One bait boat sent from Japan, toprovide technical training, and fourother vessels (three Ecuadorian and
one Colombian) will conduct fishingfor the company out of Buenaventura.
The planned catch during the firstyear is 3,000 tons of skipjack worth
about $1.5 million. The new company
plans to build in Buenaventura a 1,000ton capacity cold storage plant, which
reportedly will be the largest cold
storage in Colombia.
Source: Suisan Keizai Shimbun.

JAPAN IMPORTS
LESS SALMON
Japanese salmon imports were
sharply down last year owing to poor
harvest in the United States and Canada, the two major suppliers, and thedepressed market in Japan. In recent
years, between 5,000 and 8,000 tonsof salmon were imported annually,

and in 1973 the purchases jumped to
15.000 tons. Sharp gains in 1973
were attributed to increased consumption in Japan of salmon and otherNorth Pacific species which gained
popularity as "clean" fish amidst the
uproar over local fish contamination
by PCB, mercury and other pollutants,
and to heavy buying by trading firms
speculating on sharp price increases
for salmon.
However, in 1974, the Japanesesalmon market weakened. adversely
affected by the tight money situationand consumer resistance to high-value
seafood. This situation. coupled withhigh prices in the salmon producing
countries because of poor fishing, discouraged the t radi ng firms from importing the product which they could
not sell at above cost. Total Japanesesalmon imports in 1974 to 30 September 1974 were 2,990 metric tons.
Source: Suisan Keizai Shimbun.

Publications

Recent NMFS Scientific Publications
NOAA Technical Report NMFS
SSRF-677. Gilmore, Gil, and Lee
Trent. "Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and alteredestuarine areas." April 1974. 13 p.
ABSTRACTThe abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates during M arch-October 1969 in West Bay, Tex., wascompared between 1) a natural
marsh area, 2) an adjacent marsh
area altered by channelization, bulkheading, and filling, and 3) anopen bay area. Animals representing
four phyla were caught. Abundanceindices (areas combined) of thefour groups in terms of numbers
were 66.4 percent polychaetes, 29.6
percent crustaceans, 2.5 percent
pelecypods, and 1.5 percent nemerteans; volumes were 44.0 percent
polychaetes, 40.8 percent pelecypods,
10.7 percent nemerteans, and 4.4
percent crustaceans.
When all organisms were combined, they were slightly more abundant numerically and over twice
as abundant volumetrically in themarsh than in the canals and wereleast abundant in the bay. Polychaetes were most abundant in
the canals and least abundant in
the bay; abundance was highest at
stations with low to intermediate
amounts of silt and clay or where
vegetative matter was composed
mostly of live sea grasses or detritus.

Crustaceans were more abundantin the natural marsh than in theother two areas and showed a definite preference for sandy substrate
in marsh areas. Pelecypods werenumerically most abundant in thebay but volumetrically the marsh
had the highest standing crop. Nemerteans were most abundant in
the marsh and least abundant in
the bay.
In general, the seasonal abundance of polychaetes and nemerteans varied little during the study.
whereas crustaceans and pelecypods
were abundant only during thespring and early summer. An exception to this seasonal abundance
pattern was the reduction in numbers of polychaetes at the uppermost canal station where the habitat was apparently unsuitable due
to low oxygen levels during thesummer and early fall.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS
SSRF -678. Ellis, Robert J. "Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus
nerka, and associated species in the
Naknek River system, 1961-64." September 1974.53 p.
ABSTRACTThe Naknek River system contains eight interconnected and generally biologically discrete basins,

