Towards a Safer Sri Lanka

A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management

December 2005

Disaster Management Centre

Ministry of Disaster Management
Government of Sri Lanka

Supported by

U N
D P

United Nations Development ProgrammeTowards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management
ISBN : 955-1393-00-7

Published by the Disaster Management Centre
Ministry of Disaster Management
Supported by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

December 2005

Disaster Management Centre
Ministry of Disaster Management
Government of Sri Lanka
Tel: +94-11-2441570/73
Fax: +94-11-2441571
Email: dmcsl@sltnet.lk
dgdmcsl@gmail.com

Print - NEO Graphics 2803030

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Message from the Hon. Prime Minister
It is a great pleasure and privilege to launch theRoad Map for Disaster Risk Management in
Sri Lanka. I am confident that theimplementation of this plan will fulfill theneeds of the country to make it safer in the
future from natural as well as human induced
disasters. Disaster preparedness and risk
management are vital for the well-being of thenation.
It should be noted that over the past decade efforts have been made to establish a legal frameworkin the country for disaster risk management (DRM). The 2003 floods and landslides disaster andthe 2004 tsunami have brought to light the urgent need for a systematic approach to DRM.
The Disaster Management Act enacted this year provides the legal base and a high level National
Council for Disaster Management to oversee all activities in this area. A separate Ministry for
Disaster Management has been created and the Disaster Management Centre has been establishedas per the Act, as the lead agency in the country for Disaster Management. It will implement
activities related to all phases of DRM in collaboration with relevant stakeholder ministries,
national and provincial level administration, private agencies, civil society, non-governmentorganisations, community based organisations and the communities.
These significant steps have paved the way for us today to launch a Road Map that facilitates us tosystematically approach DRM. However, we must realise that we have a long way ahead. Merely
having a Road Map is not sufficient to make the country safer from disasters. It would need all the
stakeholders to get together with a clear vision and to work as a team for a Safer Sri Lanka.
I take this opportunity to thank UNDP for the assistance extended in the development of theRoad Map.
I wholeheartedly wish that this Road Map will be a great success.
Ratnasiri Wickramanayake
Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Minister of Disaster Management

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Foreword‘A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step' - Confucius
Disaster Risk Management is not an area new to Sri Lanka; what is new however, is the approach toit. In the past, efforts in this area have focussed more on reactive measures after a disaster. Untilvery recently Sri Lanka did not have an integrated institutional framework for disaster response,
and a pro-active policy to tackle the trend of increasing disasters.
This year has been a test of the county’s resilience and the capacity of the people to overcome thedevastation of the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the worst disaster that nature hasbrought on us.
The need for a strong institutional framework and leadership in this very important area has been
fulfilled through the Disaster Management legislation and the establishment of the National
Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) – which is a high-level body under the leadership ofH.E. the President and vice-chaired by the Hon.Prime Minister.
The Ministry of Disaster Management has been created, under the Hon. Prime Minister, to lead thestrategic planning for disaster preparedness, response, risk mitigation and risk reduction. The
Disaster Management Centre (DMC) has been established as per the Sri Lanka Disaster
Management Act to facilitate the implementation of these strategic plans.
The Road Map for Disaster Risk Management in Sri Lanka, prepared with UNDP support is one of
the first activities undertaken by the DMC, in collaboration with a range of stakeholders from thegovernment, international agencies and non-governmental organizations. This road map serves as
a vision document for leading the way towards a safer Sri Lanka, and incorporates prioritized
activities that need to be implemented over the short, medium and long-term.
The Road Map will serve to coordinate the activities of the numerous stakeholders in this area, andalso mobilize resources from donors and development partners of Sri Lanka. This journey towards
a safer Sri Lanka, requires the cooperation and goodwill of all concerned - ministries, government
institutions, departments, agencies and also the International agencies and non-governmentorganizations. This Road Map for Disaster Risk Management is a significant first step on thejourney towards a Safer Sri Lanka.

Dr. U. Vidanapathirana
Secretary
Ministry of Disaster Managementv

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Preface‘Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management’, is a guiding document toachieve the Vision of Disaster Management in Sri Lanka. It includes necessary programs/ projects/
activities with details of required resources such as manpower, funds, equipment, and a targetedtime frame, in which to achieve this vision.
This Road Map contains seven themes/ components, which are in line with ongoing and pastefforts in the field of disaster risk management and development planning in Sri Lanka. The
strategy proposed under this disaster risk management framework for Sri Lanka covers the areas of
Policy, Institutional Mandates & Institutional Development; Hazard, Vulnerability & Risk
Assessment; Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems; Disaster Preparedness Planning andResponse; Disaster Mitigation and Integration into Development Planning; Community based
Disaster Management;and Training, Education and Public Awareness.
It is said that a plan is only as good as the process, and the Disaster Management Centre hasdeveloped this Road Map through a consultative process involving all relevant stakeholders,
ranging from government ministries and departments to international agencies and nongovernment organisations. This process has helped in the identification of gaps, needs, priorities
and strategies for further action.
These areas for immediate action will be addressed in a systematic and prioritised manner with thenecessary collaboration of relevant stakeholder agencies, departments and ministries in Sri Lanka.
These priorities for action are also consistent with the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No. 13
of 2005, which the DRM framework will work towards implementing over the next 10 years.
I take this opportunity to sincerely thank all the stakeholder agencies and individuals who
volunteered to compile this important document. I also deeply appreciate the valuable services
rendered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in this activity.
I am confident that the activities in the Road Map when implemented will lead to a Sri Lanka safer
from disasters.
Major General Gamini Hettiarachchi
Director General
Disaster Management Centre
Ministry of Disaster Managementvii

Contents
Message from the Hon. Prime Ministeriii

Forewordv

Prefacevii

Acronymsxi

Executive Summary

xiii

Chapter 1: Disaster Risk Management in Sri Lanka
1.1

Disaster Risk in Sri Lanka
1.1.1 Hazard Profile
1.1.2 Underlying Vulnerabilities
1.1.3 Trends in Disaster Risk

1
2
3

1.2

Institutional Arrangements for DRM in Sri Lanka

4

1.3

Key Opportunities and Challenges

6

1.4

The DRM Framework

7

Chapter 2: Road Map for a ‘Safer Sri Lanka’
2.1Road Map for a ‘Safer Sri Lanka’
2.1.1 Key Objectives
2.1.2 The Consultation Process

9
9
9

2.2

Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Development

10

2.3

Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

16

2.4

Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems

24

2.5

Preparedness and Response Plans

31

2.6

Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into
Development Planning

37

2.7

Community-based Disaster Risk Management

47

2.8

Public Awareness, Education and Training

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Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements
3.1

Introduction

61

3.2

Implementation Arrangements
3.2.1 National Steering Committee
3.2.2 Technical Advisory Committee
3.2.3 Implementing Bodies
3.2.4 Financial Management

61
61
62
62
62

3.3

Monitoring and Evaluation

62

Annexes
Annex 1 : Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005

65

Annex 2 : Institutional Profiles

87

List of Tables and Figures
Table 1: Summary of Road Map: Priority projects with indicative budget for the short term xv
Fig.1:

People affected by different disasters in Sri Lanka (1974 - 2004)

1

Fig.2:

Floods: number of reports by region (1974 - 2004)

4

Fig.3:

Floods: number of people affected by region (1974 - 2004)

4

Fig.4:

Institutional framework for DRM in Sri Lanka

6

Fig.5:

Coordination mechanism for stakeholders in DRM

7x

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S r i L a n k aAcronyms
ADPC
ADRC
AEA
APELL
BOI
CBDM
CBDRM
CBOs
CCD
CEA
CEB
CECB
CHPB
CPC
DEM
DIA
DM
DMC
DoA
DoM
DRM
DRR
DSs
EOC
ERD
EW
FEMA
GCE(AL)
GIS
GN
GO
ICTAD
ID
IDB
IESL
IOC
ISDR
ITI
LA
LG

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
Asian Disaster Reduction Centre
Atomic Energy Authority
Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Levels
Board of Investment
Community Based Disaster Management
Community Based Disaster Risk Management
Community Based Organizations
Coast Conservation Department
Central Environmental Authority
Ceylon Electricity Board
Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau
Centre for Housing Planning and Building
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Digital Elevation Model
Disaster Impact Assessment
Disaster Management
Disaster Management Centre
Department of Agriculture
Department of Meteorology
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Reduction
Divisional Secretariats
Emergency Operation Centre
External Resources Department
Early Warning
Federal Emergency Management Agency
General Certificate of Education (Advance Level)
Geographic Information System
Grama Niladhari
Government Organization
Institute for Construction, Training and Development
Irrigation Department
Industrial Development Board
Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Industrial Technology Institute
Local Authority
Local Governmentxi

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LGAs
LIDAR
LHZ
M&E
MASL
MC
MDTC
MDTU
MoDM
MRI
MoE
NARA
NBRO
NDMC
NEOC
NGOs
NHDA
NIE
NISD
NPPD
NSF
NWS&DB
PCs
PCLG
RDA
S&M
SAR
SCADA
SLIA
SLIDA
SLILG
SLLRDCSLRCSSLUMDMP
SoPs
ToR
TOT
TRC
UDA
UGC
UNDP
UNESCO
USAID
USGS
WRB
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Local Government Authorities
Light Detection and Ranging
Landslide Hazard Zoning
Monitoring and Evaluation
Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka
Municipal Council
Management Development & Training Centres
Material Development & Training Unit
Ministry of Disaster Management
Medical Research Institute
Ministry of Education
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
National Building Research Organization
National Disaster Management Centre
National Emergency Operation Centre
Non Government Organizations
National Housing Development Authority
National Institute of Education
National Institute of Social Development
National Physical Planning Department
National Science Foundation
National Water Supply & Drainage Board
Provincial Councils
Provincial Council Local Government
Road Development Authority
Surveillance & Monitoring
Search and Rescue
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Sri Lanka Institute of Architects
Sri Lanka Institute of Development Administration
Sri Lanka Institute of Local Governance
Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation
Sri Lanka Red Cross Society
Sri Lanka Urban Multi-hazards Disaster Mitigation Project
Standard Operating Procedures
Terms of ReferenceTraining of Trainers
Telecommunications Regulatory Commission
Urban Development Authority
University Grants Commission
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United States Agency for International Development
United States Geological Survey
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Executive Summary
Over the past few decades, disaster losses in Sri Lanka have increased substantially. The country isprone to natural disasters caused by floods, cyclones, landslides, drought and coastal erosion withincreasing instances of environmental pollution related hazards. The devastation caused by the
Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 has highlighted that Sri Lanka is also vulnerable to low-frequency,
high impact events which cause extensive damage and reverse years of development gains.
Last year’s tragic tsunami has brought about a collective recognition among the Sri Lankan
government, civil society organizations and international agencies of the need for comprehensive
disaster risk management, rather than just post-disaster relief or better response mechanisms forthe country. Creating the political and social will to manage disaster risks before the occurrence of adisaster event continues to be a great challenge.
Over the last year, the Government of Sri Lanka has taken significant steps towards strengthening
legislative and institutional arrangements for disaster risk management. The Sri Lankan
Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters a bi-partisan committee, was constituted todeliberate on issues relating to the status of disaster management in Sri Lanka. The Committee’s
recommendations towards achieving a safer Sri Lanka have subsequently guided legislative andpolicy efforts in this regard.
In May 2005, the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 was enacted, which provides
the legal basis for instituting a Disaster Risk Management (DRM) system in the country. The Act
establishes the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM). This high-level body chairedby H.E. the President, vice-chaired by the Hon. Prime Minister with participation of the leader of
Opposition, Ministers, Provincial Council Chief Ministers and five members of the Opposition,
provides direction to DRM in the country. In November 2005, the Ministry of Disaster
Management (MoDM) was established. It has been accorded the lead role in directing the strategicplanning process for disaster response, risk mitigation, preparedness planning and risk reduction.
The Disaster Management Centre (DMC) was established as per the Act as the lead agency fordisaster risk management in the country.
After the tsunami other major actors such as non-government organizations and international
agencies have also been actively involved in coordinating efforts for reconstruction andintroducing systems for disaster risk management towards sustained risk reduction in Sri Lanka.
While they have been recognized as important partners for reconstruction activity, efforts inestablishing DRM systems for Sri Lanka have often overlapped. Hence the need to coordinate
efforts of various government agencies and the offers of support by international agencies has beenrecognized.
A comprehensive DRM framework for Sri Lanka will unify the efforts of all agencies working invarious sectors across all regions and levels of development activity. The Ministry for Disaster
Management proposes such a framework to identify and coordinate multi stakeholder efforts in thenext 10 years through a holistic strategy or ‘Road Map’ towards building a safer Sri Lanka. The
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Road Map is focused on seven thematic components which are consistent with ongoing and pastefforts in the field of disaster risk management and development planning. The strategy proposedby the DRM framework for Sri Lanka will cover the following areas:
·

·

·

·

·

·

·

Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development, includes components like
preparation of a national policy for disaster management, reviewing and formalising mandates
and identifying capacity development needs of agencies to perform their disaster management
functions, and steps to implement policies already in place.
Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, comprises activities ranging from flood
simulation modelling in key river basins to the development of a vulnerability atlas for Sri
Lanka. This will enable development planning which is sensitive to multiple hazards anddifferent kinds of vulnerabilities.
Multi hazard Early Warning Systems, incorporates elements to generate advance warnings forfloods, cyclones, abnormal rainfall, droughts, landslides, and thus enables decision-makers totake much-needed action even prior to the occurrence of a disaster.
Preparedness and Response Plans, to minimize the adverse impacts of a hazard througheffective precautionary actions and timely, adequate responses. Prioritised activities include
development of a national emergency preparedness and response plan and establishment ofemergency operation centres at national, provincial and district levels.
Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning,encompasses activities relating to reducing impacts of droughts, preventing floods, landslides,
protection against storm surges, sea and coastal flooding by incorporating disaster risk
considerations in development plans.
Community-based Disaster Risk Management, involves activities that recognize the fact that
communities though affected in disasters are also the first line of defence against disasters ifthey are well prepared. Interventions proposed include mobilization of community teams,
creation of a local network of trained volunteers, establishing resource centres, and small
grants to fund priority projects by community teams.
Public Awareness, Education and Training, focuses on empowering the public with ways andmeans to reduce disaster losses, and includes a national awareness campaign, designating a‘National Disaster Safety Day’, promoting disaster awareness among professionals throughtraining and among children through school curriculum.

Table 1 summarises the projects on a priority basis under each component over the short, medium
and long term, with budget requirements identified for the short term. Further details of theactivities and their implementation arrangements are discussed in Chapter 2.
These components have been developed through a consultative process which has helped in theidentification of gaps, needs, priorities and strategies for further action. Priority areas for
immediate action have been identified by working groups to address them in a systematic andprioritized manner with the requisite collaboration of relevant stakeholder agencies, departments
and ministries in Sri Lanka. The priorities for action have been made consistent with therequirements and responsibilities of the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005,
which the DRM framework will work towards implementing over the next decade.
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Table 1: Summary of Road Map - Priority Projects with Indicative Budget for the Short-term
Component

Time FrameS
M
L

Budget (Short-term)
USD (mil)Total

1. Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Development
1.1 Implementation of Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act
1.2 Review of Institutional Mandates
1.3 Developing Institutional Mandates and Capacities
1.4 Formulation of CBDRM Policy
1.5 Enforcement of Policies

0.52
0.02
1.50
0.10
0.10

2.24

2. Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
2.1 Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping
2.2 Establishment of Disaster Risk Management Information Systems at DMC
2.3 Flood Risk Assessment
2.4 Coastal Vulnerability Assessment & Risk Analysis
2.5 Development of Drought-prone Area Maps
2.6 Dam Safety and Risk Assessment
2.7 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for Local Government Areas
2.8 Vulnerability Atlas
2.9 Development of Wind Zoning and Storm Surge Maps
2.10 Seismic Zonation Maps
2.11 Integrated Epidemic Risk Assessment
2.12 Major Transportation/ Industrial Accidents

1.57
0.50
1.05
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.10

4.17

3. Multi-hazard Early Warning System
3.1 Early Warning Centre
3.2 Meteorological Observation and Forecasting
3.3 Flood Monitoring and Forecasting
3.4 Landslide Prediction and Early Warning
3.5 Drought Monitoring and Forecasting
3.6 Cyclone and Storm Surge Tracking
3.7 Seismic Monitoring
3.8 Early Warning Systems for Major Dams
3.9 Oceanographic Monitoring Systems
3.10 Nuclear/ Radiological Monitoring

0.28
1.00
0.36
0.08
0.21
0.01

1.94

4. Preparedness and Response Plans
4.1 Hazard Specific Response Plans
4.2 National Rapid Response Team
4.3 Emergency Operation Centre
4.4 Hazard Specific Contingency Plans
4.5 Emergency Service Networks
4.6 Knowledge Management Systems

0.50
0.10
0.35
0.75
1.00

2.70

5. Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into Development
5.1 Landslide Mitigation in High Risk Prone Areas
5.2 Flood Protection for Major Cities
5.3 Disaster Mitigation Action Plans
5.4 Integrating Disaster Impact Assessment into Development Projects
5.5 National Land Use and Physical Planning Policy
5.6 Coastal Zone Management
5.7 Development Controls, Building Bye-laws
5.8 Housing, Education, Tourist and Infrastructure Facilities
5.9 Drought Mitigation in Select Districts
5.10 Dam Safety Enhanced in Major Dams
5.11 Risk Transfer mechanisms
5.12 Research and Development in DRR
5.13 Health risk due to Polluted Ground Water

0.44
0.05
0.29
0.04
0.10
0.03
1.60

2.87

0.09

0.23

6. Community Based Disaster Risk Management
6.1 Promoting CBDRM Volunteerism
6.2 Establishing CBDRM Resource Centres
6.3 Preparedness and Mitigation through Small Grants Programmes
6.4 Micro-finance Schemes
6.5 Applied Research Grant Scheme for CBDRM

5.00
2.00
6.00
0.30

13.30

7. Public Awareness, Education and Training
7.1 Awareness through Disaster Safety Day
7.2 National Public Awareness Programme
7.3 Awareness through Schools and School Curriculum
7.4 Awareness through Continuing Education/ University Education
7.5 Training for Government Employees
7.6 Training for Emergency Responders and Enhancing Training Capacities
7.7 Special Awareness Programmes
S-Short term (1-2 years)
M- Medium term (3-5 years)
L- Long term (6-10 years)

0.05
0.50
1.25
0.70

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Chapter 1
Disaster Risk Management in Sri Lanka

1.1

Disaster Risk in Sri Lanka

1.1.1 Hazard Profile
Sri Lanka is affected by different kinds of natural hazards such as floods, cyclones, droughts,
landslides and coastal erosion. Other localized hazards include lightning strikes, epidemics and theeffects of environmental pollution. Earthquakes have been recorded over the past 400 years and thecountry is also exposed to various human-induced hazards which result from deforestation,indiscriminate coral, sand and gem mining and industrial pollutants. More recently, the Indian
Ocean tsunami of December 2004 has highlighted the country’s vulnerability to low-frequency,
high-impact events ( see Fig. 1 ).
Floods:Major floods areassociated with the two monsoon
seasons. Typically, during the southwest monsoon season (MaySeptember) the western, southernand Sabaragamuwa provinces arevulnerable to floods. During thenorth-east monsoons (DecemberFebruary) the eastern, northern andnorth-central provinces are prone toflooding. Rivers along the western
slopes of the hilly central areas
cause floods in the lower flood
plains of Kalu Ganga and Kelani

Fig. 1. People affected by different disasters in Sri Lanka(1974-2004)
2964655
3000000

