Asian Network of Major Cities 21
Administrative Management Workshop 2008
Tokyo Metropolitan
Government

Sep.10th, 2008

Mega-Cities in Asia and Global
Sustainability
Dr. Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI
Deputy Executive Director, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science(IR3S)
Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Vice-Rector, United Nations University

11

A Brief Overview of My Academic
Background1970-1974

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo

1974-1977

Master's and Doctoral Courses, Graduate School of Agriculture,
The University of Tokyo (Landscape Ecology and Planning)

1976

Visiting Researcher, Federal Research Center for NatureConservation and Landscape Ecology in Bonn/Germany
Received Dr. Agr. from the University of Tokyo1980
1977-1985

Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science,
Tokyo Metropolitan University

1985-1995

Associate Professor, Department of Agrobiology,
Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo

1995-1997

Professor, Asian Natural Environmental Science Center,
The University of Tokyo

1997-

Professor, Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural andLife Sciences, The University of Tokyo

2005-

Deputy Executive Director, Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science(IR3S), The University of Tokyo

2008-

Vice-Rector, United Nations University

A Brief Overview of My ResearchBackground Land degradation and desertification in Okinawa, Australia, Africa,China and Mongolia Agro-ecosystems and sustainable land use systems in Thailand andIndonesia
 Natural environment in mega-cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul, Tianjin,
Metro-Manila, Bangkok and Jakarta
 “Satoyama” -Traditional rural landscapes of Japan
 Building a new academic discipline “Sustainability Science”

Industrialization was the Driving Forcefor Economic Growth in JapanThe roaring steel mills and never-stopping blazing furnaces keeping the sky red,everything here in Yahata City looks so lively and vigorous.
Yahata is called “ City of Steel”
Social Studies Textbook for 4th gradeFighting Against Environmental
Pollution: Kitakyushu
 Local Women’s Society started “We Want Blue Sky” movement
 Public opinion influenced government and further companies responsible
 Cleaner environment than before the pollution achieved
 Fostering new industries by attracting recycling facilities
 Embarked on international environmental cooperation as municipality
Environmental Pollution(mg-SO3/100ｃ㎡/day)Economic Development and Environmental Pollution

2
1968

1.5

1969
1970

1967

11963

1964

1962

1966

1965
1961

1971
1972
1973

1974

1960

0.5

1976
1977
1978

1980
1979

00510152025

Economic Development(Value of Shipment:100 billion Yen )SOx Concentration Shift in Kitakyushu（PbO2Method）(Kitakyushu Environmental Pollution Control Agency 1981）30

Tobata Women’s Society measuring dust
pollution. Picture from Kitakyushu City

Itabashi Green Master Plan:
Program Development

Itabashi Green Master Plan:
Program Development

Creeping Environmental Crisis
2002/09/24

2005/09/24

2003/09/24

2006/09/24

2004/09/24

2007/09/24

Total area of sea ice inArctic Ocean smallest
since observations
startedThese findings as a result of analyses of observation data acquired by the Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer (AMSR-E).The AMSR-E acquires observation data and visible images of sea ice density.
http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/cgi-bin/seaice-monitor.cgi?lang=jGlobal Warming in the 21st Century

Pollution Issues to
Global Environmental
IssuesFurther to Asia
From a city

Local

To a country

National

GlobalWorsening
GlobalEnvironmental
IssuesWorsening
Environmental
Pollution
IssuesSolving
Environmental
Pollution
IssuesPursuit ofsustainability
that maintains
a goodbalance
betweeneconomy andenvironment

Need for Global
Environmental
Policies

CreatingEnvironment
with Full ofAmenity

2000s
1990s

1980s
1970s

1960s
Moving Up to More Comprehensive & Global Environmental Policies

Sustainable Society that
integrates the Three Societies
Sustainability indices to connect each society
Climate change andenergy/resources

Indices:Quantities of natural
resources exploited,
Recycling rates,
A Sustainable Society amount of waste

Indices:
Energy production (fossilfuels, renewable),
GHG emissions
A Low Carbon
Society

A Sound MaterialCycle Society
Ecosystems andenvironmental load

Climate changeand ecosystems

AASociety
SocietyininHarmony
Harmonywith
withNature
NatureIndices:
Land use,
Changes in land use rates,
Ecosystem functions
http://www.env.go.jp/en/focus/070606.html

