令和 4 年度
ＡＯ入試問題集

公表期限：2025 年 3 月末
東北大学入試センター※ 以下の(1),(2)の場合を除き，複製，転載，転用することを禁じます。
(1)受験予定者が自主学習のために使用する場合(2)学校その他の教育機関(営利目的で設置されているものを除く。)の教職員が教育の一環として使用する場合

目

次◎令和 4 年度ＡＯ入試問題集
1

文学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

1

2

教育学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

30

3

教育学部ＡＯ入試Ⅲ期･････････････

45

3

法学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

48

4

理学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

65

数

学

系 ･････････････

65

物

理

系 ･････････････

70

化

学

系 ･････････････

85

地 球 科 学 系 ･････････････

102

生

物

系 ･････････････

123

5

医学部医学科ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

130

6

医学部医学科ＡＯ入試Ⅲ期･････････････

191

7

医学部保健学科ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

212

8

医学部保健学科ＡＯ入試Ⅲ期･････････････

306

9

歯学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

313

10 工学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

365

11 工学部ＡＯ入試Ⅲ期･････････････

383

12 農学部ＡＯ入試Ⅱ期･････････････

388

13 農学部ＡＯ入試Ⅲ期･････････････

442

1

2

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4

conversations with young children in the context of religious backgrounds."

She ran into a storm of objections from fellow Labour supporters. But Nick Gibb, theConservative Party's schools minister, seemed to hint that she might have a point. He confirmedthat schools were required to promote the Equality Act. However, without making clear whether
he was unveiling a new policy or just interpreting an existing one, he also acknowledged that:
喩All schools whether reli ious or not will be re uired to take the reli ious beliefs of theiru ils into account when the decide to deliver certain content and to ensure that to ics areappropriatelv handled."That will continue to be a challenge in Birmingham, where according to the census of 2011,

40% of children were being raised as Muslims, and conservative strands of the faith, such as *theDeobandis and the Salafis enjoy much influence.

（Adapted from "Battles over LGBT education reach a messy stalemate" by Erasmus, The Economist.
Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2019. All rights reserved.一部改変）（注）
Birmingham バーミンガム（イングランド中部の都市）
guinea-pigs モルモット（実験台になるもの）

ethos (ある文化の）本質的な特性，精神the Deobandis and the Salafis デオバンド派とサラフィ ー 派（どちらもイスラム教の保守的学派）

問 1 下線部(1)の人物が主導している指導プログラムはどのようなことを目的としているか。 本文に即して日本語 50 字程度で説明しなさい。
問2

問3

下線部(2)は具体的にどのような内容か，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさ
し‘。
(

3

)に入る最も適切な語句を 1 つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア change its policy

イ compromise with them

ウ obey the order エ stand firm

問4 下線部(4) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
問5

問6

下線部(5) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
下線部(6)を日本語に訳しなさい。
5

5

6

steady, the price of basic foods has begun to rise in some countries.

Lockdowns are slowing harvests, while millions of seasonal labourers are unable to work.

ー

Food waste has reached damaging levels, with farmers forced to dump perishable produce as theresult of supply chain problems, and in the meat industry plants have been forced to close in some（countries.

) , according to the UN. The report pointed to conflict, natural disasters,
the climate crisis, and the arrival of pests and plant and animal plagues as existing problems. East
Africa, for instance, is facing the worst *swarms of locusts for decades, while heavy rain ishampering relief efforts.
The additional impact of the coronavirus crisis and lockdowns, and the resulting recession,

would compound the damage and tip millions into dire hunger, experts warned.
" (II) ," said Agnes Kalibata, the UN secretary general's special envoy
for the 2021 food systems summit. "It has exposed dangerous deficiencies in our food systems

and actively threatens the lives and livelihoods of people around the world, especially the morethan 1 billion people who have employment in the various industries in food systems."

She pointed to Latin America and the Caribbean, where a third of the population alreadylive in a precarious state of food insecurity, and where Brazil is fast becoming a hotspot forcoronavirus cases. "Across the region, the pandemic has weakened economies and disrupted

supply chains, leading to food price hikes," she warned.
The pandemic risks reversing the progress that has been made in recent decades on lifting
people out of poverty and improving their access to healthy food, the UN found.

(ill) , said Elwyn Grainger-Jones, the executive director of the CGIAR
System Organization, a global agricultural research body. "Solutions need to be science-based andcoordinated across sectors to provide immediate response and assistance for those most in need,ongoing and inclusive support in recovery and - perhaps most importantly - future resilience toall shocks, including climate extremes."(Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2022 一 部改変）

swarms of locusts

（注）
問1

(

1

)に入る最も適切な語句を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア on the verge of
問2

(

2

ア Since

イナゴの群れイ on the ground of

ウ at the cost of

エ for the sake of)に入る最も適切な語を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。
イAfterウ If

工Unless
7

7

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conversations with young children in the context of religious backgrounds."

She ran into a storm of objections from fellow Labour supporters. But Nick Gibb, theConservative Party's schools minister, seemed to hint that she might have a point. He confirmedthat schools were required to promote the Equality Act. However, without making clear whether
he was unveiling a new policy or just interpreting an existing one, he also acknowledged that:
喩All schools whether reli ious or not will be re uired to take the reli ious beliefs of theiru ils into account when the decide to deliver certain content and to ensure that to ics areappropriatelv handled."That will continue to be a challenge in Birmingham, where according to the census of 2011,

40% of children were being raised as Muslims, and conservative strands of the faith, such as *theDeobandis and the Salafis enjoy much influence.

（Adapted from "Battles over LGBT education reach a messy stalemate" by Erasmus, The Economist.
Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2019. All rights reserved.一部改変）（注）
Birmingham バーミンガム（イングランド中部の都市）
guinea-pigs モルモット（実験台になるもの）

ethos (ある文化の）本質的な特性，精神the Deobandis and the Salafis デオバンド派とサラフィ ー 派（どちらもイスラム教の保守的学派）

問 1 下線部(1)の人物が主導している指導プログラムはどのようなことを目的としているか。 本文に即して日本語 50 字程度で説明しなさい。
問2

問3

下線部(2)は具体的にどのような内容か，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさ
し‘。
(

3

)に入る最も適切な語句を 1 つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア change its policy

イ compromise with them

ウ obey the order エ stand firm

問4 下線部(4) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
問5

問6

下線部(5) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
下線部(6)を日本語に訳しなさい。
5

34

35

steady, the price of basic foods has begun to rise in some countries.

Lockdowns are slowing harvests, while millions of seasonal labourers are unable to work.

ー

Food waste has reached damaging levels, with farmers forced to dump perishable produce as theresult of supply chain problems, and in the meat industry plants have been forced to close in some（countries.

) , according to the UN. The report pointed to conflict, natural disasters,
the climate crisis, and the arrival of pests and plant and animal plagues as existing problems. East
Africa, for instance, is facing the worst *swarms of locusts for decades, while heavy rain ishampering relief efforts.
The additional impact of the coronavirus crisis and lockdowns, and the resulting recession,

would compound the damage and tip millions into dire hunger, experts warned.
" (II) ," said Agnes Kalibata, the UN secretary general's special envoy
for the 2021 food systems summit. "It has exposed dangerous deficiencies in our food systems

and actively threatens the lives and livelihoods of people around the world, especially the morethan 1 billion people who have employment in the various industries in food systems."

She pointed to Latin America and the Caribbean, where a third of the population alreadylive in a precarious state of food insecurity, and where Brazil is fast becoming a hotspot forcoronavirus cases. "Across the region, the pandemic has weakened economies and disrupted

supply chains, leading to food price hikes," she warned.
The pandemic risks reversing the progress that has been made in recent decades on lifting
people out of poverty and improving their access to healthy food, the UN found.

(ill) , said Elwyn Grainger-Jones, the executive director of the CGIAR
System Organization, a global agricultural research body. "Solutions need to be science-based andcoordinated across sectors to provide immediate response and assistance for those most in need,ongoing and inclusive support in recovery and - perhaps most importantly - future resilience toall shocks, including climate extremes."(Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2022 一 部改変）

swarms of locusts

（注）
問1

(

1

)に入る最も適切な語句を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア on the verge of
問2

(

2

ア Since

イナゴの群れイ on the ground of

ウ at the cost of

エ for the sake of)に入る最も適切な語を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。
イAfterウ If

工Unless
7

36

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46

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conversations with young children in the context of religious backgrounds."

She ran into a storm of objections from fellow Labour supporters. But Nick Gibb, theConservative Party's schools minister, seemed to hint that she might have a point. He confirmedthat schools were required to promote the Equality Act. However, without making clear whether
he was unveiling a new policy or just interpreting an existing one, he also acknowledged that:
喩All schools whether reli ious or not will be re uired to take the reli ious beliefs of theiru ils into account when the decide to deliver certain content and to ensure that to ics areappropriatelv handled."That will continue to be a challenge in Birmingham, where according to the census of 2011,

40% of children were being raised as Muslims, and conservative strands of the faith, such as *theDeobandis and the Salafis enjoy much influence.