20725122000000

1009474
1000000

30300146719
0Flood Tsunami Landslide Drought

Storm

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Ganga in particular during these periods. Records show that major floods have occurred in the years
1913, 1940, 1947, 1957, 1967, 1968, 1978, 1989, 1992 and 2003 with severe loss of human lives,
public and private property, and the environment.
Landslides: Excessive rainfall, typical landform and geology, deforestation and unplanned landuse practices combine to create this socio-natural hazard. The districts of Badulla, Nuwara Eliya,
Ratnapura, Kegalle, Kalutara, Kandy and Matale are the most prone to landslides. In 2003,
landslides in Matara, Galle and Hambantota districts caused massive damages to humansettlements and the environment. Paddy fields and forests were destroyed and there was immense
loss of human lives and livelihood. Recent records show landslide activity peaking in January
1986, May-June 1989, October 1998 and May 2003.
Droughts: Droughts occur in the south-eastern, north-central and north-western areas of Sri Lanka
mainly due to low rainfall during monsoons. In some areas, consecutive drought years have hadlasting impact on livelihood options, often resulting in negative effects on existing vulnerabilities.
Droughts of a serious nature occur every 3-4 years and severe droughts of national significanceoccur every 10 years or so. Severe droughts have been recorded during the years 1935-37, 1947-49,
1953-56, 1965, 1974-77, 1981-83, 1985, 1993-94, 2000-01 and 2003-04. In 2004, the northwestern, north-central and south-eastern parts of the country experienced severe drought
conditions. The droughts also impact hydropower generation - the main source of energy in the
country, thus affecting the economy.
Cyclones: The eastern and north-eastern parts of Sri Lanka are highly vulnerable to cyclones
especially in the months of November and December. Some parts of north-central and northwestern areas have also been subject to occasional cyclone impacts in the past decades. Major
cyclones have been experienced in the years 1907, 1922, 1964, 1978 and 2000.
Coastal Erosion: The effects of coastal erosion are largely felt in the west, south-west, and southerncoastal belt. About 50% of the population lives in villages and towns in the coastal areas. Coastal
erosion severely affects infrastructure facilities such as the railway, road system, communications
and other economic activities along the coast. Such erosion also results in damage to residentialbuildings, hotels and degradation of valuable land and also disrupts fishing, recreational and othercoast-related activities.
1.1.2 Underlying Vulnerabilities
Unplanned patterns of human settlement, development and land-use have resulted in severe
encroachments into flood plains and unstable slopes, creating unsafe conditions for the population
inhabiting these areas. This trend of settlement is evident on the western slopes of the central hillcountry and the lower catchment areas in the western, southern and Sabaragamuwa provinces.
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Settlers in the Kalu Ganga flood plains are affected by floods that occur almost annually. Theseflood victims tend to return to their former homes after the disaster but more often than not become
victims once again due to such recurring events.
Over the past couple of decades, depletion of forest cover has resulted in environmental
degradation. This results in increased runoff, soil erosion, unstable slopes and silting of water
bodies. Paddy fields which serve as flood detention areas in the suburbs are being filled forcommercial and residential purposes. The drainage systems in these new settlements requiresignificant improvement. Despite the occurrence of three serious droughts during the last decade,irrigation schemes and water conservation measures still remain inadequate. The existing tanks inmany areas are silted causing considerable reduction in storage capacity.
1.1.3 Trends in Disaster Risk
While a lot of information is available on the general disaster risk profile of Sri Lanka, little
systematic information and analysis is available on trends of disaster risk according to seasonalvariations and geographical location. In 2004, the Ministry for Women’s Empowerment andSocial Welfare, with UNDP support initiated a systematic collection of disaster impact data of thelast 30 years. Preliminary analyses indicate the following key trends:·

Physical vulnerability to floods is most pronounced in the western, eastern, southern and
Sabaragamuwa regions of the country.

·

While the western, southern, Sabaragamuwa and eastern regions are more or less equally
exposed to the annual floods, the nature of impact is quite different in each. In the western andsouthern provinces the floods cause considerable loss to industry, whereas in the central andeastern provinces losses are associated with farming and damage to other means of
livelihoods.

·

The capacity to cope with the impacts of seasonal flooding is also markedly different in the tworegions. In the eastern and central provinces, communities take a lot longer to recover from theimpact. The agrarian population is unable to engage in agricultural and cropping activities dueto the high rate of silting and water logging which makes the soil infertile and uncultivable not
only for the present and but also for the next seasons. In comparison, communities in westernand southern provinces have access to diverse sources of livelihood, thus enabling fasterrecovery in the aftermath of seasonal floods.

Thus, there is need for a clearer understanding of the patterns of disaster risk and factors
contributing to it in different parts of the country. This will help better target the disaster risk
reduction (DRR) interventions in the country.
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S r i L a n k aFig. 2: FLOODS: Number of reports by region

Fig. 3: FLOODS: Number of people affected by region(1974- 2004)(1974 – 2004)
WESTERN ( 619625/ 18.7%)

WESTERN ( 206 / 25.8%)372196112
CENTRAL ( 46 / 5.8%)
206

11500
15000

61962562186

SOUTHERN ( 148 / 18.5%)

30

CENTRAL ( 80210 / 2.4%)
SOUTHERN ( 923495 / 27.9%)

80210
61

46

63

99

148
33

1.2

NORTHERN ( 33 / 4.1%)

NORTHERN ( 196000 / 5.9%)

EASTERN ( 99 / 12.4%)

EASTERN ( 1026000 / 31.0%)

NORTH-WESTERN ( 63 / 7.9%)

NORTH-WESTERN ( 62186 / 1.9%)

NORTH-CENTRAL ( 61 / 7.6%)

NORTH-CENTRAL ( 15000 / 0.5%)

UVA ( 30 / 3.8%)1026000

923495

UVA ( 11500 / 0.3%)

196000
SABARAGAMUWA ( 112 / 14.0%)

SABARAGAMUWA ( 372196/ 11.3%)

Institutional Arrangements for DRM in Sri Lanka

There have been efforts by individual specialized agencies in different aspects of disastermanagement in the past decade or so. However, in the absence of a legal framework for disastermanagement, so far there has been no coordinated mechanism for a holistic approach to DRR in Sri
Lanka.
Specialized institutions such as the National Building Research Organisation (NBRO), Centre for
Housing Planning and Building (CHPB), Urban Development Authority (UDA), National
Physical Planning Department (NPPD), Coast Conservation Department (CCD), Sri Lanka Land
Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), Irrigation Department (ID), Central
Environmental Authority (CEA), Department of Meteorology (DoM), Geological Survey and
Mines Bureau (GSMB) and some other agencies of the government have also been playing
important roles in different aspects of DRM in Sri Lanka.
Apart from landslide mitigation work by NBRO and urban disaster mitigation work by CHPB and
UDA, most of the focus was on post-disaster response. There were no legislative arrangements
specific to disasters that could integrate the work of different players at all levels. DRM efforts
remained largely disconnected from the development processes.
In the former set up, the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Social Welfare, created the
National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) under a cabinet paper, as a division to carry out
the Ministry’s post-disaster relief activities at district and divisional level along with training andawareness activities amongst stakeholders. These responsibilities have since been entrusted to therecently created Disaster Management Centre, under the Ministry of Disaster Management.
The widespread destruction caused by the 2004 tsunami reconfirmed the urgent need for multisectoral, inter-institutional and multi-disciplinary approaches to manage disaster risks in the4R o a d

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country. In the aftermath of the tsunami, a number of initiatives have been undertaken to address
DRM issues over short and medium terms within the context of the post-tsunami recovery as well
as over the long term with a view to integrating DRM with the development processes.
In the aftermath of the Tsunami, the following interim committees were set up in the area of disastermanagement:·

A Parliamentary Select Committee was constituted to review the current status of DRM in the
country and make recommendations for improvement. This multi-party committee adopted ahighly consultative process across institutions and made extensive use of national andinternational expertise to come up with a comprehensive report.

·

An Interim Committee on EW Systems was set up to review the existing (multi-hazard) EW
systems in the country and make recommendations.

The reports of these committees as well as the broad-based dialogue started by them havesignificant relevance to the improvement of DRM systems.
The Government of Sri Lanka has taken the following important steps towards strengthening
legislative and institutional arrangements for DRM in the country:·

In May 2005, the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 (hereafter, referred to as
the 'DM Act') was enacted (see Annex 1; DM Act). This provides the legal basis for a DRM
system in the country. The Act establishes the National Council for Disaster Management(NCDM), chaired by H.E. the President, vice-chaired by the Hon. Prime Minister withparticipation of the leader of Opposition, Ministers, Provincial Council Chief Ministers andfive members of the Opposition. This high-level oversight body, provides direction to DRM
efforts in the country.

·

The Disaster Management Centre (DMC) was established in July 2005, to implement thedirectives of the NCDM.

·

The Ministry for Disaster Management, was established in November 2005 under the Prime
Minister to take the lead role in directing the strategic planning for disaster response, risk
mitigation, preparedness planning and risk reduction.

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S r i L a n k aFig. 4: Institutional Framework for DRM in Sri Lanka
Ministers in charge ofSocial Services
Rehabilitation &Reconstruction

Ministers in charge of

National Council for Disaster
Management
Chairman: H.E. President
Vice Chair: Hon.Prime Minister
Leader of Opposition

Home Affairs
HealthScience & Technology
Housing

Chief
Ministers

Opposition
MPs

Coast Conservation
Irrigation
Power

PoliceFinance
Land
Fisheries & Aquatic
Resources
Foreign Affairs
Water Supply
Highways

Ministry of Disaster
Management

Urban Development
Education

DefenseEnvironment

Disaster Management
Centre

1.3

Key Opportunities and Challenges

After the tsunami, the Sri Lankan government, civil society organizations and international
agencies have recognized the urgent need for comprehensive risk management in the country. Nongovernment organizations and international agencies have been actively involved in coordinating
efforts for reconstruction and introducing systems for DRM towards sustained risk reduction in Sri
Lanka, some of which have often overlapped. Hence the need to coordinate efforts of various
government agencies and the offers of support by international agencies has been increasingly
acknowledged.
Various gaps have also been recognized by stakeholders involved in DRM activities after thetsunami. For instance, the need to strengthen information management functions that track theexisting and emerging patterns of disaster risk have been highlighted. Also, there is a need forstrong information coordination systems for emergency response to enable optimal utilization of
emergency response resources available in the country. Significant technical capacity presently
exists within the country on various aspects of natural disaster risk management (see Annex 2 fordetails of some institutions engaged in DRM). However, this capacity is yet to be fully harnessed
into a nationwide multi-tiered, multi-sectoral system that would address all aspects of DRM. Sucha nationwide system will not only improve the efficiency of post-disaster response but also ensurethat developmental policy and practice works towards reducing future disaster risks. One of the key
challenges is to develop a culture of safety among communities as well as among law enforcement
agencies such as local government bodies to control interventions that increase risk.
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S r i L a n k aFig. 5: Coordination Mechanism for Stakeholders in DRM
Department of Meteorology
Geological Survey & Mines Bureau

National Council for Disaster
Management

National Building Research
Organisation

Ministry of Disaster
Management

National Science Foundation
Coast Conservation Department
National Aquatic Resources Research& Development Agency
Colombo Municipal Council& Fire Brigade

DisasterManagement Centre

Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka
Irrigation Department

Through District DM Coordinators

National Water Supply & Drainage
Board
Atomic Energy Authority

Provincial
Councils

District Secretariats

Local Authorities

Divisional
Secretariats

Line Departments

District NGOs
and CBOs

Central Environmental Authority
Ceylon Electricity Board
Department of Social Services
Marine Pollution & Prevention
Authority
Medical Research Institute

Grama Niladaries

Villages

Department of Agriculture
Department of HealthRoad Development Authority
National Institute of Education

Urban Development Authority
Sri Lanka Telecom
Reconstruction & Development Agency
Disaster Relief Services Unit

1.4 The DRM Framework
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has been defined as the ‘systematic process of using
administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies,
strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural
hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms ofactivities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit(mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards’ (ISDR Secretariat, 2004).
DRM systems must be the responsibility of the government. However, coordinating such systems
successfully also depends on the participation of all involved stakeholders from the broad range ofhouseholds, volunteers, local governments, specialists and policymakers including the7R o a d

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S r i L a n k ainternational community, in managing community and national disaster risks. Policy direction andlegal foundations assure legitimacy but professional and human resources have an important roleto play.
Based on recent consultations, it is agreed that the DRM framework in Sri Lanka would focus onaddressing the following components:
Strategic,Policy and Institutional Context: The DRM framework will enable the different partners
to identify why disaster risks are increasing, who can lead the responsibility to assess and manage
the present and future situation, and through what strategic measures can this system beconsolidated to form a sustainable institutional basis for DRM in Sri Lanka.
Risk Identification: The broad objective in Sri Lanka’s context will be to identify the probability ofoccurrence of specified hazards such as floods, landslides, tsunamis, drought, seismic activities,
cyclones in a specified future time period, as well as the intensity and area of impacts. Risk
assessments include detailed quantitative and qualitative information and understanding of risk, its
physical, social, economic, and environmental factors and consequences.
Risk Evaluation: This requires the improvement of broad stakeholder capacity to receive timely
early warning (EW) messages, act proactively and respond more effectively when warning isprovided. Risk communication is closely related to capacities for timely evaluation of risks. Multihazard Early Warning Systems have thus been identified as an urgent requirement in Sri Lanka.
The key objectives of the EWs are to generate advance warnings and thus improve the capacity ofdecision-makers to take the required action even prior to the occurrence of a disaster. It consists ofthe collection, consolidation, analysis and dissemination of the information to the right decisionmakers and vulnerable communities at the right time to minimize the possible, adverse impacts of ahazard event.
Risk Management: Priority measures that the stakeholders have considered to reduce disaster risks
center around:- Planning for preparedness and emergency response- Mainstreaming disaster reduction into development processes- Community-based DRM
Risk Communication: Programmes and activities that sustain public awareness and stakeholder
commitment to disaster reduction.
A Mechanism for Monitoring and Evaluation: Must include agreement on specific risk reduction
indicators, means of gathering information, measurement of progress, evaluation and feedback toabove mentioned elements.

8

Chapter 2
Road Map for a 'Safer Sri Lanka'

2.1

Road Map for a ‘Safer Sri Lanka’

2.1.1

Key Objectives

In the aftermath of the tsunami there has been a renewed attempt to institutionalize a DRM
framework in Sri Lanka. The need has been felt to complement the ongoing policy and legislative
efforts with risk identification and reduction strategies. National and local level institutions must
be strengthened while paying due attention to Community-based Disaster Risk Management(CBDRM). While formulating national and provincial level action plans for poverty alleviationand infrastructure development, there is also a need to consider the different nature of hazard risks
and vulnerabilities across the country. This will enable the strengthening of local, national
governance structures and emphasize national and community-based environmental resource
management for long term risk reduction.
In acknowledging these present needs, the Ministry for Disaster Management proposes acomprehensive framework which will identify and coordinate multiple stakeholder efforts in thenext 10 years through a holistic strategy or ‘Road Map’ towards building a ‘Safer Sri Lanka’. The
plan will be implemented by identifying ‘priority projects’ across different areas for action.
2.1.2

The Consultation Process

The Road Map is broadly focused on seven thematic components which are consistent withongoing and past efforts in the field of DRM and development planning in Sri Lanka. The strategy
proposed by the DRM framework seeks to cover the following areas:··

Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Development
Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
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Multi-hazard Early Warning System
Planning for Disaster Preparedness and Response
Disaster Mitigation and Integration into Development
Community-based DRM, andPublic Awareness, Education and Training

These components have been developed through a consultative process for the identification ofgaps, needs, priorities and strategies for implementation. The strategies and priorities forparticular projects have been developed by Working Groups constituted from relevant stakeholder
agencies. These groups comprised of multiple stakeholders, representing all sectors involved in
DRM. The resulting conclusions and priorities for action have been made consistent with the DM
Act. The framework will work towards implementing the provisions of this Act, in collaboration
with all relevant stakeholder agencies over the next 10 years.

2.2

Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Development

Key Issues
The objective of this component is to ‘establish a culture of safety against disasters through policy
support and strengthening of institutional mandates and capacities’. For ensuring a coordinatedapproach to risk reduction and disaster preparedness, individual institutions have to perform inaccordance with their current mandates while also taking on additional responsibilities. This might
require formulating legislations and developing institutional capacities in priority areas acrossvarious levels.
To achieve this, the projects under this component will broadly focus on:­­­

Development of a national policy on DM;
Enhancing capabilities through policy support and institutional development of DMC (thefocal point for DM in Sri Lanka);
Enhancing capabilities through policy support and institutional development of all
relevant agencies for DM in Sri Lanka.

Strategyi. Implementing Provisions of the Sri Lanka DM Act:
Sri Lanka has enacted a number of policies, ordinances and legislations that have had a bearing on
DRM and associated issues. The recent Sri Lanka DM Act provides a strong footing for
coordinating all such ordinances and legislations with the relevant ministries and agencies.

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ii. Reviewing and Formalizing Institutional Mandates:
Currently the line agencies perform various functions under their mandates, and DRM is just oneof their many responsibilities. NBRO, GSMB, Agriculture department etc. are some examples ofagencies which do not have mandates for the scope of activities they presently handle. As a result,
there are gaps and many DRM-related activities do not receive attention. The DMC has tostrengthen the mandates of these institutions and bring them together to work in a coordinatedmanner. DM plans of these different agencies should conform to the National Disaster
Management Plan and the Emergency Operation Plan of the DMC. In addition, the DMC must
support provincial and local government set ups to develop similar plans. Capacities of district
and local level agencies in disaster response are limited and hence it is necessary to strengthen
these capacities.
iii. Institutional Mandates, Capacities developed:
There is also an urgent need to develop the mandates and capacities of some institutions involved
in DRM. A case in point is the Landslide Studies and Services Division (LSSD). It was establishedunder the NBRO to provide services for human settlements planning and the construction sector.
However in the last 10-15 years the functional requirement of the LSSD has changed considerably.
It is necessary to review it under the present DM framework to meet the current and futurechallenges of landslide risk mitigation in Sri Lanka. It should be granted wider responsibility andmandate, exceeding the functional responsibilities of a research organization to efficiently
undertake mitigation, preparedness, early warning, recovery and rehabilitation of landslide prone
areas. If deemed necessary, LSSD could be restructured as a separate agency under the Ministry ofDisaster Management, to be able to take on the functional responsibilities of design and control ofmountain development activities (similar to the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development
Corporation or SLLRDC).
Similarly, the agricultural sector is affected by some hazards to a considerable extent; especiallydrought, but agriculture is not included in the list of subjects in Clause 3 (1) (d) of the Act.
Furthermore, there is no lead agency responsible for mitigation of drought hazard. A policy
recommendation is necessary to include the subject of agriculture in the list of subjects in Clause 3(1) (d) of the Act by gazette notification, or as appropriate.
Further, it is important to highlight that since the DMC has been established as per the Sri Lanka DM
Act of 2005, there should be no other agency assigned with similar responsibilities and functions.
To avoid confusion amongst stakeholders, the general public, donor agencies and the international
community, no other department or institution should exist under the same name or a similar nameas the DMC; eg: NDMC within the former Ministry of Social Welfare and the proposed National
Disaster Management Centre of the Sri Lanka Red Cross Society (SLRCS). The above agencies andany others could be re-designated to avoid confusion and duplication of functions. Sections of the
DM Act have provisions to take necessary remedial steps for such situations.
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In addition to formalising new mandates, capacities to implement these mandates need to be
developed on a priority basis. Developing capacities will include support to the DMC’s role as thelead agency for DRM and emergency operations in the country. The DMC will require resources
and infrastructure support to execute its newly established mandate. Furthermore the disaster
response capacities, especially those concerning search and rescue/ fire fighting are limited toonly certain pockets in Sri Lanka, and are dependent on the limited resources available with local
authorities. In response, the MoDM would need to enhance these resources to strengthen thepresent capacities.
iv. Community-based DRM Policy:
Well-prepared communities are the first line of defense against disasters and a key to reducing
vulnerability and increasing disaster resilience. Having a well-resourced and sustainable
programme to advance Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is therefore a
key strategy to achieve a safer Sri Lanka. This can be facilitated by institutionalizing the CBDRM
process at the grass-roots level, in activities of the different line agencies. This can besupplemented by the involvement of SLRCS and other NGOs.
v. Incorporation in National Planning Policies:
Disaster Risk Assessment is not always considered in project formulation stages at present, hence
posing a challenge to mainstreaming DRR efforts. Integrating DRM in National Planning Policies
will make Disaster Risk Assessment mandatory for agencies in formulating and approving
projects.

