February 20, 2009

３Ｒ分野におけるアジア各都市の連携についてCooperation among AsianCities in 3R
KOJIMA Michikazu （kojima@ide.go.jp)
Institute of Developing Economies
JETRO1

Self Introduction 自己紹介
Senior Research Fellow (主任研究員） Institute ofDeveloping Economies （アジア経済研究所）, JETRO.
– A member of Working Group on Enhancing International
Recycling in Industrial Structure Council. (June 2004 to June2005.) 産業構造審議会国際資源循環WG員– An expert contributing to Recycling Based Economy Project
conducted by APEC Human Resource Development WG. (20042005)– A member of JICA mission for the Project Formulation Study on
the Recycling Industry Development in the Philippines (Oct. 2005)– A member of expert committee on Formulating International
Sound-Material Cycle Society in Central Environmental Council(Nov. 2005-) 中央環境審議会国際循環型社会形成と環境保全に関する専門委員会委員
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1. Key concepts and policies forestablishing Sound Material-Cycle
Society
循環型社会形成に向けた重要な概念

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Why should we establish Sound
Material-Cycle Society? なぜ、循環型社会の形成が必要か？
ReduceExtraction ofResources
天然資源の採取

リデュース

ReduceProduction

Consumption

Disposal

生産

消費

廃棄

Recycling

Re-useリサイクル
リユース• The economic system of mass extraction, mass production,
mass consumption and mass disposal creates manyenvironmental problems. This system should be changed.
• Concept such as Material Cycle Society, 3R and Circular
Economy indicate the future direction.
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Keys for Reduce
リデュースに向けて （１）• Producer 生産者– Cleaner Production, more efficient use of resources クリーナープロダクション• Disseminating Information of technology of cleaner production• Using price mechanism (ex. Reduce subsidy for fuel, impose tax on
resource use, tax reduction or subsidy for investment in cleaner
production technology)– Ban on using hazardous materials for some specific goods. (example:mercury in dry battery, RoHS) （有害物質の禁止）• Service Sector サービス部門– Prohibit free supply of specific goods like shopping bags and toothbrash in hotel, or promote alternatives. 無償供給の禁止など• Consumer 消費者 （過剰消費抑制のキャンペーン）– Campaign for reducing over consumption.
• Bringing shopping bag “my bag”, not using plastic bags.
5Keys for Reuse
リユース• Repairing technology
修理技術– Electronics 電子・電気製品– Automobile 自動車• Discarded parts should
be properly treated.
廃棄される部品は、適正に処理される必要がある。

Repairing motors
for electronic fanin the secondhand
market, Bangkok
November 2004.
中古品市場で扇風機の部品を修理。タイ、バンコク。
Repair shop ofTVs. They aresupplied forfurnishedapartment.
Bangkok,November, 2004.。
テレビの修理店、バンコク。
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Keys for Recycling (1)リサイクルに向けて収集・運搬業者、リサ
イクル業者
Collector
Transporter
Recycler• There are many
stakeholders in recycling.
Capacity development of 消費者
each stakeholder isConsumer
important. It is also
important to makecoordination among
stakeholders.
• さまざまなステークホルダー、それぞれの能力開Producer
発とステークホルダー間の調整が重要
生産者

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Keys for Recycling (2)リサイクル• Recycling industries often cause pollution problem. The
government should enforce pollution control regulation torecycling industry. リサイクル産業で公害問題が発生する場合がある。
• Cost sharing may need to ensure recycling and proper
pollution control. 汚染防止のコスト負担を考えなければならないこともある。
– Segregation, or classified collection at source, transfer the cost ofrecyclers to waste generator.
– Laws for promoting recycling in Japan ensure the proper treatmentof CFC in air conditioner, and non- recyclable residuals.

8Keys for Recycling (3)リサイクル• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is one of the key
concept in changing cost sharing mechanism in developed
countries. But there are several precondition to apply thisprinciple in developing countries. 先進国では拡大生産者
責任の適用が進んでいるが、途上国での実施には、途上国なりの難しさがある。
• Can producer and importer be identified? 下記の製品について、生産者や輸入者が特定できるか。
– faked products （模造品）– modified products （改造された製品）– products assembled by small shops （小規模店での組み立て品）– products imported as bringing goods （携帯品として輸入された製品）– Smuggled Product （密輸された製品）
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WasteDump
Cheap Generator
Site
CostCollector,
Lack ofTransporter
information
about material,supplier, andRecycler
demandCheap
NaturalResources

No Segregation
Lack of Knowledge of Recyclables
Insufficient investment incompactor
Insufficient investment intransportation infrastructure
Inefficiency in recovering materials
Insufficient quality of recyclables
Lack of Technology