（Adapted from "Battles over LGBT education reach a messy stalemate" by Erasmus, The Economist.
Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2019. All rights reserved.一部改変）（注）
Birmingham バーミンガム（イングランド中部の都市）
guinea-pigs モルモット（実験台になるもの）

ethos (ある文化の）本質的な特性，精神the Deobandis and the Salafis デオバンド派とサラフィ ー 派（どちらもイスラム教の保守的学派）

問 1 下線部(1)の人物が主導している指導プログラムはどのようなことを目的としているか。 本文に即して日本語 50 字程度で説明しなさい。
問2

問3

下線部(2)は具体的にどのような内容か，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさ
し‘。
(

3

)に入る最も適切な語句を 1 つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア change its policy

イ compromise with them

ウ obey the order エ stand firm

問4 下線部(4) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
問5

問6

下線部(5) は具体的にどのようなことを意味しているか，本文に即して日本語で説明しなさい。
下線部(6)を日本語に訳しなさい。
5

52

53

steady, the price of basic foods has begun to rise in some countries.

Lockdowns are slowing harvests, while millions of seasonal labourers are unable to work.

ー

Food waste has reached damaging levels, with farmers forced to dump perishable produce as theresult of supply chain problems, and in the meat industry plants have been forced to close in some（countries.

) , according to the UN. The report pointed to conflict, natural disasters,
the climate crisis, and the arrival of pests and plant and animal plagues as existing problems. East
Africa, for instance, is facing the worst *swarms of locusts for decades, while heavy rain ishampering relief efforts.
The additional impact of the coronavirus crisis and lockdowns, and the resulting recession,

would compound the damage and tip millions into dire hunger, experts warned.
" (II) ," said Agnes Kalibata, the UN secretary general's special envoy
for the 2021 food systems summit. "It has exposed dangerous deficiencies in our food systems

and actively threatens the lives and livelihoods of people around the world, especially the morethan 1 billion people who have employment in the various industries in food systems."

She pointed to Latin America and the Caribbean, where a third of the population alreadylive in a precarious state of food insecurity, and where Brazil is fast becoming a hotspot forcoronavirus cases. "Across the region, the pandemic has weakened economies and disrupted

supply chains, leading to food price hikes," she warned.
The pandemic risks reversing the progress that has been made in recent decades on lifting
people out of poverty and improving their access to healthy food, the UN found.

(ill) , said Elwyn Grainger-Jones, the executive director of the CGIAR
System Organization, a global agricultural research body. "Solutions need to be science-based andcoordinated across sectors to provide immediate response and assistance for those most in need,ongoing and inclusive support in recovery and - perhaps most importantly - future resilience toall shocks, including climate extremes."(Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2022 一 部改変）

swarms of locusts

（注）
問1

(

1

)に入る最も適切な語句を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。

ア on the verge of
問2

(

2

ア Since

イナゴの群れイ on the ground of

ウ at the cost of

エ for the sake of)に入る最も適切な語を1つ選び，記号で答えなさい。
イAfterウ If

工Unless
7

54

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With youth unemployment in Colombia rising substantially, Youth in Action widened its age
coverage to reach new beneficiaries (now between 18 and 28 years old). Though this move wasplanned prior to the pandemic, its implementation was fast-tracked, and officials plan a further
expansion that will bring in an additional 200,000 young people. An extra one-off payment of USD$95 has also been made to existing beneficiaries. Unlike for Families in Action, conditionalities for
Youth in Action were not waived, however, as most higher education courses transitioned to online
teaching relatively quickly. Exceptions were made for young people enrolled in courses that are notoffered remotely.
These programmes have expanded rapidly and substantially in response to the pandemic,
meaning that they are currently operating beyond their original scope and purpose. While this ability
to respond quickly is considered a great achievement within government, there are currently no plans
to maintain the changes beyond the end of the pandemic, particularly as economic crisis is expected
to lead to tight budgetary constraints. As a result, many of the families and young people who started
receiving payments during the pandemic could be cut o仔 from financial support.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led the Colombian government to go to extra lengths and adopt
innovative strategies, as when re-engaging with families and young people previously removed due
to non-compliance with conditionalities. These new strategies could help us understand how to
reduce barriers experienced by vulnerable families and young people when attempting to accesssupport from CCTs. It remains unclear, however, whether the government will be able to build onthese new strategies. Disappointingly, the government is not currently planning to continue its revised
policy around the flexibility of conditionalities, for example, even though most beneficiaries havereportedly continued to comply with conditionalities during COVID even though compliance wasneither monitored nor rewarded.
The pandemic presents a rare opportunity to redesign anti-poverty strategies so that they are
informed by relevant evidence on improving children and young people's mental health and life
chances. Without careful planning of any future redesign for Colombia's cash transfer programmes,
many more families and young people will face highly precarious situations around and beyond theend of the pandemic.

(Adapted from "Extending COVID-related reforms to conditional cash transfers could
improve the life chances of young people in Colombia" by LSE Latin America andCaribbean, May 10th, 2021.より一部改変）*proxy means-test: a method employed in welfare programmes to identify the target groupthrough assessment of the potential beneficiary's income and assets*conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs): 条件付現金給付プログラム*conditionality: a condition that must be met to receive the benefits of aid programmes
-5-

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The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child outlines the rights to which under-18s are entitled,
and it has certainly been successful in drawing attention to the rights and interests of children. But its
non-discrimination article - which mirrors other human rights instruments - is also almost always
applied to minorities, gender and disabled children. It is rarely used, if ever, to protect children (asopposed to adults) as a group from discrimination.
Unfair discrimination can include laws and practices that exclude groups. It can also include
those that ignore the unique needs of a specific group. The latter is what is being argued in this case.
The claimants' position is that climate policies place most of the economic and environmental burden
on the younger generation. Too little attention is being paid to figuring out how to share that burden
and reduce carbon emissions right now.
This same argument has been used by *petitioners in other ECHR cases - for example, where
the Netherlands gave insufficient consideration to women's rights in the context of pension policies.
The argument has never been used at the ECHR for "youth" as a group, until now.
(Adapted from "How children are taking European states to court over the climate crisis – andchanging the law" by Aoife Daly, The Conversation, April 8, 2021. Copyright©2021, The
Conversation より一部改変)*petitioner: a person who brings a legal case to a court

Question 1: Explain in your own words the content of the court case brought by the six Portuguese
children and young people to the European Court of Human Rights. Why have they brought the case?
Why do they focus on Portugal in particular? Why do they argue that the failure to address the climatechange crisis constitutes discrimination? Your answer should be approximately 100 words long in
total

Question 2: What do you think about the idea that bringing claims to a court is a better way to change
climate change policies compared to starting a protest movement? Explain your view in 60 to 80
words.

- 9-

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メタンハイドレ ー トに関する次の文章を読み、 以下の問い（問1・問2)に答えよ。

"Methane ice", methane hydrate is a naturally-occurring frozen compound formed when water andmethane combine at moderate pressure and relatively low temperature conditions. Methane hydrates
represent a highly concentrated form of methane, with a cubic meter of idealized methane hydrate
containing 0.8 m3 of water and more than 160 m3 of methane at standard temperature-pressure
conditions. Ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide, and similar gases can also form gas hydrates, andindividual molecules of these gases are often incorporated into gas hydrates that containpredominantly methane. Both on a global volumetric basis and in terms of areal distribution, methane
hydrates are the most important type of natl.lral gas hydrate. <ア）In contrast to conventional natural gas,methane h drates occur onl in sediments characterized b·well-known ressure and tem erature
conditions meaniri that ex loration activities can be strict! limited to s ecific zones. The pressure­temperature conditions consistent with methane hydrate stability are widespread on Earth. <イ）心ressure-tem erature conditions outside the stabilizone methane is no lon er bound in "methaneice" and exists onl as free as or as dissolved in ore waters.
（Adapted from "Methane Hydrates and the Future of Natural Gas" by Carolyn Ruppel, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011.
一部改変）

（参考）
hydrate: ハイドレ ー ト

ethane: エタン

sediment: 堆積物

pore water: 間隙水（粒子間の隙間を満たす水）

propane: フロハ／

問1

以下の小問(1) --- (2)に答えよ。

(1)

上の英文をもとに、 8m3 のメタンハイドレ ー トに含まれる常温常圧でのメタンの体積を答えよ。

(2)下線部（ア）を和訳せよ。

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Some of these factors would seem to retard plant migration and others to accelerate it.
W hich factor or combination of factors will predominate for which species in the event of futureclimate change? And what will happen if the climate changes faster than it has in the past? (d)圭そらく

このような複雑な問題を探求する唯 一 の方法は計算機によるモデルを利用することでしょう。
(Adapte d from "Plant Migration and Climate

Change " by Louis F. Pite lka andPlant Migration Workshop Group; Ame rican Scie ntist. Copyright © 1997 Sigma Xi,
TheScie ntific Re se arch Honor Socie ty. 一部抜粋）

注： 1 se de ntary, 固着性の，ambulatory, 歩行性の； 3infiltrate , 侵入するけimpassable,
移動できない臼uphe aval, 激変； 6conveyance, 運搬， 伝達
問1

下線部(a)では， 地球温暖化による生物への影響の予測がどのようにして説明されていることが多いと述べているのか， 50字以内の日本語で説明せよ。
問2

下線部(b)を和訳せよ。

問3

下線部(c)を和訳せよ。

問4

下線部(d)を英訳せよ。

3
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Biologics License
would file a Biologics License Application after an Application:
生物製剤認
analysis of a larger data set revealed that EMERGE's 可申請
high dose group had met the primary endpoint; with a
22% relative slowing of progression on the CDR-SB
scale as compared with placebo. No significant benefit
was found in ENGAGE's high-dose group or in either
study's low dose group. Biogen asserted that the
EMERGE results met criteria for FDA approval (③）
a single compelling trial.

