Agriculture in Environment
Food Quality and ValueMENO Atsuhiro
Agriculture Consultant
JICE registered CoordinatorBasic data of Japan and Rank in the WorldItems

Japan

Major countries in the World

Value

rank Country

Land Area (Kkm2)

378

60 Russia

17098(1) Canada

9985(2)

U.S.A

9629(3)Population (mil)126

11 China

1439(1) India

1380(2)

U.S.A

331(3)

Population
Density (n/Km2)

332

26 Macau

24,220(1) Singapore

7824(2)

U.S.A

34(141)

Forest rate (%)

68.4

18 Suriname

97.4(1) Finland73.7(10)

U.S.A

33.9(88)

GDP (Bill.$)

4932

3 U.S.A

22996(1) China

17745(2)Germany4263(4)GDP per capita ($)

39301

27 Luxembour
g136701(1) Ireland

100129(2)U.S.A

69227(7)84.3

1 Switzerland

83.3(3)

U.S.A

78.5(40)

Life expectancy
years (Y)value

country

83.4(2) S. Korea

value

countryvalue

Overview of Japanese Agriculture

Items
Land use

Population

YearRemarks

Land area (total)

378 K Km2

Agriculture

43.3 K Km2

60.9

1961 Share 11.5%

paddy field

23.5 K Km2

34.4

1969

upland field

19.7 K Km2

27.2

1958

Forestry

248 K Km2253

1981 Share 65.6%

Total

126 Million

128

2008

37.6

1950 Share 3.3%

15.4

1953 Share 2.9%

Farmers’ household
Labor force

Peak

Total
Agriculture/Forestry

3.9 Million
68.6 Million
2.0 Million

Overview of Japanese Agriculture

Items
GDP

Production output

Peak

Year

549.4 Trill yen

559.9

2019

Agriculture

4.3 Trill yen

5.2

2017

Share 0.9%

Forestry

0.26 Trill yen

0.25

2018

Share 0.04%

Fisheries

0.64 Trill yen

0.83

2017

Share 0.1%

Agriculture/Food industry

47.3 Trill yen

54.9

2017

Share 9.8%

Agriculture

8.8 Trill yen

11.72

1984

Rice

1.4 Trill yen

3.93

1984

Vegetable

2.1 Trill yen

2.80

1991

Livestock

3.4 Trill yen

3.40

2021

Total

RemarksOverview of Japanese Agriculture

Items
Self-sufficiency
rate

Current

PeakYear

Remarks

Food (calorie supply)

38 %

79

1960

Food (production value)

63 %

93

1960

Foliage

25 %
51.5kg

118.3

1962

Consumption

Rice (Per capita/year)

Trade ofAgriculture andFood

Import10.18 Trill yen

10.18

2021

Export1.16 Trill yen(0.11)

1955

Overview of Agriculture ASEAN and JapanCountry

Total Land
Area (Kha)(1)

Agricultur
al area(Kha) (2)(2)/(1)%(3)

Lifeexpectancy
years

Cereal importdependency%

Brunei
Darussalam

527

13.4

2.5

0.45

3

298

4.47

76.0

98.1

Cambodia

18,104

5,566

31.5

17.2

3536

3,236

1.57

70.42

-6.6

191,686

62,300

33.2

279.1

38,560

2,232

1.62

68.81

13.1

23,680

2,394

10.4

7.5

2,212

3,192

1.08

68.5

-3.3

33,024

8,571

26.1

33.2

1,498

2,582

5.72

75.94

71.5

67,65912,798

19.6

55.2

10,085

2,318

1.27

66.8

-9.7

30,00012,440

41.7

112.5

10,381

1,106

1.20

72.12

27.2

Thailand

72.6

0.60.8

5.9

111

0.05

83.74

(-)

51,312

22,11043.3

70.1

12,162

3,154

1.82

75.38

-57.1

Timor-Leste

15,010

3,410

22.7

1.4

224

24,357

15.22

68.48

42.4

Viet Nam

33,131

12,38839.5

99.0

15,956

1,251

0.78

75.49

8.6

37,800

4,330

11.5

125.6

2,108

345

2.05

84.3

69.5

Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
MyanmarPhilippines
SingaporeJapan