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S r i L a n k aComponent 1: Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Development
To establish a ‘culture of disaster safety’ through policy support and strengthening of institutional mandates andcapacities

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

1. Implementation of Provisions of Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act
Provisions of the
Sri Lanka DM Act,
No.13, 2005
implemented

Outputs:i. National policy on DRM preparedii. Advisory Committees establishediii. National Disaster Management Plan for Sri
Lanka preparediv. DM Plans for Ministries, Line Agencies,
Corporations prepared

0.52 (S)DMC with guidancefrom NCDM, andrelevant agencies suchas the UNDP.

0.01 (S)

DMC, with relevant
agencies or line
Ministries

0.01 (S)DMC with guidancefrom NCDM

Activities:- Develop a National policy on DM throughconsultative process Constitute an Expert Group
representing various DM practitioners,
professionals, academics, SLRCS, NGOs,
Development agencies etc.
- Study the recommendations given in the Reportof the Parliamentary Select committee and otherrelevant documents and reports- Obtain approval of the NCDM
- Prepare DM plans at the national, ministry andagency levels as required
2. Institutional Mandates Reviewed
Hazard-specificinstitutional
mandates for line
agencies to performor support relevant
disaster related
activities reviewed
and strengthened

Outputs:i. Institutional Mandates for relevant line agencies
established or clarified
ii. New Regulations enacted as required

Institutional
Mandates for
Provincial councils,
local government
agencies
formalized andoperationalized

Outputs:
i. Establishment of Institutional Mandates for
Provincial councils, local government agencies,
SLRCS and NGOs to perform or support relevant
disaster related activities

Activities:- Identify relevant functions which are notassigned to any institutions-Identify institutions without appropriate mandates
to function in various capacities-Address the gaps in institutional functions
through provision of mandate by issue ofappropriate gazette notifications-Introduce responsibility and accountability for
assigned function

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

3.50 (Total)

DMC and respective
DM line agencies, andlocal agencies

Activities-Address the gaps in institutional functions ofProvincial councils and local government
agencies, through provision of mandate tofunction.
-Issue appropriate gazette notifications-Introduce provisions of accountability andresponsibility
3.Developing Institutional Mandates and Capacities
Institutional
capacities
corresponding to
new mandates
developed
Roles andResponsibilities ofvarious agencies
clarified
Capacity of DMC
developed for
emergency
operations and as
lead agency for
DRM

Outputs:i. Develop institutional capacities corresponding to
new mandates
ii. Physical facilities for DMC including HQbuilding provided

Activities:- Development of institutional framework forministries, departments, agencies, SLRC andnational & International NGOs to function
corresponding to new mandates provided toProvincial councils, local government agencies,
DM line agencies- Identification of needs and gaps in manpower,
equipment and offices-Training and capacity-building ofsections/divisions in the respective organization
dedicated to function as a DM line agency- Institutionalized cooperation and coordination
structures facilitated as needed- Head office building for DMC with EOC,
communication etc

1.50 (S)
1.0 (M)
1.0 (L)

4. Formulation of CBDRM Policy
Capacity of thecommunity to play
an active role in
DRR utilized andenhanced

Outputs:
i.CBDRM recognized as a tool for risk reduction
at local levels, especially for line agencies andministries
Activities:- Recognize and provide legal basis for CBDRM
groups at the village level- Clear linkage established and roles identified forCommunity DRM groups, as well as for NGOs in
DM plans at GN Division, divisional and districtlevel- Create national mechanism for coordination
between DMC and NGOs in promoting CBDRM- Development of common approaches andmethodologies to CBDRM- Registration system for disaster response
volunteers created14

0.10 (S)DMC with relevantlines ministries andagencies, SLRCS,
NGOs and CBOs

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.10 (M)DMC with relevantline ministries andagencies

5. Enforcement of policies
Implementation ofexisting policies
towards risk
reduction
optimized

Outputs:i. Enhanced enforcement of relevant existing
ordinances, acts, regulations
Activities:- Review of existing ordinances, acts, regulations- Identify gaps and causes for inadequate
enforcement,- Clarify and resolve areas of overlap or
contradiction- Develop capacities or resources needed as
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Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

Key Issues
The objective of a hazard assessment is to identify the probability of particular hazards occurringin a specified future time period, as well as gauging the intensity and area of impacts. Risk
assessments include collecting detailed quantitative and qualitative information andunderstanding risk; its physical, social, economic, and environmental factors and consequences. It
is a necessary first step for any disaster reduction measure or strategy for Sri Lanka.
Though many institutions have begun mapping hazard risks in Sri Lanka, there is no unified
methodology or agreement in producing information. The practical problems of data exchange
and scale of mapping have to be resolved. There is also a need for technical assistance from
specialized training agencies to support such institutions to develop their own cadre of specialists.
Training for all related agencies in systems such as GIS, remote sensing capabilities, is required.
Further, there is a need for all maps and other data bases to be made available on digitized formats
to agencies involved in DRM efforts.
Multi Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessments are extremely important in the design andsetting of engineering facilities and in zoning for land use planning. Such multi-hazard,
vulnerability and risk assessments should be taken into account in planning the development of
hazard prone areas.
Strategy
The suggested programme of activities under the Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
theme, encompasses the systematic use of available information to determine the likelihood of
certain events occurring and the magnitude of their possible consequences. As a systematic
approach, it includes the following activities:••••

Identifying the nature, location, intensity and probability of risk
Determining the exposure and degree of vulnerabilities to the threat
Identifying the capacities and resources available
Determining acceptable levels of risk

In order to formulate a comprehensive strategy to carry out the assessments in the short, medium
and long term, a three pronged approach has been suggested on a priority basis for the proposed
activities over the next 10 years:
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The DMC will coordinate with all lead agencies for DM to work on arrangements bywhich resources can be shared and common agendas/ programmes drafted.
Data from satellites should be made available to all institutions engaged in risk
management activity as a priority in the short term. This information can be exchanged
between agencies working on different aspects of risk assessment in Sri Lanka.
The hazard information should be freely available. The maps and other documents
should be loaded onto the DMC website as well as be put together in a vulnerability
atlas. The maps should also be revised regularly and detailed maps can be madeavailable in a virtual database with restricted access.

Key Interventions
The programme components under the theme of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
include the following:
­

­
­
­
­
­
­

Flood simulation models for all major river basins; development of flood inundation maps
for urban areas frequently affected by flooding, as well as for downstream areas of main
dams;
Development of tsunami hazard zonation maps;
Landslide hazard zonation mapping for landslide prone districts of Sri Lanka;
Seismic zoning for areas vulnerable to seismic/ micro-seismic activities;
Development of drought prone area maps;
Development of wind zoning maps for cyclone prone areas;
Development of Vulnerability Atlas for Sri Lanka and the establishment of Disaster Risk
Management Information Systems.

In the short term, several projects have been identified as being of ‘high’ priority for Sri Lankan
agencies involved in risk mapping and assessments:
i. Landslide hazard zonation mapping for landslide prone areas:
Since 10 districts of Sri Lanka are increasingly prone to landslides, there is an urgent need tosupport the landslide hazard zonation activities of the NBRO. This will enable an identification of
the most vulnerable areas as a first step to put in place a decision making tool that guides future
physical planning in those areas.
ii. Flood Simulation Models for Major River Basins
It is necessary to develop flood simulation models for the major river basins in Sri Lanka (Kelani,Gin, Nilwala, Mahaveli in the short term and in Walawe, Bentara, Kalu and other river basins in themedium–long term). This exercise will generate flood simulation tools as a decision-making toolfor development plans. It will also feed into the development of flood inundation maps for urban
areas frequently affected by floods.
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S r i L a n k aiii. Flood Inundation Maps for Downstream areas of Reservoirs to Assess the Flood Situation due
to Sudden Release of Water or Dam breaches
Large reservoirs located in the central and north-central regions also contribute to flood
vulnerability due to the potential for sudden releases from spillways and possible dam breaches. A‘high’ priority in this sector is to identify highly vulnerable areas in the downstream areas for 10
pre-identified high risk dams in the short term and for all other dams through medium term plans.
This will also help improve the capacity for surveillance and monitoring of about 210 medium andlarge dams in the country.
iv. Supporting Interventions in the Short TermTo enable efficient flood inundation and dam break flood inundation mapping of the country as apriority in the short-medium term, specific interventions will be required from concerned agencies,
ministries and the government:-

18

An airborne survey (LIDAR) of river basins is a basic requirement in the identification ofphysically vulnerable basin areas
Need to make post tsunami studies by USGS, Universities, CCD and others available in acommon format for involved agencies
Share information across all other risk areas amongst partners included in Sri Lanka’s risk
management framework.

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S r i L a n k aComponent 2: Hazard,Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Component 2: Hazard,Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

To identify the probability of occurrence of various hazards in a specified future time period,
To
identify
the intensity
probability
ofareaoccurrenceof various hazards in a specified future time period,
as wellas theandof impacts.
as well as the intensity and area of impacts.

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

1. Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping in Landslide Prone Districts of Sri Lanka
Landslide hazard
zonation mapping at
1: 50,000 scale for
Badulla Nuwara
Eliya, Rathnapura,
Kegalle Kandy
Matale, Galle,
Matara, Kalutara,
Hambantota
Landslide hazard
zonation maps forvulnerable local
government areas inscale 1:10,000

Detailed mapping oflandslide prone
urban areas at larger
scales

Outputs:i. Detail landslide hazard maps for urban areas(Ratnapura and Nuwaraeliya) - (S)ii. Same for other areas (M)3.95 (Total)
1.57 (S)0.89 (M)1.49 (L)NBRO(long term)
Irrigation Department

Activities:-Field mapping & collection of field data
-Acquisition of satellite data development of GIS
maps for delineation of vulnerable areas- Upgrading computer hardware and software
used for GIS mapping- Development of GIS database and delineation ofvulnerable areas- Dissemination of map information- Geological and geotechnical investigation forcollection of necessary field data
- Data analysis and delineation of associatedrisks- Development of risk maps and disaster
response maps
- Dissemination of maps and proposed
mitigatory measures.

2. Establishment of DRM Information System at DMC
GIS based DRM
Information System
at DMC madeavailable for the
benefit of all
involved
stakeholders

Output:i. GIS based system established at DMC

0.50 (S)DMC

Activities:- Establishment of a GIS unit in DMC; Core
functions of the GIS/IT unit in DMC GIS &Remote sensing; Managing DMC web portal;
Managing spatial & non-spatial databases;
Managing risk information systems
hardware/equipments at DMC & NEOC;- Coordination with other agencies for risk
information management; Integrate all
information systems to build a comprehensive‘Risk Information Management System’ for thecountry- Development of spatial database for LGAs in
relation to general aspects such as administrative
boundaries, population, human settlements etc,
- Integration for hazard zonation maps into
spatial database- Making data available on line19

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

3. Flood Risk Assessment
Flood simulation
models for majorriver basins (Kelani,Kalu, Gin, Nilwala,
Mahaveli, Walawe,
Bentara etc ) madeavailable as adecision-making tool
Development offlood inundation
maps at scale
1:10000 (for Urban
local government
areas frequently
flooded )Identification ofhighly flood pronebasins, Districts &Divisions

Outputs:i. Flood hazard maps (Digitized and hard copies)
in Nilwala, Gin, Kelani and Mahaweli rivers
ii. Flood hazard maps for Kalu and other river
basins3.55 (Total)

Activities:- Development of digital elevation models(DEM) including data collection-Rainfall data analysis-Development of appropriate simulation models-Enhancement of prediction and EW capacity-Collection of field data on historical events suchas the May 2003 floods-Digitization of topographic data of DEM-Development of GIS maps for most vulnerable
urban LGAs
-Assess the performance of existing flood
protection works for improvement

1.20 (L)ID, MASL,

1.05 (S)CEB, NWS & DB

1.30 (M)Urban local
Governments

Short term (Basin)(Kelani, Kalu,
Mahaweli Basins)
Medium Term(Other Priority
Basins)(Gin, Nilwala,
Walawe, Bentara)

4. Coastal Vulnerability Assessment & Risk Analaysis
Development of
Tsunami hazard
zonation maps andcoastal erosion maps
for urban local
government areas &all coastal areas at
the scale of 1;
10,000 madeavailable as adecision making tool
to increase coastal
protection & toadvance shorelinemanagement
practices

Outputs:i. Tsunami hazard maps for coastal belt (S)ii. Physical and socio-economic maps intsunami-vulnerable areas

0.50 (Total)

Activities:- Identification of urban coastal & othercommunities vulnerable to tsunami events- Collection of field data & use of models- Digitization of topographic data
- Development of GIS maps
-Monitoring & assessment of physical ecological& socio-economic status of marine & coastal
habitats /resources susceptible to coastal &marine hazards (Short term and Long term)- CCD strengthened with greater responsibilities
for vulnerable areas/ risk assessment inassociation with the Survey Department(See footnote)20.30 (S)0.20 (L)Coast Conservation
Department /Survey
department,
Meteorological dept,
Statistics Dept, DSs,
PCC, UDA,
GSMB
NARA & NHD

5. Development of Drought- prone Area Maps of LGA at the scale of 1:10,000
Drought-prone area
maps made available
as a decision
making tool2

Outputs:i. Micro-climatic maps (M)ii. Drought vulnerability maps (M & L)

0.20 (Total)

Meteorological
Department incollaboration with
Agriculture
Department,

CCD has developed a project proposal for this item amounting to a total cost of US $ 5
million. The cost mentioned here in the matrix is only for pilot project20

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Activities:-Analysis of historical records of rainfall, surface
runoff data, land use patterns, soil types,
population density, water use patterns-Review classification of drought prone areas-Mapping of areas prone to droughts &identifications of drought prone districts & divisions-Assess the risk of possible impacts-Development of GIS maps

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)0.10 (S)0.10 (M)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

Irrigation, MASL,
Agriculture &Agrarian Services
Department

6. Dam Safety & Risk Assessment
Development of dam
break floodinundation maps fordownstream areas ofmain dams for
identification ofareas vulnerable due
to sudden discharge
from reservoirs

Outputs:i. Dam Break Flood Inundation mapsa) For 10 identified high risk dams (S)b) For all other dams (M)Activities:-Identification of critical reservoirs that may
have high impact due to sudden discharge.
-Development of inundation maps
-Dam Break Modelling & Failure Mode Analysis

0.70 (Total)
0.20 (S)0.50 (M)(Short Term on
River basinsfrom Kotmale toManampititya)

Irrigation
Department
Mahaweli Authorityof Sri Lanka, CEB,
Survey, Provincial
Councils

7. Vulnerability & Risk Assessment for Local Government Areas
Guidelines forclassification &mapping of physicalvulnerability & risk
levels madeavailable as adecision making tool

Outputs:i. Guidelines for physical vulnerability and risk
assessment

0.05 (S)DMC /DM line
agencies
UDA

Activity:- Constitute a committee of experts to refine
classification of physical vulnerability & risk
assessment in Sri Lankan context & develop
guidelines & use in high risk districts, division &urban local government agencies

8. Vulnerability Atlas
Information on
spatial distributionof various types ofnatural hazards &vulnerable areas
made available as acompendium for use
as a decision making
tool for preparedness& mitigation
programmes.

Output:i. Vulnerability Atlas for Sri Lanka (at the scaleof 1:50,000)
Activities:- Compilation of maps related to settlements
population density, land use LGA areas etc- Consolidate with line zonation maps on mostfrequent hazards and historical records on impacts.
- Identification & rating of districts & divisions
on multi-hazard risk scale- Compilation of Vulnerability Atlas for Sri Lanka& update every 10 Years.
- Preparation of a detailed historical referral
database on disasters

0.20 (S),(M)DMC Survey
Department /DMagencies, Dept of
Statistics, Survey Dept
All agencies involvedin preparing &updating Hazard maps21

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

9. Development of Wind Zoning & Storm Surge Maps for Cyclone-prone Areas in 1:50,000
Zoning maps forareas prone tocyclones & storm
surges made available
as a decision-making
tool

Outputs:i. Updated wind zoning maps (S)ii. Storm surge hazard maps (M)

0.4 (Total)
0.20 (S)0.20 (M)

Meteorological
Department, CCD,
NARA
Survey Dept.

0.15 (Total)

GSMB

Activities:- Review of cyclone wind zoning maps
developed after 1978 cyclone; publication ofwind zonation & storm surge inundation maps
(Technical assistance required)

10. Seismic Zonation Maps for Sri Lanka
Accurate
information onseismic zones &hazard potential
available to all
stakeholder
institutions(especially theconstructionindustry)

Outputs:i. Seismic stations as required (S)ii. Seismic Zonation maps for entire country (M)Activities:- Enhancement of the present seismic monitoring& data capturing capacity to International
standards & Establishment of a seismic
monitoring unit at GSMB.
- Development of seismic zonation maps

0.10 (S)0.05 (M)

11. Integrated Epidemic Risk Assessment
An integrated
epidemic risk
assessment for highrisk geographicalareas for different
epidemics &vulnerability
population
establishedOutputs:i. Epidemic Surveillance systems

0.20 (M)Minstry of Health,
Agriculture, Regional
Health Dept, Irrigation,
NWS&DB,
Municipalities,
M/Women Affairs,

0.15 (M)

CEA, RDA, Police
Dept., Municipal
councils/Fire Brigades,
Health Dept.
Provincial Councils,

Activities:- To identify and collect historical records andanalysis (such as Dengue, Malaria, Japanese
Encephalitis, Diarrhea , Avian Flu, etc)
- To develop a data base using the above
information

12. Major Transportation/ Industrial Accidents
Database forapplication of
mitigatory measuresrelated totransportation
accidents developed

Outputi. Database on transportation accidents
Activity:- To identify the risk levels: Collection ofhistorical data, analysis of risk, (rail, highways)

RDA – lead agency
Database forapplication of
mitigatory measuresrelated to industrial/
occupational
accidents developed

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Output:i. Data base on occupational hazards
ii Data base on hazardous materials
Activities:- To identify the risk levels (Collection ofhistorical data, analysis of risk)- To develop an inventory for hazardous
materials, industries etc.

0.15 (M)Dept of Labour, CEA,
ITI, IDB, PCC, MC,
CEB, Petroleum
Corporation

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

13. Terrorism and Human-made Disasters
High risk areas forapplication of
precautionary
measures identified

Output:i. Database on high vulnerable locations_

Police and other
Forces, DM line
agencies

Activity:- Identification of risk areas/locations and assess
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2.4

Multi-hazard Early Warning (EW) System

Key Issues
The primary objective of a multi-hazard Early Warning (EW) Systems is to generate advancewarnings and thus improve the capacity of decision-makers to take appropriate action even prior
to the occurrence of a major hazard event. It consists of the collection, consolidation, analysis anddissemination of risk information. Setting up an effective Multi-hazard EW system requires
concerted planning, organizing and controlling of relevant information. It also requires
influencing all concerned stakeholders to ensure that information is disseminated to the rightdecision-makers and vulnerable communities, at the right time.
Current efforts at institutionalization of EW systems have come as a response to the impacts of therecent tsunami disaster in 2004. The proposed tsunami EW arrangements must be integrated into
existing warning systems to promote a multi-hazard approach to make the system sustainable.
Although there are various ongoing efforts to develop tsunami EW capacities, but only few toimprove existing capacities for other more frequent hazards. The multi-hazard EW system needs
to be end-to-end, linking hazard detection systems with warning communication, with a feedback
mechanism that allows post-event assessments.
Also, it is important to note that agencies in Sri Lanka are organized according to specialized tasks
for different hazards, without much information sharing or partnerships with other agencies. It isthese gaps that the DMC’s EW division seeks to address by bringing together all concerned
agencies. Another key issue that needs to be addressed is the lack of communication lines andespecially their unavailability during times of emergency communication.
Strategy
The strategy is to focus on hazards that frequent Sri Lanka the most, like floods, landslides, cyclones,
and droughts, while also providing for measures to tackle a low-frequency but high impact hazard
like the 2004 Tsunami. It follows that the coastal areas, which are vulnerable to not just a tsunami, butalso cyclones, storm surges, and floods would be the priority geographical areas. The floods affecting
many of these coastal areas are caused by the seasonal rainfall, and an improvement inmeteorological observation and prediction capabilities will enable efficient EW System for not justthese annual floods but also cyclones and lightning strikes. This coupled with landslide prediction
will enable timely warnings to communities at risk across 10 districts of Sri Lanka.