Producer（Lack of Green Procurement)

Consumer（Lack of Green Purchasing)Lack of regulation defining the responsibility of producer,
consumer and government for recycling

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処分場

低コスト

排出者、利用者、廃棄物の性状などに関する情報の欠如

安い天然資源排出者

収集・運搬業者

分別プログラムなし
再生資源に関する知識の欠如
減容機への投資の欠如
輸送関連インフラの欠如

リサイクル業者 低い資源回収率
再生資源の回収量の欠如
技術の不足
生産者

（グリーン調達の欠如)

消費者（グリーン購入の欠如)

関係者それぞれの責任、役割を定めた規制の欠如
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2. What are roles of city government
in 3R?
３Rにおける市政府の役割12

Roles of City Government (1)
市政府の役割• Roles of city government in promoting 3R varies,
depending on the regulations of each country. 各国の規制により、３R促進に関する市政府の役割は異なる。
But we can find these similar roles across Asiancountries.共通した役割としては、以下の点が考えられる。
– Local government is responsible for collection anddisposal of household waste. 家庭廃棄物の収集・運搬– Local government may establish some facilities to
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dispose of industrial waste. 産業廃棄物の処分施設

Roles of City Government (2)
市政府の役割– Local government may have the obligation to
make regional plan to manage household andindustrial waste in the territory. 廃棄物の処理計画の作成– Local government have some capacity to facilitate
development of industries including recyclingindustries.リサイクル産業の育成計画– Local government has right to propose to national
government on 3R policies ３R政策について、政府に提案する権利
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Informal Waste Collection
インフォーマルな再生資源の収集↓ Buying used paper in Singapore
古紙の買い取り。シンガポール (October2006.)↑ E-waste collection inBeijing. 中国・北京で、廃家電等回収して回る（May 2006）。

What are differences in the roleof city government?(1) 相違点• Malaysia is going to centralize municipal wastemanagement. (Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act,2007) マレーシア：一般廃棄物管理を中央集権化• The degree of contract with private collection andtransportation service company may be different. 民間への委託内容が異なる。
– Singapore includes source separation program into
contract with private contractors of waste collection
and transportation services, which are in charge ofdifferent region in the city.

What are differences in the roleof city government?(2) 相違点– Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has nooperation of landfill. Landfill is operated byprivate companies, with which BMA havecontracts.

In the process of cooperation among Asiancities, each participant should be aware ofpossibilities of differences of obligation andpower among cities. 義務と権限を相互に理解しておくことが、協力を進めるには必17
要。

Opportunities of Cooperation (1)
協力の可能性• To share the current problems in waste
management and promoting 3Rs, and to sharepolicies. 現在の問題、政策についての情報の共有– Example: When source separation program isimplemented, informal waste picker collectvaluables from recycling bin. インフォーマルセクタ
ーによる資源ゴミの収集– Sometimes, past experiences is useful for developing
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countries 過去の経験が役に立つことも。

Opportunities of Cooperation (2)
協力の可能性• To analyze the incentive structure in eachcities. Changes of internal or external
incentive system may be a key in promoting
3R. インセンティブ構造の分析– What is the basis of the allocation of budget for
waste management in local government? 廃棄物分野への予算配分の基準は？
• Does the reduction of waste by 3R lead to reductionof budget allocation, and not to allocation of 3R
campaign?
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Opportunities of Cooperation (3)
協力の可能性• To share the process to formulate policies andget involvement of stakeholders. 政策形成過程や関係者の参加を得る手法を共有– Examples from Tokyo 例• Destroying fixed waste bins and introducing fixed timecollection before Tokyo Olympic. 固定ゴミ箱の撤去• Introducing source separation program 分別収集の導入• The argument of “Tekisei-shori Kon-nan Butsu” , or“difficult waste ” 適正処理困難物に関する取り組み
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3. Observations on Source
Separation Program
分別収集に関して

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分別収集• 分別収集は、これまであまり行われてこなかった。
– 収集前のゴミ捨て場や収集・運搬の段階で有価物を抜きとることが一般的に行われてきたため、分別収集の必要性があまりなかった。

• コンポストの製造、有価物の回収の促進を図るため、分別収集を始めるところが出てきている。

←フィリピンのマリキナ市では、リボンを袋につける方法で、生分解性のゴミとそれ以外を分別収集。 定時収集も実施。
↓ JICAの支援でベトナムのハノイで始まった分別収集。生ゴミはコンポスト工場の原料になる。（2007年7月）