44

each with a different ratio of spawning grounds to rearing area forsockeyesalmon,Oncorhynchus
nerka, and different densities ofjuvenile sockeye salmon and associated species of fish. Juvenile sockeye salmon and other pelagic species
were sampled with tow nets atnight. Sockeye salmon were themost common and abundant species
in all basins, followed by threespine
sticklebacks, ninespine sticklebacks.
and pond smelt. Eighteen otherspecies of potential competitor or
predator fish were present.
In the summers of 1961 to 1963,
juvenile sockeye salmon in the
pelagic areas had a characteristic
pattern of abundance for the entire
system: abundance (catch per tow)of age 0 increased from earlysummer to midsummer and thendeclined to late August. The abundance in late August varied about
threefold and, in general, was independent of variations in the numberof parents from 1960 to 1963.
In July the abundance of age 0
fish in each basin was proportional
to the amount of known contiguous
spawning ground, but by late August this relation no longer existed.
This change was at least partly due
to migration of the age 0 fishgenerally from basins of greater
abundance of fish to those of lesser
abundance. The larger and fastergrowing fish were the first to migrate.
Not all basins were involved inthese migrations.
The production of sockeye salmon smolts in the Naknek system
is relatively stable. At least threemajor factors probably contributeto this stability: (I) the presenceof several major spawning units orraces in widely separated spawning
grounds of different types, (2) the
presence of several connected lakes,
and (3) the migratory behavior ofjuvenile sockeye salmon during thefirst summer.
A mechanism which prevents the
population of juvenile sockeye salmon from exceeding some upper
limit is not apparent in the Naknek
system. A reduction in growth inareas of high density was not apparent in the Naknek system in
196 \-64 and apparently did notoccur in 1957-65. Many kinds of
predators on juvenile salmon arepresent but probably are not limiting production of smolts.
The data on abundance andgrowth of juvenile sockeye salmon
and the distribution of the escapement and spawning grounds indicatethat it should be possible to increase
the production of sockeye salmon
in the Naknek system. Two of the
major basins, North Arm and
Brooks Lake, which constitute about
35 percent of the system, are now

producing juveniles at very low
levels. North Arm appears to sufferfrom too little spawning area,
whereas Brooks Lake appears tohave adequate spawning area but
too few spawners.
Three factors in the biology ofjuvenile sockeye salmon of the Naknek system are of special significance to the managers of the resource and should be investigatedin any effort to enhance the production of sockeye salmon in the Naknek system: (I) the abundance ofsmolts each spring is fairly constant for the system as a whole andnot closely related to the abundanceof the parents or, from 1961-64,
even to the original abundance ofage 0 fish; (2) the apparent growthof juvenile sockeye salmon andpotential competitor species is not
related to the abundance of thesefish in any lake of the Naknek
system; and (3) two major lakes,
constituting about 35 percent of therearing waters, do not receive age 0
sockeye salmon from other basins
and are supporting relatively few
sockeye salmon.
The question of what escapementof adult sockeye salmon is needed
to ensure full production of juveniles
is considered. The present study
indicates that escapements in therange of 600,000 to 1,000,000 fish,
as recommended by other studies,would probably fully use the present combination of spawning andrearing areas without danger ofoverburdening the food supply.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS
CIRC-389. Williams, Austin B. "Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern
United States. Crustacea: Decapoda."
April 1974. 50 p.
ABSTRACTThe manual includes an introduction to general classification, an
illustrated key, an annotated systematic list, a selected bibliography,
and a systematic index to the marine
decapod crustaceans of the inshore
and continental shelf waters of thenortheastern United States.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS
CIRC-390. Engett, Mary Ellen, and
Lee C. Thorson. "Fishery publications,calendar year 1973: Lists and indexes." September 1974. 14 p.

listed numerically (with abstracts)
and indexed by author, subject, andgeographic area: NOAA Technical
Report NMFS CIRC (formerly
Circular); Data Report; Fishery
Facts; NOAA Technical Report
NMFS SSRF; and NOAA Technical Memorandum NM FS.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS
SSRF-675. Shomura, Richard S., andFrancis Williams (editors). "Proceedings of the International Billfish
Symposium, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii,
9-12 August 1972. Part 2. Review andcontributed papers." July 1974.335 p.
(No abstract)
Data Report 85. Clark, Stephen
H., Dennis A. Emiliani, and Richard
A. Neal. "Release and recovery datafrom brown and white shrimp markrecapture studies in the northern Gulf
of Mexico, May 1967-November
1969." July 1974. 152 p. on 3 microfiche. For sale by U.S. Departmentof Commerce, National Technical
Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Rd., Springfield, VA 2213 I.
ABSTRACTDuring seven mark-recapture
studies conducted in the northern
Gulf of Mexico during the period
May 1967 to November 1969, personnel at the Galveston Laboratory
released 75,947 brown shrimp (Penaeus aZ/ecus) and 38.628 white
shrimp (P. sellfems) marked withbiological stains, fluorescent pigments, and plastic tags. Recoveryof 6,192 brown shrimp and 917
white shrimp. provided data on
growth, mortality, migration. anddistribution by area and depth.
Data for individual recoveries andother pertinent information aresummarized in this report.
Data Report 86. Weber, Douglas
D. ''Observations on growth of southeastern Bering Sea king crab, Parali/hodes call1/schatica. from a tagrecovery study, 1955-65." August
1974. 122 p. on 2 microfiche. For
sale by U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield,
VA 22131.
ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe following series of fisherypublications of the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in calendar year 1973 are