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There is consensus amongst relevant departments responsible for detection and EW that particularhazards should be the responsibility of one and only one institution, to avoid overlaps in mandates
and appropriate actions. The dedicated units or sections established in relevant institutions would
be the sole authority for the issue of warnings as needed. Every effort would be made to use theexisting communication channels within the government’s administrative set up, in addition to thethree major channels of communication already being used for mass dissemination: popular
media, such as television, newspapers, radio etc; the Wireless Communication system of the
Police; and military communication channels of the Joint Operation Command. Also, the relevant
agencies could explore the option of communication networks of SLRCS in particular and NGOsin general, to help multiply the reach of these warnings to the communities at risk. This warning
dissemination activity will be covered by projects formulated under the ‘Public awareness,
Training and Education’ component.
Key Interventions
The following programmes have been prioritized to consolidate multi-hazard EW systems acrossvarious agencies in Sri Lanka:
i. Establishment of the EW Centre
Sri Lanka as part of the Regional Tsunami Early Warning Systems is required to maintain an EW
Centre. This EW Centre while initially focused on the Tsunami should adopt a multi-hazard
approach since the systems of communication or dissemination of warning for different hazards
are similar.
At present, issues with regard to weather-related natural disasters are handled by the Meteorology
Department while those related to seismological and ocean wave activities are handled by Geological
Survey and Mines Bureau and National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
respectively. Similarly different institutions handle issues with regard to different natural disasters. A
good networking facility connecting all the relevant institutions is vital for proper coordination
during disasters. The Government of Sri Lanka has identified the need to establish a multi-hazard EWCentre as a matter of urgency. This centre has to be equipped with state-of-the-art facilities to be able
to communicate directly with international as well as national agencies during emergencies.
ii. Improvement in Meteorological Observation and Prediction Capabilities
At present, it is necessary to install a number of automatic weather stations at crucial locations in
Sri Lanka and connect them to a central hub at the departmental head office in Colombo. A proper
all-weather communication system should be developed to link these stations. In addition, dataprocessing, display and archival systems are to be installed at the National Meteorological Centreof the Department to keep real time track of the weather situation in the country.
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S r i L a n k aiii. Flood Monitoring and forecasting
In parallel to the improvements in meteorological observation capacities, the existinghydrometric network for flood monitoring and forecasting needs enhancement to provide aneffective flood early warning mechanism.
iv. Improvement of Landslide Prediction and EW Capabilities
The proposal is to develop a mechanism for establishing threshold limits for landslide occurrence
and development of landslide EW systems based on the same criteria for high risk areas. Suchmechanisms have to be established for the benefit of at-risk communities with their active
involvement. This EW mechanism should be introduced as a real time forecasting system in mostareas vulnerable to landslides and mass (soil) movements.
v. Development of Effective Cyclone Tracking, Storm Surge and Coastal Flood Warning System
It is proposed to implement a storm surge model and develop a coastal flood warning system forthe entire coastal belt of Sri Lanka. With regard to the tracking of tropical cyclones and other lowpressure weather systems that develop in the Bay of Bengal, more cooperation is required among
countries in the region.
vi. Development of Long and Medium term Drought Forecasting and Monitoring System for
Agriculture and Associated Sectors
Even though the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable to frequent droughts in Sri Lanka,
adequate attention has not been given to rainfall monitoring in drought prone areas, drought
forecasting and EW. In order to launch an effective drought-preparedness programme, theexisting agro-meteorological observation network has to be upgraded along with communication
facilities to transfer real time data to the central station. A crop-weather watch group should beformed in order to interpret the information received from field and other line agencies. As thecrop-weather relationships are currently being handled by different divisions, it is imperative tobring them together to ensure effective and useful information generation and dissemination.
vii. Development of a Unified Seismic Monitoring, Data Processing and Archival Network
As a matter of urgency, it is necessary to develop and strengthen the capabilities of the Geological
Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) to enable them to locate earthquake risks at the earliest. The
GSMB would need to connect this network to the proposed Central Data Processing andArchiving Unit (CDPA).
Due to lack of necessary expertise and software at the GSMB, seismic data acquired by existingstations has not yet been processed and interpreted locally. A micro-seismic monitoring network
which will monitor reservoir-induced seismicity was operational around the cascade of dams built
on Mahaveli river during 1982-1991. However, no significant micro seismic activity wasmonitored except for some settlement tremors along the Mahaweli Shear Zone.
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S r i L a n k aviii. Development of Oceanographic Monitoring System
The local coastal topography, oceanography and marine meteorology are the critical parameterswhich determine the magnitude and the period of high-frequency ocean waves like tsunamis or
storm surges. Thus, oceanographic/ marine meteorological buoys need to be deployed in order togather real-time data on local coastal topography, oceanography and marine meteorology.
Mapping of sensitive habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass, tidal flats, estuaries, etc
are vital to generate data for mitigation, preparedness and planning for vulnerable coastline areasin Sri Lanka.
ix. Establishment of an EW system for Nuclear Accidents and Monitoring of Environmental
Radiation
Various types of ionizing radiation sources are widely used in industrial, medical and agricultural
fields and for other research purposes for Sri Lanka. The sources used for different activities
range from a few Kilo Becquerel to thousands of Giga Becquerel. The loss or misuse of ionizing
radiation sources could result in radiation exposure of workers and members of the public and canalso lead to environmental contamination. In extreme cases the exposure can be lethal, while
lower levels of exposure could lead to long-term adverse effects on a population.

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S r i L a n k aComponent 3: Multi-hazard Early Warning (EW) System

To generate advance warnings and thus improve capacity of decision-makers to take needed action prior tothe occurrence of a disaster

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.28 (S)

DMC, DoM, GSMB,NBRO, MASL,
NARA, ID, CEB,
CCD, AEA, Defence
and other relevant
stakeholders such as
SLRC

2.2 (Total)

DoM

1. Early Warning Centre
Timely and end-toend Early Warning(EW) on potential
natural disasterevents provided

Outputs:
i. Establishment of the Early Warning Centre
Activities:- Establishment of the Multi-hazard EW Divisionof DMC at Department of Meteorology (DoM)
premises. Managerial arrangements to be decided
by DG/DMC, DG/DoM and by other stakeholders.
- Institutionalizing of inter agency arrangements
for national early warning with relevant leadagencies- Establishment of coordinating mechanism withimprovement/ establishment of a proper
communication system for dissemination of
warnings- Formalized dissemination arrangements throughparallel SLRCS radio communication

2. Meteorological Observation and Forecasting
Better weather andstorm forecasting
provided

Outputs:i. Improved meteorological observation andprediction capabilities
Activities:- Development of 35 new automatic weather
observation stations with data processing anddisplay system at DoM, Colombo linked with areal-time communication system- Enhancement of prediction capabilities forcoastal floods

1.0 (S)

1.2 (M)

3. Flood Monitoring and Forecasting
Flood monitoringand prediction
capabilities inflood-prone river
basins enhanced

Outputs:i. Improvement of hydrometric network forenhancing flood monitoring and forecasting
capabilities
Activities:- Establishment of effective flood hazard EW
system for priority basins, which includes
development of 25 new stations with telemetry
facilities- Enhancement of communication anddissemination capabilities

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0.865 (Total)

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Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.17 (Total)

NBRO, DMC, DoM

4. Landslide Prediction and Early Warning
Landslideprediction and EW
capabilities
developed andestablished forcommunities atrisk

Outputs:i. Improvement of landslide prediction and EW
capabilities
Activities:- Development and Establishment of a landslide
forecasting system (S)- Validation and fine-tuning of the system (M)- Development of an evaluation and dissemination
programme (L)0.08 (S)0.045 (M)0.045 (L)

5.Drought Monitoring and Forecasting
Information on
potential events ofdrought/ inconsistencies in rainfall
made available toagriculture andassociated sectors
as an advanced
decision support
mechanism

Output:i. Yield forecast of major food crops in eachgrowing season with a sufficient lead time (S,M)
ii. Development of long and medium term drought
forecasting and monitoring system for agriculture
and associated sectors (S,M)
Activity:- Establishment of a crop weather watch group/
forecasting unit
- Enhancement of drought prediction capacity- Development of drought EW dissemination andend-to-end feedback and response system- Upgrading and provision of communication facilities

0.27 (Total)

DOA, ID , MASL,
Dept. of Agrarian
Services, DoM

0.21 (S)0.06 (M)

6. Cyclone Tracking, Storm Surge
Effective
mechanism for
cyclone tracking
and storm surge
warningestablished tofacilitate timely
EW

Output:i. An effective cyclone tracking, storm surge
warning system
Activities:- Enhancement of collaborative arrangements withneighboring countries for cyclone tracking (S)- Enhancement of prediction capabilities for storm
surge (M)0.21 (Total)

DoM

0.01 (S)0.20 (M)

7. Seismic Monitoring
Enhanced seismic
monitoring
capacity

Output:i. Development of a Unified Seismic Monitoringand Data Processing and Archival Network
Activities:- Networking of local seismographic stations(University network and proposed seismographsof major dams)- Improvement of broadband seismic network- Establishment of a seismic data processing andarchival unit
- Enhancement of monitoring and data capturing

2.62 (Total)

GSMB, DMC

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

8. EW Systems for Major Dams

EW for hazards
associated withmajor dams
provided

Outputs:
i. Establishment of EW Systems for major dams
ii. Computerized data gathering system
iii. Improved Surveillance & Monitoring (S&M)
of 210 medium & large dams in the country

0.5 (M)MASL

2.0 (M)

NARA, DMC

Activities:- Establishment of Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) system
9. Oceanographic Monitoring System
Oceanographic
monitoring recording of sea
level fluctuations
constantly
monitored andalertness increased

Outputs:i. Development of oceanographic monitoring
system- Real time data on oceanographic
parametersii. Bathymetric data and Nautical Chartiii. Simulation of tsunami’s characteristics (heightand run-up) along the coast of Sri Lanka and risk
assessment for different areas along the country’s
coastline.
iv. Inundation and sensitive coastal habitat maps
Activities:- Base line survey and gap analysis- Establishment of effective sea level monitoring
network of 12 automatic tide gauges- Enhancement of communication, processing andarchival systems- Networking of system to transmit real time sea
level data to EW Division- Enhancement of coordination mechanism

10. Nuclear / Radiological Monitoring
Timely andcoordinatedresponse tonuclear/radiologicalaccidents ensured

Output:i. Establishment of an EW/ response system fornuclear accidents and monitoring ofenvironmental radiation (S,M,L)
Activities:- Establishment of monitoring stations- Purchase of required monitoring and measuring
equipment- Data collection and analysis- Environmental sample analysis

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0.46 (Total)

0.39 (M)0.06 (L)AEA

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Preparedness and Response Plans

Key Issues
The objective of disaster preparedness plans is to minimize the adverse effects of a hazard througheffective precautionary actions and adequate responses to ensure the timely and coordinateddelivery of relief and assistance following a disaster.
Preparedness involves the development and regular testing of warning systems (linked to multihazard EW Systems) and plans for evacuation or other measures to be taken during a disaster alert
period. It also involves the education and training of officials, intervention teams andcommunities. Establishment of policies, standards, organizational arrangements and operational
plans to be applied following a disaster are also crucial. Effective plans also consider securingresources, possibly including stockpiling supplies and earmarking funds. These plans are being
supported through the provisions of the DM Act.
Some of the key issues arising from the interactions and planning arrangements for response andpreparedness plans centre around organizing funding capacities for immediate response; andsystematically building capacity across all levels. They also include clearly defining the roles for
involved agencies in order to avoid mismanagement, overlaps and gaps in response to disasters
and emphasizing the coordination of all such recognized agencies. It is also important to ensure
reliable lines of communication as well as alternative lines for emergency communications;sensitize the media to the importance of correct information and ensure informant mechanisms forthe same. The logistics channel is to be kept geared for an immediate impact, with needs
assessment in the aftermath of a disaster; and a clear role for nation-wide NGOs such as the
SLRCS is to be defined in government response plans.
Strategy
The identified issues and needs for this theme can be addressed through the following suggested
strategies in the short-medium term:-

Provisions in annual budgets of respective line ministry/ agency through the DM Plan.
Identification of skills / knowledge required and developing an HRD plan.
Provide equipment and train staff/ volunteers to use them.
Mapping of available resources and materials with public and private sector.
Regulations in place to utilize such equipments as desired by the DM Plan
Develop and enforce / gazette standard operating procedures for all activities.
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Drills and simulation, to check the system.
Incident Command System should be well defined.
Bring clarity about roles and responsibility amongst various actors.
All stakeholders are aware of each other’s role and responsibilities.
Declaration and dissemination of disaster situation at various levels.
Legal provisions to ensure ownership of media actions.
Government body to provide standard communication messages.
One government body to specify items, describe quantities required and expected date ofdelivery.
Develop specifications of emergency items, as may be required under different disastersituations.
Gazettes notification/ incorporation of institutional mandate.
Inclusion of SLRCS for specified duties/ responsibilities under Standing Orders.
Inclusion of NGOs/I-NGOs for specified duties/ responsibilities under Standing Orders/
response plans.

Key Interventions
The following components have been identified as key to developing a comprehensive action planfor disaster preparedness at the national, sub national and local levels:
­
­
­
­
­
­

Development of DM (preparedness and response) plans by each ministry/ department anddistricts/ divisions;
Developing emergency response capacities at Provincial, Municipality and Urban council
level;
Establishing a competent cadre of emergency response & DM coordinators at all levels toextend support to DMC/ District Emergency Operations Rooms;
Development of district level emergency services network; Establishment of Hospital
Emergency preparedness mechanism;
Resource network for emergency response
Procedure for sharing of information, manpower and resources

In addition, the following have been prioritized for immediate attention in order to situate longer
term activities within a sustainable framework:
i. Developing and Maintaining a National Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan
Development of a National Disaster Response Plan will help various line ministries, departments
and agencies, to collaborate in providing needs-based efficient responses to those in need. This
will also help identify a role for organizations like SLRCS, and International NGOs, in various
stages of disaster management, by defining the mandates of DMC and concerned line ministries,
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departments, agencies and other organizations, in managing various disasters. The plan will definefunctional roles and responsibilities to each of these ministries and departments, through thedifferent stages of disasters. Further, this will allow response plans to be prepared for each district,division and vulnerable community, to be linked to the National Disaster Response Plan (NDRP).
Since there are various levels of operation and administration, this plan will formulate Standard
Operating Procedures (SoPs), defining the control and directions in managing the disaster
response.
ii. Establishing National Emergency Operation Centre and District Emergency Operation Rooms
This will involve the setting up of an institutional framework for a Response Operation, fromtriggering action, providing direction and control, up till service delivery through existing ministry
departments/ agencies. Similarly, EOC at district level will form a decentralized mechanism for
response operations, while maintaining a standard approach. This will also emphasize
development of Standing Orders/ Standard Procedures, to provide legal status to concerned
agencies in order to carry out tasks, while working under EOC authority.

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S r i L a n k aComponent 4: Preparedness and Response Plans

To minimize the adverse effects of a hazard through effective precautionary actions and adequate response toensure the timely, appropriate and effective organization and delivery of relief and assistance following a disaster

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.50 (S)

DMC, Provincial
Councils, District/
Divisional Secretariats,
LAs, GNs, NGOs,
CBOs

0.10 (S)Ministry of Disaster
Management, DMC,
Police, Fire-Search &Rescue Services, Healthand related Ministries,
Line Agencies

1. Hazard Specific Response Plans
Coordination andcontrol mechanism
to provide
directions,leadership andoptimize utilizationof resources
developed
DM specificstructures linked
with service
delivery structuresi.e. EOC withemergency service
networks
Linkages between
institutional
response andcommunity based
response
establishedOutputs:
Hazard Specific Response Plans are in place at
National level, with appropriate linkages with
Provincial, District, Divisional and Village /Community level plans for:a. Floods
b. Tsunamisc. Cyclones
d. Landslides
e. Droughts
f. Lightning and Thunderstorms
g. Tornadoes
h. Sea Erosion
Activities:- Set up technical advisory committees for eachtype of hazard, SoPs.
- Facilitate meetings to develop risk profile andrisk management approach/ strategy.
- Share guidelines for development of draft for
district, divisional and local authority level
response plans.
- Develop a draft plan based on, and linking
response plans at various levels (District,
Divisions, Local Authorities) and link with theworking group developing SoPs.
- Field test and finalize the plan.

2. National Rapid Response Team
Timely, effective
and efficientdisaster response
support provided

Outputs:i. National Specialized Rapid Response Team
operational for deployment during disastersituations.
Activities:- Identification of specialized skill sets requiredand establishment of a team, with a definite legal
mandate.
- Organize capacity building, including equipping
the team members and training.
- Standard command and control procedures
developed.
- Link with contingency plans.
- Public dissemination of availability of such teams.
- Develop telephone directory for such teammembers.

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

3. Emergency Operation Centres
Timely activationand coordination of
emergency
response services

Outputs:i. Emergency Operations Center Operational
ii. Incident Command System at DMC and districtlevels0.35 (S)DMC,
District/Divisional
Secretariats, P.Cs

Activities:- Specific role for this center are defined andadopted.
- Infrastructure is provided and equipped.
- SoPs / institutional tools are made available tothe center.
- Field testing and regular drills.
- National EOC at DMC linked to each district- Provision for financial resources to activate any
response / contingency plans, together with 24X7
monitoring.
4.Hazard Specific Contingency Plans
Operational
capacities ofidentified
departments/
agencies
strengthened toactivate therespective
contingency plan
Linkages withemergency service
networks
establishedOutput:i. Hazard specific/ contingency plans in place withvarious line ministries, departments andgovernment agencies, as required by Sri Lanka
Disaster Management Act 2005.
a. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan.
b. National Industrial and chemical hazard
management permit.
c. National Radiological and Nuclear Emergency
Management Plan.
d. Forest Fire Management Plan.
e. Dam related hazards.
f. Biological Hazard Management Plan.
g. Urban Fire Suppression and Management Plan.
h. Road Traffic Accident Management Plan.
i. Epidemics.
j. Explosion/ Bomb blasts.

0.75 (S), (M)DMC, Line Ministries,
Departments,
Governmentt agencies
and relevant
stakeholders

Activities:- Each ministry, department, agency starts
mapping of capacities and risk exposure to its
service establishments.
- Develop institutional safety plans to protect/ limit
damage to its own infrastructure/ facilities.
- Develop contingency plans to maintain its
organizational readiness, to be in a position tooffer services as and when required.
- Develop public warning/ awareness system foreach type of contingency.
- Provide legal base for self compliance tocontingency plans.
- Establishing and strengthening monitoring
capacities of responsible government / private
sector entities.
- Improve social protection/ safety net throughinsurance.

35

R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

5. Emergency Service Networks

Strengthening of
emergency services
in urban areas,
provinces anddistricts
Scale and type ofcommunity needs
under different
disaster scenarios
assessed andinstitutionalframework
developed toprovide services as
and when necessity
arises

Outputs:i. Emergency Service Networks (Warning,
Evacuation, Mass Care, Disaster Victim
Identification (DVI)/ Tracing & Family Re-union
Health & Medical Care, Public Warning etc) inplace at provincial, district, municipal and urban
council levels.
Activities:- Set up in a phased manner emergency services inall areas not currently covered- Upgrade existing services (manpower, skills andequipment) to meet the risks faced.
- Set up a Technical Advisory Committee to
identify scale and type of community needs under
different emergency scenarios and of focal
departments/ bodies to carry out/ provide services
under these sectors.
- Identify team leader for each sectoral service
agency/ department at national/ district level- Establish operational linkages / mechanisms
EOC/ DMC for role under response andcontingency plans.
- Dissemination existence of such focal bodies,
respective mandates and operational mechanisms.

1.0 (Total)

DMC, PCs, District/
Divisional Secretariats,
LAs and Line agencies,
Australian expertise,
SLRCS

1.0 (S)
1.0 (M)

6. Knowledge Management System
Efficacy of
response operations
improved
constantly

Outputs:i. Knowledge Management System, to update the
National Response plans, incorporating lessons
learned.
Activities:- DMC carried out post disaster lessons learned
exercises, to get feedback and improve responseplans/ response strategies.
- Mitigation/ prevention project data/ CBDM
updates are analyzed for change in vulnerability
profiles and changes in response plans.

