䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖Comments̒ਕ͹ड़ਫ਼ं͹ๅࠄͶͯ͏ͱ͹αϟϱφ
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ͳ͏͓Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ͟ྈ਎͗੠ࢢχψʖ͹ঁ͜ΝईΕΖͳ݀Όͱɼࠕೖౌஅ͠Ηͪ  ਕͺɼχψʖͺਫ਼ΉΗͪࣙ෾ͪͬͶͳͮͱ΍ɼͳͱ΍୉͘͵қັ͍͗Ζͳ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽͲ΍ ਕ͗ևɼಋͣ‫ݩܨ‬Ν͢ͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɼ ਕ͗ʹ͑͏͑౔ྙΝ͢ͱ͖ͪ͘ɼΉͪ੏ౕΝร͓ͪ͏ͳ‫س‬๮͢ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳΏɼ੏ౕΝร͓ͱɼ॑གྷ͵ଚࡑͲ͍ΖχψʖͶՁͳ͖Πέιηͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑‫ͬ࣍ـ‬Ν࣍ͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑࿫Νࢗ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ ਕ͹և͠Ξͺɼ͍ΖқັͲ͹੊ֆસର͹φϪϱχͲͤɽև͠Ξɼχψʖ͹৚ๅͶΠέιηΝ
ͪ͢͏ɼՆ೵Ͳ͍Ηͻճ͏ͪ͏ͳ͏ͮͱ͏Ήͪ͗͢ɼ͞Ηͺ੊ֆద͵φϪϱχ͵͹Ͳͤɽࠕɼ੊
ֆ஦͹ଡ͚͹ड़ਫ਼ं͗ '1$ ‫ࠬݗ‬Ν͢ͱՁͳ͖χψʖΝ୵ͨ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽ'1$ ‫Ͳͫࠬ͜ݗ‬ͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽྭ͓ͻɼλʖεϡϩϟυΡΠΏ :(% γ΢φ͵ʹ΍࢘ͮͱ͏Ήͤ͢ɼ͠Ή͡Ή͵ήϩʖϕཱི͗ͬ৏͗ͮͱɼՁͳ͖ਫ਼෼ָద͵਎Ν୵ͨ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζਕ͗ଁ͓ͱ͏Ήͤɽ੊ֆ஦Ͳ Ν௔͓Ζࠅʓ͗ɼχψʖͺಙ໌Ͳ͍ͮͱͺ͵Δ͵͏ͳ͏ཱི͑๑ી஖Ν࣍ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ Ν௔͓ΖࠅͲɼࢢʹ΍Ͷχψʖ৚ๅΝ఑‫͜͵͢ڛ‬Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͖͢
102䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁ᅜ㝿䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠎䠌䠎䠍ᖺ䠔᭶䠎䠕᪥䠄᪥䠅㛤ദฟ⮬䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛 Why Is The Right to Know Important?
ᥦ౪⢭Ꮚ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯ே䛯䛱䛾⤒㦂䛸ᛮ䛔 The Experiences and Thoughts of Donor-Conceived People͢ɼೖຌͺ͞͹  ͹ࠅͶ‫؜‬ΉΗͱ͏ΉͦΞɽຌೖ͹΢ϗϱφΝ͖ͮ͘͜ͶɼՁͳ͖ೖຌͲ΍χψʖ͹৚ๅͶΠέιη͗Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζ๏޴Ͷ਒ΞͲཋ͢͏ɼ͞Η͗͞͹΢ϗϱφ͹໪దͲͤɽࠕɼըʓ͹े΋੊ֆͺҐ઴ͳͺ୉͚͘รΚͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ͖ͯͱͺɼ੊ֆ஦ʹ͞Ͳ΍ɼ੠ࢢΏཝࢢ͹఑‫ڛ‬Νणͪ͜͞ͳͺඁືͶ͢ͱ͏ͱɼχψʖͺ͏ͯ΍ಙ໌ͳ͠Ηͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ̑೧઴Ͷ  େ͹ঃ੓͖Δ࿊ཙ͗͘Ήͪ͢ɽ͞͹ঃ੓ͺ  ࡂͶ͵ͮͱ͖Δ͟ྈ਎͗੠ࢢ఑‫ڛ‬Νण͜ͱ͏ͪͳ͏͑͞ͳΝஎͮͪͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͪ͢ɽͨΗͲɼͨ͹ঃ੓ͺ '1$ ‫Ͳࠬݗ‬φϪʖεϱήɼͯΉΕ݄ԓΝ௧੽͢ͱɼͨ͹݃ՎɼχψʖͺͤͲͶ๤͚͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳ͗෾͖ΕΉͪ͢ɽ͖͢͢ɼͨ͹χψʖͶͺ್ਕ͹ଋࢢͳ΍͑Ҳਕɼ໊͗͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍எΕΉͪ͢ɽͨ͹ঃ੓ͺɼ൶Δ͗୯͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍෾͖ͮͱ͏Ζ͹ͲɼՁͳ͖൶Δͳճ͓ΖΓ͑ΠϪϱζ͢ͱ͚Η͵͏͖ͳɼࢴͶ‫͘ͱͮݶ‬Ήͪ͢ɽͨΗͺ‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͏Ζͤ΄ͱ͹ਕͪͬͶͳͮͱ؈ୱ͵͞ͳͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽͲ΍࠹शదͶͺɼ͑Ή͚͏͘Ήͪ͢ɽͨ͹݃Վɼҡ෗฾͘Β͑ͫ͏ͳͳͱ΍͏͏‫Ͳ͗ܐؖ‬͘ͱ͏Ήͤɽ ࡂͶ͵ͮͱ΍ɼࣙ෾͗ਫ਼ΉΗΖ͹Νঁͪ͜χψʖΝ୵ͨ͑ͳͤΖਕ΍͏Ήͤɽࣙ෾ͪͬ͗