Growth data from a lO-yr tagrecovery study of southeastern Bering Sea king crab, Paralithodes
call1/schatica, were evaluated forsources of error and the usable
growth information documented.
45

For simplified analysis of growthdata the adult male crab growthincrements may be combined since
the increase in carapace length permolt averages 17.5 mm irrespectiveof size. For female crabs the growth
per molt decreases with increasein carapace length.
The crabs' migratory pattern.
molting stage at time of tagging.
area of recapture, and selectivityof the fishery can influence interpretation of the growth data. Theinteraction of these parameters arepresented, and it is suggested thatthese factors be considered in dataapplication.
Data Report 87. Collins, L. Alan,and John H. Finucane. "Hydrographic
observations in Tampa Bay and adjacent waters, May 1971 through April
1973." August 1974. 146 p. on 3
microfiche. For sale by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 2213 I.
ABSTRACT
Hydrographic data are given forwater temperature, salinity. dissolved oxygen and turbidity. Additional data include chlorophyll a, b,
and c. astacin and nonastacin carotenoids, and primary productivity
based on chlorophyll a extraction
for 29 stations in Tampa Bay andthe adjacent coastal waters from
Clearwater south to Sarasota, Fla.
Data on air temperature. watertemperature, salinity, and turbidityfrom daily observations at three
sport fishing piers are provided.
Tables summarize mean, range,
and number of observations foreach of the parameters by themonths in which sampling occurred.
Data Report 88. Petersen, Duane H.
"Trawl catches and oceanographic
data from NMFS surveys of the Gulf
of Alaska pandalid shrimp resource,
1970-72." August 1974. 573 p. on 9
microfiche. For sale by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical I nformation Service, 5285 Port
Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22131.
ABSTRACT
Trawl catch and oceanographic
data collected from five National
Marine Fisheries Service cruises toassess the relative abundance of the
pandalid shrimp resource in the
Gulf of Alaska during 1970-72 arepresented.
Station data are arranged in tabular form and provide information
on location, depth, time and distance trawled, type of fishing gear

used, and species catch by weight.
Bottom temperatures and salinities
for some studies are also included.
Data Report 89. Turner, WilliamR., George N. Johnson, and Herbert
R. Gordy. ''Compendium of juvenile
menhaden surveys in coastal streamsof the northern Gulf of Mexico." August 1974. 189 p. on 3 microfiche.
For sale by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information
Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 2213 I.
ABSTRACT
Catches of juvenile Gulf menhaden with two-boat surface trawls
in coastal streams along the northern Gulf of Mexico are compiled
for the period from 1964 through1969. The catches are presented
chronologically with accompanyinghydrological data (including Secchi
disc measurements, salinity determinations, and surface water temperatures) collected at each sampling station. Maps are provided
defining the various areal designations, streams, and sampl ing stations.
Data Report 90. Saloman, Carl H.,
and L. Alan Collins. "Hydrographic
observations in Tampa Bay and adjacent waters--1972." August 1974.
176 p. on 3 microfiche. For sale by
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical I nformation Service,5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA
2213 I.
ABSTRACT
Hydrographic data include watertemperature; salinity; total phosphorus; total Kjeldahl nitgrogen;
pH; dissolved oxygen; turbidity;
water transparency; chlorophyll a, b,
and c, astacin and nonastacin carotenoids; and primary productivity
based on chlorophyll a extraction.
Methods of collecting and analyzing
samples are described. Tables summarize data collected from 30 permanent stations by month and area.
Additional tables summarize themean, range, and number of observations of samples taken twice daily
at the Laboratory dock.
Data Report 93. Trent, Lee, Edward J. Pullen, Genevieve Adams,
and Gilbert Zamora, Jr. ''Catch perunit effort and mean total length ofbrown shrimp, Penaeus aZlecus Ives,
taken by trawl in the Galveston Bay
system, Texas, 1963-67." September
1974. 42 p. on 1 microfiche. For saleby U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield,
VA22131.

