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MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYBOOK I - GENERALVOLUME 11 “ SAFETY PROGRAM

CLASSIFICATION CANCELLEDDATE______ l i -(J-S^C{
For The Atomic Energy Commission

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C iX a m O JL

Qitaf. Declassification Branchrr»JFTRMF.D TO BE UNCLASSIFIED
n n p O FFIC E OF N U C L EA R AND
N ATIONAL S E C U R IT Y IN F O R M A T IO N ^- \ . l.

„ D C, ID R DATE.

PESTr«l
Clearance Required 'FOREWORD
A Supplement to the Safety Program Volume of the Manhattan Distriot
History referring to the period from 1 July 1946 to 31 December 1946
9oVlotO\ng
has been included in-ftront 'Of the original history in this volume*
During this period atontio bombs were used, the war ended* security
was relaxed, construction activities diminished and the Ata&io Energy
Commission was appointed.

There was a general reduction in the numberof Manhattan Distriot contracts and considerable reorganization vat inprogress irithin the District*In bringing this portion of the history up to date* there has been
added a new section to the volume covering the fire prevention andprotection phase of the Safety Program In greater detail than in thebasic volume*
The numbering and subjects for Sections 1 to 6 Inclusive of thisSupplement conform with those of the original history, with the words"SUPPLEMENT TO” preoeding each of the seotian numbers*

Section 7 of the

supplement covers a subject not included in the original history*The

main paragraph numbers and subjects are In accordance with those of theoriginal history (with the exception of the main paragraphs in Section 7)
and the paragraph numbers are preoeded by the letter "S".

Subparagraphs,

so far as practicable, are designated and in the sequence as presented by
the original history*
The information oovered by this Supplement has not been included in
the ftmmary of the volume*
15 August 1947

1 October 1945.
The portion of the Manhattan District history contained hereincovers the District Safety Program from formation of the District inAugust 19^2, through 30 June 19^5. Although some construction took
place at frail, British Columbia, and Chicago, and operations vere
started in several research laboratories in the fall and early vlnterof 19^2 and vere adequately covered by local safety supervisors, theyvere relatively small in scope and did not involve enough man-hours of
exposure to provide significant safety statistics. Hajor District
activity started with site preparation in November 19^2 and actual con­struction in January 19^3 at the Clinton Engineer Works.
Safety programs, activities and statistics discussed herein do not
Include the Los Alamos, lew Mexico, project or its satelite subprojects
vhich, vhile a part of the overall Manhattan District Project, are notunder the direct supervision of the Manhattan District Engineer. Decauseof the necessity of close and continuous coordination with higher authorlty and special scientific grocpe in Washington, the Los Alamos work wasgiven a special status and is handled directly from the office of Major
General L. E. Oroves in Washington, D. C. Activities at the Los Alamos
projects, although highly important, Involve as of 31 December I9M 1 only
about 5^ of the total direct employment under the District program. The
muhistory of the Los Alamos projects is recorded In lookof the Man*
hattan District IIstory.

An Important part of the Safety Program consists of coordinationof lte activities vith those of the Manhattan Bistrict Medical Program,which Is described In Yoluae 7 of this book.
Attention Is invited to Section 1, Paragraph 1-2 as to the scope ofthe Manhattan district safety program as Included, in this discussion of
the subject.
fire prevention and protection are an injportant part of every Safety
Program.

During the period covered by this history the principal responsi­

bility for fire prevention and protection was assigned to the Intelligenceand Security Division vhose history is contained in Volume lb, Book I.
She safety staff gives special attention to fire hazards affecting
personal safety.
In the Summary (vhich immediately follows this Foreword) the para­graph and subparagraph designations correspond to the section and para­graph designations of the aaln text of the history,

leference is thus

facilitated from any subject in the Suaaary to the same subject, vith
greater detail, in the sain text. All references to appendices andother supporting data are confined to the aaln text.

SECRET*IQEKWORU

Page No.
---

nwuor
SECTION 1 - ESTROTOCTIOff
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-fc
1-?

1-6
1-7

GeneralPurpose of Pragma
Scope of Program
Cteaeml Policy
Specific Policies
a. PtIjbd Contractors
b. Area Engineers
C. Imresrtigationd. Accident Beporting
Safety Regulation®
Effect of Security

X.l
1.1 .

1.2

. 1.2
1.3

1.3
1.3
l.tj.
X.k
1.1*.

1.5

SECTION 2 - OCCUPATIONAL SA1OT PROGEAM
2 -1
2 -2

2-3

2-t

2 -5

GeneralGeneral Procedure*a. District Inspections
b. Safety Engineersc. Inspection Beporte of Areas
Construction Safety
a. Safety in Designb. Safety Procedures in the Fieldc. Special Problems
d. Efficiency
Operations Safety
a. Operations Safe Practices
b. Contractors’ Prooeduros and Practicesc. Pesearch Laboratories
d. Adaptation of Old Buildings©. Liaison vith Medical Branchf. Monthly Progress Beports
Safety Traininga. Special Courses
b. Buie Booksc. Newspaper©
d. Driver Training Courses
e. Pilms
f. Posters

2 .1
2 .1

2.1

2 ,2
2 .2
2 .3
2.3
2.k
2,K

2*5
2.9
2.5
2.6
2.7

2.7
2.7
2.8
2 .8

2.9
2.9
2.9

2.10
2.10
2.10

SECRET
Par, go.

Page Ho.
SECTION 2 - OCCUPATIONAL S t m t PR0GHRAM (Cant'd)

2-6

Accident Reportinga. ASF Changes, January 1?44
b. ASF Changes, April 1944 and Subsequent

2.10
2.11
2.11

SECTION 3 - PUBLIC SAJETY SEOCBAM
3-1
3-2

3-3

QeneralTraffic Safety
a. Traffic Engineeringb. Motor Vehicle Driver** Penalts
c. Enforcement of Traffic Regulations
d. Government Vehicle Inspection
Community Safety
a. School Safety
b. Home Safety
c. Recreation Safety
d. national Safety Council Surreys
e. Community Safety Shews
f. Off-the-Job Safety

3.1
3.1
3.1
3.3

3.3
3*5
355
3.5
3.6
3*7
3*7
3*8
3-8

SECTION 4 - OTHER SAJETY ACTIVITIES
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4

Safety Materials and Equipmenta. Literatureb. Equipment
Periodic Meetings of Safety Personnel
a. Local Meetings
b. national Conferences
Medical Care
Contests

4.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
s 4*3

SECTION 5 - ACCOMPLISHMENTS
5-1

Occupational Safety Record
a. Magnitude of the District Safety
Programb. Methods of Comparison
0 . Units of Comparisond. Trend of District Injury Ratese. Comparisons of DiBtriot Construction
Injury Rates
f. Comparisons of District Operations
Injury Rates

11

SECRET

5*1
5*1
5.1

5.2
5.3
5*4
5.5

Bwty Ho.

Page Ko»
SECTION 5 - ACCOMPLISHMENTS (Cant'd)
g.

5-2.
5-3

Savings Effected by District Safety
Programh. Insurance Savings
1. Detailed District Safety Records
Traffic Safety Record
Quality of Accomplishment

5.5
5*6
5.6
5.7
5.8

SECTION 6 - ORGANIZATION

6-1
6-2

6-3

6-U

6-5
6-6
6-7

Formation
Developmenta, June to December, 19^3
b. January to June, 19bh
o. July to Deoflofeer, 1$M
d. January to June, 19^5
Present Organization and Responsibilities
a. Toe District Safety-Engineer
b. The Occupational Safety Section
c. The Safety Training and Off-t&e-Job
Safety Section
d. Resident Safety Engineers
e. Clinton Engineer Works .Central
Facilities
f. Hanford Engineer Works
Personnela. Calibre of Personnelb. Key Personnel
Contractors1 Safety Organizations
a. Organizationb. Personnel
Coat of the Safety Program
Assistance from Government Agencies andOther Organizations
a. Office, Chief of Engineers
b. national Safety Councile. American Bed Cross
d. International Association of Chiefsof Policee. U. S. Department of Interiort. U. S. Department of LaborAPPEKDIX "A” - CHAKB3 AND GRAPHS

6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3

6.k
6.k

6.4
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.5

6,6
6*6
■

6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.10
6.10
6.10

SECRET.SECTION 6 - ORGfimmaK (Cout*d)

APPEHD2X D " - F3SMSAPPENDIX "E" - PHOTOGRAPH

APPENDIX "F” - SAFETT PROMOTION MATERIAL
APPENDIX "G" - JSATIONAL BAIETY COONCH*
SlfflVEY (Boland S ep arately)

APPENDIX "H" - FZLtl REFERENCES
EWXEX

smmct1«

Introduction*. The Manhattan District has had an unusuallywide variety of accident prevention problems arising from construction,
plant operation, and community management.

The purpose of the safety

program has been to reduce the number and severity of accidents to aminimum and increase efficiency.

Its scope has included employees of

the Government and all oonstruotlon or ”oost-plus" contractors, andresidents of District-operated communities*

The general policy has

been to utilise every practicable means to eliminate aooident, fire andhealth hasards, and to place responsibility for safety on line"officers,
utilising qualified safety engineers as technical consultants.

Primecontractors have been required to develop an adequate aooident pre­vention program and most Area engineers to have a full-time safetyengineer*

Thorough investigation of accidents, and detailed accident

reporting have also been required*

The construction safety regulationsof the Corps of Engineers have been enforced, supplemented where neces­sary for operations*

The effect of seourity was to impede normal ac­

cident prevention pressures and means, but this effect was offset by
the comprehensive safety program*2*

Occupational Safety Frogram.

The function of the occupationalsafety program has been to prevent injuries to employees on construction
and in plant and laboratory operations.

The general procedures werei

District inspections, which were particularly valuable in smaller Areas,
and resident safety engineers on all major projects who forwarded
inspection reports of Areas to the District Office.

r

s-

i

1

Construction

safety included safety in design and safety procedures in the field.
Special problems which arose due to the urgency of the District program,required unusual procedures, but the close relation between safety andefficiency was demonstrated.
i

Operations safety was based on safe

practices contained in established codes and standards, and the con~traotors procedures and practice3 developed from experience.
laboratories presented unusual problems.

Research

The Safety Branch has main­tained close liaison with the Medical Branch to control radioactive
and other hazards peculiar to Distriot work.

Information on Safety

programs was kept up to date by monthly progress report® prepared for
operating contractors at Clinton Engineer Works.

Safety training was

included in indoctrination and job training and. In addition, special
courses, safety rule books, stories in community and plant newspapers,
and driver training courses were used.
also widely used.

Safety films and posters were

The acoident reporting procedures of the Corps ofEngineers were established in the Distriot early in 1943, and the ASF
changes, January 1944, were adopted, but ASF changes, April 1944 andsubsequent were not adopted because of the District's unusual organi­sation.
3.

Public Safety Program. Public safety programs were neededin Riohland and Oak Ridge, the two District-operated towns.

Traffic

safety was based, first, on traffic engineering which aided in theplanning and development of roads for elimination of oongestion as
well as for acoident prevention.

In addition, motor

vehicledriver’s permits were required for operation of a Government-owned

vehicle.

They were issued on the basis of teste established by the

Office, Chief of Engineers, and accurate records of test results anddriving experience were maintained.

Enforcement of traffic regu­

lations based on a traffio code, was a responsibility of Auxiliary
Military Police and Military Police*

Special polloe training raised

the quality of traffio accident Investigation and other traffio work
to a high level*
maintained.

Government vehicle inspection standards were rigidly

Community safety included school safety) home safety,

with a model trailer home, a model safe home, home safety courses,
and other activltiesi and recreation safety.

Rational Safety Council

surveys aided In establishing the community programs*

Community

safety shows promoted both on-the-job safety and off-the-job safety*
4.

Other Safety Activities.

The safety materials andequipmentutilised included literature and posters obtained through the Officeof the Chief of Engineers and other sources, and equipment for tests
for flammable and toxic substanoes.

Periodlo meetings of safety

personnel were held, both looal meetings and national conferences.
Medioal oare fulfilled requirements of the Corps of Engineers.
Safety programs were sometimes stimulated by oonduotlng contests ofvarious types*

6.

Aooomplishments.

outstanding —the occupational safety record has been

injury rates averaged 62 percent below comparable rates

for private industry.

The magnitude of the District safety program

may be judged from the 30-month total of 847,883,796 employee-hours
worked.

Trends of injury rates and comparisons with other groups are
S3

the two method® of comparison used to evaluate the District'a record.
Rational standard units of comparison, such as "frequency rate""severity rate" and "fatality rate" have been used*

The trend ofDistrict injury rates has been generally downward*

The comparisonsof District construction injury rates and comparisons of District
operations injury rates show that rates have been far below private
industrial rates and generally lower than rates for comparable work
supervised by other Ttar Department agencies*

The savings effectedby the District safety program in 30 months amounted to 94 lives,
9200 disabling injuries, and 814,000 employee-days of work and sub­stantial Insurance savings will result*

The detailed Distriot safety

records show month-by-month reductions in rates and show that rates
in most Areas were low*

The traffic safety record at Clinton Engineer

Works was equal to. If not better than, the average record of older,
well-established communities*

The quality of accomplishment isimpressive*

6*

Organisation*

The formation of an adequate safety organi­sation was initiated In August 1942*

The development of the organi­sation is shown by the history from June to December 194S when a Dis­
triot Safety-Aooldent Prevention Section with Construction, Industrial,
Training, Traffic and Community Units was formed; from January to June
1944 when community safety activities at Clinton Engineer Works wereassigned to an Advisory Committee and a contractor! from July to Deoember
1944 when community safety was again consolidated in the Distriot
safety organisation; and from January to June 1945 when the major
proportion of the District staff was assigned direct to Officer-In-

Charge at Clinton Engineer Works®

The present organization shows

the District Safety Engineer coordinating the entire District program,with the Occupational Safety Section and the Safety Training and
Off-the-Job Safaty Section dircctly under him#

Hesident Safety

Engineers are stationed with most Area Engineers and 0fficers-In-Charge|
Clinton Engineer V.orks Central Facilities and Hanford Engineer Works
having sub-sections responsible for -rarioue phases of their programs*
The Government Safety personnel of the Distriot reached a peak of
72 on SO June 1944 of whom 36 were Army or civilian engineers, thecalibre of personnel being generally excellent ana many key personnel
outstanding*

The contractors* safety organisations were also excellent,eaoh contractor following normal corporate organization and policy andthe larger contractors employing fully qualified personnel.

The total

cost of the safety program has been estimated at $2,800,000, or fl.00
per month per employee.

Valuable assistance was obtained from Govern­

ment agencies and other organisations, particularly the Office, Chiefof Engineer*, National Safety Council, American Eed Cross, International
Association of Chiefs of Police, U. S. Department of Interior, and U.S.
Department of Labor*

SECRET
M3EATTM DISTRICT USTOBTBOOT I - OEHERALVOLUME 11 - SAFETY PROGRAMSECTION 1 - 2PTR0D0CTI08
1-1. general. The Manhattan District has faced and Is continuing
to enoounter an unusually vide variety of safety and accident preven­tion problems. This has been principally due to the extremely vide
scope of the district's program which encompassed a range of activity
extending from coarentional industrial construction to the operation of
■‘ ■
’ •V
plants vhleh vere unique In design and purpose and vhich required new■

and unusual techniques and procedures.

Added to this was the oonstruc-tion and management of two full-scale towns providing all the necessary
living facilities for about 90,000 persons.
1*2.

Purpose of Program. The objective of the Safety and Accident

Prevention Program of the Manhattan District has been to reduce the number and severity of accidents to a minimum by safety engineering, safety
education, and enforcement of established safety regulations for theprotection of all employees and for the efficient oonduct of all work.
The basic purposes of the District1s safety and accident prevention
activities have been employee velfare, improved efficiency and elimi­
nation of loss in equipment, manpower and materials.

The close relation­

ship of safety and working efficiency has been generally acknowledgedby outstanding Industrial firms, engineers and engineering societies.
A high degree of safety contributed to the early completion of the Job,
not only through Improvement of supervision and work techniques, butalso through improved employe© morale.
1-3.

Soope of Program. The activities and direct responsibili­ties of the Manhattan District Safety Program Included, and its policies
have been applicable tos

the occupational activities of the District's

governmental employees; residents of government-owned, District-operated
communities; contractors and their subcontractors engaged in construc­tion on behalf of the District, and operations contractors receiving
direct reimbursement for payroll costs from District funds.
C 1 and X 1).

(See App.

Only such contractors have been included in this discus­

sion of the District Safety Program and in the statistics used herein,
as distinguished from such contractors as lump sum and unit pricesuppliers.

This Is in accordance with established (but unwritten)

policy of the Corps of Engineers, which does not Insert the accident
prevention clause (See App. C 3, page IX) in ordinary supply contracts.
The scope of the Distriot safety program, and of this discus­sion, does not include primeipal responsibility for fire prevention andprotection, and production security of supply contracts, (See look I,
Tolume 14, Intelligence and Security), nor for sanitation, medical
facilities, and the evolution of protective measures for hazards assoc­
iated with materials and processes peculiar to the District's work (Seelook X, Tolume 1, Medical Program).

The safety staff had certain secon­

dary responsibilities in these fields, as defined in App. C 1, Section T,
Joint Responsibilities.
I

1-4.

Oeneral Policy. She general policy of the District has been

to utilize every practicable means to eliminate or minimize all acoi-

SECRETdent, fire, and. health hazards In its operations, to provide such per­sonal protective devices, equipment and apparel as the type of work
exposure may require; and to maintain a comprehensive snd continuous
accident prevention program for the purpose of preventing deaths,
injuries, occupational sickness and disease to employees and the destructIon of and damage to materials, equipment, plant and other pro­perty . The guiding principles of this policy may he found in 0 & S,
C. of S., Chapt. XI, (Bee App. 0 2).
Although a staff of qualified, experienced safety engineers■; V^'i/'f': Jl (
-I'•'
['J
. • %-f4,, r,.'1 ...;.■„' • >i' _ : : . .
1:''’
has been recruited, it was the policy of the District that the safetyI,

4 ‘j -’

i -•

t

' •

'• ;•* i l V. . : ;1 . . ;

. •'

'

'

; :

'

•

..

•'.J'- ’engineers served in an advisory oapaolty and that the full responsi­
bility for safety rested on the officers in charge of construction oroperations.
1-5.

(See App. 0 1, Section IT, Organization).

Specific Policies. The specific safety and accident pre­vention policies of the Distriot required the following procedures;a.

Prime Contractors. For each District prime contractors(1) The developaecat of an adequate safety and accident

prevention program as a contractual obligation.
(2) Accountability for the accident experience of theirsubcontractors.
(3 ) Employment of a full-time safety engineer when em­
ploying one thousand or more persons (including subcontractors) or whenemploying less than this number if engaged in unusually hazardous work
warranting continuous safety engineering.
b.

Area Engineers. A full-time resident safety engineer on

the staff of each Area Engineer who

1.3

SECRET80,000 or more man-hours per month (approximately 400 employees).
At other Areas where the number of employees 414 not warrant a full­time safety engineer, a qualified individual was assigned responsi­
bility for safety in addition to other duties.
c.

Investigation. The thorough investigation of all occu

pational accidents involving government and contractor employees, notonly to prevent their recurrence at the same site, but also to develop
experience, policy and training procedures to prevent them from occur­
ring elsewhere. Boards of investigation, consisting of officers,
civilian engineers or specialists, and safety engineers, were appolnted after fatal accidents.

The reports of these Boards (Bee App. H 2)

are examplea of exceptional thoroughness of investigation and steps
are cited to prevent recurrences of the accidents.

Investigations

and reports follow detailed procedures outlined in District Circular"“Letter, Safety Wt~5 (See App. HI).
A.

Accident Reportlog. The detailed reporting of individual

lost-time injuries involving government and contractor employees on
standard War Department forms (See far. 2-6 and App. D 1). Monthly
accident analyses were maintained for each project in the District
Safety Branch and corrective action was taken when hazards or unsatis­
factory experience developed.
1-6.

Safety Begulations. The Corps of Engineers1 Manual "Safety

Bequireaents for Excavation, Building, Construction” (See App. C 3)
furnished the safety instructions to construction contractors by which

SECRETsafety observance and enforcement was measured by District Safety per­sonnel. The safety requirements contained in this manual, to the ex­tent applicable, together vith the best accepted safe practices of pri­vate industry, hare been applied to the operations activities of theDistrict, vith amendmenta and additions being made where necessary tomeet the special problems encountered.

District Circular Letters andMemos amplify the basic safety policies and requirements of the Dis­
trict (See App, H 1).
1-7. Zffect of Security. The immediate and first effect of theDistricts strict security program was to cut off some of the normalpressures and forces vhlch foster acoidont prevention in any industrialorganization.

Frequently the unit of a corporation vhich was engaged

in Manhattan District work had no day-to-day contact vith the parent
corporation's established safety program.

In most instances represen­tatives of State Departments of Labor and workmen's compensation in­surance congwinies vere denied access to District facilities.

The Dis­trict had to assume heavier safety responsibilities and give assurance
to outside agencies that safe working conditions vere being maintained(See App. E 3). To supply safety promotion materials vithout revealing
the size and location of sub-projects, orders for materials from the
Fational Safety Council vere consolidated in the District Safety Branch
and ordered through the Office of the Chief of Engineers. Since infor­
mation on special problems and their solutions could not be vldely
circularized among the Areas and the contractors, efforts vere madeto Insure frequent personal contact bj

i.a/Z'SECRET

strict safety staff so

SECRET
that the classified safety Information which, was needed at a particularlocation was supplied.

SECTION 2 - 0CCU?A210SAL SAJSTI PHOGRA&.

2 -1 . General. Occupational safety has had as its functions theprevention of injuries and illnesses to persons working within theDistrict's program from sources connected with their employment, andthe prevention of accidental damage to equipment.

It has been divided

Into two eubclassifications - that concerned with construction ofbuildings and facilities, and that concerned with the operation of
production plants, experimental plants, and research and development
laboratories.
This section outlines principally the activities of the safetyengineers. Sbwerer, it must be remembered, that safety is an executive,administrative, and technical responsibility, and that many Importantsafety policies and activities were Integrated in daily operations.
It Is significant that project directors, as they daily entered theAdministration Building at the Clinton Engineer Works, headquarters of
the District and the Clinton Engineer Works, saw the big Universal
Safety emblem atop the gatehouse (See App. XI).
2*2. general Procedures. As may be noted from the description of
its organization, (See Sec, 6), the Safety and Accident Prevention Branchgrouped its activities Into three general classes - Occupational Safety,
Training Safety and Public or Off-the-Job Safety,

The training program

1b Included in this section, since It was principally an occupationalsafety activity.
a.

District Inspections. The District has maintained asafety inspection service, directly under the District Safety Engineer,

SECRE1

which was particularly valuable in the cases of the smaller Areas, mostof which were concerned with research and development projects.

Examplesof the type of inspection report which ware prepared, and customarily
furnished to the Area Engineers concerned, are shown in Appendices
C

and 5

Inspection for physical hazards was especially thorough,since because of secrecy restrictions, the usual inspections of Insurance
and state agencies were not permitted.

Also, because of the secretnature of research work and the fact that laboratory and test personnel
were often faced with new, highly technical problems, it was not always
possible to anticipate the hazards Involved or to protect such person­nel fully from the consequences of unsafe acts,b.

Safety Engineers. Qualified safety engineers have been

assigned as resident personnel on all major construction and operations
projects, and full supervision was maintained.

Safety coverage ofDistrict projects by District safety personnel is shown in Appendix 1 1.
c.

Inspection Reports of Areas. The Resident Safety Engineer

in each Area prepared semi-monthly or monthly inspection reports forconstruction and for operations on Engineer Department form 4ok.
App. D 2 and X 5).

(See

These served as a detailed record of hazards called

to the attention of contractors and provided a periodic report to the
Area Engineer so that he was continuously informed of conditions in
the work under his supervision. A copy of the form koh report was for­warded to the District Safety Branch where it was checked for progressin correcting any unsatisfactory conditions revealed in the last Dis­
trict inspection, and supplemented District records of the continuous

SECRETprogress la each facility,
2-3.

Construction Safety. This program lias integrated safetyengineering In both the planning and construction of buildings andother facilities coming within the District program.
a.

Safety in Design. Basically, the problem of building

safety Into a facility at the planning and design stages Is a respon­
sibility of architectural and design engineers. However, the Safety
and Accident Prevention Branch has provided the technical safety engi­
neering assistance required by the construction contractors and govern­
ment engineers when unusual or specialized design problems occurred.
Furthermore, as possible Improvements In the design of facilities
developed from use, suggestions were made by the Safety and Accident
Prevention Branch and the improvements vere Incorporated into the plans
for future construction of similar facilities.
The bins or tanks on the tracks at the Xlectrcoagnetic Plant
. . .

.

.

are outstanding examples of safety In design.

,,

There are exposed highvoltage parts inside of the bins; consequently, protection had to beprovided for workers who vere required to eater the bins In connection
vith maintenance and other work*
into the latest type tanks.

Sot one but five guards vere built

First, a telephone was provided so thatthe cubicle, or control, room could be notified to shut off the electric
current.

Second, a Jceylocked switch was set on the face of the blnand the key could be withdrawn only when the switch was In the off
position which was visibly indicated by lights.

Third, this same key

was needed to open the doors giving access to the Inside of the bin.

SECRET
fourth, the doors vere equipped vith Interlocks vhich automaticallyout the current when the doors were opened. And fifth, a grounding
hook was provided to be placed on current-carrying parts before
entering the tank.
b.

Safety Procedures In the field* As for field construc­tion, the construction safety program^ Insured that construction con­tractors provided:

adequate and safe drinking water; ample and sanitary

toilet facilities; necessary first aid; Infirmary and ambulance service;personal protective equipment, such as goggles, "hard hats" and safety
shoes; proper accident reporting; safe transportation of workers; proper
disposal of scmp, waste and trash; periodic boiler inspection; acceptedsafe practices in excavations, scaffolds and the use of ladders; safe
hoisting materials and machinery; proper storage of combustible ma­
terials; safe installation of electrical wiring; supervised and exper­
ienced handling and storage of explosives; full and efficient fire
prevention and protection.
c.

Special Problems. Special problems arose due to theurgency of the District program,tor example, construction often pro­

gressed so rapidly that men were working on four successive levels ofa job.

This necessitated special precautions, such as "hard hat areas"

with rigid enforcement, closing, as well as barricading, of floor open­
ings, and scheduling of operations to make maximum use of personnel andyet avoid placing a hazardous operation over the heads of other workers.
In at least one Instance (S. X. du Pont de Vemours & Company at theexperimental pile plant) steel erection proceeded at night, a very
unusual operation, and it was necessary to give great attention toadequate, shadowleas lighting to continue work in safety.
d.

Efficiency. An outstanding eatable of the close re­lation between production and safety was reported by the J. A. Jones
Construction Company. A crew was operating vacuum cleaners in dust
control work in the Gas Diffusion Plant which started operation whilesome construction remained. The men had worked on overhead beams andtrusses for a short time without life lines.

When safety belts an&lines were provided, the speed of the crews increased so that thepersonnel required on that job could be cut In half.
2-b.

Operations Safety. She operations safety program Insured

safe working conditions when construction was completed and the opera*tion of plants started.
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It also included safety in the numerous rei

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.. / ’ ;r\ 'search and development laboratories and highly specialized cost-plus
supply contracts.
».

0P»»tioB. m f practlc

could not be as standardized j&ar codified as those used In constructionwork.

In plants of unique design, and in laboratories where work wasconcerned with the new and the undeveloped, safe practices had to be
developed on the basis of common sense, experience, and adaptation fromestablished procedures In similar lines of work.

The broad experience

represented by the Safe Practices Pamphlets of the Rational Safety
Council and the detailed codes and specifications of the American
Standards Association, the Rational Board of Fire Underwriters, theNational fire Protection Association and other, similar groups werevaluable in establishing safety prooed

2.5

SECRET

perations contractors

whose vork was beyond the scope of the Corps of Soglneers Manual,"Safety Ieg.uiremen.te for Building, Excavation, and Construction".
The Index to the Safe Practices Pamphlets, (See App. C 5), shows thewide range of subjects covered in this series, and the two examplesof pamphlets and standards included in Appendix C 5 illustrate thewealth of detailed procedures and specifications aaployed to safeguard
personnel.
b.

Contractors* Procedures and Practices, Operations safet

in the Manhattan District leaned heavily on the experience, ingenuity
and good practice of plant operating contractors.

Contractors wereencouraged to use the established safety procedures and policies of
their parent organisations, wherever applicable to District work.

The

principal activity of the District operations safety group in this re­gard consisted of advice and assistance to these contractors in working
out new methods and practices, and adapting known and tried practioes
to the particular operations Involved. Major operations contractors
developed detailed safety rules and procedures for their principal
operations. These combined standard industrial practioes with thespecial precautions required for materials and processes peculiar to
the District, and related both to the actual working conditions In
particular departments.

In most instances the safety rules were dis­tributed to all enqployees concerned*

Discipline and enforcement ofsafe practices, particularly In new organizations and with inexperienced
personnel, can only be practical when written rules exist.
contractors' bulletins and rule books 4

2.6

Xxaapies of>d as App. C 6 through 10.

c.

Besearoh Laboratories. Special attention was given to

research and. development laboratories operated by universities, which,as a result of the projects undertaken for the Manhattan District, vere
confronted vith a volume and variety of work far in ezoess of theirpeacetime pursuits.

Obstacles to an effective safety program in re­search facilities were:(1 ) lack of previous experience with Indus­

trial accident prevention techniques, (2 ) pre-occupation with urgent,technically complex research problems, and (3 ) the looser supervision
and Inexperience in industrial administration normal in a collegiate
institution.

In most instanoes these obstacles were eliminated or

circumrented.
d.

Adaptation of Old Buildings. Many of the contractors

were confronted with almost overwhelming problems of safeguarding
hazardous work in old buildings, ill-suited to chemical research or
production, vith extreme congestion of the work.

She urgency of theDistrict program, plus the desire to keep construction to a minimum,
forced the «sqploymsnt of old, existing structures.

The University of

Chicago, for example, housed some of its most important operations inan old brick building vhich had at one time been a brewery and later astable,the Monsanto Chemical Company converted to laboratories two

widely divergent structures - an old, 4-story brick schoolhouse and arambling "Little theatre" development, complete vith greenhouses!
e.

Liaison vith Medical Branch. An important activity of

the Operations Safety group has been maintenance of close and con­tinuous liaison vith the Distriot Medical Section, and contractor
medical specialists and safety groups ia^rafitoolling and eliminatingradioactive and other hazards peculiar to operations in researchlaboratories, and the Electromagnetic, the Experimental file, the 0as
Diffusion and the Thermal Diffusion plants at the Clinton Engineer
Works and the Production file plant at the Sanford Engineer Works.
Inasmuch as these plants presented, in reality, highly specialised
industrial medical problems, their handling and treatment are describedin Tolume 7 of this book, entitled "Manhattan District Medical Program".
f.

Monthly Progress Seporte. She government safety personne

who vere assisting operating contractors at Clinton Engineer Works ren­dered monthly reports on the safety program of each oontractor.
plishments during the month vere listed.
the coming month vere stated.

Accom­The principal problems for

These reports directed the attention of

all concerned to the conditions vhioh vere causing accidents, focused
efforts on major objectives, and served to measure Month-to-month pro­
gress. These reports (Bee App. C 11 and S k) provided a continuousstory of safety activities and progress at each facility.
2-5. Safety Training. The teaching of modern safety techniques
for supervisory as veil as other levels of government and oontractor
employees w&e a continuing function of the Safety Training Section.
Safety training ^engineers co-operated vith the contractors1 safety
departments In providing safety training,beginning vith employees'
indoctrination periods and following through In all job training courses.
The safety training programs of the contractors had to be adjusted to
tvo basic conditions - first, a large proportion of the employees had

2.8

emphasize that it was necessary.
a.

Special Courses. Special training courses hare been

established, for positions considered especially hazardous, and. forpositions where accident analyses shoved the need for them,lor example,

In January 19^ the accident records revealed that carpenters, a prin­cipal class of workers on Clinton Engineer Works construction, had had

91 accidents and also had an injury rate above the construction average.
Deports shoved that four out of five carpenter accidents could be atleast partially attributed to a supervisory failure, so a bulletin de­scribing the specific conditions and unsafe acts vhleh supervisors had
either failed to recognize or failed to eliminate vas prepared (App. F 1)*
This bulletin served as the informal text in a series of contractorsponsored training and discussion meetings for carpenter foremen.
The courses of training provided through the co-operation of
the 0, S. Bureau of Mines (See App. F k) and 0. S. Department of Imborvere valuable additions to the training program.
T>.

Pule Books. Xule books, containing not only generalsafe practloes, but also specific safe practices for different typesof vork, have been developed by operations contractors.

(See App. C 6

through 10). The series of over 500 Safety Instruction Cards available
from the national Safety Council vae videly used by contractors toplace in the hands of a workman, the specific, detailed information herequired to vork safely at his job. Examples of these cards are shown
In App. F 2.
c.

Bewspapers. Contractors have made considerable use ofhouse organs In disseminating safety information to all strata of

2.9

employees.

A Monthly digest of public safety news vaa prepared by

the District Safety Branch for use of house organ editors at Clinton
Engineer Works (See App. F 3).

The tovn newspapers at Clinton and

Hanford Engineer Works featured safety news and Information, the em­phasis being on off-tho-Job hazards to which workers or their families
wore exposed (See App. F If). Some contractors published safety news
periodicals (Bee App, F 5).
d.

Driver Training Courses. Three contractors with large

fleets, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp., Roane-Anderson Company andAmerican Industrial Transit, set up formal training programs for new
motor vehicle drivers (App. X 2).

Others gave driver training throughnormal supervisory channels.
e.

Films. A complete library of visual aids, including

films and projectors, has been maintained by the Safety Training Section
for use by the contractors in their safety training activities.

A listof films available for loan to contractors is ahown as App. F 6.
f.

Posters. Government employees, by and large, were

engaged in office and administrative work not involving industrial
hazards. A monthly safety bulletin was, however, circulated and normallyused as a poster, assisting in keeping the Government injury rate at alow level (App. F 7).

(See Par. Jf-1 for further use of posters andmaterials).
2-6.

Accident Deporting. The Investigation and reporting ofaccidents is fundamental in control of accident-producing causes.

The

first comprehensive Manhattan DistrioJf^iatructions on occupational

injury reporting vere issued in District Circular Letter (Safety 43-1),
dated 27 April 19^3 (See App. K 1). This circular vas based on theaooident reporting procedure then used by the V. 8 . Engineer Deportment
and contained in Orders and Begulations (App. C 2) and instructions
issued thereunder.
a.

ASF Changes. January 19frfr. ASF Circulars So. 115, dated

10 Sovember 19^3, and So. 2, dated 3 January 19W-, and O d Circular
Letter Vo. 2687, dated lb January 19^, prescribed changes in occupa­
tional injury reporting procedures vhich vere transmitted to the Areasof the District by District Circular Letter (Safety IMt-10) dated
25 January 19^5 (See App. D 1 and £, and 8 1).
b.

ASF Changes. April I9kk and Subsegment. ASF Circular

So. 116, dated 28 April 19Ut, transmitted nev forms to be used for
occupational injury reporting.

She adoption of these and subsequentchanges in ASF reporting procedures vere thoroughly discussed at thetime the various circulars vere received vlth these findings:(1) She videspread geographic distribution of District
facilities, vlth consequent decreased personal contact, plus the factthat many facilities, such as collegiate laboratories, had no priorexperience vlth occupational injury reporting, mads it impractical torevise completely forms and procedures after a four-month period devoted
to Instruction In use of the previous forns.
(2) the nev ASF forms eliminated severity inforaation.
District facilities had had no trouble obtaining the Infomatlon after

SECRET(3)

The zim MSI cause analysis forms could not heproperly coapiled by many District facilities vith limited experiencein accident reporting.

Furthermore, such reports could be compiled at

the District level, if relaxation of security regulations permits for­warding of required reports to higher authority.
(k) She ASF directive which prohibited requiring injury
reports from private Industry, except for ordnouce explosives, chemical
warfare, and new military construction contractors, was Interpreted topermit the requiring of such reports from operations contractors of the........

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District, since such contractors would most certainly have been classed
vith ordnance explosives and chemical warfare contractors had the Dis­
trict not been restricted fro® furnishing information as to the natureof the work.

SECRET« e:6 r et
SSCTIOE 3 - PUBLIC SAXSTT PBOQRAM.
3-1. Oeneral. The tvo District-operated towns, Richland, atthe Hanford Engineer Works, and Oak Ridge, at the Clinton Engineer
Works, required broad public safety programs embracing safety in pub­lic places, school safety and home safety.
3-2. Traffic Safety.
a.

Traffic Engineering. Because of the large number of em­

ployees coiszautlng by automobile at the Clinton and Hanford Engineer
Works, trained traffic engineers vere employed to coordinate trafficplanning, to study the causes of traffic congestion and accidents, andrecommend measures for their elimination.

Standard highway signs andsignals vere erected and, to the extent economically justified, roadway
facilities vere designed or re-designed for maximum safety.

Conditions

which caused accidents have been revealed by analyses of reports ofaccident investigations, and corrective measures were promptly taken.
(1) Traffic Counts.

The periodic traffic counts taken

under the supervision of the Traffic Engineer sezved as an importantbasis for handling and routing traffic, as well as the planning of
economical paving and development of existing roads and the planningof future road facility requirements. A typical gate count stannary is
shown as App. X 2 and intersectional flow diagram as App. A 1.
(2) Elimination of Congestion. Although traffic engi­
neering is principally directed at the elimination of hazards, theprofits of traffic engineering In terms of elimination of congestionare the accidents prevented,

for example, at Clinton Engineer Worksa novel plan for handling traffic at two bridges entirely eliminatedcongestion which had been delaying about kOOO workers' automobiles for
thirty minutes each morning and night.

A two-way radio patrol ear

stationed at the far end of each bridge and the two-way radio in theguard house at the reservation end of each bridge provided the neces­sary communication so that traffic could more In the same direction inboth lanes during most of the rush hours, and yet one lane could bemaed periodically for opposing traffic by signals from the radio con­trol posts,

later standard traffic signal heads were used for thesame purpose. This single improvement made a notable contribution toemployee morale.
In the early days of construction, many work roads grew
"like Topsy". When these roads were inadequate to handle a large
volume of truck traffic around plant construction sites, the trafficengineer stepped in, designed an efficient road layout, and speeded up
the Job.

To handle tremendous rush-hour traffic volumes at certain

critical intersections an Ingenious layout was developed with separate
lanes for continuoua right turns connecting two or more legs of theintersections, similar in purpose to the continuous turn features of
the conventional "olover-leaf" overpass. Many main roads were designed
for three lanes of traffic; two lanes were used to handle the ln-boundtraffic in the morning, and then In the evening two lanes were assigned
to out-bound traffic. large signs were posted establishing the hours
for this special assignment of the center lane.
to make maximum use of the available lanes .
77,

Brlvers quickly learnedb.

Motor Tehlcle Driver's Peralta. Government motor vehicl

driver's permits have been required by the district for all drivers ofGovernment vehicular equipment, including contractors' employees (SeeApp. H 6).
(1) Tests. At the Clinton and Sanford Projects whererelatively large numbers of government vehicles vere operated, the fullprogram of written tests on regulations and safe practices, reaction
and vision tests, road tests, and enclosed area tests, established by
the Office of the Chief of Engineers, was used.

(See App. X 3 and k).

Every precaution has been taken to insure that drivers of Governmentowned motor vehicle equipment vere thoroughly qualified for safe opera­tion.
(2) Becords. A continuous record was maintained foreach driver showing his grades in the tests, any traffic violations ofwhich he was convicted, and pertinent data on any accidents in which
he may have been involved (See App. 9 3).

These records vere particu­

larly valuable vhsn a driver successively worked for two or more con­tractors as the job progressed*

The records have been used, first, as

the basis for interview and possibly seleotlve training but, last, fordriver discipline in the form of permit suspensions or lay-offs in the
few oases where drastic action was neoessary.
c.

Enforcement of Traffic legulatlons. Auxiliary Military

Police and Military Police forces have been responsible for the enforce­
ment of traffic regulations within the Clinton and Hanford Engineer
Works. Beoause of the secrecy of the work, use of existing local
traffic law enforcement agencies within theirtwide of these two lnstal-

S'tCr

SECRETlatioms web not practicable.

Special traffic violation review boards

consisting of Army officers were appointed and authorized by the Dis­
trict Engineer to hear cases of traffio violations and make recommen­
dations to prevent further operation of vehicles within the limits of
the Installations by persons showing willful disregard for the safetyof others.
(*5 traffic Code. A Traffic Regulation Code was pre­pared at Clinton Engineer Varies and given wide distribution sc that
all concerned were fully Informed of the requirements (See App. C 12),The Regulations conform to those of the Uniform Vehicle Code now Adopted
in most states. Thus residents vere not subjected to unusual regulations,but were required to conform with rules similar to those employed intheir home towns.
(2 ) Police Training. Experts froffi the lational Safety
Council and International Association of Chiefs of Police have conducted
special training schools for Clinton and Hanford traffic police.

A

description of police training and operations will be found In Book X,
A.'Volume lb, Intelligence and Security.
(3) Accident Investigation. Traffic accident investi­
gation and reports have been made by the police forces, trained squads
being used for this purpose. Safety and police personnel jointly de­signed a motor vehicle report form for use by investigators at Clinton
Engineer Works, modeling It after the Uniform Traffio Accident Heportof the lational Safety Council (See App. D %■■)» This new farm, particu­
larly suited to Government needs, Is being considered for adoption asa Federal standard by a committee of the Federal Inter-Departmental///

SECRET, SECRET
Safety Council.
A.

government Vehicle Inspection. She Corps of Xngineers'requirement that all government vehicles be Inspected veekly or at
1000-mlle Intervals was enforced.

Government vehicles could not obtaingasoline or other services unless a valid safety inspection sticker
was affixed to the vehicle windshield. As available equipment became
worn, this safety precaution became essential to safe, efficient
vehicle operation.
3-3.

Community Safety. Because of security restrictions, fall

responsibility for providing adequate safety for residents of the com­munities within the areas of the Clinton and. Xanford Engineer Works
was necessarily* assumed by the Plstrlct.
a.

This takes the forms oft

School Safety. Safety education has been made an Integrapart of the elementary and high school curricula at the Clinton and San­
ford Xnglneer Works.

This was in the hands of a School Safety Committeewith (me or more representatives from each of the schools.

The Safety

Branch supplies safety materials, visual aids, etc. (See App. ft) andaots in an advisory capacity. School Safety Patrols have been set up
in all elementary schools, drilled and trained by members of the com­munity police forces.

The Standard Rules for Operation of School

Safety Patrols (See App. 0) developed by the lational Congress of
Parents and Teachers and other national education groups governed theoperations of the patrols. A safety poster contest with substantial
awards brought over TOO entries. The posters were displayed at the
Clinton Xnglneer Works Safety Show.

(See App. I 5). An automobile

driver training course for high school etudents of proper age has been

SECRETa part of the high school curriculum.
b.

Bams Safety. The heme accident problem has been a difficult one to cope vith as there are no definite controls orer the actionsof individuals in their own homes, even when such homes are Ooveroment*
owned. A high degree of safety was built into homes at both lnstallatlonsj

Stairs vere largely eliminated, design was modern., heating

equipment was automatically controlled, fire place screens vere supplied,
etc,

Continuous programs vere maintained to keep alive public Interest

In safety. The causes of home accidents vere studied and appropriate
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corrective action was taken. The co-operation of community organ!-L't :•/U < • i ' I'.I > '■

Ai:l*

V C

[ > ' ; < . ‘ . -. 0Yyi': . ; .-/'I ; y ^ , Y ; " i■cations was enlisted in educational work.
(1)

Hodel frailer Home.

A Model Trailer was developedby the fire Prevention Bureau of Oak Bidge vith the aid of women'sorganizations, and was used in demonstrations at trailer can®s.

ftincluded practical displays of fire and accident hazards and measures
for their correction or prevention.

(See APP* f b).

(2) Ifodel Safe Home. Model safe homes vere establishedat Hanford and Clinton Engineer Works. Safe conditions and safe prac­
tices vere placarded throughout the buildings, and hostesses gavenarrative demonstrations of the safe operation.

It has been estimatedthat approximately three-fourths of the housewives attended these demon­
strations.

Photographs of the Clinton Engineer Works Safe Borne areincluded as App. X 6.
(3) Home Safety Courses. The standard American Bed
Cross home safety course was conducted at Hanford Engineer Works vlth
over bOO housewives in attendance.

3.15 >

V ;

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c.

Recreation, Safety. Theatres, recreation halls, and otherrecreational facilities vere included in the scope of the District's
safety program. All public buildings vere periodically surveyed forfire and other hazards and adequacy of exit facilities.

Tents housingskating rinks and similar enterprises vere required to be flameproofed.
floor foundations in tents vere checked for safety. Heeehsrs vere
inspected.
established.

She qualifications of life guards at sidjaming pools vere
Jiuch of the direct safety work vas performed by a safety

inspector on the staff of the Recreation and Welfare Association.
Sot playgrounds vere established at numerous locations through­out the town. .>Swings, teeter-boards, and other equipment reduced thetemptation for children to play in or near the streets.

There vas one

serious accident at one of these tot playgrounds • a little girl vas
killed vhen a swing overturned after its anchors had worked loose. An
inspection system was instituted which Insured perfect maintenance ofsuch equipment and prevented a recurrence.

Despite this accident, theplaygrounds were probably instrumental in saving many children's lives
by keeping them out of the vay of heavy traffic.
d.

national Safety Counoil Surveys, She ooasaunity safety

problems of Clinton and Hanford Engineer Works have been periodicallysurveyed by Rational Safety Council experts on home, school and traffic
safety, vho made comprehensive recommendations (See App. Or and 1 7)«
Approximately 95 percent of their reconmeadatione have been adopted.
Portions of the correspondence between the President of the Rational
Safety Council and the Distriot Engineer (App. C 13) clearly indicatethat the national organization considered the community safety programs
at Clinton Engineer Works and lanford Engineer Works to be progressive,
S*'. ' ' ■■'3.7

SECRETup-to-date, end effectIre.

The Council was eager to participate inthese attempts to build and develop safety in these coEaaun.itiee "fromthe ground up".
e.

Community Safety Shove, Extensive safety shows hare been

conducted at both installations.

These included exhibits on industrial,

off-the-Job, and home safety. Entertainment features were included tostimulate interest and attract attendance. Photographs of the exhibits
at the Clinton Engineer Works show, attendance 6000, are presented inApp. E 7* Photographs of the Hanford Engineer Works show, where massentertainment features boosted attendance to 20,000, are included asApp. E 8 . The Safety Branch initiated a Child Activities Group at
Clinton Engineer Works, which sponsored Saturday morning shows to keep

1200 trailer camp children off the streets and constructively amused(App. E 9).
f.

Off-the-Job Safety. Hot only in the two major communi­ties at Clinton and Hanford Engineer Works, but also at other smaller
projects, every effort has been made to promote the safety of workers
during their off-duty hours.

A vorker accidentally disabled off the

Job was Just as much lost to the war effort as was one hurt on the Job.
While home demonstrations could be provided only at the two government
communities, posters and other educational materials were used at otherareas.

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SECTION 4 - OTHER SAPETT ACTIYITIE6.
4-1. Safety Materials and BcLulpmant.
a.

Literature. Through the Office of the Chief of Engineers

posters, educational materials, technical pamphlets, and training films
vere provided each month for use by Government and contractor personnel.
Posters vere videly used, not only for their inspirational effect, butalso to supply specific details or place special emphasis on the hazards
currently contributing most frequently to accident occurrence (See App.
I* 8). Dashboard cards vith safety hints vere available for vehicles(See App. f 9).

The monthly nagazinettes, "Safe Driver" and "Safe

Vorker", combining humor and safety, vere distributed (See App. F 10).
Lists of available oaterlals have been circulated to contractors andArea Offices and selections for ourrent and applicable subjects vere
submitted to the Distriot Office for procurement.

The District Safety

Branch maintained an extensive library of technical literature, for,riile each contractor had the standard safety engineering reference"''‘Vi■■'. if-•■■'.
■■ ■ i;i■'*'?,■'J-fe1
manuals, the problems encountered in District vork covered such a vide|

range of hazards that a complete, central library v&s most economical.
bt

Squlpmeat. Equipment for determining the presence andconcentrations of flamaable, injurious, and toxic substances has been
maintained in the District Office for use at all Areas by Sovarnment,•and contractors1 safety engineers. Lists of this available equipment
vere circulated periodically to District projects;

ri

4-2.

Periodic Meetings of Safety Personnel.
a.

local Meetings. She key personnel of the District Safety

and Accident Prevention Branch and the official safety representativesof the contractors at Clinton Engineer Works periodically set to discussdevelopments of general Interest, co-ordinate safety efforts, and plan
new activities.

These meetings have been held bl-veekly, the operations

and construction personnel Meeting together and separately at alternate
meetings.

Sample minutes of these meetings are shown in App. C l*t.
b.

latlonal Conferences. Key members of the District safety

staff attended the national conferences of safety personnel conductedby the Office of the Chief of Engineers.

These were held annually in

conjunction vith the Batlonal Safety Congress,

fhe meetings served athree-fold purpose} Manhattan District and Area safety personnel had
the opportunity of gathering as a group for discussion of common problems,
District personnel benefited from the discussions of Corps of Engineers
work and problems, and the staff had the opportunity to hear natlonallyprominent speakers in their respective fields.

District representatives

also attended the Safety Training Conferences and other meetings calledby the Office of the Chief of Engineers.
4-3. Medical Care. A comprehensive industrial medical service,fulfilling the requirements of Section 8302.03, Safety Bequiraments for
Excavation, Building, and Construction (App. C 3), was developed.

Shis

not only Insured proapt and adequate care for Job-connected injuries,
but also made possible an employee welfare service which, was a powerfulfactor in keeping workers at their dally tasks,

fhe Oak Hdge Hospitalwas 00 staffed and ©quipped that it provided an excellent medical
service on occupational and other accidental injuries. A full de­
scription of medical services vill he found in look X, Volume 7 of
the Ilstory.
b-b. Contests, the spirit of competition can often he used tostimulate the safety program. American Industrial Transit conducted acontest In which its various terminals and Off-Area hue operations
oaqpeted for lov accident rates.

The J , A, Jones Construction Company

conducted a safety letter contest for the vires of employees. Many
employees entered the monthly contests for safety limericks sponsoredhy the lational Safety Council in conjunction vlth the Council's safety
calendars which had bean widely distributed.

The American Legion and

the Junior Chamber of Commerce sponsored suggestion contests on com­munity safety.

S3SCTI0S 5 - ACCCMPLZBBKSVTS
5-1.

Occupational Safety gecord. The occupational injury ratesof the Manhattan District hare averaged 62 percent below comparable
rates for private industry.
a.

Magnitude of the District Safety Program.

The numberof employee-hours of occupational exposure covered by the District
safety program in the 30 months from January I9U3 through June 1945
was as follows:
Construction

345,842,753

Operations

185,650,095

Government

16,390,9^8

Total

547,883,796

See App. 1 3 for details.
b.

Methods of Comparison. The only tangible and reliablemeasure of the effectiveness of any safety and accident prevention
program is the extent to which it prevents loss of productive laborfrom accidents, and disabling Injuries and deaths among the persons
it is designed to protect.

In order to evaluate the safety record

for a project or program of work, two types of appraisals are generally
madet(1) The trend of injury rates as work progresses. (Seesub-paragraph d).
(2) Comparison with the injury rates of other groups
or organisations doing similar types of work.

(See sub-paragraphs

c.

Pnlte of Comparison. In acoordanc© vlth the American

Standards Association Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Bates(ASA. Standard Z 16.1} used by the lational Safety Council* nationallyknown insurance companies, the Corps of Briglneers, the United States
Department of Labor and other organizations compiling and comparing
safety records, the occupational safety record of the District hasbean expressed in the following terms:(1) frequency Bate. The number of lost-time disabling
Injuries from occupational accidents per million eaployee-hours worked.
(2) Severity Bate. The number of days of work lost fromoccupational accidents per thousand employee-hours worked,

fixed time

charges of the American Standard Method were used for deaths and per­manently disabling injuries, a few examples being as follows:
InjuryPenaltyDeath6000 days of work lost

Permanent total disability

6000 days of work lost

Loss of one eye

1800 days of vork lost

Loss of one finger

300 days of work lost(3 ) fatality Bate, lumber of deaths from occupational
accidents per million en^ployee-hours worked*(k) Disabling Occupational Injury. Any Injury arisingout of and in the course of employment which resulted in death, per­manent disability, or inability to return to vork on the day following
the accident or any subsequent day.

In accordance vlth ASA Standard

Z 16.1, the rulings of State Workmen's Compensation Commissions verefollowed to determine proper classifiwsnn of borderline cases.

sECRET
4.

grand of District Injury Bates. Comparisons of theDistrict safety records for 1944 and the first six months of 19hovith the rates for 19^3 show substantial overall improvementa in the
di-Cfe.'ft'Oeea
latter periods, the percentage reductions in rates from 19^3 vereas follows:
frequency Hate
1944 6

Severity Batel9kk b MoT

fatality Bate

Construction Contractors

-23#

-37J&

-32jt

-59$

-36$

-55#

Operations Contractors

-3136

-42$

+86$

+68%

*

#

Government

+23%

-72#

+1400#*# -40#*

0#Employees oft* 1943 rate vas zero; percentage increase cannot be calculated.
** Caused by one fatality of a Government employee assigned to an
operating contractor.
The actual rates for these periods are shown in sub-paragraphs e and f
below and in App. A 2 through 5 and S 3* The 1943 operations severity
rate vas extremely low, only one-fourth the national rate, partly be­cause the bulk of the operations employees were in training rather thanactual production.

The 1944 and 1945 operations severity rates, although

representing increases from 1943, ®ra still low.

5.3

SECRETe.

Comparisons of District Construction Injury Bates. Com­

parisons of the Manhattan District's construct ion contractors' safety
record (App. B 3) vith those of other comparable groups are as followsj

Manhattan District

frequency Sate
Severity Bate
Igig \ghk 6Mo*45 19% ism'SBS^ 5

Fatality Sate

8.43

1.48 0.85

.22

.14

.10

2.50
;^

,34
-

.33

.20

6.50 5.31 2.08

Corps of Engineers,
Sew Military Const.* 14.29 10.51 7.02 2.74
• '-1Private Construction
Ssported to:#■.

The Rational
Safety Council

49.87 23.02

#

5.43

2.65

#

.65

-31

#

tr.S. Dept, oflabor**

26.06 27.70#

3.06 3 .6

8

.31

.44

#

* Source:

Office of the Provost Marshal General.

** Source:

Private conganies' reports to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
V. S. Department of labor. Severity rate recalculated onstandard basis.

# Hot recorded,$# Sot yet available.

f.

Comparison of Platelet Operations Injury Bates. It isdifficult to evaluate properly the injury rates for operation oontractors of the Manhattan Sistrict (See App. B 3) "because of the uniquenessof the District's vork. However, the generally comparable rates, basedon latest data available, are as follows*

Manhattan District

11.75

8.09 6.78

.28

.52

*^7

.00 .03 .05

Ordnance Department*

8.00

6.50 4.30

.68

#

#

.08 .06 .08

#

#

#

.33

Chemical Warfare Serv*26.20 13.80

7.80

lational Safety Coun­
cil Members**!
.91

U

#

.08 #

#

1.20

*
M
H

1^.50 XkM## 1.12

#

.10
-

.10 #

#

1.12 1.07#.08 .08 #U.S. Dept, of Labor**#
All Manufacturing 20.(A 1B.HO• Source:.60

M

Chemical Industry 10.10 10.2k
All Industries.08

Office of the Prorost Marshal fteneral.

** Source: Private companies* reports to the lational Safety Council.
*** Source: Private oonpaniec* shorts to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U. •« Department of labor. Sererlty rate recalculated onstandard basis.
# lot recorded. ## lot yet available.
g.

Barings Bffeoted by the District Safety Program. The

savings in lires, disabling injuries, and enjployee-days of vork effectedby the Manhattan District safety program can be estimated Aram thedifferences between the recorded losses for the District from January

19^3 through June 19^5 and the losses vlrich would hare resulted if theDistrict's rates had been the same as the national average rates re­corded by the IT. 6 , Department of labor.

She details of these calcu­

lations are shown in App. B k. She savings effected by the District
safety program in 30 months were:
9k Lives.
9/200 Disabling Injuries.
814,000 Employee-days of Vork.
h.

Insurance Savings. Under the Var Department insurance

rating plan, District contractors paid only 50 percent of the standard
manual rates for workmen* e compensation insurance.

Sizeable refundsof amounts paid over claims cost and administrative cost have alreadybeen received, but the eventual total refunds cannot be predicted at
this time. Since injury frequency and severity rates have been far
below private industry averages, the safety program may be credited
vith substantial insurance savings. See look I, Volume 6, Insurance
Program, for analysis of insurance costs and refunds.
1.

Detailed District Safety Becords. She safety records ofthe Manhattan District are shown in detail by the following Appendices:graphs of Occupational Injury Bates by Quarters, January 19*6
Through June 19^5:
App. A 2 — Manhattan Distriot,
App. A 3 " * Clinton Engineer Works.
App. A k — Hanford Engineer Works.
App. A 5 -■ Other Areas,

SEGRET( S ' / ,■Tabulations of Occupational Injury Tjeporicnce, January 1943
Through June 1946aApp. B 3 — Manhattan District.
App. B 6 — Clinton Engineer Uorks and the Areas.
App. B 6 — Principal Contractors, Clinton Engineer **orks.
6-2»

Traffic Safety Record.

The coswmmity traffic safety record

at Clinton Engineer ftorks can be measured and compared with the records
of other cities of comparable size.
a.

There were nine deaths due to motor vehicle accidents

at Clinton Engineer Works in 1944.

This Includes occupational deaths

resulting from motor vehicle accidents.
b.

One oons&only used measure of exposure to motor vehicle

accidents is the number of motor vehicles registered by residents ofa city.

It is estimated that the 46,000 residents of Clinton Engineer

Works (the approximate average population during 1944) owned and operated
about 9,000 vehicles in 1944.

In addition, 4,600 were Government-owned.

The 11,700 vehicles entering the gates daily, carrying workers comingon the Area, may also be added, because those workers traveled con­siderable distances while on the Area - far greater distances thanthose traveled by the average American ear-owner in the oity of his
residence In 1944.

These figures show that a total of about 25,300

vehicles operated at Clinton Engineer fk>rks.
o.

The nine motor vehicle deaths were equivalent to a rat©

of 3.6 deaths per 10,000 vehicles.

This rate was slightly below theaverage rate of 3.7 shown by the Rational Safety Council based on re-

S

i

Tn,.
-

'

d.

It is creditable enough that a new community* literally

chopping its traffic facilities out of the hills and farmlands, could
equal the 1944 record of established coianunitiea.

Vthen it is consideredthat most residents of Oak Ridge were issued supplementary gasoline
rations due to their dependence on motor -vehicles,, and that each oar
in Dak Ridge consequently had a greater exposure to aooident involvement,
it seems likely that Oak Ridge's traffic safety record was superior tothat of the average community.
e.

there were five motor vehicle deaths in the first halfof 1945, but the number of motor vehicles operated had risen from 1944
levels•6-3*

Quality of Accomplishment. By all the above records andcomparisons - of the frequency, severity and fatality rates for bothconstruction and operation, by the computations of savings in lives,
injuries and days of work, and by the comparative traffic records, thesafety accomplishment of the Manhattan District is shown to be an im­pressive one*

It oompares favorably with the records of other organi­sations and in almost every item it has been improving as the work has
progressed*

SECTION 6 - OKGrAHIZATIOH.
6-1.

Eormtlon. Plans for an adequate safety organization veremade during the early development of the Manhattan District program.
A safety engineer was first employed in August 19^2 end, vith theassistance and supervision of a Safety Officer in the District Protec­
tive Security Branch, Immediately began development of an accident
prevention program.

Upon completion of organizational plans in Hovem-

ber 191&, the safety engineer was transferred to Clinton Engineer
Works, where the first major construction was about to start, and there
assisted the Gfficer-Xn-Charge in putting a construction safety program
into effect. At the same time supervision of all District safety
activities was placed under the District Safety and labor Relations
Officer,
6-2.

Development.
a.

June to December, 19^3* By June 19^3, construction had

reached such proportions that a unit known as the Safety-Accident Pre­vention Section vas created to administer all phases of safety for theDistrict and to provide consultants to the Area Engineers and contrac­
tors. The District headquarters moved from Hew fork, Hew Tork, to
Clinton Engineer Works in August 19^3.

la September I9H3 the first of

the Resident Safety Engineers was established at the Hanford Engineer
Works, where the magnitude of construction warranted the full-time ser­vices of a safety engineer.

In Hovember 19^3 the "Area" status of

Clinton Engineer Works was terminated; officers In charge of construc­tion and operation henceforth reported directly to the District Engineer.

6.1

To eliminate duplication and simplify control, staff &ud administrative
organizations for the Clinton Engineer Works were combined with thoseof the District headquarters.

Thus the Clinton Engineer Works safetygroup and the District Safety-Acoident Prevention Section were consoli­
dated.

The District Safety Engineer served in the dual capacity of amember of the District Engineer's staff for Distriot safety and as the
person directly responsible for safety activities at the Glinton EngineerofWorks. The organization of the District Safety-Accldeta Prevention
Section on 31 December 19^3 is shown in App. A 6. Construction, Indus­
trial, Training, Traffic and Community Units had been formed to carefor the Section's varied problems.
b.

January to June, 1944. By 30 June 1944 further change

and expansion in the Safety-Accldent Prevention Section had become
necessary in order to keep abreast of activities.

(See App. A 7).

The District Safety Engineer reported directly to the District Engineer
through an Executive Assistant instead of through the District Service
and Control Officer.

The "Industrial Safety Unit" was renamed the"Operations Safety Unit" to better describe its functions.

During thefirst part of I9J& at Glinton Engineer Works a Safety Advisory Com­mittee of plant workers, Oak Bidge residents, and representatives ofcontractors and citizens' groups, such as Soy Scouts, Bed Cross, andParent-Teacher Associations, was formed to foster and coordinate nonoeoupatlonal, community safety activities.

At the same time most of

the operating functions in the community safety program were made theresponsibility of the Oak Bidge town management contractor, the BoaneAnderson Company.

^SECRETc.

July to December 1944. It was found that coiammity

safety could be handled sore effectively by District safety engineers
than by the tovn Management oontractor and volunteer workers. Althoughcontributing coraraendably, Advisory Committee members did not have thenecessary time to devote to oommunity safety activities.

Therefore,

the Coamittee vas dissolved and responsibility for conducting Oak
Bidge community safety activities was reassigned to the District Safety
Xnglneer, The District safety organization (renamed "Safety and Acci­
dent Prevention Branch") as it existed on 31 December 1944 is shown inApp. A 8. Operations Safety and Construction Safety bad been grouped
together in an Occupational Safety Section; the two phases of accident
prevention had many overlapping problems, making it advantageous toeozabine their immediate direction under one person. A new Public Safety
Section coordinated the Traffic and Community Safety XJnits.
d.

January to June 194$. In May 1945 it was decided, after

consultation vith higher headquarters, that the individual plant opera­
tions and the town management at Clinton Xnglneer Works vere of suchsite and vere sufficiently independent In administration to Justify
the direct assignment of resident safety engineers to the staffs of
the Officers-In-Charge. Personnel of the Distriot Safety Branch vere
assigned to these operations units.

(See App. A 9)»

la addition, thetask of administering tests for Government Motor Tehlole Operator's
Permits was transferred to the Automotive Transportation Officer,
6-3. Present Organization and Besponslblllties. The present
organization, responsibilities and fu

f the District safety

a.

The District Safety Engineer plans and coordinates

accident prevention activities of the District; selves as consulting
specialist for the District Engineer:aids and advises Area Engineers,

Officers-In-Charge, and contractors In accident prevention programs
and assists In control of special and unusual hazards, and enforcementof safety requirements and regulations.
b.

The Occupational Safety Section provides consultant

services to contractors on occupational problems, cooperates vlth theDistrict Medical Branch In controlling and preventing occupational
disease and health hazards, plans and executes safety programs for
Government personnel, assists Area Engineers, Officers-In-Charge, andcontractors In the development of effective accident prevention programsfor construction and operation activities*c.

The Safety Training and Off-The-Jot Safety Section pro-rides consultants for safety training activities, determines training
needs, prepares manuals, Instruction material and training and testing
techniques, and stimulates safety training of administrative personnel.
Zt also plans and assists in the execution of "off-the-Job" safety
programs, Including traffic, home, school and recreational activities.
d.

Besldent Safety Engineers have been stationed (vlth two

exceptions) at Areas where personnel exposure reached 80,000 man-hours
per month (See App. 1 1) and vith the five Officers-Xa-Charge at Clinton
Engineer Works.

They serve full-time as consulting safety specialists

to Area Engineers and Officers-In-Charge (who are directly responsible
for safety In their respective areas), aid and advise contractors In
accident prevention, and maintain liaison vlth the District Safety
6.k

SECRET

Engineer.

She two exceptions hare been the Boston and California Areas,

where part-time engineers hare been serrlng.

In the Boston Area theemploye© exposure was created by office engineering and clerical per­sonnel . In the California Area, it was agreed between the Area Engineer
and the District Safety Branch that, in view of the type of work and thesafety program to be established by the contractor, the employment of afull-time resident safety engineer be held In abeyance to determine
whether the contractor would reduce Injury rates; a steady downward
trend in rates to a satisfactory level subsequently Indicated that a
Government engineer was not needed.
e.

Clinton Engineer Works Central Facilities. The Safety

and Accident Prevention Branch under the 0fficer-Xn*Charg6, CEW Central
Facilities has had responsibility for overall cosaasnlty safety promotion
v:.'V'-'’
AijK
I»
1•.* ’ •'1 ■}• 1 •/.’ *T‘and education, as well ae the direct responsibility for traffic engineerlng and control, physical safety In public facilities, and employee
safety for Central facilities contractors.

The Branch has had Traffic,

Consaunity, and Industrial Sections,f. Hanford Engineer Works. At this Installation the Safety•tH •• ; f* '■* • ':"1- •■,■ , •:•:• • •; .•'•Branch has had Occupational, Training and Public Safety Sections with
duties similar to those described for corresponding sections above#‘ V -.

.

.

6-4 , Personnel. The numerieal growth and present strength of theDistrict's safety staff, including both the District Safety and Accident
Prevention Branch and Area staffs, was as follows:c r ’ !•oL,y- m31 Dec.

30 June1944

31 Dec.

30 June1944

Officers

2

1

1

3

Hon-comissioned Officers

2

7

6

3

Engineers

21

28

30

25

Inspectors

4

2

4

1

Driver Permit Examiners

7

15 ■

12

13*

Clerical, Administrative

14

19

18

col
Hl

District Totals

50

72

71

63

* Assigned to Automotive Transportation Officer.
a.

Calibre of Personnel. The District searched far andvide for outstanding safety personnel.

Despite the shortage of quali­

fied men, limitations on Ckivenaaent salaries, and questionable post-war
security in District positions, men of high calibre vere secured.

By

way of example, the history and qualifications of two of the District
staff are outlined briefly in App. C 15*b.

Key Personnel. The following men occupied key positionsin the Districts safety organization:
flame
Harvey Mills

James P. Maddy

Position

■'*1!

Dates
_____

District Constr. Saf. Bngr.

July 194a to Hot. 1942

Resident Safety Xngr. CEW

Hoy. 1942 to Ho t . 1943

District Safety Engineer

June 1943 to date*

2d Lt. V.Q. Johnson Ass't Distriot Safety Bngr,

Hot. 1943 to Jan. 1944
Ho t . 1944 to date.

Same

Position

Dates

lormn B. Harsden Safety Rngr., District Sec.

Merton X. Bldge

J, T. Faust

W.S. Rasmussen

Bari J. Seeder

July to lov. 19^3

Chief, Safety Training Sec.

Bov. 19^3 to Jan. I9IA

Ass’t Diet. Safety Engineer

Feb. to July 19**

Besldent Saf. Engr. M.S.A.

July 19^ to date.

Traffic Engineer, C.S.W.

Bsc. 19^3 to July 19^

Oak Bldge Safety Director

July 1 9 ^ to date.

Chief, Operations Saf. See.

Aug. 19^3 to Dec. 19kk

Chief, Occupational Saf .Sec,

Dec. 1 9 ^ to May 19^5

Besldent Saf.Engr., X-10 Bes.

May 19^5 to date.

Chief, Constr. Safety See.

Mar. 19** to May 19^5-

Chief, Occupational Saf .Sec.

Nay 19^5 to date.

Bead, Public Safety Section

Feb. to June 19^5

Bead, Safety Training & OfffJob Safety Section

June 19^5 to date.

Olenn M. lostetter Bead, Constr. Safety Section
Besldent Saf. Sngr., X.B.W.

Aug. 1S^3 to Jan. 19Mt
Jan. 19^ to Nay 19^5

The Besldent Safety Engineera in the other Areas and other safety engi­
neers are listed in App. C 16.
6-5. Contractors Safety Organizations. While the District safety
staff was charged vlth organizing and directing the program, the dayby-day integration of safety and accident prevention in each worker’s
activities, and the constant elimination of aooident hazards in equip­
ment, buildings and working routines was the responsibility of the con­tractors.

The cooperation of contractors safety organisations withDistrict safety groups has been splendid,

6.7

•-

SECRET

by Joint efforts many

SECRETcob® lex and difficult safety problems have been solved and controlled.

At no time has it been necessary for the District to resort, or threaten
to resort, to contractual powers to enforce safety compliance.
a.

Organisation. Xaoh oontractor followed its normal cor­porative policy with regard to the organisation and organizational
placement of its safety staff, Bowever, most contractor safety directors
reported, to top executives who bad broad, authority over most, if notall, contract work.
b.

Personnel. Prime contractors employing one thousand, ormore persons (Including employees of subcontractors) and contractors
engaged, in unusually hazardous work were required to employ full-timesafety engineers (Bee App. S 1). The safety directors of the major
contractors, that is, those which employed 5000 or aore persons, vere;
Safety Director

Contractor

L. ft. Darner

Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Company

V. F. Sunn

1.2. duPont do Hemours ft Co. (XSV Construction)

Jack Brawn

X.X. duPont do lemours t> Co. (HOT Operations)

Douglas I. Kelly

J. A. Jones Construction Company

1. T. lartnett

Soane-^Anderson Company

J. W. Beasley

Stone * Webster Engineering Company

James K. Brown

Sennessee-Sastman Corporation.

6-6, Cost of the Safety Program. Sot all Areas and contractors
have maintained safety cost acoounts. However, direct safety expendi­
tures can be roughly estimated from the sample cost figures available
for certain Areas and contractors.

She total government and contrac­

tor expenditures specifically for safety activities up to 30 Junety

19^5 amounted to approximately $2,800,000 (See App. fi 6). This was
equivalent to about $1.00 per month per employee.
6-7. Assistance froaa aovernaent Agencies and Other Organisations.

The Manhattan District received the finest cooperation from., and Is
greatly Indebted to, a number of individuals, governmental agencies,
and other organisations for assistance in solving the varied accident
prevention problems vlth vhich It was faced.

Prominent among these

verej
a.

Office, Chief of Engineers. The Safety and Accident

Prevention Division, Office of the Chief of Xnglneers, has maintained
continuous liaison vlth the Safety Branch of the Manhattan District.
Standards, requirements, special studies and research and many activities
hare been developed or adapted for the District, Mr. X. A. Blanchard,
Chief of the Division, has served as consultant to Major general L. 1.
Groves and has advised the District Safety Branch in matters of organi­sation, personnel, program, special activities, and safety training.
b.

lational Safety Council. The Council furnished "on-the-site" safety surreys and technical advioe on traffic, home and school
safety at Banford and Clinton Boglneer Works, recommended qualified
safety engineers for employment by the District, supplied engineering
consultation, and served as supplier of safety promotion materials.
A Council surrey report is attached as App. 0.

War other, similarreports see App. I 7*e.

American led Cross. She American Bed Cross supplied

instructors and material for first aid training of Bichland and Oak
Bldge community groups, and plant police and firemen, and for homesafety courses.

;e©rett

4.

International Association of Chiefs of Police, The

I.A.C.P. furnished an instructor for the training of Clinton Engineer
Works police In traffic control techniques.
«•g. S. Department of Interior. She Bureau of Mines pro­vided instructors to train Oorrernment and contractors employees. A
Special course, "Safe Bandllng of Toxic and Inflaasnable Bubstances",
was conducted by the Bureau in December

for the benefit of 155

District and contractor employees.
f.
■i t

V '

.

'

‘1

P. 8. Department of Labor. The• .

'; V ;.

:

8* Department of■ •» • - ■■' ■•Labor, jointly vith the ffairersity of Tennessee and the Washington
w':.;

i

■ i v . ' ! ;•Si i.-...

•

State Department of Labor, provided courses known as "Basic Industrial

Safety Engineering" and "Adranoed Industrial Safety Engineering" forthe benefit of 229 District and contractor personnel.

UAMfiJTTAS DISTRICT E3BT0HI

S A M ! PROCHRAM
APPEHDH "A"
CHARTS AHD 0BAFB5
Title
Sample Intersection Traffic flow Diagram,Emory Talley and Sawmill Hoads, 5 April
19^4, 5*00 to 5*50 p.m.
Occupational Injury Bates, January 19^3
Through June 19^5, hy Quarters:
Manhattan District.
Clinton Ingtneer Works.
Hanford Xnglneer Works.
Other Areas.
Manhattan District Safety Organization:
31 December 19^3.
30 June 1944.
31 December I 9 U 1 .

I

I
t

.

• ,

\I .

I

'
' : · --·•

I ll' 1 r. C:

f\\ '- n

.

'
,,

•

...

:

..

, - -~- - '"""

.- ·

-I
I

I. .

I

iI

I

r
.-

I '

II
i

I

i I

~

, ~~

-- -- - - -I ~- >

VALi- 7:Y
I

I

.. <

I

- ._,

I

~

/

L _., --,, , .
.

-;~·-,·

-----

,1I

_ ;_. - ·-- -,//. . ;:::.

I

-I

I

/

...

I

,

/
,/

/

I '

I

~ I,

/ .- - - - - - - -

I

/

I
/

I

I

I

.

.•

I

..

I

/

/

'~

/

.1

I
I

II

·'

,I

'JE t i r .t f 5-?r - .

./..

7_> . ~ ---~..) 'Il

I ~ l -.:..
~I

'

f..

•

.,,

rt

I

I

"'

=\

.,.- '1 -"1..

f\I-.i : :

t•

·-

l

Al

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY RATESMANHATTAN DISTRICTFREQUENCY
RAT E
Disabling tnJuries^wMillionEmptoyeeHour*)O p erat ions.C o n s tru c tio n\

ISTlOTR/G o v e rn m e n t

2N 0 QTR 3RD OTR 4 T H QTR
1 9 4 3

IST QTR

2NOQTR

3ROQTR

4 T N QTR

IS T QTR

1944

2ND QTR

SR d Iq TR

SEVERITY
RATE
j
Day»Lo«t Per Thousand EmployeeHoun},

1943
Empk' ye**HOurst-«poSure" .in', *r u r ' i o n
U per o tto n s
G over rime

4 T h I q TM

1 9 4 5

es
ecs
oyees

8 8 ,2 8 7 ,6 8 0
1 2 ,5 9 9 ,9 6 4
3 ,1 0 9 .6 8 5l»44_L1A A _2 0 6 ,9 0 1 , 6 2 2 5 0 ,6 5 3 ,4 5 1
9 5 ,2 2 1 ,9 7 7 7 7 ,8 2 8 ,1 5 4
9 ,1 2 5 ,7 3 2
4 , 1 5 5 ,5 3 1

p i jfl "OCCUPATIONAL IN J U R Y W C S ^ 'SI » m KBs
CLINTON ENGINEER WORKS

Fr e q u e n c y
rate(Diiobliwq Hyrle»FVMj|iooEm ptoye»Hort)iS rlflT R

2Nd!oTR‘3RDiQTR 4 T mIq TR

1 9 4 3

ISTQ TRtN D Q T R

SEVERITYE m plo yee Hours E x p o s u re

5ROQTR

4 T h Iq T R

IS T O TR

1944

ENd'oTRM o lo T R

4THK1TR1 9 4 5R AT Ep lc y e e s
lo y e e s
p lo y e e s

5 5 ,7 3 7 ,6 5 1
4 ,4 5 7 ,3 2 ?
1 ,7 0 7 ,2 5 5

1 0 0 ,4 0 7 ,4 6 9 4 4 ,2 4 6 ,8 0 3
6 0 ,9 8 0 ,8 4 5 5 2 ,0 7 0 ,3 7 4
4 ,1 7 8 ,1 2 1
2 ,1 2 8 ,9 0 2

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY. ^ATES

HANFORD ENGINEER WORKSFREQUENCY

SEVERITY

RATE

RATE

'O jy s L o s t f-vr I housondE m ployeeHoursj*........... .

..O perations
I 943

'i(.

v

H u u 's L *p>. Surei rri>l. ( P e s

U p e r / y ^ r is E m ploye es
G oy^jpru ^nt E m p lo y e e s

1944_L£A_4_22,7117 6 I ' 97^77.789 6,026,527
5,505
5,348,173 6,900,456
391,7 I K
1,2 I 7,858 * 621,654

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY RATES-y/

DISTRICT EXCEPT C.E.W. AND H.E.W.

FR EQ U EN C Y RATE
(Oitobling InJurlesPerMiBionEmptoyeeHour*)co— 1 ---------i i
!
\

\
\
— V\

*

\

✓

S

VConstruc tion

-

J

•

•
•
•
•
•

\
^Operations

f.*•
•
•

V

•• •

t
•
\
■X

:
•
•
•

V -------•\-------------

1•••:• . -------/Governrnent

—

/

^

/

/r*/ — —\•»—■-»% ... . ------------- ----- V •0___________________________
ISTlQTR

2ND OTR

3RD> QTR 4 T h Iq TR

19 4 3Vv
i

BN0QTR

3RDQTR_t% XX•* • \ X
• X
•%\
•V

.
IS T Q TR—**

4TMIQTR

1ST QTR1t MO'QTR_______
3RD QTR

4THQ TR19 4 4
SEVERITYRATE(OoyaLoat Per ThousandEmptoyeeHotr^C o n s tru c tio n

O peration
Goyernmenf'■‘
ons'r\i<Wi
Em plo yee Hours E x p o s u re

0 per oGovernrrtei

J W L
rm p lc y ee s"m plo yees
'E m p l o y e e s

9 ,8 3 8 ,2 6 8
8 ,1 3 7 ,1 3 7
1 ,0 1 0 ,7 1 9 *ltt±.

L tlA .

9 ,2 1 6 ,3 6 4 '
3 8 0 ,1 2 1
2 8 , 8 9 2 , 9 5 9 1 8 ,8 5 7 ,3 2 4
3 , 7 2 9 , 7 5 3 ^ 1 ,4 0 4 ^ 7 5

MANHATTAN DISTRICT SAFETY
andACCIDENT PREVENTION SECTION
31 DECEMBER 1943

DIRECT A UTHO RITYADVISORY OR IN D IR EC T

C H A N N ELS .

andACCIDENTPREVENTIONSECTION
30
JUNE 1944

DIRECT AUTHO RITY_________________ADVISORY OR IN D IR EC T CHANNELSDISTRICTENGINEERI
EXECUTIVEASSISTANTAREA ENGINEERHANFORD ENGINEER WORKS

1

I
CONTRACTORSOCCUPATIONAL
SAFETYh -------TRAINING
SAFETYAREA SAFETY
ENGINEER

COMBINED SAFETY ORGANIZATIONFOR MANHATTAN D ISTR IC T AND
CLINTON ENGINEER WORKS
DISTRICT SAFETY ENGINEERASS'T DISTRICT SAFETY ENGINEERA SST TO DISTRICT SAFETY ENGINEERFOR CLINTON ENGINEER WORKS

PUBLICSAFETYAREA ENGINEERS

~L

I

1

AREA S A F E T Y
ENGINEERS

T " CONTRACTORSCONTRACTORS
CLINTON ENG'R W*KS

STATISTICAL UNIT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETYSECTION

TRAINING SAFETYSECTION_L

1

CONSTRUCTION
SAFETYOPERATIONSS AF ETYORGANIZATION CHART
MANHATTAN DISTRICT SAFETY BRANCH
31 DECEMBER 1944

PUBLIC SAFETYSECTIONI

COMMUNITY
SAFETYII DRIVER PERM IT
I
BUREAUSTRAFFIC CHECKSDIRECT

AUTQRITYADVISORY OR INDIRECT C HA NN ELS,DISTRICTENGINEER

EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
AREA ENGINEERHANFORD ENGINEERWORKS& m w m >CENTRAL FACILITCS

AREA
SAFETYENGINEERCONTRACTORSDISTRICTSAFETY BRANCHDISTRICTSAFETY_ CONTRACTORSTRAINING
SAFETYAREA ENGINEERS

OPERATIONSCONTRACTORSCONTRACTORSRESIDENT
SAFETY ENGINEERS

AREA SAFETY
ENGINEERSENGINEER

ASST.DISTRICTSAFETY ENGINEEROCCUPATIONAL
SAFETYKBWttilCm

OAK
RIDGE
SAFETY DHECTOR

TRAFFICSAFETYPUBLICSAFETY□COMMUNITY
SAFETYINDUSTRIAL
SAFETY

TRAFFICCHECKS
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY SECTION

SAFETY TRAINING& O FF -TH E-JOB
SAFETY SECTIONORGANIZATION CHART
MANHATTAN DISTRICT SAFETY BRANCH
30 JUNE 1945

STATISTICALUNIT

ADMINISTRATIVEUNIT

DIRECT AUTHORITY.
ADVISORY OR INDIRECT CHANNELS.

II..i

MANHATTAW OlbTKlCT SAFJfill PKOGKAM - CONTRACTORS EMPLOYING SAFETY PERSONNEL AMD SAFETY COVERAGE BY DISTRICT PERSONNEL TO 30 JUNE 19^5.

LocationContractor

Prime Contractors Employing 1000 or More People
Including Sub-contractors) or Engaged in Hazardous Work
Manhattan District
Type Work
SafetyTotal Peak
SafetyStatus of Work Construc­ Contractor
EngineerPeak
Peak
Employment
Engineer
In Progress(P) tion (C) Employment Full Time(F)Numberat CEW or Full Tlme(F) Number
Completed (C) Opera­
SafetyPeak (Incl. Part Time(P)Under Area Part Time(P) Safety
tions (0) Sub-contr.)
None(N) Personnel
Superv.
None(N) Personnel

Clinton Engr
Works

803**3F»»3Alabama

725

(c)

(O

Beverly

100

P

1

Joston (d)

821*

P

1

1275

P

1

261*0

F

2

660

F

1

11*30

F

1

U-72^

F

2

2682

F

2

American Industrial Transit
E.I.duPont deNemours & Co.
H. K. Ferguson Co.
Ford,Bacon
Davis, Inc.
J.A.Jones Constr. Co. (a)Stone & Webster Engr.Co.(b)Carbide & Carbon Chem. Co.
Clinton laboratories
Fercleve Corporation
Ford,Bacon & Davis, Inc.
Roane-Anderson Co.
Tenn.-Eastman Com.

P
C
C
C
P
P
P
P
P
C
P
P

Areas

0
C
C
~C
C
C
0
0
0
0
0
0

1261*
30Q0
1917
3152
21*915
27287
11737
1673,
1759
3005
10 18 122169

California

F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F

6
6
3
3
25
18
60
3
8
I1!
18

University of California

P

0

1265

P

l

University of Chicago

P

0

1933

F

3

U.S. Vanadium Corp.

P

0

575

F

3

Columbia University

P

0

1253

F

1

George A. Fuller Co.
Houdaille-Hershey Corp.

C
P

C
o

1668
1*631*

FF

2
30

Chrysler Corp.

P

2655

F

1

ChicagoColorado
Columbia
Decatur,

DetroitV,#M A N H A T T A N DISTRICT SAFETY PROGRAM - CONTRACTORS EMPLOYING SAFETY PERSONNEL AND SAFETY COVERAGE BY DISTRICT PERSONNEL TO 30 JUNE 19**5.

Prime Contractors Emp .oylng 1000 or More People
Including Sub-contractors or Engaged In Hazardous Work
Type Work
SafetyEngineer
Status of Work Construc­ Contractor
Peak
In Progress(P) tion (C) Employment Full Time(F)NumberPeak (Incl. Part Time(P)SafetyCompleted (C) Opera­
None(N) Personnel
tions (0) Sub-contr.)

Locat ionContractor

Hanford E n g r .
Works

E.I.duPont deNemours 4 Co.

Manhattan District
Total Peak
SafetyEngineerPeak
Employment
at CEW or Full Tlme(F) Number
Under Area Part Tlme(P) Safety
Superr.
None(N) Personnel
U5250

F

17

lava

185

N

0

Mad Ison Square

650

F

1

175

P

1

Moron n‘own

910

(c)

(c)

M'irray P111

135

N

0

1870

F

1

391*

N

0

67

N

0

2026

F

1

UlU

N

1550

(c)

(c)

2100

F

1

C
P

C
0

U3 8 II
6127

F
F

87
15

Mllwaukee.

*J<rw York| K “llex Corporation

P

0

1687

F

1

•

RochesterSt. Louis
Tona vanda

T>*a 11

Wehash River

Linde Air Products"
Hooker Electrochemical

P
P
C
P

C
0
C
0

U09
15 15
332
183

F

5

P

1

r'rnsolldated M l n ’
R St Smelt.

C
P

C
0

UlO
66

P

1

E.I.duPont de Nemours V Co.

C

C

1550

P

2

E.I.duPont de Nemours %•. Co.

C
P
.....

131*0
1252
--------

E
F
=

2
2

W! lmlngton------

.

.

.—

O s W

V

T

1=

y

0

— ■
------ -------------------------------------

SECRET
Votes
a.

Midwest Piping ana Supply Co., a prlae contractor eoploylng acre than 1000 persona, vas

on the seas project as, and received safety coverage by, the J. A. Jones Construction Company.
Kidvest employment is Included*b.

O'Driscoll & Srove, Inc., John A. Johnson It Sons, Inc. and Clinton loae Builders, prlaecontractors employing over 1000 persons each, vere under the Architect-Xogineer Management of, andreceived safety coverage by, Stone and Webster. Etsployasnt for the three is Included.
••

c.

:S

1

. .r.'-j ''.

..

Safety activities during construction vere supervised at Alabaaa by the Atlanta District,at Morgantown by the Pittsburg District and at Ifebash liver by the Chicago District.
safety vas supervised by the Ordnance Department.
d.

Principally design and engineering office.

Operations

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MAHHATTAW DISTRICT

19*3

i§**

6 M o b . ’ *5

Total

TOTAL - ALL SMELOTKES
Employee -Hours Worked
Disabling Injuries
fatalities
Time Charges (Bays)
Frequency Bate
Fatality Bate
Severity Batev

103,997,329

311,2*9,331

132,637,136

5*7,883,796

908
19
187,192

2,168
3*
350,*99803
979,571

3,879
62
617,262

8.73
0.18
1.80

6.97
0 .11
1.13

6.05
0.07
0.60

7.08
0.11
1 .1 3EMPLOYEES 07 COHSTROCTIOR COMTEACTOJftS
Employee-lours Worked

88,287,680

206,901,622

50,653,*51

3*5,8*2,753

Disabling Injuries
natalities
Tine Charges (Bays)

7**
19
183,5*6

1,3*5
30
293,836269
5*2,93*

2,358
5*
520,316

8.*3
0.22
2.08

6.50
0 .1 *
l .*2

5.31
0.10
o’
.85

0.16

Frequency Bate
fatality Bate
Severity Bat®

6.82
1.50

XMPL0XKB3 OF OHERATIOIBCOITBACTGBS
••.'
....
.- ,
m ''. "
- "•Xmployee-Hours Worked
1 2,599,96*
77,828,15* 185,650,095
95,221,977.

..

Disabling Injuries
Fatalities
Tine Charges (Bays)

1*8
0
3 ,*86770
3*9,826528*
36,*97 '1,**$
789,809Frequency Bate
Fatality Bate
Severity Bate

11.75
0.00
0.28

8.09
0.03
0.52

6.78
0.05
0.*7

7.79
0.0U
0.*8

7

00fX3UHUR MFL0XKB3]ftaployee-Hours Worked
Disabling Injuries
Fatalities
Tine Charges (Days)
Frequency Bate
natality Bate
Severity Bate

3,109,685

9,125,732*,155,531

16,390,9^

16
0
160

53
1
6,837

6
0
1*0

75
1
7,137

1.**
0.00
0.03

*.58
0.06
0.**

33

Appendix B-4\

SAYINGS EFFECTED BY MANHATTAN DISTRICT OCC P P A T I O M L SAFETY PROGRAM
Employee*In

Manhattan Diet.
Employee-Hours

National
Rates*

Expected Losses
at N a t '1 Rates

1

Actual Losses
Manhattan Dist.

DEATHS
Construction 194S
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Operations
1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Government
1943
1944
6
Mo.
1945
I

88,287,680
206,901,622
60,655,451
12,599,964
95,221,977
77,828,154
5,109,685
9,125,752
4,155,551

27
91
22
1
8
6 1
0
1
0
156
94

.51
.44
.44
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.06
Totals Savings

19
50
5
0
5
4
0
1
0
62

DISABLING INJURIES
Construction 1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Operations
1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Government
1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945

88,287,680
206,901,622
50,655,451■
12,599,964
95,221,977
77,828,154
5,109,685
9,125,752
4,155,551

26.06
27.70
27.70
20.04 *
18.40
18.40
14.77
15.95
15.95

2,501
5,731
1,405
255
1,752
1,452
46
127
58

744
1,345
269
148
770
528
16
53
6

Totals •Savings

15,105
9,224

3,879

EMPLOYEE-DATS LOST
Construction 1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Operations
1943
1944
6 Mo. 1945
Government
1945
1944
6 Mo. 1945)

88,287,680
206,901,622
50,655,451
12,599,964
95,221,977
77,828,154
5,109,685
9,125,752
4,155,531

5.06
5.68
5.68
1.12
1.07
1.07
.91
.89
.89
Totals Savings -270,160
761,598
186,405
14,112
101,888
85,2762,850
8,122 *
5,698
1,431,889
814,627

183,546
293,856
42,954
5,486
49,82656,497
160
6,837
140
617,262

* U. S. Department of Labor Data. Severity rates on standard basis*
1944 Department of Labor rates uie4 for 1945 also. Private construction
compared with Distriot construction. Private manufacturing comparedwith Distriot operations. An average of private manufacturing andbusiness services compared with Government, since many Government
employees are stationed in operations areas, but many are In offices.

APPENDIX B 5
OCCUPATIONAL INJURY RATES OP MANHATTAN DISTRICT CONTRACTORSCONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORSOPERATIONS CONTRACTORS
6 Months. I9i£
2 years,
2 years. 1943-1*1*
6 Monthi1. 191*5
Rreqiioncv | Severity Frequency Severity Frequency 1 Severity Freauencv 1 Severity
DISTRICT AVERAGES 7.08
1.62
O.85 5.31
6.78
8.51•0 ^ 6-4«
0.1*7
Clinton Engr. Wks, 7.33
1.79
7.26
0.65 '
0.66
Hanford Engr. Wks. 6.kh
1.38
1.66
1.16
0.59
0.05
0.02
1.31
........

OTHER AREAS
Alabama (1)Beverly (2)BostonCalifornia
Chicago12.81*
...
0.98
—
11.56

9.37
—
0.06
- —
0.20

Colorado (3)Columbia
Decatur
DetroitIowa (1*)

52.05
—
1^.06
27.08
---

1.1*2
...
2.26
2.11
--

Madison Square
Milwaukee
Morgantown
Murray Hill
New York

0.00
2l*.083.01...
H*.6l*

Rochester (5)St. Louis (6)Tonawanda
Trail (7)Wabash River
Wilmington
Y-12 Projects
See Notes Attached.

0.00
53.48

0.00
0.27

0.00

12.31*
1^.7^

0.00

0.00

0.12
0.14

13.73
4.83
10.27

0.12
0.03
0.12

mmmtm

0.00
...
—

31.95
10.03
4.92
7.61
61.76

2.19
0.69
0.32
0.95
14.46

4.41
16.09
2.80
3.33
1*8.99

o.oi*
0.27
0.07
0.06
1.18

0.00
0.12
0.13
-0.13

0.00
0.00
--— -

0.00
0.00
----

24.00
\
0.00
1 1 .3 1
8.31

.37

16.91

0.17

0.00
0.60
0.12

0.00
0.00
10.65

0.00
0.00
0.09

5^.68
0.00
21.95
58.26
2.2l*

2.91
0.00
1.85
0.96
2.1*8

...
-3.18
-—

8.30
73.39
10.98
6.22
0.00

0.08
0.18
0.29
0.02
0.00

5.11
6.75
11.16
0.00 '

0.10
«mm
0.13
0.06
0.00

3.68

0.29
— -

...
...

...
-0.07
--t
---

1.86
...

0.07
--

1.36
16.25

0.00
0.05

. . .
. . .

...
mt.
0.00
...
0.00

...

. . . .

■ones, appexdzx i 5

Qeneral: Dashes indicate no work for the period. Figures shown for each Area include all installa­
tions and contractors directly supervised by that Area during the period. See Paragraph 1-3 fordescription of types of contracts covered by the safety program.

(1) Alabama: The 19^3 construction record shoved 700,688 enployee-houre vith 9 injuries, one of which
vas fatal. Safety supervision rested vith the Nobile District, V. S. Engineer Department.

(2) Beverly: This project operated for only a short period as a cost-plus contract in the early stagesof District safety vork. There vere 4 injuries la the first 2 months of operation vith only 37,369
8®ployee-hours, but only 1 injury in 5 subsequent months vith 56,130 esqployee-hours and a frequency
rate for the last 5 months of 17 *8, well below the early rate.
(3) Colorado: Injury rates were high in the early stages of the work, but a very effective program wasbuilt up. The construction record for l?Mt vas perfect. The I9M 1 operations frequency rate wasonly half the 19^3 rate, bat a permanent partial disability kept severity up.

(b) Iowa: The high severity and frequency rates on the Iowa projects hare resulted from the fact that
the Iowa contractor had had no previous experience with industrial accident prevention techniques
end, unlike most research laboratories, did not quickly effectuate the Government's accident pre­vention program, and second, the liberal leave policy of the contractor has put many
injuriesin the "lost time”category. Sol the first half of 19 ^5 , experience Improved slightly — the fre­quency rate was still extremely high, but severity is not high for the type of work.
(5) Rochester: The construction program was vary snail. There vere 5 injuries In two years, theemployee-hour total amounting to only 91,^37 — the equivalent of 37 men for the two years. Batesvere cut sharply in 19 M», but the record shows the difficulty of or&^ilzlng an effective programfor a saall exposure.
(6) St. Louis: The St. Louis project operated for only a short period as a cost-plus contract. Therevere 2 injuries in 27,250 employse-hours during the period of Government safety supervision over
operations.

(7) Trail: Construction vas practically complete In September 19^3, early in the District's history,vhen the District organization for an effective nation-wide Job was Just being perfected. The
inaccessibility of the project also contributed to a record belov District standards.

o c c u p a t i o n a l xkjfbht b a t e s/

UHBCIPAL COflTEACTCBS
CL2XT0K liB&JUKB VCOKB
I9^f and 6 Jfcnths, 19*5

6 Months, 19>»5•

Pirequency
fete

1

Bate

s

Frequency
Jtete

I

lgw

.M m

........

f!S ■{

CeSSTHtfCTIOK COaTRACTQBS,•••,• • ;. > '.• •;..,
V\ .. .* ., " ;.
. .1.•
GLHfK» laWI.iWI- TOTAL'
6.24
1.65
-

D

Q

K

S. !. du font 4e Bsnours Co.
. ‘
v‘
- •'
■
'
•>
*;*.*:
H. K. Ferguson Ckffljpany
f t

• •„

i

■

V - v ^ ' - T ; . •• ,

.t>

!

•

!

• • '• 5■

3.81 '

0.23 *******

2 .12

0.01

6.72

• ■*?» - V

V'.<

0.17

3.15

jr. A. Jones Construction Co. (a)Stone ft Webster Bogr. Co. <b)'•»■ ' t

1 ■ *.

. ■
■r

.

' v
'

clzrtos B n a n■• h j . ; ’-- i \ i

f j*

—

■

1.39

V

sons * total

1

■?

5.99

•-

, ;

.

^

•

1.09

t.70

2.07

8.35

©.27

7.28

0.67

7.62

0*66

9.61

0.12

i. ••
.--■••r'i

0.k3<

Ibid, Bacon ft Baris, toe.

’ ■“

o.9<r

•<
’ri ’.'>V H V W n !•;:V -V -5- ' '• ; * - »'*'8 *

.

6.26
•;\•

B

,•

American Industrial Transit—

Carbide ft Carton Chemicals Co.

8.09

0.21

8.1*0

0.33

Clinton Laboratories

2.66

0.35

1.67

O.Ot

ferslere Corporation

10.97

U.39

0.15

.1

Pbrd, Bacon

Baris, She.

t .!

1

0 .I8

:

8.59

*«57

8.88

0.94

Boane-Anderson Company

8.25

0.28

7.67

0.17

Tennessee~Xastaan Corp.

7.08

0.*9

7.29

1.19

&

Votes t P o r w o n t records were not made on the 19*3 Injury experience of
each, individual oontractor.. Sub-contractore experience Is included in
the rates shown above.

$

Includes Xellex Corporation and Midirest Piping and Supply.
Includes O'J&rlscoll Ik Srove, too., John A. Jbhnaon ft leu, Inc., andClinton Saae Builders.

MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYSAFETY PROGRAM
APPENDIX "C"
DOCUMENTS

Title
Safety and Accident Prevention Program, Fis­
cal Year 19*6, Manhattan District, including
District Circular Letter (Safety 45-5) dated
29 June 19*5.
Orders and Regulations, Corps of Engineers,
TJ. 8. Aray, Chapter XI, Safety and Accident
Prevention.
Safety Requirements for Excavation, Building,Construction, War Department, Corps of Engi­
neers, vlth tvo amendments.
Report, Inspection of Decatur Area, 17-19
April 19*5.
Safety Codes;a.

Index, Safe Practices and Health Prac­tices Pamphlets, lational Safety
Council.

1). Pamphlet lo. 60, "Chemical Laboratories'*c. Scheme for the Identification of Piping
Systems, American Standards Association.
Safe Operating Practices, Texmessee-Eastmn
Corporation:a. Cab-Controlled Cranes.
b. Handling and Use of Oxygen andAcetylene.
c. Electrical Hold-Offa and Lock-Outs.

Aj

APPENDIX "C", Continued.
Mo.

Title

7

Employees1 Handbook of Safety Buies, Clinton
Laboratories.

8

Safety Bulletins, Carbide and Carbon Chemi­cals Corporation:
a. Cylinder Storage and Handling.
b.

Operation of Service and Purge andProduct Booms.

c.

Operation of Degreasing and Pickling
Area.

9

General Safety Buies, Ferdeve Corporation.

10

acquirements for Moving Heavy Equipment, RoaneAnderson Company.

11

Monthly Report of Safety Activities.
a. Tennessee-Eastman Corporation, March
19*5.
b. Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corpora­tion, May 19*5.
c. Boane-Anderson Company, March 19*5.

12

Traffic Regulations for Clinton Engineer Works,
Oak Bldge, Tennessee.

13

Lett era from the Rational Safety Council dated
12 Bovember 19*3, 30 November 19**, and $ Decem­ber 19**. Letters to the Council dated 26 Bovem­
ber 19*3 and 11 December 19**. Memo from Mr.
James B. Noddy dated 12 January 19**.

1*

Minutes of Combined Safety Meetings, 16 and 29
March 19*5*

15

Brief Histories of Two Government Safety Engineers.

16

List of Besldent Safety Engineers and Other Safety
Engineers.

"SB
41
*I9H
*r,13fc<ra.

Safety a Accident Prevention

R

U n it e d

R I C T E D

S tatesE n g in e e r

O f f ic e

Ma n h a t t a n D is t r ic t

EIDMQ-5

O a k R id o k , T i n n i W i i

29 June 19U5

DISTRICT CIRCULAR LETTER (SAFETY U5"5)
Subjectj

Safety and Accident Prevention ProgramTo*

All Concerned,

1.
Attached is a copy of the Manhattan Distriot Safety andAooident Prevention Program for the fiscal year beginning 1 July 19^4-5»
whioh sets forth the basic safety policies of the District and out­lines the status, organization and function of the Distriot Safety
and Acoident Prevention Branoh.

2.
The program has been developed and conforms with the safety
oonoepts of the Engineer Department, expanded to inolude ooznmunity,
traffio and off-the-job safety, responsibilities unconmon to otheDistricts.
3.
It is desired that Area Engineers and Officers in Charge
establish sound, practical, definite, and comprehensive, safety pro­grams #and objectives for all activities under their jurisdiction and,through constant and positive supervision, assure continued progressin fulfilling this responsibility.

Incl.:
I9U 6 Program

Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Distriot Engineer.

Distributions— XFVS-----The following District Safety Circular Letters are in effects

Uk-h
hk-5

I4U-11

Uh-12
1+5-3

M A N H A T T A N

D I S T R I C T

SAFETY AND ACCI LENT PREVENTION PROGRAMFISCAL YEAR

19U 6

Approve dX
K. D. NICHOLS,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
Distriot Engineer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARTICLE

FAGS

I.

Purpose and Objecti/ve

1

II.

Scope

1

III. The Problem

*

2

IV.

Organization

2

V.

Joint Responsibilities

4

VI.

Occupational Safety Frogram

5

VII. Safety in Government Operated Communities

8

VIJT.General Public Safety Activities at all Projects

10

IX.

Research and Development

11

X.

Statistical

11

XI.

Administrative

11

XII. Manhattan District
Safety and Accident Prevention Organization

13

MANHATTAN DISTRICTSAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMFISCAL YEAR - 1946
I.

Purpose and Objective.

1.
It is essential to the accomplishment of the mission of
the Manhattan District that all necessary steps be taken to mini­
mize the loss of productive labor and the damage of equipment andmaterials due to accidents.
2.
The purpose of establishing an accident prevention pro­gram for the Manhattan District is to definitely set forth thebasic policies and procedures to be followed by all Areas of theDistrict for the further improvement of the safety organization in
efficiency, economy, and the coordination of functions.
3.
The program shell be an application of sound engineering
techniques and practices and shall conform with policies establish­
ed by the Office, Chief of Engineers and to accepted safety train­
ing doctrines.
4.
The objective of the program is the reduction of the number
and severity of personal injuries and property damage due to accidents.
II.

Scope.
The Manhattan District safety program will include:a.

Occupational safety of Government employees and military
personnel.

b.

Occupational safety of emplpyees ofs(1)

All construction contractors.

(2)

All contractors receiving reimbursement for payroll
costs.

(3)

Service and supply contractors and concessionaires
while performing work at any site under the jurisdic­
tion of the Manhattan District.

o.

Publio safety in the communities operated by the Distriot.

_d.

Off-the-job safety promotion for Government employees, mili*tary personnel, and the employees of contractors described*
above.

Jb.

Inspection of all Areas and facilities to determinethat minimum safety requirements are being complied
with.

£.

Frequent, thorough safety engineering service for Areasand facilities too small to warrant employment of a full­time resident safety engineer.

3. .The Area Engineer or Officer in Charge of work is responsible
for the conduct of an effective, balanoed safety program covering all
work under his jurisdiction.
4.
The safety organization in each Area or operation will be
under th6 direct supervision,of the respective Area Engineer, Officer
in Charge, or his Executive Officer.
.
5.
V<hen established policy requires a full-time safety engineer
on an Area Engineer’s and/or contractors staff, the safety engineer
will not be given other duties.
6.
An Area Engineer may place additional, general responsibility
for fire prevention and protection on his safety engineer over and above
the responsibility to consider all elements of personal safety, whichis assigned to safety personnel in all echelons of the District,

*

\

7.
The Distriot Safety Branch w i l l , upon request of the Area
Engineer or Officer in Charge, the Medioal Branoh, or the Security
Branch, perform such safety engineering work as may be required for
production security.
•
'«•

8.
The responsibility’’for enforcement pf safety regulations
throughout the entire District rests on the personnel responsible. for the work supervision. Under no oircumstances shall the responsi­
bility for enforcement of safety requirements be taken from the normal
supervisory lines and. placed with the safety engineer.'9.
Safety engineers will serve in a staff oapacity, will advise
the respective contractors or operators, and will work with all de­partments and supervisors in the coordination of safety work and thefulfillment of contractual obligations.
10. Contractors are responsible for the occupational safetyof military personnel under their work supervision. The Government
program will include Detachment Areas and military personnel not a s ­signed to or working in close association with contractors. All
military personnel are covered by the publio safety program.

J
-3-

VI.

Occupational Safety Program.

1.
The Corps of Engineers "Safety Requirements for Excavation,
Building, Construction," as amended, shall constitute the minimum
safety requirements for all work under the jurisdiction of the Man­
hattan Distriot.
2.
For specific items in construction, maintenance or opera­
tions aotivities, where the "Safety Requirements" as supplemented by
the Distriot Safety Branch, do not provide coverage or pertain,
supplemental safety requirements will be developed at the site inaooordanoe with the best of recognized and accepted procedures.
Such supplemental safety requirements will be reviewed and approvedby the Area Engineer or Officer in Charge, and forwarded to the Dis­
trict Office.
3.
Each Area Engineer or Officer in Charge supervising Govern­
ment or contractor employees with a combined monthly exposure of
80,000 or more employee-hours shall have a full-time, qualified safetyengineer on his staff.
4.
Area Engineers or Officers in Charge will see that a Boardof Investigation is appointed to determine the causes, fix responsi­
bility, and recommend preventative measures after each fatal accident.
5.
A program to increase interest in accident prevention will
be maintained for Government employees through monthly bulletins,encouragement of individual participation, and the elimination ofphysical hazards in offices. All buildings assigned to or primarily
occupied by Government employees will be surveyed for hazards andcompliance with safety requirements.
6.
The work of the District and Area occupational safetyengineers is unusual in that .the direct safety engineering work andfield correction are responsibilities of the contractors. Government
safety engineers serve as liaison engineers to contractors* safety
departments and insure through the Area Engineer or Officer in Charge,
correction of violations of safety requirements and deficiencies oforganization, and encourage progressive engineering techniques whioh
will prevent aocidents. The occupational safety program, therefore,
outlines the activities to be executed through initiative of thecontractors’safety departments as well as from the guidance of theDistrict and Area Safety Staffs and support of the Area Engineer or
Offioer in Charge.
7.
The development of an adequate safety and accident prevention
program is a contractual obligation and the safety program of eachoontraotor will be expeoted to includesJ-5-Complete and regular inspections, tests, and main­
tenance of all equipment, machines and tools thatwould oreate a hazard if not properly maintained -high pressure lines, pressure vessels, acid lines,
safety valves, pressure gauges, automotive equipment,
hoists, cranes, hand tools, etc.
Inspection systems to identify and eliminate unsafe
physioal conditions and to discover and correct unsafe
acts which might lead to accidents.
Protection of health from material and processes
peculiar to the activities of the Manhattan District
through enforcement of practices and procedures de­veloped by contractor and/or Government medical andsafety departments.
_,
Services comparable to those furnished normally byindustrial hygiene units to determine the existenceof problems and hazards coming within the scope of theindustrial hygienist, measures for the elimination of
hazards through either engineering revision, supplying
necessary protective equipment, specifying selection
and placement of workers or similar methods.
An educational program to begin the day an employee
is hired, including a good set of safety rules in pocket
manual form, as well as timely information and pro­cedures on specific operations; procedures and infor­
mation furnished to supervisors, and through super­visors to all workers.
Thorough investigation of all occupational accidents,
not only to prevent their recurrence at the same site,
but also to develop experience, policy, and training
procedures to prevent them from occurring elsewhere.
Accurate and complete injury reports and summaries
as required by District Circulars.
Preparation of a program of safety training, to satisfy
the following basic Requirements:(1)

Safety instruction as a part of the orientation
program.

(2)

Safety integrated in employee job training courses.

(3)

Safety instruction to the employee on the job
through the media of safety meetings and job in­structions by the foremen. The safety departments
7-£.

Street lighting installations or improvements wherelighting is at present inadequate and hazardous.

h.

Re-design of atre3t intersections, roadways, andparking facilities at locations where the layout ishazardous or inadequate for handling traffic.

i_.

Recommendations for parking and other traffic facilities
and control measures in the restricted areas.

j_.

Investigation of complaints and referred matters con­cerning traffic conditions and driver practices andprepare recommendations for correction.

k.

Standard specifications for determining the need for
manual traffic control by police for guidance of theguard force.

Other Fublic Safety and Home Safety.
a.

Reporting of off-the-job accident cases from hospitals
and use of these data for guidance and planning ofhome and public (non-traffic) safety activities.

Is.

Improvement of the accident reporting from the schools
and compilation and interpretation of these data foruse in instruction and in guiding the school safety
program.

c_.

Inspections of public buildings and schools to determine
unsafe conditions or practices.

d^.

Inspection of playgrounds and other recreational facili­ties to determine hazardous conditions or practices
and plan improvements.

£.

Improvement in the use and training of school safety
patrols.

_f.

Inauguration of safety activities in departments andagencies having public accident problems, with approp­
riate set-ups for handling suoh activities.

Fublic Sducation.
ji.

Proper publicity for traffic, home and other public
safety activities through newspapers published by orserving communities of the Manhattan Distriot.

District, and develop measures for improvement with respect to operat­ing personnel, equipment and procedures.
3.
Furnish available inrormation concerning public and homehazards to stimulate interest in public safety activities.
IX.

Research and Development.

1.
The work of the Manhattan District is suoh that new, often
technically complex, problems of personal protection, susceptibility,
tolerances, and toxicity, as well as problems arising out of designof new types of equipment, continually arise. The Medical Branch andthe Safety Branch will continue to study new and unusual problems andexperiment with oontrols to cope with them. The Safety Branch willkeep informed of developments in related research fields.
2.
The Safety Branch will study its accident records to accurat­
ely define accident problems and indicate ways of developing new andbetter methods of controlling hazards, particularly the special hazardsof Manhattan District work.
3.
The Safety Branch will conduct and attend such safety con­ferences as are essential to the functions of the Branch.
X.

Statistical.
The District Safety Branch will:

1.
Collect, review, and prepare statistical summaries of all
Manhattan District personal injury reports.
2.
Complete audit semi-annually of all accident records to es­
tablish completeness and correctness.
3.
Prepare special analyses from accident reports and records
either initiated or requested.
4.
Install a McBee Keysort System for more effioient analysis
of operations injury reports.
5.
Prepare monthly releases of accident data to all Areas of
the Manhattan District.
X I . Administrative.
The District Safety Branch will:1.
Consolidate Distriot requirements for safety material, forms,
and publications and distribute same to the Areas and other officesof the Manhattan District.

MANHATTAN DISTRICT SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION ORGANIZATION

16 JUNE 1945

ORDERS AND REGULATIONSCORPS OF ENGINEERS
U. S. ARMY

CHAPTER XISAFETY A N D
1- , - 1' i.. \ . - .
ACCIDENT PREVENTIONm m

2 S E P T E M B E R 1944This

pamphletsu per se desChapter X IV ,Or der s and Regul at i ons, 15 J a n u a r y
and

1943,

i n c l u d e s a II r e v i s i o n s , a m e n d m e n t s ,and c h a n g e s to Z S e p t e m b e r 1944.

CHAPTERSAFETYANDXI

ACCIDENTPREVENTION•SECTION

1-POLICY1101.01 STATEMENT OF POLICY.— a. It is essential to ef­
ficient conduct of all work uncTer the jurisdiction of theCorps of Engineers, and the protection of all employees,that every practical means be utilized to eliminate or min­imize all accident, fire and health hazards in its opera­
tions and that personal protective devices, equipment andapparel be provided, as the type of work exposure requires.
b. All work performed by contract will be in compli­
ance with the established Safety Requirements of the Corpsof Engineers.
c. A comprehensive and continuous accident prevention
program will be maintained throughout the Corps of Engi­
neers for the purpose of preventing deaths, injuries, occu­
pational siclmesa and disease to Government employees andthe destruction of and damage to materials, equipment,plantand other property.
SECTION

2 - ORGANIZATION

1102.01 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS.—
There is es­
tablished in the Office of the Chief of Engineers the Safe­ty and Accident Prevention Branch hereinafter referred toas the Safety Branch. The scope of the Branch will include:(1) The personal safety of all Government employ­ees in all operations under the Jurisdiction of the Chiefof Engineers.
(2) Inclusion of safety engineering techniques
and practices in design, plans and construction of build­ings, equipment, plant and other facilities in order toprovide w l i m safety for occupants and operators.
(3) First aid and other medical treatment of ac­
cidental injuries and occupational diseases.
(4) Health and sanitation, physical examinations
for safety purposes, inoculation, vaccination and immuniza­
tion; medical and hospital service and supplies; drinking
water, toilet and sewage facilities.
(5) Standards and requirements* for fire preven­tion and protection relating to civil works operations,plants, buildings, equipment and other facilities.
(6) Examining, testing and training of motor ve­
hicle operators, training of supervisory personnel
andother safety training activities.
-1-(7) Compliance with Safety Requirements.
(8) Liaison with the United States Employees'
Compensation Commission on matters relating to reporting
procedures.
(9) liaison with the Office of the Surgeon Gen­
eral on matters relating to occupational injuries, hygieneand disease.

1102.02 ADMINISTRATION OF THE SAFETT BRANCH.—a.
The
Chief of the Safety Branch will be responsible fori(1) Development and promulgation of policies anddoctrine within the scope defined.
(2) Promulgation of Safety requirements and stand­ards for all Contract and Hired labor work.
(3) Preparation of all Safety forms, maintenanceof records and related activities.
(4) Detailed analysis of all reports for the pur­pose ofj Developing patterns and trends, preparing fore­casts for advance planning, developing and evaluating ec­
onomic aspects, correlating and coordinating activities andrelated data.
(5) Planning, organizing, promulgating and ini­
tiating activities throughout the Corps of Engineers serv­
ing as consulting specialist for the Chief of Engineers
on safety engineering, accident prevention and occupational
health and sanitation matters and as his representative atconferences and technical meetings concerning such activi­
ties.
(6) Field visits and studies in Divisions andDistricts for the purpose of effectuating the accident pre­vention program, providing assistance ini administrative andtechnical problems, safety training,enforcement of safety
requirements, and other related activities.
(7) Review and evaluation of effectiveness offield organization and program and the development and in­itiation of the corrective measures indicated.
b. The Assistant Chiefs of the Safety Branch will be
responsible fori
(1) Sharing the direction and control of the ad­ministrative and technical functions of the Branch.
(2) Assuming the duties of the Chief of the
Branch in his absence.
(3) Providing for final executive action, expert
advice and recommendations on safety engineering and acci­
dent prevention problems and policies.
(A) Performing related work as assigned.

1102.03 FTTM) ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS.— a. Field op­
erations cemprise the offices of the Division and District

3
Engineers and independent establishments and all work under
their Jurisdiction.
b. Each Division Engineer '■ill maintain a Safety and
Accident Prevention Branch or Section charged vith the
responsibility for the direction and supervision of all ac­
cident prevention activities in the Division. A full timequalified civilian Safety Engineer will be designated Chiefof the Branch or Section.
o. Bach District Engineer will galntaln a Safety and
Accident Prevention Branch or Section charged with the re­sponsibility far the direction and supervision of all ac­
cident prevention activities in the Distriot. A full time,qualified civilian Safety Engineer will be designated Chiefof the Branch or Section.
d. Bach Independent establishment shall maintain such
Safety and Accident Prevention organization as prescribedby the Chief of Engineers.
e. The organization and scope of operations of theDivision and District Safety and Accident Prevention
Branches, or Sections shall conform, as far as possible, tothat of the Safety and Accident Prevention Branch, Officeof the Chief of Engineers.
f . Each project or area, either contract or hired
labor7 with an optimum monthly exposure of 80,000 man-hours
or more shall be under the safety engineering supervision cf
a full time, quail fled civilian Safety Engineer.
g. A project or area, either contract or hired labor,
with unusual hazards or one with work spread over large
areas will also require full time safety engineering super­
vision regardless of the fact that the monthly total manhours may be less than the foregoing standard.
h. Projects or areas not in either of the above cate­gories will be grouped for purposes of most effective safe­ty engineering supervision on the basis of one full time,qualified civilian Safety Engineer per group totaling
80,000 man-hours monthly.
SECTION

3-ACCIDENTREPORTS1103.01 GENERAL.— Set forth herein are the incidents forwhich individual reports relating to civil work will be
submitted through channels to the Office of the Chief ofEngineers.
(1) Death, permanent total, permanent partial,
temporary total or partial disability and sickness or dis­ease occurring from the occupation of an employee,of either
contractor or the Corps of Engineers, which prevents his or
her return to work on the next calendar day or shift or
which results in loss of time only on the day of injury.
(2) Motor vehicle accidents involving a Govern­
ment vehicle resulting in death or injury to person, or
property damage only.
(3) Damage or destruction by fixe in the amount4
of $100 or more, involving civil works construction, equip­
ment and plant.
(4)
All accidents resulting in property
only of $25 or more, not covered in paragraphs 1 to 3 above(including marine, tornado, hurricane, flood and similar
incidents.)
b. The reporting of lost time injuries on military
construction and at installations transferred to the Chiefof Engineers in a standby status or for disposal, will bein accordance with current instructions fran Headquarters,
Army Service Forces.NOTE*

Instructions and forms to be used will
be prescribed by Circular Letter.

1103.02 MONTHLY SUMMARY REPORTS.—
Reports required inparagraph 1103.01 will be summarized at the expiration ofeach calendar month and submitted to the Office of the
Chief of Engineers.
NOTEi

Instructions and forms to be used will
be prescribed by Circular Letter.

1103.03 SPECIAL REPORTS.— Imnediate notification will bemade by teletype of telegraph to the Chief of Engineers,
Attention* Safety and Accident Prevention Branch, of allaccidents resulting in death or critical injury or property
damage only of $500 or more. The report will include date
and time, name of employee or location of fire or property
damage. These reports will be pron$>tly followed with a de­tailed investigation.
SECTION

4-SAFETYREQUIREMENTS#

1104.01 GENERAL.— All work performed under jurisdictionof the Corps of Engineers will be in compliance with the"Safety Requirements for Excavation,Building,Construction",
approved by the Chief of Engineers, 16 December 1941, andamendments thereto a3 approved and issued pending reprintof "Safety Requirements".
b. Division and District Engineers may establish
rules and regulations applicable to occupational hazards andunsafe practices not prescribed in the "Safety Requirements
for Excavation, Building, Construction". A copy of suchrules and regulations shall be promptly transmitted to the
Office of the Chief of Engineers.

1104.02 ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT PROVISIONS.— a. Construc­tion Contract Work. All construction contract work under■the jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers will be perform­
ed in compliance with the "Safety Requirements for Exca­
vation, Building Construction", revised 15 March 1943

damage5
and as amended. (See P R 362).
b. Supply Contracts. Contracting Officers will re­quire strict compliance with the provisions of Article 4 (b)TO Contract Form No. 1.
1104.03 HIRED LABOR WORK.— All work performed by the em­
ployees of the Corps of Engineers will be in compliancewith the "Safety Requirements for Excavation, Building,Construction", and other directives promulgated as needs are
determined.
SECTION

5-PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT1105.01 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND OTHER EQUIPMENT AND
APPAREL. — Procurement will be in accordance with thepertinent provisions of Chapter V H Orders and Regulations.
The provision of paragraph 8302.04, "Safety Requirements
for Excavation, Building, Construction" will govern inthe use of protective equipment and apparel.
SECTION

6 -TRAININGANDEDUCATION

1106.01 SAFETY TRAINING.— a. This is a responsibility of
the Safety Branch by delegation from Civilian Personnel
Branch. Close collaboration will be maintained with theTraining Section, Civilian Personnel Branch, and monthly re­ports of progress will be submitted to the Training Section.
b. VISUAL AIDS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING.—
All
requests 7or posters, pamphlets, safe practices and othermaterial of the National Safety Council, and other techni­
cal publications and materials essential to education andtraining will be transmitted through official channels to
the Chief of Engineers, Attention! Safety and Accident Pre­vention Branch for central purchase of all such material
in order to secure quantity prices and to facilitate pur­chase and distribution.
SECTION

7 -HEALTHA NDSANITATION

1107.01 MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS.— a. Physical Examinationsof employees are authorized for tKe following purposesi(1) In emergency to determine whether or not there
exists a communicable disease, mental derangement or whenmalingering is suspected.
(2) To determine whether or not physical defects
exist that are incompatible with a particular work or as­
signment.
(3) To determine fitness as food handlers inorder to prevent food contamination.
b.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN EMERGENCY CASES.— In any
case In which the physical examination of an employee inthe service is required at an early date to ascertain
whether the employee has a communicable disease, mental de­rangement, or to ascertain his fitness for duty, or when

4malingering is suspected, and it is desired that such ex­
amination be given by an officer of the Public Health Ser­vice, request for authority to apply to the nearest repre­
sentative of the Public Health Service, request for such
■examination should be presented to the Chief of Engineers
for transmission to the Secretary of War, who will takeaction in accordance with general authority granted by De­
partmental Circular No. 79 of the Civil Service Commission
dated 18 July 1931. In other cases, statement to the ef­
fect, that early action is not necessary should be made inorder that request for authority to apply to the represen­tative of the Public Health Service for the necessary ex­amination may be forwarded to the Civil Service Commission.
Physicians of the Public Health Service will makephysical examinations of employees of the Engineer Depart­
ment of all classes, including seasonal, unclassified,and
temporary, upon proper request from the responsible of­ficer of the Engineer Department, provided such examina­
tions do not interfere with the routine care and treatmentof legal beneficiaries of the Public Health Service. Fulladvantage should be taken of this offer in all cases where
it is practical, 30 that the physically unfit, whether newor old employees, may be placed in work where the chancesof injury are at a minimum. In the event that physiciansof the Public Health Service are not available for thisemergency service, Division and District Engineers may re­quest authority from the Chief of Engineers to engage pri­vate physicians for the purpose.
c.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF FOOD HANDLERS.— (1) All
prospective food handlers as defined below will be required
to undergo a prescribed examination before being employed
and semi-annually thereafter, except that a special exami­
nation may be required if signs or synqptoms of any camminicable disease are noted.
(2) The term "food handlers" will be construed
to include all persons who are regularly and continuously
assigned to such duties as will require them to prepare andserve food or drink or to handle dishes, tableware, or
kitchen utensils. Included in this category will bet cooks,
assistant cooks, cooks' helpers, bakers, butchers, meatcutters, waiters, dining room and kitchen helpers handlingand washing dishes and kitchen utensils, mess foremen, andany other person who comes in constant and intimate contact
with food in other than unbroken packages which are pro­tected against contamination.
(3) No person in the transndssable stage of acommunicable disease or who is a known carrier of the causa­
tive organisms of such a disease or otherwise unsuitable
for th£ work of a food handler, either at the time of theInitial examination or subsequently, will be employed assuch.
(4.) Wherever practicable, the examination of foodhandlers, both before employment and thereafter, will be\7made by physicians of the Public Health Service, the Vet­
erans' Administration, or by a member of the A m y Medical
Corps, inhere Government medical facilities are not avail­able, District Engineers may request authority from the
Chief of Engineers to engage the services of a private phy­sician or clinic for the purpose at Government expense.
(5)
The standards to be applied, the instructions
to be followed and the forms to be U 3 e d in connection withthe above examinations will be prescribed by Circular Let­
ter.
1107.02 INOCULATIONS, VACCINATION AND IMMUNIZATION.— a. Al­
though not mandatory, preference in employment will be
granted to personnel who have been immunised or signified
their willingness to be immunized against certain diseases.
(1) I n o cu lat io n agai nst typh oi d s hould be arra n g e dthrou gh the surgeon o f the n e ar est a r m y c a m p o r post, or,i f t h i 3 is not conveni ent or po ssible, t h r o u g h the p ub li ch e a l t h o f f i c e r a t the nea re st sta ti on o f the U n i t e d S ta t e s
P u b l i c He a l t h Service. W h e n these f a c i l i t i e s are n o t a v a i lab le , the service m a y be secured t h r o u g h the assignmei&
of a r e gu la rl y e mp loyed m e d i c a l officer o f the E n g i n e e r
D e p a r t m e n t o r the engagem en t o f a p h y s i c i a n o n a fee basis.

(2) Vaccination against small-pox and Inoculation
against Rocky Mountain spotted fever, poison oak and poison
ivy will not be performed without prior authority of the
Chief of Engineers. Request for authority
should state
whether the service will be rendered by regular medical of­ficer of the Government or by a physician to be engaged ona fee basis. If the latter, the request should state thefee proposed.
1107.03 MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL SERVICE.— a.
Medical, sur­gical and hospital services will or may be provided em­
ployees as prescribed herewith!
(1) E m pl oye es i n ju re d i n li ne of d u t y w i l l bet r e a t e d a nd hospita li ze d b y the U n i t e d S t a t e s Employees'
Co mp e n s a t i o n Commission.

(2) The officers in charge of river and harbor,
flood_ control or other civil works of the Engineer Depart­
ment are further hereby authorized, in case of sickness in­curred in the line of duty of any employee when serving in
the field, to take such steps as follows for his care, in­cluding medical and surgical treatment to such extent a3
the case may require!
(a) In the case of slight and passing ail­ments, to supply the employee with such simple and ordinary
remedies as can be used safely without the employment of aphysician, and for that purpose to purchase and keep on
hand a sufficient supply of suitable medicines, remedies,and appliances.
(b) In cases of the appearance of any con­tagious or infectious disease among his employees, to take8
all such prompt and affective steps, and to use all suchprecautions as shall be necessary for the care of those at­tacked ty the disease and to prevent its comnunication toothers, the provisions of the paragraph shall apply to bothfield and office employees.
SECTION 8
PROCEDURE FOR C OMP E NS A T I ON FOR I N J U R I E S
1108.01 LAWS AND REGULATIONS.— The provisions of lair gov­
erning compensation of injured employees, employees' com­pensation fund and the United States Compensation Commis­
sion are contained in the Act of 7 September 1916, as
amended by the Acts of 5 June 1924, 6 June 1926, 12 Febru­
ary 1927,
13 May 1936, and 6 April 1938.The United States
Employees' Compensation Commission has also published reg­ulations in accordance with the Act.
1108.02 REPORTING PROCEDURE.— All reports concerning em­
ployee compensation^ except those relating to the rights
and benefits of employees, will be processed by the Safety
and Accident Prevention Branch of the Office of the Chiefof Engineers for that office and try the Safety and Accident
Prevention Branches or Sections of the Division and District
offices and Independent Establishments for their respective
jurisdictions. Copies of all reports will be forwarded tothe appropriate Civilian Personnel Officer. Direct contact
with the United States Employees' Compensation Commission
will be maintained by the above mentioned offices.

ORDERSAND

REGULATIONSCHAPTER XISAFETYAND A C C I D E N T

PREVENTIONTABIE OF CONTENTS
SectionParagraph

J.

Policy1101.01

2

Organization
Office of the Chief of Engineers...... 1102.01
Administration of Safety Branch....... 1102.02
Field Organization and Operations..... 1102.03

3

Accident Reports
General................................. 1103.01
Monthly Summary Reports................ 1103.02
Special Reports................. ....... 1103.03

4

Safety Requirements
General................................. 1104.01
Enforcement of Contract Provisions.... 1104.02

Hired Labor Vork......... ........... 1104.03

5

Protective Equipment
Personal Protective and other
Equipment and Apparel.................. 110$.01

6Training and Education
Safety Training........................ 1106.01

7

Health and Sanitation.
Medical Examinations............... .....1107.01
Inoculations, Vaccination and
Immunization.... ....................... 1107.02
Medical and Hospital Service...........1107.03

8

Procedure for Compensation
for Injuries
Laws and Regulations................... 1108.01
Reporting Procedure.................... 1108.02

82-9127

WAR DEPARTMENT• CORPS OF ENGINEERS

UNITED STATES ARMY

Safety Requirementsfor• E XC A V A T IO N
• BUILDING• C O N STR U C T IO NWAR DEPARTMENT• CORPS OF ENGINEERS

UNITED STATES ARMY

Approved by the Chief of Engineers
December 16, 1941
Revised March 15, 1943

Safety Requirements for• EXCAVATION• BUILDING• CONSTRUCTION
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
CONSTRUCTION DIVISIONSAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION BRANCH

United States Government Printing Office
Washington : 1943

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Definitions____________________________________ 8301. 00

1GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Drinking W ater___________________________ 8302. 01
Toilet Facilities_____________ _____________ 8302. 02
First-Aid Stations and Infirmaries__________ 8302. 03
Protective Equipment and Practices------------ 8302. 04.Lighting____;_______________ .______________ 8302.05
Gas and Smoke___________ ,________________ 8302. 00
Salamanders,______________________________ 8302. 07
Accident Reporting____________________ ___ 8302. 08
Employment of Safety Engineer____________ 8302. 09
Transporting Project Personnel____________ 8302.10
Storing Materials and Disposal of Waste____ 8302.11

5
5
6
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Steam Boilers:
Inspection___________ _____________________

8303. 01

19

Excavations_________________________ _____ 8304. 07
Trench Excavation_________________________ 8304.08

21
21

Excavation:

Ropes, Cables, Chains:
Inspection and Use.________________________ 8304. 09

23

Ramps, Runways, Platforms, and Scaffolds:
General___________________________________ 8305. 01
Nails_____________________________________ - 8305.02
Scaffold Loads_____________________________ 8305. 03
Pole Scaffolds------- ---------------------- -------------- 8305.04•Outrigger Scaffolds__________.-_____________ 8305.05
Horse or Frame Scaffolds___ _____---------- ---- 8305. 06
Ladder Jack Scaffolds-------------------------------- 8305. 07
Carpenters’ Portable Bracket Scaffolds--------- 8305. 08

(v)

28
29
29
30
33
34
36
36

(VI)
Kamps, Runways, Platforms, and Scaffolds—Continued.
Window Jack Scaffold_____________ ._______ 8305. 09
Foot Scaffolds__________________ __________ 8305.10
Guard Kails, Toe Boards, Screens__________ 8305.11
Roofing Devices— _________________________ 8305.12
Temporary and Permanent Stairways______ 8305.13
Temporary Floors_______________________ _ 8305.14
Painters’ Swinging Scaffolds__ ______.______ 8305.15
Boatswains’ Chairs___________ _____________ 8305.16
Suspended Scaffolds_____.__________________ 8305.17
Needle Beam Scaffold_____________________ 8305.18
Ladder Specifications:
General______:__________________ ________ _ 8306.00.
Single Rung Ladder_____________________ :_ 8306. 02
Single Cleat Ladder__ ,____________________ 8306. 03
Extension Ladders______________________ _ 8306. 04
Step Ladders______________________________ 8306. 05
Sectional Ladders_______„_____ ____________ 8306. 06
Trestle Ladders___________1________________ 8306. 07
Extension Trestle Ladders_________________ 8306. 08
Painting:
Storage of Paints___________ ______________ 8307. 01
Spray Painting__ ______ _______________ :___ 8307. 02
Electrical W ire and Apparatus:
General________________________ !___ _______ 8308.01
Blasting:
General_______— ___:_______ _______________ 8309.01
Transportation of Explosives_____________ _ 8309. 02
Handling of E xplosives.-.____ __________ _ 8309. 03
Storage of Explosives_____ __________ ______ 8309. 04
Drilling._________________________________8309. 05
Loading—__________ ______ _____________ ___ 8309. 06
W irin g________________ ________ ___________ 8309.07
Firing-------------------------------------------------------- 8309. 08
Inspection after Blasting__________________ 8309. 09
Misfires__________________ ...1.____ __________ 8309.10
Tools (in preparation):
Hand T ools_______________________________8311. 01
Power Operated Tools_____________________ 8311. 02

(VII)

37
87

38
30

39
40
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
47

Poisons and Harmful Substances (in preparation)____________________________ ____________8312.00

Page

Inflammables:
General____________ _________________ _____ 8313.01
Storage________________ ____________ ______ 8313.02
Handling and Use________________________ 8313.03

60
61
62

Hot Substances (in preparation)______________8314.00
Welding, Cutting, Burning (in preparation):
Oxyacetylene__________________________:__ 8315. 01
E lectric___________________________________ 8315. 02
Machinery and Mechanized Equipment:
General_______________________ 1___________8316. 01
Cranes, Hoists, and Derricks________—,____ 8316. 02
Woodworking Machinery__________________ 8316. 03

64
66
68

48
48
49

49
50
50
51

62
62

54
54
57
67

58
58
58
59

Floating Plant:
Inspection_________________________________ 8317. 01
Gangways, Guardrails, platforms, etc--------- 8317. 02
Machinery and Deckgear__________________ 8317.03
Miscellaneous_____________________________ 8317.04
Launches and Motorboats__________________ 8317. 05
D rills_____________________________________ 8317.06
King B uoys__________________ :____________ 8317. 07
Skiffs_________________________________ ____ 8317.08
Life Vests (Work Vests)__________ ________ 8317.09
Fire Prevention and Protection____________ 8317.10
Sanitation—Living Quarters_______________ 8317.11
Medical Supplies and First Aid—----------------- 8317.12

70
70
71
73
73
74
75
76
76
77
78
79

INFORMATION FOR CONTRACTORSAll contract work under the jurisdiction of the Corps of Engi­
neers will be performed in compliance with the accident preven­tion manual entitled, “ Safety Requirements for Excavation,
Building and Construction,” as established in the following acci­
dent prevention clause which is a part of all construction con­tracts.
(1) Cost-Plus-a-Fixed-Fee Construction Contracts: “ Acoident
Prevention.—In order to protect the life and health of employees
in the performance o f this contract, the contractor will comply
with all pertinent provisions of the ‘Safety Requirements for
Excavation, Building and Construction,’ approved by the Chiefof Engineers, December 16, 1941 (a copy of which is on file in
the office of the Contracting Officer), and as may be amended,
and will take or cause to be taken such additional measures as
the Contracting Officer may determine to be reasonably neces­sary for this purpose. The contractor will maintain an accurate
record of, and will report to the Contracting Officer in the man­ner and on the forms prescribed by the Contracting Officer, allcases of death, occupational disease, and traumatic injury aris­ing out o f or in the course of employment on work under thiscontract. The Contracting Officer will notify the contractor of
any noncompliance with the foregoing provisions and the action
to be taken. The contractor shall, after receipt of such notice,
immediately correct the conditions to which attention has been
directed. Such notice, when served on the contractor or his
representative at the site of the work, shall be deemed sufficientfor the purpose aforesaid. I f the contractor fails or refuses tocolnply promptly, the Contracting Officer may issue an order
stopping all or any part o f the work. When satisfactory cor­
rective action is taken, a start order will be issued.”(2)
Lump-Sum and Unit-Price Construction Contracts: “Acci­
dent Prevention.— In order to protect the life and health of em­
ployees in the performance of this contract, the contractor willcomply with all pertinent provisions of the ‘Safety Requirements
for Excavation, Building and Construction’ approved by the
Chief of Engineers, December 16, 1941 (a copy of which is on
file in the office of the Contracting Officer), and as may be
(ix)

(X)
amended, and will take or cause to be taken such additional
measures as the Contracting Officer may determine to be rea­
sonably necessary for this purpose. The contractor will main­
tain an accurate record of, and will report to the Contracting
Officer in the manner and on the forms prescribed by theContracting Officer, all cases o f death, occupational disease
and traumatic injury arising out of, or in the course of,
employment on work under this contract. The Contracting
Officer will notify the contractor of any noncompliance withthe foregoing provisions and the action to be taken. The
contractor shall, after receipt o f such notice, immediately
correct the conditions to which attention has been directed.
Such notice, when served on the contractor or his representa­
tive at the site of the work, shall be deemed sufficient for the
purpose aforesaid. I f the contractor fails or refuses to comply
promptly, the Contracting Officer may issue an order stopping
all or any part of the work. When satisfactory corrective action
is taken, a start order will be issued. No part o f the time lost
due to any such stop order shall be made the subject of claim forextension of time or for excess costs or damages by the con­tractor.”DEFINITIONS
8301.00
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION WORK
The phrase “Building and Construction work” shall mean andinclude the excavation, construction or erection, alteration andpainting of buildings and other structures and all operations inconnection therewith;. the excavation, construction, alteration
and repair of sewers and trenches, and all operations pertaining
thereto.
SUBSTANTIAL
The term “ Substantial” means construction o f such strength,of such material and of such workmanship that the object re­ferred to shall, under normal foreseen conditions or circum­
stances, withstand all reasonably expected wear, shock, usage
and deterioration.
SECURELY FASTENED
The term “ Securely Fastened” means that the subject or thingreferred to shall be so secured in place that it cannot under nor­mal foreseen conditions or circumstances be accidentally or un­intentionally displaced, and that the object or thing referred towill be upheld and will withstand such weight or shock as isreasonably expected from normal use, condition or circumstances.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
The term “ Factor of Safety” means the ratio between the ulti­
mate breaking strength and the allowable safe unit working
stresses of the material, structure or device. The term “ Factor
of Safety” of four (4) means that the material, structure or de­vice shall be constructed of such strength that the ordinary im­
posed load will be one-fourth the ultimate breaking load. Where(1)

2other factors of safety appear herein, they shall apply in similarmanner. Standard handbooks may be used in determining thestrength o f material.
EQUIPMENTThe term “ Equipment” includes all the machinery, devices,
tools, derricks, hoists, elevators, scaffolds, platforms, runways,
ladders and all such facilities, safeguards and protective con­struction used in connection with construction operations.
LADDER
The term “ Ladder” shall mean an appliance designed for use
in ascending or descending at any angle exceeding fifty degrees
with the horizontal, usually consisting of two side pieces calledside-rails, joined at short intervals by cross pieces called rungs,
cleats or treads. Any stairway rising at an angle steeper than
50 degrees from the horizontal will be considered a ladder.
FIXED LADDERThe term “ Fixed” ladder shall mean a ladder substantiallyfastened in any fixed position.
SINGLE LADDER#The term “ Single” ladder shall mean a ladder consisting of but
one section.
EXTENSION LADDERThe term “ Extension” ladder shall mean a ladder consisting of
two or more sections traveling in guides or brackets so arranged
that it may be adjusted to variable lengths.
STEP LADDER*The term “ Step” ladder shall mean a ladder having flat treads
and so constructed as to be self-supporting.
SECTIONAL LADDERThe term “ Sectional” ladder shall mean a ladder consisting of
two or more sections so constructed that the sections, whencombined, will function as a single ladder.

t3“ A” OR TRESTLE LADDER'The term “A” ladder or “ Trestle Ladder” shall mean a ladderconsisting of two single ladders hinged or joined at the top toform equal angles with the base.
EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDERThe term “ Extension Trestle Ladder” shall mean a ladder con­sisting of an “A ” or “ Trestle” ladder with an additional ver­tical single ladder having parallel sides which is adjustable per­pendicularly and is provided with a device to lock it into place.
WALL OPENINGS
The term “Wall Openings” shall mean openings in walls fromwhich there is a clear drop of 6 feet or more, and shall include
openings giving access to yard arms or block and tackle door­
ways and other openings 30 inches or more in height and 18
inches or more in width, the sill or lower edge of which is lessthan 18 inches above the floor or platform level. Open sides ofbuilding between columns, girders, or piers shall not be con­sidered as wall openings.
PAINT MATERIALSThe term “ Paint Materials” shall be defined as any material
such as paint, varnish, shellac, stains, thinners, lacquers, dryers,size, varnish removers, bronzing liquids, enamels, colors dry or
ground in oil, which are used for the preparation, finishing,decoration or protection of surfaces on buildings, structures orany parts thereof.
SCAFFOLD
The term “ Scaffold” shall mean an elevated platform used
for supporting workmen and/or material in connection with anyof the operations coming within the scope of those requirements.
RUNWAYThe term “ Runway” shall mean any aisle, walk, or drive con­structed or maintained as a passageway for workmen or rolling
equipment.

