Application Report
SNVA826 – July 2018

Power Sharing Between Two Parallel, Four-Switch BuckBoost Converters
Zack Liu, Youhao Xi, Kim Nielson
ABSTRACTThe synchronous 4-switch buck-boost controller LM5176 operates over a wide input voltage range from
4.2 V to 55 V (60 V absolute maximum) to support automotive start-stop system, industrial personal
computers (IPCs), and many other applications. It produces a regulated output voltage at, above, or below
the input voltage. Paralleling two LM5176 converters is an attractive way to support higher power level.
This application report presents a cost-effective solution to achieve well balanced load sharing between
the two paralleled converters within 1% error, without sacrificing the overall performance including theoutput regulation as well as dynamic response. Design guidelines are given to help readers to design
properly for practical applications.

1
2
3
4
5

Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
Paralleling Method and its Realization .................................................................................... 3
Test Results .................................................................................................................. 5
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 14
References .................................................................................................................. 14
List of Figures

1

Two Parallel LM5176 Converters as Power Supply..................................................................... 32

Equivalent Model ............................................................................................................ 33

Output I-V Characteristic Curve of Two Parallel LM5176 Converters ................................................ 3

4

Two Parallel LM5176 Converters with Extra Current Sharing Circuit ................................................. 4

5

Error of Load Current(Interleaved) ........................................................................................ 5

6

Load Distribution of Two Phases(Interleaved) ........................................................................... 5

7

Error of Load Current(In-Phase) ........................................................................................... 5

8

Load Distribution of Two Phases(In-Phase) .............................................................................. 5

9

Load Regulation of Parallel Power ........................................................................................ 6

10

36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes ............................................................. 6

11

36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms .................................................. 6

12

12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes ...................................................... 7

13

12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms .......................................... 7

14

9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes .............................................................. 7

15

9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms ................................................... 7

16

Load Transient in 36-V Buck Region—With 20-A to 40-A Load Step ............................................... 7

17

Load Transient in 36-V Buck Region—With 0-A to 40-A Load Step ................................................. 718

Load Transient in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—With 20-A to 40-A Load Step ........................................ 8

19

Load Transient in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—With 0-A to 40-A Load Step ......................................... 8

20

Load Transient in 9-V Boost Region—With 20-A to 40-A Load Step ................................................. 821

Load Transient in 9-V Boost Region—With 0-A to 40-A Load Step ................................................. 822

Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck Region—No Load ................................................................ 8

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Introduction

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23

Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck Region—40-A Load .............................................................. 824

Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—No Load ........................................................ 925

Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—40-A Load ...................................................... 926

Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost Region—No Load ................................................................ 927

Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost Region—40-A Load .............................................................. 928

40-A Start-Up in 36-V Buck Region—Total Output Current Waveform .............................................. 929

40-A Start-Up in 36-V Buck Region—Two Phase Inductor Currents ................................................ 930

40-A Start-Up in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—Total Output Current Waveform .................................... 103140-A Start-Up in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—Two Phase Inductor Currents ....................................... 1032

40-A Start-Up in 9-V Boost Region—Total Output Current Waveform ............................................. 1033

40-A Start-Up in 9-V Boost Region—Two Phase Inductor Currents ............................................... 1034

40-A Load Thermal Condition in 36-V Buck Region—First Board ................................................... 1035

40-A Load Thermal Condition in 36-V Buck Region—Second Board ............................................... 103640-A Load Thermal Condition in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—First Board ........................................... 1137

40-A Load Thermal Condition in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—Second Board ....................................... 1138

40-A Load Thermal Condition in 9-V Boost Region—First Board ................................................... 1139

40-A Load Thermal Condition in 9-V Boost Region—Second Board ............................................... 1140

36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes ............................................................ 1241

36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms ................................................. 1242

12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes .................................................... 1243

12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms ......................................... 1244

9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four Switch Nodes ............................................................ 1245

9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor Current Waveforms ................................................. 1246

Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck Region—No Load .............................................................. 13

47

Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck Region—40-A Load ............................................................ 1348

Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—No Load ...................................................... 13

49

Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost Region—40-A Load .................................................... 13

50

Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost Region—No Load .............................................................. 14

51

Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost Region—40-A Load ............................................................ 14
List of Tables

1

Component Parameters for Power Sharing Circuit ...................................................................... 5

Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

1

Introduction
The LM5176 device is a wide input voltage range, four-switch buck-boost controller IC with integrated
drivers for N-channel MOSFETs. It operates in the buck mode when VIN is greater than VOUT and in the
boost mode when VIN is less than VOUT. When VIN is close to VOUT, the device operates in a proprietarytransition buck or boost mode.
One single LM5176 converter can deliver power greater than 200 W with the synchronous MOSFETs. To
get higher output power, parallel power stages are needed to solve the excessive board heating problem
because of the increased switching and conduction losses. The paralleling method can also provide manyother benefits: enhanced modularity, design flexibility, and minimized component ratings. These benefits
can be realized only if the two LM5176 converters evenly share the total load power.
This application report presents a power sharing method, which is simple, low cost, and high performanceat the same time. With only one OpAmp and few resistors and capacitors, the load sharing can be wellbalanced. Test results show less than 1% error of sharing without sacrificing the overall performance.

2

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2

Paralleling Method and its Realization

2.1

Why output current difference exists
Figure 1 shows the two parallel LM5176 converters.
+
Iin1

#1
LM5176

Vin1

Iin

+
IO1

VO1

-

IO

-

+

+

Vin

VO

Iin2

-

+
Vin2
-

#2
LM5176

IO2

-

+
VO2
-

Copyright © 2018, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Figure 1. Two Parallel LM5176 Converters as Power Supply
A power supply can be modeled as an ideal voltage source in series with a source resistor shown in
Figure 2. Because of regulation tolerance, the two module’s output voltages can be slightly different. The
output I-V characteristic curves of the two individual converters are shown in Figure 3. VO1(0) and VO2(0)are the two ideal voltage sources at no load and RS1, RS2 are the source resistors in series. Figure 3 also
explains why there is a big load sharing difference between the two converters if they are simply parallelly
connected directly. Normally VO1(0) and VO2(0) are seldom the same. Owing to good regulation
performance, the slope of the I-V curve is often very shallow. At the same output voltage VO, there is alarge difference between the two paralleled converters output currents IO1 and IO2.
IO1

RS1

VO1(VO2)+
VO1(0)+VO1IO

VO1(0)
VO2(0)

VO1(IO1)=VO1(0)-RS1× IO1

VO

VO2(IO2)=VO2(0)-RS2×IO2

±
RS2
+

VO2(0)

+

IO2

VO2

±
-

0
IO2

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Figure 2. Equivalent Model

2.2

ûI

IO1

IO1(IO2)

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Figure 3. Output I-V Characteristic Curve of Two Parallel
LM5176 Converters

Paralleling method realization
Figure 4 shows the proposed power sharing control circuit. It configures the two parallel converters as
master and slave. The sharing control circuit consists of the following: (a) two equal current sense
resistors RS1 and RS2; (b) two RC networks RFx, CFx to filter the corresponding output voltage ripples; (c) ahigh precision low input offset OpAmp as the error amplifier (using LM8261 in the prototype); (d) an
integral capacitor CP across the inverting input and output of amplifier; (e) a resistor Rc to feed back thecurrent error signal VCFB to the slave control circuit so as to modulate the slave output for balanced power
sharing. The whole power sharing control circuit is simple and low cost, but the performance is excellent.