ABSTRACTThis report presents catches perunit effort and mean lengths forbrown shrimp, Penaeus azlecus Ives,
taken with a trawl and trawl cod
end cover from the Galveston Bay
system, Tex. during 1963-67 bypersonnel of the Estuarine Program,
National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA, Galveston, Tex. The number of stations at which samples
were taken ranged from 58 in )963
to 16 in 1967. Sampling frequency
varied from weekly to monthly;in 1967 samples were not taken
throughout the year. Stations werelocated within three habitats-peripheral, open water, and channelwithin each bay area of the system
except West Bay. Catch per unit
effort was defined as the numberof brown shrimp caught per 5-min
tow in a 0.6 X 3.0 m otter trawl
and the number caught per tow inthe cod end cover.
Data Report 94. Hall, John R., andWilliam N. Lindall, Jr. "Benthic
macroinvertebrates
and sedimentsfrom upland canals in Tampa Bay,
Florida." September 1974. 221 p. on
4 microfiche. For sale by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 2213 I.
ABSTRACTSamples from 34 stations in upland canals of Tampa Bay, Fla.
contained 139 species and 66,326
specimens of benthic macroinvertebrates. Collections were made from
August 1970 through November
1971. Tables gi ve monthly countsby species, individuals, and total
individuals per square meter. A
summary of the total number of
species and individuals, and theirmonthly range and mean is presented. Mean grain size, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and weightpercentage of granule, sand, silt,
and clay-sized sediment particles
are also recorded.
NOAA Technical Memorandum
NMFS ABFL-3. Bailey, Jack E., andSidney G. Taylor. "Salmon fry production in a gravel incubator hatchery,
Auke Creek, Alaska, 1971-72." November 1974, iv + 13 p.
ABSTRACTSurvival and physical characteristics of pink salmon fry, Onchorhynchus gorbuscha, incubated in
two types of boxes, each box containing about I m3 of gravel, anda Heath incubator were comparedwith fry from natural spawning toevaluate the use of boxes to produce
fry. The gravel incubators wereseeded at densities of 74,200 to
198,000 eyed eggs/m 3 . Survival
from eyed eggs to emergent fry
ranged from 79 to 97 percent in
artificial incubation, but the numberof incubators tested was too small
to define any relationships between
survival and incubator type or egg
density. With artificial incubationin gravel, survival from potential
eggs in females to emergent fry was
69 percent, whereas with natural
spawning and incubation in thecreek, survival was about 12 percent.
Fry emerged from gravel incubators about 3 days earlier than fromthe streambed. The gravel incubator
fry were larger than tray fry but
smaller than creek fry. The smaller
size of the gravel incubator fry
could not be explained entirely on
the basis of early emergence.
Further studies were recommended to determine whether the muskeg
sediment that accumulated in the
incubators, the low oxygen level(57 to 69 percent saturation), or
the substrate particle size and composition inhibited growth of theembryos.

Floating Breakwaters, Fisherman Ecology
Are Subjects of Two New URI Volumes
The Proceedings of the 1974 Conference on Floating Breakwaters areavailable from the University of Rhode
Island Sea Grant program. Papers
printed in the 304-page proceedings
cover the topics of theoretical treatment of the different modes of wave
suppression, experiments performedon model and prototype breakwaters,
descriptions and evaluations of commercially available floating breakwaters, materials for breakwater construction, and the economics of floating
breakwaters.
46

The proceedings also contain a listof conference participants and a suggested list of nomenclature for use
by researchers. Editor of the breakwater conference report is Tadeusz
Kowalski, URI professor of oceanengineering. The Floating Breakwaters
Conference was held last spring (1974)
at Newport, R. I. The conference wasco-sponsored by the University ofWashington and URI.
Two centuries of history and apresent day sociological study of the
Rhode Island fishing community, Gali-lee, are presented in a recently published book titled, Fishermen of Galilee. The book is the result of a study
by two University of Rhode Island
professors, John J. Poggie, Jr., ananthropologist, and Carl Gersuny, asociologist. The I 16-page illustrated
book has been published by URI's
Sea Grant program.
Beginning with the Indians andearly settlers who fished the salt ponds
and the shore with small nets, theauthors recount the history of thecommunity through its hardships until
the present day prosperity with asmall, highly mechanized fleet. The
authors examine the present-day community in terms of human ecology
which they believe is the most usefulapproach in understanding maritime
occupational cultures.
Gersuny and Poggie tell how Galilee
has coped with 20th century economic
conditions with harbor improvements
and a new fishermen's cooperative.
Taboos, the URI social scientists
write, have enabled the fishermen tocontend with the danger and uncertainty of their occupation. Many of
their observations are based uponinterviews with fishermen and a number of textile factory workers.
By comparing fishermen with factory workers, the social scientists
found out that the fishermen have an
unusual basic love for their occupation. "It would appear," Gersuny andPoggie say, "that the fishermen consider success and advancement intheir occupation to be the main sourceof reward in their life, whereas thesense of the mill workers' responses
indicates that they would like to haveenough money to be free of theiroccupation."Independence, challenge, disdain
for regimentation and love of theoutdoors are valued highly by fishermen while factory workers concern
themselves with the steadiness of theirwork. the regular hours and security,
the authors state. "In a sense," they
write, "fishing is indeed a modern version of the primordial life way of
our species-the hunting and gathering way of life. Perhaps in many
ways, man is structured to be a huntermore than he is to be part of bureaucratized life in urban industrial society."