ਕؔͳ͢ͱਫ਼ΉΗΖ͞ͳͶ‫ؖ‬ΚͮͪਕΝ୵ͨ͑ͳͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽࠕೖɼਅ͢৏ͪ͝͏͹ͺकͶ್ͯ͹٠࿨Ͷͯ͏ͱͲͤɽ್ͯ͹қ‫͍͗ݡ‬ΕΉ͢ͱɼͨ΍ͨ΍ඁಙͤΖ΄͘Ͳ͍ΖɼஎΔΗΖ΄͘Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑ߡ͓๏͍͗ΕΉͤɽΉͪɼχψʖͳਫ਼ΉΗͪਕͺΉ͚ͮͪંৰͤΖ΄͘Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑ߡ͓΍͍ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗΔͶͯ͏ͱઈ໎ͪ͢৏Ͳɼࢴͺ͞Ηͳͺพ͹ߡ͓Νफ़΄Γ͑ͳࢧͮͱ͏ΉͤɽΉͥɼ࠹ॵͶ఑‫ڛ‬Νणͪ͜ՊଔΝगΖͪΌͶχψʖͺಙ໌Ͳ͍Ζ΄͘Ͳ͍Ζͳ͏͑٠࿨͍͗ΕΉͤɽͯΉΕɼχψʖͺ‫ڶ‬ҘͲ͍ΕɼஎΔΗ͵͏Ά͑͗҈સͲ͍Εɼχψʖ৚ๅ͗෾͖ͮͱ͢Ή͑ͳɼՊଔ‫ڧ؂‬Νଝ͵͑͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑ߡ͓๏Ͳͤɽүͱ͹ྈ਎ͳࢢʹ΍ͳ͏͑Պଔ͹‫ڧ‬ֆΝगͮͱ͕ͪ͘͏ͳ͏͑͹Ͳͤɽχψʖ͹ଚࡑ͗නͶड़ͱ͚Ηͻɼ΍ͺΏՊଔͶղ೘ͤΖ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͢Ή͏ΉͤɽΉͫɼՊଔΝ‫ܙ‬੔஦͹ਫ਼ΉΗͪࢢʹ΍͗ঘ͠͏͑ͬͺͨ͑ͪ͢қ‫͖͏ک͗ݡ‬΍͢ΗΉͦΞɼͳ͞Θ͗ɼࠕͺ੔ਕɼ୉ਕ͹࿫Ν͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽਫ਼ΉΗͪࢢʹ΍ͺ΍͑ࢢʹ΍Ͳͺ͵͚ɼՊଔ͗‫ܙ‬੔͠Ηͪ‫ޛ‬͹࿫Νɼࠕɼ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽࢴ͗ωϣʖζʖϧϱχͲ‫ؖ‬Κͮͪ‫ڂݜ‬͹࿫Ν͢Ή͢Β͑ɽүͱ͹਎ͺɼͨ΍ͨ΍͞ΗΝඁືͶ͢ͱ͕͏ͪΆ͑͗͏͏ɼఽ͓͵͏Ά͑͗͏͏ɼχψʖ͵Ξͱଚࡑ͢͵͏΀ΕΝͪ͢Ά͑͗͏͏ͳ
‫ݶ‬ΚΗͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽࠕೖ͹  ໌͹๏ͪͬ΍ևɼಋͣΓ͑͵࿫Ν͠Ηͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽͳ͞Θ͗ਫ਼ΉΗͪਕ͗೧ྺ͗߶͚͵ͮͱ͏͚ͳՁ͖ͫ਎Ͷҩ࿪‫״‬Ν࣍ͯΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζ͹ͲͤɽΉͪɼ౲ࣆं͗ҩ࿪‫״‬Ν࣍ͯ஦Ͳ਎͹Ά͑΍ೲΊ࢟ΌͪΕɼඁືͶ͢ͱ͕͚΄͖͘ʹ͖͑Νߡ͓ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ΕΉͤɽಝͶɼࢢʹ΍͗ʰࢴͺʹ͑Ώͮͱਫ਼ΉΗͱͪ͘͹ʱͳ࣯໲ͤΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζͳɼ਎ͺ͑ͨΝ͚ͯͪ͘͵͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹৏Ͳɼʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ఑‫ڛ‬੠ࢢͲਫ਼ΉΗͪ͞͹Պଔ͹ྼ࢛Νࢢʹ΍Ͷఽ͓Ζ΄͖͘ͳ૮஌Ͷ͚Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ‫ັڷ‬਄͏͞ͳͶɼ਎‫͠ޜ‬Ξ͖Δɼࢢʹ΍Ͷʹ͑ΏͮͱࠄஎͤΗͻ͏͏͹͖ͳɼࢢʹ΍ͪͬͺ఑‫ڛ‬੠ࢢͲਫ਼ΉΗͪΞͫͳɼʹ͹Γ͑Ͷఽ͓Ηͻ͏͏͹Ͳ͖ͤͳ͏͑૮஌ΝΓ͚ण͜Ήͤɽҩ͑‫ݶ‬͏๏ΝͤΗͻɼࢢʹ΍Ͷଲ͢ͱɼՊଔ‫ܙ‬੔͹ྼ࢛Νʹ͑ఽ͓ͪΔ͏͏͹͖ͳɼ‫͓׷͏ݶ‬Ζ͞ͳ͗
103䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖CommentsͲ͘Ήͤɽࢴͺ൶ΔͶ͑͞౶͓Ήͤɽ͞ΗͺϓΟϝϨʖͳ͢ͱ͹࿫͵͹Ͳͤɽࢢʹ΍Ͷ঱఼Ν౲ͱͱ࿫ΝͤΖͳɼࢢʹ΍Ν૆֐͢ͱ͢Ή͑Ն೵੓͍͗ΕΉͤɽͯΉΕࢢʹ΍͗ࣙ෾ͫ͜ҩ͑ͳ‫״‬ͣͱ͢Ή͖͑΍͢Η͵͏ɽ͵͹ͲɼՊଔ͗ଠ͹ՊଔͳͺͬΒͮͳҩ͑͹Ͳ͍ͮͱɼࢢʹ΍ͫ͗͜ҩ͑Κ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ɼՊଔͳ͢ͱಝพ͵ྼ࢛͍͗Ζͳ࿫͢͵͠͏ͳΠχώ΢η͢Ήͤɽχψʖ৚ๅ͗ಚΔΗ͵͏ͳ͢ͱ΍ɼՊଔͺʹ͹Γ͑͵գఖͲͲͪ͘͹͖ɼͨΗΝӇ͢ͱ͕͚ͳ‫ٱ‬ͶՊଔ͹‫ؖ‬‫͗ܐ‬ଝ͵ΚΗΖͳ͏͏ΉͤɽՊଔͶඁື͍͗Ζ͞ͳ͗Պଔ‫ܐؖ‬Νଝ͵͑͹Ͳɼχψʖ͹ଚࡑͺඁືͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞͳ࿫͢Ήͤɽࢴ΍͚ͪ͠Ξ͹‫ڂݜ‬Ν͢ͱ͘Ήͪ͗͢ɼͨ͹݃ՎɼՊଔͶඁື͗
͍ΖͳɼՊଔ΍ඉ৙ͶͯΔ͏͢ɼΓΘ͚͢͵͏য়‫ڱ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͢Ή͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽࠕೖ͹  ਕ͹և͠Ξ΍ͨ͑͏͑͞ͳΝ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ΍͢ɼՊଔ͗ʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ‫ܙ‬੔͠Ηͪ͹͖ɼͨΗΝӇ͢ͱ͕͚͹Ͳ͍ΗͻɼͨΗͺͤ͵ΚͬɼͨΗΝ஑͖͚ͥ͢ࢧͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽࣙ෾͗೴ಚ͢ͱ͏͵͏΍͹ɼ΍͚͢ͺɼ஑͖ͥ͢͏