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RS

VO1
VIN

VOUT
VO
LM5176

VO2

RFB2

RS

FB
Load
RFB1

RF1

Master

RF2

VO1

LM8261
+

VCFB

±
VIN

VOUT
LM5176

CF1

CF2
CP

RFB2
FB
RC
RFB1

Slave
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Figure 4. Two Parallel LM5176 Converters with Extra Current Sharing Circuit
The operating principle is as follows. The output currents of two LM5176 converters are monitored by thecurrent sense resistors. The current difference is then amplified by the error amplifier. The amplifier output
is sent to the slave converter’s feedback circuit through Rc in order to modulate the slave output voltage
for a balanced power sharing. To minimize the sharing error, it is important that the sharing control circuit
should be laid out and routed symmetrically. As the current sense resistors values are normally very small
in milliohms to minimize the incurred power loss and heat, a small resistance difference between RS1 andRS2 causes a big current sharing difference, which can be shown in the following example. Assuming 4mΩ current sense resistors are chosen for RS1 and RS2, the actual resistance of RS2 could be 5 mΩ due tothe parasitic resistance of asymmetric layout. Also assuming VO1 and VO2 values are the same, the output
voltage VO is 12 V and the total load current is 40 A, then it satisfy Equation 1 and Equation 2:
VO1 - VO VO2 - VO
+
= IO
RS1
RS2
(1)
VO1 = VO2 = VO +RS1 RS2I
RS1 + RS2 o(2)The error of two output currents can be derived by Equation 3:
RS2 - RS1
IO1 - IO2

IO=

RS1 + RS2

(3)

Therefore, the error of load current sharing is 11.1% at 40 A if 1 mΩ difference exists between RS1 andRS2. It is highly recommended to minimize the error by placing RS1, RS2 and the common node of output as
close as possible on the circuit board, and also placing the sensing network near RS1 and RS2.
The slave LM5176 converter output voltage can be determined by Equation 4:
RFB2
RFB2
VO2 = l1 +p VREF +(V - VCFB )RFB1
RC REF
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From above equations, it can be seen that by varying VCFB value, the slave output voltage is adjusted up
or down to compensate for the output voltage difference from the master output, thus achieving balanced
power sharing.
If an extreme condition were to occur, the output of LM8261 has the risk of being railed to the V+ of
amplifier or ground. For a 12 V application, with R1 equals 280 kΩ and R2 equals 20 kΩ, select RC as 1
MΩ to establish the boundary of VO2 between 8.70 V to 12.23 V.
LM8261 is a rail-to-rail input and output OpAmp which can operate with a wide supply voltage range andhas low input offset voltage. Use VO1 as the supply voltage. To increase the current sharing accuracy, it’srecommended to use resistors to connect to the error amplifier directly instead of resistor divider networks,
which avoids the affect of 1% tolerance of the resistor divider network. Table 1 lists all the component
parameters for this circuit.
Table 1. Component Parameters for Power Sharing Circuit
RS(mΩ)

RF1(kΩ)RF2(kΩ)CF1(µF)

CF2(µF)

CP(nF)

RC(MΩ)

RF1(kΩ)RF2(kΩ)

4

2

2

1

1

20

1

280

20

3

Test Results

3.1

Load regulation and load distribution
Use the RT/SYNC pin of the LM5176 device to synchronize the pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller
to an external clock. The clocks for the two parallel converters can either be 180° out of phase or inphase.
Figure 5 and Figure 7 show the test results of the error of load currents of 180° interleaved and in-phaseseparately. The error is less than 2% when the total load current is above 8A and the error is less than
1.1% at full load current under different input voltage conditions. Figure 6 and Figure 8 show the test
results of the load distribution of two phases under different input voltage conditions.
0.1

22
VIN=9V
VIN=12V
VIN=20V
VIN=36V

0.08

20
18

Load of Each Phase(A)Error of Load Current(%)

0.09

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
VIN=9V, LOAD1
VIN=9V, LOAD2
VIN=12V, LOAD1
VIN=12V, LOAD2

2

0.01

0

0

-2
0

4

8

12

16
20
24
28
Total Load Current(A)

32

36

0

4

8

D005

Figure 5. Error of Load Current(Interleaved)