36

0.025 (M)DMC with relevant
stakeholders

R o a d

2.6

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Mitigation and Integration of DRR into Development Planning

Key Issues
The aim of a mitigation strategy is to reduce losses in the event of potential hazard occurrences.
The primary aim is to reduce the risk of death and injury to the population. Secondary aims include
reducing damage and economic losses to public sector infrastructure and reducing private sector
losses in as far as they are likely to affect the community as a whole. The objectives are likely toinclude encouraging people to protect themselves as far as possible.
Any mitigation strategy is likely to include a range of measures. A set of actions that includes someengineering measures, some spatial planning, and a degree of economic, management and societal
inputs will be needed to bring about effective mitigation. A mitigation programme thatconcentrates solely on any one of these five aspects will be unbalanced and is unlikely to achieve
its aims.
Disaster Mitigation investment has to be seen in terms of the price of protecting existing and future
infrastructure. Spending a bit more on a new facility to build it a little stronger and protect it against
a future threat is usually seen as prudent. The level of investment that is justified to protect society,its economic activities and its built environment is a matter of political decision making, and theeconomics of risk. Decision making on appropriate levels of investment in disaster mitigation
depends on how likely the hazard is to occur, and what would be the impact of the hazard if it does
occur. The costs and benefits of alternative investment strategies need to be carefully evaluated.
The use of a systematic framework of risk assessment to establish which hazards are most likely tooccur and the probable effects will help define the priorities of mitigation programmes.
Strategy
In order to mitigate disasters and integrate DRR into development plans, identified activities are
categorized into five main areas after consultations amongst the working group:- Organizational and legal interventions- Demonstration projects- Physical interventions through projects and programme- Research and development- Awareness and training programmes37R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Activities proposed under the area of organizational and legal interventions are: the establishmentof DRM committees; the development, regular review and update of DRM plans; and thedevelopment and review of guidelines, bylaws, regulations, procedures etc. to include DRM(mitigation) aspects.
There is a need to review the by-laws and approval procedures of local governments to reduce
inappropriate construction and land use practices in hazard prone areas. Physical interventions
through projects would include the implementation of Coastal Management Plan in 15 identified
locations in coastal areas to minimize coastal erosion; implementation of dam safety programmes
to mitigate floods and minimize damages in the downstream of dams; construction of upstream
reservoirs across three major rivers, Kalu Ganga, Kelani Ganga and Nilwala Ganga; and theintroduction of drought tolerant agricultural methods including micro irrigation facilities, seeds
etc in drought prone areas.
Landslides often take place in mountainous regions, and in particular, in urban areas due to wrong
practices, unavailability of retaining structures, cutting and filling operations etc. The
demonstration projects can be implemented to showcase appropriate practices and also to train
artisans and technicians in relevant construction techniques. In order to achieve the above, there isa need to undertake research activities through universities and other institutes to arrive at the mostsuitable methods of stabilizing landslide prone areas and genetic engineering research to develop
drought resistant seeds. Training and awareness programmes will also be conducted to achieve theoutlined objectives.
Key Interventions
In view of the above strategy, the projects prioritized for the next 10 years under this component
entail:
­
­
­
­
­
­
38

Review and revise the building approval procedures adopted by local government
agencies to reduce the impact of natural disaster events.
Integrate disaster risk mitigation into development processes through disaster mitigationplans, specific allocation for mitigation in all development budgets.
Integrate disaster risk mitigation into development processes through disaster mitigationplans, and specific allocation for mitigation in all development budgets.
Mitigate impact of drought and reduce drought risk through improved seed materials andintroduction of micro-irrigation.
Mitigate impact of landslides and reduce risk through improvements andrecommendations for structural mitigation.
Protect against and control floods through improvements and new protection systems.

R o a d

­
­
­
­

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Reduce disaster risk in all physical planning processes by integrating DRR in decision
making on national land use and physical planning policy.
Protect against storm surges/ sea/ coastal flooding through green belt and incorporation ofdisaster risk considerations in coastal zone management.
Increase disaster resilience in housing and other critical infrastructure through revisions inbuilding codes and bylaws.
Reduce dam-related hazard risks through appropriate dam safety regulations.

The following projects will be prioritized in the short to medium term:
Minimize Loss of Life and Property Damage due to Floods
This project will be executed in major cities and villages in the downstream of KaluGanga in orderto adequately protect Ratnapura and Kalutara districts from floods.
Mitigate and Stabilize Slopes in High Risk Landslide and Rockfall Sites
The objective is to stabilize rockfall and landslide sites from Haldumulla to Haputale andKahagolla to Haputale respectively.

39

R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k aComponent 5: Mitigation and Integration of DRR into Development

In the event of a future occurrence of a hazard, to reduce damage and economic losses,
risk of death and injury to the population.

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

3.44 (Total)

NBRO, Ministry ofHighways &otherrelevant organizations

1. Landslide Mitigation in Risk-prone areas
Areas (slopes)
categorized asmoderate and highrisk zones(landslides, slope
failures, rock fall)stabilized

Output:i. Mitigation and Slope Stabilization programmes inHigh & Moderate Risk Land Slide Areas.
ii. Updated Landslide Hazard Zoning (LHZ) maps
with respect to land use pattern.
Activities:- Locate High Risk and Moderate Risk sites within
the landslide prone areas- Undertake detail studies to identify most suitableand economical mitigation measures- Implementation of Mitigation measures in 10
districts (M)- Undertake risk assessment in rock fall site at
Haldumulla to Haputale and in landslide site at
Kahagalla to Haputale (S)- Implement recommendations to minimize hazard
due to rock fall and landslides (M)0.01 (S)0.38 (S)
2.0 (M)

NBRO -Ministry ofHighways, PC, DS,LA
NBRO, DS, PC,LA

0.05 (S)
RDA, PC, LA, DMC
1.0 (M)

2. Flood Protection for Major Cities
Cities down streamof Kalani, Kalu andNilwala rivers
protected fromfloods

Output:i. Less flood damages in major cities (Colombo,
Rathnapura, Galle, Matara and Kalutara districts)
Activities:- Construction of upstream reservoirs across majorrivers - Kalani, Kalu and Nilwala- Study alternative options to mitigate floods inrivers85.5 (L) (Only for

ID, CEB

Kaluganga Project)

ID, other stakeholders
0.4 (M)

3. Disaster Mitigation Action Plans
DM (Mitigation)action plansdeveloped,
regularly updated
and implemented at
all levels ofgovernment(Provincial
Councils, Local
Authorities and all
public sector
institutions.

40

Outputs:i. DRM Plans and Projects developed andimplemented to mitigate the disaster in Local
Authorities and Provincial Council areas
Activities:- Establishment of DRM committees at all levels.
- Develop a methodology to prepare DRM plans (S)- Conduct awareness programmes for Heads otherrelevant officers of Institutions & organizations (S)- Develop & implement DRM (mitigation) plansconsidering the multi-hazard environment (M)- Develop and review regulations, bylaws and0.054 (Total)

0.002 (S)DMC
District/ Divisional
Secretaries, Provincial
councils, LAS and
SLRC.

0.005 (M)

MDTU with DMC

0.02 (S)0.005 (S)R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

approval procedure relating to all development
projects and introduce appropriate disaster reduction
measures (S)- Develop guidelines to integrate risk management
options in land use plans (M)- Integrate mitigation budget line item in annual
budget of all governments (initially preferably tohave 5% of the annual budget allocated for
mitigation interventions)- Reviewed and revised with feedback planned by
DRM once a year

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)0.012 (S)0.01(M)

Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

Provincial councils
and Local Authorities
with DMCSLILG, PCLG, UDA,
DMC, few selected
LAA
DS, UDA, NPPD,
SLLR&DC, land use
Planning division,
WRB, ID, LA
DRM Committee

4. Integrating Disaster Impact Assessment (DIA) into all Development Projects
DIA integrated into
approval process ofall development
projects

Outputs:i. Procedure in place for integrating DIA into
approval process of all development projects is inplace.
ii. Guidelines developed to categorize projects
needing DIA integration into EIA
iii. Hazard prone areas, reservation boundaries ofrivers, and lands with steep slopes, landslide
effected areas identified as special areas andpublished in the gazette.
iv. A total of 1250 persons trained in the DIA
integration process
Activities:- Prepare guidelines to categorize development
projects that need to undertake DIA- Demarcate and publish in gazette hazard prone
areas, reservation boundaries of rivers, and lands
with steep slopes, landslide effected areas etc.
within jurisdiction of Local Govt areas to discourage
construction- Development of guidelines for integrating DIA
into planning & approval process of all development
projects- Establish procedure for project approval following
DIA and incorporating reduction measures.
- Capacity building of the personnel involved inproject formulation, assessment & approval.
- Implement DIA in the EIA process for selected
projects with effect from Jan 2006

Provisions
established formainstreaming risk
management as acomponent ofdevelopment

Outputs:
DRR sector/cluster is established in the national andregional development plans

0.298 (Total)

0.008 (S)DMC with CEA, ID
other relevant agencies

0.15 (S)ID, NBRO, Survey
Dept0.12 (S)0.012 (S)0.008 (M)(S)

(M)

Activities:- Discussions with National Planning Department
for plan implementation.
- Provide information relevant to implementation(such as Road map for DM and milestones to be achieved under theachieved under the National DRM plan

DMC, CEA, UDA, All
Projects Approving
Agencies, NBRO, ITI,
Universities.
CHPB, SLIDA, with
DMC and otherrelevant organizations
PC and DS
Department of
National Planning andPlan Implementation
under Ministry of
Finance and DMC

41

R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

5. National Land Use and Physical Planning Policy
Disaster Risk
considerations
integrated into
national land use
and physicalplanning policy anddecision making

Outputs:i. Physical planning policy in placeii.20 Urban Plans in disaster prone areas developed
Activities:- Discussions with the National Physical Planning
Department and Land use policy planning.
- Development of physical planning policy andguidelines to integrate DRM into preparation of
structure plans, urban land use plans etc.
- Train Planning Officers and other relevant
personnel to integrate DRM in to preparation of
structure plans, urban land use plans etc.
- Develop a structure plan incorporating DRR as apilot project in 7 districts prone to natural disasters.
- Develop 20 Urban plans incorporating DRR as apilot project in 7 districts prone to landslides andfloods.

0.19 (Total)(S)
0.01 (S)0.03 (S)0.05 (S), (M)0.10 (S), (M)

NPPD and Land use
policy planning Depts,
UDA, DMC, University
LA
NPPD, UDA LAs and
DMC
SLILG, CHPB with
UDA, LAS, NPPD
MDTU, UDA, NPPD,SLLRDC, NBRO, ID,
LA,PC DMC
UDA, LA, PC, NPPD

6. Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
Disaster Risk
considerations
integrated in CZM
policy and indecision making

Outputs:i. Implementation of Priority Risk Management
Projects under CZM Plan 2004 to reduce impact of
coastal hazards
ii.Coastal Zone Management plans implemented in 15
locations
Activities:- Discussions with the Coast Conservation
Department and other stakeholder organizations
such as NARA, fisheries department etc- Development of CZM policy with considerations
on reduction of impact of coastal hazards through a
consultative process with other stakeholders- Implementation of identified DM activities in
CZM plan

Natural barrier
along the coast
created and coastal
erosion reduced(S)

0.1 (S)

3.0 (M)

DMC in collaboration
with Cost Conservation
Department
CCD, Dept. ofFisheries, PC, , LAA
12months
CCD ,Ministry ofFisheries, NARA
LA, PC
CCD, PC.LAA, Forest
Dept. Agricultural
Dept, Schools, SLRC

Outputs:i. Selected trees are planted on 1000 ha in high risk
coastal land
Activities:- About 1000 ha of coastal land will be planted withselected plant species to control sea flooding(Green belt Project)- Selection of worst effected coastal areas- Select suitable plants in consultation with Dept ofForest and local communities,- Arrange nurseries of selected species of plants insuitable locations- Develop a tree planting & maintenanceprogramme with PC, LAA, Education Dept. NGO
and CBO

42

4.10 (Total)

1.0 (M)R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

7. Development Controls, Building Bye-laws
Disaster resiliencethrough proper
planning and safer
housing
construction inhazard prone areas

Outputs:i. Building codes/guidelines to increase hazard
resilience
ii. Revised byelaws of local government sector andprovincial councils to increase resilience

Activities:- Formation of Expert Group- Develop or introduce revisions to building
codes/guidelines for construction in hazard prone
areas- Study the existing bye- laws in local government
sector and introduce revisions for construction inhazard prone areas

0.030 (Total)

0.015 (S)0.015 (S)

DMC, NHDA, ICTAD,
NBRO, SLLRDC, PC,
LA , IESL, IASL, SSE,
other professional
bodiesPC, SLILG, PCLGS,
LAA, NBRO, UDA,
DMC

8. Housing, Education,Tourism and Infrastructure facilities
Disaster risk
vulnerability
reduced by adopting
mitigation measuresin planning andconstruction of
government
housing schemes,
industrial estates,
tourist hotels

Outputs:
Programme for planning & construction of housing
schemes, industrial estates, tourist hotels by stateand private sector in hazard prone areas to higher
standards hazard resilience
Activities:- Formation of an expert group.
- Development of planning guidelines and buildingcode/guidelines for settlements.
- Implementation of guidelines and codes for hazard
resistant construction for government housing
scheme, industrial estates- Develop and introduce incentive programme forprivate housing- Technical and financial support to construction forhigher standards of hazard resilience prescribed in
the guidelines.

Disaster risk
vulnerability
reduced by adopting
mitigation measuresin planning andconstruction ofhigh voltage
towers,communication
towers

Outputs:
Guidelines for planning & construction of High
voltage towers, Communication towers

Schools andhospitals in hazard
prone areas plannedand constructed tohigher standards ofhazard resilience

Outputs:
Programme for construction of all new schools andhospitals in hazard-prone areas to higher standardsof hazard resilience

Activities:- Formation of Expert Group- Development of planning guide lines,
building code/guidelines for the Constructionof hazard resistant High voltage towers,
Communication towers in hazard prone areas

2.60 (Total)(S)
0.20 (S)0.20 (S)

DMC, CEB, CECB,NBRO, LLRDC and
IESL, IASL, CHPB,
UDA
NHDA, Ministry
Housing, PC, UDA

of

1.0 (M)
BOI, IDB,
1.20 (S)(S)
0.035 (S)

DMC, TRC, Ministryof Information, UDA,
CEB, LA, Telecom
Agencies

0.014 (Total)
Education, Health
Ministries, Dept. of
Buildings

43

R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Activities:- Identify all new school and hospitals to beconstructed in hazard prone areas- Review standard plans & design for adequacy ofconstruction.
- Conduct training programme for Engineers,
Planners & Technical Officers.

Disaster risk
vulnerability aroundgas, fuel andchemical storage
facilities reduced

Increased disaster
resilience throughprovision of safer
criticalinfrastructure inhazard prone areas

Outputs:
i. List of vulnerable sites
ii. People are made aware of risk
Activities:- Review safety precautionary measures adopted.
- Identify vulnerable areas near facilities.
- Conduct awareness programmes for people
residing close by.
Outputs:i. A set of guidelines to increase hazard resilience forconstruction of Critical Infrastructure in hazard
prone areas.
Activities:- Identify critical infrastructure to be provided inhazard prone areas- Develop guidelines for construction of
infrastructure in hazard prone areas- Review construction programmes to ensure
adoption of hazard mitigation measures.

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)0.001 (S)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.003 (S)IESL, UDA, School
Works Division, DMC
PC, CHPB, Universities

0.01 (S)CHPB, with DMC

0.017 (Total)

0.001 (S)0.001 (S)0.015 (S)0.03 (Total)

0.005 (S)0.025 (S)(M)

CPC. Shell Gas, Laugfs
gas, IOC, Ministry ofPower & Energy, CEA,UDA
DMC with SLRC
DMC, govt. sector
institutions responsible
for criticalinfrastructuredevelopment projects
with IESL, UDA andprofessional bodies.
Ministry of DM,
Relevant Agencies,
DMC, PC

9. Drought Mitigation in Select Districts
Crop failures
minimized byintroducing andpromoting
distribution ofquality seeds, intime, to farmers inremote villages indrought prone
districts

44

Output:i. Drought tolerant agricultural methods in use.

2.0 (Total)

ii.Ground Water Assessment maps
Activities:- To promote research to develop drought tolerant
crops and research on Genetic Engineering (M)- Train extension officers to transfer the researchfindings to farmers in 50 villages (M)- Develop a procedure to obtain quality seeds anddistribute to farmers in time.(M)- Identify potential ground water sources in 500
villages in drought prone districts and promote
ground water for irrigation (M)- Strengthen extension service to assist farmers inremote villages of drought prone districts that have
limited access to quality seeds to ensure better
growth by providing seeds in time. (M)

2.0 (M)

Department ofAgriculture (DOA)
Universities

WRBR o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Soil rehabilitation
programme
promoted indrought prone
areas.

Output:i. Soil rehabilitation programme

Use of micro
irrigation facilities
by farmers indrought prone areas
promoted

Output:i. Micro-irrigation scheme

Drinking water
demand and supply
management is
improved

Activities:
Develop and implement a programme to encourage
farmers through an incentive scheme to produce andapply organic manure to rejuvenate the soil, reducemoisture stress and thereby reduce the crop loss

Activity:- Develop a scheme to provide micro irrigation
facilities along with agro-wells and otherappropriate water resources.
Output:i. Minimum level of drinking water supply issustained

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)

1.0 (M)

1.0 (M)(M)

Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

DOA, Dept of National
Planning
DS, GN, Farmer
Organizations

Irrigation
Department, Water
Resources Board

GA, DS, Pradeshiya
Sabhas, WRB, NGOs,
SLRC.

Activities:- Formation of user groups to control local water
resources/ tanks, including hand pumps- Promotion of water conservation awareness- Augment water supply through bowsering/
dugwell- Promote community/ household rain water
harvesting structures, for local drinking water
security.
10. Dam Safety Enhanced
Dam safety ensured
through a proactive
approach for regular
M&E process.

Output:i. Database on main dams, which can create flood
vulnerability due to sudden release of water.
ii. List dams classified according to risk available
iii. Procedure for dam inspection and monitoring ofreservoir induced landslides & earth quakes
Activities:- Constitute an expert group for dam inspection andmonitoring.
- Development of database on dams which cancreate floods due to sudden release of water- Develop procedure for dam inspection andmonitoring of dams and areas around the reservoir- Assess all dams for spillway adequacy & otherstructural failures- Undertake periodic dam inspection and monitor
mitigation programme and recommend further
safety measures

1.795 (T)(S)

Irrigation Department/ MASL and CEB

0.08 (S)0.004 (S)ID, MASL, CEB, ID

0.001 (S)ID,MASL,CEB

45

R o a d

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k a

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities- Prepare inundation maps for down stream areas of
all major reservoirs and identify risk areas.
- Develop and introduce a proper warning
mechanisms- Conduct awareness programme for relevant
officials, residents & children in vulnerable areas- Introduce Rubber gates instead of flash boardspresently used at Castlereigh reservoir.