In November 2020, the FDA convened its Peripheral and convened: 召集した
Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee toreview the trial data and post hoc analyses evaluating P0st hoc: 事後のpotential reasons for the discrepancy between the trials.
The committee voted decisively that the data in totality decisively: きっぱりと
did not provide sufficient evidence of efficacy andrecommended against approval.
、

In another surprising twist, the FDA then pivoted from its pivoted: 旋回した
normal regulatory pathway, which requires evidence ofclinical efficacy, and approved the drug on an accelerated
pathway in which evidence of biomarker changes biomarker: バイオマ カ
deemed "reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit" is -(病気の進行や薬剤の効果など， 生体内の生物
sufficient. ④This pathway, intended for drugs treating 学的変化を定量的に把握
serious diseases with limited treatment options, has been するための指標となる物
質）
used for drugs to treat HIV and cancer.
ー＂2021 (

出典： Rabinovici GD. New England Journal of Medicine

一 Controversy and Progress in Alzheimer’s Disease —
(From

部改変）
FDA Approval of Aducanumab, Gil D. Rabinovici, M.D., N Engl
J Med 2021; 385:771-774. Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts
Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from
Massachusetts Medical Society.一部改変）

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organized and persistent, really beyond anything oursociety had ever seen."
It's through this lens of human agency that Barnes andother historians contemplate COVID-19's potential
scientific legacy. The pandemic, like its predecessors,
cast . light on uncomfortable truths, ranging from theimpact of societal inequities on health to waste in clinicalinequity: 不平等

trials to paltry investments in public health. Questions paltry: わずかな
loom about how to buttress labs—financially or buttress: 支える， 強化すotherwise—that were immobilized by the pandemic.

るimmobilize: 動けなくなる（From "Will COVID-19 change science? Past pandemics offer
clues" by Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer, Vol 373, Issue 6552 • pp.
264-265, Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Copyright © 2021
American Association for the Advancement of Science一部改変）- 11 -

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182

183

184

Basic research is the bedrock of all of the applied researchthat follows, particularly·in drug development. It's ih thebasic. research stage that scientists discover molecules andpathways that have potential translational value. The
foundational science that society uses to uphold clinicalresearch could be in danger of being flawed if researchers
aren't more cognizant of and transparent about who isfunding these basic discoveries. We ask our authors andreviewers to be diligent about any competing interests—bethey financial or otherwise. Transparency is crucial not only
for preserving the integrity of the research but also inpreserving the trust of the public whose tax dollars help funda significant portion of basic science. We welcome an·open
discussion about how best to ensure more transparency inreporting conflict of interest in a way that would protect andpromote the research that advances biomedical science.

bedrock: 根底

translational: 橋渡し
的なfoundational: 麟となる
cognizant: 認識する

（Reprinted from " Confronting conflict of interest " by Nature Medicine,Nov 6, 2018. © 2018, Springer Nature America, Inc.一部改変）

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(6) Nonetheless, not everyone is ready to embrace thesetools: some patients may have concerns about certain
practices contravening their religious beliefs; others are notready to engage in the effort required to maintain a regular
practice; still others have been conditioned to request a pill
for every ailment. . Moreover, these tools may not. beappropriate for some patients. For example, patients withsevere mental illness may have difficulty learning·thenecessary skills - or risk losing touch with reality when they
engage in some of these practices.

contravening: 反しているailment: 軽い病気

(7) Despite these barriers, many patients are keen to learn
more about mind-body tools. Given the available data andthe favorable side-effect profiles of these practices, we
believe that mind-body medicine should be recognized as
potential primary and secondary prevention and, where
possible, routinely incorporated into primary care. It is not
surprising that it hasn't been seen in this light, given that ourhealth care system has been predominantly built on a reactive
disease-treatment model rather than a proactive health­enhancement model. Realization of the potential cost savingsand health improvements afforded by mind-body medicine
would require insurance companies to cover these services
and an educational system to train health care professionals
in their appropriate use. Many medical schools now offermind-body medicine electives, but only a few have madeeducation in these prac�ices a required part of the curriculum.
Currently, few Americans have access to these tools in a
medical setting, and even those who do must often pay forthem out of pocket.
出典： Dossett ML, Fricchione GL, Benson H. New England一

Medicine.,
Michelle2020
L. Dossett, M.D., Ph.D.,（From A New Era for Mind-Body
Journalof Medicine( 部改変）
Gregory L. Fricchione, M.D., and Herbert Benson, M.D., N Engl J Med 2020;
382:1390-1391. Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted
with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.一部改変）- 20 -

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令和 4 年度（2022 年度）東北大学
AO 入試（総合選抜型）III 期

筆記試験問題令和 4 年 2 月 12 日
志望学部／学科

試 験 時 間

ページ数

医 学 部 医 学 科

9:30〜11:30（120 分）21 ページ

注 意 事 項1． 試験開始の合図があるまで，この「問題冊子」，「解答用紙」を開いてはいけません。
2. この「問題冊子」は 21 ページあります。ページの脱落，印刷不鮮明の箇所などがあった場合には申し出てください。ホチキスは外さないでください。
3.「問題冊子」の他に，「解答用紙」，「メモ用紙」を配付します。
4．解答は，必ず黒鉛筆（シャープペンシルも可）で記入し，ボールペン・万年筆などを使用してはいけません。
5．「解答用紙」の受験記号番号欄（１枚につき１か所）には，忘れずに受験票と同じ受験記号番
号をはっきりと判読できるように記入してください。
6. 解答は，必ず「解答用紙」の指定された箇所に記入してください。
7. 特に指示がない場合は，日本語で答えてください。
8. 日本語での字数の指定がある場合は句読点，数字，アルファベット，記号も 1 字として数えてください。
9. 試験終了後は「解答用紙」を回収しますので，持ち帰ってはいけません。「問題冊子」，「メモ用紙」は持ち帰ってください。

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―――このページは白紙―――

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―――このページは白紙―――

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21 以下は医師である著者の祖父に関する英文である。文を読んで質問に答えなさい。
As Grandpa’s arthritis worsened, composing email
messages of more than a few words became onerous for him.
“It’s frustrating when the fingers can’t keep up with the brain,” he’dlament. And then visitation restrictions necessitated by Covid-19
cut him off from the outside world entirely, since his deafness had
long since made phones useless to him. When the Northeast
surge abated, Grandpa’s son and I received permission to visit
him outside his facility on separate days. Lucid as ever, despite
nearing his 103rd birthday, he rendered the same plea to each ofus. Whereas he had long wished to forgo measures to prolong
life, he now sought any plausible option to hasten death.
I knew that New Jersey had legalized ①physicianassisted dying the previous year, but also that legality, availability,and propriety are three very different things. My long-standing
ambivalence about physician-assisted dying had been reinforcedby colleagues who joined me in organizing and presenting at the
National Academy of Medicine’s 2018 workshop on the topic. I
reached out to several of these experts to gauge whether
Grandpa might pursue it. Would he even meet the criteria, giventhat he was dying of old age, frailty, and more than anything else,
isolation and meaninglessness?
I learned that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services (CMS) had previously allowed codes for “②adult failure
to thrive” to qualify people for hospice and that in states that had
legalized physician-assisted dying less recently than New Jersey
had, those codes had been used to confer eligibility. But CMS
recently removed those codes from hospice eligibility, and in any
event, I could not find a New Jersey physician willing or
sufficiently experienced to provide this service.
I described another option to Grandpa: he could
voluntarily stop eating and drinking. He’d never considered thispossibility (which reminded me again ③how one’s family
members and clinicians contribute to inequities in end of-lifecare). The option intrigued Grandpa, and during subsequent visits
he reinforced his plan to pursue it. I insisted that he first move into
my home. I wanted to ensure the quality of his care, knowing that
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arthritis:関節炎
onerous:わずらわ
しいabated:和らいだ
Lucid:頭脳明晰なforgo:見合わせる

legality:合法性
ambivalence:相反する感情を持つことfrailty:弱さ
meaninglessness:
空虚
Centers for
Medicare andMedicaid Services(CMS) :メディケア・
メディケイドサービ
スセンター（米国の公的医療保障制度の運営主体）
voluntarily:自発的にinequities:不公平I could enroll him in my health system’s hospice program. But I
also wished to test his resolve, reasoning that his mind mightchange once his isolation ended.
For a month after he entered our home, his spirits werebrighter, his gait steadier, and his appetite heartier. He joined mywife, two daughters, and me for dinner each night, typically
preceded by a vodka martini that I had stirred for him — a dailypleasure he’d allowed himself for 80 years and had missed as a
facility resident. He’d tell stories of the Navy, his career, and his
family history and would regularly quip, “If you keep treating me
this well, I might just stick around a while longer!”But eventually he returned to his goal of (④) death. One
night, he said he was ready to stop eating and drinking the nextmorning, but when morning came, he asked for his usual coffee
and bagel. He confided that he was scared. When I asked ofwhat, he replied, “It’s like trying to roller skate. I’m scared ofstarting. Though I know that once I do, I’ll probably roll.”
A week later, he’d built up his fortitude and again asked tostop eating and drinking. I convinced him to join us for dinner andsleep on it. He agreed, devoured everything on his plate and theice cream sundae my daughters made him afterward, and shared
a bottle of red wine we’d opened for the occasion. “My last
hurrah,” he said, with a smile and fist pump more vigorous thanyou’d think an old, frail man could muster. When I entered his
room early the next morning, he was already dressed. “I’m readyto start,” he announced, almost before I could say good morning.
“But do you think I could sneak a half-cup of black coffee?”
I went through the doctorly ritual of informing him that thiswas his choice; it would bring him pleasure while prolonging his
life. He nodded. I served. He imbibed. On the third day of nothing
but six ounces of black coffee each morning, he said, “I have a
confession. While washing my face this evening I took a gulp ofwater.” The guilt and disappointment he conveyed immediately
altered ⑤my views on physician-assisted dying. For people witha consistent desire to end their life, unencumbered by mental
illness or immediate threats to their survival, the only alternative— to stop eating and drinking — is just too challenging. Hospice
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gait:足どり

quip:気の利いた物
言い

fortitude:不屈の精神

imbibed:飲んだunencumbered:つながりのないexperts around the country had warned me that less than 20% of
people who try to do so “succeed,” with most reversing course
because of vicious thirst.
出典：Newof Medicine
384:400-401,
2021（一部(Copyright England(c) 2021 Journal
Massachusetts
MedicalSociety. All
rights改変）
reserved一部改変）
問1.