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40

12

16
20
24
28
Total Load Current(A)VIN=20V, LOAD1
VIN=20V, LOAD2
VIN=36V, LOAD1
VIN=36V, LOAD2

32

36

40
D006

Figure 6. Load Distribution of Two Phases(Interleaved)Power Sharing Between Two Parallel, Four-Switch Buck-Boost Converters
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0.1

22
VIN=9V
VIN=12V
VIN=20V
VIN=36V

0.08

20
18

Load of Each Phase(A)Error of Load Current(%)

0.09

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
VIN=9V, LOAD1
VIN=9V, LOAD2
VIN=12V, LOAD1
VIN=12V, LOAD2

2

0.01

0

0

-2
0

4

8

12

16
20
24
28
Total Load Current(A)

32

36

40

0

4

8

12

D007

Figure 7. Error of Load Current(In-Phase)

16
20
24
28
Total Load Current(A)VIN=20V, LOAD1
VIN=20V, LOAD2
VIN=36V, LOAD1
VIN=36V, LOAD2

32

36

40
D008

Figure 8. Load Distribution of Two Phases(In-Phase)

Figure 9 shows the load regulation of the whole system under different input voltage conditions. The
variation of the output voltage is within ±1%, which indicates an excellent load regulation performance.
12.2
Vin=9V
Vin=12V
Vin=20V
Vin=36V

Output Voltage(V)

12.15
12.1
12.05
12
11.95
11.9
11.85
0

5

10

15
20
25
Total Load Current(A)

30

35

40
D009

Figure 9. Load Regulation of Parallel Power

3.2

Interleaved SYNC Operation
Figure 10 through Figure 15 show the four switching nodes and inductor current waveforms in the 36-V
buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the 9-V boost regions, respectively. The waveforms show that each operation
region is stable and the inductor current waveforms of the two phases indicate equally distributed load
currents.

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SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)SW2(#1)
SW1(#2)

IL1

IL2

SW2(#2)

Figure 10. 36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Four
Switch Nodes

Figure 11. 36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Inductor
Current Waveforms

SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)SW2(#1)
IL1

SW1(#2)
SW2(#2)

IL2

Figure 12. 12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A
Load—Four Switch Nodes

Figure 13. 12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A
Load—Inductor Current Waveforms

SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)SW2(#1)

SW1(#2)

IL1
IL2

SW2(#2)

Figure 14. 9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four
Switch Nodes

Figure 15. 9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor
Current Waveforms

Figure 16 through Figure 21 show the load transient of 20 A-40 A and 0 A-40 A waveforms in the 36-V
buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the 9-V boost regions, respectively.

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Vo1

Vo1

Vo2

Vo2

Io

Io

Figure 16. Load Transient in 36-V Buck Region—With
20-A to 40-A Load Step

Figure 17. Load Transient in 36-V Buck Region—With 0A to 40-A Load Step

Vo1

Vo1

Vo2

Vo2

Io
Io

Figure 18. Load Transient in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—With 20-A to 40-A Load Step

Figure 19. Load Transient in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—With 0-A to 40-A Load Step

Vo1

Vo1

Vo2

Vo2

Io

Io

Figure 20. Load Transient in 9-V Boost Region—With 20A to 40-A Load Step

Figure 21. Load Transient in 9-V Boost Region—With 0A to 40-A Load Step

Figure 22 through Figure 27 show the output ripple waveforms in the 36-V buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the9-V boost regions, respectively.

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Vo

Vo

Figure 22. Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck
Region—No Load

Figure 23. Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck
Region—40-A LoadVo

Vo

Figure 24. Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—No Load

Figure 25. Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—40-A LoadVo
Vo

Figure 26. Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost
Region—No Load

Figure 27. Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost
Region—40-A Load

Figure 28 through Figure 33 show the start-up waveforms in the 36-V buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the 9-V
boost regions, respectively. The loads are not equally distributed during a certain period of the startprocess due to a sequential order during start-up and the necessary time for a current sharing-circuit tobuild up and get ready.

