マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】Bumiputera Policy:Economic Development and Its Dilemma in Multi-Ethnic MalaysiaONOZAWA Jun（Takushoku University）Reducing the enduring economic inequality among ethnic groups has been primaryagenda of Malaysia’s ‘Bumiputera policy’. However, the government’s New Economic Modelsuggests to double per capita income by 2020 by reforming the ethnicity-based Bumiputerapolicy to a policy on the basis of economic need. This paper reviews Malaysia’s Bumiputerapolicy, in particular it’s effect on economic and social developments since Merdeka.
Malaysia has implemented some form of affirmative action or the Bumiputera policy,since the mid-1940s, even before Merdeka. Origins of Bumiputera policy can be traced back toDato Onn bin Ja’afar’s efforts to establish the Rural Industrial Development Authority (RIDA)in 1950	  under the British colonial government. Article 153 of the Constitution of theFederation of Malaya has been the legal foundation of the Bumiputera policy. Actualimplementation plans of the Bumiputera policy occurred under the New Economic Policy in1971 and Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020) after 1991.
These affirmative action programmes have worked well and have reduced inequalitiesto a significant extent; however, they also have contributed to pervasive rent seeking behaviour.
For example, some Bumiputera who benefitted from the 30% corporate equity rule sold theirreserved allotments and reaped windfall capital gains.
Further, to achieve the goal of increasing national income by 2020, the Bumiputerapolicy initiatives must aim at strenghthening and nurturing entrepreneurship enhancingcollaboration between Bumiputera and GLCs and promoting greater Bumiputera representationin high paying jobs. Creation of a middle class group, composed primarily of Bumiputera, alsowill eventually shift the emphasis of economic policy from ethnicity to social class.

173マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】The Establishment of Nanyang Universityand the Chinese Community in SingaporeTAMURA Keiko T.
（The University of Kitakyushu）Nanyang University (the University's alumni and the Chinese community call it Nantahwith affection) was a university in Singapore from 1956 to 1980. During its existence, it wasthe only Chinese language post-secondary institution outside of China in the world. In 1980,Nantah was merged with University of Singapore to form the present National University ofSingapore.
The idea of a Chinese university in Singapore to provide higher education to Chineseyoung people in Southeast Asia was first mooted by Tan Lark Sye, then chairman of theSingapore Hokkien Association in 1953 when Singapore was still under the British colonialrule. A huge fund was set up for this purpose, drawing donations not only from successfulChinese business people but also from Chinese people of all walks of life in Southeast Asiaespecially Singapore and Malaya. The Singapore Hokkien Association donated 500 acres in thewestern Jurong area.
But Nantah was not blessed by the authority. The British colonial government wanted to“Malayanize” various immigrant communities such as Chinese, Malays, Indians and others bypromoting a single education system based on English medium of instruction and to create anew “Malayan consciousness.” And the authority feared that Nantah could become an innercitadel of the local communists who had excited about news from People’s Republic of China.
On the other hand, the founders of Nantah led by Tan hoped to establish a plural society whereeach community could keep their language, culture and identity at the same time they regardedMalaya and Singapore as their homeland where their children could build their future in. Theyhoped Nantah to be a bastion of Chinese education and culture while University of Malayaestablished by the British in 1949 could develop as a bastion of English education and culture.
This paper describes how Nantah was established against this adverse wind and how theBritish authority, neighboring Federation of Malaya and Singapore’s political leaders reactedto the fever of the Chinese community to found their university.

174	  マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】Natural Disaster, Men and Animals among the Penan:Beyond "Thunder Complex"OKUNO Katsumi（J. F. Oberlin University）This paper aims to examine the meaning of natural disaster shared among the Penan ofthe Belaga in relation to “thunder complex”. The Penan of Sarawak, whose population isapproximately 15,000, are divided into Eastern Penan and Western Penan.

Some 500 WesternPenan are living along the upper reaches of the Belaga River. The Penan of the Belaga,formerly hunter-and-gatherers, nowadays still heavily depend on hunting in the tropicalrainforest for their living. In this particular community, nature is thought to be spontaneouslygrowing and self-ruled (merip petiken).
First, how the Penan challenge natural disaster is discussed. The Penan are muchafraid of meteorological catastrophes, which are the only and the most feared natural disastersfor them. Usually in the afternoon, the sky turns dark, and then they have strong storms,lightning strikes, heavy rainfalls and flooding. Whenever they feel the meteorological change,someone start invocating migah langit phrases towards the sky, in order to calm the power ofnature. The uncontrollable power is mostly represented as the Thunder God's rage. The onlything they can do is to attempt to reduce the natural power of the Thunder God ritually.
Second, what lies behind such Penan practical challenge is explored. Penan have acertain mode of thought behind those ritual performances. The so-called “thunder complex” isan idea that certain behaviors of human beings, notably behaviors considered offensive toanimals, will result in meteorological catastrophe. Lightning strikes, storms, heavy rain, floodand petrification are generally regarded as being caused by human mistreatment ofanimals(“penyalah”). Therefore, Penan have certain rules such as “don’t play with animals,”“one should butcher, cook and eat the meat quickly after hunting animals.”Third, how we understand such Penan cultural institution in relation to natural disasteris examined. The Penan version of the "thunder complex" can be hypothetically understood astheir efforts to prevent human dominance over animals. Penan hunters empirically realizehuman dominance over animals every time they hunt game animals in the forest. This is aprimordial experience of Penan hunters. Penan are unconsciously afraid of human dominanceover animals, because it denies the basic idea of nature in Penan society. They seem to try tosustain an impartial between men and animals.

175マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】The Change of the Malaysian Media Environmentduring the Abdullah AdministrationIGA Tsukasa（Kobe University）This article discusses the change of the media environment surrounding the Malaysianmainstream media during the Abdullah administration. Malaysian mainstream media have beentightly controlled by the government since the Mahathir administration. This article, firstlyreviews the Malaysian media environment during the Mahathir administration in terms of fourfactors which regulate the media; media regulation laws, the media industry, norm of thejournalists, and the Internet as a new architecture. The article then examines the change of themedia environment during the Abdullah administration. The government under the Abdullahadministration maintained the control of the mainstream media by law and company’sownership. However, increased competition in the media market and the emergence of theInternet media as a new competitor changed the economic base of mainstream media. Themainstream media now confronts a dilemma between the media control by the state and fiercecompetition in the market.

176	  マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】A Research Note on the Shop Styles and Branching of Commercial andIslamic Banks in Penang IslandFUKUSHIMA Yasuhiro（Tokyo University of Foreign Studies）This article aims to clarify the shop styles and branching of commercial and Islamicbanks, which are private companies in Penang Island, Malaysia, as of September 2010. For thispurpose, in Chapter I, the author analyzes the situation of the banking industry in Malaysia andthe positioning of Penang Island from the perspective of the banking industry. In Chapter II,the author categorizes shop styles and branching of commercial banks and Islamic banks.
Subsequently, in Chapter III, basing an argument on the above research, the author argues twotopics of banking in Penang Island: (1) the characteristics of and causes for the maldistributionof bank branches, and (2) the relationship between shop styles and branching.
The author claims the characteristics of the shop styles and branching of both kinds ofbanks as follows. First, shop styles, or the buildings occupied by bank branches, are dividedinto four types: own building, bungalow house, tenant of a shopping mall, and shophouse. Thenumber of bank branches that are established as tenant of a shopping mall and shophouse typesare approximately thrice the number of branches that are established as own building andbungalow house types. This indicates that banks prefer to place their branches in denselyinhabited areas and in spaces in or around popular shopping malls.
Second, Penang Island has high productivity that the number of bank branches andpopulation density are higher than other states and federal territories. The bank branches inPenang Island are unevenly distributed. This maldistribution can be categorized into two types:the concentration of branches located in or around densely inhabited districts, and theinterspersion along highways. The author points out that when banks select proposed sites tolocate their braches, banks adopt three criteria; (1) number of population, (2) existence ofshopping malls which can attract many customers and (3) proximity to arterial roads. As theresult of this, the maldistribution of bank branches exists in Penang Island. In other words, themaldistribution of bank branches is affected by the uneven distribution of shopping malls, andhighways in Penang Island.

177マレーシア研究	  第１号（2012 年）【Summary】An Empirical Study on Poverty Alleviation among Fishermen in MalaysiaTSUJI Syuji（Ph.D candidate, University of Malaya）Fishermen have been one of the main targets of poverty alleviation programmes of theMalaysian government since independence. For uplifting the economic status of the Malays,the government has paid special attention to poverty among small-scale coastal fishermen andallocated significant amount of budget, which was disproportional with economic importance.
In addition, it has subsidised boat purchase and offered vocational training programmes,premising that increasing the number of boats owned by fishermen and improving labourproductivity will eventually reduce poverty. The premise is based on the observation inparticular villages or interviews with small number of fishermen. However, few studies haveattempted to verify this hypothesis quantitatively because of lack of statistics suitable for thispurpose. Thus far, the only available data are the ‘socio–economic survey of fishermen’, whichwas conducted by the Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia in 1995. The surveycovers more than 40, 000 samples drawn from the entire peninsular Malaysia and the Sarawakstate.
Using the above data, this study performed a multiple regression analysis. It translatedthe aforementioned hypothesis into a linear model with three independent variables (ratio ofboat ownership, ratio of fishermen with more than five years of experience and ratio ofdropouts from primary education) and testified their correlations with the ratio of povertyhouseholds. The model successfully accounted for the ratio of poverty households amongtraditional fishermen (R-square > 0.9, F-test was significant at the 1% level), whereas thecorrelation with poverty among commercial fishermen was rejected (R-square < 0.25, F-testwas insignificant). The single regression analysis (ratio of boat ownership) and multipleregression analysis with two independent variables (ratio of fishermen with more than fiveyears experience and ratio of dropouts from elementary education) presented the same result.
Both analyses significantly account for poverty of traditional fishermen (R-square > 0.7, F-testwas significant at the 1% level); however, neither accounts for the poverty of commercialfishermen (R-square < 0.25, F-test was insignificant).
The analyses results are as follows. First, the hypotheses are only applicable totraditional fishermen because these hypotheses were originally based on studies of small-scalecoastal fisheries. Second, subsidies for fishing boat purchase are a viable option only forpoverty alleviation of traditional fishermen. A commercial fishing boat is expensive; therefore,subsidies are an unrealistic avenue for increasing the economic status of commercial fishermen.
Third, commercialization of fisheries can ironically deprive fishermen of opportunities tomove socially upwards, because it reduces the leverage of assistance programmes offered bythe government.
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