4
RAMP
The term “ Ramp” shall moan an Inclined runway.
MACHINERY AND MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT“ Machinery and Mechanized Equipment” shall mean an oper­
ating unit or a series of operating units, mobile or stationary,deriving its power for operation from a prime mover generated
by wind, water, steam, electricity, compressed air, or internal
combustion engine. The prime mover shall also be consideredpart of the operating unit.
ILLUSTRATIONS
The plates, figures, sketches, and illustrations shown herein
and to which reference is made in the text shall not be construed
as specifications but shall he considered as types for information
or guides only in the construction of such equipment.

5

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 01—DRINKING WATER
8302.01A.
The dispensing of drinking water to employees shall be inaccordance with the following procedure:
1. Drinking water will be obtained only from sources ap­
proved by Area or District Engineer.
2. Any of the following dispensing methods shall be used:(a) Stationary bubbler with guarded orifice installed on ap­
proved water line.
(b) Fully enclosed water container and individual paper
drinking cups.
(c) Portable sanitary drinking fountains meeting specifica­
tions of, Procurement Division, Treasury Department.
3. Dipping water out o f any container by individual cups,
dippers, canteens, etc., is prohibited, and such containers must
be provided with a covering so designed and fastened to prevent
such use.
4. All containers used to furnish drinking water will be thor­
oughly sterilized at least once a week, and more frequently if
circumstances require, by methods approved by competent med­
ical authorities.
SECTION 02—TOILET FACILITIES
8302.02
A. For every 30 persons or less there shall be provided a privy
or closet space so constructed that the occupant thereof will beshielded from view and protected against weather and falling
objects. Each privy shall be provided with an adequate urinal
trough.
B. At locations where a water-carriage sewerage system or
chemical toilets are not available, the privy or closet space shallcontain a fly-tight box constructed over a pit latrine or over
pails or other suitable containers where pits are impracticable.
C. To render the box fly^tight, all cracks must be closed andthe covers and hinges so arranged that the lids drop automati­
cally ; also there must be close contact between the base of thebox and the ground. Additional fly proofing will be obtained by
excavating an area 4 feet wide completely surrounding the pit
to a depth of 6 inches. Cover this area with burlap soaked in
crude oil, the burlap being placed so that it hangs down into thepit to a depth of 18 inches. The earth is then replaced over theburlap and tamped down. If burlap is not obtainable, the earth
from excavated area may be mixed with crude oil and tamped
back in place.
D. Each day the pit will be sprayed with crude oil, and theinterior of both the box and the pit should be kept thoroughly
coated with crude oil at all times.

6
E. The latrine seats will be scrubbed with soap and water
daily, and washed off at least twice weekly with an antiseptic
solution.
F. When the contents reach to within 2 feet of the top, pits
will be filled with earth to within 6 Inches of the surface andcovered with a layer o f sacking, soaked in crude oil, to extend 3
feet beyond the edges o f the pit; the remainder o f the pit willthen be filled in with earth and the location marked.
( N o t e . — This is an adaption of Army Regulations on thesubject.)
SECTION 03—FIRST AID STATIONS AND
8302.03
INFIRMARIES
A. First Aid Kits:
1. On all projects employing less than 100 workers, 16-unit
first aid kits shall be provided in the ratio of one for each
25 persons employed.
2. Each crew or part o f crew working in areas where poison­ous snakes are likely to be found shall be equipped with asnake-bite kit. Each snake-bite outfit shall contain:
1—plunger type suction syringe.
1— large suction cup for flat surfaces.
1— small round suction cup for small curved surfaces.
1— lancet sealed in glass or metal case.
3— ammonia inhalants.
3—iodine applicators.
1— tourniquet.
*
3— one-inch adhesive compresses.
1— tube syringe lubricant.
B. First Aid Field Station:
On all projects employing more than 100 and less than 300
persons, in a concentrated area, a first aid field station shall beestablished. First aid field stations shall provide a minimumof 100 square feet of floor space with provisions for adequate
light, heat, and water; walls and ceilings shall be covered with
nontoxic white paint, the floor shall be of impervious construc­tion, and the exterior shall display appropriate insignia.
Adequate directional signs shall be established on the project.
First aid field stations shall be o f the portable type so thatthey may be moved from one location to another to meet theneeds of various working groups. Each station shall be equipped
as follow s:
2— enamel hand wash basins.
1—bandage scissors 7 ".
1—pint iodine in glass-stoppered bottle for dispensing purposes.

7

W AR D EP A R TM EN T
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

Construction Division

SPECIFICATIONS
1* Sketch shows only the minimum
space requirements. Any suitablealternative arrangement will cons­
titute compliance.
2. The -facilities may be built as
a part of a new structure, attach­ed to an existing building or may
be an independent unit.
3. Walls and ceilings shall be
painted with two coats of non-tox­
ic white paint. The floors shallbe impervious so as to be easily
and sanitarily cleaned. (Concrete,
Tile, Linoleum).
/*. Rooms shall be adequately heat­ed and ventilated, windows and «utside doors shall be well screened,and suitable electric light andoutlets shall .be provided.
5. Hot and cold running water are
required and adequate toilet facil­
ities shall be furnished.
6. Consult detailed- specifications
for required equipment installation.

Safety Section,
Operations Branch
SUGGESTED PLAN FOR AN INFIRMARY
Chid Date
J. A. 3-1-41

519158°— 43------ 2

8

W A R DEPARTM ENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
WASHINGTON

Construction Division

SPECIFICATIONS

1. Sketch shows only the minimum
space requirements. Any suitable
alternative arrangement will con­stitute compliance.
2. The station may be built as aknockdown unit if desired but it
is recommended that it be construct­
ed on skids so it may be readily
moved from one location to anotheras the work demands.
3. Walls and ceiling 3hall be cov­
ered with two coats of non-toxic
white paint. The floor shall be of •impervious construction.
4. The room shall be adequately
heated and ventilated, the windows
and door shall be well screened,and suitable electric light andoutlets shall be provided.

✓

—
\

d X

S a f e t y S e c t io n
O p e r a tio n s Branch
SUGGESTED PLAN FOR A
PORTABLE FIRST AID STATION

Revised
5-1-42.

___i S a f e t y S e c t io n .

a r

\

'

9
1— dozen each 1 " and 2 " bandage and sterile dressings, 2 " x 2”
and 4 " x 4” .
1—bundle absorbent cotton.
1—foot rest.
—adhesive tape, y2" and 1” .
— aromatic spirits of ammonia.
— assorted safety pins.
—applicators.
—tourniquet.
—stretcher and blankets.
— alcohol, ether, benzol, or gasoline, if these substances areto be used in cleaning wounds (gasoline containing no
tetra-ethyl lead).
—band aids.
C. Infirmary:On all projects employing 300 to 1,000 persons, an infirmary
shall be established having a minimum floor space of 300 square
feet for 300 employees and an additional 100 square feet offloor space for each additional 300 employees. This shall con­sist of one room units with a minimum of four rooms for pro­jects employing 1,000 persons. The infirmary shall be so con­structed as to provide reasonable quiet, privacy, good ventila­
tion, light and heat, adequate toilet facilities, hot and coldrunning water, drainage, electrical outlets, and impervious
floors (lineoleum, concrete or tile). Walls and ceilings shall be
painted with two coats of white paint (nontoxic) and win­
dows and doors shall be properly screened. Telephone service
shall be maintained in the infirmary or immediately adjacent
thereto. The infirmary shall be so located on the project thatno person will be required to walk a prohibitory distance fortreatment. The infirmary shall be well marked with appropriate
insignia. Adequate directional signs shall be located at various
points throughout the project.
1.
The following equipment shall be made available for in­
firmaries on projects employing 1,000 persons:
1—glazed sink with hot and cold running water.
1— smooth top table, size 2' x 3' or 3' x 4'.
1—clock.
2—chairs or stools.
—benches for waiting room.

10f

1— cot or couch covered with washable material.
— recovery cots: 1 per 1,000 men employed; 1 per 30 women
employed, screened.
2— blankets (dark) wool per cot.
1—splint, Thomas type for arm (may be kept in main dressing
room only).
—cabinets for supplies.
1— abridged textbook on first aid. Industrial edition. Ameri­can Red Cross, By Col. C. Lynch and Lt. Col. M. S.
Shields, (latest edition).
1—foot rest.
1—stretcher.
—soda mint tablets.
2— rubber-covered washable pillows.
2—enamel hand wash basins.
1—pus basin (kidney shaped).
1— waste pail, covered.
1—hot water bottle.
1—stretcher.
1— (or more) screens, folding type of light construction.
1—desk, chair, and file.
-—individual towels, drinking cups, soap.
1—liquid soap dispenser (optional).
1—flash light.
1— bandage scissors 7 ".
•— bottles of assorted sizes of solutions.
1—clinical thermometer.
6— eye droppers.
1— tourniquet.
-—splints wood (yu cca).
1—splint, Thomas type for leg (may be kept in main dressing
room only). ,—zinc oxide ointment, % lb. (optional).
—butesin picrate ointment in tubes (optional).
— aspirin tablets (for minor complaints only).
— boric acid, 1 lb.
— magnesium sulphate, 1 lb.
—hand brushes.
-^-tincture of iodine.
— bandages, 1 " and 2 % '', several dozen of each.
— sterile dressing, 2 " x 2 ", 4 " x 4 " and Huffs.
— absorbent cotton, 1 lb.

11— adhesive tape,1” , and 3 " sizes (quantity depending
on demand).
— aromatic spirits of ammonia.
—assorted safety pins.
—applicators and tongue depressors.
—bichloride of mercury tablets (safety type) for antiseptic
solution.
— tincture of green soap (optional).
—scarlet red ointment, % lb. (optional).
—alcohol.
—gasoline (containing no tetra-ethyl lead), benzol, ether(optional).
2.
Equipment for infirmaries on projects employing morethan 1,000 persons shall include the foregoing and the follow­ing:
1—binocular loupe.
1— eye spud.
1— head mirror.
1—gasoline or benzol dispenser if this substance is to be usedin the cleansing of wounds.
1-—sterilizer and heating device, electric.
1— emergency table, size 6% ' by 2 % ' by 3' high with rubber cov­
ered cushion (expensive operating table not required).
1— rubber sheet (heavy) 1% yds. square.
—soaking tanks or basins.
—inexpensive X-ray equipment for installations for 1,000 to
2,000 employees or over (depending on availability andneed).
1—surgical scissors, straight, 5 % ''.
1— surgical scissors, curved, 5 % ".
2— scalpels.
1—tissue forceps, 5 ".
1— thumb forceps, 5 ".
3—hemostatic forceps, Kelly’s catgut and needles, assorted
sizes.
—other physical therapy equipment (heat lamps, etc.) de­pending on local conditions and choice of physician incharge.
1—hair clipper.
—skin sutures.
—rubber gloves.

12
1—safety razor and blades.
1— needle holder 5".
3.
On projects employing more than 1,000 persons, the in­firmary shall be supplemented by first aid field stations inaccordance with the following employment table:
Number of employees:
Number of first aid stations
1.000 to 2,000___________________________ :___ ____1
2.000 to 3,000_______________________________________
2
3.000 to 4,000___ ;__________________________ ________
344.000 to 6,000__ ____________________________________
6.000 to 8,000_____________________ ___________ 5
8.000 to 10,000.. _______________ _____________________
6
10.000 to 12,000_______________________ :______________
7
8
12.000 to 15,000______________________ _______________
D. Personnel, Qualifications and Duties:
1. Full Time Physicians.— All projects employing 1,000 per­sons or more shall have the full time services of a physician
who shall be a graduate of a Class “A ” medical school andbe duly licensed to practice medicine in the State. The dutiesof the full time physician shall be: (1) Responsibility forsupervision of the infirmary and first aid stations, all medical
and first aid services and facilities; (2) Render such medical
attention as may be necessary beyond the scope of registerednurses and first aid personnel;' (3) Arrange for the propercare and transportation of sick and injured persons to suchnecessary facilities as are not available on the project.
2. Registered Nurses.— Full time registered nurses shall beassigned to each project requiring an infirmary. The dutiesof the nurses shall be to care for the sick and injured as comewithin their scope of training and ability under the super­
vision of a physician, and they shall be responsible for theproper maintenance o f the infirmary and equipment. The
nurse personnel shall be determined in accordance with thefollowing table:
Number of employees:
Num ber of nurses
300 to 2,000__________ ______________________________
1
2.000 to 3,000_______2 ____________________ —_____ ____
2
3.000 to 4,000________________________________________
3
4.000 to 5,000________________________________________
45.000 to 7,000___________ _____________________________
57.000 to 9,000____________________ __ _________________
6

13•
The above tables are minimum requirements and where con­ditions are of an extraordinary nature, the District or Area
Engineer shall determine such additional facilities as may benecessary to adequately and efficiently care fo r injured
employees.
3. First Aid Attendants.—All first aid shall be administeredand all field stations manned by first aid attendants (or reg­istered nurses) holding a current certificate in standard firstaid issued either by the American Bed Cross or the UnitedStates Bureau of Hines. First aid attendants will be limited
to first aid field treatments and shall not clean up serious
wounds, set fractured bones, remove imbedded foreign bodies(especially from the eye) nor administer drugs. First aid at­
tendants shall promptly and properly transfer to the infirmary
all persons suffering other than very minor injuries. First aid
attendants shall promptly arrange for all persons suffering fromother than very minor injuries to be placed under the care andtreatment of a qualified physician.
E. Ambulance Service:
Ambulance service shall be established and maintained on
all projects located more than two miles from local ambulanceservice; projects within that distance shall make arrange­ments with the local ambulance service. This provision may
be modified where there are a relatively small number of men
employed or the nature of the work is such that the exposure
to serious accidents is slight.
Notices of all available local medical, hospital and ambu­
lance service shall be posted in the infirmaries and first aid
field stations.
F. Record o f Infirmary and First Aid Treatment:
A daily record of all treatments in infirmaries and first aid
field stations shall be maintained. In compliance with theforegoing, the following data are required:
Date.
Time injured arrived
and left.
Case Number.
Name of Employee.
Badge Number.
Employee’s Occupation.

Name of Employer.
Foreman’s Name.
Description of Accident.
Nature of Injury.
Treated by.
Treatment Given.
Lost Time.

14
These complete records shall be kept on file at infirmaries andfirst aid stations and made available for frequent inspections.
SECTION 04— PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND
PRACTICES

8302.04

A. Chipper’s goggles, welder’s goggles, welder’s shields, hard
hats, rubber boots, safety belts, life lines, life nets, life preservers
or jackets, respirators and such other protective equipment
and/or clothing, occasioned by the type of work being done, shallbe furnished, maintained in serviceable condition, made avail­able to employees and its use enforced.
B. Tetanus antitoxin will not be administered to any injured
worker without first making the usual skin test to determine
reaction to the serum. If a positive reaction develops and anti­
toxin is still necessary, the injured shall be desensitized in ac­
cordance with the circumstances indicated.
SECTION 05— LIGHTING

8302.05

A. Stairways, corridors, passageways, and working areas shallbe kept reasonably and adequately lighted while work is in•progress.
B. Where working conditions require the use of artificial light­
ing it shall be maintained after a shift until workmen have had
an opportunity to leave the prfcmises.
SECTION Oft— GAS AN D SMOKE

8302.06

A. No means or agency of heat or heating shall be used which
releases smoke or gas within an enclosure where workers are
employed.
B. No fire or open flame shall be permitted on a project with­out the approval of the foreman or person in charge.
C. Where smoke pipes from stoves or other heating appa­
ratus pass through combustible walls or roofs, proper insulating
sleeves shall be provided.
D. All stoves and other heating apparatus shall be mounted
on a fireproof base and have proper fire protection at the rearand sides.
SECTION 07— SALAM ANDERS

8302.07

A Salamanders or other direct fired heaters shall be properly
covered and exhaust piped to the outside air.

15
B.
When salamanders are used in inclosed spaces, proper
tests for carbon monoxide shall be made and such areas freedof all harmful or toxic gases and fumes before workmen are
permitted to enter.
SECTION 08— ACCIDENT REPORTING

8302.08

A.
Each accident involving an employee of a contractor re­sulting in death, permanent total or permanent partial disability
or other injury, or occupational disease, arising out of or in thecourse of employment, which prevents the employee from return­ing to work on the next calendar day or regular shift, will bepromptly reported to the Contracting Officer on Form ED-401.
SECTION 09— EMPLOYMENT OF SAFETY
ENGINEER

8302.09

A.
Any contractor employing 1,000 or more persons shallprovide the services of a qualified Safety Engineer who shalldevote full time to accident prevention among his employees
engaged on the site.
SECTION 1ft—TRANSPORTING PROJECTPERSONNEL

8302.10

A. Trucks while being used to transport project personnel
shall be equipped with a seating arrangement and a rear-end
gate, closed and securely fastened.
B. Only one person shall be permitted to ride in the cabseat with the truck driver. Brakes shall be inspected weekly.
C. Under no circumstances shall workers or others be per­mitted to ride with their arms or legs outside of truck body;in a standing position in the body, on running boards, seatedon side fenders, rear o f truck, or on the load.
D. Bodies of dump trucks shall be made fast to chassis
while being used to transport a human load. They shall be
securely fastened by a rope, chain or equivalent in addition
to the the normal locking device.
E. Provision shall be made to stow securely, tools and equip­
ment while being transported with a human load.
F. No one shall be permitted to get on or oft any motor vehicle
while it is in motion.

16
SECTION 11—STORING MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF W ASTE

8302.11A. Materials which in the course of building construction
are to be stored in locations at or near which workers are
employed shall be piled or stacked in an orderly manner toavoid toppling over or being otherwise displaced.
B. No material shall be piled or stacked to a greater height
than 6 feet, except in yards or sheds intended especially forstorage.
C. When piles exceed 4 feet in height the material shallbe placed so that the sides and ends of the piles taper back.
D. All boards, planks, blocks, and other material and debris
containing projecting nail points, and waste clippings or cut­tings of lumber, metal (including pieces of sheet metal, pipe,
metal lath, rolled shapes, wire), masonry materials and similar
objects shall be continually removed, from working areas orshall be placed in orderly piles where workmen will not be likely
to step or stumble over or fall on them.
E. All stairways, corridors and passageways shall be kept freefrom loose material and debris.
F. Floors, roofs, and structures shall not be overloaded in thestorage and use of materials and equipment.

IT
FRONT
FORM ED-401
WAR

rORM ED -4 0 t
JULY 1942
CONSTRUCTION DIVISIONOPERATIONS BRANCHSAFETY SECTION
district

D E PA R TM EN T

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

R EP O R T OF O CCUPATIO NAL IN J U R Y
f- ] GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE
c o n s tr u c ti -S t . L o u is _ots.sva□cMt“i□ ontocino
QltvltS.JtTT'H.

ailiscl□*»««.<***r»*□ t»00»f»C.t.T.tS □ » 0 « t□ m « . k MOjm.1 p otMt

i C arbon dale, 1 1 1 .

□ lOC«S 8 DAM!

□ o»M»n POST
nncT ENGRr uro OPERATIONS
nscaaTinuc □|-l 0ISTRICTOR OIVISION LJ
n . cp..
Q
0FF|CE PERSONNEL-E W _ MARRIEnYe S .SEX J i _>,c£70.(x;Q, S h e e t M e ta l Worker vf t m occupational experience _ 1 2 _ weeks on this jo b _
Ju ly

13

, .I»42. HOUr1Q i 0 ^ M _____ P.M !

exact location of accident idcscribc ) __ Area 2 F j B u ildin g_2_.— F u ze , l i n e b u ild in g ,on p la tfo r m under r a f t e r s . ____________ ____________________________________________

nature of mjiiav

il-H

Compound fr a c t u r e o f s k u l l

ATTENOINS PHYSICU i W. D . G a rd n e rr H errin H o s p ita l_ part of body a
T » iT » » T Dlood plasma g iv e n .

RESULTS:_____B DEATH...OATE 7 / 1 3 / 4 2 . . I□ PERMANENT TOTAL OISABILITYj '□ PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY_______ DAY*X LOSS OF USE OF MEMBER ___________□ TEMPORARY DISABILITY (LOST T
OATE STARTED
STAR1
DATE
LOSING TIME__TOTAL NUMBER DAYS LOST _r of injury t T em porarily

Q Q

WHAT PART OF MACHINE, TOOL, ETC. ? _□ MOTOR VEHICLE ! □ IN MOTION
NINE, CHECK WHETHER POWER WAS □ OTHER MECHANICALJ□ NOT IN MOTION_______________________________ □ NON-WECHANICALJOB W4SJ ® IMJU"E0 pERSONlIdOINO WHICH WAS MOST CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH ACCIOENT T
J° ** IQPTHER PERSON I
I n s t a l l i n g s h e e t m e ta l v e n t i la t i n g d u c t I n e a v e s o f r o o f .
□ falls of p ersons - saue l e v e l
STFALLS OF PERSONS-ONE LEVEL TO ANOTHER□ SUPS (CAUSING STRAINS. NOT FALLS)□ FALLING, SLIDING. FLYING OBJECTS□ CAUGHT IN OR BETWEEN□ STRUCK BY OR RUN OVER BY VEHICLE□ STRUCK AGAINST. STEPPING IN OR ON

explanation —«Q□ DROWNINO OR IMMERSION□ BURNING OR SCALDING□ el e c tr ic a l SHOCK□ inhalation , ABSORPTION. SWALLOWING□ poisoning . I nfection£ ] OTHER TYPt OF ACCIOENT (oescfiua

Fatal — rig statement poaslblax.

«■

□ □□

□

18

BACK
FORM ED-401
NAME

ADDRESSliurphysboro, 1 1 1 .
M a rio n , 1 1 1 .

i John P r e tto

i fr , Claude Royceo
Si s Lawrence W a c h te l
•■-fc
i|S
0*5

H e rr in , H I .

explanation of trnnrur Bryan t

had in s t r u c t e d ca r p e n te r to lo w er c r o s s brace
to make room f o r d u c t. C ro ss b ra c e o n ly tack ed i n p o s i t i o n .
B ryant
sta n d in g on 1 3 ' p la tfo r m , ste p p e d on 6 " x 6 " c r o s s s u p p o r t and cau gh t
c r o s s b ra ce to p u l l h im s e lf u p .
Brace came lo o s e and Bryan t f e l l to
/ s / C . W. Royce
Foremanc o n c re te f l o o r .

1

1

SECTIONS 10 AND II TO BE FILLED IN BY SAFETY ENGINEER
CAUSES OF THE. AC C Ip E N T

S U P E R V IS O R :a *upD«vi*a«-|2 ***. 1at the scene and directing operation*(09 WAS NOTJ
□ assioneo employee to improper job
Ofailed to inspect fo r hazards
Bcave insufficient instructions or training□ failed to enforce safety regulations□ ASSUMED IMPROPER ATTITUDEn OTHER /SPECIFY!

0em ployee:

OTHER PERSON INJURED PERSONOTHER PERSON
2< INJURED PERSON
*- □
„
.....
..TM
O
U
T
..T.M..TYQQ
Id
V)5 1ADELIBERATE CHANCE TAKINO□ ,-J0R MATERIALSSoiSTRACTED ATTENTION□ QUSINO IMPROPER HAND TOOLS. EQUIPMENT. MACHINERY Q□FAILURE TO REPORT UNSAFE CONDITIONS □ °R MATERIALS□failure TO WARN OTHERS□ DuNSAFE LOAOING. UNLOADING. STORING OR HANDLING □f- ]WORKING ON MOVINO OR DANGEROUS MACMINFRyT) ( loTHER ISPECIFYI
fl
Han w ag_w orrying_about a la w s u i t . ....

SECTIO N
UNSAFE CONDIi

T em porarily ta ck e d b ra c e used
B DEFECTIVE OR IMPROPER SUBSTANCES OR EQUIPMENTirrrLAlKIa s a ^UDgOrt.

^

Ch

(

Qhazardous arrangementiexplaini S c a f f o ld n o t h i^h enough a t end where man was□ improper VENTILATION ttxpt aimi
□ protective DEVICES ItXPLAIKI□ IMPROPER DRESS OR APPAREL ItXPLAiml□ PHYSICAL OR MENTAL DEFECT trxPLAMl□ OTHERWISE CLASSIFIED ItxFLAlMI^/■/, 0, f . w.F rcause of accident

0

•

□

C h a rle s E . CraneE M PLO YER'S f i r m n a m e :Ji0& C o.

_______......................................................................

Man step p ed from p la tfo r m t o c r o s s su p p ort and grabbed

1
WHAT STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO PREVENT RECURRENCE OF SUCH INJURIES? BTBCeS w i l l be
removed or perm anently fa s t e n e d ,lien c au tion ed a g a in s t such u n safea cts.

o* OCCUPATION NO. (FROM FORM ED-402)

6

/s /

DIVISION ENGINEER

Q pOST ENGINEER I B .a U .lJ Q DISAPPROVED
OAT . 7 / 3 1 / 4 2/s /John D o«. J r .

U1TtOn Hom

d ate

8 /3 /4 2

_

TJ^GO

r

i

Q^PPROVEOQ DISAPPROV D/s /John Doe>»«»FORM tCHC
juur

19

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
STEAM BOILERSSECTION 01— INSPECTION

8303.01

A. Steam boilers and all other fired or unfired pressure ves­sels, having a volume of more than 5 cubic feet and carrying
In excess of 15 pounds pressure, shall be inspected by a licensed
inspector and approved certificate posted before such equipment
is put into operation. Marine and locomotive boilers areincluded.
Subsequent inspections shall be made at intervals not exceed­ing 12 calendar months unless otherwise required. Stationary
boilers which have been removed, repaired, or overhauled dur­ing the 12 calendar months for which approved certificates havebeen issued shall be inspected by a licensed inspector and a new
approved certificate bearing the date of inspection attachedthereto before being put into operation. Mobile boilers whichhave been repaired or overhauled during the 12 calendar months
for which approved certificates have been issued shall be in­spected by a licensed inspector and a new approved certificate
bearing the date of inspection attached thereto before being put
into operation. Safety valves, gages, injectors, and other ap­
pliances attached to and used in connection with boilers shall beinterpreted as part of the boiler except that replacements of suchappurtenances adjusted in accordance with approved certificate
shall not be interpreted as boiler repairs.
B. Fusible plugs shall be provided on all boilers and shall berenewed annually.
C. Approved type safety or relief valves shall be provided on
all boilers and pressure vessels. No valve shut-off shall be placed
between the boiler or pressure vessel and the safety or relief
valve.
D. Safety or relief valves, after being adjusted by the in­spector, shall be properly sealed.
E. Safety valves shall be tested at least once a day by raisingsteam to the popping pressure of the valve. When steam pres­sure rises to more than 5 pounds above the set pressure before
popping, the boiler shall be taken out of service and the safetyvalve inspected and readjusted.
F. All boiler feed lines shall be equipped with check valves
placed as close as possible to the boiler.

20

G. All boilers shall be equipped with approved blow-off cocks
or valves. The blow-off line shall be arranged so that leakage
can be observed by the operator. All pressure vessels shall beequipped with a drain valve located at the bottom o f such vessel.
H. The discharge from safety valves, relief valves, and blowoffs shall be located so that they do not constitute a hazard toworkmen.
I. When cracks, leaks, blisters, or other serious defects develop,
boilers or pressure vessels shall be taken out of service imme­
diately.
J. Repairs shall not be made while a boiler or pressure vessel
is under pressure.
K. Spark arresters shall be used on all boiler stacks whennecessary.
L. Provisions of the ASME Power Boiler Code will generally
apply.

21

EXCAVATIONSECTION 07— EXCAVATIONS

8304.07

A The sides of excavation 5 feet or more in depth shall besupported by substantial and adequate sheeting, sheet piling,bracing, shoring, etc., or the sides sloped to the angle o f repose.
Substantial and adequate sheeting, sheet piling, bracing, shoring,etc., shall be based upon calculations of pressures exerted byand the condition o f the materials to be retained.
B. Foundations, adjacent to where excavation is to be madebelow the depth o f the foundation, shall be supported by shoring,bracing, or underpinning as long as the excavation shall remain
open.
C. Excavated or other material shall not be stored nearer than
2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
1). Bridges or., walkways with guard .rails shall be provided
where men or equipment must cross over trenches, ditches, etc.
A temporary guard railing or other effective guard or barricade
shall be provided at or near the edge of an excavation as soon as
possible, except where the installation of such safeguard willinterfere with the excavation or other work.
E. Red lights or torches, maintained from sunset to sunup,
shall be placed on excavation barricades and along the sides ofunbarricaded excavations which are exposed to paths, walk­ways, sidewalks, driveways, or thoroughfares.
F. Materials used for sheeting and sheet piling, bracing, shor­ing, and underpinning, shall be in good serviceable condition
and timbers used shall be sound, free from large or loose knots,
and of the required dimensions. The material specifications
are the minimum requirements and the spacing o f material
members is the maximum allowable in securing trenches against
slips, cave-ins, and slides. Where conditions are encountered-which require materials o f greater strength or closer spacing oftimbers to hold the soils securely in place, the sizes of timbers
in such cases shall be increased to compensate for the overload.
SECTION 08— TRENCH EXCAVATION

8304.08

A.
The following provision for shoring and bracing of trenches
shall not apply where solid rock, hard slag, or hard shale isencountered or in which employees are not required to be or to
work.

22

B. The sides o f trenches in material, other than those listed inparagraph F, which are 5 feet or more in depth and 8 feet or
more in length shall be securely held by shoring and bracing, orsloped to the angle of repose of the material being.excavated.
C. I f the unit tunnel method is used, the length o f earth left
in place between the separate unit trenches shall be not lessthan one-half the depth o f the trench and shall be considered as
taking the place of shoring and bracing.
D. Whenever or wherever the unit tunnel method is used and!
where there is apparent danger of slips, slides, or cave-ins,,
trenches or tunnels in which men are employed shall be shoredand braced or otherwise retained as may be necessary to prevent
caving.
E. Trenches over 8 feet in length and 5 feet or more in depth
in hard compact material, shall be braced at intervals not ex­
ceeding 8 feet, with 2-inch by 6-inch planks, or heavier material,,
placed vertically in the trench opposite each other, backed upby 2-inch by 10-inch planks bearing against the walls at the sameintervals as cross braces, struts, or trench jacks. These braces:
shall, if possible, extend to the bottom of the trench and be sup­ported by horizontal cross braces or struts. Bracing and shor­
ing of trenches shall be carried along with the excavation andmust in no case be omitted, except where a mechanical digger isused, the shoring shall be placed within 6 feet of the lower endof the boom. Undercutting shall not exceed 6 inches on eitherside of the trench.
F. Trenches in partly saturated, filled or unstable soils or
where running material is encountered, such as quicksand, loose
gravel, loose shale, or completely saturated material, the sidesof the trenches 4 feet or more in depth shall be secured by theuse of continuous vertical sheet piling and suitable braces. In
trenches over 4 feet in depth wooden sheet piling shall be notless than 2 inches in thickness.
*1
G. Sheet piling shall be held in place by longitudinal beams
at vertical intervals of 4 feet. The longitudinal beams shall inturn be supported by the cross braces or struts spaced a maxi­
mum o f 4 feet. The longitudinal beams shall be in no case lessin strength than that of a 4- by 4-inch beam ; and when the longi­
tudinal distance between cross braces or struts exceeds 4 feetand less than 6 feet, the longitudinal beam shall be not lessthan a 4- by 6-inch beam.

23
H. "Vertical braces and longitudinal beams in trenches shallbe supported by horizontal cross braces or struts, screw jacks,
or timber placed at right angles to both braces, cleated andrigidly screwed or wedged. The timbers or struts shall be notless in strength than the following trade sizes:
Size of crossWidth of trench:
traces or struts
1 foot to 3 feet_____________________________ 4 x 4 inches
3 feet to 6 feet_____________________________ 4 x 6 inches
6 feet to 8 feet__ __________________________ 6 x 6 inches
I. One horizontal cross brace or strut shall be required foreach 4 feet of depth or major fraction thereof.
J. In case it Is desired to increase the vertical spacing between
longitudinal beams or cross struts, the longitudinal beams, crossstruts, and vertical sheet piling shall be increased in size tocompensate for the overload.
K. Additional precautions by way of shoring and bracing shallbe taken to prevent slides, or cave-ins, when excavations or
trenches are made in locations adjacent to backfilled excavations
or subjected to vibrations from railroad or highway traffic, theoperation of machinery, or any other source.
L. Ladders, extending from the floor of trench excavation to
not less than 3 feet above the top ground surface, shall be placedin the trench excavation at 50-foot intervals to be used as ameans of entrance and exit therefrom.

ROPES, CABLES, CHAINSSECTION 09— ROPES, CABLES, CHAINS

8304.09

A. Fiber ropes used to support a human load shall be in­spected before each use. Visual inspection shall be made forabrasion, broken fibers, cuts, fraying, or any other defects.
Fiber ropes found to have defects under such inspection andexamination shall be removed from such service.
B. Ropes, cables, and chains shall not be used for stresses In
excess of the allowable stresses given for each in the table— Safe
Loads For Ropes and Chains.
C. Wire ropes or cables shall be inspected at the time of in­stallation and once each week thereafter, when in use, and re­
moved from hoisting or load-carrying service when any one of
the following conditions exist:
519158°— 43------ 3

24
Defects Which Require Wire Ropes To B e Removed From LoadCarrying Service(1) When three broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 7
wire rope;(2) When six broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 19 wirerope;(3) When nine broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 37
wire rope;(4) When eight broken wires are found in one strand of 8 x 19
wire rope;(5) When marked corrosion appears;(6) Wire rope which has been idle for 3 months or more
and subjected to water, moisture, dampness, etc., shall be
cut off and inspected for internal corrosion, and if marked
corrosion is found it shall be removed from hoisting or
load-carrying service;(7) Wire rope not mentioned herein, shall be removed from loadcarrying service when 4 percent of the total numberof wires composing such rope are found to be broken.
D. Wire ropes or cables removed from service under the re­quirements in items (1) to (7), inclusive, shall not be placed inservice again on hoists, cranes, or other such equipment.
E. The ratio between the rope diameter and the block, sheave,or pulley tread diameter shall be such as to allow the ropestrands to slide past each other and adjust themselves to thebend. The economical and absolute critical sheave diameters
for steel ropes to be considered for any operating rope are shownin the following table. The “ Economical Minimum” sheave
diameters should be used for all operating hoist ropes. In nocase shall the sheave diameter be less than the “Absolute Crit­ical” sheave diameter for any operating ropes as specified below.
For cable sizes not mentioned herein, see manufacturers’ speci­
fications for corresponding block, sheave, and pulley diameters:
Economical and Critical Sheave Diameters for Operating Ropes
Sizes

6x7

6x19

6x37

8x 19

“ Economical Min.” dia. for operating
41Absolute Critical" dia. for any rope

N o t e s .— ( 1 )

36D
28D

24D
16D

D-Tread Diameter o f Sheaves.

16D
14D

20D
14D

25

(2)
Sheaves or pulleys with eccentric bores or cracked hubs,
spokes, or flanges shall be removed from service.
F. Connections, fittings, fastenings, parts, etc., used in con­nection with ropes, cables, or chains shall be of such quality andstrength and so attached, connected, fastened, etc., as to provide
a safety factor of not less than four. Manufacturers’ standard
connections shall be used.
G. Running lines of hoisting equipment, located within 6feet 6 inches from the ground or working level, shall be boxed,railed off, or otherwise guarded, or the operating area restricted,
except when loads are moved horizontally.

Safe working load in pounds for single new sling ropes and ch ains
N o te . —The safe operating loads in these tables are for each single rop

or chain. When used double or in other multiples'the loads may b
increased in direct proportion.

Diagrams showing how the angle of a sling alters the safe
carrying capacity of a load
When usedstraight

When used
at 60°

When used
at 45°

When used
at 30°

DiameterT a b le I .—Plow steel wire rope

(6 strands of 19 or 37 wires)If crucible steel rope is used the load must be reduced
one-fifth

H"
w
i".
w
w
m
iw

1,500
2,400
4.000
6.000
8,000
10,00013.00016.00019.00022.000

1,275
2,050
3,400

5,100

6,800
8,500
11,00013,50016,00019,000

1,050
1,700
2,800
4,200
5,600
7.000
9.000

750
1,200

2,000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.500

11,0008.000

13.00016.00011,0009.500

Diam. of Iron

HH"."

T a b le I I .—Crane chain(Best grade of wrought iron, hand-made, tested, shortlink chain

£
H
"
V’ ..
w
M’
W

Circum.

T a b le II I .—Hemp or manila rope

(Best long fiber grade)

2"..
2W
2W
3".

3
H'
3
H'
4W
W
6
m
" .

12,00015.00022.000

500
1,025
2,050
3.400
4, 7006.400
8,000
10, 200

12, 750
19, 000

425
850
1,700
2,800
3, 9005, 2006,600
8,400
10, 500
16,000

300
600
1,200
2,000

2, 7503,700
4, 700
6,000

7,500
11,000

Diameter
120

1" _ .

l'A'

1,200

2,400
4,000
5, 0007, 500
9,500

X"

H"
X"
Vs"
1".
\W
iw
iw
M
2
2W
" -

250
360
520
620
750

1,000
1,200

1,600
2,100

2,800
4,000
6 , 000

100
210

300
440
520
625
850
1,025
1,350
1,800
2.400
3.400
5,100

2,000

60
125
180
260
300
375
500
600
800
1,050
. 1,400

2,800
4,200

3,000

85
175
250
360
420
525
700
850

1,100
1,500

.2,00028

RAMPS, RUNWAYS, PLATFORMS, AND
SCAFFOLDSSECTION 01— GENERAL

8305.01

A. Scaffolds shall be provided for all work that cannot besafely done from the ground or solid construction except suchwork as can be safely done from ladders. Scaffolds, platforms,
runways, etc., shall be kept free o f ice, snow, grease, mud andother such material; where slippery surfaces cannot be avoided,
they shall be sanded to prevent slipping.
B. Lumber used in the construction o f ramps, runways, plat­forms, and scaffolds shall be o f good quality, reasonably
straight grained, free of injurious ring shakes, checks, splits,
cross gains, unsound knots, knots in groups, decay, and growth
characteristics which materially decrease the strength o f thematerial. The following table shall be used to determine thedimensions of scaffold planks:
Safe center loads for scaffold plank(Select common eastern spruce, select common Norway pine and select structural. eastern hemlock]Span in 2 x 8 dress­ 2 x 10 dress­ 2x12 dress­ 3 x 8 dress­ 3 x 10 dress­ 3x12 dress­
ed to V/s x ed to 1% X ed to 1% x ed to 2% x ed to 2% x ed to 2y&x
feet
9H *
11H
UX
6______
8 ______
10_____
12_____
14_____
16.

202
151
121
101

256
192
153
128
110

309
232
* 186
155
133
116

526
395
316
263
225
197

667
500
400
333
286
250

807
605
484
404
346
303

Above values are for planks supported at the ends, wide
side o f plank face up, and with loads concentrated at thecenter o f the span.
For loads uniformly distributed on the wide surface through­out the length, the safe loads may be twice those given in
the table.
Loads given are not and do not include the weight of theplank.
If select structural coast region Douglas fir, merchantablestructural long leaf southern pine, or dense structural squareedge and sound southern pine are used, above loads may be
increased 45 percent.

29
SECTION 02—NAILS

8305.02

A. Nails used in the construction o f ramps, runways, plat­forms, and scaffolds shall be driven full length. Design o f
construction shall be so that no nail will be subject to direct
pull. No nail smaller than an 8d shall be used in thp con­struction of scaffolds and sufficient nails must be driven in ateach joint of the scaffold or falsework so that it will carrythe loads designed to be imposed on them.
B. The following table will be used to determine the sizeso f the nails to be used: Nails[Safe working value for lateral resistance of one nail in Douglas flr or southern pine]
6D
53

8D
62

10D
83

12D
98

16D
130

20D
175

Suggested rule: Value is approximately 8 times the pennyweight size.

SECTION 03—SCAFFOLD LOADS

8305.03

A. The erection, alteration and removal o f all scaffolds,
stagings, platforms, runways, and similar equipment shall bedone under the direction and supervision of men experienced inscaffold work. No alteration shall be made which will impair
the strength of the structure.
B. The principal members of scaffolds, runways, and similarequipment shall be substantially and securely braced.
G.
Unless otherwise specified, planks used for platforms,
scaffolds, stagings, runways, ramps, etc., shall be of uniform
thickness and be laid close together. Such planks may be over­lapped or butt jointed. In the former case they shall extend
not less than 4 inches beyond the inside face of the bearings,
unless securely fastened. Where planks are butt jointed andnailed to supports, an inch and one-half bearing for spanS
greater than 2 feet, and a three-quarter inch bearing for spans
2 feet or less, are permitted. Where planks project more than
one-tenth of their length beyond the bearing they shall be securely
fastened to prevent tipping or railed off over bearings.
D.
Ramps and runways shall be not less than two 10-inchplanks wide. Runways and ramps used for rolling equipment

30
except upon the ground, rough, temporary or finished floor, shallbe not less than three 10-inch planks in width. Ramps andrunways shall be inclined not more than 1 foot rise in 3 feetrun and where the rise exceeds 1 foot in 5 feet run, nailed
cleats shall be applied to the top surface. Runways and ramps
shall be substantially supported and braced to prevent excessive
spring or deflection and shall have planks thereof so placed andsecured as to prevent loosening or displacement, with battens on
the underside to prevent uneven deflection in the planks.
E.
Discarded packing boxes, barrels, piles of loose lumber, orother makeshift material shall not be used as supports for
scaffolds.
P. The platform and all supporting elements o f scaffolds,
runways, and similar equipment shall be designed to support aminimum uniform load per square foot o f platform as follow s:
Scaffold loads
Type of scaffold

Uniform load per square foot20 lbs.
20 lbs.
30 lbs.
•Bay must be designed to carry weight ofbay, casts, and men.
N ote .—I f concentrated load is used at any point in the span it shall not exceed
one-half the uniformly distributed load.

G.
Not more than one thickness o f loose brick, tile, or similarmaterial, placed in such a manner as to present its greatest
surface (laid flat), shall be used under scaffolds, frames,
horses or risers.
SECTION 04— POLE SCAFFOLDS
8305.04
A.
The following schedules of designs and dimensions shall be
used for all pole scaffolds. Materials of different sectional
dimensions may be used, but they shall be o f equal or greater
strength than that given in schedules. Spacing may be increased
if the material and the cross-bracing to be used are increased
sufficiently to give strength and rigidity equal to that requiredby the following schedule:

31
Pole scaffolds not more than 25 feet in height
Types of pole scaffolds and material dimensions

Poles_______________________
Stringers 1_________ _____ ___Putlogs on edge nailed_______
Braces______________________
Spacing poles:
1. Long_________________
2. Cross__________ _____
Spacing ledgers, verticalspacing___________________

Stone
masonsBricklayersLathers,
plaster­ers,
stuccoCarpen­ Painters,
decora­ters
tors

75 lbs.

50 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

20 lbs.

4" x 4"2" x 8"1" x 6"2" x 6"
4" x 4"2" x 6"
1" x 6"2" x 6"2" x 8"1" x 6"2" x 6"
4" x 4"2" x 6"
1" x 6"2" x 6"
1" x 6"
1" x 6"2" x 6"2" x 4"2" x 4"

1" x 4"
1" x 8"1" x 4"2" x 6"2" x 6"
1" x 6"

1" x 4"

1" x 4"

7'-0"
5'-0"

8'-0"
5'-0"

8'-0"
5'-0"

8'-0"
5'-0"

8'-0"
7/_0"

4'-6"

4'-6"

6'-3"

7'-0"

7'-0"

Putlogs and bearers approx. middle ofspan

Toeboards nailed in center___2" x 10"2" x 6"
1" x 8"2" x 10" I }4 "x l2 ", 2" x 6"
1" x 8"2" x 10"
1" x 6"2" x 10"1 M em bers w h ich d o n o t ca rr y p u tlo g o r b ea rer lo a d a re design a ted
as s trin g ers .

B. Scaffolds over 25 feet and up to 64 feet in height:
Stone masons’ poles_____________________________ 4 " x 6”
Bricklayers’ poles_______________________________ 4 " x 4 "Plasterers’ poles_________________________________ 4 " x 4 "Carpenters’ and miscellaneous poles____________ 2 " x 6 "Painters’ poles___________________________________ 2 " x 6 "C. Members which do not carry putlog or bearer load aredesignated as stringers.
D. The minimum width of carpenters’, painters’, decorators’,
and miscellaneous platforms shall be two, 2- by 10-inch planks.
E. Platforms for masons and bricklayers shall not be lessthan 4 feet in width, unless space will not permit.
F. Guard rails, toe boards, side screens, and overhead pro­tection shall be provided on the outside o f all pole scaffolds
as required.
G. Pole scaffolds for work heavier than stone masons’ pole
scaffolds shall have a factor of safety not less than four and32
shall conform to the general requirements for masons’ pole
scaffolds.
H. The lower end of the poles or uprights shall rest upona firm foundation and shall be secured against lateral dis­placement.
I. Spliced poles shall be squared at the butt joints, madecontinuous and uniformly strong throughout their lengths withsecurely nailed or bolted cleats.
J. There shall be not less than two cleats to each splice or
joint and shall be of sound wood not less than 30 inches
long, 1 inch thick and o f the width of the poles, placed so as
to overlap the abutting ends of each pole by not less than 15
inches and securely fastened to the poles at least on twosides.
K. Ledgers shall be not less than 1 inch thick and 8 inches
wide, unless otherwise specified, extend over two consecutive
pole spaces and shall overlap the poles not less than 4 inches.
They shall be left in position to brace the poles as the plat­form is raised with the progress o f the work.
L. Ledgers shall be level and their top edges at the sameheight as the bottom o f the openings in the wall for putlogs.
M. Ledgers that carry heavily loaded platforms shall be
reinforced by bearing blocks securely fastened to the poles.
N. Ledgers shall be securely nailed or bolted to each pole
and where possible shall be nftiled or bolted to the inside of
the poles or uprights.
O.
Where two ledgers overlap on the same pole they shallbe securely fastened and where two ledgers meet at rightangles one shall be fastened with its ends sawed flush withthe pole, the other overlapping in the usual manner.
P. Putlogs shall be square or rectangular in cross section
and shall project not less than 6 inches over the ledgers.
There shall be not less than three putlogs under platformplanks and so spaced as to safely carry the load imposed
upon them.
Q. The ends o f putlogs on single pole types, shall be built
into the wall and shall not be notched nor cut down.
R. Putlogs shall project into the wall not less than 4 inches
and where windows or other openings are used, shall be
rigidly held in place.
S.
Two successive lengths o f planking shall not abut upona single putlog. When laid end to end, two parallel putlogs

33
shall be provided not more than 8 inches apart so one putlog
will support the end o f one plank and the other putlog theabutting end o f the other plank.
T. Where the platform planks overlap on a single putlog
the lap of both the lower and upper planks shall be not lessthan 6 inches over the center o f the putlog. Platform planks
shjall project over the putlog at the end of the scaffold notless than 6 inches beyond the face, but not more than 12
inches, unless securely fastened against slipping or tipping orrailed off over bearings.
U. Bearers shall be attached to frame buildings by notchinga piece of lumber no less than 2 by 4 inches by 12 inches longto the size o f the bearer so it will bear evenly on the 2-inch
surface. The plate or piece so prepared shall be nailed se­curely to the side o f the building and the bearer nailed tothe plate.
V. Where a scaffold turns a corner, not less than one bearer
shall be laid and securely fastened diagonally across thecorner, so that one end may rest upon each of the two ledgers
that meet at the corner, or by a 2- by 6-inch timber nailed
to the outside of the end poles to set as bearer. Poles shallbe spaced .at shorter intervals and platform planks laid so as
to prevent a tipping hazard.
W. Pole Scaffolds shall be securely and adequately braced
and fastened in such a manner as to prevent swinging awayfrom the building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided toprevent the poles whether spliced or not, from moving paral­
lel to the walls or from buckling in any direction.
SECTION 05-^OUTRIGGER SCAFFOLDS

8305.05

A. Outrigger or thrustout members shall be constructed incompliance with the provisions for allowable loads andstresses tables; they shall conform to the general require­ments for masons’ pole scaffolds and shall not project morethan 6 feet from the outer face of the structure. The strengtho f outriggers or thrustouts shall be not less than a 2- by 10-inch
timber on edge.
B. Working platforms suspended from outriggers shall havesuspension frames, the vertical members of which shall not beless in size than 2-inch by 6-inch timber, extending not lessthan 10 inches above the tops of outriggers and fastened to

.1 /

34
the outriggers by shoulder blocks resting on the outriggers andfastened to the vertical members. Such blocks shall not be lessin size than 2-inch by 6-inch by 8-inch timber. The bottom
ends of vertical members shall extend not less than 10 inches
below the bottom o f bearers and shall be fitted with shoulder
blocks the same as provided above, upon which the bearers
shall be set. The bearer shall be not less in size than 2-inchby 6-inch timber. The suspended frames shall be securely andsubstantially braced to prevent excessive sway.
C. The platform shall consist of not less than three 2- by 10-inchplanks.
D. Outriggers shall be securely supported, held, and fastenedin place at their inner ends and in the openings through which
they project by means o f U-bolts, spikes, bolts, lashings, anchor­ing, or other equivalent means.
E. Thrustouts shall not be built into a wall and left withno other support, but shall project entirely through the wall or
through windows and be solidly supported and substantiallybraced.
F. Where pyramiding or built-up scaffolding is done on an
outrigger or where it is necessary to extend the outrigger morethan 6 feet beyond the face of the structure, the beams shallbe of steel or extra heavy timber and shall be substantially
supported and securely fastened as required in the preceding
paragraphs. In such cases th e‘ scaffold proper shall conformto the requirements for pole scaffolds.
G. Guard rails, toe boards, side screens, and overhead pro­tection shall be provided as specified for pole scaffolds.
SECTION 06—HORSE OR FRAME SCAFFOLDS

8305.06

A. Scaffold horses and frames shall be constructed in con­formity to the allowable loads and stresses tables, not to exceed
16 feet in height, and maintained in substantial condition.
Nailing extension legs on horses to increase their height or
extensions nailed on bearers to increase their width is unsub­
stantial alteration.
B. Masons’ horse scaffolds shall be not less than 4 feet wide.
Platform boards shall be not less than 2 inches in thickness by
10 inches wide and shall overlap the frames or horses not lessthan 4 inches.
C. All horse or frame scaffolds shall be set level on sub­stantial foundations. When built more than one tier high,35
the horses shall be set in vertical lines, separated at each tierwith a continuous 2-inch plank placed under the vertical mem­bers thereof with cleats nailed to planks to prevent the end
horse slipping off supports and with all parts of the scaffold
securely braced to give rigidity to and to prevent excessive
swaying of such scaffolds.
D.
Horses for stone masons’ scaffolds shall be constructed
as follow s:
Dimensions
x 4"
Bearers____________________________________ 3”
Legs__
IV4" x 4
1 y4" X 6 "Braces.
1% " x 3"
Half diagonal braces.
E. The distance between horses shall be not more than 8 feetand shall not be built over three tiers or horses high having amaximum total height of 16 feet.
F. Distance between legs at bottom shall be not less than
two-fifths nor more than three-fifths the height of the horse.
G. Squares or frames used to support masons’ scaffold planks
shall be securely fastened on both sides at the corners with notless than 1- by 4-inch braces and shall have braces on bothsides running diagonally from the center o f each side to thecenter of adjacent side. The frames shall have lateral diagonalbracing not less than 1 by 8 inches in size on both the front
and rear members of scaffold.
Dim ensions
Bearers_______________ __________________________ 2 " x 4 "Leg---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 2 " x 4 "Braces, at corners____________ _________________ 1 " x 4”
Braces, diagonal from center frame-------------------- 1 " x 8”
H. The distance between frames shall not be over 8 fe e t; andshall not be built more than three tiers or frames high unlessproperly anchored and equivalent strength and rigidity provided.
I. Hinged frames used as horses to support scaffold shall be
constructed similar to square or frames with diagonal bracing.
They shall be provided with substantial cables, chains or othersuitable methods to prevent spreading at the bottom a distancemore than two-fifths the height of the frame. They shall not be
used more than three tiers high, placed one over another.
Dim ensions

Bearers (2)Legs----------------------------------Braces—Diagonal at bottom

36
J. The distance between frames used as horses will be notmore than 6 feet.
K. Material of different sectional dimensions and a different
type o f construction may be used for horses and frames, pro­vided they conform to the requirements for allowable loads
and stresses.
L. Horse or frame scaffolds 10 feet or more in height shall beequipped with standard guard rails and toe boards.
M. Not more than one tier of horse or frame scaffold shall beplaced upon another scaffold. When the working platform ofsuch imposed scaffold is 10 feet or more in height such imposed
scaffold shall be securely fastened, substantially braced andprovided with standard guard rails.
SECTION 07—LADDER JACK SCAFFOLDS

8305.07

A. Ladder jack scaffolds shall be constructed with a factoro f safety of not less than 2 and conform generally to the pro­visions and specifications for ladders and secured against slip­
ping, tilting, or tipping.
B. Ladder rungs shall not be used to support more than one
section of plank and not more than 2 employees shall be per­mitted to work upon such section of planking at the same time.
C. Lapped planks shall be supported by ladder jacks attached
to both side rails o f the ladder and not to the rungs.
D. No ladder jack shall be used in connection with the triple
extension ladders.
E. Platform planks shall be not less than 2 by 10 inches insize, of select structural grade, overlap the outer bearing surface
not less than 8 inches and shall have a span of not more than 12
feet.
SECTION 08—CARPENTERS’ PORTABLE BRACKETSCAFFOLDS
8305.08
A. Carpenters’ portable bracket scaffolds shall be constructed
and erected in conformity with the unit stresses and allowableloads tables.
B. The minimum width of platforms on carpenters’ bracket
scaffolds shall be not less than two 10-inch planks.
C. All brackets shall be built to carry safely at the outermost
edge a load of two times the total weight to be placed upon it,

37
but not less than 400 pounds. Where bolts are used for fasten­ing brackets to the building they shall be not less than % inch
in diameter. The use of lean-to or jack scaffolds over 8 feet inheight is prohibited.
D. Brackets shall be securely anchored to the studding andnot to the sheeting and they shall be securely braced against
spreading or turning. Brackets shall be spaced not more than
10 feet center to center.
E. Carpenters’ bracket scaffolds, 10 feet or more above theground or other level, shall be guarded with rails and toe boardsin accordance with requirements for guard rails, toe boards, andscreens.
SECTION 09—WINDOW JACK SCAFFOLDS

8305.09

A. Window jack scaffolds shall be used only for the purposeof working at the window through which the jack is placed.
Window jacks shall not be used as the supporting elements forother scaffolds.
B. Not more than one person shall be permitted on a window
jack scaffold at any one time.
SECTION 10—FOOT SCAFFOLDS

8305.10

A. Discarded packing boxes, barrels, empty nail kegs, piles ofloose lumber, or other makeshift material shall not be used as
supports for scaffolds.
B. Foot scaffolds shall not exceed 36 inches in height, meas­
ured from the level upon which the supports are placed.
C. When placed upon other scaffolds or platforms whose ele­vation is above the surrounding area, such scaffolds shall have aminimum width of one 10-inch plank and a maximum height of
18 inches measured from the supporting platform or scaffold and
one tier only shall be permitted.
D. Foot scaffolds in excess of 18 inches in height shallhave a minimum width of two 10-inch planks and shall besupported on horses.
E. The construction of such scaffolds shall conform to theallowable loads and stresses as given in tables under “PoleScaffolds.”

38
SECTION 11— GUARD RAILS, TOE BOARDS,SCREENS.

8305.11

A. Guard rails shall be provided as follows unless other­wise specified:
1. On platforms, runways, ramps, scaffolds, and similarequipment which are 6 feet or more in height measured fromthe ground or supporting area, or that are over or adjacent
to deep holes, excavations, mortar beds, railroad tracks, fur­naces, fluids, vats, high tension electric wires, machinery, or
similar sources of danger.
2. Around the unused sides of all openings in roofs, plat­forms, floors, or shafts.
3. Where spreaders are used in window frames which ex­
tend to within 24 inches or less of the floor or door frames,such spreaders shall be substantially secured in place.
4. Wall openings shall be protected by standard railings
and toe boards or gates not less than 42 inches high extending
to the bottom of the opening.
B. Guard rails shall be not less than 36 inches, nor morethan 46 inches in height, measured from floors to the tops o frails, with supporting uprights spaced not more than 8 feeton centers, and both' substantially constructed of 2-inch by
4-inch timber. Other spacing or other material or devices may
be used provided the strength, protection, and practicabilityo f the construction is equal tt> or greater than that above
specified.
C. Intermediate rails shall be not less than 1-inch by 6-inchboards or equivalent material unless otherwise specified.
D. Toe boards not less than 4 inches, net, in height, con­structed of wood or metal, shall be around all floor and shaft
openings where guard rails are required.
E. Side screens shall be provided on all pole scaffolds over
20 feet In height that are adjacent to passageways, or where
workmen are employed within 10 feet o f the base o f the scaf­
fold, and where material is piled on scaffolds adjacent toand higher than toe boards. Side screens shall be made ofsubstantial expanded metal or wire netting larger than 2-inchmesh or other equivalent material securely fastened in place.

39
SECTION 12—ROOFING DEVICES

8305.12

A. Devices used in the. construction of pitched roofs orconstruction on pitched roofs, shall be securely fastened inplace. Shingling footlocks shall be not less in size than
2- by 4-inch timber secured in place by properly spaced tin
strips or other material of equivalent strength not less than
4 inches wide.
B. Crawling boards, ladders, or chicken ladders, provided
with hooks, bolts, or solidly fastened cleats on the underside at the upper end to catch over the ridge-pole or other­wise substantially secured, shall be provided as protection.
against slipping or falling. Cleats shall be provided on crawl­
ing boards securely fastened thereto, not less in size than
2 by 1 inches and shall project approximately 2}& inches oneach side of the board.
C. Double crawling boards shall be securely bolted together
by a hinge bolt or otherwise substantially secured.
SECTION 13—'T EMPORARY AND PERMANENTSTAIRWAYS

8305.13

A. Temporary and permanent stairways used for construc­tion purposes shall be fitted with substantial and securely fas­
tened treads and tightly floored landings or gratings.
B. Handrails shall be provided on the open sides of stair­ways and stair landings, except where such stairways andlandings are protected by studding or other permanent con­struction. Toe boards shall be installed around stairwells in
addition to railings.
C. Handrails shall be not less than 30 inches in heightmeasured vertically from the front edge o f tread of stairway
or 36 inches in height from the floor or landing; with support­
ing uprights spaced not more than 8 feet on centers andboth substantially constructed of not less than 2 inches by 4
inches timber or other material and spacing of equal strengthand practicability.
D. Provision shall be made to prevent the use of stairways
not equipped as required in the preceding sections during
construction operations.

519158°— 13-------i

40
SECTION 14—TEMPORARY FLOORS

8305.14

A. Working areas on various floor levels shall be provided
with temporary flooring of suflicient strength to support aminimum uniform load of 25 pounds per square foot.
B. Floor joists shall be securely fastened and braced.
C. Floor boards or planks shall be placed close together
upon joists and shall extend not less than 4 inches beyond
the inside face o f the bearing nor more than 1 foot beyond
supports unless securely nailed.
D. Temporary working floor areas exposed to an elevationo f 4 feet or more shall be provided with guard rails andtoe boards as described under “ Guard Rails, Toe Boards, andScreens.”
SECTION 15—PAINTERS’ SWINGING SCAFFOLDS

8305.15

A. All hooks, ropes, cables, and blocks supporting scaffolds
shall have a minimum factor of safety o f four (4 ).
B. Every time the scaffold is erected, it shall be tested byraising the platform about 1 foot from the ground, and loading
it with at least four times the maximum weight that will be
imposed upon it.
C. The stirrups or hangers shall be of a strength at least equal
to steel % inch in diameter, and shall be so formed that guard
rails may easily be secured to them.
D. The distance between hrfngers shall not exceed 14 feet.
Where scaffolds having side rails reinforced by steel rods areused, a span of 22 feet shall be permitted.
E. The hooks used to support the scaffold shall be o f astrength at least equal to steel having a cross section % inch by
2 inches.
F. Hooks, cornice irons, outriggers, or other devices forfastening to the building shall be securely fastened to a relia­
ble object o f support, and shall be frequently inspected. Hooks
shall be tied so that they cannot slip.
G. The platform, planks, or ladders shall overlap the stirrup
or hanger by at least 12 inches. A bar, strip, or other device
shall be permanently attached to the platform outside o f thehanger to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger.
Scaffold platforms shall have a minimum width o f 27 inches
and shall be provided with a guard rail.

41
H. Two or more swinging scaffolds shall not at any time
be combined into one by bridging the distance between themwith planks or similar connecting links.
I. Means shall be provided to prevent the scaffold fromswinging away from the building.
J. Ropes shall be of manila at least % inch in diameter,and shall possess a factor o f safety of at least ten’ (10).
Where supporting ropes are brought over sharp corners or
subjected in any way to abrasion, they shall be protected
at such points by chafing gear. Splicing anywhere through­out the length of ropes or cables is prohibited. Ropes shallbe properly spliced into standard 6-inch blocks.
K. A deep hook shall be provided on the lower block tofacilitate making safe scaffold hitch. Scaffold hitch shall (always be made on hook, never on any building or object
other than the scaffold.
L. Steel cable possessing a factor o f safety of eight (8)may be used with mechanical hoisting devices.
M. All fiber ropes, steel cables, other hangers, and fallsof the scaffolds shall be protected to a height of at least 6
feet above the platform with acid-resisting material, and theropes or cables shall hang over the outside edge of the scaf­
fold platform when exposed to operations involving use ofacids or caustics. Acids and caustics' shall not be stored in
the same room with scaffold equipment.
N. Not more than two men shall be permitted on the scaf­
fold at the same time.
O.
All ropes, slings, and tackle shall be thoroughly andfrequently inspected. When not in use, they shall be stored
in a dry place.
P. When leaving a swinging scaffold, the men shall lashit securely to the building. Buckets or other loose objects
shall be removed from such scaffold immediately upon the
cessation of work by the men.
Q. The hauling part of falls on swinging scaffolds shallbe held by a man on the ground until scaffold hitch has been
made overhead.
SECTION 16—BOATSWAINS’ CHAIRS

8305.16

A.
Boatswains’ chairs used for painting, cleaning, or otheroperations shall be constructed and erected with the greatest
possible care.

42
B. Boatswains’ chairs shall have a hardwood seat at least
10 by 18 inches in size.
C. Suspenders for boatswains’ chairs shall be not less than% inch diameter manila rope doubled. The ends shall be passed
through holes bored in the seat and then spliced together.
D. When cutting torches or other open flames are used by aman in a boatswain’s chair, the suspenders shall be not less than%-inch steel cable.
E. Where single lines are used to> support boatswains’ chairs
they shall be manila rope of not less than 1 inch diameter.
Where block and falls are used, rope shall be % inch spliced
into 6-inch blocks.
F. The hauling part of line used to raise and lower chair
shall always be within reach of the man using chair.
G. Safety belts shall be worn by men occupying boatswains’chairs, such belt being fastened to the supporting tackle and so
arranged that the workman cannot slip out of the seat.
SECTION 17—SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS

8305.17

A. None but scaffold machines approved by the Underwriters
Laboratories shall be used in the erection of any scaffold. They
shall not be used for any other purpose.
B. The moving parts o f scaffold machines shall be frequently
inspected and shall be exposed to view at all times so that pos­sible defects may be readily detected." Such moving parts shallbe so guarded as to protect workmen from coming into contact
with same.
C. Outriggers shall be equal in strength to 6-inch steel I-beams
and shall be securely anchored to the frame of the buildingby means of U-bolts and anchor plates tightened by the use of
jam or lock nuts, or by other approved equally effective means.
Outriggers shall extend at least 12 inches beyond the outsideedge o f scaffold platform.
D. I-beam outriggers shall be equipped with a stop bolt ofadequate size to prevent the shackle from slipping over the out­side end o f the beam.
E. Cables on all suspended scaffolds shall possess factors
o f safety of at least eight (8 ). A metal tag shall be placed on
all cables at a point readily accessible to inspection, showing
the size and material o f the cable, including the maximum safe
load and date o f renewal.

43
F. Particular care should be taken in the pouring o f sockets,and the metal used shall be zinc. When thimbles and clamps
are used, not less than three clips shall be used at eachfastening.
G. Splicing anywhere throughout the length of the cable isprohibited. Where riding of the cable on the drum occurs, it
shall be adjusted immediately by someone experienced in suchwork.
H. Putlogs shall be securely fastened to the scaffold fixturesand spaced not more than 8 feet apart.
I. Platform planks shall be laid so that their edges abut andfit tight. Planks shall be not less than 2 by 10 inches.
J. Platform planks shall overlap putlogs by at least 1 footbut not more than 2 feet at the ends of the scaffold.
K. All suspended scaffolds shall be tied in such a manner as
to prevent the scaffold from swaying or swinging away fromthe building.
L. Where work is being performed overhead, an overheadprotective covering shall be provided on all suspended scaffolds
at a height not more than 9 feet above the working platform.
M. Guard rails and toe boards shall be provided as specified
for pole scaffolds.
SECTION 18—NEEDLE BEAM SCAFFOLDS

8305.18

A. All needle beams shall be plainly marked so as to provide
against being used for any other purpose.
B. AVood needle beams up to 12 feet in length shall be atleast 4 by 6 inch spruce or other approved lumber o f equal
strength, and shall be free from knots or other imperfections.
For longer spans or heavier loads, the cross section shall be
proportionately increased.
C. All needle beams shall be at least 2 feet longer than the
distance between the supports, and shall be one solid piece
without splicing. Provision shall be made to prevent the sup­porting ropes from slipping over the ends of the beam.
D. Pipe needle beams shall be of one piece wrought ironor steel pipe free from rust or scale.
E. When the scaffold span is not more than 12 feet, the pipe
shall be at least 3% inches in diameter. For longer spans or
heavier loads the diameter of the pipe shall be proportionately
increased.

44
F. Where the space between needle beams is 12 feet or less,the platform shall be composed of planks at least 10 inches wideand 2 inches thick. Where the span is over 12 feet, the crosssection of the planks shall be increased in proportion.
G. Platforms in the interior of a building shall be not lessthan 2 feet 6 inches wide; on the outside not less than 3 feet 6
inches wide.
H. All planks shall be secured by suitable cleats or drop bolts
to prevent them from slipping, tipping, or collapsing. Where theplanks are to be used in a steeply inclined position, they shall be
provided with cleats at least 1% by 2 inches in cross section,
spaced not more than 8 inches apart.
I. The ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaf­
fold hitch or some other equally effective method. All ropes
shall be so secured to the beams or girders as to prevent slippingor tipping of scaffold.
J. The rope shall be at least 1% inch in diameter, and shallbe increased in proportion to the size o f the load. The support­
ing rope shall not be attached to the needle beam, at a point lessthan 1 foot from the end of the beam.

45
LADDER SPECIFICATIONSSECTION 01—GENERAL)!

8306.01

A. Construction ladders shall be provided and maintained inplace during working hours until temporary or permanent stair­ways are ready for use.
B. Single rail ladders shall not be constructed for use except
as provided for under “ Roofing Devices.”
C. Wood side rails shall be of thoroughly seasoned material
free from shakes, cross grain, checks, and decay. Knots shallnot exceed y2 inch in diameter and shall not be nearer than %inch to the edge of the rail or 3 inches of the rung.
D. Wood rungs shall be of thoroughly seasoned material freefrom knots, shakes, cross grain, large checks, or decay. They
shall be of white oak, ash, or material equivalent thereto instrength and wear.
E. Wood rungs shall be inserted in holes in the side rails andin all cases securely fastened, with a uniform spacing between
rungs, not to exceed 12 inches on centers.
F. Ladders with weakened, broken, or missing treads, rungs,
or cleats or broken side rails shall not be used, and ladders
which have developed defects shall be withdrawn from service.
Cleats shall not be used to repair rung ladders.
G. Ladders when in place shall have a substantial bearing for
all rails at the bottom and when inclined shall have a substantial
support at or near the top.
H. Ladders placed where there is danger of slipping shall be
secured by the use of cleats, metal points, safety shoes, lashing,or other effective means. Painted ladders will not be permitted.
However, linseed oil or clear varnish may be used.
I. All ladders with spreading bases such as step and trestle
ladders shall be equipped with rigid spreaders or other means
to prevent their premature opening or closing.
J. Fixed ladder landings shall be equipped with standard
guard rails and toe boards. Such platform shall be not less than
24 inches in width.
K. Rails of fixed ladders to landings shall extend a distanceo f at least 36 inches above the landing. The rungs may beomitted above the landing. Landing shall be provided where an
employee must step a greater distance than 14 inches from lad­
der to roof, tank, etc.

46
L. The landing distance shall not be greater than the rungspacing o f the ladder.
M. Portable ladders shall not be used used with a pitch suchthat the horizontal distance from the wall to the foot of theladder shall exceed one-fourth of the unsupported length of theladder unless it is securely braced to prevent sagging.
N. Ladders not specifically mentioned herein shall be of suf­
ficient strength to resist double the strain o f the heaviest loadthat will be placed upon it in use.
O.
Single ladders not constructed to be used as sectional lad­ders shall not be spliced together to form a longer ladder unlesssuch splicing together shall provide and maintain the strengthand rigidity required for ladder construction.
P. Ladders on which workers are employed when placedin passageways, doorways, driveways, or public thoroughfares
shall be guarded by barricades (guard rails). Doors which
open adjacent to where such work is being done on ladders
shall be securely closed or fastened open while work is inprogress. Working from ladders is not an acceptable practiceand should not be countenanced except for minor operations.
No one shall ascend or descend a ladder except by facing
the rungs.
SECTION 02—SINGLE RUNG LADDERS

8306.02

A.
Side rails and rungs shall have a minimum dressed crosssection of the following dimensions:
LengthRail sections

IMe" x 2 H " 'Over 16 feet and up to and including 20 feet__________ lM e "x 2 H "_____
Qver 20 feet and up to and including 24 feet__________ IMe" x 2*K".

Rungs
1H"
1H"
1H"

B. Ladders with parallel side rails shall have a minimum
inside width between rails of 12 inches.
C. Ladders with spread rails shall have a minimum insidewidth at top rung of 12 inches and at each succeeding rung% inch wider.
D. Rungs shall not exceed 30 inches in length.
E. Tenons shall be % inch in diameter.

47
F. Masons’ single ladder up to 22 feet in length shall haveside rail cross section of 1% by 4 inches and spaced not morethan 10 inches on centers.
G. High-grade manufactured ladders with curved side raild
will be permitted.
SECTION 03—SINGLE CLEAT LADDERS

8306.03

A.
Minimum
insidewidth

LengthUp to 12'_ ..... .............. .....................
More than 12' and up to 16'________
More than 16' and up to 20'________
More than 20' and up to 2 4 '........... .

Maximum Cross sec­ Cross sec­tion oftion ofinsidecleats
width
rails
24"
24"
24"
24"

20"
20"
20"
20"

2" x 4"2" x 4"2" x 6"2" x 6"

1" x 3"
1" x 3 "1" x 4"
1" x 4"The lumber dimensions given in the above table are trade sizes.

B.
Fixed ladders shall follow dimensions given for single
cleat ladders and may exceed 24 feet in height provided they are
securely fixed or braced at intervals of not more than 15 feet.
SECTION 04—EXTENSION LADDERS

8306.04

A.
LengthCross section ofrails
lM e "x 2
IMe" x 3 " ..............
1%" x 3J4"............

Diameter
rungs
\W
m "
IX "

B. Bach ladder shall be equipped with two automatic locks.
Locks shall be of such construction as to make the extension lad­der equal in strength to a ladder constructed of continuous siderails.
C. All parts of the lock shall be of malleable iron or otherequivalent material.
D. All other iron parts of the ladder shall be of malleable
or wrought iron or equivalent material.

48
E.
Where pulleys are used the ladder shall be equippedwith a galvanized malleable or wrought iron shackle andpulley.
P. The lumber dimensions given herein are minimum
dressed.
^ G. Tenons shall be not less than % inch in diameter.
H.
Masons’ extension ladder shall be limited to two sections
and to 44 feet in length, shall have side rails 1% by 4 inches.
Width o f bottom section shall be not more than 20 inches;
rungs not less than 1% inches in diameter and tenon 1 inch
in diameter.
SECTION 05—STEP LADDERS

8306.05

A. Step ladders shall be limited to 20 feet in height.
Higher step ladders may be used providing the sizes of con­struction members and bracing are increased so as to furnish
the same factor o f safety as provided herein.
B. Side rails dimensions up to and including 10 feet shallbe 2%2 by 2% inches. Back legs, 2%2 by 1% inches.
C. Side rail dimensions for step ladders more than 10 feetand up to 20 feet shall be 2%2 by 3% inches. Back legs,
2%2 by 2% inches.
D. Step dimensions shall be 2%2 by 3% inches, set into
each side rail y8 inch and supported by a %-inch steel rod.
E. Bracing strips in backs Shall be metal bound at ends.
Material used in spreaders shall be equal in strength to%-inch by %-inch steel.
F. The lumber dimensions given herein are minimum■dressed.
SECTION 06—SECTIONAL LADDERS'

8306.06

A. The minimum dressed cross-section and distance betweenside rails of sectional ladders shall be as follow s:
Side rails—cross section
Sections
Thickness(inches)

Depth(inches)

m
m
m

2%
3H
3H

Distance(inches)
13
20
24

49
B. I f the length o f sections exceeds 6 feet 4 inches theSide rail cross sections shall be correspondingly increased.
C. Bungs shall be 1% inches in diameter with ys-inch tenon.
D. The connection joint shall be not less than 1 foot. The
grooved ends of the sections shall be reinforced with a metal
plate not less than No. 18 U. S. Standard gage properly se­
cured thereto and riveted above the groove extending throughthe depth of the rail or other equivalent fastening.
SECTION 07—TRESTLE LADDERS

8306.07

A. Sides for ladders up to 10 feet in length shall be 1>%einches by 2% inches, minimum dressed. Rungs 1Ys inches
in diameter shrill be of oak, ash, or other wood o f equal
strength.
B. Longer ladders shall have side rails of proportionately
larger dimensions.
C. Lumber shall be No. 1 clear spruce or other wood of equal
strength.
D. Metal parts shall be malleable or wrought iron or metalo f equivalent strength.
E. Rungs shall be rabbeted through the side and securely
fastened thereto.
SECTION 08—EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDERS

8306.08

A. Sides of base for extension trestle ladders shall not beless than 1% inches by 2% inches, minimum dressed. Basesection shall not exceed 16 feet in length.
B. Rungs of base and extension shall be 1% inches in diam­eter, of oak, ash, or other wood of equal strength, rabbeted
through side rails and securely fastened thereto.
C. Sides of the extension section shall not be less than
1% inches by 2% inches and shall not exceed 16 feet inlength.
D. Lumber for extension trestle ladders shall be No. 1
clear spruce or other wood of equal strength.
E. Metal parts shall be malleable or wrought iron or othermetal o f equivalent strength.
F. The locking device for securing the extension section to
the base shall be of design as efficient as that specified forextension ladders.

50

PAINTING
SECTION 01—STORAGE OF PAINTS

8307.01

A.
Packages containing paints, varnishes, lacquers, thinners, or other volatile painting materials shall be kept tightly
closed when not in actual use, and shall be stored in well ven­tilated places where they will not be exposed to excessive
heat, smoke, sparks, flame, or direct rays o f the sun.
SECTION 02—SPRAY PAINTING

8307.02

A. Spray painting in enclosed places with materials con­taining lead, benzol or any ingredient injurious to healthshall be segregated from other employees by a temporary
partition o f canvas or other suitable material. I f lights,
switches and live electric wiring are necessary they shall beo f the explosion proof type.
B. Spray machine operators shall be required to wear a
garment which fits close at the ankles, neck, and wrists andshall also be required to wear gloves, goggles, and approved
type respirators while engaged in spraying materials otherthan water paints while in an enclosure.
C. No smoking or open fire of any kind shall be permitted
in rooms where spray guns are in operation.

51
ELECTRICAL WIRE AND APPARATUS
SECTION 01—GENERAL

8308.01

A. Electric wiring in temporary or permanent use shall be
installed and maintained, by competent and qualified workmen,
so as to effectively protect all persons against injury therefrom.
B. Substantial insulation, grounds, or other protection shallbe provided during construction operations to protect employees
from injuries resulting from temporary or permanent electric
wiring or apparatus.
C. Extension cords to lights and electrically operated tools
or devices, together with their connections and fittings shall be
insulated and maintained in a safe condition. Wires carrying
electrical current shall not be run on the ground unless effectively
insulated.
D. Wiring equipment such as fastenings, connections, etc.,
where accessible to workmen shall be nonconductive and/or
where conductive equipment is used the same shall be guarded
so as to protect workmen against the injury.
E. No work shall be done on any wiring or equipment carrying
600 volts or over until the portion being worked upon is pro­tected on both sides by grounds, blocks, bypasses, hold-off
systems or by other effective means.
F. All work on electric wiring and equipment carrying 600 voltsor more, shall be performed by men competent and qualified inhigh voltage installations.
G. Suitable insulating mats or platforms o f substantial con­struction and providing good footing shall be so placed onfloors and, if necessary, on the frames of the machines having
exposed live parts of more than 150 volts to a ground, that theoperator or persons in the vicinity cannot readily touch suchparts unless standing on the mats, platforms, or insulating
floors.
H. A notice shall be posted in the cab of every derrick, crane,
dragline, etc., prohibiting the operator from bringing the boom
or crane within 10 feet of high voltage wires.
I. Overloading of electric circuits is prohibited.
J. All circuits shall be fused or have circuit breakers adjusted
for the designated safe load.
K. The use of slugs or jumpers on circuit breaking devices is
prohibited.

52

BLASTING
SECTION 01—GENERAL

8309.01

A. The transportation, handling, storage and use of dynamite
and other explosives shall be directed and supervised by aperson o f proven experience and ability in blasting operations.
These operations shall be in accordance with the following
requirements:
1. All blasts must be fired with an electric blasting machine.
2. When detonating fuse is used, it shall be fired by the use
o f an electric blasting cap.
B. Blasting machines must be known to be in good conditionand of sufficient capacity to fire all charges. For blastingmachines the following performance rating shall apply:
1.
The machines shall fire without failure at least five times
in succession, two electric blasting caps in series, throughresistance as follow s:
75 Ohms for 10 cap machines.
144 Ohms for 30 cap machines.
208 Ohms for 50 cap machines.
320 Ohms for 100 cap machines.
C. Rubber covered or other adequately insulated copper wires
in good condition shall be used_ for firing lines and shall havesolid cores. Sufficient firing line shall be provided to permit
the blaster and other workers to be located at a safe distancefrom the blast. Single conductor lead lines shall be used.
SECTION 02—TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.02

A. Trucks used for the transportation of explosives must not
be loaded beyond rated capacity and the boxes of explosives
must be so secured that they cannot drop off the truck. In all
open body types of vehicles the explosives must be covered witha fire resistant tarpaulin.
B. All trucks used for the transportation of explosives shallbe marked or placarded on both sides and ends with the word
“ Explosives” in letters not less than 3 inches high or shall con­spicuously display a red flag not less than 24 inches square,

53
marked with the word “Danger” in white letters not less than
6 inches high.
C. Electric blasting caps shall not be transported in the samevehicle with other explosives.
D. All trucks shall be in the charge of and operated by aperson who is physically fit, careful, reliable, able to read andwrite the English language and not addicted to the use of
intoxicants or narcotics. No person under the influence of
intoxicants or narcotics will be permited to transport, handle,
or otherwise use explosives.
E. No metal, metal tools, carbides, oils, matches, firearms,
electric storage batteries, inflammable substances, acids, oxidiz­
ing or corrosive compounds shall be carried in the bed or bodyof any motortruck and/or vehicle transporting explosives.
F. Trucks to be used in the transportation of explosives must
be clean and in good repair. When steel or part-steel bodies
are used, canvas or other relatively nonflammable cushioning
materials must be employed to separate the explosives from themetal.
G. Trucks shall be equipped with not less than two fire ex­tinguishers, placed at convenient points, filled and ready for
immediate use, and of a make approved by the National Boardo f Fire Underwriters.
H. A truck containing explosives shall never be taken intoa garage or repair shop or parked in congested areas or stored
over night, or at any other time, in a public garage or similarbuilding.
X All trucks shall be checked before transporting explosives
and all electric wiring completely protected and securely fas­
tened to prevent short circuiting.
J. Trucks transporting explosives shall be operated with ex­treme care and shall not be driven at a speed greater than 25
miles per hour. Full stops shall be made at approaches to allrailroad crossings and main highways and the truck must notproceed until it is known that the way is clear.
K. Explosives shall not be transported in any form of trailer,
nor shall any trailer be attached to a motortruck or vehicle
hauling explosives.
L. No person other than the authorized driver and helper
shall be permitted to ride on trucks transporting explosives ordetonators.

54
M. Explosives shall not be transported during hours o f dark­
ness except in extreme emergency and only when the written
approval of the area engineer has been secured.
N. The gasoline tank of a motortruck shall not be filled while
explosives are on the motortruck except in emergency and then
only when the engine of the motortruck is stopped.
O.
Explosives unloaded from trucks shall be piled at sufficientdistance from exhaust to prevent danger of sparks igniting the
explosives.
P. Persons employed in the transportation, handling, or otheruse of explosives shall not carry on their person or in thetruck, matches, firearms, ammunition, or other flame producing
devices.
SECTION 03—HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.03

A. Containers o f explosives shall be opened only by meansof wooden wedges and wooden mallets. The dropping of loaded
containers for the purpose of opening the same is prohibited.
B. Dynamite cartridges shall only be removed from containers
as they are needed for immediate use and carried to the blast­ing area in nonmetallic containers.
C. Explosives and detonators shall be taken to the blastingarea in separate nonmetallic containers, except that primers
prepared at a central priming station may be carried in a non­metallic container.
*'
D. After loading of a blast is completed, all excess explosives
and detonators shall be returned at once to the storage magazine,
observing the same rules as when being conveyed to the blastingarea.
E. All empty dynamite boxes showing stains of any kind shallbe destroyed by burning out of doors at a safe distance frommagazine and other structures.
SECTION 04—STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.04

A.
Separate magazines shall be provided for storage of ex­
plosives and detonators. Such magazines shall be bullet proof,
fire resistant and weather proof and of an approved type andshall be adequately ventilated. The minimum distance between
magazines storing detonators and explosives shall be 100 feet
unbarricaded or 50 feet barricaded.

55
B. The area around the magazine for a distance of 25 feetshall be kept clear of vegetation and all combustible matter.
C. The magazines shall not be unlocked except for inspection
and the storage and removal of explosives; and the key shallbe in the charge of a reliable and competent person who shallbe in charge of explosives and the magazines.
D. Shoes with nails or metal plates which are likely to cause
friction sparks shall not be worn in magazines.
E. Magazines in which explosives are stored shall not be used
for any other purpose. No metal tools of any description shallbe kept in magazines.
P. Explosives shall be arranged in the magazine so that oldest
stock is used first.
G. Repairs to inside of magazines shall not be made without
first removing all explosives to a safe distance and providingthem with ample protection.
H. Explosives shall be stored only in original containers.
I. Explosives shall be stored with top side up.
J. Magazines shall be kept dry and clean, and the area aroundthe magazine posted with appropriate “ Caution” or “ Danger”
signs.
K. Magazine floors shall continually be kept clean.
L. Explosives containers shall be opened, packed or repacked
only at a distance of at least 50 feet from any magazine.
M. No smoking, matches, firearms, open flames, or any flame
producing device, shall be permitted within 100 feet of any
magazine.
N. Magazine floors that become stained with nitro-glycerinshall be scrubbed with a stiff broom or brush using a freshly
made solution composed of % gallon o f water, % gallon of wood
alcohol and 2 pounds of sulphide o f sodium. Plenty of the liquidshould be used so as to thoroughly decompose the nitro-glycerin.
O.
Detonators shall not be taken into a magazine containing
other explosives.
P. Opened boxes of explosives shall not be left in a magazine.
Q. All magazines in which explosives are had, kept, or stored
shall be located at the distance from buildings, railroads, andhighways in conformance with the following table:

56
American table of distances
Quantity that may be had, kept or stored
Electric blasting
caps
Numberover

Numbernot over

1,000
5,000
10,00020,00025,00050,000100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1, 500,000
2,000,000
2, 500,000
3,000,000
3, 500,000
4,000, 000
4, 500,000
5,000,000

5,000
10,00020,00025,00050,000100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3, 500,000
4,000,000
4, 500,000
5,000,000
7, 500,000

Distance (feet)from nearest—
DynamitePounds
over

50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9, 00010,000Poundsnot over

Build­
ing

Rail­
way

50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,00015,000

30
60
120
145
240
360
520
640
720
800
860
920
980
1,020
1,060
1,200
1,300
1,420
1, 5001, 560
1,610
1,660
1,700
1,740
1,780

20
40
70
90
140
220
310
380
430
480
520
550
590
610
640
720
780
850
900
. 940
970
1,000
1,020
1,040
1,070

High­
way
10
20
35
45
70
110
150
190
220
240
260
280
300
310
320
360
390
420
450
470
490
500
510
520
530

N o t e . —For larger quantities see the complete American Table of Distance.

A 50 percent reduction in the above distances may be appliedin connection with magazines that are screened from buildings,
railroads, highways, or other magazines either by natural fea­tures o f the ground or by an efficient artificial barricade of suchheight that any straight line drawn from the top of any sidewallof the magazine to any part of the building to be protected willpass through such intervening natural or efficient artificial bar­
ricade, and any straight line drawn from the top of any sidewallof the magazine, to any point 12 feet above the center of therailroad or highway to be protected, will pass through such in­tervening natural or efficient artificial barricade.
R. Magazines in which more than 50 pounds of explosives are
stored shall be detached from other structures, and magazines
where more than 5,000 pounds of explosives are stored shall belocated at least 200 feet from any other magazine, except blast­

57
ing cap magazines. Magazines where quantities of explosives inexcess of 25,000 pounds are kept and stored shall have an in­crease over 200 feet of 2% feet for each 1,000 pounds o f explosives
in excess of 25,000 pounds stored therein. These distances be­
tween magazines may be disregarded where the total quantity
stored in the several magazines complies with the American
Table of Distance as regards proximity to inhabited buildings,
railways, and highways—except that in all cases, the quantity of
explosives contained in blasting-cap magazines shall govern inregard to spacing said cap magazines from magazines contain­
ing other explosives, but under no circumstances shall a maga­zine containing blasting caps be within a less distance than 100
feet not barricaded, or 50 feet barricaded from any magazine
other than cap magazine.
SECTION 05— DRILLING

8309.05

A. All drill holes shall be of greater diameter than the diameterof cartridges of explosives used. Loading and drilling shall not
be carried out at the same time in the same area.
B. Drilling shall not be started until all remaining butts ofold holes are examined for unexploded charges. Never insert adrill, pick, or bar in such holes even if examination fails todisclose explosives.
C. Drilling shall not be resumed after blasts have been fired
until a thorough examination has been made to make sure that
there are no unexploded charges remaining.
SECTION 06—LOADING

8309.06

A. In loading small diameter bore holes, tamping shall bedone with a wooden stick having no metal parts. Primed car­tridges shall be seated by even steady pressure only.
B. All loaded holes or charges shall be checked and definitely
located before firing.
C. When holes are sprung, leave ample time between spring­ing shots for the hole to cool, and also between the last springing
shot and the loading o f the main charge.
D. No more cartridges shall be primed than are required for asingle round of blasting. Detonators shall only be inserted in ahole in the end of a cartridge prepared especially for that pur­pose. Holes shall be made with a sharpened wooden stick.

58
E.
All charges shall be covered with blasting mats before
firing, where blasting is done in the vicinity of structures likely
to be injured by flying rock.
SECTION 07—WIRING

8309.07

A. Each electric blasting cap shall be tested with an a'pproved
galvanometer before and after tamping a hole.
B. All caps in a blast shall have copper wire and shall be of
the same manufacture.
C. After testing the leg wires of electric blasting caps, theyshall be short-circuited by twisting the bare ends together andshall remain so twisted until ready to be connected into thecircuit preparatory to connecting to the firing line.
D. All electric blasting caps shall be wired in series and thefiring line shall not be smaller than No. 14 B and S gage copper
wire.
E. The number of electric blasting caps fired in one series shallnot exceed the rated capacity o f the blasting machine.
F. The circuit including all caps should be tested with anapproved galvanometer before being connected to firing line.
G. The complete circuit, lead wires and firing line, should bechecked with an approved galvanometer at the terminals to behooked on to blasting machine.
H. No firing line shall be connected to a blasting machine
until just before the shot is to foe'fired.
I. Cartridges shall not be primed nor holes loaded during
approach of a thunderstorm or while it is in progress. . If acharge has been primed or holes loaded, every person shall beordered to a safe distance until the storm is over.
SECTION 08—FIRING

8309.08

A.
Prior to the firing of a shot, all persons in the blasting area
shall be warned o f the blast and ordered to a safe distance fromthe area. Blast shall not be fired until it is absolutely certainthat every person has retreated to a safe distance and that noone remains in a dangerous location.
SECTION 09—INSPECTION AFTER BLASTING

8309.09

A.
Immediately after blast has been fired, the firing line shallbe disconnected from the blasting machine and carried back at

59
least half the distance from the blasting machine to the area ofthe blast.
B. The firing line shall be left in this position until all
inspection and checking work has been completed.
C. After the blast has been fired, a minute inspection shallbe made to determine if all charges have been exploded be­fore any person is allowed to return to the area of the blast.
D. All wires shall be carefully traced and search made forunexploded cartridges.
SECTION 10—MISFIRES

8309.10

A. I f broken wires, faulty connections, or short circuits are
determined as the cause of a misfire, the proper repairs shallbe made, the firing line reconnected, and the charge fired.
This shall be done, however, only after a careful inspection
has been made of burdens remaining in such holes and nohole shall be so refired when the burden has been dangerously
weakened by other shots.
B. Misfired charges tamped with solid material shall beblasted out by the process of detonation by concussion. In
using this method a new hole shall be drilled and fired at apoint no nearer than two feet from the misfired charge. In
following this procedure a careful search shall -be made forunexploded material in the debris of the second charge.

60
INFLAMMABLES»SECTION 01—GENERAL

8313.01

A. All storage, handling or use of inflammables shall be
under the supervision of qualified persons. No one shall bepermitted to handle or use inflammables until he has been
instructed in the safe handling and use of same.
B. A monthly inspection shall be made of all systems andequipment used for the storage, handling or processing of
inflammables.
C. All sources o f ignition shall be prohibited in areas where
inflammables are stored, handled and processed. Suitable warn­
ing and “No Smoking” signs shall be posted in all such areas.
D. Rubbish, brush, long grass, or other combustible mate­rial shall be continually removed from areas where inflam­
mables are stored, handled or processed.
E. All spills o f inflammable liquids shall be cleaned up im­
mediately.
F. All inflammables, including intrastate shipments, shallbe in containers approved for shipment o f such materials by,
and tagged or labeled in accordance with regulations of
I. C. C.
G. All tanks, containers and pumping equipment, portableor stationary, used for the stordge or handling of inflammables
shall meet the requirements o f the National Board of Fire
Underwriters.
H. Electrical lighting shall be the only means used forillumination in 1areas where inflammable liquids, vapors,
fumes, dusts or gases are present. All electrical equipment
and installations shall be in accordance with provisions of the
National Electrical ' Safety Code for hazardous locations.
Globes of the vapor proof type shall not be removed or lamps
replaced until it is certain that the circuit is dead.
I. Flashlights and electric lanterns used in connection withthe handling of inflammables shall be the type approved by
the Underwriters’ Laboratories.
J. Heating systems in buildings where inflammables are
stored or processed shall be installed in accordance withregulations o f the National Board o f Fire Underwriters.

61
K. All buidings, rooms and compartments where inflam­
mables are present shall be properly ventilated. Where me­
chanical ventilation or exhaust systems are necessary, theyshall be installed in accordance with regulations for installa­tion of blower and exhaust systems by the National Boardof Fire Underwriters.
, h. Approved type Are extinguishers shall be provided at all
locations where inflammables are stored, processed or used.
M. No person shall enter a storage tank, tank car or othervessel which has contained inflammables until such vessel
has been properly purged and ventilated. After purging andventing a test shall be made for gas. If the vessel is not
gas free, purging and venting shall be repeated.
N. All persons entering storage tanks, tank cars, or othervessels which have contained inflammable fluids or gases shallbe provided with necessary protective clothing, approved air
fed masks, safety belts, and life lines. An attendant shall bestationed at the entrance to such tank or vessel.
O.
No welding, cutting, riveting, or other hot work and no
mechanical work shall be performed on a storage tank, tank
car or other vessel which has contained inflammables until
such vessel has been properly purged and ventilated; After
purging and venting a test shall be made for gas. I f thevessel is not gas free, purging and venting shall be repeated.
Tanks or other containers brought to the shop for repair
shall be purged and vented outside o f buildings and wellaway from open flames and other sources o f ignition.
P. Welding, riveting, or other hot work on tanks or con­tainers which have contained inflammable liquids or gases
shall be performed only by men experienced in such work.
Q. All tools used in hazardous atmospheres shall be of thenon-sparking variety.
R. Woolen or asbestos fire blankets shall be provided andkept in conspicuous and easily accessible locations where in­flammables are stored, handled and used.
SECTION 02—STORAGE

8313.02

A. Storage of inflammable liquids shall be in accordance withthe regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
B. Storage tanks and systems shall be electrically bonded
and grounded in an approved manner.

62
0. All storage tanks shall be equipped with proper relief
vents. Tank vents shall not be located close to open flames,
stacks, heating apparatus or any other source o f ignition.
Vent screens shall not be painted. In freezing weathier all
vacuum and pressure reliefs shall be inspected daily.
D. Water draw off valves shall be insulated to prevent
freezing.
E. All storage tanks above ground shall be diked, curbed,
or other suitable means provided to prevent the spread ofliquids to other property in case of a rupture in tank or
piping. Such dike or curbed area shall have a capacity equalin volume to that o f the tank.
F. Outlets from storage tanks above ground shall beequipped with quick closing valves.
G. Inside storage o f large quantities o f flammable liquids
or gases in drums or other containers shall be in a separate
fire resistant building located at least 50 feet from adjoining
buildings or structures.
H. Entrances to storage or process buildings shall be kept
under lock and key. Only authorized persons shall be per­mitted to enter such buildings.
1. A ventilated metal cabinet shall be provided for the
storage o f more than a total o f 10 gallons o f oils, varnishes,lacquers or other inflammable liquids in buildings used forother than storage or processing, -N ot more than a total of
50 gallons shall be stored in any one cabinet. No individual
container shall exceed five gallons capacity.
SECTION 03—HANDLING AND USE

8313.03

A. All dispensing of inflammable fluids shall be by approved
pumping arrangement from underground tanks or tank trucks.
This rule applies to containers of over 55-gallon capacity. Useof pumping arrangement is recommended in all cases.
B. The handling of inflammable fluids in open containers is
prohibited.
C. Tank cars or trucks shall be spotted accurately, and notloaded or unloaded until brakes have been set and wheels
chocked.
D. Blue flag warning signs shall be clamped to the rails towarn train crews when tank cars are connected.

63
E. Tank cars or trucks shall never be left unattended while
being loaded or unloaded.
F. All tank cars and trucks shall be properly bonded andgrounded while being loaded or unloaded. Bonding and ground­ing connections shall be made before dome covers are removed
on cars and trucks and shall not be disconnected until such cov­ers have been replaced. Internal vapor pressure shall be
relieved before dome covers are opened.
G. All processing and mixing of inflammable liquids shall bein separate fire resistant building except that in buildings oftype A fire resistant construction such operations shall be per­mitted in separate rooms cut off from the rest of the buildingby 8-inch concrete or brick walls. Approved type fire doors
shall be provided on such rooms. Entrances to all processingor mixing rooms shall be provided with a noncombustible sillraised 6 inches.
H. Floors in all process and mixing rooms shall be fire resist­ant and drainage provided to a safe location.
I. Not more than 1 day’s supply of inflammable fluids shallbe kept in any processing or mixing room. I f 1 day’s require­ments are less than 55 gallons, not more than 1 drum shall bepermitted.
J. Accumulations of flammable materials on floors, walls,
etc., shall not be permitted.
K. Bungs, caps, or stoppers shall not be left out of drums,
barrels, or other inflammable liquid containers. This rule also
applies to empty containers.
L. All tanks, hoses, and containers shall be kept in metallic
contact while inflammable liquids are being poured.

64

MACHINERY AND MECHANIZEDEQUIPMENTSE CTIO N 01— GENERAL REQU IREM EN TS
A . Inspection.

8316.01

1. Machinery and mechanized equipment, hereinafter called
equipment, shall not be placed in operation until it has beeninspected by a qualified person and found to be in safe operating
condition.
2. A regularly weekly inspection shall be made o f all equip­
ment.
3. Defective equipment shall be removed from service, re­paired and reinspected before being again placed in service.
4. Current records o f all inspections shall be kept on fileand be available fo r review by representatives o f the Safety
Section.
B. Guarding, Safety Devices, Ladders, Platform s, Etc.
1. All belts, gears, shafts, clutches, drums, flywheels, chains,
and other reciprocating or rotating parts o f equipment shall be
guarded.
2. Platforms, footwalks, steps, ladders, hand holds, guard
rails, and toe boards shall be provided on all equipment where
necessary.
, *•3. Means shall be provided to prevent the starting o f equip­
ment by unauthorized persons.
4. A suitable operating floor or platform o f nonslip material
shall be provided fo r all equipment operators.
5. No guard safety appliance or device shall be removed
or made ineffective except fo r the purpose o f immediately making
repairs or adjustments and then only after the power has been
shut off. Such guards and devices shall be replaced immediately
after com pletion o f repairs and adjustments.
6. Operators o f equipment shall have suitable protection
against the elements, falling objects, swinging loads, and similar
hazards.
7. AH windows in shields, cabs, or inclosures on equipment
shall be o f safety glass.

65
8. A warning device shall he provided on all equipment where
there is danger to workmen in m oving the equipment or fromswinging loads, buckets, booms, etc.
9. All current carrying parts o f electrically operated equip­
ment shall be properly isolated or guarded. A ll noncurrent
carrying metal parts shall be properly grounded.
10. All equipment and exhaust, steam or other lines carry­ing high temperatures located where they endanger employees
or create a fire hazard shall be covered with suitable insulating
material.
11. Exhausts from all equipment powered by steam or in­
ternal combustion engines shall be piped to the outside and solocated that they do not endanger workmen o r obstruct the viewo f the operator.
C. Inflammables.
1. Refueling any type o f equipment w ith liquid fuel while
the m otor is running is prohibited.
2. Smoking or the use o f open flames on or in the immediate
vicinity o f equipment being refueled is prohibited.
3. No solvent w ith a flash point below 100° F. shall be used
fo r the cleaning o f equipment or parts.
4. All gasoline or other highly inflammable fluids used on
equipment shall be handled by pumps or in approved type safety
cans. Gasoline, lubricating oil, and other inflammable fluids
shall not be stored on equipment except in fuel tanks or approved
type safety cans with a capacity o f not m ore than 1 day’s
requirements.
5. Fuel tank filler openings shall not be located in such a
position that spills or overflows can run down on a hot motor,
exhaust pipe, or battery.
6. An approved type fire extinguisher shall be located on or
in close proxim ity to all equipment.
D. Repairs.
1. All equipment shall be shut down fo r repairs and shall havean “ Out o f Order” sign posted; such sign shall not be re­moved until repairs are completed, equipment inspected andapproved for service.
2. When repairs are necessary on mobile equipment, it shall be
removed to a location which w ill not interfere with other opera­
tions and provide a safe workplace for repairmen.

66
3. Equipment which is suspended in slings or supported byhoist or jacks fo r repairs shall be blocked or cribbed before men
are permitted to w ork underneath.
4. When repairs are made remote from the source of power
on conveyors, cableways, etc., chains, blocking, or other suchdevices shall be used to prevent injury in case o f accidental
starting.
5. Before starting repairs on electrically powered equip­
ment, the main switch shall be locked in open position. The key
to switch lock shall be retained by the repairman.
E. M iscellaneous.
1. Accumulations of debris, oil, grease, oily rags, waste, etc.,
on equipment shall not be permitted.
2. Safe load capacity and or operating speeds shall be posted
on all equipment and shall not be exceeded.
3. Equipment shall be placed on a firm foundation and properly
secured in place.
4. Before m oving mobile equipment, a survey o f the area
in which it is located shall be made to check fo r overhead wires,
pipelines, excavations, and similar hazards.
5. Portable equipment shall not be moved into, out of, oroperated in any area containing high voltage electric lines
until the approval o f the superintendent has been obtained.
6. Equipment shall not be operated within 10 feet o f highvoltage lines unless the power has "been shut off.
7. Equipment shall not be located or operated so that slides,
blasts, or the collapse o f trenches or excavations can endanger
employees.
SECTIO N 02— CRANES, HOISTS, AN D DERRICK S

8316.02

A. M iscellaneous.
1. All cranes, hoists, and derricks shall have a minimum factoro f safety o f five.
2. All cranes, hoists, and derricks shall be equipped withproper dogs or pawls and braking equipment, which shall be-capable o f effectively braking a weight o f at least one and onehalf times the full rated load.
3. Extensions or outriggers w ill not be permitted unlessdesigned by the m anufacturer o f the equipment on which they
are to be used.

67
4. Capacity plates shall be attached to all cranes, hoists, andderricks. On boom cranes and derricks, they shall clearly indi­cate the safe load in tons for maximum and minimum positionso f the boom and fo r at least tw o intermediate stations. These
indications shall be fo r loads both with and w ithout outriggers.
5. There shall be at least tw o fu ll w raps o f cable on the drums
o f cranes, hoists, and derricks at all times o f operation.
6. Riding on loads, hooks, hammers, materials hoists, orbuckets shall not be permitted.
7. Loads, booms, buckets, etc., shall not be swung over theheads o f workmen.
8. W hile hoisting equipment is in operation, the operator
shall not be perm itted to perform any other work.
9. W hile a load is suspended from a crane or derrick, or ona hoist or elevator platform, the operator shall not leave his
position at the controls until the load has been landed or the
bucket or platform returned to the ground level.
10. Side pulls shall not be made with cranes or derricks.
The crane boom shall be directly over the load to be lifted.
11. A ll slings, cables, chains, and other gear used in connec­
tion w ith cranes, hoists and derricks, shall be under supervisiono f and maintained by properly qualified persons.
B. M aterial—H oists and Tow ers.
1. The shaftways and cars o f hoists shall be constructed ofsound material capable o f sustaining the maximum rated load
w ith a factor o f safety o f five. The tower shall be crossbraced
and strutted and well guyed or strongly anchored to the building.
Tow ers shall be vertically straight and plumb.
2. Landing platform s connecting the hoist shaftway to thebuilding shall be provided with guard rails and toe boards.
3. Tow ers shall be provided with suitable platforms, withguard rails and toe boards at each level where men work.
4. The shaftways o f hoists shall have a solid or substantial
grille or lattice w ork enclosure on all sides not used for loadingor unloading, extending to a height o f at least 7 feet from eachlanding. The entrance to the shaftway shall be protected bya hinged bar placed at least 18 inches from the flush line o f the
shaftway. W here the entrance to shaftw ays is exposed to haz­ard from falling objects, a substantial covering shall be provided.

68
5. The cars o f all hoists shall be provided at the top with acover o f either solid material or grille work. The covers shallbe set back not more than 6 inches from the landing thresholdand shall be hinged on the landing side not less than 18 inchesback.
6. Builders’ hoists shall not be operated when men are w ork­
ing in or on a hatchway or tower.
7. No person shall be permitted to enter a hoist pit until the
car or bucket has been landed on suitable blocking or horizontal
timbers placed across sh aft opening.
C. Signal Systems.
1. A standard signal system shall be used on all cranes,
hoists and derricks.
2. Hoist signals shall be given only by the designated signal­man.
3. W here the signalman cannot be observed by the operator,
a mechanical or electric signal system shall be used.
4. The signal code shall be posted adjacent to the signal device
and at each w ork level and at operator’s location and shall beclearly visible.
D. Pile Driving.
1. The hose on all steam or air hammers shall be lashed orotherwise fastened to prevent injury to workmen in case o f abroken connection.
2. W hile inserting a pile or when not in use, the hammer shallbe blocked in the leads.
SECTIO N 03—W O O D W O RK IN G M ACH IN ERY

8316.03

A. M iscellaneous.
1. W oodw orking machinery shall be operated only by prop­
erly qualified persons.
2. W oodw orking machinery shall not be permitted to run•unattended.
3. Suitable means shall be provided fo r the removal of saw­
dust, chips and shavings on all woodworking machinery.
4. Band saws shall not be operated at temperatures below 45°
as they are liable to break when cold.
5. Cylindrical cutterheads shall be used on all jointers andplaners.

69
6. A pusher stick or block shall be used in all close operations
on circular saws, jointers, and sanders.
7. Cracked saws shall be taken out o f service immediately.
D rilling to* prevent further cracking is prohibited.
8. All w oodworking tools shall be kept sharp and maintainedin safe w orking condition.
9. Sharpening, brazing, welding, and repairing o f w oodwork­
ing tools and equipment shall be done only by properly qualified
persons.
B. Guarding.
1. A ll belts, pulleys, clutches, gears, sprockets, spindles, andother rotating and reciprocating parts shall be properly guarded.
2. The peripheral length o f circular saws beneath saw tables
shall be guarded.
3. Positive locking belt shifter or suitable stop and start but­tons shall be provided on all woodworking equipment. These
devices shall be located w ithin easy reach o f the operator.
4. Chip screens or safety goggles shall be provided at all loca­
tions where there is danger o f injuries from sawdust, chips, orother flying particles.
5. Band saws shall be fully inclosed by a band guard except at
the point o f operation.
6. A ll swing cut off and radial saws shall be equipped with alim it stop which w ill prevent the outside edge of the saw fromextending beyond the edge o f the table.
7. That section o f cutterhead in back o f the guide shall be
guarded on all jointers.
C. Point o f Operation.
1. The point o f operation on circular saws, band saws, jointers,
borers, shapers, sanders, and other w oodworking machineryshall be properly guarded.
2. A ll circular rip saws shall be provided w ith a hood guard,
splitter, and kick-back device.
3. On all band saws a telescopic guard attached to the gauge
block and extending to the upper wheel inclosure shall be used.
4. W here the volume o f typical w ork is large, the use o f a jig
or fixture may be permitted w ith the approval o f the superin­tendent.

70

FLOATING PLANTSECTION 01— INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION

8317.01

A. Floating plant requiring an inspection a n d /or certificate
under the regulations o f the United States Coast Guard shallhave such certificate posted before starting work. All otherfloating plant shall be inspected and a certificate o f approvalissued by the Division or D istrict Engineer and posted before
operation.
B. All floating plant shall be reinspected and the certificateo f approval renewed annually. For m ajor repairs or altera­tions, floating plant shall be taken out o f service, reinspected,
and the certificate returned or reissued before being placed inoperation.
C. All persons requiring a license under the Regulations o f
the United States Coast Guard shall have in their possession acurrent license before being permitted to operate floating plantor equipment.
D. No person shall be permitted to operate any floating plantor equipment until it has been certified by the D istrict Engi­
neer that he is qualified and instructed in the safe method o foperating such plant and equipment.
E. W eekly inspections shall be made in connection w ith acci­
dent prevention, sanitation and health, on all floating plant
and a record kept o f such inspections.
SE CTIO N
ETC.

02— G ANGW AYS,

GUARDRAILS,

PLATFORMS,
8317.02

A. Gangways equipped w ith guardrails or life lines shall be
provided for boarding or leaving all floating plant. W here
the use o f gangways is impracticable, ladders shall be pro­vided. All gangways and ladders shall be properly secured toprevent slipping or falling.
B. A ll gangways, ladders, stairways, passageways, etc., shallbe kept free o f ice, snow, grease, mud, and other material.
Sand, cinders, calcium chloride or other similar material shallbe used where slippery surfaces cannot be avoided.
C. Nonslip surfaces shall be provided on all stair treads,
ladders, floor plates, platforms, catwalks, and walkways, andon the weather side o f all doorways opening on deck.
D. On stairways, companionways, and passageways where
overhead clearance is lim ited suitable warning signs shall be
posted.

71
B.
Guardrails, life lines, or gratings shall be provided at all
deck openings.
F. Handrails shall be installed on all stairways, ship ladders,companionways, and other such places where danger o f falling
exists.
G. Bulwarks, guardrails, or life lines shall be provided on
all floating plant on which men are regularly employed orquartered. Similar provisions shall be made on all floating
plant where practical.
H. All cargo and material runways or stages shall be pro­vided with a substantial curb on each side at least six (6)inches high.
I. Pipe lines shall be equipped with walkways which shallhave a minimum w idth o f 20 inches. W alkways shall be
securely anchored to the pipe line. A guardrail equivalent instrength to a w ood rail (2 by 4 inches) shall be provided on
one side o f walkway and shall be secured to uprights atintervals o f not m ore than eight (8 ) feet. Such guardrail
shall be not less than thirty-six (36) nor m ore than forty-tw o(42) inches in height.
J. Catwalks or platform s w ith guardrails shall be provided
at all locations where men are regularly employed above decks,
floor plates, or over water.
K. A ll persons w orking aloft except on catwalks or platform s
provided with guardrails shall be equipped with safety belts
and life lines.
L. On all floating plant a walkway not less than tw o (2) feetwide shall be maintained outboard o f all cargo or other ma­
terials stored on deck.
M. Safety lines consisting o f three-fourth- (% -) inch ropewith knots twelve (12) inches apart shall be hung over theside o f floating plant at intervals o f not more than fifty(50) fe e t
SECTION 03— M ACH IN ERY AN D DECK G EAR

8317.03

A No person shall be permitted to enter a boiler, tank, coffer­dam, double bottom, o r other confined area until proper checkhas been made to insure a safe air supply, necessary protective
equipment has been provided, and an attendant stationed at theentrance.
B.
All belts, gears, chains, pulleys, couplings, projecting set
screws, keys, and other rotating or reciprocating parts when

72
exposed to hazardous contact shall be enclosed or properlyguarded.
C. A ll equipment and exhaust, steam, or other lines carrying
high temperatures, where they endanger employees or create afire hazard shall be guarded or covered by adequate insulation.
D. Engine throttle valves, boiler stops, starting switches anddevices shall be locked in off position before starting repairs
and key to such lock shall be retained by person making repairs.
E. Drip pans shall be installed at ail locations where wastefrom engines or machinery may accumulate. Pans shall be
emptied regularly.
F. Remote control shall be provided on floating plant forfuel shut-off valves, boiler stops, engine throttles, safety valves,and fixed fire extinguishing systems. Such controls shall belocated on deck in such a position that they are protectedagainst accidental operation but may be readily accessible tooperate in an emergency.
G. Hooks, shackles, rings, pad eyes, chains, slings, etc., thathave been bent, twisted, or otherwise damaged shall be removed
from service.
H. All lines, gear, cargo, and other material shall be securely
stowed or arranged in an orderly manner out o f walkways,
passageways, and w ork areas.
I. When handling lines on a power capstan o r winch head,two men shall be used; one *to handle lines and. the other tooperate such capstan or wingh head.,
J. The use o f cranks on hand-powered winches or hoists is
prohibited. Wheels without projecting spokes or pins shall be
used.
K. Employees shall be required to stand clear o f all chains,
lines, and cables under strain.
L. All permanent running rigging when exposed to haz­ardous contact shall be properly guarded.
M. Before anyone is permitted to w ork on cutterheads, suc­tion ladders, stern wheels or at such locations, chains, wirelashings, safety dogs or other similar devices shall be used toprevent accidental starting.
N. Axes in suitable brackets shall be provided forw ard andaft on all towing vessels.
O.
A ll loose ends o f wire rope shall be serviced or lashed toprevent hazardous contact.

73
SECTION 04— MISCELLANEOUS

8317.04

A. Suitable launches or tenders shall be provided fo r trans­
portation to or from floating plant.
B. Employees shall not be permitted to sit or stand on deck
railings, shafting, winch heads or other such hazardous places.
C. During inclement weather, at night, or in highly hazard­
ous locations, no person, except watchman, shall be permitted
to work alone.
D. Adequate lighting shall be provided at all times on all
floating plant, pipelines, piers, landings and other adjacentareas used by the crew or other authorized persons.
E. A ll deck fittings and similar stumbling hazards shall be
painted yellow.
F. A suitable whistle, siren, horn, or other such device shallbe provided on all floating plant which is unattended by an­other vessel so equipped fo r signalling to shore or other ves­
sels.
G. On all floating plant where ten (10) or more men arequartered, one man shall be on watch at all times to guard
against fire, collision and other such hazards.
H. W hen engaged in operations where floating plant may beendangered by hurricanes, storms, or floods, plans shall bemade in advance fo r removal o f plant and evacuation o f per­sonnel in emergencies. Such plans shall be approved by theD istrict Engineer.
I. Grappling irons or drags shall be provided at all loca­
tions where men are employed on floating plant or adjacent towater.
SECTION 05— LAU NCH ES A N D M O TO RBOATS

8317.05

A. Launches and motorboats shall be operated by regularly
designated operators or crews.
B. A daily inspection shall be made o f all fu el lines, electric
wiring, bilges, bilge pumps, exhaust lines, ventilating equip­
ment, fire-extinguishing equipment, and lifesaving equipment
on launches and motorboats.
C. All launches and motorboats having power plants locatedin cabins or compartments shall be equipped with a built-in
CO> or other equally effective type o f fire-extinguishing sys­tem. A t least one carbon tetrachloride C 0 2 or dry powderpressure type hand fire extinguisher shall be carried on all
launches and motorboats including outboards.

74
D . A ll launches and motorboats haying power plants locatedin cabins or compartments shall be equipped with an exhaust
fan fo r ventilating engine spaces and bilges. Such fan shallbe o f the explosion-proof type and arranged so that the motor
cannot be started until the engine space and bilges have been
properly ventilated.
E. A ll electrical w iring shall be oilproof, wear-resisting
cable. All switches in m otor compartment shall be non­sparking type. Spark plugs shall be protected by insulating
nipples or hoods.
E.
No running motors, smoking, fires, open flames, or othersources of ignition shall be permitted while launches or motor
boats are being refueled.
G. Gauge glasses shall not be installed on fuel tanks. Other
means fo r gauging fuel shall be provided.
H. A cut-off valve shall be provided in the fuel line at
the tank in all launches or motorboats to which shall be at­tached three separate pulls located remote from each other.
I. The fuel valve shall be closed at the tank on all launches
and motorboats when shutting down fo r the night or morethan eight hours.
J. All carburetors on launches or motorboats shall beequipped w ith a backfire trap or flame arrestor. A screened
drip pan which is emptied continuously by suction from theintake manifold shall also be provided.
K. The maximum number o f passengers permitted on all
launches or motorboats shall be posted and shall not be
exceeded.
L. No person except man tending lines shall be permitted
to board or leave a launch or motorboat until such launchor motor boat has been securely tied up.
M. L ife preservers shall be provided fo r all passengers andcrew members o f launches and motorboats.
N. The presence o f fumes, vapors, or gases shall require atest to be made for inflammable or toxic concentrations andmen shall not be permitted to occupy such quarters until safe
to do so.
SECTIO N 06— D RILLS

8317.06

A.
A ll floating plant having regular crews and on which men
are employed or quartered the follow ing drills are required tobe held at least once monthly.

75
1. Boat or abandon ship drills.
2. Fire drills.
3. Man overboard or rescue drills. This applies to all
locations where rescue skiffs are required under theseregulations.
B. When drills are held in accordance with these require­ments, each drill shall be held separately at least one hourapart.
C. A suitable electrical or mechanical alarm device shall be
provided on all floating plant covered in these requirements.
D. A record o f all drills shall be kept and be available forinspection by representatives o f the Safety Branch.
E. A ll equipment and devices used in connection w ith such
drills shall be inspected during drills and necessary repairs
or replacements made. Such repairs and replacements shallbe noted in record o f drill.
SECTION 07—R IN G B U O Y S

8317.07

A. Ring Buoys shall be provided and located where readily
available under the follow in g conditions:
1. On vessels, launches, barges and other floating plant up
to one hundred (100) feet in length, two (2) shall be
provided. Tw o (2 ) additional shall be supplied foreach increase in length o f one hundred (100) feet or
fraction thereof.
2. On pipe lines, walkways, wharfs, piers, bulkheads, lockwalls, etc., and on scaffolds or platform s extending
over water, at intervals o f not m ore than tw o hun­dred (200) feet.
B. A t least one ring buoy as required under A—1 and every
third one thereafter shall have an approved water light at­
tached. For night operations every other ring buoy as required
under A -2 shall have an approved water light attached.
C. On gasoline and oil barges or other locations where open
flames may cause a fire or explosion, electric water lights shallbe used.
D. At least one ring buoy on each side as required underA - l and all ring buoys as required under A -2 shall have a life
line attached and coiled so that it w ill not fou l on release.
Such line shall consist o f not less than fifty (50) feet o f one-half(M;) inch rope.

76
SECTION 08— SKIFFS

8317.08

A. The permissible number o£ passengers in skiffs shall be
the number that can safely be placed in fixed seats allowing
not less than eighteen (18) inches o f seat per passenger. Eachskiff shall have the number o f persons allowed to be carriedplainly marked on each bow in letters and figures not lessthan three-fourths ( % ) o f an inch high.
B. No person shall be permited to use a skiff or small boat
unless he is properly qualified and instructed in the safe
handling o f same.
C. Permission for the use o f skiffs or small boats by em­
ployees o f floating plant so located that there is no otheraccess to shore, shall be obtained from the person in chargeo f the unit in advance; giving names, purpose or destination,
time o f departure and return.
D. One or m ore lifesaving skiffs shall be provided fo r eachfloating plant and for each shore establishment where men are
working adjacent to water. Each skiff shall be kept afloat or
ready fo r instant launching. Such skiffs shall be used only
fo r lifesaving and lifesaving drills.
E. Each lifesaving skiff shall be equipped with not lessthan fou r (4 ) oars, with oarlocks securely attached to thegunwales, one (1 ) boat hook (ball poin t), and one (1) ringbuoy with fifty (50) feet o f one-half (y 2) inch line attached.
F. A life line o f one-half (*yi) inch rope shall extend alongouter side o f gunwales and stern and shall be securely fastenedat intervals of not more than three (3 ) feet. Such lines shallhang loosely and have a seine float placed in each bight.
SE CTIO N 09— LIFE V E STS (W O R K V E ST S )8317.09

A. L ife vests shall be a type approved by the Office o f the
Chief o f Engineers.
B. L ife vests shall support a dead weight o f sixteen (16)pounds for at least three hours in fresh water. A ll life vests
in service shall be inspected once a month and tested by im­
mersion at intervals o f not over six months. Any vest which
does not pass the test shall be removed from service.
C. A ll covers, pads, ties, fastenings, etc., shall be maintainedin good condition.
D. A sufficient number o f life vests shall be provided forall persons coming under these regulations.

77
E. L ife vests shall be w orn by all persons:
1. On pipeline, pontoons, rafts, and float stages, etc.
|
2. On floating plant not equipped w ith bulwarks, guard­
rails or safety lines.
3. On buildings or structures extending over water except
where proper scaffolds or platform s w ith guardrails,
or safety belts and life lines are provided.
4. When w orking over the side o f a vessel or floating
plant.
5. W orking alone or at night in hazardous locations.
6. In skiffs, sm all boats or launches except when in an en­
closed cabin or cockpit.
SECTIO N 10— FIRE PREVEN TION AN D
PRO TEC TIO N

8317.10

A. All combustible debris on floating plant shall be continu­
ally removed.
B. On all floating plant fifty (50) feet or over in length
constructed o f or having on board combustible material, notless than four (4 ) fire buckets w ith lanyards attached shallbe provided. On floating plant less than fifty (50) feet inlength and on all launches, motorboats, w ork boats, etc., atleast one fire bucket shall be provided. One two-and-one-half(2 y2) gallon soda and acid or pump tank extinguisher may besubstituted fo r each fire bucket.
C. Floating plant over fifty (50) feet in length on w hich ten(10) or m ore men are regularly employed or quartered shallbe provided with a fire pump and sufficient outlets and one
and one-half (1 % ) inch hose to reach any point on board.
D. All gasoline storage areas, paint lockers, lamp lockers,
m otor compartments, fire and engine rooms, shall be equippedwith a “ built-in” CO* foam or steam fire extinguishing system.
These locations shall also be equipped with one or m ore ap­
proved type hand fire extinguisher.
E. Gasoline and other inflammable fluids shall not be stored
below decks on floating plant except in tanks especially pro­vided fo r the purpose. Such tanks shall be equipped w ith fill
pipes and vents carried outside the hall or structure at a safe
location. A ll vents shall be equipped with flame arrestors.
F. Gasoline or other inflammable fluids in drums, and in­flammable or toxic gases shall be stored on deck in a safe
location. All containers shall be properly secured, protected

78
against injury and so arranged that they can be thrown over­board on emergency.
G. Handling o f all inflammable fluids shall be in approved
type safety cans.
H. O ily rags, waste, etc., shall be kept in covered metal con­tainers.
SECTIO N 11— SAN ITATION — LIVIN G QUARTERS

8317.11

A. A ll water used fo r drinking, cooking, dishwashing, andbathing shall be from a source known to be free o f pollution.
I f such w ater is not available, a water treatment unit or stillshall be provided.
B. On all vessels using other than potable water at outlets •in galley, toilets, or other locations where it may be mistaken
fo r drinking purposes shall have all such outlets marked “UN­F IT TO D R IN K .”C. H ot and cold running water shall be supplied to all
galleys, toilet rooms, showers, and laundry trays.
D. W ater closets shall be provided in the ratio o f one foreach fifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
E. Urinals may be substituted fo r one-third ( % ) o f the re­quired number o f w ater closets.
F. Open-front seats shall be provided in all water closets.
G. A ll toilet seats shall be so _constructed o r finished as tobe impervious to moisture.
‘
H. A ll water closets and urinals shall be provided with asufficient supply o f w ater fo r flushing purposes and automatic or
manual flushing arrangements.
I. W ash bow ls shall be provided in the ratio o f one foreach fifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
J. Shower or tub baths shall be provided in the ratio o f one
fo r each fifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
K. A ll living quarters, toilets, galleys, and washrooms shallbe maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
L. All mattresses, pillows, and blankets shall be disinfected
before being issued to an employee.
M. Clean bed linen and towels shall be provided weekly.
N. A reading light shall be installed at each bunk in crew’s
quarters o f floating plant.
O.
Individual clothes lockers shall be provided on floating
plant where men are quartered.

79
P. Heating arrangements capable o f maintaining a tempera­ture o f 70° in living quarters shall be provided on all floating
plant having regular crews or on which men are quartered.
Q. Adequate ventilation shall be provided in living quarters
and work areas. W here natural circulation is insuflicient, fansor other mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
R. Insect screens shall be provided fo r all living quarters.
S.
W here communicable diseases or vermin are present on
floating plant, all such plant or sections thereof which havebeen affected shall be fumigated. The person in charge shallbe responsible for the evacuation o f all persons in affectedareas before starting to fumigate.
T. W arning signs shall be posted a t all locations where fum i­gating is taking place, and such signs shall not be removed or
persons permitted to enter until such areas have been properly
ventilated and pronounced safe fo r occupancy by the person
in charge.
SECTION 12— M ED ICAL SU PPLIES AN D FIR ST A ID

8317.12

A. Floating plant requiring medicine chests under the re­quirements o f the United States Public Health Service shallbe so equipped.
B. Floating plant not included in paragraph A, on which
men are quartered and w hich are so located that such supplies
and medical attention are not available, shall be provided withnecessary quantities o f the fo llo w in g :Alcohol— Cleansing and disinfectant fo r wounds.
Aspirin or Empirin compound— Use to reduce fever and torelieve headache, rheumatism, or pain in the joints andmuscles. Give in doses o f 1 to 3 tablets every 4 hours
i f necessary. Never give more than 12 tablets in 24
hours.
Arom atic spirits o f ammonia.
Absorbent cotton, % lb. rolls (1st grade).
Adhesive plaster, 2 " x 5 yards.
Applicators, 6 " wooden.
Brown mixture— 20 grain tablet, cough; allow tablet todissolve on tongue and swallow solution.
Bicarbonate o f soda, 5-grain tablets.
B oric acid, powder.
Bandage, 3 " x 10 yards.
Belladonna plaster, 7 " x 1 yard, in tin cans.

80
Castor oil, pu rgative; 1 to 4 tablespoonfuls.
Compound cathartic pills, purgative; give 1 to 2 pills.
Cascara, aromatic, laxative; give 2 teaspoonfuls.
Tannic acid jelly or Foille— for burns.
Camphorated oil, % pint.
Dropper, medicine, curved.
Ear drops, carbolic acid, 1 fluid dram ; glycerine, 7 fluid
drams.
Glass, medical, graduated 4 tablespoons to 8 teaspoons.
H ot water bottle, or electric heating pad where current isavailable; or thermat heating pad or equal.
Ice bag.
Ichthyol ointment, 20 percent, collapsible tube.
Magnesium sulphate (epsom salts), cathartic; 2 to 4 table­
spoonfuls dissolved in water.
Mercurial ointment (blue ointm ent)— Used in destroying
crab lice and sometimes as a dressing for chronic ulcers.
Smear over hairy parts and allow to remain for a day
or two, then wash thoroughly with soap and water.
Milk o f bismuth— For relief o f diarrhea. Give 1 tablespoon­
fu l every two hours until arrested; do not give over
fou r doses.
Oil o f clove— Relieve toothach e; apply with absorbent cotton.
Quinine sulphate, 5-grain tablets or capsules fo r malaria.
Give 10 grains three times daily for three or four days,
then 10 grains every night fo r eight weeks.
Spray, insecticide liquid.
Sun cholera mixture, 5 grains.
'
Compound methyl salicylate ointment— F or rheumatism,sprains and bru ises: 3A - oz. tubes and 1-lb. jars.
Tincture o f iodine, 3Ms% solution; 2-oz. bottles with air­tight caps.
Thermometer, clinical.
Tongue depressors, wooden.
Vaseline, ointm ent; %-lb. jars.
Zinc oxide— Useful in cases o f inflamed, itching or irritatedsk in ; fo r eruptions o f the skin and sunburn.
Scissors, 4” bandage type.
Neo-synephrin hydrochloride jelly, % % a n d /or neo-synephrin hydrochloride solution, * 4 % ; for relief and treat­ment o f head colds.

81
Sodium chloride (salt) tablets, 10 grains, ea ch ; for pre­vention o f heat exhaustion.
Five-percent alcoholic solution o f ferric-chloride, 30 per­cent glycerine; or 10-percent solution o f tannic acid inw ater; for poison ivy, oak and sumac.
Oil o f citronella— For mosquito control.
Ten-percent solution o f sulphur ointment— For chigger bites.
Cresol— Compound disinfectant for sanitary purposes; usedin 1- to 5-percent strength; two teaspoonfuls added to 1
quart o f water w ill make 1-percent solution.
One copy o f “ The Ship’s Medicine Chest and F irst A id atSea,” published by the United States Public Health Serv­ice, shall be provided.
C.
On all floating plant, 16-unit first-aid kits shall be pro­vided in the ratio o f one for each 25 persons or fraction thereofand so located as to provide maximum accessibility.

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THE

DEPARTMENTO F F I C E OFC H I E F OF E N G I N E E R S

CO NS TR UC TIO N

SAFETYDIVISION

EMBLEMBY P E R M I S S I O N OF
NATIONAL S A F E T Y
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SAFETYOp e r a t i o n s

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OFFICE OF
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CONSTRUCTION OIVI5IONWASHINGTON

SAFE TYREQUIREMENTSIN
E X C A V A T I O N - B UI L D I N G - C O N S T R U C T I O N

EN L AR G ED VI EWS C A F FO L D H I T C H
AN D F A S T E N I N G

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REQUIREMENTS

DEPARTMENTO F F I C E OFT H E CH IE F OF E N G I N E E R S
CONSTRUCT ION
DI V IS IO N

IN
EX C A V A T IO N -B U I L D IN G -C O N S T R U C T lO N

WASHINGTONBUILDERSSINGLEPORTABLE

CLEAT

LADDERMINIMUM MAXIMUM C R O S SCROSSLEN GTH IN S I D E
I N S I D E S ECT I ON S ECT I ON
WIOTHW I D T H OF RAILS OF CLEATS

16'

JP T O
7 ‘ TO 24

1

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24"

2 0“

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6 I V E N F O R S I N G L E C L E A T L A D O E R S AND MAY
E X C E E D 2 4 F E E T IN H E I GH T PROVI DED T H E Y
ARE S EC UR E LY F I X E D OR BRACED A T I N T E R ­V A LS OF N O T MORE T H A N 15 F E E T

Sa f e t y

S ectio n

OPERATIONSBRAN CHLADDERSr» Direction*
9- 1- 41o(Amendment to "S a fety Requirements
fo r Excavation, B u ilding, Construc­tion "
15 December 1943.)
MOTOR VEHICLESSECTION 01 - DEFINITION

831B.01

A motor v e h io le , h erein a fter referred to as a v e h io le ,sh a ll mean every s e lf-p r o p e lle d v eh iole used fo r tran sport­
ing persons or properly exoept v e h icle s designed fo r ex clu ­s iv e use o f f the highway.
SECTION 02 - OPERATOR'S PERMIT

8318.02

Every person regu la rly or occa sio n a lly operating agovernment v e h io le sh a ll have passed ttie prescribed driving
te s t and have in h is possession at a l l times w h ile-opera tin gsuoh v eh iole a U. S. Army Motor V ehicle O perator's Permit(VT.D.0.0. Form 7360) issued by the D iv ision , D is t r ic t or
Area Engineer or Commanding O ffic e r o f Independent E s t a b ­lishm ents.
SECTION 03 - GENERAL

8318.03A.
No v e h ic le sh a ll be plaoed in se rv ice u n til i t
has been in spected by a q u a lifie d person and 'found to be insa fe operating con d ition .
B.
A ll v e h ic le s and th e ir equipment sh a ll be in sp ect­
ed weekly.
C.
V eh icles and/or equipment found to be in unsafe
operating con d ition sh a ll be removed from se r v ice , repairedor replaced, and reinspeoted before being plaoed in serv ice
again.
D.
Current records o f a l l in spection s sh a ll be kept
on f i l e and be a v a ila b le fo r review by representatives o f
the Safety and Aooident Prevention Branch.
E.
No operator sh a ll be permitted to operate a motorv eh icle fo r more than ten (10) hours in any one day or morethan s ix ty (60) hours in any one week. Exceptions to th isregu lation w ill only be made under au th orisation o f th e
D ivision , D is t r ic t or Area Engineers or Commanding O ffio e r
o f Independent Establishments.
F.
A ll temporary t r e s t le s , ramps, f i l l s , roads andother suoh f a c i l i t i e s sh a ll be o f s u f fic ie n t width and de­signed, constructed and maintained to provide f o r sa fe oper­a tio n . Safe load c a p a citie s o f suoh f a c i l i t i e s sh a ll be
posted.
G.
V ehiole t r e s t le s or ramps on which fo o t t r a f f i c
is permitted sh a ll be provided with a su ita b le walkway andg u a rd rail.
- 1 -B 2-620S1BCD

- 2 H.
Where v eh icles are required to back up to open
p it s , hoppers, excavations or sim ilar lo c a t io n s , su itab leb a rriers or curbs not le s s than eight (8 ) inches high sh all
be provided.
I.
B arricades, signs and warning lig h ts sh a ll be pro­vided a t a l l lo ca tio n s where men are working adjacent t ohighways or veh icu lar t r a f f i c ,SECTION 04 - EQUIPMENT

8318.04

A.
A ll v e h icle s o r combination o f v e h ic le s ,e x ce p t
motor c y c le s , sh a ll be equipped with the follow in g lig h t s :1.
2.

Two h ea d ligh ts; one on eith er sid e.
One red t a i l l i g h t and one red or amber stop
lig it .

B.
M otorcycles sh a ll be equipped with one h eadligh t
and one red t a i l lamp.
C.
A ll v e h ic le s or combinations o f v eh icles sh a ll beequipped with lig h ts and r e fle c t o r s in accordance with thelaws and regulations o f the sta tes in which operated.
D.
A ll lamps required to be secu rely and permanently
a ffix e d to any v e h icle sh a ll be e l e c t r i c .
E.
Every v e h ic le or combination o f v e h ic le s , except
t r a ile r s with a gross weight o f le s s than 3000 pounds, sh all
be equipped with brakes on each o f the v eh icles adequate toc o n tro l the movement and to stop and to hold such veh icle
or combination o f v e h icle s under a l l condition s o f se r v ice .
F*
Braking systems on every combination o f v eh icles
sh a ll be so designed as to be ifi'approximate synchronism on
a l l wheels and developing the required braking e f f o r t on
the rearmost wheels f i r s t . Such design sn a il also provide
fo r a p p lic a tio n o f the brakes by the d riv er o f the towing
v e h ic le from h is cab.
G«
Braking systems on a l l combinations o f veh icles
sh a ll be so designed and connected that in case o f a cciden t­
a l break away o f the towed v e h ic le the brakes sh a ll be auto­m a tica lly applied and a p p lica tion continued fo r a periodo f n ot le s s than f if t e e n (15) minutes.
H.
Every v e h ic le or combination o f motor veh icles
sh a ll be capable a t a l l times and under a ll condition s o fbeing stopped on a dry, smooth, le v e l road upon a p plicationo f the se r v ice brake w ithin the distances s p e c ifie d below.
V eh icles or combinations o f v e h icles
having brakes on a l l w h eels................
V eh icles or combinations o f v e h icle s nothaving brakes on a l l w h eels........ .................

Stopping Distanceat 20 M» P. H._____ 30 fe e t
45 fe e t

- 3 I.
Every v e h ic le sh a ll beometer in proper operating con d ition .

equippedJ.
Every v e h ic le sh a ll be equipped withwarning device in proper operating o o n d itio n .
K.
Every v e h ic le
w indshield w iper.

with a speed­

an adequate

sh a ll be equipped with a su ita b le

L.
In l o c a l i t i e s where weather req u ires,every
v e h ic le sh a ll be equipped with a su ita b le d e fro stin g device.
M.
A ll v e h ic le s sh a ll
m irror so arranged to give athe re a r.

be equipped with a rear viewc le a r view o f the highway toN.
Suitable cabs, cab sh ield s and other necessary
p ro te ctio n sh all be provided on a l l veh ioles to p r o te c t thedriver from the elements, f a l lin g m a teria ls, e t c .
0.
N on-slip surfacesboards and steps o f a l l v e h ic le s .

sh a llbe provided on runningP.
A ll glass used in w in dsh ields, windows and doorso f v eh ioles sh a ll be "s a fe ty g la s s " .
Q.
A ll towing devices used on any combination o fv eh ioles sh a ll be designed by the manufacturer o f such
equipment and sh a ll be stru c tu ra lly adequate fo r the weightdrawn and secu rely and properly mounted.
R.
A lockin g device sh a ll be provided on every f i f t hwheel meohanism and tow bar arrangement whioh w ill preventthe acciden tal separation o f towed and towing v e h ic le s .
S.
Every f u l l t r a ile r sh a ll be coupled with sa fe ty
chains or cables to the towing v e h ic le .
Suoh chain orcable sh all be adequate to prevent Hie separation o f
thev eh ioles in the event o f fa ilu r e o f the tow bar.
T.
A ll dump trucks sh a ll be equipped yfith hinged
stru ts permanently attached and capable o f being looked in
the ra ised p o s itio n or other sim ilar device to prevent acci­
dental lowering o f the body,U.
A ll operating lev ers on h o is ts sh a ll be equippedwith a latch or ottier device which w ill prevent acciden tal
sta rtin g or trip p in g o f the mechanism.
V.
Trip handles fo r t a i l gates on a l l dump trucks
sh all be so arranged -ttiat load may be dumped from the cab
o f tru ck.
W.
T ail gates o f dump trucks sh a ll be equipped with
"D" handles or other sim ilar arrangement fo r handling.
X.
A ll v e h icle s except m otorcycles sh a ll be equippedwith a power operated sta rtin g d ev ice . Cranks sh a ll be
used only in case o f fa ilu r e o f power operated sta rtin g de­v ic e or w hile making motor adjustments.

Xf
A ll v eh icles sh a ll be equipped with the follow in g
emergency equipment:
1,
2.

One spare bulb f o r each type used.
One spare fuse fo r each type B?»d.

Z,
A ll buses, trunks and combinations o f v e h icle swith a carryin g ca p a city p f one and on e-h a lf tons pr oversh all be equipped with the fo llo w in g emergency equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.

One earpon te tra ch lo rid e or carbon dioxide
f i r e extin gu ish erf
One red fla g not le s s than 12 inches squareand one red lantern fo r day pr nigh t use on
p r o je c tin g loa d .
Two wheel chocks f o r each v e h icle or each
unit o f a combination p f v e h ic le s ,Two red fla g s n ot le s s than 1? inches squarewith standards, and three fla r e s or three
red lanterns which sh a ll be a v a ila b le f o r
immediate use in case o f emergency sto p s.

SECTION 05 - OPERATING ROLES

8318,05

A,
No v e h ic le s h a ll be driven a t a speed greater thanis reasonable and proper having due regard to weather, tra f­
f i c , in te r s e c tio n s , width and character o f the roadway, typeo f motor y e h ic le and any other e x is tin g co n d itio n s.
The
operator must a t a l l times have the v e h ic le under such con^t r o l as to be able to brin g i t to a complete stop w ithin
the assured c le a r distan ce ahead.
B,
No v e h ic le sh a ll be driven in pr t h r o u g h any
s t a t e , le g a l su bd ivision th e r e o f.,. the D is t r ic t o f Columbia
pr any area under the co n tro l d f the Federal Government at
a speed greater than th at perm itted by suoh s ta te , leg a l
su bd ivisip n , D is t r ic t o f Columbia or the Federal Government.
JB any event speeds w ill n ot
cess e f tfce follow in g*I,*?,

be permitted in ex­

In a business or r e sid e n tia l d is t r ic t , twentyf iv e (? 5 ) m iles per hour.
At oth er lo c a tio n ? f i f t y (50) m iles per hour
during the daytime and f o r t y - f i v e (45) miles
per hour a t n ig h t,

C,
Headlight beams I f il l be depresseding other v e h ic le s .
D,tim es,g.