ͳࢧ͑΍͹ɼ‫ޛ‬ΘΌͪ͏΍͹ΝӇͨ͑ͳ͢Ήͤɽ΍ͬΘΞɼҫࢥ͗ඁືͶ͢ͱ͕͘͵͠͏ͳঁ‫ݶ‬Νͪ͢Κ͜ͲͤɽϪεϒΦϱφͲ͍Ζ਎ͪͬͶͨ͑‫ͪͮݶ‬͹ͺҫࢥͲͤɽࢴͺɼ ࡂ͖Δ  ࡂΉͲ͹੔ਕ  ਕΝଲেͳͤΖ‫ڂݜ‬Ͷ‫ؖ‬Κͮͪ͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨ͹݃ՎΝࠕೖͺև͠ΞͶ΍়ղͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ೧ྺ෱ͺ͖͵Ε͍Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɼ ਕͺҡ͵Ζ݃࿨Νड़͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽͨΗͺχψʖ͹ଚࡑ͹ͪΌͶՊଔ͗ՁΔ͖͹‫Ͳܙ‬इຒ͠ΗͪΕউͯ͜ΔΗͪΕͤΖͳ͏͑͞͹֕೨Ͷҡ٠Ν঑͓ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ൶Δ͗‫ͳͪͮ͞ݶ‬ͺɼࣙ෾͹Π΢υϱτΡ
τΡΝߡ͓Ζͳ͘ɼ͞ΗͺՊଔ‫ܐؖ‬ͶΓͮͱӪ‫ڻ‬Νण͜Ζͳ͏͏Ήͤɽ‫͓׷͏ݶ‬Ηͻɼਕ͹Π΢υϱτΡτΡͺՊଔ‫ܐؖ‬͹Ӫ‫ڻ‬Νण͜ɼՊଔ͹ྼ࢛Νཀྵմͪ͢͏͹Ͳ͍ΗͻɼՊଔ͹ؔͲ͹αϝϣωίʖεϥϱ͗୉͚͘Ӫ‫͢ڻ‬Ήͤɽ୯͗ࢴ͹Պଔ͵͹ͫΘ͑ͳߡ͓ͪͳ͘ɼʹΗͫ͜Պଔͳͯ
͵͗Ε͍͗Ζ͹͖ɼΉ݄ͪԓ͍͗Ζ͖͵͏͖͗Ӫ‫ͤڻ‬Ζͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͤɽࢴͺɼχψʖͳ͹ંৰͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬΍࣎େͺรΚͮͱ͘ͱ͏Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʹ͑࣎େ͗รΚͮͱ͏
Ζ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɼΓΕ઴޴͘Ͷɼ೵ಊదͶΨʖϕϱͶ͢ͱ͏͑͞ͳ͏͑࣎େͶรΚͮͱ͘ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͓Ήͤɽࢴͪͬͺ੷‫ۅ‬దͶΨʖϕϱͶͤΖ͞ͳΝͤͤΌͱ͏ΉͤɽͲ΍਎͗೴ಚ͢ͱՊଔ͹ྼ࢛ͳ৚ๅΝ‫͘Ͳ༙ڠ‬Ζ༽қʤְ‫ޝ‬ʥ͗͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ਎͗Պଔ͹ฉҕ‫ـ‬Ν͚ͯΕΉͤɽͲ΍ɼͨ͹਎ͪͬͶӪ‫ڻ‬Ν‫͏ͱ͢·ٶ‬Ζ͹ͺऀճ͹ฉҕ‫͖ͳـ‬ɼ઒໵৮ɼҫࢥ͵ʹͲɼͨΗ΍ߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽҲ෨͹ਕͪͬͺࠕ΍ՊଔΝगΔ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ɼਫ਼ΉΗਕͪͬ͗ड़ࣙΝ
எΖ͞ͳ΍ɼχψʖΝஎΖ͞ͳ΍චགྷͺ͵͚ɼχψʖͳંৰͤΖචགྷͺ͵͏ͳ͏͏ΉͤɽͲ΍ࢴͪͬ͗൶ΔΝร͓ͱ͏͖͵͏ͳ͏͜ΉͦΞɽͨ͞Ͳɼࢴ͖Δև͠ΞͶ࣯໲Νͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ΍͢և͠Ξ͗Ҫఽ͹ൔ෾͹৚ๅΝஎΔ͵͖ͮͪ৖߻Ͷɼև͠Ξͺͨ͹Κ͖Δ͵͏ൔ෾΍ɼࢴͶͳͮͱ॑གྷ͵Ҳ෨Ͳ͍Ζ͖ΔஎΕͪ͏ͳࢧ͑
Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽՊଔΝगΕͪ͏ͳ͏͑ਕ͹஦ͶͺɼҪఽࢢͺ୉ࣆͲͺ͵͚ɼ͖ͫΔχψʖͺ‫͗ܐؖ‬͵͏ͳ͏͑ਕ͗͏Ήͤɽͳ͞Θ͗ɼ௒ࠬ‫Ͳڂݜ‬ซ͏ͪқ‫ݡ‬Ν়ղ͢Ήͤͳɼࣙ෾͗ՊଔΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷཀྵմ͢ɼχψʖΝʹ͹Γ͑ͶཀྵմͤΖ͖ͳ͏఼͑Ͷ͕͏ͱɼʹ͹৚ๅ΍ͳͱ΍॑གྷͫͳࢧ͏
Ήͤɽࠕೖ͹  ਕ͹և͠Ξ΍Պଔͺ୉ࣆͫͳ‫͏ݶ‬Ήͪ͢ɽҪఽࢢ͹࿫Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɼҪఽࢢͲՊଔ
͗Ͳ͘Ζ΍͹Ͳͺ͵͚ɼѬ৚Ώ‫͗ܐؖ‬୉ࣆͲɼ‫༙͠ڠ‬Ηͪ‫͗ݩܨ‬Պଔͳ͵Ζ͹Ͷ॑གྷ͵གྷોͲ͍Ζͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͪ͢ɽસҽ͗ɼχψʖͳ෗਎Νͺͮ͘Εۢพ͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽͨ͢ͱҪఽద͵਎Ͳͺ͵͏͗үͱ͹਎͗ͳͱ΍୉ࣆͲ͍Ζͳ͏ͮͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽҪఽద͵ͯ͵͗ΕͲͺ͵͚ɼҲॻͶ͏
104䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁ᅜ㝿䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠎䠌䠎䠍ᖺ䠔᭶䠎䠕᪥䠄᪥䠅㛤ദฟ⮬䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛 Why Is The Right to Know Important?