下線部①の代替案として筆者が示したことを文中の言葉で示しなさい。

問2.

下線部②はどのような状態のことを言うのか，本文から読み取れる内容を日本語 40
字以内で示しなさい。

問3.

下線部③は具体的にどのような意味を示すか，日本語 40 字以内で説明しなさい。

問4.

空欄④に入る最も適切な単語を以下から選びなさい。
ア） waitingイ） avoidingウ） acceptingエ） hasteningオ） considering問5.

下線部⑤で示された医師による死の幇助に関する著者の考えは，祖父の言動を通じてどのように変化したと考えられるか，本文に即して日本語 150 字以内で述べなさい。

問6.

本文で示されるような終末期医療の現状や課題などについてあなたが知っていることを，わが国の現状にも触れて英単語 100 語以内で述べなさい。

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22 以下の英文を読み，質問に答えなさい。
①During the COVID-19 pandemic, the concept ofheroism has been a prominent feature of media coverage. Healthcare professionals who worked ceaselessly in intensive careunits, sacrificed time with their families to travel to severely
affected areas to care for patients with COVID-19, and put
themselves in harm’s way have been acknowledged and rightly
celebrated. For example, New Yorkers had a nightly ritual ofcheering and making noise in support of health care workers andoffered public support in the form of signs, treats, and othermeasures of appreciation that referenced the heroism of thehealth care workforce. However, the pandemic has outlasted
these public demonstrations, and heroic narratives ultimately do
not serve clinicians or public health.
The concept of heroism suggests performing some
exceptional feat, such as an individual who disregards his or her
own well-being to benefit others. Heroes are glorified in art,
literature, and history, and these heroic narratives serve an
important purpose in demonstrating that individuals canaccomplish more than seems possible in response to a challengeor threat. For instance, people such as Nelson Mandela, who
faced his long imprisonment without complaint and dedicated hislife to justice, embody the heroic ideal.
The culture of medicine aligns with heroic narratives byextolling 3 traits: individual skill, willingness to sacrifice, andstoicism in the face of physical and emotional hardship. Medical
training rewards individual achievement, whether it is identifying
the correct diagnosis or performing a procedure skillfully.
Medicine also extols the heroic attribute of sacrifice, recognizing
those who go beyond already significant professional obligations.
Narratives about medicine often celebrate clinicians giving time
beyond their job requirements, as illustrated in a collection ofarticles on “the heroic work of doctors and health workers.”
Medical training demands physical endurance; even after duty
hour reforms, 80-hour work weeks and long shifts are the norm.
In some clinical settings, such as operating rooms, physicaldemands persist throughout careers. Unspoken messaging in
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ceaselessly:絶え間なくworkforce:従事者
outlast:長く続く

extol:賞賛する
stoicism:ストイックであること。 自分を厳しく律する禁欲的・求道的な姿勢や生き方
skillfully:手際よくUnspoken:暗黙のmedical and surgical training programs can promote stoic
responses to the wrenching emotions in medicine and, at times,
can be accompanied by increased cynicism during residency
training.
These 3 heroic attributes of individualism, sacrifice, andstoic endurance can actually undermine the systemtransformation needed in health care. The individualism inherent
in the heroic narrative runs counter to the team-based problemsolving approach to health care delivery that leads to better
quality. If physicians and other clinicians are willing to makepersonal sacrifices to circumvent system shortcomings, leaders
are less likely to take necessary steps to correct broken systems.
Although systematic data are lacking in this area, it is observedthat physicians often step in to ensure seamless care on their own
time and create “workarounds” to get patients what they need in
dysfunctional microsystems. She contends that medical care in
the US relies on this strong sense of professional obligation tofunction. Similarly, if nurses are willing to work double shifts or
routinely cover extra patients, chronic understaffing, which is
known to be unsafe for patients, persists.
The stoicism that comes with being a hero is also a risk
for burnout, defined by the National Academy of Medicine asemotional exhaustion and distress stemming from work. Stoicism
can lead clinicians to underrecognize their physical and emotional
needs and to conceal perceived vulnerabilities. For example, anaccount of a physician concealing her cancer diagnosis whileleading a pandemic response, and her description of the healing
effect of sharing the experience of her own illness, highlight theimportance of changing culture to support physicians as humanbeings. Moreover, heroic actions and attitudes require an
activated mental state that can allow people to perform at a highlevel for defined periods of time. Sustaining that emotional
activation is physically, mentally, and emotionally exhausting.
Occupationally related emotional exhaustion and distress, and, in
extreme cases, depression, anxiety, and suicide, can result fromstriving to meet impossible expectations over time. Emergency
department physician Dr Lorna Breen, who died by suicide in April
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198

cynicism:冷笑

circumvent:回避する

workaround:コンピューターにおいてシス
テム上の問題が発生した際の応急措置のこと

vulnerability：弱み2020, is a recent casualty of this long-standing and deep-seatedculture. Even when these heroic expectations do not lead to tragic
or career-ending consequences, they can contribute to ②a lackof engagement and satisfaction in work that is highly prevalent
among clinicians.
It is possible that the energy physicians and otherclinicians are putting into maintaining stoicism in the face ofchallenges could be better turned in a positive direction.
Clinicians’ creativity and problem-solving skills are underutilized
resources for transforming health care. As a hypotheticalexample, consider a specialist in the community with an idea fora novel digital health approach to support patient selfmanagement for a disease she manages on a routine basis. Herdaily work includes routine overbooking of patients, frequent
absences among staff, and distracting requests to manage tasks
others could do, and she is expected to soldier through withoutcomplaint. Imagine if the patient scheduling, on-call, and staffing
systems all functioned as intended, and she was able to deliverpatient care without contingency planning and unplanned work
time. She could have the energy and focus to turn to her idea andserve patients even beyond her practice through her digital selfmanagement tool.
The National Academy of Medicine’s report on clinician
well-being provides ③an approach for reframing the culture,emphasizing humanism instead of heroism. Rather thanenvisioning medicine as a province of brilliant individuals saving
lives without a thought for their personal regard, the aim should
be to achieve a culture of teamwork that acknowledges thehuman needs—both physical and emotional—of clinicians anddoes not ask them to sacrifice their well-being on a routine basis.
Organizational solutions abound, such as information
technology–enabledcoveragesystems,
data-supported
anticipatory staffing, and team members empowered to a highlevel of function. These precepts extend to medical education,
whereby educators can rightsize learners’ workloads, teach andmodel teamwork and team culture, and, most importantly,
demonstrate support for learners and faculty experiencing the
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deep-seated:根深いunderutilized:未活
用のhypothetical:仮説のcontingency:偶発的な

anticipatory:予想した
precept：教訓
workload:作業

stress of their studies or emotional challenges of patient care.
Moreover, it is imperative that health systems provide support forclinicians to prevent and mitigate emotional exhaustion anddistress, without stigma for seeking help or time away from work.
（Reproduced with permission from "Humanism Before Heroism in Medicine." by Sarkar, Urmimala ;Cassel, Christine, JAMA.2021;326(2):127-128. Copyright©2021 American Medical Association. All
rights reserved.一部改変）

問 1 . 下線部①が具体的に何を指すか，日本語で述べなさい。

問 2 . 医療における heroic narratives の特徴を表す英単語を 3 つ本文中より抜き出し，
なぜそれらが医療に必要なシステムの変革を阻害するのか，それぞれ日本語で簡潔に説明しなさい。

問 3 . 下線部②のような現象が生じる理由について，本文に即して日本語 150 字以内で説明しなさい

問 4 . 下線部③は具体的にどのようなことを指すか，本文に即して日本語でまとめなさい。

問 5 . この文章のタイトルにふさわしい英単語をいれなさい。
（）before Heroism in medicine- 10 -

200

23 以下の英文を読み，質問に答えなさい。
Biologists in Shanghai, China, have created the firstprimates cloned with a technique similar to the one used to clone
Dolly the sheep and nearly two dozen other species. The method
has failed to produce live primates until now. Researchers hope to
use this revised technique to develop populations of genetically
identical primates to provide improved animal models of humandisorders, such as cancer. The technology could also be combinedwith gene-editing tools such as CRISPR–Cas9 to create
genetically engineered primate-brain models of human disorders,
including Parkinson’s disease.
“This paper really marks the beginning of a new era forbiomedical research,” says Xiong Zhi-Qi, a neuroscientist who
studies brain disease at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Instituteof Neuroscience (ION) in Shanghai. He was not involved in thecloning project. But the achievement is also likely to raise someconcerns among scientists and the public that the technique might
be used to create cloned humans. “Technically, there is no barrier
to human cloning,” says ION director Mu-Ming Poo, who is a coauthor of the study. But ION is interested only in making cloned
non-human primates for research groups, says Poo: “We want toproduce genetically identical monkeys. That is our only purpose.”Primates have proved tricky to copy, despite many
attempts using the standard cloning technique. In that method, theDNA of a donor cell is injected into an egg that has had its own
genetic material removed. ION researchers Sun Qiang and Liu
Zhen combined several techniques developed by other groups to
optimize the procedure. One trick was to undo chemical
modifications in the DNA that occur when embryonic cells turn into
specialized cells. The researchers had more success with DNA
from fetal cells, rather than cells from live offspring.
Using fetal cells, they created 109 cloned embryos, andimplanted nearly three-quarters of them into 21 surrogatemonkeys. This resulted in six pregnancies. Two long-tailed
macaques (Macaca fascicularis) survived birth: Zhong Zhong, now
eight weeks old, and Hua Hua, six weeks. Poo says that the pairseem healthy so far. The institute is now awaiting the birth of- 11 -