T r a ffic signs and sign a ls

W ill

when approach­be obeyed at a ll

Eyerv v e h ic le sh a ll be driven as fa r to the r ig h t•Superseded by P resid en tia l Proclamation s e ttin g speed lim ita t 35 m iles per hour*

!■ fi yr
gidq qf the tra v eled portion o f the highway as p r a c tic a b le ,f,
No v e h io le sh a ll be driven on
gears in neutral or olutqh disengaged.

adown-grade withG,
No veh iole sh a ll pass another v e h ic le going ia thesame d ir e c tio n on tu rns, curves or the c r e s t p f a h i l l un­
le s s there e x ists 500 fe e t o f unobscured v is io n . This lim ­it a tio n s h a ll not apply on a one-way roadway.
I{,
V ehicles sh a ll n ot proceed on any rqad, s t r e e tor highway in a d ir e c tio n opposite to that prescribed f o r
t r a f f i c movement.
I.
Every v e h icle upon approaching a r a ilr o a d c ro s s­
ing or drawbridge sh a ll he driven at such a speed as to per­mit stopping before reaching the nearest track or the edgeo f the draw and sh a ll proceed on ly i f the course is c le a r .
J,No v e h ic le sh a ll be stopped, parked or l e f t stand­ing on any highway or adjacent th ereto in such a manner as
to endangeT other v e h icle s using such highway.
K.
No v e h ic le sh a ll be l e f t unattended u n t il a ft e r
the motor has been shut o f f , the key removed, the parking
brake secu rely s e t and a l l other reasonable precautions
have been taken to prevent i t s movement.
L.
A ll v e h ic le s carryin g loads which p r o je c t morethan fou r (4) fe e t beyond the v e h ic le w i l l a t n ig h t, or
whenever atmospheric con dition s are such that i t is n eces­sary, carry a red lig h t at or near the end o f the p ro je ctio n .
At other times a red f la g not le s s than twelve (12) in c h e ssquare sh a ll be used.
M.
Employees sh all not be permitted to get between
a towed and towing v e h ic le u n til both v e h ic le s have been
stopped and, where necessary, wheels secu rely chocked.
N.
Kvery v e h ic le or combination o f v e h icles e x c e p t
sta tio n wagons and passenger cars sh a ll have posted on theside o f said v e h ic le , in le t t e r s not le s s than two (2)inches High, the weight and rated ca p a city o f such v e h ic le .
KXA1IPLE - Wt. 4600 lb s .

Rat. Cap. 6000 lb s .

0.
No v e h io le or combination o f v e h ic le s h a u l i n gunusually heavy loads or equipment sh a ll be moved u n til the
driv er has been provided with the oorrect weights o f thev e h icle s and load and a designated route to be follow ed .
P,
The operators qf v e h ic le s sh a ll make certain th at
the way i s clea r b efore backing or maneuvering except whend irected by a q u a lifie d signalman.
Q.
Operators o f v e h ic le s , except passenger o a r s ,tran sporting personnel, exp losives, inflammables or to x io
substances sn a il oome to a f u l l stop a t rsiilroad crossin gs
or drawbridges and sh a ll not proceed u n til the qourse isd e a r ; providin g, however, that a f u l l stop sh a ll not be
required a t a stre e t ear crossin g w ithin a business or res­id e n tia l d is t r io t nor at a r a ilr o a d grade crossin g or draw­
bridge protected by a watchman or t r a f f i c o f f i c e r on duty
or by a t r a f f i o signal g ivin g a p o s itiv e in d ica tion to approaohing veh ioles to proceed.
R.
INhen a bus, tru ck, or t r u c k -tr a ile r co m b in a tio n
is disabled on the traveled p ortion o f a highway or theshoulder adjacent th ereto, except in the business or r e s i­d en tia l seotion o f a m u n icipality , the red fla g s sh a ll be
displayed during the daytime and the fla r e s or e le c t r ic
lim its at n ig h t or when ataospheric oonditions are suchthat red fla g s are not c le a r ly v is ib le fo r at le a s t 500
fe e t.
One fla g or fla r e sh all be placed at le a s t 200 fe e t
to -the fr o n t and rear o f the v e h ic le .
The th ird fla r e ore l e c t r i c lantern sh a ll be placed at the t r a f f i o side o f thev e h ic le .
In connection with v eh ioles transporting inflam­
mables or explosives only e le c t r ic lanterns sh all be used.
S.
Windshields sh a ll be maintained in such condition
as to provide maximum v i s i b i l i t y .
SECTION 06 - TRANSPORTING PERSONNEL

8318.06

A.
Truoks transporting personnel sh a ll not be oper­
ated at a speed greater than th ir ty (30) m iles per hour.
B.
Trucks being used to transport personnel sh all beequipped with a seating arrangement secu rely anchored and arear end gate or g u a rd -ra il.
C«
Bodies o f dump trucks sh a ll be made fa s t to chassis
v iiile being used to transport p erson n el. They sh all be se c­u rely fastened by a rope, ohain or equivalent in ad dition to
the normal lock in g d ev ice.
D.
A ll to o ls and equipment sh a ll be properly stowed
and secu rely fastened when transported with personnel.
E.
Under no circumstances sh a ll any person be per­m itted to rid e witti arms or legs ou tside o f truck body, in astanding p o s itio n on the body, or on running boards nor
seated on side fen ders, cabs, cab s h ie ld s , rear o f truck or
on -the loa d .
P.
v e h ic le

No one sh a ll be permitted
w hile i t is in motion,

to get on or o f f any

G.
Steps or ladders sh a ll be provided f o r g ettin g on
and o f f tru oks.
H.
A ll v e h icle s tran sporting personnel during coldor inclement weather sh a ll be provided with tarpaulins orother su ita b le en closu res.
I.
No e x p lo siv e s , inflammables or tox io substances
sh a ll be transported in v e h icle s w hile carrying personnel.

J*
No v eh icle tran sporting personnel sh a ll be moved
u n til the driver has ascertained that a l l persons are sea t­
ed and the required guard r a ils and rear end gates are inp la ce .
SECTION 07 - FUELINGA.

8318.07

No v eh icle sh a ll be fu eled w hile tiie motor is run­

ning.
B.
Fueling o f v eh ioles sh a ll not be permitted in ttie
immediate v ic i n it y o f smoking, open flames or other sourceso f ig n itio n .
C.
Vehicles sh a ll not be fu eledbu ild in g s.

in sid eofclosedD.
A ll tanks, containers and fu e l hoses sh a ll be kept
in m e ta llic contact -while fu e lin g .
E.
Fuel supplies sh a ll be ca rried in properly con­stru cted and mounted fu e l tanks except that th is p rovision
sh a ll not be construed to p ro h ib it use o f liq u id fu el gases
from a properly constructed cargo tank.
F.
F il le r openings fo r fu e l tanks s h a ll not be lo c a t ­ed in side the body or cab o f any v e h ic le , or in such p o s i­tio n that c p i l l s or overflow can run down on motor, exhaust
pipe or b a ttery .
G.
A ll v e h icle s sh a ll be equipped with a fu el gauge
maintained in operating c o n d itio n .
SECTION 08 - LOADING

8318.08A.
No v e h icle s h a ll be so loaded as to obscure thed r iv e r 's view ahead or to eith er side or to in te r fe re in any
manner with the safe operation o f such v e h ic le .
B.
No part o f theo f the v e h ic le .

load w ill extend beyond the sides

C.
The load on every v e h ic le sh a ll
trib u ted , chocked, tie d down or otherwise
to prevent s h ift in g .

be properly d is ­secured in orderD.
No v e h icle sh a ll be driven with a load overhanging
the rear u n til proper warning fla g s or lig h ts are in place
and the driver has ascertained that required v e h ic le lig h ts
or r e fle c t o r s are not obscured by ta ilb o a r d , t a ilg a t e , o r
loa d .

(Amendment to "S afety Requirements
fo r Excavation, Building, Construc­t io n ". 30 SJctober 19 44 .)SECTION .01

FTHE PRETENTION

8310.01A*
A ll construction areas and storage yards s h a ll beburned over or otherwise cleared before lumber or other com­b u stib le m aterials are delivered on the s i t e . A clear
space o f one hundred (100) fe e t around the s i t e o f storage
yards w i l l be included i n the cleared area. This does not
apply to trees and other natural cover retained fo r m ili­tary purposes. Clearing operations s h a ll be controlled inorder to prevent damage to ex istin g trees and other vegeta­tion which are not part o f the s i t e being cleared.
B.

- Separation o f temporary bu ildin gs:
1.
2.
3.

The minimum
space between one-story franebuildings w ill be fo rty ( 40 ) fe e t .
The minimum space between tw o-story framebuildings w i l l be f i f t y (50) f e e t .
A group o f buildin gs, the aggregate ground
flo o r area o f which does not exceed 2 ,0 0 0square fe e t , w ill be considered as one build­
ing for the above.purpose.

C.
Lumber storage yards w ill be divided Into sec­
tions containing a maximum o f seven hundred f i f t y thousand(7 50,000) fe e t B.M. with fir e breaks o f one hundred (100)fe e t between sec tio n s. Lumber storage w i l l be maintaineda t a minimum distance o f one hundred (100) fe e t from b u ild­
ings or stru ctu res. No lumber, refuse or veh icles w i l l be
l e f t in these spaces a fte r working hours. Parking o f vehi­
c le s In fi r e breaks w ill not be permitted.
D.
At le a s t ten (10) fe e t clearance from buildings
or structures w i l l be maintained fo r p ile s o f lumber andother m aterials to be used in the construction.
E.
The follow ing m aterials w i l l be stored separately
in detached,weatherproof buildings or s h e lte r s : acid s, un­slaked lim e, carbide, oakum, hay and straw.
F.
Storage, handling, in s ta lla tio n and use o f lique­fie d petroleum gases and systems w i l l be i n accordance withcurrent standards o f the National Board o f Fire Underwriters
for Liquefied Petroleum Gases Q.
No fires,w eld in g, cutting, melting and other suchhazardous operations sh a ll be permitted on a p roject u n til
permission has been obtained from the resident engineer or
his authorized representative. F ires, open flame devices,-1 -- 2 -

burning, w elding,cutting, or other such operations in close
proximity to combustible m aterials, s h a ll not be l e f t unat­
tended. While danger o f fir e e x is ts , an approved type fir e
extinguisher s h a ll be provided.at the lnmediate location .
H.
Lanterns, acetylene lig h ts or other open flame
lig h tin g devices w i l l not be used i n sta b le s, garages orbuildings housing flammable liquids or hay, straw, or othercombustible fibrous m aterial.
I.
Lamps and lanterns w ill be f i l l e d only i n w a llv en tilated rooms free frcn open flames, and w ill not be
f i l l e d in o i l storage buildings.
J.
Temporary high voltage wires sh a ll not be run
above buildings or storage p ile s o f combustible m aterials.
K.
Salamanders when in use should be kept at le a st
two fe e t horizontally and six fe e t v e r tic a lly from combust­ib le m aterial. When used in an area inclosed by tarpaulins,
they should be kept a t le a s t 10 fe e t from tarpaulins. Sala­
manders should be under constant supervision when in use.
L.
A ll fabric or paper coverings used on storage o f
combustible materials or as lnclosures on buildings or
structures sh all be flameproofed.
U.
Smoking sh a ll be prohibited in a l l areas wherecombustible m aterials are stored, warehouses, carpenter,pain t, and repair shops,garages, service stations,and othersuch hazardous areas, except at locations s p e c ific a lly pro­vided fo r such purpose and approved by the resident engi­
neer. "No Smoking" signs sh a ll be posted in a l l prohibitedareas •
N.
A ll rubbish w i l l be cleared fron buildings d aily
and work areas w ill be maintained free from accumulationso f ccobustible debris.

0.
Ashes w i l l be regularly removed,will be deposited
only in incombustible containers, and w ill be kept at le a s t
2 fe e t from combustible w a lls, partition s or m aterial.
P.
Areas beneath buildings w i l l not be used for stor­
age o f combustible material and w i l l be regularly policed
to keep them free froa accumulation o f debris.
SECTION .02

FIRE PROTECTION

A>
Adequate water supply
figh tin g f a c i l i t i e s .
B.

When

construction

8310.02

sh a ll be provided for li r e

operationsaresuspended, a

- 3watchman s h a ll be employed who w i l l n k i hourly rounds
through areas where buildings are In place and where com­b u stib le m aterials are stored.
C.
A f i r s t aid fir e figh tin g device s h a ll be provided
not more than one hundred (100) fe e t f r oany paint wherecombustible m aterials are stored, used or i n place i n b u ild­
ings or structures. This device s h a ll c e n slst o f the f o l ­lowing t
1.

For Class ■ !* Fires - A r e a i n ordinary com­b u stib le m aterials where the quenching andcooling e ffe c ts o f q uantities o f water orsolutions containing large percentages o fwater are o f f i r s t importance.
Soda and a cid , pump tankwater barrels and buckets.

2.

extinguishers or

For Class "B " Fires - Fires i n flaraiable l i q ­uids, greases, e t c . where blanketing e f fe c t
i s e sse n tia l.
Foam, carbon tetrach loride, CO2 , dry powderpressure type extinguishers,sand buckets andscoops.

3.

For Class "C * Fires - Fires i n e le c t r ic a lequipment where the use o f non-conducting
extinguishing agent i s o f f i r s t importance.
Carbon tetrach loride, CO2, dry powder pres­sure type extinguishers.

D.
A ll storehouses, shops, service sta tio n s, trans­
former station s and other such locations sh a ll have a t least
one approved type extinguisher. For flo o r areas exceeding
twenty-five hundred (2500) square fe e t , a t le a s t one ex tin ­guisher sh a ll be provided fo r each tw enty-five hundred(2500)
square fe e t o f flo o r area.
S.
A ll extinguishers and other f i r e figh tin g equip­
ment sh a ll be Inspected, serviced and maintained in accor­
dance with the manufacturers' in s tr u c tio n s .lir e barrels andbuckets sh a ll be painted red, marked "F ire Only* and kept
f i l l e d at a l l tim es. A n tl-freeze protection s h a ll be pro­vided when necessary.
F.
When the value o f combustible m aterials stored orused on the s ite or in place in buildings or structures ex­
ceeds $ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,_a s u ffic ie n t number o f mobile puaping units
sh all be provided and so located that no point where combust­ib le materials are stored, used or In place In buildings or

-A structures s h a ll
u n it.

1.

be»ore than three (3 ) miles from such a

Mobile pumping units sh a ll have a rated capacityo f f i f t y (50) G. P.1I. at one hundred and twenty(120) pounds pressure and a tank o f not le s s thanfiv e hundred(500) gallons capacity which s h a ll be
kept f u l l a t a l l tim es. Pumps s h a ll be equippedwith fiv e hundred (500) fe e t o f one and one-h alf
Inch hose meeting Federal Sp ecif!cation * for"Emer­
gency Alternate Firehose ( I } " ) Single Jacket" andone-h alf (J) inch shut o f f n o z z le .F ifty (50) fe e t
o f suction hose with a strain er s h a ll be provided.
Operators q u alified to operate each mobile pump­ing unit sh a ll be available twenty-four hours •day during the period o f construction.
Names, badge number and hours o f dvty o f fir etruck operators sh a ll be submitted to the resi­
dent engineer.

When an agreement to respond to fi r e alarms has
been effected between a local.m unicipal or poet f i r e depart­
ment, located within three (3 ) miles o f the project,such ar­rangement when approved by the resident engineer w i l l be
accepted in lie u o f the requirement o f th is paragraph.'G.
A necessary number o f project employees s h a ll be
trained and organized In to a fir e brigade.
H.
In the event that water tank trucks are used on
the p ro jects, they sh a ll report to the scene o f a fi r e inemergencies. Suitable connections s h a ll be provided on a l lwatar tank trucks fo r emergency fir e serv ices.
I.
Vehicles, equipment, materials and supplies w ill
not be placed in such a manner as w i l l obstruct access to
fir e hydrants, fir e extinguisher or other fir e figh tin gequipment.
J.
Fire lanes to provide access to a l l areas w ill beestablished as construction progresses and w ill be maintain­
ed free o f obstruction from parked veh icles and m aterials.
K.
No f i r e protection equipment or device sh a ll bemade inoperative or used for other purposes.
L.
A sire n , telephone system or otrar su itable alarm
arrangement sh a ll be provided on a l l projects subject toapproval o f the resident engineer.
li.
When unusual f i r e hazards
develop, additional fir e protection may beresident engineer.

e x is t or emergencies
required by the

A R M Y S E R V I C E F O R C E S D,■■
U nitedIN—
E ngineer^*r AijTiO
AljEidO ffice

COPY NO.*?-............ wH......

"SssuLto o

M a n h a tta n D is tric t

REPLY

REFER TO—.
S tates

EIDiiQ-5

O a k R id g e . T e n n e s s e e

2 May 19 U5 ,Subjects

Inspection o f Decatur Area, Decatur, I llin o is , 17, 18,
and 19 April 19U5.
v

M m m m m to Safety Section F iles.
1.
An inspection was made by the undersigned accompanied by Hr*
Tom Dwyer, Safety Engineer o f U.S.E.D.
2.
The safety organisation oonsiste o f Captain Crawford, the safetyo f fic e r , and Mr. Tom Dwyer o f the U.S.E.D., and one part-time employee
fo r cle rica l work. The contractor has a large organization and has promised
an organisation chart. This should be in our hands by now. From a general
viewpoint and ohack-up the eontraotor has approximately }0 employees.
Management attitude is good and Major «J. J. Moran is of the opinion the con*tractor safety set-up should be able to handle the project with Captain®
Crawford and Schneider as Control O fficers, and the D istrict periodic in­spections. The organisation problems are vague until the contractor canpresent his program and organisation set-up.
3*
The 19M+ safety reeord showed a Frequency o f
Severity,
0.28 with l+,386,Olil man hours. January 19^5 showed a Frequency o f 3
Severity, 0.J0 - three accidents as follows*a,A weld broke on a hydraulic machine and f e l l from theh oist, striking an employee resulting in 20 days lost-tim e.

b.

An employee f e l l from a ladder, resulting in 3 days lost-tim e.

e»

An employee slipped on a wet flo o r , resulting in 6 days lo s t­
time.

February \9h-5* Frequency 1+.68, Severity, 2.56 with 867,114+ man hours four accidents as follows*a.

Fall from ladder resulting in 7 days lost-tim e.

b.

Employee was oaught in an exposed b elt and pulley resulting
in a finger amputation - 230 days lo s t .

0,-Fall on same le v e l, resulting in 2 days lost-tim e.

d.

A hook slipped on a handling operation causing a laceration,
resulting in 6 days lost-tim e.

Maroh 19k5$ Frequency 2.19, Severity, .008 with 9lk$5& 9 man hours.
accidents as followss
,

Two

a.

Truck driver reoeived a laoeration while loading a truck
resulting in 5 days lost-tim e.

b.

Handling objects laoeration, resulting in 3 days lost-tim e.

I*.
A serious ladder condition was found at time o f inspection, in
apite o f two reoent ladder aooidents on record. The contractor has pur­chased a good supply o f wearing apparel and other aafety supplies. Avery good f ir s t aid dispensary is looated centrally inside the main build­ing. A safety meeting should be held-on handling materials, olearingo f a is le s , e to . L ittle is known o f safety meeting program and no reports
given to the Area Engineer,
5.

The following recommendations were made*1.
2.

Guard the .end o f the valve stem on the gas booster shed.
A complete ladder program is necessary throughout theyard and plant. Many defective ladders are lying around,and many exposed to weather conditions. Others arescattered against wall behind lumber piles in front o fpanel boards, eto. Two reoent ladder accidents are on
the records.
5*
Either move or guard the garage door handles inasmuch aspresent position oan injure a hand.
I;.
A ll e le c tr ic a l wiring in sheet metal shed should be in­closed in conduit or BX*
5.
Improve general housekeeping in the sheet metal shed.
6.
Plaoe a guard ra ilin g around a ll yard fir e hydrants along
driveways,
7.
Guard the exposed portion o f saw blade o f band saw looatedin under the tab le. Carpenter shop.
8.
Guard the exposed V b e lt shaft and pulley on the rip-sawcarpenter shop.
9.
Close the door of fuse box now blocked behind materials,
dust and inflammables looated in this area - carpenter
shop.
10. The fir e extinguisher looated near the fuse box is blocked.
11. Remove a ll inflammables now piled against wood shop outside
area suoh as sawdust, loose lumber, tarps, eto.
12. Cover a ll exposed shafts and couplings on motors in machine
shop area, near battery mezzanine.
13. Fixed ladder coming down from o ffic e s on mezsanine flo o r
machine shop should be replaced by a l i f t stair similar
to the lower seotion o f a fir e escape. These o ffic e s ,with 15 employees, are looated above the ammonia operations,
14. A ll portable grinder operators should wear the oup-type
goggles, (one employee found using plain glasses). Speoial
emphasis should be put on the goggle program.
15. Keep a isles clear at a ll times (southwest oorner o f build­
ing under the oonveyor system. * is le is cluttered up).
tlfc

* bi! tit1*

. Tie up a ll loose pressure cylinders.

1617.

Discontinue practice o f allowing employees to work indoorways near main a is le s . (Doorway F-9 and F-10 werebeing used by the portable orane and employees exposed
to possible in ju ry.)
10
Provide a safe method o f dispensing lunch from portable
oarts during lunch periods. Locate a safe place fo r
parking these carts with enough room for thoBe being
served, so as not to expose these employees to aislet r a f f ic .
19. Several more emergency exits should be made for quickegress out o f the main building in case o f an emergency.
20. General housekeeping oan be improved in several departments.
21. Remove hazardous scrap plates e tc. from the machine shop.
(At present "they are in danger o f fa llin g and sharpedges protrude into the a is le s .)22.
Instruot the operator o f the portable orane to use careduring movements o f the boom and tu rret.
23. A gasoline compressor has been moved into the building
without a safety permit*.

Notes were l e f t with Mr. Fowler o f the contractor and immediate
compliance promised.
6.
A ll previous recommendations except the wiring in the sheet
metal shop have been complied with.
7»
No program o f safety education or training is evident. The U.S.E.D.
set-up is small and has not received the needed information or knowledgeo f the contractor organisation. Some of this work is in the process offormation.
8.
Upon completion of the inspection a meeting was arranged w ith
Mr. Fowler o f the contractor, and together with Mr. Andrews, anotherinspection was made and the items pointed out that needed f i r s t attention.
A ll reporting is up to date and both government and m ilitary personnel
accidents are followed up. Compensation oases are checked w ith the in­surance company and the state.
9.

This project should be re-inspected in June 19^5*/ s / Joseph T. Faust.
JOSEPH T. FAUST,
Safety Engineer.

SAFE PRACTICESandHEALTH PRACTICESPAMPHLETS______________________ ^

J r n

d

e x _______________________N A T I O N A L S A F E T Y C O U N C I L, I N C . • C H IC A G O(

2Subject

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS

A

Pamphlet Number

A b ra siv e w heels, see G rinding w heels
A b sen teeism ...........................107; H .P. 19
A cce le ra to rs— T ox ic properties . . . . Ru-1
A ccid e n t— C lassification b y c a u s e . . . . 56
A ccid en t freq u en cy r a te s ........................ 21
A ccid e n t— In vestigation , see In vesti­g a tion o f acciden ts
A ccid e n t p rone drivers, see D rivers andd rivin g-C om m ercia l-E xam in ation s
A C C ID E N T R E C O R D S ............... 21, D -4
See also 42, 93, Cem -5, D-5
A ccid e n t reductions ................................. 42
A C C ID E N T R E P O R T I N G ........... 21, D -4
See also D-3
A c cid e n t sev erity r a te s .............................21A C C ID E N T S T A T IS T IC S —G R A P H IC M E T H O D S ......... 21, D-5
See also 67
A C C ID E N T S A N D T H E
E N G IN E E R ........................................79
A ceta ld eh yd e ........................................H .P.9
A ceta ldeh yde aniline .......................... Ru-1
A c e tic acid ...................................................
..2 5 , Chem -1, Chem-3, R u -3; H.P.10
A c e tic a n h y d r id e .............................Chem-1
A c e t o n e .......................................... .H .P .9, 10
A c e t o n it r il e ............................................ H .P.9
A c e t y l e n e ____23, 31, 95, C em -4; H .P.9
A cety len e, see also C ylinders; G ases—
C om pressed; W eld in g
A cid ju g s .............................................. 25, 60
A C ID S A N D C A U S T IC S ...................... 25
A cid s— E ffe c t on r o p e ............................... 6
A cid s— H an dlin g . . . . . . . . . 25, 59, 60, 63
A cid s— P ro te ctiv e c lo th in g ......................
........................................ 14, 16, 25; H.P.10
A cids, see also Burns— C hem ical;
Screens— A c id ; nam e o f acid
A cra ldeh yd e .......................................... H.P. 9
A c r o l e i n ...................... ............................ H.P.9
A dzes ..............................................................41 (A g erites ...................................................Ru-1
A g ricu ltu re, see F a rm ers; T hreshingm achines
A ir c o m p r e s s o r s ............................... 47, D-6
A ir con dition in g ...................... .......... . ..3 7
A ir d r i l l s ........... ........................................... 47
A ir hoists, see H oists
A ir receiv ers ........................ ..................... 47
A irplan e fu e lin g ........................................52
A isles ........................................ 45, 55, 59, 99
A l b a s a n ..................................................... Ru-1
A l c o h o l s .................. 25, R u -3; H.P.6, 9, 10
A ldehyde am m on ia .............................Ru-1
A ldehydes .............................................. H .P.9
A lka lin e b r i n e s ................................. Chem-1
A l k a l i s ------25, Chem -1, Chem -3; H.P.10
A lk y l n i t r i t e s ........................................H .P.9
A lle rg ic diseases ................................. H.P.4
A llylen e ...................................................H.P.9
A lpha-naph th ylam in e ........................ Ru-1
A lum inu m ........................................ 78, Ru-3
A lu m s ................................. Chem -1; H .P.10
A m id o c o m p o u n d s ............................... H .P.9
A m m o n i a .......................................... 25, 61,
95, Chem -1, Chem-3, R u -3; H.P.9, 10
A m m on iu m c a r b o n a t e ........................ Ru-3
A m m on iu m n i t r a t e ........................ Chem-1
A m m on iu m sulphate .................... Chem-1
A m y l c o m p o u n d s ................................. H.P.9
A m y l alcohol, see A lcoh ols
A m ylen e .................................................H.P.9
A n alyses o f a c c id e n ts...............................21
A n esthetics ............................................ H.P.9

IM P O R T A N T
This is an index to the su bject
m aterial in the Safe P ractices, Spe­cial Industries and H ealth P ractices
Pam phlets.
1. H eavy fa ce type indicates anentire pam phlet on the su b ject;exam ple — A C C I D E N T R E ­P O RTIN G .
2. L ig h t fa ce typ e indicates brief
referen ces to the su bject in thepam phlet; exam ple — A bsen tee­ism. In such cases the num eri­cal list o f pam phlets at the end
o f the index should be consulted
to find out general subject.
3. Safe P ractices Pam phlets arereferred to b y num ber O N L Y ;H ealth P ractices Pam phlets by
the prefix H.P. and Special In ­dustries Pam phlets b y an a b ­breviation o f the industry nam e;
exam ple— “ R u ” fo r the Rubber
Industry.
4. F o r num erical list o f these pam ­phlets see last tw o pages.

Subject

Pamphlet Number

Barrels and pails— F ir e ...........................2 'B A R R E L S — H A N D L IN G , C L E A N ­IN G A N D F IL L IN G ..................P et-8
B arrels— O pening ............. ..................... F -5
B arrels— S tora ge ........... .... 59, CE-1, F-5
Barrels, see also H andling m aterial;
P iling m aterial
B arricades .............................................. P U -1
Bars, see P ilin g m aterial
B arytes, see B arium sulphate
B a sket guard fo r ladders, see C ages—
Ladders
B a ttery— C h arging ............................... D-6
B a ttery m a n u factu re .........................H .P .l
B earings ...................... ................................ 10
Beater? -C a n d y ......................................F-2
B eaters— Cream ..................................... F -2
Beaters— P ap er .................... .................P P -1
B eck ton w hite, see L ithopone
B eesw ax .................................................. Ru-3
B elt p e r c h e s ......... ..................... ................... 5
B elt poles ....................................................... 5
Belt shifters ...............5, 7, 39, P T -1
B elt shippers .................................................5
B E LTS— M A C H I N E R Y ............................. 7
Subject
Pamphlet Number
See also 5, 31, 58
B elts— M achinery— S tatic e le c tr ic ity .
A n h y d ro -f orm aldehyde aniline . . . . Ru-1.................................................. 7, 31, 34, 52
A n h ydro-form ald ehyde paratoluiB elts— M achinery, see also H ook s—dine .................................................. Ru-1
M achin ery belts
A n i l i n e .............................R u-1; H.P.6, 9, 10
B elts— S a fety ..............................................
Aniline, see also D yes..................25, 46, 70, 97, Cem-5, PU -3
A n n e a lin g ......................6, 16, 33, 98, Me-1
Anthracene ............................................H.P.9
Bending rolls ......................................Cem -4
A n th raco-S ilicosis ...............................H .P.4
Bends, see Com pressed air illness
A n th rax ..................................................P T -1
Benefit association s .......................... H .P.5
A n tim on y ............................................H.P.10
Bentonite ................................................ Ru-3
A n tim on y s u lp h id e s .............................Ru-3
Benzene, see Benzol
A n tim on y trichloride ....................Chem-1
Benzine ......................................R u -3 ; H .P.9
A n t i-o x id a n t s ......................................... Ru-1
B enzoic acid ......................................Chem -1
A n to x .......................................................Ru-1
B E N Z O L .............................................. H .P.14
A pron s ........................................................... 16
See also R u -3; H.P.9, 10
A r c w elding, see W eld ing— E lectric
B enzonitrile ........................................ .. H .P.9
A rea o f c ir c le s .............................................. 78
B eta naphthol ........................................Ru-1
A rm p rotection ..........................................16
Beta n a p h th y la m in e ............................ Ru-1
A rm atu res— Sanding ........................ E R -1
Bins— C e m e n t ...................... Cem -2, Cem -5
A r s e n i c ................................... ..H .P .6 , 9, 10
Bins— D ry m a te r ia l.46, 63, Cem -2, Cem -5
A rsen ic trichloride .............................H.P.9
Bins— E x celsior .......................................... 59
A rsine .....................................................H .P.9
Bins— S t o n e .......................................... Cem -1
Asbestine ................................................ Ru-3
B lack substitute, see F actice
A sbestos ...................................R u -3; H.P.4
B lanc fixe, see Barium sulphate
A sh h an d lin g ............... 3, 31, 46, 49, M ar-2
B lankets— Rubber ...............................PU -3
A sph alt ................................... R u -3; H.P.10
B L A S T F U R N A C E S .......................... M e-2
A sph yxian ts .......................... ...............H .P.9
B lastin g ................................. Cem -1, Con-1
Astrin gen ts ...................... , .................H.P.10
Blasting, see also E xplosives
A th lete’s f o o t .............................................. 27
B lea ch in g ------Chem-1, PP -1, P T -1 ; H .P .l
A u toclaves ...................................................68
B lock and ta c k le ............................................ 6
Autom obiles, see D rivers and driv­
B lood poisoning, see In fection s
ing— C om m ercial; M otor V ehicles
B low cases— A cid ......................................68
A u tom otive industry, see M otor veh­
B low -off valves, see V alves— B lo w -o ff
icle industry
Blue flag, see F la g s— BlueA w ards, see Banners and flags; Bonus
Boiler r o o m s................3, 11, 31, 46, 49, 96
system s; E m blem s; P rizes andB oiler s h o p s ..................................... 49, M e-3
aw ardsB O IL E R S ................................. 3, 49, M ar-2
A xes ............................................................... 41 .
See also 46, 70, 96, M e-3
B oilers— L igh tin g, see F u rn aces—
B
L igh tin g
B oilers— R e p a ir ..................3, 49, 70, M ar-2
B a bbitting ................................. 39, Chem-4
B olt heading m a ch in es............................. 85
B A C K I N J U R I E S ............................ H.P.17
Bonus sy ste m s..................74, 100, 101, D -5
Bags, see Sacks
B oots— Sterilizing ..................................... 16
B A K E R Y O P E R A T I O N S ....................F -3
B orin g m a ch in es............................... 20, W - l
See also CE-2
B orin g m i l l s ................................. 39, Cem -4
B alin g presses ..........................................T - l
B O T T L IN G P L A N T S .......................... F -4
Balsam .....................................................Ru-3
B ox m a nu factu re ................................. P P -?
Banners and fla g s ....................74, 100, 101
B ox sealing m a ch in es.............................F-.
Barium .................................................. H.P.10
Boxes— Storage ........................ 54, 59, F -5
Barium s u lp h a t e ................................... Ru-3
B rakes— C r a n e s ............................................ 4
B ark m ills .............................................. PT-1
B rass c h i l l s ................................................... 73
B a r k e r s ................................... .................P P -1
B rass— Strength ................................... : . 78

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS

3

H eavy fa c e type indicates an entire pam phlet on the su bject. L ight
fa c e ty p e indicates a b rief referen ce to the su b ject in the pam phlet.
Subject

Pamphlet Number

Subject

Pamphlet Number

Subject

Pamphlet Number

Car m o v e rs...................... 17, 41, 54, Cem -6
Chlordinitrobenzol ( ChlordinitrobenJread s l i c e r s ................................. CE-1, F-3
Car retarders, see Car blockerszene) ..........................................H.P. 10
Bread w ra p p in g m a ch in e s....................F-3
CH LO RIN E ................................................ 71
Car shifters ................................................ 41
B R E A T H IN G A P P A R A T U S ................64
Car w h e e l s ..............................................ER -1
See also 95, Chem-1, Chem-3, Ru-3;
See also 14, 16, 23, 25, 61, 71, 91,
Caram el cookers ..................................... F-2
H.P. 9, 10
93, CE-2, Chem -1, F-3, M -2, M arCarbide, see Calcium carbide
C hloroform ..................................... 61, Ru-3
1; H.P.4, 7, 9
Carbolic acid ..............................................
C H O C O LA TE M A N U F A C T U R E . . . F - 2
B rick s— Tensile and com pressive............. 25, Chem-1, C hem -3; H .P. 9, 10
Chrom e green ....................................... Ru-3
s t r e n g t h ................................................. 78
Carbon b is u lp h id e .....................................
Chrom e yellow ..................................... Ru-3
B ricks, see also B u ck ets; H andling....................Chem-4, R u -3; H .P. 6, 9, 10
Chrom ic a c i d ......................................H.P. 10
m aterial
Carbon b l a c k ..........................................Ru-3
C H R O M I U M ..................................... H . P. 1
B r i n e s ................................................... Chem-1
Carbon dioxide ..........................................
See also C hem -3; H .P. 10
Brom ine .......................................... H.P.9, 10..................25, 37, 61, 95, R u -3; H.P. 9
Circles— D im ensions ................................. 78
Bronze— S tren gth ......................................78
Carbon disulphide, see Carbon bisulphide
C ircuit break ers ....................................... 29
B row n substitute, see F acticeC A R B O N M O N O X ID E ..................H .P. 7
Cisterns— D im ensions .............................78
B u ckets— B rick s ........................................70
See also M ar-1, M e-2; H.P. 6, 9
C lays and cla y p r o d u c t s ....................Ru-3
B u ckets— S a n d ............................................ 73
C arbon te t r a c h lo r id e ............. 24, 61, Ru-3
C L E A N IN G A N D F IN IS H IN G
Carbonic acid, see Carbon dioxide
RO O M S ............................... .......... M e-1
B u ckets— S crap .......................................... 85
C arboys ..........................................25, 54, 59
Cleaning f l u i d s .................... ..................... L - l
B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N . . . Con-1
Carburizing ............................................ Au-1
C le a n lin e s s ................................. 27; H .P. 10
B uilding con stru ction , see also Con­C arding m a c h in e s ........................ T -l, W - l
Clearance— R a ilroad . . 17, 46, 48, Cem -6
tra ction in du stry
Clips fo r rope .............................26, Cem -6
C arlifts .......................................................D-6
B u lld o z e r s ......................................85, Cem -4
CLO TH IN G — P R O T E C T IV E ............... 16
Carts, see T rucks
B U L L E T IN B O A R D S A N D SCORE
See also 10, 23, 25, 39, 50, 59, 60, 61,
C arving m achines ................................. W - l
B O A R D S .............................................. 38
Case h a r d e n in g ........... 85, A u-1, Chem-6
73, 76 85, 93, 105, 107, CE-1, Chem See also 65, 67, 100, 101, Cem -5,
C astings— F ou ndriss ...............................73
3,
Pet-6, Pu-3, W -2 ; H .P. 10
D-5
Clutches— P ow er driven a p p a ra tu s. . 5, 8
Cause classifications o f a c c id e n ts .. . .21
Bum pers— C ranes ........................................ 4
Coal bins, see B ins— D ry m aterial
Caustic alkalis
Chem-1, Chem-3
B um pers— R ailroad ..................48, Cem -6
Caustic p o t a s h ......... 25, Chem-3, H.P. 10
Coal bunkers ............................... 46, M ar-2
B u rgu ndy p i t c h ......................................Ru-3
Caustic s o d a ..........................................
Coal cru sh ers ........................................8, 46
B urns— Cem ent, see D erm atitis—. . .25, Chem-3, Chem-4, R u -3; H.P. 10
Coal d u s t ...................... .46, 78, 97; H .P. 4
Cem ent
Coal— F i r i n g .............................3, 36, M ar-2
B U R N S— C H E M IC A L ..................Chem-3
C A U ST IC S .................................................. 25
CO AL— H A N D L IN G A N D
See also 16, Chem-3, Chem-4, F-4
See also, 25, 60, 61
S T O R A G E ............................................ 46
B urns— E lectrica l ......................................29
Caustics, see also nam e o f chem ical
See also 17, 96, 97
Burns— E yes 1......................................Chem-3
Celite, see D iatom aceou s earth
Coal hopper g r a t i n g ...........................46, 97
B urns— L i m e .................. 25, Chem -3, P T -1
Celluloid cloth in g ..................................... 16
Coal— L oading and unloading . . . .46, 97
B us operators, see D rivers and driv­
C E M E N T B U R N I N G ...................... Cem -3
ing— C om m ercial
Cem ent derm atitis, see D erm atitis—
CO AL— P U L V E R IZ E D .......................... 97
Butaldehyde .......................................... H.P.9
Cem ent
See also 3, 46, Cem -3
B u t a n e ..................................................... 61, 95
C E M E N T M IL L G R I N D I N G ___ Cem -2
C oal ta r distillation products . . .H .P . 9
B utchers— P ro te ctiv e cloth in g ........... 16
C E M E N T M IL L SH O PS ............... Cem -4
C O CO A M A N U F A C T U R E ................F -2
Butchers, see also P a ck in g industry
C E M E N T M IL L Y A R D S A N D R A IL ­See also H .P. 4
B u t e n e ....................................................... Ru-1
R O A D S ........................................Cem -6
Codes, see Standards
B u tyl a c e t a t e ........................................ H .P.9
C oke chutes ..........................................P et-6
C E M E N T R O C K Q U A R R Y IN G A N D
B u tyl alcohol ........................................ H .P.9
Cold h eading m ach in es ...........................85 ■C R U S H I N G .................................Cem-1
B utylene .................................................H .P.9
Collars— P ow er driven a p p a r a t u s .........8C E M E N T STO R IN G , P A C K IN G A N D
B utyraldehyde a n i l i n e ........................ Ru-1
C ollectin g a cciden t records ................21
S H IP P IN G .................................Cem -5
B u ty ric acid ......................................Chem -1
C o lo p h o n y .................................................Ru-3
Cem ent— Tensile and com pressive
Colors— M achin ery ................................... 50s t r e n g t h ................................................ 78
CO LO RS— P IP IN G S Y S T E M S ........... 88
Ceresin ............. .......................................Ru-3
Colors— W a l l s .................... ..........................50
Certificates— F irst A i d .............................83
Cable spools ........... ............................ Cem -4
C o m b e r s ............................... ..
.R u -3, T - l
Certificates— M erit .............................40, 74
C a bles...................... 6, 26, Cem -6, Con-1, 3
C om m ercial drivers, see D rivers andC H A IN S— H O ISTIN G ............................ 98
Cables— E l e v a t o r s ......................................15
driving— C om m ercial
See also 6, 33, 70, 75, Cem-6, Con-1,
C acodyl ................................................... H.P.9
C O M M ITTE ES— S A F E T Y ....................72
Con-3, P P -1
Cadmium .................................................Ru-3
See also 42, 56, 77, 83, 87, 93, 101,
Chains— H oisting, see also A n n ealin g
Cages— C r a n e s ...............................................4
CE-1, D -5
Cages— Ladders . . . . ....................................1
C H A IN S A N D S P R O C K E T S ............... 8C O M PO U N D IN G M A T E R IA L S IN
Cages— Sh afts ......................................Con-2
C h a i r s ............................................................. 50
R U B B E R IN D U S T R Y . .R u -1, Ru-3
Caisson disease, see C om pressed air
Chalk; see W h iting
illness
CO M PR E SSE D A IR IL L N E S S . . . Con-2
Change houses .............................27, Con-2
C A ISSO N S ............................................ Con-2
C harging boxes— Foundries ..................73
CO M PR E SSE D A IR M A C H IN E R Y . .47
Cake cutters ........... .................................F-3
C harging m achines— Foundries .........73
See also 39, Con-2, Me-3
Cake m i x e r s ...............................................F -3
C H E C K IN G P L A N S A N D
Com pressed air t o o l s ........... 39, 47, M e-3
Calcium carbide ................................. 23, 31
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S .......................... 53
C om pressed gases, see g ases—
Calcium c h l o r i d e ......... 24, Chem-1, Ru-3
Checks— S a fety ..........................................67
Com pressed
Calcium cyanam ide, see C yanam id
C on creting ............................................ Con-1
C H E M IC A L L A B O R A T O R IE S ...........60
Calcium cyanide, see C yanides
C O N F E C T IO N E R Y M A N U F A C ­C H E M IC A L S ..................................... 25, 60,
Calcium oxide, see Lim e
T U R E ................................................ F -2
Chem-1, Chem -2, Chem -3, Chem-4,
Calenders .................................................P P -1
Chem-5, Chem -6
See also 68
C am paigns ............................................ 67, 74
See also 14, 16, 39, 61, Ru-1, R u -3;
C O N S T R U C T IO N IN D U S T R Y ...........
C am paigns, see also Contests
H .P. 10................................... Con-1, Con-2, Con-3
Can m anu factu re ....................................F - l
See also 31, P U -1
Candy m anu factu re, see C on fection ery
Chem icals, see also nam e o f chem ical
m anufacture
C O N S T R U C T IO N O F M A C H IN E R Y
Chim neys .............................................. 31, 49
C A N N E R I E S ............................................ F - l
G U A R D S .............................................. 58
Chip guards ................................. 39, Cem -4
banisters fo r g a s m a s k s ....................
64
Chippers .................................................. PP-1
C O N T E ST S .................................................74
Chipping ..........................................14, Me-3
See also 42, 67, 100, 101 D-4^ aPf ................................................................ 16
Captax ..................................................... ...
Contests, see also C am paigns
Chisel ba r h o l d e r ...............................41, 70
Car block ers ........................................ Cem -6
C O N TE STS— F IR S T A ID ....................83
Chisels ........................................................... 41
Car dum pers ............................. 46 97
C hloracetic acid ...............................Chem-1
See also M -2
Car l o a d e r s ............................... . .’ .55
C ontrollers— E lectrica l— Cranes ........... 4
Chlorbenzol (Chlorbenzene) . . . . H . P . 10

4

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
H eavy fa c e type indicates an entire pam phlet on the su bject. L ig h t
fa ce ty p e indicates a b rief referen ce to the su b ject in the pam phlet.

Subject

Pamphlet Number

C O N V E Y O R S ............................................85
See also 20, 46, 49, 59, A u-1, Au-2,
Cem -2, Cem -5, F - l, F -2 F-3, F-4,
F-5, P P -1, W -l, W -2
C ookers ....................................................... F - l
C opper cyanide, see Cyanides
C opper— Stren gth . . . <...........................78
C ore m a k in g .............................................. 73
C orru gators ........................................ P P -2
C otton gin m a c h in e r y ......... ; ................. 52
CO TTO N M I L L S ..................................... T - l
C ottonseed oil ........................................Ru-3
Couplers and cou plin g—
R a ilroad . .. 4 8 , 55, 73, Cem -6, RR -1
C O U P L IN G S— S H A F T .............................8
C ourt o f i n q u i r y ........................................56
C rack er m a n u fa c t u r in g ........................ F-3
Cranes— L o c o m o t i v e .................................
......... 17, 33, 46, Cem-6, Con-1, PP-1
CRAN ES— OVERHEAD
T R A V E L IN G ....................................... 4
See also 59, Cem -4, E R -1, Me-3
Cranes— P ortab le ..................................... 33
C rates ........................................................... 59
Cream eries, see M ilk bottlin g plants
C reosote ...................................................PTJ-4
C r e s o l ................................... H.P. 9; H.P. 10
C resylic A c id ................................... H .P. 10
C r o t o n y le n e ..........................................H .P. 9
C r o w b a r s ................................................ 41, 54
Crucibles .......................................................73
Crushing m a c h in e r y .........Cem -1, Cem -2
Crylene .....................................................Ru-1
Cum ar ....................................................... Ru-3
Cup fo r holdin g benzol m i x t u r e s .........
................................................ D -6; H.P. 14
Cupolas ......................................................... 73
Cuspidors .....................................................45
CU TTIN G O ILS ....................................... 44
See also 39; H .P. 10
C u ttin g tables— C a n d y .......................... F -2
C y a n a m id ........................ Chem -6; H.P. 10
C Y A N I D E S ....................................... Chem-6
See also 37, 85, 95, A u-1, Chem-3,
Chem -4, M ar-1; H .P. 10
C Y A N O G E N C O M P O U N D S ___ Chem-6
See also H .P. 9
C ylinders— C om pressed gases .............
23, 54, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71, 95, Cem-4,
E R -1, M e-3
C ylindrical vessels— D im ensions ......... 78

D adoin g ......................................................... 20
Dairies, see M ilk bottlin g plants
D efinitions o f standard industrial
in ju ry reportin g s y s t e m ..................21
D egras .....................................................Ru-3
D em olition o f buildings ..................Con-1
D ental e x a m in a tio n s ........................ H.P. 5
D epartm ent stores, see M ercantile
establishm ents
D erailers ........................................17, 48, 71
D E R M A T I T I S ................................... H.P. 10
See also 44, Cem-5, PU -4
D erm atitis— Cem ent ........................ Cem -5
D erm atitis, see also Ointm ents
D e r r i c k s ....................Cem-6, Con-1, Con-3
D e te c t o r s -G a s .................................H.P. 7, 9
D etonators, see E xplosives
D evelop ing solutions ....................H.P. 10
D E V U L C A N IZ E R S .............................Ru-2
D iatom aceou s e a r t h .............................Ru-3
D ich lo ro d iflu o ro m e th a n e ..................61, 95
D ichloroethylene ...................... 61; H .P. 9
D ich lorotetraflu oroeth ane ...................... 61
D ie b lock s .....................................................85
D ies— H an dling .........................................85
D ieth yl arsine ................................... H.P. 9
D ieth yl m e r c u r y .................................H.P. 9

Subject

Pamphlet Number

D igesters ..........................................68, PP -1
D im ethyl ketone ............. .................H.P. 9
D im ethyl s u lp h a t e .............................H .P. 9
D im ethylam m onium dim ethyl dithiocarbam ate ..................................... R u-1
D im ethylaniline ................................. H .P. 9
D in it r o b e n z o l............................... H.P. 6, 10
D iorth o-toly l ethylene diam ine . . . . Ru-1
D iorth o-toly l g u a n id in e ...................... Ru-1
D iorth o-toly l t h i o u r e a ........................ Ru-1
D ip tanks, see Tanks— D ip
D iphenyl ethylene d ia m in e ............... Ru-1
D iphenyl guanidine .............................Ru-1
D iphenyl thiourea ...............................Ru-1
D ipping r o o m s ........................................Me-1
D irty A n d y ................................................ 100
D iscipline ............................................ 14, D-5
D iscs— Cupola b l o w e r s .............................73
Discs— Pressure vessels ........................ 68
Dished heads— Contents ........................ 78
D isinfectants ............. 27, M ar-1; H.P. 10
D is p e n s a r ie s ........... ........................H.P. 5, 8
Dispensaries, see also F irst aid
D issolving tanks .............................Chem-5
D ithiofuroic a c i d ............. ..................... Ru-1
D ock s— O re........................................M e-2
D og s ................I ....................................... R ef-1
D oor s a d d le s ................................................ 11
D ough brakes ................................. F-3, F-5
D oughnut kettles ......... ..........................F-3
D ovans W .............................................. Ru-1
D rains— E n gines ....................................... . 9
D rill presses, see P resses— Drill
D rills ................32, 39, 76, 84, 103, Con-3
D R IN K IN G W A T E R ...............................27
See also 3, 50, M e-2; H.P. 5
D R IV E R S A N D D R IV IN G —C O M M E R C IA L . .D -2, D -3, D-4, D-5
See also F-3, R ef-1
D rivers and driving— C om m ercial—E x a m in a tio n s ................................... D-2
D R IV E R S A N D D R IV IN G —C O M M E R C IA L — SE L E C T IO N .D -2
See also D -5
D R IV E R S A N D D R I V I N G C O M M E R C IA L — T R A IN IN G ..D -3
See also D-2, D-5
D rop p its ..................................................... 17
D ru gs .................................................. H .P. 9
D R U M S— H A N D L IN G , C L E A N IN G
A N D F IL L IN G .......................... P et-8
See also 25, 52, Chem -5
D R Y C L E A N I N G ................................... L - l
See also 52
D ry kilns ...................... ............................W - l
D ry m aterials, see Bins— D ry M aterials
Duluth, M issabe and Iron R an ge R ailw ay
Co. q u e s tio n n a ir e .............................101
Dum p c a r s .............................Cem-1, Cem -6
D U ST E X P L O S I O N S .............................104
See also 34, 52, 78, Ru-3
D ust r e m o v a l..................32, 37, 79; H.P. 4
D U STS— H E A L T H H A Z A R D S . H .P. 4
See also R u -3; H .P. 20
D Y E S A N D D Y E IN G .......................... L -l
See also H.P. 10
Dyes, see also Aniline

E du cation o f w ork ers, see D rivers anddriving — C om m ercial —- T rain in g;
E m ployees— T rain in g
E L E C T R IC E Q U IP M E N T ....................29
See also 17, 31, 34, 39, 49, 59. 70, 76,
78, 93, 96, Cem -4, Chem-5, L - l
E L E C T R IC R A I L W A Y S ..................ER -1
E lectric w elding, see W eld ing
E lectric w ires— C apacities fo rligh tin g .................................................22

Subject

Pamphlet Number

E L E C T R IC IT Y — S T A T IC ....................5
See also 31, 32, 34, Chem-5, L - l
E lectrodes ...................................................105
E lectroly tic cells .............................Chem-1
E lectroplating, see P latin g
E L E V A T O R S — F R E IG H T ....................15
See also 59, CE-1, D-6, W - l
E L E V A T O R S — P A S S E N G E R ............. 15
See also CE-1
E m blem s— N o-a ccid en t ........................ D-5
E m bossin g presses, see P resses—
E m bossing
E m ery ....................................................... Ru-3
E m ployees benefit associations, see
Benefit associations
E m ployees— M eetings, see M eetings—
Em ployees
E m ployees— New, see N ew em ployees
E m ployees— S e l e c t io n ............. 39, 87, 107
E m ployees— Selection, see also D rivers
and driving— C om m ercial— Selection
E m ployees— T r a i n i n g ...............................
................................. 42, 67, 87, 107, V oc-1
Em ployees— Training, see also D rivers
and driving— C om m ercial— Training
E M U LSIO N S .............................................. 44
Engine con n ectin g r o d s .............................9Engine cranks .............................................. 9E ngine crossheads ..................................... 9E ngine r o o m s ......................................... 9, 31
E N G IN E T E S T I N G ............................ A u-2
E n gineerin g r e v i s i o n ........................ 42, 79
E N G IN E E R IN G T A B L E S .................... 78
E N G IN E E R S — S A F E T Y ...................... 84
See also 42, 79
E ngines— G a s .............................................. 31
E nrobers— C andy ................................... F -2
E n tertain m en t ................................... ..
67
E ntertainm ent, see also R ecreational
activities
E sca lators .............................................. CE-1
E ssay c o n t e s t s ..........................................100
Ethane ..........................................61; H .P. 9
E thers ...................................................H .P. 9
E thyl c o m p o u n d s ...............................H.P. 9
E th yl alcohol, see A lcoh ols
E thyl b r o m i d e ............. ...............61; H.P. 9
E thyl c h lo r id e ...................... 61, 95; H.P. 9
E t h y le n e ........................................95; H.P. 9
E thylene d ic h lo r id e ...............................Ru-3Ethylidene aniline ............................... Ru-1
E vap oratin g p a n s .................... 68, Chem-1
E X C A V A T IO N W O R K ....................Con-3
See also Cem -6, P U -1
E x celsior stora ge ......................................59
E xecutives, see M anagem ent
E X H A U S T S Y S T E M S .............................32
See also 20, 25, 37, 73, 79, 91, 97,
D-6, F-3, W - l ; H .P. 1, 3, 4, 7, 14
E xh au st system s, sees also V en tilation
E xhibits . .. 1 6 , 24, 41, 67, 81, 100, 101
Exits, see F ire escapes
E X P L O S IO N H A Z A R D S ............. 34, 104
See also 25, 46, 52, L - l
E x p losion -p roof m o t o r s ........................ L - l
E xplosion ran ge o f g a s e s ........................ 78
E X P L O S IV E S ............................................ 28
See also 17, 60, Cem-1, Con-2,
Con-3; H.P. 10
Explosives, see also B lastin g
E x t r a c t o r s ...................................................L - l
E ve hazards, see E ye protection
E Y E P R O T E C T IO N ............... 14; H .P. v
See also 20, 23, 93, Cem -4, Chem -3;
H.P. 18
E ye protection , see also G oggles
E y e s e r v i c e .......................................... H.P. 5

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS

5

H eav y fa c e type indicates an entire pam phlet on the su bject. L ight
fa c e ty p e indicates a b rief referen ce to the su b ject in the pam phlet.
Subject

Pamphlet Number

Subject

Pamphlet Number

F orks, see T ools— H and
Form aldehyde .............................H .P. 9, 10
F orm aldehyde aniline ........................ Ru-1
Form aniline ............................................ Ru-1
F orm ic a c i d ........................................H.P. 10
Foundations— M achinery ...................... 20
F O U N D R IE S ................................. 73, M e-1
See also 79; H.P. 4Foundries— P rotectiv e c l o t h i n g ...........
.................................................. 16, 73, M e-1
Fountains, see drinking w ater
F raction s— D ecim al equivalents .........78
F reon ............................................................. 61
F requ ency rates o f acciden ts ............. 21
F riction drives ............................................ 8
F ro g s— R ailroad track s ........................ 99
F ru it j u i c e s ........................................Chem-1
F U E L —H A N D L IN G , ST O R IN G A N D
F IR IN G ................................................ 46
See also 49, 97, Cem-3
F uller’s earth ........................................Ru-3
F U M E P O ISO N IN G F R O M N IT R IC
A N D M IX E D A C I D S ........... Chem -2
F U M E S ...................... 34, C h em -2; H .P. 9
See also 25, 32
Fum es, see also F lam m able liquids andv apors; G ases
F U M IG A T IO N ........... ........................M ar-1
See also Chem -6
F u r a c ......................................................... Ru-1
Furnaces— Blast, see B last fu rn aces
Furnaces— Fire hazards ........................ 31
F urnaces— F o r g i n g ................................... 85
F urnaces— F oundries ........... ................... 73
F u rn aces— H eat treatm en t ............. A u-1
F urnaces— L ig h tin g ................................
46, 85, 96, A u-1, Cem -2, Cem -3, M ar2,
M e-3, M e-4
F U R N IT U R E M A N U F A C T U R E . . . W - l
Fuse p u l l e r s ............. ............................29, 96
F usible plugs— B o i l e r s ........................ 3, 49

F A B R IC A T IO N O F M E T A L .........M e-3
F a ctice ................................. ................... Ru-3
F a cto r o f s a f e t y ..........................................78
F alls— M a t e r ia ls ................................. M ar-2
F A L L S — P E O P L E ................................... 99
See also 2, 93, 102
F a r m e r s ................................................ H .P. 4
Farm ers, see also Threshing m achines
F A T IG U E ............................................ ........ 50
See also 107
F erric chloride . . . ....................
.H .P . 10
F ertilizer dryers ........................................ 68
F ig w ashing m a c h in e s ...........................F - l
Files ................................................................41
F illin g stations, see G arages
F ilm s c r a p ..........................................Chem-5
Film s— Sound slide ................................. 93
F iltrations, a c i d s ............................ Chem -1
F in ger p rotection ..................................... 16
F IN IS H IN G R O O M S .......................... M e-1
F IR E A L A R M S ..........................................19
F ire barrels and pails, see B arrels andpails— FireF IR E B R IG A D E S ................................... 36
F IR E D R I L L S ............................................19
See also 36
F IR E E S C A P E S ....................................... 19
See also CE-1, Chem-5, PU -1
F IR E E X T I N G U I S H E R S ...................... 24
See also 4, 36, 60, 78, 93, 96, 104,
Chem-5, E R -1, L - l, W -2
F ire ladders ...................................................1
F IR E P R E V E N T IO N A N D
P R O T E C T IO N ........... 19, 24, 31, 36
See also 25, 34, 39, 59, 60, 91, 93,
96, 97, 104, 105, Chem-5, Con-2,
E R -1, L -l, W -2
F ire s t o p s .................................................. W -2
F irep roof f a b r i c s ....................................... 16
F IR S T A I D ........................ 83, M -2, H .P. 8
See also 25, 93, C E -2; H .P. 5, 9, 12
F IR S T A ID T R A I N I N G ........................ 83
See also M -2
G age fo r M easuring c h a i n s ..................75
Fish p a ck in g ............................................F - l
G age g l a s s e s ................................................
F lagm en .................................................. P U -1................3, 48, 49, 61, 96, Con-3, M ar-2
F la g s— Blue ................................... 48, Pet-8
F la gs— S ignal ..................48, Pet-8, P U -1
G A R A G E S ................................................ D-6
F lags, see also Banners and fla g s
See also Cem-4, ER -1, F -3 ; H.P. 7
F lam m able liquids and v a p o r s ...........
Gas b u r n e r s ..........................................73, 96
25, 31, 34, 52, 60, 78, 91, Chem -5, L - l
Gas— E ffect on rope ................................... 6
Flam m able liquids and vapors, see also
G as fixtures ................................................ 31
F u m es; T an k cars; Tanks
Gas— F u el .....................................................46
F la re-b ack s ..........................................M ar-2
G as indicators, see D etectors— Gas
Flash poin ts ................................................ 78
G as i n d u s t r y .............................M e-4, PU -1
Flashed eyes .............................................. 29
G as m asks, see B reathing apparatus
F lasks— Foundries ................................... 73
Gas w ashers ..........................................M e-2
F leet operation, see D rivers andG as w elding, see W eld ing
driving— C om m ercia l; M otor
G A S E S .................................................. H .P. 9
vehiclesSee also 25, 34, 78, Cem-4, Con-1,
Flesh in g m a c h in e s ...............................PT-1
R u -3; H.P. 7
FL O O R S A N D F L O O R I N G ..................11G A S E S — C O M P R E S SE D ...................... 95
See also 20, 27, 39, 45, 55, 59, 73,
See also 23, 31, 59, 71, Cem -4
93, CE-1, Con-1, F-3
G ases— Com pressed, see also Cylinders
F lou r scaler .............................................. F-3— C om pressed gases
F lou r siftin g m achines ........................ F-3
G ases— E xh au st ................................. Cem-4
Flues— Cleaning .................................M ar-2
G A SE S— E X P L O S IO N H A Z A R D S ..3 4
F luorides ............................................H.P. 10
Gases— E xplosion range ........................ 78
F ly balls .......................................................58
Gases— P ressure ........................................78
F L Y W H E E L S .............................................. 9Gases— T em peratures .............................78
See also 78
Gases, see also F lam m able liquids andF olding m a c h in e s ........................ PP-2, T - l
vap ors; Fum es
F O O D IN D U S T R Y ...................................
G asoline . .52, Pet-6, Pet-8, R u -3; H.P. 9.............................F - l , F -2, F -3, F-4, F -5
G asoline— C a s in g -h e a d .............................61
See also 68; H.P. 4
G asoline service stations, see G arages^O O D P R E S E R V IN G A N D
G ates— S a fety .......................... 17, 48, F-4
C A N N IN G ............................................F - lGauge, see G age
F o o t protection ............................ 16, M e-4
G a u n t le t s .......................................................16
F orem en ....................................... 42, 93, 101
G E A R S ........................................................... 8
F orges— F ire hazards .............................31
See also 4, 58
F O R G IN G .................................................... 85
G enerators— A cety len e ........... 23, Cem -4

Pamphlet Number

Subject

G entian v iolet fo r treatin g b u rn s.........
........................................................... Chem-3
G ilsonite ......... ......................................... Ru-3
Glass handlers— P rotectiv e cloth in g . . 16
Glass— P a ck in g ..........................................59
G loves .............................................. 16, P U -3
G lucose .................................................... Ru-3
G l u e .......................................... 59, Ru-3, W - l
G lycerine ................................................... Ru-3
G OGGLES ..................................................... 14
See also 23, 39, 73, 85, 93, 105, C E -4;
H .P. 6
G oggles, see also E ye protection
Gongs— C r a n e s .............................................. 4
G O V E R N O R S (E N G IN E ) ...................... 9
G R A D IN G A N D E X C A V A T IN G .C on-3
See also Cem -6
G rain d u s t ...................................................104
G raphite ...................................................Ru-3
G rasselerators ................................. .. Ru-1
G R IN D IN G W H E E L S .............................13
See also 32, 34, 37, 39, 58, 76, 78,
Cem-4, M e-1; H .P. 4
G rindstones ..........................................13, 78
Ground g l a s s .......................................... Ru-3
G r o u n d in g ....................29, 52, 76, Chem-1
G rounds— Plant, see yards
G U A R D S — M A C H IN E R Y .................... 58
See also 7, 39, 41, 78
G uards— Plant, see w atch m en
G u a y u le .....................................................Ru-3
G um s ............................................ Ru-1, Ru-3
G utta P erch a ........................................Ru-3
G y p s u m .....................................................Ru-3

H
H air cau gh t in m achinery ....................16
H alogen com pounds o f h ydrocarbons............................................................. H.P. 9
H alogen derivatives ........................ H .P. 9
H am m erm en— R u l e s ................................. 85
H am m ers— D rop, see H am m ers— P ow er
H am m ers— H and .........................41, Cem -4
H am m ers— P n e u m a t i c .........47, 85, M e-1
H am m ers— P ow er ................................. .... 85
H am m ers— S l e d g e ........... 41, Con-3, M e-1
H am m ers— Steam , see H am m ers—
P ow er
H A N D C A R S ........................................R R -1
H and p rotection ................................. 16, 41
H and protection , see also Ointm ents
H and-rails, see R ailin gs and hand-rails
H A N D L IN G M A T E R IA L ............. 54, 55
See also 35, 39, 50, 59, 70, 93, CE-1,
Cem -6, Con-1, W - l
H an dling m aterial— B akeries ........... F-3
H A N D L IN G M A T E R IA L — B A R R E L S
A N D D R U M S ...............................P et-8
See also 25, 52, 54, F -5
H andling m aterial— B a r s ..................4, 59
H andling m aterial— B rick s ..................70
H andling m aterial— Foundries ........... 73
H andling m aterial— H eat trea tin g . .A u -1
H an dling m aterial— H o t ob jects . . . .
..........................................................16, CE -2
H andling m aterial— L u m ber ................59
H andling m aterial— P a p er ................P P -1
H A N D L IN G M A T E R IA L — P O L E S . .
................................................................ P U -4
H andling m aterial— Sheet m e t a l .........59
H andling m aterial— Tires ........... 54, D -6
H andling m aterial— see also Cranes;
P ilin g m aterial; T ru ck s; W h eel­ba rrow s
H andling m e n .............................................. 42
H ardening m e t a l s ................................. Au-1
H ardness tests ......................................A u-1
H atch c o v e r s ........................................M ar-2
H atch ets ....................................................... 41

6

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
H eavy fa c e type indicates an entire pam phlet on the su bject. L igh t
fa c e type indicates a b rief referen ce to the su b ject in the pam phlet.

Subject

Pamphlet Number

10
H y d rocy a n ic a c i d .......................................
25, 95, Chem-3, Chem-6, M ar-1;
H .P. 9H ydroflu oric acid, 25, C hem -3; H.P. 9, 10
H y drofu ra m id e ..................................... Ru-1
H y d r o g e n ............................ 23, 95; H.P. 9
H y d rog en arsenide .......................... H.P. 9

Pamphlet Number

Pamphlet Number Subject

Subject

H ead p rotection . ............... 14, 16, 23, 105
H ydrogen chloride ............................... Ru-3
H ealth h a z a r d s .. . .23, 25, 44, 60, 61, 64,
H ydrogen c y a n i d e ..................................... 95
71, 91, 95, 105, CE-1, Chem-2, Chem H y drogen cyanide, see also H y d rocya n ic
3, Chem -4, Chem-6, Con-2, L - l, M aracid1,
M e-1, P T -1, Pet-6, Pet-8, Ru-1,
H ydrogen peroxide ........................ H.P. 10
H y drogen p h o s p h id e ........................ H.P. 9
R u -3 ; H .P. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14
H E A L T H S E R V IC E IN IN D U S T R Y . .
H ydrogen sulfide Chem-4, R u -3; H.P. 6, 9................................................................H .P. 5
H ydrolene ................................................ Ru-3
See also 87, 93, C E -1; H .P. 16, 19
H ypo, see Lead com pounds
H ealth serv ice in i n d u s t r y ; see also
H ypochlorites ................................... H.P. 10
N urses in industryI
H eat— P ro te ctiv e cloth in g .................... 16
H eat sickn ess . .......................................... 73
Ice c r u s h e r s .................................F-4, R ef-2
H E A T T R E A T IN G .............................A u -1
Ice cubers .............................................. R ef-2
H eat treatin g— P rotectiv e cloth in g. . .16
IC E — D E L IV E R Y ...............................R ef-1
H ea t units— E quivalent v a l u e s ........... 78
Ice handlers— P rotective cloth in g . . . .
H ea tin g apparatus— F ire hazards . . . .31.........................................................16, R e f-2
H elium .................... ..................... 95; H .P. 9
Ice — L oading and u n lo a d in g ........... R ef-1
H elm ets, see B reathing apparatus
Ice m anufacture, see R efrig era tion
Ice p ick s ........................................41, R ef-1
H em lock — Tensile and com pressive
Ice — S t r e n g t h .............................................. 78
s t r e n g t h ................................................ 78
Identification m arkings fo r rubber
H eptaldeh yde aniline .........................Ru-1
g loves ............. ................................ P U -3
H eptene ...................................................Ru-1
Igniters, see E xplosives
H eptylen e ............................................ H.P. 9
IL L N E S S IN I N D U S T R Y ........... H P. 19
H e x a m e th y le n e -te tra m in e ......................
Inclines, see Rarftps.................................................R u -1; H.P. 10
In dicators— Gas, see D etectors
H e x y le n e ............................................... H .P. 9
IN D U S T R IA L C O U R S E S ................V oc-1
H itch es— R op e . . ..........................................6
Industrial in ju ry reportin g system . . . 21
H oist lim its— C r a n e s ......... ........................ 4
IN F E C T IO N S .................................H .P. 10
H O I S T S ................................... ............. 33, 98
See also 39, 44, F - l ; H .P. 8
See also 4, 73, Cem-4, Con-1, E R -1
IN J U R E D W O R K M E N ..................H.P. 8
H oists, see also Cranes
See also 93
H oistw a y s ............................. ...................... 15
IN J U R Y R E P O R T IN G S Y S T E M ----- 21
H oods— A c id p r o o f ........... .......................25
In org an ic com pounds .R u -1, R u -3; H.P.9
H oods— G rinding w heels . ......................13
Insecticides, see D isinfectants
H ook s— H oistin g .................
I N S P E C T I O N .............................................. 75
4, 6, 33, 54, 98, Cem-4, Cem -6 Con-3,
See also 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 26,
P P -142, 49, 67, 76, 79, 93, 98, 101, ER-1,
H ook s L o g s ........................ .........41, PP-1
PU -3
H ook s— M achin ery belts ..
Inspection— B oilers .............................3, 49
H ook s— M anhole covers . . . .....................41
Inspection— C h a in s .............................75, 98
H ook s— S afety, see H ooks-—H oistin g
Inspection— C r a n e s ..................................... 4
H op p er ca rs . . . . . . .............. ......................46
Inspection— E lectric r a i l w a y s .........E R -1
H orn presses, see P r e sse s --H o rn in g
In spection — E lectric t o o l s ...................... 76............. R ef-1
H orse-draw n vehicles
Inspection— Flyw heels ...............................9
H orses— C on stru ction . . . . .........12, Me-3
Inspection— G oggles ................................. 14
H ose m asks .......................... ....................64
Inspection— Grinding w heels ................13
H ose— R u b b e r ...................... ............... PU -3
Inspection— L a d d e r s ................................... 1
H osp ita l record s .................. ....................21
Inspection p e r i o d s ..................................... 67
Inspection— R ope .................................6, 26
H O S P IT A L S ........................
See also CE-1
Inspection— Rubber protective
H ospitals, see also D ispensaries; F irst
equipm ent ..................... ...............PU -3
aid
Inspection— Saw m ills ...............................75
Inspection— Scaffolds ...............................12
H O T E L S ................................................ CE-2
Inspectors .....................................................75
H otels, see also B ak eries; Laundries;
IN V E S T IG A T IO N O F A C C ID E N T S .56
M ercan tile establishm ents;
See also 67, 79, D-5
R estauran ts
I o d i n e .............................................. H.P. 9, 10
H ou rs o f l a b o r ............................................ 50
IR O N A N D S T E E L I N D U S T R Y ----H O U S E K E E P IN G — S H O P S ..................45.......................... Me-1, M e-2, M e-3, M e-4
See also 3, 11, 20, 22, 27, 31, 37, 54,
Iron— Stren gth ..................................... . . 78
55, 73, 91, 93, 96, 99, 101, W - l
H O U S E K E E P IN G — Y A R D S ............... 45J
See also 17, 31, 48, 73, W - l
H ousekeeping, see also P ilin g m aterial
Ja ck w a g o n ............................................E R -1
H ousem aids and housew orkers . . . . CE-2
Jacks ................................................ 41, ER -1
H u m i d i t y ......................................37, 52, L - l
Japanning ovens ........................................34
H y d r a n t s ....................................................... 24
Jew elry— H azards o f w e a r i n g ............. 16
H ydraulic presses, See P resses—
Jib cranes .....................................................33
H ydraulic
Job specifications ................................... 107
H ydrocarbon g a s e s ....................95; H.P. 9
Jointers .............................................. 20, W - l
H y d roch loric acid .....................................
Jugs fo r a c i d ................................................ 25
25, Chem -1, Chem-3, Chem -4; H .P. 9,

K
Kaolin, see ClaysK egs, see Barrels
K erosene .................................................. Ru-3
K etones ................................................ H.P. 9
K ettles— C ookin g ................................... F-2
K ettles— Steam ja ck eted ...................... 68

K ick presses .............................................. I f
Kieselguhr, see D iatom aceous earth
K itchens ...................................................CE-2
K nee p a d s .....................................................16
K nives ........................................41, 54, Ce-1
K nots and h i t c h e s ........................................6
K nuckle guards . . . . . . 73, Cem-3, Cem-6

L
Laboratories, see Chem ical
laboratories
L A C Q U E R S ..................................... Chem -5
L a ctic a c i d ...................... Chem -1; H.P. 10
Ladder feet, see L adders— N on slip bases
L A D D E R S .....................................................1
See also 59, 70, 93, 99, 103, CE-1,
Con-1
Ladders— B elt s h i f t e r s ...............................5
Ladders— Cranes ..........................................4
Ladders— N on-slip b a s e s .......................... 1
Ladders— O i l e r s ..................................... 1, 10
Ladles— F o u n d r ie s ..................................... 73
Lam p stick s ................................................ 29
L am pblack ............................................ .. Ru-3
Lam ps— E lectric . . . . 22, 29, 31, 34, P et-6
Lam ps— E x t e n s io n ......... 29, 31, 34, P et-6
L am ps— In candescen t .............................31
L am ps— M a in t e n a n c e ...............................22
Lam ps— V apor p r o o f ..................34, Pet-6
L appers .....................................................Ru-3
Lathes— M etal w o r k i n g ..........................
..................................... 39, 50, 103, Cem -4
L athes— W o o d w o r k in g ..................20, W - l
Laundries ..................................... CE-2, L - l
L ead b a t h s .............................................. A u-1
L E A D C O M P O U N D S ......................H .P. 3
See also Ru-1, Ru-3
L E A D P O I S O N I N G ........................ H .P. 3
See also 23; H .P. 4, 6
Lead— Stren gth .......................................... 78
L E A T H E R I N D U S T R Y ....................P T -1
See also H.P. 1, 4
L e g p r o t e c t i o n ............. .............................. 16
L etters to w ork m an ’s f a m i l y ............. 100
L ew isite .............................................. Chem-3
L ift tru ck s .................................................. 33
L i f t i n g .........50, 54, 107, Cem -6, F-3, F-5
L IG H T IN G A N D H E A L T H .........H .P. 18
L ig h tin g g a s or oil burners, see
F u rn aces— L ig h tin g
LIG H T IN G — S H O P S ............. 22; H .P. 18
See also 20, 39, 4o, 50, 55, 73, 78,
93, Cem -4
L igh tin g— Stairs and stairw ays 2, 22, 78
L igh tin g— W areh ou ses and shipping
room s ......................................22, 59, 78
L ig h tin g — Y ards ........................................17
L i g h t n i n g .............................................. 31, 34
Lim e 25, 31, Chem-3, P T -1, R u -3; H .P. 10
L im it sw itches, see H oist lim its
L in e m e n ........................ P U -1, P U -3, P U -4
Linseed oil .............................................. Ru-3
Litharge, see L ead com pounds
Lithopon e ................................................ Ru-3
Live rolls— G ear g u a r d s .............................8
L oad in g and u n lo a d in g .............................
................................. 4, 17, 54, 55, Chem-1
L oad in g and unloadin g — B arrels anddrum s ...............................52, 54, Pet-8
Load in g plates, see R unw ays
L oad ing racks, see R a ck s— L oading
L oad s— B eam s (T im ber) .................. 12, 78
Loads— C h a i n s ........................ .............78, 98
Loads— Colum ns (T im ber) ....................12
Loads— F loors ......................................11, 3
L oads— R o o f coverin gs ...........................7b
L oads— R opes ................................. 6, 26, 78
L oad s— Scaffold p l a n k s ....................12, 78
Loads— S u s p e n d e d ......... .............................. 4
L oads— Y ellow pine tim ber ..................78

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS

7

Heavy face type indicates an entire pamphlet on the subject. Light
face type indicates a brief reference to the subject in the pamphlet.
S ub jec t

Pa mp hl et N u m b e r

COCKER R O O M S .............................. 27
See also 31, 73, 96, Cem-6
Locks— Belt s h ifte rs............................ 5
Locks— Machinery ............................ 70
Locks— V a lv e s ...3, 70, 96, Mar-2, Me-2
Locomotive sparks ............................ 31
Locomotives . . . 24, 48, 99, Cem-6 , Con-3
L o o m s ................... ............................T -l
Lubricants and lubrication . . . 10, 26, 98' Lumber— Grading .............................. 12
Lumber— S to ra g e ............................ W-2
Lumber, see also Handling material—
Lumber
LU M BER— Y A R D S .........................W-2
See also W -l
Lunch ro o m s ................................H.P. 5
M
M A C A R O N I M A N U F A C T U R E ---- F-5
See also F-3
M A C H IN E S H O P S ............................ 39
See also D- 6 , Eft-1
Machinery— Cleaning, oiling andre p a irin g ............ 9, 39, 58, 99, Au-1
Machinery— Cleaning, oiling andrepairing, see al?o Lubricants;
Oilers and oiling devices
Machinery— Colors, see Colors—•
Machinery
Machines— L o c a tio n ..................... 11, 39
Magnesium compounds . . . . Ru-3, H.P. 4
Magnesium fires .................................. 24
Magnet cranes ..................................... 4
M A IN T A IN IN G IN T E R E S T IN
S A F E T Y .................................... 67
See also 40, 72, 80, 87, 100, 101
M A IN T E N A N C E A N D R E P A I R ___ 70
See also D- 6 , ER-1
Management .42, 67, 72, 77, 93, D-5, T -l
M anganese................................... H.P. 4
Manholes .............................. ........ PU-1
Manholes, see also Hooks— Manhole
coversManifolds ..................... .....................23
M A R IN E BOILERS ................... Mar-2
M A R IN E IN D U S T R Y ___ Mar-1, Mar-2
Marshmallow conditioning . . . . . . . . . F-2
Masks—Gas, see Breathing apparatus
Match in d u stry............................ H.P. 1
M A T H E M A T IC A L T A B L E S ............ 78
Mats— S ta n d in g................ 11, 29, 39, 50
Measurements ....... ............................78
Meat choppers....................... CE-1, F -l
Meat packers, see Packing industry
Mechanical power transmission appar­
atus, see Power transmission
apparatus
Medals, see Emblems; Prizes and awards
Medical re c o rd s .............................. .. 21
Medical supervision, see Health super­
visionM EETINGS— EM PLO YEES ....... 77, 93
See also 42, 65, 67, 72, 84, 102, Cem4, D-5
Meetings— Executives ....................... 77
M E R C A N TILE E STABLISH M E NTS.......................................................Ce-1
Mercapto-benzo-thiazole ................ Ru-1
M e r c u r y ....... .....................H.P. 6 , 9, 10
Merit rating, see Contests
Metal fabrication .......................... Me-3
Metal— Fume f e v e r ..................... H.P. 4
Metal workers ..................... .
H.P. 9
Metallic salts ............................ Chem-3
M ETALS— S T A M P IN G ..................... 85
tletals— Strength ..................... .
78
M E T A T O LU Y LE N E D IA M IN E . . .Ru-1
Methane .............................. 61; H.P. 9Methanol, see Alcohols
Methyl a c e ta te ............................ H.P. 9

Pamp hlet N u m b e r

Sub je ct

Methyl alcohol, see Alcohols
Methyl brom ide..................... 61; H.P. 9
Methyl butanate .........................H.P. 9
Methyl ch lorid e................ 61, 95; H.P. 9
Methyl e t h e r ................................H.P. 9
Methyl-ethyl ketone ................... H.P. 9
Methyl formate ................... 61; H.P. 9
Methyl iodide .............................. H.P. 9
Methyl iso n itrile.......................... H.P. 9
Methyldichlorarsine ..................Chem-3
Methtylidifluorarsine ................ Chem-3
Methylene a n ilin e.............. Ru-1; H.P. 9
Methylene c h lo rid e............................ 61
Methylene dianilide .......................Ru-1
Methylene dichloride................... H.P. 9
Methylene diphenyl diam in e...........Ru-1
Methylene-ditolyl-diamine ............ Ru-1
Methylene-para-toluidine .............. Ru-1
Methylene phenylene d ia m in e....... Ru-1
M i c a .......................................... . • •Ru-3
M IL K BO TTLIN G P L A N T S ...........F-4
Milk of lime ..............................H.P. 10
Milling machines...........7, 39, 70, Cem-4
M ILLS— ROD ................................Me-4
M INE RESCUE ..............................M-2
Mineral oils ................................... Ru-3
Mineral rubber .............................. Ru-3
Mining industry . . . . 104, M-2, H.P. 4, 9
MIXED A C I D ............................ Chem-2
See also 25, Chem-1
Mixers— D o u g h .........................F--3, F-5
Molders ..................................... 20, W -l
Monex ................................. .......... Ru-1
Montan w a x ................................... Ru-3
M o rtisers................................... 20, W -l
MOTOR BLOCK T E S T IN G ...........Au-2
MOTOR CARS— R A IL R O A D ....... RR-1
Motor vehicle in d u stry ....... Au-1, Au-2
Motor vehicles— Care and maintenance..............................................D-5, D -6
Motor vehicles— Static electricity . . . 52
Motor vehicles, see also Drivers anddriving— Commercial; Trucks—
Motor vehicle
Moulding and core m a k in g ................73
M u dgun.......................................... Me-2
Muriatic acid, see Hydrochloric acid
Mustard g a s ................ Chem-3; H.P. 10n

Sub je ct

P am phl et N u m b e r

Novex ............................................ Ru-1
NURSES IN I N D U S T R Y .........H.P. 11
See also H.P. 5
Nut ch op pers....................................F-2
Nut ro a sters ..................................... F-2
Nutrition ...........................................107

O C C U P A TIO N A L T H E R A P Y ..H .P . 16
Oculist service .............................H.P. 5
OFF-THE-JOB AC C ID EN TS ......... 102
See also 93
Oil (Fuel) .............................. 46, Cem-3
Oil and g r e a s e ............................ H.P. 10
Oil bu rn ers............ 73, 96, Cem-3, Mar-2
Oil cans, see Oilers and oiling devices
Oil houses ......................... 31, 34, Con-2
Oil r o o m s ..................................... 31, 34
Oil separators ......................... ......... 34
Oil-soaked c lo th in g ......................... .. 16
Oil substitutes, see Factice
Oil t a n k s .............................................63
O ILERS A N D O ILIN G DEVICES ..10
See also 35
Oils— Cutting, see Cutting oils
Oils, see name of oil
Oilskin c lo th in g ..................................16
O in tm en ts............ .......... 25; H.P. 1, 14
Operating rooms ...........................CE-1
Organic compounds ....................... Ru-1
O R G A N IZA TIO N — S A F E T Y ___ 42, 87
Organometallic compounds......... H.P. 9
Ortho-toluidine .............................. Ru-1
Outings, see Picnics
Ovens— Bakeries .............................. F-3
Ovens— Foundries .............................. 73
Ovens— Japanning and dryin g.............34
Ovens for drying ex p losives.............. 60
Overalls .................................... .......... 16
Oxalic a c id ............ 25, Chem-3; H.P. 10
Oxide of iron, see Red Oxide
Oxidizers ....................................H.P. 10
O x y g e n ....................... 23, 37, 95, Cem-4
Oxygen, see also Cylinders— Compressed
gases; Gases— Compressed; Welding
Oxynone ......................................... Ru-1
O zon e...................................... . H.P. 9
Ozokerite ....................................... Ru-3;

Nailing machines ..............................59
Nails— F ly in g ..................................... 59
Nails— P rotru d in g................... 59, CE-1
N a p h th a ............................ Ru-3, H.P. 9
Naphthalene....................... Ru-3, H.P. 9
Nappers ............................................ T -l
National Fleet C o n te s t................... D-4
Neozone ...........................................Ru-1
N E W E M P L O Y E E S .......................... 65
See also 93
Nickel ca rb o n y l............ .............H.P. 9
Nickel s a lt s ................................H.P. 10
Nicotine ..................................... H.P. 10
Nitrates ....................................H.P. 10
N IT R IC ACID .......................... Chem-2
See also 25, Chem-1, Chem-3;
H.P. 10
Nitrobenzol (Nitrobenzene) ....... H.P. 9
Nitrochlorbenzol (Nitrochlorbenzene)................................................. H.P. 10
Nitrogen ................................95; H.P. 9
Nitroglycerine bottle c a r r ie r ............ 60
Nitro-hydrocarbons ..................H.P. 10
Nitrometers .......................................60
Nitro-substation products ...........H.P. 9
Nitrous fu m e s .............. Chem-3; H.P. 9
Nitrous o x id e .........................95; H.P. 9
Noise ................................................. 50
Non-freezing solutions for water . . . .24
Noodle cutters .........................F-3, F-5

PA C K IN G A N D S H I P P I N G .............59
See also CE-1, F -l, Me-3
Packing industry ...........16, CE-1, F -l
Packing industry, see also Hotels;
Knives; Restaurants
Padlocks, see Locks— Machinery;Locks— Valves
Pails, see Barrels and pails— Fire
Paint spraying, see Spray coating
Paints— Fire hazards ......... 31, Chem-5
Palm oil ......................................... Ru-3
P A P E R A N D P U L P M ILL S ....... PP-1
P A P E R BOX M A N U F A C T U R E .PP-2
Paper cutters— G u illo tin e....... 59, PP-2
Paraffin oils, see Mineral oils
Para-nitroso-dimethyl-aniline ....... Ru-1
Para-phenylene-diamine ................ Ru-1
Para-toluidine ................................ Ru-1
Paris white, see W hiting
P a r k in g ....................................... 17, 102
Pasteurizing equipm ent....................F-4
Patent leather fin ish in g................ PT-1
Pea sorting ta b le s ......... ................... F -l
Peach slicers ....................................F - l
Pedestrian tunnels .............................17
Pentachloroethane ....................... H.P.9
Perchloroethylene, see
Tetrachlorethylene
Permanganates ......................... H.P. 10

8

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
Heavy face type indicates an entire pamphlet on the subject. Light
face type indicates a brief reference to the subject in the pamphlet.

Sub je ct

Pa mp hle t N u m b e r

Sub ject

Pa mp hle t N u m b e r

Sub je ct

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

Platforms— Boiler rooms ................... 3
Personal protective equipment, see
Pyrometers .......................................1<)
Platforms— Cranes ..............................4
Breathing apparatus; ClothingP Y R O X Y L IN LACQUER
Platforms—
Loading..................Chem-1
M A N U F A C TU R E .............. Chem-5
protective; Goggles; Head
Platforms— Structural workers .. .Me-2
protection
P la t in g ................... 25, Chem-6 ; H.P. 1
Personnel w o r k ................................. 84
Pledges ..............................................77
P etro la tu m ..................................... Ru-3
Q U A R R Y IN G .......................... Cem-1
Plumbago, see Graphite
Petroleum ether, see Benzine
Quenching operations ................... Au-1
Pneumatic tools, see Hammers—
Questionnaires................... 67, 100, 101
Petroleum gases ............................ . •95
Pneumatic
Quilling and beaming m a ch in es---- T - l
Pneumonoconiosis, see Dusts— Health
PETRO LEU M IN D U S TR Y, Pet- 6 , Pet -8
Quinoidine ....................... ..............Ru-1
hazards; Silicosis
See also H.P. 10
Quizzes (Safety quizzes) ...67, 100, 101
Poisons, see Health hazards
Petroleum industry, see also gasoline
POLES..........................................
PU-4
P h e n e x ............................................ Ru-1
See also PU-1
Phenol, see Carbolic acidPortable electric tools, see Tools—
Phenyl alpha naphthylam ine.........Ru-1
R.S.L.-A-l, etc. .............................Ru-1
Electric
Racks— Bars .........................59, Cem-4
Phenyl beta naphthylam ine...........Ru-1
POSTERS38
Phenyl-hydrazine....................... H.P. 10
Racks— Boring bits ...........................67
See also 93, CE-2, D-5
Phenyl-tolyl-guanidine ..................Ru-1
Racks— C h a in s................................... 98
Posture..............................................50
Racks— Compressed gas cylinders...
Phosgene ..................................... H.P. 9
Potassium cyanide, see Cyanide................................................... Cem-4
Phosphene, see Hydrogen phosphide
Potassium
hydrate,see
Caustic
potashRacks— Flask clamps ......... ..............73
Phosphorus ..................Chem-3; H.P. 9
Potassiumhydroxide,
see
Caustic
potashRacks— Glove drying ................... PU-3
Photo-engravers ................................25
Powder carrying b a g s .......................28
Racks— Loading ................................ 48
Photography .........................H.P. 1, 10
POW
ER
D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T
S
................96
Racks— S to ra g e.................Cem-4, PU-3
P H Y S IC A L D E F E C T S .............. H.P. 13
Power hammers, see Hammers—
Racks— T o o l ....... ....4 1 , 54, 67, Cem-6
See also D-5
PowerRadium paint ........................... H.P. 10
P H Y S IC A L E X A M IN A T IO N S . .H.P. 2 Power lines ................................... PU-1
Railings and h an d-rails.....................
See also 50, 65, Con-2, D-5; H.P. 5,
PO W ER P L A N T S ............................ 96....................... 2, 7, 8 , 9, 12, 73, CE-1
13
Power presses, see Presses— PowerR A ILR O A D S
RR-1
P H Y S IC A L T H E R A P Y ............ H.P. 16
PO W ER TRAN SM ISSIO N
Railroads, see also Electric railways
P h ysician s................................... H.P. 5
A P P A R A T U S ...........5, 7, 8 , 9, 10
R A ILR O A D S — IN D U S T R IA L .......... 48
Pickers ..................... ...................... T - l
See also 31, 39, 58, 70
See also 17, 46, 59, Cem-6
Picking m achines............................ W -l
Preserving food, see Canneries
R A M PS ................................................2
Pickling rooms . . . . * . . . . 25, Au-1, Me-1
Press feeding devices ..................... 18
See also 59, Con-3 D- 6 , F-3
Picnics .........................................40, 67
Presses— Cold t r i m ............................ 85
Rapeseed o i l ................................... Ru-3
Picric a c id .............. 25, Chem-3; H.P. 10
Presses— D r i l l ......... 7, 10, 39, 58, Cem-4
Rates of accidents.............................. 21
P ig m achines................................. Me-2
Presses— Embossing ..................... PT-1
R A Y O N M A N U F A C T U R E ....... Chem-4
Pike poles .......................................... 41
Presses— Filter ................................F - lRazor blades— Disposal ................ CE-2
Pile d r iv in g ................ ...................Con-3
Presses— Horning ....... ...................... 18
Reamers ............................................ 47
Piling m a te r ia l....................... 45, 54, 59
Presses— Hydraulic ....... ...................85
Records of accidents...........................21
Piling material— Bakeries . . . . . . . . . F-3 Presses— Kick ................................... 18
Recreational activities ......... 50; H.P. 5
Pilin g material— Barrels and drums
Presses— Platen ........................... PP-2
Recreational activities, see also En­.........................25, 54, 59, F-5, Pet -8
PRESSES— PO W ER ......... ...............18
tertainment; Picnics
Piling material— Bars and p ip e s .......
See also 39, 45, 79; Cem-4
Red o c h r e ....................................... Ru-3.. ....................................... 17, 39, 59 PRESSURE VESSELS— STEAM
Red oxide ................ ...................... Ru-3
Piling material— Billets ................ Me-4
JACKETED VESSELS, DIGEST­
Reflectors— M aintenance....................22
Piling: material— Boxes and cartons..
ERS, STILLS, BLO W CASES,
R e frig e ra n ts ...........................37, 61, 78.. .............................................. 54, 59
AUTO CLAVES, ETC................... 68
R E F R IG E R A T IO N (M E C H A N IC A L )Piling material— B r ic k s ..................... 17
See also Ru-2.........................................................61
Piling material— Cylindrical objects ..
Pressure welding, see Welding
See also F-3, F-4, Ref-2. . . ........................................ 59, PP-1 PR IM E MOVERS . J............................ 9
Refrigeration, see also Ice
Piling material— F ou n d ries.........17, 73
Printing establishments ................... 52
Regulations, see Standards
Piling material— Hotel lin e n s ....... CE-2
Prizes and awards ............................
Rehabilitation of injured workers . . .
Piling material— Lumber .17, W -l, W-2.............. 40, 67, 74, 83, 100, 101, D-5................................................H.P. 16
Piling material— Pipe, see Piling
Propaldehyde .............................. H.P. 9
Remote control apparatus .................5
material— Bars and pipes
Propane .........................61, 95; H.P. 9
R E P A IR A N D M A IN T E N A N C E .. . 70
Piling material— P o l e s ....... PU-3, PU-4
Propionic acid ...........................Chem-1
See also Cem-4, D- 6 , ER-1
Piling material— Sacks .....................
Propionitrile ................................H.P. 9................17, 54, 59, Cem-5, F-3, F-5 Propyl alcohol, see Alcohols
Report forms for accidents .............. 21
Resinous m a te ria ls ......... Ru-1; H.P. 10
Pine tar .........................................Ru-3
Propyl compounds.......................H.P. 9
Resistox .........................................Ru-1
Pine— Tensile and compressive
Propylene ................................... H.P. 9
stre n g th .......................................78 Protein precipitants, see Astringents
Respirators, see Breathing apparatus
Responsibility for accidents ...........D-5
P IP E L IN E S A N D T A N K S .. Chem-1 Protoplasmic poisons ..................H.P. 9
R estau ran ts.............. CE-1, CE-2, R ef-2
Pipe lines, see also Pipes
Prussian blue ................ ............... Ru-3
Restaurants, see also Bakery opera­
Piperidonium pentamethylene
Prussic acid, see Hydrocyanic acid;tions; Hotels; Knives
dithiocarbamate ..................... Ru-1
Hydrogen cyanide
Resuscitation ..................29, 93; H.P. 7
Pipes— Handling and laying .54, Chem-1
Psychological tests fo r drivers, see
Rewards, see Banners and flags; Bonus
Pipes— Linear expansion ................. 78
Drivers and driving— Commercial
systems; Emblems; Prizes andPiping— Engines ................................. 9— Examinations
awardsPiping— Materials of construction . .
Public accidents .........CE-2, D-5, PU-1
Rheostats .......................................... 29............................................... Chem-1 Public accidents, see also Drivers andRing, connecting— Chains .................. 6
P IP IN G SYSTEMS—
driving— Commercial
Risers, see Treads and risers
ID E N T IF IC A T IO N ............ .
88
PU BLIC U T IL IT IE S PU-1, PU-3, PU-4
Rivet making machines ................... 85
Piston clearances— Engines ................9
Pulley retainers ................................85
Rivets and riveting .........................
P it c h ............................ Ru-3; H.P. 9, 10
Pulleys .............................. ............ 8 , 31............ 41, 47, 85, Cem-4, ER-1, Me-3
Pumice .......................................... r u-3
Pits— Repair .........................D-6 , ER-1
Rock d r illin g ..................Cem 1; H.P. 4,
Planers— Metal w o r k in g ................... 39
Punch presses, see Presses— PowerRock dusting ................................... 104
Planers— Wood-working .. 7, 20, 32, W -l
PURCH ASING D EPARTM ENTS .103
Plans, see Checking plans
See also 87, 93
ROD M IL L S ..................................Me-4
Plant yards and grounds, see Yards
Rollers ................................................ 54
Push track cars ...........................RR-1
Plaques, see Prizes and awards
Pyrethrum ................................H.P. 10
RO PE— F IB E R ................................... 6
Plaster of Paris, see Gypsum
Pyridine .......................................H.P. 9
See also 26, 70, Cem-6 , Con-1, Con-3

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS

9

Heavy face type indicates an entire pamphlet on the subject. Light
face type indicates a brief reference to the subject in the pamphlet.
Sub je ct

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

26
IOPE— W IR E ............................
See also Con-1
Rope s lin g s .............................. 6 , Con-1
Rosin, see Colophony
Rottenstone, see Tripoli
Rubber cem en t..................D-6 ; H.P. 14
RUBBER IN D U S TR Y Ru-1, Ru-2, Ru-3
See also 52, H.P. 10
RUBBER PRO TECTIVE EQ U IPM ENT..................................................... PU-3
See also 16
Rugs— Non-slip ............................ CE-1
RU LES ..............................................80
See also 93
Runways ....................... .....................
12, 48, 54, 59, Cem-5, Con-1, Con-3,
F-3, PT-1

Sacks-Storage ...................................
.............. 54, 59, Cem-5, F-3, F-4, F-5
Safe loads, see Loads
Safety dogs ................................ . . . . 39
S A F E T Y M A N IN IN D U S T R Y ....... 84
See also 42
Safety meetings, see Meetings
Safety q u izzes..................... 67, 100, 101
Safety rules, see Rules
Safety stops, see Starting andstopping devices
S A F E T Y S T U N T S ................... 100, 101
See also 67
Safety valves, see Valves— Safety
Safex ..............................................Ru-1
Salamanders ...........................31, Con-1
Sales managers ..................................93
S alesm en.......................................... D-5
Sand-blasting ................................Me-1
Sand cutters— Fou ndries................... 73
Sand mills— Fou ndries....................... 73
Sand sampling c o n e s ....... ................ 73
Sand sifters— Foundries ......... .......... 73
Sandals .............................................16
Sanders ..................................... 20, W -l
Sanding tracks— Cranes ......................4
S A N IT A T IO N ................................... 27
See also 107, W -l
Sanitation, see also Locker rooms;
Wash rooms
S aw du st....................................... H.P. 4
Sawmills— In spection .............. ......... 75
Saws— Band ................ 20, Cem-4, W -l
Saws— Circular ..................................
...........20, 59, 76, 78, D-6 , PP-1, W -l
Saws— Cracked ......................... ....... 76
Saws— Hack .......................................39
Saws— H a n d .......................................41
Saws—H o t .................................... 8 , 85
Sawyers— Protective clothing ...........16
SCAFFOLDS ..................................... 12
See also 70, 78, 99, Con-1
S c a le s ................................................. 59
Score boards, see Bulletin boards
Scoring machines ............ Ref-1, R ef-2
S c r a p ..............................................Me-4
Screens— Acid .......................... Chem-1
Screens— Chip ....................... 39 , Cem-4
Screens— Foundries .......................... 73
Screens— Tunnels .........................Con-2
Screens— W e ld in g ......... ....................70
Screw d r iv e rs ..................................... 41
Screw m achines................................. 39
Selenium ......................... ............ Ru-3
Service stations, see Garages
SET S C R E W S ..................................... 8
See also 70
Severity rates of accidents................ 21
S H A F TIN G ..................... .................. 8
See also 31, 52, 58, 78, Con-2
Shaking-out operations ................Me-1

Sub ject

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

Shapers— Metal w o r k in g ................... 39
Shapers— W ood-w orkin g...........20, W -l
Sharp-edged material— H a n d lin g ---- 16
Shears— P o w e r ..................59, 85, Me-3
Sheathes for tools ............................ 41
Sheet m e t a l................................... Me-3
Shellac .......................................... Ru-3
Shields— Acid v a lv e s ...........25, Chem-1
Shields— Foundries ............................ 73
Shields— Welding ............................ 105
S H IPPIN G R O O M S .......................... 59
See also F-5, Me-3
Shipping rooms, see also Handlingmaterial; Piling material
S h oes..................................... 16, 39, 103
Shoring .........................................Con-3
Shoulder protection .......................... 16
Shovels— Hand ............................ 41, 54
Shovels— M echan ical....... Cem-6 , Con-3
Shower baths .25, 27, 60, Chem-3, CE-2
Shredders ....................................... PP-1
Shuttle g u a rd s..................................T - l
Sidewalk sheds ................................. 12
Sidewalk vaults .............................PU-1
Signals— C ra n es....... .................... 4, 33
Signals— Industrial railroads . . . . 48, 71
Signs— Construction w o r k ............ PU-1
SIGNS— IN D U S T R IA L ..................... 81
See also 3, 80, 93, 96, Cem-1, Mar-2,
PT-1
Signs— Railroads ....... 48, Cem-6 , Pet -8
Silicon d io x id e................................ Ru-3
SILICOSIS ................................H.P. 20
See also H.P. 4Sizers— Candy ................................. F-2
Skates ................................................59
Skin affections, see Dermatitis
Skull crackers, see Drop pits
S lashers............................................ T -l
Slate flour ..................................... Ru-3
Sledge hammers, see Hammers— Sledge
Slings— H o i s t ............ 6,78, Con-1, Me-1
Slitters .......................................... PP-1
Slotters .............................................. 39
Smoking ................................31, Mar-2
Soaps and cleansing powders 27; H.P. 10
Soapstone, see Talc
Sockets— W ire rope ........................... 26
Sod oil, see Degras
Soda a s h ................... \......... 25, Chem-3
Soda pulp ................................ Chem-1
Sodium .......................Chem-3; H.P. 10
Sodium ch lorid e......................... Chem-1
Sodium cyanide, see Cyanides
Sodium hydrate, see Caustic soda
Sodium hydrosulphite .............. Chem-1
Sodium hydroxide, see Caustic soda
Sodium hypochloride..................H.P. 10
Sodium hypochlorite ................ Chem-1
Sodium hyposulphite ................ Chem-1
Sodium metasilicate ................ H.P. 10
Sodium n itr a te ...........................Chem-1
Sodium silicate .........................H.P. 10
Sodium sulphate ....................... Chem-1
Sodium sulphide ....................... Chem-1
Solvents, see Flammable liquids andvaporsSoot removal— B o ile r s ......................... 3
Spats ................................................. ..
SPEC IFIC ATIO N S FOR S A F E T Y . .53
Speed— Belts ............’ .......................... 7
Speed— Flywheels ......................... 9, 78
Speed— Grinding wheels ............ 13, 78
Speed— Grindstones ............ .............78
Speed— Pulleys ................................. 78
Speed— S a w s .......................20, 78, W -l
Splices— R o p e s ..................................... 6
Splitters ........................................ p p li
Splitting m achines.........................PT-1
Spontaneous ignition . .34, 46, 78, 91, 104
S poolers............................................ T -l

Su b je ct

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

S P R A Y C O A T IN G ............................ 91
See also 31, 52, D-6, ER-1, Pet- 8 ,W -lSprinklers, see Fire extinguishers
SPROCKETS A N D C H A IN S ............ 8
See also Cem-4
Stabilite .........................................Ru-1
Stacks, see Chimneys
STAIRS A N D S T A IR W A Y S .............. 2
See also 93, 99, CE-1, Con-1
Stake puller ..................................PP-1
STAM PIN G — H O T M E T A L ............ 85Standard Oil Co. (Indiana)
questionnaire ............................ 100
Standards..................................... 53, 78
S ta r c h ....................................... 104, F-2
S TA R TIN G A N D STO PPINGDEVICES ..................................... 5
See also 8 , 9, 39, 70
Static electricity, see Electricity— Static
Steam jacketed v e s sels..................... 68
Steam separators— E n g in e s ................ 9
Steam shovels, see Shovels— Mechanical
Stearic a c i d ................................... Ru-3
Steel erection ................................Con-1
STEEL IN D U S T R Y .........................
..................... Me-1, Me-2, Me-3, Me-4
Steel— Tensile and compressive
strength ..................................... 78
Steps, see Stairs and stairways
S TILLS — PETRO LEU M .............. Pet -6
See also 68
Stock boxes ....................................... 54
Stockrooms, see Warehouses
Stoddard so lven ts............................ L - l
Stokers ...........................................3, 49
Stone cru sh in g............................ Cem-1
Stopping devices, see Starting andstopping devices
Storage batteries .........................29, 55
Storerooms, see Warehouses
Strapping .......................................... 59
Strength of m a te ria ls ....................... 78
Stretchers .......................................... 82
Stunts, see Safety stunts
Sugar pulverizers ............................ F-2
SUGGESTION SYSTEMS ................ 40
See also 67, 100
Sulphides .................................... H.P. 10
Sulphite mills ................................ PP-1
Sulphite pulp liq u o r ..................Chem-1
Sulphonations ...........................Chem-1
Sulphur .......................................... Ru-3
Sulphur ch lo rid e.............. Chem-1, Ru-3
Sulphur dioxide ..................................
................ 61, 95, Mar-1, Ru-3; H.P. 9
Sulphuric a c i d ...................................
25, 63, Chem-1, Chem-3, Chem-4,
Ru-3; H.P. 9, 10
Sulphurous a c id .........................Chem-1
Sulphuryl chloride ....... ............Chem-1
Supersulphur..................................Ru-1
Switches— Electric .............................
29,
31, 59, 70, 76, 96, Cem-4, Chem-5
Switches— R a ilro a d ......... 48, 99, Cem-6

Tackle— L iftin g capacity ..................78
Tags— M ach in ery.............. 70, 75, R ef-2
Talc ................................................ Ru-3
Talks— S u ggestion s.............. .
42, 93
Tallow m e lte rs ................................... 68
Tank c a r s ...........................................
..25, 48, 52, 71, 95, Chem-1, Chem-5
T A N K S — C H E M ICAL P L A N T S Chem-1
See also 25, 34, 63, PP-1, H.P. 9Tanks— Cleaning and repairing .......
..................... .52, 63, Chem-1; H.P. 9Tanks, Cylindrical— Contents ...........78
Tanks— Dimensions ...........................78
Tanks— D i p ............ 31, 34, Cem-4, Me-1

10

INDEX T O SAFE PRACTICES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
Heavy face type indicates an entire pamphlet on the subject. Light
face type indicates a brief reference to the subject in the pamphlet.

Sub je ct

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

Tanks— Flammable liq u id s ................
25, 34, 63, Cem-3, Chem-1, Chem-5,
D -6
T A N K S FOB OILS, ACID S A N D D RY
M A T E R IA L S .............................. 63
Tanks— Hot water ............................ 68
Tanks— R en d erin g..................... 68 , F - l
Tannic acid for b u rn s................ Chem-3
Tannic acid, see also AstringentsT A N N IN G IN D U S TR Y ................PT-1
See also H.P. 1
T a r .............................. Chem-3; H.P. 10
Tar color industry ..................... H.P. 1
Taxicab operators, see Drivers anddriving— Commercial
Tea t a s t in g ................................. H.P. 6
Tellurium .............................. ....... Ru-3
Temperatures .............................. 50, 78
T en o n ers................................... 20, W -l
Termites ..................................... Cem-6
Tests—Linemen’s equipment ....... PU-3
Test— Ropes .......................................26
Tests— Rubber protective equipment.....................................................PU-3
Tetrachlorethylene .................... H.P. 9
Tetrachlorethane.........................H.P. 9
Tetrachlormethane ......... ........... H.P. 9
Tetrethyl lead ............................ H.P. 9
Tetra-methyl-thiuram-disulphide .. Ru-1
Tetra-methyl-thiuram-monosulphide..................................................... Ru-1
T e t r y l ................ ....................... H.P. 10
T E X T IL E IN D U S T R Y ................... T - l
See also 52; H.P. 1, 4
Therapy, see Physical therapy
Thermit welding, see Welding
Thiocarbanilide .............................. Ru-1
T h io n e x .......................................... Ru-1
Thiophene ................................... H.P. 9Threshing machines— Static
electricity .................................. 52
Tiering m achines............................... 59
Tin— Strength ................................... 78
Tires, see Handling material— Tires
Titanium d io xid e............................ Ru-3
Tobacco w o r k e r s ......................... H.P. 6
Toeboards................................... 2, 9, 12
Toggle presses, see Presses— Toggle
T O IL E T R O O M S ................................27
T o lu en e....... ...................... Ru-3; H.P. 9
Toluidine ..................................... H.P. 9
Tolyl phenylguanidine................... Ru-1
Tomato washing equipment.............. F - lTongs— Blacksmith .................... 41, 54
Tongs— Drop hammers ..................... 85
Tongs— Fou ndries.............................. 73
Tongs— Hot metal p la te s ............ Cem-4
Tongs— Ice ................................... Ref-1
Tool boxes— Cranes ............................ 4
Tool h an dles...........................41 , 54 , 67
Tool ro o m s .............................. 39, 41, 70
TOOLS— ELECTRIC ................ ........ 76
See also 39, 70, 93, Me-3
TOOLS— H A N D ................................41
See also 39, 54, 59, 70, 76, 93, 103,
CE-1, Cem-4, Cem-6 , Con-3, Me-1
W -l
Tools— Hand, see also Racks— Tools
Tools— M a ch in e..................... 50, Cem-4
TOPICS FOR S A F E T Y M EETINGS 93
Torches— Fire hazards ......................31
Torches—L ig h tin g ................ .......Cem-3
Torches— W e ld in g .............................. 23
Toxic fumes, vapors and liquids, see
Health hazards
TR A C K CARS ..............................R R -1
Track clearances................................ 17
Track skates ..................................... 17
Tractors, see Trucks— Power
Trailers ................................. 55, Cem-4
Training, see Employees— Training

Pamp hle t N u m b e r

Sub jec t

Transfer cars ............ .................. Me-2
Transformers ..................................... 29
Transmission lines— Static electricity 52
Transmission machinery, see Powertransmission apparatus
Treads and risers ................................2
Tree trimming .............................. PU-1
Trenching ..................................... PU-1
T re s tle s ............................ 48, 99, Cem-6
Triac ............................................ .Ru-1
Trichloraethane .......................... H.P. 9
Trichloroethylene ..................H.P. 9, 10
Trichloromethane ....................... H.P. 9
Triethyl-trymethylene-triamine . .. Ru-1
Trimene .........................................Ru-1
Trinitrophenol, see Picric acidTri-nitro-toluene ....................... H.P. 10
Triphenylguanidine .......................Ru-1
Tripoli ............................ ............... Ru-3
Tripolite, see Diatomaceous earth
Tri-sodium phosphate .............. H.P. 10
Trolley wire g u a rd s .......................... 48
Trophies, see Prizes and awards
Truck operators, see Drivers andDriving— Commercial
Trucks— Compressed gas cylinders ..
................................23, 71, 95, Cem-4
Trucks— Cradle ..... ..................... ER-1
Trucks— Foundries ............................ 73
TRUCKS— H A N D ....... ...................... 54
See also 20, 39, 59, 81, CE-1, CE-2,
Cem-5, ER-1, F-2, F-3, F-5, Me-3,
PP-1, Pet- 8 , W -l, W-2
Trucks— Motor vehicle .....................
52, 54, Cem-4, Cem-6 , Con-3, PU-1,
Ref-1
TRUCKS— PO W ER ................ ......... 55
See also 33, 59, 103, Au-2, W-2
Tuads ............................................ Ru-1
Tumblers— Dry clea n in g..................L - l
Tumblers— Fou ndries.........................
......................32, Au-1, Me-1; H.P. 4
TU N N E LS ................................... Con-2
Turntables— R a ilro a d .............. 48, RR-1
Turpentine ..................Ru-3; H.P. 6 , 10
Twisters .......................................... T -l
U
Ultramarine blue ...........................Ru-3
Umber ................... •....................... Ru-3
Unhairing machines',.................... PT-1
U r e k a ..............................................Ru-1

V.G.B................................................ Ru-1
Vacuum clea n ers................... 73, H.P. 4
Valves—-Acid lines ............................ 25
Valves— B lo w - o ff............ . '. . . . 3, Mar-2
Valves— S a f e t y .............. ............3, 9, 49
Valves— Stop ..................................... 49
Valves, see also Locks—Valves
Vapors, see Flammable liquids andvapors; Fumes; Gases
Vats— Chemical plants ..................... 25
Vats— Tanning .............................. PT-1
Veneer m ach in ery.......................... W -l
Venetian red, see Red oxide
V E N T IL A T IO N ................................37
See also 13, 25, 32, 50, 73, 91,
Chem-5Ventilation, see also Exhaust systems
Vermilion .......................................Ru-3
Vibration— M a ch in e ry..................11, 50
Viners ..............................................F -lVisitors ................................................3
Visors on c a p s ................................... 16
V O C A TIO N A L T R A I N I N G .........Voc-1
V u lca n ex ....... ................................. Ru-1
VU LCANIZER S ............................ Ru-2
See also 68

Pa mp hl et N u m b e r

S ubject

Vulcanol .........................................Ru-J
VulcOne ...........................................Ru-'l

W
Waiters .........................................CE-2
Walls— Cleaning ................................ 22
W AREHOUSES ................................59
See also CE-1, Cem-4, F-3, F-5,
Me-3
Warehouses, see also Handling material;
Piling material
W a rp e rs ............................................ T -l
Wash houses ................ .......... 27, Con-2
W AS H ROOMS ................................27
See also 96, Cem-6 ; H.P.9, 10
Waste cans ..................................31, 45
W atch m en .......................................... 24
W ater— Drinking, see Drinking water
W ater scaler ................................... F-3
Waxes .................. ..Ru-1, Ru-3; H.P.10
Weights of m a te ria ls .........................78
W ELD IN G — E L E C T R IC ..................105
See also 14, 16, 39,^70, Cem-4, D-6 ,ER-1, Me-1, Me-3, Voc-1
W ELDING— GAS .............................. 23
See also 14, 16, 39, 70, 95, 105, D- 6 ,ER-1, Me-3
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.
questionnaire ............................. 67
Wheel dressers................................... 13
Wheelbarrows .. 17, 54, 73, Cem-6 , Con-3
White elep h an t.........................100, 101
Whiting .........................................Ru-3
Winches .............................................. 48
Wind force .......................................-78
Winders ..................................PP-1, T -l
W ire— Current carrying capacities ..
................................................... 29, 78
W ire c u tte rs ............................ 41, PP-1
W O M EN W O R K E R S .......................107
See also 16, 73
Wood alcohol, see Alcohols
WOOD F U R N ITU R E ................... W -l
Wood pulp ..................... Chem-4, PP-1
Wood r e fu s e ................................. .46
WOOD SCAFFOLDS .........................12
Wood s ta in in g .............................. H .P .l
WOOD W O R K IN G P L A N T S . . .20, W -l
See also H.P.l, 4
Wrecking, see Demolition of buildings
Wrenches ..................................... 41, 70
Wrenches— Hopper car .... .41, 46, 48, 73

X a n th a tes.........................Chem-4, Ru-1
X-rays .........................................H.P.10
Xylene ................................Ru-3; H.P.9

Y A R D S .............................................. 17
See also 48, 73, Cem-6 , Pet- 8 , W -l
Yards, see also Lumber-yards
Yellow ochre ..................................Ru-3

Zimate ............................................ Ru-1
Zinc butyl x a n th a te ....................... Ru-1
Zinc chills .......................................... 23
Zinc chloride .. Chem-1, Chem-3; H.P.10
Zinc cyanide, see Cyanides
Zinc ethyl x a n th a te ....................... Ru-1
Zinc isopropyl xanthate ................ Ru-1
Zinc o x id e ...........................Ru-3; H.P.4
Zinc oxidized salt of dimethyl-dithiocarbamic acid ...................
Ru-i.
Zinc salt of dithio-furoic a c id ....... Ru-1
Zinc— Strength ..................................78
Zinc sulphide .................................. Ru-3
Zyklon— B ................................... Mar-1

SAFE PRACTICES, SPECIAL INDUSTRIES AND HEALTH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
LISTED BY NUMBER AND TITLE%

G EN ER A L SAFE PR ACTICES PAMPHLETS

1. Ladders
2. Stairs and Ramps
3. Safe Operation of Steam Boilers
4. Overhead Traveling Cranes
5. Mechanical P o w e r Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt I ) Starting andStopping Devices
6 . Fiber Rope
7. Mechanical P o w e r Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt I I ) Belts and Belt
Guards
8 . Mechanical P o w e r Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt I I I )Shafting,
Coupling, Keys, Collars, Set Screws,
Pulleys,
Gears,
Sprockets andChains
9. Mechanical P o w e r Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt IV ) Prime Movers(Flywheels,
Cranks, Connecting
Rods, Crossheads, Tail Rods, Gov­
ernors)
10. Mechanical P o w e r Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt V ) Bearings, Oil­ers and Oiling Devices
11. Floors and Flooring
12. Scaffolds
13. Grinding Wheels
14. Goggles
15. Elevators
16. Protective Clothing
17. Plant Yards and Grounds
18. Power Presses
19. Exits, Fire Alarms and Fire Drills
20. Woodworking M a c h i n e r y andEquipment
21. Standard Industrial Injury Report­
ing System
22. Industrial Shop Lighting
23. Gas Welding and Flame Cutting
24. Fire Extinguishment
25. Acids and Caustics
26. W ire Rope
27. Industrial Sanitation ( D r i n k i n g
Water, Wash and Locker Rooms
and Toilet Facilities)
28. Commercial Explosives
29. Electric Equipment in Industrial
Plants
30. Discontinued
31. Fire Causes and Prevention

32. Exhaust Systems
33. Hoisting Apparatus
34. Industrial E x p l o s i o n Hazards(Gases, V a p o r s and Flammable
Liquids)
35. Conveyors
36. Fire Brigades
37. Industrial Ventilation
38. Safety Posters and Bulletin Boards
39. Machine Shops
40. Suggestion Systems
41. Hand Tools
42. Organizing a Complete Industrial
Safety Program
43. Discontinued
44. The Safe Use of Cutting Oils andEmulsions45. Industrial Housekeeping
46. Fuel Handling, Storing and Firing
47. Compressed A ir Machinery andEquipment
48. Railroads in Industrial Plants
49. Construction and Equipment of
Steam Boilers
50. Practical Methods for Reducing
Fatigue
51. Discontinued
52. Static Electricity
53. Checking Plans and Specificationsfor Safety
54. Handling Material
(Hand
and
Truck)
55. Industrial Power Trucks and Trac­
tors
56. Investigation of Industrial Acci­dents
57. Discontinued
58. Mechanical Power Transmission
Apparatus (P a rt V I) Constructionof Machinery Guards
59. Warehouses and Shipping Rooms
60. Chemical Laboratories
61. Mechanical Refrigeration
62. Discontinued
63. Storage Tanks for Oils, Acids andDry Materials
64. Respiratory Protective Equipment
65. Teaching Safety to New Employees
66 . Discontinued
67. Maintaining Interest in Safety

68 . Pressure Vessels— Firedand Un­fired (P a rt I I ) Steam Jacketed
Vessels, Digesters, Stills, Blow
Cases, Autoclaves, etc.
69. Discontinued
70. Safe Practices for Maintenance andRepair Men
71. Safe Handling of Chlorine
72. Safety Committees
73. Foundries
74. Safety Contests
75. Safety Inspections
76. Portable Electric Hand Tools
77. Safety Meetings
78. Mathematical Tables and Data for
the Safety Engineer
79. Accidents and the Engineer
80. Industrial Safety Rules — Their
Formulation and Use
81. Industrial A c c i d e n t Prevention
Signs
82. Discontinued
83. Training fo r First A id and Rules
for First A id Contests
84. The Safety Man in Industry
85. Safe Practices in Forging and Hot
Metal Stamping
86 . Discontinued
87. Safety in the Medium-Sized Plant
88 . Identification of Piping Systems
89. Discontinued
90. Discontinued
91. Spray Coating
92. Discontinued
93. Topics for Safety Meetings
94. Discontinued
95. Compressed Gases
96. Industrial Power Departments
97. Safe Operation of Pulverized Coal
Systems
98. Use and Care of Hoisting Chains
99. Falls of Workers — Their Causes
and Prevention
100. Safety Stunts— Part I
101. Safety Stunts— Part I I
102. Off-the-Job Accidents
103. Purchasing for Safety
104. Dust Explosions
105. Electric Welding
106. Conservation of Personal Protec­
tive Equipment.
107. Women in Industry

PAMPHLETS FOR SPECIAL INDUSTRIES
Au-1 Heat Treating
Au-2 Safe Practices in Motor Block
TestingCe-1 Accident and Health Hazards in
Mercantile Establishments
Ce-2 Safety in Hotels
Ce-3 Safety in Hospitals'em-1 Cement Rock Quarrying andCrushing
Cem-2 Raw and Finished Cement Mill
Grinding
Cem-3 Cement Burning

Mem bers are entitled to one copy o f any o f thesectional pamphlets listed here when they purchasethe com plete set o f G eneral Safe Practices Pam ph­lets, H ealth Practices Pam phlets are N O T includedin this special series.

Cem-4 Safe Practices in Cement Mill
Shops
Cem-5 Storing, Packing and Shipping
CementCem-6 Cement Mill Yards and Railroads
Chem-1 Chemical Pipe Lines and Tanks
as Causes of Accidents

Chem-2 Fume Poisoning from Nitricand Mixed Acid
Chem-3 Chemical Burns (Their Nature
and Treatment)
Chem-5 Pyroxylin Lacquer Manufacture
Chem-6 Cyanide Compounds
Con-1 Preventing Accidents in Building
Construction
Con-2 Safety and Health in Tunnel andCaisson W ork
Con-3 Safety in Excavation W ork

PAMPHLETS LISTED BY NUMBER AND TITLE

C P -l Discontinued
D -l Discontinued
D-2 Selecting Drivers f o r Commercial
VehiclesD-3 Training Drivers fo r Commercial
VehiclesD-4 Commercial Vehicle Accident Rec­ords
D-5 Preventing Vehicle Accidents
D -6 Safety in Garages and Repair Shops
ER-1 Safe Maintenance of Electric Rail­way Rolling StockF -l Food Preserving and Canning
F-2 Safety in Candy, Chocolate a n d
Cocoa Manufacture
F-3 Safety in Bakery Operations
F-4 Safety in Milk Bottling Plants
F-5 Safety in Macaroni Plants
L - l Safety in Dry-Cleaning and Dyeing
Establishments
M -l Discontinued

M-2 Mine Rescue Work
Mar-1 Fumigating Ships
Mar-2 Marine Boilers
Mar-3 Discontinued
Me-1 Safe Practices in Cleaning and
Finishing Rooms in Foundries
Me-2 Blast Furnaces
Me-3 Safety in Structural and Sheet
Metal Fabrication
Me-4 Rod Mills
PB-1 Discontinued
PP-1 Paper and Pulp Mill Safety
PP-2 Paper Box ManufacturingPT-1 Leather Tanneries
Pet-1— 5, 7 Discontinued
Pet -6 Safe Practices in Cleaning Petrol­eum Stills
Pet -8 Drums and Barrels (Handling,
Cleaning and Filling)
PU-1 Protecting Public U tility Em­
ployees on Streets and Highways
PU-2 Discontinued

PU-3 Linemen’s R u b b e r Protective
Equipment/
PU-4 Safe Handling of Poles
I
Ref-1 Safe Practices in the Delivery or
Ice
Ref-2 Safety in the Operation of Ice
Processing Machines
RR-1 Railroad Track Cars (Hand andMotor)
Ru-1 Compounding Materials Used in
the Rubber Industry, Pt. I
Ru-2 The Safe Operation of Vulcanizers
and Devulcanizers
Ru-3 Compounding Materials Used in
the Rubber Industry, Pt. I I
T - l Cotton Mills
Voc-1 Coordinating Safety in Industrial
and Vocational Training Programs
W -l Safety in Wood Furniture Manu­
factureW-2 Safe Practices in Operating Com­
mercial Lumber-yards

H E A L TH PRACTICES PAMPHLETS
1. Chromium
2. Physical Examinations in Industry
3. Lead
4. Industrial Dust
5. Health Service in Industry
6 . Industrial Eye Hazards

SAFE PR ACTICES SETAc om p le te set of the G e n e r a l Safe Pr ac ­tices Pamphlets, bo un d in a loose leaf bind er
andindexed,maybe

pu rchased by members.
Each pu rchaser receives,

rrice
Price

au to ma tic al ly , a c o p y ofeve ry new p a m p h le t as
issued, thus keeping the
up-to-date.

*1 5 “P ric e in c lu d e s bin d e r

7. Carbon Monoxide
8 . Caring for Injured Workers

9. Gases and Vapors
10. Skin Affections
11. Nursing Service in Industry
12. Discontinued
13. Physical Defects

14. Benzol
15. Discontinued
16. Physical Therapy in Industry
17. Back Injuries
18. Lighting and Health
19. Illness in Industry
20. Silicosis

H E A L T H PR AC TIC ES SETEXTRA COPIES
of pamphlets in the Safe Practices or
Health Practices series will be supplied
to members at these rates:
No. of Copies
Per Copy
1 to 10...................................... 25c
11 to 24...................................... 20c
25 to 49...................................... 17c
50 to 99...................................... 14c
100 to 499........ L........................... 12c
500 to 999........ .*................ : ......... 11c
1,000 or m ore................................... 10c
All prices F.O.B. Chicago.

Aasspecial series of pa m p h le ts whichap r a ct ic a l

H ealth" —"Handbookv a lu ab leofservesIndustrial

forquick reference purposes.

Price

O r d e r a set now, and as00

new pa mp hle ts are issued
in this series t hey will be
f o r w a rd e dma tic al ly .

to

you

auto­

*

6

Price includes binder

Rep. 1243— 2M

Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 60

Chemical Laboratories
Published by National Safety Council, Inc.
20 N orth W acker Drive, Chicago 6

Buildings
1. In laboratory buildings having
more than one room, the places in which
flash fires and explosions are likely tooccur should preferably be located on
the ground floor. Where the building isof fire-resistant construction, and whereexits are enclosed, dangerous operations
may be placed on upper floors except
where local laws and regulations forbid
it. In such rooms, the apparatus most
likely to cause such accidents should beplaced as far as possible from roomexits.
2. The building should, where possi­
ble, be of fire-resistant construction.
Sprinklers should be provided to supple­
ment portable fire extinguishing equip­
ment described in paragraphs 31 to 35.
Fire walls and fire doors should be used
to segregate operations where especiallyflammable chemicals are used. The useof glazed bricks as interior finish has
been found practicable in many labora­
tories.

This pamphlet is one of more than 150
Safe Practices and Health Practices
Pamphlets. It is a compilation of ex­perience in accident prevention from manysources. It should not be assumed, how­ever, that it includes every acceptableprocedure in the field covered. It mustnot be confused with American Standard
safety codes; federal laws; insurance re­quirements ; state laws, rules and regu­
lations; and municipal ordinances. Addi­
tional copies of thisj>amphlet are available
to members of the National Safety Coun­cil. Price: 35c each to members; non­member and quantity prices on request.

lem might be the hydrogen sulphide
generator, while in large industrial andresearch laboratories, the problem may
approach that of a production depart­
ment in a chemical plant. Some have
only to consider non-flammable gases
and vapors, while others must deal withflammable substances, gases and vapors.
In any case, the problem should begiven serious consideration, and thegeneral ventilation and exhaust systems
should be designed to meet the maxi­
mum requirements.

5. The general ventilation systemshould comply in all respects with therequirements of the state departmentof labor or if there are no requirements,
then with those of the American Stand­ards Association Code for Ventilation—
Z2S where they apply. (This code is
now being formulated by the Ventila­
tion Code Committee of the American
Standards Association.) There should
be inlets and outlets at both top andbottom of the room to take care ofgases and vapors lighter or heavier thanair. A sufficient number of air changes
per hour should be made to hold the
toxic air contaminants below generally
accepted maximum permissible limits.
(See Safe Practices Pamphlets No. 34,“ Industrial Explosion Hazards [Gases,
Vapors and Flammable Liquids],” andNo. 37, “ Industrial Ventilation.” )6. Operations in chemical labora­
tories requiring local exhausts are usual­ly protected through the use of hoods.
Some take the form of cabinets having
sliding or rising doors (i.e., hydrogen

3. On each floor, unobstructed exit
facilities should be provided on at least
two opposite sides of the building. All
exit doors should open outward andhave clear wired glass inserted in theupper panel. The facilities should meet,or exceed, the requirements of local laws
and regulations. Where there is an ex­
plosion hazard, several extra exits
should be provided, and one or two
should be of the chute or slide type,completely enclosed and leading direct­
ly to the ground.
Exhaust systems
4. The magnitude of the ventilationand exhaust problem in a laboratory
will depend largely on the specific func­
tions of the laboratory and the materials
handled. For example: In small labora­
tories in which analyses of simple solu­
tions are made, the only exhaust prob-

Courtesy Crane Company

Figure 1. A well-designed laboratory. (See paragraphs 4 to 13.)

(Copyright 1924, 1929, 1937, National Safety Council, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in V. S. A .)

SAFE P R A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60

esy Mellono f Industrial Research

Figure 2. Cabinet provided with exhaustsystem. Note that water, gas, oxygen, airand vacuum lines are arranged so con­nections can all be made inside cabinet.
(See paragraph 6 .)sulphide generators) while others rely
on a properly designed exhaust hood andvents for protection. Here, again, statelaws should be complied with, or theAmerican Standards Association CodeX9, “ Fundamentals Relating to the
Design or Operation of Exhaust Sys­
tems,” should be consulted. Provision
should be made for top and bottom ex­
hausting, so both light and heavy gases
and vapors will be removed. The sizeof ducts and the velocity of air at thehood face should be such as to keep
the concentration of the various toxic
gases and vapors below the maximum
permissible limits. Since the diffusion
velocity of gases and vapors into still
air does not exceed one fpm, and naturalconvection not more than 25 to 50 fpm,
it is safe to accept as a minimum facevelocity 60 fpm. The higher the air
velocity in the ducts, of course, thesmaller the exhaust ducts that may be
used; hence, some companies prefer avelocity as high as 200 fpm. A welldesigned hood is shown in Figure 2.

b) Fire-resistant materials should be usedthroughout the system.
c) Dampers should not be provided forregulating draft. Men have been fa­
tally poisoned through forgetting toopen dampers when highly toxic gases
were evolved from a reaction. The
system should be designed for the
maximum hazard and operated at peakefficiency at all times.
d) Where the gases or vapors exhausted
are flammable or explosive, the motor
driving the fan should be explosionproof, the fan blades of non-ferrous
metal, and any lights, switches or wir­ing inside, the hood or ducts, should be
explosion-proof. The hoods, ducts, ductsystem, fan, motor and all other parts
should be electrically grounded. Also,
the connection between the hood andthe duct should be of rigid metal, notcanvas or other fabric tubing.
e) Where certain substances are used,such as perchloric acid, it may be nec­
essary to Resign hoods, ducts andstacks so they can be easily cleaned
and washed out.

8. All ventilating and exhaust equip­
ment should be regularly inspected,
cleaned, and tested (one to three monthintervals) to make certain no leaks arepresent, that ducts are not reduced inarea by accumulations of material, andthat the air velocity is at the properlevel. The frequency of inspection andtest will vary according to the type ofwork done.
9. Air conditioning should be con­sidered where new laboratories are to
be built. The many benefits of air con­ditioning are so familiar, and arecovered so completely elsewhere, thatthey need not be stressed in this pam­phlet. Where air conditioning is in­stalled, it should be an integral part of
the general ventilation system.

hazard, where careful color definition isnecessary, or where exacting work suchas precision weighing is done. (Manyparts of Safe Practices Pamphlet No.
22, “ Industrial Shop Lighting,” are ap­
plicable to chemical laboratories.)
Drains
11. Drain pipes should be made ofsuch material as will resist the types ofchemicals used, such as high silicon castiron or other acid-proof materials. Leadshould not be used where nitric acidmay be drained. Terra cotta pipe has
been successfully used in many labora­
tories. A cold water flush should be
provided for drains where needed, ex­
cept where its use would be dangerous,
as where sodium is used. Where mercury
is used, the drain should be arranged
to trap it so the mercury can be drawn
off. Oils, gasoline, carbon disulphide orother volatile liquids should not be
poured down drains but should be dis­posed of at a safe distance from build­ings by pouring them on dry sand or
earth and then cautiously igniting them.
(See paragraph 88.)
Laboratory tables and floors
12. Wherever Bunsen burners, elec­
tric heaters and the like are used,wooden tables should be covered with
non-flammable tops, possibly with an
air space between the table top and the'

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2— S.P.P. 60

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10. The illumination of the labora­
tory should be of the best. I f good
daylight is not available, general light­
ing should be provided, with illumina­tion levels of from 30 to 50 foot-candles,
depending on the work done. It may
be necessary, of course, to supply spe­
7.
The following are additional cial local illumination where levels
factors that should be considered in ex­ higher than 50 foot-candles are required.
haust hoods for chemical laboratories:
Laboratories in one-story buildings, ora) Glazed brick tile or soapstone in theon the top floor of other buildings, canlower part of the hood, and shatter­be provided with good natural light by
proof glass or wired glass and metal
for the upper part, are considered goodmeans of skylights. In some labora­materials of construction. Glass parts
tories, it may be necessary to installshould be avoided where they are likely
vapor-proof or explosion-proof electric
to be subject to damage from heat.
equipment. Fluorescent lighting may be
The glazed brick and tile run to aused, except where there is an explosion
height of about 5 feet.

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Figure 3. Reproduction of N.S.C. Safety
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C H E M IC A L L A B O R A T O R IE S
protecting cover. In many laboratories,
as an aid to fire prevention, the use ofwood is held to a minimum by having
metal tables, benches, stools, chairs andlockers. Asbestos mats are frequently
used to reduce breakage of glassware.
Where strong acid is used, the tableshould be covered with a lead or otheracid-resisting coating. The furniture
should be of such type as to permit
efficient cleaning of the room, and thetops of hoods, lockers and cabinets
should be sloped to prevent accumula­tions of materials on them. It is goodpractice to place controls for water, gas,air, vacuum and electric lines on a panelat the front of the table. This is agreat convenience when a complicatedset-up of apparatus is in place on thebench which would make it difficult toreach to the controls at the back of thebench. (See Figure 1.)
13. A floor covering should be pro­vided for the laboratory, both to pro­tect the base flooring and to lessen fa­
tigue of employees. It should be prefer­
ably in small squares so that repairs will
be easy, and may be of rubber tile orsome other suitable material. Where
the operations conducted in the labora­
tory set up a fire or explosion hazard, it
may be desirable to use flooring of the
conductive type and have all laboratory
personnel wear conductive shoes. I fmercury is used regularly, the floor
should have a smooth hard finish suchas terrazzo and should be sloped towarda trapped drain so the mercury can beremoved. Cracks in the floors, walls oreven on work tables are to be avoided
since mercury will collect in them;mercury will evaporate at room temper­
ature and a dangerous concentration
may follow unless it is carefully cleaned
up.
Housekeeping
14. It is essential for both safety
and efficiency that the laboratory be
kept neat and orderly. Floors, shelves
and tables should be free from dirt andfrom unnecessary apparatus. Apparatus
which is infrequently used should be
kept in the stockroom or in cabinets
which can be utilized as tables. Ap­paratus should be set up well back fromthe edge of the table; this leaves moreroom for work and lessens the possibil­
ity of upsetting.
15. Water, steam, air, oxygen, gas
or other pipes should be painted dis­tinctive colors so that they can be

S.P.P. 60— 3

readily recognized. Detailed sugges­
tions are given in Safe Practices
Pamphlet No. 88, “ Identification of
Piping Systems.”
16. Cans and bins for rags areneeded. Clean rags, while not as dan­gerous as oil-soaked rags, are readily
flammable and preferably should be
kept in metal bins. These bins should
be provided with tight-fitting, selfclosing covers. Dirty rags should be
promptly thrown into approved cansprovided with gravity-closing covers,
which should be emptied every night.
In laboratories where vegetable oils arehandled, dirty rags should be burned
at once, since spontaneous ignition may
occur very quickly.
17. To protect janitors, there should
be a separate receptacle for the disposalof all broken glassware.
18. Clothing, rags, or other flamma­
ble materials or accumulations of dust
should not be permitted on steam pipes
or radiators. Window sills, ledges, andstairways should not be used for storage
space.
19. Spills or leaks should be cleaned
up promptly. I f the spilled material isflammable, every precaution should betaken to avoid igniting the material, by
extinguishing all flames or electric heat­ers while it is being cleaned up; if it
is toxic, care should be taken to evacu­
ate personnel promptly and to returnto the area only after obtaining suit­able breathing equipment. (See para­graph 38.)
20. Work should be arranged so thatabout IS minutes are available at theend of each day, or shift, for each man
to clean up the area in which he isworking.
Storage o f Chemicals andApparatus
21. Most of the following sugges­
tions are intended to apply whether the
supply of chemicals is kept in a sepa­
rate storeroom or in the laboratory.
The logical place for any large supply
of apparatus or chemicals is in a store­
room where they can be catalogued andissued as needed. Heavy articles should
be stored as near the floor as possible.
Glass apparatus should be stored so thatthe ends do not project beyond the
shelves. Glass tubing should be stored
horizontally and should be kept off
the floor. Shelves should be pro-Courtesy Mine Safety Appliances Co.

Figure 4. Blanket for use in extinguish­
ing clothing fires. Blanket may be ofwool, asbestos, or glass fiber. (See para­graph 39.)

vided with copings to prevent chemicals
and apparatus from sliding or rollingoff. Carboys and bottles of 2J4 gallon
or larger capacity should be protectedwith wooden crates or other protective
covering, regardless of their content.
Wicker coverings may also be used.
22. Chemicals which might react to­gether to give off dangerous fumes orcause fire or explosion, on accidental
breakage, should be stored remote fromone another.
23. Bottles of volatile liquids should
not be stored near heat sources orplaced in direct sunlight or near arti­
ficial light. Another hazard of sunlightis the lens effect of liquids in focusing
the rays, which may cause fires and ac­
cidents. Some bottles containing volatile *or explosive liquids have glass stoppers
provided with a groove or vent to relieve
what otherwise may become excessiveinternal pressure. In some laboratories,
all glass vessels holding flammableliquids are encased in metal or stone­
work containers sufficiently large tohold the entire contents in case theglass vessels break. In other labora­
tories all materials which vaporize at ornear room temperatures are stored inrefrigerated rooms. It is good practice,4— S.P.P. 60

SAFE P R A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60
can be safely stored, handled and used.
Information on new compounds should
be furnished to all men in the laboratory.
27. Samples of volatile liquids
should not be kept on the chemist’s
bench but should be stored in a room
as described in the following paragraph.
Only samples being used should be on
the laboratory benches. (See para­graph 25.)

Courtesy Hercules Powder Company

Figure 5. Emergency shower bath pro­vided with quick-opening valve forquickly flushing chemicals from theclothes or body. Other types have aplatform-actuated valve.
(See para­graph 39.)

when filling a bottle with a chemical, toallow sufficient vapor space to take careof the hydrostatic expansion of theliquid (to 131° F. [55° C.] or to theworking temperature if higher).
24. Aliphatic ethers, such as ethyl
and iso-propyl ethers, may be stored inmetal containers provided with inhibit­
ing agents, the presence of which should
be checked from time to time, to pre­vent the formation of explosive peroxide.
These containers should be labelled so
as to call attention to the danger whenhandling, heating or distilling.
25. The quantity of ordinary com­bustible and flammable chemicals andsolvents present in a laboratory shouldbe held to the lowest practicable mini­mum. In particular, the amount offlammable solvent per container shouldbe held to not more than five gallons to
be used within a few days. Where useof the material is infrequent, the quan• tity should not exceed one gallon. Con­
tainers should be of a type approvedby nationally known and recognized
testing laboratories for the storage anddispensing of flammable liquids.
26. So many new chemical com­pounds are constantly appearing on themarket that it is almost impossible forchemists to have a knowledge of theproperties of all of them. Where a newcompound is to be used, the manufac­
turer should be requested to furnish
data on its properties so the chemical

28. All poisonous or flammable,
volatile liquids and solvents should be
stored in tight containers in separate
rooms or compartments with an opening
to the outside atmosphere for ventila­
tion and for flooding with carbon di­oxide, foam or other fire extinguishing
agent. An opening in the ceiling issatisfactory in many cases, but an
opening in the floor level is advan­
tageous in rooms used for the storageof solvents generating heavier-than-air
vapors. A separate, isolated, wellventilated structure of incombustible
construction is to be preferred to otherstorage facilities. Care should be taken,
however, that air drainage from suchstorage spaces cannot create pockets offlammable vapors in cellars, areaways,
sumps or similar locations where theymight become ignited.
29. Metallic sodium and potassium
must be kept in kerosene, preferably inglass and stoneware receptacles contain­
ing kerosene, and so located that they
are always within sight of laboratory
workers. One company makes it a prac­
tice to store containers of sodium inlead trays that are filled with sand; thesides of the trays are high enough tohold all the material in the containers
if they should all break. Bottles con­taining fuming nitric or sulphuric acid,or mixed nitric and sulphuric acid,should be kept in incombustible andacid-resisting cupboards which are pro­vided with lead trays. Phosphorus(white) should be stored under waterin a sealed container.
Phosphorus
pentoxide should be stored in a tightly
closed container. Previously opened cansof anhydrous aluminum chloride should
be handled carefully and not be stored
more than two or three weeks. Someof the other chemicals that require carein storage and handling include per­chlorates, powdered magnesium, acetone
peroxide, dimethyl arsine, triethyl bis­muth, bleaching powders, bromates,
chloracetylene, ether, diazobenzol chlo­ride, iron sulphide, ethyl nitrite, hydro­

gen peroxide crystals, nitro compounds,
nitrogen bromide, nitrogen chloride,
nitrogen fluoride, potassium, potassium
hydride, sodium hydride, and ethyl,
isoamyl, isobutyl, methyl and propyl
zinc. This list, of course, is not com­plete, but it is indicative of the carenecessary in storing chemical com­pounds. (See paragraphs 111-113.)
30. Only a minimum number of em­
ployees should be kept at work in abuilding or room where experimental
work is conducted involving unusual
risks. This includes the handling of
flammable liquids or gases, explosives,
work at high pressures, work involving
the use of compressed oxygen, liquid
oxygen or liquid air, compressed orliquefied flammable gases and toxic sub­stances or poisonous gases.
.