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.5 (M)(M)
0.01 (M)

1.2 (M)

ID, MASL, CEB
ID, MASL, CEB, PC,
CEB

11. Risk Transfer Mechanisms
Effective economic& financial tools for
reducing losses/
damages throughincreased
participation ofprivate sector inrisk management
activities madeavailable

Outputs:i. Risk transfer mechanisms and safety nets
(Insurance and Incentive schemes) established toreduce losses
Activities:- Organize periodic seminars for banking sector,
insurance sector and micro-credit facilitators.
- Develop a resource group for developing schemes
for government sector institutions to suit theaudience in Sri Lanka- Facilitate participation of stakeholders ininternational networking events- Improve microfinance for DM

0.018 (Total)

0.01 (M)0.008 (M)

Lending institutions
and Insurance sector
with DMC
SLRCS

12. Research & Development in DRR
Technical andscientificinstitutions anduniversities
encouraged toundertake R & D
activities in DRR

Outputs:i. Programme for Research and Development for
DRR
Activities:-Identification of needs-Undertaking priority research and development
programs

DMC, Universities,
Scientific and TechnicalInstitutions
0.01 (M)

13. Health Risk due to Polluted Groundwater
Reduce the healthrisk of people inidentified villages
in North Central
province due to theuse of hazardous
groundwater for
drinking

46

Outputs:i. Capacity of WRB enhance to forecast hazardous
ground regimes
ii. Hazardous ground water areas in NCP identified
iii.People are made aware of the effect of polluted
ground water on health and the possible preventive
actions
Activities:- Enhancing the forecasting capability on hazardous
aspect of ground water regimes (S)- Identification of hazardous ground water areas inNorth Central Province (S)- Conduct awareness programmes to make thepeople aware of drinking water quality health effectof dissolved chemicals and preventive measures(S & M)- Issue water purification kits to 1000 most affectedfamilies (M &L)

0.405 (Total)

0.145 (S)WRB, MOH, LA, PC,

0.085 (S)0.025 (M)

WRB, MOH, LA,PC,
GN

0.15 (M)

MDTU, WRB, MOH,
LA PC
MOH, WRB, LA

R o a d

2.7

M a p

f o r

D R M

i n

S r i L a n k aCommunity-based Disaster Risk Management

Key Issues
Communities bear the primary impact of disasters, yet the first and continued response to disasters
comes from community members. Well prepared and protected communities are the first line ofdefence against disasters and a key to reducing vulnerability and increasing disaster resilience.
Having a well resourced and sustainable programme to advance Community-based Disaster Risk
Management (CBDRM) is therefore a key strategy to achieve a safer Sri Lanka.
However, so far there has been insufficient coordination between the efforts of the Government at
district and divisional level action planning and the interventions of NGOs at the community level.
After the devastating tsunami, there is significantly greater acceptance within the country (andamong international donors) of the country’s relatively high vulnerability to disasters. A result of
this is a greater willingness to invest resources in pre-disaster preparedness and mitigation,
especially at the community level. This represents a significant opportunity for initiating andundertaking a national programme on CBDRM.
Strategy
Sri Lanka has 25 districts, 325 divisions, about 14016 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) andabout 40,000 villages. Several districts and divisions face multiple hazard risks. Over 50 percent ofthese communities are prone to one or more natural hazard risks.
The component aims to establish a sustained national programme to build the resilience andcommunity level capacity for response and DRM in each community at risk from hazards in the
country.
This will be achieved in a phased manner over the next 10 years through establishing:
·
·
·
·
·
·

Community DRM teams in 20,000 villages over 2500 GN divisions
An effective national network of local level volunteers for DRM
Effective coordination mechanisms between Government and NGOs at the national,
provincial, district, division and GN division level
CBDRM resource centers in 25 districts
Shared methodologies for CBDRM implementation and training
Small grants programme for community teams to support community level DRM projects47

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Development of micro finance schemes for vulnerability reduction and mitigation
Applied research grants for community level programmes

Priority programmes to be taken up in the first 2 years (2006-2007) are:···Community DRM teams in 5,000 villages over 500 GN divisions with a network ofvolunteers; Estimated budget : USD 5 million
CBDRM resource centres in 10 districts; Estimated budget : USD 2 million
Small grants programme awarding up to 500 grants to community teams to support
community level DRM projects; Estimated budget : USD 6 million

To implement a programme on this scale, a range of stakeholders is required, primarily NGOs
working with local Government and community authorities. It is expected that the primary
responsibility for supporting the establishment of Community DRM teams and implementing
CBDRM programmes will lie with NGOs, CBOs and the SLRCS working closely with local
agencies. It will also provide suitable opportunities for Government institutions, technicalagencies and universities to undertake CBDRM applied research work. The anticipated role of the
DMC is to facilitate coordination of geographical areas for undertaking programmes, supporting
linkages between CBDRM teams and NGOs with GN Division, the division and district officials
and plans, as well as to establish and administer the small grants programme and applied research
grants programme.
The government is implementing a strategy of poverty alleviation through the SAMURDI
programme and the risk management approaches can be integrated with community-based
infrastructure projects, micro-credit schemes, and cash for work programmes initiated by the
SAMURDI movement. One of the key strategies would be to identify areas where CBDRM
practices can be integrated into SAMURDI programme activities.
Key Interventions:i. Community DRM Teams in 20,000 Villages over 2500 GN Divisions
This sub component seeks to establish community teams for DRM in a phased manner in all at-risk
communities in the country. These community DRM teams will be responsible for EW,
preparedness, response and mitigation.
The subcomponent will support the establishment of these teams, provide initial orientation andtraining, support undertaking of village level hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessments, thepreparation of response and evacuation plans, and identification of micro projects on mitigation.
The teams will be provided periodic training and will be expected to conduct periodic drills andrehearsals.
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An effective linkage of CBDM groups will be established with divisional and Grama Niladhari
DM committees and DM plans. The first phase of the programme over a 2 year period of 2006 to2007 will target 5000 villages in 500 GN divisions in 10 districts.
ii. An Effective National Network of Local Level Volunteers for DRM
This sub component seeks to establish a national scheme of community disaster response
volunteers. These volunteers will support dissemination of early warning, assist in evacuation,
search and rescue, provide first aid and medical first response, and support the running of camps.
They will be active members of the CBDRM groups. The component will support registration ofvolunteers in a database available at the GN Division, DS Division and District offices and also themaintenance of this database. A suitable scheme for providing recognition, probably in the form ofcertificates and identity cards will be established. A standardized curriculum and large scale
programme of training of these volunteers is to be undertaken. The sub-component will build on
the ongoing efforts of DMC to deploy District DM coordinators and identify community leaders
to take the lead in EW dissemination and evacuation, as well as the well established Red Cross
Volunteer framework of SLRCS, where a major expansion is planned.
iii. Establishing CBDRM Resource Centres in Each District
This sub component will establish CBDRM resource centers in each district. These resource
centres are expected to play the role of facilitator of CBDRM activities and teams in the district,provide technical support, support the District Secretaries in maintenance of data base, as well as
undertake documentation and dissemination of CBDRM experience. It is proposed to identify
agencies at district level (universities, technical institutions, NGOs, Divisional Secretary’s offices,
SLRC Branch offices) who are willing to take on this role and support them in strengthening theircapacities to serve this function. In some districts, these may need to be set up afresh. The
subcomponent will fund the establishment of these centres and provision of staff and equipment
and some initial funding for activities.
iv. Small Grants Programme
It is planned to create a CBDRM Small Grants Programme to support the implementation ofpriority community preparedness and mitigation projects by community DRM teams in high risk
villages and GN Divisions. Priority projects are expected to cover assessment of local hazards,
vulnerabilities, and capacities, preparedness planning, procurement of response equipment,
resource mobilization, capacity building and implementing small mitigation projects. It is
expected that 500 grants would be awarded in the first two years.

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S r i L a n k av. Applied Research Grant Scheme for Government Agencies to Implement Community Level Risk
Management programmes
It is planned to establish a fund in the DMC to award annual applied research grants toGovernment institutions, local government institutions, universities, academic institutions,professional bodies to implement mitigation and risk management programmes at the community
level in partnership with at-risk communities.
vi. Develop a Micro Finance Scheme to Reduce Vulnerability at Household Level and Promote
Alternative Livelihood Options
This sub-component will work with Sri Lankan micro finance institutions to support theestablishment of schemes to enable vulnerable communities in hazard prone locations to identify
and take up alternate and additional livelihood options, as well as invest in mitigation measures toimprove the disaster resilience of household and livelihood assets.

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S r i L a n k aComponent 6: Community Based DRM

To reduce risk and thus disaster impacts through participatory approaches at the community level

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

1. Promoting CBDRM Volunteerism
Increased
participation ofvolunteers andcommitment of atrisk communities
in risk reduction
interventions
Community DRM
teams establishedin all at-risk
communities.
Volunteer databaseestablished andmaintained for use
in emergencies

Output:i. Promoting community disaster response
volunteers and establishing community teams for
DRM in a phased manner in all at-risk
communities.
ii. Registration of volunteers and maintenance of
database.
iii. Volunteer skills, training and motivation.
Activities:- Community DRM teams constituted in each atrisk community to undertake village level
activities of EW, preparedness, response andmitigation. Identification and Selection ofvolunteers to serve during disaster events (SAR
parties, first aid responders, , camp maintenance,etc)- Developing Volunteer Facilitators.Capacity
building and training for volunteers.Conductperiodic drills and rehearsals- Link with SLRCS.
Establishing revolving fund at community level.
-Establishment of database of volunteers atnational level, in each district and Grama Niladhari
areas and local government level.
- Provide Identity Cards for better recognition- Introduce an incentive scheme (reward system) to
encourage volunteers

45.0 (Total)[For 4500 GN]

DMC/Districtsecretaries/ District
DM Coordinators andDM Committees incollaboration with
CBOs and NGOs,
SLRCS

5.00 (S)[For 500 GN]
10.00 (M)[For 1000 GN]
30.00 (L)[For 3000 GN]

2. Establishing Resource Centres
Increased access to
information oncommunity based
initiatives forsharing ofexperience andlessons learned
CBDM Resource
Centers establishedin each district

Output:i. Establishing CBDM resource centers in each
district.
ii. Maintaining effective linkage of CBDM groups
with divisional and GN committees.
Activities:- Identify agencies at district level (technicalinstitutions, Universities, NGOs, district/ divisionsect, SLRC Branch offices) willing to take on therole of facilitator, technical support provider, andsupport for maintenance of database, as well as
documentation and dissemination of experience.
- Provide recognition and support to theseagencies.
- Involve leaders in DM committees set up at

5.0 (Total)

DMC/ District
Secretaries incollaboration with
CBOs and NGOs,
Universities, SLRCS,
technical institutions

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Time frame

Outputs/ Activities

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

various levels.
- Organize periodic networking events and joint
drills.
- Development of database through a registration
system of CBOs, NGOs and community teams for
effective networking- Organize exchange programmes for sharing
experience among volunteer groups within the
district, within the country and worldwide.
3. Preparedness and Mitigation Through Small Grants Programmes
Community DRM
teams actively
implementing
preparedness andmitigation projects

Output:i. Priority Community Preparedness and
Mitigation projects by community DRM teams in
High Risk Villages and GN Divisions throughsmall grants programmes- Small grants
programme
implemented
through DMC

Activities:- Establish small grants programme for community
teams- Undertaking pilot projects in High Risk Villages
based on proposals from community- Pilot projects to cover assessment of local
hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities,
preparedness planning, resource mobilization,
capacity building and implementing small
mitigation projects.

16.0 (Total)

District DM
Coordinators
GN Divisions
NGOs and CBOs
SLRC

6.00 (S)[For 500 Projects]
10.00 (M)[For 750 Projects]

4. Micro Finance Schemes
Micro Financefacilities forcapacity buildingof the vulnerable
people and to
introduce
alternative
livelihood options
available.
Micro finance forhouse hold level
mitigation
measures possible.

Output:i. Develop a scheme to provide people microfinance facilities.

0.30 (M)Activities:- Introduce new alternative livelihood options forvulnerable communities.
- Organize micro finance facilities throughcommunity centered organizations.
- Increase the capacity of the people to face adisaster effectively.

Aid agencies incollaboration with
Banks.
DMC is to monitor thewhole process.

5. National CBDRM Programme
National CBDRM
Programme wellcoordinatedOutput:i. National coordination mechanism between DMC
and NGOs to promote CBDRM.
Activity:- To have periodic meetings to establish common
methodologies , common training curriculum on
CBDRM

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

6. Applied Research Grant Scheme for CBDRM
Output:Increased
participation of ati. Develop an annual applied research grantrisk communities
scheme to implement risk management projects atin risk reduction
the community level by Government institutions,activities through the local government institutions, universities,
implementation ofacademic institutions, professional bodies inpartnership with at-risk communities.
CBDRM projects
with technicalsupport from
Activities:
technical, academic - Develop a Scheme for selection and grant ofand local
awards including criteria for selection andgovernment
approval of projects. ( indicative size of grant SL
institutions.
Rs 0.5 million to 5 million )2.00 (M)DMC in partnershipwith local government
agencies and technicalinstitutions.

- Organize sharing opportunities among
participants to enhance the effectiveness.
Develop case studies based on the lessons learned
for wider dissemination.

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2.8

Public Awareness, Education and Training

Key Issues
An important aspect of any disaster preparedness programme is to anticipate the requirements fordisaster related public awareness, education and training. The planning process will only beeffective if those who are the ultimate beneficiaries know how to respond in times of disasters anddevelop capacities to cope in their aftermath. For this reason, an essential part of a disaster
preparedness plan is the education of those who may be threatened by potential disaster events.
At present, many government organizations, NGOs and CBOs conduct DRM related training.
Efforts are often duplicated and training is conducted without appropriate resources (in termsof training materials and tools). Moreover, there is no apparent coordination with regard to therelevance of training and consistency of content.
There is no proper needs analysis and systematic target audience segmentation, and hence nocustomized training to bring out relevant learning outcomes amongst people who serve in
different capacities. There is currently no local capacity enhancement initiative for trainers in
DRM and a general lack of coordinated allocation of available regional training opportunities
to sustain capacity enhancement of trainers.
Strategy
Probable solutions in the short - medium term are as follows:i. There is a need to formulate a policy which brings together all DRM trainings under thesupervisory role of the DMC and creates a corresponding need for MOUs with partnerorganizations to implement training.
ii. A mechanism for quality assurance of DRM training can be ensured and the evaluation ofeffectiveness could be made mandatory as an institutional endeavor to be achieved by partners
undertaking this activity for the sector.
Key Interventions
Establishment of the ‘National Disaster Safety Day’ annual commemorations as a high level
event in the annual government calendar is one of the approaches that can bring about acoordinated and effective public awareness campaign. It can be an annual event organized by the
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S r i L a n k aactively participate in such an event. In establishing an integrated educational training
programme, it should be recognized that education is often a two-way process in the field of
disaster preparedness. The main programmes identified under the theme of public awareness,training and education are:i. Promote Public Awareness at National Level
This can be done through effective implementation of a National Public Awareness
Programme for disaster preparedness.
ii. Promote Awareness among School Children
This can be achieved through the introduction of DM related subjects in school
curriculum, and through awareness and resource materials in all 3 languages .
iii. Promote Awareness and Train University Graduates through Integration of DRR in
University Curriculum
The integration of DM subjects in university education of various disciplines in courses
such as urban planning, civil engineering, architecture would help promote awareness.
iv.

Increased Awareness of DM Related Subjects among School Children
DM would not be a new subject area in the curriculum. Instead the content will be
integrated into existing subjects as relevant. The DM curriculum integrated to the (AL).
Geography Syllabus in 2004 as a joint venture between NIE and SLUMDMP may needre-visiting at this point.

v.

Promote Awareness among Professional Groups, Key Decision Makers throughTraining and Short Courses
This would involve training on disaster preparedness and reduction in entry level,
refresher and in-service training of government employees at various levels.

vi. Increase Capacity among Key Institutions through Training of Officials and Training
Aids/toolsvii. Integrate DM Training Curriculum in Continuing Education
DM has to be integrated into development initiatives. Professionals who are involvedin planning, implementation, financial management etc. need to understand theimplications of DM to sustain development efforts.
viii. A National Event Under the Patronage of the President and Council Members of the
NCDM to Launch Countrywide Awareness Programmes55

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S r i L a n k aComponent 7: Public Awareness, Education And Training

To create awareness amongst communities and personnel from government and non-government sectors andtrain them in means to reduce disaster losses

Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

1. Awareness through Disaster Safety Day
Nationwide
awareness of theimportance of DM
through a National
Disaster SafetyDay

Output:i. “National Disaster Safety Day” annual
commemorations established as a high level eventin the government calendar
Activities:- Issue a Gazette notification on establishment ofan annual “National Disaster Safety Day” event.
- Institute a National Committee for the event
convened by the DMC.
- Organize annually “National Disaster Safety
Day” to create awareness under the patronage ofHE the President and NCDM.
- Implement a National Award Scheme for DM
initiatives and best practices at various levels (suchas school competitions, institutional initiatives for
preparedness, mitigation and response.
- Evaluate year round activities for national
awards.

0.21 (Total)

DMC, Ministries,
Media Institutions,
Police and Armed
Forces, Fire Brigade,GOs and NGOs in DM

0.05 (S)0.06 (M)
0.10 (L)

2. National Public Awareness Programme
Effective
implementation of
a National publicawareness
programme tobuild a culture ofsafety fromdisasters focusedon a multi-hazard
scenario

Output:i. Establishing national public awarenessprogramme for disaster preparedness, mitigation
and response.
Activities:- Carry out a needs analysis and effect audience
segmentation to formulate a public awarenesscampaign or several campaigns as necessary.
- 2006 – 2008: Implement campaign(s) in a time
staggered manner across priority geographicalareas.
- 2009: Evaluate campaign and identify futureneeds, formulate follow-up campaign.
2010 – 2015: Implement follow-up campaign.
- 2015: Evaluate campaign and identify futureneeds.

1.45 (Total)

DMC, MediaChannels, NSF,
Ministries andGovernment Agencies,
NGOs, Samurdhi
Network, Private
Sector, and SLRCS

0.50 (S)0.45 (M)0.50 (L)

3. Awareness through schools and school curriculum
Increasedawareness of DM
related subjects
among school
children.

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Output:i. Incorporating disaster reduction into school
curriculum
Activities:- Through NIE and Ministry of Education, DM

0.76 (Total)

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Outcomes

Awareness among
younger generation
and Community
Animation throughschool children

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)content will be integrated into existing subjects asrelevant.
- Revisit Disaster Management curriculum
integrated to the (A.L).Geography Syllabus in2004 by NIE and SLUMDMP.
- Collate Print and video materials available with
UN, USAID, GTZ, ISDR, FEMA, ADRC, ADPC,Red Cross, CARE, WorldVision and otherdisaster management institutes and screen forsuitability of use within schools.
- Training of Teacher Trainees for Disaster
Management teaching.
- Include Disaster Management as a topic fordeveloping projects by students at GCE(AL)- Conduct teacher training, awareness creation and
School Emergency Response Plan implementationin selected schools- Propose school risk management clubs andactivities under extra curriculum activities.

0.20 (M)Output:i. Public awareness programme targeted atchildren0.55 (Total)

Activities:- Community animation through school children(eg: SLUMDMP).
- School based community outreach throughschool societies.
- Production of pamphlets, posters, brochures.
- Production of appropriate videos and interactive
CDs for awareness and instruction.
- Conducting training courses, seminars,
workshops for school children and teachers.

Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.01 (M)0.05 (M)0.50 (L)0.05 (S)0.20 (M)

DMC, National
Science Foundation(NSF), Water
Resources Board,
UNICEF, other NGOs,SLRCS and partner
agencies

0.30 (L)

4. Awareness through Continuing / University Curriculum
Increasedawareness of DM
related subjects
among university
graduates

Output:i. Establishing graduate and post graduate
specializations which integrate DM subjects invarious disciplines in such as Urban planning,
Civil engineering, Architecture, Geography,
Geology, Oceanography.
Activities:- Discussion with the UGC and university
authorities on integration of DRM subjects inexisting under-graduate level courses.
- Development of short courses or integration ofcourse material in existing courses.
- Provide resource inputs.
- Post graduate / post doctoral studies for capacity
building in Disaster Preparedness, GIS in disasterzones, Seismology, Modeling, Oceanography,
Marine biology, Coastal engineering, and other
health related issues

0.50 (Total)

DMC in collaboration
with UGC andUniversities
and National Instituteof Social Development(NISD)

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Budget(USD million)

Outcomes

Increasedawareness of DM
related subjects
among professionalgroups

Outputs/ Activities

Output:i. Integrate DM training curriculum in continuing
education/professional education courses offered
for a cross section of target groups in professional
training institutes.

Time framePartners

1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)(Lead Agency in Bold)

0.20 (Total)

DMC in collaboration
with professional
training institutes

0.10 (M)
0.10 (L)Activities:- Discussion with the authorities.
- Development of short courses or integration ofcourse material in existing courses.
- Provide resource inputs.
5.Training for Government Employees
Increasedawareness of DM
related subjects
among officials ingovernment
agencies, semigovernment
agencies, local
governments andprivate sector.