ᥦ౪⢭Ꮚ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯ே䛯䛱䛾⤒㦂䛸ᛮ䛔 The Experiences and Thoughts of Donor-Conceived People

Ζ͞ͳ͗୉ࣆ͵͹ͫͳɽͫ͜ʹɼಋͣχψʖ͖Δਫ਼ΉΗͪҡ෗฾͘Β͑ͫ͏Ώχψʖ΃͹‫ৼؖ‬ͺͨΗͳͺΉͪพ΍͹͵͹ͲͤɽχψʖͳαϱνέφΝͳΕͪ͏ͳ͖ɼχψʖͶճ͏ͪ͏ͳࢧ͑࠹ॵ͹͞Θͺɼ͞Ηͺਫ਼ΉΗͪਕ͗‫͗ͤͲͳͪ͞͏ͱͮݶ‬ɼྈ਎Ͷଲ͢ͱཬ઀ΕͲͺ͵͏͖ɼ‫״‬ः͢ͱ͏͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳɼүͱ͹਎͗ຌ౲͹਎ͺࢴͪͬͲ͢Β͑ͳ͏͑Ͳ͍Θ͑ͳࢧͮͱ͏ͪ
ͳ͏͏Ήͤɽਫ਼ΉΗͪਕ͹ൔ෾Ґ৏͗χψʖΝஎΔ͵͏͞ͳͶ೴ಚ͢ͱ͏ΉͦΞͲͪ͢ɽχψʖΝஎΔ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶखΕ͖ͯΗͱɼ‫ک‬യ؏೨͹Γ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽϨʖϱ͠Ξ΍ࠕೖɼͨΞ͵࿫Ν͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͗͢ɼχψʖͶճͮͪࣙ෾ͺɼՁ͖ͫմ๎͠Ηͪ‫ͳͪ͗͢ـ‬࿫͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽχψʖΏҡ෗฾͘Β͑ͫ͏ͳંৰͤΖͳɼΠ΢υϱτΡτΡͳ͖ɼՊଔͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζཀྵմ͗਄Ήͮͪͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͤɽ ਕ͹౲ࣆं͹͑ͬ  ਕ͗ҡ෗฾͘Β͑ͫ͏Ͷճ͏Ή͢ͱɼ͍ͳ  ਕͺҡ෗฾͘Β͑ͫ͏Ͷճ͏ͪ͏ͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͪ͢ɽ୉ࣆ͵͹ͺɼχψʖͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ֨௃
ՊଔͳͲ΍‫͏ݶ‬Ή͢Β͖͑ɼʹ͖͞Ͷ͏Ζ͹͖Κ͖Δ͵͏͘Β͑ͫ͏Ͷ΍‫͍͗ৼؖ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͞Η͖Δ෾͖Ζ͹ͺɼՊଔ͹ΤΥϩϑʖ΢ϱή͹ͪΌͶͺ‫༙ڠ‬ɼαϝϣωίʖεϥϱ͗୉ࣆ͵͹ͲͤɽҲରɼ୯͗ՊଔΝगΔ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͖ΔඁືͶ͢Θͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͑ɽՁΝࠞ‫ڎ‬ͶͨΞ͵͞ͳΝ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͑ɽͨΞ͵ࠞ‫ڎ‬ɼʹ͞Ͷ΍͵͏Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͖ͤɽਫ਼ΉΗͪਕ͗ͨΞ͵͞ͳΝ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ζ͹Νซ͏ͪ͞ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽՊଔΝगΕͪ͏ͳ‫ͱͮݶ‬ɼඁືͶ͢ͱɼ‫ڬ‬ෑৼΝ࣍ͯɽͨͬΔ͹Ά͑͗Պଔ‫ܐؖ‬ͶϜ΢ψη͹Ӫ‫ڻ‬Ν‫͢Ͳͤ·ٶ‬Β͑ɽ್ͯ໪͹‫ݡ‬մͳ͢ͱɼχψʖΝಙ໌Ͳ͵͚ͪ͢Δɼχψʖ͗‫ݳ‬Η͵͚͵ͮͱ͢Ή͖͑ΔɼಝఈͤΖ΄͘Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑ߡ͓Ͷͯ͏ͱͲͤɽͨ͑͏͑͹ͺɼ෈ೝ࣑ྏΝ఑‫͏ͱ͢ڛ‬Ζ‫Ͳंܐؖ‬ɼ໪͹઴Ͷ͏ΖਕͶͨ͑࿫͢Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻɼ‫͠ं׳‬Ξ͗໪͹઴Ͷ͏ͪͳ͘ɼ෈ೝ͹ਕ͗໪͹઴Ͷ͏Ζͳ͘ͶͲͤɽͲ΍ɼ͞Ηͺ෈ೝ࣑ྏͶ‫ͪͮݸ‬໲ୌͲͺ͵͏͹ͲͤɽՊଔΝ͚ͯΖ࿫͵͹ͲͤɽՊଔ͹໲ୌͺɼͨ͹Պଔ͗έϨωρέͲ࿫ΝͤΖͳͫ͘͜Ͳͺ͵͚ɼͨ͹‫ޛ‬ɼࢢʹ΍͗ਫ਼ΉΗͱ୉ਕͶ͵ͮͱ͏͚ͳ͘ɼՊଔ͗‫ܙ‬੔͠ΗΖͳ͘Ͷͨ͞໲ୌ͗ͺͮ͘Εͳ͢ͱ͘ΉͤɽΓ͚‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖ͹ͺɼχψʖͺಙ໌Ͳ͍Ζ΄͘Ͳɼχψʖͺ୉ࣆͲͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ
਼೧઴ͶɼχψʖΝਕͳͺࢧͮͱ͏͵͏ͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬ਕ͗͏Ήͪ͢ɽχψʖͳճ͑ͳ͏ͮͱ΍ɼͨΗͺ໪ద͹ͪΌͶഓ۰ࢢΝ఑‫͏ͱ͢ڛ‬Ζ͖ͫͫ͜ΔՁ͹қັ΍͵͏ͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬ਕ΍͏Ήͤɽ୉ࣆ͵͹ͺ੠ࢢͳཝࢢͫ͜ͺ͵͏͖ͳɼ఑‫ͪ͢ڛ‬ਕͺ‫͏͵͗ܐؖ‬͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑қ‫ݡ‬΍͍ΕΉͤ͗ɼਫ਼ΉΗͪਕͪͬͺͨ͑ͺߡ͓ͱ͏ΉͦΞɽχψʖͺͳͱ΍୉ࣆ͵ଚࡑͲ͍Ζͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͤɽχψʖ͗ಙ໌Ͳͺ͵͚͵ͮͪΔɼ΍͑఑‫͚ͱ͢ڛ‬Η͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑қ‫ݡ‬΍͍ΕΉͤ͗ɼΓΕଡ͚͹௒ࠬ‫Ͳڂݜ‬ͺɼͨ͑ͺ͵Δ͵͏ɼχψʖͺ‫ݰ‬Δ͵͏ͳ͏͏ΉͤɽηΤΥʖυϱͺ੊ֆͲॵΌͱχψʖ͹ಙ໌੓Νഉࢯ͏ͪ͢Ήͪ͗͢ɼࣰࡏɼχψʖ͹਼ͺ‫ͪͮݰ‬΍͹͹ɼࢴΏ෌ਕՌ͹ҫࢥ͹‫ڂݜ‬ͶΓΖͳɼχψʖ͹਼ͺͨ͹‫ޛ‬ɼଁ͓ɼ࠹शదͶଁՅͶ఺ͣΉͪ͢ɽ͖͢͢ɼ୉ࣆ͵͹ͺɼʹ͑͏͑χψʖ͗‫ݳ‬ΗΖΓ͑Ͷ͵͖ͮͪͲͤɽχψʖ͹ν΢ϕ͗รΚΕΉͪ͢ɼΓΕ೧ྺ͗৏͗ΕΉ͢ͱɼ݃࠙͢ͱ͏ͱɼࢢʹ΍͗͏Ζχψʖ͗ଁ͓ͪ͹Ͳͤɽͽͳੴ઴Ͳ͍Ηͻɼχψʖͺऑ͚ͱາ࠙ͲɼΉͫࣙ෾͹ࢢʹ΍͗͏͵͏ਕ͗ଡ͖ͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɼͨΗ͗รΚͮͪ͹Ͳͤɽʹ͑ΏͮͱχψʖΝϨέϩʖφͤΖ͖ͺ͖֮Ͷೋ͢͏໲ୌͲɼಝͶέϨωρέΏҫंͶͳͮͱͺ୉͘͵ৼഓࣆͲͤɽ͖͢͢ɼ͞͞ͲชԿΝร͓Ζචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽχψʖͺୱͶਕͲ͍
Ζͳ͏͑ΓΕͺɼͳͱ΍‫͵॑ي‬ଚࡑͲ͍Ζͳߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽࠕೖɼ ໌͹౲ࣆं͗ͨ
105

䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖Comments͑͏͑࿫Ν͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ߫‫ݛ‬Νͪ͢͏ɼༀͶཱིͬͪ͏ͳࢧͮͱ͏ΖχψʖͲ͍ͮͱΆ͢͏ɽ੔ਕͶ͵ͮͪड़ਫ਼ंͺɼͲ͘ΗͻχψʖͶճ͏ͪ͏ɼͲ͘Ηͻ༑͢͏ਕͲ͍ͮͱΆ͢͏ɼ఑‫ͪ͢ڛ‬͹ͺༀͶཱིͬͪ͏ɼՃ஍͍͗Ζ͕घఽ͏Νͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑‫Ͳͬ࣍ـ‬఑‫͏ͪ͏ͱͮࢧͳͪ͢ڛ‬Κ͜Ͳͤɽͨ͑ͤΗͻαϱνέφΝඈ͜Ζචགྷ΍͍ΕΉͦΞɽࣰࡏɼંৰΝ͢ͱ͏͏͞ͳ΍͚ͪ͠Ξ͍ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗΉͲଡ͚͹χψʖͶͯ͏ͱɼωϣʖζʖϧϱχͲ΍‫͏ͱ͢ڂݜ‬ΉͤɽҐ઴͹χψʖɼͤ͵ΚͬΉͫಙ໌͹࣎େͫͮͪͳ͘Ͷ఑‫ͪ͢ڛ‬ਕͪͬͲ΍ɼ৚ๅΝ֋ࣖ͢ͱ΍͏͏ɼճͮͱ΍͏͏ͳ͏͑ਕ͗ΆͳΞʹͲͪ͢ɽͪͫɼͨΗΝ؇ཀྵͤΖεητϞࣙର͗ೋ͢͏͹Ͳͤɽ৽॑Ͷ؇ཀྵΝ͢͵͏ͳαϱνέφΝͳΖ͞ͳ΍ɼճΚͦΖ͞ͳ΍؈ୱͲͺ͵͏ɽΉͪɼੴ͖Δχψʖͺ෈ଏ͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽཝࢢͳ੠ࢢͺੴ͖ΔଏΕ͵͖ͮͪ͢ɼ͞Η͖Δ΍ଏΕ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͑ɽͲ΍ɼͨΗͺಙ໌͖ʹ͖͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͵͚ɼ੠ࢢΏཝࢢΝ఑‫͑ࢧͳ͏ͪ͢ڛ‬ਕ͗ͨ΍ͨ΍ঙ͵͏͖ΔͲͤɽࢴ͹ΉͳΌͳ఑ҌͲͤɽੴ͹఑‫ڛ‬ҫྏ͹ಝ௅ͺඁືɼӇͤɼಙ໌Ͳͪ͢ɽ͖͢͢ɼͨΗͺੴ͹͞ͳͲͤɽ͞Η͖Δͺ৿ͪ͵࣎େ͗࢟ΉΕΉͤɽͪͫɼҲ෨͹ਕͺ‫ڬ‬Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽੴ͖Δ৿͢͏࣎େͶรΚΖ͞ͳΝ‫ڬ‬ΗΖਕ͗͏ΉͤɽΓ͚‫ݶ‬ΚΗͱͪ͘٠࿨Ͷͯ͏ͱɼࠕɼ়ղΝͪ͢ͳ͕ΕͲͤ͗ɼͨΗͶཱིͬ޴͖ͮͱ͏͚චགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽࣰࡏͶ‫͏ͱͮ͗ڏ͗ڎৄͲڂݜ‬Ήͤɽࠕೖ ਕ͹๏͖Δ͹࿫Ͷड़ͪ‫ݘ‬ཤͳωʖθΝߡ͓Ζͳɼ͵ͧೖຌͺ͞͹๏޴Ͷ਒ΞͲ͏͵͏͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͲ΍ࠕೖ͹࿫Νซ͏ͱɼรԿ͢ɼேક͢କ͜Ζ͞ͳͲͤɽଡ͚͹৖߻ɼଲཱི͢ͱ͏Ζ͠Ή͡Ή͵౲ࣆं͹‫ݘ‬ཤͳωʖθͶͯ͏ͱ٠࿨͗ߨΚΗΉͤɽ਎ɼχψʖɼਫ਼ΉΗͪࢢʹ΍ɼͨ͢ͱ΍ͬΘΞҫྏ఑‫͏͗ंڛ‬ΖͲ͢Β͑ɽͨ͹Γ͑͵Πϕϫʖοͺঋंͳഌं͗͏Ζ͞ͳΝқັͤΖܑ޴͍͗Εɼ୯͖͗φρϕͶड़͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ‫ͳڂݜ‬઒໵Պ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ͺɼഓ۰ࢢ఑‫ڛ‬͹ঁ͜ΝईΕͱɼՊଔΝ஛͚ͳ͏͑ΓΕ઴޴͘͵‫ݡ‬๏Ͷ঱఼ΝҢͤͳɼ͞Ηͺͤ΄ͱ͹ਕͶͳͮͱ͕‫ޕ‬͏Ͷ༙ཤ͵য়‫͍Ͳڱ‬Ζ͞ͳΝࣖ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͺਫ਼ΉΗͪࢢʹ΍ɼՊଔ‫ܐؖ‬ɼͨ͢ͱχψʖͶͳͮͱ΍ΓΕϛζτΡϔͲͤɽೖຌͲ΍ɼҲ෨๑րਜ਼͠ΗΉͪ͗͢ɼͲ΍ೖຌͺΉͫ౔ྙΝ͢͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽΓ͚‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖ͹ͺ‫ݘ‬ཤͳωʖθͲͤɽӖ஦͹౲ࣆंɼྈ਎ɼࢢʹ΍ɼχψʖͺཱི৖͗ҩ͏ɼևɼཤӻͶ૮ൕ͍͗ΕΉͤɽΉͪҫࢥɼέϨωρέ΍ҩ͑қ‫ཱིͳݡ‬৖͍͗Εɼͨ͑͏ͮͪͳ͘ͶՁ͖ͫঋͬૌͳෝ͜ૌ͗͏Ζ͖͹Γ͑Ͳɼ୯͖͗ঋͪ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͖͹Γ͑Ͷซ͓͞ΉͤɽͲ΍‫ڂݜ‬Ώɼ઒໵Պ͹௒ࠬ݃ՎͶΓΕΉͤͳɼ঱఼Ν΍ͮͳร͓ɼ‫ݡ‬๏Νร͓ͱɼഓ۰ࢢ఑‫Ͳڛ‬ՊଔΝ͚ͯΖͳߡ͓ΖͳɼΊΞ͵͗ঋͱΖɼΤΡϱΤΡϱͶ͵Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΉͤɽͨΗͺ౲ࣆंͶͳͮͱ΍Պଔ‫ܐؖ‬Ͷͳͮͱ΍ɼχψʖͶ΍ϕϧηͶͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ࠹‫ޛ‬Ͷɼ๑րਜ਼ͺඉ৙Ͷ॑གྷͲͤ͗ɼชԿద͕Γ;ऀճద͵ฉҕ‫ـ‬͹รַ΍൒͑චགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ΍ͬΘΞɼ๑੏ౕͶΓͮͱ੊͹஦Νร͓Ζ͞ͳͺͲ͘Ζ͹ͲɼͧͽɼೖຌͲ΍ͨΗΝ‫غ‬ଶ͢ΉͤɽҐ৏Ͳͤɽ͟ੜ௎͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ

106䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁ᅜ㝿䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠎䠌䠎䠍ᖺ䠔᭶䠎䠕᪥䠄᪥䠅㛤ദฟ⮬䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛 Why Is The Right to Know Important?
ᥦ౪⢭Ꮚ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯ே䛯䛱䛾⤒㦂䛸ᛮ䛔 The Experiences and Thoughts of Donor-Conceived People&RPPHQWI want to begin by thanking everybody for the opportunity to take part in this exciting, and I
think most of us would agree, very challenging forum. I'm delighted to be sharing with the four
contributors and with Yukari. We have heard very powerful and personal experiences andjourneys of these four people who in many ways are pioneers. They've talked about theirpaUHQWbVGHFLVLRQWRXVHDGRQRUDQGWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGRQRUKDVFRQVLGHUDEOHVLJQLILFDQFHDQG
importance for them. Their experiences have not all been the same, but they have talked about
their desire and the efforts they have made to change the system in different countries to allow
them to follow through on the significance and importance of a donor.
These four people are, if you like a part of a worldwide trend of donor conceived persons
who are wanting to have access to information about the donor and to the possibility of meetingthem. There are now large numbers of donor conceived people who are using DNA testing to
try and find the donor. But it's not just DNA testing, there are people who are using the social
media and media websites and many groups that have now been formed to try and locate theirdonor. Over 30 countries in the world have now legislated that donors cannot remain
anonymous. In other words, they must be available to the donor conceived persons.
Japan is not one of those that 30 countries, and of course this forum is designed to hopefully
move in that direction. We're now living in a very different world than what we were previously.
The previous world was characterized by donor insemination and sperm donation and egg
donation as being characterized about secrecy and that the donors would always beanonymous.