Fire Protection
31. Based on an actual survey oflaboratory requirements, an adequate
number of chemical fire extinguishersof various types should be provided.
These should preferably be placed in
the hallway. I f placed in the room, theyshould be near the door and away fromthe principal fire hazard. Pails of sandwith scoops are valuable under certain
conditions.
32. Only vaporizing liquid or carbon
dioxide extinguishers should be used onelectrical fires. An electric shock might
result from the use of other types ofextinguishers.
Soda acid, foam, or
cartridge operated types of water ex­tinguishers or hose streams should be
used only on fires such as rubbish; paper,
wood, rags, or other common materials.
(See Figure 3 for specific uses of com­
mon hand fire extinguishers.)
33. Sodium, potassium, and mag­nesium fires offer a special problem inextinguishment, since the use of water,or hand fire extinguishers employing
water solutions, will serve only to in­crease the intensity of the fire. Special
extinguishing agents are available foruse on such fires. Some of these ex­tinguishing agents are in powder orflake form. (For additional informa­tion on these extinguishing agents, ref­erence should be made to the National
Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets,
D-Chem 37 “ Metallic Sodium,” D-Gen
22 “ Controlling Incendiary Bombs,” andD-Me 15, “ Magnesium Alloys.” )34. A room should always be ven­tilated thoroughly after using vaporiz­C H E M IC A L L A B O R A T O R IE S
ing liquid types of fire extinguishers, orother necessary precautions should betaken to avoid the effects that may becaused by breathing the vapors or gases
produced or liberated.
35. All fire extinguishers should betested according to a definite schedule
to see that they are in good operating
condition. A tag showing the date oflast charge should be attached to eachextinguisher. Breakable seals are avail­able which can be used to fasten theextinguishers in place on their racks. A
broken seal' shows at once that the ex­tinguisher has been used; it can then bereported for recharging.
36. Aisles and passages leading tofire extinguishers should not be ob­
structed.
Marking lights, signs orarrows may be used to denote the posi­tion of fire extinguishers.
37. It is of little importance to pro­vide fire extinguishing equipment if
employees in the laboratory cannot use
it intelligently. When testing or re­charging the portable extinguishingequipment, it is well to have all em­
ployees present and, wherever possible,
have them actually operate the ex­tinguishers. This should be supple­
mented by periodic fire drills in which
the use of fire hose can also be demon­
strated. It is recommended that water
not be turned on where unlined linen
hose is provided. (For further details
on fire extinguishment, see Safe Prac­tices Pamphlet No. 24, “ Fire Extinguish­
ment.” )38. A t least two gas masks of the
all-service type should be part of thefire extinguishing equipment to enablefire fighters to cope safely and effective­
ly with fires which evolve dangerous
gases, vapors or smoke. The gas masks
are sometimes serviceable for other pur­poses; for instance, when dangerous
gases or vapors arise through accidents.
The masks should be kept away fromthe hazard but near enough for conven­ient use. They should be examined andtested regularly to make certain they
are always ready for use. Gas masks
should not be used in high concentra­
tions (over 2 per cent by volume) of
poisonous gases nor in places where
there is likely to be a deficiency ofoxygen. (For detailed data, see Safe
Practices Pamphlet No. 64, “ Respira­tory Protective Equipment.” )39.

Wool or asbestos blankets should

S.P.P. 60— S

be provided for use in clothing fires,
especially in laboratories handling high­ly flammable liquids. Such blankets
should be housed in suitable cabinets
or in some other acceptable storage
space so that the person whose clothingis afire can blanket himself quickly.
(See Figure 4.) Another good provision
for this hazard is a shower bath having
a quick-opening valve so designed andinstalled that any person who has had
chemicals spilled on him may deluge
himself with water immediately. (SeeFigure 5.)
40. All strong oxidizing agents suchas nitric acid and nitrates, permanga­nates, peroxides, perchlorates, chlorates
and perchloric acid must be handledwith great care to avoid mixture witheasily oxidizable materials such as or­
ganic matters, sulphur, sulphides andothers. When dry, such mixtures are
explosive.
41. Chemicals containing ammonia
should not be mixed with chlorine or
bromine, and those containing iodine orammonia should not be mixed withchlorides, bromides or iodides in thepresence of oxidizing agents. Extreme­
ly sensitive and dangerous nitrogentrichloride, bromide, or iodide may beformed. Organic solvents such as alcoholshould not be mixed with nitrates ofsilver or mercury; silver or mercury
fulminate may be formed.
42. Where gas systems are used tosupply Bunsen burners and other lab­
oratory equipment, frequent inspections
should be made to detect leaks, and alllaboratory employees should report im­
mediately the detection of the odor ofescaping gas. Care should be taken to
insure the presence of a warning agent
in the gas supply.

Figure 6 . One method of securing acompressed gas cylinder against falling.
(See paragraph 49.)

ways be closed, and the tank vented,
before attempting to recharge.
45. The use of flexible metal tubes
from burner to gas pipe is recommended,-especially where gas flames are likely
to be left unattended. This eliminates
the danger of rubber hose becoming
ignited by contact with the flame.
Copper tubing should not be used be­cause of the danger of breakage by
flexure. Lead tubing also breaks easily
and it melts at a low temperature.
Where hose of any kind is used, the gas
should be turned off at the pipe andnot at the burner. A control valve
should be installed in each branch line
feeding laboratory equipment.

43. Special precautions must be
taken in laboratories where acetylene,
or gas from gasoline, or propane-butane
mixtures is used for Bunsen burners.
Acetylene-air mixtures have a wide ex­
plosion range ( 2 ^ to 80 per cent). All
gasoline-gas and acetylene systems
should be constructed as recommended
by the National Board of Fire Under­
writers, who will furnish a copy of theirrules to any interested persons. This
information can also be obtained fromthe National Safety Council.

46. Drums of gas-machine gasoline
should be stored in isolated buildings
protected from the heat of the sun andfrom artificial heat. Drums should not
be opened until ready to charge, andthe vapors from the operation should
not be exposed to flame and sparks or
hot objects. I f possible, the machine
should be charged early in the morning
and, even then, precautions should betaken against pressure and static sparks
when opening the drums. A stream ofcold water will quickly cool the drumsof low boiling gasoline and reduce any
increased pressure caused by externalheat.

44. In the case of gasoline-gas
machines, the valves in the main gas
line and the air supply line should al-

47. It should be made certain thatall gas burners are turned off at night.
In some laboratories, one man is re­

6— S.P.P. 60

SAFE P R A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60

quired to inspect all gas burners to be
sure they are turned off, and then toturn off the main gas supply line out­side the building at night. In otherlaboratories, each man is held responsi­
ble for turning off his own burner, andthe final check-up by one man is simply
an added precaution. The former meth­od is preferable. In some cases, how­ever, it may be necessary to leaveapparatus, including heaters, operating
at night. Where this is done, detailed
instructions should be given the nightattendant, or watchman, with particularattention being given to shutting down
the apparatus in an emergency. Electric
hot plates and heaters are consideredsafer than gas burners where the work
is to be left unattended at night. How­ever, red warning lights should be in­stalled in the current supply line toindicate that the current is “ on.”48. The fire hazard in handlingvolatile solvents may be reduced byoperating inside a concrete trough pro­vided with a drain. The trough may
be located on the floor or be elevated
but an exhaust hood should be provided
in either case to prevent the formationof explosive or toxic concentrations. I f
a fire occurs, it can be more easily ex­tinguished in the confined area.
Compressed A ir Cylinders
49. Cylinders of compressed gases,
such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, andsulphur dioxide, should be stored withthe valve end up in racks to prevent
falling. When cylinders are not in use,
the shipping caps should be kept on toprotect the valves. When in use, cy­linders should be secured by a chainor other suitable means to keep them inan upright position. In some cases,
where only small quantities of gas areused, small cylinders can be secured, orin cases where large cylinders are used,the cylinder may be kept outside thelaboratory and the gas can be piped
inside through pipes equipped withstandard pressure reducing valves. With
some gases such as sulphur dioxide,
difficulty may be experienced in draw­
ing off large amounts at one time. I f
this is the case, hot water (at about
140° F. [60° C .]) should be used toheat the cylinder; one should never use
heat from gas burners, torches, or elec­
tric pads. (See Figure 6.)
50.

When

openingcylinders,oneshould always stand away from theface of the reducing valve.
51. It is imperative to avoid eventraces of oil on reducing valves on oxy­
gen tanks; oil will ignite spontaneously
in the presence of oxygen.
52. Cylinders or apparatus having
valves with fibre seats should not be
used. It is not possible to have a tightvalve unless all parts are made of metal,
preferably of brass. It is important, too,that the reducing valve mechanism andgage assembly for compressed gas cy­
linders be regularly tested by theservicing company and repaired whennecessary.
53. Cylinders of liquefied gas, suchas chlorine or sulphur dioxide, should
preferably be stored in an isolated build­ing. I f they*are stored outside, theyshould be securely racked and protectedfrom the direct rays of the sun. Oxy­
gen cylinders should be stored separate
from cylinders containing flammablegases. It is preferable, too, that all
cylinders containing different gases be
segregated by type of gas. I f cylinders
are stored in the main building, theyshould never be stored close to the inletof ventilating fans. (Detailed data on
handling compressed gases will befound in Safe Practices Pamphlet No.
95, and in the publications of companies
manufacturing compressed gases. The
publications of the Compressed Gas
Manufacturers Association should also
be referred to.)Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 52, “ Static
Electricity.” ) This can be done by at­taching a clip to the cylinder, con­nected to a wire which, in turn, isconnected to the laboratory grounding
system. Where no grounding is in­stalled, it will be satisfactory to attach
the grounding wire to the water pipes.
Labelling o f Bottles
55. All bottles containing chemicals
should be plainly labelled. A trans­parent tape may be used to protect
original labels on bottles; it will fasten
them securely and will permit the label
to be easily read. Unless materials
found in unlabelled bottles can be posi­
tively identified, they should be safely
disposed of by a chemist.
56. In some laboratories, it is thepractice to label bottles containing com­pounds such as cyanides with the usualskeleton and cross-bones and the word
“ POISON” in red capital letters at
least
inch high. Other chemists,
however, consider that all chemicals
should be considered poisonous. They
believe that to label certain chemicals
as poison may lead uninformed persons,
who might have access to the labora­
tory, to believe that chemicals not solabelled are non-poisonous. In stillother laboratories, instead of labellinghighly toxic chemicals as poisonous, itis the practice to have bottles of a dis­tinctive color, or having a rough outside
surface, for such compounds.
57.

Cleaning

solutions should

54. All cylinders containing highly
flammable gases such as hydrogen, acet­ylene, propane-butane mixtures, andothers should be grounded when set up
for use. (See National Safety Council

Courtesy Travelers Insurance Co.

Figure 7. If the stopper of the bottle is laid on the bench as shown at the left, it may
become contaminated, thereby causing fires, burns to the chemist, or other mishaps.
These will be avoided if the stopper is handled as shown at the right. (Seeparagraph 61.)be

C H E M IC A L L A B O R A TO R IE S

S.P.P. 60— 7

Figure 8 . A safe method for inserting glass tubes in stoppers. Left : Bore hole in stopper; Center: Position glass tube through borer;
Right: Remove borer. (See paragraph 63.)

kept inlabelled.

glass-stoppered

bottlessoOpening Bottles
58. When bottles or other containers
holding volatile liquids are opened, con­sideration should be given to theirtemperature, possible internal pressure,and corrosive nature. I f there is danger
that the liquid may spurt out, the oper­
ator should protect himself possibly byholding a towel over the bottle whileremoving the stopper. Protective gog­gles, face masks, aprons and rubber
gloves should always be worn where
there is danger of chemicals splashing.
59. Some liquids, such as liquid
bromine, are received in bottles withstoppers set in cement or plaster ofparis. Too often, the sealing agent andthe stopper cannot be removed without
breaking the bottle. The application offlame or hot water may develop enoughpressure to burst the bottle, although
hot water may be run on the seal if thelower part of the bottle is kept coolwith cold water. The liquid bromine
leaves a bad burn if spilled on the body,and is extremely poisonous. Some com­panies now receive liquid bromine in
one to five pound glass ampoule-typecontainers which are easily opened bybreaking off the end.
60. One company opens bottles of•liquid bromine by making a slightscratch part way around the neck of
the bottle with a file, and then pressing
the end of a hot glass rod against thefile mark; this causes the glass to crackaround the neck. The liquid is thenpoured into another bottle and, when
not in use, is stored in a refrigerator orunder an exhaust hood.
61. In most cases, it is desirable,
when pouring a chemical from a bottle,
to hold the stopper of the bottle in thehand. This should be done particularly
in cases where the stopper, if laid on thebench, might touch another chemical
and cause a dangerous reaction resulting
in fire or possible burns when picking
up the stopper. (See Figure 7.) An­
other obvious reason, of course, is thedanger of contaminating the contents ofthe bottle by having the stopper placedon the bench.
Glass Tubing Connections
62. The ends of all glass tubing
should be fire-polished. Before inserting
tubing into stoppers or into rubber
tubing, be sure that the hole is large
enough to accommodate the glass.
Moisten the tube and stopper thorough­ly except when necessary to avoid
moisture, as in a nitrometer set-up. Holdthe stopper between the thumb and theforefinger, not in the palm of the hand,and place the stopper on the bench fora firm backing. Grasp'^the glass tube
close to the end that is to fit into thestopper, and push the tube in with aneven pressure. Do not attempt to pushor pull the glass tubing from corks or
stoppers that have become hardened; itis safer to cut the rubber or cork awayfrom the glass. Care must be taken topush the tube all the way through the
stopper and to make certain that the
tube is free from obstructions. I f the
tube is not all the way through, andeven though tests show no obstruction at
first, the rubber stopper may swell andclose the end of the tube later.
63. A safe method for putting tubes
in stoppers and corks uses the stopper
borer as a guide. The stopper is boredwith a hollow borer and the plug is re­
moved. The tube is then run throughthe hollow borer, the borer removed,
leaving the tube in place. To remove
tubes from stoppers or corks, the process
is reversed; the borer is run in outside

the tube, the tube removed, and theborer can then be removed safely. (SeeFigure 8.)
Drinking Facilities
64. One or more drinking fountains
should be installed. The practice ofdrinking from beakers is dangerous andhas caused fatal accidents. The bubblertype fountain equipped with a control
valve is preferred, since it has proved
to be ideal for irrigating the eyes in caseof burns from an acid splash. The
fountain should have a check valve toprevent high pressure at the outlet if
there is a possibility of its being used
for eye irrigation.
Desiccators
65. The well of all desiccators, es­
pecially those containing sulphuric acidas a drying agent, should be encased ina metal guard lined with asbestos cush­ions. Only “ tough” heat-resisting glassdesiccators should be used. (See para­graph 66.)
66. Vacuum desiccators and otherglassware in which a vacuum is createdshould be tested before use under ahigher vacuum than is normally used.
Vacuum desiccators in which sulphuricacid is used should be placed in a fourmesh galvanized screen- basket packed
with asbestos wool or in a wooden box
before evacuating.
(See Figure 9.)Some companies enforce the rule thatall desiccators over 8 inches in diametershould be protected by a wire meshscreen to prevent injuries from flying
glass if the desiccator should collapse.
67. Solid materials of suitable desic­
cating efficiency should where possible
be used as desiccating agents in place ofsulphuric acid, because of the reduced
hazard.

SAFE P R A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60

8— S.P.P. 60■it

71. Where solution bottles areplaced on shelves, the shelves should
not be more than shoulder high, wherepracticable, and the bottles should besurrounded with a strong rail or other­wise secured from falling due to ordinary
vibration or minor explosions in theplant or in the laboratory.
72. Carboys which contain strongacid should be set in a carboy container.
Where carboys are carried, a safetycarboy carrier or truck should be used.
Nitrometer

Courtesy Hercules Powder Co.

Figure 9. Before a vacuum desiccator isevacuated, it should be placed under a4-mesh galvanized screen basket. As asubstitute, a wood box may be used. (Seeparagraph 66 .)Filling Pipettes and Starting
Siphons
68. Pipettes should be filled by theuse of a suction bottle containing bicar­
bonate solution, by a hand bulb, by asuction pump or by a safety pipettefiller, never by sucking the pipette withthe mouth. The same equipment should
be used when it is necessary to start asiphon by suction. (See Figures 10 and11.) Water aspirating lines provided
with convenient taps may also be em­
ployed. (See paragraph 12.) They
should be run along the back o f thebench so it will be easy to use them.
A cid Analysis
69. Sample bottles should always be
carried to and from the laboratory andfrom place to place in the plant in spe­cial sample bottle carriers with stout
handles. All large bottles (over threeliters capacity). containing acid or cor­rosive liquids should be carried in spe­cial acid carriers such as canvas bottle
jackets or in a wood or metal carrying
case. (See Figure 12, 13 and 14.)
70. Tables for acid blending and forstorage of samples in the laboratory be­fore analysis should have lead tops with
upturned edges to keep spilled acid fromrunning on the floor or on the clothesof the chemist. They will also prevent
sample bottles from rolling or sliding
off the table.

73. A cellulose acetate face mask
and protective goggles should be wornby operators using the nitrometer. It
is desirable to wear a rubber apron while
conducting this operation. Face masks
should be tested (and dated) each
three months to make certain they havenot become brittle. Testing may bedone by flexing the mask in opposite
directions. (See Figure IS.)74. The nitrometer should be used
only by fully instructed and competentpersons.
75. The lower stop-cock of the de­composition bulb should be left open
after a charge is introduced until nofurther evolution of gas is evident.
76. I f nitrometer acid is kept in abottle fitted with a siphon or glass cock,it is imperative that the bottle be set ina strongly secured box not more than
4 feet above the floor..

stall a 60-mesh brass wire screen overthe heating element of electric ovens
used to dry explosives and highly flam­
mable materials. These screens should
fit snugly to the walls of the oven. The
chemist should wear protective goggles
and a face mask and should stand to
one side when opening the door of anoven containing explosives or highly
flammable materials.
Volatile Flammable Liquids
79. When feasible, distillation flasks
should be heated over sand, in a waterbath, or in a low melting point alloymetal bath in preference to an open
flame. Electricity is often used for thispurpose, in which case it may be advis­
able to place another switch in the cir­
cuit away from the apparatus. An open
flame should not be permitted in thesame room with flammable liquids suchas carbon disulphide, ether, petroleum
ether (low boiling point), or with ace­tone. Explosion-proof motors, lights,
switches and wiring are necessary, ofcourse, where these low flash point sol­
vents are used. Electrical resistanceheating elements, made of non-combusti­
ble material, may offer a suitable meth­od of heating except for the lowest
flash point solvents such as carbon
disulphide.
80. The practice of turning off
burners and hot plates in other partsof the room and allowing them to cool
before distilling solvents should be fol-%

D rying Samples
77. Ovens used to dry samples of
explosives or highly flammable materials
should have door latches that will open
automatically in case of a slight positive
pressure within the oven. This reduces
the danger of wrecking the oven incase of an explosion. The temperature
regulators of electric ovens in which
explosive materials are dried should bechecked at least once a week, and thesurface temperature of the heating ele­ment should be as low as possible.
Materials containing volatile flammableliquids should be dried only in steam
ovens.
78. Ovens used to dry samples of
explosives should be enclosed in sub­stantial screen cages designed to retain
missiles in the event of an explosion.
(See Figure 16.) It is advisable to in­

Courtesy Hercules Powder Co.

Figure 10. A suction bulb used for fillinga pipette. (See paragraph 68.)

C H E M IC A L L A B O R A T O R IE S

S.P.P. 60— 9

lowed, or the work should be done inseparate rooms.
81. The distillation flasks should bemade of tough, heat-resisting glass
rather than common glass. In addition
to surrounding the flask with a metalor other suitable enclosure, it is well to
support the flask and stand in an ironpan of sufficient capacity to hold thecontents of the flask in case of break­age. Boiling stones or beads should be
used when possible, to prevent too rapid
vaporization.
Courtesy Hercules Powder Co.

Personal Protective Equipment
82. Employees handling acids orother corrosive substances should wear
rubber gloves, chemical workers’ gog­gles, and aprons. In many laboratories
it is required that protective goggles beworn at all times while at work in thelaboratory. There is always a possibil­
ity of eye injury from flying glass,splashing chemicals, and other hazards.
I f work is being done in which poisonousor irritating gases, fumes, vapors anddusts are likely to be breathed into thelungs, U. S. Bureau of Mines approved
respirators, gas masks or other protec­
tive breathing equipment should beworn. Protection against occupational
skin irritants may be afforded by syn­thetic resin films or fabrics coated withsuch films, in the form of hoods, sleeves,aprons or cover-alls. (See Public HealthReport, June 28, 1940, Volume SS,
Number 26, pages 1158-1163.) (Details

Figure 12. Two types of carrying case for sample bottles. (See paragraph 69.)

concerning the safe use of acids andcaustics are found in Safe Practices
Pamphlet No. 25. The subject of gog­gles is covered in Safe Practices Pam­
phlet No. 14. See also No. 16,“ Protective Clothing” and No. 64,“ Respiratory Protective Equipment.” )(See Figure 17.)
83. Safety shields constructed ofshatter-proof glass or heavy wire meshscreening should be placed around all
operations, preferably fastened in place,where there is a possibility of ruptureof the apparatus. It may be necessary,in some cases, to illuminate the opera­tion, and where this is done, if flamma­
ble liquids are used, the wiring andlights should be explosion-proof. Such
enclosures should be used even though
the chemist is provided with personal
protective equipment such as goggles,
face shields, and heavy aprons, since
there is always the chance that persons
working near him, and not so protected,
will be injured. (See Figure 18.)
Pressure W o r k
84. Autoclave or other high pressure
work, or any experiment requiring theuse of poisonous gases or those that
may be classified as dangerous, should
not be carried on in the main labora-tory building unless authorized by thechief chemist. Every new use for an
autoclave or other pressure vessel shouldhave the approval of the maintenanceengineer, who should reach his decision
after consideration by, and suggestions
from, the chief chemist and the safetyengineer.

Courtesy Hercules Powder Co.

Figure 11. Water-aspirating line for fill­ing pipette. (See paragraph 68 .)85. All unfired pressured vessels
which are put into use should, in every
case, conform in design and fabrication
to either the A.P.I. or the A.S.M.E.
code, depending on their use. They

should be inspected and tested period­
ically. (See Safe Practices Pamphlet No.
68, “ Pressure Vessels.” )86. Plugs or other fittings from pres­sure vessels should not be disconnecteduntil it is certain that the pressure has
been released.
87. All gages used for high pressuregas, water, steam or air service (i.e., 500
pounds per square inch and over) should
be of a design that will give adequate
protection for the work and should beapproved by the maintenance engineer
and the chief chemist for the work. Suchdesign should include extra heavy con­struction, vented backs, plastic insteadof glass faces, or efficient guards. Gages
should be calibrated regularly on deadweight testers.
Disposal o f Refuse
88. Acids and strong alkalis should
be poured into sinks while flushing withwater. Such materials should not be
put in refuse jars. Volatile liquids
should not be poured into the sink be­cause of the possibility of the formationof gas pockets in the pipe. Scrap sodium
and potassium should be destroyed byslowly adding them to alcohol, not byplacing them in water. There are cer­tain chemicals such as sodium peroxide,
potassium peroxide, metallic sodium,barium peroxide and others which react
violently with water. These and others
should be neutralized before being dis­posed of.
89. Refuse should be collected at
the close of the day’s work or oftener,
if necessary, and should not be allowed
to accumulate. Dangerous waste chemi­cals should be destroyed by the chemists
who understand the hazards— not by
the janitors or laboratory wash boys.

SAFE P R A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60

10— S.P.P. 60

stream of water. Cold com­presses may be used to decrease
the pain. Chemical burns, nomatter how slight, should al­ways be referred to a physician.

Courtesy Westinghouse Electric & M fg. Co.

Figure 13. Well-designed container for small quan­tities of acid. This consists of a gallon jug which
is set in a metal pail and then surrounded withasphalt compound. A stopper should be provided
for the jug and a cover for the metal pail. (Seeparagraph 69.)First A id
90. Laboratory workers, like othercompany employees, should go to thedoctor or to the first aid room for thetreatment of all injuries, no matter how
slight. Injuries should be treated in thelaboratory only in emergency cases, assuggested in the following paragraphs.
91. The laboratory should prefera­
bly be equipped with a safety shower for
use in case of acid burns. (See Figure5.) However, in lieu of this, one water
spigot may be fitted with a large rubber
tube, so that a heavy stream of water
can be directed on the body in case ofburns. In case of a burn from fuming
sulphuric acid, it is suggested that the
surplus acid be wiped off, if possible,
before applying water; otherwise theheat developed might make the burnmore severe. The first consideration incase of acid burns is immediate atten­
tion and plenty of water. Prolonged
irrigation is also recommended forstrong caustic burns. (See Industrial
Safety Series Pamphlet No. Chem-3,“ Chemical Burns [Their Nature andTreatment],” for a complete discussionof first aid for chemical burns.)
92. Most doctors advise against theuse of neutralizing agents in case ofchemical burns. After the chemical has
been washed off with plenty of water,
the burn may be covered with any suit­able protection, preferably a watersoluble jelly. This will avoid the neces­sity of removing grease when further
treatment is given by the doctor.
Chemical burns to the eye may be ex­tremely serious unless the chemicals are
washed out very carefully with a gentle

93. In laboratories wherecertain poisonous substances
may be swallowed accidentally,
suitable antidotes should bemaintained under the supervi­
sion of a specially qualified anddesignated individual. How­ever, all laboratory workers
should be thoroughly familiar
with the procedures to. be fol­
lowed in emergencies.

94. In some laboratories,
power driven machinery, suchas drill presses, pulverizing
hammers and rolls, dry and wet
grinding pans, and other special ma­chinery, is used. Belts, gears and otherdangerous moving parts should be pro­tected as recommended in Safe Practices
Pamphlet No. 58, “ Construction of
Machinery Guards.” When working
around moving machinery, employees
should not wear laboratory coats orother loose clothing that might becaught in the machine.

95. The non-current-carrying partsof electric equipment should be con­nected to ground. For details on thesafe use of electricity, see Safe Practices
Pamphlet No. 29, “ Electric Equipment
in Industrial Plants.”
96. Electric equipment, such asheaters, on which liquid has been spilled
should not be used a^ain until it has
been properly cleaned and dried. Ex­
tension cords on all laboratory equip­

ment should have acid-resistant andwaterproof insulation.
97. When it is necessary to use amechanical stirring device for a flam­
mable solution, the stirrer should be
actuated by a water or air motor, or an
explosion-proof electric motor.
98. When oil or metal baths areused for high temperature heating, spe­cial care must be taken to prevent
water or other liquids from dropping
into the hot bath. The steam formed
when this occurs will violently scatterthe heating medium, possibly causing
severe burns or even fire. All condenser
connections should be securely fastenedwhen used near such baths. When saltbaths are used, it is especially importantto prevent carbonaceous material fromfalling into the bath in order to avoid
violent fire.
99. Broken or cracked
should never be used.

glassware

100. All mercury, flammable liquids
or other chemicals should be removed
from glassware before it is sent to theglassblower or washer.
101. All glassware to be used forpressure work should be approved by
the chief chemist or safety engineer.
Glassware with flat surfaces, except
desiccators, should not be placed undervacuum.
102. When Dewar flasks are being
filled with dry ice and acetone, goggles'
and a face mask should be worn. Dewar
flasks should be cooled slowly, using
only a small amount of dry ice andacetone, or liquid nitrogen; rapid cool­ing may cause collapse.

Figure 14. Canvas jackets for carrying acid bottles. (See paragraph 69.)

C H E M IC A L L A B O R A TO R IE S

S.P.P. 60— 11103. When picking up a beaker,
fingers should be placed around the out­side, not over the rim.
104. Testing chemical compunds bysmelling should be done cautiously.
Serious illness and even death have beencaused by this practice where cyanide
compounds, arsine and other highly toxic
Gpmpounds were being tested by smell.
105. Any reaction which may giveoff nitrous fumes should be handledvery carefully because of the high tox­
icity of such fumes. All reactions
should be carried out under the exhaust
hood. I f accidental spillage of nitricacid on organic matter occurs, the spillshould be neutralized at once and em­
ployees should leave the laboratory until
all danger of fumes has disappeared.
106. In mixing liquids in a confinedsystem, the possibility of spurting fromthe vessel because of heat of solution
should be considered. Test tubes, beak­ers and flasks should be pointed awayfrom the face when pouring liquid into
them or when they are being heated.
Goggles and a face mask should beworn.
107. Flasks and beakers larger than
one liter should not be heated by direct
flame because of the danger of break­age. Large flasks or beakers should beheated by partial immersion in a bath,by external or internal application of
steam or by electric jackets. Flasks of
3 liters’ capacity or over should be
supported at the bottom when heated,
not suspended by the neck.

Figure 15. Nitrometer mask. (See para­graph 73.)

Courtesy Hercules Powder Co.

Figure 16. A substantial screen cage placed around a constant-temperature electric ovenused to dry samples of explosives. (See paragraph 78.)108. It is recommended that a wellventilated room, away from chemical
fumes be provided for men to calculate
results and do other paper work.
109. Smoking in laboratories may
be dangerous from the standpoint offire and explosion or from contamina­tion of the smoking materials withpoisonous chemicals.
110. Where considerable quantitiesof mercury, lead or other toxic sub­stances are handled, chemists and otherlaboratory workers should be required
to change their clothes and bathe be­fore leaving for home.
111. Chlorates and perchlorates are
dangerous because of the quantity ofoxygen they liberate whi^n heated andbecause they form explosive mixtureswith sugar, charcoal, shellacs, sulphur,starch, sawdust sweepings, dust or mostother organic materials. Explosive mix­tures are also formed with sulphuric
acid, potassium cyanide, phosphorous
and antimony. Any of these mixtures
may be exploded by friction, heat, shockor detonation. Where perchlorates arecontaminated by oil or grease, they will
detonate on shock.
112.
Small quantities of chlorates,
perchlorates and chloric acid may be
kept in the laboratory in reagent bottles
closed with soft rubber stoppers. They
should be kept in a cool place, awayfrom other chemicals and heat sources.
Large quantities should be kept in a
special storeroom in the same mannerthat explosives are stored. (See Indus­
trial Data Sheet D. Chem. 8, “ Safe
Handling of Chlorates and Perchlorates”

and Safe Practices Pamphlet 28, “ Commercial Explosives.” )113. Chemists should use only thesmallest practicable quantities of chlor­ates and perchlorates, or other com­pounds which readily liberate oxygen.
Non-ferrous spatulas should be used for
mixing, and grinding should be donevery carefully, wet if possible. Goggles
and face shields should invariably beworn even though the quantities handled
are very small. I f amounts greater than
5 to 10 cc are being mixed or ground,a steel barrier may be used to protect
the chemist against injury if the mix­
ture should explode. Properly placed
mirrors will enable the chemist to view
his work while he is protected by thebarrier.
114. Although care should be usedin handling all reagents, it is well that a
few common chemical compounds, thatshould be handled with special care, beemphasized. T h e .list is not complete,
but is intended merely to serve as a
guide:
Skin and eye irritants
Acetic acid, glacial
Acetic anhydride*
Acetonylacetone
Aldol
Amines (all)Ammonium hydroxiie (concentrated)*
AnilineBarium peroxide
Butanol
N-Butylamine
Butylidene acetone
Butyl maleimide*
Chloracetic acid*
Chlorinated solvents
Crotonaldehyde
Dimethylfuran
Dimethyl sulphate*
Dinitroanaline

12— S.P.P. 60

SAFE PR A C T IC E S P A M P H L E T N O . 60
Toxic vapors

Courtesy E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Figure 17. One type of goggles used bychemical laboratory workers. Some chem­
ists prefer goggles with side shields. (Seeparagraph 82.)
Dinitrochlorbenzene
Dinitrophenol
Ethyl chloracetate*
Ethylene chlorhydrin
Ethylenediamine*
Ethyleneimine*
2-Ethyl-3-Propylacrolein
Ethylene oxide*
Ethylidene acetone*
Formaldehyde (40% )*Glycol diformate
Hydrochloric acid (concentrated)
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen peroxide (over 3% instrength)
Maleic anhydride*
Methyl silicate*
Nitric acid
PhenolPhenylhydrazine
Phosphorous pentachloride
Phosphorous oxychloride
Phosphorous trichloride
Potassium hydroxide
Propyleneimine*
Sodium hydroxide*S
Sodium peroxide
Sulphuric acid (concentrated)*
Sulphuric acid (fuming)*
Thiodiglycolf
Tin-organic compounds*♦Compound is known to have caused
injuries to the human eye in laboratories.
fThiodiglycol is relatively harmless as
such, but easily forms mustard gas oncontact with hydrochloric acid. Waste
materials from these compounds should
be disposed of and the bottles should bethoroughly water-rinsed by the chemist
working with them, to make certain thatsome other person will not attempt torinse the bottles with hydrochloric acidbefore they are clean.

Ammonia
Anilinef
Arsine*BenzeneBromineCadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulphide*
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform*
Crotonaldehyde
Dichlorethyl ether
Diketene
Dimethyl sulphate
DioxanEthylene chlorhydrin*
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide*
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulphide
Lead
Mercury
Methanol
Methyl “ Cellosolve” solvent
Methyl silicate
Nitric acid (fuming)
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen oxides
Ozone
Phosgene*
Phosphine
Sulphur dioxide
TolueneT ri'chlorethylene
Vinyl chloride♦Especially dangerous.
fAnaline spilled on clothing may cause
serious or even fatal poisoning if notremoved promptly. ,Courtesy A gfa Ansco

Figure 18. Well-designed protective
equipment for a distillation operation.
(See paragraph 83.)
Mercury compounds*
Nitrobenzene*
Oxalic acid, oxalates
PhenolPhosphorous compounds*
Permanganates
Propylene chlorhydrin
Propylene imine
Pyridine
Selenium compounds
Silver compounds
Tin compounds
Triglycol dichloride
Zinc compounds♦Especially dangerous.
fCyanides can be absorbed in toxic
quantities through open cuts. (See In­
dustrial Safety Series Pamphlet No.
Chem-6, “ Cyanide Compounds.” )Internal poisons
Acids, mineral
Alkalis, caustic
Ammonia
Aniline*Antimony compounds
Barium compounds
Copper compounds
Cyanidest
Dichlorisopropyl ether
Diethylene glycol
Di-n-hexylamine
Ethylene diamine
Ethylene imine
Ethylene oxide
Fluorides
Glycol diformate
IodineIsophorone
Lead compounds
Methanol

AC K N O W LE D G M E N T
This pamphlet was revised by a spe­cial committee of which John S. Shaw,
director of safety, Hercules Powder
Company, was chairman and John M .
Roche, Director, Industrial Division,
National Safety Council, was secretary.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to
the members of the special committee,
the Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee,
the Health Practices Pamphlet Commit­
tee and to various individuals who par­ticipated in this work. The final draftof this pamphlet was approved by the
Executive Committee of the National
Safety Council.
Rep. 844— 3M

A. S. A.
A 13—1928

Recommended American Practice

A Systematic Plan Employing Color and Other Kinds

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N ovem ber, 1928

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29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

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A 13— 1928

Recommended American Practice

Scheme for the Identificationof Piping Systems
A Systematic Plan Employing Color and Other Kindsof Markings Based on Fundamental Principles

A pproved byAmerican Standards Association
N ovem b er, 1928

S p on sor O rgan iza tion s

National Safety Council
108 East Ohio Street, Chicago, 111.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y .

Foreword' T ’H E organization o f the Sectional Committee on the Identification o f Piping-*■ Systems took place on June 14, 1922, under the procedure o f the American
Standards Association. The National Safety Council and The American
Society o f Mechanical Engineers are Joint Sponsors for this project, and the Com­mittee consists o f 33 members representing 28 technical societies and industrialorganizations. The work o f the Committee was divided among the following
sub-committees; 1, Sub-Committee on Identification by Colors; 2, Sub-Com­mittee on Identification by Markings Other Than Color; 3, Sub-Committee on
Classification. The Executive Committee consists o f the Chairman and Secre­tary o f the Sectional Committee and the Chairmen o f the Three Sub-Committees. Report o f Sub-Committee N o. 1 was submitted in December, 1923;
that o f Sub-Committee N o. 2 in October, 1924; and that o f Sub-Committee
N o. 3 in December, 1924. The Executive Committee then constituted itself
with Messrs. E. J. Cole and M . R. Paul as an Editing Committee which com­bined the reports o f the three Sub-Committees into this unified scheme.
For the purpose o f setting up an historical background it should be recordedthat in June, 1908, Mr. William H. Bryan o f St. Louis, presented a comprehensive
article on the “ Identification o f Power House Piping by Colors” before The Ameri­can Society o f Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M .E. Proceedings, vol. 30, pp. 773782). The interest which this paper created prompted the Council to organize acommittee whose report appears in the Transactions o f the Society, vol. 33 (1911),
p. 17. The next year at the 25th meeting o f the Association o f Edison Illuminating
Companies held at Briar C liff Manor August 31, 1909, M r. J. P. Sparrow read abrief paper on “ Standard Colors for Power Station Piping.” This paper was
printed but not published.
In the Novem ber 29, 1920, issue o f “ National Safety News,” an article waspublished on the great need for a color scheme for pipe lines. The article closedwith a request for information and comment on the present identification sys­
tems in factories and power plants. Replies to this request were helpful in working
up the new scheme.
In 1921 a number o f papers and articles were published. The Prime Movers
Committee o f the National Electric Light Association submitted a report containing
a table showing the color codes used by various companies. The A.S.M.E. printed
an article in “ Mechanical Engineering” on “ Standard Methods o f Identification o f
Fluids Conveyed by Pipes in Power Houses and Industrial Plants” (July, 1921).
In July o f that same year the U. S. N a v y Department issued as part o f its specifica­
tions for Power-Plant Apparatus and Piping, a section giving a color scheme for thepainting o f pipes. This was a revision o f a chart originally published in the“ B luejackets’ Manual” in 1917.
A ll o f these papers, reports, and publications were studied by the Sectional
Committee on the Identification o f Piping Systems in developing the scheme for theidentification o f piping systems which is now presented for approval as a “ Recom­
mended American Practice.”

Sectional Committee on the Identification of
Piping Systems
Officers of the Sectional Committee
Amos S. Hebble, Chairman, Superintending Engineer, Southern Pacific Steam­ship Lines, Pier 49, N orth River, N ew York, N . Y ., representing the Societyo f N aval Architects and Marine Engineers.
Ira G . Hoagland, Secretary, Secretary, National Automatic Sprinkler Assn.,
80 Maiden Lane, N ew York, N . Y ., representing the National Automatic
Sprinkler Association and Fire Protection Assn.

,

November 1928

Price 50 cents

Personnel of Sectional Committee
Ross P. Anderson, Technologist, American Petroleum Institute, 250 Park Avenue,
N ew York, N . Y ., representing the American Petroleum Institute.
Harry E. Bates, Assistant to Chief Operating Engineer, The Peoples Gas Light& Coke Co., 122 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111., representing the American
Gas Association.
L. W . Bates, Project Manager, Power Plant Section, Bureau o f Yards & Docks,
N a v y Department, Washington, D. C., representing U. S. N a v y Department.
Rudolph E. Bruckner, Sales, National Gauge and Equipment Co., 11 Wilbur
Street, Long Island City, N . Y ., representing the International Acetylene
Association.
W illia m L . Bunker, The Texas Co., 929 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, California,
representing the Society o f N aval Architects and Marine Engineers.
Everett J. Cole, Chief Chemist, H ilo Varnish Corp., M arcv and Flushing A ve­nues, Brooklyn, N . Y ., representing the National Varnish Manufacturers Asso­
ciation.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, U . S. Navy D epartm ent, Washington,
D . C., representing U. S. N a v y Department.
I. J. Fairchild, Mechanical Engineer, Bureau o f Standards, Washington, D. C.,
representing the Bureau o f Standards.
H . E. Farrer, Secretary, Standards Committee, American Institute o f ElectricalEngineers, 29 West 39th Street, N ew York, N . Y ., representing American
Institute o f Electrical Engineers.
Crosby Field, Vice-President, Brillo Manufacturing Co., Inc., 205 Water Street,
Brooklyn, N . Y ., representing the American Institute o f Chemical Engineers.
H . A . Gardner, Educational Bureau, Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers
Association, 1845 B Street, N . W ., Washington, D. C., representing the
National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association.
T h eo . M . Gevrenze (alternate for W. S. Morrison), Chief Engineer, The Cuneo
Eastern Press, Inc., Spring and MacDougal Streets, N ew York, N . Y ., repre­
senting The American Society o f Mechanical Engineers.
P. H . G latfelter, Secretary, P. H . Glatfelter Co., Spring Grove, Pa., representing
Technical Association o f the Pulp and Paper Industry.
A m o s S. Hebble, Superintending Engineer, Southern Pacific Steamship Lines,
Pier 49, North River, New York, N . Y ., representing the Society o f Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers.
Jam es G . Higgins, 317 81st Street, Brooklyn, N . Y ., representing the U. S.
Department o f Labor.
Ira G . Hoagland, Secretary, National Automatic Sprinkler Association, 80
Maiden Lane, N ew York, N . Y ., representing the National Automatic Sprinkler
Assn. and National Fire Protection Assn.
F. C. H odgkinson, American Circular Lopm Co., 90 West Street, N ew York,N . Y ., representing the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
J. J. Howe (alternate for L. W. Bates), Electrical Engineer, N a v y Yard, N ew York,N . Y ., representing U. S. N a v y Dept.
Frank P. Ingalls, Chief Chemist, John W. Masury & Sons Co., 44 Jay Street,
Brooklyn, N . Y ., representing the Paint Manufacturers Association.
L eR oy E. Kern (alternate for R. C. Taggart), Technical Secretary, Scientific
Research Department o f the American Institute o f Architects, 19 West 44th
Street, N ew York, N . Y ., representing the Office o f State Architects.
S. H . Kershaw, Safety Engineer, National Safety Council, 108 East Ohio Street,
Chicago, Illinois, representing the National Safety Council.
W illis Lawrence, Mechanical Engineer, Interborough Rapid Transit Co., Power
Station, 59th Street and North River, N ew York, N . Y ., representing the
National Association o f Stationary Engineers.
Alexander Maxwell (alternate for A. L. Penniman), Engineer, National Elec­tric Light Association, 420 Lexington Ave., N ew York, N . Y ., representing
the National Electric Light Association.

3

W illia m S. M orrison, Assistant Mechanical Engineer, N ew Y ork Edison Co.,
124 East 15th Street, N ew Y ork, N . Y ., representing The American Societyo f Mechanical Engineers.
A rthur K . O hm es, Consulting Engineer, Tenney & Ohmes, 101 Park Avenue,
N ew York, N . Y . , representing the American Society o f Heating and Venti­
lating Engineers.
M . Rea Paul, Consulting Colorist, National Lead Co., Laboratory, 105 York
Street, Brooklyn, N . Y ., Member at Large.
Ross S. Peck, Engineer, Dwight P. Robinson Co., Inc., Grand Central Palace,
N ew York, N . Y ., representing The American Society o f Mechanical Engrs.
A . L . Penn im an, Superintendent Steam Station, Consolidated Gas and ElectricLight and Power Co., Lexington & Liberty Streets, Baltimore, Maryland,
representing the National Electric Light Association.
Andrew A . Pfeiffer, Asbestos Construction Company, Inc., 451 West 28th Street,
N ew York, N . Y ., representing the Pipe Covering Contractors Association.
G . E. Sanford, Safety Engineer, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N ew York,representing the American Society o f Safety Engineers.
Henry S. S m ith , Chief Engineer, Prest-O-Lite Co., Inc., 30 West 42nd Street,
N ew York, N . Y ., representing the Compressed Gas Manufacturers Asso­
ciation.
W illiam W . S m ith , Chief Engineer, Federal Shipbuilding and D ry Dock Co.,
Kearney, N . J., Member at Large.
Frank N . Speller, Metallurgical Engineer, National Tube Co., 1810 Frick Build­ing, Pittsburgh, Pa., representing the American Society o f Refrigerating
Engineers.
R. C. Taggart, N . Y . State Department o f Architecture, The Capitol, Albany,
N . Y ., representing the office o f the State Architect.
H . P. W eaver, General Manager, Independence Bureau, 137 South Fifth Street,
Philadelphia, Pa., representing the National Safety Council.
Richard A . W olff, President, W olff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st Street, N ew
York, N . Y ., representing the Heating and Piping Contractors National
Association.
S u b -C o m m ittee on Identification by Colors
H . A. G a r d n e r
M . R. P aul
E . J . C ole

F . P . I n g a l l s , Chairman
I . J . F a ir c h il d
C . F ie l d

S u b -C o m m ittee on Identification by M arkings O ther Than Color
W . S. M o r r i s o n , Chairman
T . M . G evrenze
J. J. H ow e

W . L awrence

R. C . T a g g a r t

S u b -C o m m ittee on Classification
C r o s b y F i e l d , Chairman
I . J . F a ir c h il d

H . P. W eaver
A. L . P e n n im a n

Executive C om m ittee
F. P . I n g a l l s
W . S. M o r r is o n

A. S. H e b b l e , Chairman
C r o s b y F ie l d
I. G . H oagland

Editing C om m ittee
I . G . H o a g l a n d , Chairman
E . J. C ole
C r o s b y F ie l d
A. S. H e b b l e

F. P. I n galls
W . S. M o r r is o n
M . R. P a u l4

Introduction
P u r p o s e s o f Standardization.
Color scheme meets as many o f these requirements as
schemes for the identification o f piping sys­ the present state o f the art will permit. I t istherefore the hope o f the Committee that In­
tems have been developed in the past by alarge number o f industrial plants and organiza­ dustry as a whole will gradually adopt it, eventhough it is recognized that the supplanting o ftions o f various kinds. In 1909 The Associa­
tion o f Edison Illuminating Companies pub­ present systems and the adoption o f the new
one must o f necessity be accomplished grad­lished a report on “ Standard Colors for Power
Station Piping.” Likewise in 1911 The Ameri­ ually. I t will be noted that this standard
scheme, while establishing a universal standard
can Society o f Mechanical Engineers publishedand distributed broadly a scheme which was leaves the maximum freedom o f action to eachspecially applicable to power plants. Later in branch o f industry.
1920 the American Society o f Heating andInclusiveness with Flexibility. The in­
Ventilating
Engineers
published“ Color clusion o f all existing systems at present in
Schemes for Distinguishing Plant Piping.”
use is made readily possible with minimum
Some years previous to 1917 the U. S. N avy,
change under this scheme. Its first and prin­Bureau o f Engineering, developed and placed cipal requirement is that the pipes in each sys­in use on board ship a color scheme for piping.
tem shall be so colored as to designate exactly
Later in 1919 a different scheme was publishedwhich o f the five major classes o f fluids are be­by the Bureau o f Yards arid Docks for use on ing conveyed by the system.
land stations. In June, 1921, the Prime Movers
This Scheme provides that the color may be
Committee o f the National Electric Light As­ applied over the entire length o f the piping
sociation published a jable showing some o f the system or in bands eight to ten inches wide
color schemes then in use and pointed out the near valves and at other important places.
great need for a standard scheme. The Bu­ The use o f bands permits o f identification byreau o f Standards in 1921 adopted the U. S.
color, even though all the pipes o f a given
N a vy , Bureau o f Engineering, standard.
layout are given uniform treatment for pur­
Generally speaking, the standards arrived at poses o f illumination or decorative appear­in individual cases have given satisfaction toance.
those using them. They suffer, however, from
Where it is desired to identify more exactly
a complete lack o f uniformity and in par­ the nature o f the fluids in a given piping
ticular there is no universal differentiation o f system, this may be accomplished by (a) the
designation between pipes containing materials
addition o f one or more stripes o f color at thesafe to handle, and those unsafe. As a result edges ■of the band or by (b) stenciled letters,o f these conditions, spontaneity o f action in words or figures on the band. For example:
time o f emergency is lost, particularly when in a plant having several safe materials, there
outside agencies, such as fire departments, are would be several pipes having the dominantcalled in to assist. In addition there is at color or color band o f green, and superimposed
present a confusion in the minds o f those who on these green bands on one piping systemchange employment from one plant to another.
might be a stripe o f red, on another a stripe o f
M any mills and plants, desirous o f securing theyellow, another a stripe o f blue, etc., the color
advantages o f an identification scheme, have o f the secondary stripe having lost its main
not installed one because o f the fact that no classification significance under this scheme.
generally accepted standard was available.
I f the selected system had included legends in­stead o f stripes, then in the example given
R equirem ents for a Standard Schem e
above there would be superimposed upon eachfor Identification of Piping System s.
green band the stenciled name o f the material
The principal requirements for a standard
conveyed by that particular pipe, or an identi­
scheme for the identification o f piping systems
fication mark o f some kind.
are: (a) distinguishability, (b) flexibility, (c)inclusiveness, (d) simplicity, (e) practicality,
Advantages of Proposed System . The
and (f ) rationality. The proposed standard use o f multi-colored schemes in the past hasconveyed the general impression that there are
numerous colors from which to select and uponwhich to build a system o f identification so
wide in scope as to embrace all materials neces­sary in any plant. In reality, however, colors
which show a sufficient difference to be readily
recognized under adverse conditions, are so
few as to make such a scheme difficult tohandle. Further, there are comparatively few
pigments which may be considered sufficiently
permanent to stand up satisfactorily under all

conditions o f use and exposure. M ost o f theseare high-priced and not in all instances, readily
available.
The present need is for a clear, concise
scheme which will quickly establish in theminds o f plant employees, the danger or safetyo f materials carried in a given pipe. Then by
the use o f secondary color or legend the scheme
may be expanded in a given plant or industry
to permit the complete identification o f thematerials in the piping systems.

Scheme for the
Identification of Piping Systems
repairs will accordingly run no undue risks inbreaking into a pipe bearing a safe material,even though that material had not been
emptied by previous arrangement.
7 Protective
M aterials.
Under
this
class fall materials which are piped throughplants for the express purposes o f being avail­able to prevent or minimize the hazard o f thedangerous materials above mentioned. Thus,
a plant may have certain special gases which
are antidotes to poison fumes, piped throughits shops for the express purpose o f release incase o f danger.
8 Extra Valuable
M aterials.
Thesemight be classified with the group o f the safe
materials above mentioned, but where theseproduct's have a very high value, it is preferable
to give them a separate major classification.

Object and Scope
1 The Scheme is intended to harmonize all
specifications for the identification o f materials
conveyed in piping systems and is intended toform an acceptable basis for a universal
scheme.
2 This Scheme has been limited to theidentification o f piping systems in industrial
lants and power plants, not including pipes
uried in the ground and electric conduits.

E

Definitions
3 Piping System s. For the purpose o fthis Scheme, piping systems shall include in
addition to pipes o f any kind: fittings, valves,and pipe coverings. Supports, brackets, orother accessories are specifically excluded fromapplications o f this standard. Pipes are de­fined as conduits for the transport o f gases,
liquids, semi-liquids, or plastics, but not solids
carried in air or gas.
4 Fire-Protection,
M aterials,
andE qu ipm en t.
This classification includes
sprinkler systems and other fire-fighting equip­
ment.
5 Dangerous M aterials.
These mate­rials are those which are in themselves hazardous
to life or property by virtue o f being easily ig­
nited or productive o f poisonous gases orare in themselves poisonous. They include
materials that are known ordinarily as fire pro­
ducers and explosives.
6 Safe M aterials.
These products arethose involving no hazard in their handlingand no extraordinarily high value. A work­
man in approaching a piping system to makeMethod of Identification
9 “ A t conspicuous places throughout apiping system color bands shall be painted
on the pipes to designate to which one o f thefive main classes its contents belongs. I f
desired the entire length o f the piping system
may be painted the main classification color.
(See paragraph 13.)
10 Further, the actual contents o f a piping
system may be indicated by, preferably, astenciled legend giving the name o f the con­tents in full or abbreviated form. These
legends shall be placed on the colored bands.
The identification scheme may be extended by
the use o f colored strips placed at the edges o f
the colored bands.
11 The bands, legends, and stripes shall be
7

placed at intervals throughout the piping sys­tem, preferably adjacent to valves and fittings
to ensure ready recognition during operation,
repairs and at times o f emergency.”

M ain Classification by Color
12 This part o f the Scheme is intended to
identify the main classes into which the mate­rials in the piping systems belong. I t estab­lishes a basic fundamental principle applicable
to all schemes for identifying piping systems
and is intended to designate the pipe contents
as belonging to a specific class o f materials thatare safe, dangerous or otherwise, depending on
local conditions. The inclusion o f all existing
systems at present in use is made readily pos­sible with minimum change by the adoption o f
the following color classification.
13 All piping systems are classified accord­
ing to the character o f material carried. Es­
pecially in an emergency the quick recognitiono f the contents o f a piping system is o f para­
mount importance. For this purpose, eachpiping system is classified, by the nature o f its
contents, into the following classifications:
C la ss

C olorF — Fire-protection
equipment.. ......... Red
D — D a n g ero u s m a te ­rials................... ...Y e llo w (or orange)
S— Safe materials.........Green (or the achro­matic colors,
white, black, gray,or aluminum)
and, when required
P — P r o t e c t iv e m a te ­rials.........................Bright blue
V— Extra valuable
materials............. .. Deep purple
14 The above colors have been chosen to
identify the main classification because they
are readily distinguishable one from another.
Reference to Appendix B will show in addition
the relation o f the colors chosen to each otherand to the color circle on which the color
arrangement has been based.
15 Red has been assigned to fire-protection
equipment because o f long established custom.
Y ellow and orange have been assigned to dan­gerous materials because o f all the saturated
chromatic colors these have the highest co­efficient o f reflection under white light and cantherefore be more readily recognized under thepoorest conditions o f illumination. Further,yellow is the traditional color o f the quaran­tine flag and has been adopted as the caution
signal for railroads and road traffic. The
assignment o f the other three colors follows innatural order.

Detailed Instructions for Working
Out a Standard Identification
Scheme 1
16 List all materials carried in the pipes o f
the system or systems.
17 Assign each o f these materials to one o f
the five main classes:
Safe products (S),Dangerous materials (D ), Protective materials(P ), Extra valuable materials (V ), and Fireprotection equipment (F ).
18 Group the materials assigned to eachclass for the purpose o f facilitating the selec­tion o f sub-class markings.
19 Choose between the alternative methodso f (a) color bands or (b) complete color painting.
20 Assign a legend or color stripe to eachmaterial listed under each main classification.
21 Refer to Appendix C and select the fivecolored paints which will identify the mainclasses and the paints to be used for the stripes
i f the use o f stripes has been decided upon inplace o f legends.
22 N o type o f paint or other suitablycolored coating is excluded. The selection o f
coatings comes under the jurisdiction o f thesupervising engineer or person in authority
and may be made to meet the diverse require­ments o f each case. A ll that the scheme re­quires is that the dominant hue o f the bandshall fall unmistakably within one or the othero f the five spectral regions.
23 Colors which have a total reflective
value too low to permit ready differentiation
at minimum
illumination
are excluded.
Median gray, which from the physiological orvisual standpoint is situated about halfway
between white and black, reflects approxi­
mately 25 per cent o f the incident standard
white light and is near the permissible limit o f
reflective value for poor illumination. The
permissible limit o f reflective value is pro­visionally established at 19 per cent.
24 An ordinary hand flash lamp when heldby an operator at the reading distance may be
used as the arbitrary measure o f minimum
illumination.
1 N o te .
T h e Sectional Com m ittee on the Identifica­tion of Piping Systems has created a permanent organiza­tion to enable it to assist those firms and individuals who
desire to consult it preparatory to the installation of thisstandard scheme. Address all communications to one or
the other of the sponsor bodies.

Appendix
Classification of Materials Carried in Pipes
For the purpose o f securing data on which
to base its report, the Sectional Committee
through its Sub-Committee N o. 3 on Classifi­
cation canvassed the various industries. This
canvass was carried through by means o f aquestionnaire which was sent to a large num­
ber o f companies typical o f the industries
handling large quantities o f varied kinds o fmaterials which are conveyed in pipes.
In the table which forms part o f Appendix
A is listed all the materials suggested in thereplies to the questionnaire. In addition cer­tain determinants o f important physical char­acteristics are given together with the classifi­
cation into the five main groups. (S) Safe
Products, (D ) Dangerous Materials, (P ) Pro­
tective Materials, (V ) Extra Valuable M ate­rials, (F ) Fire-Protection Equipment.
The Committee found that frequently cer­tain materials which were at one time danger­ous could fall in one or the other o f the classi­
fications. A fter discussing the matter withrepresentatives o f the industries the Committee
has come to the conclusion that “ once a dan­gerous material always a dangerous material”

should be the rule to be followed, and in theparticular industry in which the dangerous
material becomes the antidote or safe material,
it should still be marked as dangerous. The few
men who are in that industry should be di­rected by markings other than color to use it
when necessary for their protection. In thisway the hazard o f having dangerous materials
used on the wrong occasions for safe materials
will be eliminated. An example o f this is theuse o f ammonia, usually a dangerous material,
as a safety material when attacking phosgene
fumes. The contrary case, however, o f a nor­mally safe material becoming dangerous undercertain conditions, should be met by having
this material considered as dangerous only inthose locations where it is dangerous, beingclassified by this committee as a safe material.
An example is water over quicklime. In thecase o f drinking or service water systems withspecial outlets for fire protection, the Com­mittee recommends that the fire outlets only
be designated as fire protection, the remaindero f the line to be classified as safe.

Classification of M aterials Carried in Pipes

M a t e r ia lp ip e d

P h y s ic a l s t a t e
g a s , l iq u id ,o r s e m i - s o l id

Acetic acid........
Alcohol..............
Am yl acetate.. . .
Alum solution. ,Acetylene g a s ....

Benzol................
Brine..................
Butyl alcohol. . . .
Bleach liquor.......
Bisulphite liquors ..
Blau gas.............
Compressed air .

LiquidLiquidLiquidGas

LiquidLiquidLiquidSolution
LiquidP ressurein lb .

T em perature
OF M ATERIAL
IN DEC.
FAHR.
( m a x .)Normal
Cool
Cool

per

or

SQ. IN.
( m i n .)'*30 1b.

V acuum
IN INCHES C l a s s i ­OF MERCURY f i c a ­t io nOR WATER

28 in. Hg.

. . . .

0 to 200

Va in. to250 lb.

Cold
Cold
Cool

Up to 80 lb.
About 60 lb.

00 to 200

in. to250 lb.
300 (in special
cases 3000 lb.)

80

9

l/2

D
D
D
S
D

D
S
D
D
D
D
S

Classification of M aterials Carried in Pipes ( C o n t i n u e d )P hysical StateT emperature

P ressureof m a te r ia l
IN DEG.
FAHR.

IN LB.
PER
SQ. IN .
( m in .)o r'

V acuum
IN INCHES C lassi
OF MERCURY FICAOR WATER
TION

M a t e r ia l
piped

GAS, LIQUID,OR SEMI-SOLID

C 0 2..........................

Gas and liquid

Caustic soda solution
Chlorine..................

SolutionGas, liquids,
and solutions

D
D

Carbon bisulphide...
Chloroform___
Carbon tetrachloride
Coal gas..................

Gas and liquid
Gas and liquid
LiquidGas

D yes........................
Flue gas or waste heat
F oa m ite..................
Glycerine.................

Solution
Gas
LiquidLiquidHC1.........................
Hydrogen................
H 2S Gas...................

LiquidGas
Gas

Intermediates..........
Lactic acid..............
Mixed acid..............
Miscl. solvent..........
M ercury..................
Muriatic acid..........

( m a x .)- 3 0 to -1 0 0

0 to 250 lb. per
sq. in. gageD

0 to 200■x/s in. to 250 lb.

D
D
S
D

Usually cool
0 to 200
Cold
H ot and coldy 2 in. to 250 lb.
Up to 100 lb.
Up to 60 lb.

D
D
F
S

Up to 80

2 to 10 lb.

0 to 150

y 2 in. to 100 lb.

Solution
LiquidLiquidLiquidGas and liquid
LiquidUsually cool
NormalNormalCool

60 lb.
30 to 80 lb.

Natural gas.............
N itric acid...............
N itro bodies............
N H 4N 0 3(m olten )....
N H S.........................

Gas
LiquidLiquidLiquidLiquid and gas

0 to 200
NormalCool

N 20 and N 20 3vapor.

Vapor

Oils (Petroleum ). . . .

!

D
D
D

20 to 22 in.

29 in. to 100 lb.

D
V
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

0 to 150

Vs in. to 250 lb.
10 lb.
Up to 40 lb.
None
0 to 250 lb. per
sq. in. gagel/i in. to 100 lb.

....

D

LiquidBelow 580

Below 1200 lb.

----

D

Paper sizing solution
Pinch gas................
Producer gas...........
Pyrox compounds...
Paint.......................

LiquidGas
Gas
LiquidLiquid

....

....

....

0 to 200
0 to 200
Up to 80Coldy 2 in. to 250 lb.
V i in. to 250 lb.
30 lb.

S
D
D
D
D

H 2S04......................
Soda ash solution. . .

LiquidLiquidUp to 180
Cold

30 to 80 lb.
60 lb.

DS- 3 0 to 100

K e y t o C l a s s if ic a t io n
F—Fire Protection
D—Dangerous
S—Safe
P—Protective
V—Extra Valuable
10

— Red
— Yellow— Green— Blue— Purple

Classification of M aterials Carried in Pipes ( C o n t i n u e d )M a t e r ia lp ip e d

P h y s ic a l St a t e
g a s , l iq u id ,o r s e m i - s o l id

Sugar juices
andsyrups.................. ...Liquid
Steam...................... ...Vapor
Steam...................... ...Vapor
SO2 .......................... ...Gas and liquid
Sulphur chloride___ __Gas and liquid
Turpentine.............. ...Liquid
Toluene................... ...Liquid
T a r .......................... ...Liquid
Varnish....................... . . . .
Vapors o f valuable
materials nototherwise specified..........Vapor
W a ter...................... ...Liquid
Water gas................... Gas

T em peratu re
OF MATERIAL
in d eg .
fahr.
( m a x .)P ressu re
i n LB.
per
SQ. IN .
( m i n .)195 to 200
Below 212
212 to 800—30 to 100

0 to 50 lb.
Below atmos.
Above atmos.
0 to 250 per sq.
in. gage

Cold
Cool
....
Cold and hot

Up to 80 lb.
Up to 40 lb.
30 1b.

DD
D
D
D

0 to 180Cold
H ot
0 to 200

1/i in. to 100 lb.
Any pressure
A ny pressurel/i in. to 250 lb.

D
S
D
D

1OR

V acuum
IN INCHES C LASSIOF MERCURY FICAOR W ATER
TION

S
S
D
D

ExampleIn February, 1926, a Committee o f the Technical Association o f the Pulp and Paper Industry
proposed a color code for the identification o f piping in all paper and pulp mills. This proposal
has been studied by the Sectional Committee and an adaptation in line with this Standard
Scheme is reproduced to serve as an example o f the way all the industries may make use o f
the Standard Scheme. Additional color stripes are indicated to illustrate the method, although
the legend scheme for complete identification is considered preferable.

Identification of Piping Systems in Pulp and Paper Mills
SteamHigh p ^ u r e , “TL

Saturated

A d d it io n a l
C o l o r S t r ip e sorangewhite-black! .00 lb. and higher.. . . . . . .
, n ii‘Low pressure, Superhcated j 20 to 75 lb................. , ..........
Low pressure, f e a r e d

C o lo r
Band*} Atmosphere to 20 lb .........

Vacuum lines, Atmosphere to 1 in. absolute........................

white-green
yellowwhite-buff

red
green

.....

W aterFire protection................... ...............................................
Fresh....................... ..........................................................
K e y t o C l a s s if ic a t io n
F—Fire Protection
D—Dangerous
S—Safe
P—Protective
V—Extra Valuable
11—Red—Yellow—Green— Blue—PurpleIdentification of P ip in g System s in P u lp and Pap er M ills ( C o n t i n u e d )C olorBand

W a te r , Cont.

Circulating...................................................................green-blue
Boiler feed.................................................................. .green
Blow-off...................................................................... .green
Make-up.......... ........................................................... .green
Treated....................................................................... .green
Filtered....................................................................... .green
Waste or white water..................................................green
H o t................................................ ............................. green
Wash.............................................. ...........................green
Return condensate..................................................... ..green
Hydraulic piping: High pressure............................... ..yellow
Low pressure...................................green
High pressure, 50 to 125 lb ......................: ................ ..yellow
Low pressure, Atmosphere to 3 lb............................. ..green

A dd itio nal
C o lo r Stripes............
black
brown
gray
yellow.........
white.........
......
black
green-red.........
black-white
black-white

C lay, A lu m , S ize
A lu m .................................... .......................................buff.........
Size...................... ............. .................................. .......green.........
C lay............................................................................ ..gray
white
Color.............................................................................green (light) ...........
G ro u n d w o o d P u lp
Grinder pressure, Water supply........... ...................... green
Oil supply.......... ........................... .. yellow
Slush stock, N o. 1 grade tailings............................... .. green
Low pressure............ .................. .............green
White water, High pressure....................................... .. yellow.........
orangebrown (gray flanges)
maroon (white flanges)
maroon (green flanges)

S u lp h ite P u lp
Gas, lead, or cast iron................... ............................. ...yellow
Acid, lead, and bronze................................................ ...yellow
Blow-off— obvious..... ................................................ ...black
Waste liquor, obvious unless reclaimed..................... ...green
low pressure............................................green
W hite water, high pressure........................................ ... yellow
Sulphite brown stock........................... .........................gray
Sulphite, unbleached...................... ........................... ...gray
Sulphite, bleached...................................................... ...gray
Chlorine gas................................................................... yellow
M ilk o f lim e................. .............................. .............. ... green
Bleach......................................................................... ... yellow

purplepurple-red.........
purple-blackmaroon (white flange)
maroon (green flanges)
brown.........
white
yellowolive-white
yellow-white

Soda P u lp
Caustic liquor, strong................................................ ... yellow
weak................................................ ... yellow
Carbonate liquor (green)........................................... ... green

K e y t o C l a s s if ic a t io n
F—Fire Protection
D—Dangerous
S—Safe
P—Protective
V—Extra Valuable
12—Red—Yellow—Green—Blue—Purplebrown (red flanges)tan (red flanges)
brown-whiteIdentification of P ip in g System s in P u lp an d Paper M ills ( Continued)
C o lo r
Band

Soda P ulp , Cont.
Strong black liquor..........................................
Weak black liquor...........................................
Brown stock.....................................................
Unbleached stock............................................
Bleached stock.................................................
Sludge (lime m u d)...........................................

Additional
C o lo r Stripes

yellow
green
green
green
green
green

brown-black
brown-graybrown-buff
brown-graybrown-white
olive

Straw P u lp
Same as Soda M ill
Sulphate P u lp
M ilk o f lim e....................................................

green

olive

O ld Paper
Bleach liquor...................................................

yellow

Soda ash.............................................................................

green

yellow-whitebrown-red

Defibered stock......................... .....................
Unbleached stock............................................
Bleached stock............... ................................

green
green
green

black-graygreen-browngray-green

green
green

gray-tangray-yellow

green

green-white

Conversion
Slush............................................... ................
Paper stock................................. ............ .
White water
1
Couch pit stock \ ......................... ................
Broke stockJK e y t o C l a s s if ic a t io n
F— Fire Protection
D— Dangerous
S—Safe
P—Protective
V— Extra Valuable

13

— Red
—Yellow—Green— Blue— Purple

Appendix B
Identification by Colors
For quite a long time pipe lines in various
industrial plants have been painted in different
colors for the purpose o f ready identification.
O f the various color schemes heretofore devisednone has been based upon any definite funda­
mental principle, either scientific, psychologic,
esthetic, or traditional. Because the selectiono f colors has been arbitary and influenced by lo­
cal conditions not common to plants in general,and because a comprehensive extension 6/ such
schemes soon involves a mass o f detail which
automatically renders them difficult i f not im­practicable, the inadvisability o f recommend­
ing any o f them for adoption as a universal
Scheme is fairly obvious.
This condition was fully recognized by the
Sub-Committee on Plan and Scope, a part o f
its report is therefore quoted below:
I d e n t if ic a t io n

It is obvious that to attempt to outline a code in identi­
fication, would result in a system so comprehensive thateven should the supply of colors and identification sym­
bols hold out, adoption of it would automatically berendered impossible in those industries which do not havea major group of colors allocated to its products. It isfound, however, upon investigation that any materials
transported in pipes in a plant fall in one of the followingclassifications:(a) Safe Products. This represents a majority of the
products that are handled through a plant. These prod­
ucts may be defined as having no hazard in their handlingand no extraordinarily high value, so that a workman inapproaching a piping system to make repairs will run noundue hazard in breaking into a pipe bearing a safe material,even though that material had not been emptied by pre­vious arrangement.
(J>) Dangerous Materials. These materials are thosewhich in themselves are hazardous to life or property by
virtue of being easily flammable or productive of poison­ous gases or are in themselves poisonous. They include
of course materials that are known ordinarily as fire pro­
ducers and explosives.
(c) Protective Materials. Under this class are materials
which are piped through plants for the express purpose ofbeing available to prevent or minimize the hazard of thedangerous materials above mentioned. Thus, a plant
may have certain special gases which are antidotes topoison fumes, which gases are piped for the express pur­pose of affording protection in emergencies.
(d) Extra Valuable Materials. These might be classi­
fied as a group of the safe materials above mentioned, but
in as much as cases came to your committee’s attention
where those products would have a very high value, it ap­
peared preferable to give them a separate major classifica­
tion.

14

(e)
Fire Protection Equipment. This might properly becalled a division of the Protective Materials just mentioned
above, though the hazard of fire and the use of automatic
sprinkler systems and other fire-fighting equipment having
become so universal, it would appear better to make it a
special major classification.
These five classifications or subdivisions thereof, if
necessary, in the opinion of the Committee should each be
given a major color, and the various subdivisions that aplant may need can be obtained by the use of numbers,
names, or the like, painted in white or black upon a back­ground of the color selected.

The immediate problem o f Sub-Committee
No. 1 therefore, was to select a set o f colors
for these five major classes that would tend to
relate, in some suggestive manner, one classwith another.
In seeking some common starting point, thesolar spectrum was decided upon as embodying
a basic principle o f color arrangement that ismore or less universally understood. Whenthe colors which compose the spectrum aregrouped in their natural order in the form o f acircle, an arrangement is established similar
to that shown in Fig. 1. This color circle
may be divided into any number o f given parts
that may be required, but for purposes o f thiscode, five divisions or sectors, each coveringa certain spectral region, have proved quite
sufficient. Each o f these sectors represents
one o f five main classes and is capable o f sub­division, where necessary, into a larger numbero f hues having approximately similar domi­
nant wave lengths, but distinguishable one
from another very readily under favorable
illumination (see Fig. 2). The logical ar­
rangement o f the colors shown in this circle
enable complementary or opposite colors tobe employed as designating a classificationo f a material directly opposite to one o f theother materials appearing in one o f the othermain classes. For example, orange and blue
are complementary or opposite colors and, inconsequence, blue is selected as designating
the protective materials that would be utilized
to minimize hazard where dangerous materials,
designated by the complementary orange
color, were present. In the same manner, wefind green indicative o f safe products, as oppo­
site to the complementary red which has

always been associated with fire and has, inconsequence, been employed to designate fire
protection equipment.
W ith regard to durability there seemed at
first to be a general idea that the committee
should select five or six indestructible pigments
and have paints made from these only. A
little reflection soon shows a position o f thissort to be untenable, first because the resist­ance to attack is limited by the vehicle as well
as by the pigment, second there are few sub­stances either in the inorganic colored pig­
ments or the organic vehicles that are equallyimmune to all the various forms o f attack, andthird the commercial availability o f the mate­rials from which practical and economical paints
can be made is by no means a negligible factor.
The Committee therefore has concentrated
its efforts on the presentation o f a practicalsystem having a sound claim to preference overany other heretofore suggested, and has
avoided confusing the main point at issue withpaint production problems which may be easy
or difficult o f solution according to the differing
conditions in different plants. On the other
hand the Committee has a detailed practicalknowledge o f what it is possible to produce inpaints and has included in the system nothing
beyond these possibilities. I f a pipe contains
extra hazardous material the only fundamental
requirement is that it should be yellow; theshade o f yellow, the kind o f pigment, and typeo f paint or other coating, are matters o f detailcoming under the province o f the engineer incharge. A ll the system requires is that theyellow shall be o f such a kind that it will not be
mistaken for the green, blue, purple, or red o f
the other main classes.
T o show a number o f variations o f colors
and illustrate the flexibility o f the system, a
set o f color chips on paper has been preparedin a dozen or more different colors, which is
submitted with this report as part o f Appendix
C. The vehicle in the sepaints is highly resist­ant China wood oil varnish more particularly
useful for interior exposure where greater re­sistance to moisture than is afforded by ordi­
nary linseed-oil paint is desirable. The paints
will withstand temperatures up to 200 deg.
fahr. for a reasonable time and, except the15

reds, temperatures even higher than 200 deg.
for a shorter time. For exterior exposure lin­seed oil will probably continue to be the mosteconomical all around vehicle, but the system
at all times permits any available vehicle best
adapted to the prevalent conditions at any
plant.
The system as suggested does not lose sighto f an important fact in economical paintproduction, a fact which has heretofore takena paramount position in the painting o f ironand steel where the protection against corro­sion has been o f equal or greater importancethan the color o f the coating. Black, for in­
stance, has been widely used, not only because
it may be made at a low price, but also because
it is practically the only paint that will with­stand elevated temperatures without discolora­tion, has a relatively longer life under direct
exposure to sunlight, and in the form o f as­
phaltic varnishes is proof against all acids,
alkalis, and sulphide sulphur compounds evenin relatively strong concentrations. I t is theideal paint for pressure steam pipes, but wehave taken the position that in most modern
plants such pipes are insulated by various
kinds o f covering mostly white or nearly so,
and in general not in need o f any kind o f paint.
Such pipes may still be painted black as pro­tection against corrosion, and the covering
marked for identification by the coloredbands, legends, and stripes.
The so-called metallic browns and othertypes o f red oxide o f iron have also been verylargely used in low priced anti-corrosive paints.
While the reflective value o f the higher quali­
ties o f Venetian red is 19 per cent, or better,the darker shades run somewhat lower, and forthis reason it is believed the dark browns
may be excluded from the system with lesssacrifice than attends any attempt to retain
them.
Gold^bronze powders are o f no special value
and may be omitted without economic loss,
but i f included for any special reason would fallin the yellow or dangerous sector. Aluminum
paints also are very useful in many cases andhave been assigned to be used with the-whites
and grays to the identification o f Safe Prod­
ucts ( j).

J

F10.

16

I

f \ke j z m

c T

j o x

'" T q U IP M E N T " 'YELL01(PURPLEGREEN

F ig . 2

Appendix C
Description of Colors for Special Application
T o assist in the application o f the standard not to acids. Shade o f orange may be ad­
Scheme for the Identification o f Piping Sys­ justed to suit. Mixed with cadmium yellow
tems the following description list o f fourteenin place o f the zinc yellow it becomes fast tocolored pigments is given. This list does not acids as well.
cover the entire range o f available colors but
O range-Chrom e Yellow .
The regularmerely serves to illustrate the means*, at our color for ordinary use. Fast to alkalis but notdisposal for meeting the more usual types o f to acids or sulphur.
abnormal exposure conditions.
Y ellow . Yellow ochre toned up with brightA plant atmosphere that will ordinarily sup­ yellow to a type commonly known as golden
port human life without material danger to ochre. Ochre itself as compared with thegeneral health, may at times be charged withmore highly saturated hues is little more thangases or vapors that will react chemically on a yellow-brown, but in the proposed system
many paint pigments with a resultant change where browns as distinctive colors are elimi­
in color.
nated the ochre falls unmistakably in the
By far the most common o f these abnormal
yellow sector. Owing to its general stability
forms o f attack come from vapors that are and low price it is the main reliance for fastacidic, alkaline, or sulphureted. The dry
yellow in situations where chrome yellows
gases are far less active but when accompanied cannot be used. Like other iron compounds
by aqueous vapor they penetrate the paintthat contain hydroxyl groups or “ chemicallyfilm, and, if reactive with the pigment, cause combined water,” it is not wholly fast to
rupture o f the film and change o f color by the sulphur. Strong ammonium sulphide darkens
formation o f new compounds having a different
it somewhat but except in extreme cases it isvolume and color from the original pigment.
fast to everything. When toned up to a
I f the vehicle is sufficiently resistant it may
brighter shade, the resistance depends on the
delay such action for a longer or shorter time
kind and quantity o f toner.
according to circumstances, but no paint ve­
C a d m iu m Lithopone.
A combination
hicle now known is wholly impervious to os­ o f cadmium sulphide and blanc fixe. Fast
motic penetration o f this kind. In any plant,
to everything, but applicable to extreme
therefore, where such abnormal conditions
cases only because the available supply is
persist, the first step is to use a vehicle having
limited and the cost relatively high.
the highest practical water resistance and thenC h ro m e-Y ello w -L em o n .
The ordinary
select colors in such a way that the pigment pigment for general use. I t is fast to acids
will have the least reactivity with the prevail­ but not to caustic alkali or sulphur.
ing gas. The colors here described are someGreen. Chrome oxide toned up with ao f the possibilities in this direction.
little yellow to raise its total reflection value.
Toluidin Red. Fairly fast to aqueous acids, This oxide is a moderately low priced oxide notalkalis, and sulphur. An organic pigment
to be confused with Vert de Guignet, a muchthat will stand up as well as the vehicle. Adds
more brilliant and expensive quality. I t ismaterially to the life o f varnish vehicles andfast to everything and useful in extreme cases.
works well with all o f them.
Ordinary C h rom e-G reen L ight.
Fast
Paranitranilin Red. Similar to the toluidin
to weak acids but not to alkali or sulphur.
and considerably cheaper, but owing to a
Prussian blue. A tint with a white baseslight solubility in the vehicle it has a tendency o f Titanox. I t is fast to acid, fairly resistant
to stain up through light shades or whites
to sulphur and easily affected by alkali.
applied over it, e.g., white letters or aluminum
U ltram arine blue. A tint with a white
stripes.
base o f zinc oxide. It is fast to alkalis andR ed-O range. A mixed pigment consisting sulphur but not to acids.
Purple.
Base white o f Titanox tintedo f an organic red similar to toluidin mixed with
with alizarine purple. Fast to everything.
zinc yellow. Fast to alkalis and sulphur but
18

Shade can be adjusted by adding alizarine red
in varying proportions.
Gray and Black. The achromatic colors
white, black, and gray and aluminum are permitted for use in identifying safe products.

19

For ordinary outside exposure linseed oil isthe most durable vehicle. Where higher resistance to water is required and, for interioruse, China-wood-oil varnishes may be used toadvantage.

Appendix D
Identification of Piping Systems by Legends
The first efforts o f Sub-Committee N o. 2
centered upon a combination o f symbols or
hieroglyphics along with a legend naming thenature o f the containing fluid, the legend with
its accompanying symbol appearing promi­
nently at the points o f supply to the piping
system and at points o f distribution therefrom;any further marking at intermediate points
along the pipe line to consist o f the symbol only.
The symbol idea was later entirely discarded
since it was considered impracticable becauseo f the great mass o f detail involved, the diffi­
culty an operating force would encounter inrecalling to mind the different shapes andforms and the probable necessity for the pub­lishing o f a code book upon the part o f each
operating company.
The Committee finally arrived at the con­clusion that this form o f identification marking
should consist principally o f a lettered legend,abbreviated or otherwise, naming the material
carried in the pipe line. Where a knowledgeo f the direction o f fluid flow may be o f service
it is suggested that arrows be painted on thepipe.
Attention has been given to the question o fvisibility with reference to pipe markings andthis committee recommends that where pipelines are located some distance above the nor­
mal line o f the operator’s vision that the letter­ing be placed below the horizontal center lineo f the pipe as shown in the accompanying
sketch, Fig. 4. This sketch shows a group o f
pipe located near a wall. It is desirable, wherethe view is unobstructed, that the lettering

20

employed be stenciled on the two lower quar­ters o f the pipe covering rather than one side
only. The lettering in the position shown willbe less liable to be obscured by dust collection
or mechanical damage.
In certain types o f plants it may be desirable
to label the pipes at junction points or points
o f distribution only, as suggested in Fig. 4.
In certain existing power plants the markings
are repeated at intervals all along the pipeline. In any case, the operating man should
decide the location and number o f signs re­quired in each particular system o f piping.
Regarding the type and size o f letters andnumbers, we recommend the use o f stencils o fstandard sizes easily obtained from any stencil
manufacturer, ranging in height from l/2 in.
to 3Vs in. For pipes smaller than s/4 in. indiameter requiring identifying marks we sug­gest the use o f a metal tag with the lettering
etched and filled in with enamel.
Fig. 5 gives a tabulation and a diagram o fsuggested heights o f letters for different out­side diameters o f pipes or pipe coverings.
W ith regard to visibility, the eye as a mattero f habit, is most accustomed to the reading o f
black letters on lighter backgrounds. We
therefore suggest that the black letters beeither stenciled or painted on the band o fmain classification color when light and on arectangular background when dark. The coloro f the background and the nature o f the ma­
terial used may be that deemed suitable for the
purpose. Aluminum paint serves very wellfor this purpose.

Sizes of Stencil LettersFio. 5

Outside dia.
o f pipe orcovering

Size o f
stencil
letterOutside dia.
o f pipe orcovering

Size o f
stencil
letter

*//
1'
l1/ /
w

7/
7/
7
s///

5'
6"
7"
8r
9"
10"
11"
12"
IS*' and over

17/

2"

2y2ff
3"
31/ /
4"

47/

,/4,

7/
78"
PA"
PA"
172"

21

174"
2'

27/
272"
3"
3"1
372"
372"

Position of Stencil Legends

! .

,

CLIKTCN ENGINEER WORKS-TENNESSEE EHSIK&B CORPORATIONSAFE OPERATING PRACTICES FOR CAB CONTROLLED CRANESA COP? SHALL BE POSTED IN THE CAB)

TRAINING OF CRANE OPERATOR.
10 Only persons having pissed a qualifying physical examination shall be assigned
as crane operators* Periodic re-examinations shall fo llo w
2o Operators shall be fam iliar with the standard code of hand signals and shp.ll be
required to demonstrate their knowledge of such signals.
3o Each potential operator shall be thoroughly instructed and required to passa qualifying examination in the operation of the erans„

4.0 The instructor shall require the operator to locate the main disconnect andauxiliary switches In the cab, and to id en tify the controllers0
5e The operator shall be required to make several l i f t s and moves9 accompanied by
the instructor, to demonstrate his knowledge of the signals and the correct operat­
ing methods•
Ho

CRANE OPERATOR RULES
lo Hpon entering the eab of the crane, the operator shall make the following checks
and tests <,Bob*With th f main lin e switch open each controller shall be operated tofu ll speed positions in both directions0With no load on the hook the hoist shall be operated to test thelim it switches0

c 6 frith no load on the hook the bridge, carriage, and hoist brakes shallbe testedo
do Always stop the controllers in the '’o f f ” position instead of reversing
instantly (the sligh t pause is necessary to give the braking mechanismt x m e XfO o p QTB.X1Q 0

2o In the event of power failu re a ll controllers shall be returned to the neutral
position immediately., and shall not be reactivated until the p ilo t lig h t indicates
power has been restored*, Extended outage shall be reported*
3c Crane operators are not to be permitted to make any repairs or adjustments on
the crane* They are not permitted to replace or renew fuses except in one of thefollowing two conditions?
a«Operators may replace fuses in the cab where necessary to permit them toground, a suspended loadsb*Operators may renew fuses in the cab to permit them to bring the craneto the end of the bay fo r maintenance and servicing,,

When an operator under one of the above classifications has renewed fuses, thecrane shall be brought to the servicing platform and shall be checked by a quali­
fie d maintenance crew before being restored to service^/'

i 4, Tampering v;ith circuit breakers, lim it switches, and overcurrent devices
shall not be permitted under any circumstanccs*/

Crane Operating Practices
Crane Operatort

5C Hoist movement shall be terminated by operation of the controller; lim it
switches are for emergency only.

/*

60 Under no circumstances shall the operator leave a suspended or hanging
load; he must remain in the crane cab until he is relieved or the loud isgrounded*^7„ Dariiv/ crane bridge or carriage travel, suspended loads or empty hooks shallbe carried high to safely cleur any obstruction and rersons,
8. Warning signals by gong, horn, etc. shall be made before starting horizontal
or lowering movements and shall be continued during such movements,,
S* The operator shall observe the'position of the chains, slinks, dr carry**ing devices prior to beginning a l i f t and shall warn floormen of unsafe con­ditions,,
10„ The operator is required to attend s tric tly to his designated duties, be­ing alert to a ll calls fo r service; he shall remain in the cab and refrain frommaking demonstrations or displays of personal proivens or daring which tend to
distract other employees., Ko horseplay, of any type w ill be tolerated,
H I.

FLOOH KUL.S5

1, The movement of any crane while handling material, or in doing repair work,
shall be roverned by the standard crane signals transmitted to the operator bya designated floorman identified by a white safety hat, However, an emergency
stop signal must be obeyed regardless o f who gives the. signal,
Side pulls shall not be permitted,
30 Before moving a load the signal nan shall see that cables, chains, slings,
or other attachments are properly applied to the load and secured to the hoist;that loads are properly balanced and free from entanglements; and that no one
is endangered by movement o f the ioadc
4a Never pull a sling from under loads (set load on blocks so that cables pullf r e e ) . (UOTEj Before moving a lOo-d, the crane operator shall ca ll to the at­tention o f the floorman any hazard he may observe*)
50 The foreman of the ground crew shall make daily inspection of chains, slings*
and hoisting attachmentsc
Co Never attempt to straighten a load by swinging i t ?.gainst a wall, column, or
any other objects,/

7„ I t is the foreman’ s rosronsibility to see that a l l employees shall be kept
av.ay from the lor-d -;!:ile in transit and while beginning to l i f t and that his floo r
arev; be kept a;.-ay except where necessary to guide or set the load*

(3)S0 Riding a load or crane hook is s tr ic tly forbidden0
9o Take special care not to overload auxiliary hoists (when there is any doubt
about overload use the main hoisto)
I Vo WORKING m CR HEAR CRAKE RUNWAYS
When necessary to work on a crane runway, or in any location where crane
movement would endanger workmen, the foreman in charge o f the work is res­ponsible and shall n otify the operators of a l l cranes using the same runway
or the one adjacent thereto,, Wherever practicable operation of the crane shallbe suspended in the bay in which work is being done. In a l l other cases track
stops shall be installed to isolate the section in which work is being done0
2o The foreman in charge of repair work to be done on or about the crane is
responsible for locking open the crane disconnect switch,, He shall place
yarning signs and flagmen on the operating flo o r to indicate that men are
working above*,
3o
Whenever the crane is being repaired i t is under the jurisdiction of themaintenance department and the instructions of the repair man must be follow ­ed exp leeitly0

4* Upon completion of the work, the foreman in charge shall make a carefulinspection to assure that no tools, parts or debris are l e f t lying about0
V„

CRAH3 CONSTRUCT!CH
lo The trucks of the bridge and carriage of every overhead traveling craneshall be equipped with suitable guards in front of the wheels extending down
below the le ve l of the top of the r a il and so designed as to clear the trackof any objectsc

2* When necessary a fender shall be placed to prevent the block or cable fromswinging into the feeder tr o lle y wires,,3s

Cab cranes shall be equipped with brakes to control a l l movements0

A.i Hoist cables shall be so reeved that at no time w ill there be less than
two f u ll turns on the drum when the block is lowered the maximum distance required to make a l i f t 0

5c Where two cranes are operated in the same runway there shall be provided
a device to prevent bumping.
11o SWITCHES. WIRING. CONTROLLERS

lo The installation of a ll e le c tric a l equipment shall comply with the Rational
E lectrical Code0
2o There shall be a main switch in the leads from the main collector conductors
capable of interrupting the circu it under heavy loads which shall be withineasy reach o f the operator,,

3o A lim it switch shall be provided fo r upper lim it of travel of each crane
hcok0

(45

Z.o At no time shall the sheave block be l e f t at rest in contact >7ith thelim it switch,,''vxi,

M IN COLLECTOR SWITCH

10 The main collector conductors shall be controlled by a switch o f ample
capacity readily operable from the ground, and protected with an overcurrent
device and locking out fa c ility ,,V III 0CRAKE MOTORS
1» Each motor on a crane shall have individual oeercurrent protection, eKcept
that i f two motors operate a single hoist, carriage, truck or bridge, and bothare controlled as a single unit by one controller, the pair o f motors withth eir leads may be protected by a single overcurrent devicee

IX, GROOKDIKG ~ BONDING
lo The crane tracks shall be grounded according to the National E lectrical
Code0 The tracks shall bs e le c tric a lly bonded and joints machined flush0
Xo

CRANE MAIKTEK&MOE
lo Ho persoa shall go on a crane fo r any reason before notifying the operator
and being sure that the operator understands fu lly the nature of the mission*
2* Authorised maintenance men shall lubricate and make careful periodic in­spections of a l l machinery, apparatus, and appliances, connected with the cranes,
and shall report results of inspections on suitable check lis ts *3* When any safeguard, machinery, or apparatus, is found defective or in ­operative, the person discovering this condition shall report i t immediately
to the floorman or operator
shall report the defect immediately to the
responsible forssnan* The crane shall be removed fro® service until the damaged
or defective equipment lias been repaired*
FXRE FdGEEGTMM

1.
oUlu
j
"

Each crane shall be provided with fir e extinguishers of types approved
n

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*

Cy
.

a

^

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irIz&iiXt *F&V&. TV-.—
C-'C

Ft •£

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^

^

^^

^

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JLv»3u U£iO &UG&
; • > ^ ^ f f V ? ?

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platformo

2 * The Fire Department must be n otified when extinguishers have been used*
m

e

•'J

SiiiiJ..*.
TV/":

jhousmsepusc
1» There shall be no rubbish, equipment or supplies stored or left- ea or
about the crane.
2* Clothing, lunch pails* and personal effects must not bs brought into thecab unless storage fa c ilit ie s are provided*
3. The crane operator must keep the crane cage and landing platform clean
at a l l timeso

( 5)n i l c DUAL LIFTS
I*. Dual L ifts shall not bo attempted except where completely unavoidable as in
the instance where the load exceeds the capacity of the crane0
2» When dual l i f t s cannot be avoided, they should only be made on the directorder of the responsible supervisor and under his continuous personal direction«
I t is recommended that only the most competent operators be selected fo r thiswork and that they be trained as a team before attempting 3uch an operation*
These men shall be given the opportunity to make several practice l i f t s together
under circumstances as closely approaching those of the intended dual l i f t as
can be arranged0
3* When making dual l i f t s both cranes must be securely locked together with
two approved couplings attached between the adjacent trucks*

STANDARD SIGNALS
for theOperationof
Cranes

I

& E U

To:

OSAHDUMA ll Process and Refining building Superintendents

Subject:

Date:

Juno 29, 1945

Handling and Use of Oxygen and Acetylene______

Copies To:A»D.Caley, John B„ Rogers, Gentry Veal* G.C.Henderson, Leo Goldstein,,
Lee Bagwell, E.D.Hughes, R.H.Stuart, J.U.Eughey

Attached is a revised set o f recoinmended procedures for the safe hand­
lin g and use o f oxygen and acetylene., which supersedes the previous
set dated Novei* er 25, 1944.
T vjo

principal changes have been made:(1)

wherever i t appears, the requirement that flash arresters beserviced every week has been changed to a two week intervals(2)

In accordance with the standard color code for piping systems,
which has been adopted by many departments, and is in processof adoption by the remainder, paragraph %J> of the f ir s t pagehas been altered. Instead of specifying "red” for acetylene
headers, the present TEG code calls for them to be painted yel­low (*i£A dangerous material class) a with stenciled id en tifica­tion of the pipe contents to be painted on both oxygen and acety­lene headers near a l l control valves.
Note:

This proposed color code is available at the Safety De­
partment office®

James 1I« Bream
Chief Safety Engineer/rb

'S o a--------------AJJ-Jiaes.Ka-flBd..Hafining. Building Superliifresdsatg____ flat e tJune 29, .lrli5______________

Subjects------Hai’id.llag-&-iIsE _of Jlxvgi>n.and Asntyl Ana_______________________________________________________
Ct.
„,«ts To; .■■Messraj.^AJL—Galay, Joto Bn Rogers t Gentry Veal, CLC, Henries on________ l»„ B a g r a lI<_]LJL_BugheB.. and Chief J. W Hughey

Lao flolristft'Sn,

I t has come to our attention that a number o f precautionary measures are notbeing followed in the handling and use of oxygen and acetylene. These com­pressed gases are dangerous when handled improperly, The following conditions
have been noticeds(1 ) Some of the buildings a r , allowing f u l l and empty cylinders to be le f t
on the outside of the supply manifold sheds, exposed to a l l weather conditions.
Usually the cylinders stand on end with no type of support to prevent fa ilin g ,or are la id on th e ir sides in the mud— sometiraas scattered a l l over the read.
As previously suggested, where overflow storage space is needed, additional sheds
should-be provided with segregated compartments fo r d iffere n t gases„ These sheds
could be abutted against the outside w a ll of the building in the ssme manner as
the present manifold sheds. Doors to manifolds and storage sheds* .should be kept .
closed and locked at a l l times.
Some buildings have provided w a ll chains in the v ic in ity of the fre ig h t entranceso f the building fo r securing f u l l and empty cylinders,, This is good practice fo r
empty cylinders, but spare stock of f u l l cylinders should be kept in a separate,
w e ll protected,, ventilated enclosure. The National Board of F ire Underwriters
states that "Cylinders, stored inside a building, except those in actual use or
attached ready fo r use, sh a ll be lim ited to a to ta l capacity of 2000 cu„ ft„ o f
gaSo For storage in excess of 2000 cu„ f t . , a separate room or compartment asprovided fo r by Section #5 (b ) and (e ) (requiring fir e w a lls ) s h a ll be provided,or cylinders sh a ll be kept outside or in a special bu ilding,”(2 ) Flash pots on the acetylene header in some of the buildings are not in ­spected, drained, or refilled .. On several occasions, fla s h backs have occurredin the acetylene service lin es which resulted ill the rupture o f the bursting
discs and temporary stoppage of '•fork in the servicing departments. I f not properly
controlled, serious property damage together with personal in ju ry can re a d ily re ­su lt from these fle sh backs. The arrestors serve to isolate header explosions
and prevent them from spreading to the acetylene supply manifold. Acetone vapors
from supply cylinders w i l l frequently condense and form an inflammable layer in ­side the flash pot. This is additional reason fo r routine servicing. I t is recom­
mended that a l l departments, in an e ffo rt to minimise the seriousness o f possible
header flash es, inspect and r e f i l l these arrestors every two weeks. Recommended
procedure f o r ao doing is attached.
(3 ) Oxygen and Acetylene headers and valves are not properly id e n tifie d in manycases., Colorimetric iden tification in accordance with the proposed color code fo r
TEC (Based upon ASA standards) places acetylene in the ,!dangerous material" c la ssic
fic a tio n and c a lls fo r headers containing this gas to be painted yellow,, Oxygen
headers should be painted green. Stencils indicating the pipe contents should also
be painted on the headers at or near a l l control valves.
( 4 ) Supply hoses to the torches are mixed up and attached to the wrong connec­
tions in a number of cases. Green hoses f o r oxygen are hooked to acetylene valves,and vice versa with the acetylene hoses. A new person accustomed to standard hose
id en tification could e a s ily make a mistake. Any oxygen equipment which has been
misused cn acetylene lin e s should be purged with Inert gaa (nitrogen) before being
re-adaptedo(5 ) Flash-back check valves at the w elding stations are e v id e n tly seldom in ­spected or cleaned. These frequently carbonize and stick during continued use.
They should be examined at regular in tervals. Several header eagj-.osiona fromflash-fcaeks have already occurred on the area.
( 6 ) Welding and cutting torches are seldom inspected or cleaned. This condition
alone is conducive to flash-backs. Routine examination and cleaning should be main­tained. O il or grease should never be used on torch parts and f it t in g s ,Attached is a l i s t of "Safe Practices fo r Handling Compressed Gaa Cylinders", and"Recommended Procedures fo r Servicing Acetylene Hydraulic Flash Arrestors” whichm i l give additional information on these subjects. I f further material is desired,please contact the Safety Department,
CESUEEC SAFETY DEPARE'EKT_CLINTON ESGMEER WORKSTENNESSEE EASTMAN CORPORATIONSAFE PRACTICES FOR'HANDLING COMPRESSED GAS CONTAINERS

Compressed gas containers are safe fo r the purpose fo r which they a reintended* Serious accidents connected w ith th e ir handling, use, and storage
can almost invariablybtee traced t o abuse or mishandling.
r
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Do- not abuse cylin d ers I Avoid rough treatment such as dropping them,s tr ik in g two tog eth er, or l e t t i n g them f a l l over. They may rupture or
explode. ••.

Do not use cy lin d ers as r o lle r s fo r moving heavy o b je c ts .
a b le . .

They are break­\

HANDLING
3.

I ij -moving cy lin d ers to and from the lo ca tio n where they are used, do notr o l l or s lid e them along the, fl o o r or ground. Use a standard trucIE- "ca rria ge w ith proper chain or clamp to prevent t h e ir f a l l i n g .

4.

In tran sportin g c y lin d e rs , block them secu rely in the truck, be sure theva lve p rotectin g caps are in p la ce; and l i f t , rath er than s lid e , them o f f
and on the tru ck . •Never use the v a lv e p rotectin g cap as a means o f h o is tin g a c y lin d e r;lik e w is e , do n ot use a l i f t i n g magnet, nor a s lin g (rope or ch a in ), but
fcather an approved cradle or c y lin d e r platform provided fo r th is purpose.
V a lve-p ro tec tin g caps must always be in p la c e .
Only cylin ders approved fo r use in in te r s ta te commerce are to be used fo r
the tra n sp o rta tio n o f compressed gases.
USE

7.

Always use a su ita b le cy lin d e r truck, chain, or clamp t o keep cy lin d e rs
from being knocked over w h ile in use.

8.

Unless cy lin d ers are secured on a sp e cia l truck, be sure that regu la to rs
are removed and v a lv e -p ro te c tio n caps, where provided f o r , are put inplace b efore cylin d ers are moved to another lo c a tio n .

9.

Kever accept or use a cy lin d er w ith evid en t d efects in the head assembly.
Return i t to the su pplier fo r replacement. Likew ise, do not attempt tore p a ir i t y o u rs e lf — send i t back.

10.

Never-consider a c y lin d e r as empty except when p rop erly checked andmarked empty. You may be mistaken, and in anyceas§,there is probably
enough residu al pressure to be dangerous.

11.

Regulators or automatic reducing va lves s h a ll be used only f o r the gas fo r
which they are intended.

12.

Do not fo rc e head connections that do not f i t .
and broken.

'1 3 .

Never handle the cy lin d e r va lve or supply connections w ith greasy hands
or greasy g lo v e s . Grease and o i l may re a c t w ith the gas and catch f i r e or
explode. THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE USE OF OXYGEN CYLINDERS.

14.

I f a c y lin d e r is in service lo c a tio n but not being used f o r a s p e c ific jo b ,always shut o f f the main v a lv e and drain a l l gas from the regu la to r andsupply hose. This is im portant. .

15.

"Never use a new cy lin d e r o f gas w ithout f i r s t te s tin g the head connection
fo r leaks w ith a soap so lu tio n . Tes4- them a t regu lar in te rv a ls during use,along w ith the supply lin e s . F le x ib le hose may be submerge 1 in a bucketo f water to t e s t .

16.

Do not tw is t, double up, or put a s tra in on f l e x i b l y supply hose.
break or p u ll loose a t the f e r r u le s .

0They are e a s ily stripped

I t maySafe P ra c tic es fo r Handling Compressed Gas Containers
Use

17.

Open cy lin d er va lves s lo w ly , Never use wrenches or to o ls except those
provided or approved by the gas manufacturer. Never hammer the valve
wheel in attem pting to open or close the v a lv e . YfHEK OPENIKG VALVES,AIM GAUGE AND REDUCING VALVE AWAY FROM YOU.

18.

Do not attempt to manipulate cy lin d er valves unless you are certa in o f
the ex a ct, proper procedure. . Consult your supervisor i f in doubt.

19.

Always id e n t ify empty cylin d ers as such by a standard prescribed procedure.

20.

Know the c o lo r scheme f o r a l l d iffe r e n t types o f c y lin d e rs . . Never use.
one unless you are c erta in o f th e-con ten ts.
STORAGE

21.

Store cy lin d ers in dry, w e ll v e n tila te d lo c a tio n s , and in such a manner• as to preyent f a l l i n g or being struck by mechanical o b je c ts . A lso keepthem out o f contact w ith co rrosive chemicals and fumes.

22.

Store oxygen cylinders sep ara tely from cylin ders containing combustible
gases.

23.

Empty cy lin d ers sh a ll be segregated from f u l l cy lin d ers and promptly
returned to the su pplier w ith v a lv e -p ro te c tio n caps in p la ce. BE SURE ALL
VALVES ARE CLOSED.

24.
_

Avoid exposing any type o f compressed gas cylin d ers .to sunlight or othersourc.es o f h eat. Keep a l l o f them away from inflammable m a teria ls . They
may explode.

25.

A l l cylin ders s h a ll be .marked according to In terstade Commerce Commission
Requirements.

26.

C ylinders must not be f i l l e d except by, or w ith , the consent o f theowner, and then on ly in accordance w ith regu lation s o f the In ters ta teCommerce Commission.

March 2 9 , 1944

CLINTON ENGINEER WORKS ,TENNESSEE EASTMAN CORPORATION.SAFETY DEPARTMENT

RECOMI.ISSDiD MiOOSDURS FOE-tHRVlGING jiCOTLaEE IffERAULJC FLASH ARRSSTOKSThe folic,:ins procedure is recommended for draining and charging thehydraulic flash arresters connected in the acetylene headers:
1*
2,
3*
4,

6*
7.
8»
9*
IQ*

Shut o ff a ll valves on the service outletsClose in let valve to arrester,
Vent arrestor to air by opening r e lie f valvea
Hemcve f i l l e r plug*
jJrain by removing plug at bottcm of arrestor.
Flush out with water by charging through the f i l l e rplug opening and f i l l to the overflow level after in­
serting drain plug at bottom of arrestor.
Replace f i l l e r plug,
Before placing back into s r v ic e , purge air out o f ar-»restor by cracking inlet valve, farcing a ir out throughthe vsnt lino*
Close the safety r e lie f valve,
Open in let valve to arrester.

Caution fcotes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

when venting-arrest or, check area near vent opening to
make sure no open flamss or p o ssib ilities o f ignition w ill
occur in the immediate v ic in ity ,After placing arrestor back in service t soap plug con­nections for leaks,,• 'Never attempt to blow water out of arrester with acety­lene. I f water fa ils to drain, unplug by working brassor bronze wire through drain onening.
Report a l l leaks or fau lty valves to your supervisor.
Don*t attempt repairs,
For arresters situated outdoors,, an anti-freeze solutionof half and half {1:1} glycerine and water should be usedduring the winter months.

Good practice requires that these arresters be serviced at two week
intervals.
CLINTON jSNGMJSR ,CPKS
Tennessee iiastman Corporation
Safety Department

COMPANYGAS»CYLINDCRI

M -272 head

M-27|-Boor

W-1731 C heck V a lv e
A s s e m b lyIf
M - 2 7 0 HYDRAULIC FLASHBACK ARRESTORWITH 2 " CONNECTIONSNAT IONAL

m -174 Ga s ket

RESTRIG".

E lectrical Division procedure E") 101
Section H — 1
Issueds 4-2-45
Supersedesj 10-18-44
HEj E1SCTRICAL HOLD OFFS AND LOCK OUTS
GENERALA ll maintenance, repair, and testing of e le c tric circuits and equipment, ether
than those in or fed from Process and Refining High Voltage cubicles, must not
be made until de-energized a;:sd protected as follows:

(a)

154
13«8 EV, 2.300 V feeders and associated equipment and 460 ¥Unit Substation /,CB shall be Tagged.,(b)

A ll 460 V circuits., other than 460 V ABC. end lower voltage circuits
shall be Locked*

Work on energized equipment shall ba performed only by permission and under theconstant supsrvision of an E lectrical Division Foreman and whan the work cannot
be delayed u n til i t is possible to de-energize the equipment
TAGGINGTAGGING RULESI»

Two types o f E lectrical Hold Off tags w ill be used on equipment under thejurisdiction o f T.E.C„i(a)Absolute "Hold O ff:i Ta<?. (red) « When placed upon the control handle
fo r any circu it breaker or switch, absolutely prohibits closing ofthat control* In addition the "Red*' Hold Off Tag prohibits making
alive the associated feeder, circuit, apparatus or equipment from anyother source whatsoever,, A ll work not requiring test voltage shallbe perforaed Tinder nRedn tag*(b)

Potential To,rfc nHold Of f ” Tag (Yellow) - When placed upon the control
handle fo r any circu it breaker or switch absolutely prohibits closing
o f that control except by direct order o f the holder„ Test Voltage
may be applied only T$r holder to the associated feeder, c ircu it,
apparatus or equipr.iento

II.

Only a Foreman or higher of the E lectrical Division shall request placingof Hold O ff tags, except personnel on approved lis ts authorised in thisprocedure«III*

On each approved Hold Off tag w ill be placed the name of the holder, never•|ob t it le s , except the "Head Operator” , E lectrical Control fo r operating
purposes» A ll tags w ill be f i ll e d out by the operator responsible fo r thetag placement*

IVo’’Red and l!Yellow” tags s k ill not be used together on a single feeder orpiece o f equipment. Only one set of wYellcwn tags issued to one holder shallbe placed at any one time on any feeder or equipment. This forbids nYeHot?*tags issued to more than & single holder to be attached together on thesame equipment,, More than one Red Tag* each issued to a single holder
be attached simultaneously to a single feeder or equipment, but a l l placed
C 60

t~
^

assxskSSB S"

ED 101 section H“1Page 2

tags shall be properly removed before any reenergizing of the circuits0V.

I f the Hold Off request is fo r a manufacturer^ representative to work onequipment already in service* it should be made to the Assistant Department
Superintendent or the Hoad Operator, depending on who controls the equips
ment0 The Assistant Department Superintendent or the Head Operator shallarrange the necessary hold-off as outlined under "Request^. This manu­
facturer's representative w ill then work under the tag of a TiSC employee®

¥1.

Hold Off requests for the Stone and Webster Corporation shall be made only
by personnel cn an approved lis t issued by Stone and Webster® A ll tagging
for this personnel shall be handled the same as for TEC personnel,

VIIo

Before placing "Yellow” Hold Off tags the feeder and associated equipment
shall be de-energized. Before placing "Red” Hold Off tags the associatedbreakers sh all be deenergized and moved to a disconnect position and dis­connects opened.

T ill,

Hold Off tags shall be considered individual, and may bs removed only at
the direction of the individual originally requesting its placement. How­ever, in the case of grave emergency, removal may be ordered by the Assistant
Department Superintendent, Department Superintendent or higher, depending on
the department having jurisdiction over the equipment envolved0

IX.

Removal restrictions for Hold Offs and Lock Outs are fo r the protection of
the operating personnel and plant equipment. I t is the responsibility ofthe personnel to request Hold Offs and place looks only whan necessary, andto remove them as rapidly as is safely possible. Whenever feeders orapparatus are le ft in an operating condition, a l l Hold Offs and Locks must
be removed.

1.

Request —(a)

Normal hold o ff requests, not interfering with production, shall be inwriting to the Superintendent, Plant Electrical Department. When therequested hold o ff interferes with production it w ill be referred to
the Superintendent, Electrical Division, who w ill be responsible forobtaining permission from a l l operating divisions affected,, When satis­
factory arrangements have been made, the Superintendent, Plant Electrical
Department w ill instruct the Foreman, Electric Control Operations toorder necessary operations performed by the Roane-Anderson Ejectrical
Operators in substations 1501-1 and 1501-2.

(b )Emergency hold o ff request shall be made by persons so authorized by
the Superintendent, Electrical Division on List A. After complete andpositive identification in person or by telephone to the Head Operator,
the line or equipment w ill be ordered cleared and the necessary Hold
Off tags placed.

RESTRICTED
ED 101 Section H“ 1Page 3He

Procedure—
A ll 154- KV System Hold Off tags w i l l bear an Ordsr Number issued by the
Head Operator as well as the name and badge numbar of the Requestor,- The
Head Operator w i l l infarm the Requestor immediately upon completing a l loperations, and give him the order number, time issued,, and points coveredby the hold off„ The Head Operatos* w ill order ths desired operations on
the 154 XV system by telephone to the Electrical Operators in Substations
1501-1 and 1501-2. Upon completion of the necessary operations the RoaneAnderson Substation Operators w ill then place the requested Hold Off tags
on a ll disconnects and clearance points within the substation areas, andnotify the Head Operator, Similar Hold Off Tags w ill then be placed ty
tli® Head Operator on a ll disconnects and clearance points in the Y~12 area
opened by this operation

III®

Removal154- KV Hold Off tags may be removed only by the direct order of the Re­
questor whose name, badge number, and order number are on the placed Hold
Off tags0 Request for removal w ill be made in person or by telephone to tbs
Head Operator* After removal of placed tags in the TEG area, reclosing dis­connects, and returning breakers to the operating position, the Head Operator
w ill then order the Roane-Anderson Substation Operator to remove the re­maining tags,

11,.8 KV BUS FEED?. BUS TIES. YARD AND CHEMICAL FEEDERS
I.

Request —Normal request, not affecting production, shall be made directly to the Head
Operator, Electrical Control, Whan a requested hold off interferes withproduction i t w ill be referred through to the Superintendent, Electrical
Division, who w ill obtain permission from a l l operating divisions affectedc
Emergency request shall be made directly to Head Operator, Electrical Gontrol
in person or telephone by personnel on. authorized l i s t A. After complete andpositive Identification, tine Head Operator, Electrical Control w ill order theequipment de-energized aad tags placed,

IIo

Procedure ~~A ll Hold Off tags on thia equipment w ill bear an order 'number issued by the
Head Operator, Electrical Control,, The Head Operator -will order the necessary
Control Room Operator to f i l l out and place the tags on the de-energizedequipment. Tags for equipment outside the production buildings w ill be
f ille d out by the Head Operator, Electrical Control, and placed as ordered
by a member of the High Voltage Maintenance Department.

III.

Removal ■=Requests for removal of held o ff tags on this equipment shall be made onlyby the holder directly to the Head Operator, Electrical Control,, After com­plete and positive identification, the Head Operator, Electrical Control,,shall order the tags removed and the equipment returned to the operating
position.

RESTRICTED

ED 101 section H-lpage 4

1*3.8 KV UNIT SUBSTATION FEEDERS AND 2WC) V EQUIPMENT!<.

Request ™
Normal Hold Off requests shall be made to the Assistant Department Superi­
ntendent, When the request w ill a ffe c t production, i t shall be referredthrough to the Superintendent, E lectrical Division,, who w ill obtain permission from a l l operating divisions affected,,
Emergency Hold Off requests shall be made d ire c tly to the Control RoomOperator by personnel on l i s t B„

lie

Procedure
The Control Room Operator after receiving approved normal or emergency re­quests shall f i l l out and place or have placed the necessary tags,

IIIc

Removal «~Requests fo r removal or Hold O ff tags on this equipment shall b® made onlyby the holder in person to the Control Room Operator* Upon proper identi­
fication the tags w ill be removed and the equipment moved to tbs operating
p ositio n Reclosure s t a ll be made -whan ordered by the Build5.ng E lectricalS h ift Foreman or higher*
MOTOR GENERATOR SETS*

I.

Request —>Normal requests fo r Hold Off shall be made in writing to the Building Elec­
tr ic a l Superintendento When the request w ill a ffec t production,, i t shallbe referred through to the Superintendent, E lectrical Division, who w ill
obtain permission from a l l operating divisions affectedo
Emergency requests fo r Hold Offs shall be made d irectly, and in person,,to the Control Room Operator by personnel on l i s t B, I f the request affects
production i t shall be referred fo r approval to the General Foreman on duty.
Conflicting requests fo r placing tags by two requestors shall be referred t©
the General Foreman, who w ill arrange necessary adjustments.

II,

Procedure —Approved normal and emergency hold o ffs fo r Motor Generator sets shall beplaced on the permissive switch of the OCB in the control room by the Con­tr o l Room Operator.
Approved noraal and emergency Hold Offs for Z DC bus, in a l l productionbuildings except 9201-1, shall be placed on the permissive switch of the OCB
in the Control Room by the Control Room Operator a fte r the synchronous machineor machines have stopped rotating. In 9201^1, tracks A -l and A-2 Hold Offs
fo r the Z DC bus shall be attached to the open disconnect switches on thepositive Z side o f the DC Bus Feed breakers and manually operated negative
breakers. The synchronous motors shall be l e f t running on tracks A -l and A-2„

4&&T

ED 101 Section H-lPage 5^hen a request is made to also de-energiso th© DC control circuits on theMotor Generator Control Board, a tag shall be placed on the opened De­
control power supply switch tc the Motor Generator affected,,
XXIe

Remove! —A ll requests fo r removal shall be made by the holder in person to the Con­tr o l Room Operator, who w ill remove the placed tags„

A60 VOLT AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
I 0 Requests —Normal and emsrgency requests shall be made by authorized personnel on a l is t
issued by the Assistant Department Superintendents Request shall be made inparson or over the Building PAX,
IIo

Procedure —When the Control Room Operator has p ositively identified the requestor, hew ill f i l l out the required tago The ass latent Control Room Operator shallde-energize, pull out and tag the requested A0B„ The requestor w ill be
notified when the breaker is taggedo

III»

Removal —A ll requests fo r removal w ill ba made by the holder in parson or over Building
PAX to th® Control Operator„ The Assistant Control Room Operator she. 11 remove
the tag and reclose the breaker as ordered by the Control Room Operator.
LOCKOUTS
A ll circuits o f 4.60 Volts and below, except -460 V A ir Circuit breakers shallbe locked out before maintenance, testing and repair., Equipment operating
at higher voltages may also be locked out as w ell as tagged i f requested by
the tag holder and when fa c ilit ie s are available on the equipment envol'ved0
Two type locks are used fo r E lectrical Division personal protections

Xo

(a)

TEC "Personal Lock'1 - When placed upon the control handle of a switch
absolutely prevents closing of that control0 The key fo r this typa lockis held only by the person placing the lock.

(b)

TEC "Department" Lock - Whan placed upon the control handle o f a switch
absolutely prevents closing of that control® Keys fo r this type lockare held by the Building E lectrical Shift Foreman.

RequestWhen apparatus or circu its are to be taken out o f service, the Operating
Divisions affected must be oroparly notified* Upon completion of satisfactoryarrangements, the Building E lectrical Shift Foreman w ill require a l l personnel
working on the equipment to place protective locks«

RESTRICTED
ED 101 Section H~1

IPage 6

Procedure —Before any mechanical or e lectrica l work is perfomed an individual lock fo r
each worker shall be placed on the control switch or circu it breaker. This
lock should be placed on the operating handle in Much a way as to prevent
energizing the circu it.
A personal lock shall be placed on the circu it by each workman, whether elec­
tr ic a l or mechanical,, involved in the work on the apparatus or circuits. Suchlocks are to be a part o f each workman’ s tool k it. The key w ill be retained
only by the workman who placed the lock.
III.

RemovalUnder normal conditions lock removal shall be made only by the workman who
placed that lock. Upon completions of the required work, the Foreman shallbe notified, and a fte r properly inspecting the apparatus or circu it he i d l iorder ths locks removed.
i f the apparatus or circuits are !!locked out” fo r periods beyond e single s h ift
a "Department5* lock shall be placed instead of a "personal lock” . The Building
E lectrical Shift Foreman on duty can remove the "Department" lock when thecircu it or apparatus is returned to safe operating condition.

)
Approved*/S/ J. L. Holton______,___
Supt., E lectrical Division

I
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EMPLOYEES' ..' v” ^ ^v''lj. ■

CLINTON LABORATORIES
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Sim ilar Handbooks have been issu ed fo r the Power D iv is io n ,Instrument Shop, Maintenance Department, Transportation and T r a f f ic ,and the General P lan t.

C7

Emergency Phone Calls
FIRE DEPT. CALLSBy Fire Alarm
Go to Nearest Fire Alarm Box, Pull the Guard
down, and Press Down Firmly on Interior Hook.
Be Sure to Stay at the Box to Direct Firemen to
the Scene of the Fire.
Learn the Location of All Alarm Boxes andEmergency Equipment in Your Area in A d­vance— This W ill Speed Your Action If the
Need Ever Arises.

By Telephone
Dial 6350
Be Explicit— Give Exact Location of Fire— Be
Sure That You Are Understood, and Stand By
to Direct Firemen to Fire.

AM BULAN CE CALL 6171
MEDICAL SECTION
Dial 6300 Days
6278 Night

PATROL HEADQUARTERS
Dial 6360 or 6171

SAFETY DEPARTMENT
Dial 6344

Keep This Booklet with You for
Ready Reference, and Consult
Your Supervision When in
Doubt As to How to Do
Your Job.

Introduction
This Safety Booklet is dedicated to the pre­vention of personal injuries. You are requested
to study it carefully, learn the safety rules inyour department, and to conform to thesesafe working practices while on the plant.
It is your patriotic duty to keep yourself
healthy and uninjured. Employee working
hours lost now from injuries may cause lossof hundreds of lives on the battlefield.
If in doubt concerning the proper and safe
way to do your job, A L W A Y S consult yoursupervisor, who is ready to assist you with any
problem.
Remember: Your company does not require
you to do any job that cannot be done safely.
Any suggestions which you may have topromote safety, improve your working condi­
tions or improve operating procedures will bemost welcome. Suggestion Boxes for this pur­pose are placed at strategic locations through­out the plant for your convenience.

★
Keep This Booklet with You for
Ready Reference, and Consult
Your Supervision W hen in Doubt
As to How to Do Your Job. . •/2

C L IN T O N LA BO R A T O R IES
G E N E R A L P L A N T S A F E T Y RU LES
1.

Report all injuries, no matter how slight, to yourforeman and go to First A id immediately.
2. Do not undertake any work or operation unless you
have been instructed in the correct method of doingthat work or operation.
3. Do not operate any valve, switch or equipment un­less you have been given the responsibility for theoperation involved.
4. Do not remove any "D a n g e r" tag from any pieceof equipment unless you placed it there. Do not
operate any piece of equipment with a "D a n g e r"
tog on it.
5. Good housekeeping is necessary to safety and must
be maintained. Slippery condition of floors andsteps must be prevented. W alkw ays, passage ways,
and operating areas must not be obstructed withtools, equipment, and materials.
6 . No machine should be operated without all guards
in place. .
7. Goggles must be worn in all work where there is
likely to be flying particles, corrosive or hot liquids,' or other material capable of injuring the eyes. Spe­cial rules on each operation cover this m atter indetail. Goggles must always be worn when metal isstruck by metal.
8 . Do not enter any boiler, heater, or other pieceo f equipment until all valves connecting to it
have been closed, locked, and tagged or blanked
off, and it has been declared safe by your fore­
man or supervisor.
9. Do not disconnect or open up any pipe line, ves­sel, turbine or pump casing, cylinder head or otherequipment capable of holding pressure, until it islocked and tagged and tested by opening a freeblowing bleeder to positively determine that allpressure is relieved from inside of it.
10. Do not attempt to lift or move heavy loads without
adequate assistance.
] 1. Use leather gloves where your hands are likely to
be cut, burned or bruised and always when oper­
ating steam valves.
12. No "horse p la y " or scuffling will be allowed on theplant.

13.

Do not use any broken or defective tools or equip­
ment. Use only the proper tool or equipment for any
job you do. Chisels with mushroomed heads, split
hammer handles, split ladders, are only a few ofthe defects that are not to be tolerated.
14. Do not put broken glass into any trash can. Put it
into the special containers provided for this pur­pose.
15. Use trash cans for trash only, and rag cans forrags.
16. Do not permit strangers to enter your area without
assuring yourself that they have business in there.
17. Tools should not be left lying on pipes, ledges, step
ladders, etc.
18. Boxes, kegs, trestle benches,‘ or any make-shift
equipment should never be used to work or standon; use standard equipment only.
19. M ark all outside roped-off areas at night with red
lanterns.
20. Projecting nails should be removed or turned down
at once.
21. Do not walk through any roped-off area.
22.

Do not walk under over-hanging icicles.

23.

Sleeves should be kept rolled down when working
with chemicals and hot steam lines and valves.
W h e n walkways are not available, w alk on theside of the road facing traffic.
Each employee is held responsible for maintaininga high standard of housekeeping in the area of his
work.

24.
25.

Safety Showers
1.

Safety showers are located throughout the oper­
ating area ond have a green light over each one.
Determine the location of the nearest safety shower
before you begin work.

2.

Keep all approaches to safety showers clear.

3.

Report to First A id after using a safety shower.

4.

Never work on any equipment which possibly might
contain acid or caustic while the water to the safety
showers is off. Never cut off water to safety showers
until all operations in the area affected haveceased.

*4

Reporting Fires
1.

2.

3.

In case of fire turn in an alarm by dialing 6350.
T alk calm ly and be sure you are understood before
you hang up. Be sure and give the building number
and exact location.
Know the location of the nearest phone, gas mask,
and fire extinguishers and know the proper use ofeach.
If you have no assigned responsibility in case offire, report at once to your foreman or homeshop. By all means stay aw ay from the fire andout of the way unless asked to help by an author­
ized person.
Hazardous Materials

1.

2.
3.

Obey all instructions. There are materials on thisplant that are extremely hazardous unless properly
handled.
A ll materials shall be placed in proper containers.
No work of any nature shall be performed in theoperating areas without fu|l instructions from yourforeman. Be sure your presence is known to theoperator and his permission has been given for thework to be done.
Goggles

1.
2.
3.

4.

Chipping and grinding goggles shall be worn attimes when there is exposure to flying particles.
A cid goggles shall be worn whenever there is apossibility of acid splash, drip, spray, or fumes.
Face shields shall be worn when handling hot
liquids such as molten lead. Goggles shall be wornunder face shields at all times.
Persons watching or observing must wear the sameeye protection as the man or men doing the workand should at all times conform to Safety pro­cedures set up for the operation being performed.
Gloves1.
2.

3.

Acid resistant gloves shall be worn when there is apossibility of acid contacting the hands.
Leather gloves shall be worn where there is a pos­sibility of bruising, cutting, chaffing, puncturing, or
blistering the hands.
Contact your foreman for instructions in obtaining
the proper gloves if your work requires them.

Ladders and Scaffolds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

A ny ladder should be inspected before being used.
Ladders must be held while being tied.
If a ladder is not tied, it must be held os long asanyone is on it.
Extension ladders are not to be taken apart andthe parts used separately.
If a ladder is found to be in need of repair, do notuse it; report it to your foreman.
Do not carry tools or equipment in the hands whenascending or descending a ladder. Use a hand line
and tool bag if they will not fit in your pocket.
No more than one person is allowed on a ladder at
one time.
Use only step ladders that are fully opened, or
straight ladders with spikes resting on a plank atleast 2 " x 6 " x 3 " and tied a t top or held at thebottom.
A ll portable, straight, and extension ladders shallbe equipped with safety feet and with six feet ofone-half inch rope spliced in the second rung fromthe top, or a six-foot section of safety chain.
In erecting a ladder, the feet must be kept onefourth of the ladder length from the base of theobject on which it is resting.
W h en using a step ladder, do not ascend higher
than the second step from the top. W hen using astraight or extension ladder, do not ascend higher
than the third rung from the top.
W h en not in use, all ladders must be kept on racks
provided for them. Under no circumstances is aladder to be left standing overnight without ade­quate protection to prevent it from falling or being
bumped into by passers-by.

13.

Do not use a ladder that is too tall or too short.
Get the proper length ladder.

14.

Never leave equipment on top of step ladder or
hanging from straight or extension ladders.

15.

Never stand on handrails, machine guards, piled
boxes, or make-shift devices. Get a ladder.

16.

Never take your hands off the rails while climbing
a ladder. If you must work 'while on a ladder,equip yourself with a safety belt and still try tokeep one hand on the rails.

6
17.

Never lean far to the side while working on aladder. Get down and move the ladder to theright position.
Danger Tags and Locks

1.

Under no conditions is it permissible to work on any
type of moving equipment until its operation has
been prevented.
2. A “ D anger" tag and padlock shall be used for the
purpose of preventing operation of or valve, switch,or piece of equipment.
3. The attached "D a n g e r" tag must be signed to beeffective, and only one signature per tag is per­mitted.
4. Under no condition shall the switch, valve, or
equipment be operated until the lock and tag havebeen removed by the person attaching the tag.
5. Never depend on an energizing or butterfly switch
for protection. Tag and lock out the disconnect
switch of the equipment involved.
6 . W h en the situation concerns more than one de­partment or craft, each shall apply its own tag orlock.
7. Each tag or lock can only be removed by the man
applying the tag or supervision of senior supervisors,or higher level, in the event the condition carries
through a shift change,
8 . The reason for application of the tag or lock must
always be stated on a "D a n g e r" tag.
W o rk on Acid Lines, Valves, or Pumps
1.

2.
3.

Locate nearest safety shower and be sure the way
to it is kept clear of obstructions. Have a hose andrunning water ready to play on acid spills.
Area must be roped off and danger signs posted.
M en on lower levels must be warned.
Trace down all connecting lines and make sure thatany "flo w b a c k " or "b a c k pressure" is impossible.
Regardless of other precautions taken, regard allacid lines as full when breaking flanges.
Overhead W o rk

1.

\

W h en overhead work must be done, the area below
the work, subject to falling objects, splashes, drips,
etc., must be roped off. If necessary, signs shall be72.

placed, and a man posted on guard. Be sure to warn
any operating personnel of the affected area.
Avoid working under a fellow employee wheneverpossible. If such becomes necessary, a hard hat
must be worn.
Open Holes and Pits

1.

2.

Open holes or pits must be guarded by a wooden
rail or roped off. If rope is used, loosely wrap rags
at intervals to increase visibility of the rope.
Excavations left open overnight shall be indi­cated by ndequate lights.
Electrical Equipment

1.
2.
3.
'

A ny changes in electrical equipment are to bemade by electricians only.
Stand to the right of switches and operate handle
with your left hand.
A ll extension cords, portable electric drills, drop
lights, etc., must be numbered and sent to theElectrical Department for regular checking.
Cleaning of Equipment

1.

Equipment to be worked on in the operating areas
will be turned over to the M aintenance Departmentby the Operating Department, clean, safe, andready for mechanics. Extensive co-operation in thisrespect is required.

1.

Only authorized persons are permitted to operatemachinery and equipment.
Before operating any machinery or equipment,
consult your foreman, who will furnish instruc­tions and proper supervision.
Be sure all guards are properly in place before
operating an y equipment.

Operating M achinery and Equipment2.

3.

W ashing Down Equipment
1.
2.
3

Use only as much water as is necessary.
Avoid turning water on electrical switches or equip­
ment.
If it is necessary to wash electricaf, fixtures, call anelectrician. Turn off lights and allow globes to coolfor two or three minutes to avoid cracking.

1

C H E M IC A L D IV ISIO N
G E N E R A L LA B O R A T O R Y SA F E T Y RU LESPart IThe general rules listed below cover the usual labora­
tory hazards to be encountered here. Anyone uncover­ing additional hazards or suggesting changes in theserules should report them to H. S. Brown. The rules are
to apply to all general laboratories excepting special
ones in which there are special hazards inherent in theiruse. Special rules will be written to cover these rooms.
A ny of the following rules may be modified or abro­gated if in the judgment of the shift or group leader therule in question seriously interferes with the successfulprosecution of the work, and provided such shift orgroup leader submits a written report to the chairmanof the divisional safety committee (Johnson) explaining
the change or abrogation of the rule.
Report all injuries, immediately, to supervision andthe health division. In case of accidents wherein aweight-bearing part of the body is involved or where
there is any doubt as to the seriousness of the injury, adoctor should be called or the patient taken to First Aidin the ambulance.
I. Housekeeping
A . The use of hazardous materials in research anddevelopment makes good housekeeping of the utmost
importance. Laboratories must be kept in a neat, orderly
condition. Floors, shelves, and tables must be kept freefrom dirt and from all apparatus and chemicals not
actually necessary. The janitor is available for assistancein housekeeping.
B. Keep everything in its place. Items should be picked
up at once when dropped on the floor.
C. Equipment stored on shelves should be so placedthat it cannot be jarred off easily.
D. A ll necessary piles of equipment or materials must
be made structurally sound. Place all unused equipment
in storage, if available.
E. Food and clothing must not be kept in the w’orking
areas, provided adequate locker space is available.' Lab­
oratory glassware shall not be used for food containers.
Lunches are not to be eaten in the laboratory.

9
F. W aste receptacles should be supplied for materialsof all kinds, and as many different receptacles should
be provided as may be necessary to avoid mixing dan­gerous materials.
G. Dispose of all inflammable packing materials im­
mediately.
II. Safeguards
Before undertaking any unfamiliar operation, be sure
you know the method of operation, the hazards involved,
etc. Know the location of all safety and fire protection
equipment in your vicinity. Test safety showers weekly.
A . Smoking is permitted in all areas except thoseposted "N o Sm oking." The use of strike-anywherematches is discouraged.
B. Eye protection is required in laboratories and shops.
The degree of protection required varies with the extent
of the hazard. Cover-all goggles must be used during
mechanical operations such as chipping and grinding
where particles may fly. A t all times hardened lens
spectacles must be used in shops, laboratories and semi­
works. Correction spectacles, unhardened, are considered
as satisfactory protection only until hardened prescrip­tion glasses are available. Goggles and plain hardened
lens spectacles are stocked in the storeroom. Spectacleswith correction lenses are handled through the M edical
Division on receipt of employee's prescription. Adjust­ments are made by the plant M edical Division.
C. Foot protection is required wherever temporary
shielding is used or shielding blocks are handled.
D. Hands must be protected from contamination as
well as from cuts, abrasions and burns. Hands should bethoroughly scrubbed before eating, smoking or leaving
the plant. Rubber or rubber impregnated gloves must beworn whenever large quantities of acid, alkali or othercorrosive liquids are handled. Cotton or leather gloves
must be worn when handling concrete blocks, lead bricks
or other rough or heavy objects.
E. Coveralls or laboratory coats must be worn by all
personnel working in laboratories or semi-works, this rule
to become mandatory when such coveralls are available
to all. Coveralls are recommended.
F. All-Service gas masks for emergencies are a vail­able. Learn the locations of these.

10
G. Adequate ventilation should be maintained in all
working areas.
H. A fter working hours no laboratory or semi-works
operation should be continued unless adequate safe­
guards for the operator are provided. Another man must
always be within calling distance unless otherwise desig­
nated by supervision.
I. A ll moving parts of heavy machinery must be en­closed or adequately guarded. Loose, clothing should not
be worn near operating machinery.
J. "H orse p la y " and "s tu n t" experiments are forbid­
den.
K. Do not open the top of a centrifuge until rotation
has stopped.
L. Molten materials, oil baths, etc. used at high tem­
peratures should be handled in such a w ay that the ma­
terial will not spill or splash on the user should the con­tainer break.
M . If lusteroid tubes are to be remolded by dipping in
hot glycerine, the following set-up must be used: glycer­
ine in a metal container heated by an electric hot plate,the container and hot plate securely clamped to avoid
tipping or accidental displacement.
N. Gas burners must be turned off at the petcockrather than at the base of the burner.
O.
Stopcocks on compressed air, gas, vacuum andwater lines should be closed before leaving unattended.
Changes in pressure may cause rubber tubing to become
loosened with resultant damage.
P. Electric ovens used for drying lusteroids or vaporiz­
ing organic materials must never be latched shut.
Q. Repairs to electrical equipment (electronics cir­
cuits excepted) should be made by an electrician. Re­
pairs to electronics circuits are to be made only byauthorized persons of the electronics or instruments
groups. Supervision can make alterations to this rule
where necessary.
R. Electrical grounding is required on fill equipment
connected to any plant electrical services. Incorrect re­placement of wires on extension cord plugs may resultin equipment being more dangerous than if ungrounded.
Three-prong grounding plugs are required on all portableequipment.
S. Most electric refrigerator units have motor and11lamp switches located inside the refrigerator. Care should
be exercised not to put any materials in the box which
could form explosive air-vapor mixtures at the operating
temperature of the box.
T. Pipetting by mouth suction will not be permittedwith hazardous solutions. Use bulb or vacuum line in all
such cases.
U. High pressure operations must be carried out be­hind adequate safety shields. Equipment for vacuum andfor pressure work should be carefully designed and con­structed.
V . Desiccators under vacuum should
against breakage by suitable shields.

beprotected

W . Flat-bottomed flasks should not be used undervacuum unless made of heavy glass and used cold.
X . Use Pyrex instead of thin glass Dewar flasks whenpossible. Dewar flasks must be taped or inserted inmetal containers to protect the user from explosion andflying glass.
Y . Glass under pressure is very uncertain. Failure oc­
curs over a wide range of pressures. Annealing is very
important. Full protection by gauntlet and towel whenhandling and by shield when operating is necessary.
Z. Castalloy clamps are made from zinc and are a c ­cordingly low melting and of low tensile strength. They
should not be used to support vessels being heated di­
rectly by gas or electric heater. Convection currents
from heaters have melted tips two feet above the burner.
A A . Compressed gases and liquids in large cylinders
should be piped into laboratories from outside storage
whenever their use is anticipated for an extended pe­
riod. Cylinders moved into the laboratory temporarily
should be securely strapped or chained. W here thequantity o f gas required is small, the small laboratory
cylinders should be used. W hen gas is not being used,the cylinder valve should be closed. W h en opening valves
on cylinders of gases, the operator should stand as far
aw ay as possible from the valye and reducing mecha­
nism and to one side of the discharge pipe. Gas cylinders
should not be set up directly beside a flask which is being
heated. They should not be kept in a hood when re­actions with flammable material are being carried out.
Cylinders containing more than a few pounds of pres­sure should have a regulating needle valve. Cylinders

12
may not be heated by means other than hot w ater or
infra-red radiation lamps, and no portion of any cylinder
may ever be heated above 100° C.
A B. Bottles of hydrogen peroxide, once opened,should be only loosely stoppered thereafter.
A C . Spilled mercury must be cleaned up a t once.
AD. Dry ice or liquid air should never be stored in acontainer which can be accidentally stoppered.
A E. Fuming material should be handled under ahood or with a gas mask.
A F. Bottles or other containers, when filled, should
always be labeled. To use unlabeled materials is dan­gerous and is forbidden.
AG. Inflammable or highly volatile solvents may not
be stored in Building 706-A in greater than one-gallon
quantities. Use the outside storage shed for larger
quantities.
A H . Filled five-gallon bottles containing noninflam­
mable liquids must be carried in wooden crates or in
pails. Bottles of this size sometimes slip from the barehands and are broken, causing cuts in addition to what­ever hazard the material in the bottles may involve.
III. Laboratory Chemical Disposal
A. Acids and strong alkalis in small quantities should
be drained into the sink while flushing with water. Suchmaterials should never be put into the refuse containers.
B. Flammable liquids in large quantities not misciblewith water must be collected in a closed metal can andburned a t the burning yard or poured into an outside
solvent waste can. Those miscible with water can bepoured down the drain if dissolved in at least twenty
parts of water; otherwise they should be treated in thesame manner as the non-miscible liquids.
C. Cyanides and other materials capable of evolving
poisonous gases must not be emptied into drains or
sewers.
D. Toxic and sensitive chemicals from the laboratories
must be disposed of under designated supervision (groupleader).
;IV. Chemical Hazards: Toxicity
A chemical compound should be regarded as toxic if it
can cause any appreciable disturbance of normal physi­
ology. The fact that it does not produce spectacular dam­

13
age is no indication that it is harmless. Absorption of
toxic materials can occur by inhalation, by mouth, orby skin contact.
By inhalation, concentrations as low as one part per
million in the atmosphere of a laboratory or work shop
have caused significant harm in the case of certain com­pounds. W henever compounds are inhaled they are also
swallowed, since material entering the nose and mouth
can be partially dissolved in saliva and so enter thestomach. Inhalation can usually be controlled by proper
ventilation.
Skin contact is a very common method of absorption
and can be avoided only by scrupulous cleanliness bothof the person and of the clothing.
It must be remembered that the solubility of com­pounds in the test tube is not an indication of the solu­
bility of these compounds in the body. Therefore thefact that a compound is relatively insoluble must never
be taken to indicate that it cannot damage the living
tissue (for example, silica is relatively insoluble but cancause serious lung damage).
The following groups of compounds should be re­garded as hazardous and should be handled with every
possible care:
Gases— Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrocyanic acid
CyanogenSulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Phosgene
Gaseous hydrocarbons
N itric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NOo)
Nitrous oxide (N 2O)_

Hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide are danger­
ous materials and should be used under a. hood. Solu­
tions of cyanides should be disposed of by a'chem ist andnot left for those who do not know the danger. Artificial
resuscitation and oxygen inhalation are first-aid measuresfor hydrogen sulfide, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide
poisoning. In case of inhalation of NO 2 fumes, absolute
immobilization must be enforced and the hospital noti­
fied at once.