201

primates:霊長類

genetically:遺伝的に

CRISPR–Cas9:酵
素によるDNA切断を原理とする遺伝
子改変技術
biomedical:生物医
学的なneuroscientist:神経科学者
Chinese Academyof Sciences
Institute of
Neuroscience(ION):中国科学院
神経科学研究所

optimize:最適化する
embryonic cells:
胚細胞

surrogate:代理母
macaque:マカク（サルの一属）Macacafascicularis:カニク

another six clones. Cloning specialist Shoukhrat Mitalipov of theOregon Health and Science University in Portland says that the
Chinese team should be congratulated. “I know how hard it is,”says Mitalipov, who estimates he used more than 15,000 monkey
eggs in cloning attempts in the 2000s. Although he was able toproduce stem-cell lines from cloned human and monkey embryos,
his team’s primate pregnancies never resulted in a live birth.
Cloned animals offer some significant advantages overnon-clones as models for studying human disease. In
experiments with non-cloned animals, it is difficult to knowwhether differences between the test and control groups werecaused by the treatment or genetic variation, says Terry
Sejnowski, a computational neurobiologist at the Salk Institute for
Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. “Working with cloned
animals greatly reduces the variability of the genetic background,so fewer animals are needed,” he says.
Sejnowski also says that primate brains are the bestmodel for studying human mental disorders and degenerative
diseases. The ability to clone monkeys might revive primate
studies, which have declined in most countries, says Poo.
Parkinson’s disease experiments that currently use hundreds ofmonkeys could be done with just ten clones, he says.
Neuroscientist Chang Hung-Chun, also at ION, says thatprimate-cloning technology will soon be combined with geneediting tools to study human genetic disorders in primate brains.
Gene editing is already used on developing monkey embryos, butthat leaves open the possibility that some cells are not edited,which then affects the results, says Chang.
With cloning, the donor cell can be edited before it isinjected into the egg. Within a year, Poo expects the birth ofcloned monkeys whose cells have been genetically edited tomodel circadian-rhythm disorders and Parkinson’s disease.
Spurred by the promise of primate research, the city of
Shanghai is planning major funding for an International Primate
Research Center, expected to be formally announced in the next
few months. The centre will produce clones for scientists aroundthe globe. “This will be the CERN of primate neurobiology,” Poo- 12 -

202

イサル

stem-cell:幹細胞

computational
neurobiologist:計算神経生物学者
variability:多様性
degenerative
diseases:神経変性疾患

circadian-rhythm:
概日リズム

CERN: 欧州合同

says. There’s already high demand from pharmaceuticalcompanies that want to use cloned monkeys to test drugs, hesays.
Although most reproductive biologists are unlikely toconsider using the technique to clone humans because of ethicalobjections, Mitalipov worries that it might be attempted in a
private clinic. China has guidelines that prohibit reproductive
cloning, but no strict laws. It also has a weak record ofenforcement of its rules on the use of stem cells for therapy.
Some other countries — notably the United States — do notprohibit reproductive cloning at all. “Only regulation can stop itnow”, says Poo. “Society has to pay more attention to this”.
出典：Nature
553:387-388,（Adaptedfrom "First monkeys
cloned with 2018（一部改変）
technique that made Dolly the sheep" by David Cyranoski

原子核研究機構
neurobiology:神経生物学

Springer Nature. Copyright © 2018, Springer Nature.一部改変）

問1． 本文を以下の項目に従い，指定された字数以内の日本語で簡潔に要約しなさい。
ア） 今回成し遂げられた技術の内容とこれまでの背景：１００字以内
イ） 今回成し遂げられた技術の利点：７０字以内
ウ） 今回成し遂げられた技術への懸念：５０字以内

問2.

今回成し遂げられた技術に対する自分なりの見解を日本語１５０字以内で述べなさい。

- 13 -

203

24 以下の英文を読み，質問に答えなさい。
(1) The modern study of sensation and perception
began in the 19th century with the emergence of experimental
psychology as a scientific discipline. The first psychologists—
Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, Hermann Helmholtz, andWilhelm Wundt—focused their experimental study of mental
processes on sensation, which they believed was the key tounderstanding the mind. Their findings gave rise to the fields of
psychophysics and sensory physiology.
(2) Psychophysics describes the relationship between
the physical characteristics of a stimulus and the attributes of thesensory experience. Sensory physiology examines the neuralconsequences of a stimulus—how the stimulus is transduced by
sensory receptors and processed in the brain. Some of the most
exciting advances in our understanding of perception have comefrom merging these two approaches in both human and animalstudies. For example, functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have beenused in controlled experiments to identify regions of the humanbrain involved in the perception of pain.
(3) Early scientific studies of the mind focused not on theperception of complex qualities such as color or taste but on
phenomena that could be isolated and measured precisely: thesize, shape, amplitude, velocity, and timing of stimuli. Weberand Fechner developed simple experimental paradigms to study
how and under what conditions humans are able to distinguishbetween two stimuli of different amplitudes. They quantified theintensity of sensations in the form of mathematical laws thatallowed them to predict the relationship between stimulus
magnitude and sensory discrimination.
(4) For example, in 1834 Weber demonstrated that thesensitivity of a sensory system to differences in intensity
depends on the absolute strength of the stimuli. We easily
perceive that 1 kg is different from 2 kg, but it is difficult todistinguish 50 kg from 51 kg. Yet both sets differ by 1 kg. This
relationship is expressed in the equation now known as Weber’slaw:- 14 -

204

emergence:出現
discipline:専門分野

psychophysics:精神物理学

sensory physiology:
感覚生理学
attributes:性質
consequences:続いて起こる結果functional magnetic
resonance imaging:
機能的磁気共鳴画像
positron emission
tomography:陽電子
放射断層撮影amplitude:振幅
paradigms:一時代の支配的考え方を規定している科学的認識体
系や方法論

discrimination:弁別

equation:方程式

𝜟 S = K∙S
where ΔS is the minimal difference in strength between areference stimulus S and a second stimulus that can bediscriminated, and K is a constant. This is termed the justnoticeable difference or difference limen. It follows that thedifference in magnitude necessary to discriminate between areference stimulus and a second stimulus increases with thestrength of the reference stimulus.
(5) Fechner extended Weber’s law to describe therelationship between the stimulus strength (S) and the intensityof the sensation (I) experienced by a subject:
I = K log (S/S0)
where S0 is the threshold amplitude of the stimulus and K is aconstant. Although Fechner’s law was widely accepted fornearly a century after its publication in 1860, his assumption thatthe intensity of sensation could be equated with the sum of equalincrements in “just noticeable differences” turned out to beincorrect.
(6) In 1953 S. S. Stevens demonstrated that, over an
extended range of stimulation, subjective experience ofsensation intensity is best described by a power function rather
than by a logarithmic relationship. Stevens’ law states that:
I = K (S − S0)nFor some sensory experiences, such as the sense of pressure
on the hand, the relationship between the stimulus magnitude
and the perceived intensity is linear, that is, a power function
with a unity exponent (n = 1).
(7) The lowest stimulus strength a subject can detect istermed the sensory threshold. Thresholds are normallydetermined statistically by presenting a subject with a series ofstimuli of random amplitude. The percentage of times the
subject reports detecting the stimulus is plotted as a function of
stimulus amplitude, forming a relation called the psychometricfunction (Figure 1). By convention, threshold is defined as thestimulus amplitude detected in half of the trials. Thresholds canalso be determined by the method of limits, in which the subject
reports the intensity at which a progressively decreasing- 15 -

205

limen:認知できる最小の感覚

threshold:閾（いき）値（特定の作用因子が生物体に対しある反応を引き起こすのに必要な最小あるいは最大の値）
increments:増大
power function:冪（べき）関数（y = xn で表される関数）
logarithmic:対数のexponent:冪（べき）指数（y = xn の n のこと）

psychometricfunction:精神測定関数

stimulus is no longer detectable or an increasing stimulus isdetectable. This technique is widely used in audiology tomeasure hearing thresholds.
(8) The measurement of sensory thresholds is a usefuldiagnostic technique for determining sensory function in
individual modalities. An elevated threshold may signal anabnormality in sensory receptors (such as loss of hair cells in the
inner ear caused by aging or exposure to very loud noise),
deficits in nerve conduction properties (as in multiple sclerosis),or a lesion in sensory-processing areas of the brain. Sensory
thresholds may also be altered by emotional or psychologicalfactors related to the conditions in which stimulus detection ismeasured.

audiology:聴覚学

diagnostic:診断のmodalities: (感覚の)様相

deficits:欠損
conduction:伝導
multiple sclerosis:多発性硬化症[図の説明文]Figure 1. The psychometric function defines the mathematical
relationship between the amplitude of a stimulus and theintensity of the sensation felt by the subject.
A. The psychometric function plots the percentage of stimuli
detected by a human observer as a function of the stimulus
magnitude. Threshold is defined as the stimulus intensity
detected on 50% of the trials. Psychometric functions are also
used to measure the just noticeable difference between stimuli
that differ in intensity, frequency, or other parametric properties. parametric:要因のB. Detection and discrimination thresholds depend on thecriteria used by individual subjects in psychophysical tasks. An
ideal observer correctly detects the presence and absence ofstimuli with equal probability (curve b). An observer who is told
to respond to the slightest indication of a stimulus reports many
false positives when no stimuli occur and has low sensory
thresholds (curve a). An observer who is told to respond only
when very certain that a stimulus has occurred reports more hits
than false positives and has high sensory thresholds (curve c).
Neural
出 典 ： Principles
ofMcGraw（Republishedwith permission of
Hill LLC,Sciencefrom Principles(Theof neural McGraw-Hillscience;5th ed,
JESSELL, THOMAS M., SCHWARTZ, JAMES H., KANDEL, ERIC R., 2013; permission
Companies, Inc., New York, 2013)（一部改変）
conveyedthrough Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.一部改変）- 16 -

206

問1.