Mapping Science and Policies on Climate Change and SD
Problem-Solving
Effectiveness of Policy Package
Images of a Low Carbon Society

Mitigation/Adaptation(Values/Consensus Building)Int’l Framework (Application of Technology/Process of Social Change) Technologies(Journalism)(Presenting Scenarios)(Renewable Energy)(Post-Kyoto) (CDM)(CCS)
Company(Forest Management)
Domestic
CSR/SRI(Disaster Prevention)
CO2 Tax

Competenciesof the Policies

Social Science/Humanities(Economic/Social Impact)

PhilosophyReligion(grounds for policymeasures)

Impact/RiskAssessment

Natural Science/Engineering(Flood, Drought)(Health) (Changes in food Production,water resources)(Changes in ecosystems)

Theoretical Model for
Sustainable Growth(Prioritizing interests forthe next generation)

Truth-Searching

Observation/Prediction(temperature, sea surface)
Carbon Cycle
Finding out the causesof global warming

Key Questions for Mitigation and Adaptation
Amount ofanthropogenic
GHG emission?
Emissionsources?

企業Carbo- ic
cycl onice,
So nom GHG conc carbon
entr
eco ivity,
atioact sionnsiem
ClimateChange,Stabilization
GlobalOf CO2WarmingSocialSystem

社会的ニーズ
社会的ニーズHowcan humansocietieschange?

What is themechanism ofclimate change

Mntio sga reiti u
M easm

How much GHG
reduction andadaptation ispossible bytechnology?

easu
resn
tatio
Adap ressumea

What kind ofpolicies arerequired?

ns o mantcpa hu
Im v.& yen cietsoKey
Question

Future climate?
Sea-level rise?

How much humanand ecosystem put
at risk by climatechange?
Risk can be
avoided byadaptation?

IR3S Flagship ProjectBack-Casting from Future TargetWorldNowBa
ck c
Required policy
intervention andinvestment

2000

a stin g

required policy intervention

Environmental pressure

No Intervention

ReferenceFuture World
Long-term target yeargint
asc
reoF

Intervention by existing policies

60-80%
reduction

Normative
Target World
2020

2050

2050低炭素社会研究シナリオチームの研究成果に基づき改変

Breakdown of Primary Energy
SupplyFrom “Low carbon society scenarios towards 2050” projectA Sound Material-Cycle Society
In a One-way based Society of mass
production, mass consumption and massdisposal

In a Sound Material-Cycle Society
Promotion of 3R

Resource Loading

Resource Loading

Production(manufacturing/distribution）

Production(manufacturing/distribution)

Consumption

Disposal

Waste Processing (incineration etc.)

Landfill Disposal

Consumption

Disposal

Waste Processing (recycle/incineration)

Landfill Disposal

Reuse

Resource Extraction

RecycleResource extraction

Material Flow-based Indicators-Indicators with target setting-•Cyclical use Rate
10%→ about 14-15%（40-50% increase）•Final Disposal Amount
57 million tons→ about
23 million tons（about 60% reduction）

Current
target60%
improvement
over 15 years

30% Increase
from the currenttarget
（42）
（37）

30% Increase

（33）

（26）

(14～15）(14）(12.2）

Cyclical use rate(%)

2000→2015•Resource Productivity
260 thousand yen/ton→ 420 thousandyen/ton（60% increase）

Resource productivity (ten thousand yen/ton)

The 2nd Plan

６Spheres of Sound Material Cycle
International Material Cycle
Domestic Material Cycle
Regional Material Cycle
Local Material Cycle
Households/
RetailersMaterial Use

Final
Disposal
Village
B

City A

Reuse &Recycling

Separatecollection

Community-basedSound
Material Cycle
Reusing/
Repairing ofmaterials/devices,diversion of usedcooking oil, etc.

Use ofBiomassTown
C DCity
RecyclingHeatRecovery

Circulative
resourcesconsidered as
economicallyefficient andenvironmentallypreferable withsmaller impact.

Circulative resources which aremost efficiently processed in thearea where environmental
business is well-developed andactive (i.e., metal, soil and stone
resources, and any material that
requires extra treatment
processes and/or care before
disposal, etc.)

Utilization of circulative resources
based on the characteristics of eachcountry (low wages, hightechnological advantage, etc.) that
require high recycling technologies.
In Japan, for example, trace amountsof rare metals can be efficiently
recycled, which requires advanced
recycling technologies.