14
Solvents— A ll solvents, even though they might berelatively inactive from the chemical standpoint, should
be regarded with great suspicion until proved non-toxic.
Those definitely known to be toxic include:
Analine
Methyl alcohol
BenzeneTolueneXyleneHalogenated hydrocarbons, both aliphatic and aro­
matic
Ethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol
Esters of ethylene glycol (cellosolve and methyl cellosolve)
Other organic chemicals— The following group ofchemical compounds should be regarded as potentially
toxic:
Formic acid
Formaldehyde
Aliphatic and aromatic amino compounds (including
hydrazine and hydroxylamine)
Aliphatic and aromatic nitro and dinitro compounds,
especially dinitro and dinitrochlor compounds
A liphatic and aromatic sulfur compounds containing-SH or -S-S groupings
Quinones
A lkyl compounds of lead, mercury, tin, silicon (e.g.,
tetraethyl lead)
A lkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl sulfate)
Phosphates and phosphites of phenols (e.g., diortho
cresyl phosphate)
Acid anhydrides and chlorides
Dowtherm and allied heat-transfer aids (W h ile notactive poisons, these have a cumulative effectwhich results in bodily changes after long ex­
posure. They are readily absorbed by the skinand by clothing, particularly leather and wool.
In case of exposure the exposed parts should be
washed and the clothing should be aired.
Inorganic substances— Toxic inorganic substances in­clude the following:15
Lead, mercury, silver, copper, osmium and their com­pounds
SilicaFluorides
Chromium salts and chromates
Zinc in the form of soluble salts
Arsenic compounds
Antimony compounds
Tuballoy compounds
V. Chemical Hazards: Fire and Explosion
Violent exothermic reaction and rapid decompositionof unstable compounds is an ever-present hazard in mostlaboratories. Chemists should keep aware of this hazard
and use explosion shields when in doubt. A number ofcommon chemicals react in this manner when subjectedto the wrong, conditions. There are also lesser known
compounds that have been found by experience to beunstable. Dangerous materials should never be turned
over to helpers without warning.
W henever ethyl ether must be used in the laboratory,
it should be used in the hood or in an enclosed systemand then only when a CO 2 extinguisher is in the imme­
diate vicinity.
Hazardous common chemicals, such as sodium, po­tassium, phosphorus, chlorates and sodium peroxide,
should be kept in the laboratory only under direct super­
vision of the group leader responsible for the operation
involved.
A ny equipment in which non-inert gases have beenused or measured must be thoroughly flushed with aninert gas (N 2, CO 2, He) immediately after use.
A . Perchlorates
The use of perchlorates should be avoided where pos­sible. Magnesium perchlorate is the most commOn re­agent. It and other perchlorates should be used with thefollowing restrictions:1.
Only persons thoroughly fam iliar with the hazards
involved should be asked to handle vessels containing
these materials. Handling of spent or fresh perchlorate
drying agents should not b'^ left to janitors, clean-up
men, or laborers.

16
2. Perchlorates should never be used as drying agents
where there is possibility of contact with a strong enoughdehydrating acid to permit formation of perchloric acidover 7 0 % in strength.
3. Perchlorates should not be used where other safer
drying agents will give satisfactory results.
W ith dry alkyl halides, perchlorates react to form freehalogen acids and explosive quantities of perchloric acid.
Silver perchlorate crystals are highly unstable.
An A S T M pamphlet supplies the following informa­tion concerning perchloric acid:W h ile perchloric acid of 7 0 % strength may beboiled with impunity at approximately 2 0 0 ° C., itcannot be too strongly emphasized that contact of theboiling undiluted acid or hot vapor of perchloric acidwith organic matter, or even easily oxidized inorganic
matter such as compounds of trivalent antimony, willlead to serious explosions. If oxidizable substances arepresent, nitric acid must be always added as a pre­cautionary measure before the addition of per­chloric acid and evaporation of fumes of the acid.
Do not use rubber thumb stalls around fuming per­chloric acid. Handle with beaker tongs. Perchloric
acid evaporations should be done in a hood with gooddraft. Hoods with wood frames in which a great dealof H C I O 4 is fumed should be washed occasionallywith water. Perchloric acid fumes attack wood, m ak­
ing it very inflammable. Also, the fumes condensein the hoods, and may form explosives with am ­monia and nitric acid fumes. Frequent (weekly)
washing out of the hood and ventilator ducts withwater is necessary to avoid danger of spontaneous
combustion or explosions where this acid is used con­stantly.
6.
Sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate solu­
tions used in purification in absorption trains shouldhave an empty trap between them.
C. Phosphorus trichloride containing moisture may,under certain circumstances, form some phosgine whenheated, and explode violently.
D. Aluminum chloride should be considered as a po­
tentially dangerous material. If moisture is present, suf­
ficient decomposition to build up considerable pressure
m ay result. If a bottle is to be opened after long stand­ing, enclose it completely in a heavy towel.

(

17
E. Diethyl and diisopropyl ether have been known to
explode violently because of the formation of peroxideduring heating or refluxing. Ferrous salts or sodium sul­fite will decompose these peroxides; titanium salts will
give color reactions (Chem. Zentr., 1928, p. 897).
F. Ammonia and mercury in contact have been known
to form explosive compounds (Ind. Eng. Chem. News
Edition, 1932).
G. Sodium and potassium scrap should not be placedin ethanol or methanol for disposal. Reaction with buta­
nol or other high boiling alcohol is better. Adding small
increments of ethanol to sodium under toluol, or small
increments of water to sodium under kerosene, is alsosafe. A ll of these reactions should be carried out in ahood.
H. Hydroxylamine derivatives, particularly those re­lated to hydroxamic acid, should be treated as explosive
compounds. They should be handled behind screen witha full complement of safety devices.
I. A new or unfamiliar product whose stability has
not been tested thoroughly or is not known, should not be
stored in tightly sealed containers unless absolutely nec­
essary, and in such cases should be examined frequently.
V I. Chemical Hazards: H F Handling
A . Rubber gloves should be used whenever H F
handled.

isB. The boiling point of anhydrous H F is 2 0 ° C. Neveruse a cylinder of this material unless its temperature is
2 5 ° C. or above.
C. If H F is spilled on the floor, it should be neutralizedwith lime or lime water and flushed with copious amountsof water.
D. Buckets of lime water should be placed a t con­venient locations in each working area and hands rubbed
therein after each exposure to HF.
E. M gO paste should be applied immediately afterrinsing wherever H F is known to have come in contact
with the skin. Then report directly to the plant hospital.
F. Lines used for transferring anhydrous H F mustbe allowed to drain and vaporize into a hood before
moving or storing. Room temperature of 2 5 ° C. or aboveis essential for rapid evaporation.of the remaining HF.

INDEX
Chemical Division
General Laboratory Safety Rules★
Part I

General Plant Safety Rules

Part IIClassified

I.

Housekeeping

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

II.

S a fe g u a rd s .......................................9

III.

Laboratory Chemical Disposal .

.

12

IV.

Chemical Hazards: Toxicity

.

12

V.

Chemical Hazards Fire and..................... 15
Explosion.

V I.

Chemical Hazards: H F Handling .

.

8

17

CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS CORPORATIONPOST OITICS BOX P
OAK RIDGE, TENN.
SAFETY BULLETIN NO. 1
CYLINDER STORAGE AND HANDLING
1.01
All cylinders shall be stored in warehouses K-1025-A-B-C-D and E andno other materials shall be stored in the same building with these cylinders. 1
1.02
When shipments of cylinders are received the safety cap on each cylinder
shall be inspected for evidence of leakage. 1Loosened caps shall be tightened.
Cylinders showing evidence of a white deposit shall be considered as leaking anddisposed of in accordance with paragraph 1.12,

1.03
One cylinder at a time shall be lifted from the truck by means of themono-rail hoist. The cylinder shall then bo brought inside the warehouse to thecenter of the main aisle where it shall be weighed and then carried by use of themono-rail hoist to the point where it is to be stored.
1.04
Cylinder storage in each building shall be limited to four p ile s , twop iles in each end of the building with an a isle between. Each pile shall be lim­
ited to a base of fifteen (15) cylinders and with four (4) cylinders the maximum
height. Cylinder p iles shall be started on chocked stringers which are provided.
1.05
Where feasible, withdrawal of cylinders shall be limited to a particularbuilding un til the stock of cylinders in the building has been exhausted.
1.06
Withdrawal of cylinders from active storage shall be a function of the
Operating Department and shall be limited to as few persons as possible,
1*07
Only thoroughly trained and fully competent personnel should be assigned
to the handling of cylinders.
1*08
A list of personnel assigned to handling cylinders shall be furnished by
the Area Supervisor to the Medical Department who will arrange for the periodic
examination of these employees.
1*09
When entering buildings where cylinders are stored, operating personnel
shall be on the alert for evidence of leaking cylinders.- If the building air isdifficult to breathe or if there is any evidence of smoke or fog from hydrolysedmaterial, the building shall be closed immediately and not re-entered for ten (lO)
days.
1.10
At the expiration of ten (lO) days the building shall be opened by arepresentative of the Operating Department accompanied by the Area Safety Engineer.
If there is no evidence of smoke or fog from hydrolysed material and breathing is
not restricted, it shall be considered safe for operating personnel (wearing
clothing and protective equipment specified in paragraph 1.17) to enter the build­
ing.
1.11
The leaking cylinders shall then be located and marked and the interiorof the building shall be thoroughly washed with water.

SAFETY BULLETIN NO. 1

-

2 -

1.12
Following washing operations, the leaking cylinders shall be removed tothe outside of the building and depressured into water. The leaking valve shallthen be replaced with a normal unit or the opening closed with a plug. The cyl­
inder shall then be transported to the process area.
1.13
Daring the depressuring operation, copious ©mounts of air shall be blown
across the cylinder and away from the operator.
1.14

Inactive warehouses shall be inspected weekly by the Area Safety Engineer.

1.15
When handling contaminated cylinders, a ll personnel shall wear coveralls
and neoprene gloves as minimum protection.
1.16
When i t is necessary for personnel to enter an area where breathing isd iffic u lt due to hydrolysed material, an air supplied mask shall be worn and thelegs of coveralls shall be tigh tly fastened at the ankles.
1.17
Diring the washing down of the interior of a building* a ll personnel
engaged in this operation shall wear l) neoprene (or rubber) boots, 2) coverallswith legs worn inside of boots, 3) neoprene gloves, and 4) Comfo Respirator(BM-2101 with dust f ilt e r BM-2133).
1.18
Eating in storage buildings is prohibited. Chewing tobacco, candy#
chewing gum, etc. shall not be carried into contaminated areas.
1.19
All tools and equipment used in connection with the plugging or revalving of cylinders shall be thoroughly washed in a sodium carbonate solution, fo l­lowing by rinsing with tap water,
1.20
A ll clothing and protective equipment worn by personnel handling cyl­
inders, or working in contaminated areas, shall be returned to the Safety Depart­
ment*

November 25, 1944

CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS CORPORA:OAK RIDGE, TENN.
SAFETY BULLETIN NO. 5.
OPERATION OF SERVICE AND PURGE AND PRODUCT ROOMS.
5.01. All non-essential personnel shall be kept out o f Service and Purge
and Product rooms.
5.02. Persons engaged in the manipulation o f any valve shall wear neo­prene or canvas gloves.
5.03.
The orifice by-pass in the refrigerant line shall not be opened
while the cold trap is above -25°F«
5.04. Before disconnecting any portion of the process system, the sectionof line to be broken shall be evacuated and purged. The section to bebroken should be isolated by two valves, preferably with a purge seal be­
tween.
5.05. Neoprene or canvas gloves shall be worn by those breaking connect­ions or handling equipment, the exposed surfaces o f which may be contamin­
ated with process material.
5 .0 6 . Storage and product drums shall be handled with extreme caution,
taking care that they do not bump against other equipment. One productshipping cylinder shall be f ille d and removed from the p it before anotherproduct shipping cylinder is f ille d .
5.07. Each member o f the regular operating crew, and each other person
whose duties regularly require entry to the Servioe or Purge and Productroom, shall wear attached to his person, when entering such rooms, a U. S.
Army Assault Mask.
Each person, other than personnel covered by the above paragraph,shall wear attached to his person, when entering the Service or Purge andProduct room, an "A ll Service" mask equipped with model "S " cannister.
5 .0 8 . In the event o f a leak, each person in the Service or Purge and Pro­
duct room shall immediately don his mask and leave the room by the nearest
exit.
5 .0 9. Immediately upon evacuation o f personnel from room, the doors andwall louvers shall be closed and the ventilating fans shut down.
5.10. Persons shall return to room only to carry out instructions of theforeman, and each person so returning shall wear the protective equipment
specified in paragraph 5 .1 4 , except that a s e lf contained oxygen breathing
unit shall be substituted for the Dustfoe Respirator.
5 .1 1. After a settling period of about a half hour to an hour, the venti­
lating fans shall be turned on and the wall louvers put back on automatic
operation. After the atmosphere has clearcd, persons wearing the protec­
tive equipment specified in paragraph 5.14 shall enter the room for in­spection.
5.12. Maintenance work shall be deferred
ation of room, as described in paragraph 5

SAFETY BULLETIN NO. 5 .

5.13. I f any dust has settled out on floor* walls* or equipment, i t shallbe removed by the minimum number of men consistent with e fficie n t oper­
ation, but a minimum o f two persons shall always be preseht in-the room, andone outside as precautionary measure. Dust shall be removed by mefins ofan approved type vacuum cleaner. Such decontamination shall be carried out
as rapidly as possible.
5.14. Persons engaged in the removal of dust shall wears (1) Gauntlet
type neoprene gloves, (2) Clearvue Dustfoe Respirators (BM 2147 with BM2148 dust f i l t e r ) , (3) head covering, (4) rubber boots, and (5) special
coveralls with legs outside of boots, and tightly fastened at bottom.
5 .1 5. Eating in Service' rooms and Purge and product Rooms is prohibited.
Chewing tobacco, candy, chewing gum, lunches, etc .f shall not be carried
into Servioe or Purge and Product Rooms.
*

5.16. All clothing and protective equipment which has been worn in con­taminated areas shall be turned over to the Safety Department,

March 9 ,1945

CABBIDE & CARBON CHEMICALS CORPORATIONOAK RIDGE, TENN.

SAFETY BULLETIN NO. 11.
OPERATICN OF DEGREASING & PICKLING AREA.
11.01

All persons engaged in guiding equipment into or out of tanks
shall wear goggles.

11.02

Persons handling surfaces wet with any of the liquids used incleaning shall wear neoprene gloves.

11.03

Persons adding acid or alkali to the cleaning tanks from carboys
or drums shall wear acid goggles, rubber aprons and neoprene
gloves.

11.04

Persons adding ammonia to the cleaning tank shfill wear a chemical
cartridge respirator with GMD cartridge in addition t o t h e pro­tection called for in paragraph (1 1 .0 3 ).

11.05

In mixing water and concentrated sulfuric ocid, the acid shall be
added to the water, never the water to the acid.

11.06

Material shall be lowered into and removed from the cleaning tankslowly to avoid splashing.

11.07

Hot trichlorethylene shall not be sprayed on equipment unless such
equipment is below vapor lin e.

11.08

Material being removed from a cleaning tank shall be suspended
over the tank until drainage is no more than dropwise. In thecase of removal from degreaser, equipment shall be suspended forone minute above the vapor line and below the draft lin e.

11.09

Piping shall be so suspended in slings that drainage w ill becomplete and no liquid w ill bo trapped.

11.10

A ll acid or alkali equipment shall be draired of i t s contents
and thoroughly flushed with water before any work on i t is begun.

11*11

Rubber, neoprene, or rubber or neoprene covered gloves and acidgoggles shall always be worn by persons breaking connections onacid or alkali equipment.

11.12

Prolonged breathing of trichlorethylene vapors shall be avoided.
A chemical cartridge respirator with GMC cartridge shall be wornin locations where bad sp ills occur, until atmosphere is cleared.

11.13

Persons in the vicinity o f trichlorethylene operations shall notsmoke.

SAFETY BULLETIN NO.

11.

(c o n t»d )OPEHATX CN OF DEGREASING & PICKLING AREA.
11.14

No one shall enter the degreaser unless i t has been drained,
ventilated until free of solvent vapors and declared safe forentry by the r unking supervisor.

11.15

The degreaser p it shall not be entered until ventilationequipment has beon checkod &nd found to be in operation.

11.16

Compressed air hose must not be directed at personnel.

April 26, 1945

H EM AL SAFETY M ILESF E R C L E V E C O R P O R A TIO N
O A K RIDGE, T E N N E S S E E((TABLE OF CONTENTS

TO:

Page No.
'

Working Together - Security
and Safety:

4j

On the Job

5

O ff the Job

6

General Rules

7

Protective Equipment

8

Protective Clothing

9

Personal Hygiene

10Fire Protection

11

Housekeeping

13

Maintenance

14

Hand Tools

15

Ladders

16
1

t

'

A LL FERCLEVE EMPLOYEESThe Fercleve Corporation is a majorpart of the National War Program, andits continuous SAFE operation is impeiative. Every means will be used to safe­
guard the personnel and the Plant pro­perty.
Avoidable conditions are responsible
for a large majority of injuries to em­
ployees,andany
indifference
to
SAFETY RULES on the part of an
employee cannot be excused or condoned.
Safety is imperative; health is es­
sential; and efficiency is the quality
most valuable in an employee. Eachis dependent upon the other. Safety
is not attainable in the absence ofgood health, nor is it realized by an
inefficient worker. ' Good health de­pends upon freedom from accident;
healthy employees are usually the mostefficient.
Those in charge of the operation
have the same responsibility for accident prevention as they have for any
phase of the work under their direction,and it is to be clearly understood thatno job is well done unless the accident
record on that particular job is above
criticism.

2The Management of Fercleve Cor­
poration will welcome any suggestions
made by employees in the interests offurthering safety and efficiency in theoperation of the Fercleve Plant.

WORKING TOGETHERSECURITY AND SAFETY
Two very important functions must
be carried out by Fercleve Corporationaccording to existing rules and regul­
ations: SECURITY AND SAFETY.
You are honor bound as a loyal
American to observe all Security rulesof C. E. W . and S-50 Area. You must,for your own self-preservation, while
on or off the job, follow safety rules
as set out in your Hand Book.
The Jap-Nazi spy system is des­perately interested in all information
about important American war work.
Any bits of information about this job
may help them piece together the size,
scope, nature, purpose, progress of thisproject. Unnecessary talking or writ­ing may unintentionally help the enemy
know the character and status of thework, as well as the location and im­
portance of facilities or equipment.
Refraining from talking and writing
about the Project except when author­

4

$

\

ized to do so as part of your job is a
“ must” in our effort to stop highly
trained enemy agents from successfully
attacking our country from within.
To make this job really count,remember the following commonsense
rules:O N LY when it is your responsibility
to do so.
TEST:
“ Is
necessary?”

telling

or writing

this

ON THE JOBREPORT all persons who shirk
their security duty.
You may help
them help the enemy if you don’t.

PROTECT all Project equipment,
facilities, material and information.

O FF THE JOBREPORT any unauthorized persons
in your section seeking information
about your job.

PROTECT all Project information
when in buses, trains, stores, meetings,
and with neighbors.

KNOW only your job. Curiosity
about this Project beyond your own
part in it is dangerous, unnecessary,and may lead you to violate security
regulations. If you need to know, youwill be told.

REFRAIN from giving Project
information to members of your family
or others not specifically authorized.

W E A R identification badges inplain sight at all times while on the
Project.
SPIKE rumors and gossip about
the job.
The confusion, fear, slow
ing-up of work, resulting from rumors
are unnecessary. Be on guard! Ru­mors “ may be made in Japan.”
TALK AND WRITE about the job

AVOID discussing the Projectwith other project workers even though
they are from your own section.
TH INK before you write! Bits of
information about the Project may getloose if you forget your security duty.
TH INK OF SECURITY A T A L L
TIME£.

<

GENERAL RULES
1. Employees are allowed in the Plant
only at such times, and in such build­ings, as their plant badges permit, andthem only in such departments as theirduties require.
2. Enter and leave the Plant Area
only by the gate designated; namely,
the gate on the Fercleve Road.
3. Employees are requested to readand observe bulletin board material
and other printed safety notices.
4. Private cars shall be parked indesignated areas only; and whan driven
through the Plant Area, shall not exceed
the speed of 10 M. P. H.
5.

Horse play is prohibited at all times.

6. No running is permitted in build­ings or in yards.
7. No employee will be permitted toreport for work under the influence ofliquor.
Any infraction of this rule will subject
those concerned to immediate dism'ssal.
8. Everyemployeeshouldreportpromptly to his foreman any condition
affecting the safety of h'mself or of a4

fellow employee.
9. Create no nuisance. Be clean andhelp keep the Plant clean.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
1. Appropriate protective equipment
will be made available to all personnel
whose duties require its use.
The
proper application and use of thisequipment must be followed.
2. Unless otherwise shielded at themachine or source, employees who are
performing work which involves dan­ger of eye injury must wear approved
goggles, safety spectacles.
3. Approved respiratory equipment
must be worn when employees perform
work involving that type of hazard.
4. Fercleve employees can expect
properly fitted, clean, sterilized goggles
or respirators, with straps for fasten­ing same, at all times. Report them
if found to be otherwise.
5. Gloves must not be worn whenworking on machinery while in motion.
Rubber gloves should be worn whenhandling acids.
6. Always wear a safety belt whenworking in high places.

7. Neckties should never be worn bymachine operators or others who comein contact with moving machinery.

2. This clothing will be issued fromthe Change House, and is to be turnedin there for laundering once a week.

8. The wearing of finger rings :’ s for­bidden. Safety shoss are recommended.
Goggles must be worn when:a.

Working with acidsb.

Dry grindingc.

Chippingd.

Weldingmetalorpouring

4. Hard hats are furnished all em­
ployees working in the Process Building,and persons who work therein are ex­pected to wear them when in the build­ing.

moltene.

“ Busting” concrete, rivets, etc.

f.

When biowing ch'ps, drilling,etc., from castings or machineryg.

Doing all other work where*
there is a possibility of eye
injury.

PROTECTIVE

3. Neo-prene gloves are provided forall employees handling acids. Asbestos
gloves are available to all employees
handling “dry ice.”

CLOTHING

5. Employees working in operations
should take care to see that the solesof their shoes are in good condition.
This will insure greater protection
against corrosive chemicals.

,

1. Employees working in the Process
Area must wear two layers of clothing:a.

One layer will consist of longunderclothingb.

The second layer will consistof coveralls.
9(

6. The sleeves and trouser legs should
be closely fastened at the wrists andankles.
PERSONALj

HYGIENE

1.
Personal cleanliness is an importantfactor in maintaining the health stand­ards . of this Plant.
All employees
working in operations are required tobathe' thoroughly at the end of eachshift.

10

2. Work clothes are to be left in the
Change House at the end of your shift.
Never wear your work clothes home.

3. Thoroughly acquaint yourself wiih
the safety exits of the building inwhich you are employed, the locationof automatic sprays, and the nearest
alarm box or telephone, which are to
be used in case of emergency. In suchcases, it is important that you state
exactly where the fire is and its nature.

3. All employees should wash theirhands thoroughly before eating any
food..
4. No food is to be eaten in the Pro­
cess building at any time.

4. Employees are required to take partin all fire drills in the area of their err J
ployment, remembering to use judg­
ment and to be orderly at all times toavoid panic or confusion.

5. Employees working in the Process
Area should exercise great care whensmoking, so as not to contaminate themouth with any material which might
be on their Sands.

5. You must become informed regard­
ing calls and signals to be uced in caseof an emergency. Ask your foreman.

6. It is advisable? not to carry candy,
gum, and tobacco in one’s work clothes
in order to prevent contamination fromthe material.
FIRE

6. Dirty clothes, paper, oily waste,refuse and inflammable material must
be placed in approved metal receptacles.
One type of receptacle is provided forhazardous waste and another for mis­cellaneous waste.

PROTECTION

1. Every employee must ascertain thelocation of fire-fighting apparatus with­in his work area, such as fire pails, sandpails, hose coils, chemical fire extin­
guishers, etc., and acquaint himself with
the instructions provided.

m'

7. Any unsafe condition of tools,
buildings or equipment should be re­ported promptly to your foreman orother responsible official.

2. Fire-fighting apparatus must not be
used for purposes other than fire fight­
ing.

8. ‘Any material unnecessary to oper­
ations shall not be allowed to remainin the Process Area.

11

12

4

HOUSEKEEPING
1. One of the most important factors
in accident prevention is good house­keeping.
The careful employee willkeep his workplace clean and orderly;
he will clean up as he goes, inasmuch
as loose articles or spilled materials
constitute a tripping or slipping hazard,
and indicate slovenly, as well as care­less, operation.
2. All buildings must be kept clean
and especial care given to those inwhich inflammables are stored.
3. In maintaining a clean Plant, dust
accumulation on pipes and structural
ledges, as well as on equipment, must
not to be overlooked. It is necessary,
therefore, to look up and all aroundwhen cleaning.
In addition, regularcleaning crews will periodically clean
places not ordinarily accessible to reg­ular employees.
4. Maintenance employees are respon- •sible for cleaning up after makiner
repairs. This will include removal oftools, material and accumulated debris.
5. Lockers must be kept clerm. Locker
rooms, wash rooms and workmg areas
must be maintained in sanitary and13orderly condition.
MAINTENANCE
1. All repairs and changes in elect­rical equipment must be made bypersons authorized to do this work.
Never attempt to adjust electrical orother equipment by yourself.
2. All employees must recognize andrespect any danger warning, card orsign used by the Maintenance Depart-i
ment while making repairs to mechan­ical equipment.
3. No extension cord or other device
will be plugged into any circuit unlessunder the direction of the foreman,
and then only when the switch is in
an OFF position.
4. Before repairs are made on any
power-operated or electrical equipment,
the switch controlling the Circuit mustfirst be turned off, and locked by amember of the Maintenance crew, whoshould retain the key until proper
repairs have been made.
5. Maintenancemenshouldnotattempt any repairs on the Process
Units until all steam valves have b ^ nturned off and so designated by the14

Steam Department.
6. Maintenance or Operations men
should never open or close any steam
valve without contacting the Steam
Department first.
7. Do not look at arc welding as it
will cause sore eyes.
Gas welding
equipment must not be used or tam­pered with by anyone but an author­
ized operator.
HAND

TOOLS

1. Mushroomed heads, burred heads,
split, broken or loose handles on handtools are dangerous.
Exchange suchtools or have them repaired.
2. Be sure your wrench fits properly.
Do not use a shim to fill up spacearound a nut or bolt head. Get a pro­
per fitting wrench and avoid wrencheswith battered jaws.
3. It is dangerous to yourself and toothers to carry in your hip pocket
sharp edged tools such as chisels,
screw drivers, etc.
4. Never use a tool in such a waythat if the tool should slip, it could
injure your hands or body.

15

5. Soft metal hammsrs should be
used for striking tempered or cr.se
hardened tools and material.
6. Keep crow bars sharpened and ingood condition. Get good footing andwatch the placement of your hand 3
when using a crowbar.
Always beprepared should the bar slip.
7.

Always remove handles from jacks.

8. When using hand shears, be care­
ful your fingers are not in a position
to be pinched between the stop lug on
the handles.
LADDERS
1. Never use a ladder which is de­fective in any respect, such as one
with broken or split side rails or
rungs, or with dull or loose safety feet.
2. In placing ladders, be sure to lean
them at the proper angle so they can­not fall backwards or slip out at thebottom.
3. When using ladders with spiked
feet on concrete floors, use boards
undar the spikes.
%

4. When using ladders on slipperywood block floors, be sure the spikes

16

are sharp.
5. Never lean a ladder against arunning shaft or pulley or against an
unsafe backing such as loose boxes,
barrels or round objects.

on other high places, tie them so thatthey cannot possibly slip.
13. Report all defective ladders toyour foreman, who will see that th;yare replaced and destroyed .

6. To carry boxes, tools, chainfalls orother material in your hands whenclimbing or descending a ladder is adangerous practice.
Use a rope sothat both hands will be free to grasp
the ladder.
7. Avoid working with another man
on the same ladder.
8. Never place a ladder so that thefeet of the ladder are on boxes, kegs,
trucks or other movable objects.
9. Ladders should never be spliced
together, nor should cracked stringers
be wired or nailed.
10. Ladders should be provided withboards across the top before being
placed against window frames.
11. Except for special purposes, neveruse home-made ladders and then only
when such use is authorized by fore­
man.
12.

When using ladders on roofs or17

18

As a War Worker, you are playing
just as necessary and important a rolein the sucessful conduct of the war as
do our soldiers on the battlefields.
Every
day
preventableindustrial
accidents are delay, ng, or denying
entirely, the providing of our militaryforces with supplies imperative to ourcause. They are costing us essential
manpower.
Sometimes the loss is a
few days, sometimes many. The loss
is always a setback to our war effort.
The sad th:'ng about it is that, accord­
ing to generally accepted figures, only
2 % of all accidents are really unpreventable.
Safety is, therefore, an individual
responsibility — a responsibility which
you owe, not only to yourself andyour fellow workers, but to those inuniform abroad, depending on yourproduction. The worker who is pro­tecting himself by practicing safety
is protecting his country.

FERCLEVE CORPORATION
Date_____________________
I have read and I understand all therules contained in the “Safety Rules
and Regulations” booklet and I will
carry out these rules to the best of
my ability and do everything possible
to prevent injury to myself and myfellow workmen.
Signed_______________________
Employee
Badge No___________________
Department________________
Signed --------------------------------Foreman

RETURN TO SAFETY
DEPARTMENT

20

ROANE-ANDERSON COMPANY

To;

February 23 0 1945

All Division^ Staff and Department Heads
%

c

Fronn

R. T* Bartnett

Subject:

Requirements for*Moving Hea^y Equipment

1 .-The following regulations shall bet strictly adhered to by all departments
moving hea\*y equipments(a)

The supervisor should survey the route to be used and ascertain thecondition of bridges, culvert»f turning radii * and overhead wires*(b)

Proper flagging consisting of a fixed flag on each oorner of the *equipment and a flag on any protruding objects such as timbers oror ana boon. For night movement, red lights should be used .i.n placeof flagse(o)Slow moving equipment* oaterjillar treads* shall have at least one
flagman for the purpose of flagging traffic,. Red flags shall be
used for this purpose during daylight hour « 0 Red lanterns during
hours of darkness«(d)

A foreman,, or responsible suje.-visor„ shall be present and in charge
while the equipment is in trevelo(e)Fast moving rubber tired equipment such as truck oranes, do not nec­
essarily need to be preceded or followed by a flagman on foot*
Additional markings on the truck crace are suggested,, suchthesheave block boom tip and counter balance being black and white
striped#(f)

All equipment extending 15* or more above th<? road surface shall beaccompanied by a competent electrician with ho%-sticks to raise any
overhead wirea» A man should be so posted that ht> is able to watch
for any overhead obstructions(g)Rubber tired vehicles*, when towing equipment not fitte d w'th rubber
tirea shall not exceed a speed of IS M.P.H*(h)All overhead obstructions clearing loss than 184 which are encounter­ed shall be reported to the Safety Department*/V£,. All overhead obstructions on the Area clearing less than 18® shall bemarked with warning signs with the clearance marked thereon,.

\\ r r'R

V 7 B V ftn e tt

Safety Director
APPROVED BYMONTHLY SUMMARY OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES

Tennessee Eastman Corporation

March 19U-5

Organization.
The safety department has oompleted a few of the antioipatedchanges mentioned in the February report.
Mr. Arnold Higdon, assigned to mechanical safety engineering.
Hr. Raymond Stewart, assigned buildings 9201 -J4. and
Mr. P. C. Ziemske is handling crane and elevator inspections*Dr. Gustav Strebel, Optometrist, has been employed by the
Medical Division and is organising the goggle protection program.
A clerk is being trained by the safety department and trill workin the hospital to handle the bulk pf the accident reporting required by
the insurance carrier. It is estimated that the full time of two safety
men will be saved by obtaining this "on the spot* information.
.
The steam and cooling division has issued a sohedule of boiler
inspections. The U.S.E.D. Safety Branch has transmitted correspondence
regarding compliance with regulations set forth in District Circular Letter(Safety fc-l).
Mr. J. M. Brown, T.E.C. Safety Director, 1ms not been successful
to date in employing an inspector for pressure vessels.
Injury Rates - Maroh 19U 5 «Frequency - 2.61+
Severity - 0.03
These are the lowest accident rates in the history of TEC, C.E.W.
operations. The safely department in particular and everyone who contribut­
ed to this record deserves a word of commendation.
Training.
A special training class in chemical safety will begin on April
16th. The oourse will oonsist of two one-hour sessions for eaoh employee
concerned and will reach about 350 employees.
Mechanical Inspections and Improvements.
A standard method of painting pipe lines has been devised andsubmitted to management for approval. T.E.C. safety department is now

studying the possibility of adding a standardised identification topressure vessels and cylinders.
A l i s t of recurring safety items is being oompiled with theestimated needed inventory and ordering dates whioh w ill eliminate theshortages of equipment and material now experienced.
The T.E.C. safety department w ill make a study of portable andhand tool maintenance when personnel is available to make the study.
Re commendations .
The U.S.E.D. Safety Braneh feels that the program would be
aided byt
The addition of medical personnel to offer 2I4. hour service
within the T.E.C. Area. The number of personnel on the second and third
shifts warrants this additional coverage.
The safety department should have an opportunity to review andadvise on equipment and materials of a safety nature. An arrangement tofa cilita te this service should be made with the engineering, purchasing
and safety departments.
An inspection made in building 9709 showed need for so many
improvements that eonsideration should be given to a complete revampingof the layout and equipment. I f this is accepted as a solution to the
problem the safety department should be given an opportunity to review plansof revision before the work is carried out.
While some parts of building 9201-4 are in excellent condition;
the mechanical servicing section is unsettled and a -change in production
method is planned. After this industrial engineering is completed, orin conjunction with same, a safety engineering survey covering bra sing,welding, and testing in the docks should be made.

Prepared by*
Safety and Accident Prevention Branch
U. S. E. D.
17 April 19U5.

PAGES..... COPY NO.r?..... OF^.
MONTHLY SUMMARY OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES5'&

MAT 19k5
CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS CORPORATION
1.

Statistloal Review.

The frequency rate of 11.25 established for May represents thehighest Carbide rate since September 194k. The amber of lost-time in­juries increased from 11 in April to 24 in May. The Carbide frequency rate
may be compared with the CEW operating contractor frequency rate as follows j
Combined CEW Operating
Contractor Frequency
CarbideRates ? Exclusive
Frequency Rate___________of Carbide

Month
Sept. 19^4
Oct. 191*4
Soar. 19W4
Deo. 19U+
Jan. 1945
Feb. 1945
Mar. 1945
Apr. 1945
May 1945
2.

15.56
6.91

8.95
10.85
8.59
7.17
8.99
6.81
11*25

5.89

Combined CEW Operating
Contractor Frequency
Rates - Including
Carbide

6.58
5.88

5*78
6.79
5.91
7.59

7.00
6.35
7.70

8.22

8,07

4.26
7*46
6.79

4.66
7.34
7.86

Personnel.

The Safety Supervisor advises that there were approximately 57
employees in the Safety Section during the past month.
Within the inspection unit of the section a major change in assign­ments has taken place. Area Engineers are now assigned on the basis ofdivisions rather than geographical areas. Mr. Cross henoeforth w ill advise
the Process and Power House Divisions; Mr. Smothers w ill advise the Mainte­
nance and Equipment Test and Inspection Divisions; and Mr* Hudson w ill advise
a ll others - Industrial Relations, Laboratories, Plant Protection, Manufactur­
ing and Plant Engineering.
The Safety Supervisor advises that a new organisation chart re­flecting this and other chaiiges w ill be prepared in the near future.
3.

Plant Organisation for Safety.

The high frequency rate established during the past month effectiv­
ely indicates three significant points:a.

A serious safety problem does ex ist.

b.

The problem apparently is created by "routine hazards” rather
than the "special hazards,"
whioh unusual emphasis has been
plaoed.

o.

A permanent reduction in frequency probably will not be
accomplished until all Supervision becomes aware of its re­sponsibility for safety as assigned by plant management andthe Central Safety Committee, and the over-all plant safety
program is introduced and begins to function. Responsibility
for safety has now been properly plaoed and the need for alarge safely department which formerly assumed many safety
responsibilities of supervision no longer exists.

During the past month the first Central Safety Committee meeting washeld. Flans have been formulated for Divisional Safety Committee meetings
to be held prior to the next Central Safety Committee meeting. The Training
Department has taken over the phases of employee training formerly handled by
the Safety Department and has agreed to devote one supervisory meeting amonth to safety.
1*.

Reporting Procedures.

During the past month, delay continued to be experienced in receiptof the Individual Injury Report (W.D., A . 0.0. Form So. 5°1)» It is anticipa­
ted, however, that with the institution of the new reporting procedures, alldelays should be eliminated after 1 June 191+5» and the reports should becomecurrent. The new system will require ithe Medical Department to apprise theSafety Department by telephone of all fatalities, oritioal injuries, potential
lost-time eases, eases involving exposure to prooess material, and othersof unusual significance. All other oases will be noted by the Medical Depart­
ment on standard forms to be picked up by the Safety Department at regularintervals. Upon receipt of notification of injury (either by telephone or
standard form), the Safety Department prepares an "Accident Report" form
which is forwarded immediately by messenger to the Division concerned for in­vestigation. Within each Division a coordinator has been appointed by theDivision Superintendent to distribute the reports to the proper supervisor forinvestigation. In addition, the Safety Department initiates separate investi­
gations in lost-time eases and others of partieular significance.
Physical Hazards.

Considerable attention should be given to the correction of thenumerous unsafe physical conditions within the plant. It is axiomatic inorganised safety work that unsafe physical conditions must be eliminatedfirst to convince employees of management*s interest in their safety. This
having been accomplished, an intensive campaign can then be directed to­ward the elimination of unsafe acts - which, on a national basis, are con­sidered responsible for four times as many injuries as unsafe conditions.
6.

Safety Equipment.
Upon recommendation of the Central Safety Committee, formal

action has been taken to relieve the Safety Department of all equipment
issue, exoepting shoes and goggles, by 11 June 19^5* Safety equipment issue
after that date will be accomplished through the tool cribs whose stock ofsafety equipment will be maintained in accordance with a list recommended
by the Safety Department.
The Safety Supervisor advises that a survey is in progress to de­termine those jobs and areas where the use of safety goggles shall be mademandatory. In view of the large number of eye injuries, it is reoommended
that the use of goggles immediately be made mandatory for all metal-working
and wood-working maohine operators in accordance with recognized nationalsafety standards and U. S. Engineer Department "Safety Requirements."
7.

Miscellaneous.
a.

Driver Training. Statistics developed by the Office, Chief ofEngineers, indicates that, on a nation-wide basis, over 30/6
of all drivers subjected to the new Corps of Engineers driver’sexamination (which will be introduced on the Area on 1 July
19^5) fail to pass if they have not been subjected to driver
training. This condition was referred to the Industrial Rela­
tions Supervisor for his consideration. At his direction, adriver training program supervised by the Training Department(and developed by coordination effected between the Safety,
Medical and Training Departments) will be instituted on or
about 1 July 19^5*b.

Bulletins. Safety Bulletins which have appeared since thelast summary include:
Safety Bulletin Ho. 13 - Evacuation Procedure for theConditioning Area (Furnaoe
Room and Basement)
Safety Bulletin No. 11+ - Dumping Carbon Traps.
Safety Bulletin No. 15 - Entering Cell Enclosures.

8‘

Summary.

During the past month a considerable rise in frequenoy was experienc­
ed. This might be expected until such time as the organized plant safety
program is placed in full operation and all supervision beoomes fully awareof its responsibility in the program. Placing safety responsibility withsupervision is proper, and it eliminates the need for a large safety de­partment which formerly assumed many of the responsibilities. The firstCentral Safety Committee meeting was held and plans were formulated for ex­tending the committee system throughout the plant. Reoeipt of reports con­tinued to be delayed, but a new procedure should make the reporting systemourrent without further delay. A new detailed a^ ^d en t investigation pro­cedure has been instituted. Plans have b e e n t r a n s f e r safety equips 'P 'p :

ment issue, excepting goggles and shoes, to the tool cribs. The correctionof physical hazards progresses at a relatively slow rate, enforcement of'the use of goggles is still lacking and a concentrated publicity program
has not yet developed. It might be said that the period was characterisedby a partial transition of the plant safety program to the principles
approved by the Central Safety Committee.

Prepared byj
Safety and Acoident Prevention Branoh,
Manhattan District,ll+ June 19U5-

ARMY
U n it e d
EPLY
R TO

SE R V IC E

S tates

FORCES

E n g in e e r

O ffic e

M a n h a tta n D is t r ic t

EIDMQ-5
729.3

O a k R id g e , T e n n e s s e e

20 April 194*5.

Subject» Monthly Report of F acilities A ctivities, 1 March to J1 March
1945, Roane Anderson Company.

Memorandum To; Major E» J* Bloch.
1.
On 19 April 1945 the undersigned met with R. T. Bartnett and
W. J. Enders of the Roane Anderson Company safety department, end
M. E. Ridge and W. S* Rasmussen of this Branch, to disouse the safety
department of the subject oompany.
2.
Mr* Bartnett was told that this Branch did not consider theitems listed in paragraph 7 of the report ("Fire outstanding safety
problems'*) as outstanding safety problems of the &oane Anderson Company.
f ’V , *

*■ i

3.

•'

■

•• -

.'

• >

• •’ -Mr* Bartnett stated that he had interpreted "outstanding problems”
to mean only those problems which he was not able to solve by himself.
4*
He was informed that this Branoh desired a listin g of the problems
that were of the greatest significance to the safety program, regardlessof how they would have to be solved, which would result in improvementof safety for the largest number of employees*
5*
It is the opinion of this Branch that some of the problems
listed are not responsibilities of the Roane Anderson Company; and, thati f a ll the problems listed were solved, there would be no material change
in the overall safety program.
6.

Some problems that this Branoh considers outstanding areia*
Safety recommendations ere not promptly complied with,"{"387 pending as of J1 March 1945* from previous reports).
b.
An adequate safety training program has not been instituted
as of this date.
Supervision has not been furnished adequate safety instruc­0.
tions and regulations, as of this date, to serve as a guide inits safety responsibilities.

d.
Two large departments have safety performances considerably
below par for the oompany as a whole.
e.
An accident reporting system has not been established thatwill furnish all the statistical information that oould be used
to advantage in aocident prevention.

JAMSS R. MA.DDY,
District Safety Engineer.

TRAFFICREGULATIONSFORClintonEngineerWorks
OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEEThe following traffic regulations shallgovern the operation of vehicles at Clinton
Engineer Works:
A R T IC L E I

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Sec. 1. O F F IC IA L T R A F F IC C O N T R O L D E ­V IC E S . (a ) The driver o f any vehicle shall obey
the indications o f all official traffic con trol devices
applicable thereto, unless otherw ise directed b y apolice guard.
(b ) The obedience to all traffic con trol signs,
signals, and m arkings shall include:(1 ) O bservance o f all speed lim its.
(2 ) O bservance o f all regu latory sig n s; stop,
slow, school, playground, etc., w hich canbe ascertained b y th eir yellow back­ground.
(3 ) O bservance o f all direction signs placed
to aid the expeditious m ovem ent o f v e­
hicular traffic.
(c ) N o provision o f these regu lation s fo r w hichsigns are required shall ap ply against an al­
leged violator i f a t the tim e and place o f thealleged violation an official sign is not inp roper position and sufficiently legible to be
seen by an ordinarily observant person.
Sec. 2. N O -T U R N SIG N S A N D T U R N IN G
M A R K E R S . W henever authorized signs are erectedindicating that no righ t, le ft or “ U ” turn is p er­
mitted, no driver o f a vehicle shall disobey th e direc-

1

tions o f any such sign. W h en authorized m arks, but­tons, o r other indications are placed w ithin an in­tersection indicating the course to be travelled by
vehicles turning thereat, no driver o f a vehicle shalldisobey the directions o f such indications.
Sec. 3. Z O N E O F Q U IE T . W henever authorized
signs are erected indicating a zone o f quiet, no per­son operating a m otor vehicle w ithin any such zone
shall sound the horn or other w arning device o f said
vehicle except in an em ergency.
Sec. 4. P L A Y S T R E E T S . W henever authorized
sign s are erected in dicating any street or p a rt there­o f as a p la y street, no person shall drive a vehicle
upon any such street or portion th ereof except driv­
ers o f vehicles having business or w hose residences
are w ithin such closed area, and then any said driver
shall exercise the g rea test care in driving upon said
street or portion thereof.
A R T IC L E 2

STOPPING, STANDING, AN D PARKING
Sec. 5. SIG N S P R O H IB IT IN G P A R K IN G . W hen
official signs prohibiting parking are erected on any
street or portion th ereof, no vehicles shall be parked
in any such designated place.
Sec. 6. P A R K IN G PR O H IB IT E D IN C E R T A IN
P L A C E S , (a ) N o person shall stop, stand, or park
any vehicle upon a street, in such a manner or undersuch conditions as to leave available less than ten
fe e t o f the w idth o f the roadw ay fo r free m ovem ent
2o f vehicular traffic, except that a driver m ay stop
tem porarily during the actual loading or unloadingo f passengers, or when necessary in obedience totraffic regulations or traffic signs or signals or apolice guard.
(b ) N o person shall stop, stand, or park a v e ­hicle, except when necessary to avoid con ­flict w ith other traffic or in com pliance w ith
the directions o f a police guard or traffic
control device, in any o f the follow in g places:(1 ) On a sidewalk.
(2 ) W ithin an intersection.
(3 ) W ithin 15 fe e t o f a fire hydrant.
(4 ) On a crossw alk.
(5 ) W ithin 20 fe e t o f a crossw alk at an in­tersection.
(6 ) W ithin 30 fe e t upon the approach o f any
flashing beacon, stop sign, or traffic-con trol signal located a t the side o f a road­w ay.
(7 ) Between a sa fety zone and the adjacentcurb or w ithin 30 fe e t o f points on the
curb im m ediately opposite the ends o f a
sa fety zone, unless a different length isindicated by official signs or m arkings.
(8 ) W ithin 50 fe e t o f the nearest rail o f arailroad grade crossing.
(9 ) W ithin 20 fe e t o f the drivew ay entrance
to any fire station and on the side o f astreet opposite the entrance to any firestation w ithin 75 fe e t o f said entrance
w hen properly sign-posted.
(10 ) A longside or opposite any street excava­tion or obstruction when such stopping,3

standing, or parkin g w ould obstructtraffic.
(1 1 ) On the roadw ay side o f any vehicle
stopped or parked at the edge or curbo f a street.
(1 2 ) U pon an y bridge or other elevatedstructure upon a road.

Sec. 10. BU S STO PS, (a ) The driver o f a bus
shall not stand or park upon any street in any busi­
ness district at any place other than a t a bus stop,
except that this provision shall not preven t thedriver o f any such vehicle fro m tem pora rily stop­
p in g in accordance w ith other stoppin g regulations(b ) N o person shall stop, stand, or park a vehicle
other than a bus in a bus stop, w hen any
such stop has been officially designated andappropriately signed, except that the drivelo f a passen ger vehicle m ay tem porarily stop
therein fo r the purpose o f and w hile actuallyengaged in loading o r unloading passengers
when such stoppin g does n ot in terfere withany bus about to enter such zone.

Sec. 7. P A R K IN G PR O H IB IT E D A T A L L
T IM E S IN D E S IG N A T E D P L A C E S . W hen signs
are erected g iv in g notice th ereof, no person shallpa rk a vehicle at any tim e upon any o f the streetsor roads so designated.
Sec. 8. P A R K IN G T IM E L IM IT E D IN D E SIG ­N A T E D P L A C E S . W hen signs are erected in eachblock g iv in g notice th ereof, no person shall park avehicle fo r periods o f tim e lon ger than specified.
Sec. 9. S T A N D IN G FO R LO A D IN G O N LY .
(a ) N o person shall stop, stand, o r park a vehicle
fo r any purpose or period o f tim e other than fo r the
expeditious loading or unloading o f passengers in
an y place m arked as a passenger loading zone dur­in g the hours when the regulations applicable tosuch passen ger loading zone are effective, and then
only f o r a period not to exceed three minutes.
(b ) N o person shall stop, stand, or park a vehicle
fo r an y purpose or length o f tim e other thanfo r the expeditious unloading and delivery or
pickup and loading o f m aterials in any placem arked as a loading zone during hours when
the provisions applicable to such loadingzones are in effect. In no case shall the stop
fo r loading and unloading o f m aterials ex­
ceed th irty m inutes.

4Sec. 11. ST A N D IN G O R P A R K IN G C L O S E TO
CU RB. N o person shall stand or p a rk a vehicle in a
roadw ay other than parallel w ith the edge o f the
roadw ay, headed in the direction o f traffic, and w ith
the curb-side wheels o f the vehicle w ithin 12 incheso f the edge o f the roadw ay, except as provided in
the follow in g pa ra graph s:(a ) Upon those streets w hich have been marked
or signed fo r angle parking, vehicles shall beparked at the angle to the curb indicated bysuch m ark or sign.
(b ) In places where and at hours when stoppin g
fo r the loading or unloading o f m erchandiseor m aterials is perm itted.

*

Sec. 12. U N L A W F U L P A R K IN G . N o person
shall stand or park a vehicle upon any roadw ay fo r
the principal purpose o f:(a ) D isplaying it f o r sale.
5

(b ) W ashing, g rea sin g or repairin g such vehicle
except repairs necessitated by an em ergency.
Sec. 13. B LO C K IN G D R IV E W A Y S O R G A ­R A G E S . N o person shall stand or park any vehicle
in such a manner as to block ingress or egress fromany public or private drivew ay or garage.
A R T IC L E 3

O P E R A T IO N O F V E H IC L E S
Sec. 14. STO P B E F O R E E N T E R I N G A
T H R O U G H S T R E E T . Those streets and parts o fstreets so designated b y proper signs are declared
to be TH R O U G H ST REE TS.
W hen stop signs are erected upon roadw ays
in tersectin g a through street at the entrances
th ereto or at the entrance to any intersection,
ev ery driver o f a vehicle shall stop at every suchsign b efore entering the intersection except when
directed to proceed b y a police guard or traffic
con trol signal.
Sec. 15. STO P W H E N T R A F F IC O B STRU CTE D .
N o driver shall enter an intersection or a marked
cross-w alk unless there is sufficient space on theoth er side o f the intersection or cross-w alk to ac­
com m odate the vehicle he is operating w ith ou t ob­
stru ctin g the pa ssage o f other vehicles o r pedes­
trians, notw ithstanding any traffic control signal in­
dication to proceed.
Sec. 16. O N E -W A Y S T R E E T S.
U pon thesestreets and parts o f streets designated by proper6

signs, vehicular traffic shall m ove on ly incated direction when signs indicating theo f traffic are erected and m aintained at ev<
section where m ovem ent in the opposite di:prohibited.
Sec. 17. L I M I T A T I O N S
ON T
A R O U N D . The driver o f any vehicle shallsuch vehicle to the le ft upon any street inness district fo r the purpose o f proceedir
opposite direction o r fo r the purpose o falong a curb.
Sec. 18. L IM IT A T IO N S IN BACKII>
driver o f a vehicle shall n ot back the samiintersection or over a cross-w alk and sha
any event or at any place back a vehicle unm ovem ent can be made in safety.
Sec. 19. EM E R G IN G FRO M A L L E Y
V A T E D R IV E W A Y . The driver o f a vehicl
in g fro m an alley, drivew ay, or building ssuch vehicle im m ediately p rior to driving
sidewalk or into the sidew alk area extendir
any alleyw ay, and upon entering the roadv
yield the rig h t-o f-w a y to all vehicles approa
said roadw ay.
Sec. 20. V E H IC L E S N O T TO B E D R I1
S ID E W A L K . N o driver o f a vehicle sh;w ithin any sidewalk area except a t a perm
tem porary driveway.
Sec. 21. V E H IC L E S N O T TO BE D R F
C LO SED S T R E E T S. N o driver o f any vel
cept an authorized em ergency vehicle w hile
7

vehicles to the fu rth erest rig h t side o f roadw ay
and STOP.

in em ergency duty, shall drive such vehicle upon any
street or roadw ay w hich is officially closed to traffic
and w hich is plainly indicated as such by officiallyerected signs, barricades, or other traffic contro’
devices.

Sec. 24. P A S S IN G SCH OO L B U SSE S ST O PPE D
F O R C H IL D R E N . N o vehicle shall pass any school
bus w hich is stopped to load or unload school chil­dren. This regu lation requires vehicles to stop re­gardless o f w hether th ey are approaching the school
bus fro m the rear or are m eeting it.

Sec. 22. O N E V E H IC L E T O W IN G A N O T H E R(a ) N o m otor vehicle shall be tow ed upon any street
or roadw ay i f the draw bar or connection exceedr
eigh t (8 ) fe e t fro m one vehicle to the other.
(b ) A n y vehicle being tow ed upon any street
during a period betw een sunset and sunrise
shall m aintain lights on both sides and rearth ereof, visible to the rear and on both side?
f o r a distance o f n ot less than tw o hundred(200) feet.
Sec. 23. E M E R G E N C Y V E H IC L E S . A driverw hen operating an em ergency vehicle, ex cep t w herotherw ise directed by a police guard, m ay(a ) P ark or stand notw ithstanding the provision?
o f these regulations.
(b ) Proceed past a stop signal or stop sign, but
only a fte r slow in g dow n as m ay be necessary
fo r sa fe operation.
(c ) E xceed the speed lim its if not endangering
life or property.
(d ) D isregard regulations governing direction o f
m ovem ent, turns, o r construction roads sc
lon g as he does not endanger life or p rop
erty.
A ll drivers o f vehicles shall render r ig h t-o f
w ay to em ergency vehicles and when hearing theapproach o f an em ergency vehicle shall pull their

8

Sec. 25. U S E O F C O A S T E R S ,ROLLERS K A T E S , A N D S IM IL A R D E V IC E S R E ST R IC T E D .
N o person upon roller skates, or ridin g in or bymeans o f an y coaster, to y vehicle, or sim ilar device,
shall g o upon any roadw ay except w hile crossin g astreet on a cross-w alk and except upon streets set
aside as play streets.
Sec. 26. P A S S E N G E R S IN V E H IC L E S . N o p er­
son shall ride on any vehicle or any portion th ereof
not designed or intended fo r the use o f passengers.
Sec. 27. B O A R D IN G O R A L IG H T IN G FRO M
V E H IC L E S . N o person shall board or aligh t fromany vehicle w hile such vehicle is in m otion.
Sec. 28. T R A F F IC N O T TO B E O B ST R U C TE D .
N o vehicle, shall be operated or allow ed to rem ainupon any street in such a manner as to fo rm an
unreasonable obstruction to traffic thereon.

*

Sec. 29. T R A F F IC L A W S A P P L Y T O P E R SO NS R ID IN G B IC Y C L E S . E v ery person ridin g abicycle upon a roadw ay shall be su bject to all traffic
regulations.
9A R T IC L E 4

INDEXSectionP E D E S T R IA N S
Sec. 30. P E D E S T R IA N S SU B JE C T TO T R A F ­F IC C O N T R O L S IG N A L S . Pedestrians shall be sub­je c t to traffic control signals at intersections.
Sec. 31. P E D E S T R IA N S CR O SSIN G A T O TH E R
T H A N C R O S S -W A L K S . E very pedestrian crossin ga roadw ay at any p oin t other than at a cross-w alk
shall yield the rig h t-o f-w a y to all vehicles upon the
roadw ay.
Sec. 32. P E D E S T R IA N S SO LIC ITIN G RID ES.
N o person shall stand in a roadw ay fo r the purposeo f solicitin g a ride fr o m the driver o f any private
vehicle.
Sec. 33. P E D E S T R IA N S W A L K IN G ON H IG H ­W A Y S . It is the duty o f all persons w alking along
and upon im proved streets or roadw ays to keep on
the le ft side o f the paved portion, or on the le ft
shoulder th ereof, and upon m eeting a vehicle whenw alking on the said paved portion to step off to theleft.

B lockin g D rivew ays or G arages------------- ---------- 13
Boarding or A ligh tin g fro m Vehicles...,________ 27
Bus S tops________________________________________ 10
E m ergin g fro m A lley or Private D rivew ay____ 19
E m ergen cy Vehicles---------------------.----------------------- 23
Lim itations in B a ck in g --------------------- 1---------------- 18
Lim itations on T urning A round.________________ 17
N o-T urn Signs and Turning M arkers----------------

2

O fficial T raffic C ontrol D evices_________________

1

One Vehicle T ow in g A n oth er___________________ 22
O ne-W ay S tr e e ts ________________________________ 16
P arkin g Prohibited at A ll Tim es in D esignatedP la ces____________________________________ _____

7

P arkin g Prohibited in Certain P laces_________

6

P arkin g Tim e Lim ited in D esignated P laces-----

8

P assengers in V ehicles__________________________ 26
Passing School Busses Stopped fo r Children— 24
Pedestrians C rossing at Other Than C rossW alks_____________________________ ____________31

10

11

Pedestrians Solicitin g R ides-------------------------------- 82
Pedestrians Su bject to T raffic Control Signals 30
Pedestrians W a lk in g on H ighw ays--------------------- 33
P la y Streets______________________________________

4

Signs Prohibiting P arkin g----------------------------------

5

Standing fo r L oading O nly---------------------------------

9Standing or P arkin g Close to Curb-------------------- 11
Stop B efore E n terin g a T h rou gh S treet---------- 14
Stop W hen T ra ffic O bstructed--------------------------- 15
T raffic Law s A p p ly to Persons R iding B icycles 29
T raffic N ot to Be O bstructed___________________ 28
U nlaw ful P arking___ _____________________________ 12
Use o f Coasters, R oller Skates, and Sim ilar
D evices R e s tricte d ___________________________ 25
V ehicles N ot to Be D riven on Closed Streets— 21
Vehicles N ot to Be D riven on Sidew alk------------ 20
Zone o f Quiet_____________________________________

12

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Manhattan r»;6i rict

C ol. K. D. Nichols
D is t r ic t Engineer
U. S. Engineer O ffice
C linton Engineer ..orks
Box E
Oak Kidge, Tenn.

De cenber
Uin e
A K

Dear C olon el:
Enclosed herewith is our second Progress and Supplem ntary
Report t o the Consolidated Report on a community sa f sty
program f o r the Kariford Engineer V.'orks.
The work done in sa fe ty on both p ro je cts has ar;d w il bein v a lu a b le. Persons liv in g on them w ill make the jo of" s e llin g " sa fe ty throughout the country much easier v hen,a ft e r the war, they return to th e ir re sp e ctiv e c it ie s
Again, i t i s s in ce re ly hoped that the s t a f f o f the Na tio n a l
S afety Council may c ontinue to be o f serv ice to the I S .
Engineers.
Eight o f the ten typewritten copies are en closed. Tv d c opies
w ill be kept at our o f f i c e . You may be assured that thecontents w i l l be kept in s t r i c t con fid en ce.
S in cerely yours,

NHD/c wenc.

Hed H. Dearborn
P resident

or cbrc'rcd to
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C O P Y" ~ r' L'f

ARMY
U n itedIN

REPLY

REFER TOEIDM 0-42
729.3

S E R V IC E

S tates

FORCES

E n g in e e r

O ffic e

M a n h a tta n D is t r ic t
O a k R id g e . T e n n e s s e e

26 November 1943

Colonel John Stilwell,
President, National Safety Counoil,
20 North Waoker Drive,
Chicago, Illinois.
Dear Colonel Stilwelli
We have been awaiting reoeipt of the final report, "Community
Safety Program" and are pleased to have it.
Many preliminary recommendations of the Council‘
s staff experts
have already been put to work and it is anticipated that the final reportwill constitute the keystone of an effective, practical safety program
for the oonraunity*
Since, inauguration of this project, established construction
and industrial safety methods and principles have been fctilieed to facili­tate completion of all work at the earliest possible date. • Now it will
be possible to cover the public aspects of safety more completely.
I trust we may count on such additional assistance of staff
experts from the Council as may be necessary, and we will in due time in­form you of our needs.
The National Safety Council has rendered a real public service
by assisting us on this project.
Very truly yours,/*/&• D. Niohols.
K. D. NICHOLS,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
Distriot Engineer.

C O P Y

ARMY
U n it e d
IN

REPLY

REFER TOSE R V IC E

S tates

FORCES

E n g in e e r

O f f ic e

M a n h a t t a n D is t r ic t

EIDMC-I42

O a k R id g e . T e n n e s s e e

12 January 19bh

Subjects

Recommendations in National Safety Counoil Survey.

MEMORANDUM to The Distriot Engineer, Manhattan District, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee
1.
Four months have elapsed sinoe the National Safety Council
undertook its survey of Oak Ridge, and tiro months have passed sinoe
the Council’s detailed report wa 6 reoeived.
2.
Of the 69 specifie recommendations in the report, J2 havebeen adopted and put into effeet, and an additional 21 recommendations
are in the process of adoption. Thus, over three-fourths of the recom­
mendations have already had favorable action.
.

*

3.

Twenty of the 25 traffic safety ideas have been adopted. In
addition to the items covered in the report, two Driver Permit Bureaus
based on scientific testing procedures have been placed in operation,and selected traffic patrolmen have reoeived 15 hours of speoial train­
ing in acoident investigation and traffic patrol, and additional guard
training is planned.
i+.
The proportions of recommendations whioh have been or are
being acted on in other fields are*a.

Eleven of 19 home safety items.

b.

All 13 school safety itemsc.

Nine of 11 aooident record items

5.
The community safety counoil recommendations have not been
adopted. An Oak Ridge Community Safety Committee appointed by theDistriot Engineer seemed to more nearly fit the needs of the community,and formation of suoh a committee has been proposed to the District
Engineer.

JAMES R. MADDY,
District Safety Engineer.

ATIONAL
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Col. X. D. ,.ichols
D istrict Engineer
U. 5. Engineer Office
Clinton Engineer >orks
box E
Oak Kidge, Tenn.

'..'ovetnber
30
1 °U

Dear Colonels
I air, enclosing herewith our Second Progress and Supple­
mentary jtieport to t ie Consolidated Keport on a Community
Safety Program for the Clinton Engineer Works,
The report indicates that the safety program on the pro­
ject has continued to accomplish gratifying results.
It i s sincerely hoped that the s ta ff of the Natj onal Safety
Council may continue to be of service to the U. S. Engineers,
Eight of the ten typewritten copies are enclosed herewith;two copies w ill be kept at our o ffic e , and you may be assured
that the contents w ill be kept in stric t confid«jinee.
Sincerely yours,

NliD/cw
enc. 4 * "S*

E. Deartorn
Presidentv

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S N if i

Dl l

H

T

M l A ll)L

J . Sl»HI NSONl O N M 'U K U l K l N

jJ

Col. K. D. IJichols
District l.ngineer

L ir

1 SOI I N S I I N

M

1 M U M A Ik I f ' A N H I N s o N
No t i m e si an( i v
C o l o n i i J o h n s i n vvii it H O MA f c J

Sim N I •V I C I • l * HI

D R IV E

V I U t t l '1 | H

M O * ANii i
Ml N I A M I N »f

NATIONAL| s

M H M A l N AMP

W l l | I AM « .

^1i N t IN

sYl///* l |I I W HP ALM IH'.'.ov>■!.b :r
12
District

1% 3

Dear Colonel;
I have the pleasure of subnitting herewith our consolidated report,"xi. Community Safety Program", based on d..ta .gathered and analyzed
by stuff members of the National Safety Council.
Field surveys were made in august and September, 1943, by tliree staff
members who visited the Clinton Engineer ,,'orks. Later, the informationthat they obtained was studied at the offices of the Council andrecommendations and supporting discussions which are presented here
were prepared.
Preliminary reports were submitted to the «rea Engineer at the time
staff members were in Oak :ddge pending the consolidated report.
T h e Corps of Engineers is to be congratulated on the prompt action onsome of the findings of this survey.
It is gratifying to know that
there is such a keen int rest in saving manpower for warpower throughthe promotion of a complete safety program.
Ten copies of this report were typed, eight of which are submitted
herewith, while two copies will be kept at the offices of the Council.
Y o u have my assurance that the contents of the report will be kept instrictest confidence.
ely yours,

JS/cw
Encl.

0/3

/ P A 1°/

Mllll

(

iA v rC O P YARMY
U n it e d
IN

REPLY

EIDMS

'729.3S E R V IC E

S tates

FORCES

E n g in e e r

M a n h a tta n

O f f ic e

D is tr ic t

O a k R id g e , T e n n e s s e e

11 December 19W+

lir . Ned H. Dearborn, President,
national Safety Counoil,
20 North Waoker Drive,
Chicago 6, Illin o is.
Dear Mr, Dearborni
I am grateful for the Seoond Progress Reports on the community
safety programs at Clinton Engineer Works and Hanford Engineer Works.
As you know, most of the recommendations made by National Safety
Council experts have been adopted and hare bean instrumental in improving
livin g conditions and personal seourity an these projects. The advioe ofyour men has provan sound and practical.
The assistance given by your organisation has bean a major faotorin our suoeessful program to reduce accidental injuries to workers andtheir fam ilies, and has, consequently, been an important contribution to
the war e ffo rt.
Public recognition for this work eannot be given at this time,
but is certainly deserved and w ill be forth-coming when security regulations
oan be relaxed.
Tours sinoerely,

X. D. NICHOLS,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
D istrict Engineer

Ip a s16 March 1945

MINUTES OF COMBINED SAFETY MEETING

Meeting called to order at 9:05 A. M., Mr. M. E. Ridge presiding.
Those in attendance at the meeting were:
L. L. K elly
E. L. Brawley
Sgt. J . Hannoch
L. G. Bamer
J . Yfm Hensley
J . C. Watkins
C. B. Spies
Albert Stanford
W. S. Rasmussen
Sgt. H. T. Markee

U.S.E.D.
U.S.E.D.
U.S.E.D.
C & CCC
s &w
U.S.E.D.
U.S.E.D.
s &w
U. S . E. D.
U.S.E.D.

J . G. Aldrichw. J . Enders
E. J . Reeder
J . W. Smouse
G. J . Fisher
C. M. Cummins
C. J . P h illip s
M. E. Ridge
Lee» Bagwellr ..

. ;(> ,.'j':

U.S.E.D
R-A
U.S.E.D
A. I. T,
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D,T. E. C,
‘

’ .5

'.

Mr. Ridge opened the meeting by giving a resume ,of-the. "Color Dynamics"
meeting of March 13, sponsored by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. He
stated that four films on th is subject were to be loaned th is o ffic e . Thesew i l l a rriv e in th is order: f i r s t one th is week, second one on 3 A p ril,th ird one on 1 May, and the fourth at a la t e r date. A ll contractors’
representatives w i ll have an opportunity to view these film s.
Mr. Bamer spoke on the committee meeting of the proposed Safety Club.
Application forms with copies of the by-laws w i ll be sent out th is week tosafe ty representatives. The o f f i c i a l name of the club w ill-b e "Oak Ridge
Safety Engineers Club." It is proposed to have a representative of every
contractor on the committee. The committee w i ll pass on the status ofeach ap p lication .for membership. Full memberships, associate memberships
and a ll i e d memberships w i ll be set up. The primary purpose_of the elub-is
to have an organization fo r sa fe ty engineers in Oak Ridge. The secondary
purpose.would be to have membership in ASSE. There was some doubt as towhether or not the club could be taken in as a chapter of the ASSE. It is
proposed to lim it membership to sa fe ty personnel. The committee w i ll meetagain in the near future to pass on membership. Then the f i r s t f u l l meetingw i l l pass on by-laws, fees, etc.
Mr. Rasmussen spoke on the exchange of house organs that was set forthin the la s t combined meeting on 1 March. He distributed a l i s t of a ll.c o n ­tra c to rs who have house organs.
Mr. Rasmussen further spoke on the rules governing methods of changing
heavy duty t i r e s to prevent lock rims from springing out. He passed out
sketches of a t i r e in fla tio n sa fe ty rack for use on th is .
Mr. Ridge stated there would be an extensive paving program for Clinton
Engineer Works th is summer. The type of surface w i ll depend on the t r a f f i cvolume,- Center lining and lane lining of new roads which w i l l take thepaint w i ll be instigated as soon as construction permits. Beaded center lines
w i l l be in s ta lle d on main roads with heavy t r a f f i c .
C MMr. Ridge also advised that uato licenses were being sold on thearea and suggested this information be used in contractors house organs*
Mr. Ridge stated more sprinkling is being done on roads with heavy dust.
Mr. Fisher advised that seven t r a f f i c signals had been approved forin s ta lla tio n .
Mr. Fisher requested more.complete information on the vehicle accident
forms. He stated that the c o llis io n diagrams were not being completed.
Reports.should also indicate the re sp o n sib ility fo r the accident.
Mr. Ridge advised that emergency lighting for exits in a l l theaters andhospitals had been ordered. Also that a survey of exits in public buildings
had been completed and recommendations for correction had been made.
Mr. K elly requested that contractors' employees who had Red Cross
F irst Aid Instructors C e rtific a te s re g is te r with Mrs. Hutchins of the Red
Cross. This w i ll enable expediency of some Red Cross f i r s t - a i d coursesnow contemplated.
.
>
Mr. Smouse raised the question of the necessity of a l l emergency
vehicles trav elin g at great rates of speed with sirens open. Mr. Ridge
advised th is matter was being looked into.
Meeting adjourned a t 10:15 A. M.

L. L. ' K elly
Community Safety Engineer

MINUTES OF COMBINED SAFETY MEETING
29 M arch 1945

Meeting was called to order a t 9;00 A. M., Mr. M. E. Ridge presiding.
Those in attendance a t the meeting were:
D. N. K elly
A. 7/. Meyers
E. L. Brawley
Sgt. H. Markee
M. E. Ridge
S t. C lair Smith
J . Hannoch
J . E. Martin
C. M. Cummins
Lee Bagwell,
L,„L. K elly
J . Tf. Smouse

J . A. Jones
Aetna
U.S.E.D.
U.S.E.D.
U.S.E.D.
F. B D .
U.S.E.D.
C.C.C.C.
„ U.S.E.D.
T. E. C.
U.S.E.D.
A. I. T.

J . C. A tk in s
J . W. Hensley
C. B. Spies
Earl Reeder
G. R. Paravis
James R. Maddy
Albert Stanford„C. J . P h illip s
J . G. Aldrich
William J . Enders
R. T. Bartnett
W. W* Rasmusse
W. Popejoy

U.S.E.D,
S. & W.
U.S.E.D
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D
S.fcW.
U.S.E.D,
U.S.E.D,
R-A
R-A
U.S.E.D,
C. L.

Mr. Ridge opened the meeting by reminding the group th at the nextscheduled combined meeting would b$ held 12 A p ril. A color expert w i l lgive a ta lk on color engineering at that time.
Mention was made of the plan to paint cross-lines and other markingson our stre ets and highways in the near fu tu re . The safety engineers wereasked to send any suggestions to the Public Safety Section of the U.S.E.D.
Safety Branch.
Mr. Ridge stated that there was s t i l l some confursion on the reportingof t r a f f i c accidents. Come are not reported through the rig h t channels
while many are not reported at a ll *A discussion was started on what to do about d rivers who have three ormore known accidents chalked up against th eir record and s t i l l continue todrive a Government vehicle. I t was suggested that the Review Board takeaction on such cases that come to th e ir atten tio n . I t was f e l t by thosepresent that d efin ite action should be taken by the individual contractor
in barring men from driving i f they had three or more accidents for which
they were responsible. The sa fe ty directors were urged to present th isproblem to th eir various managements for enforcement. I t was also decided
that the U.S.E.D. Safety Branch would n o tify the contractor's safety de­partment whenever two chargeable accidents were chalked up against an
employee.
Mr. Aldrich suggested that th9 d river permit be picked up on termination.
A fter an inquiry into the U.S.E.D. Safety Branch record f i l e fo r previous
accidents, the permit could be re-is§ued.
1

Mr* K elly asked fo r a record o f the Review Board weekly c ita tio n . „He ,was informed that these weekly c ita tio n s are supposed to be sent to a l lthe safety departments. To avoid confusion i t was decided that the U,S.E.D.
Liaison Safety Engineers make th is information available to the various
contractors' safety departments. Mr. Ridge reminded the group that i t
had previously been decided.that upon change from one contractor to anotherthe employee's permit could be changed by the hiring contractor or the em­
ployee could be sent to the Permit Bureau fo r a re-issuance.
With reference to driver training a c t i v i t i e s , i t was disclosed that
Roane-Anderson.has recently set up a school of th is s o r t. As i t is im- .
p ractical for each small contractor to have a complete set-up for tr a in ­ing, i t was suggested .that large organizations which have, or intend tohave, a driver train in g program make some arrangements to assimilate
a few driver trainees from other small organizations, and in that way
promote driver training throughout the area.
Mr. Rasmussen stated that applications fo r the Safety Engineers'
Club have ju s t been sent out and should be returned by the end of theweek.
The question was brought up on whether adequate information was being
obtained on serious cases sent to the £*ak Ridge Hospital. This information
was obtained by c a llin g the U.S.E.D. Safety O ffice, b u t'i t was decided
that henceforth the liaiso n safe ty engineers would give the information
to the contractor's sa fe ty departments. .
. . . .
The safety directors were again urged to use th e ir house organs inpromoting th e ir public safety program.
Mr. Smouse brought up the problem of what to.do about the crowded bus
condition. He f e l t th a t a public educational program sponsored by thecontractors to males the people re a liz e that i t was a d efin ite hazard to
crowd into the busses would remedy the condition.
.
Mr. fopejoy thought that the contractors could use interestin g items
fo r the house organs, p a rtic u la rly on public s a fe ty ,. These items would
be accumulated by the U.S.E.D. Safety Office.and sent to the various con­t r a c t o r s . , Meeting adjourned.at 10:15 A. M. . .

G. R. PARAVIS)Appendix C-15
Brief histories of two men on the Government safety s ta ff arepresented to indicate the calibre of personnel recruited by the D istrict.
James R. Madtjy, D istrict Safety Engineer
Educationi Mr. Maddy attended Phillips University, Enid, Oklahoma and Okla­
homa A. H D l. College, S tillw ater, Oklahoma, majoring in C ivil Engineering.
Previous Experiencet From 1928 to 1934 Mr. Baddy was on the s ta ff of the
tf. S. Ceological Surrey and the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Surrey on horisontal
and vertical control surveys and 1st and 2nd order triangulation work* In thela tte r position he served as Supervising Engineer, in charge of local control
surreys for the state of Oklahoma. In 1954 Hr. Maddy joined the IT. S. Forest
Serviee where he served as Regional Safety Engineer (lit north atlantio states)
until the spring of 1941 when he was transferred to the Quartermaster Corps
in Baltimore, Maryland as Third Zone Safety Engineer. Subsequently he servedwith the Corps of Ikigineers as D istrict Safety Engineer, Baltimore D istrict
and Division Safety Engineer, Middle A tlantic Division, as well as the f i r s t
Director of Safety fo r the newly-formed M ilitary D istrict of Washington. In
these positions Mr. Maddy was responsible for directing the construction safety
a c tiv itie s a t such in stallations as Radford Ordnance Works, Newport News Staging
Area, Camp Pickett, Ft. Meade, Aberdeen Proving around, Edgewood Arsenal, Ft.
Belvoir, Indiantown Gap M ilitary Reservation end more then a score of otherprojects of widely varied nature throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia
and the D istrict of Columbia, The construction safety program which Mr. Maddy
supervised had a peak coverage of 67,000 employees* During the 27 months inwhich Mr* Maddy directed this large construction program, the injury frequency
rate was reduced from 33 to 11 disabling injuries per million employee-hours.
Manhattan D istrict Servicet In 1943 Mr. Maddy was transferred to the Manhattan
Engineer 'feYe'irie¥ and' charged with the responsibility of setting up and organis­
ing a complete and comprehensive safety program for a ll a c tiv itie s of the newand vast undertaking. His instructions were to oonsider not only industrial
and construction safety problems, but also be ready with an operating plan for
eoKciunity and other publio safety programs for the communities to be b uilt inconnection with the D istrict Work.
gd Lt. W. G. Johnson, Assistant D istrict Safety Engineer
Education» Lt. Johnson attended the Central Y.M .C.A. College in Chisago, having
received "a scholarship to that institution as the resu lt of high school academia
honors. Lt. Johnson ranked f i r s t in his olass when reoeiving an A.B* degree
in business administration in 1933* He immediately entered upon graduate studies
at the University of Chicago, specialising in mathematics and sta tis tic s .
Previous Expsrienoei In 1936 and 1937 Lt. Johnson was a statistician and in­vestigator in various branohes of the Government servioe. In 1937 he joined
the s ta tis tic a l s ta ff of the National Safety Counoil and worked principally

C/S'In the fie ld of tra ffio accident investigation and reporting in a program ofadvice and assistance to eity and state governments. In I 9I4.Q Lt. Johnson
was made Chief S tatistician of the National Safety Counoil. During the next
5 years he was active in developing methods of using accident records —industrial, t r a f f ic , school, home and farm — to direct prevention work at theimmediate and real oaases of the accidents. In the early part of 19U3, Lt.
Johnson was given the responsibility of directing the Program Department of
the Council, which eoneldted of the Industrial, T raffie, Home, School, Parra,
and S ta tistic a l Divisions — a l l of the technical work of the national organi­sation.
Army Service 1 Lt. Johnson was inducted in September I 9U3. Upon completion ofbasic training he was transferred to the Manhattan D istrict where he served
as Assistant D istrict Safety Engineer until February 19M+. At the request of
the Provost Marshal General, Lt* Johnson (then a Sgt.) was released to p artioipate in the early studies of ways and means of preventing accidental injuries
to m ilitary personnel* In July 19hk* Lt, Johnson entered the Engineer Offloor
Candidate School, Fort Bel vo ir, and in November was eommissioned. He was re­assigned to the Manhattan D istrict, where he resumed his duties as AssistantD istrict Safety Engineer. Lt, Johnson*s services have been particularly valuable
because he has had varied safety experience in the many fie ld s of acoldont pre­vention whioh confronted the D istrict — many aspeots of industrial safety,
tr a f fic , home safety, school safety and others*Appendix C-l6
The following safety engineers served on the Government Safetys t a f f , in addition to the key personnel li s t e d in Paragraph 6-2+. I f anengineer was not in the D is tric t $0 June 19U5* or i f he served in twoplaces, the former station i s shown in parentheses.
Resident Safety Engineers
Capt, E. F. Burdin ^Capt. K. M. Farr ^2nd Lt. G. R. Galloway
Sgt. R. 7 . Batie
Sgt. Julius Hannooh /Sgt. H. T. Markee /Mr. E. L. Brawley/
Mr. T. W. Dwyer s'
Mr. V. R. HolmquistMr. R. C. LaPointe /Mr. G. R. Olsen /Mr. W. K. Shearer /Mr. R. A. N. Turner /Mr. P. C. Wagner •/Mr. C. 0. Watkins /Mr. A. M. Wei lands

Area
Beverley <£ Boston)
Chioago)Y-12, CEW
Colorado
K-25 Operations, CEW
X-10 and S-50, CEW
K-25 Construction, CEW
Decatur (HEW),.
HEW(New York)(Decatur)
Tonawanda
Wilmington(Columbia)
DetroitHEW

Other Safety Engineers

Station1 s t Lt. M. V. Greer ^Sgt. D. F. Abernethy ■Sgt. H. Gilbert
Sgt. F. J . MoHale /Corp. L. Moon /Mr. J. G. Aldrich'
Mr. J. M. Austin ^Mr. L. G. Barnett ^Mr. L. A. Bowman ^Mr. Aymar Cater ^Mr. C. M. Cummins ^Mr. J. E. Dullea
Mr. G* J . Fisher
Mr. j . C. Green ^Mr. c. A. Goodell
Mr. H. T. Harlee s
Mr. G. F. Hoge
Mr. H. J . Hoose ^Mr. L. L. K elly ^M r . E. R. Kontner ^

CEW
(CEW)
(D istric t)
(HEW)
(HEW)
CEW
HEW (CEW)
CEW
CEW
(CEW)
CEW
( Chi cago)
CEW
Detroit
(CEW)
(HEW)
(CEW)
HEW (CEW)
CEW
(CEW)

c/ 6

Other Safety Engineers

Station

Mr. George Para v is v
Mr. C. J. P h illip s ^Mr. K. I. Schreck /Mr. Vavon S h e r r i l l ^Mr. C; 3. Spies/"
Mr. J . H. Stark ^Mr. S. W. S t e t le r ^Mr. B. D. Varnado ^Mr. R. R. Wilson S
Mr. J . C. Watkins ^(CSV)
D istrio t
(HEW)
HEW
CEW
D istrio t(CEW)
CM (HEW)
(CEW)
CEW

-

2 -

MANBATTA8 USXBXGI HXSTOBT

sajrctx m x m m
AjPFEBDH ”3>h
XtiBMBD escription
Sample Occupational In ju ry Baport (¥ .D .,MO fieam 3S&. 501) and Swnoary Beporfc (W.D.,
AQO Form M i 502-1).
Sample H arrative Sa fety Inspection ie p o rt,(Fora ED itf* ).
Saaple D river Becord. Card.
Sanple Kotor Tehicle Accident In vestigation
Be»ort.

S A M P L E
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS SPA C E

R epg et N o.

WAR DEPAF:TMF.NT
INDIVIDUAL JNJURY REPORT

1+ 2
M o n thApril 19h5
D ist k ic t

S t a t io n

Bo not write
in
apace

ifais

▼

D iv is io n

Manhattan

Blank Area

T y p e o s ' O p e r a t io n

L o c a t io n

C o n trac t

Go vernm ent

Chemical Research

U niversity of Blank
N a m e o f I n ju r e diJohn Henry Doe

W h it e

M a leN egroO c c u p a t io n

T otal E x p e ­r ie n c e
T radeT im e o f I n j u r y :
D ate
H our

35

k/ 6/U5 9:08

into

D a t e (Y r.)

Toolmaker

A ge

.

I?

F em aleD a t e S t a r t e d L o s in g T i m s/A. M .

i* A A 5
D a t e R e t u r n e d to W o r k

D e p a r t m e n t W h e r e E m p l o y e d o r E x a c t L o c a t io n o f A c c id e n t

1+/19A5Site X
Describe in detail the nature of the injury and the part of the body affected

Left index finger - n a il p a rtly tom o f f by injury - compl e t e ly removedHby surgery

Ho
(4
P
H

<

Eh
S5
W
2
H

Dr. Walter H. Johnson - Site Z
Attending Physician (Name)(Check X) Results of injury (Figures refer to American Standards Association Pamphlet ZI6.1-1937):
Nondisabling (2.7): First aid Q
Temporary partial disability (2.6) (3.6). | 1
A ctualD ays
Disabling:
I T Temporary total disability (2.5) (3.5). Part of body affected__
Permanent partial disability (2.4) (3.4). P art of body affected__________________________
Permanent total disability (2.3) (3.3). Part of body affected---------------------------------------Death (2.2), (3.2) Date of death_____
How did the accident which caused the injury occur, including what injured was actually doing?

T im e(Days).
(Days).
(Days).
(Days).

Cleaning; magnesia plate of surface grinder, using; squeegee, carriage
was a t extreme distance from grinding wheel but squeegee caught by

<

H
co
GO
Ph

wheel was thrown against injured*s finger, tearing n a il loose.

o

<

0

1
35

I f cause is a violation of "Safety Requirements” state what section.
What steps have been taken to prevent recurrence of such injuries?

Grinding wheel not stopped while changing work and cleaning machine.
Should have shut o f f .

(Check X) Indicate the accident type:□ Striking against (contact with rough or sharp objects,
resulting in cuts, etc., due to striking against,
kneeling on, etc.).
Struckby (falling, flying, sliding, or moving objects).
o ^□ Caught in, on, or between.
□ Fall on same level.
O * □ Fall to different level.
Wfg □ Slip and overexertion (not fall, resulting in strain,
Ph *hernia, etc.).
P
H
E-i
fc

W . H . , A . a . O . F o r m N o . 601
28 S e p t e m b e r 1943

□ Contact with temperature extremes (resulting inburning, scalding, freezing, heat exhaustion).
q Inhalation, absorption, ingestion (asphyxiation, poison­ing, drowning, etc.).
□ Contact with electric current (resulting in electrocu­
tion, shock, etc.).
O Accident type, not elsewhere classified.

T h is form supersedes W . D .r A . G . O. Form No. 501,25 M arch 1948,
w hich w ill n o t he u sed after receipt of th is revision.

.V !

(Check X) W hat machine, tool, vehicle, object, substance, or exposure was closely connected with the injury?
practical select agency most subject to corrective action. Explain in a few words:
pT| Machines.....................................

Q(Agitators, grinders, sewing machines, vises, saws, lathes, welding
machines, etc.)

As far as

Electrical apparatus________________________________(Motors, transformers, lamps, appliances, etc.)

I I Pumps and prime m overs_________________________I I E levators________________________________________

I f Hand tools(Hand, mechanical, or electrical motive power; hammers, wrenches,sand blasters, welding tools)(Freight or passenger)

I I Hoisting ap p aratu s.....................
(Cranes, shovels, dredges, etc.)

I I Chemicals ............................................................................... .

I I Conveyors..................— ---------I I Boilers and pressure apparatus .

I I D u sts....................................................... ................................

□□(Explosives, gases, vapors, acids, caustics, poisonous vegetation, etc.)(Explosive, organic or inorganic: leather, emery, coal, etc.)

Vehicles_____________ ---------------------------------------------

Radiations and radiating substances .

(All types, land, sea, air)

I I Working surfaces...................................

I I A nim als...............................

(Floors, roofs, roads, stairs, platforms, etc.)(Including Insects and reptiles)

I I Mechnical power transmission apparatus___________I I Miscellaneous agencies...........................
(A ny object or substance not classified above.)

What part of selected agency was most closely involved? , _HMg- ®- ' k(Check X) Indicate which of the following unsafe mechanical or physical conditions of the selected agency led to the accident
or was responsible for the accident.
n

I I Improper guarding: ------------------

Improper ventilation: ................
(Dusty, gassy, impure air source, etc.)(Unguarded, inadequately guarded, etc.)

I | Defective substances or equipment; ____________________ O

Improper dress or apparel: ----------------------------------------(Broken, rough, slippery, poorly designed, eto.)(Lack of, unsuited or defective goggles, gloves, shoes, etc.)] Hazardous arrangement: ____________________ ______ __ dUnsafe mechanical condition not elsewhere classified:(Unsafe piling, poor lay-out, otc.)| | Improper illumination: ........ .......................... _ .................. .... 0

No unsafe mechanical condition.

(Insufficient light, glare, etc.)(Cheok X) Indicate what unsafe ac to n the part of |j=j o t l^ p e r s o n ^ ^ 48 involved- Select the violation of a commonly
followed safe procedure which resulted in or was most closely associated with the accident.
□ Operating without authority: ________________________ __ □ Taking unsafe position or posture: -----------------------------0 Failure to seoure or warn: __________________________ __ 0 Working on moving or dangerous equipment: -------------| | Operating or working at unsafe speed: .............. ............... .... HU Distracting, teasing, startling: .............................................
|~~] Making safety devices inoperative: .................................... .... Q Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices:
1...I Using unsafe equipment: .....................................................
................................ ...........................................................—] Using hands instead of equipment, or equipmentd ] Unsafe act not elsewhere classified.
unsafely: ............................_—_________________ . * 0 No unsafe act.
] Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, oombining:(Check X)
0

Indicate and describe the unsafe personal factors which permitted or occasioned the selected unsafe act.

Improper at t i t ude

: , ............................

D

Lack of knowledge or skill: .................................... .............

□

Unsafe personal factor not elsewhere classified: ________(Disregard of instructions, violent temper, absentmindedness, nervous-___ ness’ etc-)*□ Bodily defects: ____________________________________(Unaware of safe practice, unpracticed, eto.)(Defective eyesight, hearing, fatigue, hernia, muscular weakness, etc.)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]A Supervisor: Q] wasQ

No unsafe personal factor.

was not a t the scene and directing operations.

I I Assigned employee to improper job.
I I Gave insufficient instructions or training.
I I Assumed improper attitude.

University of Blank

Name of Firm
Signature------ William Baker
T itle ------------- - S S F E T T ' T n W C Y f f r
iSTU*

0 Failed to inspect for hazards.
|~1 Failed to enforce safety regulations.
1... I Other (Specify) ....................................
•Figures refer to American Standards Association Pamphlet Z10.2-1941,
Parts I and II.

Kennet h R. Jones................. ..... ........
Government Safety E ngineer or Officer.

« 0 V ?*M M R H f P filN T M a O PFIC K I

1®— 8 7 9 7 7 “ !

M onthY ea bAS

I nd .

E st .

C O N TK O L ArP R O VAL
H y m b o l M Q S-2 2

RESTRICTEDWAR DEPARTMENT

Monthly Injury Summary Report for_____ April
1. N am e o f P la n t , P o s t, o r F a c ilit y

19_M _

D ist r ic t

D iv is io n

Manhattan

Blank Area
C it yS treet2 . L o c a tio n o f P la n t
C o v ered b y R e p o rt

S tate

I llin o isBlank

P. 0. Box 1011

(If nonmanufacturing, state type o f operation and materials handled)

3 . P r in c ip a l P ro d u c ts

Confidential
(A)

MALE

(B)

FEMALE<C)TOTALEXPOSURE:
1 + 1 2 ,2 2 2

4 . T o t a lE m plo y ee H o u r s W orked
Number

Timp Charges
or D ays Lost

Time Charges
or
Lost

Number(c)(o)

NumberTime Charges
or D ays Lost

(«)

(/ )

INJURY RECORD:
05 . F a t a l it ie s

0

6 . P e rm a n e n t T o tals

0

7 . P e r m a n e n t P a b t ia l s

8. T e m po r ar y T otals

9.

T o tal (S -6 -7 -8 )10. F req uen cy R ate

1

12

l

3

2

15

1

12

l

3

2

15

/t o t a l d i s a b l i n g i n j u r i e s ( i t e m 9 e ) t i m e s o n e m i l l i o n \\_________ TOTAL EMPLOYEE-HOURB WORKED (ITEM 4c)_________ J

1 + .8 5Qj

11. S e v e r it y R a te

/TOTAL DAYS CHARGED (ITEM 9E) TIMES ONE THOUSAND^ ____________ _________________________ \t o t a l e m p l q y e e - h q u r s w o r k e d (i t e m 4C)______Q l*

FEMALE

MALE

TOTAL

12. A c t u a l D a y s L o s t ( a l l d is a b lin g i n j u r i e s ) :MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT SUMMARY
To in c lu d e o n ly v e h ic le s o w n e dFrequency
rate* (<i)

3k, 156

1

2.93

5

12,9300

031

1+7,0861

2.12

13. P a s s e n g e r C a r s

26

14. T r u c k s

15.

T o ta ls

or le a s e d b y th e G o v e rn m e n t a n d o p e r a t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e s
Number ofaccidents (c)Type

Number ofvehicles (a)Total miles(6)•Accidents per 100,000 miles.
W.

A . G . O . F o rm N o. 6 0 2 -1
28 September 1943

Am ount of Property Damage
Other vehicle
Government vehicle (0$ 56.25$$ 56.25
i . . - 3 *1

‘R E S T R IC T E D

0

$

$

$

(/)

N um berT reatm en ts(/»

NumberCases(a)

I lln e ss
)

D ays
L ost
(f)

D eaths(d)

N um ber Treatments for
Accidents(/)

Predominant Nature of Illness
(0

.

. %

>

16. I n d u s t r i a l
*

•

:

A«.

17. N o n i n d u s t r i a l□ GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES

1 8.

CONTRACTORS’ EMPLOYEES

M i l i t a r y C o n s t r u c t io n
□ A i k C o u p s F a c il it ie s p

O rd nance P lan ts□

F lo o d C o n t r o l

R iv e r an d H a r b o r
P o r t F a c il it ie s□D r e d g in g

□ D r e d g in g

□ D i s t . o r D iv is io n
P e r so n n e l□ L e v e e s, J e tts, K e v e t .

19.

□ T r o o p F a c il it ie s□

Ordnance S to rage

□ G e n e r a l H o sp it a l□ C h e m ic a l P l a n t s

Lost-Time Injuries
Occupation

Lost

Fatal

Time

0

0

20. C a r pe n t e r s.
2 1 . E l e c t r ic ia n s .
P lum bers
22.
S t e a m f it t e r s

o

0

□

Ot h e r Sto rage□

L o c k s, D a m s?

M is c e l l a n e o u s□

B oat Y ard s

Total

Days
Lost
This
Month

o

0

□
□

, Occupation
Fatal

Janitors

170

o

o

i j . a u t u p e r& L
33

34.

LAD*

Lost
Tima

Total

Days
Lost
This
Mont^

0
0
0
0
3

0
0
0
0
3

1,908
35.5681,080
76,752
153.798

12

61,56800
00

5.1+2953.238
9,085
9,885

15

i+12,222

0
0
Ho
0
Tech;
0
0
Lt0 Me H -~fflSkmfx e s e )36. DTOVKyTjREwSr « “

C iv il W o r k s

D ams

Lost-Time Injuries
Total
Man-Hours

1 ,0 8 0

2 3. P a in t e r s .
2 4 . R o o f e r s ______
S heet M etal
25.
W o r k e r s __E q u ip m e n t
26.
Ope r a t o r s...
V e h ic l e
27.
O pe ra to rs.
S tee lW o rkers
28.
R ig g e r s . . . .

□ L e v e e s , J etts, K e y k t .

3

Man-Hours

L ock M ast e r s

37.
o

0

o

0

o

o

200

o

o

598

12
0
A
.
0
40. S u p e r v i s o r yM.
41.
(Specify)___ 0
All Others 0

0
0
0
0

12
0
0
0
0

0

15

15

39.

G u a rd s
F i r e m a n ___d m in1,119

2 9 . M a c h in ist s. .
3 0 . W e l d e r s ____
M aso n T r a d e s
C o n crete31.
W o r k e r s..

isc

43.

T o t a l ____REPORT OF DAYS LOST THIS MONTH

44.

Date
„

Occupation

Name

(a)

(6)

StartedLosing Time

Injured(c)(d)

D ays Lost
Returned
to W ork(e)This
M onth(/)

This
Year ;

Remarks(0)(h )Toolmaker

John Henry Doe

4/6A5 UAAti

U/19A5 120Sail torn fromfinger.

Lab. AssistantMary Belle Poe

U/10A5 U/11A5 U/1UA& 3

0

Mouse bite*(Effect ofAntitetanus Serum)i*Prepared by:

JOHW DOE, Captain, Corps of Engineers■-■Signature________:_______________________ _____________________v

SAFETY OFFICER

T itle -------- ---------------------------

u . 8 . GOVERN M ENT P R IN T IN G O F F IC E

16— 3 7 2 0 8 -1

' j^ P L E * ',JULYWA R'*,4P EFAp TMEN!

E D -4 0 4
IP4?.

O F F I C E ,6F / h e

CONSTRUCTION D IV ISIO N
OPERATIONS BRANCHS A F E T Y SECTION

ENGINEERS(PERIOD COVERED)N A R R A T IV E SAF E
D ISTRIC T-

SO LIT A R Y□

University o f Chicago
LOCATION.
OPERATIONS
REC. NO

6 3 X 2 ,0 0552□

facilities5

I 1G E N E R A L

HOSPITAL

1— 1’
r n ORDNANCE P L A N T S_[ J O R D . STORAGE, E T C .

□

post

g C O N T R A C T O R S ’ EMPLOYEESC O N ST R U C T IO N

L J T R O O P FACILIT IES

Chicago AreaC O D E NO.

ION REPORT□ GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES

M a n h a tta n

D IVISIO N-.
STATION^1 - 3 1 March 1945

DATE:

WE

CHEMICAL

Q p o R T

PLANTS

FACILITIES

Lj o t h e r STORAGE
Zj[ a MISCELLANEOUS

ENGR. OPERATIONS O

R IV E R a HARBORFLOOD CONTROL| |D R E D G I N G

Q

I— I L E V E E S , J E T T I E S ,1__ I R E V E T M E N T S

f— l L E V E E S . J E T T I E S ,L_l R E V E T l / E N T S

Q lo c k s

a DAMS

dredging

0 D A M SI IBOAT Y A R D S »1— 1M A R I N E W A Y S

o F F Ic 'P p E R S ^ N N E L *□C IV IL W O R K S (N E C.)DISPOSITION

D ESC R IP T IO N

A ll acid and a lk a li solutions to ho neutralized inlaboratories before removal for transportation - Wear Che®.
3 -5 -4 5 .

A d o p te d8306.01-F 553

lamediate discontinuance of me of defective stepladder Site 8 - Engineer's Room. 3“6-45.

AdoptedH o nsRemove crash box from gate on enclosure a t vest end o fcorridor - Ryerson Basement Corridor. 3'9“45*Fending

8316.01-C4 55*; cap a l l gas outlets except where used for laboratory or
shop work - Syereon Basement Rooms. 3- 9- 45.

Fending554

6 3 0 8 .0 1

Rewire the new fixtures and convenience outlets at west
end of corridor to put the® on a power circu it separate
from the EXIT lighting circuit*
Replace red bulb in EXIT lighting fixtu re in corridor byentrance to Room 6l»
At present time a number o f convenience outlets andlighting fixtures are connected to EXIT lighting fixture
just outside Room 6 l in Ryerson Basement Corridor#
Also, convenience outlets have been connected to EXIT
lighting fixture in Room 62.

8302.11-D 55?

Remove this extra load on the special circu it as i t is
contrary to fire regulations and may result in overloading
the circu it at a tiass when EXIT lighting is of v ita limportance - Hyersoa Baseraent Corridor and Soam 6 l . 3*9-45

Fending

Remove to some out-of-the-way storage space the stone andslate slabs now stored under the steps In the east end o f
the Ryerson Basement Corridor. 3~9“45»Fending

SAFETYOFFICERSAFETYENGINEER

"SAMPLE"', FORMJULY

WAR DEPARTI

E D -4 0 4
194a

OFFICECONSTRUCTION D IV ISIO N

OF T H E

C H I E F '" a f Q

OPERATIONS BRANCHS A F E T Y SECTION

DATE:.

1 - 3 1 March 1945
(PERIOD COVERED)N A R R A T IV E S A F E T Y INSPECTION REPORT
district
DIVISION
sta tio n

LOCATION__ |GOVERNMENT

Manhattan

EM PLOYEES[^ ^C O N T R A C T O R S ' EMPLOYEESa HARBOR FLOOD CONTROL□ dredging□ facilItiFePsS□ chemical plants □ dredging
r
—
|
L
E
V
E
E
S
,
JE
T
T
IE
S,
1_|TR00P FACILITIES □ port facilities 1_1REVETMENTSr—
EVEES. JETTIES,Chicago Area^
LJIL
revetments
JT1
G
E
N
E
R
A
L
H
O
S
P
IT
A
L
r— i
Metallurgical Laboratoi Tr□other STORAGE □ locks a DAMS □ dams
| IORDNANCE PLANTS jr
University of Chicago r—
I IBOATYARDS a,^□ ORD.STORAGE,ETC. MISCELLANEOUS I—1MARINE WAYS
OPERATIONS□ p o s t ENGR. OPERATIONS □ O F F I C E ^ E R S ^ N N E L 1□ C I V I L W O R K S (N.E.C.)C O D E NO.

Hoat

Hone
Hoae

Hone

M IL IT A R Y

C O N ST R U C T IO N

R IV E R

REC. NO

D ESC R IP T IO N

558

Rehang door to f r o n t e n tran ce in acco rd an ce w ith draw ings
(t o conform t o fir© r e g u la tio n s ) • S i t e B - F ron t E n tran ce.

DISPOSITION

3-9-45.

Adopted559

D riv in g au to m atic l i f t tr u c k up so u th Armory ramp - n o t t o
d r iv e w ith a g ra d e o f o ver 7% - Armory. 3- 15*4 5 *Adopted560

Change s a f e t y shower v a lv e in E c o r r id o r . Sew Cham, top ro v id e opening o f v a lv e b y p u llin g downward on v a lv eh an d le in p la c e o f pushing upw ard.

Pending

L ed gers o f t h r e e lumber r a c k s to be s u it a b l y supported
w ith v e r t i c a l su p p o rts r e s t in g on s i l l s on ground Armory A rsn a.
3-20-1*5*

Pending
Ponding

561

Hone

$62

K nives to be sh eath ed when n o t in u se - Armory.

N one

563

F lo o r to be p r o p e r ly f i l l e d in - Armory,

Pending

8 3 1 8 .0 6 -1 ;564

R id e rs sho uld no t be c a r r ie d on b a t t e r y c a se o f au to m atic
tr u c k - o n ly d r iv e r should be pe rm itte d to r id e au to m atic
tr u c k - Armory.
3- 31- 4 5 *AdoptedR e p a ir Armory I n c in e r a to r *Pending

8J16.01-3

565

3 -2 0 -4 5 *3- 29- 4 5 *Recommendations Made*
Rsoomaendat io n s Pending j
Recommendations Pending f r a .
P rev io u s Reports*
Recommendations Made to Date*
Ho. o f Employees*

14

9
28
565
1533

Hotes
R ec. Ho. 455 o f 1 -3 1 O ct. 192*4' re p o rte d adopted 3- 1- 4 5 *R ec. Ho. 499 o f 1-31 Dec. I 9 M1 re p o rte d adopted 3- 1-4 5 .
R ec. Ho. 527 o f 1 -2 8 Feb. 1?45 re p o rte d adopted 3- 6- 4 5 .
R ec. Ho. 528 o f 1 -2 8 Feb. 1945 re p o rte d adopted 3- 8 -4 5 *S e c . Ho. 543 o f 1- 28-F eb . 19 4 5 re p o rte d adopted 3- 5- 4 5 *R ec. Ho. 550 o f 1-28 Feb. 1945 re p o rte d adopted 3- 13- 4 5 */ s / PAUL BARANOWSKY-------- p w u m m m m , c a p ta in ,- e . i

ENGINEER

Indicates two
Indicatesr e v o c a t io n

SAMPLEpa c c i d e n t s

6

VER RECORD

Nnmp C laren c e P. Doe___________________Badge No. l 4 - '7^-2______Starting Date J a n u a ry 7. I S '45

Address P a r i s , Tennessee____________ _ Employer Ridge Const. Co. Position
Works Address 1.__ Motor Pool_____________ 2. 1020 D o o l i t t l e S t r e e t
State Permit- •^ n n e s s e e_____ ___YearC h a u ffeu r_______

3 ___________________________

1 3--3___ Valid to__ 13lt5_____ Chauffeur’s License: Yes_

U. S. E. D. Permit No___9^89_____ Limitations___ i'-one____________________________ Vehicle__
Glasses: For Driving__^o___ For Reading__2!q___ Read English_Yes___ Sex Maie

Age

b2

No__XL

Car
Color____]sL

EXAMINATIONS
VISU AL
Date

l/S/M

R e m a rk s :

Field

Glare

A cuity

C

D

c

Depth

Inclosed
A rea

Road
Test

W rittenC

A

ReactionTime

RemarksP e r m i t r e v o k e d "by R e v i e v B o a r d U/22/H fi.___R e c V le s g d r i v i n g on Oak Rid^-a T n rn p ilrp

o n k / 2 l/ b ^ . ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E N G IN EER DEPARTMENT MOTOR V E H I C L E A C C I D E N T REPORT(F or USED Use)REPORT OF_--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------„ Accidentr Occurred inl e i ■ I iiiiiii_A «yvC W l----------------

severity:O P . I. O F a t a lDistance

D ir e c t io n

C i t y or town

D P . d.

INVOLVED
Q Government-operated v e h ic le□ Govt.-owned, c o n tr .- o p e r a t e d□ O ff- A re a Bus □ P r i v a te veh.
□
□ Pedestrianstate. Tennessee.

5Z
Q

8km

Accident Number

Sta te, .
DISTRIBUTION□ Claims□ safety
QGuard□ c o n t r . __________________________
a I. r . ___________________________

Nurlnt 8treet

ACCIDENT
OCCURRED ON:Give name o r number of str ee t or road

Jackson Avenue.

At in t e r s e c ti o n w i t h .
Give name or number of s tr ee t or road
OR

TIME OF ACCIDENT-F ^e t.
Not at i n t e r s e c ti o n . Of _Distance
D ir e c t io n Name (o r otherwise i d e n t if y ) nearest in te r s e c ti n g s t r e e t , house no.,b u i l d i n g , highway,, curve, bri dge, r a i lr o a d c ros si ng, driveway,c u l v e r t , or ot her i d e n t if y i n g landmark, show exact dista nce,______using two d i r e c t i o n s and distances, i f necessary.____________________
GOVERNMENTVEHICLE “ NO. 1
Goi ng(North,19*2 Chevrolet
Sedan
Make
Type
_________ 0 n_
Maricet Str» » te,W, S . )

form

«y

£

P.M.,

Car being dr i v e n w g m
on o f f i c i a l d u ty ?j t ** ® F r o m _Distance danger
was f i r s t noticed10

E x p e r i e n c e _ £ L Type v eh ic le

5 2 9 ^ 3 N ca»Feet
I f dis ab led , weref la g s o r f l a r e s d i s p l a y e d .

TO-

Race—

JJL

Occupatic
Did accident
occur enr out e? -yea

Distance trave led
PostedMaximum safe speed
speed atmoment of a c c i d e n t .
a f t e r impactv
speed
f o r p r e v a i l i n g con dit i o n s _ _ _ H p _M. P. H.
M. P. ‘H.
M. P. H.
m7 p7 HI f at R.R. c r o ss i n g , was. v e h i c l e stopped before e n t e r i n g .

Make-Age. j B J J ____ Sex------- H —Johnflcaa Blflg.

or was. speed reduced.

19^2 CheTTolet Coaeh
Year

2p»QQ— QActual

L im ita tio n sFederal Bl&ft.______

Speed atthat timpt,^Anythawn , TaniMiaBa*.
D riv in g
n Experience t h i s Q

Numberin RemarkslS

Q Estimated-S- Number- - A — O Q l

k l 5 S3* s t r — t .

D r i v e r ' s Address.

or

use another

NO. Of—Date of la st
Safety i nspect i on
Passengers.... .*£(Ex. d r i v e r )Right front ftndar and ftoor.

Number of hours on
Government
duty preceding accident — m _ permit

What 1 ights
M.P.H. were in u s e .

•to_Vgi s i rat i on 0 0 - 0 0 0

Type

T U t t t t . ____ i f f i ?
State

No. of(e xc lu d in g)^
Jack* on Aye.__-Passengers ( d r i v e r
j ____Q Estimated3>ft t v a at fender and headlight* 0 .0 0□ ActualM
R
ace_JW
L
Number
A i% le— kO - Sex.
i____________ J ohn Poe_______________________
907 Phea Aw. Anrtown. Tonaaaaoe.
D r i v e r ’ s Address_Tenn.
3 B 9 6 8 » 3 _A y p e : Q c h S j f f e r □ Operator Occupation.
D r i v e r ’ s li c en se :State.

Go i ng W o r t hpersons,

and witnesses

Str e et or road name or number, driveway, etc .

Richard R. Roe

injureddr v e r

vehicles,Shew additional.
j> e v «-1 9 U -5 ]Year

Parts ofve h i c l e damaged

PRIVATEVEHICLE ” NO. 2 -a.M. iu

TimP

Company_ Ope rat i ng

v ehi cle.
. Ident i f i cat ion£8,Date A u g n a t

Owner

B T lT l*

Address_

Distance danger«»£k
was f i r s t not iced j l " _ _Feet

PostedSpeed atDistance traveled
speed at a k_ _ _ X C L speed
moment of accident**/____ a f t e r impactthat t i me
M. P. H.
m tpT_____M. P. H._____________ ,________ M. P. H.______________

Damage to prop erty
ot her than v e h i c l e s .

Sone

h.

Maximum safe speed
f o r p r e v a i l i n g c o n d i t i o n s __ g a _M.“name ob je c t, show ownership, and sta te nature and amount{;jiigEg

Irene Poe□ injured□ K il le d

Age

QMale
□ FemaleGiven f i r s t
aid by______Nature ° % f t Q e r » t l O l t t
Taken

•

2. Name____________________□ injur ed
O K i l led

Q H a le□ FemaleGiven f i r s t
aid by_____________

C itj l0W )lt«l
Age-

1 -

1?M -

?/u>;

n P-edestrian□ Passenger-

O D riverD H e lp e r
By

J o llR

Locat ionin vehiclel

Veh.
.No.

2

D pO

Address_□ Pedestrian□ Passenger

Q D ri v e r
Q H e lp e r

Locationin v e h i c l e .

veh.

no. _

By-

Taken to ^Address

Jeasee JonesJohn Brown
B ill 0. Smithacc. Rept.

OB. f o r e h e a d .

Nature ofj n j u r i e s __' TNESSES

CEw -37 Address.

Where was witness?

Front eeat Ho.2
3^2 Washington B3
8X3 21* Street Pedestrian. Cor.Market & Jaotason---- 1172 H. Safiinah S tre e t.____ Rear aeat Vehiole Ho.l

D ateIdent i f i c a t io n :ve h icle

o f^A ccid e n t.

1 /Q ~0O O

No.

no.

I N V E S T I G A T O R ’ S DIAGRAM

1.

Use d a sh

2.

If

the

lin e sp laceShow w h e r e

Use

Use a

8.

the

In d ic a te

draw

heavy

a ccid e n t
ve h icle s

lin e

brokenNumber e a ch

Label

of

the

a s o lid

to

lin e

to

to

v e h ic lelin e scannotbe diagram m ed

w ere

in

show p a th

of

show

and

p a thw hich w i l l

thed is ta n c eand d i r e c t i o nonlin e stheroadw ay wheng u id ea c cid e n t

beforea ccid e n t

ve h icle

a fterim p actof

tra ve l

by a r r o w

S to ps ig n s

show d i r e c t i o n

and o b j e c t sofv e h icleofstre e ts

show o u t l i n esuch astoroad w ay

atb e lo w ,occurredandp laceofaccid e n t

use a sheet
w heretheyofp la in

fin a lly

paper

cam e

to

rest

--------------------------------------------- ►-----------

X—

la n d m a rk s«*OINT o r
VvhicU

1 2 3

In d ic a te* )N o rthby arrow\□ □ □t 9□ □IM P A C T
VahicU1 2 3□ □ □ 5. U f t lid *1. Fron*
2. Right front □ □ □ 4. R u r

O ® □ !• Lrtt front□ □ □ 4. Right lid *

□ □ □
O □ □

g / n S t

\

\
\
\

\

\

/

\
\

/

\

/
/

/

\

\

/

\
\

'

\

/
/
/

\

\

\
\

/

/

\

\

\

/

\

/

/

\

/

\

/

\
/

7. Right r u rr« rPEDESTRIAN:□ on
was going ----------------------- . n A cro ss-------------------------(North, £., etc.)
street, name. Hi ghway No.

From.

To.
(S.E. corner, o r west sid e to N.E. corner, o r east sid e , e tc .)Ju st before accident-p e d e strian was:A' •tpanied by_Name

Address

1.
C ro ssin g at in te rse c tio n :VehicleWHAT DRIVERS WERE DOING
l~ i a. with sign a l
1 2
3 (Check intent of each d r iv e r)
0 b. A gainst sig n a l
Going s t r a ig h t ahead□ c. No sig n a l□ □ □ 2- Making rig h t turn
□ d. D ia go n a lly
Making le ft turnQ 2. cr o s s i n g between In t e r s e c t i o n s
Makingturn
QJ 3 . From behind parked c a r s
5 . Slowing down, stopping
□
□
□

□

□ an

4. G etting on o r o ff v e h ic le
5. P layin g in roadway.

□□ □6. working roadway□
7 . w alking in roadway (check two)□ a. with t r a f f i c□□ b. A gain st t r a f f i c□□ c . s id ew alks a v a i l a b l e
f~l d. no sid ew al ks a v a i l a b l e□ □8. H itch in g on v e h ic le□□ »• Lying in roadway
0 1 0 . Not In roadway ( ex plain )

□
1 2 3

Ped.

□ □ □ □n n n n□ □ □ □u

6. Overtaking
Forward from parking space□ □ □ □□ □ □ □□ □ □ □

d. Not known whether impaired. M o n a

TRAFFIC CONTROLWEATHER
1 O ffic e r o r V W t HiM ti f i l . c le a r
c O D s 2 Stop-and-Go 1 ight
0 2 - Cloudy

zDDl 34^an£□Stop sig n
Warning s ig n

IND OF LOCALITY
In d u stria l<b 2- Shopping and□B u sinessR e sid e n tia l
School andplayground

5 . Open country□ 6.

5- Fog□6 .

No control

ROADWAY CHARACTER(Check two)□ I- Construct ion. .

8 1 :□ 3- Raining
Snowing□| r [ j . s t r a i g h t road□□

2

VIOLATIONS !NOICATED(Check 1 o r more fo r each v e h icle )3□ □ □ l . Exceeding posted speed□ □ □ 2. Exceeding safe speed□□□

Q st u m b lin g^ j F a lle n

improper s ta r t in gfrom parked pos.

□ DDis.

3- Did not have righ t away□ □ 4 . On wrong sid e o f road□ □ 5. Passing on h i l l□ □ 6 . Passing on curve
C utting In

Improper parking□ □□»• Other improper ac­
tio n (explain)
20. No improper d r iv in g
E xplain other v io la t io n s :8. Backward from parking space □ □ □ 0. Follow ing too C lo se ly
Other backing□ □ □ 9 . F a ilu re to sign a l□ □ L O . Stopped in t r a f f i c lane□ □ □ lO . Wide rig h t turn□ □ l l . Parked□ □ □ l l - Cut corner on le ft turn□ □ C M - Turned from wrong lane
(Check if a p p licab le )□n o w - Disregarded STOP sig n
Skidding□ □ □ « • Disregarded WARNING sig n□ □ 2. Avoiding v e h icle , object□ □ □ 1 5 . Disregarded stop-and-Go lig h t
o r pedestrian□ £ □ 1 6 - Disregarded o f f ic e r□ □ 3 - warning— horn, sig n a l

CONDITION OF DRIVER AND PEDESTRIAN (Check one o r more)
1. Had been d r in k in g
1 2 3 Ped.
a. O bviously drunk
O O C H CH 2 Physical defectb. A b ilit y impairedc. A b il it y not Impaired

Vehicle1

I IWal king(JR u n n in g

2- Sharp curve o r turn3 . Other curvesm ] 1 . Level road□ 2 . upgrade, v e h icle 1[ ] 3 . H il l cre st□ 4. Downgrade, v e h icle 1□

3
4

Explain co n d itio n :.

CONDITION OF VEHICLE
Vehicle1 2

Sleepy, fatigued
Apparently asleep□□

s. Apparently normal
LIGHT
D ayligh t
2 - Dusk
3 DawnDarkness with:VISION OBSCURED BY
1 2
3 (Check where applicab le)□ □ □ 1* Rain, snow on w indshield□□ □ □ 2. D irty w indshield, windows]□

ROAD SURFACE
1 . concrete
2 Asphalt

„
Q
□

□ 5-

□ □

3 . Trees, crops, embankment□ □ □ 4. B u ild in g
No stre e t 1 igh ts □ □ □ 5 . Signboards□ □ □ 6. Parked ca rs
ROAD CONDITIONS
1. Dry Q 3 . Muddy
2 . Wet □ 4- Snowy□3□ 4 D irt ) Unoiled(Check one o r more)□5
Loose m aterial on surface□6□ 1 . Holes,
deep ru ts
G ravel) Oiled
sand ) □ £-j□□

3 (Check pne o r more)
1. D efective brakes
2 . One h eadlight out

□ □ □
□ □ □
□ □ □
□ □ □

Veh iclea .
a 4*Street lig h t s

□ □
□ □

5. Icy

□

□ □
□ □
□

f f l D

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Both h e a d ligh ts out
T a il lig h t out o r obscured
Parking 1 ig h ts only
sig n a l lig h t s defe ctive
Other 1 ights o r r e fle c t o r s
de fic ie n t
8. Defective ste e rin g gearNo defects

ROAD WIDTH AND LANES
What was roadway width'Su rfa c e fo r v e h ic le t r a v e l) ?
Total numberA
were__lanes markedo f la n e s?

Were opposing lanes d iv id e d iW b
I f so, by w hat?______________________

2'

□ 3

Defective shoulders
Other defects
No defects

Was road underc o n stru ctio n o r re pa ir! []] Yes f y N o
T r a ffic : Q H e a v y(^A ve rage Q L l g h t

o ffio w « t t a f r — o ticc |W » v h lo U «o «l •Sgral to i om m l
m feMr—g tlott.
Urttfal* l o . g AlH f l Wto* *t*P
wt&

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENED
Refer to v e h ic le s by number.
A lso use t h is space fo r da’ta
on t h ird v e h icle , ad d itio n a lw itn e sses o r injured persons
and explanation of q u e stion sofBp. I ____

not f u ll y answered by check­ing in boxes provided.
I f more space is needed, use
a sheet of p la in paper of thesame siz e .

ARRESTS
4 CITATIONS •SIGNATURE.

Dos
Name

3m

?.

»

B m i% h

f t p f w im
ChargeT it le o r. Badge No,

L is a . # 16 8 ?

City W itm gQTgt,
Court or Pol ice Dept.
. Date .

ft.

m s B j a m s n i& m icT h x sto k y

S A i m PROGRAM
a p p m sh

" i"

PH0T0S8APHE

I

Ho.

Description

1

Universal Safety emblem on gatehouse,
Administration Building, Clinton Engineer
Works.
**

2

Boane-Anderson driver training car.

3

Field of vision te st of prospective driver.

k

T ractor-trailer "bus driver taking inclosed
area te s t.

5

School poster contest, Clinton Engineer
Works.

6

Model Safety Borne, Clinton Engineer Works,

7

Exhibits a t the Clinton Engineer Works Safety
Show.

8

Exhibits at the Hanford Engineer Wbrks Safety
Show.

9

Child A ctivities Show, Clinton Engineer
Works.

AFPEHDH 35-1

The "big TThlversal safety emblem oa the <3ate~
house, Administration BallAlng, Clinton Engineer Works,•was m S ally safety rem inder.

APP32TOH 1 - 2

Tie Boana-Anderaca drivor training cara ta rt a through, an "inclosed area" te st.

Th« driver

must negotiate the course without hitting a stanchion.

ABFESDIX E-3

k check of the field of vision of prospec­tive drivers is on© of a nimher of physical checks
made to dstermine whether a driver is physicallycapable of being a safe driver and to infor* thedriver of any minor deficiencies which he can com­pensate for in driving.

The device illustrated will

screen oat a driver who is unable to see cross-traffic
or a child running toward the street.

APPENDIX I-V

An applicant fo r a tra c to r-tra ile r hus
driver's peimit negotiates a figure-8 in the inclosed
area tea t.

The applicants fo r passenger car andlight truck permits go through correspondingly mored iffic u lt te sts.

AEPEHDH E-5

Over 700 school children, submitted
posters la the contest culminated in th is exhibit
and substantial awards to ths vlnners during the
CEW Safety Show.

CONTEST
£/

rr

*r

MIf# • ■
-V'V

-)1
ii»»

*' !.*i- § :};\

n s MTf5
f a i r vca ^

fSF

W
v

;

e

m

*
,

*m m

APPENDIX 1-6

The Modal 3afety Hoao vas an interestingand instruotlre aachiMt which dreir thousands ofhouaeviToa.

...~

s

w

*■<?*%*

Vj *• H U U L L \Smp7

SAFETY HOME
WELCOMEVISITING MOOR?
WtFK OAVS
10 A H1? NOON? PM » 5 I’ M
7 PM 9 PM
SUNDAYSI PM > 7 PM-Appsron e -7

Sight thousand of Clinton Engineer Works'
workers and residents sav these varied exhibits ofpersonal protective equipment supplied fo r on-the-job
safety, tr a ffic safety hints and pointers, and homeand recreational hazards and precautions.

<

9

<

9

COURTESyMINE SAFETya p p l ia n c e s

Iuni i1“

MAKE OAK RIDGE AMERICAS SAFEST C O M M U N IT Y'/.TAKEONE-FREE LITERATURE— TAKE ONE^)N£V£ti

:' 1

;

' S f DON! STEP ONAMOBJECTif .

APPEKDIX J -8

Thousands of Hanford Engineer Works
amployses and their families studied these safety
exhibits.

Other thousands took part In dancesand shows Intended to provide recreation and at
the same time stimulate safety consciousness.

APPENDIX 1-9

Over a thousand trailer-camp children
sat spoil-bound before magician* and entertainers
on Saturday mornings at Clinton Engineer Works.
Safety, health, and discipline were the serious
themes worked in without detracting from theentertainment.

MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYSAFETY PROGRAM
APPENDIX "F"SAFETY PROMOTION MATERIALS

Description•’The Carpenter Foreman’s Safety Responsi­
bility" Clinton Engineer Works.
Safety Instruction Cards, National Safety
Council.
"Public Safety Neva".
Selected Clippings from the Oak Ridge
Journal, the HEW Sage Sentinel and Richland
Villager.
Contractors' Safety Periodicals;a.

The Richland Safety Beacon.

b.

Carbide Safety Neva.

c.

Jones-agran.

d.

Stone & Webster Timely Topics.

Safety Films and Records Available for Loanfrom the U.S.X.D. Safety Branch.
t/TJ.S.E.D. Safety Bulletin.
Industrial Safety Posters.
TahicXe Dashboard Safety Reminders.
"The Safe Driver" and "The Safe Worker"

THE CARPENTER FOREMAN’ S SAFETY RESPONSIBILITY

Clinton Engineer Works
In t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n work t o d a te th e a c c i d e n t r a t e f o r c a r p e n te r s
has been o n ly a l i t t l e above th e averag e f o r a l l c r a f t s and o c cu p a tio n s ont h i s p r o je c t .. The number o f days l o s t per i n j u r y has been below th e p r o j e c t
average«But c a r p e n t e r s a re th e l a r g e s t c r a f t group on t h i s p r o j e c t So,i f th e man-hours l o s t by a c c i d e n t * , and th e i n e f f i c i e n t , hazardous con­d i t i o n s which cause a c c i d e n t s , a re t o be reduced on t h i s im p ortan t p r o j e c t ,a c c id e n t p r e v e n t io n work must be c o n c e n tra te d in th e c a r p e n te r crew s.
The c a r p e n t e r i n j u r i e s which have occurred show c l e a r l y t h a t th e
foremen must t a k e f u r t h e r siteps t o p r o t e c t t h e i r men, i f a n y r e d u c t i o n ini n j u r i e s i s t o take p l a c e .
In f o u r ou t o f f i v e c a r p e n te r a c c i d e n t s , theforemen had f a i l e d t o in s p e c t f o r h a z a rd s, f a i l e d t o e n f o r c e s a f e t y r e g u ­l a t i o n s , or o t h e r w is e f a i l e d in h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s *The f o l lo w i n g a n a l y s i s o f c a r p e n te r a c c id e n t causes i s based on
d e t a i l e d r e p o r t s o f 91 th o ro u g h ly i n v e s t i g a t e d c a s e s o c c u rr in g on t h i s
p ro je c tOnly a few o f the a c c id e n t s were a t t r i b u t e d t o fo rem en’ s f a i l u r e
t o g iv e i n s t r u c t i o n s o r t r a i n i n g .
I t i s q u ite a p p a re n t t h a t s u p e r v i s o r s
have t o l d t h e i r men how t o do most j o b s , S u p e r v is o r s have f a i l e d by not
i n s i s t i n g on and e n f o r c in g observance o f s a f e p r a c t i c e s , //here an in e x ­p e rie n c e d w o rk er has had sne i n s t r u c t i o n on a s a f e p r a c t i c e , i t i s obvioust h a t th e p o in t should have been h i t hard two or t h r e e tim es so t h a t e v e r yworkman a c t u a l l y fo l lo w s th e o p e r a tin g p r a c t i c e s which have been e s t a b ­lish e d .
In about h a l f th e c a s e s , foremen were n o t p re s e n t a t th e sceneo f th e work when th e a c c id e n t o c c u rr e d . The crews which have been a s s ig n e d
t o foremen f o r s u p e r v i s i o n a re n o t l a r g e . T h e re fo re , f a i l u r e o f forement o s u p e r v is e work as c l o s e l y as p o s s ib l e i s ev id en t..
Many a c c id e n t s occu rred a f t e r foremen had la y e d out th e work but
had f a i l e d t o in s p e c t th o ro u g h ly f o r h a z a rd s. Perhaps h a ste t o g e t t h i s
im portant jo b done was a f a c t o r , b ut "has.te makes w aste" on a c o n s t r u c t i o n
jo b because i t means hazards o v e rlo o k e d - A f t e r a jo b i s la y e d ou t, th e
foremen must tak e th e few seconds n e c e s s a r y t o oheck f o r p o t e n t i a l t r o u b l e .
Unsafe a c t s o f workmen were c o n tib u te d t o f o u r out o f f i v e
a c c i d e n t s . D e lib e r a t e c h a n c e -ta k in g was n ot v e r y f r e q u e n t . The mostcommon f a u l t was a f a i l u r e t o obey i n s t r u c t i o n s . . And i t ’ s th e forem an's
job t o check, check, check, and double check, u n t i l he g e ts o b se rv a n c e .

/7Unsafe handling, loading* and stdring were frequent* as w i ll beevident from the detailed arialysis of flauSefcj
Unsafe mechanical and physical conditions, such as improper
guarding, defective equipment, and hazardous arrangement, were factors
in seven out of every ten accidents. In some cases, the unsafe conditions
were due to something the men had done or failed to do, but most often they
were traceable to fa u lts of supervisors.
A detailed analysis of the causes of carpenter accidents follows:
SLIPS AMD STRAINS — The largest class of injury, 23 cases and one-fourth ofa l l carpenter in ju r ie s . Not the tools of the trade, nor the work on eleva­
tions and scaffolds, but simple slip s and strains in the everyday job ofcarrying materials are the largest sources of carpenter in ju r ie s .
Slips While Carrying M aterials. In eight cases the injured person
slipped while carrying material or material slipped from his grasp. In nineother cases a person helping the injured man slipped and the injured wasstruck by material being carried . This is a to ta l of 17 cases, o n e-fifth ofa l l carpenter in ju r ie s .
In eight cases lack of teamwork and lack of knowledge of properl i f t i n g procedure were assigned as causes, and were attributed to inexperience.
Workmen should be thoroughly instructed in safe l i f t i n g , and before undertak­ing a job should be told exactly what is to be carried, how carried , theroute, and the agreed-upon signals fo r l i f t i n g and lowering the m aterial.
Four slip s were attributed to slippery footing. A slippery surface
which can be crossed without trouble when simply walking may re s u lt in an
accident i f crossed while carrying heavy materials because balance and sta ­b i l i t y are affected by the load carried .
In four cases in su ffic ie n t help was used on the job. The tempting
savings of time by doing a job with in su ffic ie n t help, or with makeshift
equipment, are often lo s t by injuries to workmen, damage to m aterials, andin e ffic ie n c ie s in moving heavy materials from one place to another.
One carpenter attempted to save a few seconds by taking a short­
cut with lumber on his shoulder. When he had straddled a handrail, his footslipped and the resulting injury cost seven days d i s a b i li t y . He would havesaved days by using the walkway which had been provided.
Other S lip s . In two cases men with mud on th e ir shoes slipped onsmooth lumber or steel p ilin g . It is impossible to keep out of the mud on
th is job and the small number of cases attributed to slippery footing should
probably be accepted as evidence of the care which has gone into overcoming
th is hazard.

STRAINS (except slip s included above) - - There have been six cases ofstrain with no slipping involved, and every ohe df the caSes resulted inserious back or side stx*ainfej 6r hernia*
Three cases resulted from using too few men on the job. In theother three cases there was su ffic ie n t help but the injured men strained
themselves trying to carry more than th eir share.
HOW TO HANDLE MATERIALS SAFELY — If the men are taught the following
simple ru le s, and i f supervisors enforce the ru le s, the large number ofcarpenter in ju rie s on th is project can be sharply cut,1.
Before carrying m aterials, take a look around and pick asafe route* Avoid makeshift walkways, slippery places, congestionand cranes or other heavy equipment.
2.
There are a lo t of heavy materials to be carried and th e y * ll
require help, Get enough men to do the job sa fe ly .
3.

Watch for sp lin ters and n a ils .

Wear gloves,

4.
Be sure of your footing before making a l i f t .
l i f t i n g may cause a painful strain*
5.

Take a good firm grip on the object.

6.

L ift with your leg muscles — not your back*A s lip in

7.
Teamwork is mighty important in carrying material with othermen. L ift together; If you have to set the load down, fo r example,
to change your , grip, t e l l the other men. Keep in step Vrith the othermen* In carrying a load on your shoulders, both you and the other men
should carry with the same shoulder, and keep in step,
FALLING AND FLYING OBJECTS - - eleven cases. Most of these cases occurred inwrecking forms and sim ilar work. Failure to olean up as the work progressed
resulted in two in ju rie s . Improper location of scaffold produced another.
In one case the man f a ile d to step back fa r enough and was struck by a f a l l ­ing timber.
Two in ju rie s resulted from c are le ssly throwing or droppingT-jacks.
One accident was caused by a defective 2 by 4 stud being used
to raise a form.

- 3 -There were four eye in ju rie s , two of which occurred in wrecking
forms. In two of the four cases, the safety engineer stated goggles shouldhave been worn for the work. Every eye case, no matter how slig h t, shouldbe treated a t the f i r s t aid station .
FALLS

Scaffo ld s. Eleven in ju rie s occurred in working on scaffolds orwhere scaffolds should have been provided.
In nine of the eleven cases, the scaffold provisions of the Corpsof Engineers Safety Requirements were v io la te d . Two scaffolds lacked
guard and intermediate r a i l s . In two cases, planking was not secured
the boards slipped in one of these and the other had an overhang. One
scaffold pulled loose from the w a ll. A putlog of another scaffold was de­fec tiv e and broke, le ttin g the man f a l l fourteen fee t to a concrete flo o r.
In one case, a worker vms wrecking forms and f e l l to the groundbecause no scaffold had been provided. And in two other cases makeshiftstaging was used instead of proper scaffold s.
Two scaffold accidents resulted from outright unsafe acts - climbing on scaffold and construction members rather than ladders whichwere availab le.
Ladders - - two cases, in addition to the two scaffold accidents
which resulted from fa ilu r e to use the ladders provided. In one case, aman was attempting to carry a 1+0 pound n a il keg up a ladder, missed his
hand hold and f e l l , mechanical hoisting equipment should have been used.
The worker’ s foot slipped from a rung in the second ladder case.
Openings and Elevations — ten accidents. Three men f e l l into
unguarded openings. One other' man climbed over a barricade and f e l l . So
supervisors must not only order barricades and guard r a i l s erected, but also
keep men from climbing over them.
Two men f e l l through jo is ts because temporary walkways or flooring
had not been provided.
Single-plank, makeshift walkways over excavations resu lted in
two serious accidents.
One accident was caused prim arily by lack of illumination, whioh
was also a contributing factor in two of the accidents above.
One man f e l l from a small form.
to stand on the form to do the job.

It would not have been necessary

TOOLS — twelve in ju rie s .
Power gaws — fiv e accidents, two of them finger amputations.
An unguardea s k i l l saw was permitted to remain in use a fte r i t had beencalled to the supervisor's attention.
A man fa ile d to prepare a timber fo r sawing by removing a 2 by
1+ block nailed to i t . When the block struck the table, he l i f t e d thetimber and pushed i t with his hip, forcing his hand against the saw.

A saw h it a knot; the piece kicked back. Anti-kick-back dogs
were lacking. The nan should have stood to one side while operating thesaw .

One worker was removing a piece from the saw table when the wood
was caught by the saw, drawing his'hand-against the blade. He should-not
have been wearing gloves. And push sticks should be used whenever possible.
The f i f t h power saw accident resulted from lack of teamwork be­
tween the saw operator and an inexperienced helper while cutting a plank.
The helper pushed the plank, carrying the operator's hand against the blade.
Hand Saws - - four cases
A dull saw jumped, cutting a man's thumb.
One nan l e t the c u t-o ff end of a 2 by I4. drop on his toe.
Another worked over to the end of a sawhorse which tipped and f e l l , thelumber strikin g his foot.
Two men trie d to notch a piece of siding a t the same time.
Vibration caused a saw to jump and cut one of the men.
Hatchets — In two cases the hatchet was deflected by a nearby
brace and by a chip on the blade.
Sledge - - One man inadvertently put his hand on top of a stake
which he was holding and had his thumb fractured by a blow of the sledge.
EXCAVATIONS
Clean up - - ’York in excavations must o rd in arily be done under some­what congested' conditions. But that makes a fa ilu re to take reasonable steps
to clean up and prepare a working area a l l the more inexcusable. The fa ilu recaused two accidents.
Sloping Banks — Failure of a Dirt Foreman to have banks properly
sloped resulted in injury £0 one carpenter.

)
NAILS
One inan stepped on a n a il. The housekeeping was poor and was the
direct causc of this accident. However, housekeeping on this job has been
above average generally, witnessed by the fa c t that th e re ’ s been only one
carpenter injury attrib utab le to n a ils underfoot.
Another man was pulling o f f a s i l l nailed to framing. A hardpull loosened the s i l l , but drove, a n a il into his ankle. Proper tools
should have been used.
CRANES
Two men were injured by crane loads. Some resp o n sib ility rested
with the crane crew in each case. But every man has his own personal
resp o n sib ility of keeping in the clear when working near cranes.
INFECTIONSThere were seven minor in ju rie s - s p lin te rs, n a il punctures, e t c .,which would havo had no serious complications i f proper f i r s t aid had beenobtained. In addition, there were three other accidents, described above,
which were made more severe through fa ilu re to get f i r s t aid. This was ato t a l of 10 cases - more than one-tenth of the carpenter in ju ry t o l l .
MISCELLANEOUS
One man tripped on the cuff of his pants -and f e l l downstairs.
Long, rolled-up pants legs wore at fa u lt.
A carpenter was struck by a bolt dropped by a structural iron­worker because workers had not been excluded from a hazardous area.
One in ju ry resulted from improper cranking of a motor.
The mad rush for the clock a lle y s produced one injury when two
workers collided v io le n tly .
Two workers were injured in transportation accidents. In ono cas>ea bench was not fastened and tipped when the truck h it a rough place in theroad. The other carpenter was injured in an over-crowded pick-up truck? afellow worker stepped on his anklo.
THE FOREL&N1S JOBWhat are the things that put a good foreman ahead of his crew?
He's a top-notch craftsman, of course. Ho has the "Know how". But the t»vo
things which make or break a foreman are his a b i l i t y to plan an e ff ic ie n t
job and his a b ili t y to get the plan across to his men.
- 6 -

Safety and e ffic ie n c y go hand in hand. A good safety recordr e fle c ts a foreman's a b ili t y . Mistakes, waste, and accident hazards\vill not crop up i f the supervisor has gone over the work thoroughly in
his own mind, chocking each step to see what could go wrong and finding
a way to get around each and every potential trouble.

Prepared by
Safety-Accident Prevention Section
Manhattan D is tric t
December, 19^+3 •CIRCULAR SA W OPERATION
Operation of Power Trucks

1. Befor. ,»o,ting »h, , OWi „ 0i , |ur. , hot a|,
g u a rd s arc in place and operative.
2.

A lw ays use a push stick to push narrow pieces
through between the saw and the gage .

3. A v o id "k ick -b a c ks” by standingof the saw-^-not in line with it.
4.

5.

6.

1. A t the be ginning of each shift or if youchango to another truck try out the brakes
first.
2. K e e p your truck under control.
only get you into trouble.

to one side

Sp e e d in g will

3. In crow ded aisles and when ap proach ing
intersecting aisles, drive slowly and cautiously.

K e e p m aterial of
any kind from a c ­cum ulating on thesaw table.

4. N e ver lounge on the truck while it is in m o­tion. Face in the direction of travel and be
alert for danger, particularly when backing up.
5.

If the saw it dullor needs setting, if
it heats up and runs
"sn a k y ," if it i*w arped or lumpy,
or if it has teeth
filed to a backward pitch, get a saw in go o dcondition.

N e ver leave truck without shutting off thepower and rem oving the switch key or c o n ­trol handle.

6 . M a ke your w arning signals
them only when necessary.
7.

heard

but

use

K e e p a safe stopping distance from othertrucks or pedestrians. Alw ays give a pedes­
trian the benefit of the doubt, he may be deaf.

8. W h e n ap proa ching an elevator, bring truck
to a full stop at least six feet from the gate
and set the brakes. W a lk to the signal button
to ring for the elevator. D o not start truck un­
til elevator has stopped. Be sure total weightof truck and load does not exceed safe c a ­pacity of elevator.

D o not attem pt to straighten a w arped pr
lumpy saw unless you have had special trairving in that kind of work.

7. In filing gullets, see that they are all nicely
rounded to prevent cracks.
8. A n y saw that has started to crack should be
replaced; "d o c t o r in g " it by drilling it m ay
prove very dangerous.

9.

N ever haul loads that are not properly piled
or trimmed for clearance.

10. Keep to the right of aisles.
9. Sawdust underfoot on tho floor can be veryslippory; keep your workplace clean.

11. D o not permit unauthorized persons to tideon truck or trailer.

10. N o v tr leave the saw with power turned on.

12. N ever tam per with the truck mechanism.

No. 54

SA F E T Y IN S T R U C T IO N C A R D

S A F E T Y IN S T R U C T I O N

CARD

No. 43(Revised Mar., 1937)

Grinding W heel Flange Dimensions

Lifting C a p a c ity of Tackle

Straigh t-Sid ed W h e e ls

W oodenS h ell Blo cks w ith M a n i l a

Minimum Sol*- R I G G I N G
loud m Pounds 1" M o m la R o p e
X N w ll^Rope

Mu»imum Suit’ R . I G G I N G
load in Pounds I'/ h M a n ila R o p e

2,975 2P«.U |\ 1 :\ J 4,450p

S IN O ll

4,050
OCUtlkis 6,075

MNOtr
OOUH I5\|

M N bLI

4.900 4 P art*yR x

7,375 •1 Ports ^oo u tu •IH U I61I

Paris •
5,575 oounOr
5

OOUPk t1H ll’l 1

8,375

iv u m ip

9,125 0 Polls j iwi\yUse not less thanrope.

1 2 " blocks for I ” and M/4 ”

These tables are for new manila rope m ade toFederal Specifications N o. T — R — 601, and are
based on a factor of safety of 5. W h e re the service
subjects the rope to conditions which acceleraterope deterioration, or if the rope has been in serv­
ice 6 months, use factor of safety of 1 0 , and d e ­crease loads accordingly.
These maximum loads are only for tackle asshown. If lead line is snatched or passes over a d ­ditional sheaves, maximum loads must be decreased
accordingly.
S A F E T Y IN S T R U C T I O N C A R D

A
D iam
of
W heelOOUtM IXX

M inim um Dim ensions for S traigh t Flanges for Use
with Straigh t Sid e d A b ra sive W h e e ls with Small
H o le s W h ic h Fit Directly on the Spindle
or M a ch in e A rb or.