段落(1)-(8)は意味のまとまりによって大きく 2 つに分けることができる。意味のまとまりを持つ段落の集合をそれぞれ区別して，解答用紙の（ ）内に段落の番号を記
入しなさい。

問2.

前半のブロックを要約できる最適な見出しを下記の選択肢から選びなさい。
ア） Studies by German scientist Hermann Helmholtzイ） The beginning of psychoanalysis
ウ） Psychophysics relates the physical properties of stimuli to sensationsエ） Essentials of co-ordination of sensory and motor functionオ） Details of several methods of imaging function of human brain

問3.

後半のブロックを要約できる最適な見出しを下記の選択肢から選びなさい。
ア） The present understanding of Sturge-Weber syndromeイ） A tribute to Gustav Fechner as a professor of physics in Leipzig Universityウ） Sensory discrimination as a function of a specific neurotransmitterエ） Complete denial of S. S. Stevens equation in the modern neuroscienceオ） Psychophysical laws govern the perception of stimulus intensity- 17 -

207

問4.

本文と Figure 1 の A の説明文を読んで，この内容に合致した図を下記ア）〜オ）の中から選びなさい。
ア

100

100

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

イ

0

10
0
Stimulus intensity (arbitrary
units) intensity
Stimulus(arbitrary units) 10

ts) 10

ウ

エ
100

0

Stimulus intensity (arbitrary units) 10

100

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

100

0

オ
Stimulus detection (%)

1000Stimulus intensity (arbitrary units) 10

Stimulus intensity (arbitrary units) 10- 18 -

208

0
10
10
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units) units)問5.

本文と Figure 1 の B の説明文を読んで，この内容に合致した図を下記ア）〜コ）の中から選びなさい。
ア
100

Stimulus detection (%)

c b ac b a
100

Stimulus detection (%)

a b ca b c
100

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

100

イ

0 Stimulus
10
10intensity(arbitrary
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units) units)

00 Stimulus
10
intensity(arbitrary
10
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units) units)

0

エ

ウ
ba

bc

c

0

100 100
Stimulus detection (%)

00 Stimulus
10 10
intensity(arbitrary
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)units)

オ

bc

ab

100
100
Stimulus detection (%)
Stimulus detection (%)

a a b b c c

0 0 Stimulus
1010
intensity(arbitrary
units)
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)- 19 -

209a

0 Stimulus
10
10intensity(arbitrary
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units) units)カ

Stimulus detection (%)
Stimulus detection (%)

100
100

c

Stimulus detection (%)

a

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

100 100c c b ba a

0 0 Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)1010

ク

キ

0

100 100

0 Stimulus
10 10
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)
intensity(arbitrary
units)

0

ab

bc

ケ

cb

ba

a

0Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)
10 10
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)

コa a b b c c100100cc bba

Stimulus detection (%)
Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)
Stimulus detection (%)

100
100

c

Stimulus detection (%)

caStimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

Stimulus detection (%)

100 100

0 0 Stimulus intensity (arbitrary units) 10 10
Stimulus intensity (arbitrary units)- 20 -

210

0 0
10 10
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)
Stimulus
intensity(arbitrary
units)a―――このページは白紙―――- 21 -

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（Excerpts from THE GOLDEN BOOK ON WRITING by David Lambuth, et al., copyright ©1963 by
S. Heagan Bayles; Copyright © 1964, renewed 1992 by The Viking Press, Inc. on Introduction.
Used by permission of Viking Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division ofPenguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.より一部改変）

246

247

world, the requirement of nutrients will be 28.8 million tons while the availability will be only
21.6 million tons, creating a shortage of about 7.2 million tones of required nutrients. To feed
the growing population with the deficit amount of available nutrients, the world certainly needs
to flourish agricultural productivity and that too indeed in a sustainable and ecofriendly way.
Considering the hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe
alternative to chemical inputs and minimizes ecological disturbance to a great extent.
Biofertilizers are cost-effective, ecofriendly in nature, and their prolonged use enhances soil
fertility substantially. It was reported that the use of biofertilizers elevate crop yield around 1040 % by increasing contents of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogen fixation.
The benefits of using biofertilizers includes cheap source of nutrients, excellent suppliers of
micro chemicals and micronutrients, suppliers of organic matter, secretion of growth hormones,
and counteracting negative impact of chemical fertilizers. Different microbes are vital
components of soil and they play a crucial role in various biotic activities of the soil ecosystem
which make the soil dynamic for nutrient mobilization and sustainable for crop production.
(4) Plant growth-promoting bacteria includes those bacteria that are free-living, andform specific symbiotic relationship with plants, bacterial endophytes that can colonize atsome portions of plant tissue, and *Cyanobacteria. Although all the bacteria are distinct fromeach other in various ways, they all exhibit the same mechanisms while promoting bacterial
growth. They may promote growth directly by either facilitating resource acquisition or
modifying plant hormone levels and indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of various
pathogenic agents on plant growth and development.
（Adapted from "Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture
development" by Trishna Mahanty et al; Springer Nature. Copyright © 2016,
Springer Nature.より一部改変）*indiscriminate : 無差別*eutrophication : 富栄養化
*phosphates: リン酸塩
*rhizosphere : 根圏（植物の根の分泌物と土壌微生物とによって影響されている土壌空間である）*Cyanobacteria: ラン藻類

- 7-

248

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250

251

[ III ]Our findings show how complex the relationship between maintaining a healthy

weight and brain health is. While our study doesn't show obesity or excess weight to be a directcause of Alzheimer's disease, the findings do suggest that being overweight or obese throughout
a person's lifetime lowers the brain's *resilience to the damaging effects of the disease. This
results in more severe symptoms and faster decline in those who develop Alzheimer's.
Our study also highlights the importance of looking after our weight from an early
age to avoid the negative effects of excess weight on the brain. This is especially important after
middle age, where the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases considerably - andbecause damage to the brain is usually not reversible and accumulates over time.
Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known, we know that a number offactors can increase our risk of developing it - excess weight being one of them. Obesity puts
a severe strain on the * cardiovascular system and damages the brain *vessels' walls.
This in tum results in high levels of *inflammation, *toxicity to brain cells, and lower
metabolism and blood flow in the brain. Our study adds to the large body of evidence thatindicates the damaging effects of obesity on the *vascular system worsen some of themechanisms that cause Alzheimer's disease.
There's still no cure for Alzheimer's disease, which is why it's important to take as
many precautions as possible from an early age to prevent the likelihood of developing it.

（Adapted from "Alzheimer’s disease: obesity may worsen its effects – new research" by Matteo De（出典： "Alzheimer's disea se: obesity may worsen its effects - new resea rch" February 1,
Marco, The Conversation, February 1, 2021. Copyright©2021, The Conversationより一部改変）

2021, THE CONVERSATION より

一

部改変）

*exacerbate: 悪化させる*cognitive impairment: 認知機能障害*dementia: 認知症*body mass index: ボディマス指標 (BMI: 体重と身長から算出される肥満度を表す体

格指数）*waist circumference: 腹囲- 11 -

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（Excerpts from THE GOLDEN BOOK ON WRITING by David Lambuth, et al., copyright ©1963 by
S. Heagan Bayles; Copyright © 1964, renewed 1992 by The Viking Press, Inc. on Introduction.
Used by permission of Viking Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division ofPenguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.より一部改変）

