedies, Japan’s
Cabinet Office established a committee on “Communicating Disaster Information andEvacuation and Sheltering Assistance for the Elderly and Other Population during Heavy
meteorological and Other Disasters.” The committee published the first edition of the“Evacuation/Sheltering Assistance Guideline for People with Special Needs in Times ofDisasters” in the following March 2005. After the guideline publication, the term saigaiji105/9

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youengosha or People with Special Needs in Times of Disasters (PSND) was popularized inplace of saigai-jakusha or Disaster Vulnerable Population. PSND is defined as “a person who
is able to function daily, whereby living independently given the proper resources andservices when necessary”. In normal time, institutionalized long-term care services for theelderly and/or for people with disabilities provide a safety net so that their special needs aremet for living independent lives. However, when a disaster strikes, it becomes extremely
difficult for institutionalized cares/supports to reach people in need for a prolonged period,
causing their vulnerabilities to manifest. The emergence of new terminology, PSND, reflects
a shift on the side of society from viewing difficulties experienced by the target population as
being intrinsic to themselves to viewing ones as products of social interactions that fail tomeet special needs in time of disaster (Tatsuki and Comafay, 2010; Comafay, 2011). Thus,
the shift in societal view led a new set of questions, who should take care of people in needwhen the institutionalized care/support systems break down in time of disaster?
Following another series of heavy rainfall, flood and land slide disasters in the year 2005,
another Cabinet Office committee conducted field research of the 2005 meteorologicaldisaster sites and revised the evacuation and sheltering assistance guideline in March 2006.
The 2006 guideline emphasized 1) establishing a special team in each municipal governmentthat was in charge of coordinating assistance to the target population, 2) encouraging theinformation sharing of special needs population within the local government and, if possible,
with local community organizations such as neighborhood associations and community
emergency and response team, and 3) planning individualized evacuation and sheltering
procedures for each PSND.
In the following fiscal year 2006, the committee on PSND continued to work on moredetailed procedures and workflows in order to collect and share information on PSND and to
make individualized evacuation and sheltering assistance plans. In March 2007, thecommittee published the “Report on Preparedness Procedures for PSND.” The 2007 reportemphasized the establishment of a system to assist PSND by facilitating cooperation between
the local/municipal government disaster management department and its health and welfare
department. The role of the disaster management department is to provide local hazard
information, while the health and welfare department provides information on potential
vulnerabilities within the target population. The 2007 report encouraged the use of map
where potential vulnerable individuals such as frail elderly and people with disabilities(PWD) are projected onto multiple hazard layers such as flood, landslide and seismicity. The
map can help identify who are at more risk because of their functional needs (Kailes andEnders, 2007) as well as of their geographic locations.
Since the publication of the 2006 guideline and the 2007 report, the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency (FDMA) has requested every municipality in the country to formulate
its own master plan that directs policy formation on PSND assistance, to identify potential
target groups, to clarify ways to collect and share their personal information. Based on themaster plan, municipalities have been further encouraged to start project planning to assign
local resident helpers to each individual PSND in time of evacuation. According to thesurvey conducted by FDMA, as of April 1, 2011, 1,262 out of 1622 municipalities (76.8%)
finished formulating PSND assistance master plan and additional 349 municipalities (21.2%)
were expected to finish within one year. Similarly, 864 (52.6%) municipalities reported thatthey have finished creating and have been updating the PSND registry. 684 (41.5%)
municipalities said that they were currently in the process of making the registries.
Municipalities have been working hard even on assigning local residents/helpers to each
PSND for evacuation, much more time consuming process. 361 (22.0%) reported that they

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have completed the assignment, 998 (60.7%) in the process, and 285 (17.3%) not yet initiated(FDMA, 2011).

2. Mapping PSNDs as an Effective Counter-Disaster Measure
2.1 Use of Maps to assist PSNDs during the 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
At around the time when the 2007 report was about to be released, the Noto Peninsula
earthquake occurred in March 25, 2007. A study was conducted by Comafay, Tatsuki andassociates (2008) on to find out how PSND, especially the elderly population, was responded
to during the Noto Peninsula Earthquake from the framework of the 2007 report. A series ofworkshop was conducted with those who provided assistance, this included representatives
from the public health department of Wajima city, the private long-term care service
providers and local community organizations. The results revealed that, as shown in figure 1,
during the first 10 hours after the earthquake the local community organizations were first to
respond to the most urgent needs of PSND. Meanwhile, the government organization wasable to provide formal services 100 hours after the disaster impact. Finally, sustained service
delivery from the formal organizations increased as those coming from the community
organizations decreased after the first ten hours.
Unexpected Operation of Shelters, Various
Adjustment Tasks, Planning for Receiving andProviding Assistance

Government13%

Set up Welfare Shelter
Refined Operation of Shelters

47%

41%

Emergency Service Adjustment
Finish Safety check of Clients
Caregiver

26%

Service Adjustments Routinized
Resume Regular Tasks

40%

34%

Inititate Operation of Shelters,
Evacuation Guidance andPersuading, Safety Check
Community