No. 61JfeWMrfOft. 1934B
M in
O utside
Diamof
F langes

R ad ial V idth of
B earing S u rface
M in

M ax

D
E
M in .
T h ick ­M in.
T h ic k ­ ness ofness ofF langeF lan ge a t Edge
at Bore of Recess

InchesInchesInchesInchesInchesInches
1
K
H
2
H
H
H
1
3
H
%
■-6
H
4
H
H
Wa
**
‘4
S
X
H
2
6
H
H
8
3
H
x
10
3 Vi
H
y*
H
12
4
H
M
%
14
H
4H
X
%
H
i
16
Mi
Vi ■
54
H
18
i
6
H
H
20
7
M
H
H
IX
22
H
H
■ IX
74
24
8
H
%
I
X
X
26
84
X
in
«
X
28
H
10
X
IH
H
30
10
H
X
H
IH
X
36
12
2
i
H
(N O TE These a re not protection flanges a n a snouia
on ly be used in connection w ith proper protection hoods )S A F E T Y IN S T R U C T I O N C A R D

No. 59Issu e N o. 3

PUBLIC SAFETY NEWS

16 June 1 9 4 5 .

The material in this publication is for the information of t h e editorsof the contractors' house organs and they a r e urged to ireprint any or
all material.
,
Published by U. S. E. D. Safety Branch in the interest of Off-the-job
S a f e t y . _____________________________________________________________PAVEMENT MARKING IH PROGRESS
P&vement marking of newly paved roads has started. Striping of Bethel
Valley Road beginning at Solway Gate and west to Scarboro is now inprogress. From there-the striping m i l be started on Scarboro Read.
Other striping and cross-walk markings will be started in the near
future.
Striping paint reflector!zed with tiny glass spheres will be appliedon all m ain roads. This reflector iziing helps immensely in seeing theline at night.
N E W TRAFFIC SIGNALSWork has been started on the installation of seven new traffic signals
at CEW.
One o f the new signals has been installed at the intersection of Scar­boro Road and Oak Ridge Turnpike. Other signals will be installed at
the following intersections:Gamble Valley Road and Oak Ridge Turnpike
Robertsville Road and Oak Ridge Turnpike
E. Division Road and Oak Ridge Turnpike
New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee Avenues
Georgia Avenue and Tennessee Avenue
Gamble Valley, Scarboro and Sawmill Roads
SAFETY OFF THE JOB
There is n o quitting time for Safety! It doesn't stop at the quitting
whistle car go with your time card at the clock alleys. Do you k n o w thatyour chances of injury in an accident are more than twice as great awayfrom work as they are on the job? No matter how safely you've worked
during the day, you are still liable to injury off the job. W h e n you
leave the job for home and when you come to work each day, use thegreatest care in crossing streets and highways, in boarding and alight­
ing from busses and in driving your car.
Whether you drive an automobile or walk, observe all street signs andtraffic signals; never take a chance that may lead t o an accident.
Be alfert, an g.ccident would mean loss of wages to you and grief t o your(

SUNBURN
N ot/- that vacation time is upon us, we all have an urge to get thatbeautiful sun tan. Sun-tan is very beneficial to the body, if taken
in small doses. Get sun tanned gradually, there is little or no ex­cuse for taking the chance of a serious burn that wiill put you flaton your back in agonizing discomfort.
. . . .
Expose yourself to the sun for short periods at a time until yourskin has a chance to adjust itself or, in other words, until nature
protects you with a good coat of tan.
A-good coating of "Sunburn" oil or ointment, well bubbed in, before
exposing yourself will help to prevent burning.
.

OAK kIDG;

JCl'^'ALIs

Women Inspecting Model Trailer

I

Safety Course Begins
Here O n December 18
G.

M.

cin cer,
Dallas,Kintz Supervising J'n
U. S. Bureau o f Mines,
T exas,----- , w ill conduct a[c o u r s e in the S afe Handling of'In fla m m a b le and T o x i c Sub|stances fo r all safety personnel at
C E W du ring Itie w eek o f D ecem ­ber 18. AH operatin g companies
w ill send sa fety inspectors andengin eers and representatives o ffire preven tion and health organ ­izations to attend the sixteen hour jcourse being sp onsored by the
USED S afety Section. Estimatedattendance w ill be approxim ately
100.

(Journal P h oto By W c s tc o t t )SAFETY HINTS — For trailer residents arc outlined by M atth ew B.

Long, of the O ak Ridge Fire Prevention Bureau.
T h e M o d el T ra ile r, which is touring tra iler camps, is staffed by Town Hos­tesses who dem onstrate to trailer residents ways and means of keeping
th e ir homes safe and sanitary. It w ill be in M iddletown this week.

The course w ill be held at J e f­ferson Recreation Hall. The p h ysi­
cal and chetrjical characteristics,
T ox icity and Hazards, P h ysiologi­
cal effects and protection against
the mqny different gases and su b­
stances com m on ly handled in in ­dustry today w ill be com pletely
dem onstrated and discussed.

TW O TRAILER CAM P PLAYGRO UNDSIN O PERA TIO N ; O TH ERS W ILL OPEN
Two playgrounds in Trailer Camps are now open to allnildren as
first step in a wide program which will ulti­
mately e ffe c t all children on the area, it was announced thisiveek by Temple Jarrell, director o f Physical Recreation for
he Oak Ridge Recreation and Welfare Association.
The playgrounds, one in Gamble Valley and one in MidIletown, will be open each day from 2:30 to 5:00 PM. On-^Saturday, playgrounds will be
open from 1 :00 to 5:00 PM.
National Safety Council
The Gamble Valley play
Holds Course For MP
center is located at Miami
L o ca l A u x ilia ry M ilitary P oliceh a v e secu red the services o f R ich ­ard O. Bennett, P olice T ra ffic
\T rain in g Consultant o f the N a’ tional S afety C ouncil, to conduct
a short course in traffic direction,•M ajor L. R. B lock, C h ief G uard
O fficer, ann oun ced this week.
T o p ro v id e for m axim um a t­
ten dan ce b y the T ra ffic Police,
B en n ett w ill con du ct tw o classes.
In this Way, M a jor Block' e x ­plain ed, there w ill be n o interrup­
tion in tra ffic con trol during classperiods.
E ffic ie n cy and safety depend on
keepin g tools and w its sharpened.

W ay and B erkeley A ven u e, andthe M iddletow n at O ak R idge
Turnpike and L ark A venue.
Supervision o f the p la yg rou n d s'
is in charge o f Sh ep Lauter, w ith
M argaret Stew art as assistant.

Reercatjon Units are b ein gform ed lor younger children allover the p roject, w ith supervis­
ors in charge at all tim es. Theyw ill be kn ow n as J a c k s o n
Square, jEast T ow n , Scarboro,
and ex a ct locations w ill be an- jn ounced later. The program has ,been form ulated w ith the Idea
in m ind o f em phasizing the d e- !
v elop m tn t o f in tra-u nit pro- jgrams, Jarrell said. Intra-center,.in ter-cen ter, and city-wide a c - \tivities Will be limited to a few
major events.
T h e playtim e program fo r e le ­m en tary ' sch ool boy s, u nder the
direction o f Shep Lauter, w ill b e
h eld fro m 1:00 to 4:00 P M each
Saturday in the gym s o f eachschool. Each sch ool on the area
w ill h ave tw o supervisors w ith alls c h o o l s sponsoring basketballteams, Plans are n o w u nderw ay
for an e lem entary sch ool bask etball tou:m iament.

OAF RIDGE JCURXAL

11 JA’JUARY 1 9 4 5

2 2 FEBRUARY 1 9^ 5

s/\Fnv
ON THE_M /\R CHO N E THING some o f us forget is that an “ off-the-job”
injury prevents us from work­
ing just as effectively as be­
ing injured on the job. Falling 3
downstairs at home may just ;as readily cause a disabling
sp ra in o r fra ctu re as fa llin g froma s c a ffo ld or tr(ick bed on the jo b .
U sin g k e rosen e at h om e to starta fire m a y burrt y o u ju st th e sam e ,as u sin g it fo r that p u rp ose on the |Ij ob. jj D u rin g the y e a r o f 1945, le i’s ;pu t fortli m o r e ’ e ffo r t to elim in a te .
|h om e accident^.
!
/ / y O U 'D
B E T T E R B e P an ic

SAFETY SU G G EST IO N S —>"A r c c o m in 9«"<* fa * in
3H rC I 1
th e j A Jon es eon te sf f or w orkers'
v os. T h e first w as turned in by M rs. J a m es H. O 'D e ll, a b o v e , to D. N .
K elly, Jon es sa fe ty m a n . See story below .

Mrs. James H. O'Dell Makes Initial
Suggestion In Jones Safety Contest

P r o o f” is the title o f an a r ti- 5
c le o r ig in a lly p u b lish ed in the
L ib e r t y M a g a zin e and con d en sed j
Mrs. James H. O’ Dell, w ife o f a J. A. Jones carpenterin -th e D e c e m b e r 1944 issue o f the ;foreman, a schoolteacher in Wheat School, was first to submit
R e a d e r ’s D igest, and is an article
an entry in the novel safety contest fo r J. A. Jones workers*
w h ich cou ld be read to advantage
wives, which will close on
b y e v e r y resid en t o f O ak R idge.
March 21 at midnight. The
T h e m aterial in the a rticle w ascontest, open to wives in the
p ick e d at ra n d om and the scenes
K -25 area on ly, o ffe rs fifteenm en tion ed cou ld b e rep ea ted here.
prizesin W ar B on ds and Stam ps.
A sk y o u r s e lf this q u estion , h ow
M rs. O ’D ell, in subm itting her
w o u ld y ou react to a fir e in aentry, said that she and h er hus­
p u b lic b u ild in g ? W o u ld y o u haveband both realize the v alu e o f
y o u r ex it located and c a lm ly w a lk
sa fety precaution s. “ M r. O ’D ellto the e x it o r w o u ld y o u lose y ou r
lias b een h an dlin g crew s fo r th irty head to tram ple and be tram p led
fiv e y ears w ith ou t a serious a cci­in th e c r o w d ? A lw a y s be c o o l ir.
dent to the m en, and has operated
an e m erg en cy , it w ill set an e x ­a tw en ty -m a n crew on this area
am p le to oth ers an d h e lp to sa ve
fo r eleven m onths w ith ou t a d is­th em and y ou rself.
A n econ om ica l safegu ard fo r
ablin g in ju ry ,” she stated.
A G O O D H O M E fire e x tin g u is h ­w in ter d riv in g is a pu tty k n ife o r
C om plete rules o f the ‘safety
er is ordin ary bakin g soria.j
razor b la d e carried in the car to
con test m a y be obtain ed fro m theB a k in g soda th r o w n at the basescrape frost from the w in d ow s.
J. A . Jones S a fety Departm ent,o f a fla m e cau sed b y cook in g
A fro sty w in d sh ield is a defin ite
B ox 229, K n o x v ille , Term.
fires, flash fir e in g a solin e c o o k -j
d r iv in g hazard in v iew o f the fact
in g stoves o r oil h eated eq u ip m en t
it red u ces v ision and causes e x ­w ill q u ic k ly ex tin gu ish the firecessive glare in night d riv in g . A
if it hasn’ t a seriou s start. F lou rl
i fe w m inu tes spent in scrapin gor corn starch w ill n ot extin gu ish
j frost from the w in d ow s m a y p r e fires. T h e y m a y cau se an e x p lo -J
j v en t an acciden t.
sion.

SAGE SENTINEL

Office Safety9
At Half MarkOut front with eight emblems

. .
.
...
e—
a>c/shU a re th r e e -1___ ____
a i l m e n t s th is
w e e k In th e O ffi
S a fe t y C o n te st.
Theto p -n e tch e
ar4i
R ic h la n d
O ff i c e , C n g in e e .
, engineering
S e r v ic e s and Inv'ig a t io n ji

?ushing to'thefees, Feeding■ ford Housing,
And Procedures,Multilith.

e are five othericllfties of Han
Ciete, Methods“ lie Health andOther offices Jc$Le^all earned six
emblems each fd ij$ h $ O ffice Safety
Flag, which, tlie O ffice Safety Su­
pervisor announced, fcufs each de­partment “ over the „.top” in the
fourth week o f the contest andqualifies the supervisor to receive
the Recognition Safety Award. '“ But,” Safety warned, "these su­
pervision awards will he given ‘onprobation’ until the end of the con­test January 1, for any office that
S ta n d in g h ig h in th e O ff ic e S a fe t y C o n t e s t ill th e P u b lic H ea lth
slips may still find itself with ‘minus’ emblems.”
D e p a r tm e n t.' E m b le m s f o r th e w e e k o n th e o f f i c e S a fe ty F lag a r e b e ­With five more weeks left In the ing p ut on b y L u c ille B r o w n e ll, H ea lth E d u c a to r. A n d a d m irin g th e p r o ­contest, Safety complimented all c e s s an d c h e e r in g fr o m th e s id e lin e s are L . G. K o c h , S a n ita ry E n g in e e r ;offices on their participation in the V ir g in ia S e c o r , D e p a r tm e n t S e c r e t a r y , an d J a n is G e rk in g , S u p e r v is o r o fcontest and urged continued Safe­
P u b lic H ea lth N u r se s.
ty suggestions from the groups.

2b

NOVEMBER 1924+

Traffic Care
Safety Rule
Concern for traffic hazards caus­
ed by winter weather conditions
prompted Safety to bear down thisweek on the principal points to beobserved in preventing accidents on
the road.
Am ong the important-traffic safe­ty items, they pointed out, w ere:leave h( me from 20 or 30 minutes
earlier than you do in summer;
clean your windshield and all win­
dow s of dew and frost before start­
ing to drive; use good judgment inyour driving speed, and keep two
windows open at least a crack to
avoid possibility of concentrationo f carbon monoxide gas in vehicle.
F or pedestrians, these considera­
tions were suggested for watching:
frost or ice on running boards andsteps; wet and icy sidewalks; al­w ays cross at designated crossings,
and avoid walking in front of or
around busses. •F or everyday care, Safety re­minded motorists that failure to
give proper hand signals is a frequeut accident cause. The threemain points to be observed in autom oble driving are: hand straight
our for left turn, down for stop andup at right angle for right turn.

1 DECEMBER 19^4-

Emphasis on
Safe Driving
A d is p la y o f w r e c k e d an d sm a sh ­ed c a r s , t o b e held on K a d le c P laza,
w ill b e th e g rim w a r n in g to r e c k ­l e s s m o to r is t s , a s th e d riv e to “ In­ju r e N o M ore in ’44” m a r ch e s into
its la st m on th .

Further emphasizing the intense
traffic safety program, movies on“ highway safety” are to be shownin the conference room of the Train­
ing and Relations Building, togeth­
er with the regular geries of war
communiques shown nightly at
7:45. Also in connection with thelast quarter safety drive, terse
learnings that every traffic vftdaWr
on the Project will be prosecutedto the full extent of the law havebeen issued.
T o insure against careless driv­
ing, every member of the Patrol
Department has been instructed to'j
act in every case o f traffic viola­tion. These violations inelude ne­glect of proper Bignals and speed­ing, as well as other careless prac­
tices. Pedestrians will be held forinfractions of safety ircjruiatious, inthe same manner as are haphazard j
drivers.
In addition to avoiding actual vio-j
lations, motorists are urged to in­crease alertness at all points of,danger, such as intersections, rail-1
road crossings, and winding roads.
Safety officials add repeated warn­
ings against speeding through fog
or on icy pavements.

SAGE SENTINEL
17 NOVEMBER 1 9 b kgiven to the safe handling of fire­arms, both in the home aad in thefield. The Safety Division reports two
recent instances in the Village
where guns were accidentally dis­charged, fortunately without in­
According to the accident facts jury. ' In the first case one person
Issued by tfrj. National Safety Coun­ was showing another person how
cil, there were Mi this country 2,700 the gun operated. The gan acci­
accidental deatha from firearma In dentally discharged. The charge
1P42. -The death rate per 100,000 went] through the living room wall
population waa 2.0, which meana and into the house next door. Thisthat for every 100,000 peraona In was one of those instances when
JBie United 8tatea, two accidentally the person thought the gun was
Joat their Uvea from firearms.
not loaded.
In another instance, the gun ac­!. Most of these deaths occurred In
the fall, when the hunting season Is cidentally discharged when a per­•pen, but not all of these deaths pc- son was in the act of cleaning it.
eurred in the field.; Twenty-two Again, the person thought the fcunpercent, 504 deaths, occurred in the waa not loaded.
|om « through careless handling of
jtrearms.
*■' Many Richland Village homes
have one or more guns. Therefore,
5aerious Consideration should be

Give Firearms
Care Warning

SAFETY PAYS

TEE VILLAGER
JUNE 19^5

Ik------ ----------— ------------------------------ :------• Swimming Courses
To Be Offered Here;
Meeting Tomorrow
***"

-

>

1" r ntintli yi
w ill be given an opiiortunity to |Jearn to swim or im prove Ih e ir 1
sw im m ing ability if enough inte­
rest Is shown in a series of clalses
being organized by O. A. Coppiock,acting w ater safety chairman fortire Am erican Red Cross here. A
mass m eeting of those^nterested |has been called by Coppock for t o - :m orrow m orning (F riday) at ten
o ’clock in the Lewis and Clark ‘
gymnasium.
■>
A m o n g t h e c la s s e s t o b e m ad ea v a ila b le a r e in s t r u c t io n f o r b e g in ­n e rs, in t e r m e d ia t e , a d v a n c e d , j u n ­io r life s a v in g an d s e n io r life s a v ­in g , it w a s a n n o u n c e d . '9 e c * use °*a n e e d f o r q u a lifie d w a t e r s a fe t y
in s t r u c t o r s , C o p p o c k in d ic a te ^ t h a t ;a r e fr e s h e r c o u r s e f o r t h o s i w h o
h a v e h e ld c e r t i fi c a t e s w h ic h a re
not rvow in f o r c e , m a y b e held. E m ­phasis in a ll c o u r s e s w ill b e onstrong s w im m in g , t h a t is, t o te a c hstudents to sw im s a fe ly an d w it h -out fear, ra th er th anw ith

speed.

A ccordin g to Coppock, 40 per<■ nt of those who drown, do so |w ithin a fe w feet of shallow w a -jter, and in twenty minutes h e;..ii teach a n y o n e to float lo n g '•'imugli to keep himself safe until
in Ip arrives. In four hours, almost j
I

in

(.III

lie taught to .s\vlm'25iyards. 't he s w im m e r ca n then n l - 1• iiiiiel. r.w iii) ami float for long

v/;\

m

\Sn/

V

I N
H.E.W.

F O

TO BE USED AT MONDAY TOOL BOX MEETlNfr [NQV.27-44;

TR A FFIC #A C C ID E N T S ;iRAFFIC VIOLATORS - PROJECT ENEMY Mo.
Injuries Involving vehicles are !>y far themost costly on this project.
To safeguard
the people on t h i s p ro je ct and to insure
our World’ s Sa fet y Record a DRIVE IS ON
to STOP TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1
EVERY SUPERVISOR is urged to take EVERYP O S S I B L E STEP to r i d t h i s p r o j e c t of
t r a f f ic vio lato rs.
c'

EVERY ENGINEER Is ex p ec te d to DEVOTE
EXTRAORDINARY EFFORT to the control ofc l o c k a l l e y t r a f f i c and to disco ur age
c a r e l e s s d r i v i n g in the a r e a .

HANFORD AREA COOKS" 2 0 0 WES1 R OO ST ER "In reply to the big sign advertising 200 Nest Area's
record of 2,000,000 safe man-hours whichwas piaceu
in the Hanford Area, men in Hanfordhave resolved tv"COOK WAT CHICKEN urith a b i f f u r and better record

Actuall/-e 1arge bird M
AS cooked and presented at a
Hanford Safety Meeting as a door prize.
I ’ LLSEE

EVERY FOREMAN is r e q u e s t e d to devote
SUFFICIENT TIME, in h i s gang meetingsand in his contacts with the men in hisgang, to make sure t h a t they w i l l not
be i n v o lv e d in c a r e l e s s d r i v i n g .

H. E. H.

Demonstrating their enthusiasm and sympathy withthe war effort, lots of people on this project are
wearing buttons with the caption - "I LL SEE H.E.H.
THROUGH TILL FINAL VICTORY. VILL YOU?" All em­
ployees are urged to stay onthe job until their partof construction is finished or until the last Jap
commit* 'Hara-kiri
PLEDGE TO SEE tL E. U THRU 1;

EVERY MEMBER OF PATROL DEPT. IS INSTRUCTEDTO STOP ALL VIOUTORS OF TRAFFIC RULES AND
TO SEE THAT THEY ARE BROUGHT TO JUSTICE.
EVERY DRIVER AND PEDESTRIAN IS URGENTLYADVISED TO TAKE EVERY POSSIBLE PRECAUTION
AND TO OBEY ALL TRAFFIC RULES.

VIOLATORS ARE PAYING FULL PENALTY
Some people b e l i e v e t h a t because t h i s
is a government p r o j e c t they can v i o l a t e
t r a f f i c r u l e s w ith o u t f e a r o f p e n a l t y .

THIS IS NOT TRUE! EVERY TRAFFIC VIOLATORIS BEING PROSECUTED TO THE PJL L EXTENT OF
THE LAW. DON^T COtfMfT A TRA&IC ACCI DEN V

iraffic Violators Kill 75 Daily in USA
f S a .

iconcRfTt & mnsonRV

CflRPEIlTER

mM

CONCRETE TRUCK SIGNAL-MAN I S TO STAY
WHERE DRIVER CAN SEE HIM AT ALL TIMESTO PREVENT TRUCK PROM GETTING ON SOFTSHOULDER OR TOO CLOSE TO EMBANKMENT.
HAVE BLOCK READY TO CHOCK THE TRUCK.

STATUS OF WORK NECESSITATES THE PROMPT
CLEAN-UP OF SCRAP MATERIAL.

EARTHWORKSLABOR
HANDLE MATERIAL CAREFULLY -WEAR GLOVES.

BiJlEXTRA CAUTION I S TO BE TAKEN BY POWER
PATROL AT INTERSECTIONS AND RAILROAD
CROSSINGS.

PIPE

m ECHnnoL
ALWAYS USE C-CLAMP ON VISE WHEN DRILLING.

!§§&
lUeA/Z 'E M

TOO MANY EYE INJURIES OCCUR TO 1 0 0 -F
PIPE MEN.
PIPE MEN AT 1 0 0 -F ARE OUTTO IMPROVE ON 1 0 0 - D 's RECORD.

ELECTRICALSTRUCTURALUSE EXTREME CARE WHEN WALKING ON ICY CAT­WALKS.
BETTER USE OF OVERHEAD WORK SIGNSAND BARRICADES I S RECOMMENDED.

WEAR WARM CLOTHING TO AVOID COLDS.
1RAILROADSRE-STEEL
SCAFFOLD MEN AND ROD-SETTERS SHOULD USE
EXTREME CARE ON FROSTY SCAFFOLDS.

— \pl I ENGINEERS SHOULD GIVE ADDITIONAL WARN,///* i
INGS WHEN APPROACHING CROSSINGS DUE TO
SEASONAL POOR V IS IB IL IT Y .

UTILITIESPRINT
WEAR PROPER CLOTHING —SLEEVES DOWN TO

WATCH OUT FOR NAILS WHEN DISMANTLINGPi EVENT BURNS FROM HOT P IP E S .

BUILDINGS.

WEAR GLOVES.

TRRnSPORTRTlOn

lump sum conTRACTQRSIC Y ROADS WILL REQUIRE GREATER CARE WHILE

BETTER CLEAN-UP I S NEEDED.

DRIVING.

A CLEAN JOB IS A SAFE JOBKNOW YOUR STOPPING DISTANCE.

O fta P 8U 0M R V

T H E G U Y WE.
KNOW YOU Al'NT !

WEEKLY
HAZARDFORECAST
YOUR AREA SAFETY ENGINEER ADVISESMILAM'S

AREA

Heavy rigging continues in 221-U Bldg.
extremecare should be taken in handling c e l l equipment.
(Jsual painting precautions are to be observed in
224-U Bldg. Demolition o f temporary buildings w ill
continue. Caution men against protruding n a ils ;f a l l s from buildings and other hazards associatedwith th is type o f work.
T. EDMUNDS, Area S a fety S u p ervisor

OLSEN'S

AREA

Employees not assigned are to keep clear of scaffold son west side o f 272 Building. Hammering o f pipeand equipment i s a constant hazard) keep your mind
on your job) stay on the a le r t and watch out forother employees. Extreme care should be taken whensteaming out pipe - only one man assigned to valves.
Use sand on slippery walkways.
B. A. KING, Area S a fety S upervisor

W I L L I A M S O N 1S

AREA

Use extreme care when transferring equipment into
buildings. Avoid acid - wear protective equipment.
A. R. STEVENS, Area S a fety Supervisor

NEVCOMBE'S

AREA

Keep clear o f open ditches in 221 B. Use bridges
and stairw ays when working around those areas.
Avoid open c e l l s and hot steam lin e s in th is area.
Do not pass m a te ria l over any c e l l as men are
working in them.
Secure t o o l s and m a te r ia ls .
Do not work over o th e r s .
Heavy grading i s inp rogress in the power a rea .
KEEP CLEAR.
J. H. STRICKER, Area Safety S u p ervisor

CRf ’ W L E Y ' S

AREAUenerax cle«n-up, painting, and testin g continues
throughout t h i s a rea .
Extreme care should betaken in regard to proper use o f Danger Tags.
R. BRADFORD, Area S a fety S upervisor

L I T CH F I E L D ' S

AREA

Jlo^fing continues throughout th is areas. Caution
a ll men to stay clear o f k e ttle s and h o ists.
Steamw ill be on in 1700 Bldg.
Caution men about hotradiators and pipes. There i s inadequate clearance
on some overhead steam lin e s .
Caution truck drivers
to follow regular marked roads and detours. The
151 Bldg. has oeen energized. Only men assignedt o t h i s area are p e rm itted in s id e the fe n c e .
V. B. STANLEY. Area S a fety S upervisor

HANFORDAREA

Do not relax on the Safety Program. Witn snortc.
days, more care and attention should be given to
Safety.
Check to o ls and equipment for wear) re­place at once i f needed. Dress for colder weather.
Clieck a l l fire s for Safety.
D. J. BEATTY, Area s a fe ty Supervisor

RICHLAND

AREA

irrig a tio n lin e s are being put in cv sughout theV i lla g e .
Watch fo r open d itch ea .
Caution a l l
c h ild r e n a g a in s t lo o k in g a t w elding a r c s .
A. R. STEVENS, Area S afety su p erv iso r

CAUSE : TRUCK DRIVER STRUCKUTILITIES SIGNALMAN WHEN
H6 UNEXPECTEDLY PACKED UP
THE CAMP THE SgCOMD TIME

CAUSE: S.H.W .EMPLOVee
SLID DOWN FQOSTY
0OOF Of A CHUCCH .
(Tae boao £ scafrxp ueee

CUZE ' 1 STAY OH THE ALERT.

a>££ STAV OFF F B X J Y

Z. K SUKEOF CLEAR­

ANCE BEFOU BACKING

PKOV| D £P ! )C O O P S

A IM © M E E T M S I© eS’ LA .TB
MATERIAL FOP-YOUR. TOOL BOX MEETINGS ^S cu M o^npaAAf,2.4,500 ix A )lcR >KIU.EP M VVAVF R D N V INf

For every U.S. soldier killed, FOUR home front work­ers die in vain because of accidental A good fore­
man can prevent accidents in his gang by learning
the CAUSES and then taking steps to prevent theirrecurrence. Show your men WHY.

fe s -3 ^9 0 3 0 0 ujottfcwe.*-’kiulH^ /N
Ar MOMt ffc G M IN I'VI'i

T

Ul% of all UNSAFE
PRACTICES at H.E.W.
are of a nature tocause FALLS!

ljf> of H.E.W. UNSAFE
PRACTICES was ABUSE
OF FIRE EQUIPMENT1T H IS

U.S. FIRE LOSS total

21^6 of all H.E.W.
injuries are fromFALLS1FALLS KILL 69 DAILTI$314,000,000.00 in
1942 IC A U S eS TH IS

TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
are probably the mostcommon unsafe practiceat H.E.W.
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
are the greatest
source of injury at
H.E.W. 2356 of cost.

/ aaosTAI h a u l 's
^ ------<

mA

ROOR HOUSEKEEPING
accounted for 5%of UNSAFE PRACTICESNOTED.
7% of all H.E.W. in­juries result fromstepping on or strik­
ing against.

-v ; >C A U b T ) TVMSt h *s9% of unsafe acts
was FAILURE TO WEAR
GOGGLES.

TOO MANY MEN ON THISPROJECT DO NOT KNOWHOW TO LIFT PROPERLYI~THI551* of all EYE injur­
ies occur to the man
who is just PASSING
BY the hazardous work.

UOf> of all H.E.W. in­juries occurred to
the TRUNK.
C M Jtes THfSMINOR INJURIES- THE FOREMAN’S OPPORTUNITY
For every MAJOR injury there is an average of
30 MINOR injuries and 300 accidents that inv­
olve NO INJURY AT ALL. The wise foreman re­gards those "MINOR ACCIDENTS" as seriously as
though they had resulted in MAJORSi

C A R B ID E

/

»

x

u

, J a / e ivv
VO LUM E/

1

A U G U ST

T H E S U C C ESS O F T H E S A F E T Y P R O G R A M
BO TH T H E EM PLO Y EE A N D EM PLO Y ER .

NEW S

1945

IN

T H IS

N UM BER 8

PLAN TD EPEN D S ONS A F E T Y IS E V E R Y B O D Y 'S B U S IN E S S .

A C T IO N S OF

TH E EM PLO YER

IS R E S P O N S IB L E FO R P R O V ID IN G S A F E W O R K IN G C O N D IT IO N S , S A F E W O R K IN G P R O C E D U R ES ,P E R S O N A L P R O T E C T IV E E Q U IP M E N T A N D FO R A L L O T IN G T IM E N E C E S S A R Y T O M A K E T H E
S A F E T Y P R O G R A M A SU C C ESS.
T IO N SIN

T H IS

P L A N T TO T H E

EA C H E M P L O Y E E IS H E L D R E S P O N S IB L E FO R S A F E T Y F U N C ­SAM E

EXTEN T

THAT

HE

IS

R E S P O N S IB L E

FO R

PLAN TO P E R A T IO N S .
T H E R E IS N O JO B SO IM P O R T A N T O R S E R V IC E SO U R G E N T B U T W H A T IT C A N BE D O N E
T H E SAFE W A Y .

N O E M P L O Y E E IS R E Q U IR E DTOPERFO RM

ANY

JO B

THAT

CANNOT

DONE SAFELY.
LO ST G R O U N D C A N A L W A Y S BE R E G A IN E D B U T L O ST T IM E — N E V E R .

General Superintendent

NOT TO BE TAKEN OR MAILED FROM AREABE)A C T IV E P A R T IC IP A T IO N IN A S A F E T Y P R O G R A M
IN V E S T M E N T S A N Y PER SO N C A N M A K E .

THE

IS O N E OF T H E S O U N D E S T B U S IN E S S

MANY

B E N E F IT SO U R P E R S O N A L A D V A N T A G E A N D T H E C O ST TO O U R S E L V E S
W H E N A N Y E M P L O Y E E IS IN JU R E D F R O M F A IL U R E

TOIS A SP A R T IC IP A T E

S A F E T Y P R O G R A M , H IS F A M IL Y , H IS E M P L O Y E R A N D T H E W A R
A D D IT IO N TO H IM S E L F .

AFFO RD EDAREF R EE A S

THE

A C T IV E L Y

ALL

TO

W IN D .
INTHE

E FFO R T M U S T S U F F E RINA S C A R B ID E E M P L O Y E E S , W E H A V E N O T H IN G T O LO SE A N D E V E R Y ­T H IN G TO G A IN F R O M A FR EE IN V E S T M E N T T H A T IS D E F IN IT E L Y SO U N D .

IT IS W IS E FOR

E A C H O F U S T O IN V E S T H E A V IL Y IN T H E P L A N T S A F E T Y P R O G R A M .

C L A R K E. C E N T E R
Plant Superintendent)[ 2]

The function of the Industrial Relations Division is to supply and m aintain a safe, efficientworking force, and to adminster the facilities necessary in this accomplishment.
The divisional func­tion is divided into eight departments handling Em ploym ent, W a g e and Salary Control, Employees
Services, M edical, Safety, Labor Relations, Training, and Insurance. The Industrial Relations Division
is expected to set the standard for Plant Safety.

T. E. L A N E , Superintendent
Industrial Relations Division[3 ]RN ESSeA/Ti’cLJw (ps-rT O F O ur j o b
is to mifiiiMiie/
ficc ide^fs.

'

M ost accidents which have been experienced in the Process Area have had no connection withprocess hazards.

W e feel that we have a well designed plant and that, with the cooperation of the

Safety Department in the training of our people in safe practices and safe procedures, we can attaina safety record that will be envied by any plant.

C. N. R U C K E R , Superintendent
Process Division[4 ])v i e d r e Dri\/iN<r h a r ^ \To K' e e p d oi/M l c s T \\ T i me. /Mjnyie.*,|esta_bLis hi'^JCr a.

\Sa.pct*y protrinoL

M aintenance Division employees are exposed to numerous injury hazards due to the very natureof their work.

This does not mean the M ain ten ance injury frequency rate need be any higher thanother plant divisions since all plant jobs should be carried out in such a manner as to m inim ize orelim inate the possibility of injuring employees.

Injuries have preventable causes.

M . P O W E L L , Superintendent
M aintenance Division[5 ]EH ZEB ^9RFETYIS fldlf o u s e f c e ^ A '< r

LOST

Tr m e .
I N J htric

jBsteLiAi.fi

mi£Ju&£fc

Carelessness, thoughtlessness and fatigue combine to render personal injuries possible on manyjobs which, in themselves, may present few injury hazards.
can be m inim ized by an effective plant safety program.

These contributing factors to injuries

It is good business for both the employee

and the em ployer to contribute to an accident prevention program for their mutual benefit.

G. F. B R O W N , Superintendent
M anufacturing Offices Division
[ 6]

♦

Our business is prim arily the generation and distribution of power and other utilities required by
the plant.

Safety is everybody's business and we can't afford to neglect it'

requires your safety and that of the equipment we run.

Successful operation

Our accident rate so far has been fairly low,

but we can't pin medals on ourselves until the rate drops to zero.

M ore power to you.

0. W . M A N Z , Superintendent
Utilities Division
[7 ]

r1

W e are proud of the Laboratory safety record to date.

Credit must be given to alert supervisorsand employees for the low rate of serious accidents on a job which is inherently more dangerous thanmost.

W e are enthusiastic about the safety meetings now being held by our employees, and feelthat they are making a real contribution to accident prevention in the laboratories through their many
valuable suggestions.

D. E. H U L L , Superintendent
Laboratory Division[8]

f

The Security Department is here to safeguard classified information as well as to protect life andproperty.

Security Department employees can aid you in the preparation and safeguarding of classi­

fied information while guards and firem en protect life and property.
posal.

Our services are at your dis­

If we can be of service, call on us.

.

((

S ' ■) nc.

M . F. M c D E R M O T T , Superintendent
Plant Protection Division[9 ]e r u if m e n t t e e t

RND
INSPECTION

V /e core. €Qjuij>j>eX)
To Coo p era.^ev
vJiff t h e £ a p e V
proG-ra-tri.

S K tts

RubbtiB proW s

rnisc
fact

Sh i eifls

T r ic k 's

GUTETYt& u ip M ew T

The job of this division is to test and inspect m anufacturing machinery and equipment, advising
the operator of its condition.

Every mechanical device has definite limitations and full knowledgeof these will result in a m echanically safe plant.

Use our services for your protection.

Rememberthat the lack of a $5.00 relief valve may result in a mechanical failure with attendant production
interruption or personal injury.

A. P. D U N L A P , Superintendent
Equipment Test and Inspection Division[ 10]

FRED SMOTHERS
AREA*

SAFETY ENGINEER FOR M A IN T E N A N C E
A N D E. T . & I. D E PA RTM E N TS

Fred got his start in safety as C ivil Engineer.
He wasCounty Engineer in Reidsville, North Carolina when,through his contacts with the North Carolina Industrial
Commission, he became interested in safety work. In 1933
he accepted a position as District Safety Engineer with theFederal Governm ent and thereby decided to devote hislife to Safety Engineering.
In 1940 he became C hief
Safety Engineer with the T V A at Kentucky Dam, Gilbertsville, Kentucky.
1933 subtracted from 1945 adds up to
twelve years experience as a Safety Engineer.
Fred's position as Area Engineer for M aintenance andEquipment Test and Inspection is an advisory and technical ■one which enables him at all times to advise them of theexistence of unsafe conditions and the proper methods forprotecting personnel.

JOHN HUDSON
AREA

SAFETYENGINEER

L A BO RA TO R IE S,FORSE C U RITY ,

AND

PLANT

IN D U ST R IA L

R E LA TIO N S,

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

OFFICES,ENGINEERINGJo h n got into safety work by a devious route.
Since hefinished school at North Carolina State in 1921, he has
been a Textile Engineer, center fielder for Columbus in the
Am erican Association, half-back for the W ashington Red­skins and manager of large chain drugstores.
In 1933 hedecided to stop this playing around so he accepted a job asDistrict Safety Engineer with the Federal Government.
He has been working at Safety Engineering ever since.
He was Safety Engineer at Fontana Dam for T V A before
he came to Carbide to give us the assistance of his broad
experience in preventing accidents and protecting the lifeand health of our people.

JAC K CROSSPROCESSAREA

SAFETYENGINEER• Ja c k is an old hand at safety work with twenty-six years
of Safety Enginering experience behind him.
He has held
positions with the Traveler's Insurance Company, General
Casualty Insurance Company, Sixth Service Command
Headquarters in Chicago (Senior Industrial Engineer), and
Lloyd's at London (C hief Engineer!).
Im m ediately before
coming to Carbide, he was Senior Safety Engineer on the
Alcan Highway between W hitehorse, Yukon Territory andFairbanks, Alaska.
Tim ber wolves were one of his safety
problems on that job!
As you can see, Ja c k has had a vast experience in many
types of Safety Engineering and is well qualified to organize
the Safety Program for his area and handle safety problem s
correctly as they arise.

[11]

c

KNOX L ITHO CO ., K NOX VI L LE

If

you

h av e)friend

who is operating a poweiool, or

ISSU E NO. 5

MAY I ,

1945

HEWS. AND VIEWS OF SAFETY ON THE JOB AND IN THE AREA HOME.
P U B L IS H E D

BY THEJ.

A.

JO N E S

C O N STR U C T IO N

'P cd tcw p

COM PANY.

IN C ..

SAFETYD EPA RTM EN T.

* 7 eet&W I a r k T W A IN always credited his healthy old age toplenty o f strong -cigars and stronger whiskey.
Lately I met an old gent who had a different explanation.
H e’d long since retired from what is generally looked at
as a highly risky occupation.
“ I ’m still alive,” he told me, "because I was smart enoughto stay that way.”
I prodded him a little with a good cigar, and he explained.
“ Did you ever hear o f the rattlesnake handler who was
paid fancy m oney because o f the danger? W ell, he justdrew the critters’ fangs—and kept on drawing the same pay.
“ I fe lt like that rattlesnake feller. I wanted good money
fo r good repair and construction work— not a bonus fo r abroken neck.
VS AGREE!
The REALLY SMART guy
St/OVS that doing his
job in the right may
with the RIGHT to o ls
means SO ACCIDENTS,
ju s t like pulling mon­ey out o f the a ir .

FSc

CANDIDC A ME R A S)

We are all familiar with cameras or kodaks, and their construction.

ETTA-KET (No\We know

the Image Is focused through the lens and that the shutter opens briefly topermit the light to reach the sensitive film Inside the camera.
We think of cameras as delicate Instruments, and we protect them against rain,
excessive sun, heat and breakage.

How many of us wauld set our cameras down,

day after day in front of an electric grinder, or under dripping hot welding
slag or sparks, or near splashing concrete or acid?
n't they?

They'd get ruined would­

Sure would!

Pact Is, that TOUR EYES are YOUR cameras.

Yep, each^eye has a lens, as

shutter, Iris dlaphran, focus adjustment, and film! 'And It takes coloredmoving pictures vtoereever you may be. With care, your eye-cameras will lasta life time, and you won't have tospend a cent for film!

TheEyesHave#/

Goggles
Keep'emThat

But, we think It's only fair to tellyou, that your eyes won't stand theabuse your cafflera can take, - andyou can11 buy new ones, or even a
new part for one. The lens of aneye Is a very thin, transparent mem­brane or skin which Is easily punctur­ed, scratched, burned or infected,
Since the eye Itself Is not solid,
but Is filled with a clear liquid
which helps keep the eye round, apuncture will result In loss of fluid,
and renoval of the eye m ay be necessary.

A flake of metal, dust, vood, cement or any other material viilch may settleon the eyeball can result In Infection and loss of vision.
the eye should be allowed to continue.

No Irritation of

Waiting "until tomorrow" may be dan­gerous. NOW, - we'd like to say "see your doctor", (and we will), BUT the
worker who's got a brain bigger than a peanut will see to It that a flake ofsteel or cement won't get NEAR his eyes. Whatever his Job, he'll wear a pairof safety-spectacles not over his Adams apple, not over his forehead, but over
his eyes.

Now we admit dust can blow Into your eyes even though you wear

specs, and If It happens, - don't let anyone poke In your eye with a hand­
kerchief or anything else.

That's a Job for the doctor, - let him do It.
CQ ULQYOU

0. 0. Woody, Badge No. 1-4258 and Glen Vann, Badge No. 1-3402 have been driv­
ing the two J. A. Jones mall cars between this project and the Knoxville post
office for fourteen months. They have driven more than 100,000 miles without
an accident, arrest or complaint against their record.

Eating peas

nily

with

P ost!)

a knife.

according to those who knc
unless you've got a very ]This falls into the same fdriver to work a "h o t " 44C
Wearing a h at i n d o o r s .
IJcute enough so that papa cit), the hat may be worn j
hat is always to be worn I
building where some heavybald head.
Use

of

bent

>

forks.

If the bent tine in­clines to the left
and you're left-hand­ed you can, withskill, steer the bent
portion into you
gaping vital-trap
without any blood­shed. If you'reright-handed and have _a left-bent fork,
you're out-of-order.
It's just like using^
makeshift, bent,
mushroomed or broken
tools on the job, you're
be yours.
Shoe

Style-N ote

Approved Spring colors:tan. Civilian workers ma
ing they're safety-toed ssoft-toed shoes on the joother accessories such as
or crimson-tinted casts ohave shed the crutches) e
you prefer.
I

Electrician Maintenance I
worked his crew nine mont
accident!

y o u have{f r i e n d who is operating a powfi,ool, orwelding, chipping welds, operating pneumatic tools or handtools such as a star-drill or a cold chisel, be a friend
to him. Tap him on the shoulder and say, ."Bill, y' betterget your goggles on." And while you're on the subject, be sure you've got yours on too. (If you don't have a pair,talk to your safety man. He'll know the best style foryou to have.)
If/

WE AIN'T FOOLIN'

Attention to details is THE MARK of a real supervisor, sez
we. For example, the way Supt. J. M. Holliday keeps a}lthe windows in pick-up 1C-532 SO CLEAN that we tried totoss a butt through a CLOSED window. We always did likea guy who could SEE WHERE HE'S GOING!
F. C. Rainey, Poe Supervisor installed with his ere# 2900
pumps and 2900 coolers using chain-hoists, with only 1 losttime injury. WOW!
Phil Hopper, Carpenter Foreman, has been with the Company
25 years and never had a fatality or broken leg in his
crews. Has worked 15 man-crew for 16 months with NO LOST
TIME ACCIDENTS. Phil has 5 children, - 1 in service. P
Phil is ONE reason why the NASTIES C A N ’
T win.
KERRY DRAKE AND STITCHES
You recall the sad plight ofdetective Kerry Drake of comic
strip fame? How he made a rock­et out of an oxygen tank byshooting the valve end off! How
the tank shot right through abrick wall? Just for the record,
let us assure you that those things REALLY
happen.
One case we know about happened at an oil company
warehouse. A cylinder of gas sat on a loading plat­form In the sun. The heat blew out the fusible dlsk^tlpplng the cylinder off the platform andwhen lt struck the ground, the valve
broke off. Then whooosh! Off went therocket. It traveled 369 feet, gnashing everything In Its path! Something
to think about when you leave cylinders In the hot sun! Or when you handle
cylinders carelessly

HEY JOE!

BE CAREFUL!

W e a th e r(D etail* on Pag* 2)

V ol. 21. No. 216.

Daifi/f)Mirror
WEW YORK, FRIDAY, MARCH 2, 1945

Sp Walter Wineliel!
is
In N e w Y o rk

In U n ite d S ta te s

FINAL 6 A . M.

Joi.
she mu.
before s.
. Ben .
Moran onHOLLY';
Baxter wi
Sonny DuThat accident figures prove the safest people in the U. S. are his orche<=little girls between the ages of 5 and 14.. .There is an accidental Ians can ;death in the U. S. every 5',4 minutes—and an injury every 3 seconds! servants.. .Accidents are the fifth cause of deaths in the U. S___And cost them NINE
$141 per year per family in America.
(Copyright. 191

Sl
B

1reBy
be Things I Never Knew ’ Til Note
Raymoths forleader, isThat Unde Sam lost 10,500 soldiers, sailors and marines in 1944 purchase
Jiiversi$15
Sterday —not by Jap or Nazi bullets, but by accidents in the U. S ...T h a t tre, alop l
Stein- when soldiers and sailors actually take heed of their superiors’ ac­ to use i'a>rd of cident warnings, the accident rate in camps drops 60 % ... This column broado;ion is dedicated to saving the life of some soldier, sailor, marine or worker centl fague in the war effort—and the statistics prove that it probably w ill. . . Recoi
Bn ex- Every life lost to this country is one less fighter against Hitler.
Tho,
N.Y.U. Your country needs your life—to protect its ow n...This is the nice pi
jdburn breakdown of your chances of living this year: *tre, it wn
ffiuotedThat 30,000,000 Americans have been injured in home-front ac­ way for v
S.onalWhich she
be cidents since the war started.. .Work accidents la^t year caused the of the theai
Siion I loss of 900,000 man-years of labor, and more workers were killed beth Bergn^
I OFF the job than on the job—25,000 to 18,000.
here with •l an e.v
That drinking on the part of either the driver or the pedestrian necessitate[by theday Hartl.
: a con- is involved in one out of every five fatal traffic accidents, and that,'Jr. Har- even in wartime, one or both drivers in fatal accidents violate a law the Mrs. C.
“It’s a Gift,of the in two out of every three cases.
house March'£ion, toengagement,
ai
That
about
7,000
persons
weredrownedintheUnitedStatesductionKi students last yea r.. .Smokers cause nearly a fifth of all fires in the U. S. A ... move to anothei
lat the uni- Accidents kill one out of three school-age children who d ie .. .Three Jones, co-direc
out of five fatal traffic accidents occur at night.. .Nearly 2,000 per­ Dowling of "T^entistry.
statement sons were killed in grade crossing accidents last year. (So. Look, erie,” has bet'
rector of a n.<
brink said Listen and liv e !)} religious
That thousands of hunters will be maimed this year—and nearly repertory co:/ior stu- 1.000 will be killed in hunting accidents unless, the hunter is extra Norway" wil'! been ad- careful.. .17,000 people in farm families were’ killed by accidents formance Sunlast year—and only mining, construction, transportation and public Imperial Theautilities are more dangerous industries than agriculture.. .About of the Stage
r20 Yrs. 80.000 hospital beds are occupied today by persons who-have suf­l p ) .- S g t . fered accidents. (This is roughly 10% of all beds, and the pity of It§045 Bryant is that accident cases usually require the immediate attention of"need to 20 several doctors and nurses, as well as the use of anesthesia ap­
fhe pleaded paratus, operating rooms and hospital beds. And this at a time
Jiuiimartial to when they’re talking about drafting nurses!)
osition of two
HOLI.That peanuts, coins, medals, marbles and such simple thingsnd 500 packages
can be and are killers. More than 600 children under five years of big cha
age are killed every year because small objects like these are so dream
easily sucked into the lu ngs.. .Falls were the greatest single cause “ Theof accidental deaths in 194^, the last year for which figures are avail­ 85 srPable. The number kiHed by falls in 1943 was 27,400. And 92% of all
few,
persons killed by falls are 25 years of age or over; two out of three f .
persons killed by falls are 65 years or older, and more injuries occur son stairs or steps than in any other place in the house.
p.
C
That Benjamin Franklin was one of the first safety advocates G.;
in America. Remember? He said: “Haste makes waste” and “Care- m;; lessness does more harm than want of knowledge.”rei.-

3c In Suburbs
5c ElsewhereThat the Chicago fire of 1871, the Johnstown flood of 1889, theGalveston tidal wave of 1900, the San Francisco earthquake of 1906,the sinking of tfie Titanic in 1912, the Boston night club fire In
1942, and all the other major disasters since 1865 have killed lessthan 25,000 Americans. (And yet day-by-day accidents killed 94,000
in 1944 alone!)That the Seaford Nylon Plant of E. I. duPont de Nemours &'Company has the best no-injury record in American industry, hav­
ing gone nearly 17,000,000 man-hours without a single lost time
injury to one of its employees. (And at the last report, the record
was still running.)
That even if more than 700,000 women drivers were involved intraffic accidents in 1944, there is no conclusive evidence that women C R IT
11•'
are more reckless than men when it comes to driving automobiles... OI.O'
2:.
A speed violation is a factor in aboutof all fatal traffic accidents...Approximately 4"J of drivers involved in fatal accidents are hit GOTH
1:03.
HOLLYV.
and run drivers! (The rats!)
2:20. 4.
I l l SIC H
That communications is the safest industry and mining the most
1 :06.
dangerous. . . One person in 14 will have an accident in the United P A12:06
L*
States in 1945, if the 1944 pattern prevails . . .Nearly 10,000 pedes­ R IlM .
trians are killed in traffic accidents yearly. (And Walking is so
10:59:20.
easy.t...The hours between 6 and 8 p. m. are the most dangerous RIVO
I.I
3:45.
traffic hours in the day for both drivers and pedestrians.
B O X Y — 1ri
That the passenger death rate for airline travel in 1943 was only
1.4 deaths per 100 million passenger miles. Except for 1939, this is|the lowest rate on record and is only one-twentieth of the 1930 rate.. .The passenger death rate per 100 million passenger miles of rail
j travel in 1943 was only 0.31!.. .Automobiles have killed over %of a million—769,000, to be exact—since the turn of the century.
That the National Safety Council records accident prevention
from the bizarre viewpoint now and then, as in its annual round­
up of “Odd Accidents,” the 1944 edition of which told of three persons|who broke their necks during the year in odd accidents like this:\Gregory Stingel, 13, of Chicago, broke his neck while pulling off his! football jersey; Anne Haldeman, 10, of Doylestown, Pa., snapped aj vertebra while skipping rope, and Mrs. Pauline Strother of Indian­apolis topped them both by dislocating a vertebra in her neck while
vigorously brushing her teeth!

H £ L T

We also liked the story about Henry Butler of Jacksonville, Fla.
He was eating breakfast when a buzz saw ripped through the kitchenwall, sliced the breakfast table neatly in two and whirled out theother side of the house. The saw broke loose from a sawmill nearby.
Then there’s Stripteaser Betty Rowland of Hollywood, who put
so much heart into her work that she bumped one of her swivel-hips
against a wall and took off for the hospital, partially paralysed.
J

3:30. «
2:44 5:
S T A T E — ..
3:55. 7
2:50. 6.
STRAN D4:5 *. 7.
1:23. 4 T IC T O R IA
12-59. 2
A I.B E E —3:25. 7
M K T R O P '.
7:13. 1 - •P A R A M O I'V
3:45. 6 :.V*. 11:16. 2:27.
ST R A N D — A hr.'..
2:40. 5 :5 . . f4:09. 7:16. !•'<

Wher*»For
Tickfor
“A

r
L‘
Si
(r,

As our alli^

troops approach and enter Berl;many of us here at home may say, "Whoops! That's
that!" and w e ’ll pack up to go back home and re­sume our old job in the pickle factory, or
wherever It was. But NOT I F WE'RE INOUR RIGHT MIND WE WON'T!

Instead we'll remember thatmillions of our brothers andfathers,-yes and our women
XlSftP *^"4folks as well, are still over.
seas and w i l l be. for a longtime yet until the fighting
is over.
We've a l l got our
Jobs to do. Let's
do i t until it's
really finished!
AN' WE CANPROVE IT,The new hutmentarea, complete withcafeteria and theworks, was complet­
ed without a single
LOST-TIME ACCIDENT.
Supt. Robert Jonesand the one and only "Mr. Mac" McWhirter desire praise
this one!

let ’s stay ,ON THE JOB.

CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATES
of man-hours on the K312 buildings under the able super­
vision of THE A. L. DAVIS (of Bomber Committee fame) will
result in an accident frequency rate l/l6th of the averagerate for construction. This is really HITTING BOTTOM. If
it was any lower, Al, it wouldn't be POSSIBLE.
* * N * N * N * N * *M O TH ER:' B I L L Y . I WAS HO PIN G YOU WOULD B E U N S E L F IS H ENOUGH TO G IV E YOUR L I T T L E S I S T E R THE L A R G E S T P I E C E OF CANDY.
W HY, EVEN THAT OLD HEN G IV E S A L L
THE B E S T P I E C E S OF FOOD TO HER L I T T L E C H IC K S AND T A K ES ONLY A T IN Y ONE NOW
AND THEN FOR H E R S E L F .
B IL L Y :'S U R E .

M O TH ER.

I 'D

Wear g o o d g l o v e s
rough

DO THESAME T H IN G

o r handorIF

leatherss h ar p

IT WAS W O R M S .'when h a n d l i n g

objects.

ETTA-KET (No\.ruction.

We know

opens briefly to
iera.
, them against rain,; our cameras down,.pplng hot welding
1 get ruined would-

is a lens, as; takes colored•cameras will last
>u won't have to
Llm!
only fair to tell
; won't stand the:an take, - andmes, or even a
The lens of antransparent mem1s easily punctur3d or Infected,
f Is not solid,a. clear liquid
3 eye round, a: in loss of fluid,=ye m ay be necessary.
vtolch may settle
No Irritation ofarrow" may be dane will), BUT the
It that a flake of, he'll wear a'pair
s forehead, but overthough you wear
eye with a hand• let him do It.

402 have been drlvthe Knoxville post
0,000 miles without

nily

Post!)

a knife.
Not considered good manners,
according to those who know. They say i t ’s dangerous too,
unless you've got a very large mouth and a very dull knife.
This falls into the same group as using a dime-store screw­
driver to work a " h o t " 440 volt electrical connecting job.
Eating peas with

If you're a woman, and the hat iscute enough so that papa doesn't sit and sneer at you (orit), the hat may be worn indoors. If you're a man, the
hat is always to be worn IF it's a HARD HAT and you're in ebuilding where some heavy object may drop on your smooth,bald head.
We ari ng a h a t

Use

of

bent

indoors.

forks.

If the bent tine in­clines to the left
and you're left-hand­ed you can, withskill, steer the bent
portion into you
gaping vital-trap
without any blood­shed. If you'reright-handed and havea left-bent fork,
you're out-of-order.
It's just like using
makeshift, bent,
mushroomed or broken.Otools on the job, you're headed for trouble, and it'll ALL
be yours.
Shoe S t y l e - N o t e*Approved Spring colors: Navy;black; Army; tan, Marines;
tan. Civilian workers may choose their own colors provid­
ing they're safety-toed shoes. Or if you prefer, wear
soft-toed shoes on the job and buy (with lost earnings)
other accessories such as maple-finished crutches, whiteor crimson-tinted casts or bandages or later on (when you
have shed the crutches) a pair of canes, ANY old color
you prefer.

NO FOOLIN'
Electrician Maintenance Foreman, W. F. McKee #11-791 has
worked his crew nine months with only one lost-time
accident!

Pick 'em up - and luck galoreWill stay beside you in the shop
And keep your safety right on top.
See some scraps and leave 'em lay
And vou may be the one to pay.
Falling into such a tra p ,You'll Be useless— like the scrap!
-D O N MOORE

Vol. 1

No. 23June 26, 1945

STONE & WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Handling materials constitute a very large
per cent of our activities and is the causeof a large per cent of our accidents. Sucha subject should be very TIMELY for thisweek’s Five Minute Safety Meeting.
The discussion should include piling and un­piling, lifting and carrying, as well as theW a n d le M o r e th an use of wheelbarrows, etc. The materials
you CAN UANd te 5AF£LY handled here are varied in size, shape andweight; then too some are loose while others
may be in boxes, crates, barrels, bags or other packages. Most of
it is handled by hand. Just recently two men were carrying a longplank. One man let his end down without warning, causing other man
to receive a severe strain. A bag of cement fell from an improperly
stacked pile, causing a foot injury. Many more are on record, in­cluding back strains, hernias, mashed fingers, toes and hands, all,under the heading of handling materials, and all could have been
prevented.

A/EVETR.

" "J

Wearing gloves would eliminate many injuries, and proper instructions
on how to lift, how to handle long material, assigning two or moremen when heavy objects are handled, using power equipment wheneverpossible, proper piling and not piled in aisles or passageways. All
these and many more precautions enter the picture. Your individual
problem has its own solution. Check up on your men — note the way
material is handled -— you'll see some methods you can correct, andwhich you probably never gave much thought to.
Talk to your men this week on ’’
Handling Materials" and further de­crease our accidents.
SPECIAL NOTICE: Salt tablets have been provided at all drinking
water barrels. Increased perspiration increases the loss of salt
from the body. Salt that is lost must be replaced or fatigue, ex­haustion or heat cramps may result. Please tell your men.
FLASH? I J U This War is only half won. Our MONEY as well as ourlabors are definitely needed for complete and final
Victory. The purchase of War Bonds is YOUR INVESTMENT
IN AMERICA. Our quota in the Mighty 7th War Bond Drive
has NOT been reached. We CANNOT and WILL NOT Fail.
The Time is short. BUY MORE AND BIGGER BONDS -- NOW.

Safety Department
Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation

2 7 March 19U5O

SAFETY FILMS A N D RECORDS
Available for Loan from the U.S.E.D. Safety Branch
16 MM. FILMS
As the Twig is Bent
Before the Doctor Comes
Danger--Women, at W o r kFour Thousand Years' Experience
For Safety's Sake
Factory SafetyGuilty
Hell Wouldn't Have Him
Kitchen and Dining Room Safety
Mo Short Cut
Sentinels of Safety
Singing Wheels
Tomorrow's Too Late
Uncle Jim Tells 'Em
W e 're on the Spot
Youth Takes to the Highway
55MM. SLIDEFILMS A N D RECORDS
Are Your Feet Killing Y o u
Brains Beat Brawn
Cadet's Chorus (Record)
Care and Use of Chain Falls
Cause and Cure
Child Accidents in the Home
Cold Bug, The
Defensive Driving
Do the Job Right
Doctor's Orders
Double Trouble
Eyes on the Job
Fall Guy, The
Fire
Fire Thief, The
Fire, In Case of
Follow 'the Leader
Food Keeps You Fit
Giant Hands of Industry
Grime Doesn't Pay
Guard Duty
Handling Pressure Cylinders
Handle Wit h Care
Home Safety
Hoosier Hotshots (Record *How to Get Ready to Instruct

How to Instruct
If it Happens
Keep it Clean
Learn and Live
Learning to Drive
Let's Face the Facts
Men of Maintenance
Minute Men
No Use Skidding
No T\me for Goofers
Nothing Upstairs
Open for Infection
Pilots of the Highway
Play Safe
Poisonous Snakes of the U. S.
Principles and Interest
Production with Safety
Right Dress
Rules for Tools
Safe all Around
Safe Electrical Equipment in theHome
Safely Yours
Safely We Work
Safety First
Safety for Defense

3 3 MM. SLIDEFILI-S AND RECORDS (CONT'D)

Safety for Sale
Safety in the Home
Safety is in Order ■Safety on Two Wheels
Stay on the Beam
Stop, Look and Listen'
Take Care of Yourself
Traffic Jam Ahead

★ U.S.E.D.

N U M B ER .

FIV E.

SAFETY BULLETINU W e g y **.

Summer
Car5 h n ° ^ ^ ess dn• 6oq ^

Vqc° £ *QMc/ V

W1W,»c 3* ^ **ucs/"oife *
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5\0»ivi in deep, unguarded vOcd'ert

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e\Je.v\¥ a cos’t'lq cortf U^rd+to^.

doa sin£ camp-fires on vWa-fion„ .c S '* ° * s\) ic'fori/5 doghouse you should crdvOl in,
if" tjou come back. Kurt"or a II m /N A T IO N A L SAFETY C O U N C IL . I n c . ,C H IC A G O . ILL.

PRINTED IN U .S .A .

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N A TIO N A L SAFETY C O U N C IL . I n c .. I

C H IC A G O . ILL.

PRINTED IN U S.A .

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* vT VJftS AN A C C W B N T

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No, I w o n 't B uy A ?A I%

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THEY a ren 't iXPENSiy?
^vT H «W S*
NOW SEAT IT

N A TIO N A L SAFETY C O U N C IL , I n c . , p f y ' J

C H IC A G O , ILLPRINTED IN U .S .A .

!

7797

NATI ONAL SAftTY COUNCIL, lw,

CHICAGO ILLPRINTl:[J IN U S.A

*

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DALLY

809-T— The National Safety Council, inc.. Chicago.— 9*45

PASH

CRASH/
Printed in U. S. A.

EASIER TO
PLAIN A
FEW MINUTESDELAY THANf809— The National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago.— 9-45

P rin te d in U. S. A .

SEPTEMBER

1945

(

"HITCH HIKERS" AND OTHER
CHANCE RIDERS^*IVING rides in your vehicle to persons not^ authorized by your company to ride with you
is o very bad practice, for several reasons:*• You and the company are
responsible for the safetyof all passengers. If yourvehicle should become in*volved in an accident anda passenger is injured, you
and the company might
be sued for damages,
whether you were to blame
or not.

ERE’S an emphatic echo o f thefacts about driver-asleep accidents
you read in the August issue:
The Pennsylvania supreme court, ac­cording to Midwest Motor Transport, hasdecided that falling asleep while driving
constitutes negligence.
The court’s decision said, in part: "Ina normal human being sleep does notcome without warning. Before sleep there
is drowsiness, and before drowsiness there
is usually great fatigue or at least a desire
to sleep. . . . Therefore, when a driver ofa motor vehicle falls asleep while driving,
it is legitimate inference that he was neg­ligent either' (1) in permitting himself tofall asleep while at such a responsible
post o f duty, or (2) if he possessed nosuch will power as would enable him to
keep awake under the circumstances, innot ceasing to drive the vehicle. . . .”H

2* Unauthorized persons in
vehicles sometimes are contributing causes ofaccidents. They talk or otherwise distract theattention of the driver and keep him from con­centrating on the hazards of the highway. Driv­ing is a full-time fob. A little inattention at a
critical time may result in a serious accident.
Drivers frequently have been assaulted androbbed by persons who were given a free ride.
Many valuable cargoes have been seized inthis manner.
When any unknown or unauthorized person asks
you for a ride, refuse the request, pleasantly but
firmly. Keep your vehicle free of all "hitch hikers."(s a fe ty in s t r u c t io n c a r d

WAKE UP!

No.

496

Published by the National Safety Council, Inc.,
20 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago 6. Printed in U.S.A.

______________________________ 3

CURTAINS I
HAKESPEARE’S mighty pen drippeda lot of blood on the stage of hisday, "with people getting killed off whole­sale by swords, poison and strangulation
in some o f his plays.
But even Shakespeare’s 16-cylinder brain
could not dream up a more painful andpitiful scene than the modern real-lifetragedy where whole families or several
groups o f people are killed in one swift,
awful accident.
Passing another V-hide in or near anintersection or near a railway crossing is
one way to set the stage for one o f thosereal tragedies.

S

Insurance Agent: “ Here, Mrs. W illiam s, is acheck lor $50,000, the amount of your late hus­
band’ s insurance.
Mrs. Williams, sighing: “ I'd give $10,000 of
it to have him back.’ *Conductor: “ Step lively, please I*9Feminine Voice: “ Can’t you wait till I get
my clothes o n ? "All passengers craned their necks to see awoman getting on with a package of laundry.

Hubby, indulgently: “ Now do you understand,dear, all this stuff I ’ve been explaining aboutbanking and currency?”
W ifey, wearily: “ Yes, but there’s still one
thing I don’ t understand.’'“ What is it? ”“ W hy we don’t do any banking or have any
currency.”

4 ________________________

COMES X "REMINDERC)MES September, comes fall, comesrain and earlier darkness.

Comes the time for a special check onwhether the windshield wiper is in goodworking order.
Comes the time to be sure the lights
are in focus and the lenses kept clearo f spattered mud.
Comes the time to remember that pe­
destrian deaths usually rise sharply in
September because of the longer periodof darkness—when the driver has to watch
extra carefully for the pedestrian who is
not watching extra carefully for himself.

in n n\n c

ANT-ICSHE ANT is supposed to be a modelof hard-working efficiency. However,ants have one bad habit in common withhuman beings.
Watch a bunch o f ants streaming backand forth on their jobs and see what hap­pens if you poke a few of them around.
The whole gang gets excited and theyskitter around in all directions and fall
over one another. In short, the wise little
ants present a pretty sorry picture of organization in an emergency.
People do the same sort o f thing whena traffic accident occurs. In their con­centration on the immediate excitement
they seem to forget that they may hamper
aid to the victims and even cause otheraccidents with their skittery driving andstopping, pile-up parking and excited
milling around on foot.

T<JI became engaged to the cutest fellow lastnight.”“ You did? W hat’s his name?”“ Oh, you can’t ask a man a personal question
like that right off.’*

Think first and youtll last longer.

The nurse bustled into the waiting room andtold the professor: “ It’s a b o y !”The professor looked up vacantly and asked:“ W ell, what does he want?”

HOGGINGAID Mrs. Ethel L. Atkins, Grand
Rapids, Mich., in a letter to the Na­tional Safety Council:"My daughter was seriously hurt in a
traffic accident, because the oncoming car
hogged the road. She is now in a hospitalwith a fractured jaw and several teeth
missing. Hogging the road is certainly amenace to lives.”
It certainly is. On highways and ruralroads driving on the wrong side of theroad is second only to excessive speed asa cause o f fatal traffic accidents.
Sidestep road hogs for self-defense.

Severy day. fof. a; certain, commuters'.train
from Chicago— to meet her prospective
family! As soon as the train arrived tospend the night in suburban Barrington,
Ma Robin would hop onto the nest ofeggs, which had been riding the rails on
an airbrake cylinder underneath a car!
Somewhere in the Ozarks.—A hermit
came out o f the woods and saw an auto­
mobile for the first time—and the lasttime. He saw it too late.
Fort Worth, Tex.—A woman phoned
the traffic department and asked the datethat an automobile accident had occurred
at a particular corner in her neighborhood.
The police captain, after considerable
checking, reported to her that the date
she wanted was March 24. Then he asked
her reason. The woman hesitatingly con­fided: "Well, you see, that was the day
my cat got out—and I just wanted toknow when to expect her kittens.”*

EADING both in and between the» lines, let’s see how safety makes the
news:
Barrington, 111.—A mother robin waitedR

8 --------------------------------------------**

It just goes to show you—When you
drive yottve got to be prepared for A N Y­
THING.
If you should have an accident, you
might break a robin’s eggs and its heart. . . or kill an un-car-conscious hermit. . .
or frighten a cat strolling along the roadto motherhood.

PUBLIC ENEMY!

REMINDER RHYME
Jim cherished his can’t-pass-me rep;
When others tried to pass ol’ Jim,
Then he’d speed up and make them step
To squeeze between the hearse and him!
Poor Jim, he never realized —Until he heard an angel say:"My dear, you’d really be surprised
How many lives are lost that way!”
Are you careful off the job t________/“ Did yon have the car out last night, son?”“ Yeah, dad, I drove several of the fellows
downtown.”“ W ell, tell the fellows one of them left his
little lace hanky in the front seat.”

Are you proud of your safety recordt

W orry will make anybody thin except those
who worry about being: fat.

Life is an eternal struggle
to keep one’s earning capacity
np to one’ s yearning capacity.

Old Man, sighing: “ I hateto think about my youth."
Another One: “ W hy, what
happened?”
First Old Man, sighing
again: “ Nothing.”

10

D O N ’T BE LIKE—HE PICKLEPUSS, alias Jumbo Dill,
alias "Little Drips” O’Brine.
Has a long sour face, a long sour vo­
cabulary, and a short sour temper. He
may be recognized by sound as well as
by appearance, for he drives with his sideof-the-mouth mutterings and his belly­aching bellows and his burpish horn blast­ing more than with his head and his hands.
His dangerous characteristic is that his
gas on the mind sometimes takes the vio­
lent form ' o f bumper thumping and un­controlled traffic spasms.

TOE, age 6, was in a hurry to get homefrom school. He was bothered about
twin brother Johnny, who was sick at
home. With an important matter like thisJ

12. ; _______;_____________

on his mind, Joe wasn’t watching for the'bus when he ran into the street. Johnny
got well pretty soon, but Joe, who had
worried about him, wasn’t around to beglad.
You see, it isn’t always just thoughtless­ness or recklessness that causes kids torun risks. They have a lot to turn overin those little heads. They have importantreasons (important at least to them) for
being preoccupied. They have big prob­lems, big dreams, big activities (like thetwo little girls who were run over last
Hallowe’en because they couldn’t see wellthrough their masks).
Yes, it’s school time again.. . .
There will be another Joe hustling toor from another school, or walking ab­
sent-mindedly with another big worry or
big wonder or big scheme getting his
attention.
Here’s a pat on the back for the many
drivers who know how to keep distracting
thoughts pretty well to the back o f theirheads and drive so as to give the breaks
to a kid with something "important” on
his mind.
A pat on the back for every driver
who realises that every school and every
kid is a sign that reads—"CAUTION — MEN AND WOMENWORKING!”_________________________ 13

" school z o n e "MEANS SLOW ZON ELOG OP MY TRIP
D ate

H r* .

M il’geAm ount

O at

O il

Tax

1
2

N THESE DAYS o f extra-crowded
busses, it takes a little extra checking
to be sure the doors are not closed andthe bus started until all passengers aresafely aboard.

3

I

4
5
6
T
8
9
10

Any commercial V-hide driver who op­
erates thousands o f miles a year in mod­ern traffic, with all kinds o f weather con­ditions— without an accident—has to reallyknow his business.

11

*

•

12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Don’t pass the buck
To Lady Luck.

10
20
21
22
23

If all the victims o f traffic accidents
were laid end to end— they’d still have to
make room for the people who refuse to
be convinced!

24
25
20
27
28
20

DO v o u
LIKE T O D IE f

30
31
T o tal•£ om em is t a k e sAREq u ic k l y
f o r g o tte n .

OTHERSARE,
n o t!
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
U. S. ARMYSEPTEMBER

1945

CORPS OF ENGINEERS
U. S. ARMY
AUGUST

1945

sI fe UJORKER

PUTTING BELT ON
A PULLEY

Vol. 18, No. 8------------ O—-------

I*, It is hatardous totouch or attempt tohandle any belt while
it is in motion.

IT’S PRACTICAL

Stop the machinery
ond lock the power
off with your indi­vidual lock. If two or
more men are working
on the belt, eochshould place his own lock on the power switch.
3* Force the belt on the pulley as far as possibleby hand; then tie it as shown in tho illJstration,using string, cord, or rope light enough to break
if the pulley swings around too far. Turn thepulley over by hand, if possible; if not, remove
the lock and, after making sure that everyone
is in the clear, "inch" along the pulley withpower.
If the belt does not ride onto the pulley in oproper manner, call the millwright department
to make the necessary alignment.
5* When necessary to use a ladder to reach thepulley, be sure that the pulley is not in motion
and' that the power switch is locked. Have ahelper hold the ladder while you are on it.
Remove the ladder before power Is applied.
C j i ) SAFETY INSTRUCTION CARD

Don Moore, Editor

No. 8

DEALISM, in the opinion of many
practical people, is not such an ideal
thing. At least, you’ve noticed how a man
who gets himself in the public eye with
so-called idealistic policies or ideas in busi­
ness, politics or philosophy can find that
he is also in the public’s hair pretty notice­
ably, and that one side o f the public’s
mouth is calling him "idealist?’ with thesame tone which would ordinarily be used
to call a man, shall we say, a "jerk.”
Well, safety, as a way o f life, is a social
ideal. And it’s worth high effort, make no
mistake about that.
But, if ^you’re one o f the people who
prefer more solid, more realistic founda­tion for everything, then don’t overlook
this clear and simple FACT:
Keeping alive and sound and helping
others to do the same is the MOST PRAC­
TICAL thing anyone can d o!

I

Published by the National Safety Council, Inc.,
20 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago 6. Printed in U.S.A.
____ . _______ - ____ _ ■...___________ 3

DON’T GET SMUG

WHAT WAS WRONG?

HE Maginot Line did not keep France
from being over-run by the Nazis.. . .
The West Wall, the once-mighty Luft­waffe and the super-race doctrine did notsave Germany.. . .
A fortified stolen island empire, stopat-nothing planning for conquest andfanatical fatalism have failed to spare
Japan and the Japs from doom .. . .
Worlds o f water on both sides, andeven a desire to live and let live plus arecord o f doing same failed twice to seal
off America from world war.. . .
Smug dependence on safeguards andsafety records is FALSE SECURITY. As
in a war, avoiding and preventing acci­
dents demands CONTINUOUS IND1V1DUAL AWARENESS AN D EFFORT.

PIPEFITTER in a refinery was at­
tempting to break a 1 ^ inch union
above his head with a 24-inch wrench.
The union would not break and the manplaced a piece o f pipe on the handle of
the wrench to lengthen the leverage, andhe pulled down on the pipe. The wrenchhandle broke, causing the end o f the pipe
to strike him on the head.
What should the man have done to
avoid this accident? See page 14.

T

Moat every man wishes he were as smart as
he thinks his wife thinks he is.

R em ove chips from a metal lathe with a brush,stick o r hook, n ot with bare hands.

A loan company Is a place where yon canborrow all the money yon need. If you can provethat you don’t need It.

4 ____________________________A

Don’ t be too quick to accuse others and excuse
you rself o f carelessness.

I f the people who dictate women’s fashions are
not careful, they’ll work themselves right out ofa job.

ffMw
9 ^WEAR LOOSE CLOTHING“around" m oving
m a c h in e r y !

HERE’S TO—

CAREFUL, POP!

AST YEAR marked the 100th annij versary o f an important step in indus­
trial accident prevention. In 1844 a law
was enacted in England providing for the
fencing in o f mill gears and shafts. As
far as is known, this was the first official
measure taken to safeguard the lives andwelfare o f industrial workers.
Well, they say the first 100 years are
the hardest. And safety really has come along way, both in the matter o f safeguards
and in workers’ attitudes.
Here’s to the next 100 years!

ANY MILLIONS o f words roll off
our tongues (and out o f our type­writers) about safety. And certainly thewords are not wasted in such a cause. But
it takes just a few words straight from theheart o f a kid to pop or mom to do a realman-sized job o f selling safety.

IM/ a e caR.E F vjC"P ° P - " R e m e m b e a ,"iW e N A / A h f Vo g o-£~ &M arge: " I don't know ju st how to Set xld ofhim.”Midge: “ Are yon afraid If yon drop M m . he’ll
tell lies about you?”
Marge: "W e ll, no. I don’t mind the lies. But
if he ever tells the truth—

K \f\

o

A machine guard broken or not operating
properly should be reported immediately.

The secret of success in any organization con­sists of putting everybody on a committee andgetting one guy to do all the work.

The cost of living is high—but the cost of risk­
ing life is much higher!

AGE10

It just goes to show us that we need tothink oftener and more continuously about
the simple, sentimental good REASONS
for being careful and alert, reasons thatmean real living, such as—so we can gofishing with the kid.

R. RIPLEY told us recently in thenewspapers that the whale "has abigger, better and more convoluted brain
than man’s.” And he quoted Prof. Adam
Sedgwick: "If the whale had a thumbwith which to grasp and hold a tool, it
would have been master of the world.”

M
8Strong words, those! So we immedi­
ately sent our Roving Reporter to the
Panama Canal to ask a question o f average
whales as they traveled their Main Street
from ocean to ocean. The question asked
these misunderstood mental monstrosities
was: ,rWhat about accidents and safety?”
The first sea-going mammal-on-the-street
was o f the species known as Sulphur-bot­
tom Whales. He declared: "I declare, theway you so-called higher animals butcher
yourselves and others in accidents isenough to make any safety-minded, lifeloving whale blow his top.” And he didjust that—spouting steam and cuss words.
Number two was a Porpoise with a purbusiness-like. "Sorry, Bud,”
haven’t time to talk to you
now. I’m busy devising a protective guard
for the sharp end of a whale harpoon.”
The third swimmer-by was a Grampus
Whale, a bald-headed, wrinkled old-timer.
He clicked his uppers and spoke: "He’sasking me do I believe in safety! Me—
who saved a human guy named Jonahfrom drowning and taught the world oneof its first safety lessons. Me—who has
lived and worked millions— do you hearme? — millions of accident-free whalehours. You people!”
And then came a fellow known as the
Right Whale. He said: "W e get a whale9o f a kick out o f living and letting live.
The only reason we sometimes cut loose
and bite a ship in two is that we’re frus­
trated. Think of it, man—-if I had a thumbto grasp and hold a tool with, I could bemaster o f the world. And, o f course, itfollows logically that my super-convoluted
brain would see to it that I would always
use the proper tool and use it the safe
way. If you’ll excuse me now, I gotta
blow.”As he returned to his job o f making
whale oil, perfume and whalebone for oldfashioned corsets, he flipped our reportera copy o f a recent issue o f "The Safe
W o r k e r It was somewhat soggy, but
undoubtedly it would have been wellthumbed, if the whale had had a thumb.
“ M y father and mother were- first cousins,”
the new pupil explained to his teacher. “ I guessthat’s why I look so much alike.”

Y ou ’ ll L A S T

lo n g er

ifyou

th in kF IR S T .

Johnson had just moved in­
to a hotel apartment. He
wanted to get himself a ra­dio, so he called up the clerk
and inquired: “ Ito you have
A.O. or D .C . current?”“ Just a moment,” replied
the clerk, and then, after ashort pause, returned to thephone with the report, “ I ’msorry, but neither of them isregistered with us.”

1 0 _____________________RATTY
OME o f the pranks that might go off
all right at home and get a laugh evenfrom the goat just don’t work out thatway at a working place. For instance:
A girl worker was returning to her
machine from the rest room. A maleworker ran toward her swinging a big rat
that had just been killed. The girl, frantic
with fright, ran back toward the rest
room, stumbled on the stairs going up to
the room, fell hard and sustained severe
bruises on her ankle, thigh and shoulder.
Not so funny.

S

A jo b 's just a Job, maybe— but it m ay not be
if you have 'an aooident 1________________________ 11

It looks a little peculiar sometimes, alittle kiddish, to see him kick at a stubsuddenly or zigzag out o f his way tostomp on one. But if you ask him why
he does it, he’ll say, "Oh, it’s just a habit.
Maybe it’ll prevent a fire sometime.”
Just a habit. . . .
Maybe it’ll prevent a fire. . * ■\♦Two simple lines—but they say a lot
between them. W e’ll bet our friend’s
simple habit, which may look silly tosome, HAS prevented a fire or two— andthat’s not silly, is it?

\ N o , we’re not hinting that everybody
oitght to be a cigarette butt stepper-on-er.
But maybe some worker will get the sparko f an wea to be a more consistent safe
housekeeper at work:

E KNOW a guy who seldom missesa cigarette butt—on the sidewalk,in a corridor or even in a remote cornero f a building. No, he doesn’t shoot snipes.
He steps on them, whether they appear to
be still burning or not.

W

12

T o keep %^aps and waste picked up
and put in the proper safe places.. . . To
keep tools and potable equipment out o faisles and other dan^rous spots, especiallyoverhead. . . . T o cleia up oil spots. . . .
To pile material securel^n proper regu­
lar places. . . . T o reporf^romptly any
blocked exit or fire fighting equipment. . .
To help keep stairs and landt*es clear.
. . . To pick up little things liFae^nails,
bolts, milk bottles.
^
It’s just a habit. . . . BUT—

©RltfK LOTSA WATER

RECORD OF MY TIME
Date

H rs.

1
2

A NSWER to question on page 5: The
JLX. worker should have used a larger
wrench instead o f the makeshift handle
extension. And he should not have pulled
the wrench in line with his head.

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Be sure to protect others as well as
yourself when doing electric arc welding.
Keep the portable shields in place. If
workers nearby are unprotected by theshield, warn them to wear goggles.

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS

When through using a pneumatic gun,close the air valve and clear the hose of
air before putting the gun back on thetruck.

19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Hearty breakfast—steady hand . . .
Don’t depend on coflee-and.

26
27
28
29
30

SA FETY \S NOTHING'BUTCOMAAOM se n se'■■T: •

31
T otal*R ate

A m oun t

WHAT IFKEEP FLOORS C LEA N !

MAKEATTAIf DISTRICT HZSTOBISARETT PROGRAM
APPHIDU "G"national Safety Council, Consolidated Report"A Community Safety Program for Clinton Englneer Works, Oak Ridge, Tennessee”.
Tills appendix is bound separately.

MAHHATTAI DISTRICT HIBTOEYSAJKTT PROGRAM
APPENDIX "H"
FILE REFEREHCES

Description

Location

District Circular Letters (Safety)

Correspondence andLibrary Section,
District Office.

Reports of Boards of Investigation,
fatal Accidents.

District Safety
Branch, file 5«

Letter to Tennessee Department ofLabor, 8 December 19^3

District Officefiles, GHBQ-729.3Safety.

Area Safety Hies.

District Safety
Branch, file 3.

Reports, W.D., AGO forms 501 and
502, and Form ID kdk.

District Safety
Branch, files k &5.

Standard Procedure for Examining,
Testing, and Selective Trainingof Mbtor Vehicle Drivers (andAddendum thereto), Army Service
forces, Corps of Engineers.
Rational Safety Council, A Commun­
ity Safety Program, dated October1943 for Clinton Engineer Works andlovember 19^3 for Hanford Engineer
Works, vitil tvo Supplementary Re­
ports at each project made in the
Spring and the fall of 19Mt.

District Safety
Branch, file 3*

Nemo from Lt. W. 0. Johnson to
Nr. J. R. Naddy, 23 August I9U5 .

District Safety
Branch, file 5,"Special Statis­
tical Studies".

HCDKX
App, — Appendix)(A b b r e v ia tio n

Accomplishments, 5.1
Occupational, 5.1
Quality, 5*8Traffic, 5.7
Alabama Area, App. BU»5
American Industrial Transit, 2.10,^>3f App. B1&6
American Legion, 4.3
American Bed Cross, 3*6, 6.2, 6.9
American Standards Assn., 2.5, 5*2,
App. C5
Areas, 6.4, App. Blft5# H4Area Engineers, 1.3 (Also see
Besident Safety Engineers)
Army Service Forces, 2.11
Assistance, 6.9
Automotive Transportation Officer,
6.3
Bamer, L. G., 6.8
Bartnett, S. T., 6.8
Beverly Area, App. B1&5
Boston Area, 6.5# App. B1&5
Brown, James M., 6.8
California Area, 6.5# App. B1&5
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.,
2.10, 6 .8, App. B1ft6, C8&11, 75
Chemical Warfare Service, 5.5
Chicago Area, App. B1&5
Child Activities Group, 3.8, App.
E9
Chrysler Corp., App. B1
Circular Letters, 1.4, 1.5# 2.11,
App. Cl, Ml
Clinton Engineer Works, 2.8— 2.10,
3.1# 5.7, 6.1-6.5, App. A3, X'\
Bl,5&6, 16,7*9, Gl, 17
Clinton Hombbuilders, App. B1
Clinton Laboratories, App. B1&6,
C7
Codes, 1.4, 2.5, App. C3&5
Codes, traffic, 3*4, App. C12
Colorado Area, App. B1&5
Columbia Area, App. B1&5
Columbia University, App. B1
Committee, Saf. Advisory, 6.2, 6/

S'Community safety, 3 *#, App. ft
C o n f e r enc es, .2
Congestion, 3.1
Consolidated Mining and Smelting,App. 11
Construction, 2.3, 5.1, 5 .3 , 5.4,
App. A2-5, B1.3&6
Contests, 3.5, &.3# App. E5Contractors, 1.2, 1.3, 2.6, App. B1
Corps of Engineers, 5 .4, App. C3(Also see Office, Chief of Eng'rs)
Cost of program, 6.8
Decatur Area, App. Blft5#
Design, 2.3, 3*6
Detroit Area, App. Blft5
District Safety Engineer, 6.4, 6.6
Driver’s Permits, 3 .3 , App. D3,
E3&4, 16
Driver training, 2.10, 3.5, App. B2
DuPont, £.1., delemours & Co., 2.4,
6.8, App. B1&6
Education (see Schools and Training)
Efficiency, 1.1, 2.5
Electromagnetic plant, 2.3, 2.8(Also see Tennessee-Eastman Corp.)
Enforcement, 2.6, 3*3Engineers, safety, 2.2, 6,4-6.8,
App. Cl6
fatality rate, 5.2 (Also see Bates)
Faust, JT. T ., 6.7
fercleve Corp., App. Blft6, C9
Ferguson, I.E., Co., App.. B1&6
Films,, 2,10, App. F6
Fires, 1.2
First aid, 2.4, 4.2, 6.9
Ford, Bacon ft Davis, Inc., App.
B1&6
Frequency rate, 5*2 (Also see
Bates)
Fuller, George A., Co., App. B1
Gas Diffusion Plant, 2.5# 2.8 (Alsosee Carbide ft Carbon Chem. Corp.
Government employees, 5*1# 5*3#
App. A2-5# Bl,3#&4, F7;c r e tIIZHXGSX(Abbreviation.....

Hanford Engineer Works, 2.10, 3.1,
6.1,
6.5, App. a4, B1&5, S 8, H7
Hensley, J. V.t 6.8
Home Safety, 3.6, App. &Hooker Electrochemical, App. B1
Hostetter, G.M., b.7
Houdaille-Hershey Corp., App. B1
Injury, disabling, 5.3 (Also see
Bates)
Inspections, 2.1, 2*2, 3.5, App.
C4, D2
Interior, Department of, 2.9, 6.10
International Association of Chiefsof Police, 3 *^# 6.10
Introductory material, 1.1
General, 1.1
Policies, 1.2, 1.3
Purpose of program, 1.1
Regulations, safety, 1.4
Scope of program, 1.2
Security, effect of, 1.5
Investigation, 1,4, 3*^> App. D1&4
G *Iowa Area, App. Bl, B5
Johnson, John A*, & Sons, Inc.,
App, Bl (Bote b)
Johnson, Wn, 0., 6 .6, App. C15
Jones, J.A.# Construction Co., 2.5#
4.3,
6.8, App. B1&6, f5
Junior Chamber of Coameree, 4.3
Kellex Corp., App* Bl
Kelly, D.B., 6.8
Labor, State Departments of, 1.5
Labor, U.S. Department of, 2.9,
5 .V 5 .5 i

6 .1 0

Linde Air Products, App. Bl
Maddy, J.B., 6 .6, App. C15
Madison Square Area, App. B1&5
Marsden, S. S., 6.7
Materials and equipment, 1.5, 4.1
Equipment, 4.1
Literature, 4.1

App. = Appendix)

Medical Branch. 1.2, 2.7
Medical care, 4.2
Meetings, 4.2, APP. Cl4
Midvest Piping & Supply Co., App.
Bl (Vote a)Mills, Harvey, 6,6
Milwaukee Area, App, B1&5
Monsanto Chemical Co., 2.7
Morgantown Area, App. B1&5
Murray Hill Area, App. B1&5
Bat'l Board, fire Underwriters, 2.5
Bat*l fire Protection Assn., 2.5
Bat'l Safety Council, 2.5# 2.9, 3.4#
3.7, 4.3, 5.*, 5.5, 6.9, App. C5*13#
F 2& 8-10, a, 17
Bevspapers, 2.9# App. f4
Bew York Area, App. B1&5
Bunn, B. V.# 6.8
Oak Bidge (See Clinton Engr. Wks.)
Occupational safety, 2.1
Construction, 2.3
General, 2,1
Operations, 2.5
Procedures# general, 2.1
Beportlng, accident, 2.10
Training, safety, 2.8
O’
Drlscoll and Grove, Inc., App. Bl
Off-the*Job safety, §.8
Office, Chief of Engineerb, 1,5, 3 .3 ,4.1,
.4*2, 6*9
Officers-In-Charge, 1.3, 6.3
Operations, 2.5, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, App.
A2-5, B1A3-6
Orders and BeguLations, C. of I.,
1.3,
2.11, App* C2
Ordnance Department, 5.5, App. Bl
Organization, 6*1, App. A 6-9
Assistance, 6. ^Contractors, 6.7
Cost, 6.8
Development, 6.1
formation, 6.1
Personnel, 6,5Present organization, 6.3

DTEEX(Abbreviation.... . App.— Appendix)

Patrols, school safety, 3.5
Personnel, 6 .5* 6.8
Pile plants, 2.k, 2.8 (Also see
DuPont, Clinton laboratories, andHanford Engineer Works)
Playgrounds, 3.7
Police, traffic, 3.3
Policy, 1.2, 1.3
Posters, 2.10, App. 18
Procedure?, 2.^, 2.5
Contractors, 2.6, App. C6-10
Public Safety, 3.1
Community, 3.,35
Driver*e permits, 3.3
Enforcement, 3-3
General, 3.1
Some, 3.6
Inspection, vehicle, 3.5
Kat’l Safety Council Surrey, 3*7
Off-the-Job, 3.6
Recreation, 3*7
School, 3 •T-'5’.
Shows, 3.7
Traffic, 3.1
Traffic Engineering, 3.1
Purpose of program, 1.1
Radioactive hazards, 2.8
Rasmussen, V. S., 6*7
B&tee, accident,
Occupational, 5*1-5*7* App.
A2-5, 33-6
Traffic, 5-7
Recreation safety, 3*7
Reeder, E. J*«, 6*7
Research laboratories, 2.7
Regulations, safety, l.U, App. C3
Reporting, accident, 1.4, 2.10,
3.4,
App. DISAResident safety engineers, 1.3,
2.2,
6.1*, 6.7» App. Cl6
Richland (See Sanford Engr. Varies)
Ridge, H. *., 6.7
Roane-Anderson Co., 2.10, 6.2, 6.8,
App. B1&6, C10&11
Rochester Area, APP* *1^5

Rule boolcs, 2 .6, 2 .9, App. C7&9
St. Louis Area, App. B1&5
Savings, 5.5* 5.6, App. B4
School safety, 3*5* App. 6
Scope of program, 1.1, 1.2
Security, effect of, 1.5
Severity rate, 5.2, (Also see Rates)
Size of program, 5.1, 6.6, 6.8
Shows, community safety, 3.8, App.
17*8

Stone and Webster Engineering Co.,
6.8, App. Bl, B 6 j
Tennessee-Eastman Corp., 6.8, App.
B1& 6,

C6& 11

Tests, driver, 3.3, App. D3, E3&k
16

Thermal diffusion plant, 2.8 (Alsosee Per d e v © Corp.)
Tonawanda. Area, App. B1&5
Traffic safety, 3.1, App. G
Driver *s Permits, 3.3
Enforcement, 3.3
Inspection, Gov't Vehicles, 3.5
Traffic engineering, 3.1
Trail Area, App. B1&5
Training, safety, 2.8
Trends, injury rates, 5.3
University of California, App. Bl
University of Chicago, 2.7, App. Bl
U. S. Vanadium Corp., App. SI
Wabash River Area, App. B1&5
Wilmington Area, App. B1&5

y A tf& r tt'm r ^ 'T r T

HISTORY

BUCK I - GENERAL
TO E

11 -

SAFETY PEOGRM

SIFPLMMTTABLE OF CONTENTS

Par.

Page

M o,

FOREWCRDSUFPLMENT TO SECTION 1 -

50.-1
S l-3
SI-4.
SI—6
S I-7

GeneralSo ope of the Program"S"l.lGeneral Policy* 2 * 1 ,2

Safety Regulations
E ffe ct of Security on Safety"8 * 1 .2

SUPPLEMENT TO SECT!OH 2 -S2-1
S 2 -2

S2-3
S2-5

INTRODUCTION* 8 * 1 ,1

"3"1.2

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETYPROGRAM

GeneralGeneral Proceduresc.
Inspection Reports of Areas
Construction Safety
Safety Training" S " 2 .1

•S*2.1*13"2.2*S"2.2”3*2.2

SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 3 * PUBLIC SAFETY PROGRAM
S3-2

S3-S

T raffic Safety
a . T raffic Engineering(l)
T raffic Counts
Community Safetya.
School Safety
b. Home Safety
SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 4 -

S4-1
S4-2
S4-S

S4-4

"S "3 « l
" S " 3 .1
MS’'3 .2
*S*3.2* S "3 .3

OTHER SAFETY ACTIVITIES

Safety Materials and Equipmenta . Literatureb . Equipment
Periodic Meetings of Safety Personnel
a . Local Meetingsb. National Conferences
Medical Care
Contests” S”4 .1

*S"4.1" S ’^ . l"S"4.1"S"4.1*S *4.1"S ”4 .2
"S * 4 .2’*•

fO C»>r:'r- nt»/•••»•
Par. lo.

-SfeHLI

Pace I<SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 5 - ACCOJPLIfflMEMTS
S5-1

S5-2
S5-5

Occupational Safety Record"S"5.1a. Magnitude of the District Safety Program "S*S.lb. Methods of Comparison"S-S.lc. Units of Comparison*S"5.1"S^fi.Z
d. Trend of District Injury Bates
e. Comparison of District Construction"S’*5.S
Injury Bates
f • Comparison of District Operations*S*6.4
Injury Bates
g. Savings Effected by the District"S*5.4
Safety Program
h. Insurance Savings*S*5.S
1. Detailed District Safety Records*S"S.5
Traffic Safety Record\*SB5.6
Quality of Accomplishment" 8"5,5
SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 6 . ORGANIZATION

S6-5
S6-4
SB-6

Present Organisation and Besponsibllities
e. Clinton Engineer Works
f. Hanford Engineer Works
Personnel
Cost of the Safety Program•S*6.1*S"6.1"S*6.2*S*6.3*S*6.8SECTION 7 - FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
7-1

Generala. Organizationb. Scopee. Problem
d. Development of Program(l) Construction Contractors(2 ) Cost-plus-fixed-fee Operations
Contractors(s) Supply Contractors

7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2

MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTCRTBOOK I - GENERALVOLUME 11 - SAFETY PROGRAM
SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 1 - INTRCDPCTION
Sl-1.

General* • This supplements the history of the Manhattan

District Safety Program and provides an acoount of the development,
refinements and advanoes which have been made under that program during
the period from 1 July 1945 to 81 December 1946.

During this period,

construction exposure decreased and production activities were continued,
however, the suitability of the basic program to meet the changes in
exposure from one phase of the work to another, and as a peace time aswell as a wartime measure, has been well demonstrated*
SI-2 . Purpose of Program. • The purpose of the program Is stillfundamentally the same as In the baBlc volume*
SI-S.

So ope of the Program* - The Manhattan District Safety Pro­

gram has been expanded to include more responsibility for fire prevention
and protection in addition to safety, and, exeept for Los Alamos and its
rsatellite sub-projects, to embrace all phases of the work of the District*While the soope of the Safety Program was formerly limited to Manhattan
District construction and operations contractors reoeiving reimbursement
for payroll costs from the Government, it has ncm been expanded to In­
clude the District*s supply and service contractors.

Fire prevention

and protection responsibilities hare been inoluded also for Government*
owned contractor-operated plants supplying Distrlot material and forplants engaged in prooessing Distrlot material.

Responsibility, moral

at least, has been accepted under the program for the Safety of employeesof contractors who are supplying unusual or especially hazardous materials.
Sl-4.

General Policy. - There has been little change in this re­spect over that contained in the basic volume with the exception of ageneral policy for decentralisation and minor changes in reorganizationof the Branoh.

This has permitted a gradual absorption, or inclusion ofDistrict satellite projeots by, or with, associated divisions, or larger
areas, employing a resident safety engineer.

A more satisfactory meansof providing constant safety engineering service exists under this ar­rangement.

A modification of the general policy of the Manhattan Dis­

trict Safety Branoh to include safety in planning and design was initiatedin September 1946 by directive from O ffic e , Chief of Engineers.
Sl-5.

Specific Policies. - There was no change in status in thisparagraph from that shown in the basic history.
SI-6 .

Safety Regulations. • The Corps of Engineers Manual, Safety

Requirements for Excavation, Building and Construction", was revised on
1 January 1946 and the title changed to "Safety Requirements".

(See

App. CS»3 )•$1-7.

Effect of Security on Safety. - Security requirements

still restricted the activities of the Safety and Acoident Prevention
Program, however, the revelation during this period that fissionable
materials were being processed by the Manhattan District allowed thecircularising of hazard warnings, accident experience data and thedissemination of information heretofore not permissible.
CS»5 d, e, f, g, h and i)«"S"1.2(See App.

SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIOH 2 -S2“**

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY PROGRAM

Oeneral. - There have been no major changes in the functionsof the occupational safety program during this period*

Such changes

as have taken plaoe have been gradual, the principal one has been arelinquishing of the operation functions and further development of theengineering approach at a staff level.

Qnphasis has been placed on ad­

ministrative and technical responsibilities of the safety engineers,
the development of procedures and the integr&ticsi of safety in daily
operations*

During this period safety engineers were required to pre­pare and submit for approval, written programs for the areas under theirjurisdiction*
S2-2*

General Procedures* * la the modification of the Manhattan

District Safety Branch to Safety and Acoident Prevention Division occur­
ring in September 1946, as outlined in Supplement to Seotion 6 , one of
the sub-divisions or branches within the division was designated as the
Occupational Safety Branch.

The modification has not inaugurated anychange in the functions of occupational safety frcna that shown by thebasic history, except that the scope of the activities was expanded bya ruling published in Dirfcrict Circular 46-5 which included safety inplanning and design*a*District Inspections* - There was no change in status inthis subparagraph from that shewn in basio history*b*

Safety Engineers. - There was no change in status inthis subparagraph from that shown in basic history.

°.

Inspection Reports of Areas* • The form of monthlyRinspection report frfcm area safety engineers has been changed to ex­
clude the listing of unsafe conditions and acts but to Include a
resume of the progress of the area based on its policy as stated in
the Area program.

This change in form of reporting has facilitatedthe District office in evaluating area safety performance to a greater
degree than the form 401 heretofore required*
S2-3.

Construction Safety. - The construction program reached a#loir point during this period as a result of cancellation of many con­struction contracts.

By continued application of, and adherence tosafety policies issued under the Safety Program, the Distrlot safety
reoord was kept comparatively low.
a*

Safety in Design. * There was no change in status inthis subparagraph from that shown in basic history.
b.

Safety Procedures in the Field. * There was no change instatue in this subparagraph from that shorn in basic history.
o.

Special Problems. » There was no change in status in thissubparagraph from that shown in basic history.
d.

Efficiency. • There was no change in status in thissubparagraph from that shown in basic history.
S2- 4 .

Operations Safety. • There was no change in status in thisparagraph from that shown by basic history.
S2- 6.

Safety Training. - There was fundamentally no change instatus in this paragraph from that shown by basio history except, as
outlined in paragraph S6-3 wherein the Safety Branoh was modified to
Safety and Aooident Prevention Division.

See Appendix AS - 10 for thefunctions of this branch and App. CS-1 for the Fiscal Tear 1947 SafetyTraining Program.
S2- 6 . Aocident Reporting. - There was no change in status in thisparagraph from that shown in basic history*

SUPPLEJiUM TO SECTION 3 -S&-1*

PUBLIC SAFETY PBOGPAM

General* - ‘Ihere wae no change in status in this paragraphfrom that shown by basic history.
S3- 2 .

Traffic Safety.

a.

Traffic Engineering* - The problems of the traffic engine

were somewhat lessened with the diminishing of construction activity andlessening of the number of employees commuting to and from the Clinton
Engineer Works.

At the Hanford Engineer Works highway safety in thevicinity of the town of Richland was conducted with the cooperation ofstate and local authorities*
In Oak Ridge# Tennessee, traffic aooident frequency locations
were established during the basic history period and a program of remedialand safety correction was pursued with regard to changes in thoroughfares,t

streets, surfacing, walks, lighting, snow removal and other minor re­location and improvement conditions (See App. AS-l).

For comparative

accidents per month in 1945 versus 1946 see App, DS»5.
(l)Traffic Counts. - The population in the town oRidge has decreased to nearly half the peak population however, thetraffic volume during May and June 1946 (See App. BS-2 ) has increased tomore than It was during the peak period and traffic aocidents have de­creased to half those of the preceding year.

The inorease in traffic

volume is explained by the fact that gas and tire rationing was elimi­
nated.

The area acoess gate oounts show that commuting traffic haslessened and with it the peak congestion enoountered previously haslessened*( 2 ) Elimination of Congestion. • The contributing
factore in the elimination of tr a ffic congestion have been eliminatedby the resurfacing programr which resulted in a smooth flow of t r a ffic ,elimination of duet and the marking of highways, a ll facilitatin g better
control of the t r a ffic .

Many of the work roads which have beccme high­ways, have been relocated or abandoned.

The progrsm of placing tra ffio

signal lights has been expanded to include some intersections whichwere previously manned by police officers and scene for which signal
lights were heretofore unavailable.

A major maintenance program wascompleted, main roads and streets were paved, standardised intersection#and turning radii with curbs and gutters have been installed, and manyof the temporary board walks and sidewalks have been replaced with perma­
nently surfaced walks*b.

Motor Tehlcle Driver F em its. - There was no change instatus in this subparagraph from that shown in basic history.
o.

Enforcement of Traffic Regulations. - There was no change

in status in this subparagraph from that shown In basic history.
d.

government Vehlole Inspect ion. - There Was no change In

status in this subparagraph frcsn that shown in basic history.
$5-3.

Community Safety.
a.

School Safety. « Intense interest in the school patrols

is displayed by students and parents alike.

Patrol members are rotated

ao each responsible ohild has an opportunity to be on the patrol, whieh
is considered an accomplishment.

Recognition of the work of the school

patrol was given by the Safety Engineers Society of Oak Ridge, whoarranged for and conducted a picnic and dey*s outing for all petrol
members.

Safety poster contests have been conducted in all schools.

(See App, ES-10).

An evaluation of the school prqgram for inclusionof • driver training course was made and each item discussed in detailwith each principal and measures were taken to eliminate the unwork­
able parts of the program.

Automobile driver training courses arebeing held at both the High School and the Junior High School in Oak
Ridge.
Home Safety. * The approach to the home safety problem
has been through community wide appeal, through children in the schools
and through publications* pamphlets and periodical* of the operatingcompaniea.

(See App. E&»14a, b, and e).

(1 )The model tra iler home has been discontinued.

(2 ) The model safety home has been discontinued.

(s)

A Fire Prevention Home Safety Course was establishedat Oak Ridge, where instructions were given in a trailer.
ment employees were required to attend.

All Govern­

Similar courses were given

hospital employees and attendants, dormitory residents and housewives.
The total attandanoe was over 6,000 (See App* ES-13).
°* Recreational Safety. * There was no ohange in status inthis subparagraph from that shown by basic history.
d.

Mational Safety Council Surveys. • There was no ohange instatus in this subparagraph from that shown by basic history.
a.

Community Safety Shows. - There was no change in status

in this subparagraph from that shown by basic history.

f.

Off-the Joy Safety. - There was no change in status inthis subparagraph from that shewn by basic history.

SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 4 *S4-1.

OTHER SAFETY A C TIVITIE S

Safety Materials and Equipment*a.

Literature* * In addition to educational materials in-eluding posters and technical pamphlets* training films and other media
have been provided each month as visual aids*

Mew films and strips

have been brought out and vide use of thorn made by contractors andGovernment personnel*

About 100 safety films have been viewed byaudiences aggregating 45,000 persons in 1946 (See App* Pft*6)«b*

Equipment* * Minor additions to testing equipment havebean made available from time to time for use of the safety engineers
and widespread use of the equipment has been noted throughout the Die*
trict during 1946*
S4-2*

Periodic Meeting* of Safety Personnel.
a*Looal Meetings* • The District Safety and Accident

Prevention Division with field representatives continues to meet
periodically to discuss questions of common interest*

A conferenceof Government field safety engineers was held In Ma y 1946, to evaluate
the safety program after another year of operation and to assist informulating new programs for 1946 and 1947b*(See App. CS»l)«lational Conferences. • The lational Safety Congress washeld in Chicago in 1946, and Special Engineer Corps conferences were
held in March 1946 by the Safety Department in Washington, D. C.
personnel of the District attended both meetings*

SafetySafety engineers of

the District attended numerous special regional conferences where routine
problems and those of conmon interest were discussed*

S4-3*

Medical Care, - The medical care of residents of Oak Ridge

and Hanford, heretofore under the supervision of the Medical Divisionand staffed with Army doctors* has been changed and residential medicaloare is new in the hands of private practitioners*

During the period

following cessation of hostilities and when construction had diminished*
many of the first aid stations* which were established at C«E.W« andmanned by contractor employees* were closed*

Since that tine the Safety

Division took the initiative in pressing fcr the opening of five fir*t
aid stations with nurses in attendance*

Justification for their being

established and their performance is determinable in the report of firstaid oases treated (See App. DS-7)#
Contests* • The town of Cak Ridge entered the 1945 and 1946
National Traffio Safety Contest and 1945 and 1946 competition for Fire)
Prevention Week and won awards in both 194£ contests which are mentioned
elsewhere in the Supplement*

In 1946* Oak Ridge again competed in

the Fire Prevention Activities Contest and wen 10th position out of 2800
ecmpeting cities*

The judging and award of 1946 Traffic Contest has notbeen made but performance indicated favourable results*

American Indus­

trial Transit Company who operate the buses in Oak Ridge has entereda national contest for drivers*

Other local contests have been spoa-

sored by civio groups to stimulate home safety (See App, S S *11 and 12)*;

SUPPLEMENT TO SECTION 5 -S5- 1 .

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Occupational Safety Record. — The occupational rates of theManhattan District for 1946 are below comparable rates for private
industry.
a*Magnitude cf the District Safety Program. — The number of

employee hours of occupational exposure covered by the District Safety
Program from 1 January 1945 to SI December 1946, was as follows*
1945

1946

To Date78,624,908

5,006,327

373,820,537

d e r a tio n s

135,872,106

65,501,809

309,195,853

Government

7,925.775

7,353,470

27,514,662

217,422,786

77,861,606

701,531,062

Construction

Total
b.

Methods of Comparison. • In applying the two general types

of appraisals to the safety record, in order to evaluate the program,consideration was given tot(1)

The trend of injury rates during the period.

(2 ) Comparison with injury rates of other groups ororganisations doing similar types of work (See App, AS-2, 3, 4 and 5),- c*Units of Comparison. — The units of caparison of safety

recoras are the same as those used In the previous period; namely
Frequency, Severity, and Fatality Sates.

For purposes of clarity, thedefinition of an injury is as follows:
Disabling Occupational Injury, - Any injury arising outof and in the course of emoloyment which resulted in death, permanent
disability, or inability to return to work on the day following the dayof accident or any subsequent day.

Rules of A.S.A. standard were fol-

lowed to determine proper classification of borderline cases*d.

Trend of District Injury Rates* - Tearly comparisons of

the District Safety reocrds show over-all improvement with exceptionof fatality rate for 1946, as follows!
Construction
Employees

Operation
Employees

Government
Employees

1944

6*50

8*09

5.81

1945

5*75

6.88

1.64

1946

4*79

5*76

2*58

1944

1.42

0.52

0.75

1945

I. 00

0.68

0.01

1946

1*54

0.19

1.77

1944

0.14

o.os

0.11

1945

0.12

0.06

0.00

1946

0.20 *

0.00

0.27**

Frequency Rate

Severity Rate

Fatality Rate

* Caused by one fatality whioh is also reflected in the
Severity Rate.
** Caused by two fatalities - one military personnel and one
civilian personnel which is also reflected in the Severity
Rate*
The 1946 fatality rate for the District based on the Rational
Safety Council base of 100,000 employees is 6.28 or 1 per 26,000,000 manhours worked*

In 1945 the fatality rate of 18*5 deaths per 100,000 em­

ployees was under the National record of 31 deaths per 100,000 employees*

e.

Comparison of District Construction Injury Ratos* * Com­

parisons of the Manhattan District’s oonstruotion contractors* safety
record with those of other groups for the period are as follows!
Ra tional 1
CouncilFrequency

Manhattan District♦Corps of Engineers
Mew Military Const.

1943

8.43

14.29

16.39

1944

6.60

10.51

18.21

1945

5.78

7.41

19.84

1946

4.79

**

9.06

Severity
1945

2.08

2.74

2.48

1944

1.42

2.50

2.49

1945

1.00

1.68

2.27

1946

1.54

**

2.81

Fatality
194S

.22

•84

.65

1944

.14

•88

.31

1945

.12

1946

.20

.27
**

(8aa App > Afkgji.
*

SourcetOffice, Chief of Engineers#

Accident Facts (Corrected)**

Includes Civil Works Only

.88

f.

Comparison of District Qaeratlons Injury Rates* • The

comparison of rates for operational oontraotors of the Manhattan Districts

Manhattan
Frequency Dirtrlot

Ordnance
Dept. *•

Chemical
WarfareChemicalIndustry

Xii
Industries Manufacturing

a h

1945

11.75

8.00

26.20

10.07

14.52

20.04

1944

8.09

6.50

15.80

10.24

14.46

18.40

1945

6.88

4.50

8.00

10.08

15.65

16.74

1946

5.76

7.09

10.65

Severity
1948

0.28

1.12

1.20

1.12

1944

0.62

.91

1.21

1.07

1945

0.68

1.06

1.16

1946

0*19

Fatality
1945

.00

.08

•55

1944

.05

.06

•06

1945

.06

.08

.60

o
o
.

.08

.07

1946

.10

.08

.06

.10

.08

.10

.09

*

Source*Office of the Provost Marshal General**

Source*Private Companies' Reports to the National Safety Counoilg.

Sayings Effeoted by the District Safety Program. - A

comparison for 1945 of the loss incurred by Manhattan District and thatwhich would have resulted had the District rates been as high as thoserecorded by private industry is as follows*

11 L ives.

1593 Disabling Injuries.
87,000 Etaployee-days of work*h.

Insurance Savings. - The frequency and severity rates,

continuing below those of private industry, the Manhattan District may
be credited with substantial insuranoe savings.
i.

Detailed District Safety Records. • The safety records ofthe Manhattan District are shown in detail by the following appendices*
Graphs of Occupational Injury Rates by Quarters • January
1943 through Deoember 1946.
App. AS»2 —Manhattan District

App. AS-3 — - Clinton Engineer Works
App, AS -4 —Hanford Engineer Works

App, AS-5 «*• Other Areas
S5-2.

Traffic Safety Record. • The ecmmunity traffic safety

reoord at Clinton Engineer Works is*by comparison, superior to that ofother cities of like population.

81 Deoember 1946 marked the 883rd day+oujn of O a k Ridge,
since a traffic fatality in the Clinton Engineer Works.
A tabulation of deaths fratn motor vehicles within the Clinton
Engineer Works, by years* follows*

S5-3.

1943

-

2

1944

-

9

1945

-

8

1946 *

2

Quality of Accomplishment. • By all of the above records

and ccaparisons of the frequency* severity and fatality rates for bothconstruction and operation, by the computations of savings in lives,
injuries and days of work, and by the comparative traffic records,
the safety accomplishment of the Manhattan District is shown to be an
impressive one.

It compares favorably with the records of other or­

ganisations and in almost every item has been improving as the work
has progressed*

SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIOK 6 -ORGANIZATION

formation. • There was no chaise in status in this paragraphfrctn that shewn by basic history*£■
6- 2 .

Development. - There was no change in status in thie para­graph from that shown in basic history*
S6-3*

Present Organization and Responsibilities. - There have been

no major changes in organization, however, there hap been a modificationof functions and minor shifts in responsibilities*

In September 1946 a

directive from the Office, Chief of Engineers, designated minor modifi­
cation wherein the 3afety and Accident Prevention Branch was changed to
Safety and Accident Prevention Division under which were designated thefollowing branches*
Occupational Safety Branoh
Training and Off-the-Job Safety BrandiFire Prevention and Protection Branch
Research and Management Branch
The functional duties of these branches are contained in the Organi­zation Chart in Appendix AS-10.
a.

The District Safety Engineer* - There was no change instatus in this subparagraph from that shown by the basic histcry*b*

The Oooupatlonal Safety Section. - There was no change

in statue in thie subparagraph from that shown by the basic history.
c*

The Safety Training and Off-the-Job Safety Section. -There was no change in status in this subparagraph frcra that shewn inbasic history*d*

Resident Safety Engineers* - There was no change in status

in this subparagraph from that shown in basic history*e.

Clinton Engineer Works. - See Book I# Folunie 12 - CEWCentral Facilities for Oak Ridge safety promotion and educational program.

Hanford Engineer Works. • At the Hanford Engineer Work*,
safety and fire prevention activities are a function of the plant
operating contractor who also administers these functions for the townof Richland,

The Safety and Accident Prevention Division coordinates

the programs at Hanford**

A central safety committee meets semi-monthly to discussplant and town safety and to determine general policies of the Safety
and Fire Prevention Program.

Six sub*committees assist in administering

the program and are designated as*

1 . Accident Prevention and Investigation2.

Safety Activities and Publicity

S.

Safety Standard*

4.

Special Hazards

6 . Health
6 . Traffic
A Departmental Safety Committee, an Area Safety Committee and Foremen**
Committee are, in addition to above, a part of the safety organization
at Hanford Engineer Works.

A Committee known as the Traffic Sub-committeeof the Central Safety Committee consists of one representative each from
Government safety, patrol, transportation, central safety committee andthe Safety Division.

The committee prepares rules and regulations toarrange for and regulate parking of vehicles, make recommendations for
publicity, signs, barricades, bulletins and traffic movement.
The Fire Protection Division is a section of the Safety andFire Protection Division of the Servioe Department in the operational

group of Hanford Engineer "Porks*

The function of the Division is toprotect HEW and its town against loss of l if e or property damage by
fire.

S6-4.

Personnel. *• Supplementary changes in personnel to thebasic history, covering period X July 1945 to Si December 1946 are as
follows*

SAME

POSITIOH

DATESGlen M, Hoetetter

Chief* Safety Section,
Depa rtment of Public
Safety#March 1946 to date

Humphrey Gilbert

Poet Safety Engineer,
Los Alamos, 5f* M,
Chief, Research andManagement*

January 1946 toNovember 1345.
November 1945 toMarch 1946*

H.G. Schraffenberger© lief, Fire Prevention
and Protection Section

August 194.5 to Mar*W* L. Lafferty

Chief, Training and
Off-the-Job Safety Branch

May 1946 to date

R. B, Shith

Chief, Fire Prevention
and Protection Branch

May 1346 to date

For resident area safety engineers and other personnel of theManhattan District Safety Staff see App, &.16 of basic history*
S6-5*

Contractorfs Safety Organisations* - There was no majorchange in status in this paragraph from that shown in basic history*S6- 6*

Cost of the Safety Prog ran. - In lieu of complete cost

figures for the safety program of the District for 1946 the cost is
estimated at approximately #250,000 which^equivalent to #0.55 per man
per month*V)

The cost of the contractor safety program, based upon figuresavailable from three contractors, one of which is construction
is shown as follows*
Contractor

Exposure
1946

Cost

Cost peremployee per no.

Carbide and Carbon

17,295,194#143.724.09$1.44

Tennessee Eastman*14,954,12®

67,671*65.796

June 1945 toJune 1946

June 1945 toJune 1946

22,474,717#51,667.77

J. A. Jones.537* Eight month period
Contractors show an average cost at C.E.W, of .902 per employee permonth.
S6-7.

Assistance from Government Agencies and Other Organisations. *»There was no change in status in this paragraph fran that shown in basic
history.

"Sw6.4

SECTION 7 - FIEF PREVENTION AMD PROTECTION
General. • A record of the activities of the Fire Prevention
Section was emitted from the basic history of the previous period due tothe fact that responeibility was divided between safety and security*
The addition of this seotion to the supplement covers this phase of thesafety program.
In August 1945 the responsibility for fire prevention and protection
was assigned to the Safety and Aooideat Prevention Branch of the Man­
hattan District, the problems of which were undertaken as follows*a*Organisation. * A branch known as the Fire Prevention

Branoh was established with a chief and an assistant serving on the
Safety and Acoident Prevention Division Chief’s Staff,

The field

representatives in Chicago, Madison Square Area, California, Dayton,
Brookhaven, X-25, T-l 2 and X-10 were charged with the responsibility
for fire prevention in each facility under their jurisdiction.

b.

Scope* * TRhile the scope of the safety activities had

been well established, the addition of the responsibility for fire
prevention, of necessity, enlarged the field of activities as, hereto­fore, fire prevention and protection haB been a function of the Security
Division*c.

Problem. • Of paramount importance was the continuity of* production within the D istrict ay fire interruptions of production were
not permissible.

The prnblen of fire prevention and protection wasevident in the main process plant* at CFTW-where the interruption of

production of urgently needed materials was very detrimental.

Conse­

quently, a definite fire prevention and protection program was estab­lished and the program was rigidly adhered to (See App. E3-I4a, b & c),
A copy of Fire and Explosion Report form is shown in Appendix DS-6.
A Fire Damage Summary Report is inoluded in App, BS-7.
d.

Development of the Program. - The most logical way of

attacking the problem was along the sarae lines of that in which the
Safety Program was developed, through the contractors, and the firststep was to classify the contracts.

The classifications made were as

follows*(1)

Construction Contractors. » Ho serious problem wasencountered in this classification and no additional personnel was re­quired to include fire prevention and protection activities which weremade a part of the regular duties of the safety engineers.
(2)

CoyVplue-fixed-fee Operations Contractors. * This

class of contractors had established agencies for fire inspections, pro­tection and prevention.
(3 ) SnpplyContraotors. «* This type of contract embraced
supply and/or services in -which each contractor perforrsd work for theDistrict or supplies materials or services for the District.

They repre­

sented a vital link in the chain of production, but, because of security
requirements, their problems were hidden in secrecy.

These contractors

were further classified as thode operating in Government-owned plants,
those supplying the Government with mere than 75% of their output, those
performing work on Government-csnod materials in private plants, or thosesupplying materials -which could not be procured elsewhere in the de­sired quantities.

A survey -was made, the degree of hazard determined*

and a program established for each facility or group of facilities
within the above classifications.

Fir© brigades were established andtrained, watchmen were hired, buildings were sprinklered, definite
specifio directions and orders were prepared establishing lines ofauthority for plant operators should the necessity arise for callingupon outside agencies.

Inspection and maintenance schedules were es­tablished for first aid and fire fighting apparatus.

Extinguishingfacilities were checked and new equipment installed rhere needed.
Sources of water were studied to insure availability and adequacy of
supply.

MUBAn&H DISTRICT HISTORYBOOK I - ffEHER&L
VOLME U.

SAFETY PROGRAM

SUPPLEMENT TO APPENDIX "A*

ASU1

ikmple report of Traffic Engineer
Charte, Occupational Injury Rates, by Quarters,
January 1945 through December 194»S*

A S -2

Manhattan District

AS-S

Clinton Engineer Works

AS-4

Sanford Engineer Works

AS-6

Other Areas

AS-10

Manhattan District Safety and Aeoident Prevention
Division, Organisation Chart

WAR DEPARTMENTA DDRESSR E P L Y

D I S T R I C T

OAK

REFER

D IS T R I C T

EN G IN EER

D I S T R I C T

MANHATTAN D IST R IC TOF
E N G I N E E R S
BOX
* E "

R I D G E ,TOO F F I C E OF THE

E N G I N E E R

MA N HA TT A N
CORPS
P .
0.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

T O :

FI LE

OAK R ID G E .

T E N N E S S E ENO.

TEN N ESS EE

EXDM2-5
22 March 1946.

Subjeuti

C.E.W. Traffic Data*

MEMOHAITOUM to Mr* Jsuaes S. Maddy.
1*traffic volumes before and after V-J Days

a* Traffic volumes reached an all-time high during the latterpart of June 194S, and continued high until after the Japanese capitulation.
b.
Congestion on the streets and highways was most pronounced
during this same period*o.
2.

Gate counts show a marked deorease since July 1946.
a*hundred*5*

The highest accident recordings covered a similar period.

June showed a peak of twenty-three thousand.

b.
Recent counts show a daily movement of sight thousand fiveThe gate movements have been fairly constant since Hovember 1945.
Vehicular traffic unitss

a* The total number of passenger oars which were using thestreets and highways of C.E.W. has been greatly reduced* The vehicles
which were used by the personnel of the oonstruotion companies have prac­
tically disappeared from the roadways.
b* Regarding truck movements, we have definite knowledge thatthey have been reduoed approximately sixty percent* This statement Is
based on figures furnished by Roads & Streets, and the oontraoting com­panies •o* Bus movements have not decreased in quite the same magni­
tude* However, off-area bus movements have deoreased approximately fifty
peroent to date. On-area bus movements have deoreased in almost the samef\ S ~ I

S 9 H

Subject:

C.E.W. Traffic Data.

22 Maroh 1946.

a u u u r . If we but glance at the storage field where surplus property isdisplayed for sale* and if we will giro attention to the advertisement
setting forth further bus serrioe curtailment as appears on page 9 of
21 March 1946 issue of the Oak Ridge Journal, we nay readily understandvhy the bus traffic volumes are decreasing*d. Heavy equipment other than units used by Hoads and Streets
and the Utility Maintenance Forces, has practioally disappeared from theroads and streets.
4.
parison!

Factors to be considered when making a "before" and "after" com­a* Accident reporting has iaproved with a fair degree of con­stancy since 1 June 1945.
\b.
Traffic and transportation facilities have been greatly im­
proved in that we now haves
1_. Better street and highway surfaoes.
2.

Improved signs and pavement markings.

3.

Signalisation of major intersections.

4. Channelisation of traffio at certain hazardous inter“ sections.
6. Controlled aooess to highways at specific locations,""" such as T.E.C. and S.E.W. parking lots*
6.
~
5.

Traffio directional oontrol at oertain points of aooessalong our highways, suoh as the Field Hospital Unit
opposite the colored hutments on Soarboro Road.

Surveys and Studies.
a.

We have conducted numerous speed oheoks, both urban and rural.

b. Ve have nade obedienoe oheoks at signals, stop signs and at
railroad crossings.
6.

Speed Zones.

a.
From our studies we have determined the extent and haveoaused to be established many speed sones, covering the followingiSubjects

7*

C.E.W. Traffio Data.'

22 Uaroh 1946.

1.

Sohools and their immediate neighborhoods.

2*

Business or commercial districts.

3a

The residential districts, both the city proper and thetrailer camps.

4.

Certain sections of our highways have special speed con­ing, such as Scarbore Road between Oak Ridge Turnpike
and Bear Creek Hoad* On this seotion of Soarboro Soad
we have a thirty miles per hour sone, with twenty idles
per hour stated speed signs at all major intersections.

Accidents end Congestion vs. Enforcement.

a. Selective enforcement is being effected by the Police Depart­ment. A comparison graph for the last two month of 1945 shows that enforce­
ment follows closely the accident ourve. The extra high enforcement peakoomss with the release of the men from other duties at other times of theday.
b. High traffic volumes on poor facilities mean congestion, andoongestion means aooidents. The converse is true*c. January and February 1946, when compared with the seme monthsof 1945, show a decrease of fifty-one per oent in the total number ofaccidents.
8.

Some rural examplesi

a* For that seotion of Oak Bidge Turnpike between West Tillage
and Arnold Road we had seventy-eight aooidents "pinned up" on the amp for1945. To date we have but six for 1946.

b.
For Bethel Valley Road between Edgemoor Sate and the White W
Bridge Road we had twenty-three aooidents marked for 1945. We have two todate for 1946.
o.
White Wing Bridge Road had sixteen aooidents during 1945.
have two reoorded for 1946.
d.

River Road had nine aooidents for 1945.

We have one to datefor 1946.
9. Moot traffio acoidents have ooourred during the morning and even­ing peak movements.
a. Internal stream friotion has been the most pronounced oause.
The speed differential faotor has doubtless been the highest for our con­sideration. Rear end oollisions and side swipes have been most numerous.

WSubject*

C .E .W .

Traffic Data.

22 March 1946.

A very great number of our aooidents, in faot the predominate type ofacoident, ooourred during the reconstruction and the resurfacing of ourhighways.
b.
With the overall reduotion in traffio volumes, congestion
and aooidents being effected, let us at the same time remember that thethirty-fire miles per hour signs on our main rural highways have been an
are being more or less disregarded. With this in mind we do not hesitate
to reoommend the removal of the existing speed restriction on oertain
sections of highways. In doing this we think that the cause of Safety
will be enhanced. We shall oreate respeot for our traffio signs. We
think that the mental attitude of all drivers will be one of appreciation
rather than that of contempt.
3.0*

We reoommendia.

That speed soning be retained as is in the urban areas.

b. That in oertain sections of rural highways, such as 8oarboro
Hoad between Oak Ridge Turnpike and Bear Creek, the present thirty miles
per hour with marked approaoh speed of twenty miles per hour be retained*o.
That on Bethel Valley Road between Bdgemoor Gate and Solowa
Gate the thirty-five miles per hour regulations be retained. (While thissection of highway has a good surfaoe, it is too narrow and the alignmentis bad.)11*

Speed regulations to be raised*a* On that section of Oak Ridge Turnpike between Bermuda
Road and Arnold Road we reoommend that speed restrictions be made to oonform with those of the State of Tennessee.
b.
The same is reoammended for Bethel Valley Road between
Solway Gate and the White Wing Bridge Road*o.
The seme is reoommended for River Road between Bdgemoor
Gate and Oak Ridge Turnpike.
d.
The same is reoommended for White Wing Bridge Road between
Oak Ridge Turnpike and the White Wing Bridge*

12 * la every oase the above sections of highways shall be properly
signed in accordance with Tennessee State Standards.

S u bject!

22 Maroh 1946.

C.E.W. T raffio Data*a. la addition, suitable signs of informational charactershould be plaoed at the beginning and ending of the above described roadseotions.

/s/

L, A. Bowman
L. A« BOWMAN,
Traffic Engineer.

COPT
Subjecti

C.E.W. Traffio Data.

22 March 1946.

a. la addition, suitable signs of informational charactershould be plaoed at the beginning and ending of the above described readseotiona.

/s/

L. A. Bowman
Zn a , b o w m a n ,Traffic Engineer.

OOPT•• 5 •O C C U P A T IO N /\L

IN J U R E -R A T E S

frequency

20

;

-

M A N H A T T A N

D IS T R IC T

rate

i9
i 8

I7
I6

I5

!

* —

\

Operatio 18

I4

9
8
7~ 1
6

9

•—

.
— ------ ---___Jii*•* *•■/4 -L3J
7

’
• •’

2 -*

.

:

\\

*
*

•

~0

VGovei nmentL_

I( t 0 *

<

'

'

,->A
'-iV

............:

\

I I
0

/

10

vK1
\
\
A
\
/V
'
1 v<^Constru< :tion
*

1 I

\

i

' 1
1
I
\

I3 \
I 2

_}

--2 n d Q tr

3rd O

4 th Q tr

lit O t r

1943

2n d 0 tr

V d O tr

4th O tr

1st O r1944

2 n d Q tr

3 r d O tr

4 « h 0 tr

1945
S E V E R IT Yl i t O t r 2 n d Q tr

S rd Q t r

1946

RATE

( D a y * L o s t P a r T h o u s a n d E m p lo y - H o u r * )Employee Hour Exposure
19^3
1944

1945
1946

.

Coafltruotlon

Operations

Government

88, 287,680
206, 901,622

12,599,964,221,977,872,103,501,809

3,109,685
9,125,732
7,925,775
7,353,470

73,624,908
5,006,327A

4 t h Qtr

OCCUPATIONAL H U U B Y KAT
8&-^•1

FREQUENCY

RATE(DwcMIng Ir»jr1»t Pm Million Eny4oy< Howrt)

l»tQtr 2ndOtr 3rdOlr

4«i Qtr

totOtr 2nd0tr

3rd Ofr 4th0lr l«tQtr 2ndO»r VdO tr 4ttiQtr

S E V E R IT Y

RATE(Ooy» Lost Par Thousand Emptoy**-Hour»)Bg>loyee Hours JCrpoeurc

Construction

ftionsIttO fr 2nd O r M Q t r

4th Qtr

OCCUPATIONAL INJUFY RAJ2??-— SANFCFT ^naiHi^LK wufflt:

I at (Mr 2ndOtr M Q fr

4th OlrM O Ir 2ndQ*r M O tr 4th Otr 1st O r 2ndQ»r SrdOtr 4tti0ti latOtr todQtr 3rd Or

1944

1943

19491
S E V E R IT Y

4th

1946

RATE

(D ay* Loaf Par Thousand Emptoy*#-Hour*)

Employee Hours Exposure
1943
1944

1945
1946

Construction
22,711,761
92,277,7&9
6,055,857

peratlone
5,5C5,348,173/ / / 11 ,781,667
8,708,365

vannneiit
391,7111,217,358
1,145,221
1,079,I4c

OCCUPATIONAL. INJURY RAT5S---DISTRICT EXCEPT Jg^ E. W. AND H. K. V.
FREQUENCY-

fiATC

3
2
I
0
latOtr 2ndQtr M M

1943

4Ni

4 * Qlr

1944

10491
S E V E R IT Y

RATE

ItfQ tr 2nd Qtr M O Ir

1946

4thO<

♦

*

Ftlltoir-'Off

H I . " - - ______CKIFF

P.............
t P............

r>y DIVISIONC Af ......-___ Z. -P l a n s , c o o r d in a t o n end e f f e c t u a l * -3 a l l S a f e t y and A ^ i d e n t P r e ­v e n t i o n a c t i v i t i e s o f th e D i s t r i c t . .
A id s and a d v i s e s A res E n g i­n e e r s , O ff ic e r s - I .o - C h a r g t ? , and O p e r a t in g D i v i s i o n H eads In d e v e l o p i n g
and e x e c u t i n g e f f e c t i v e s a f e t y arid n e o ld e n t p r e v e n t i c n program s anda s s i F t s o n s p e c i a l «a.-:erds ar-d p r o b le m s .

CPC... -____MISCL;________
VAC.-..... -______

DISTRICT SAFETY FNGINEER, Jamea R . M eddy, E n g in e e r 'S a f e t y ) , P-':ASSISTANT M fiT R irP SAFETY
I\. P . Me r a d o n , E n g in e e r ( f t r f e l o r i .
F -*TOTAL--—YWAITES,

OCn.TPATICNAL SAFETY BRANCHTP AINING AND OFF-TKK-JQB SAFFTY BRANCH

FIFE PREVENTION AND PROTFCTION BRANCH

C o n s u l t s 'w i t h A rt a E n g in e e r s , O T f l c e r s '.n -C h a r g e , O p e r a t in g D i v i s i o n H e a d s, and•■->r*tra>'^.srs' r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s r e g e r d l n g• c e u p a t io n a l s a f e t y a c t i v i t i e s ; c o o p e r a t e s
v i t h t h e M e d i c a l D iv is io n In c o m b a t in g o c c u ­p a t io n a l d i s e a s e and .ie a it.li riA za rd s.
P la n s t'w - s a f e t y p rogra m f o r Government,m p l o y e - s . D e te r m in e s c o n p l le n '- e w it* S a f e t yr i.l a t 'n n n end s ta n d a r d o r a d o p t e d codr-s
o r a c * L .-e s.

C o n s u lt s w it h A roa E n g in e e r s , O f f i c e r s - l n C h a r g e , O p e r a t in g D i v i s i o n HeadB, C o n t r a c t o r s 'r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and o t h e r s I n t e r e s t -d. o r c o n ­c e r n e d w it h " o f f - t h e - J o b " s a f e t y .
P la n s ,p r o m o te s and a s s i s t s i n t h e e x e c u t i o n o f o f f f.h e -J o b s a f e t y a c t i v i t i e s .
F o r m u la te s p r o ­grams and p r o c e d u r e s and s u r v e y s and e v a lu a t e s
t .r a ln ln g s a f e t y a c t i v i t i e s .

C o n s u lt s w it h Area E n g in e e r s , O f f i c e r s I n -C h a r g e , O p e r a t in g D i v i s i o n HeadB and• o n t r a c t o r s ' o n a l l f i r e p r e v e n t i o n andp r o t e c t i o n p l a n s , p o l i c i e s , and p r o c e d u r e s .
C o o p e r a te s i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n ­a l m a t e r ia ls .
S u r v e y s A res program s andrecomm ends im p ro v e m e n ts .

V. 3 . Pasn. isp*-*n, -':\glnerr ( S a f e t y ) .
P -5

r . H. K n C lur«t E n gin eer ( S a f e t y ) ,P-fc

R e s p o r .s lb l ? **er s * a » 1st l e s i c o n t r o l
l a t a , s p e c i a l p r o . - e e l s and *li t a i l e di c c l d e n t and f i r e a n a l y s t s .
F u rn is h o B s e c r e t a r i a l and c l e r i c a l
a s s is ta n c e .
M a in t a in s f i l e s .
H a n d les
r o u t i n e adm in 1 s t r a t Jve d ^ t a M « .
C h ie f,

C h i e f , R. B .- S m ith , E n g in e e r ( S a f e t y ) , P -5
C M - f , V/. L . L a f f e r t y , E n g in e e r ( S a f e t y ) , P -5

RFSFAROH AND MANAGEMENT BRANCHv.

G ilb e r t .
A d m i n l s t r a t 'v e A s s i s t a n t , CAF-9
A s s i s t a n t ., D . G. H a r r i s ,A d m in ls tra tIv b A s s is t a n t ,M. B . Crow e
C lr r k -S te n o .
M. I . K e lt i .
C l * r k -S i e n o .
T . J . R u s s e ll
Clerk
C le r k -S t # n o .
M. A . McNutt
C le r k -S t^ n o .
B . J ; C ob u rn

ORGANIZATIONCHARTU N IT SAFFTY AMD ft'T lD FN T PEFV-NTiCN riVTSTONSUBMITTED

DATE/1/S//4

R ECOMMEND E,
appr o ved '

EIO M

FORM

W

* '

_W *

_

SHEET NO. I OF__[_StteiT»

MAHHAITAI DISTRICT HISTORYBOOS I - GENERALV G U M E U - SAFETY PROGRAM
SUPPLEMENT fO APPENDIX "B'*

/

BS-2

Map of Oak Ridge road and street system ahowing
points at which traffio was measured* Ma y - June, 1946

BS-7

Manhattan District F irs Damage Sanaa ry, D«camber 1946*

<rv

MANHATTAN DISTRICTFire Damage Summary
December 1946
Conn u Iq I i i / -

Area

No.

D t c c m b e .r

THIS YEAR

1 9 4 4 . “— —No.

Government

St. Louis

1§ 109,946.49

Hanford7

11,554.00

Wilmington

128,000.00

C. E. W. Total

4

Government

Private| 3,092.00

Ftoy

34

53,141.08

Private* 720.00

2.825.00

^ ■#

K-25

3

1.387.00

Y-12

Townsite

16

41,831.00

3350.0011.705.00

15

10,960.08

Santa Fe1

150.001

150.00

DISTRICT TOTAL

9$ 3,242.00

44$ 202,791.57

Prepared by:
Research and Management Branch
Safety Division
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Oak Ridge, Tennesseet2.825.00$3,545.00

tr a ffic .

OAK RIDOLE,TENNESSEEa

CiTt'vji*■ fu J e o V Y - ^ o c s v+ a k ,c nhour

a r t e r i a l r o a d s *. s t r e e t s

Prt|>4t4 ky

U S E.D.TRArriC S E C T I O N
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC VOLUMESM A Y - J U N E 134(504»fN

1846 i4iTIjm
I [ sc h o o l.

H 9 4-

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j - /

~V\

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e ^ T 7‘ y£ioN^ s t E 'T?£~m
XCNTR^L
BU6
rrt/?M»»*AL!

JSSS
ry Valley%QAS)

ADMINISTRATION*REATURNPIKE^A

Jxo v -e r
p e r io d

i-00? •MANFATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYBOOK I - GENERALVGLttfE 11 - SAFETY PROGRAM
SOPPLBJENT TO APPENDIX "C"

CS-1

1946-47 Safety and Accident Prevention Programs

CS-3

Safety Requirements

CS-5

Safety Precautions in Handling, Slipping and Storing of*d. Fluorinee. Leadf. M«rcury
g. Handling Chemicals
h. Transit Explosion
f. B« ry 11 inn

SAFETY ft ACCIDENT PREVENTIONPROGRAM%FISCAL

YEAR

1947

MANHATTAN

DISTRICTARMY SERVICE FORCES
U. S. Engineer Office
Manhattan District
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
10 June 1946.

EIDMN-1
DISTRICT CIRCULAR LETTER (Safety 46-8)
SUBJECT*

Safety and Accident Prevention Program.

TOi

All Concerned.

1.
Inclosed is a copy of the Manhattan District Safety and Acci­
dent Prevention Program for the fiscal year 1947.
2.
The program has been developed through revision of the present
program after careful consideration of the comments and recommendations
from Areas of the District. It is intended to anticipate future needs,
and conforms to latest changes in District policy.
3.
It is desired that Area Engineers and Officers in Charge
establish sound, definite, and comprehensive safety programs commensu­
rate with activities under their jurisdiction, and prosecute these
programs vigorously to assure continued improvement in the accident
experience of the District.
For the District Engineers

1 Incl.i1947 Program

Executive Officer.

DISTRIBUTION!
AE
H
The following Safety Circular Letters are still in effect; all others
have been rescinded:43-1 & Suppl. 1

44-4
44-5
44-10
44-11
44-12 4 Suppl. 1

45-1
45-2
45-3
45-4
45-5

46-1
46-2
46-3
46-4
46-5
46-6
45-7

SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM

Fiscal Year
%

'

1947

Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
Assistant.

Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
Deputy Distriot Engineer.

_*r tr grrr

TABLE OFCONTENTSARTICLEI

Definitions

II

Purpose and Objective

PAGE
1
2

%

III

Scope

'

2

IV

The Problem

V

OrganizationVI

On-the-Job Safety Program4

VII

Off-the-Job Safety Program

7

2
>

3

I

D e fin itio n s

Area Engineer

SafetyThe term wArea Engineer”as used throughout thisprogram will be interpreted to mean the Government
representative (offioer or civilian) in direot
charge of the project, operation or activity.
The term "safety”as used throughout this program-• will be interpreted to include fire prevention andfire protectiqn.
c,1% •Accidents

The term "accidents" as used throughout this program
will be interpreted to inolude fires, explosions or
ocourences which result in personal injury orproperty damage or the probability of such.

Safety Department-

The term "safety department" as used throughout this ,program will be interpreted to mean and inolude
part-time safety representatives, one-man safety
organizations, and multi-employee safety organizations.

MANHATTAN DISTHICT
Safety and Accident Prevention Program
F iscal Year
1347

II

Purpose and Objective

1.
The purpose of the Manhattan D istrict Safety and Aocident Prevention
Program is to e stab lish d e fin ite basic p o licie s and procedures to befollowed by a l l Areas of the D istriot for the improvement of the safety
organisation in e ffic ie n c y , economy and coordination o f functions.
2.
The program w ill be an application o f sound engineering techniques
and p ractices, and w ill conform with p o lio ie 3 established by the O ffic e,
Chief o f Engineers, and to accepted training doctrines.
3. The objective of the program is the elimination of accidents,
conditions or procedures capable of causing personal in ju rie s, occupational
sickness or disease, or factors lik e ly to re su lt in work interruptions,
damage or destruction to equipment, materials and property,
III

Scope

The Manhattan D istr ic t Safety and Accident Prevention Program isapplicable to a l l operations of the D is tr ic t, Doth contract and Government.
IV

The Problem

1 , Occupational a c tiv itie s of the Manhattan D istr ic t, t r a f f io accidents
and f i r e , from inception to 1 May 1946, are charged with 77 occupationalf a t a l i t i e s and permanent to ta l d is a b ilit ie s , and 4,577 disabling injuries
resulting in 5,743,352 man-hours of lo s t time. Accidents h t/e cost the
D is t r ic t , in cash, $ 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .
The loss of production, sk illed labor, andother related costs amount to considerably more.
2 , A recent analysis of occupational injuries occurring within theD istr io t indicates that fau lty supervision was p a rtia lly responsible for
83/S of the accidents. Forty percent of the accidents indicated noncompliance with "Safety Requirements,” and 27% of the accidents wereindicative of in su fficie n t knowledge or s k i l l .
3. O ff-th e -jo b accidents seriou sly a ffe c t the economy o f operation,and in ten sified a c t iv itie s in th is fie ld of accident prevention are
warranted.
4 . By national averages, the £1anhattan D istrict has sustained aloss which is less than one-half of that which might have been expected;
y et, the record indicates that many serious deficiencies remain uncorrected.