298

299

world, the requirement of nutrients will be 28.8 million tons while the availability will be only
21.6 million tons, creating a shortage of about 7.2 million tones of required nutrients. To feed
the growing population with the deficit amount of available nutrients, the world certainly needs
to flourish agricultural productivity and that too indeed in a sustainable and ecofriendly way.
Considering the hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe
alternative to chemical inputs and minimizes ecological disturbance to a great extent.
Biofertilizers are cost-effective, ecofriendly in nature, and their prolonged use enhances soil
fertility substantially. It was reported that the use of biofertilizers elevate crop yield around 1040 % by increasing contents of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogen fixation.
The benefits of using biofertilizers includes cheap source of nutrients, excellent suppliers of
micro chemicals and micronutrients, suppliers of organic matter, secretion of growth hormones,
and counteracting negative impact of chemical fertilizers. Different microbes are vital
components of soil and they play a crucial role in various biotic activities of the soil ecosystem
which make the soil dynamic for nutrient mobilization and sustainable for crop production.
(4) Plant growth-promoting bacteria includes those bacteria that are free-living, andform specific symbiotic relationship with plants, bacterial endophytes that can colonize atsome portions of plant tissue, and *Cyanobacteria. Although all the bacteria are distinct fromeach other in various ways, they all exhibit the same mechanisms while promoting bacterial
growth. They may promote growth directly by either facilitating resource acquisition or
modifying plant hormone levels and indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of various
pathogenic agents on plant growth and development.
（Adapted from "Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture
development" by Trishna Mahanty et al; Springer Nature. Copyright © 2016,
Springer Nature.より一部改変）*indiscriminate : 無差別*eutrophication : 富栄養化
*phosphates: リン酸塩
*rhizosphere : 根圏（植物の根の分泌物と土壌微生物とによって影響されている土壌空間である）*Cyanobacteria: ラン藻類

- 7-

300

301

302

303

[ III ]Our findings show how complex the relationship between maintaining a healthy

weight and brain health is. While our study doesn't show obesity or excess weight to be a directcause of Alzheimer's disease, the findings do suggest that being overweight or obese throughout
a person's lifetime lowers the brain's *resilience to the damaging effects of the disease. This
results in more severe symptoms and faster decline in those who develop Alzheimer's.
Our study also highlights the importance of looking after our weight from an early
age to avoid the negative effects of excess weight on the brain. This is especially important after
middle age, where the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases considerably - andbecause damage to the brain is usually not reversible and accumulates over time.
Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known, we know that a number offactors can increase our risk of developing it - excess weight being one of them. Obesity puts
a severe strain on the * cardiovascular system and damages the brain *vessels' walls.
This in tum results in high levels of *inflammation, *toxicity to brain cells, and lower
metabolism and blood flow in the brain. Our study adds to the large body of evidence thatindicates the damaging effects of obesity on the *vascular system worsen some of themechanisms that cause Alzheimer's disease.
There's still no cure for Alzheimer's disease, which is why it's important to take as
many precautions as possible from an early age to prevent the likelihood of developing it.

（Adapted from "Alzheimer’s disease: obesity may worsen its effects – new research" by Matteo De（出典： "Alzheimer's disea se: obesity may worsen its effects - new resea rch" February 1,
Marco, The Conversation, February 1, 2021. Copyright©2021, The Conversationより一部改変）

2021, THE CONVERSATION より

一

部改変）

*exacerbate: 悪化させる*cognitive impairment: 認知機能障害*dementia: 認知症*body mass index: ボディマス指標 (BMI: 体重と身長から算出される肥満度を表す体

格指数）*waist circumference: 腹囲- 11 -

304

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庄l
次の英文 (A)·(B) を読み，設問に日本語で答えなさい。

(A)
The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to .mechanize production. The
Second used electric powe_r to create mass production. The Third used electronics and information
technology to automate production. Now a Fourth IndustrialRevolution is building on the Third,
the digital r�volution that has been occurring since the middle of the last cen�ry. It is characterized
by a fusion of technologies that_ remove boundaries between the physical, digital, and biologicalspheres.
There are three reasons why today's transformations represent notmerely a prolongation of
the Third Industrial Revolution but rather the arrival of a F�urth and distinct one: speed, scope,and systems impact. The , speed of current breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When
compared with previous industrial revolutions, the�ourth is evolving at an *exponential rather_
than a linear pace. Moreover, it is causing confusion in almost every industry in every country.
And the breadth and depth of these changes indicate the transformation of e11.tire systems of
production, management, and governance.
The possibilities of pillions of peopie connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented
processing p�wer, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities
will be multiplied,by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence,robotics,

the Intem�t of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology,

biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and *quantum computing.
("The Fourth
Industrial
what it means,
to respond",
Klaus Schwab,
from "The
FourthRevolution:
Industrial Revolution:
whathow
it means,
how to respond"by Klaus（Adapted
一
©2016
World
Economic
Forum.一部改変）
Schwab,World Economic Forum, 14 Jan 2016より 部改変）
注

exponential : 指数関数的にquantum computing: 量子コンピュ ー タ（量子力学的原理を用いて計算を行うコンピュ ー タ）

4

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（Excerpts from THE GOLDEN BOOK ON WRITING by David Lambuth, et al., copyright ©1963 by
S. Heagan Bayles; Copyright © 1964, renewed 1992 by The Viking Press, Inc. on Introduction.
Used by permission of Viking Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division ofPenguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.より一部改変）

357

358

world, the requirement of nutrients will be 28.8 million tons while the availability will be only
21.6 million tons, creating a shortage of about 7.2 million tones of required nutrients. To feed
the growing population with the deficit amount of available nutrients, the world certainly needs
to flourish agricultural productivity and that too indeed in a sustainable and ecofriendly way.
Considering the hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe
alternative to chemical inputs and minimizes ecological disturbance to a great extent.
Biofertilizers are cost-effective, ecofriendly in nature, and their prolonged use enhances soil
fertility substantially. It was reported that the use of biofertilizers elevate crop yield around 1040 % by increasing contents of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogen fixation.
The benefits of using biofertilizers includes cheap source of nutrients, excellent suppliers of
micro chemicals and micronutrients, suppliers of organic matter, secretion of growth hormones,
and counteracting negative impact of chemical fertilizers. Different microbes are vital
components of soil and they play a crucial role in various biotic activities of the soil ecosystem
which make the soil dynamic for nutrient mobilization and sustainable for crop production.
(4) Plant growth-promoting bacteria includes those bacteria that are free-living, andform specific symbiotic relationship with plants, bacterial endophytes that can colonize atsome portions of plant tissue, and *Cyanobacteria. Although all the bacteria are distinct fromeach other in various ways, they all exhibit the same mechanisms while promoting bacterial
growth. They may promote growth directly by either facilitating resource acquisition or
modifying plant hormone levels and indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of various
pathogenic agents on plant growth and development.
（Adapted from "Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture
development" by Trishna Mahanty et al; Springer Nature. Copyright © 2016,
Springer Nature.より一部改変）*indiscriminate : 無差別*eutrophication : 富栄養化
*phosphates: リン酸塩
*rhizosphere : 根圏（植物の根の分泌物と土壌微生物とによって影響されている土壌空間である）*Cyanobacteria: ラン藻類

- 7-

359

360

361

362

[ III ]Our findings show how complex the relationship between maintaining a healthy

weight and brain health is. While our study doesn't show obesity or excess weight to be a directcause of Alzheimer's disease, the findings do suggest that being overweight or obese throughout
a person's lifetime lowers the brain's *resilience to the damaging effects of the disease. This
results in more severe symptoms and faster decline in those who develop Alzheimer's.
Our study also highlights the importance of looking after our weight from an early
age to avoid the negative effects of excess weight on the brain. This is especially important after
middle age, where the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases considerably - andbecause damage to the brain is usually not reversible and accumulates over time.
Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known, we know that a number offactors can increase our risk of developing it - excess weight being one of them. Obesity puts
a severe strain on the * cardiovascular system and damages the brain *vessels' walls.
This in tum results in high levels of *inflammation, *toxicity to brain cells, and lower
metabolism and blood flow in the brain. Our study adds to the large body of evidence thatindicates the damaging effects of obesity on the *vascular system worsen some of themechanisms that cause Alzheimer's disease.
There's still no cure for Alzheimer's disease, which is why it's important to take as
many precautions as possible from an early age to prevent the likelihood of developing it.

（Adapted from "Alzheimer’s disease: obesity may worsen its effects – new research" by Matteo De（出典： "Alzheimer's disea se: obesity may worsen its effects - new resea rch" February 1,
Marco, The Conversation, February 1, 2021. Copyright©2021, The Conversationより一部改変）

2021, THE CONVERSATION より

一

部改変）

*exacerbate: 悪化させる*cognitive impairment: 認知機能障害*dementia: 認知症*body mass index: ボディマス指標 (BMI: 体重と身長から算出される肥満度を表す体