Resource Productivity in Major Countries
Resource Productivity in Major Countries(2002)
R e s o u rc e P ro d u c tiv it y

3000
2500

Resource Productivity(PPP)
Resoure Productivity(Exchange rate)

2000
1500
1000
5000
China(projection 1)

China(projection 2)

FranceGermany

Italy

EnglandJapan

Comparison of resource productivity in major countries (2002)
For such cross-country comparison like this, which common currency used to convert the GDPs (gross domestic product)
has great impact. It is pointed out that common GDP conversion in market exchange rates can give a very misleading
picture of the size of a country's economy. This is particularly true for such country like China; therefore, here GDP
adjusted for PPP (purchasing power parity) is used for the estimation to ensure more accurate comparison.
Estimation by Yuichi Moriguchi at the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan based on data from Liu Bin, Xu Ming, EUROSTAT, Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan, International Monetary Fund and others.

Crisis in Ecological System and Biodiversity

From Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-being , Biodiversity Synthesis

National Strategy for the Conservation andSustainable Use of Biological Diversity
Highlights of the New National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan
Crisis 1 :Species and habitat degradation due to excessive human activities
Crisis 2 :Degradation of satochi-satoyama* due to insufficient level of management
Crisis 3 :Ecosystem disturbances caused by the introduced alien species andchemical contaminations
7 Priorities
1.

3 Policy Directions
1. Reinforce Conservation Efforts
2. Restore Nature

2.
3.
4.
5.

3. Work Towards Sustainable Use

6.
7.

Conservation of Priority Areas and Formation of“Ecological Network (s)”Conservation and Use of Satoyama
Conservation of Wetlands
Restoration of Nature
Conservation and Management of Wildlife(Reinforcing Countermeasures against Extinction of Species
and Countermeasures against Alien Species)
Development of Natural Environmental Data
(Monitoring Sites 1,000)
Effective Conservation Methods and Others(Improvement of Environmental Assessments andInternational Cooperation)(From Ministry of Environment )Creating Ecological Networks
Connecting Urban and Rural Areas• Watershed area connects forest
in upstream, farmlands in
midstream, and build-up areas indownstream• Such watershed management
including water resource andland use control is very important• Creating an ecological networkthat connects mountains, hills,
rivers, lakes, and seashore• Creating such network cancontribute to CO2 reduction,mitigating urban climate, andprevention of natural disaster• Aiming at creating ecologicalnetworks that encompasses
urban agglomeration

Green Network of Metropolitan Tokyo

22

Fusing Global and Regional Issues
Global Issue
Climate Change
Population
Food Security
Environmental
Protection

Heat Island EffectDe-population/

Poverty

Aging

Energy Security

Rural/Urban
Discrepancies

And more…

Traffic problem
City Landscape

Regional Issue

Regional
RevitalizationAnd more...

Solution of Universal Problem
by Distinctive Answer
global problems

local problems¾ A population explosion in urban
areas = most important cause ofproblem in global environment¾ From the perspective of global
sustainability = the creation ofSUSTAINABLE CITY

¾ Globalization of the world economy
brings urban unindividuation andlocal identity crisis¾ Necessary of urban planning basedon regional specific culture andnature = realize an upgrade theattractiveness of city

be in harmony ・・・¾ Coexistence without contradiction to global view and local perspective
is indispensable¾ Vision for integrated urban and landscape planning

City Planning in Stuttgart, Germany
Landscape plan 2010
Stuttgart - general function -the pursuit of local sustainability

Preventing
Global Warming

Agenda 21
Conserving
Biodiversity

European Sustainable

Superior Cities & Towns Campaign
planning

CompactCityBroader
EcologicalNetwork

Urban & Suburban
Conservation (EU)CORINE(Coordination ofinformation on theenvironment)