-

2 .

V

O r g a n iz a tio n

1.

The D istrict Safety and Accident Prevention Branch w ill

a. Exercise s t a f f supervision over a l l safety a c t iv it ie s of
the Manhattan D is tr ic t, furnishing advice, coordination and consultation
on matters o f organization, procedure and methods.
b . Assise in determining needs for research and experimental
work in order to e stab lish adequate safety and health controls for a ll
operations.' Assistance w ill be given the D istr ic t Medical Division incoordinating such research and experimental work and in establishing
the co n tro ls.
c . Make available to those concerned in the d is t r ic t visual
aids and te stin g equipment, and disseminate to the fie ld available
information on new develoDmerits pertinent to sa fe ty .
d. Consolidate requirements fo r , order, and d istrib u te , safety
education m aterial, forms and publications for Areas and other o ffic e sof the D is t r ic t .
v
e . C o llect, review and record a l l reports of personal injury,
property damage, fir e and explosion.
f.
Compile s t a t i s t ic a l summaries and comparisons of accident
experience, and prepare monthly releases o f data to a l l Areas of the
D is tr ic t.
•■ •>, ■,:•g.

Prepare special analyses of .accident experience.

h. Review, process and forward to the U. S. Employees' Compen­
sation Commission a l l information and reports of injury to Government
employees which are required by that agency.
2.
The Area Engineer is responsible for the conduct of an e ffe c tiv e ,balanced safety program covering a l l work under his ju r isd ic tio n .
3 . 'The safety organization in each Area or operation w ill be under
the d irect supervision of the respective Area Engineer or his deputy.
4 . Each Area Engineer w ill have a fu ll-tim e , qualified safetyengineer on his s t a f f when the Government and contractors’ employeos
supervised have a combined monthly exposure of 80,000 employee-hours,
or l es 3 i f the work involved is esp ecia lly hazardous,
5.
The r e sp o n sib ility for enforcement of safety regulations
throughout the entire D istrict w ill rest on the personnel responsible
for the work supervision. Under no circumstances w ill the responsi­
b i l i t y for enforcement o f safety regulations be taken from the normal
supervisory lin e s and placed with the safety engineer.

-

3 -

6.
The greater part of thej direct gafety engineering work andfield correction are responsibilities of contractors. Government safetyengineers encourage progressive engineering techniques which will
prevent acoidents and fires, and insure, through the Area Engineer,
correction of deficiencies in organizations and programs, physicalfacilities and compliance with safety regulations.
VI

On-the-job Safety Program

1. The Corps of Engineers "Safety Requirements," as amended or sup­plemented, and the Codes of the National Fire Protection organizations
shall constitute the minimum safety requirements for all work under thejurisdiction of the Manhattan District.
2. For specifio items in construction, maintenance, operation or
research activities, where the minimum safety requirements specified ifi
paragraph 1 , above, as amended by higher authority or supplemented by
the Distriot Safety and Accident Prevention Branch, do not provide
coverage or pertain, additional safety requirements will be developed
at the site in accordance with the best of recognized and accepted pro­cedures. Such additional safety requirements will be reviewed andapproved by the Area Engineer, and forwarded to the District Safety
Engineer.
3. Area Engineers will appoint a Board of Investigation to determine
the cause, fix responsibility, and recommend preventive measures after
each accident, including fire or explosion, resulting in oritical or
fatal injury, or involving property damage to the extent of #5000 ormore.
4. The development of an adequate safety program is a contractual
obligation of contractors and an assigned responsibility oi^ Area ^n^ineers.
performing or conducting work with Government employees, inclucTTng military
personnel. Safety plans w ill be expected to include the following whereapplicable:_| a. A written comprehensive .safety and accident prevention
program will be prepared covering all accident, fire, traffio, healthand sanitation phases of safety engineering. A copy of this program
will be submitted to the Distriot Safety-Engineer.
b.
The employment! by the contractors, of a qualified safetyengineer who will devote full time to safety, providing the contractors(including sub-contractors) employ 1,000 or more persons, or fewer if
engaged in especially hazardous work.
o,Sub-contractors' operations in the scope of the prime con­tractors ’safety responsibilities.
d.
Placement on, and acceptance by, management of the responsibility
for the safety of all employees and the protection of equipment, materials
and property with clearly defined safety policies and active support ofthe program.
-

4 -

e.
An organization wherein the individual responsible ford irect supervision of safety a c tiv itie s w ill report to a high-ranking
management o f f ic ia l having ju risd ictio n over a l l activities*,•f.
Provisions whereby th** safety department w ill a s s is t inestablishing and directing the program, make surveys and inspections off a c i l i t i e s and a c t iv itie s to determine needs, make special studies where
necessary, and a s s is t management and supervision in any other way tocarry out the program.
g. Assignment to the safety department of the necessary
authority to review and recommend changes in a l l conditions and practices
which a ffe c t the safety and health of employees or the protection ofequipment, materials and property.
h.
Integration of safety engineering with a l l planning anddesign for new construction, changes and a lte ra tio n s.
i.
Provisions whereby the safety department w ill be n otified
of a l l new sub-contraots and a l l new work so that tim ely adjustments
can be made in the program to handle adequately the additional a c t iv it ie s .
j . . Preparation of specifications and review by the safety
department, prior to the procurement, of a l l safety equipment, andprovision for an e ffec tiv e system of convenient issue and maintenance o fsafety equipment.
k. Complete and regular inspections, tests and maintenance ofa l l equipment, machines and to o ls .
1.
Inspection procedures to id en tify and eliminate unsafe
physical conditions, and to discover and correct unsafe a c ts, whichmight lead to”accidents or f i r e s .
m .‘ Minimum requirements to insure the safe handling o fprocessed or other m aterials.

,kn. Protection of health, equipment and property from damage
by materials and processes through enforcement of practices and procedures
developed by contractors’ or Government medical and safety departments.
o.
Established lines of authority, and cle a rly defined andcoordinated re sp o n sib ilitie s of a ll p a rties, including outside agencies
which may be u tilize d in emergencies.,
p. F a c ilitie s and procedures for n o tific a tio n of designatedpersonnel in the event of accidents and f i r e s .
q. An organized program for evacuation of personnel in theevent of emergencies.

5-

r. Adequate first aid equipment and facilities which will beavailable immediately to cope with any emergency situation which may
reasonably be expected to ari 6e.
s. An effective organization of one or more trained emergency
brigades composed of volunteer or full time personnel equipped with allnecessary facilities to combat immediately any emergency which can be
anticipated.
t. Services comparable to those furnished normally by industrial
hygiene units to determine the existence of hazards within the scope of
the industrial hygienist, and the adoption of measures for the eliminationof those hazards through engineering, supplying necessary protective
equipment, recommending selection and placement of personnel, or similar
methods.
u.
Safety educational activities on a continuing and progressiveschedule to begin the day an employee is hired, including a good set ofsafety rules with safety policies and instructions as a part of the ori­
entation program, and with safety integrated in all employee job-training
courses.
'v. Thorough investigation of all acoidents and fires, especiallythose resulting in injury or property damage, to develop experience,
policy and training procedures to prevent recurrences.
w.

Traffics"(1)

The maintenance and use of traffic aooident records
and spot maps, the periodic observation of traffio
flow, speeds and other traffio data to determine
solution of high accident location problems.

(2)

A comprehensive study of streets and roadways todetermine needs for lighting, centerlining and otherpavement markings; installation of regulatory signs;
redesign of street intersections, roadways, parking
facilities, bus stops; and requirements for traffio
control by police.
>-(3)

Investigation of complaints and referred matters con­cerning traffic conditions, driver and pedestrian
practices* and the recommendations for. correction.
:

’

i
■

- 6

-

I

V II

O ff-th e -J o b

S a f e t y Program1.
Each safety department i-ill assist in the promotion of offthe-job safety by the use of the facilities at their command and shallbe expected to include provisions in that part of their program for:a. The reporting of off-the-job accident cases from hospitals,
sohools, individuals or other sources, and the use of these data for
guidance in, and the planning of home, public and school safety activities.
b. Proper publicity through the use of newspapers, houseorgans, news letters, posters, safety movies, addresses and other media.
c. Taking advantage of all opportunities to encourage community
organizations and special groups to set up safety activities commensuratewith their interests.
•
d. A survey of public buildings, schools, concessions, play­grounds and other recreational facilities to determine hazardous con­ditions or practices, and to plan improvements and appropriate safety
features for recreational programs adapted to the various seasons.
e. The inauguration of safety activities in the schools byconducting first aid courses; arranging for State drivers licenses tobe issued to students who successfully complete the high school driving
course; supplying safety information, publications and films to aid
in school safety instruction; improvement in the use and training ofschool safety patrols; and assistance in the establishment of school
safety committees and the extension of their activities.

WAR DEPARTMENT.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

UNITED STATES ARMY

Approved by the Chief oi Engineers
16 December 1941
Revised 1 January 1946

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION DIVISION
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

United States Government Printing Office
Washington : 1946

W ab D epartm ent,
O f f ic e of t h e C h i e f o f E n g in e e r s ,Washington, 1 January 1946.
To All Concerned:
The prevention of accidents is of paramount importance tomanagement and workers both government and contract Lossof productive labor can have serious economic consequences
over and above those of death and injury and damage to anddestruction of property. A contractor may find that accident
costs represent the difference between his bid and that of a
successful competitor.
It is equally important that in all work performed by gov­
ernment employees, every possible effort be made to conservelabor, materials and equipment through the prevention of
accidents.
The “Safety Requirements” are applicable to all operationsof the Corps of Engineers, both contract and government andcompliance therewith is an essential responsibility pf super­
vision.

R . A . W h e e le b

Lieutenant General
Chief of Engineers(I I I )TABLE OF CONTENTS
P a geDefinitions__________________________ ________ 8301. 00

3GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Drinking Water_________ _______________ 8302.01
Toilet Facilities______________________ -___ 8302.02
First-Aid Stations and Infirmaries________ 8302.03
Protective Equipment and Practices—--------- 8302.04
Lighting______________ _____________ ___ _ 8302. 05
Gas and Smoke_________ _________________ 8302.06
Salamanders____________ :— - __________ - 8302. 07
Accident Reporting________________ ___ —— 8302.08
Employment of Safety Engineer-—_________ 8302. 09
Miscellaneous________ __________ _________ 8302.10
Storing Materials and Disposal of Waste___ 8302.11

6
6
7
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Steam Boilers—Pressure Vessels:
Inspection__________ :______________ ______ 8303. 01 18
Excavation:
Excavations_______________ ______________ 8304. 07 19
Trench Excavation-------------- :_____________ 8304. 08 20 Ropes, Cables, Chains:
Inspection and Use________________ _____ — 8304.09 22
Ramps, Runways, Platforms, and Scaffolds:
General___ _____________ ,__________ ___ _ 8305. 01 26
N ails__ _______ _________ _________ ____ 8305.02
27 •Scaffold Loads______ __________________ 8305.03
27
Pole Scaffolds-___________ :_—___ __ ____ , 8305.04
28
Outrigger Scaffolds---------- —:_____________ 8305.05 _ 31
Horse or Frame Scaffolds__ _________ ____ 8305.06
32
Ladder Jack Scaffolds____________________ . 8305.07
34
34
Carpenters’ Portable Bracket Scaffolds____ 8305. OS
Window Jack Scaffolds___________________ 8305.09
35. Foot Scaffolds-^-._________________ _______ 8305.10
35
Guardrails, Toeboards, Screens and Over­head Protection____ ___________________ _ 8305.11
35
(IV)

t.

(V)
Ramps, Runways, Platforms, and Scaffolds—Continued.
Roofing Devices________________________ 1_ 8305.12
Temporary and Permanent Stairways_____ 8305.13
Temporary Floors_______________________ 8305.14
Painters’ Swinging Scaffolds—__________ _ 8305.15
Boatswains’ Chairs_______________________ 8305.16
Suspended Scaffords—__________ ____ ___ 8305.17
Needle Beam Scaffolds__________ ________ 8305.19
Float or Ship Scaffolds______ ______ _____ 8305.19
Manufactured Scaffolds____ _____ _______ 8305.20
Ladder Specifications:
General_______ ____________ _____________ 8306. 01
Single Rung Ladders_____________________ 8306. 02
Single Cleat Ladders____________ :________ 8306. 03
Extension Ladders___ .________ ;__________ .8306.04
Stepladders.______________ ______ j____ ___ 8306.-05
Sectional Ladders___ ____ __ ____ _________ 8306. 06
Trestle Ladders_______ __________ _______ 8306. 07
Extension Trestle Ladders__ ____________ — 8306. 08
Painting:
Storage of Paints___________________ _____ 8307.01
Spray Painting___ ____ ______ ___________ 8307.02
Electrical Wire and Apparatus:
General ____ _____ _.__ ____________ _______ 8308.01
Blasting:
General______________ ___ _______________ 8309.01
Transportation of Explosives__________ ,__ 8309. 02- Handling of Explosives___ ___________ ____ 8309.03
Storage of Explosives_____ .________ _____ 8309. 04Drilling___ ______ — _____----- ,— ___ 1 „ ___ 8309.05
Loading--------------------:_-------------- _____------ 8309.06
Wiring— -------------------------- ___.— -------- - 8309. 07
Firing ___----- ---------------------------- i _______ 8309.08
Inspection after Blasting______ ____.______ 8309. 09
Misfires_____ ___________ _____ ______ ___ 8309.10
Fire Prevention and Protection:
Fire Prevention__ .'.__ ______ ________ _____8310. 01
Fire Protection__ 1-------------___________ ;__ 8310.02
Clearing Operations:
General_________ ________________ ______ 8312.01
Felling, Bucking--------- ;___ _____________ _ 8312.02
Decking and Burning_____ _______________ 8312. 03

Page
36
37 •
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43
45
45
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48 .
49
50
51
52
54
55
55
56
56
56
56
58
60
61
62

(V I)

Flammables:• „Page
General____ :______________ ______ -— - — 8313.01
63
Storage___________________ _____________ 8313.02
64
Handling and Use__________ ,_____________ 8313.03
65
Poisons and Harmful Substances:
General_________________________________ 8314.01
66
Poison Ivy, Oak, Sumac___________________ 8314.02
69
Insects, Vermin, Snakes___________________ 8314. 03
69
Hot Substances______ !_________________ - 8314.04
70
Electric and Gas Welding and Cutting:General____ __________ ___ ________ ___ - 8315. 01 71
Gas Welding and Cutting.________________ - 8315. 02 71
74
Arc Welding and Cutting-------------------------- 8315.03
Fire Prevention__________________________ 8315. 04 75
Protective Clothing and Equipment:------------ 8315.05 76
Ventilation _________ __;____ ,------------------ 8315.06 77
Confined Spaces_________________ _________ 8315.07 77
Machinery and Mechanized Equipment:
General________ ____________________ _— 8316: 01 78
Cranes, Hoists, and Derricks-------------- ------- 8316.02 81
Woodworking Machinery_________________ 8316.03 83
Floating Plant:
Inspection and Certification______________ 8317.01
84
Gangways, Guardrails,' platforms, etc__ .___ 8317.02 84
Machinery and Deckgear_____ ,_- ________ 8317. 03 85
Miscellaneous_____________ ' ______________ 8317. 04 87
Launches and Motorboats______________ __- 8317.05 87
Drills__ _________ ______ _____ _____ _8317.06 89
Ring Buoys___________________ _—__ _____ - 8317. 07 89
Skiffs__ ________ ______ _____ ________ _ 8317. 08 90
Life Vests (Work Vests)_________________ _ 8317. 09 90
Fire Prevention and Protection-:_______ ____8317.10 . 91
Sanitation—Living Quarters__ ____________8317.11
92
Medical Supplies and First Aid____________ 8317.12
93
Motor Vehicles:
Definition_______ ________ _____________ 8318.01
95
Operator’s Permit________ ________________ 8318.02
95
General_____ _____ ___ _____ ___ - ______ 8318. 03
95
96
Equipment___________ ______ :____________ 8318.04
Operating Rules___ _________ _:__________ 8318.05
98
Transporting Personnel__________ ____ ___ 8318.06' 100
Fueling-_____________ ____ _____________ 8318.07 101
Loading___________ ___________________ _8318.08 101

INFORMATION FOR CONTRACTORSAll contract work under the jurisdiction of the Corps of Engi­
neers will be performed in compliance with the “ Safety Require­ments” as established in the following accident prevention clause
which' is a part of all construction contracts.
(1)
Cost-Plus-a-Fixed-Fee Construction Contracts: “Accident
Prevention.—In order to protect the life and health of employees
in the performance of this contract, the contractor will comply
with all pertinent provisions of the ‘Safety Requirements’ ap­
proved by the Chief of Engineers, December 16, 1941 (a copy ofwhich is on file in the office of the Contracting Officer), and as
may be amended, and will take or cause to be taken such addi­
tional measures as the Contracting Officer may determine to bereasonably necessary for this purpose. The contractor will
maintain an accurate record of, and will report to the Contract­
ing Officer in the manner and on the forms prescribed by theContracting Officer, all cases of death, occupational disease, andtraumatic injury arising out of or in the course of employment
on work under this contract. The Contracting Officer will notify
the contractor of any noncompliance with the foregoing pro­visions and the action to be taken. The contractor shall, after
receipt of such notice, immediately correct the conditions towhich attention has been directed. Such notice, when served on
the contractor or his representative at the site of the work, shallbe deemed sufficient for the purpose aforesaid. If the contractor
fails or refuses to comply promptly, the Contracting Officer may
issue an order stopping all or any part of the work. When satis­
factory corrective action is taken, a start order will be issued.”(2)
Lump-Sum and Unit-Price Construction Contracts: “Acci­
dent Prevention.—In order to protect the life and health of em­
ployees in the performance of this contract, the contractor willcomply with all pertinent provisions of the ‘Safety Requirements’approved by the Chief of Engineers, December 16, 1941 (a copyof which is on file in the office of the Contracting Officer), andas may be amended, and will take or cause to be taken such ad­
ditional measures as the Contracting Officer may determine tobe reasonably necessary for this purpose. The contractor will
maintain an accurate record of, and will report to the Contract-

(1)

2

ing Officer in the manner and on the forms prescribed by theContracting Officer, all cases of death, occupational disease
and traumatic injury arising out of, or in the course of,
employment on work under this contract. The Contracting
Officer will notify the contractor of any noncompliance withthe foregoing provisions and the action to be taken. The
contractor shall, after receipt of such notice, immediately
correct the conditions to which attention has been directed.
Such notice, when served on the contractor or his representa­
tive at the site of the work, shall be deemed sufficient for the
purpose aforesaid. If the contractor fails or refuses to comply
promptly, the Contracting Officer may issue an order stopping
all or any part of the work. When satisfactory corrective action
is taken, a start order will be issued. No part of the time lost
due to any such stop order shall be made the subject of claim forextension of time or for excess costs or damages by the con­tractor.”DEFINITIONS
8301.00

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION WORK
The phrase “Building and Construction work” shall mean andinclude the excavation, construction or erection, alteration andpainting of buildings and other structures and all operations inconnection therewith; the excavation, construction, alteration
and repair of sewers and trenches, and all operations pertaining
thereto.
SUBSTANTIAL
The term “ Substantial” means construction of such strength,of such material and of such workmanship that the object re­ferred to shall, under normal foreseen conditions or circum­
stances, withstand all reasonably expected wear, shock, usage
and deterioration.
SECURELY FASTENED
The term “ Securely Fastened” means that the subject or thingreferred to shall be so secured in place that it cannot under nor­mal foreseen conditions or circumstances be accidentally or Un­
intentionally displaced, and that the object or thing referred towill be upheld and will withstand such weight or shock as isreasonably expected from normal use; condition^ or circum­
stances.
FACTOR OF SAFETY“Factor of Safety” is the factor by which working stress mustbe multiplied to give the ultimate strength of the material.
EQUIPMENTThe term “Equipment” includes all the tools, machinery,devices, derricks, hoists, elevators, scaffolds, platforms, run­ways, ladders and all such facilities, safeguards and pro­tective construction used in connection with construction
operations.
LADDER
The term “Ladder” shall mean an appliance designed foruse in ascending or descending at any angle exceeding 50
682071°—46----- 2(3)

4
degrees with the horizontal, usually consisting of two side pieces
called side rails, joined at short intervals by cross pieces calledrungs, cleats or treads. Any stairway rising at an angle steeper
than 50 degrees from the horizontal will be considered a ladder.
FIXED LADDERThe term “Fixed” ladder shall mean a ladder substantiallyfastened in.any fixed position.
SINGLE LADDERThe term “ Single” ladder shall mean a ladder consisting of
but one section.
EXTENSION LADDERThe term “Extension” ladder shall mean a ladder consistingof two or more sections traveling in guides or brackets soarranged that it may be adjusted to variable lengths.
STEPLADDERThe term “ Stepladder” shall mean a ladder having flat treads
and so constructed as to be self-supporting.
SECTIONAL LADDERThe term “ Sectional” ladder shall mean a ladder consisting of
two or more sections so constructed that the sections, whencombined, will function as a single ladder.
“A” OR TRESTLE LADDERThe term “A” ladder or “Trestle Ladder” shall mean a ladderconsisting of .two single ladders hinged or joined at the top toform equal angles with the base.
EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDERThe term “Extension Trestle Ladder” shall mean a ladder con­sisting of an “A” or “Trestle” ladder with an additional ver­tical single ladder having parallel sides which is adjustable per­pendicularly and is provided with a device to lock it into place.
WALL OPENINGS
The term “Wall Openings” shall mean openings in walls fromwhich there is a clear drop of 6 feet or more, and shall include
openings giving access to yard arms or block and tackle door­
ways and other openings 30 inches or more in height and 18
inches or more in width, the sill or lower edge of which is lessthan 18 inches above the floor or platform level. Open sides of5buildings between columns, girders, or piers shall not be con­sidered as wall openings.
PAINT MATERIALSThe term “Paint Materials” shall be defined as any material
such as paint, varnish, shellac, stains, thinners, lacquers, dry­ers, size, varnish removers, bronzing liquids, enamels, colors dryor ground in oil, which are used for the preparation, finishing,decoration or protection of surfaces on buildings, structures orany parts thereof.
SCAFFOLD
The term “ Scaffold” shall mean an elevated platform used
for supporting workmen and/or material in connection with anyof the operations coming within the scope of these requirements.
RUNWAYThe term “Runway” shall mean any aisle, walk, or drive con­structed or maintained as a passageway for workmen or rolling
equipment.
RAMP
The term “ Ramp” shall mean an inclined runway.
MACHINERY AND MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT“Machinery and Mechanized Equipment” shall mean an oper­
ating unit or a series of operating units, mobile or stationary,deriving its power for operation from a prime mover generated
by wind, water, steam, electricity, compressed air, or internal
combustion engine. The prime mover shall also be consideredpart of the operating unit.
ILLUSTRATIONS
The plates, figures, sketches, and illustrations shown herein
and to which reference is made in the text shall not be construed
as specifications but shall be considered as types for information
or guides only in the construction of such equipment.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 01—DRINKING WATER
8302.01
A. The dispensing of drinking water to employees shall be inaccordance with the following procedure:
1. Drinking water will be obtained only from sources ap­
proved by Area or District Engineer.
<
2. Any of the following dispensing methods shall be used:(а) Stationary bubbler with guarded orifice installed on ap­
proved water line.
(б) Fully enclosed water container and individual paper
drinking cups.
(c) Portable sanitary drinking fountains meeting specifica­
tions of Procurement Division, Treasury Department.
3. Dipping water out of any container by individual cups,
dippers, canteens, etc., is prohibited, and such containers must
be provided with a covering so designed and fastened to prevent
such use.
4. All containers used to furnish drinking water will be thor­
oughly sterilized at least once a week, and more frequently if
circumstances require, by methods approved by competent med­
ical authorities.
SECTION 02—TOILET FACILITIES
8302.02
A. For every 30 persons or less there shall be provided a privy
or closet space so constructed that the occupant thereof will beshielded from view and protected against weather and falling
objects. Each privy shall be provided with an adequate urinal
trough.
B. At locations where a water-carriage sewerage system or
chemical toilets are not available, the privy or closet space shallcontain a fly-tight-box constructed over , a pit latrine or over
pails of other suitable containers where pits are impracticable.
C. To render the box fly-tight, all cracks must be closed andthe covers and hinges so arranged that the lids drop automati­
cally; also there must be close contact between the base of thebox and the ground. Additional fly proofing will be obtained by
excavating an area 4 feet wide completely surrounding the pit
to a depth of 6 inches. Cover this area with burlap soaked in
crude oil, the burlap being placed so that it hangs down into the(6 )7pit to a depth of 18 inches. The earth is then replaced over theburlap and tamped down. If burlap is not obtainable, the earth
from excavated area may be mixed with crude oil and tamped
back in place.
D. Each day the pit will be sprayed with crude oil or
sprinkled with lime and'the interior of both the box and the pit
should be kept thoroughly coated with crude oil at all times.
B. The latrine seats will be scrubbed with soap and water
daily, and washed off at least twice weekly with an antiseptic
solution.
P. When the contents reach to within 2 feet of the top, pits
will be filled with earth to within 6 inches of the surface andcovered with a layer of sacking, soaked in crude oil, to extend 3
feet beyond the edges of the p it; the remainder of the pit willthen be filled in with earth and the location marked.
G. All privies shall be so located and banked that surface
water cannot flood pit.
(NOTE.— This is an adaptation of Army Regulations on the subject.)

SECTION 03— FIRST-AID STATIONS AND
INFIRMARIES

8302.03

A. First-Aid Kits:
1. On all projects employing less than 100 workers, 16-unit
first-aid kits shall be provided in the ratio of one for each
25 persons employed.
2. Each crew or part of crew working in areas where poison­ous snakes are likely to be found shall be equipped with asnake-bite kit. Each snake-bite outfit shall contain:
1—plunger type suction syringe.
1—large suction cup for fiat surfaces..
1—small round suction cup for small curved surfaces.
1—lancet sealed in glass or metal case.
3—ammonia inhalants.
3—iodine applicators.
*
1—tourniquet.
3—One-inch adhesive compresses.
1—tube syringe lubricant.

,

B. First-Aid Field Station:
On all projects employing more than 100 and less than 300
persons, in a concentrated area, a first-aid field station shall beestablished. First-aid field stations shall provide a minimum

8

WAR DEPARTMENT
THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Sketch shows only the minimum
space requirements. Any suitable
alternative arrangement -will con­stitute compliance.
2. The station may be built as aknockdown unit if desired but it
is recommended that it be construct­
ed on skids so it may be readily
moved from one-location to anotheras the work demands.
3. Walls and ceiling 3hall be cov­
ered with two coats of non-toxic
white paint. The floor shall be ofimpervious construction.

u----------- 1------------ 1------------ B

ii,! 1 , 1' _■L

\
\

V\

8 ' - 6m

Um The room shall be adequately
heated and ventilated, the windows
and door shall-be .well screened,and suitable electric light andoutlets shall be provided.

SPEOL-5

Portable First Aid Station

9

W AR D EP A R TM E N T
O F F IC E O F T H E C H IE F O F E N G IN E E R S

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Sketch shows only the minimum
space requirements. Any suitablealternative arrangement will cons­
titute compliance.
2. The facilities ma y be built as
a part of a n ew structure, attach­ed to an existing building or may
be an independent unit.
y . Walls and ceilings shall be
painted with two coats of non-tox­
ic white paint. The floors shallbe impervious so as to be easily
and sanitarily cleaned. (Concrete,
Tile, Linoleum).
/». Rooms shall be adequately heat­ed and ventilated, windows and out­side doors shall be well screened,and suitable electric light andoutlets shall be provided.
5* Hot and cold running water are
required and adequate toilet facil­
ities shall be furnished.'
6. Consult detailed specifications
for required equipment installation.

Suggested Plan for an Infirmary

10
of 100 square feet of floor space with provisions for adequate
light, heat, and water; walls and ceilings shall be covered with
nontoxic white paint, the floor shall be of impervious construc­tion, and the exterior shall display appropriate insignia.
Adequate directional signs shall be established on the project.
First-aid field stations shall be of the portable type so thatthey may be moved from one location to another to meet theneeds of various working groups. Each station shall be equipped
as follows:
2—enamel hand wash basins.
1—bandage scissors 7".
1—pint iodine in glass-stoppered bottle for dispensing purposes.
1—dozen each 1 " and 2” bandage and sterile dressings, 2 " x 2 "and 4 " x 4".
1—bundle absorbent cotton.
1—footrest.
—adhesive tape,and 1".
—aromatic spirits of ammonia.
-—assorted safety pins.
—applicators.
—tourniquet.
—stretcher and blankets.
—alcohol, ether, benzol, or gasoline, if these substances areto be used in cleaning wounds (gasoline containing no
tetra-ethyl lead).
—band aids.
C. Infirmary:On all projects employing 300 to 1,000 persons, an infirmary
shall be established having a minimum floor space of 300 square
feet for 300 employees and an additional 100 square feet offloor space for each additional 300 employees. This shall con­sist of one room units with a minimum of four rooms for proj­
ects employing 1,000 persons. The infirmary shall be so con­structed as to provide reasonable quiet, privacy, good ventila­
tion, light and heat, adequate toilet facilities, hot and coldrunning water, drainage, electrical outlets, and impervious
floors (lineoleum, concrete or tile). Walls and ceilings shall be
painted with two coats of white paint (nontoxic) and win­
dows and doors shall be properly screened. Telephone service
shall be maintained in the infirmary or immediately adjacent

11

thereto. The infirmary shall be so located on the project thatno person will be required to walk a prohibitory distance fortreatment. The infirmary shall be well marked with standard
insignia. Adequate directional signs shall be located at various
points throughout the project.
1. The following equipment shall be made available for in­
firmaries on projects employing 1,000 persons:
1—glazed sink with hot and cold running water.
1—smooth top table, size 2' x 3' or 3' x 4'.
1—clock.
2—chairs or stools.
—benches for waiting room.
1—cot or couch covered with washable material.
—recovery cots: 1 per 1,000 men employed; 1 per 30 women
employed, screened.
2—blankets (dark) wool per cot.
1—splint, Thomas type for arm (may be kept in main dressing
room only).
—cabinets for supplies.
1—abridged textbook on first aid. Industrial edition. Ameri­can Red Cross,-by Col. C. Lynch and Lt. Col. M. S. Shields(latest edition).
1— footrest.

1—stretcher.
—soda mint tablets.
2—rubber-covered washable pillows.
2—enamel hand wash basins.
1—pus basin (kidney shaped).
1—waste pail, covered.
1—hot water bottle.
1—stretcher.
1— (or more) screens, folding type of light construction.
1—desk, chair, and file.
—individual towels, drinking cups, soap.
1—liquid soap dispenser (optional).
1—flashlight.
1—bandage scissors 7".
—bottles of assorted sizes of solutions.
1—clinical thermometer.
6—eye droppers.
1—tourniquet.
..
—splints wood (yucca).
682071°— 46-------3

1—splint, Thomas type for leg (may be-kept in main dressing
room only).
—zinc oxide ointment, % lb. (optional).
—butesin picrate ointment in tubes (optional).
—aspirin tablets (for minor complaints only).._—boric acid, 1 lb.
—magnesium sulphate, 1 lb.
—hand brushes.
—tincture of iodine.
—bandages, 1 " and 2 % ", several dozen of each.
^-sterile dressing, 2 " x 2", 4" x 4” and fluffs.
—absorbent cotton, 1 lb.
—adhesive tape, Ms", 1” , and 3 " sizes (quantity depending
on demand). •—aromatic spirits of ammonia.
—assorted safety pins.
—applicators and tongue depressors.
—bichloride of mercury tablets (safety type) for antiseptic
solution.
—tincture of green soap (optional).
—scarlet red ointment, *4 lb. (optional).
—alcohol.
—gasoline (containing no tetra-ethyl lead), benzol, ether(optional).
.
• •2. Equipment for infirmaries on projects employing morethan 1,000 persons shall include the foregoing and the follow­ing:.
1—binocular loupe.
1—eye spud.
•
1—head mirror.
■•
1—gasoline or benzol dispenser if this substance is to be usedin the cleansing of wounds.
1—sterilizer and heating device, electric.
1—emergency table, size 6%' by 2% ' by 3' high with rubber cov­
ered cushion (expensive operating table not required).
1—rubber sheet (heavy) 1% yds. square.
—soaking tanks or basins.
1 : :/—inexpensive X-ray equipment for: installations for 1,000 to
2,000 employees or over (depending on availability andneed).
1—surgical scissors, straight, 5% ".
1—surgical scissors, curved, 5% ".

13
2—scalpels.
1—tissue forceps, 5".
1—thumb forceps, 5".
3—hemostatic forceps, Kelly’s catgut and needles, assorted
sizes.
—other physical therapy equipment (heat lamps, etc.) de­pending on local conditions and choice of physician incharge.
1—hair clipper.
—skin sutures.
:—rubber gloves.
1—safety razor and blades.
1—needle holder 5 ".
...
3.
On projects employing more than 1,000 persons, the in­firmary shall be supplemented by first-aid field stations inaccordance with the following employment table:
Number of employees:
flrslaT^tatlons
1.000 to 2,000____ ______ ___ _________ ______ —1
2.000 to 3,000________________ _____ ___ ______ —2
3.000 to 4,000__ :_____ _—:— ___!-------- ----------£'
3
4.000 to 6,000_______ ___________ . . . . . . _______ 4
6.000 to 8,000__ _____ ________ _________ _____ __58.000 to 10,000__ 1________ _____________ ____.1____6.7
10.000 to 12,000____ ________________ ____ ___1L.__
12.000 to 15,000______ _________________ —______ I "8
D. Personnel, Qualifications and Duties:
1. Full Time Physicians.—All projects employing 1,000 per­sons or more shall have the full time services of a physician
who shall be a graduate of a Class “A” medical school andbe duly licensed to practice medicine in the State. The dutiesof the full time physician shall be: (1) Responsibility forsupervision of the infirmary and first-aid stations, rill' medical
and first-aid services and facilities; (2) Render such medical
attention as may be necessary beyond the scope of registerednurses and first-aid personnel; (3) Arrange for the propercare and transportation of sick and injured persons to suchnecessary facilities a:s are not available on'the project L~ '=2. Registered Nurses.—Full time registered. nurses shall beassigned to each project requiring an infirmary.- ' The dutiesof the nurses shall be to care for the sick and injured as comewithin their scope of training and ability under" the super-

14
vision of a physician, and they shall be responsible for theproper maintenance of the infirmary and equipment. The
nurse personel shall be determined in accordance with thefollowing table:
Number of employees:
nurses
300 to 2,000______ _____________ ________ — :— —1
22.000 to 3,000_______________________ _____ _______
3.000 to 4,000__ __________ — -------- ——----------------3
4.000 to 5,000________________ ________ ______— —45.000 to 7,000___ _______ —— 1------------- --------------5
7.000 to 9,000___________ _— £---------------—— -----6
The above tables are minimum requirements and where con­ditions are of an extraordinary nature, the District or Area
Engineer shall determine such additional facilities as may benecessary to adequately and efficiently care for injured
employees.
3.
First-Aid Attendants—All first aid shall be administeredand all field stations manned by first-aid attendants (or reg­istered nurses) holding a current certificate in standard firstaid issued either by the American Red Cross or the UnitedStates Bureau of Mines. First-aid attendants will be limited, to first-aid field treatments and shall not clean up serious
wounds, set fractured bones, remove imbedded foreign bodies(especially from the eye) nor administer drugs. First-aid at­
tendants shall promptly and properly transfer to the infirmary
all persons suffering other than very minor injuries. First-aid
attendants shall promptly arrange to have all persons sufferingfrom other than very minor injuries placed under the care andtreatment of a qualified physician.
E. Ambulance Service:
Ambulance service shall be established and maintained forall projects located more than two miles from local ambulance:service; projects within that distance shall make arrange­ments with the local ambulance service. This provision may
be modified where there are. a relatively small number of men
employed or the nature of the work is such that the exposure
to serious accidents is slight
Notices of all available local medical, hospital and ambu­
lance service shall be posted in the infirmaries, first-aid fieldstations, and field offices.

15
F. Record of Infirmary and First-Aid Treatment:
A daily record of all treatments in infirmaries and first-aid
field stations shall be maintained. In compliance 'with theforegoing, the following data are required:
Name of Employer.
Date.
Time injured arrived
Foreman’s Name.
Description of Accident.
and left.
Nature of Injury.
Case Number.
Name of Employee.
Treated by.
Badge Number.
Treatment Given.
Employee’s Occupation.
Lost Time.
These complete records shall be kept on file at infirmaries andfirst-aid stations and made available for frequent inspections.
SECTION 04—PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND
PRACTICES

8302.04

A. Chipper’s goggles, welder’s goggles, welder’s shields, hard
hats, rubber boots, safety belts, life lines, life nets, life preservers
or jackets, respirators and such other protective equipment
and/or clothing, occasioned by the type of work being done, shallbe furnished, maintained in serviceable condition, made avail­able to employees and its use enforced.
B. Goggles, respirators, boots and other personal protective
equipment shall be properly cleaned and sterilized before being
issued to employees.
C. Tetanus antitoxin will not be administered to any injured
worker without first making the usual skin test to determine
reaction to the serum. If a positive reaction develops and anti­
toxin is still necessary, the injured shall be desensitized in ac­
cordance with the circumstances indicated.
SECTION 05—LIGHTING

8302.05

A. Stairways, corridors, passageways, and working areas shallbe kept reasonably and adequately lighted while work is inprogress.
B. Where working conditions require the use of artificial light­
ing it shall be maintained after a shift until workmen have had
an opportunity to leave the premises.

16
SECTION 06—GAS AND SMOKE-

8302.06

A. No method of heating shall be used which releases smokeor gas within an enclosure where workers are employed.
B. No fire or open flame device shall be permitted on a project' without the approval of the foreman or person in charge.
C. Where smoke pipes from stoves or other heating appa­
ratus pass through combustible walls or roofs, proper insulating
sleeves shall be provided.
D. All stoves and other heating apparatus shall be mounted
on a fireproof base and have proper fire protection at the rearand sides.
SECTION 07—SALAMANDERS

8302.07

A. Salamanders or other direct fired heaters shall be properly
covered and exhaust piped to the outside air.
B. When salamanders are used in inclosed spaces, proper
tests for carbon monoxide shall be made and such areas freedof all harmful or toxic gases and fumes before workmen are
permitted to enter:
C. Oil-fired salamanders shall be shut down before being
moved or refueled.
D. All salamanders shall be equipped with suitable handles
or carrying hooks.
SECTION 08—ACCIDENT REPORTING

8302.08

A. Each accident involving an employee resulting in death,permanent total or permanent partial disability or other in­jury, or occupational disease, arising out of or in the course of
employment, which prevents the employee from returning towork on the next calendar day or regular shift, will be promptly
reported on forms prescribed by the Contracting Officer.
SECTION 09—EMPLOYMENT OF SAFETY
ENGINEER

8302.09

A. Any contractor employing 1,000 or more persons shallprovide the services of a qualified Safety Engineer who shalldevote full time to accideut prevention among his employees
engaged on the site.
'.
,.
SECTION 10—MISCELLANEOUS

8302.10

A. All false work, trestles, ramps, special scaffolds and similar
temporary structures shall be designed, constructed and main-17tained so as to adequately support the loads imposed thereon.
Safe loads shall in no case be exceeded.
B. At entrances to buildings or structures where persons are
subject to injury from falling material suitable overhead pro­tection shall be provided. Such protection shall extend fromthe face of the building or structure to a point not less thaneight (8) feet from it and shall be at least two (2) feet wider
than the entrance.
O. Projecting rods, dowels, fence pickets and similar arrange­ments when subject to hazardous contact by persons working
above or adjacent thereto shall be properly covered or guarded.
D. All temporary trestles, ramps, fills, roads and other such
facilities Shall be of sufficient width and designed, constructed
and maintained to provide for safe operation. Safe load
capacities of such facilities shall be posted.
E. Vehicle trestles or ramps on which foot traffic is per- ,mitted shall be provided with a suitable walkway and guardrail.
P. Where vehicles are required to back up to open pits, hop­pers, excavations or similar locations, suitable barriers or curbs
not less than eight (8) inches high shall' be provided.
G. Barricades, signs and .warning lights shall be provided at
all locations where men are working adjacent to highways orvehicular traffic.
SECTION 11—STORING MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE

8302.11A. Materials which in the course of building construction
are to be stored in locations at or near which workers are
employed shall be piled or stacked in an orderly manner, toavoid toppling over or being otherwise displaced.
B. No material shall be piled or stacked to a greater height
than 6 feet, except in yards or sheds intended especially forstorage.
■
C. When piles exceed 4 feet in height the material shall beplaced so that the sides and/or ends of the piles taper back.
D. All boards, planks, blocks, and other material and debris
containing projecting nail points, and waste clippings or cut­tings of lumber, metal (including pieces of sheet metal, pipe,
metal lath, rolled shapes, w ire), masonry materials and similar
objects shall be continually removed from working areas orshall be placed in orderly piles where workmen will not be likely
to step or stumble over or fall on them.

18
E.
All stairways, corridors and passageways shall be kept freefrom loose material and debris.
E.
Floors, roofs, and structures shall not be overloaded in thestorage and use of materials and equipment.

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
ST E A M BOILERS— PRESSURE VESSELSSECTION 01—INSPECTION
8303.01
A.
Steam boilers and all other fired or unfired pressure vessels,
having a volume of more than 5 cubic feet and carrying in excess
of 15 pounds pressure, shall be inspected by a. licensed inspector
and approved certificate posted before such equipment is put into
operation. Marine and locomotive boilers are included.
Subsequent inspections shall be made at intervals not exceed­ing 12 calendar months unless otherwise required. Stationary
boilers which have been removed, repaired, or overhauled dur­ing the 12 calendar months for which approved certificates havebeen issued shall be inspected by a licensed inspector and a new
approved certificate bearing the date of inspection attachedthereto before being put into operation. Mobile boilers whichhave been repaired or overhauled during the 12 calendar months
for which approved certificates have been issued shall be in­spected by a licensed inspector and a new approved certificate
bearing the date of inspection attached thereto before being put
into operation. Safety valves, gages, injectors, and other ap­
pliances attached to and used in connection with boilers shall beinterpreted as part of the boiler except that replacements of suchappurtenances adjusted in accordance with approved certificate
shall not be interpreted as boiler repairs.
B. Fusible plugs shall be provided on all boilers other thanthose of the water tube type, and shall be renewed annually.
C. All boilers shall be equipped with approved type watercolumns, gauge glass and try cocks.
D. All boilers and pressure vessels shall be equipped with
an approved type gauge to register the pressure in such boiler
or vessel.
E. Approved type safety or relief valves shall be provided on
all boilers and pressure vessels. No valve shut-off shall be placed
between the boiler or pressure vessel and the safety or relief
valve.
F. Safety or relief valves, after being adjusted by the in­spector, shall be properly sealed.

19
G. Safety valves shall be tested at least once a day by raisingsteam to the popping pressure of the valve. When steam pres­sure rises to more than 5 pounds above the set pressure before
popping, the boiler shall be taken -out of service and the safetyvalve inspected and readjusted.
H. All boiler feed lines shall be equipped with check valves
placed as close as possible to the boiler.
I. All boilers shall be equipped with approved blow-off cocks
or valves. The blow-off line shall be arranged so that leakage
can be observed by the operator. All pressure vessels shall beequipped with a drain valve located at the bottom of such vessel.
J. The discharge from safety valves, relief valves, and blowoffs shall be located so that they do not constitute a hazard toworkmen.
K. When cracks, leaks, blisters, or other serious defects de­velop, boilers-or pressure vessels shall be taken out of service
immediately.
L. Repairs shall not be made while a boiler or pressure vessel
is under pressure.
M.'Spark arresters shall be used on all boiler stacks whennecessary.
N. Provisions of the ASME Power Boiler Code will generally
apply.

E X C A V A T IO N
SECTION 07—EXCAVATIONS

8304.07

A. The sides of excavation 5 feet or more in depth shall besupported by substantial and adequate sheeting, sheet piling,bracing, shoring, etc., or the sides sloped to the angle of repose.
Substantial and adequate sheeting, sheet piling, bracing, shoring,etc., shall be based upon calculations of pressures exerted byand the condition of the materials to be retained.
B. Foundations, adjacent to where excavation is to be madebelow the depth of the foundation, shall be supported by shoring,bracing, or underpinning as long as the excavation shall remain
open.
C. Excavated or other material shall not be stored nearer than
2 feet from the edge of the excavation.
D. Bridges or walkways with guardrails shall be provided
where men or equipment must cross over trenches, ditches, etc.
Temporary guardrails or barricades and red lights or torches,maintained from sunset to sunup, shall be placed at all ex­. 682071°— 46------- icavations which are exposed to paths, walkways, sidewalks,
driveways or thoroughfares.
E.
Materials used for sheeting and sheet piling, bracing, shor­ing, and underpinning, shall be in good serviceable condition
and timbers used shall be sound, free from large or loose knots,
and of the required dimensions. The material specifications
are the minimum requirements and the spacing of material
members is the maximum allowable in securing trenches against
slips, cave-ins, and slides. Where conditions are encounteredwhich require materials of greater strength or closer spacing oftimbers to hold the soils securely in place, the sizes of timbers
in such cases shall be increased to compensate for the overload.
SECTION 08—TRENCH EXCAVATION
8304.08
A. The following provision for shoring and bracing of trenches
shall not apply where solid rock, hard slag, or hard shale isencountered or in which employees are not required to be or towork.
B. The sides of trenches in material, other than those listed inparagraph F, which are 5 feet or more in depth and 8 feet or
more in length shall be securely held by shoring and bracing, orsloped to the angle of repose of the material being excavated.
C. If the unit tunnel method is used, the length of earth left
in place between the separate unit trenches shall be not lessthan one-half the depth of the trench and shall be considered as
taking the place of shoring and bracing.
D. Whenever or wherever the unit tunnel method is used andwhere there is apparent danger of slips, slides, or cave-ins,
trenches or tunnels in which men are employed shall be shoredand braced or otherwise retained as may be necessary to prevent
caving.
E. Trenches over 8 feet in length and 5 feet or more in depth
in hard compact material, shall be braced at intervals not ex­
ceeding 8 feet, with 2-inch by 6-inch planks, or heavier material,. placed vertically in the trench opposite each other, backed upby 2-inch by 10-inch planks bearing against the walls at the sameintervals as cross braces, struts, or trench jacks. These braces
shall, if possible, extend to the bottom of the trench and be sup­ported by horizontal cross braces or struts. Bracing and shor­
ing of trenches shall be carried along with the excavation andmust in no case be omitted, except where a mechanical digger isused, the shoring shall be placed within 6 feet of the lower end

21of-the boom. Undercutting shall not exceed 6 inches on eitherside of the trench.
F. Trenches in partly saturated, filled or unstable soils or
where running material is encountered, such as quicksand, loose
gravel; loose shale, or completely saturated material, the sidesof the trenches 4 feet or more in depth shall be secured by theuse of continuous vertical sheet piling and suitable braces. In
trenches over 4 feet in depth wooden sheet piling shall be notless than 2 inches in thickness.
G. Sheet piling shall be held in place by longitudinal beams
at vertical intervals of 4 feet. The longitudinal beams shall inturn be supported by the cross braces or struts spaced a maxi­
mum of 4 feet. The longitudinal beams shall be in no case lessin strength than that of a 4- by 4-inch beam; and when the longi­
tudinal distance between cross braces or struts exceeds 4 feetand less than 6 feet, the longitudinal beam shall be not lessthan a 4- by 6-inch beam.
H. Vertical braces and longitudinal beams in trenches shallbe supported by horizontal cross braces or struts, screw jacks,
or timber placed at right angles to both braces, cleated andrigidly screwed or wedged. The timbers or struts shall be notless in strength than the following trade sizes:
S iz e oj crossWidth of trench:braces or struts
1 foot to 3 feet______ „ _______________ ,____ 4 x 4 inches
3 feet to 6 feet__________ ___________________ 4 x 6 inches
6 feet to 8 feet_________ _________ _______ __ 6 x 6 inches
I. One horizontal cross brace or strut shall be required foreach 4 feet of d.epth or major fraction thereof.
J. In case it is desired to increase the vertical spacing between
longitudinal beams or cross struts, the longitudinal beams, crossstruts, and vertical sheet piling shall be increased in size tocompensate for the overload.
K. Additional precautions by way of shoring and bracing shallbe taken to prevent slides, or cave-ins, when excavations or
trenches are made in locations adjacent to backfilled excavations
or subjected to vibrations from railroad or highway traffic, theoperation of machinery, or any other source.
L. Ladders, extending from the floor of trench excavation to
not less than 3 feet above the top ground surface, shall be placedin the trench excavation at 50:foot intervals to be used as ameans of entrance and exit therefrom.

22
ROPES, CABLES, CH AINSSECTION 09—INSPECTION AND USE
8304.09
A. Fiber ropes used to support a human load shall be in­spected before each use. Visual inspection shall be made forabrasion, broken fibers, cuts, fraying, or any other defects.
Fiber ropes found to have defects under such Inspection andexamination shall be removed from such service.
B. Ropes, cables, and chains shall not be used for stresses inexcess of the allowable stresses given for each in the table—
Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains.
C. Wire ropes or cables shall be inspected at the time of in­stallation and once each week thereafter, when in use, and re­
moved from hoisting or load-carrying service when any one of
the following conditions exist:
Defects Which Require Wire Ropes To Be Removed From LoadCarrying Service(1) When three broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 7
wire rope;(2) When six broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 19
_ wire rope;(3) When nine broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 37
wire rope;(4) When eight broken wires are found in one strand of 8 x 19
wire rope;(5) When marked corrosion appears;(6) Wire rope which has been idle for 3 months or more
and subjected to water, moisture, dampness, etc., shall be
cut off and inspected for internal corrosion, and if marked
corrosion is found it shall be removed from hoisting or
load-carrying service;(7) Wire rope not mentioned herein, shall be removed fromload-carrying service when 4 percent of the total numberof wires composing such rope are found to be broken.
D. Wire ropes or cables removed from service under the re­quirements in items (1) to (7), inclusive, shall not be placed inservice again on hoists, cranes, or other such equipment. >E. The ratio between the rope diameter and the drum, block,sheave, or pulley tread diameter shall be such as to allow therope strands to slide past each other and adjust themselves to23
the bend. The economical and absolute critical sheave diam­eters for steel ropes to be considered for any operating rope areshown in the following table. The “Economical Minimum”
sheave diameters should be used for all operating hoist ropes.
In no case shall the sheave diameter be less than the “Absolute
Critical” sheave diameter for any operating ropes as specified
below. For cable sizes not mentioned herein, see manufac­
turers’ specifications for corresponding drum, block, sheave, andpulley diameters:
Economical and Critical Sheave Diameters for Operating Ropes
Sizes

6x7

“ Economical M in.” ' dia. for operating“ Absolute Critical” dia. for any rope.......
N o t e .— D = T rea d

36D
28D

6x 19

24D
16D

6x37

16D
14D

8x 19

20D
14D

Diam eter o f Sheaves.

(2)
Drums sheaves or pulleys with eccentric bores or cracked
hubs, spokes, or flanges shall be removed from service.
F. Connections, fittings, fastenings, parts, etc., used in con­nection with ropes, cables, or chains shall be of such quality andstrength and so attached, connected, fastened, etc., as to provide
a safety factor of not less than four. Manufacturers’ standard
connections shall be used.
G. Running lines of hoisting equipment, located within 6feet 6 inches from the ground or working level, shall be boxed,railed off, or otherwise guarded, or the operating area restricted,
except when loads are moved horizontally.
H. Hooks, shackles, rings, pad eyes, slings, etc., that havebeen bent or otherwise damaged shall be removed from service.

Sate . M W M i <*■» • * * • frr «<«■<»»lt" » " " f r * " ? cl“ ‘‘ ,“D ia g r a m s s h o w i n g h o w t h e a n g l e o f * s lin g a lt e r s t h e sa fe
c a r r y in g c a p a c i t y o f a lo a dor uuttuj.
— ——increased in direct proportion.

When used
at 60°

When usedstraight

When used
at 45°

When used
a t 30°D ia m e t e r
1 ,6 0 0
2 ,4 0 04, OO0T a b l e I .—Plow steel wire rope

6,000
8,000
10,000, (6 strands of 19 or 37 wires)If crucible steel rope is used the load must be reduced
one-flfth

13.00016.00019.00022.000I ,2 7 5
2 ,0 5 0
3 ,4 0 0
5 ,1 0 0
6 ,8 0 0
8 ,5 0 0

II,0 0 013, 500
16,00019,0 00

I ,0 5 0
1 ,7 0 0
2 ,8 0 0
4 ,2 0 0
5.600
7 .0 0 0
9 .0 0 0

750

1,200

2,000
3 .0 0 0

4.000
5 .0 0 0
6 .5 0 0

II, 0 0 0

8.000

, 13,000
16,0 00

11,0009 .5 0 0

Diam. of Iron600
T a b le1,200

II .— Crane chain(Best grade of wrought iron, hand-made, tested, shortlink chain)

fe
l"..
IX"
1H"
M"

C ircu m .

1 " _ ...
1H "~T a b leIII .—H em p or manila rope

2"—2K"~H"I:
V '~ .

3 H "3 K "~l W'

4 X ''~

in"
2"—
2H"

5X” ~

6"—7 H "~9 " ___

12,00015.00022.000500
1 ,0 2 5
2 ,0 5 0
3 ,4 0 04, 700
6 ,4 0 0
8 ,0 0 0
10, 200
12, 750
1 9,0 00

425
850
1 ,7 0 0
2 ,8 0 0
3 ,9 0 0
5 ,2 0 0
6 ,6 0 0
8 ,4 0 0
10,5 00
1 6 ,0 0 0300
600
1, 200
2 ,0 0 02, 7503, 7004, 700
6 ,0 0 0
7 ,5 0 0
1 1,0 00

100
210
300
440
520
625
850
1 ,0 2 5
1 ,3 5 0
1 ,8002, 4003 ,4 0 0
5 ,1 0 0

85
175
250
360
420
525
700
850
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,5 0 0
2, 0002 ,8 0 0
4 ,2 0 0

60
125
180
260
300
375
500
600
800
1, 050
1 .4 0 0
2 ,0 0 0
3 ,0 0 0

Diameter

2X " - r
3 " .—(Best long fiber grade)

2 ,4 0 0
4 .0 0 0
5 .0 0 0
7 .5 0 0
9 .5 0 0

120
250
360
520
620
750

1,000
1,200
1 ,6 0 02,1002, 800
4 .0 0 0

6.000

26
R AM PS, R U N W A Y S , PLATFORM S, AND
SCAFFOLDSSECTION 01—GENERAL

8305.01

A. Scaffolds shall be provided for all work that cannot besafely done from the ground or solid construction except suchwork as can be safely done from ladders. ' Scaffolds, platforms,
runways, etc., shall be kept free of ice, snow, grease, mud andother such material; where slippery surfaces cannot be avoided,
they shall be sanded to prevent slipping.
-B. Lumber used in the construction of ramps, runways, plat­forms, and scaffolds shaH be of good quality, reasonably
straight grained, free of injurious ring shakes, checks, splits,
cross grains, unsound knots, knots in groups, decay, and growth
characteristics which materially decrease the strength of thematerial. The following table shall be used to determine, thedimensions of scaffold planks:'

Safe center loads for scaffold plank[Select com m on eastern spruce, select com m on N orw ay pine and select structural
eastern hemlock]Span infeet

2x8
dressed tol^ x 7 H

2x10
dressed to1H *9H

2x12
dressed tol^ x llH

3x8
dressed to
2^x7H

3x10
dressed to
2 ^ x 9 J*

6_______
8 ............
10______
12...........
14_____
16...........

202
151
121
101

256
192
153
128
110

309
232
186
155
133
116

526
395
316
263
225
197

667
500
400
333
286
250

3x12
‘ dressed to
2% x 11H

'

807
605
484
404
346
303

Above values are for planks supported at the ends, wide
Bide of plank face up, and with loads concentrated at the centerof the span. :For loads uniformly distributed on the wide surface through­out the length, the safe loads may be twice those given in thetable.
Loads given are net and do not include the weight of the. plank.
If select structural coast region Douglas fir, merchantable;
structural longleaf southern pine, or dense structural square“ edge and sound southern pine are used, above loads may be
increased 45 percent.

O. All scaffolds constructed of materials other than woodshall be equal in strength and rigidity to the requirements forwood construction.
D.
All rolling scaffolds shall be equipped with a suitable de­vice to control movement of the scaffold.
SECTION 02—NAILS

8305.02

A Nails used in the construction of ramps, runways, plat­forms, and scaffolds shall be driven full length. Design ofconstruction shall be so that no nail will be subject to direct
pull. No nail smaller than an 8d shall be used in the construc­tion of scaffolds and sufficient nails must be driven in at eachjoint of the scaffold or falsework so that it will carry the loads
designed to be imposed on them.
B. The following table will be used to determine the sizesof the nails to be used:
Nails[Safe working value lor lateral resistance of one nail in Douglas fir or southern pine]
■

6D
53

8I>
62

10D
83

12D
98

16D
130

20D
175

Suggested rule: Value is approximately 8 times the pennyweight size.

SECTION 03— SCAFFOLD LOADS

8305.03

A. The erection, alteration and removal of all scaffolds, stag­ings, platforms, runways, and similar equipment shall be done
under the direction and supervision of men experienced inscaffold work. No alteration shall be made which will impair
the strength of the structure.
B. The principal members of scaffolds, runways, and similarequipment shall be substantially and securely braced.
C. Unless otherwise specified, planks used for platforms,
scaffolds, stagings, runways, ramps, etc., shall be of uniform
thickness and be laid close together. Such planks may be over­lapped or butt jointed. In the former case they shall extend
not less than 4 inches beyond the inside face of the bearings,
unless securely fastened. Where planks are butt jointed andnailed to supports, an inch and one-half bearing for spans greaterthan 2 feet, and a three-quarter-inch bearing- for spans 2 feetor less, are permitted. Where planks project more than one-tenthof their length beyond the bearing they shall be securely fastened
to prevent tipping or railed off over bearings.
682071'— 16----- -5

28
D. Ramps and runways shall be not less than two 10-inchplanks wide. Runways and ramps used for rolling equipment
except upon the ground, rough, temporary or finished floor, shallbe not less than three 10-inch planks in width. Ramps andrunways shall be inclined not more than 1 foot rise in 3 feetrun and where the rise' exceeds 1 foot in 5 feet run, nailed
cleats shall be applied to the top surface. Runways and ramps
shall be substantially supported and braced to prevent excessive
spring or deflection and shall have planks thereof so placed andsecured as to prevent loosening or displacement, with battens on
the underside to prevent uneven deflection in the planks.
E. Discarded packing boxes, barrels, piles of loose lumber, orother makeshift material shall not be used for scaffolds or as
supports for scaffolds.
P. The platform and all supporting elements of scaffolds, run­ways, and similar equipment shall be designed to support aminimum uniform load per square foot of platform as follows:
Scaffold loads
Uniform load per square footT yp e o f scaffold

20 lbs.
20 lbs.
30 lbs.
B ay must be designed to carry weight of'bay, casts, and men.
N ote .—If concentrated load is used at any point in the span it shall not,exceed
one-half the uniformly distributed load.

G.
Not more than one thickness of loose brick, tile, or similarmaterial, placed in such a manner as to present its greatest
surface (laid flat), shall be used under scaffolds, frames, horses
or risers.

SECTION 04—POLE SCAFFOLDS

8305.04

A. The following schedules of designs and dimensions shall be
used for all pole scaffolds. Materials of different sectional
dimensions may be used, but they shall be of equal or greater
strength than that given in schedules. Spacing may be increased
if. .the material and the cross-bracing to be used are increased
sufficiently to give strength and rigidity equal to that requiredby the following .schedule:

29
Pole scaffolds not more than 25 feet in height
Types of pole scaflolds and material dimensions

Stringers K................................. .
Putlogs_____________________
Putlogs on edge nailed_______
Spacing poles:
Spacing ledgers, vertical spac­
ing____ _________ __________

Stone
masonsBrick­
layersLathers,
plaster­ers,
stuccoCarpen­ters

Painters,
decora­tors

75lbs.

60 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

20 lbs.

4 " x 4"2" x 8"1 " x 6"
2 " x 6"
4" x 4"2" x 6"
1" x 6"3" x 4"2 " 1 8"1" x 6"2" x 6"
4" x 4"2" x 6"
1" x 6 "3" x 4"
1" x 6"
1" x 6"2" x 6"

2 " x 4"2" x 4"

1" x 4"
1 " x 8"1" x 4"2" x 6"2" x 6"l"x 6 "

1 " X 4"

1" X 4"

8 '-0 "B'-O"

8 '-0 "S'-O"

8 '-0 "
fi'-O"

4 '-6 "

6 '-3 "

7 '-0 "

7'-0"
5'-0"
4'-6"

8 '-0 "T-O"
r-o"

Putlogs and bearers approx. m iddle of
span
Plan kingToeboartjs nailed in center___2" x 10"2" x 6"
1" x 8". . .

2 " x 10"2" x 6"
1" x 8"

1H" x 12" 2 " x 10"
1" x 6"

1" x 10"1i Members which do not carry putlog or bearer load are designated as stringers.

B. Scaffolds over 25 feet and up to 64 feet in height:
Stone masons’ poles_______ ______________________4 " x 6 "Bricklayers’ poles__________ .__________________ 4 " x 4 "Plasterers’ poles_________ ______________________ 4 " x 4"
Carpenters’ and miscellaneous poles_;__ _________ 3 " x 4 "Painters’ poles_________________________________ 3” x 4 "C. Members which do not carry putlog or bearer load aredesignated as stringers.
D. The minimum width of carpenters’, painters’, decorators’,
and miscellaneous platforms shall be two, 2- by 10-inch planks.
E. Platforms for masons and bricklayers shall not be lessthan 4 feet in width, unless space will not permit.
P. Pole scaffolds for work heavier than stone masons’ pole
scaffolds shall have a factor of safety not lees than four andshall conform to the general requirements for masons’ pole
scaffolds.
.
G. The lower end of the poles or uprights shall rest upona Arm foundation and shall be secured against lateral dis­placement.

30
H. Spliced poles shall be squared at the butt joints, madecontinuous and uniformly strong throughout their lengths withsecurely nailed or bolted cleats.
I. There shall be not less than two cleats to each-splice or
joint and. shall be of sound wood not less than 30 inches long,1 inch thick and of the width of the poles, placed so as to over­lap the abutting ends of each'pole by not less than 15 inches and securely fastened to the poles at least on two sides.
J. Ledgers shall be not less than 1 inch thick and 8 inches wide,
unless otherwise specified, extend over two consecutive polespaces and shall overlap the poles not less than 4 inches. They
shall be left in position to brace the poles as the platform isralsed'with the progress of the work.
K, Ledgers shall be level and their top edges at the same height as the bottom of the openings in the wall for putlogs.
L. Ledgers that carry heavily loaded platforms shall be
reinforced by bearing blocks securely fastened to the poles. .
M. Ledgers shall be securely nailed or bolted to each pole
and where possible shall be nailed or bolted: to the inside of the, poles or uprights.
, N. Where two ledgers overlap on the same pole they shallbe securely fastened and where two ledgers meet at .right angles
one shall be fastened with its ends sawed flush with the pole,
the other overlapping in the usual manner.
O.
Putlogs shall be square or rectangular in cross section andshall project not less than 6 inches over the ledgers. There shallbe not less than three putlogs under platform planks and so
spaced as to safely carry the load imposed upon them, v
P. The ends of putlogs on single pole types, shall be built into
the wall and shall not be notched nor cut down.
\ Q. Putlogs shall project into the wall not less than 4 inches
and where windows or other openings are used, shall be rigidly
held in place.
'
R. Two successive lengths of planking shall not abut upona single putlog. When laid end to end, two parallel putlogs
shall be provided not more than 8 inches apart so one putlog
will support the end of one plank and the other putlog theabutting end of the other plank.
S. Where the platform planks overlap on ■a single putlog
the lap of both the lower and upper planks shall be not lessthan 6 inches over- the center of the putlog. Platform planks
shall.project over the putlog at the end of the scaffold not less

& 0M
31

than 6 inches beyond the face, but not more than 12 inches, unlesssecurely fastened against slipping or tipping or railed off oyer
bearing^.
T. Bearers shall be attached to frame buildings by notchinga piece of lumber no less than 2 by 4 inches by 12 inches longto the size-of the bearer so it will bear evenly on the 2-inch
surface. The plate or piece so prepared shall be nailed se­curely to the side of the building and the bearer nailed to theplate.
U. Where a scaffold turns a corner, not less than one bearer! shall;be laid and securely fastened diagonally across the corner,
so that one end may rest upon each of the two ,ledgers that meetat the corner, or by a 2- by 6-inch timber nailed to the outsideof the end -poles to set as bearer. Boles shall be spaced atshorter intervals and platform planks laid so as to prevent a.tipping hazard.
V. Pole scaffolds shall be securely and adequately braced and: fastened in such a manner as to prevent, swinging away fromthe building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided to preventthe poles whether spliced or not, from moving parallel to thewalls or from buckling in any direction.
SECTION 05—OUTRIGGER SCAFFOLDS
8305.05
A. Outrigger or thrustout members shall be constructed incompliance with the provisions for allowable loads and stresses
tables; they shall conform to the general requirements formasons’ pole scaffolds and shall not project more than 6 feetfrom the outer face of the structure. The strength of outriggers
or thrustouts shall be not less than a 2- by 10-inch timber on
edge.
'
1
B. Working platforms suspended from outriggers shall havesuspension frames, the vertical members of which shall not beless in size than 2-inch by 6-inch timber, extending not lessthan 10 inches above the tops of outriggers and fastened tothe outriggers by shoulder blocks resting on the outriggers andfastened to the vertical members. Such blocks shall not be lessin size than 2-inch by 6-inch by 8-inch timber. The bottom
ends of vertical members shall extend not less than 10 inches
below the bottom of bearers and shall be fitted with, 'shoulder
blocks the same as provided above,' upon which the bearers
shall be set. The bearer shall be not less in size than 2-inch
V."-.
' ' _
.
"

"

'

•-

32
by 6-inch timber. The suspended frames shall be securely andsubstantially braced to prevent excessive sway.
0.
The platform shall consist of not less than three 2- by
10-inch planks.
D. Outriggers shall be securely supported, held, and fastenedin place at their inner ends and in the openings through which
they project by means of U-bolts, spikes, bolts, lashings,^anchor­ing, or other equivalent means.
E. Thrustouts shall not be built into a wall and left withno other support, but shall project entirely through the wall or
through windows and be solidly supported and substantiallybraced.
F. Where pyramiding or built-up scaffolding is done on an
outrigger or where it is necessary to extend the outrigger morethan 6 feet beyond the face of the structure, the beams shallbe of steel or extra heavy timber and shall be substantially,
supported and securely fastened as required in the preceding
paragraphs. In such cases the scaffold proper shall conformto the requirements for pole scaffolds.
SECTION 06—HORSE OR FRAME SCAFFOLDS
8305.06
A. Scaffold horses and frames shall be constructed in con­formity to the allowable loads and stresses tables, not to exceed
16 feet in height, and maintained in substantial condition..
Nailing extension legs on horses to increase their height or
extensions nailed on bearers to increase their width is unsub­
stantial alteration.
B. Masons’ horse scaffolds shall be not less than 4 feet wide.
Platform boards shall be not less than 2 inches in thickness by
10 inches wide and shall overlap the frames or horses not lessthan 4 inches.
O. All horse or frame scaffolds shall be set level on sub­stantial foundations. When built more than one tier high, thehorses shall be set in vertical lines, separated at each tier witha continuous 2-inch plank placed under the vertical members
thereof with cleats nailed to planks to prevent the end horseslipping off supports and with all parts of the scaffold securely
braced to give rigidity to and to prevent excessive swaying ofsuch scaffolds.

33
D. Horses for stone masons’ scaffolds shall be constructed
as follows:
Dimensions

x 4"
Bearers_____ ._________ ___________________ 3 "Legs-------------------------— :------- ---------------— l % " x 4y4"
Braces________________ j . ---------------------------------------------------- ; ______ 1}4" X 6"
Half diagonal braces______ ;------------------ ---- 1 % " x 3"
E. The distance between horses shall be not more than 8 feetand shall not be built over three tiers or horses high having amaximum total height of 16 feet.
P. Distance between legs at bottom shall be not less than
two-fifths nor more than three-fifths the height of the horse.
G.
Squares or frames used to support masons’ scaffold planks
shall be securely fastened on both sides at the corners with notless than 1- by 4-inch braces and shall have braces on both sides
running diagonally from the center of each side to the center ofadjacent side. The frames shall have lateral diagonal bracing
not less than 1 by 8 inches in size oh both the front and rearmembers of scaffold.
Dimensions

Bearers__ _____________________________________ 2 " x 4"
Leg____________ __________________ - ____________ 2 " x 4"
Braces, at corners______ _______________________ l " x 4 ”
Braces, diagonal from center frame____ - _______ l " x 8 "H. The distance between frames shall not be over 8 feet; andshall not be built more than three tiers or frames high unlessproperly anchored and equivalent strength and rigidity provided.
I. Hinged frames used as horses to support scaffold shall be
constructed similar to square or frames with diagonal bracing.
They shall be provided with substantial cables, chains or othersuitable methods to prevent spreading at the bottom a distancemore than two-fifths the height of the frame. They shall not be
used more than three tiers high, placed one over another.
Dimensions

Bearers (2 )___________________________________ 1 " x 8 "Legs__________ ._____________________ _________ 1 " x 8 "Braces—Diagonal at bottom____________________ 1 " x 4 "J. The distance between frames used as horses will be notmore than 6 feet.
K. Material of different sectional dimensions and a different
type of construction may be used for horses and frames, pro­34
vided they conform to the requirements for allowable loads
and stresses.
L. Not more than one tier of horse or frame scaffold shall beplaced upon another scaffold. When the working platform ofsuch imposed scaffold is 6 feet or more in height such imposed
scaffold shall be securely fastened and substantially braced.
SECTION 07—LADDER JACK SCAFFOLDS

8305.07

A. Ladder jack scaffolds shall be constructed with a factorof safety of not less than 2 and conform generally to the pro­visions and specifications for ladders and secured against slip­
ping, tilting, or tipping.
B. Ladder rungs shall not be used to support more than one
section of plank and not more than 2 employees shall be per­mitted to work upon such section of planking at the same time.
O. Lapped planks shall be supported by ladder jacks attached
to both side rails of the ladder and not to the rungs.
D. No ladder jack shall be used in connection with the triple
extension ladders.
E. Platform planks shall be not less than 2 by 10 inches in size,of select structural grade,. overlap the outer bearing surface
not less than 8 inches and shall have a span of not more than 12
feet.
SECTION 08—CARPENTERS’ PORTABLE
BRACKET SCAFFOLDS

8305.08

A. Carpenters’ portable bracket scaffolds shall be constructed
and erected in conformity with the unit stresses and allowableloads tables.
,
B. The minimum width of platforms on carpenters’ bracket
scaffolds shall be not less than two 10-inch planks.
C. All brackets shall be built to carry safely at the outermost
edge a load of two times the total weight, to be placed upon it,
but not less than 400 pounds. Where bolts are used for fasten­ing brackets to the building they shall be not less than % inch
in diameter. The use of lean-to or jack scaffolds over 8 feet inheight is prohibited.
D. Brackets shall be securely anchored to the studding andnot to the, sheeting and they shall be securely braced against
spreading or turning. Brackets shall be spaced not more than
10 feet center to center.

SECTION 09—WINDOW JACK SCAFFOLDS

8305.09

A. Not more than one person shall tie permitted on a single
window jack at any one time.
B. Window jacks used as supporting elements for scaffolds
shall be especially designed for such service and have a factorof safety of four (4).
O. All window jacks shall be securely anchored to, the struc­ture and braced to prevent spreading or turning.
SECTION 10—FOOT SCAFFOLDS

8305.10A- Foot scaffolds shall not exceed 36 inches in height, meas­
ured from the level upon which the supports are placed.
B.
When placed upon other scaffolds or platforms whose ele­vation is above the surrounding area, such scaffolds shall have aminimum width of one 10-inch plank and a maximum height of
18 inches measured from the supporting platform or scaffold and
one tier only small be permitted.
0. Foot scaffolds in excess of 18 inches in height shall havea minimum width of two 10-inch planks and shall be supported
on horses.
' D. The construction of such scaffolds shall conform to theallowable loads and stresses as given in tables under “PoleScaffolds.”
SECTION 11—GUARDRAILS, TOEBOARDS,SCREENS AND OVERHEAD PROTECTION

8305.11A.
Guardrails shall be provided as follows unless otherwise
specified:
1. On platforms, runways, ramps, scaffolds, and similarequipment which are 6 feet or more in height measured fromthe ground or supporting area, or that are over or adjacent
to deep holes, excavations, mortar beds, railroad tracks, fur­naces, fluids, vats, high tension electric wires, machinery, or
similar sources of danger.
,.
2. Around the unused sides of all openings in roofs, plat­forms, floors, or shafts.
3. Where spreaders are used in window frames which ex­
tend to within 24 inches or less of the floor or door frames,such spreaders shall be substantially secured in place.
4. Wall o p e n i n g s s h a l l be p r o t e c t e d b y standard r a i l i D g s
a n d t o e b o a r d s o r g a t e s not less t h a n 42 inches h i g h e x t e n d i n gt o the bottom of the o p e n i n g .
__6 8 2 0 7 1 ° — 16-------6

36
B.
Guardrails shall be not less than 36L inches, nor morethan 46 inches in height, measured from floors to the tops ofrails, with supporting uprights spaced not more than 8 feeton centers, and both substantially constructed of 2-inch by
4-inch timber. Other spacing or other material or devices may
be used provided the strength, protection, and practicabilityof the construction is equal t o . or greater than that above
specified.
G.
Intermediate rails shall be not less than 1-inch by 6-inchboards or equivalent material unless otherwise specified.
D. Toeboards not less than 4 inches, net, in height, con­structed of wood or metal shall be around all scaffolds, plat­forms, floor and shaft openings where guardrails are required.
E. Side screens shall be provided on all scaffolds over
20 feet in height that are adjacent to passageways, or where
workmen are employed within 10 feet of the base of the scaf­
fold, and where material is piled on scaffolds adjacent toand higher than toeboards. Side screens shall be made ofsubstantial expanded metal or wire netting, not larger than
2-inch mesh or other equivalent material securely fastenedin place.
F. When work is being performed overhead, an overhead pro­tective covering shall be provided on all scaffolds at a heightof not more than nine (9) feet above the working platform.
SECTION 12—ROOFING DEVICES

8305.12

A. Devices used in the construction of pitched roofs or con­struction on pitched roofs, shall be securely fastened in place.
Shingling footlocks shall be not less in size than 2- by 4-inch
timber secured in place by properly spaced tin strips or othermaterial of equivalent strength not less than 4 inches wide.
B. Crawling boards, ladders, or chicken ladders, provided
with hooks, bolts, or solidly fastened cleats on the under sideat the upper end to catch over the ridge-pole or otherwise
substantially secured, shall be provided as protection against
slipping or falling. Cleats shall be provided on crawling boards
securely fastened thereto, not less in size than 2 by 1 inches
and shall project approximately 2% inches on each side of
the board.
C. Double crawling boards shall be securely bolted together
by a hinge bolt or otherwise substantially secured.

37
D.
On roof decks where the sheathing will not provide safe
support for workmen, suitable catwalks or temporary decking
shall be provided.
SECTION 13—TEMPORARY AND PERMANENTSTAIRWAYS

8305.13

A. Temporary and permanent stairways used for construc­tion purposes shall be fitted with substantial and securely fas­
tened treads and tightly floored landings or gratings.
B. Handrails shall be provided on the open sides of stair­ways and stair landings, except where such stairways andlandings are protected by studding or other permanent con­struction. Toeboards shall be installed around stairwells. inaddition to railings.
C. Handrails shall be not less than 30 inches in height meas­
ured vertically from the front edge of tread of stairway or
36 inches in height from the floor or landing; with support­
ing uprights spaced not more than 8 feet on centers and bothsubstantially constructed of not less than 2-inch by 4-inch
timber or other material and spacing of equal strength andpracticability.
SECTION 14—TEMPORARY FLOORS

8305.14

A. Working areas on various floor levels shall be provided
with temporary flooring of sufficient strength to support a- minimum uniform load of 25 pounds per square foot.
B. Floor joists shall be securely fastened and braced.
O. Floor boards or planks shall be placed close together uponjoists and shall extend not less than 4 inches beyond the inside
face of the bearing nor more than 1 foot beyond supports unlesssecurely nailed.
D. Temporary working floor areas exposed to an elevationof 6 feet or more shall be provided with guard rails and toe
boards as described under “Guardrails, Toeboards, Screens andOverhead Protection.”
E. In the construction of all buildings or structures, temporary
floors shall be provided not more than two (2) stories or twentyfive (25) feet below levels where employees are working on the
structures. At locations over twenty-five (25) feet in height
where it is impractical to provide temporary floors, safety nets
or belts shall be used.

38
P. On all buildings three or more stories In height, the floor
above the first shall be completely decked over as soon as possible
and shall thereafter be kept covered throughout the entire periodof construction.
G. The working floor shall be completely decked over.
H. Only such openings as are necessary shall be permitted in
temporary floors.
SECTION 15—PAINTERS’ SWINGING SCAFFOLDS

8305.15

A. All hooks, ropes, cables, and blocks supporting scaffolds
shall have a minimum factor of safety of four (4).
B. Every time the scaffold is erected, it shall be tested byraising the platform about 1 foot from the ground, and loading
it with at least four times the maximum weight that will be
imposed upon it
C. The stirrups or hangers shall be of a strength; at least equal
to steel % inch in diameter, and shall be so formed that guard­
rails may easily be secured to them.
D. The distance between hangers shall not exceed 14 feet.
Where scaffolds having side rails reinforced by steel rods areused, a span of 22 feet shall be permitted.
E. The hooks used to support the scaffold shall be of astrength at least equal to steel having a cross section % inch by
2 inches.
F. Hooks, cornice irons, outriggers, or other devices for fasten­ing to the building shall be securely fastened to a reliable objectof support, and shall be frequently inspected. Hooks shall betied so that they cannot slip. 'G. The platform, planks, or ladders shall overlap the stirrup
or hanger by at least 12 inches. A bar, strip, or other device
shall be permanently attached to the platform outside of thehanger to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger.
Scaffold platforms shall have a minimum width of 27 inches
and shall be provided with a guardrail.
H. Two or more swinging scaffolds shall not at any time be
combined into one by bridging the distance between them withplanks or similar connecting links. "?
I. Means shall be provided to prevent the scaffold fromswinging away from the building.
*; J. Ropes shall be of xnanila at least % inch in diameter,and shall possess a factor of safety of at least ten (10). Where
supporting ropes are brought over sharp corners or subjected39
in any way to abrasion, they shall be protected at such points
by chafing gear. Splicing anywhere throughout the length ofropes or cables is prohibited. Ropes shall be properly spliced
into standard 6-inch blocks.
K. A deep hook shall be provided on the lower block to facil­
itate making safe scaffold hitch. Scaffold hitch shall always be
made on hook, never on any building or object other than thescaffold.
L. Steel cable possessing a factor of safety of eight (8)may be used with mechanical hoisting devices.
M. All fiber ropes, steel cables, other hangers, and falls of
the scaffolds shall be protected to a height of at least 6 feetabove the platform with acid-resisting material, and the ropes
or cables shall hang over the outside edge of the scaffold plat­form when exposed to operations involving use of acids orcaustics. Acids and caustics shall not be stored in the sameroom with scaffold equipment.
N. Not more than two men shall be permitted on the scaffold
at the same time.
O. All ropes, slings, and tackle shall be thoroughly and fre­quently inspected. When not in use, they shall be stored in adry place.
P. When a swinging scaffold is not in use it shall be lashedsecurely to the building. Buckets or other loose objects shallbe removed from such scaffold immediately upon the; cessationof work thereon.
Q. The hauling part of falls on swinging scaffolds shall beheld by a man on the ground until scaffold hitch has been madeoverhead.
.
'
SECTION 16—BOATSWAINS’ CHAIRS

8305.16

A. Boatswains’ chairs used for painting, cleaning, or otheroperations ;shall be constructed and erected with the greatest
possible care.
B. Boatswains’ chairs shall have a hardwood seat at least
10 by 18 inches in size.
C. Suspenders for boatswains’ chairs shall be not less than
: %-inch diameter manilu rope doubled. The ends shall be passed
through holes bored in the seat and then spliced together.
D. When cutting torches or other open flames are used by aman in a boatswain’s chair, the suspenders shall be not less than%-inch steel cable.

40
E.
Where single lines are used to support boatswains’ chairs
they shall be manila rope of not less than 1-inch diameter.
Where block and falls are used, rope shall be % inch spliced
into 6-inch blocks.
P. The hauling part of line used to raise and lower chair
shall always be within reach of the man using chair.
G.
Safety belts shall be worn by men occupying boatswains’chairs, such belt being fastened to the supporting tackle and so
arranged that the workman cannot slip out of the seat.
SECTION 17—SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS

8305.17

A. All. scaffold machines shall be of a type approved by the
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. They shall not be used forany other purpose.
*
B. The moving parts of scaffold machines shall be frequently
inspected and shall be exposed to view at all times so that pos­sible defects may be readily detected. Such moving parts shallbe so guarded as to protect workmen from coming into contact
with same.
C. Outriggers shall be equal in strength to 6-inch steel I-beams
and shall be securely anchored to the frame of the buildingby means of U-bolts and anchor plates tightened by the use of
jam or lock nuts, or by other approved equally effective means.
Outriggers shall extend at least 12 inches beyond the outsideedge of scaffold platform.
D. I-beam outriggers shall be equipped with a stop bolt ofadequate size to prevent the shackle from slipping over the out­side end of the beam.
E. Cables on all suspended scaffolds shall possess factorsof safety of at least eight (8). A metal tag shall be placed on
all cables at a point readily accessible to inspection, showing
the size and material of the cable, including the maximum safe
load and date of renewal.
F. Proper methods shall be used in pouring sockets and only
zinc shall be used. When thimbles and clamps are used, notless than three clips shall be used at each fastening.
G. Splicing anywhere throughout the length of the cable isprohibited. Where riding of the cable on the drum occurs, it
shall be adjusted immediately by someone experienced in suchwork.
H. Putlogs shall be securely fastened to the scaffold fixturesand spaced not more than 8 feet apart.

41
I. Platform planks shall be laid so that their edges abut andfit tight. Planks shall be not less than 2 by 10 inches.
J. Platform planks shall overlap putlogs by at least 1 footbut not more than 2 feet at the ends of the scaffold.
K. All suspended scaffolds shall be tied in such a manner as
to prevent the scaffold from swaying or swinging away fromthe building.
L. Where work is being performed overhead, an overheadprotective covering shall be provided on all suspended scaffolds
at a height not more than 9 feet above the working platform.
SECTION 18—NEEDLE BEAM SCAFFOLDS

8305.18

A. All needle beams shall be plainly marked so as to provide
against being used for any other purpose.
B. Wood needle beams up to 12 feet length shall be at least
4 by 6 inch spruce or other approved lumber of equal strength,
and shall be free from knots or other imperfections. For longer
spans or heavier loads, the cross section shall be proportionately
increased.
C. All- needle beams shall be at least 2 feet longer thanthe distance between the supports, and shall be one solid piece
without splicing. Provision shall be made to prevent the sup­porting ropes from slipping over the ends of the beam.
D. Pipe needle beams shall be of one piece wrought iron or
steel pipe free from rust or scale.
E. When the scaffold span is not more than 12 feet, the pipe
shall be at least 3y2 inches in diameter. For longer spans or
heavier loads the diameter of the pipe shall be proportionately
increased.
F. Where the space between needle beams is 12 feet or less,the platform shall be composed of planks at least 10 inches wideand 2 inches thick. Where the span is over 12 feet, the crosssection of the planks shall be increased in proportion.
G. Platforms in the interior of a building shall be not lessthan 2 feet 6 inches wide; on the outside not less than 3 feet 6
inches wide.
H. All planks shall be secured by suitable cleats or drop bolts
to prevent them from slipping, tipping, or collapsing. Where theplanks are to be used in a steeply inclined position, they shall be
provided with cleats at least 1% by 2 inches in cross section,
spaced not more than 8 inches apart.

42
I.
The ropes shall be attached to the "needle beams by a scaf­
fold hitch or some other equally effective method. All ropes
shall be so secured to the beams or girders as to prevent slippingor tipping of scaffold.
J. The rope shall be at least 1 inch in diameter, and shall be
increased in proportion to the size of the load. The supporting
rope shall not be attached to the needle beam at a point lessthan 1 foot from the end of the beam.
/
SECTION 19—FLOAT OR SHIP SCAFFOLDS

8305.19

A. Scaffolds of this type shall be used only for the support ofmen doing riveting or other light work. Not more than two(2) men shall work on such a scaffold and it shall not be used
for the storage of materials.
B. Planks for platforms and bearers shall be in one length.
No spliced material shall be used.
C. Platforms shall be not more than five (5) feet wide andeight (8) feet long, but preferably should be not more than four(4) feet wide and seven (7) feet long.
D. The supporting plank bearers shall be of not less than two
by eight ( 2 x 8 ) inch lumber and should project not less thansix (6) inches beyond the platform on both sides. An addi­
tional diagonal plank of not less than one by six (1 x 6) inch
lumber shall extend from bearer to bearer underneath the plat­form and each platform plank shall be nailed to this diagonalboard and to the two (2) parallel plank bearers.
E. The platform shall be of not less than two (2) inch plank­
ing lumber.
P. Ends of platform planks shall extend at least six (6)inches beyond the outer edges of the bearers.
G. Ropes shall be of the best quality Manila fiber, of a size
sufficient to support the suspended load with a safety factor of
not less than four (4), but in no case smaller than seven-eighths(% ) inch in diameter. If substitute material must be used, it
shall be of a size to provide strength equivalent to Manila rope.
H. The platform shall be supported by a continuous rope ateach end, the ends of each rope being securely fastened to an
adequate overhead support
I. The scaffold platform shall be so secured to the suspending
ropes that slipping is impossible. Each supporting rope shallpass downward through a one (1) inch hole in the bearer plank,
be single-hitched around the bearer plank and pass along be­43neath it to the other end, where it shall again be single-hitchedand pass upward through a similar hole to the overhead support.
J. The holes in the bearer planks as specified above shall beapproximately two (2) inches outside the outer planks.
K. Every float scaffold shall be examined by the foreman incharge before being used and at regular intervals thereafter.
h. Railings and toeboards will not be required on float
scaffolds.
SECTION 20—MANUFACTURED SCAFFOLDS

8305.20

A. All manufactured metal ladders and scaffolds shall betypes approved by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.
B. All manufactured scaffolds shall be erected in accordancewith the manufacturers’ specifications.

LADDER SPECIFICATIO N S
SECTION 01—GENERAL

8306.01

A. Construction ladders shall be provided and maintained inplace during working hours until temporary or permanent stair­ways are ready for use.
B. Single rail ladders shall not be constructed for use except
as provided for under “Roofing Devices.”
C. Wood side rails shall be of thoroughly seasoned material
free from shakes, cross grain, checks, and decay. Knots shallnot exceed % inch in diameter and shall not be nearer than %inch to the edge of the rail or 3 inches of the rung.
D. Wood rungs shall be Of thoroughly seasoned material freefrom knots, shakes, cross grain, large checks, or decay. They
shall be of white oak, ash, or material equivalent thereto instrength and wear.
E. Wood rungs shall be inserted in holes in. the side rails
and in all cases securely fastened, with a Uniform spacing
between rungs, not to exceed 12 inches on centers.
F. Ladders with weakened, broken, or missing treads, rungs,
or cleats or broken side rails shall not be used, and ladders
which have developed defects shall be withdrawn from service.
Cleats shall not be used to repair rung ladders.
G. Ladders when in place shall have a substantial bearing for
all rails at the bottom and when inclined shall have a substantial
support at or near the top.
0 8 2 0 7 1 ° — 46— — 7

44
H. Ladders placed where there is danger of slipping shall be
secured by the use of cleats, metal points, safety shoes, lashing,Dr other effective means. Painted ladders \yill not be permitted
However, linseed oil or clear varnish may be used.
I. All ladders with spreading bases such as step and trestle
ladders shall be equipped with rigid spreaders or other means
to prevent their premature opening or closing.
'
J. Fixed ladder landings shall be equipped with standard
guardrails and toeboards. Such platform shall be not less than
24 inches in width.
K. Bails of fixed ladders to landings shall extend a distanceof at least 36 inches above the landing. The rungs may beomitted above the landing. Landing shall be provided where an
employee must step a greater distance than 14 inches from lad­
der to roof, tank, etc.
K L. The landing distance shaU not be greater than the rungspacing of the ladder.
M. Portable ladders shall not be used with a pitch suchthat the horizontal distance from the wall to the foot of theladder shall exceed one-fourth of the unsupported length of theladder unless it is securely braced to prevent sagging.
N. Ladders not specifically mentioned herein shall be of suf­
ficient strength to resist double the strain of the heaviest loadthat will be placed upon it in use.
•O.
Single ladders not constructed to be used as sectional lad­ders shall not be spliced together to form a longer ladder unlesssuch splicing together shall provide and maintain the strengthand rigidity required for ladder construction.
P. Ladders on which workers are employed when placed inpassageways, doorways, driveways, or public thoroughfares
shall be guarded by barricades (guardrails). Doors which open
adjacent to where such work is being done on ladders shall be
securely closed or fastened open while work is in progress.
Working from ladders is not an acceptable practice and should
not be countenanced except for minor operations. No one shallascend or descend a ladder except by facing the rungs.

45
SECTION 02—SINGLE RUNG LADDERS

8306.02

A.
Side rails and rungs shall have a minimum dressed crosssection of the following dimensions:
LengthRail sections

Over 16 feet and up to and including 20 f e e t ----- ’ -----Over 20 feet and up to and including 24 fe e t-.- ----------

IM e" x W ______
IM e" x 2 H "______
IM e" x 2 H " ...........

Rungs
1H "
ltf"

\W

B. Ladders with parallel side rails shall have a minimum
inside width between rails of 12 inches.
C. Ladders with spread rails shall have a minimum insidewidth at top rung of 12 inches and at each succeeding rung
*4 inch wider.
D. Rungs shall not exceed 30 inches in length.
E. Tenons shall be % inch in diameter.
F. Masons’ single ladder up to 22 feet in length shall haveside rail cross section of 1% by 4 inches and rungs spaced not
more than 10 inches on centers.
G. High-grade manufactured ladders with curved side rails
will be permitted.
SECTION 03—SINGLE CLEAT LADDERS
A.
v

LengthM ore than 12/ and up to 16'.................

5306.03M inim um
inside ^width

M axim um
insidewidth

Cross
sectionof-rails-

Cross
sectionof cleats

20"
20"
20"
20"

24"
24"
24"
24"

2" x 4"2 " x 4"2" x 6"2" x 6"

1" x 3 "1" x 3"
1" x 4"
1" x 4 "T h e lum ber dimensions given In the above table are trade sizes.

B.
Fixed ladders shall follow dimensions given for single
cleat ladders and may exceed 24 feet in height provided they are
securely fixed or braced at intervals of not wore than 15 feet.

8306.04

SECTION 04—EXTENSION LADDERS
A.
LengthCross section ofrails
lM e" x 2% "______
lM e " x 3 " ________
1H" x 3 H " _______

Diameter
rungs

1W'
iw

1H "

B. Each ladders shall be equipped with two automatic locks.
Locks shall be of such construction as to make the extension lad­der equal in strength to a ladder constructed of continuous siderails.
'
C. All parts of the lock shall be of malleable iron or otherequivalent material.
D. All other iron parts of the ladder shall be of malleable
or wrought iron or equivalent material.
E. Where pulleys are used the ladder shall be equipped witha galvanized malleable or wrought iron shackle and pulley.
F. The lumber dimensions given herein are minimum dressed.
G. Tenons shall be not less than % inch in diameter.
H. Masons’ extension ladder shall be limited to two sections
and to 44 feet in length, shall have side rails 1% by 4 inches.
Width of bottom section shall be not more than. 20 inches;
rungs not less than 1*4 inches in diameter and tenon 1 inch indiameter.
SECTION 05—STEPLADDERS

8306.5

A. Stepladders shall be limited to 20 feet in height. Higher
stepladders may be used providing the sizes of construction
members and bracing are increased so as to furnish the same
factor of safety as provided herein.
B. Side' rails dimensions up to and including 10 feet frtmii
be 2%2 by 2% Inches. Back legs, 2% 2 by 1% inches.
C. Side rail dimensions for stepladders more than 10 feetand.iip to 20 feet shall be 2%2 by 3% inches. Back legs, 2% 2 by
2^4 inches.
D. Step dimensions shall be 2% 2 by 3% inches, set into eachside rail % inch and supported by a %-inch steel rod.
E. Bracing strips in backs shall be metal, bound at ends.
Material used in spreaders shall be equal in strength to%-inch by %-inch steel.
F. The lumber dimensions given herein are minimum dressed.

47
SECTION 06—SECTIONAL LADDERS

8306.06

A. The minimum dressed cross-section and distance betweenside rails of sectional ladders shall be as follows:
Side rails—cross section
(.

.

.

Sections•'

Thickness(inches)

IX

iy%

D epth(inches)y*3
3HDistance(inches)
13
20
24

B. If the length of sections exceeds 6 feet 4 inches the siderail cross sections shall be proportionately increased.
C. Rungs shall be 1% inches in diameter with %-inch tenon.
; D. The connection joint shall be not less than 1 foot. The
grooved ends of the sections shall be reinforced with a metal
plate not less than No. 18 U. S. Standard gage properly secured
thereto and riveted above the groove extending through thedepth of the rail or other equivalent fastening.
SECTION 07—TRESTLE LADDERS
8306.07
A. Sides for ladders up to 10 feet in length shall be l%a
inches by 2% inches, minimum dressed. Rungs 1% inches indiameter shall be of oak, ash, or other wood of equal strength.
B. Longer ladders shall have side rails of proportionately
larger dimensions.
C. Lumber shall be No. 1 clear spruce or other wood of equal
strength.
D. Metal parts shall be malleable or wrought iron or metalof equivalent strength.
E. Rungs shall be rabbeted through the side and securely
fastened thereto.
SECTION 08—EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDERS
8306.08
A. Sides of base for extension trestle ladders shall not be lessthan 1% inches by 2% inches, minimum dressed. Base section
shall not exceed 16 feet in length.
B. Rungs of base and extension shall be 1% inches in diam­eter, of oak, ash, or other wood of equal strength, rabbeted
through side rails and securely fastened thereto.
C. Sides of the extension section shall not be less than 1%
inches by 2% inches and shall not exceed 16 feet in lengths

48
D. Lumber for extension trestle ladders "shall be No. 1 clear
spruce or other wood of equal strength.
E. Metal parts shall be malleable or wrought iron or othermetal of equivalent strength.
F. The locking device for securing the extension section to
the base shall be of design as efficient as that specified forextension ladders.

-'

PAIN TIN G

SECTION 01—STORAGE OF PAINTS
8307.01
A. Packages containing paints, varnishes, lacquers, thinners,
or other volatile painting materials shall be kept tightly dosed
when not in actual use, and shall'be stored in well ventilated
places where they will not be exposed to excessive heat, smoke,
sparks, flame, or direct rays of the sun.
SECTION 02—SPRAY PAINTING' ' „ .

8307.02

A. Spray painting in enclosed places with materials containing
lead, benzol or any ingredient injurious to health shall be seg­regated from other employees by a temporary partition of tanvas or other suitable material. If lights, switches and live
electric wiring are necessary they shall be of the explosion
proof type.
B. No smoking or open fire of any kind shall be permitted inrooms where spray guns are in operation.

ELECTR ICAL W IR E A N D APPAR ATU SSECTION 01—GENERAL

8308.01

A. Electric wiring in temporary or permahent use shall be
Installed and maintained, by competent and qualified workmen,
so as to effectively protect all persons against injury therefrom.
B. Substantial insulation, grounds, or other protection shallbe provided during construction operations to protect employees
from injuries resulting from temporary or permanent electric
wiring or apparatus.
C. Extension cords to lights and electrically operated tools
or devices, together with their connections and fittings shall be
insulated and maintained in a safe condition. Wires carrying
electrical current shall not be run on the ground unless effectively
insulated.
- .

49
D. Wiring equipment such as fastenings, connections, etc.,
where accessible to workmen shall be nonconductive and/or
Where conductive equipment is used the same shall be guarded
so as to protect workmen against injury.
E. No work shall be done on any wiring or equipment carrying
600 volts or over until the portion being worked upon is pro­tected on both sides by grounds, blocks, bypasses, hold-off systems
or by other effective means.
P. All work on electric wiring and equipment carrying 600
volts or more, shall be performed by men competent and quali­
fied in high voltage installations.
G. Suitable insulating mats or platforms of substantial con­struction and providing good footing shall be so placed on floors
and, if necessary, on the frames of the machines having exposed
live parts of more than 150 volts to a ground, that the operator
or persons in the vicinity cannot readily touch such parts
unless standing on the mats, platforms, or insulating floors.
H. Overloading of electric circuits is prohibited.
I. All circuits shall be fused or have circuit breakers adjusted
for the designated safe load.
J. The use of slugs or jumpers on circuit breaking devices is
prohibited.
K. When temporary wiring is used in tanks, cofferdams orother confined spaces, an approved type switch shall be provided
at the entrance to such spaces for cutting off the current inemergencies.

BLASTING
SECTION 01—GENERAL

8309.01

A. The transportation, handling, storage and use of dynamite
and other explosives shall be directed and supervised by aperson of proven experience and-ability in blasting operations.
These operations shall be in accordance with the following
requirements:
1. All blasts must be fired with an electric blasting machine.
2. When detonating fuse is used, it shall be fired by the useof an electric blasting cap.
B. Blasting machines must be known to be in good conditionand of sufficient capacity to fire all charges. For blastingmachines the following performance rating shall apply:

50
1. The machines shall fire without failure at least five times
in succession, two electric blasting caps in series, throughresistance as follows:
75 Ohms for 10 cap machines.
144 Ohms for 30 cap machines.
208 Ohms for 50 cap machines.
320 Ohms for 100 cap machines.
'
C. Rubber covered or other adequately insulated copper wires
in good condition shall be used for firing lines and shall havesolid cores. Sufficient firing line shall be provided to permit
the blaster and other workers to be located at a safe distancefrom the blast. Single conductor lead lines shall be used.
SECTION 02—TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.02

A. Trucks used for the transportation of explosives must not
be loaded beyond rated capacity and the boxes of explosives
must be so secured that they cannot drop off the truck. In all
open body types of vehicles the explosives must be covered witha fire resistant tarpaulin.
B. All trucks used for the transportation of explosives shallbe marked or placarded on both sides and ends with the word
“Explosives” in letters not less than 3 inches high or shall con­spicuously display a red flag not less than 24 inches square,marked with the word “Danger” in white letters not less than
6 inches high.
C. Electric blasting caps shall not be transported in the samevehicle with other explosives.
D. All trucks shall be in the charge o f and operated by aperson who is physically fit, careful, reliable, able to read andwrite the English language and not addicted to the use of
intoxicants or narcotics. No person under the influence of
intoxicants or narcotics will be permitted to transport, handle,
or otherwise use explosives.
E. No metal, metal tools, carbides, oils, matches, firearms,
electric storage batteries, inflammable substances, acids, oxidiz­
ing or corrosive compounds shall be carried in the bed or bodyof any motortruck and/or vehicle transporting explosives.
P. Trucks to be used in the transportation of explosives must
be clean and in good repair. When steel or part-steel bodies
are used, canvas or other relatively nonflammable cushioning
materials must be employed to separate the explosives from themetal.

51
G. Trucks shall be equipped with not less than two fire ex­tinguishers, placed at convenient points, filled and ready for
immediate use, and of a make approved by the National Boardof Fire Underwriters.
H .'A truck containing explosives shall never be taken intoa garage or repair shop or parked in congested areas or stored
over night, or at any other time,- in a public garage or similarbuilding.
I. All trucks shall be checked before transporting explosives
and all electric wiring completely protected and securely fas­
tened to prevent short circuiting.
J. Trucks transporting explosives shall be operated with ex­treme care and shall not be driven at a speed greater than 25
miles per hour. Full stops shall be made at approaches to allrailroad crossings and main highways and the truck must notproceed until it is known that the way is clear.
K. Explosives shall not be transported in any form of trailer,
nor shall any trailer be attached to a motortruck or vehicle
hauling explosives.
L. No person other than the authorized driver and helper
shall be permitted to ride on' trucks transporting explosives ordetonators.
M. Explosives shall not be transported during hours of dark­
ness except in extreme emergency and only when the written
approval of the area engineer has been secured.
N. The gasoline tank of a motortruck shall not be filled while
explosives are on the motortruck except in emergency and then
only when the engine of the motortruck is stopped.
O. Explosives unloaded from trucks shall be piled at sufficientdistance from exhaust to prevent danger of sparks igniting the
explosives.
P. Persons employed in the transportation, handling, or otheruse of explosives shall not carry on their person or in thetruck, matches, firearms, ammunition, or other flame producing
devices.
SECTION 03—HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.03

A Containers of explosives shall be opened only by meansof wooden wedges and wooden mallets. The dropping of loaded
containers for the purpose of opening the same is prohibited.
B.
Dynamite cartridges shall only be removed from con­tainers as they are needed for immediate use and carried to theblasting area in nonmetallic containers.
6 8 2 0 7 1 ° — 16------- 8

52
C. Explosives and detonators shall be taken to the blastingarea in separate nonmetallic containers, except that primers
prepared at a central priming station may be carried in a non­metallic container.
D. After loading of a blast is completed, all excess explosives
and detonators shall be returned at once to the storage magazine,
observing the same rules as when being conveyed to the blastingarea.
E. All empty dynamite boxes showing stains of any kind shallbe destroyed by burning out of doors at a safe distance frommagazine and other structures.
SECTION 04—STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES

8309.04

A. Separate magazines shall be provided for storage of ex­
plosives and detonators. Such magazines shall be bulletproof,
fire-resistant and weather proof and of an approved type andshall be adequately ventilated. The minimum distance between
magazines storing detonators and explosives shall be 100 feet
unbarricaded or 50 feet barricaded.
•
B. The area around the magazine for a distance of 25 feetshall be kept clear of vegetation and all combustible matter.
O. The magazines shall not be unlocked except for inspection
and the storage and removal of explosives; and the key shallbe in the charge of a reliable and competent person who shallbe in charge of explosives and the magazines.
D. Shoes with nails or metal plates which are likely to cause
friction sparks shall not be worn in magazines.
E. Magazines in which explosives are stored shall not be used
for any other purpose. No metal tools of any description shallbe kept in magazines.
F. Explosives shall be arranged in the magazine so that oldest
stock is used first.
G. Repairs to inside of magazines shall not be made without
first removing all explosives to a safe distance and providingthem with ample protection.
H. Explosives shall be stored only in original containers.
L Explosives shall be stored with top side up.
J. Magazines shall be kept dry and clean, and the area aroundthe magazine posted with appropriate “Caution” or “Danger”
signs'.
K. Magazine floors shall continually be kept clean.

53
L. Explosives containers shall be opened, packed or repacked
only at a distance of at least 50 feet from any magazine.
M. No smoking, matches, firearms, open flames, or any flame
producing device, shall be permitted within 100 feet of any
magazine.
N. Magazine floors that become stained with nitro-glycerinshall be scrubbed with a stiff broom or brush1using a freshly
made solution composed of % gallon of wa.ter, % gallon of wood
alcohol and 2 pounds of sulphide of sodium. Plenty of the liquidshould be used so as to thoroughly decompose the nitro-glycerin.
O. Detonators shall not be taken into a magazine containing
other explosives.
P. Opened boxes of explosives shall not be left in a magazine.
Q. All magazines in which explosives are had, kept, or stored
shall be located at the distance from buildings, railroads, andhighways in .conformance with the following table:
American table of distances
Quantity that m ay be had, kept or stored
Electric blastingcaps
N um beroyer

N um bernot over

1,000
5,000
10,00020,00025,00050,000100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3, 500,000
4,000,000
4, 500,000
5,000,000

5,000
10,00020,00025,00050,000100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450, 000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2.500,000
3,000,000
3, 500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
7,500,000•' /Distance (feet) fromnearest—Dynam itePoundsoverPoundsnot over

Build­
ing

50
50
100
100
200
200
300
300.
400
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
800
800
900
900
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
8,000
9,000
9,000 k 10,000
10,00015,000

30
60
120
145
240
360
520
640
720
800
860
920
980
1,020
1,060
1,200
1,300
1,420
1,500
1,560
1,610
1,660
1,700
1,740
1,780

Rail­
w ay
20
40
70
90
140
220
310
380
430
480
520
550
590
610
640
720
780
850
900
940
970
1,000
1,020
1,040
1,070

H igh-way
10
20
35
45
- 70
110
150
190
220
240
260
280
300
310
320
360
390
420
450
470
490
• 500
510
520
530

.

N o te .— For larger quantities see the complete American Table of Distance.

54
A 50 percent reduction in the above distances may be appliedin connection with magazines that are screened from buildings,
railroads, highways, or other magazines either by natural fea­tures of the ground or by an efficient artificial barricade of suchheight that any straight line drawn from the top of any sidewallof the magazine to any part of the building to be protected willpass through such intervening natural or efficient artificial bar­
ricade, and any straight line drawn from the top of any sidewallof the magazine, to any point 12 feet above the center of therailroad or highway to be protected, will pass through suchintervening natural or efficient' artificial barricade.
R. Magazines in which more than 50 pounds of explosives are
stored shall be detached from other structures, and magazines
where more than 5,000 pounds of explosives are stored shall belocated at least 200 feet from any other magazine, except blast­ing cap magazines. Magazines where quantities of explosives inexcess of 25,000 pounds are kept and stored shall have an in­crease over 200 feet of 2% feet for each 1,000 pounds of explosives
in excess of 25,000 pounds stored therein. These distances be­
tween magazines may be disregarded where the total quantity
stored in the several magazines complies with the American
Table of Distance as regards proximity to inhabited buildings,
railways, and highways—except that in all cases, the quantity of
explosives contained in blasting-cap magazines shall govern inregard to spacing said cap magazines from magazines contain­
ing other explosives, but under no circumstances shall a maga­zine containing blasting caps be within a less distance than 100
feet not barricaded, or 50 feet barricaded from any magazine
other than cap magazine.
S.
Leaking or deteriorated dynamite shall be disposed of inaccordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
SECTION 05—DRILLING
8309.05
A. All drill holes shall be of greater diameter than the diameterof cartridges of explosives used. Loading and drilling shall not
be carried out at the same time in the same area.
B. Drilling shall not be started until all remaining butts ofold holes are examined for unexploded charges. Never insert adrill, pick, or bar in such holes even if examination fails todisclose explosives.
O. Drilling shall not be resumed after blasts have been fired
until a thorough examination has been made to make sure that
there are np unexploded charges remaining.

55
SECTION 06—LOADING

8309.06

A. In loading small diameter bore holes, tamping shall bedone with a wooden stick having no metal parts. Primed car­tridges shall be seated by even steady pressure only.
B. All loaded holes or charges shall be checked and definitely
located before firing.
*•
C. When holes are sprung, leave ample time between spring­ing shots for the hole to cool, and also between the last springing
shot and the loading of the main charge.
D. No more cartridges shall be primed than are required for asingle round of blasting. Detonators shall only be inserted in ahole in the end of a cartridge prepared especially for that pur­pose. Holes shall be made with a sharpened wooden stick.
E. All charges shall be covered with blasting mats before
firing, where blasting is done in the vicinity of structures likely
to be injured by flying rock.
SECTION 07—WIRING

8309.07

A. Each electric blasting cap shall be tested with an approved
galvanometer before and after tamping a hole.
B. All caps in a blast shall have copper wire and shall be of
the same manufacture.
C. After testing the leg wires of electric blasting caps, theyshall be short-circuited by twisting the bare ends together andshall remain so twisted until ready to be connected into thecircuit preparatory to connecting to the firing line.
D. All electric blasting caps shall be wired in series and thefiring line shall not be smaller than No. 14 B and S gage copper
wire.
E. The number of electric blasting caps fired in one series shallnot exceed the rated capacity of the blasting machine.
F. The circuit including all caps should be tested with anapproved galvanometer before being connected to firing line.
G. The complete circuit, lead wires and firing line, should bechecked with an approved galvanometer at the terminals to behooked on to blasting machine.
H. No firing line shall be connected to a blasting machine
until just before the shot is to be fired.
I. Cartridges shall not be primed nor holes loaded during
approach of a thunderstorm or while it is in progress. If acharge has been primed or holes loaded, every person shall beordered to a safe distance until the storm is over.

56
SECTION 08—FIRING

8309.08

A. Prior to the firing of a shot, all persons in the blasting area
shall be warned of the blast and ordered to a safe distance fromthe area. Blast shall not be fired until it is absolutely certainthat every person has retreated to a safe distance and that noone remains in a dangerous location;
SECTION 09—INSPECTION AFTER BLASTING
8309.09
A Immediately after blast has been fired, the firing line shallbe disconnected from the blasting machine and carried back at
least half the distance from the blasting machine to the area ofthe blast.
B. The firing line shall be left in this position until all
inspection and checking work has been completed.
C. After the blast has been fired, a minute inspection shallbe made to determine if all charges have been exploded before
any person is allowed to return to the area o f the blast.
D. All wires shall be carefully traced and search made forunexploded cartridges.
SECTION 10—MISFIRES
8309.10
A. If broken wires, faulty connections, or short circuits are
determined as the cause of a misfire, the proper repairs shall be
made, the firing line reconnected, and the charge fired. This
shall be done, however, only after a careful inspection has been
made of burdens remaining in such holes and no hole shall be
so refired when the burden has been dangerously weakened byother shots.
B. Misfired charges tamped with solid material shall beblasted out by the process of detonation by concussion. In
using this method a new hole shall be drilled and fired at apoint no nearer than two feet from the misfired charge. In
following this procedure a careful search shall be made forunexploded material in the debris of the second charge.

FIRE PREVEN TIO N AND PROTECTIONSECTION 01—FIRE PREVENTION
8310.01A.
All construction areas and storage yards shall be burned
over or otherwise cleared before lumber or other combustible
materials are delivered on the site. A clear space of one hun­dred (100) feet around the site of storage yards will be included

57
in the cleared area. This does not apply to trees and othernatural coyer retained fo r m ilitary purposes. Clearing oper­
ations shall be controlled in order to prevent damage to existingtrees and other vegetation which are not part o f the site being
cleared.
B. Separation o f temporary buildings:
1. The minimum space between one-story fram e buildings
w ill be forty (40) feet.
2. The minimum space between two-story fram e buildings
w ill be fifty (50) feet.
3. A group o f buildings, the aggregate ground floor area of
which does not exceed 2,000 square feet, w ill be con­sidered as one building for the above purpose.
O.
Lumber storage yards w ill be divided into sections con­taining a maximum o f seven hundred fifty thousand (750,000)
feet B. M. with fire breaks o f one hundred (100) feet between
sections. Lumber storage w ill be maintained at a minimum dis­
tance o f one hundred (100) feet from buildings or structures.
No lumber, refuse or vehicles w ill be left in these spaces afterworking hours. Parking o f vehicles in fire breaks w ill not be
permitted.
D. A t least ten (10) feet clearance from buildings or struc­tures w ill be maintained for piles o f lumber and other materials
to be used in the construction.
E. The follow ing materials w ill be stored separately in de­tached w eatherproof buildings or sh elters; acids, unslaked lime,
carbide, oakum, hay and straw.
F. Storage, handling, installation and use o f liquefied petro­leum gases and systems w ill be in accordance w ith current
standards o f the National Board o f Fire Underwriters fo r Lique­fied Petroleum Gases.
G. No fires, welding, cutting, melting and other such hazard­ous operations shall be permitted on a project until permission
has been obtained from the resident engineer or his authorized
representative. Fires, open flame devices, burning, welding,cutting, or other such operations in close proxim ity to com­bustible materials, shall not be left unattended. W hile dangero f fire exists, an approved type fire extinguisher shall be pro­vided at the immediate location.
H. Lanterns, acetylene lights or other open flame lighting
devices w ill not be used in stables, garages or buildings housing

58
flammable liquids or hay, straw, or other combustible fibrousmaterial.
I.
Lamps and lanterns w ill be filled only in well-ventilatedrooms free from open flames, and w ill not be filled in oil storage
buildings.
J. Tem porary high voltage wires shall not be run above build­ings or storage piles o f combustible materials.
K. Salamanders when in use should be kept at least tw o feel
horizontally and six feet vertically from combustible material
W hen used in an area inclosed by tarpaulins, they should be
kept at least 10 feet from tarpaulins. Salamanders should beunder constant supervision when in use.
L. All fabric or paper coverings used on storage of combustible
materials or as inclosures on buildings or structures shall be
flameproofed.
M. Smoking shall be prohibited in all areas where combustible
m aterials are stored, warehouses, carpenter, paint, and repair
shops, garages, service stations, and other such hazardous areas,
except at locations specifically provided fo r such purpose andapproved by the resident engineer. “ No Smoking” signs shallbe posted in all prohibited areas.
N. A ll rubbish w ill be cleared from buildings daily and work
areas w ill be maintained free from accumulations o f combustible
debris.
O.
Ashes w ill be regularly removed, w ill be deposited only inincombustible containers, and w ill be kept at least 2 feet fromcombustible walls, paritions or material.
P. Areas beneath buildings w ill not be used for storage o f
combustible material and w ill be regularly policed to keep them
free from accumulation o f debris.
SECTION 02— FIRE PRO TEC TIO N

8310.02

A. Adequate water supply shall be provided fo r fire fighting
facilities.
B. When construction operations are suspended, a watchmanshall be employed who w ill make hourly rounds through areas
where buildings are in place and where combustible m aterials
are stored.
O.
A first-aid fire fighting device shall be provided not morethan one hundred (100) feet from any point where combustible
materials are stored, used or in place in buildings or structures.
This device shall consist o f the fo llo w in g :59
1. For Class “ A ” Fires— Fires In ordinary combustible ma­
terials where the quenching and cooling effects o fquantities o f water or solutions containing large per­centages o f water are o f first importance;
Soda and acid, pump tank extinguishers or water
barrels and buckets.
2. F or Class “ B ” Fires— Fires in flammable liquids, greases,
etc. where blanketing effect is essential.
Foam, carbon tertachloride, C 0 2, dry powder pres­sure type extinguishers, sand buckets and scoops.
3. F or Class “ C” Fires— Fires in electrical equipment where
the use o f non-conducting extinguishing agent is o ffirst importance.
Carbon tetrachloride, CO2, dry powder pressure typeextinguishers.
D. All storehouses, shops, service stations, transform er sta­tions and other such locations shall have at least one approved
type extinguisher. For floor areas exceeding twenty-five hun­dred (2500) square feet, at least one extinguisher shall be pro­vided for each twenty-five hundred (2500) square feet of floorarea.
E. A ll extinguishers and other fire fighting equipment shallbe inspected, serviced and maintained in accordance w ith the
manufacturers’ instructions. Fire barrels and buckets shall be
painted red, marked “ Fire Only” and kept filled at all times.
Anti-freeze protection shall be provided when necessary.
F. When the value o f combustible materials stored or usedon the site or in place in buildings or structures exceeds $150,000,
a sufficient number o f mobile pumping units shall be provided
and so located that no point where combustible m aterials are
stored, used or in place in buildings or structures shall be m ore
than three (3 ) miles from such a unit.
1. Mobile pumping units shall have a rated capacity o f fifty(50) G. P. M. at one hundred and twenty (120) pounds
pressure and a tank o f not less than five hundred (500)
gallons capacity which shall be kept fu ll at all times.
Pumps shall be equipped w ith five hundred (500) feeto f one and one-half inch hose and one-half ( 14 ) inchshut off nozzle. F ifty (50) feet o f suction hose witha strainer shall be provided.

60
2. Operators qualified to operate each mobile pumping unit
shall be available twenty-four hours a day during theperiod o f construction.
3. Names, badge number and hours o f duty o f fire truck
operators shall be submitted to the resident engineer.
W hen an agreement to respond to fire alarms has been effected
between a local, municipal or post fire department, locatedwithin three (3 ) miles o f the project, such arrangement whenapproved by the resident engineer w ill be accepted in lieu o f therequirement o f this paragraph.
G. A necessary number o f project employees shall be trained
and organized into a fire brigade.
H. In the event that water tank trucks are used on the
projects, they shall report to the scene o f a fire in emergencies.
Suitable connections shall be provided on all w ater tank trucks
fo r emergency fire services.
I. Vehicles, equipment, materials and supplies w ill not be
placed in such a manner as w ill obstruct access to fire hydrants,
fire extinguishers or other fire fighting equipment.
J. F ire lanes to provide access to all areas w ill be established
as construction progresses and w ill be maintained free o fobstruction from parked vehicles and materials.
K. No fire protection equipment or device shall be made inop­
erative or used fo r other purposes.
L. A siren, telephone system or other suitable alarm arrange­
ment shall be provided on all projects subject to approval o f theresident engineer.
M. W hen unusual fire hazards exist or emergencies develop,
additional fire protection may be required by the resident
engineer.

CLEARING OPERATIONSSE CTIO N 01— G ENERAL

8312.01

A. A ll tools and equipment on clearing operations shall beinspected by a supervisor before being placed in service anddaily thereafter. D efective tools and equipment shall be takenout o f service, replaced or repaired and re-inspected before
being returned to service. T ools and equipment shall be repaired
and maintained by qualified mechanics.
B. Approved personal protective equipment or apparel shallbe furnished w orkers fo r protection against eye, head, leg or

61
fo o t injuries, for those w orking water or swampy areas and on
ice or other hazardous surfaces.
C. No person, vehicle or equipment shall be permitted onfrozen rivers or lakes until the ice has been checked, dangerous
spots properly marked and such operations approved by thesuperintendent. F oot paths across frozen rivers or ponds shallhave life lines installed, and sanded i f practical.
D. Sharp edge tools shall be transported in carrying casesor sheaths.
E. Machetes shall be kept in sheaths at all times except whenin actual use.
F. Bulldozers shall be equipped with suitable shields or guards
which w ill protect operators from falling or flying trees, limbs,
broken cables and similar hazards.
G. Bulldozers shall be provided with crankcase guards andradiator protection.
H. All persons shall be required to stand clear o f moving
machines, equipment or moving logs, and lines when understrain.
I. A qualified signalman shall be designated to signal all
drivers and operators o f teams, tractors or equipment used inclearing. A standard set o f signals shall be used.
J. No team, tractor or other hauling equipment shall be placedin motion until everyone is in the clear and appropriate signal
has been given by designated signalman.
K. Skid poles shall be so secured as to prevent sliding or
kicking.
L. All “ A ” frames, spars, and similar equipment shall be
securely guyed or braced to prevent tipping or falling.
SECTIO N 02— FELLING— BU CKING

8312.02

A. A ll underbrush, vines, small trees, etc., that w ill interferewith felling operations shall be cleared before felling begins.
B. B efore felling, all trees shall be inspected fo r rotten heart,dead or entangling limbs or similar hazardous conditions. Deador entangling limbs which endanger employees shall be removed.
C. Trees which present an unusual hazard, such as those withrotten heart, dead, hollow, leaning, lodged or multiple growths,
shall be felled under the direction o f the supervisor.
D. A ll trees shall be properly undercut before felling andwedges shall be used to throw all balanced trees.

62
E. A warning call “ T I M B E R ” shall be given In sufficient
time to permit all persons to get in the clear o f falling trees.
F. Secure footing and a clear path of getaway shall be avail- \able before starting to fell a tree.
G. All fellers shall be required to retreat a safe distance fromthe path o f falling trees.
H. When there is danger o f damaging adjacent property infelling a trees, suitable tackle shall be used to control thefall.
I. A fter starting to fell a tree, that tree must be safely on the
ground before leaving or going to the next tree.
J. Climbing trees while carrying unguarded sharp edged tools
is prohibited.
K. Axes, brushhooks, saws and similar tools shall be kept out
o f the path o f workmen.
L. W orking in or on trees during high winds is prohibited.
M. W arning signs or flags shall be displayed in hazardous
areas.
N. A ll men climbing or working in trees shall be required touse safety ropes, belts or slings.
O.
A ll fallen trees held off the ground by their own branches
or other obstructions and trees or logs on hillsides shall bechocked or propped before bucking or trimming is started.
P. Kneeling in hazardous locations while felling or bucking
trees is prohibited.
Q. W hen using chain saws the chain shall not be started until
the saw is in cutting position.
R. All persons shall be required to stand beyond the ends ofthe saw when chain is in motion. Chain saws shall be equipped
w ith suitable guards at the back o f the saw.
S.
Operators shall be required to shut off saws and retreat asafe distance when tree starts to fall.
T. Chain saws shall not be used on rotten heart or hollow
trees.
SECTIO N 03— D ECK IN G A N D BU RN IN G

8312.03

A. Burning operations shall be kept under strict control andnot left unattended.
B. Firing, punching and placing o f material for burning shallbe done from the windward side.
C. Use o f flammable fluids on decks w hich are burning or
smoldering is prohibited.
/63
D. A t every location where burning operations are taking
place at least two 5-gallon pump tank extinguishers or equivalent
protection shall be provided.
E. Decking methods which require use o f a top decker shallnot be permitted.

FLAMMABLESSECTION 01— GENERAL

8313.01

A. A ll storage, handling or use o f flammables shall be under
the supervision o f qualified persons. No one shall be permitted
to handle or use flammables until he has been instructed in
the safe handling and use o f same.
B. A monthly inspection shall be made o f all systems andequipment used for the storage, handling or processing of
flammables.
C. All sources o f ignition shall be prohibited in areas where
flammables are stored, handled and processed. Suitable warn­
ing and “ No Smoking” signs shall be posted in all such areas.
D. Rubbish, brush, long grass, or other combustible mate­rial shall be continually removed from immediate areas where
flammables are stored, handled or processed.
E. All spills o f inflammable liquids shall be cleaned up im­
mediately.
P. A ll flammables, including intrastate shipments, shall bein containers approved for shipment o f such materials by, andtagged or labeled in accordance w ith regulations o f I. C. C.
G. All tanks, containers and pumping equipment, portableor stationary, used fo r the storage or handling of flammables
shall meet the requirements o f the National Board o f Fire
Underwriters.
H. Electrical lighting shall be the only means used for illumi­
nation in areas where flammable liquids, vapors, fumes, dusts
or gases are present. A ll electrical equipment and installations
Shall be in accordance w ith provisions o f the National Electrical
Safety Code for hazardous locations. Globes o f the vapor proof
type shall not be removed or lamps replaced until it is certainthat the circuit is dead.
I. Flashlights and electric lanterns used in connection withthe handling o f flammables shall be the type approved by the
Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.
J. Heating systems in buildings where flammables are64
stored or processed shall be installed in accordance with regu­
lations o f the National Board o f Fire Underwriters.
K. A ll buildings, rooms and compartments where flammables are present shall be properly ventilated. W here me­
chanical ventilation or exhaust systems are necessary, theyshall be installed in accordance w ith regulations for installa­tion o f blower and exhaust systems by the National Boardo f Fire Underwriters.
L. Approved type fire extinguishers shall be provided at all
locations where flammables are stored, processed or used.
M. No person shall be permitted to enter a storage tank, tank
car or other vessel which has contained flammables until such
vessel has been properly purged and ventilated. A fter purging
and venting a test shall be made for gas. I f the vessel is not
gas free, purging and venting shall be repeated.
N. All persons entering storage tanks, tank cars, or other ves­
sels which have contained flammable fluids or gases shall be
provided with necessary protective clothing, approved air fed
masks, safety belts, and life lines. An attendant shall be sta­tioned at the entrance to such tank or vessel.
O.
No welding, cutting, riveting, or other hot w ork and nom echanical repairs shall be perform ed on a: storage tank, tank
car or other vessel which has contained flammables until
such vessel has been properly purged and ventilated. After
purging and venting a test shall be made fo r gas. I f the vessel
is not gas free, purging and venting shall be repeated. Tanksor other containers brought to the shop fo r repair shall bepurged and vented outside o f buildings and w ell away fromopen flames and other sources o f ignition.
P. W elding, riveting, or other hot w ork on tanks or con­tainers which have contained flammable liquids or gases shallbe perform ed only by men experienced in such work.
Q. A ll tools used in explosive atmospheres shall be o f thenon-sparking variety.
R. W oolen or asbestos fire blankets shall be provided andkept in conspicuous and easily accessible locations where sub­stantial quantities o f flammables are stored, handled and used.
SE CTIO N 02— STORAGE

8313.02

A Storage o f flammable liquids shall be in accordance withthe regulations o f the National Board o f Fire Underwriters.

65
B. Storage tanks and systems shall be electrically bonded
and grounded in an approved manner.
0. A ll storage tanks shall be equipped with proper relief
vents. Tank vents shall not be located close to open flames,
stacks, heating apparatus or any other source o f ignition. Vent
screens shall not be painted. In freezing weather all vacuum
and pressure reliefs shall be inspected daily.
D. W ater draw -off valves shall be insulated to prevent freezing.
E. All storage tanks above ground shall be diked, curbed, orother suitable means provided to prevent the spread o f liquids
to other property in case o f a rupture in tank or piping. Suchdike or curbed area shall have a capacity equal in volume tothat o f the tank.
F. Outlets from storage tanks above ground shall be equipped
w ith quick-closing valves.
G. Inside storage o f large quantities of flammable liquids orgases in drums or other containers shall be in a separate fire
resistant building located at least 50 feet from adjoining build­ings or structures.
H. Entrances to storage or process buildings shall be kept
under lock and key. Only authorized persons shall be permitted
to enter such buildings.
1. A ventilated metal cabinet shall be provided fo r the storageo f m ore than a total o f 10 gallons o f oils, varnishes, lacquers orother flammable liquids in buildings used fo r other than storage
or processing. Not more than a total o f 50 gallons shall be stored
in any one cabinet. No individual container shall exceed fivegallons capacity.
SECTION 03—H AN D LIN G AN D USE

8313.03

A A ll dispensing o f flammable fluids shall be by approved
pumping arrangement from underground tanks or tank trucks.
This rule applies to containers o f over 55-gallon capacity. Useo f pumping arrangement is recommended in all cases.
B. The handling o f flammable fluids in open containers is
prohibited.
C. Tank cars or trucks shall be spotted accurately, and notloaded or unloaded until brakes have been set and wheels
chocked.
D. Blue flag warning signs shall be clamped to the rails towarn train crews when tank cars are connected.

66
E.
Tank cars or trucks shall never be left unattended while
being loaded or unloaded.
E.
A ll tank cars and trueks s h a ll'b e properly bonded andgrounded w hile being loaded or unloaded. Bonding and ground­ing connections shall be made before dome covers are removed
on cars and trucks and shall not be disconnected until such cov­ers have been replaced. Internal vapor pressure shall be relieved
before dome covers are opened.
G. A ll processing and m ixing o f flammable liquids shall bein separate fire resistant building except that in buildings oftype A fire resistant construction such operations shall be per­mitted in separate rooms cut off from the rest o f the buildingby 8-inch concrete or brick walls. Approved type fire doors
shall be provided on such rooms. Entrances to all processingor mixing rooms shall be provided with a noncombustible sillraised 6 inches.
H. Floors in all process and m ixing rooms shall be fire resist­ant and drainage provided to a safe locatfon.
I. Not m ore than 1 day’s supply o f flammable fluids shallbe kept in any processing or mixing room. I f 1 day’s require­ments are less than 55 gallons, not m ore than 1 drum shall bepermitted.
J. Accumulations o f flammable m aterials on floors, walls, etc.,
shall not be permitted.
K. Bungs, caps, or stoppers shall not be left out o f drums,
barrels, or other flammable liquid containers. This rule also
applies to empty containers.
L. All tanks, hoses, and containers shall be kept in metallic
contact while flammable liquids are being poured.

POISONOUS AND

HARMFUL SUBSTANCESSECTION 01— G EN ERAL

8314.01A.
A ll dusts, mists, fumes, gases or other atmospheric im­purities generated in connection w ith an operation or process,emitted into or disseminated throughout areas where persons
are employed, in such quantities as are determined to be harmful
to the health o f such employees, shall be controlled by one ormore o f the follow ing m eth od s:
1. Inclosure o f such process or operation.
2. Isolation or rearrangement o f such process or operation.
3. Substitution o f non-toxic material.

67
4. W et methods.
5. Dilution by general ventilation.
6. Local exhaust ventilation.
7. Temperature control.
W here the above methods are impractical, air line respirators
shall be provided for continued exposure.
B. For intermittent or casual exposures, chemical cartridgeor filter type respirators approved by the U. S. Bureau o f Mines
may be used.
C. All persons required to use respirators or other protective
equipment shall be properly instructed in the use o f such
equipment.
D. When required by the resident engineer, the contractor
shall have determinations made o f the kind and amount of
atmospheric impurities from samples taken at a point or points
in the breathing zone o f workers during norm al operations.
These determinations shall be made by a properly qualified
analyst.
E. Concentrations o f materials which equal or exceed thefollow ing shall be considered harm ful exposures or concen­
trations.
■<
Parts perM a teria l:
millionAmmonia— _ --------------------------------------------------------100
Amylacetate-------------:-------------------------------------------- - 400
5A rsen ic_________ ________________ ____ _______ .__ ___Benzol______._________ ___________________________
75
Carbon M onoxide_______________ ._________________
100
100
Carbon Tetrachloride__________________ __________
C h lorin e__________________________________________
1
Ether_________ ________ _______ ________ ,_______ __ 400
20Form aldehyde------ _______ __________:----------------------G asolin e__1______________ _________________________ 1000
Hydrochloric X cid_____:___________ _____________._
10
Hydrogen Cyanide— --------------- ^____ ,____'________
20
Hydrogen Fluoride__________ _____________________
3
Methyl Chloride_____ _________________ ^___ ______
500
Methanol (W ood A lco h o l)_________ _______ ______
200
Phosgene _______________ ____ ,___________________
1
Sulphur D ioxide------------------------------------------------—
10
Toluene ____ ________________________ _________ _____ 200
T u rpen tine________________________!_______________ 200
Xylene _______________ _________________________ _
200

68

Cadmium____________
Lead---------------- --------- :M ercury________ _____
Zinc Oxide Fumes—,.

S ilic a ___Any Dust

Milligrams per ca.
meter of air
0.1
0.15

0.1
15.0
Particles under 10
microns in longest
dimensions per cubic
foot of air
5, 000,000
50, 000, 000

Product o f particles per cubic foot o f any dust, times tbe per­centage o f free silica, equals content o f atmosphere.
F. A fter the installation o f local exhaust systems or othercontrols, the resident engineer may require additional sampling
and analysis to check the design and efficiency o f the control
equipment, devices or methods.
G. A ir cleaning equipment should be located so as to permit
the rem oval o f dust or other collected m aterial w ithout creatinga hazard and to allow for cleaning and Repairing the apparatus
without recontaminating the general atmosphere.
H. Operations or processes generating different kinds o f dust,
fumes, or vapors shall not be connected to the same exhaust sys­
tem when the mixture results in the form ation o f toxic, flam­
mable or explosive compounds.
I. Contaminated materials removed by exhaust systems shallbe disposed o f in such a manner that they do not re-enter thebreathing zon e o f the worker or create a hazard to other em­
ployees or tb the public.
J. W here persons may be exposed to harm ful materials while
fum igating, repairing or servicing equipment, or due to leaks orother sim ilar conditions, approved type respirators shall be pro­vided, properly maintained and used.
K. A ir supplied to air line respirators shall be free from harm­
fu l dusts, fumes, vapors, or gases to the extent that inhalationo f such air shall not constitute harm ful exposure.
L. W henever compressed air is used to supply respirators, anapproved type regulator and filter shall be inserted in the supply
line and the compressor shall be so located as to prevent con­tamination o f the intake air. Air provided shall be o f anequable temperature.

M. W here irritant or toxic substances come in contact witb
the skin o r clothing, the employees shall be adequately protectedby one or more o f the fo llow in g :'1. Necessary protective clothing, gloves, helmets, goggles
and footw ear.
2. An approved protective ointment fo r exposed skin areas.
3. Necessary facilities and approved solvents, soap and hot
water fo r the removal o f accumulated material andprotective ointments.
4. Approved first-aid remedies for affected employees.
5. A fountain type water outlet fo r flushing the eyes.
6. Safety showers.
SECTIO N 02— POISON IVY— OAK— SUMAC

8314.02A.
In areas where employees are exposed to poison ivy, oakor sumac, the follow ing precautions shall be observed:
1. A ll employees shall be instructed in identification o f theplants.
2. W here practicable the plants shall be removed or de­stroyed.
3. Burning o f plants shall be in isolated areas.
4. Highly sensitive persons shall not be exposed.
5. Necessary protective clothing, gloves, etc., shall be worn.
6. Protective ointment shall be provided, sodium perborate
dry, equal to W est Disinfectant Co. Formula 99.
7. A lcohol or laundry soap and hot water w ill be available
fo r washing exposed parts.
8. Approved first-aid remedies shall be provided fo r treat­ment o f affected skin areas.
9. Immunization treatments given under the direction o f aphysician are recommended.
SE CTIO N 03— INSECTS—VERM IN — SN AK ES

8314.03

A.
Protection against hazards involving insects, vermin, or
snakes shall include one or more o f the follow ing con trols:
1. Boots, hoods, netting, gloves or other necessary personal
protection.
2. Repellants.
3. Drainage or spraying o f breeding areas.
4. Burning or destruction o f nests.
5. Smudge pots for protecting small areas.

70
6. Elimination o f unsanitary conditions which propagate
insects or vermin.
7. Extermination measures against rodents.
8. Fumigation.
9. Approved first-aid remedies for affected employees.
B.
Employees shall be instructed in proper protective meas­
ures.
SECTION 04— HOT SUBSTANCES

8314.04

A. A ll heating or melting kettles shall be placed on a level,firm foundation and protected against traffic, tipping or similar
hazards.
B. Heating or melting kettles shall not be permitted Inside ofbuildings o f combustible construction or adjacent to inflammableor combustible material.
C. Plumbers’ or tinners’ furnaces, blow torches and alcohol
torches are permitted in buildings except those where the use ofopen flame devices Is prohibited.
D. An approved type o f fire extinguisher shall be available at
all locations where heating or melting kettles are used or hot
substances are applied.
E. Burners on kettles shall be shut down while refueling.
F. Fires under heating or melting kettles shall not be left
unattended.
G. A ll asphalt or tar heating kettles shall be provided witha close fitting lid.
H. A temperature recording device shall be provided for allasphalt or tar melting kettles.
I. Asphalt or other substances to be heated in open kettles
shall not be thinned nor diluted by the addition o f any flam­
mable solvent.
J. All ladles and material shall be dry before being placedin heated material.
K. A t each location where asphalt or tar buckets are used, apiece o f w et burlap or soft canvas shall be available to extin­
guish a fire in the contents.
L. Proper runways or passageways, clear o f obstructions
shall be provided for all persons carrying hot substances.
M. All hoisting gear used in handling hot substances shall beadequate for the loads imposed and shall be securely and sub­stantially braced.

71
r N. H ot substances shall not be hoisted nor handled in sucha manner as to endanger workmen.
O.
All inclosed areas in which hot substances are being heatedor applied shall be properly ventilated. I f natural ventilation
is insufficient, mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
P. Exhaust pipes on trucks spraying hot asphalt or othervolatile materials shall be equipped with flame arrestor and solocated that hot gases cannot ignite vapors from the spraynozzles.
Q. Operation of spray nozzles on trucks shall be by remotecontrol so located that spray does not come in contact withthe operator.
K. Proper protective equipment and clothing shall be provided
for all persons handling hot substances.