22Source Separation Program (1)• I had several opportunities to see the presentationof local governments in Japan on source
separation program. I also had several
opportunities to review international cooperationfrom Japan in source separation program. It is myobservation that these presentation andcooperation made too much stress oncommunication to waste generator or citizens,
who shall dispose waste as segregation manner.
分別に関する国際協力では、 市民への意識啓発に重点が置かれている。
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Source Separation Program (2)• I felt they are lack of two important aspects. ２つの重要な側面が、落ちていると思われる。
– How to change collection and transportation system?
収集・運搬方法をどのように変えたか。
– How to coordinate with waste users? 再生利用を行う業者との調整• One of typical failure of implementing source separationis lack to separate collection system. If residents see
waste collector transport sorted waste at once, residents
will not cooperation in source separation. 市民が分別しても、収集・運搬で一緒に集められている事例も。 24

Source Separation Program (3)• The other typical failure is lack of communication withusers of waste. It is necessary to get consultation withthem, because there are gray zone of recyclable waste.分
別の実施に当たって、再生利用する業者との調整が必要。例：プラスチックでコーティングされている紙など。
– Example: Extended polystyrene or Styrofoam, carbon
copy paper, paper coated with plastics, plastics coatedwith metals– If you got question from citizens, can you answer
whether they are recyclables or not, without any
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consultation to waste users?

A Feature of Japan in implementing 3R
日本における３R実施の特長• One of feature of Japan in implementing 3R isexistence of industrial associations specializing
recycling. 日本の３Rの実施の特長として、さまざまな業界団体の存在がある。
Name of Association 協会名

設立年Year ofEstablishment

Plastic Waste Management Institute プラスチック処理促進協会

1971

Steel Can Recycling association スチール缶リサイクル協会

1973

Aluminum Can Recycling Association アルミ缶リサイクル協会

1973

Paper Recycling Promotion Center 古紙再生促進センター

1974

Iron and Steel Recycling Institute 鉄リサイクル工業会

1975

Clean Japan Center クリーン・ジャパン・センター

1975

Background of establishment of industrial
association 業界団体設立の背景• Establishing industrial association was responses tohike of resource price and argument of “difficultwaste” around 1970. 業界団体の設立の背景には、資源価格の高騰と、東京となどによる適正処理困難物に関する議論がある。
• Local governments including Tokyo Metropolitan
government were seriously argued that the producers
should be responsible for treating and disposing
difficult waste, which local governments had notechnology or bear high cost to treat or dispose.
Example: home appliances, tire, automobile, plastics.

Conclusion (1)• There are possibilities of cooperation among
Asian Cities on promoting 3R. アジアの都市間で3R分野で協力を進める意味はある。
• To understand other cities’ efforts and obstacles, it
is better to understand the responsibility andpower of each cities. 他の都市の取り組みや課題を理解するために、各都市の責任や権限について理解する必要がある。
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Appendix
Some Interesting Initiatives inAsia, other than Japan
日本以外のアジア地域における興味深い取り組み

29Markina City inthe Philippines•••

Markina City in Manila isconducting separate collectionof degradable and nondegradable wastes. Nondegradable waste is transferred
to Material Recovery Centerand recovered recyclablematerials.
Buy back center is operated forthe people who is not used to go
junk shop.
Per capita cost for waste
management of Markina City is
one half of other cities in MetroManila←Greenribon
indicatedegradablewaste↓BuyBackCenter30

An Innovative Junk
Shop in Thailand•

Wongpanit– A company collecting
recyclable waste.
– Starting from individualcollection of recyclable waste,in Pitsanuluk in 1974.
– Investment in compactor andother facilities.
– Certified ISO14001.
– Franchise: making network ofmore than 100 junk shops inThailand.
– Advertisement of purchasing
price of recyclable waste in thefront of shops and internet.
– Waste Bank Program
conducted with elementaryschools.

Advertisem
ent ofpurchasing
price. ↑Compactor
for usedpaper.→31

Junk Shop Park inChina
Weight scale in a Junk Shop
Park in Beijing, July 2002.

Cutting machine in Collectors
park in Yinchuan, June 2005.

• Markets where tens ofjunk shops are locatedare formulated.
• A state company
provides land to junkshops and supervises
their operation.
• Weight scale and otherfacilities are jointly
used.
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References (English)• KOJIMA Michikazu (ed.) [2005] International
Trade of Recyclable Resources in Asia, Institute ofDeveloping Economies.
http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Spot/29.html• YOSHIDA Aya [2005] “China: The Largest
Importer of Recyclable Waste Importer” inKOJIMA (ed.) op. cit.)• Working Group on Enhancing International
Recycling, Industrial Structure Council/METI,[2004] Toward a Sustainable Asia Based on the3Rs,
http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/main/english/council/reports/report_sutainableasia_en.pdf
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