Population(mil) (4)

No. offarmers(1000) (5)(2)/(4)m2(6)(2)/(5)ha (7)

Change of Consumer and Social's demand
Quantity

Quality

Nutrient
Satisfaction

rich tastes, flavor,
diversity, texture,
stickiness shelf life,
sweetness, shine
beauty of theappearance

SafetyGood
relation withenvironment

Value (Price)Year
Self-sufficiency rate
Nutrient intake

1946

1965

1970

1975

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

88

73

60

54

53

48

40

39

38

1,903

2,184

2,210

2,188

2,084

2,026

1,984 1,849

1,903

Establishing the Food Value Chain (FVC)
Connect the created value
Production

Manufacturing& Processing

・Seeds and farming machines
・Agricultural infrastructure
・Chemical inputs, ・GAP
(Good Agricultural Practice)
・Food manufacturing facilities

Distribution

Consumption

・Cold chains・Cold distribution centers
・Wholesale
・Supermarkets, department
stores・Restaurants
88Agricultural products and food flow, and role of food industry（Unit:¥trillion）
Agriculturaland Fisheryproducts
as food¥11,3tri

201583.8 tri

For Food
Service Industry
０．9
【０．１】

Domestic
Product

９．7

Import ofAgricultural andmarine
products
as food【１．6】

For Food
Manufacturing
Industry
５．6【1．1】

For Final
Consumption
３．2
【０．３】

Food ServiceIndustry
２7．4

Import of Primary
Processed products
【１．7】

Food
Manufacturing
Industry
３０．１

8３．8（１００％）
39.7％upEating-out

1985

27.4（32.6%） 76.7％up

６０．０（１００％）

Eating-out
Processed food
WholesaleIndustry

Import of FinalProduct【5．5】

WholesaleMarketFood RetailSale Industry

Processed

４5．3％up

ProcessedFoodFood（ProcessedProduct）
42．3（50.5％）（Fresh Food, etc.）
１4．1

FreshFood

42.3

14.1（16.9％）

15.5（25.7％）

29.1（48.5％）

9．1％down

FreshFood
15.5（25.8％）(source) MAFF estimates using “2005 Input-Output Tables” by MIAC, etc.
*1：【 】- Imported value*2：Milled grains, meats and chilled fish re classified as Final Consumption due to low processing.
*3：Meal at hotels and hospitals are not classifie
Eating-Out, but a part of which are classified as Fresh Food or Processed Food respectively, using only expense of food stuffs.

7

Issues facing Japanese agriculture Stable supply of safety agricultural products and food Promotion of agriculture in harmony with the environment Low food self-sufficiency
 Aging Workers and lack of Successors
 Low profitability (low price of products and hight price of inputs)
 Income volatility and unpredictability
 Low international price competitiveness Hard working conditions

History of Food Safety Crisis in Japan
1956

1961

1968

Minamata diseaseItai-Itaidisease Kanemi rice oil

1996～

2001

E-coli (O-157)

BSE

2008
Contaminated rice

Health Hazard

Hazard Substances

Cause of Hazard

Minamata disease

Methylmercury

Contaminated fish in Improve factory, Monitoring food,marineenvironment Manufacturer

Itai-itai disease

Cadmium

Contaminated ricethrough soil & water

Monitoring food, environment
Removal contaminated soil Manufacturer

Kanemi rice oildisease

Polychlorobiphenyl(PCB)

Contaminated rice
oil during process ina factory

Closure of Factory, Enact of Act on theEvaluation of Chemical Substances,
Manufacturer

Food poisoning by O157

enterohemorrhagic
E. coli (O-157)

Contaminated foodby E. coli (O-157),
Improper cooking

Administrative guidance by heath center,prohibition of raw meat meal inrestaurants Retailer Consumer

variant CreutzfeldtJacob disease, vCJD

Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy

Infected Cattle meetby BSE

Prohibition of addition of meat-and-bonemeal to Feed, Enact Beef Traceability Act

Mycotoxins polluted
rice distribution

Strengthening monitoring, Enact Rice
Traceability Act Distributor

Chronic health hazard Methamidophos,
Acetamiprid

Risk Management (Action)

Risk management in Japan
Input

Good practices

Consumption

Processing, Distribution

Agricultural production
Quality of products

Good practices

Quality of foods

Monitoring

TargetLawIssues

Ministry (Main)

Pesticide

Agricultural Chemicals RegulationAct

Use of Agricultural Chemicals(Pesticide residue), Quality ofChemicals

Fertilizer

Fertilizer Regulation Act

Quality of Fertilizer

Feed

Act on Safety Assurance andQuality Improvement of Feeds

Quality of Feed

Beef

Beef Traceability Act

Ensure distribution route of beef

Rice

Rice Traceability Act

Ensure distribution route of rice

Farming practices(With above mentioned laws)

Encouraging Good Agricultural
Practices (Global GAP, J-GAP, etc)

Food quality

Food Sanitation Act

Food processing (HACCP), Standards
for food additives, Monitoring of foodquality

Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare

Food label

Food Labeling Act

Quality of food labelling

Consumer Affairs
AgencyMinistry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries

Implementation of Risk Analysis on Pesticide
Risk assessment
Science based
Hazardcharacterization

Risk Management
Policy based•Risk evaluation

Intake estimatesfrom food

Risk evaluation

Intake estimatesfrom drinking water
Ecological toxicity• Risk evaluation• Assessment of options• Implementation• Monitoring and evaluation• Implementation• Monitoring and evaluation

Establishing GAP &Setting MRLs in food Setting stabdards for water guide for safe use& aquatic organisms etc.

ADI & ARfD

• Assessment of options

Risk
characterisation• Implementation• Monitoring and evaluation

FSC•

Enforcement

MHLW

consumers• Assessment of options

Application/ Registration

Enforcement
residents

MOE

farmers

MAFF

manufacturer

Interactive exchange of information & opinions concerning risks
Risk Communication

CAAHarmonization of International standard for Food safety

FAO

Codex standards are based on sound science provided
by independent international risk assessment bodies or
ad-hoc consultations organized by FAO and WHO.

CODEX
International Risk assessment bodyRisk assessment bodies• Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA)
Ad hoc consultation (biotechnology, probiotics, micronutrients, nanotechnology)WHOHazard factor analysis
HACCP plan formulation

By revision of the FoodSanitation Act (June 1,2020), food sanitation
management inaccordance with HACCP
has been institutionalized
from June 1, 2021.
In principle, all foodrelated business operators
are required to maintain“sanitation management inaccordance with HACCP.

Preparatory stage
for hazard analysis

Institutionalization of Sanitation Management inAccordance with HACCPStep 1

Forming a HACCP team

Step 2

Product description

Step 3

Identify the intended use

Step 4Creating a manufactureing process list

Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9On-site confitmation of manufacturing processlist
Analysis of harzards (principle 1)

Determining important control point (CCP)(principle 2)

Setting managemnet standards (principle 3)
Setting the monitoring methods (principle 4)

Step 10 Setting improvement measures (principle 5)
Step 11 Setting the verification method(principle 1)
Step 12 Keep records (principle 1)

History of relation of Agriculture and Environment in Japan
1961

1960～

1970～

1999

Odor from farmland Dioxin contamination
Itai-Itaidisease Chemical exposure, spillover
Environment Hazard
Hazard Substances Cause of Hazard
Risk Management (Action)
Itai-itai diseaseCadmium

Contaminated ricethrough soil & water

Monitoring food, environment
Removal contaminated soil Manufacturer

Pesticides exposureand spillover

Agricultural
Chemical(Pesticides)

Damage to humans,
livestock, and theenvironment due toinappropriate use

Exclusion of highly toxic pesticides andstrengthen of compliance, Revised
Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Act,
Farmer Manufacturer

Fertilizer spillover

Chemical fertilizer(nitrate nitrogen)

Overused fertilizer

Strengthen of compliance, Monitoring
environment, Fertilizer Regulation Act,
FarmerOdor spillover

Odorant (ammoniaetc.)