格指数）*waist circumference: 腹囲- 11 -

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次の二つの英文 (1) と(2)は， いずれもレオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ(1452"'-'1519 年）の発明についての説明である． これらを読んで以下の設問に答えなさい． なお解答 に字数の制限がある場合， 句読点， 数字， アルファベット， 記号も1字として数えること．
(1)
In approximately 1495, before he began work on the Last Supper, Leonardo designed andpossibly built the first humanoid robot in Western civilization. The robot, an *outgrowth of his earliest*anatomy and *kinesiology studies recorded in the *Codex Huygens, was designed according to the*Vitruvian canon. This armored robot knight was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head
via a flexible neck while opening and closing its anatomically co汀ectjaw. It may have made sounds
to the *accompaniment of automated drums. On the outside, the robot is dressed in a typical German­
Italian suit of armor of the late fifteenth century. On the inside, it was made of wood with parts ofleather and metal and operated by a system of cables. A) This robot would influence his later
anatomical studies in which he modeled the human limbs with cords to simulate the *tendons andmuscles.
The robot consisted of two independent systems: three-degree-of-freedom legs, ankles, knees,and hips; and four-degree-of-freedom arms with *actuated shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands. The
visor, neck, jaw and possibly the *spine may also have been actuated. The orientation of the arms
indicates it was designed for whole-arm grasping, which means that all thejoints moved in unison. A
mechanical, analog-programmable controller within the chest provided power and control for thearms. To drive the arms, the controller had a cylindrical, grooved cam that triggered *high-torqueworm gears attached to a central *pulley. A central shaft, perhaps *splined, provided power while still
permitting the robot to stand and sit. The legs were powered by an external *crank arrangement
driving the cable, which was connected to key locations in the ankle, knee, and hip.
(Copyright©1996 Giunti Editore S.p.A, Firenze-Milano www.guinti.it 一部改変）(Paolo Galuzzi, Mechanical Ma虚els: Invention in the Age ofLeonardo, Florence, Giunti, 1996, p.
254. 一部改変）
注
outgrowth: 自然の結果， 副産物
anatomy: 解剖学
kinesiology: 運動科学
Codex Huygens: ホイヘンス手稿． レオナルドの手稿を手本とした同時代の別人による手稿集であるが， レオナルドの手稿には失われたものも多いため， それらの重要な手がかりとなっている
Vitruvian canon: 古代ロ ー マの建築家ウィトルウィウスの著書『建築十書』で述べられている建築の規則accompaniment : 付随物
tendon: 腱
1
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so heavy. From then on, he abandoned the concept of flying machines with beating wings and devoted
himself to another, far more realistic possibility: that of glider-like "sail flight". While this new
attempt failed to produce concrete results, it led Leonardo to productive investigations into themechanics of bird flight, the nature of air, and the formation and role of winds and air currents. Thesestudies occupied much of Leonardo's time between 1500 and 1514. In them, the *analogy between
air and water, swimming and flying, fish and birds became increasingly important: "Write ofswimming underwater and you will have the flight of birds through the air."（Copyright©1996 Giunti Editore S.p.A, Firenze-Milano www.guinti.it 一部改変）(Paolo Galuzzi, Mechanical Marvels: Invention in the Age ofLeonardo, Florence, Giunti, 1996, pp.
68-69. 一部改変）

注
Milanese period: レオナルドがミラノに初めて滞在していた1482 --- 99年の時
Leonardo's first代

Ms.B:Ms. はManuscriptの略語． パリ学士院所蔵のレオナルドの手稿はAからMまであり， ここではそのうちのB手稿を指す
Atlanticus : アトランティコ手稿． レオナルドの手稿集のひとつ
Codex
Raffaele Giacomelli : ラファエ ーレ ・ ジャコメッリ(1878"'-'1956年）． イタリアの航空エンジ
ニア
full-fledged : 全体が羽根で覆われた
intriguing : 興味をそそる， 魅力的な
Ducal Palace : ミラノ公爵の宮殿
subsequently : その後， 続いてwineskin : ワインを入れるための防水性の革袋
rewind : 巻き戻す
transmit : 伝えるabsorber : 吸収装置
feverishly : 興奮して， あわてふためいて
insuperable : 克服できない
analogy : 類似

3

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（Excerpts from THE GOLDEN BOOK ON WRITING by David Lambuth, et al., copyright ©1963 by
S. Heagan Bayles; Copyright © 1964, renewed 1992 by The Viking Press, Inc. on Introduction.
Used by permission of Viking Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division ofPenguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.より一部改変）

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world, the requirement of nutrients will be 28.8 million tons while the availability will be only
21.6 million tons, creating a shortage of about 7.2 million tones of required nutrients. To feed
the growing population with the deficit amount of available nutrients, the world certainly needs
to flourish agricultural productivity and that too indeed in a sustainable and ecofriendly way.
Considering the hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe
alternative to chemical inputs and minimizes ecological disturbance to a great extent.
Biofertilizers are cost-effective, ecofriendly in nature, and their prolonged use enhances soil
fertility substantially. It was reported that the use of biofertilizers elevate crop yield around 1040 % by increasing contents of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogen fixation.
The benefits of using biofertilizers includes cheap source of nutrients, excellent suppliers of
micro chemicals and micronutrients, suppliers of organic matter, secretion of growth hormones,
and counteracting negative impact of chemical fertilizers. Different microbes are vital
components of soil and they play a crucial role in various biotic activities of the soil ecosystem
which make the soil dynamic for nutrient mobilization and sustainable for crop production.
(4) Plant growth-promoting bacteria includes those bacteria that are free-living, andform specific symbiotic relationship with plants, bacterial endophytes that can colonize atsome portions of plant tissue, and *Cyanobacteria. Although all the bacteria are distinct fromeach other in various ways, they all exhibit the same mechanisms while promoting bacterial
growth. They may promote growth directly by either facilitating resource acquisition or
modifying plant hormone levels and indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of various
pathogenic agents on plant growth and development.
（Adapted from "Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture
development" by Trishna Mahanty et al; Springer Nature. Copyright © 2016,
Springer Nature.より一部改変）*indiscriminate : 無差別*eutrophication : 富栄養化
*phosphates: リン酸塩
*rhizosphere : 根圏（植物の根の分泌物と土壌微生物とによって影響されている土壌空間である）*Cyanobacteria: ラン藻類

- 7-

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[ III ]Our findings show how complex the relationship between maintaining a healthy

weight and brain health is. While our study doesn't show obesity or excess weight to be a directcause of Alzheimer's disease, the findings do suggest that being overweight or obese throughout
a person's lifetime lowers the brain's *resilience to the damaging effects of the disease. This
results in more severe symptoms and faster decline in those who develop Alzheimer's.
Our study also highlights the importance of looking after our weight from an early
age to avoid the negative effects of excess weight on the brain. This is especially important after
middle age, where the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases considerably - andbecause damage to the brain is usually not reversible and accumulates over time.
Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known, we know that a number offactors can increase our risk of developing it - excess weight being one of them. Obesity puts
a severe strain on the * cardiovascular system and damages the brain *vessels' walls.
This in tum results in high levels of *inflammation, *toxicity to brain cells, and lower
metabolism and blood flow in the brain. Our study adds to the large body of evidence thatindicates the damaging effects of obesity on the *vascular system worsen some of themechanisms that cause Alzheimer's disease.
There's still no cure for Alzheimer's disease, which is why it's important to take as
many precautions as possible from an early age to prevent the likelihood of developing it.

（Adapted from "Alzheimer’s disease: obesity may worsen its effects – new research" by Matteo De（出典： "Alzheimer's disea se: obesity may worsen its effects - new resea rch" February 1,
Marco, The Conversation, February 1, 2021. Copyright©2021, The Conversationより一部改変）

2021, THE CONVERSATION より

一

部改変）

*exacerbate: 悪化させる*cognitive impairment: 認知機能障害*dementia: 認知症*body mass index: ボディマス指標 (BMI: 体重と身長から算出される肥満度を表す体

格指数）*waist circumference: 腹囲- 11 -

438439

令和４年度東北大学農学部

ＡＯ入試（総合型選抜）Ⅱ期

小 作 文
試験期日 令和 3 年 11 月 20 日（土）試験時間 9:00～9:30

注意
１ 問題冊子及び解答用紙は指示があるまで開かないこと。
２ 問題冊子は１ページからなっている。試験開始後，直ちに確認すること。
３ ページの落丁・乱丁及び印刷不鮮明の箇所等に気づいた場合には，監督者に申し出ること。
４ 解答用紙には，忘れずに受験記号番号及び氏名を記入すること。
解答用紙の裏面には，何も記入しないこと。
５ 問題冊子は，試験終了後に持ち帰ること。

440

令和４年度東北大学農学部

ＡＯ入試（総合型選抜）Ⅱ期

小作文問題

近年の地球温暖化の影響は，農林水産業にも大きな影響を及ぼしています。
問題となる影響の具体的な事例を１つ挙げて説明し，その対策について，あなたの考えを述べてください。
（８００字程度）

1441

令和４年度東北大学農学部

ＡＯ入試（総合型選抜）Ⅲ期

小 作 文（午 前）
試験期日 令和 4 年 2 月 12 日（土）試験時間 9:30～10:00

注意
１ 問題冊子及び解答用紙は指示があるまで開かないこと。
２ 問題冊子は１ページからなっている。試験開始後，直ちに確認すること。
３ ページの落丁・乱丁及び印刷不鮮明の箇所等に気づいた場合には，監督者に申し出ること。
４ 解答用紙には，忘れずに受験記号番号及び氏名を記入すること。
解答用紙の裏面には，何も記入しないこと。
５ 問題冊子，草案紙は，試験終了後に持ち帰ること。

442

次の課題について３０分以内に８００字程度で記述してください。
課

題
カーボンニュートラルを目指す動きは、世界的に進んでいます。農学が貢献できるカーボンニュートラルについて、あなたの考えを記述してください。
※カーボンニュートラル：温室効果ガスの排出を実質ゼロにすること。

1443令和４年度東北大学農学部

ＡＯ入試（総合型選抜）Ⅲ期

小 作 文（午 後）
試験期日 令和 4 年 2 月 12 日（土）試験時間 13:30～14:00

注意
１ 問題冊子及び解答用紙は指示があるまで開かないこと。
２ 問題冊子は１ページからなっている。試験開始後，直ちに確認すること。
３ ページの落丁・乱丁及び印刷不鮮明の箇所等に気づいた場合には，監督者に申し出ること。
４ 解答用紙には，忘れずに受験記号番号及び氏名を記入すること。
解答用紙の裏面には，何も記入しないこと。
５ 問題冊子，草案紙は，試験終了後に持ち帰ること。

444

次の課題について３０分以内に８００字程度で記述してください。
課

題
食料問題は、農学の中心的課題です。増加する人口をまかなう食料問題において、遺伝子操作技術に何が期待されるか、またその技術の活用における課題
は何か、あなたの考えを述べてください。

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