Three years ago, I was approached by a woman in her seventies who had discovered at theage of 50 that her family had been built with the help of a donor. She had traced the donor
through DNA testing and had discovered that he had died. She discovered, however, that there
were two sons and a daughter from this donor, and she knew who they were and asked if I
could facilitate a meeting between them. It was a very challenging time for all of the parties
involved, but it was very successful and there have been good relationships that have been
established.
Even at the age of 70, people are seeking out the donor that helped make their contribution
to them being a person. What I planned to do today and my contribution is to say, that there
are two main arguments that are often put forward that oppose donors being known to others.
In other words, people who argue that they should be no contact between the donor and theoffspring. I'll put these arguments forward and then I want to try and respond to them, exploring107䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖Comments

them and challenging some of the arguments that are used. First of all, the argument is oftenthat the donors should remain anonymous so as to protect the families that have used donor
conception. In other words, the donor is perceived as a threat and in this argument, there is abelief that having access to the donor would be damaging to family relationships.
There is a desire to maintain the family boundary based on the parents and the childoffspring and the presence of a donor would in effect amount to interference in the family. For
some, perhaps it is easier to argue this when the child is a child and the parents are forming
their family. However, we are focusing on adults and not children, and the family has becomea family. I want to talk a little bit about some research that I have been involved in not at New
Zealand, which shows that parents had often been encouraged to keep their family building
history a secret and pertained that the donor did not exist.
We've heard about that from each of the four contributors tonight, but as the offspring
became older, this approach did not feel comfortable to these parents and many parents
started to question whether they should be keeping it a secret. This was especially so when
the children started to ask them, where did I come from? The parents felt very uncomfortableand did not want to lie to their children. They asked for assistance on how to share the family
building history with the children. It's very interesting that they often said, how do I tell my childthat they were conceived as a result of donor sperm?
My response to them is that a different way of looking at this is how do I share with my childand our family building history, because this is a story about us as a family, if in fact you focus
the story on the child, you stand the risk of marginalizing the child and the child feeling very
different. If there is a difference, it is that the family is different not that the child is different.
What these parents reported was that it was secrecy about family building history that was
damaging to family relationships, not the presence of a donor. It was as a consequence of that,that it was not possible to find the donor and information about them. We know from researcha lot about family secrets and their impact, and it is not a good picture.
We've heard accounts of that today. If you are keeping your family building history a secret,you are by implication saying that you are ashamed of what you have done, because we only
keep secret those things we are uncomfortable with or ashamed of. Of course it was doctors
who frequently advised the parents to keep it a secret. One of the studies that I was involvedin was of 21 adult donor conceived persons aged between 19 and 46. This is quite a wide range.
They came up with a number of different conclusions, which I want share with you because it
challenges this notion that the family in some way will be disturbed or will be harmed becauseof the presence of a donor. What the offspring said is that when I think about viewing myself,that this is impacted by family relationships. In other words, my identity is impacted by family108䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁ᅜ㝿䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠎䠌䠎䠍ᖺ䠔᭶䠎䠕᪥䠄᪥䠅㛤ദฟ⮬䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛 Why Is The Right to Know Important?
ᥦ౪⢭Ꮚ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯ே䛯䛱䛾⤒㦂䛸ᛮ䛔 The Experiences and Thoughts of Donor-Conceived People

relationships.
If I want to try and understand the family history, that's impacted by family communication.
If I want to ask the question who is my family, that's impacted by our understanding of
connectedness and of kin relationships. I'm suggesting that we are entering a new era in
relation to donor conception and that that new era is one that could be seen to be proactive.
We actively encourage openness. We are actually encouraging openness in terms of
relationships and work needs to be done with parents to get them to the stage where they feel
confident enough to share that history and that information. Parents set the culture for family
relationships, but those parents are influenced by professionals and perceived social attitudes,
and we need to work to change some of those.
Some people wanting to protect the family would argue that there is no need for donor
conceived persons to know the identity of a donor or to have contact with them. Well, we haveheard today that that is not the case. I want to ask you, if you did not know about half of yourgenetic history, would you want to know? It's part of me, its part of what is important. Somepeople in wanting to protect the family may also argue that genes are not important, so thedonor is irrelevant. Well, yes, but here's what some of these people in the study said and I think
it's all very important in terms of how they understood the family and how they understand thedonor.
All of the people spoke lovingly of their families and I think again, we have heard that today.
They talked about genes not being the basis for making a family. They talked about love,
relationships and shared experiences are the factors that make a family. All participants madea clear distinction between dad and the donor. They saw these as two different people, andsome of them were especially close to the non-genetic parent. As one of them saidnWRʞ to bea dad, takes a lot more than a genetic link|, but these feelings did not rule out the interest in
the donor and half siblings, but they did not see the link with the donor as necessarily being
primarily an emotional one.
The interest or contact with the donor was perceived by some parents as negative and thisis what the donor offspring were saying was seen as being disloyal or ungrateful. How could
you want to know about the donor? We are your parents, they would argue. Well, over half ofthe people in this study were uncomfortable about not knowing the identity of a donor, and the
not knowing had become an obsession for some of them. And I think we heard Leen talking
about that. Those people who have met the donor, talked about how this had been a freeing
experience. This and contact with half siblings had helped with identity issues andunderstanding of family. Five of the 21 had met half siblings and a further nine would like tomeet the half siblings, so the contact and the focus has not just been on the donor, it's on the109䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖Comments

extended family, if you like.
In summary, confidence in family building is crucial and arising from this, the importance ofsharing and communication is key to the wellbeing of the family. We need to ask the question,
who is it that is arguing that the family needs protection and on what basis. I don't hear thatargument coming from the donor offspring. If you feel you need protection, you are always
going to be on the defensive and scared, and this will impact on family relationships.
The second argument that is put forward against donors being identifiable is that if you
remove anonymity, we will not be able to recruit donors. This is an argument that is often madeby those providing clinical services to the infertile, and is based on responding to the persons
in front of them. When the doctor is seeing a couple or an individual, then that is the person
who is presenting the issue. But this is not just about treating infertility. This is also aboutbuilding families and family matters are not in evidence when the couples are being seen in
the clinic. But rather later as the child is growing and becoming an adult. These are the times
when issues like this will begin to emerge. It is argued that the donor is anonymous. In otherwords, the donor is unimportant.