Diffusion ofunpleasant odors

Offensive Odor Control Law, (Increase inrural housing) Farmer

Dioxin contamination

Dioxin (Unknownrecourse)

Contaminated food(vegetable tea) byDioxin

Monitoring food, environment

Agriculture and EnvironmentAirtemperature

Environment

Water

Agriculture
Food production

SoilLandscapeAgriculture and Environment
 Agriculture has positive impact and negative impact to Environment Positive: Prevention of flood, Mitigate climate, Good landscape,Absorb Greenhouse gas (Co2) Negative: Chemical spillover, Soil erosion, Greenhouse gasemission (nitrate nitrogen etc.), Odor Agriculture is affected by positive impact/negative impact from Env.
 Negative: Contaminated irrigation water, Radioactive materials,
Climate change Positive : Mild climate, Clear water

Harmonization Agriculture and Environment
 Environmental friendly agriculture method
 Reduced Chemical agriculture method
Example ; Ogata village (Akita)Organic farming
Example ; JA Yasato (Ibaraki)

Recourse recycle farming
Example ; Miyoshi town (Saitama) Mitigation and adoption technology to Climate change Development New variety (heat tolerance, etc.)
 Smart AgricultureHarmonization Agriculture and Environment
Recourse recycle farming: Miyoshi town (Saitama)Smart agriculture
Reduce labor, Reduce input, High quality, Attractive to young generation

Country
Cellular/Mobile
Phone Density
InternetSubscribers

Malaysi Myanm Philippin Singap Thailan TimorBruneDar Cambod Indonesi
Lao PDR
Viet Nam Japan
ussalam ia
aaaresored
Leste
132.7

129.9

126.1

60.8

139.6

137.7

154.8

155.6

186.2

108.4

141.2

67.6

95.0

78.3

47.7

25.5

84.2

33.1

63.7

88.9

66.7

51.0

70.3

82.9

Sixth Industrialization“Sixth Industrialization aims at creating new added value leveraging theabundant local resources.
<Primary><Secondary><Tertiary>

Production ofagricultural,forestry and fisheryFoodprocessing

Food distribution
and sales

products

Based on consumer andmarket needs andprocessing needs,• Switch to products
suitable forprocessing• Improve production
methods to raise thequality of products,
etc

Based on consumer andmarket needs,• Introduce new processing
technologies to improve
product quality• Introduce HACCP andother measures for
manufacturing products
safety and securely, etc

Based on consumer andmarket needs,• Ascertain sales channels(supermarket, JA, direct
sales locations, roadsidestation, etc)
• Consider products PR
methods (such as labelingof origin of ingredients),
etc“Grow and Sell” to “Grow to Sell”

Consumers/Markets
What are consumers
and markets
demanding?
(Market research,clarify targets etc.)

Agriculture tourism (Green tourism)Japanese Food Trade

Export partners: Hong Kong, China, U.S.A
Import partners: U.S.A, China, Canada

Export (Mill. US$)
Total

8,585

Rice

Import (Mill. US$)
Total

82,491

49

Wheat

1,510

Sweet potato

19

Maize

3,261

Apple99

Apple

17

Grape

38

Grape

131

Chinese yam

20

Banana976

Beef268Beef

3,315

Dairy goods

164

Dairy goods

2,079

Scallop

292

Salmon & trout

1,851

Tuna & Bonito

189

Tuna & Bonito

1,487

Chicken19

Chicken

1,088

Pork

16

Pork

4,406

Sweet & Snack

167

Sweet & Snack

1,503

Soy sauce

70

Tomato puree

157

Green tea

150

Black tea

89

Soft Drink

317

Coffee beans

1,051

Alcohol659

Alcohol

2,376

Thanks so much fortaking the time to join today.

MENO Atsuhiro @Hello MENO