47%

27%

EARTHQUAKE
0%

10%

10 Hours
20%

30%

40%

26%

100Hours
50%

60%

70%

1000Hours
80%

90%

100%

Fig 1: Responses to PSND during the Noto Peninsula Earthquake by Local Community, Long-term
Care Providers and Health Service Office

It was learned that community-based help for the elderly had been predesigned and cultivatedin Monzen area during normal times by indigenous community-based workers called
minseiiin1 or commissioned welfare volunteers who were active in building elderly-personwatch networks. The percentage of people over the age of 65 in Wajima areas2 is very high at
35.2 percent. A way before the 2007 earthquake, the local health and welfare offices in thentownship of Monzen (currently a part of Wajima city) launched an initiative to build elderlypersons-watch networks with the minnseiiin. Even before that, right after the 1995 Great
Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the local health office in Monzen town which was one of the most1

A minseiiin or commissioned welfare volunteer is a community-based volunteer friendly
visitor commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Welfare to assist and maintain regular
watch over persons with special needs, especially the elderly, living in that district.
2
In February 1, 2006, just a year before the Noto Peninsula Earthquake, Monzen town was
merged with the former city of Wajima city to create a new Wajima city.
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affected areas during the Noto Peninsula earthquake, started commissioning the minseiiin tocreate a welfare-map plotting the exact location of persons with special needs who require
constant supervision in their respective area of jurisdiction. As shown in figure 2, welfare
maps are created based on existing residential maps. Buildings with households are thenmarked with colors according to 4 categories: a)pink for bed-ridden persons; b) yellow for
elderly persons living alone; c) green for elderly only households (elderly couples); d) blue
for household with disabled persons. Along with the minseiiin, local volunteers would
conduct safety checks and provide services such as delivering food or helping with theirgroceries to name a few.

Fig 2: A picture of “welfare map” that are currently used by minseiiins in Monzen area, Wajimacity.

The paper-based welfare map was very crucial because according to the minseiiin, although
they did not need the actual map during the emergency evacuation, making the maps helped
them be better familiarized with the neighborhood. Therefore immediately after theearthquake they were able to identify the persons with the most urgent needs and not only thatsince they had a mental map of the area they also knew their exact locations. The actual map
was later used in guiding the volunteers and health nurses and non-locals who were notfamiliar with the area.
The above study has provided empirical evidence that community actors, being
geographically accessible are the most reliable service providers during the first 10 hours aftera disaster strikes. The experience of the service providers during the Noto Peninsula
earthquake also demonstrated the importance of identifying during normal times the PSND
with the most immediate need for assistance. As well as, providing insights on how mapping
the location of disaster vulnerable members of the community would be useful for identifying
actual locations of those who require immediate assistance. The familiarity of the people who
provided assistance and services, mainly the minseiiin and the local volunteers, wasdeveloped by the creation of paper maps to identify the location and condition of the special
needs population.
2.2 Kobe PSND Mapping Project
Tatsuki and Comafay (2010) reported the 2008 Kobe PSND Mapping Project, which wascharacterized by a combined use of GIS and the social survey in order to assess overall hazard
vulnerability of PSNDs. In response to the FDMA request as explained in the above, 1.5million-resided Kobe city administration collated separate social service recipient databases,

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resulting in an integrated registry involving one hundred and twenty thousand individuals who
were considered being potentially vulnerable in time of disaster. The registry database
identified 4,329 people with physical disabilities in 107- thousand-resided Hyogo Ward. The
2008 project geocoded and mapped them on land slide, flood and tsunami hazard layers. 914
individuals were found residing in hazardous areas (see figure 3).

Fig 3: Persons with disabilities living in Kobe’s Hyogo ward (N= 4,411)

These 914 individuals were then visited by interviewers and 612 or 67% responded to a
structured questionnaire which measured those six variables as demographics, physicalimpairment, physical immobility, responsiveness of social environment (social capital), social
isolation and housing fragility (see figure 4). The demographic, physical impairment andphysical immobility variables measured a person factor, social capital and housing gragility
an environment factor, and social isolation a person-by-environment factor.

Age
GenderJob

Level of Physical Impairments
Types of Impairments
Utilized Home Care Service
Utilized Community Care Services
Utilized Institutional Care Services
ADL Level

Movement Assistance# of Assistants Required
Equipment for Movement
Walking up & down Stairs
Medical Equipments in Use
Toilet Use Capability

Physical Impairment

Physical Immobility

Demographics
ZIP Averages of Neighbors
Greeting & Chatting
Engaging in Rec. Activities
Going Out Together
Exchanging Gifts
Visiting Each Other
Taking Care of Each Other
Helping Each Other
Becoming Friends
Social CapitalHousehold Size
Household TypeKey Person Category
Location of Key Person
Social Isolation

Type of Structure
Age of Building
Building Type
Number of Floors
Bedroom Floor
Housing Fragility

Fig 4: Variables Measured/Obtained in the Study

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The 2008 project was based on the person-in-environment model of vulnerability, which
defined hazard vulnerability (V) as a function of hazards (H), person (P), and environment(E) factors or V = f(H, f(P, E) as illustrated by figure 5.