One person a few years ago actually described the donor as a non-person. Seeing the donor
as just someone who donates their gametes as a means to an end is unhelpful and quite
unrealistic. It is only the gametes that are important in this argument, not the person. Ourcontributors today have said that this is not how they view it. These people, the donors are verysignificant and very important. It is argued that donors would not be available, if donoranonymity was removed. There are a growing number of studies that say that this is not so. In
Sweden, the first country in the world to remove donor anonymity, there was a decline in thenumber of donors. But then research, that I and one of the gynecologists undertook, showedthat the number of donors had increased since the removal of anonymity. But what wassignificant was that the types of donors who were donating became and were very different.
They tended to be older men, married men and with children, in contrast to the donors of theearlier era, who tended to be younger, single, and not have any children.
The issue about recruiting donors has always been a difficult one for clinical and for the
medical profession. But we need to change the culture. I think we need to see the donor, notonly as a person, but as a very valuable person as our four contributors tonight have said whowants to contribute. I think in my experience, the adult donor conceived people want to see
and hope that the donors are kind and helpful people who donated because they wanted tohelp. They wanted to contribute something that is of value.
From an offspring point of view, the message is that they hope donation is based on
kindness and concern for them. There is nothing to fear about contact and in fact, there are110䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁ᅜ㝿䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮䠎䠌䠎䠍ᖺ䠔᭶䠎䠕᪥䠄᪥䠅㛤ദฟ⮬䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛 Why Is The Right to Know Important?
ᥦ౪⢭Ꮚ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯ே䛯䛱䛾⤒㦂䛸ᛮ䛔 The Experiences and Thoughts of Donor-Conceived People

many positives. Previous donors and we have been working with many of them in New Zealand
who were recruited -- when the system was one of anonymity, more than willing to share
information and to meet, but the whole process of managing that becomes very challenging
and has to be very carefully managed.
I should also point out that there has always been a shortage of donors, both egg and sperm,
and there will continue to be a shortage of sperm and egg donors, not because of anonymity,
but because donating sperm and eggs is not something that lots of people want to do. My
suggestion and conclusion is that we can think about the old era, which was characterized bysecrecy and anonymity, but that old era is old, and what we're looking at now is a new era. Butof course, some people fear changing from the old era to the new era and the arguments thathave been put forward, and I've suggested two have them, have to be challenged. There isevidence available that these arguments do not stand up to close scrutiny.
If you think about the rights and needs of the people that we've heard from tonight, thenwhy is Japan not moving in this direction? This has started to change in terms of what we haveheard about tonight, but the challenge is to continue it. Often, the arguments are made about
the rights and needs of a different parties being in conflict. There would be parents, the donors,
the offspring, and of course, the health providers. Such an approach tends to mean that there
are winners and losers; somebody has to come out on top. The research and professional
evidence indicate that if we change our focus to a much more positive view of family building
with the assistance of gamete donation then this is a win-win situation for everyone. It is morepositive for offspring, for family relationships and for the donor.
One final comment, legal change is very important, but it must be accompanied by culturaland attitudinal change. The legal can of course, promote these changes and I hope that we will
see that happening in Japan.
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䜿䞁䞉䝎䝙䜶䝹䝈 Ken Daniels䝁䝯䞁䝖CommentsίϱʀξωΦϩθ‫گ‬दྲྀྼωϣʖζʖϧϱχࡑेɽ఑‫ڛ‬੠ࢢͲ͹ਕ޽द੠ʤDIʥɼ͕Γ;ɼਫ਼৫ึঁҫྏ෾໼Ͷ 44 ೧ͪͥ͠Κͮͱͪ͘ɽ൶ͺ DI Νཤ༽͢Γ͑ͳͤΖ‫ं׳‬ΏՊଔɼͨ͢ͱχψʖ͹ΩΤϱιϨϱήΏɼDI Ν‫ݗ‬౾͢ͱ͏Ζ਎͹ͪΌ͹६ඍιϝψʖ౵Νωϣʖζʖϧϱχ͹Ί͵Δͥɼঀ֐ࠅͲ΍੠ྙదͶࣰࢬ͢ɼ੊ֆ஦͹෈ೝ࣑ྏΝ
ण͜Ζਕʓ͹ήϩʖϕΏૌ৭͹ͪΌͶɼ਼ଡ͚͹ߪԍ΍͞͵͢ͱͪ͘ɽ͖̕ࠅͲ DI Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹௒ࠬΝࣰࢬ
͢ɼ150 ຌҐ৏͹ָढ़࿨ชΏ઒໵ࡸࢿ͹ͪΌ͹‫ࣆى‬ΝࣧජͤΖͳͳ΍Ͷɼঀ֐ࠅ͹͑ͪ͢͞ඉϏʖφψʖؔਫ਼৫ҫྏͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ੕ࡨͰ͚ΕͶ΍αϱγϩνϱφͳ͢ͱ߫‫ͪ͘ͱ͢ݛ‬ɽωϣʖζʖϧϱχ੕ැ͹ਫ਼৫ึঁҫྏͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζྛཀྵҗҽճ͹෯٠ௗΏ੕ැ͹ਫ਼৫ึঁٗढ़ࣀ໲җҽճ͹෯٠ௗΝ 14 ೧ؔͯͳΌͪɽωϣʖζʖϧϱχ͹έϧ΢ηφοϡʖοͶ͍ΖΩϱνϗϨʖ୉ָͲࠕ΍‫گ‬佅Νͳͮͱ͕Εɼ2014 ೧Ͷͺɼϐφਫ਼৫ͳϟϱνϩϖϩη͹ࢩԋͶ͕͜Ζ൶͹‫͗੹ۂ‬೟ΌΔΗɼωϣʖζʖϧϱχϟϨρφ‫܆‬হʤONZMʥ͹ΨϓΡγʖͶ೜ໍ͠Ηͱ͏Ζɽ

Ken Daniels Biographical Note
Dr. Ken Daniels has been working in the field of donor insemination (DI) and assisted humanreproduction for 44 years. He has provided counselling for parents, families and donors, coconducted preparation seminars for those considering DI, spoken to numerous consumer
groups and organisations, conducted research in seven countries, written extensively andacted as a consultant on policy development in several countries. He has published over 150
papers in academic and professional journals. He was Deputy Chair of the National Ethics
Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction and the New Zealand Government Advisory
Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction for 14 years. Ken is Adjunct Professor of Social
Work at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. In 2014 he was appointed
as an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit (ONZM) in recognition of his work in assisted
human reproduction and mental health.

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