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Vin

Vin

Vo

Vo

IL1

IL2

Io

Figure 28. 40-A Start-Up in 36-V Buck Region—Total
Output Current Waveform

Figure 29. 40-A Start-Up in 36-V Buck Region—Two
Phase Inductor Currents

Vin

Vin

Vo

Vo
IL1
IL2

Io

Figure 30. 40-A Start-Up in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—Total Output Current Waveform

Figure 31. 40-A Start-Up in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—Two Phase Inductor Currents

Vin

Vin

Vo

Vo
IL1
IL2

Io

Figure 32. 40-A Start-Up in 9-V Boost Region—Total
Output Current Waveform

Figure 33. 40-A Start-Up in 9-V Boost Region—Two
Phase Inductor Currents

Figure 34 through Figure 39 show the 40 A load two boards thermal condition in the 36-V buck, 12-V
buck-boost, and the 9-V boost regions, respectively. The heat is distributed on two boards equally. The
test results are captured with a 600-CFM airflow.

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Figure 34. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 36-V Buck
Region—First Board

Figure 35. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 36-V Buck
Region—Second Board

Figure 36. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 12-V BuckBoost Region—First Board

Figure 37. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 12-V BuckBoost Region—Second Board

Figure 38. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 9-V Boost
Region—First Board

Figure 39. 40-A Load Thermal Condition in 9-V Boost
Region—Second Board

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Test Results

3.3

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In-phase SYNC Operation
Synchronizing the two parallel LM5176 converters with the same clock.
Figure 40 through Figure 45 show the four switching nodes and inductor current waveforms in the 36-V
buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the 9-V boost regions, respectively.

SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)
SW1(#2)

SW2(#1)
IL1

IL2

SW2(#2)

Figure 40. 36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Four
Switch Nodes

SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)SW2(#1)

SW1(#2)IL1

SW2(#2)

IL2

Figure 42. 12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A
Load—Four Switch Nodes

12

Figure 41. 36-V Buck Region With 40-A Load—Inductor
Current Waveforms

Figure 43. 12-V Buck-Boost Region With 40-A
Load—Inductor Current Waveforms

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SW1(#1)

SW1(#1)SW2(#1)SW2(#1)
IL1
IL2

SW1(#2)

SW2(#2)

Figure 44. 9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Four
Switch Nodes

Figure 45. 9-V Boost Region With 40-A Load—Inductor
Current Waveforms

Figure 46 through Figure 51 show the output ripple in the 36-V buck, 12-V buck-boost, and the 9-V boost
regions, respectively. In comparison with Figure 22 through Figure 27 when two converters are interleaved
paralleled, the ripples are higher. Interleaved architecture provides a better solution for smaller output
voltage ripple.

Vo

Vo

Figure 46. Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck
Region—No LoadVo

Figure 47. Output Voltage Ripple in 36-V Buck
Region—40-A LoadVo

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Figure 48. Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—No Load

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Figure 49. Output Voltage Ripple in 12-V Buck-Boost
Region—40-A Load

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Vo

Vo

Figure 50. Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost
Region—No Load

4

Figure 51. Output Voltage Ripple in 9-V Boost
Region—40-A Load

Conclusion
The proposed current sharing method provides a high performance, cost effective solution to achieve wellbalanced power sharing between two LM5176 converters. With a simple external circuit of only one
amplifier and few resistors, capacitors, the slave can accurately follow the master to deliver the sameamount of load current and with an error that is within 1% at full load. The experiment results of theparallel LM5176 converters with a 480 W capability were presented as proof of concept. The proposed
method can be readily applied to support high power level.

5

References
1. Texas Instruments, LM5176 55-V Wide VIN Synchronous 4-Switch Buck-Boost Controllers Datasheet
2. Texas Instruments, LM5176 Wide-VIN Buck-Boost Controller EVM

14

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