Copies of "Fishermen of Galilee"
are available at a cost of $3 each.
Requests for publication P346 should
be mailed to the Marine Advisory
Service, University of Rhode Island,
Narragansett Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882. Copies of the Floating
Breakwaters Conference, Proceedings, publication No. P347, are available for $5 each from the same source.

Bristol Bay Study
Is PublishedA new report published by the
University of Alaska's Institute ofSocial, Economic and Government
Research (ISEGR}--Bristol Bay, A
Socioeconomic Study-surveys thesocioeconomic characteristics of that
Alaska region. Compiled and written
by economist David T. Kresge andresearch assistants Susan R. Fison andAnthony F. Gasbarro, the report was
originally prepared under contract tothe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
as part of a larger report, 'The Bristol
Bay Environment, A Background
Study of Available Knowledge."
The original study was intended toprovide background information forpossible inclusion in environmental
impact statements relating to petroleum development in Bristol Bay. The
new ISEGR report explores sevenmajor categories of socioeconomic
importance: population and education;
labor force and employment; income
and cost of living; housing and public
services; industrial activity; transportation facilities and costs; and land
use and land status.
ISEGR has published the report aspart of its Man in the Arctic Program,a long-range research effort intended
to develop a basic understanding of
the forces of change in Alaska andto apply this understanding in dealing
with the critical problems of socialand economic development. ISEG R
has chosen Bristol Bay as a region inwhich further intensive research will
be carried out under the Man in the
Arctic Program. Its new report, as acompilation of available current information and historical data, will serve
as a baseline for further studies inwhich socioeconomic data not presently available will be compiled andanalyzed. Copies of the report can beobtained from ISEGR at $5 each.

47

New Aquaculture
Magazine Debuts
Four fish farming magazines werecombined last fall into one new, bimonthly publication, The Commercial
Fish Farmer and Aquaculture News.
The first issue (September-October1974) was published last fall and distributed to the combined circulation
lists-more than 14,000 personsof the predecessor publications.
The new magazine. largest of its
kind in the world and devoted exclusively to fish farming and aquaculture, is a consolidation of The Catfish Far/ner, Fish Far/nin)J Industries,
A merican Fishes and U.S. Trout News,and The A merican Fish Farmer andWorld Aquaculture News. The Catfish
Far/ner was the official publication of
the Catfish Farmers of America, theLittle Rock, Arkansas-headquarterednational trade association of the catfish farming industry. A merican Fishes
and U.S. Trout News was the official
publication of the U.S. Trout Farmers
Association which was headquarteredin Washington, D.C. until last fall.
Fish Far/nin/:: Industries and The
A meriean Fish Farmer and World
Aquaculture News were independent
publications. The new magazine willbe the official publication of the Catfish Farmers of America.
Publisher and general manager ofthe new publication is Porter Briggs
and the editor is Maurice Moore. Publication offices are at 530 Tower
Building, Little Rock, AR 7220 I.

U.N. Water Resources
Materials Are Listed
A checklist describing some 200
United Nations System publications
on water is now available from Unipub. U.S. distributor for publicationsof the United Nations System, andrelated publishing programs. Subjects
covered in the checklist include irrigation, desalination, climatology, waterpollution, environmental protection.
waste disposal, nuclear applications
in agriculture, and hyd rology. The
information is presented in books,
maps, and microform.
Copies of the water resources checklist are available free of charge from:
Unipub, Box 433, Murray Hill Station,
New York, NY 10016.