Sustainable Cities
Report (EU)
Proposal
fromexternal
experts

Standardizationof Biotope

Case Study
Actual spaceplanning

Stuttgart
Conservation on
Redeployment
Green SlopePlan Stuttgart21

Wind Trail Plan

Superiorplanning

KLIMAATLAS

Regulationon Land Use

B PlanAnalysis of regional climate
Analysis of landscape

F PlanEnvironmental problem

Air Pollution
Heat Island

Environmental problem

Promoting Proper Land Use

the pursuit of local sustainability

Building Cities Capitalizing on theirRegionality■Fusing Local Issues and Global Issues
z Heat island & Measures against global warmingz Urban cities/rural villages coexistence & Building
resource circulating society/compact cityz Conserving urban green districts & Preserving
biodiversity■Participatory Urban Development and Importanceof Reviewing Planning Systemz Participatory urban development by citizens highlyconscious of the issues
zPromoting education for building sustainable city
zBuilding long-term visions for urban sustainability thatfuses other relevant plans

Wind Trail Plan in Stuttgart

Rooftop greening

Landscape Planning in Naples, Italy
クーマの浄化施設の規制
総合的保護地区
風景環境修復の総合的保護
市街地の再生と風景環境修復
技術リサーチセンター地区規制
ゴミ処理施設地区の環境再生
工業地域の再生
歴史的中心市街地の修復
公共ゾーンの規制
民間ゾーンの規制

Zoning of state parks in Naples metropolitan area

Protection zone
Buffer zone
Conservation zone

The agricultural landscape with country
houses called "Casali"

City Planning in Kanazawa

Slope Green and Hill Zone inKanazawa City

Education for Sustainable Development(ESD)
Sustainable
Sustainable Development
Development
REFORMS, CHANGES
and MINDSET

SocioSocioeconomic
economic
Systems
Systems
TechnologicalTechnologicalinnovation
innovation

Human
Human dimension
dimension
Scientific knowledge
Value, Lifestyle
Behavior

Education
Education
ForForSDSD

Regional Partnership in ESD:
Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE) “Decade of Education for Sustainable Development” has contributed
greatly to educating people about sustainable development
 For further going, connect RCEs into networks t from regional coalitions
for the “Education for SD”
 Kitakyushu City has been designated as an RCE in Japan A famous model city for overcoming pollution and building a resource-circulating society Training centers that support development of environmental technology in developing
countries Best suited for UNU on-site training centre

Kitakyushu Eco-Town

Home, Public life

Environmental
Facilities, etc.

Communities

Kindergartens,
Nurseries

CBOs, NPOs

Schools

Museums

Municipality

Universities, etc

Research Institutes

Society

Education

Environment

Private Sector

Mass Media

Economy & Information
Kitakyushu ESD Council(platform)

Comprehensive Environmental Industrial
Complex, Hibiki Recycling Area

Urban Issues on Sustainability• Half of the world's population live in the cities• More "megacities" are emerging particularly in developingcountries• Cities consume massive energy and resources• Cities are facing threats to the environment and ecosystems

http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm

China’s Rural and Urban Population
1950-2030 (UN Estimates, 2003)37

Urban-Rural Sustainability andAsian Cities• Many cities in Asia havebeen developed whereonce were cultivatedareas• Issues faced by urban
and rural areas are
inherently two sides ofthe same coin
• Urbanization will cause
various problems that
affect both urban andrural• The key to sustainable
cities in Asia lies incoexistence of urban andrural areas

38

Characteristics of Chinese Megacities
and Urban & Rural Societies• Urban expansion in China has somesimilar phases as in postwar Japan(so-called Asian type)• Reducing disparities between urban
and rural is important in sustainable
development• This fusion will propose a vision of“Ideal City” in Asia
• Todai's collaboration with Tianjin City
Government in order to promoteurban-rural resource circulating
society39

Urban and Rural Mixture andFusion in East Asia
• Commonality ofmonsoon Asia andpaddy culture• Urban expansion
toward urban fringe• Urban-rural mixture insmall scale• Toward establishingsustainable city basedon urban and ruralplanning

1995
BeichenDongliXiqing
Urban
Paddy fields
Dry crop fields
Vegetable fields
Forests and orchards
Water surfaces

JinnanBasic Approach toward an International Sound
Material-Cycle Society

Domestic
Circulation

Domestic
Circulation
International
Circulation

Nationalboundary

Source: documents from the Central Environmental Council(1) Placing priority
on improvement of
the domestic 3R
capacity(2) Simultaneously
enhancing andreinforcing activities
to prevent illegal
import/export ofwaste
When (1) and (2) aresuccessfully
implemented,(3)Facilitating
import/export of CR
as complementary todomestic circulationin each country

Thankyou!

Edo was once an ideal SMS city…