ELECTRIC AND GAS WELDING AND
CUTTINGSECTION 01— GENERAL

8315.01

A. E lectric arc. welding apparatus shall comply with the
National Electrical Manufacturers Association Electric Arc
W elding Machine Standards No. 48-81, December 1942, andshall be installed in accordance with requirements o f the
National Electrical Code.
B. Gas welding and cutting equipment shall be listed by
Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, or by Factory
Mutuals Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts.
C. All persons engaged in the installation, maintenance andoperation o f apparatus and equipment shall be qualified byexperience or instruction in safe methods before being per­mitted to engaged in such operations.
D. All apparatus and equipment shall be competently in­spected before being placed in service, and weekly thereafter.
Defective apparatus and equipment shall be removed fromservice, replaced, or repaired and re-inspected before again be­
ing placed in service.
SECTIO N 02— GAS W ELD IN G AN D CU TTING

8315.02

A.
Acetylene generators, fuel gas and oxygen piping systems,
coupler blocks and m anifolds shall be installed, maintained andoperated in accordance with the requirements o f American

72Standards Association Standard for Safety in Electric and Gas
W elding and Cutting Operations. Z49.1— 1944.
B. All portable cylinders used for the storage and shipmento f compressed fuel, gas or oxygen, shall be constructed, main­tained and marked in accordance with the regulations o f theInterstate Commerce Commission.
C. Cylinders stored in the open shall be protected against
accumulation o f ice and snow and from the continuous directrays o f the sun when high temperatures prevail. W arm (nothot) water shall be used to thaw ice in cylinder valve outlets.
I). Cylinders shall be stored in definitely assigned places
away from elevators, stairs, gangways, or entrances to confined
spaces. Assigned storage spaces shall be located where cylin­ders w ill not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling
objects.
E.
Cylinders containing oxygen shall be stored well awayfrom cylinders containing combustible gases.
P. Cylinders permitted inside the building shall be stored ina w ell protected, ventilated, dry location, w ell aw ay fromhighly combustible material such as oil or excelsior and awayfrom stoves, radiators, or other sources o f heat.
G. Valve-protection caps shall always be in place, hand-tightexcept when cylinders are in use or connected fo r use.
H. Oxygen shall not be used as a substitute fo r compressed
air in pneumatic tools, in oil preheating burners, to start internalcombustion engines, to blow out pipe lines, to “ dust” clothing orwork, or to create pressure, or for ventilation.
I. Fuel gas cylinder valves shall be opened only w ith tools
specifically designed for that purpose. Oxygen cylinders, thevalves o f which cannot be opened by hand, shall be set aside
and the supplier notified.
J. Tam pering w ith safety devices in cylinders or valves is
prohibited.
K. Cylinders shall not be dropped or handled roughly.
L. A suitable platform shall be used when handling cylinders
with a crane or derrick. Slings or electric magnets shall not
be used.
M. A suitable truck, chain, or steadying device shall be
used to keep cylinders from being knocked over while in use.
N. Fuel gas or oxygen cylinders w ill not be used without
first attaching a regulator tb the cylinder,valve.
O. Cylinder valves not provided w ith fixed hand wheels shall

73
have keys or handles on valve spindles or stems while cylinders
are in service.
P. Operators shall be required to follow the procedure outlinedby the manufacturer o f the apparatus in use, insofar as they
deal with the sequence o f operations in lighting, adjusting, andextinguishing blowpipe flames and connecting the apparatus tosources o f gas supply. An acetylene cylinder valve shall not
be opened m ore than 1% turns o f the spindle.
Q. Cylinders shall be kept at sufficient distance from theactual welding or cutting operations so that sparks, hot slag,
or flame w ill not reach them.
R. Cylinder valves shall be closed when w ork is finished, or
before m oving cylinder. Valves o f empty cylinders shall beclosed.
S.
Em pty cylinders shall be marked “ M T” and segregatedfrom fu ll cylinders.
T. No one shall attempt to mix gases in a cylinder, refill acylinder, or use it fo r purposes other than intended by supplier.
U. Fuel gas cylinders found to have leaky valves or fittings
which the closing o f the valve w ill not stop shall be taken into
the open aw ay from any source o f ignition and slowly drainedo f gas. Cylinder w ill be tagged and the owner notified.
V. Keep oxygen cylinders and fittings away from oil or grease.
Cylinders, cylinder valves, couplings, regulators, hose, and ap­
paratus shall be kept free from oily or greasy substances andshall n ot be handled w ith oily hands or gloves. Oxygen cylin­ders should never be handled on the same platform with oil orplaced in a position where oil or grease is likely to fall uponthem. A je t o f oxygen should never be directed at oily surfaces,
greasy clothes, or into a fuel oil or other storage tank.
W. Concrete floors shall be protected from the heat o f theblowpipe flame or hot slag to prevent spalling.
X . Flames shall not be used to detect leaks.
Y. A ll hose used shall com ply with Federal Specifications
ZZ— H -461A H O S E : GAS, ACETYLENE, AIR , HYDROGEN
A.ND OXYGEN.
W hen parallel lengths o f oxygen and acetylene hose are
taped together, not more than fou r (4 ) inches out o f eacheight (8 ) shall be covered w ith tape. Hose shall not be crimped
or kinked.
Z. Hose connections shall be made through substantial fit­

74
tings, and clamped or otherwise securely fastened "so as toWithstand, without leakage a pressure twice as great as the
maximum pressure on the system.
SECTION 03—AR C W ELDIN G AN D CU TTING

8315.03

A. B efore starting operations, the operator shall make certainthat all electrical connections are securely made. The work
connection should be attached firmly to the work. W ork leads
shall be as short as possible.
B. A ll equipment shall regularly be checked to make certainthat electrical connections and insulation on the holders andcable are in good order. Unsafe equipment shall be reported
to the proper supervisors, and use o f such equipment discon­tinued until safe to operate.
C. Proper switching equipment for shutting down the w eld­ing machine shall be provided on or near the welding machine.
A suitable m otor starter o f the hand or magnetic type shall be
used.
D. A suitable means o f control for varying the welding cur­rent over the specified welding range shall be provided. A
suitable current-indicating device which shows the welding
current corresponding to the setting o f the generator control
shall also be provided.
E. A ll parts o f the motor and generator equipment shall besuitably inclosed and protected.
F. Neither terminal o f the welding generator shall be bonded
to the fram e o f the welder.
G. All electrode holders shall be fully insulated, specificallydesigned for arc welding and o f a capacity to safely handle
the maximum rated current required by the electrodes withwhich the holder is intended to be used. .
H. Electrodes shall be removed from the holder when not inuse.
I. A ll welding cables shall be o f the completely insulated,
flexible type, o f proper size, etc., for the maximum current
requirements o f the work.
J. Only rubber-covered cable free from splices shall be per­m itted fo r a minimum distance o f 10 feet from the electrodeholder.
K. Lengths o f cable shall be connected by substantial con­nectors o f a capacity at least that o f the cable.
L. Cable lugs shall be soldered to the cable and securely

75
fastened to give fu ll electrical contact. The exposed metalparts o f the lugs shall be completely covered with rubber tapeand protected w ith friction tape or equivalent protective
covering.
M. All ground connections shall be mechanically strong andelectrically adequate for the required current.
N. Proper electrical contact shall exist at all joints when abuilding structure or pipe line is used tem porarily as a groundreturn circuit.
O.
W here a structure or pipe line is continuously employed
as a ground-return circuit, all joints shall be bonded and nocondition o f electrolysis or fire hazard permitted to exist.
P. Pipe lines containing gases or flammable liquids, or con­duits carrying electrical conductors w ill not be used for aground-return circuit.
Q. W elding cables shall be kept dry where practicable, andfree from grease and oil.
R. A cable which has become worn, exposing bare conductors,
shall have that portion properly insulated.
S.
W hen the operator has occasion to leave his w ork or stop
w ork fo r any appreciable time, the power-supply switch in theequipment should be opened and the unit disconnected fromthe source o f power.
T. Cables shall be substantially supported overhead, i f prac­
ticable. I f this cannot be done, and cables are laid on floor or
ground, they should be protected in such a manner that theyw ill not be damaged or interfere with safe passage o f employees.
Special care shall be taken to see that welding supply cables
are not in proxim ity to power-supply cables or other high-tension
wires.
SECTIO N 04— FIRE PRE VEN TIO N

8315.04

A. W elding and cutting operations shall be conducted only
in locations that have been freed from fire hazards.
B. B efore welding or cutting on bulkheads, decks or similar
surfaces, an inspection shall be made to see that no combustible
material is present on either the front or back side o f the surface.
C. W elding operations in rooms or compartments containing
flammable vapors or in closed tanks or other containers thathave held flammable gases or liquids shall be in compliance withthe provisions o f Section 8313.01, Flammables. When welding
or cutting.is being done in the vicinity o f combustible material,

76
special precautions shall be taken to prevent fire. W ooden floors
should preferably be covered with metal or other suitable non­combustible material.
D. Approved fire-extinguishing equipment shall be maintainednear w elding and cutting operations. In confined spaces, theuse o f extinguishing agents that are hazardous to the health o f
w orkers shall not be used. When combustible m aterial has
been exposed to either sparks or heat, a w atcher shall be assigned
to remain at the location for at least 30 minutes after the job
is completed.
E. Installed fire protection shall be maintained while welding
or cutting operations are in progress.
SECTIO N 05— PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AN D
EQUIPM EN T

8315.05

A Flam eproofed gauntlet gloves shall be w orn by all opera­
tors.
B. One or more o f the follow ing items o f protective equip­
ment shall be provided as the w ork hazards requ ire:
Flam eproofed aprons or clothing
F ire resistant leggings, boots or spats
Sheet metal screens to protect legs o f workmen
Capes or shoulder covers and skull cap o f leather or othersuitable material when engaged in overhead welding
E ar protectors
C. Helmets or hand shields shall be used in all arc welding
operations. Goggles shall be w orn on all welding, cutting or
burning operations.
D. F ilter lenses in helmets, shields and goggles shall be inaccordance w ith requirements o f the Am erican Standards Asso­
ciation Standard fo r Safety in Electric and Gas W elding andCutting Operations, Z49.1-1944.
E. W here continuous welding w ith the electric arc is carriedon in a building, the walls o f the welding bay shall be painted
flat black o r other non-reflecting color.
F. W here practicable the welders shall be inclosed in indi­vidual booths or by portable flameproofed screens painted flat
black or other non-reflecting color. Booths and screens shallpermit circulation o f air at floor level.
G. W h ere it is im practicable to inclose or isolate arc welding •operations, all persons other than welders w orking within sev­
enty-five (75) feet o f the arc shall wear approved goggles.

77
SECTION 06— V E N TILA TIO N

8315.06

A. In welding or cutting lead or cadmium coated metals or
metals covered w ith lead mercury or cadmium bearing paint, orlead bearing steels, an air line respirator, hose mask or local
exhaust ventilation shall be used. F or intermittent operations,a filter type respirator approved by U. S. Bureau o f Mines fo rlead fumes may be used.
B. In welding shop or in inclosed areas where welding is fre­quently carried on, ventilation shall be in accordance "with therequirements o f the American Standards Association Standard
for Safety in E lectric and Gas W elding and Cutting Operations,Z49.1-1944.
C. All welding and cutting operations carried on inside small
inclosed or restricted spaces such as tanks, boilers, pressure
vessels and compartments or holds o f ships shall be ventilated
to prevent the accumulation of toxic gases or oxygen deficiency.
All air replacing that withdrawn shall be clean and respirable.
W here it is im practicable to provide such ventilation, air line
respirators or hose masks shall be used.
D. When welding operations are carried on inside galvanized
metal, brass or bronze containers, or where fluorine fluxing ma­
terials are used, an approved type air line respirator or hosemask shall be used.
E. In lead burning operations, an air line respirator or hosemask or filter type respirator approved by TJ. S. Bureau o f Mines
shall be used. In closed containers, only air line respirators or
hose masks shall be used.
F. In metal spraying operations with non-lead alloys, a posi­tive ventilating device or approved type air line respirator orhose mask shall be used. When lead or its alloys are used only
air line respirators or hose masks shall be used.
SECTIO N 07— CONFIN ED SPACES

8315.07

A. When welding, cutting or burning is perform ed in confined
spaces, the cylinders and other heavy welding or cutting equip­
ment shall be left on the outside.
B. In confined spaces where the means o f exit is a manhole orother small opening, means shall be provided for quickly remov­
ing workers in an emergency. An attendant shall be stationed
outside the exit at all times while work is in progress.
C. W hen arc welding in a confined space is suspended fo r any
substantial period o f time such as during lunch or overnight, all78electrodes shall be removed from the holders and such equip­
ment removed or disconnected from the source o f power.
D.
When gas welding, cutting or burning in confined spaces issuspended, torch valves shall be closed and gas and oxygen
supply to torch positively shut off outside the confined space.

MACHINERY AND MECHANIZEDEQUIPMENTSECTION 01— GENERAL

8316.01

A Inspection.
1. M achinery and mechanized equipment, hereinafter called
equipment, shall not be placed in operation until it has beeninspected by a qualified person and found to be in safe operating
condition.
2. A regular weekly inspection shall be made o f all equipment.
3. D efective equipment shall be removed from service, re­paired and reinspected before being again placed in service.
4. Current records o f all inspections shall be kept on fileand be available fo r review by representatives o f the Safety
Section.
5. A ll self-propelled equipment or com binations o f equip­
ment shall at night and at other times when visibility is lessthan five hundred (500) feet be equipped w ith at least one
white light on the front and one red light in the rear.
6. Riding on equipment by unauthorized persons is prohibited.
7. Getting on or off any equipment while it is in motion isprohibited.
B. Guarding, Safety Devices, Ladders, Platform s, Etc.
1. A ll belts, gears, shafts, clutches, drums, flywheels, chains,
and other reciprocating or rotating parts o f equipment shall be
guarded.
2. Platform s, footw alks, steps, ladders, handholds, guard­
rails, and toeboards shall be provided on all equipment where
necessary.
3. Means shall be provided to prevent the starting o f equip­
ment by unauthorized, persons.
4. A suitable operating floor or platform o f nonslip material
shall be provided fo r all equipment operators.

79
5. No guard, safety appliance or device shall be removed or
made Ineffective except for the purpose o f im m ediately making
repairs or adjustments and then only after the power has been
shut off. Such guards and devices shall be replaced immediately
after completion o f repairs and adjustments.
6. Operators o f equipment shall have suitable protection
against the elements, fallin g objects, swinging loads, and similar
hazards.
7. A ll w indows in shields, cabs, or inclosures on equipment
shall be o f safety glass.
8. A warning device shall be provided on all equipment where
there is danger to workmen in moving the equipment or fromswinging loads, buckets, booms, etc.
9. All current carrying parts o f electrically operated equip­
m ent shall be properly isolated or guarded. All noncurrent
carrying metal parts shall be properly grounded.
10. All equipment and exhaust, steam or other lines carry­ing high temperatures located where they endanger employees
or create a fire hazard shall be covered w ith suitable insulating
material.
11. Exhausts from all equipment powered by steam or internal
combustion engines shall be piped to the outside and so locatedthat they do not endanger workmen or obstruct the view o f theoperator.
C. FLA M M A B LE S.
1. Refueling any type o f equipment w ith liquid fuel while
the motor is running is. prohibited.
2. Smoking or the use o f open flames on or in the immediate
vicinity o f equipment being refueled is prohibited.
3. No solvent with a flash point below 100° F. shall be used
fo r the cleaning o f equipment or parts.
4. All gasoline or other highly flammable fluids used on
equipment shall be handled by pumps or in approved type safety
cans. Gasoline, lubricating oil, and other flammable fluids
shall not be stored on equipment except in fuel tanks or approved
type safety cans w it h 'a capacity o f not m ore than 1 day’s
requirements.
5. Fuel tank filler openings shall not be located in such a
position that spills or overflows can run down on a hot motor,
exhaust pipe, or battery.
6. An approved type fire extinguisher shall be located on or
in close proxim ity to all equipment.

80
D. Repairs.
1. All equipment shall be shut down for repairs and shall havean “ Out o f Order” sign posted; such sign shall not be re­moved until repairs are completed, equipment inspected andapproved fo r service.
2. W hen repairs are necessary on m obile equipment, it shall be
removed to a location which w ill not interfere w ith other opera­
tions and provide a safe workplace for repairmen.
3. Equipment w hich is suspended in slings or supported byhoist or jacks for repairs shall be blocked or cribbed before men
are permitted to w ork underneath.
4. When repairs are made remote from the source o f power
on conveyors, cableways, etc., chains, blocking, or other suchdevices shall be used to prevent injury in case o f accidental
starting.
5. B efore starting repairs on electrically powered equipment,
the switch shall be locked in open position. The key to switch
lock shall be retained by the repairman.
E. M iscellaneous.
1. Accumulations o f debris, oil, grease, oily rags, waste, etc.,
on equipment shall not be permitted.
2. Safe load capacity a n d /or operating speeds shall be posted
on all equipment and shall not be exceeded.
3. Equipment shall be placed on a firm foundation and prop­
erly secured in place.
4. B efore moving mobile equipment, a survey o f the area inwhich it is located shall be made to check for overhead wires.
5. Portable equipment shall not be moved into, out of, oroperated in any area containing high voltage electric lines,
pipelines, excavations and similar hazards until the approvalo f a responsible supervisor has been obtained.
6. Equipment shall not be operated within 10 feet o f highvoltage lines unless the current has been shut off.
7. Equipment shall not be located or operated so that slides,
blasts, or the collapse o f trenches or excavations can endanger
employees, or damage equipment.

81
SECTIO N 02— CRANES, HOISTS, AN D D ERRICKS

8316.02

A. Miscellaneous.
1. A ll cranes, hoists, and derricks shall have a minimum fa c ­tor o f safety o f five.
2. All cranes, hoists, and derricks shall be equipped withproper dogs or pawls and braking equipment, which shall becapable o f effectively braking and holding a weight o f at least
one and one-half times the fu ll rated load.
3. Extensions or outriggers w ill not be permitted unlessdesigned by the manufacturer o f the equipment on which they
are to be used.
4. Capacity plates shall be attached to all cranes, hoists, andderricks. On boom cranes and derricks, they shall clearly indi­cate the safe load in tons fo r maximum and minimum positionso f the boom and fo r at least two intermediate stations. These
indications shall be fo r loads both with and without outriggers.
5. There shall be at least tw o full wraps of cable on the drums
o f cranes, hoists, and derricks at all times o f operation.
6. Riding on loads, hooks, hammers, material hoists, orbuckets shall n ot be permitted.
7. Loads, booms, buckets, etc., shall not be swung over theheads o f workmen.
8. W hile hoisting equipment is in operation, the operator shallnot be permitted to perform any other work.
9. W hile a load is suspended from a crane or derrick, or ona hoist or elevator platform , the operator shall not leave his
position at the controls until the load has been landed or the
bucket or platform returned to the ground level.
10. Side pulls shall not be made with cranes or derricks.
The crane boom shall be directly over the load to be lifted.
11. All slings, cables, chains, and other gear used in connec­
tion with crapes, hoists and derricks, shall be under supervisiono f and maintained by properly qualified persons.
12. A notice shall be posted in the cab o f every derrick, crane,
dragline, etc., prohibiting the operator from bringing the boomor other part o f machine within 10 feet o f high voltage wires.
B. M aterial—H oists and Tow ers.
1.
The shaftways and cars o f hoists shall be constructed o fsound material capable o f sustaining the maximum rated load
w ith a factor of safety o f five. The tower shall be crossbraced

82
and strutted and w ell guyed or otherwise strongly anchored.
Tow ers shall be vertically straight and plumb.
2. Landing platforms connecting the hoist shaftway to thebuilding shall be provided with guardrails and toeboards.
3. Tow ers shall be provided with suitable platforms, withguardrails and toeboards at each level where men work.
4. The shaftways o f hoists shall have a solid or substantial
grille or lattice work enclosure on all sides not used fo r loadingor unloading, extending to a height o f at least 7 feet from eachlanding. The entrance to the shaftway shall be protected bya hinged bar placed at least 18 inches from the flush line o f the
shaftway. W here the entrance to shaftways is exposed to haz­ard from fallin g objects, a substantial covering shall be provided.
5. The cars o f all hoists shall be provided at the top with acover o f either solid material or grille work. The covers shallbe set back not more than 6 inches from the landing thresholdand shall be hinged on the landing side not less than 18 inchesback.
6. Builders’ hoists shall not be operated when men are work­
ing in or on a hatchway or tower.
7. No person shall be permitted to enter a hoist pit until the
car or bucket has been landed on suitable blocking or horizontal
timbers placed across shaft opening.
C. Signal Systems.
1. A standard signal system shall be used on all cranes, hoists
and derricks.
2. H oist signals shall be given only by the designated signal­man.
3. W here the signalman cannot be observed by the operator,
a mechanical or electric signal system shall be used.
4. The signal code shall be posted adjacent to the signal device
and at each w ork level and at operator’s location and shall beclearly visible.
D. Pile Driving.
1. The hose on all steam or air hammers shall be lashed orotherwise fastened to prevent injury to workmen in case o f abroken connection.
2. W hile inserting a pile or when not in use, the hammer shallbe blocked in the leads.

83
SECTIO N 03—W OOD W O RK IN G M ACH IN ERY

8316.03

A. Miscellaneous.
1. W oodw orking machinery shall be operated only by prop­
erly qualified persons.
2. W oodw orking machinery shall not be permitted to run
unattended.
3. Suitable means shall be provided for the removal o f saw­
dust, chips and shavings on all woodworking machinery.
4. Band saws shall not be operated at temperatures below 45°.
5. Cylindrical cutterheads shall be used on all jointers andplaners.
6. A pusher stick or block shall be used in all close operations
on circular saws, jointers, and sanders.
7. Cracked saws shall be taken out o f service immediately.
Drilling to prevent further cracking is prohibited.
8. A ll woodworking tools shall be kept sharp and maintainedin safe working condition.
9. Sharpening, brazing, welding, and repairing o f w oodwork­
ing tools and equipment shall be done only by properly qualified
persons.

B. Guarding.
1. A ll belts, pulleys, clutches, gears, sprockets, spindles, andother rotating and reciprocating parts shall be properly guarded.
2. The peripheral length o f circular saws beneath saw tables
shall be guarded.
3. Positive locking belt shifter or suitable stop and start but­tons shall be provided on all woodworking equipment. These
devices shall be located within easy reach o f the operator.
4. Chip screens or safety goggles shall be provided at all loca­
tions where there is danger o f injuries from sawdust, chips, orother flying particles.
5. Band saws shall be fully inclosed by a band guard except at
the point o f operation.
6. All swing cut-off and radial saws shall be equipped with alim it stop which w ill prevent the outside edge o f the saw fromextending beyond the edge o f the table.
7. That section o f cutterhead in back o f the guide shall be
guarded on all jointers.

84
C. Point o f Operation.
1. The point o f operation on circular saws, band saws, jointers,
borers, shapers, sanders, and other woodworking machineryshall be properly guarded.
2. All circular rip saws shall be provided with a hood guard,
splitter, and kick-back device.
3. On all band saws a telescopic guard attached to the gauge
block and extending to the upper wheel inclosure shall be used.
4. W here the volume o f typical w ork is large, the use o f a jig
or fixture may be permitted with the approval o f the superin­tendent.

FLOATING PLANTSECTION 01— IN SPECTION AN D CE RTIFICATIO N

8317.01

A. Floating plant requiring an inspection a n d /or certificate
under the regulations o f the United States Coast Guard shallhave such certificate posted before starting work.
B. A ll floating plant shall be reinspected and the certificateo f approval renewed annually. For m ajor repairs or altera­tions, floating plant shall be taken out o f service, reinspected,
and the certificate returned or reissued before being placed inoperation.
C. A ll persons requiring a license under the Regulations of
the United States Coast Guard shall have in their possession acurrent license before being permitted to operate floating plantor equipment.
D. W eekly inspections shall be made in connection with acci­
dent prevention, sanitation and health, on all floating plant
and a record kept o f such inspections.
SECTIO N 02— GANGW AYS, GUARDRAILS,
PLATFORM S, ETC.

8317.02

A. Gangways equipped with guardrails or life lines shall be
provided fo r boarding or leaving all floating plant. W here theuse o f gangways is impracticable, ladders shall be provided.
A ll gangways and ladders shall be properly secured to prevent
slipping or falling.
B. A ll gangways, ladders, stairways, passageways, etc., shallbe kept free o f ice, snow, grease, mud, and other material. Sand,
cinders, calcium chloride or other similar material shall be used
where slippery surfaces cannot be avoided.

85
C. Nonslip surfaces shall be provided on all stair treads, lad­ders, floor plates, platforms, catwalks, and walkways, and on
the weather side o f all doorways opening on deck.
D. On stairways, companionways, and passageways where
overhead clearance is lim ited suitable warning signs shall be
posted.
E. Guardrails, life lines, or gratings shall be provided at all
deck openings.
P. Handrails shall be installed on all stairways, ship ladders,companionways, and other such places where danger o f falling
exists.
G. Bulwarks, guardrails, or life lines shall be provided on
all floating plant on which men are regularly employed or quar­
tered. Similar provisions shall be made on all floating plant
where practical.
H. A ll cargo and material runways or stages shall be pro­vided w ith a substantial curb on each side at least six (6) inches
high.
I. Pipe lines shall be equipped with walkways which shallhave a minimum w idth o f 20 inches. W alkways shall be securely
anchored to the pipe line supports. A guardrail equivalent instrength to a w ood rail (2 by 4 inches) shall be provided on atleast one side o f walkway and shall be secured to uprights atintervals o f not more than eight (8) feet. Such guardrail shallbe not less than thirty-six (36) nor m ore than forty-tw o (42)inches in height.
J. Catwalks or platform s with guardrails shall be provided
at all locations where men are regularly employed above decks,
floor plates, or over water.
K. All persons working aloft except on catwalks or platform s
provided with guardrails shall be equipped with safety belts
and life lines.
L. On all floating plant a walkway not less than two (2) feetwide shall be maintained outboard o f all cargo or other materials
stored on deck.
M. A three-fourth- (% -) inch line with knots twelve (12)inches apart shall be hung over the side o f floating plant atintervals o f not more than fifty (50) feet.
SECTION 03— M ACH IN ERY AN D DECKGEAR

8317.03A.
No person shall be permitted to enter a boiler, tank, coffer­dam, double bottom, or other confined area until proper check86
has been made to insure a safe air supply, necessary protective
equipment has been provided, and an attendant stationed at theentrance.
B. All belts, gears, chains,. pulleys, couplings, projecting set
screws, keys, and other rotating or reciprocating parts when
exposed to hazardous contact shall be enclosed or properly
guarded.
C. A ll equipment and exhaust, steam, or other lines carrying
high temperatures, where they endanger employees or createa fire hazard shall be guarded or covered by adequate insulation.
D. Engine throttle valves, boiler stops, starting switches anddevices shall be locked in off position before starting repairs
and key to such lock shall be retained by person making repairs.
E. D rip pans shall be installed at ail locations where wastefrom engines or machinery may accumulate. Pans shall be
emptied regularly.
F. Rem ote control shall be provided On floating plant forfuel shut-off valves, boiler stops, engine throttles, safety valves,and fixed fire extinguishing systems. Such controls shall belocated on deck in such a position that they are protectedagainst accidental operation but may be readily accessible tooperate in an emergency.
G. Hooks, shackles, rings, pad eyes, chains, slings, etc., thathave been bent, twisted, or otherwise damaged shall be removed
from service.
H. A ll lines, gear, cargo, and other material shall be securely
stowed or arranged in an orderly manner out o f walkways,
passageways, and w ork areas.
I. When handling lines on a power capstan or winch head,two men shall be u sed; one to handle lines and the other tooperate such capstan or winch head.
J. The use o f cranks on hand-powered winches or hoists is
prohibited. Wheels without projecting spokes or pins shall be
used,
K. Employees shall be required to stand clear o f all chains,
lines, and cables under strain.
L. A ll permanent running rigging when exposed to hazardous
contact shall be properly guarded.
M. B efore anyone is permitted to w ork on cutterheads, suc­tion ladders, stern wheels or at such locations, chains, w ire
lashings, safety dogs or other similar devices shall be used
to prevent accidental starting.

87
N. Axes in suitable brackets shall be provided forw ard andaft on all towing vessels.
O.
All loose ends o f w ire rope shall be serviced or lashed toprevent hazardous contact.
SECTION 04—M ISCELLANEOU S

8317.04

A. Suitable launches or tenders shall be provided for trans­
portation to or from floating plant.
B. Employees shall not be permitted to sit or stand on deck
railings, shafting, winch heads or other such hazardous places.
C. During inclement weather, at night, or in highly hazard­
ous locations, no person, except watchman, shall be permitted
to work alone.
D. Adequate lighting shall be provided at all times on all
floating plant, pipelines, piers, landings and other adjacentareas used by the crew or other authorized persons.
E. All deck fittings and sim ilar stumbling hazards shall be
painted yellow.
F. A suitable whistle, siren, horn, or other such device shallbe provided on all floating plant which is unattended by an­other vessel so equipped for signaling to shore or other vessels.
G. On all floating plant where ten (10) or more men arequartered, one man shall be on watch at all times to guard
against fire, collision and other such hazards.
H. W hen engaged in operations where floating plant may beendangered by hurricanes, storms, or floods, plans shall be madein advance fo r removal o f plant and evacuation o f personnel
in emergencies. Such plans shall be approved by the D istrict
Engineer.
I. Grappling irons or drags shall be provided at all locations
where men are employed on floating plant or adjacent to water.
SECTIO N 05— LAU NCH ES AN D M OTORBOATS

8317.05

A. Launches and motorboats shall be operated by regularly
designated operators or crews.
B. A daily inspection shall be made o f all fuel lines, electric
wiring, bilges, bilge pumps, exhaust lines, ventilating equip­
ment, fire-extinguishing equipment, and lifesaving equipment
on launches and m otorboats.
C. All launches ?ind motorboats having power plants located■ in cabins or compartments shall be equipped witl) a built-in
CO: or other equally effective type o f fire-extinguishing system.

88
A t least one carbon tetrachloride C 02 or dry powder pressure
type hand fire extinguisher shall be carried on all launches
and motorboats including outboards.
D. A ll launches and motorboats having gasoline power plants
located in cabins or compartments shall be equipped with an
exhaust fan for ventilating engine spaces and bilges. Such fan
shall be o f the explosion-proof types and arranged so that theengine cannot be started until the engine space and bilges havebeen properly ventilated. For diesel pow er plants, natural draft
ventilation w ith permanently open inlet and outlet ducts extend­
ing to the bilges shall be provided. Inlet and exhaust ducts
shall be equipped w ith suitable cowls or exhaust heads.
E. All electrical w iring shall be oilproof, wear-resisting cable.
A ll switches in motor compartment shall be non-sparking type.
Spark plugs shall be protected by insulating nipples or hoods.
F. No running motors, smoking, fires, open flames, or othersources o f ignition shall be permitted while launches or m otor­
boats are being refueled.
6.
Gauge glasses shall not be installed on fuel tanks. Other
means fo r gauging fu el shall be provided.
H. A cut-off valve shall be provided in the fuel line at thetank in all gasoline powered launches or motorboats to whichshall be attached three separate pulls located remote from eachother.
I. The fuel valve shall be closed at the tank on all launches
and motorboats when shutting down fo r the night or more thaneight hours.
J. All carburetors on launches or motorboats shall beequipped w ith a backfire trap or flame arrestor. A screened
drip pan which is em ptied. continuously by suction from theintake m anifold shall also be provided.
K. The maximum number o f passengers permitted on all
launches or motorboats shall be posted and shall not be
exceeded.
L. No person except man tending lines shall be permitted
to board or leave a launch or m otorboat until such launchor motorboat has been securely tied up.
M. L ife preservers shall be provided fo r all passengers andcrew members o f launches and motorboats.
N. The presence o f fumes, vapors, or gases shall require atest to be made fo r flammable or toxic concentrations andmen shall not be permitted to w ork in or occupy such quarters
until safe to do so.

SECTION 06— DRILLS

8317.06

A. On all floating plant having regular crews and on which men
are employed or quartered, the follow ing drills are required tobe held at least once monthly.
1. Boat or abandon ship drills.
2. Fire drills.
3. Man overboard or rescue drills. This applies to all
locations where rescue skiffs are required under theseregulations.
B. When drills are held in accordance w ith these require­ments, each drill shall be held separately at least one hourapart.
O.
A suitable electrical or mechanical alarm device shall be
provided on all floating plant covered in these requirements.
D. A record of all drills shall be kept and be available forinspection.
E. A ll equipment and devices used in connection with such
drills shall be inspected during drills and necessary repairs
or replacements made. Such repairs and replacements shall be
noted In record o f drill. 'SECTIO N 07—R IN G BU OYS

8317.07

A. King buoys shall be provided and located where readily
available under the follow in g con dition s:
1. On vessels, launches, barges and other floating plant up
to one hundred (100) feet in length, two (2 ) shall be
provided. Tw o (2 ) additional shall be supplied foreach increase in length o f one hundred (100) feet or
fraction thereof.
2. On pipe lines, walkways, w harfs, piers, bulkheads, lockwalls, etc., and on scaffolds or platform extending
over water, at intervals o f not more than two hun­dred (200) feet.
B. A t least one ring buoy as required under A - l and every
third one thereafter shall have an approved water light at­
tached. For night operations every other ring buoy as required
under A -2 shall have an approved water light attached.
C. On gasoline and oil barges or other locations where open
flames may cause a fire or explosion, electric water lights shallbe used.

90
D.
A t least one ring buoy on each side as required underA - l and all ring buoys as required under A -2 shall have a life
line attached and coiled so that it w ill not fou l oh release
Such line shall consist o f not less than fifty (50) feet o f threeeighths ( % ) inch line.
SECTION 08—SK IFFS

8317.08

A. The permissible number o f passengers in skiffs shall be thenumber that can safely be placed in fixed seats allow ing'not lessthan eighteen (18) inches o f seat per passenger. Each skiff
shall have the number o f persons allowed to be carried plainly
marked on each bow in letters and figures not less than threefourths ( % ) o f an inch high.
B. No person shall be permitted to use a skiff or sm all boat
unless he is properly qualified and instructed in the safe handlingo f same.
C. Skiffs or small boats w ill not be used by employees without
specific permission from the supervisor in charge.
D. One or more lifesaving skiffs shall be provided for eachfloating plant and fo r each shore establishment where men are
working adjacent to water. Each skiff shall be kept afloat or
ready fo r instant launching. Such skiffs shall be used only forlifesaving and lifesaving drills.
E. Each lifesaving skiff shall be equipped with not less than
fou r (4) oars, with oarlocks securely attached to the gunwales,one (1 ) boat hook (sharp pointed h ook ), and one (1 ) ring buoywith fifty (50) feet o f three-eighths ( % ) inch line attached.
P. One-half ( Vi) inch line shall extend along outer side ofgunwales and stern and shall be securely fastened at intervals
o f not m ore than three (3 ) feet. Such lines shall hang loosely
and have a seine float placed in each bight.
SECTIO N 09—LIFE VESTS (W O R K V E STS)

8317.09

A. L ife vests shall be a type approved by the Office o f the
Chief o f Engineers.
B. L ife vests shall support a dead weight o f sixteen (16)pounds fo r at least three hours in fresh water. A ll life vests
in service shall be inspected once a month and tested by im­
mersion at intervals o f not over six months. Any vest which
does not pass the test shall be removed from service.
C. A ll covers, pads, ties, fastenings, etc., shall be maintainedin good condition.

91
D. A sufficient number o f life vests shall be provided fo r all
persons coming under these regulations.
E. L ife vests shall be worn by all person s:
1. On pipeline, pontoons, rafts, and float stages, etc.
2. On floating plant not equipped with bulwarks, guardrails
or life lines.
3. On buildings or structures extending over water except
where proper scaffolds or platform s with guardrails,
or safety belts and life lines are provided.
4. When w orking over the side o f a vessel or floating plant.
5. W orking alone or at night in hazardous locations.
6. In skiffs, small boats or launches except when in an en­
closed cabin or cockpit.
SECTION 10— FIR E PRE VEN TION A N D
PRO TECTION

8317.10

A. All combustible debris on floating plant shall be continually
removed.
B. On all floating plant fifty (50) feet or over in length con­structed o f or having on board combustible material, not lessthan fou r (4) fire buckets with lanyards attached shall be pro­vided. On floating plant less than fifty (50) feet in length andon all launches, motorboats, work boats, etc., at least one firebucket shall be provided. One two-and-one-half (2 % ) gallon
soda and acid or pump tank extinguisher may be substituted foreach fire bucket.
C. Floating plant over fifty (50) feet in length on which ten(10) or m ore men are regularly employed or quartered shall be
provided with a fire pump and sufficient outlets and one andone-half (1 % ) inch hose to reach any point on board.
D. A ll gasoline storage areas, paint lockers, lamp lockers,
m otor compartments, fire and engine rooms, shall be equippedwith a “ built-in” C 0 2, foam, fognozzle or steam fire extinguishingsystem. These locations shall also be equipped with one or more
approved type hand fire extinguisher.
E. Gasoline and other flammable fluids shall not be stored
below decks on floating plant except in tanks especially provided
fo r the purpose. Such tanks shall be equipped with fill pipes
and vents carried outside the hull or,structure at a safe location.
A ll vents shall be equipped with flame arrestors.
P. Gasoline or other flammable fluids in drums, and flammableor toxic gases shall be stored on deck in a safe location. All

92containers shall he properly secured, protected against injury
and so arranged that they can be thrown overboard on
emergency.
G. H andling o f all flammable fluids shall be in approved
type safety cans.
H. Oily rags, waste, etc., shall be kept in covered metal con­tainers.
SECTIO N 11— SANITATION— LIV IN G QUARTERS

8317.11A A ll water used fo r drinking, cooking, dishwashing, andbathing shall be from a source known to be free o f pollution.
I f such waiter is not available, a water treatment unit or stillshall be provided.
B. On all vessels using other than potable water at outlets
in galley, toilets, or other locations where it may be mistaken
fo r drinking purposes shall have all such outlets marked “ UN­
F IT TO D RIN K .”C. H ot and cold running water shall be supplied to all galleys,
toilet rooms, showers, and laundry trays.
D. W ater closets shall be provided in the ratio o f one foreach fifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
E. Urinals may be substituted fo r one-third ( % ) o f the re­quired number o f water closets.
F. Open-front seats shall be provided in all water closets.
G. A ll toilet seats shall be so constructed or finished as tobe impervious to moisture.
H. All water closets and urinals shall be provided with asufficient supply o f water for flushing purposes and automatic or
manual flushing arrangements.
I. Wash bow ls shall be provided in the ratio o f one fo r eachfifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
J. Shower or tub baths shall be provided in the ratio o f one
fo r each fifteen (15) persons or fraction thereof.
K. A ll living quarters, toilets, galleys, and washrooms shallbe maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
L. All mattresses, pillows, and blankets shall be disinfected
before being issued to an employee.
M. Clean bed linen and towels shall be provided weekly.
N. A reading light shall be installed at each bunk in crew’s
quai'ters o f floating plant.
O.
Individual clothes lockers shall be provided on floating
plant where men are quartered.

93
P. H eating arrangements capable o f maintaining a tempera­ture o f 70° in living quarters shall be provided on all floating
plant having regular crews or on w hich men are quartered.
Q. Adequate ventilation shall be provided in living quarters
and w ork areas. W here natural circulation is insufficient, fansor other mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
R. Insect screens shall be provided fo r all living quarters.
S.
W here communicable diseases or vermin are present on
floating plant, all such plant or section thereof which havebeen affected shall be fumigated. The person in charge shall be
responsible for the evacuation o f all persons in affected areas
before starting to fumigate.
T. W arning signs shall be posted at all locations where fum i­gating is taking place, and such signs shall not be removed or
persons permitted to enter until such areas have been properly
ventilated and pronounced safe for occupancy by the person
in charge.
SECTION 12—M EDICAL SUPPLIES AN D FIR ST A ID

8317.12

A. Floating plant requiring m edicine chests under the re­quirements o f the United States Public Health Service shallbe so equipped.
B. Floating plant not included in paragraph A, on which
men are quartered and which are so located that such supplies
and m edical attention are not available, shall be provided w ith
necessary quantities o f the fo llo w in g :Alcohol— Cleansing and disinfectant fo r wounds.
Aspirin or Empirin compound— Use to reduce fever and torelieve headache, rheumatism, or pain in the joints andmuscles. Give in doses o f 1 to 3 tablets every 4 hours
i f necessary. Never give more than 12 tablets in 24 hours.
Arom atic spirits o f ammonia.
Absorbent cotton, *4 lb. rolls (1st g ra de).
Adhesive plaster, 2 " x 5 yards.
Applicators, 6 " wooden.
Brown mixture— 20 grain tablet, cough; allow tablet todissolve on tongue and swallow solution.
Bicarbonate o f soda, 5-grain tablets.
B oric acid, powder.
Bandage, 3” x 10 yards.
Belladonna plaster, 7 " x 1 yard, in tin cans.

94
Castor oil, pu rgative; 1 to 4 tablespoonfuls. *Compound cathartic pills, purgative; give 1 to 2 pills.
Cascara, aromatic, la xa tiv e; give 2 teaspoonfuls.
Tannic acid jelly or Foille— for burns.
Camphorated oil, % pint.
Dropper, medicine, curved.
Ear drops, carbolic acid, 1 fluid dram ; glycerine, 7 fluid
drams.
Glass, medical, graduated 4 tablespoons to 8 teaspoons.
H ot water bottle, or electric heating pad where current is
av ailab le; or thermal heating pad or equal.
Ice bag.
Ichthyol ointment, 20 percent, collapsible tube.
Magnesium sulphate (epsom sa lts), cathartic; 2 to 4 tablespoonsfuls dissolved in water.
M ercurial ointment (blue ointm ent)— Used in destroying
crab lice and sometimes as a dressing fo r chronic ulcers.
Smear over hairy parts and allow to remain fo r a day
or two, then wash thoroughly w ith soap and water.
M ilk o f bismuth— fo r relief o f diarrhea. Give 1 tablespoon­
ful every tw o hours until arrested; do not give overfour doses.
Oil o f clove— Relieve toothache; apply w ith absorbent
cotton.
Quinine sulphate, 5-grain tablets or capsules for malaria.
Give 10 grains three times daily for three or four days,
then 10 grains every night for eight weeks.
Spray, insecticide liquid.
Sun cholera mixture, 5 grains.
Compound methyl salicylate ointment— F or rheumatism,sprains and bruises: %-oz. tubes and 1-lb. jars.
Tincture o f iodine, 3 % % solution; 2-oz. bottles w ith air­tight caps.
Thermometer, clinical.
Tongue depressors, wooden.
Vaseline, ointm ent; % -lb. jars.
Zinc oxide—Useful in cases o f inflamed, itching or irritatedskin; fo r eruptions o f the skin and sunburn.
Scissors, 4 " bandage type.
Neo-synephrin hydrochloride jelly, % % a n d/or neo-synephrin hydrochloride solution, ^ 4 % ; for relief and treat­ment o f head colds.

95
Sodium chloride (salt) tablets, 10 grains, each ; fo r preven­tion o f heat exhaustion.
Five-percent alcoholic solution o f ferric-chloride, 30 per­cent glycerine; or 10-percent solution o f tannic acid in
w a te r; for poison ivy, oak and sumac.
Oil o f citronella— F or mosquito control.
Ten-percent solution of sulphur ointment— For chigger bites.
Cresol— Compound disinfectant for sanitary purposes; usedin 1- to 5-percent stren gth ; tw o teaspoonfuls added to 1
quart o f water w ill make 1-percent solution.
One copy of “ The Ship’s Medicine Chest and First Aid atSea,” published by the United States Public Health Serv­ice, shall be provided.
C.
On all floating plant, 16-unit first-aid kits shall be pro­v ided in the ratio o f one fo r each 25 persons or fraction thereofand so located as to provide maximum accessibility.

MOTOR VEHICLESSECTION 01— D E FIN IT IO N

8318.01

A motor vehicle, hereinafter referred to as a vehicle, shallmean every self-propelled vehicle used for transporting persons
or property except vehicles designed for exclusive use off the
highway.
SECTION 02—O PERA TO R’S PERM ITS

8318.02

A. Government vehicles .— Every person regularly or occasion­
ally operating a government m otor vehicle shall have passed theprescribed examination and test o f the Corps o f Engineers andhave in his possession at all times while operating such vehicle
a Motor Vehicle Operator’s Permit, W. D., A. G. O. Form 9-74.
B. Contractor’s vehicles .— Every person regularly or occasion­
ally operating a contractor’s motor vehicle shall have in his pos­session at all times while operating such vehicle a valid state
motor vehicle operator’s permit.
SECTIO N 03— G EN ERAL

8318.03

A. No vehicle shall be placed in service until it has beeninspected by a qualified person and found to be in safe operating
condition.
B. All vehicles and their equipment shall be inspected weekly.
C. Vehicles a n d /or equipment found to be in unsafe operating

96
condition shall be removed from service, repaired or-replaced,
and reinspected before being placed in service again.
D. Current records o f all inspections shall be kept on file andbe available for review.
E. No operator shall be permitted to operate a m otor vehicle
for m ore than ten (10) hours in any one day or m ore than sixty(60) hours in any one week. Exceptions to this regulation w ill
only be made under authorization of the Division, D istrict orArea Engineers or Commanding Officer o f Independent Estab­lishments.
SECTIO N 04— EQUIPM EN T

8318.04

A. A ll vehicles or combination o fvehicles, except motorcycles,
shall be equipped with at least the follow ing lig h ts:
1. Tw o headlights; one on either side.
2. One red taillight and one red or amber stop light.
B. M otorcycles shall be equipped w ith one headlight and one
red tail lamp.
. C. All lamps required to be securely and permanently affixed
to any vehicle shall be electric.
D. Every vehicle or combination o f vehicles, except trailers
with a gross weight o f less than 3000 pounds, shall be equippedwith brakes on each o f the vehicles adequate to control the
movement and to stop and to hold such vehicle or combinationo f vehicles under all conditions o f service.
E. Braking systems on every combination o f vehicles shall be
so designed as to be in approximate synchronism on all wheelsand developing the required braking effort on the rearmost
wheels first. Such design shall also provide fo r application o f
the brakes by the driver o f the towing vehicle from his cab.
P. Braking systems on all combinations o f vehicles shall be sodesigned and connected that in case o f accidental break-away
o f the towed vehicle the brakes shall be autom atically appliedand application continued fo r a period o f not less than fifteen(15) minutes.
G.
Every vehicle or combination o f motor vehicles shall becapable at all times and under all conditions o f being stopped ona dry, smooth, level road upon application o f the service brakewithin the distances specified below.

97
Stopping Distanceat 20 M. P. H. (feet)
Vehicles or combinations o f vehicles having brakes on allwheels________________________________ ____ ___________ _____ 30
Vehicles or combinations o f vehicles not having brakes on
all w h eels___________________________ ______________________ 45
H. Every vehicle shall be equipped with a speedometer inproper operating condition.
I. Every vehicle shall be equipped with an adequate warning
device in proper operating condition.
J. Every vehicle shall be equipped with a suitable windshieldwiper.
K. In localities where weather requires, every vehicle shallbe equipped with a suitable defrosting device.
L. All vehicles shall be equipped with a rear view m irror so
arranged to give a clear view o f the highway to the rear.
M. Suitable cabs, cab shields and other necessary protection
shall be provided on all vehicles to protect the driver from theelements, falling materials, etc.
N. Non-slip surfaces shall be provided on running boards andsteps o f all vehicles.
O.
A ll glass used in windshields, windows and doors o f vehicles
shall be “ safety glass” .
P. A ll towing devices used on any combination o f vehicles shallbe designed by the manufacturer o f such equipment and shallbe structurally adequate for the weight drawn and securely andproperly mounted.
Q. A locking device shall be provided on every fifth wheelmechanism and tow bar arrangement which w ill prevent theaccidental separation o f towed and towing vehicles.
R. Every fu ll trailer shall be coupled with safety chains orcables to the tow ing vehicle. Such chain or cable shall be ade­quate to prevent the separation o f the vehicles in the event of
failure o f the tow bar.
S.
All dump trucks shall be equipped with hinged struts per­manently attached and capable o f being locked in the raised
position or other similar device to prevent accidental loweringo f the body.
T. A ll operating levers on hoists shall be equipped with a latch
or other device which w ill prevent accidental starting or trippingo f the mechanism.

98
U. T rip handles fo r tail gates on all dump trucks shall be soarranged that load may be dumped from the cab o f truck.
V. Tail gates o f dump trucks shall be equipped with D handles
or other similar arrangement for handling.
W . A ll vehicles except motorcycles shall be equipped with apower operated starting device. Cranks shall be used only incase o f failure o f power operated starting device or while making
motor adjustments.
X . A ll vehicles shall be equipped with the follow ing emergency
equipm ent:
1. One spare bulb for each type used.
2. One spare fuse for each type used.
Y. A ll buses, trucks and combinations o f vehicles with a carry­ing capacity o f one and one-half tons or over shall be equippedwith the follow ing emergency equipm ent:
1. One carbon tetrachloride or carbon dioxide fire extin­
guisher.
2. One red flag not less than 12 inches square and one redlantern fo r day or night use on projecting load.
3. Tw o wheel chocks fo r each vehicle or each unit o f a
combination o f vehicles.
4. Tw o red flags not less than 12 inches square with stand­ards, and three flares or three red lanterns w hich shallbe available fo r immediate use in case o f emergency
stops.
SECTIO N 05—O PERA TIN G RU LES

8318.05

A. No vehicle shall be driven at a speed greater than is rea­
sonable and proper having due regard to weather, traffic, inter­
sections, w idth and character o f the roadway, type o f motor
vehicle and any other existing conditions. The operator mustat all times have the vehicle under such control as to be able tobring it to a complete stop within the assured clear distanceahead.
B. No vehicle shall be driven in or through any state, legal
subdivision thereof, the D istrict o f Columbia or any area under
the control o f the Federal Government at a speed greater thanthat permitted by such state, legal subdivision, D istrict o f Co­
lumbia or the Federal Government.
In any event speeds w ill not be permitted in excess o f the
fo llo w in g :1. In a business or residential district, twenty-five (25)
miles per hour.

99
2. At other locations fifty (50) miles per hour during thedaytime and forty-five (45) miles per hour at night.
0. Headlight beams w ill be depressed when approaching othervehicles.
D. Traffic signs and signals w ill be obeyed at all times.
E. Every vehicle shall be driven as fa r to the right side o f
the traveled portion o f the highway as practicable.
F. No vehicle shall be driven on a down-grade with gearsin neutral or clutch disengaged.
G. No vehicle shall pass another vehicle going In the same
direction on turns, curves or the crest o f a hill unless there
exists 500 feet o f unobscured vision. This lim itation shall not
apply on a one-way roadway.
H. Vehicles shall not proceed on any road, street or highway
in a direction opposite to that prescribed for traffic movement.
1. Every vehicle upon approaching a railroad crossing or
drawbridge shall be driven at such a speed as to permit stopping
before reaching the nearest track or the edge o f the draw andshall proceed only if the course is clear.
J. No vehicle shall be stopped, parked or left standing on any
highway or adjacent thereto in such a manner as to endanger
other vehicles using such highway.
K. No vehicle shall be left unattended until after the motor
has been shut off, the key removed, the parking brake securely
set and all other reasonable precautions have been taken toprevent its movement.
L. A ll vehicles carrying loads which project more than four(4 ) feet beyond the vehicle w ill at night, or whenever atmos­
pheric conditions are such that it is necessary, carry a red lightat or near the end of the projection. At other times a red flag
not less than twelve (12) inches square shall be used.
M. Employees shall not be permitted to get between a towed
and towing vehicle until both vehicles have been stopped and,
where necessary, wheels securely chocked.
N. Every vehicle or combination o f vehicles1 except station
wagons and passenger cars shall have posted on the side of. said vehicle, in letters not less than two (2 ) inches high, theweight and rated capacity o f such vehicle.
EXAM PLE— W t. 4600 lbs.

Rat. Cap. 6000 lbs.

O.
No vehicle or combination o f vehicles hauling unusually
heavy loads or equipment shall be moved until the driver has
been provided with the correct weights o f the vehicles and load
and a designated route to be followed.

100
P. The operators o f vehicles shall make certain that the way
is clear before backing or maneuvering except when directedby a qualified signalman.
Q. Operators o f vehicles, except passenger cars, transport­
ing personnel, explosives, flammables or toxic substances shallcome to a fu ll stop at railroad crossings or drawbridges andshall not proceed until the course is c le a r ; providing, however,that a fu ll stop shall not be required at a streetcar crossing
w ithin a business or residential district nor at a railroad grade
crossing or drawbridge protected by a watchman or traffic
officer on duty or by a traffic signal giving a positive indication
to approaching vehicles to proceed.
B.
W hen a bus, truck, or truck-trailer combination is disabledon the traveled portion o f a highway or the shoulder adjacent
thereto, except in the business or residential section o f a munic­
ipality, the red flags shall be displayed during the daytime
and the flares or electric lights at night or when atmosphericconditions are such that red flags are not clearly visible for atleast 500 feet. O ne flag or flare shall be placed at least 200
feet to the front and rear of the vehicle. The third flare orelectric lantern shall be placed at the traffic side o f the vehicle.
In connection w ith vehicles transporting flammables or explosives
only electric lanterns shall be used.
S.
W indshields shall be maintained in such condition as toprovide maximum- visibility.
SECTION 06— TRAN SPO RTIN G PERSO NNEL

8318.06

A. Trucks transporting personnel shall not be operated ata speed greater than thirty (30) miles per hour.
B. Trucks being used to transport personnel shall be equippedwith a seating arrangement securely anchored and a rear end
gate or guardrail.
C. Bodies o f dump trucks shall be made fast to chassis while
being used to transport personnel. They shall be securely fa s­
tened by a rope, chain or equivalent in addition to the normal
locking device.
D. All tools and equipment shall be properly stowed andsecurely fastened when transported w ith personnel.
E. Under no circumstances shall any person be permitted toride with arms or legs outside o f truck body, in a standing
position on the body, or on running boards nor seated on side
fenders, cabs, cab shields, rear o f truck or on the load.

101
F. Getting on or off any vehicle while it is in motion isprohibited.
G. Steps or ladders shall be provided for getting on and off
trucks.
H. All vehicles transporting personnel during cold or inclem­ent weather shall be provided with tarpaulins or other suitableenclosures.
I. No explosives, flammables or toxic substances shall betransported in vehicles w hile carrying personnel.
J. No vehicle transporting personnel shall be moved until thedriver has ascertained that all persons are seated and therequired guardrails and rear end gates are in place.
SECTION 07— FU ELIN G

8318.07

A. No vehicle shall be fueled while the motor is running.
B. Fueling o f vehicles shall not be permitted in the immediate
vicinity o f smoking, open flames or other sources o f ignition.
C. Vehicles shall not be fueled inside o f closed buildings.
D. All tanks, containers and fuel hoses shall be kept inm etallic contact while fueling.
E. Fuel supplies shall be carried in properly constructed andmounted fuel tanks except that this provision shall not be con
strued to prohibit use of liquid fuel gases from a properly con
structed cargo tank.
F. Filler openings for fuel tanks shall not be located inside
the body or cab o f any vehicle, or in such position that spills or
overflow can run down on motor, exhaust pipe or battery.
G. A ll vehicles shall be equipped with a fuel gauge maintainedin operating condition.
SECTION 08— LO AD IN G

8318.08

A. No vehicle shall be so loaded as to obscure the driver’ s view
ahead or to either side or to interfere in any manner w ith thesafe operation o f such vehicle.
B. No part o f the load w ill extend beyond the sides o f thevehicle.
C. The load on every vehicle shall be properly distributed,
chocked, tied down or otherwise secured in order to prevent
shifting.
D. No vehicle shall be driven with a load overhanging the rear
until proper warning flags or lights are in place and the driver
has ascertained that required vehicle lights or reflectors are not
obscured by tailboard, tailgate, or load.

F i g u b e 1 . — Positiono f waiers before placing sheet piling forshoring trenches.

F i q u b e 2 .—Illustrating completion o f first depth in trenchshoring.

.... ...............
. . .., ,'°" <-..

f

IW . . .. . . . . ...

FIGURE 3.-Trencll shoring

mpl t d !or full depth, lngl lengthot b ting.

two lengths of

F i g u r e 5 . — Substituting

trench jacks for cross braces used intrench shoring.

F i g u r e 6 . — Illustrating trench jacks used to brace horizontal andvertical planks bearing against hard compact material.
682071°— 46-------8

WAR

DEPARTMENTO FF IC E

THE

CHIEF

SAFETYOFOFEN G INEER S

EMBLEMB Y P E R M I S S I O N OF
NATIONAL S A F E T Y
COUN CIL.

I N S E R T APPROPRIATE NAME H E R E :' I N F I R M A R Y OR F I R S T A I D S T A T I O N

SPECIFICATIONSC O L O R : OA RK G R E E N L E T T E R S , F I E L D
AN D B O R D E R ON W H I T E B AC KGR OUN D.
DO N O T L E T T E R
W ITH4N C ROSSM A T trtlA L : WOOD, PLYWOOD,
C LO TH , E T C . (O P T IO N A L)
IN SIG NIASHOULDBE

PAINTEOO IL­

ONBOTH S IO ES OF M A T E R IA L W HEN
P L A C E D UPON R O O F ...FL O O D L IG H T
OR O T H E R W I S E I L L U M I N A T E F O R
N IG H T O PER ATIO N .

F i g u r e 7 . - -Standard

insignia for Infirmary and First-Aid
Stations.

F i g u b e 8.— Construction o f double pole or independent scaffold.

F i g u r e 9 .— I l l u s t r a t i n g d i a g o n a l b r a c i n g o n d o u b l e p o l e s c a f f o l d .

WAR DEPARTMENT
orntc or
The CHitr or cxcinccm

COANE* •(ARCH PLATE

F ig u b e

10.— Illustration o f corner construction o f single pole
scaffold.

F i g u r e 1 1 .— C o n s t r u c t i o n o f o u t r i g g e r s c a f f o l d
a n d toeboa rd .

w ith

g u a r d r a il

F ig u r e 1 2 .— I l l u s t r a t i n g m a x i m u m h e i g h t o f h o r s et ie r s o r 1 6 fe e t .

s c a ffo ld , 3

F i g u r e 1 3 .— S h o w i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s q u a r e o r f r a m e
s c a ffo ld .

L A DD E R P L A T F O R M T Y P E

F i g u r e 1 4 .— S w i n g i n g s c a f f o l d s , l a d d e r p l a t f o r m t y p e a n d
b o a t s w a i n ’s c h a i r .

WAR DEPA R TM EN T
OFFICE OF
THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERSARRANGEMENT OF SCAFFOLD
PLATFORMS ON ROOF TRUSSESI LLUSTRATI NG U S E OF L I F E L I N E
FOR MOVING SCAFFOLD PLATFORMS

F i q u b e 1 5 .— P o r t a b l e “ t o o t h p i c k ” s c a f f o l d s u s e d o n r o o f t r u s s e s .
I llu s t r a t in g u s e o f life lin e .

WAR DEPARTMENT

F igube 16.—Carpenter’s portable bracket, ladder jack, window
jack, and hinged frame horse.

WAR DEPARTM ENT
OFFICE OF
THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

F igube 17.—Needle beam scaffold with fastenings.

F igure 18.—Single rung type ladder.

F i g u r e 19.—Portable single cleat ladder.

WAR DEPARTMENT
OF F I CE OF
T H E CHI E F O F ' E N G I N E E R S

SQUARE K N O T

SHEET

CLOVE

HITCH

BEND

R OLLINGHITCH

RUNNINGBO W L IN E
TW O HALFHITC H ESR O U N D T U R N AND
TW O HA L F H I T C H E SSCAFFOLD
HITCH

F i g u r e 20.—General types of knots and hitches used inconstruction.

-.-.-'Hr,:-r;

1

PKECADTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN HANDLING,
SHIPPING AND STORAGE
1.

P ro p erties

1 .0 1 F lu orin e i s th e most a c t iv e o f a l l th e elem en ts. I t r e a c ts
w ith a l l organic and n ea rly a l l in organ ic m a te r ia ls a t ordinary or s l i g h t l ye le v a te d tem peratures. Even g o ld and platinum are converted in to flu o r id e s
a t tem peratures between 300 and 1*-00°C. The on ly su b stan ces th a t are com­p le t e ly r e s is t a n t are th e pure in e r t ga ses and the com pletely sa tu ra ted
flu o r id e s . Hydrogen and flu o r in e r e a c t w ith e x p lo s iv e v io le n c e a t ordinary
tem peratures. Oxygen, c h lo r in e , n itro g e n and argon do not u n ite d ir e c t ly
w ith f lu o r in e . With w ater, flu o r in e forms h y d ro flu o r ic a c id and ozone.
Dry flu o r in e a tta ck s g la s s slo w ly but in th e p resence o f m oistu re, g la s s
i s r a p id ly d estroyed .
1 .0 2 At the c r i t i c a l tem perature, -155°C (-2 4 7 °F ), th e gas fluo-*
r in e may be l i q u i f i e d under th e c r i t i c a l p ressu re o f 25 atmospheres (368p s i ) . In concen trated form, th e gas i s g r e e n is h -y e llo w . The liq u id may
be fr o z en by fu rth er c o o lin g , forming w hite c r y s t a ls which m elt a t -233 C(_387°F ). The liq u id b o i l s a t -187°C (-3 0 5 °F ). In concen trated gaseous
form, co n ta ct w ith organic m a teria l o f any kind w i l l r e s u lt in lib e r a t io n
o f la r g e q u a n titie s o f h ea t and e le v a tio n o f tem perature. This i s a ls o
tru e o f most inorganic su b sta n ces. Degree o f co n cen tra tio n and tem perature
are m odifying fa c to r s . Copper and n ic k e l are a c te d upon a t ordinary tem­p e r a tu r e s, p r o te c tiv e c o a tin g s o f th e flu o r id e s b ein g formed i f speed o f
r e a c tio n i s c o n tr o lle d .
2.

P h y s io lo g ic a l E ffe c ts o f Contact

2 .0 1
Burns - A j e t o f flu o r in e from a p ressu re co n ta in er w i lr e a c t w ith human f le s h and can cause extrem ely sev ere burns th a t arevery d i f f i c u l t to h e a l. T issu e d e str u c tio n ta k es p la c e in th ree sep arate
ways:
(a)
(b)
(c )

D e str u c tiv e o x id a tio n by flu o r in e
Thermal damage from th e heat o f r e a c tio n
T issu e p o iso n in g by HF formed

A ll th ree ty p es o f damage occur v ery r a p id ly upon exposuret o u n d ilu ted flu o r in e when impinged on a su rfa ce from a source under p r e s­su r e . There i s some degree o f d ilu t io n below which th e f i r s t and second
do not tak e p la c e to any s ig n if ic a n t e x te n t, but th e exact valu e o f t h i s
d ilu t io n has not been a s c e r ta in e d . The th ir d typ e o f damage tak es p la c e inco n cen tra tio n s much lower than th e f i r s t two, because HF i s formed by th er e a c tio n o f flu o r in e w ith m oisture on th e s k in . HF i s a protoplasm ic

C 5- 5 dsO
p oison w ith great p e n e tr a tin g power and causes d eep -sea ted burns th a t h e a lvery slo w ly .
When a j e t o f pure flu o r in e s t r ik e s most n o n -m e ta llic ma­t e r i a l s , th e su rface o f th e m a teria l i s in s ta n tly r a ise d to an incandescentw hite h e a t. Personnel in th e v i c i n i t y may be s e v e r e ly burned by heat r a d i­a ted from th e su rface even when th ey are not d ir e c t ly exposed to flu o r in e
at a l l .
2 .0 2
K espiratory Damage - F lu o rin e i s an ir r i t a n t gas th e t o x
t y o f which i s approxim ately th a t o f phosgene. Exposure to d ilu t e flu o r in er e s u lt s imm ediately in i r r i t a t i o n o f th e e y e s, n a sa l p a ssa g es, and t h r o a t .
N ext, th e sk in becomes m oist and th en th e fr o n t o f th e head b eg in s t o ache.
The maximum allo w a b le s a fe exposure occurs somewhere between th e developmento f th e l a s t two symptoms.
T o x ic ity :Minimum d e te c ta b le by odor
Maximum a llo w a b le fo r lon g exposure
Immediately i r r i t a t i n g (t o le r a b le
fo r se v e r a l m inutes)
In to le r a b le even fo r sh ort exposure
3•

3 p.p.m .
3 p.p.m .
25 p.p.m .
50 p.p.m .

P recautions

3 .0 1 NO PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN DEVISED TO DATEWHICH WILL RELIABLY AFFORD EVEN TEMPORARY PROTECTION AGAINST A HIGH PRESSUREJET OF PURE FLUORINE.
3 .0 2 A ll v a lv e s and equipment handling flu o r in e under pressu re
s h a ll be operated wherever p o s s ib le by e x te n sio n handles through b rickb arricad es or m etal s h ie ld s .
3 .0 3 Openings in to flu o r in e li n e s or equipment s h a ll be se a le do f f from any p o s s ib le source o f flu o r in e p ressu re by two v a lv e s , p r e fe ra b ly
w ith a n itr o g e n b u ffe r zone between v a lv e s .
3 .0 ^ B efore any li n e or equipment which has contain ed flu o r in ei s opened, i t s h a ll be ven ted and thoroughly purged w ith n itr o g e n .
3 .0 5 S in ce th ere i s no immediate means o f c o n tr o llin g or d e te r ­mining degree o f con cen tra tio n in th e b rea th in g zone, th e b rea th in g o f
flu o r in e contam inated a ir should be avoid ed . (See p a r. 3 .0 9 .)3 .0 6 S a lt s o f flu o r in e c o l l e c t on th e in s id e o f p ip e s , v a lv e s ,and o th er equipment as a f in e powder. I n h a la tio n or in g e s tio n o f th e se

-

r

2 -

s a l t s i s extrem ely dangerous and every p reca u tio n should "be taken to avoid
b reath in g or swallow ing them. (See par. 4 .0 2 .)3 .0 7
No w elding or hot work s h a ll he done on or adjacent tolin e s or equipment con ta in in g flu o r in e .
3-08 The in t e r io r o f a l l li n e s and equipment fo r handling
flu o r in e must "be kept p e r f e c t ly c lea n and fr e e from m oistu re, grease or
fo r e ig n m a teria l o f any k i n d .'3 .0 9
Leakage may u su a lly be d e te c te d by th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic a lly
pungent odor. The le a s t evidence o f i r r i t a t i o n o f e y e s, or nose and th r o a t,
should be regarded as p o s it iv e warning o f contam ination above th e to x ic
lim it s and th e area im m ediately evacuated. No contam inated areas s h a ll been tered except by s e le c te d person nel u n t i l such a rea s have been com pletely
purged o f flu o r in e . Only tr a in e d p erso n n el, p ro p erly equipped w ith person­a l p r o te c tiv e d ev ices and c lo th in g , s h a ll e n te r , and no person s h a ll en ter
an in c lo s e d contaminated area out o f s ig h t o f o th er person nel who are prop­e r ly c lo th e d fo r emergency rescu e work. No co n n ectio n s s h a ll be made or
broken in flu o r in e lin e s except by tr a in e d p erson n el wearing s u ita b le pro­t e c t iv e d e v ic e s .
3 -10 A ll persons au th orized to make or break connections or toen ter contam inated a r ea s, s h a ll have had thorough in s tr u c tio n and tr a in in g .
They s h a ll a t a l l tim es use a l l p o s s ib le p r e c a u tio n s, ta k in g care to keepa t arms le n g th whenever p o s s ib le . In o p era tin g th e K ero test v a lv e onc y lin d e r s , th e operator s h a ll stand out o f lin e o f any p o s s ib le d isch arge
from th e v a lv e .
3 .1 1 In th e event o f a lea k a t a c y lin d e r v a lv e , th e v a lv e
should be c lo s e d , and th e temperature o f th e c y lin d e r should be reduced
as q u ick ly as p o s s ib le . I f th e lea k i s o f such magnitude or o f suchnature th a t i t cannot be im m ediately stopped, th e area should be c le a r e do f p erson n el and only r e -e n te r e d by tr a in e d p e r so n n e l, p roperly equipped
and under th e d ir e c tio n o f th e ranking s u p e r v is o r s .
3 .1 2 A ll t o o l s , p r o te c tiv e c lo th in g and d e v ic es used s h a ll bethoroughly clean ed a f t e r u s e . Care should be e x e r c ise d to in su re n e u tr a l­iz a t io n and removal o f any a c id or s a l t which may be d ep o sited duringo p e r a tio n s. T ools used s h a ll be washed in a 3$ soda ash s o lu tio n andthoroughly r in s e d in c lea n w ater.
3 • 13 I t i s str o n g ly recommended th a t th e use o f p ressu res
above 30 p s i be avoided, i f a t a l l p o s s ib le . The hazard o f handling andshipp ing flu o r in e under high p ressu res i s so g r e a t ly in crea sed th a t con­s id e r a tio n o f c o st or convenience i s not w arran ted.
m

4.

P r o te c tiv e Equipment

4 .0 1 I t should be c o n sta n tly borne in mind by a l l personnel
working w ith flu o r in e th a t th ere i s no p erso n a l p r o te c tiv e equipment which
can be r e li e d upon to g iv e even temporary p r o te c tio n a g a in st a d ir e c t ex­
posure t o a j e t o f pure flu o r in e . Temporary p r o te c tio n a g a in st contami­
nated a r e a s, and th e r e s id u a l g a ses and dust which may be encountered inconnecting and d isco n n ectin g purged l i n e s , w i l l be affo rd ed by th e fo llo w ­ing:
4 .0 2 Persons o p eratin g pressured flu o r in e v a lv e s , who are notp r o te c te d by b a r r ie r s , or who are connecting or d isc o n n e c tin g purged lin e sor equipment, s h a ll be p r o te c te d by c o v e r a lls (Unimpregnated s p e c ia l pro­t e c t iv e c lo th in g - TM3-290 W. C. M iscellan eou s Gas P r o te c tiv e Equipment,
P. 7 and 8 ) , fa c e s h ie ld and g a u n tle t neoprene g lo v e s fo r p ressu res up to
15 p s i . Above 15 p s i , U. S . Army Combat Mask M5 s h a ll be s u b s titu te d fo r
th e fa c e s h ie ld . A ll equipment must be c lea n and fr e e from grease or o i l .
4 .0 3 Persons e n te r in g contam inated a rea s where b reath in g i s
r e s t r ic t e d by flu o r in e and th ere i s no d e fic ie n c y o f oxygen s h a ll be pro­te c te d by U. S . Army Combat Mask M5, in p la c e o f fa c e s h ie ld , and rubber
or neoprene b o o ts. Other p erso n a l p r o te c tio n same a s above (4 .0 2 ) .
4 .0 4 Persons e n te r in g contam inated a rea s where an oxygen de­f ic ie n c y e x i s t s and fo r ca ses o f rescu e work - Bureau o f Mines approved
oxygen b reath in g apparatus, in p la c e o f fa c e s h ie ld , and rubber or neopreneb o o ts. Other person al p r o te c tio n same as above ( 4 .0 2 ) .
5.

Shipment and Storage

5 .0 1 F lu orin e i s shipped by Government tru ck s in c le a n , dry,s t a in le s s s t e e l c o n ta in e r s, id e n t if ie d by y ello w bandB w ith black s t r ip e s .
The c o n ta in er s are tagged by th e shipper w ith th e p ressu re and n et w eig h t.
5 .0 2 C ontainers a r r iv e w ith a p r o te c tiv e cap on the la rg e v a lv e ,which cap i s s u ita b ly v en ted . In a d d itio n , th ere i s a sm all cap which pro­t e c t s th e th read s on th e c y lin d e r v a lv e o u t le t . T his cap does not have a
ven t s in c e i t serv es as a p r o te c tio n in case a le a k should develop betweenth e v a lv e s e a t and stem w h ile in t r a n s i t . The l a t t e r cap should be opened,p r e fe ra b ly out o f doors, u sin g a wrench w ith a m etal s h ie ld so co n stru cted
or arranged to prevent any gas from le a k in g around th e th reads and spraying
th e o p e r a to r . In th e event o f continued escape o f g a s, operators shouldstop a l l o p era tio n s u n t i l ' i t i s c e r ta in th a t leakage can be s a f e ly handled.
5-03 Bulk sto ra g e o f low p ressu re f lu o r in e , or any sto ra g e o fhigh p ressu re c o n ta in e r s, should be lo c a te d out o f doors or in a f i r e r e ­s is t a n t b u ild in g . Storage yards and b u ild in g s s h a l l be r e s t r ic t e d areasand s h a ll be detached from oth er b u ild in g s . No sp acin g i s n ecessa ry between
con tain ers in s to r a g e . Storage b u ild in g s s h a ll have good n a tu ra l v e n t il a ­t io n and s h a ll have mechanical; v e n t ila t io n o f s u f f i c i e n t ca p a city to change
th e a ir 10 tim es per hour. The m echanical v e n t il a t io n s h a ll be in o p erationb efore anyone may en ter th e sto ra g e b u ild in g .

6.

Emergency F ir s t Aid I

6 .0 1 In any l o c a l i t y where flu o r in e i s handled, i t i s important
to know where competent m edical a s s is ta n c e may be secured w ith the le a s t
p o s s ib le d e la y . I t i s a ls o important th a t th e p h y sic ia n be informed th a t hemay be c a lle d upon to t r e a t flu o r in e burns in order th a t he may be p roperly
prepared fo r emergency treatm en t.
6.0 2 Means fo r o b ta in in g la r g e q u a n titie s o f water w ithout d elay
should be provided. In any l o c a l i t y where flu o r in e i s used fr e q u e n tly orin q u a n tity , emergency drenching showers must be p rovid ed .
6.03 Provide a ■§■ g a llo n b o t t le o f 25$ magnesium sulph ate and as u ita b le p la c e to keep i t , where i t may be secured w ith ou t d ela y .
6 . Ok I t i s important th a t even v ery sm a ll burns be g iv en
IMMEDIATE trea tm en t.
(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)

In th e event o f sk in c o n ta c t w ith flu o r in e flu s h w ith copious
q u a n titie s o f tap w a ter.
Remove contam inated c lo th in g .
Continue flu sh in g o f th e s k in w ith tap w ater fo r a t l e a s t 15
m in utes. I t i s o f th e utmost importance th a t flu s h in g s t a r t
a t th e e a r l i e s t p o s s ib le moment a f t e r co n ta ct and th a t c o p i­ous amounts o f water be used.
Soak in ju red area in 25% magnesium su lp h ate s o lu tio n or p la c ecompresses o f magnesium su lp h a te over th e in ju red area andkeep them m o ist. Never rupture v e s i c l e s or b l i s t e r s th a t may
form. Any breaks or c u ts in th e s k in may lea d to secondary
in f e c t io n .
A fte r flu s h in g th e in ju r ed area th o ro u g h ly , g e t th e p a tie n t
to a p h y sic ia n w ith out fu r th e r d e la y .

Prepared by:
S a fe ty and A ccident P reven tion Branch
Approved by:
M edical D iv is io n
Manhattan D is t r ic t
U. S . Engineer DepartmentlU June 1946.
R evised and d e c la s s if i e d
23 August 19^6.
- 5 -mmmssMsi

wmmawsmaawBmmaEEMsmmamwmam&SCsatj.

O
B eaction o f F lu orin e w ith Various Substances,
M aterial

C oncentrationo f F luorine

Temperature

Water

1001°

NormalV igorous, much h e a t,
EF formed

Hydrogen

Wide range

NormalSpontaneously
e x p lo siv e HF formed

Organic human f le s h ,wood, rubber,neoprene, c lo th ,o il, e tc .

100$

Normal

B urst in s t a n t ly in tovigorous flam e, EF
formed. (Smooth neo­prene s u r fa c e s , whenp e r f e c t ly c le a n , arer e s is t a n t to r e a c tio n )NormalBapid o x id a tio n , HF
formed, h eat gener­a te d , flam es i f heati s not conducted awayr a p id ly

60$ to 100 io
Inorganic b r ic k , c o n c re te ,sto n e , a s b e s to s , e t c .

NormalI n s ta n tly reach es in ­candescent tem perature

M e ta llic s t e e l , n ic k e l,monel, copper,
bras s , aluminum

NormalSlow, s a t i s f a c t o r i l yr e s is t a n t

300°F

B urst in to flam e, in ­te n s e heat (h ea t toi n i t i a t e r e a c tio n may
come from o x id a tio no f o i l , w ater, e t c . )E lev a ted

This i s approxim ately
th e lower lim it o f
co n cen tra tio n fo r,
vigorou s r e a c tio n

60$

C8F16 and C7F16|

R eaction

Forms e x p lo s iv e
m ixturesJ .
1

j-p-r-.'-

M aterial

C oncentrationo f F luorine

Temperature

R eaction

Fluorolube O ils

G reater than 6

OperatingForms polym erized
p rod u cts. W ill burnin 100$ F lu orin e underc e r ta in c o n d itio n s.
Forms e x p lo siv e mix­
tu r e s under c e r ta in
c o n d itio n s .

P o ly te tr a flu o r o e th y le n e
p lu s CaF2

100$

OperatingNormally s a t is f a c tem peratures t o r i l y r e s is t a n t .
W ill burn underc e r ta in c o n d itio n s.

7 -

C

; :''

LEAD

P recautions to be Observed in Handling,
Shipping and Storage.
1.

P r o p e r tie s .

1.01
in d u stry .

Lead (Pb) i s a s o f t , b lu ish -w h ite metal e x te n s iv e ly used in
I t occurs in nature c h ie f ly as the su lp h id e, galena (PbS).

1.02 Lead has a d e n sity of 1134 grams per cubic cen tim eter, am eltin g p oin t at 3 2 7 .4°C (6 2 1 °F ), and a b o ilin g p o in t at 1613°C (2935°F ).
Molten -lead su rfa ces rap id ly o x id iz e when exposed to the a ir and minutep a r t ic le s are ca rried o f f by a ir c u rren ts, thus contam inating the sur­rounding atmosphere. I t i s , th e r e fo r e , important th a t op erations in ­v o lv in g handling molten le a d , or i t s a llo y s , be c o n tr o lle d by adequate
exh au st. Contamination o f a ir in ex cess of th e t o x ic lim it of 1 .5 mg.
per 10 cubic meters of a ir may lead to chronic lea d p o iso n in g .
2.

P h y s io lo g ic a l.

The symptoms and c l i n i c a l sig n s of chronic lea d p o iso n in g are notd is t in c t iv e , p a r t ic u la r ily in th e e a r ly s ta g e s . Any case in v o lv in g a
h is to r y of exposure to lea d should be r eferred to a competent p h ysician
w ith inform ation regarding th e tim e and ex ten t of exposure. I t i s a lso
of importance th a t com plaints of i l l h e a lth on th e part o f workers begiven ser io u s a tte n tio n and be promptly referred to a p h y sic ia n .
Such symptoms as distu rb ances o f d ig e s tio n , muscular pain , weakness,and p a llo r may in d ic a t e . lead absorption or may r e s u lt from other causesof d i s a b i l i t y . However, such symptoms are not a measure of th e degree ofa b sorp tion , and damage may be g rea ter than e a r ly symptoms would in d ic a te .
D iagnosis and treatm ent in th e e a r ly sta g es may a v ert ser io u s conse­
quences. Advanced sta g es may be c h a ra cterized by such symptoms andsig n s as abdominal pains ( c o l i c ) , blu e lin e on gums, p a r a ly s is of thee x ten so r m uscles of forearm and hands (w r is t drop), presence of lea d inu r in e , reduced hemoglobin count and the presence o f b a s o p h ilic granula­
tio n s in th e blood p ic tu r e . The r e s is ta n c e o f in d iv id u a ls, and th e
symptoms vary over a wide range.
Vihile th e above inform ation i s of in t e r e s t t o laymen r esp o n sib le
fo r the s a f e t y of workers exposed to le a d , i t should be borne in mind
th a t th e d ia g n o sis and treatm ent o f lea d p oison in g i s s t r i c t l y the b u s i­n ess o f th e p h y sicia n and any ca ses o f suspected d i s a b i l i t y among workers
in le a d should be r e fer re d to him w ith a complete h is to r y o f exposure.

7

m

3.

P reca u tio n s .

3.01 S a fe ty shoes and g lo v e s should be worn when handling c a st lea din the form of b lock s or p ig s .
3.02
ing le a d .

Face s h ie ld s and g lo v es should be worn when m eltin g and c a s t­

3.03 M elting pots and every p rocess c re a tin g dust should be equipped
w ith mechanical exh au st, which w il l e f f e c t i v e l y remove any fumes or dustat th e p o in t o f o r ig in . Care should be e x e r c ise d in the design and i n s t a l ­la t io n o f exhaust equipment to insure an adequate movement of a ir from theworker toward th e p rocess and out through th e exhaust to th e open atmosphere.
Ample general v e n t ila t io n should' be provided f o r the workroom.
3 .0 4 I t i s important th a t good order and c le a n lin e s s be observed
wherever lea d i s used in q u a n tity . Benches and str u c tu r a l su rfa ces should
be cleaned fr e q u e n tly , p r e fe ra b ly w ith a vacuum c lea n er . Dry sweeping
should be p r o h ib ite d .

m

3 .0 5 Ample washing f a c i l i t i e s should be provided and workers in ­str u c ted in th e n e c e s s it y fo r c a r e fu l observance of personal h ygien e.
No employee should be perm itted t o lea v e f o r lunch or at th e end ofs h i f t w ith ou t f i r s t thoroughly washing exposed p a rts of the body. Workc lo th in g should be provided and each in d iv id u a l be a ssig n ed separatelo ck ers fo r work c lo th in g and s t r e e t c lo th in g . A ll should be urged totake a shower b efore le a v in g a t th e end of th e s h i f t . Work c lo th in gshould be laundered a t freq u en t in t e r v a ls .
3.0 6 No food should be kept nor ea ten in work spaces where leadi s p rocessed or fa b r ic a te d . Smoking and chewing tobacco or gum should
be discouraged. ■3 .0 7 The a ir in rooms where lea d i s m elted or fa b r ic a te d should
be t e s t e d fr e q u e n tly . The t o x ic lim it of 1 .5 mg. per 10 cu. meters ofa ir should not be exceeded.
3.08 T etraeth yl lea d used in motor g a so lin e i s an extrem ely danger­ous p o iso n . I t may r e a d ily be absorbed by a h e a lth y unbroken sk in andhas been th e source of f a t a l lea d p o iso n in g . I t i s u n lik e ly th a t con tactw i l l be made w ith t h is chem ical in concen trated form, but th e use ofe th y l g a s o lin e as a so lv e n t fo r clea n in g or as a f u e l fo r to r c h e s ands im ila r equipment should be p r o h ib ite d . S in g le exposure t o th e d ilu tes o lu tio n of t e t r a e t h y l lea d may cause no i l l e f f e c t s but prolonged con­t a c t or rep eated exposure should be avoided.
3 .0 9 Workers in lea d should have a complete p h y sic a l exam ination,in clu d in g blood cou n ts, every th ree months. E arly d e te c tio n and treatm ent
2

o f le a d in to x ic a tio n may perm it easy co n tro l by th e p h y sic ia n .
n e g le c te d , i t may r e s u lt in p ro tra cted d i s a b i l i t y or death.

If

R eferen ces; N ational S a fe ty Council H ealth P r a c tic e s Pam phlets,
No. 3 ''Lead," No. 65 "Teaching S a fety t o New Employees," No. 32"Exhaust Systems" and No. 37 " In d u stria l V e n tila tio n ."Prepared by
S a fety and A ccident P reven tion Branch.
Approved by
M edical D iv is io n ,Manhattan D is t r ic t ,TJ. S. Engineer Department.
28 June 1946,P recautions to be Observed in Handling,
Shipping and Storage.
X.

P r o p e r tie s.

1.01 Mercury (Hg) i s the on ly common m etal which i s liq u id at
ordinary tem peratures. I t occurs fr e e in nature and as the su lp h id e,
Cinnabar, (HgS), the la t t e r bein g th e p r in c ip a l source. I t i s a heavy,s ilv e r w h ite liq u id e x te n s iv e ly used in te c h n ic a l instrum ents andlab oratory apparatus.
1.02 Mercury has a d e n sity o f 1 3 .5 5 grams per cubic cen tim eter, am eltin g p o in t a t -38.9°C (-3 4 .4 ° F ) and a b o ilin g p o in t at 3 5 6 .9°C
(675°F ). The fo llo w in g ta b le o f vapor p ressu res i s s ig n if ic a n t whencon sid erin g th e v o l a t i l i t y o f mercury and th e contam ination of th e a t ­mosphere.

#Temperature
op

Vapor P ressu re,mg. Hg.

0
32
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.000023
0.000185
0.000490
0.000816
0.001310.002120.00326
0.00507

mg. Hg. p
Meter of
0 .3
2.2
5 .6
8 .7
1 4 .022.0
3 5 .05 3 .0From th e above, i t i s apparent th a t mercury i s r e a d ily v o l a t i l e atordinary tem peratures and th a t the atmosphere in any con fin ed space may
e a s il y become contam inated to a degree g r e a tly in e x c e ss o f th e to x ic
lim it o f 0 .1 mg. per cubic meter of a ir i f mercury i s s p i lle d or exposedin open v e s s e l s . I t i s im portant to remember th a t even very small
amounts of mercury vapor in a room may r e s u lt in se r io u s p o iso n in g .
2.

P h y s io lo g ic a l.

No

2.01
Mercury poison in g may r e s u lt from c o n ta c t, in h a la tio n , orin g e s tio n and may be e ith e r chronic or a c u te . Extended exposure tocontam inated a ir con tain in g amounts o f mercury in the degree o f 0 .5 mg.,or l e s s , per cubic meter of a ir , in g e s tio n of r e l a t i v e l y sm all amountsof mercury, or i t s s a l t s , w ith fo o d , ca n d ie s, or to b a cco , or freq u en t
skin c o n ta c t, may r e s u lt in chronic p o iso n in g . G reater exposure mayr e s u lt in acute p o iso n in g . In d u str ia l mercury p oison in g occurs la r g e ly
from th e in h a la tio n o f contam inated a ir . I t may occur from contamina-

w vL u ii i L

food eaten in th e workroom.
2.02
Symptoms o f chronic poison in g in clu d e such general d i s ­a b i l i t i e s as insom nia, d ep ressio n , i r r i t a b i l i t y , s to m a titis (in fla m a tio nof th e mouth), g i n g i v i t i s (in fla m a tio n o f th e gums), which are charac­t e r i s t i c of oth er d is e a s e s . T herefore, in each in sta n ce of referen ce toa p h y sic ia n , inform ation regarding p o s s ib le exposure to mercury should
be fu rn ish ed in d e t a il . Mercury p oison in g o f th e acute type i s charac­
te r iz e d by abdominal pain and vom itin g, a m e ta llic or f e t i d breath and,in severe c a se s , tremor of fa c e , hands, and arms, exaggerated knee jerk
and s a liv a t io n . Symptoms may not a l l be p resen t sim u ltan eou sly nor to
the same degree. While in d iv id u a ls may e x h ib it a d iffe r e n c e in r e s i s t ­ance, a lle r g y or exaggerated s e n s it iv e n e s s has no a p p lic a tio n in mercury
p o iso n in g . Treatment of mercury p oison in g i s d i f f i c u l t , prognosis un­
fa v o r a b le , and th e damage l i a b l e t o be permanent. Complaints o f i l l
f e e lin g on th e part of workers exposed t o co n ta ct w ith mercury should
not be ign ored , but should b e fr e fe r r e d t o a p h y sicia n w ith complete in ­form ation regarding p o s s ib le exposure.
3. P r e c a u tio n s.
3.01 Mercury should be sto r ed in earthenware or iro n f la s k s . With
many m e ta ls, such as copper, t i n , le a d and z in c , i t forms amalgams andw i l l lea k through a sold ered j o in t . I f used, or tem p orarily sto r e d , inopen g la s s or p o r c e la in r e c e p ta c le s , i t should be covered w ith w ater.
T hin-w alled beakers or f la s k s are not sa fe co n ta in ers fo r mercury.
3 .0 2 Laboratory apparatus, in which mercury i s used in l e v e l l i n g
fla s k s or s im ila r c o n triv a n ces, should have th e mercury removed andprop erly sto r ed in su ita b le f la s k s whenever such equipment i s in stand-'by or o u t - o f - s e r v ic e co n d itio n .
3 .0 3 S p illa g e of mercury should be avoided and means should be
provided t o prevent d isp e r sio n over bench to p s , t a b le s , and f lo o r s
wherever s p illa g e may occur. Wherever mercury i s used in le v e l lin g
f la s k s , d if fu s io n pumps or s im ila r equipment, s p illa g e pans made o frubber, p l a s t i c , or oth er organic m a teria l should be provided, andkept c lea n .
3 .0 4 Work space where mercury i s used should be w e ll v e n t ila t e d .
F loors should be smooth and fr e e from crack s.
3 .0 5 In th e event o f s p i lla g e , th e f lo o r should be wet down w ith
w ater and c a r e f u lly clean ed . Dry sweeping should be p r o h ib ite d .
3 .0 6 P e r io d ic t e s t s o f th e atmosphere in any working space where
mercury i s handled should be made a t s u f f i c i e n t l y c lo s e in t e r v a ls to-

2 -make sure th a t contam ination a t no tim e exceeds 0 .1 mg. per cubic meterof a ir .
3.07 No food should be kept nor ea ten in th e workroom where mercury
i s used. C ig a rette and c ig a r smoking should be r e s t r ic t e d and should be
p r o h ib ited w h ile a c tu a lly handling or tr a n s fe r r in g mercury.
3 .0 8 Employees working w ith mercury should be given a complete
p h y sic a l exam ination every th re e months. The p h y sic ia n should be in ­formed o f exposure to mercury.
Prepared by
S a fety and A ccident P revention Branch
Approved by
Medical D iv isio nHanhattan D is t r ic t
U. S. E ngineer Dept.
24 June 1846.

CORPS CT’ENGINEERS
O ffic e of^the* D is t r i c t Engineer
IIANHATTAN DISTRICTOak-Ridge, Tennessee$fy>•

EIDMN-1''?■•

9 September 194-6.
‘

f

*

.

DISTRICT CIRCULAR LF-TTER (S a fe ty 4-7-2)
SUBJECT:

Handling, Storage arid Shipping o f Chem icals.

TO:

A ll Concerned.

’ft1.
Two in sta n c e s o f improper and unsafe shipment o f chem icals
have r e c e n tly occurred in the D i s t r i c t . In both in s ta n c e s , warehouse andtr a n sp o r ta tio n employees were exposed to p o s s ib le se r io u s in ju r y by con­t a c t w ith h yd ro flu o ric a c id . Hazardous sto ra g e o f a cid carboys and o th erchem icals has been observed in warehouses.
'

•

.

•

'. J*'. ?

.* ■:■'

,

-

• .'

.

2.
T herefore, the fo llo w in g r e g u la tio n s are e s ta b lis h e d fo r the-.handling, sto ra g e and sh ip p in g o f chem icals:-'' ‘

a . The minimum requirem ents fo r packing, la b e lin g , and shipp ing
o f compressed g a se s, a c id s , a l k a l i e s , s o lv e n ts and other dangerous chemi­c a ls s h a ll be th o se o f th e I n te r s ta te Commerce Commission, as pu blished
in "R egulations fo r T ransportation o f E x p lo siv e s and Other Dangerous
A r t i c l e s . ” These r e g u la tio n s may be obtained from the Superintendent o fDocuments, W ashington, D. C.
■'
b . The minimum requirem ents fo r handling and sto ra g e o fcompressed g a se s, a c id s , a lk a l i e s , s o lv e n ts , and oth er dangerous chem icals
s h a ll be th o se p rescrib ed in th e Manual S h eets pu blished by the Manufactur­in g C h e m is t s A s s o c ia t io n . The complete s e t o f Manual S h eets may be obtained
from the M anufacturing Chemists 1 A ss o c ia tio n , 608 Woodward B u ild in g ,Washington 5, D. C.
c . Such a d d itio n a l p recau tion s may be p rescrib ed as p r o je c t
management may deem a d v isa b le fo r s a fe ty or s e c u r ity .
d . Separate s u ita b le sto ra g e space fo r chem icals s h a ll be pro­v id e d . Chemicals and m edical su p p lie s s h a ll not be sto red in warehouses
w ith m iscella n eo u s equipment and s u p p lie s .
e . Warehouse employees s h a ll be c a r e fu lly in s tr u c te d in thes a fe handling o f gas c y lin d e r s , carboys, and other co n ta in ers o f chemical's
and' s h a ll be provided w ith a l l n ecessa ry person al p r o te c tio n .
f . Broken packages o f ch em ica ls, broken carb oys, carboys ind e fe c tiv e b o x e s, or carboys w ithout approved carboy stop p ers s e c u r e ly w ired,:
SUBJECTSj.-"

9 September 194-6.

Handling, Storage and Shipping o f Chem icals.

compressed gas c y lin d e r s w ith ou t p r o te p tiv e caps or w ith d e fe c tiv e orle a k in g v a lv e s must not be shipped t o , nor r e c e iv ed by, Surplus Property
Warehouses.
,,
v 'g . v Empty carboys may be shipped t o , and r e c e iv ed by, th e
Surplus Property VIarehouses on ly when co m p letely empty, unbroken,
se c u r e ly boxed, and p la in ly marked to show the chem ical fo r which th ey
had been used and-the name o f the sh ip p er.
h . Empty compressed gas c y lin d e r s may be shipped t o , o r'r e c e iv ed by, the Surplus Property Warehouse, only when reduced t o atmos­
pheric pressure a n d -p la in ly marked to show the gas fo r which th ey had
been used and the name o f th e sh ip p er.
i . M e ta llic mercury is* not c l a s s i f i e d by. the I n te r s ta teCommerce Commission as a dangerous m a ter ia l but adequate packing i sn ecessa ry t o prevent s p i l l a g e . Mercury i s v o l a t i l e a t ordinary tempera­
tu r e , the vapor i s very p o is o n o u s ,■and leakage must, th e r e fo r e , be avoided
Mercury should be shipped only, in approved s t e e l fla s k s or stoneware ju g s,
, s e c u r e ly stop p ered .
•; ;.
j» Fluorine and uranium flu o r id e s h a ll n et be. shipped t o ,.n o r
rec e iv ed by, Surplus Property warehouses w ith out p r io r arrangement, having-been map© w ith . the D is t r ic t Surplus Property O ffice fo r each s p e c if ic 'shipm ent. =': ’•'=: . ; ..
.
.. t ,' ••.

For the D is t r ic t E ngineer:

: \
,V

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.....

'

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-... •••;•';'NORMAN H. MARSDEN,V
A ctin g D is t r ic t S a fe ty E ngineer.

DISTRIBUTION:
H

-

‘ •
,

.

Surplus Property O ffic e r ( 1 0 ).
S a fe ty (25). ..
- r 'x

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.

‘
.

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■

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:

. ....
.
' '/•'

The fo llo w in g S a fe ty C ircu lar L ette rs are s t i l l in e f f e c t j a l l oth ers
have; been rescin d ed :

EIEMN-1
18 June I 9I4.6 .

Subjects

T ran site E xp losion .

To:

1.
The fo llo w in g d e t a ils o f a tr a n s it e ex p lo sio n were reportedby th e Madison Square Area O ffice and are being forwarded fo r your in ­formations
a. A p iece o f f l a t tr a n s ite w allboard exploded w h ile c o o lin g .
Fragments o f the board were, driven in to tim bers approxim ately f i f t e e n
f e e t away and com pletely through a com position plyboard. p a r tit io n at
th a t d ista n c e .
b. I n v e s tig a tio n revealed th a t the board, which had beenused as a cover fo r the door o f an e l e c t r i c furnace, overlapped thefurnace opening approxim ately s ix in ch es on each s id e , and had beenheated to between 1200° F and II4.OO0 F fo r about tw enty m inutes. I t
had then been placed on i t s edge on the concrete f lo o r , lea n in g a g a in sta w a ll to c o o l. While in t h i s p o s itio n , i t l i t e r a l l y exploded in tosm all fragm ents. This p ie c e had been heated and c o o led tw ice before
w ith ou t any unusual e f f e c t s .
c . T ran site i s made o f P ortland cement and a sb e sto s fib r epressed in to one homogeneous sh e et under p ressu re. I t c o n ta in s aboutil; % water o f c r y s t a lli z a t i o n and w i l l absorb up to 20% m oisture on
exposure to m oist a ir . The a sb esto s fib r e s ta r ts to break down as abinder a t 700° F and com p letely lo s e s i t s stren g th as a binder a t about
900° F.
‘'
d. In the case o f t h is a c c id e n t, i t i s b e lie v e d th a t a l lo u tsid e m oisture had been driven o f f , as w e ll as the water o f c r y s t a ll i z s t i o n , w ith ou t any n o tic e a b le e f f e c t . However, the c e n t e r s e c t io n
exposed to the high heat had l o s t i t s s tr u c tu r a l str en g th and, due tothe uneven h ea tin g and the uneven c o o lin g o f the p iece o f t r a n s it e ,strong in te r n a l s t r e s s e s were b u ild up which r e su lte d in the rupturing
and d is in te r g r a tio n .

Subject:Transite Explosion.

2.
The manufacturer o f the tr a n s ite in que'stion recomir-ends th a t
i t not be exposed to tem peratures over 500° F because o f i t s lack; o fstren g th a ft e r th a t p o in t, plu s a known h is to r y o f "exploding" at
h igh er tem peratures. Caution should be used in s e le o tin g m a teria ls
o f t h is nature for use w ith in temperature ranges recommended by them anufacturers.
3.
This o f f ic e w i l l a p p reciate r e c e iv in g inform ation on a c o id e n ts
o f an unusual nature fo r d issem in ation throughout the D is t r ic t .
For the D is t r ic t Engineer:

NORMAU H. MARSDEN,
A cting D is t r ic t S a fety E ngineer.

BERYLLIUM
P recau tion s to be Observed in Handling,
Shipping, and Storage.

1.

P r o p e r tie s .

1.01 B eryllium (Be) i s a hard, gray m etal used p r in c ip a lly w ith
copper as an a llo y . B eryllium -copper a llo y has good e l e c t r i c a l con­d u c t iv it y , and i s non-m agnetic, non -sparking, and c o r r o s io n -r e s is ta n t.
I t has e x te n siv e a p p lic a tio n in p r e c is io n in stru m en ts, non-sparking
t o o l s , a irp la n e f i t t i n g s , and telep h on e equipment. The s a l t s have ap­
p lic a t io n in the flu o r e s c e n t lamp in d u str y .
1 .0 2 B eryllium has a d e n s ity of 1 .8 5 . The m eltin g p oin t i s
1350°C (2462°F ), and b o ilin g p o in t 1500°C (2732°F ). E x tra ctio n andred u ction of th e metal from th e ore i s not a sim ple op era tio n . Pro­c e s s in g in v o lv es high tem p eratures, treatm ent w ith strong a c id s , andfu sion ,, Fumes and dust -containing th e b ery lliu m s a l t s are generated
at variou s sta g es o f th e p r o c e ss. In th e lamp in d u str y , p ro cessin gc r e a te s s im ila r p o te n tia l hazards.
2.

P h y sio lo g ic a l E f f e c t s .

2.01 B eryllium p o iso n in g m a n ifests i t s e l f by inflammatory a tta ck s
on th e sk in and mucous membranes; e x te r n a lly , as co n ta ct d erm a titis
and u lc e r s ; in t e r n a lly , as n a so p h a ry n g itis, tr a c h e o b r o n c h itis (in fla m ­mation o f th e th r o a t, and windpipe and i t s b ra n ch es), and pneum onitis(an inflam m ation o f lu n g s ). Contact d erm a titis i s fr e q u e n tly severe
and u s u a lly occurs as th e r e s u lt o f sk in co n ta ct w ith so lu b le b ery lliu m s a l t s such as f lu o r id e s , c h lo r id e s , n i t r a t e s , and su lp h a te s. B erylliumu lc e r u s u a lly fo llo w s in j u r ie s o f th e sk in such as o u ts, a b ra sio n s, e t c .
P a r t ic le s o f the b ery lliu m compound en ter th e wound and develop a s i t earound which th e u lc e r form s. In tern a l inflam m ation r e s u lt s from thein h a la tio n o f s a l t s and oxid es o f b ery lliu m in dust or fumes. There i s
a ls o recen t evidence th a t th e metal i t s e l f i s t o x ic , and b reath in g them e ta llic dust should be avoided. Pneum onitis, induced by such exposure,i s th e most severe form o f b ery lliu m p oison in g and has term inated f a ­t a l l y in a number of c a se s .
2.02 The in cid en ce o f b ery lliu m p o iso n in g in o re-red u ctio n p la n ts
and flu o r e s c e n t lamp f a c t o r ie s has been very h ig h . During a fo u r-y ea rp eriod 170 case's occurred in th r e e o re-red u ctio n p la n ts , o f which f i v ewere f a t a l . I t i s reported th a t th e ex p erien ce o f th e lamp in d u str y
has been s im ila r , w ith seven or e ig h t f a t a l c a s e s . Employment in th e sein d u s tr ie s i s not h igh .

3.

P r e c a u tio n s.

3.01 The prime fundamental p reca u tio n in p ro cessin g b ery lliu m i s
c le a n lin e s s . F lo o r s, str u c tu r a l members, and equipment should be kept
fr e e from d u st. I f s a l t s or liq u o r s are s p i l l e d , th ey should be im­m ed iately clean ed up.
3 .0 2 Every part o f the p rocess in which dust or fumes are c r e ­ated should be equipped w ith c a r e fu lly designed mechanical exhaust.
Neoprene or rubber g lo v es should be worn whenever o p era tio n s may r e ­s u lt in sk in co n ta ct w ith b ery lliu m compounds. Workers who have ab r a sio n s, c u ts , e t c . , on hands or forearms should e x e r c is e extreme
care' in handling b ery lliu m or i t s compounds even though neoprene or
rubber g lo v es are worn. (R efer t o par. 2 ,0 1 )3.03 Ample washing f a c i l i t i e s should be provided and a l l workers
in s tr u c te d in the n e c e s s it y fo r c a r e fu l observance of personal h ygien e.
3 .0 4 B erylliu m compounds should be sto r ed and shipped in t ig h t
s u b s ta n tia l c o n ta in e r s.
3 .0 5 Complaints o f sore th ro a t by workers or any in d ic a tio n o fskin rash es or so res should be r e fe r r e d t o a competent in d u s tr ia l
p h y sicia n w ith a l l a v a ila b le inform ation regarding p o s s ib le exposuret o b ery lliu m compounds.

R eferen ce: B eryllium P oison in g by Van Ordstrand, Hughes, De Nardi
and Carmody - Journal of th e American M edical A ss o c ia tio n - Dec. 15,
1945.

Prepared by
S a fe ty and A ccident P reven tion D iv is io n .
Approved by
Medical D iv is io n ,Manhattan D is t r ic t ,U. S- Engineer Department.
2 October 194S.

MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYBOOK I - OEJERALVCLIME 11 -SAFETY PROGRAM

SUPPLEMENT TO APPEHDIX "D*DS--5

Sample T r a ffio A ccid en t Report

BS .6

Saniple F ire and E xplosion Rep o r t Pom

DS-7

Sample F i r s t Aid Ir e a ta e n t Rep o rt

CULAR ACCIDENTS
CLINTON ENGINEER 1;J0RKS
DECEMBER 1946
1.
Numbor o f A ooidon ts: Tho numbor of aocid on ts. roportod fo r Dooombor dri­er oas.od approxim atoly 20 porcont as coraparod w ith Novombor.
Of .tho on.O hundred and 'throe acoid on ts th at wore roportod, f i f t y four
porcont involvod Govornmmt owned v o h ic lo s . Four of thoso occurrod "Off Aroa".
Tho accid on t oxporionco o f Government ovmod v o h ic lo s fo r tjoOomb'or -'Com*paros very fa v o r a b ly 'w ith preceding months of tho yoar. S p o c if ic a lly , tho t o t a l
Government involvod aooid on ts fo r Dooombor roprosonts tho sm allost'num ber Of
ao cid o n ts fo r any o f tho months o f tho. yoar w ith tho excep tion of Novombor and
Juno.
-

i *r

.'

'

This comparison, to g eth er w ith a comparison vdth tho samo months o f1945, i s o u tlin o d ' s p e c i f ic a lly as fo llo w s:
NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS
Gov *t . Vohs-. P vt. Vohs.

MONTH

f,,';

January
FobruaryMarch“’j r i l
h
Juno
July
AugustSoptombor
October
Novombor
Docombor
TOTALS
onds.

'

1946
Total

NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS - G ov't. Vohs. Pvt. Vohs.

110
75
71
■' B8
96
49
84
93
102
76
51
56

46
29
31
37
30
37
30
37
37
47
35
47

156
104
102
125
126
84
114
130
139
123
86
103

226
189
251
259
304
265
246
274
183
154
109
128

951

443

1392

2588

69
57
'92
• • • 84
73
74
87
88
90
51
48
54
'

.

867 ...

1945
Total
295
r 246
343
343
377
339
333
362
273
205
157
182

■/A

3455

Normally, v e h ic u la r a o cid o n ts-in cro a so sharply over H olidays and wookThat has not boon tho caso in Oak Ridgo.

During tho p ast yoar an avorago of approxim atoly fou r a c cid o n ts woro
roportod por day, w hilo tho avorago fo r H olidays was lo s s than tw o. Likowiso,
thoro woro olovon "No Accidont Days" during tho yoar. Six of thoso woro Sundays,
two woro Saturdays, two woro Mondays and ono m s ’Friday.
Tho la r g o st numbor o f a o cid o n ts roportod fo r any ono day during tho
yoar was fourtoon which was on 24 January and on Thursday.

)

V5-S

S o r o r ity o f A ocid on ts; Ono hUndrod and e ig h ty four v e h ic le s wore in volvedin a c c id e n ts . Sovonty s ix ware Gdiiornmant owned, and ono hundred o ig h t woro
p r iv a to ly or.nod .
- ’
"
V'
/
r
«
\
Forty four Cf tho Cfovornmant v e h ic le s woro damn god a t an estim atedc o st o f $ 2 ,2 9 7 .7 7 .
N inoty th ree p rivato v o h ic lo s v/oro damagod a t a t o t a l ostim atod oosto f $ 3 ,7 2 9 .0 0 .
Thoso fig u r e s rep resen t an avorago c o st of approxim ately $52.00 par
Government v o h ic lo and $40.00 por p rivato v o h ic lo .
2.
Personal' I n ju r io s : Sovontoon persons viaro injurod in v eh ic u la r a c c i­dents in Decombor. Nona o f t h is numb 3r woro c l a s s i f i e d a s s o v o r o .
Tivo of tho injured persons- wor-e p od ostrian s and tho remainder woro
d riv ers or passongors o f v e h ic le s .
Government owned v o h ic lo s woro involvod in o ig h t o f tho in ju ry a c c id o n ts•
Tho Docombor in ju r y accid on t experience i s s l i g h t l y worse than th a t of
Novombor but compares very favorab ly xvith other months of th o y o a r. This com­
parison i s o u tlin ed in d a t a il as fo llo w s:■
MONTH
January
FebruaryMarch
A p ril
May
Juno
July
AugustSoptombor
October
Novombor
December*
TOTALS

NO. INJURED - 1946
Gov’t . Pvt.
T otal
5
10
9
28
22
14
25
25
28
14
2
8
*190

NO. INJURED - 1945
T otalGov't . P v t.

PERSONS KILLED
1946
1945

12
9
12
15
5
1
2
12
10
13 ’
11
9

17
19
21
43
27
15
27
37
38
27
13
17

23
,4
15
14
51
36
28
23
22
34
5
12

14'
18
8
13
19
18
16
18
15
14
13
20

37
22
23
27
70
54
44
41
37
48
18
32

1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
-0
'0
' 1
1

111

301

267

186

453

2

8

NOTS; This fig u ro in c lu d e s .95 persons who su sta in ed minor in ju r io s in g o t t ;i.ng on or o f f bussos or whil'o r id in g b u sso s. In cid on ts of t h is naturo, which are
h o n -c o llis io n and in volvo no property damage,.v/oro not roportod as v eh io u la r a c c i$onts during 1945. This f a c t accounts to somo oxtont fo r tho com parativoly smalld iffo ron co in tho number o f persons in ju red from month to month o f 1946 as com­pared w ith the same months of 1945.

{

3.
Kind of L o c a lity : T hirty porcont of th '3 "Govornmint involvod accidonts"
J-urrod in M anufacturing or In d u str ia l D is t r ic t s , twenty s ix porcont occurrod in
Shopping or B usiness D is t r ic t s , twonty ono .porcont occurrod in R o sid o n tia l D is ­t r i c t s and tho romaindor occurrod in School or Playground D is t r ic t s or Opon
Country.
Tho d is tr ib u tio n of a ccid o n ts fron tho standpoint o f rep o rtin g agoncios
and tho g en era l lo c a tio n o f a ccid o n ts i s ou tlin o d boloxv:
a.
b.

c.
_d.

o_.
)

A ccidonts th at occurrod on tho Arqc\ (O utside R e str ic te d A reas)th a t woro in v e s tig a te d by tho Oak Ridgo P o lico Department

73

A ccidonts th a t occurrod on tho Area (O utsido o f R e str ic te dAroas) th a t woro roportod by Contractor Saf >ty S ectio n s andworo not in v o stig a to d by tho Oak Ridgo, P o lico Department

12

A ccidonts th at occurrod on tho Aro.a w ith in R e str ic te d Aroas
th a t w oro,roportod by Contractor Safoty S sc tio n s

12

A ccid onts in v o lv in g Government own )d v o h ic lo s th at occurrod o n .
tho Aroa (.Outsido R o stricto d Aroas) th a t woro roportod to tho
Aocidont I n v e s tig a tio n Unit by D rivors and th a t woro not i n ­v o stig a to d by tho/ Oak Ridgo P olico. Department.V

2"Off Aroa" A ccid onts in v o lv in g Govornmont ownod v o h ic lo s th a tworo roportod to tho A ccidont I n v e s tig a tio n U nit by d riv o rs.. 4 ;TOTAL ACCIDENTS REPORTED

!/

’

103

4 . Typo o f A ccid on t: E ighty four porcont of tho Government in v o lv ed a c c i ­donts v;oro c o llis io n .s between two or‘ more v o h ic lo s , f i f t e e n percent Wore c o l - ■l i s i o n s w ith fix o d o b jo cts and ono porcont wore .p ed estrian a c c id e n ts .
S ix ty f iv e porcont ,of\ t h o ’"P rivate Only" a c c id e n ts woro' c o l l i s i o n s oftwo or more v o h ic lo s .
y
?
■
\
■
.■
.

.

..................

v

Sovonty porcont of the "Government involved" a c cid o n ts Wore c l a s s i f i e d
as "Two Motor V e h ic le N o n -In tersectio n A ccid onts".' Twenty th r e e percent ofth ose woro "Same D ir ec tio n - rear ond c o llis io n " , twonty percent were "SameD ir ec tio n - sidosw ipo c o llis io n " , twenty percent woro "One car backward fromparked p o s itio n " , tw elve p irco n t woro "Ono .car parked - proper lo c a tio n " , .andtho romaindor woro e q u a lly d istr ib u te d as to typo.•"’"!
•' si'. ’

.

t ■

■- ■

5 . Approximate Speed (P receding A c c id e n t)! F i f t y throo porcont of tho
Government v o h ic lo s I'.'ore tr a v e lin g 0 to 10 m iles per hour, preceding tho. a o c i­dont. Only ton percont.w oro reported as tr a v e lin g .moro than 20 m iles per hourprocoding tho a c c id o n t.
T. ■• . r. . • .
- 3 i

6.
Driver Vi olation s: In d ic a te d : Forty throe percent of tho Government
D rivors wore charged w ith ono or more v io la t io n s .
la t i o n .

S ix ty four percent of tho d riv o rs of p r iv a te -,v e h ic le s wore in v io ­-t

Tho most fro q u o n tly roportod v io la t io n s are l i s t e d in order o f f r o quoncy as fo llo w s:
a . Sxoaoding sa fe spaed - but not sta to d lim it
b . F ollow ing too c lo s o ly
oV Impropor s ta r tin g from parked p o s itio n
cf. On wrong slda of road - not in passingo . Did not grant r ig h t of way to v o h ic lo ’
- f . Undor in flu o n co of a lc o h o l ( a l l p r iv a te )j;, Othor impropor backing (turning or backing in to platform )

24
17
17
10
10
7
7

V isio n Obsouromontsi V isio n obscuromonts Wore reported in ton in s ta n c e s .
Only two of th is, number woro Government ownod v e h ic le s .
Two v/oro "Rain, snow, o tc . on w ind sh ield", s ix woro "W indshield oth orw iso obscured" and two woro "Parked cars" .

8 . Motor V ohiclo D e fe c ts :. D efectiv e brakes was the most fro q u o n tly r o p o r tod motor v e h ic le d o fe c t. It-w as reported fo r four Government ownod v o h ic lo s andth ir te e n p riv a to v e h ic le s .
9 . Hour o f Days
A. M. and 6:00 P. M.

F if t y f iv o percent o f th e a c c id e n ts occurred between 8:0Q

Twonty f iv e percent occurred botween 1:00 P. M. and 4:00 P. M.
•

•

,

. . .

t

Tho la r g e s t number o f a ccid en ts fo r a ono hour period m s nino which
occurred w ith in tho periods o f 2:0Q P. M. to 3:00 P., M., 3:00 P. M. to 4:00 P. M.
and 4 :0 0 P. M* tp 5;00 P. M.
i1

Second Largest, e ig h t, occurred between 7:00 A. M, and 8 :0 0 A . M.

D uring,the period thero was a t lo a s t ono accid en t roportod fo r oachhour o f tho day.
Tho la r g e s t number o f Govornmnt in volved accxdpnts occurred, between
3:00 P. M. and 4:00 F. M. \7h ilo Privato Only a c c id e n ts occurred most fro q u o n tly
botween 4:00 P. 11. and 5:00 P. II.
10. Day o f Week: "Government involvod" a c c id e n ts occurrod most fr e q u e n tly
on Thursday. Wednesday and Lionday (an equal number) woro second and Tuesday m s
th ir d . Only ono "Govornment involvod” a ccid en t occurred on Saturday.

- 4 -T h o .la r g e st numbor o f "Privato Only" a o cid o n ts (13) occurrod on SaturAn oqual numbor, s ix , happonod on Monday, Tuosday, Thursday and Friday andfi-vo occurrod on oach- o f tho othor two days - ’ rodnosday and Sunday,
During tho past yoar thox*o wore olovon 1lNo A ccidont Days".
Sundays, two woro Saturdays, two woro Mondays and ono was F riday.

Six woro

11.
Ago, Sox and Raco o f D riv o rs: The ago, sox and njco o f d riv o rs th atworo Involvod in a ccid a n ts aro in d ica to d as fo llo w s:

1. Undor 18 yoars of Ago (Liconso Ago)
2. 18 - 19 Yoars
3. 20 - 24 Yoars
4 . 25 - 34 Yoars
5 . 3 5 - 4 4 Yoars
6'. 45 - 54 Yoars
7. 55
64 Yoars
8 . 65 - 74 Yoars
9* 75 and Ovor
10. Not Statod'■ TOTAL DRIVERS

Gov't .

P v t.

. 0
2
'10
33
14
5
1
0
0
8

4
1
16
36
,
22
14
‘ 2
1
0
9

'

73

105

Gov11 .

P v t.

68
1
4

89
13
3

D rivors woro divided as to sox as follow ??
^1. Malo:
2. . Fomalo
3 . Not Statod- 'TOTAL DRIVERS

73

- ’

105

Raco o f D rivors
•

1.
2.
3.
4.

Whito
Nogro
Oth^r
Not Statod
TOTAL DRIVERS

Gov’t ,

P vt,

66 102
1

0
'.
63

73

105

12.
Rosidonco o f D rivors: S ix ty throo porcont o f tho d riv o rs o f Govornmont ov/nod v o h ic lo s woro r o sid o n ts of Oak Ridgo.

r>* • .(■t,!C "(’vS^W-■,

E ighty th roe percent o f tho d riv o rs of p r iv a te ya hip -1 os w o n r o s i / dont s .
13. Govirnmont D rivors Pormits and/or State D rivers L ic en se ; Only twod riv o rs o f Government v e h ic le s die!' not have valic! Government-Drivers P irm its a t
tho timo o f a c c id e n ts .
•:E ighty throo percent r f th? d r iv o r s 1 pf. ,priva?'tjj iw tlic lo s ’had v a lid
State D rivors L ic e n se .
■'1 4 . Condition o f D riv er! "Had boon drinking" was roportod in sovon in stanao^ a l l o f which -involved d rivors o f p r iv a te v q h ic lo s .
: _causes of, a c c id e n ts as ou tlih od below:. »Gov’t . •: . ' P v t.

1 , Foreign m a teria l on suj^faco
2 . Road under co n str u c tio n or rep a ir
3 . Roa d - wot, muddy
4 . Grade or h i l l
5 . Curve or turn. •*6 , 'Weather - cloudy, fo g , o tc .
7 . Weather ** r a in , snow or s le e t
TOTAL
NOTE:

22
1
8
15
3 ■
4
4
57

’

10
2
18
35
11
13
15
104

A comparison of,..tho ta b u la tio n s o f numbor of a c c id o n ts, numbor o f
in j'u rid s, e t c . , which appears in tho fo rep a rt of t h is rep o rt, w ith '*ta b u la tio n s th a t appoaror1 in tho same manner in tho N^vombir reportand in preceding rep orts w i l l rev ea l some d isc re p a n cies in t o t a l s .
These d ifforon cQ s,are "due to th e fa c t th a t a soarch o f tho f i l e s-'
subsequent to preparation of t h is rep o rt, rev o a lid rep o rts ofa c c id e n ts th a t had boon f i l i d w ith out being t a l l i e d and, t h m f o r e ,had not boon accounted fo r in tho monthly r e p o r ts. Tho data from*, th ose rep orts has been included in tho ta b u la tio n s and cum ulativet o t a ls o f t h is r e p o r t.

Prepared by;
A ccident I n v e s tig a tio n Unit
S afety S ection„ .
Department of- Public S afety£4 January 1947

6

-

*'
‘

Date of Report:

EIRE OR EXPLOS!OH .REPORTType of Incident:

Location:

Reported by:Date of Incident:

Day of Week:

Time of Day :Gove rnrnent Loss:

Private Loss:

Interruption to production
o LJ!,f seareh: ,......

A. M,

CJ Exploslon$A.

tory of Incident:

B.

Extingulshment of Fire:C.

Comments and Recommendations:

Instructions:

A.

B.

c.
El l»4 Fo111 "'1 October 19•5$

Describe building or equlpMent Involved, cause of fir.
Who reoponded to the alarw and what m thod was us;d/:lndlcete any pertinent facts not covered In A,
list reco..endatlona.

•

L-1 Yesp ....

..._. Nont and duage.
tlngulah fire.
or which •ay clarify report, andWAR DEPARTMENT\« I > I« tr i T

STRICT

CORPS QF ENGINEERS
OFFICE Or'xjffDISTRICT ENGINEERTO:( M I K E E *MA N H A T T A N D I S T R I C T
C 0 A f S OF [ K I I E M S

P.

OAKA C F EA

o.

>ox

TO

MANHATTAN 01 STRICT■ (•*1 D « E ,OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEET M H S S I f

FILE

NO.

EIDMQ-G4

/

./
C
/>”/
• .>
f:
w .; 'v,.:v
14 October 1&46.

M
:?J
, -/
4/

"V
S u b jects

F ir s t Aid S t a tio n s , 5 September through 27 September 1946.

MEMORANDUM to Mr. J. R. Maddy, S a fe ty D iv is io n .
The fo llo w in g rep ort co v erin g th e o p era tio n of th e F ir s t Aid
S ta tio n s i s subm itted fo r your inform ations
S ta ,
No.
1

2

3

4

5

L ocation
U .S .E .D .
Adm. B ldg.

C-2
Warehouse

GambleV a lle yRoaneAnderson
Main B ldg.
4th
EchelonRepai r
Shops

PeriodCovered
9 /3 - 9 /6
9 /9 -9 /1 3
9 / l 6 -9 /2 0
9 /2 3 -9 /2 7Treatments
Occupa­ Non-Occup a tio n a lt io n a l
10
10
21
11

e

74

•

88
73
97

52

332

79

69

9 /S - 9 /6
9 /9 -9 /1 3
9 / l 6 -9 /2 0
9 /2 3 -9 /2 7

37
14

3
31
19
16

9 /3 - 9 /6
9/ 9- 9/13
9 /1 6 -9 /2 0
9 /2 3 -9 /2 7

20
38
42
24

22
14
25
15

124

76

9 /S - 9 /6
9 /9 -9 /1 3
9 / l 6 -9 /2 0
9 /2 3 -9 /2 7

6
6
9
16

95
103
81
107

37

386

9 /3 - 9 /6
9 /9 -9 /1 3
9 / l 6 -9 /2 0
9 /2 3 -9 /2 7

29
51
48
66

35
58
55
55

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Occupa­ Non-Occu­
p a tio n a lt io n a l

D. G. WILLIAMS,
C p a l# * . Corps o*V E n gin eers,
ie f .., D eot. o f P u b lic Safe t v .
I| .1! H -fi_*
BoCS-SfMANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORYBOOK I - GENERALVOLIME 11 - SAFETY PROGRAM
SUPFL£MENT TO APPENDIX nE"
PHOTOGRAPHS OR PHOTOSTATS OFi
ES-10

Award of Honor Presentation for Schools

ES*»11

Awards of Distinguished Service to Safety (2 )ES*12National Traffic Safety Contest Award

ES-1S

National Award of Merit, Record of Merit, Fire
Prevention Week October 1945.

ES-14

Fire Prevention Training and Inspection(1 composite and 2 regular)a.
c.

Fire Prevention in Oak Ridge
Fire Prevention at Gas Stations
Fire Prevention at SchoolsP resen tationo f n a tio n a l
S a fety Council''"Honor R o ll’*fo r Oxcop’c is n a i '.-ffort
in S a fety to
Oak Ridge
Schools on
27 August 19/46
P resen tation
aads by I t ,C ol. C.C. Koblc
Exec, O fflo o r,
Manhattan Diat»J ie r e b y presents to

JWarii nflftmtnr
tor

J o t outstanding success in controlling accidents a r
plants an d laboratories concerned w ith the pro*duction of atom bombs from June 30,1945 to June 30,1946

e l s - 1)

ti

(ilk

ixatiim.il §afrt}tQjuunril
jH e re b v p r e s e n ts toiftrirtUlirry;; of (tiuiuimr.
th is

3WarDitf•Rmtur
Jn achieving and maintaining outstandingly tow accident rates
at the. Manhattan District facilities throughout the countrv under
the urgent demands tor speed in the unique processes attending thedevelopment of the A tom ic B o m b , and thus m aking a s ig n a lcontribution to early Victory.

presen ted at Washington,UC.

"December 9 th, 1945

€ 5

EL5-H Covi+d.

OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE1945

AWARD OF MERITP R E S E N T E D BY

NATIONAL SAFETY*£3 -S3

p r o t e c t io n

Committee on Fire Prevention and Clean U p Campaign

I Hereby Certifies that----------------------Q_AJ£ R. I D G- &---------------- ----sX Jias been awardedB..0 K.0.JLJL-B L.£..JL.E II.JL.X CLU,

R ecord of M erit
For Educational Activities Promoted During

FIRE PREVENTION WEEK
October 7 - 13, 1945
In Witness Whereof the undersigned have affixed their signatures
day o f February,
thiserlsb,teenth

1946MANHATTAN DISTRICT BISTORTBOOK I - GENERALVOLUME 11 - SAFETY PROGRAMS QPPLMEMT TO APPENDIX "F"

L ie t of Films Available for BaeCORPS OF ENGINEERS
Office of the District Engineer
MANHATTAN DISTRICTOak Ridge, Tennessee

EIDMJ-4

20 November 194-6.

DISTRICT CIRCULAR LETTER (Safety 47-3)

SUBJECT:

Revised List of Motion Picture and Slide Films Available for
Loan,

TOs

All Concerned.

1.
,Attached is a list of films available for loan by this office.
The list is revised and supersedes list inclosed with District Bulletin
dated 20 February 194-6, subject as above.
2.
Requests for films should be forwarded to the attention of
the District Safety Division at least two weeks in advance of the daterequired and should indicate an alternate choice in the event the first
selection is not immediately available.
3.
Films will be loaned for a period of two weeks unless therequest is for a longer period, which will be arranged if compatible
with any other loans scheduled.
For the District Engineer:

1 Incl,{List of Films
D ISTRIBUTION:

AE
H
Safety Division (100)The following Safety Circular Letters are still in effectj all others
have been rescinded:43-1 & Suppl, 1
44-5
44-10
44-12 & Suppl. 1

45-1
45-2
45-3
45-4

46-1
46-3
'46-4
46-5

46-6
46-7

47-1
47-2

MOTION PICTURE !
3 FILMSAVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM SAFETY DIVISION■MANHATTAN DISTRICT.' >. OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEEI*

16 nun MOTION PICTURE FILMS.
A*.

(Sound, except as noted)

MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATOR TRAINING.
Guilty, A dramatic of a young man who refuses to takesafety seriously. Considerable specific traffic informa­tion included. 30 minutes.
2,

Hell Wouldn't Have Him. Adult truck drivers are shown
the results of carelessness on the highways. 30 minutes*

3.

It's Tlanton 'Murder. How reckless driving affects an
American family* Narrated by Lowell Thomas. 15 minutes.

4*'

School Bus Operation. Shows the importance of maintenanceand emphasizes, safe driving habits.
13 minutes*

5.

Singing Wheels. This film shows importance of t r uck,drivers in our transportation system.
23 minutes.

6.

The Operator and His Passengers. Points out ways ofhandling problems that may arise such as expired transfers,
people who miss their stops, the talkative person, andgetting passengers to move to the rear.
18 minutes.

7.

Uncle Jim Tells 'Em. .This film is a dramatization ofsafety rules for driving.
15 minutes.

8.

When You Know. Shows that if training is necessary foran airplane pilot, then it is, ,a.lso essential for the
automobile driver.
12 minutes.
With Care. Points out what, the truck driver does tomake him the safest driver on the road.
12 minutes.

10.

B.

Youth Takes to the Highway.
how to drive. 12 minutes.

Training high school pupils

FIRE PREVENTION, PROTECTION, AND EXTINGUISHMENT.
1.

A Word.to the Wise. Shows causes of fires, cost of
fires, and measures t.o be used in fire prevention in
the home. 12 minutes.
Before the Alarm. Depicts fundamental fire protectionneeds of an average community,
10 minutes.

Inclosure to D/C/L (Safety 47-3) dated 20 November 1946, subject,"Revised List of Motion Picture and Slide Films Available for Loan."3.

C ontrol o f Flammable L iq u id s. Methods o f handling v o l a t i l e \and flammable liq u id s are portrayed, 25 m inutes, ( s i l e n t )4.

How Fires Start in Industry.
causes in industrial plants.

5*

Fire Safety. Shows how to avoid fires, particularlyaround the home. 18 minutes,(silent)

6.

Fire Prevention. The first half of this film deals withfire prevention in building construction and the second
half is an appeal for fire prevention, in the home.
16 minutes.' .(silent)

7.

Flame Facts. This film in technicolor classifies various
types of fires and demonstrates use^ypes of fire
extinguishers. 11 minutes.

8.

More Dangerous .Than Dynamite. Covers accident and fire
prevention in the home. Safe handling of flammable liquids.
9 minutes.

9.

Preventing Fires Through Electrical Safety. Home andpublic fire prevention. Deals with proper handling andmaintenance of electrical equipment.
30 minutes,(silent)^

10.

Sixty Seconds to Safety. Demonstrates some of the common
causes of fires in the school. Shows unsafe practices suchas waste paper carelessly left on stairs, furniture blocking
exit doors, etc. 12 minutes.

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A close-up of actual fire
30 minutes,(technicolor)I ..

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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.

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' '■ .. ' :•'A Safe Day. In this film we see Bill Jones, worker,
applying his knov/ledge of good safety practices all throughthe day, at home, in traffic, and in the factory.
15 minutes.
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Danger - Women at Work. A safety-health film designed
especially for women workers in industry. 12 minutes.

3.

Factory Safety. Depicts safety work in the. averageindustrial plant and the ideal methods of conducting asafety program,(supervisory) 15 min,utes.

4.

Fork Truck.
(T.F. 104.-1080) Shows safe use of equipmentin handling materials. 30 minutes.

5.

For Safety’s Sake. Shows the danger of using defective
power tools, and give several rules for the safe use ofhand power saws, power drills, etc.
(worker) 15 minutes.

6.

Four Thousand Years of Experience. Starts with the buildingby hand of the B-29 airbase. in China and brings safety
through to its present status in the modern industrial
plant. 18 minutes.
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Kitchen and Dining Room Safety. This film covers common
hazards in the kitchen and dining room and demonstrates
safe practices.
For hotels, cafeterias, lunch rooms, etc.
15 minutes.
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8.

No Short Cut. Shows safe practices in the public utility
industry; Covers handling of materials, hand tools, signs,
rules, eye hazards, etc. 33 minutes.

9.

Safety in the Shop. Dramatizes typical shop accidents.
Emphasizes the supervisor's responsibility in teaching andmaintaining safe practices in the shop. 12 minutes,

10.

Shop Safety. This film-shows precautions to be observed in
the automotive machine shop.
28 minutes.

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11.

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FIRST AID AND HEALTH,
1.

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Before the Doctor Comes. For First Aid students. ReelNo. 1 - Controlling bleeding and care of shock. Reel No. 2 Artificial respiretion and care of burns. Reel No. 3 - Leg
Fractures and application of splints. Reel No. U - Aim
fractures and transporting victims.
37 minutes.

PUBLIC SAFETY.

■

1.

Home Safe Hone. This film describes typical home hazards
and practical ways of correcting them. 20 minutes.

2.

Street Safety. (Primary Grades) Sho?/s correct pedestrian
habits for children. 20 minutes.

3.

Street Safety. (Advanced Grades) For adults, the filmshows right way to cross a street, alight from street cars,
how to walk along roads where therfe are no sidewalks.
20 minutes.

35 mm SLIDE FILMS.
A.

> •Three Dimensional Seeing. Color film demonstrates the new
methods of improving industrial seeing conditions throughthe correct application of color and light to machinery
operation. 20 minutes.

(Sound,, except as noted)'

MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATOR TRAINING.
1.

Defensive Driving, Features interviews with drivers ofvarious types of trucks, and demonstrates defensive driving

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20 minutes*- • ■..
2.

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If It Happens, primarily for commercial vehicle drivers.
Explains and demonstrates what to do in case of an accident.
20 minutes

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3.

Learning-to Drive. For high school students in driver
training courses. £art l'deals with discussion of partsof the car, etc. Part 2 'shows the beginner behind thewheel learning about the controls and gauges, making proper
turnings, etc.' 30 minutes,,

4.

Night Driving. This picture shows the difficulty of seeing
at night, the effect of glare on the eyes, effect of fog
and rain on headlights, stopping distances at night andsuggestions for safe night driving. 15 minutes,

5.

No Use Skidding. A fast-moving film explaining the major
causes, of winter traffic casualties. Can be shown to alltypes of drivers.
15 minutes.

6.

Pilots of the Highway; A dramatization of Interstate
Commerce Commission Safety Regulations for cross-country
truck drivers.
20 minutes.

•

7.

Testing the Drinking Driver. A dramatic story of how n§w
scientific tests are being used in drunken driving cases.
20 minutes., .
.

9.

Traffic Jam Ahead. Shows new hazards caused by worn out
equipment which confront the present day motorist.
20
minutes*

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10.

B.

Safety for Sale. Shows an educational highway program.
Suitable for guards, police and safety organizations.
15 minutes.

8,

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Victory Highway. Shows proper maintenance of equipment
and the prevention of highway accidents. 20 minutes.

FIRE PREVENTION, PROTECTION AND EXTINGUISHMENT.
1,

Fire. Shows correct methods of preventing and fighting
fires. < 20 minutes.

,2.

Fire is Your Responsibility. How store employees can help
prevent fires. Rules covering common situations such as
smoking, wiring, store housekeeping and trash disposal.
The film closes with a "Photo Quiz," a series of picturesin which the audience is asked to point out typical store
fire’hazards.. 20 minutes.
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In Case o f F ir e . This film shows the in d u s tr ia l worker> what should be done, in case o f f i r e and what should be done
to guard a g a in st i t , : 20 m inutes ( s i l e n t )4.

Safe From Fire. (F.S, 20-10) Methods of preventing andcontrolling fire.
15 minutes■ (silent)

5.

The Fire Thief. Industry's great enemy, what employees
can do to prevent it, sources of industrial fires. Good
housekeeping is emphasized throughout.
20 minutes,

6.

Training for Emergencies.. Describes emergency services clothing on .fire - fire in school shop - reporting a fire using fire extinguisher*.. (Schools) 15 minutes (silent)1- :- ■1 - ’ t ■' •.

o'V*xV.''££J8vV'--'TOC'-i.J' .. ..' '' ■INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (EMPLOYEE TRAINING)
1.

Care and Use of Chain Falls. Reviews the importance ofgiving chain falls good care, together with detailed
information on selection, operating techniques, and loading•

fa c to r s in v o lv ed in th e ir u se ,'5 m inutes ( s i l e n t )2.

C onstruction Equipment S a f e t y .

Covers causes o f a c cid en t

in use of heavy equipment. Stresses importance of following
r u l e s a n d use of good common sense, 20 minutes.

3.

Dry C leaning I n s t a lla t io n s (F .S , 20-15)
fo r o p era tio n . 15 m inutes, ( s i l e n t )4.

Eye Protection. Shows selection, adjustment, and care ofchipper goggles, welding goggles, helmets, and hand shields,
18 minutes.
«••

5.

Eyes on the Job. A film featuring "Sammy Squint," whoadvocates the need for better vision in industry in theprevention of accidents. 20 minutes,*’*•

S a fe ty p o in te rs

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Fork Lift,■materials.

(F.S. 20-14.) Safe use of equipment in handling'
15 minutes,(silent)

7.

Giant Hands of Industry. Shows how to operate shop cranes
safely.
Illustrates the hooker's ihany responsibilities,
approved hand signals, and care in use of various types ofhoisting gear, 15 minutes.

8.

Good Housekeeping.
in d u s tr ia l p lan ts..

9,

Grime D oesn 't Pay. Shows how im portant good p la n t house­keeping i s in r e la t io n to p reven tin g a c c id e n ts . 20 m in utes.

(F .S . 20-8)
15 m inutes,

Hidden hazards in(s ile n t)\10.

Handle with Care. The character in a safety poster comesto life and explains the importance of lifting and handlingmaterials safely.
20 minutes.
{ (

11.

Handling Pressure Cylinders. Gives detailed information onproper1' storage, rigging, hoisting, and use of oxygen,acetylene,_and other pressure cylinders. 15 minutes.

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Keep It Clean. Summarizes practical suggestions in indi­vidual sanitation.
15 minutes.

■i i't i;orpLaboratory Glassware. Shows safe practices in handlingvarious types of glass apparatus, avoid hazards likely tocause accidents.
10 minutes.

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14.

Maintaining a Safe Shop. Stresses importance of keeping
aisles, floor and stairways safe, disposal of wiping cloths;
oaution about nails, disposal of scrap materials, handlingand storing materials, moving heavy objects. 15 minutes(silent),15.

Men of Maintenance. Railroad maintenance and safe per­formance of duties. Covers inspections, loading, handling,
operation of motor track cars, trailers, and push cars, andemphasizes the importance of being alert at all times.
15 minutes.P

16.

Minute Men. An action-packed story of safety in the public'
utility industry.
Illustrates safe practices in line work,
power' stations, meter inspections, etc. 20 minutes,

17.

Ho Laughing Matter. Folks causing biggest share of
accidental deaths and serious injuries, and how they canbe prevented.
15 minutes,

18i

Nothing Upstairs. A, cartoon film in technicolor, featuring
comic characters "Lulu Drip" and "Hank Fizzle," who are
forever getting injured in the plant as a result of mostcommon unsafe acts. 10 minutes,

19.

Office Hazards, (F.S'. 20-7)
12 minutes,(silent.)

20.

Play Safe and Work Safely. The safety program in industry safe dress, shop hygiene, etc.
(Workers) 20 minutes.

21.

Pole Top 'Pals. Shows precautions necessary in executionof work on poles. Describes emergency resuscitations fromelectric shock while still on pole. 20 minutes (silent)

22.

Power Supply. Shows best methods of starting and stopping
various types of electric power machines.
22 minutes.

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Shows common office hazards.

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Rules for Tools. Shows safe use of small hand-tools, buili
around the four rules; "Select the right tool,""Be sure
it is in good condition," "Use it properly," and "Put itaway safely." 20 ninutes.

24.

Safe Handling of Materials. Covers handling, accident
causes such as - snagging hands, rough boards, wire,
catching fingers, lifting, dropping objects, carrying,jerking, struggling, etc; 10 minutes.

25.

Safe Use of Hand Tools. (F.Si 20-13) Shows workers how
they can avoid injury to themselves and others.
15 minutes,(silent)’

26.

Safely We Work. Shows railroad yardmen and crewmen how
they can avoid accidents on the job. 15 minutes.

27.

Safely Yours. Helps teach women employees the value ofsafety .in industry.
20 minutes.

28.

Safety for Defense. Outlines six common causes ofindustrial accidents and how workers can avoid accidents
fron these causes, stresses the employee’s responsibility
to ¥/ork safely for himself and our nation.
20 minutes.

29.

The Fall Guy. A story of falls in industry, interspersedwith humorous dialogue and demonstrations of falling hazards
and methods f o r .eliminating them. 20 minutes.

30.

Warehousing. (F.S. 10-112)
15 minutes,(silent)

31»

Y.'omen and Machines. Stresses huge industrial'accidents
costs and shows the important part played by women in
reducing them.
20 minutes.

Safe practices in warehouses,

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (F0REMANSHIP 'TRAINING)
1.

Brains Beats Brawn. Depicts the correct methods in handlingmaterials. 20 minutes.

2.

Cause and Cure. Shows methods of industrial accident
investigation and the correction of accident causes bysupervision.
20 minutes.

3.

Do the Job Right. Depicts problems the foreman is up
against in trying to do the- job right. Shows how he canfind time to plan his program, delegate duties, etc.
20 minutes.

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4.

Follow th e Leader. Shows" management and' su p e r v iso r s' join^r e s p o n s ib ilit y , and o u t l i n e s ,ten n e c e ssa r y ste p s in theorg a n iza tio n o f a s a f e t y program,. 20 m inutes,

5.

Guard Duty. D ep icts procedures, o f s a fe guarding a g a in st. m echanical hazards. 20 minutes', ' .

6,. How to Get Ready to. Instruct. Intended for supervisorypersonnel for better management. 15 minutes,

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How to Instruct'." Presents methods of instructing new
employees in the' job they are to perform,(Supervisors)
20 minutes.

8.

Invisible Red Ink*. An. appeal'.to management to recognize
the importance of a planned safety program, not only fromthe humanitarian standpoint, hut from the dollars and cents
standpoint*
20 minutest

9,Lots Face the Facts. Shows what to look for in safety anddramatizes tho fact that an interruption in production isa clue, pointing to the fact that something has gone wrong.
20 minutes.-.

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Principles and Interest. Shows the methods of maintaining
employee interest in the safety program’, 20 minutes,

11,

Production w ith S a f e t y . D ep icts the foreman’s r e sp o n si­
b i l i t i e s in c o n tr o llin g workers' a c ts through tr a in in g andproper su p e r v isio n , 20 m inutes.

12,

Right Dress. Depicts the need for proper selection ofprotective equipment i n industry and emphasizes the needfor its use. 20. minutes.

13.

Safety is in Order. Shows importance of providing safe
working conditions for employees.
20 minutes.

14.

Safety Inspection'. For the safety engineer. The filmsuggests duties of the safety engineer, selling safety,
getting cooperation from others, making daily safety
inspection, 12 minutes,'

15.

Stop. Look and Listen. A plant safety committee is
pictured at work. 20 minutes.

FIRST AID AND HEALTH
1.

Aids for injuries. Describes first'aid for cuts, slivers,
punctures, wounds and bruises, particles in eyes, etc.
15 minutes.

2,

Artificial Respiration,
minutes(silent)'

Demonstrates prone method. 20

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3.

Doctors Orders. Shows treatment of industrial injuries
through first aid. 20 minutes.

4.

First Aid for Non-Combat Injuries. Stresses the employmentof improvised means to provide the necessary first aid.
10 minutes,(silent)

5.

Food Keeps You Fit. -Depicts proper food for workers.
15 minutes.

6.

Open For Infection. Story features worker who has finger
injured and then receives some instructions from doctor
on consequences of neglect. 20 minutes.

7.

Poisonous Snakes of the U. S . Shows types of snakes andfirst aid for bites. 10 minutes, .(silent)

8.

Stay on the Beam. A mental hygiene expert discusses a few
hints for good morale ..... good mental health.
14- minutes

S.

Take Care of Yourself. . Industrial physician and nurse

10.

The Cold Bug. Instructs industrial employees on treatment
for the common cold. 14 minutes.

11.

To the Tomen. Describes illnesses common to women whichcause majority of absenteeism among women workers. 15
minutes.

12.

Treatment for Bleeding. Shows what to do when injured:
Infection, severe bleeding, fractures, etc. 15 minutes,(silent)

PUBLIC SAFETYAre Your Feet Killing You? Shows case history ofpedestrian hazards and emphasizes correction.
20 minutes.
2.

Child Accidents in the Home. Presents suggestions toparents on prevention of all kinds of home accidents tochildren.
20 minutes.

3.

Double Trouble. Technicolor film showing Lulu Drip and
Hank Fizzle who get married and then have accidents inhome, on highway and in the plant.
15 minutes.

4.

Home Safety. Shows common hazards in every room and how
to correct them.
20 minutes.

No Time for Goofers. • Illustrates hazards enco
on way to and fron work. Covering all methods
transportation....,20 minutes. .V.Play Safe. Depicts safety on school playground.
15 minutes,(silent)
Safe All Around. A story o f o f f -the-job safety deal
with hazards around the home and their elimination.
18 minutes,(silent)' Safe Electrical Equipment'for the Home. Shows safe
electrical equipment used in the home. 15 minutes,(silent) •Safety First. Deals with traffic situations,particularly accidents caused by careless pedestrians.
10 minutes.••(silent)
Safety on Two T!heels. Shows, bicycle safe, practices
in traffic. 15 minutes,(silent)
Tom Joins the Safety Patrol. ■Describes safety patrolin operation. 10 Hiinutes.
(silent)

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E I I I O I E BAtomic Energy Act 1940
Specific R e str ic te d Data

Clearance Required.