Fig 5: Person-in-Environment model of mapping hazard vulnerability

Based on the model, respondents’ scores for each factor/component were calculated fromsocial survey results and they were plotted as shown in figure 6.

Age/Gender/Job

Person Factor
Physical Impairment

Physical Immobility

Person-by-Environment Factor
Social Isolation
Environment Factor
Social Capital

Housing Fragility

Fig 6: Componet vulnerability scores mapped on to hazard layers

Finally an overall vulnerability score was then calculated as a function of hazards and the six
variables for each respondent. As a result, 17% of those who responded were found the mostvulnerable and requiring priority assistance in time of disaster (see figure 7).

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Overall
Vulnerability

Flood
Land slide
Tsunami16

Figure 7: Overall vulnerability scores mapped on to hazard layers

Furthermore, a social vulnerability weighted kernel density map of people with special needs
was created (see figure 8). This map indicated which particular areas require more humanresources for assisting a special needs population for evacuation and sheltering. The projectproduct maps helped representatives from special needs groups, community emergency
response teams, community social services, and emergency management centers initiate
evacuation and sheltering assistance planning in the project areas.

Areal Overall Vulnerability

Flood
Landslide
Tsunami19

Figure 8: PSND kernel density estimation weighted by overall vulnerability index

The 2008 Kobe PSND mapping project was an attempt that aimed to provide a standardized
method using individual social vulnerability mapping as analysis tool to identify more
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comprehensively the risks that could affect a given community. This could help different
stake holders, special needs groups, community emergency response teams, community social
services, and emergency management centers initiate evacuation and sheltering assistanceplanning in high risk communities.

3. Toward a Refinement of Person-in-Environment Model: Maximum
Probable to Maximum Possible Event Framework
Despite recent developments of PSND counter-disaster measures as illustrated in the abvoe,
serious problems confronted municipalities, communities, PSNDs and their families at theonset of March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. Three reconnaissance missions
conducted by the author team in March and April identified several challenges on counterdisaster measures for PSNDs. One of these challenges demanded re-thinking ”correct” hazard
estimates in the person-in-environment model of hazard vulnerability (Tatsuki, 2011).
Recent developments in preparedness measures for PSND in Japan have been uncriticallyrelying on the assumption that hazard maps represent “correct” estimates of future hazardous
events. As figure 9 in the below illustrates, this turned out to be a horribly wrong assumption.
Hazard maps were created according to maximum probable event (MPrE) framework. In
reality, however, maximum possible event (MPoE) has occurred in Tohoku regions. This has
tremendous implications for fundamentally re-thinking entire hazard estimation process from
MPrE to MPoE framework.

A

3000m
700m

Fig 9: Tsunami hazard map and actual inundation east of Rokugo Junior high school, Wakabayashi
ward, Sendai city

In the previous section, the person-in-environment model of hazard vulnerability (V) was
introduced as a function of hazard (H), person (P) and environment (E) factors or V = f(H, f(P,E)). In practice, hazard factor was estimated by maximum probable event framework andtherefore the model could be represented as V = f(MPrE, f(P, E)). The challenge here is toreplace maximum probable event hazard estimate with an alternative hazard estimate byincorporating maximum possible event framework. The modified person-in-environment
model will therefore be represented as V = f(MPoE, f(P, E)).

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REFERENCES
Comafay, N, 2011. The Sociology of People with Special Needs in Times of Disaster (PSND): The
Dynamic Assessement of the Social Vulnerability of PSND to Determine How to Meet Their
Special Needs. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Doshisha University.
Comafay, N., Kitahama, Y., Tobioka, A. and Tatsuki, S. 2008. A qualitative study on how persons
with special needs at times of disaster (psnd) were responded to during the 2007 Noto Hanto
Earthquake : From the response process of supporting organizations for elderlies in need of care,
Journal of Social Safety Science, 10, pp.521-530.
Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 2011. A research report on municipalities counter-disastermeasuresforpeoplewithspecial
needs
in
times
of
disaster.
(http://www.fdma.go.jp/neuter/topics/houdou/2307/230708_1houdou/02_houdoushiryou.pdf,
September 26, 2011)
Kailes, J. I. and Enders, A. 2007. Moving beyond “special needs”: a function-based framework for
emergency management and planning, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol.17, No.4, 230237.
Tatsuki, S. 2011. Challenges in preparedness, response and relief for people with special needs intimes of disasters following the great east Japan earthquake, Proceedings of the 10th
International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia,
Chiang May, Thailand, October 13, 2011.
Tatsuki, S. and Comafay, N. 2010. Evacuation and sheltering assistance planning for special needs
population: Kobe disadvantaged population mapping project, Presentation for International
Sociological Association World Congress of Sociology, Gothenburg, Sweden, July 15, 2010.

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