Output:i. Training on disaster preparedness , mitigation
and response at entry level (induction), refresher
and in-service training of government employees
at various levels

0.20 (Total)
0.10 (M)
0.10 (L)Activities:- Add modules in in-service training of all
government officials.
- Develop partnership with Regional DM
institutions and conduct TOT.
- Adopt material in local context.
- Develop new training modules to meet additional
demands.

Use Management
Development &Training Centers(MDTC) of PCs
DMC with National
Training PartnersCHPB, SLIDA, SLILG
etc., Service Training
Institutes of various
Ministries, MDTUs,
NGOs, SLRCS

6. Training for Emergency Preparedness and Response
Officials trained inemergency
preparedness andresponse
Multi-disciplinary
fire & rescue
training centerestablishedOutput:i. Establishing training systems for Emergency
Preparedness and Responders
Activities:- Establishing national training center for
emergency response.
- Training courses for operational staff including
Fire brigades outside Colombo.
- Training of public / private sector organizations
and Volunteer Emergency -Response Teams.

0.70 (Total)

DMC in collaboration
with donors

0.50 (S)0.10 (S)0.10 (S)

7. Enhancing Training Capacities
Increased capacityof faculty members
to obtain
knowledge on thestate- of- the- art
technology andskills related to
DRM subjects

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Output:i. Enhance training capacities of existing training
organizations.
Activities:- Discussion with international training andcapacity building institutions for more training
opportunities.
- Develop a fellowship scheme for developing acompetent cadre of trainers.
- Regular TOT programmes.
- Enhance resources for training

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Outcomes

Outputs/ Activities

Time frame
1-2 Short (S)3-5 Medium (M)
6-10 Long (L)Partners(Lead Agency in Bold)

8. Special Awareness Programmes
Increasedawareness on
infrequent potential
high consequence
events based on
HazardManagement Plans

Output:i. Development of special awareness programmes
on infrequent potential high consequence events(such as forest fires, oil spills including inland andmarine oil spills, radiological emergencies, nuclear
disasters, air and maritime hazards, Pandemics,
Epidemics etc)

0.15 (Total)(M), (L)

DMC, Ministry ofEnvironment, CEA,UN Agencies andprogrammes such as
APELL, Regional DM
Training Institutions

Activities:- Constitute a specialist group to obtain
information on various aspects of avoidance ofinfrequent potential high consequence events.
- Development of guidelines for transportation,
storage, handling of sources (chemicals, gas,
explosives, radio-active elements, etc).
- Create public awareness.
- Develop module on industrial safety, to be usedin various training and capacity building
programmes.

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Chapter 3
Implementation Arrangements

3.1

Introduction

The success of the Road Map for DRM in Sri Lanka will depend on the adoption of effective
arrangements for implementation and monitoring. With the technical support of the DMC, theMinistry of DM will take the overall responsibility for the implementation of the Road Map under
the guidance of the NCDM. The relevant line ministries, departments and agencies, the provincial
authorities, the United Nations system, the other international organizations, the SLRC, civilsociety and the private sector will support the implementation of the Road Map in accordance with
their specific mandate and area of specialization.

3.2

Implementation Arrangements

The Road Map will be rooted in and adhere to the principles of good governance. Key elements of
the implementation arrangements include the following:
3.2.1 National Steering Committee
An oversight mechanism in Colombo in the form of a Steering Committee will provide strategic
guidance and advice to oversee and monitor results, and to ensure that lessons are captured. The
committee will meet once in two months. Committee members will include representatives fromline ministries, provincial government, the UNDP, the SLRCS, the private sector and civil society.

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3.2.2

Technical Advisory Committee

The Technical Advisory Committee will include the Government (central and provincial) andrepresentatives from academia and national research institutes. The Committee will have expertson all the seven thematic areas covered in the Road Map and will provide technical inputs to the
DMC for the implementation of the Road Map.
3.2.3

Implementing Bodies

Implementation of the Road Map, which covers a wide range of activities related to DRM will
require flexibility and partnerships with a range of national and international institutions.
Emphasis will be placed on implementation structures with key partners taking responsibility forthe ultimate success of the Road Map. For each of the seven thematic areas in the Road Map a leadagency will be identified. The DMC on behalf of the Ministry of Disaster Management will
provide the overall coordination and information management support. The emphasis will beplaced on achieving timely and efficient implementation combined with capacity development at
all levels to sustain DRM efforts in the country over the longer term.
3.2.4

Financial Management

The Road Map’s financial resources will be managed through a series of controls at various levels.
All financial transactions will be monitored, recorded, analyzed and reported through transparent
financial systems. UN-assisted projects will be subject to annual audits, normally done by theGovernment’s finance and development agency or in some cases the finance audit agency.
Implementing agencies can engage with third party organizations and institutes to monitor aid
effectiveness, and to generate information on how funds channeled by them are translating into
impacts for affected populations and local institutions on the ground. This information will feed
into the Road Map’s development and refinement, and will complement the monitoring system.
The External Resources Division of the Ministry of Finance will coordinate and manageinternational funds received in support of the Road Map. Analysis of assistance provided todifferent thematic and geographical areas will be produced from time to time as required. This will
ensure greater donor alignment and harmonization with the priorities identified in the Road Map.

3.3

Monitoring and Evaluation

A monitoring and evaluation mechanism will ensure effective multi-stakeholder monitoring ofactivities supported under the Road Map. It will also foster accountability and transparency in the62R o a d

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use of Road Map resources. Monitoring activities will include on-site surveillance, regular
reporting, and financial expenditure tracking. Results indicators will be developed jointly byRoad Map partners. The overall progress of the Road Map activities will be regularly reviewed by
the National Steering Committee and reported by the Ministry of Disaster Management toNCDM. In addition, teams of national and international United Nations Volunteers (UNVs) will
support the DMC in effective monitoring at the district and division levels.
Implementation of the Road Map will entail the regular collection and processing of information
and analysis on key outputs. The DMC website will post the Road Map document, related
programme documents, progress reports and briefs on best practices. The website will be
regularly updated and linked with the websites of partner agencies. ICT and printed materials will
be prepared for different target groups (e.g. government, the public, practitioners, experts anddonors) on lessons learned and other aspects of Road Map implementation.

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Annex 1
Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005

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PARLIAMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF
SRI LANKA—————————SRI LANKA DISASTER MANAGEMENT
ACT, No. 13 OF 2005—————————[Certified on 13th May, 2005]

Printed on the Order of Government—————————

Published as a Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic
Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of May 13, 2005
PRINTED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, SRI LANKA
TO BE PURCHASED AT THE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS BUREAU, COLOMBO 1

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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

1

[Certified on13th May, 2005]
L. D. —O. 56/90.
AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL
FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT; THE DISASTER MANAGEMENTCENTRE; THE APPOINTMENT OF TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES;
THE PREPARATION OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS; THE
DECLARATION OF A STATE OF DISASTER; THE AWARD OF COMPENSATION
AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.
WHEREAS human life, property and the environment of
Sri Lanka is being threatened and endangered due to certain
disasters taking place within the territory of Sri Lanka:

Preamble.

AND WHEREAS it has become necessary to protect humanlife and property of the people and the environment of Sri
Lanka from the consequence of these disasters, by effectively
dealing with them from a national perspective by the
preparation of a national policy and a plan and by theappointment of centrally co-ordinated committees andinstitutions to give effect to such policy and plan :NOW THEREFORE be it enacted by the Parliament of the
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka as follows :—1. This Act may be cited as the Sri Lanka Disaster
Management Act, No. 13 of 2005, and shall come into
operation on such date (hereinafter referred to as the“appointed date”) as the Minister may appoint by Orderpublished in the Gazette.

Short title.

2. (1) There shall be established a body called the
National Council for Disaster Management (hereinafter inthis Act referred to as the “Council”).

Establishment of
the National
Council for
DisasterManagement.

(2) The Council shall by the name assigned to it bysubsection (1), be a body corporate and shall have perpetual
succession and a common seal and may sue and be sued insuch name.
2 – PL 000093 — 5650 (02/2005)
68

2

Constitution of
the Council.

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005
3. (1) The Council shall consist of —(a) the President, who shall be the Chairman of theCouncil (hereinafter referred to as the “Chairman”);(b) the Prime Minister, who shall be the Vice-Chairmanof the Council;(c) the Leader of the Opposition;(d) the Ministers in charge of the following subjects :—
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)(xviii)(xix)(xx)

Social Welfare ;Rehabilitation and Reconstruction ;Environment ;Home Affairs ;Health ;Science and Technology ;Housing ;Coast Conservation ;Irrigation ;Power ;
Defence ;Police ;Finance ;Land;
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ;Foreign Affairs;
Water Supply;
Highways;
Urban Development
Education;(e) the Chief Ministers of every Provincial Council
established by Article 154A of the Constitution :Provided that in case where the Provincial Council is notelected for any Province, the Governor appointed for such
Province; and69

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

3(f) the persons referred to in subsection (3).
(2) The Council shall appoint a person to be the Secretary
to the Council, and the person so appointed shall also be amember of the Council.
(3) The Speaker shall in consultation with the Leader of
the Opposition, nominate five persons from amongst the
opposition Members of Parliament to be members of theCouncil.
(4) The Council may from time to time co-opt as a memberof the Council, any Minister in charge of any other subject
for such period as it may consider necessary.
(5) Where a subject referred to in subsection (1) is a subject
which the President has assigned to himself or is a subject
which has been assigned to the Prime Minister, a person
nominated by the President or the Prime Minister, as the casemay be, shall represent the President or the Prime Minister at
the Council.
4.

The functions of the Council shall be—(a) to formulate a national policy and program on the
management of disasters which shall providefor —(i) the protection of life of the community andenvironment from disaster and themaintenance and development of disaster
affected areas ;(ii) the effective use of resources for preparedness,prevention, response, relief, reconstruction
and rehabilitation ;(iii) the enhancement of public awareness andtraining to help people to protect themselvesfrom disasters ;70Functions of theCouncil.

4

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005(iv) capacity building, among persons living inareas vulnerable to disaster, in relation to risk
management and the application of disastermanagement and mitigation practices ; and(v) pre-disaster planning, preparedness andmitigation while sustaining and further
improving post-disaster relief, recovery andrehabilitation capabilities ;(b) to prepare and formulate the National Disaster
Management Plan and the National Emergency
Operation Plan based on the national policy andprogram formulated under paragraph (a), in order toensure —(i) preparedness for disasters and any otheremergencies ;(ii) risk prevention ; and(iii) the prevention and mitigation of disaster ;(c) to monitor the implementation of the National
Disaster Management Plan and the National
Emergency Operation Plan and to submit such plans
to the Cabinet of Ministers for its approval ;(d) to facilitate emergency response, recovery, relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction in the event of any
disaster ;(e) where it considers appropriate, to take all steps
necessary to counter any disaster or impending
disaster, in accordance with the National Disaster
Management Plan or in accordance with suchmeasures as may be decided by the Council for such
purposes ;71

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

5(f) to direct, co-ordinate and monitor the activities of
the Disaster Management Centre established under
section 8 and the appropriate organizations
designated under section 21, and to ensure thatavailable resources are used effectively by such
Centre and organizations in the discharge of theirfunctions ;(g) to ensure that adequate publicity is given to the
National Disaster Management Plan and the National
Emergency Operation Plan;(h) to specify guidelines to be complied with by every
Ministry, Government Department and public
corporation in the preparation of Disaster
Management Plans under section 10;(i) to facilitate and support local and community self
reliance in the event of any potential or actual
disaster ;(j) to promote public awareness campaigns relating todisaster management and funding of research anddevelopment on disaster management ;(k) to facilitate liaison with organizations and persons
pursuing hazard, vulnerability and risk reduction
studies and implementing action programmes andcommissioning such studies and action programmes;(l) to assign functions and responsibilities to theDisaster Management Centre established under
section 8;(m) to initiate programmes relating to prevention andmitigation of disaster and the provision of relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction;72

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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005(n) to appraise the Cabinet of Ministers on all relevant
matters connected with any potential and actual
disasters;(o) to recommend the allocation of funds for disastermanagement from the relevant authorities and bodies
and the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Fund,established by the Reconstruction andRehabilitation Fund Act, No. 58 of 1993.

Meeting of theCouncil.

5. (1) The Council shall meet as often as may benecessary, but not less than once in every three months.
(2) The Chairman shall, if present preside at all meetingsof the Council. In the absence of the Chairman from any
such meeting of the Council, the Vice-Chairman shall presideat such meeting.
(3) Where both the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman are
not present at any meeting of the Council a member electedby the members present at the meeting from among
themselves, shall preside at such meeting.

Quorum atmeetings.

6. (1) The quorum for any meeting of the Council shallbe one-third of its total membership.
(2) The Council may regulate the procedure in regard to
the meetings of the Council and the transaction of businessat such meetings.

Seal of theCouncil.

7. (1) The seal of the Council shall be determined anddevised by the Council and may be altered in such manner as
may be determined by the Council.
(2) The seal of the Council shall be in the custody of theSecretary to the Council.
(3) The Seal of the Council shall not be affixed to any
instrument or document except with the sanction of theCouncil and in the presence of two members of the Council
who shall sign the instrument or document in token of theirpresence.
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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

7(4) The Council shall maintain a register of the
instruments and documents to which the seal of the Council
has been affixed.
8. (1) There shall be established for the purposes of thisAct, a Disaster Management Centre headed by a DirectorGeneral and such number of other directors as may be
determined by the Council. The Director-General and other
Directors shall be appointed by the Council in consultation
with the Minister.
(2) The functions of the Centre established undersubsection (1) shall be as assigned by the Council, and shall
include the following :—(a) assisting the Council in the preparation of the
National Disaster Management Plan and the National
Emergency Operation Plan and proposals for
upgrading the same when it becomes necessary ;(b) taking responsibility for the implementation of the
National Disaster Management Plan and the National
Emergency Operation Plan, and upon the
declaration of a state of disaster to direct and coordinate the implementation of the National
Emergency Operation plan;(c) ensuring that the various Disaster Management Plans
prepared by Ministries, Government Departmentsor public corporations conforms to the National
Disaster Management Plan ;(d) based on Disaster Management Plans prepared byvarious Ministries, Government Departments andpublic corporations under section 10, preparing andimplementing programmes and plans for disaster
preparedness, mitigation, prevention, relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction activities andcoordinating of organizatins which implement such
74

Establishment ofDisasterManagement
Centre.

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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005
programmes and plans and obtain financial
assistance form the Treasury for such activities andrelease the same to the relevant regions and monitor
and evaluate these activities ;(e) issuing instructions and guidelines to appropriateorganizations, non-governmental organizations,district secretaries and divisional secretaries on
activities relating to disaster management andinitiating and implementing work programmes inco-ordination with such organizations andsecretaries ;(f) promoting research and development programmes
in relation to disaster management and setting up
and maintaining a data base on disaster management;and(g) submitting reports to the Council from time to time
and whenever required by the Council in regard toits activities.

Appointment ofTechnical
Advisory
Committees.

9. (1) In the discharge of their functions under this Act,
the Council and the Disaster Management Centre shall be
assisted by such number of Techincal Advisory Committees
as shall be deemed necessary by the Council, consisting ofprofessionals and experts having expertise in relation to therespective functions and responsibilities, as the case may be,of the Council.
(2) The members of the Technical Advisory Committees
shall be appointed by the Council.
(3) The Chairmen of the Technical Advisory Committees
constituted under subsection (1), shall be appointed by theCouncil.

DisasterManagementPlan.

10. (1) It shall be the duty of every Ministry,
Government Department and public corporation to prepare a
Disaster Management Plan with respect to such Ministry,75

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

9

Government Department, or public corporation, to counterany disaster or impending disaster, based on the National
Disaster Management Plan and in accordance with suchguidelines as may be specified by the Council.
(2) The Disaster Management Centre shall, if requested
by a Ministry, Government Department or public corporationreferred to in subsection (1), extend all necessary assistanceto such Ministry, Department or Corporation, as the case may
be, in the preparation of its Disaster Management Plan.
(3) Every Ministry, Government Department and public
corporation shall on or before such date as shall be determinedby the Council by Order published in the Gazette, submit to
the Centre, a detailed Disaster Management Plan relating to
the disaster counter-measures proposed to be taken by such
Ministry, Government Department, public corporation, as thecase may be, to counter any disaster or impending disaster.
(4) The Centre shall submit every Disaster Management
Plan received by such Centre under subsection (3), to theCouncil for its approval.
11. (1) If at any time, the extent or severity of a disasteror impending disaster is or is likely to be so great, that any
counter-measures that may become necessary to counter suchdisaster or impending disaster are beyond the resources ormeans normally available to the administration, the President
may, on President’s own motion or on the advice of theCouncil, by Proclamation declare that a state of disasterexists, either in respect of any area or areas specified in suchproclamation, or of the whole country.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3), a
Proclamation made under subsection (1) shall come into
force on the date on which such Proclamation is made andshall, remain in force for a period of two months from the dateof the making of the Proclamation, and may thereafter, if
necessary, be extended for further periods not exceeding twomonths at a time.
76

Declaration ofstate of disaster.

10

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

(3) A Proclamation made under subsection (1), shall beplaced before Parliament at its first sitting immediately after
the date of declaration of the Proclamation, to be approvedby a resolution of Parliament.
(4) If Parliament does not approve any Proclamation
placed before it, such Proclamation shall, immedately uponsuch disapproval, cease to be valid and have no force in law,
but without prejudice to anything lawfully done thereunder.
Procedure to befollowed upon
the declarationof a state ofdisaster.

12. (1) Upon the declaration of a state of disaster by the
President, the President shall direct any one or more
appropriate organizations designated by the Council under
section 21, to take immediate action to —(a) direct, co-ordinate and use all available resources
as may be necessary within the area or areas inrespect of which a Proclamation has been madeunder subsection (1) of section 11, to counter theefffect of the disaster or the impending disaster orto mitigate the effect of such disaster or impending
disaster ;(b) direct, co-ordinate and use additional resources, if
and when they become available, in accordance withsuch arrangements as may be made in respect of its
allocation ; and(c) take all necessary measures provided for in the
National Disaster Management Plan or the National
Emergency Operation Plan as the case may be, andin accordance with such directions that may be
issued to such appropriate organzation by the
President.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), upon
the declaration of a state of disaster by President under section
11, it shall be the duty of every Ministry, Government
Department or public corporation, to take all measures necessary
for the immediate implementation of their Disaster
Management Plans prepared under section 10 within theirrespective Ministry, Department, or Corporation, as the casemay be.
77

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

11

13. (1) Notwithstanding the provisions contained in
section 12, where a state of disaster is declared under section
11, the Council may, wherever it considers necessary or
appropriate, obtain the assistance of any Non-Governmentalorganization, being a non-governmental organization whose
activities are not detrimental to national independence andsovereignty, to assist any appropriate organization in the
discharge of its duties under section 12.

Council to obtainassistance of
nongovernmentalorganizations.

(2) Where any assistance is obtained under subsection (1)from a non-governmental organization, such organization
shall act in accordance with instructions issued by theappropriate organization it is assisting and shall, for service
rendered be paid by the Council out of the Fund of theCouncil, such amount as shall be determined by the Council.
14. (1) It shall be the duty of an appropriate organization
directed to take any action under section 12, to —(a) enter any place where such appropriate organization
believes on reasonable grounds that it is necessary
to enter for the purpose of saving human life or forthe prevention of injury to human life or for the
rescuing of persons whose lives are endangered or
to facilitate the carrying out of any other urgent
measures with respect to relief from suffering anddistress of affected persons ;(b) evacuate people, property and animals from affectedor vulnerable areas ;(c) close traffic on any road, street (whether public or
private) right of way or in any public place, for the
implementation of disaster counter-measures until
the police and the armed forces arrive ;(d) remove any obstruction impeding theimplementation of disaster counter-measures withthe assistance of the police or the armed forces ; and78

Duties of an
appropriateorganization.

12

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005(e) do any other act as such appropriate organization
may consider reasonably necessary for the purposeof implementing effectively any disaster countermeasures or to perform any act preliminary or
incidental to any action directed to be taken bysuch appropriate organization under section 12.

(2) The duties entrusted under subsection (1) on any
appropriate organization shall be performed by suchorganization only within the area or areas in which suchorganization has been authorized to operate by theCouncil, in performing its duties under subsection (1) ofsection 12.
Award ofcompensation.

15. (1) Any person who suffers loss or damage to his or
its property by reason of any act, omission or default in taking
any action by an appropriate organization under subsection(1) of section 12 or in the perfomance of its duties under
section 14 or by a non-governmental organization assisting
an appropriate organization under section 13, or a police
officer or member of the armed forces, shall be entitled tocompensation in respect of any loss or damage caused, of anamount determined by the Divisional Secretary of theDivision within which such property is situated.
(2) The Divisional Secretary may, for the purpose ofdetermining the compensation payable under subsection (1),obtain the assistance of a government assessor.
(3) The amount of compensation paid for any loss ordamage caused to property shall, in case of dispute, be
determined by the District Court within the jurisdiction ofwhich the property is situated, on application made in thatbehalf by the person who suffered such loss or damage, by
way of summary procedure.
79

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

13

16. The initial capital of the Council shall be ten million
rupees. The amount of this initial capital shall be paid out of
the Consolidated Fund and shall be credited to the Fundestablished under section 17.

Capital of theCouncil.

17. (1) The Council shall have its own Fund. There shallbe credited to the Fund of the Council—

Fund of theCouncil.

(a) money received from the Consolidated Fund, as
initial capital of the Council ;(b) all such sums of money as may be received by theCouncil in the discharge of its functions ; and(c) all such sums of money as may be received by theCouncil by way of loans, donations, gifts or grants
from any lawful source whatsoever, whether in or
outside Sri Lanka.
(2) There shall be paid out of the Fund of the Council all
such sums of money as may be required to defray any
expenditure incurred by the Council in the discharge of its
functions under this Act.
18. (1) The financial year of the Council shall be thecalendar year.

Accounts andaudit.

(2) The Council shall cause proper books of accounts tobe kept of the income and expenditure, assets and liabilities
and all other transactions of the Council.
(3) The provisions of Article 154 of the Constitution
relating to the audit of the accounts of public corporations
shall apply to and in relation to the audit of the accounts of
the Council.
19. The provisions of Part II of the Finance Act, No. 38
of 1971, shall mutatis mutandis, apply to the financial control
and accounts of the Council.
80

Application ofPart II of the
Finance Act, No.
38 of 1971.

14
Staff of theCouncil.

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

20. (1) The Council may appoint such number ofofficers, servants and agents as it considers necessary for thedischarge of its functions and for the administration andimplementation of this Act.
(2) The officers, servants and agents appointed undersubsection (1) shall be remunerated in such manner and atsuch rates and shall be subject to such conditions of service
as may be determined by the Council.
(3) At the request of the Council, any officer in the public
service may with the consent of that officer and the Secretary
to the Ministry of the Minister in charge of the subject of
Public Administration, be temporarily appointed to the staffof the Council for such period as may be determined by theCouncil with like consent or be permanently appointed tosuch staff with like consent.
(4) Where any officer in the public service is temporarily
appointed to the staff of the Council, the provisions ofsubsection (2) of section 14 of the National Transport
Commission Act, No. 37 1991 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply
to and in relation to him.
(5) Where any officer in the public service is permanently
appointed to the staff of the Council, the provisions ofsubsection (3) of section 14 of the National Transport
Commission Act, No. 37 of 1991 shall, mutatis mutandis,
apply to and in relation to him.
(6) Where the Council employs any person who hasentered into a contract with the Government by which he has
agreed to serve the Government for a specified period, any
period of service with the Council by that person shall be
regarded as service to the Government for the purpose ofdischarging the obligations of such contract.

Designation of
appropriateorganizations.

21. (1) Whenever the Council considers it appropriate,
the Council may designate any Ministry, Government
Department, Public Corporation or the Disaster Management
81Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

15

Centre as an appropriate organization (in this Act referred toas an “appropriate organization”) which will be required tocarry out and implement the National Disaster Management
Plan or the National Emergency Operation Plan, as the casemay be, and generally assist the Council in the discharge ofits functions.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), an
appropriate organization shall also be required to perform
any duties that it may be called upon to do under subsection(1) of section 12, and in general to assist the Council in the
discharge of its functions under this Act.
(3) The Council shall determine and specify the functions
which an appropriate organization should discharge in orderto carry out and implement the respective plans referred toin subsection (1), and where necessary issue guidelines forthe same.
(4) Where an appropriate organization is designated by
the Council under subsection (1), the Council shall by Orderpublished in the Gazette, specify the area or areas in which
each such appropriate organizations, shall carry out its
implementation activities.
(5) An appropriate organization may exercise its powers
under this Act, only through such of its officers as areespecially assigned in writing in that behalf by suchorganization.
22. (1) The Chairman may, subject to such conditions as
may be specified in writing delegate all or any of his powers,
duties or functions under this Act to any member or officer of
the Council.
(2) Notwithstanding any such delegation undersubsection (1) , the Chairman may exercise, perform ordischarge any power, duty or function so delegated.
82

Delegation of
powers, duties
and functions by
the Chairman.

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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005

(3) A member or an officer of the Council to whom any
power, duty or function has been delegated under subsection(1) shall, in the exercise, performance or discharge of such
power, duty or function, comply with such directions orconditions as the Chairman may from time to timecommunicate in writing to such member or officer, as thecase may be.
(4) A member or an officer of the Council to whom any
power, duty or function has been delegated under subsection(1) shall have the power to do, all acts and things that are
incidental to the power, duty or function that is so delegated.
Protection foraction taken ingood faith.

23. No suit shall lie against a member of the Council or
any appropriate organization authorized by the President
under section 12, or police officer or a member of the armed
forces for any action which is done in good faith, in theperformance of any duty imposed upon such member,appropriate organization, police officer or a member of thearmed forces as the case may, under this Act.

Offences andpenalties.

24. Every person who assaults, obstructs, threatens,
intimidates, abuses or insults any person exercising any power
or discharging any duty conferred on or imposed on such
person by this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under this Act
and shall on conviction after summary trial before a
Magistrate be liable to imprisonment of either description
for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine not exceeding
twenty five thousand rupees, or to both such imprisonment
and fine.

Interpretation.

25.

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires —“disaster” means the actual or imminent ocurrence of anatural or man-made event, which endangers or
threatens to endanger the safety or health of any
person or group of persons in Sri Lanka, or which
destroys or damages or threatens to destroy ordamage any property, and includes—(a) a landslide;(b) a cyclone;83

Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)
(t)
(u)

17

a flood;a drought,
an industrial hazard;
a tsunami (seismic wave);
an earthquake;an air hazard;
a maritime hazard;
a fire;an epidemic;
an explosion;
air raids ;civil or internal strife ;chemical accident;
radiological emergency;
oil spills including inland and marine oilspills;nuclear disaster;urban and forest fire;
coastal erosion; andtornados, lightening strikes and severe
thunder storms;“disaster counter-measures” means measures that arenecessary or desirable to avert, minimize or counterthe effect of an impending disaster or consequent
to a disaster, to mitigate the effect of such disasteron members of the public or any property belonging
to an individual or the State, and includes the
conduct of, or participation in, training for such
purposes ;“public corporation” means any corporation, board orother body which was or is established by or under
any written law with funds or capital wholly or
partly provided by the Government from theConsolidated Fund by way of grant, loan orotherwise; and84

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Sri Lanka Disaster Management
Act, No. 13 of 2005
“resources” includes manpower or animals, vehicles,boats, plant, appratus, implements, earthmoving
eqipment or other equipment of any kind, finance,storage facilities, movable and immovable property
considred essential for the life of the community.

Sinhala text toprevail in caseof inconsistency.

26. In the event of any inconsistency between the Sinhala
and Tamil texts of this Act, the Sinhala text shall prevail.

85

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Annex 2
Institutional Profiles
1.

Landslide Studies and Services Division, (NBRO)

2.

Medical Research Institute (MRI)3.

Ministry of Health and Nutrition (MHN)

4.

Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Ministry of Science and Technology

5.

Department of Meteorology (DoM)

6.

Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation (SLLR&DC)

7.

Colombo Municipal Council (CMC)

8.

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB)

9.

Central Environmental Authority (CEA)

10.

Sri Lanka Institute of Local Governance (SLILG)

11.

Water Resources Board (WRB)

12.

Urban Development Authority (UDA)

13.

Irrigation Department (ID)14.

Sri Lanka Red Cross Society (SLRCS)87

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Landslide Studies and Servises Division,
National Building Research Organization (NBRO)

1

StatusSemi Government Organisation
Parent Ministry/ Organisation
Ministry of Housing and Construction
Broad Mandate
To foster, promote and sustain research and development work and provide technical services tothe housing building and construction sectors, with a view to improve the quality of life.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM· Preparation of landslide hazard zonation maps at 1:50000 scale and at 1:10000 scale
covering the mountainous region in Sri Lanka· Introduction of standard guidelines and codes of practices for human settlement
planning and site selection in hilly areas vulnerable to landslides·

Foster community participation in creating public awareness about causative factors oflandslide and provide training in the aspect of landslide disaster management·

Coordinating with the Meteorology Department for issuing early warning on possible
landslide threats.

Areas of Involvement in DRM
Risk, Vulnerability Mapping
Early Warning
Research & Development
Awareness
Other Relevant Details
For mitigation of unstable sites, relocation of affected communities, EIA, and IEE, provide
consultancy services to the government and private sector in respect of landslide investigations(instrumentation and monitoring), slope stability analysis, geo-technical testing and design ofpreventive and corrective measures.
Contact Details
R.M.S. Bandara
Head of the Division
Landslide Studies and Services Division
NBRO

88

Telephone
E-mailWebsite: +94-11-2588946 ext 216: nbro@sltnet.lk: www.nbro.gov.lk

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Medical Research Institute (MRI)

StatusGovernment Department
Parent Ministry
Ministry of HealthBroad Mandate
Establishing health sector emergency management mechanism
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Preparedness and response plans and programmes regarding health issues. e.g.; surveillanceof probable disaster related health issues
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Risk, Vulnerability mapping
Early warning
Response
Research and development
Awareness
Contact details
Dr Lulu Rachid
Head of Department
Acting Director
Medical Research InstituteTele: +94-11-2691350+94-11- 2693532/3/4

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Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition (MHN)

3

StatusGovernment Ministry
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition
Broad Mandate
To contribute to social and economic development of Sri Lanka by achieving the highest
attainable health status through promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative services ofhigh quality made available and accessible to people of Sri Lanka.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Risk assessment, vulnerability mapping and early warning related to biological hazards andepidemics
Areas of Involvement in DM
Disaster preparedness
Search and rescue
Management of mass casualties
Disposal of dead bodies
Management of displaced populations
Prevention and control of epidemics following disasters
Provision of health services to affected populations
Rehabilitation.
Contact Details
Mr. Ranjith Maligaspe
Secretary, Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition
385, Rev. Baddegama Wimalawansa Thero Mw.
Colombo 10
Director General of Health Services
Head of Department
385, Rev. Baddegama Wimalawansa Thero Mw.
Colombo 10

90

Tele
email
website

Tele
email

: +94-11-2698511+94-11- 2698517: secretary@health.gov.lk: www.health.gov.lk: +94-11-2698543+94-11-2694860: dghs@health.gov.lk

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Atomic Energy Authority (AEA)

StatusStatutory Authority
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Science & Technology
Broad Mandate· Promotion and execution of research & development using radioisotopes and radiation
methodologies for socio-economic development of Sri Lanka and provision of related
services.
· Prevention of radiation workers and general public from being exposed to ionizing
radiation and to prevent environmental contamination to the maximum extent that isreasonable and practicable subjected to the internationally accepted maximum levels.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM· Establishment of environmental radionuclide monitoring stations at several parts of thecountry for identification of abnormal radio nuclides in the environment due to nuclear
accidents in neighboring countries.
· Collecting and analyzing of environmental samples for assessment of radio nuclides
deposited in the environment. Decision of protective actions will be based on the resultsof environmental sample analysis and food analysis.
· Developing Radiological Emergency Response Plan.
· Establishment of well equipped Radiological Emergency Response Unit at AEA.
· Training of all relevant personnel.
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Early Warning
Response to nuclear and radiological emergencies
Contact Details
ChairmanAtomic Energy Authority
60/460, Baseline Road
Orugodawatte
Wellampitiya

Telephone
Fax
Email
Website:+94-11-2533449+94-11-2533427: +94-11-2533448: srlaea@slt.lk: www.nsf.ac.lk/aea

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Department of Meteorology (DM)5

StatusGovernment Department
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Science and Technology
Broad Mandate
To provide meteorological, aviation meteorological, climatological, marine
meteorological, hydrometeorological, agrometeorological and astronomical services
for national needs and to fulfill international obligations.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Provision of Early Warning Services
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Early Warning
Awareness
Any Other Details
Functioning as the Tsunami Early Warning Centre of Sri Lanka
Contact Details
G.H.P. Dharmaratna
Director General
Department of Meteorology
383, Bauddhaloka Mawatha
Colombo 07
Telephone: +94-11-2 694 104
Email: meteo1@sltnet.lk
Website: http://www.meteo.slt.lk

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Sri Lanka Land Reclamation &Development Corporation (SLLRDC)

StatusCorporation
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Urban Development & Water Supply
Broad Mandate
Formed under Act No. 15 of 1968 & No. 27 of 1979 & No. 52 of 1982 as amended. Reclamationand development of land while ensuring a flood free habitat and improving the environment by
rehabilitating, creating and maintaining pollution free inland water bodies and engage inengineering services and creation of buildable lands.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Mitigation & integration of disaster risk reduction into development
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Research & Development
Contact Details
N. V. Gooneratne
General Manager
Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation
No. 03, Sri Jayawardenapura Mawatha
Welikada
Rajagiriya
TelephoneEmailWebsite: +94-11-2868001: sllrdcgm@sltnet.lk: http://www.urbanlanka.lk/LR&DC/lr&dc.html

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Colombo Municipal Council (CMC)

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StatusLocal Government/Local Authority
Parent Ministry
Provincial Council (Western Province)
Broad Mandate
Service provider on Health, Infrastructure, Fire Control, Veterinary, Social Welfare, Sports andRecreation, Library etc. for Colombo City.
Details of Activities Specific for DRM.
· Preparation of Emergency Management Response Plan
· Establishing a Crisis/Disaster Management Committee in 1999
· Active Involvement in Managing Disasters in the City
· Assist Local Authorities and other institutions in Colombo suburbs and Western
Province in Fire Control· Social Welfare facilities to citizens during a Disaster· Drainage improvement to mitigate floods
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Search and Rescue
Preparedness and Response
Public Awareness
Any Other Details· Ambulance service under Tel. 110 is in operation within the city free of charge.
Four ambulances are presently functional. 30 Firemen were trained as paramedics andhave been deployed to the ambulance service.
· Colombo Fire Department Head Office functioning as the Emergency Operation Centre
in an Emergency.
Contact Details
Dr. Jayantha Liyanage
Municipal Commissioner CMC
Town Hall
Colombo.7

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Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB)

StatusBureauParent Ministry
Ministry of Agriculture, Mahaweli Development and Environment
Broad Mandate
To promote and manage the mineral resources of the country. GSMB seeks to ensure that thismineral potential is realized for the benefit of Sri Lanka and that minerals are extracted in an
efficient, safe and environmentally sound way. The bureau provides impartial advice to allparties- large or small, local or international on all matters concerning the geology and mineral
resources of the country.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM· Monitoring of earthquake activities and tsunami conditions that could affect Sri Lanka· Site inspections are carried out whenever required to monitor possible landslideconditions· Site inspections are carried out whenever required to monitor all accidents anddisastrous impacts concerned with mining activities.
· Conducting awareness programmes in natural disasters reduction.
.
Areas of involvement in DRM
Early warning
Awareness concerning possible Seismic andTsunami hazards.
Any Other Details
A twenty four hour monitoring of earthquake waveforms of the Indian Ocean region is carriedout at the GSMB (SATAC center) in order to gain an awareness of possible Tsunami threats.
Contact Details
Mr. S. Weerawarnakula
Director
Geological Survey and Mines Bureau
No 4 , Galle Road
DehiwelaTelephoneE- mail
Website: +94-11-2725745+94-11-2739307-08+94-11-2725750: gsmb@slt.net.lk: www.gsmb.slt.lk

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S r i L a n k aCentral Environmental Authority (CEA)

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StatusStatutory Body
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
Broad Mandate
Protection, Management and Enhancement of the environment through regulation,
maintenance, and control of the quality of the environment for the Prevention, Abatement
and Control of Pollution.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Improving safety and preparedness against Industrial and Chemical hazards by making thedevelopment of preparedness plans by the industries compulsory under the provisions of
NEA.
.
Contact Details
Mr. Mervyn Gunasena
Director General
Central Environmental Authority
No 104 , Denzil Kobbekaduwa Mw
Battaramulla
TelephoneE- mail
Website96: +94-11-2872359: mervyng@cea.lk.
: www.cea.lk

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Sri Lanka Institute of Local Governance (SLILG)

StatusSemi Government
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils.
Broad Mandate
Provide training and consultation services for Local Authorities and Provincial Councils of
Sri Lanka.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Conducting of Awareness and Training Programmes related to natural disasters and physicalplanning.
Areas of involvement in DRM
Awareness Programme
Training Programmes
Contact Details
Director
SLILG
No 17 , Malalasekara MW
Colombo - 07
Telephone: +94-11-2580307
E- mail : slilg@sltnet.lk.
Website: www.slilg.gov.lk

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Water Resources Board (WRB)

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StatusGovernment Statutory Board
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development
Broad Mandate
Development and Management of Ground Water Resources.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Ground water exploration and extraction to provide water for drinking purposes indrought period.
Areas of involvement in DRM· Preparation of ground water potential maps to identify potential water resources
for drought period.
· Monitoring ground water in vulnerable areas for risk assessment.
Contact Details
Chairman
Water Resources Board
2A, Gregory's Avenue
Colombo 07
Telephone: +94-11-2696910+94-11- 2669294+94-11- 2694835+94-11- 2697050

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Urban Development Authority (UDA)

StatusSemi Government Authority
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Urban Development and Water Supply.
Broad Mandate
Major physical planning public agency for development in urban area.
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Preparation of urban development plans including zoning plans, land use plans and physicalplanning implementation in the urban areas.
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Planning Implementing in Disaster prone areas
Developing physical planning guidelines in disaster-prone areas.
Contact Details
Mr. K.V. Dharmasiri
Director General
Urban Development Authority
6 Floor, Sethsiripaya
Battaramulla
Telephone: +94-11-2875916
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Irrigation Department (ID)13

StatusGovernment Department
Parent Ministry
Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development
Broad Mandate
Regulation and control of Inland water bodies
Details of Activities Specific to DRM· Planning, design, construction and operation of infrastructure facilities required toharness the surface water for land development· Integrated natural resources management in major irrigation systems in order toincrease productivity· Assessment of water resources in river basins for river basin planning and development,
inclusive of stream flow forecasting and warning· Providing drainage facilities to low lying coastal areas and prevention of flooding andsalt water intrusion
Areas of Involvement in DRM
Risk, Vulnerability mapping
Early Warning of river and reservoir floods
Early Warning of water shortages in Irrigation sector
Response
Research and Development
Awareness, Training
Contact Details
Eng B M S Samarasekara
Director General of Irrigation
Bauddhaloka Mawatha
Colombo 7

100

Telephone: +94-11-2584984

Email: id_dgi@solaris.gov.lk

Website: http//www.irrigation.gov.lk

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Sri Lanka Red Cross Society (SLRCS)

StatusHumanitarian Society
Broad Mandate
Humanitarian Activities
Details of Activities Specific to DRM
Community based Disaster Plans, Vulnerability & Capacity Assessment, Volunteer capacity
building, Rain water harvesting, First Aid training
Areas of Involvement in DRM
All the components of the DRM cycle
Contact Details
Mr. Susil Perera
Executive Director - DM
SLRC
T.B. Jaya Mawatha
Colombo -10
Telephone: +94-11-691095
Mobile: +94-11-77-3600971
E- mail : susil@redcross.lk.

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