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Table of Contents

Application Note

RS-232 Glossary and Selection Guide

Parker Dodson

Transceiver Interface
ABSTRACT

RS-232 is a long-standing communication standard. This document gives an overview on the RS-232 standard,
provides explanations of key electrical and timing specifications of RS-232 transceivers, and includes a selection
guide to help choose the correct RS-232 for a specific application.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................2
2 RS-232 Standard Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Electrical Overview.............................................................................................................................................................2
2.2 Functional Overview...........................................................................................................................................................3
2.3 Mechanical Overview......................................................................................................................................................... 3
3 RS-232 Transceiver Key Specification Overview.................................................................................................................4
3.1 Electrical Characteristics....................................................................................................................................................4
3.2 Switching and Timing Characteristics................................................................................................................................ 5
3.3 Additional Features on Select TI RS-232 Transceivers..................................................................................................... 6
4 RS-232 Transceiver Selection Guide.................................................................................................................................... 8
5 References.............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

List of Figures
Figure 3-1. Example TPHL and TPLH Test Setup from the TRSF3243E Data Sheet................................................................. 5
Figure 3-2. Slew Rate Test Setup Example from TRSF3243E Data Sheet................................................................................. 6
Figure 3-3. Enable and Disable Time Test Setup Example from the TRSF3243E Data Sheet................................................... 6
Figure 3-4. Auto-Power-Down Test Setup Example From TRSF3243E Data Sheet................................................................... 7

List of Tables
Table 2-1. RS-232 Interface Overview.........................................................................................................................................2
Table 4-1. TI RS-232 Transceiver Selection................................................................................................................................ 8

Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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1 Introduction
RS-232 is a common point-to-point communication interface for various peripheral devices to enablecommunication between a host and a peripheral. RS-232 conforms to the TIA-232 and EIA-232 standards.
To understand how to choose the correct RS-232 device for a system, a brief overview of the RS-232 standard
as well key specifications for the transceivers is discussed in the following sections.

2 RS-232 Standard Overview
The RS-232 standard covers three areas of interest: electrical, functional, and mechanical. The electrical
specifications include the physical electrical layer standard definitions.

2.1 Electrical Overview
The RS-232 standard defines multiple key electrical characteristics. RS-232 is a single ended point-to-point
communication protocol – which means each data signal travels along one wire (as opposed to differential whichuses two wires for one data signal) and there are only two nodes at each end of the communication bus. The
nature of this bus is inherently unbalanced. The bus operates in a full duplex manner – which means that the bus
can transmit and receive data simultaneously. Older versions of the standard required a data-rate of 19.2Kbps ata cable length of 50 feet; however, since there is variation between many cables with respect to their electricalproperties modern revisions of the RS-232 standard now requires a minimum data-rate of 19.2Kbps with acapacitive load of 2500 pF – where the bus length is limited by capacitance per unit length. RS-232 transceivers
can go up to 1Mbps. The signal levels are defined as such: a logic one from a transmitter is between –5 V and–15 V and logic 0 from the transmitter is between 5 V and 15 V. For a transceiver to be compliant, the device
must recognize a voltage from –3 V to –15 V as logic 1 and voltages between 3 V and 15 V to be a logic 0– the receivers can be more sensitive depending on the specific device chosen. The maximum output current
can be up to 500 mA by standard, but generally most ICs are designed well below this level. Finally, the input
impedance of a receiver is nominally 5 kΩ but can be as low as 3 kΩ.
Table 2-1. RS-232 Interface Overview
Specification

2

Definition
WiringSingle ended

Topology

Point to point (2 communication nodes)

DuplexFull

Minimum Data Rate

19.2Kbps at 2500-pF load

Output Signal Levels–15 V to –5 V for Logic 1; 5 V to 15 V for Logic 0

Receiver Sensitivity±3 V

Receiver Input Impedance

5 kΩ (nominal); 3 kΩ (minimum)

Maximum Output Current Allowed

500 mA (but many ICs are limited much lower)

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2.2 Functional Overview
Beyond the electrical specifications, RS-232 includes functional definitions of 24 different signals; however,common usage uses 8 or less of the defined signals. This document covers the eight most commonly-usedsignals in RS-232. The signals can be broken up into four different categories: Common, Data, Timing, andControl signals; however, most signals fall into the Control category. Timing Signals are rather rare in RS-232
interfaces and have limited use and are not used in standard 8, or less, signal RS-232 interfaces which TI
transceivers primarily support. The RS-232 standard defines a Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) which acts as
the host and controller and a Data Communication Equipment (DCE) which acts as the peripheral to the hostand controller.
The Common category is just the name for the ground wire between two RS-232 devices and has no purpose
beyond providing a ground reference.
The Data signals are the lines that receive and transmit data – two data signals are common in RS-232. The
TD signal refers to the Transmitted Data signal and the RD signal refers the received data line. The TD signal
line is defined as the transmitted data by the DTE to the DCE, where the RD line is defined as the received datafrom the DCE to the DTE. Even though both nodes are transmitting and receiving data, the TD and RD lines are
specific to the host node in the system not the peripheral.
The Control signals are used to control flow of data between the two nodes in an RS-232 system. This gives
a higher layer of control beyond what can be done in the physical layer alone and allows for a more directedfocus on implementing the firmware for RS-232 systems. There are 2 to 6 common control signals that areused for handshaking between two nodes before data transmission occurs. In applications that require somehandshaking, a common use case is to use the two data signals + two control signals. These control signals
are Ready to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS). The RTS signal is asserted when the DTE has data thatis ready to transmit to the DCE through the TD signal; while the CTS signal is asserted after the RTS signal
has been received and the peripheral is letting the host know it is ready to receive data. However, this simple
version of handshaking is not the only common handshaking signal used when using RS-232 and systems suchas modems. Modems typically add an additional 4 control signals on top of RTS and CTS. Along with RTS andCTS, common control signals also include Data Terminal Ready (DTR), Data Set Ready (DSR), Data Carrier
Detect (DCD), and Ring Indicator (RI). The DTR signal is asserted by the DTE to the DCE that it is ready totransmit or receive data while the DSR signal is asserted by the DCE to the DTE after the DTR signal to let theDTE know that it is connected to the communications line. The DCD signal is a signal from the DCE to DTE toshow that there is a valid connection between the DTE and the DCE. Finally, the RI signal is a signal from the
DCE sent to the DTE to show that there is a ringing on the communication line – or more simply that the DCE
wants to communicate with the DTE itself – by which the DTE responds by asserting the DTR signal.

2.3 Mechanical Overview
The final portion of the RS-232 standard focuses on the mechanical interface for RS-232 connections. The two
commonly-used connectors are DB25 and DB9S. The DB25 connector allows the RS-232 functional signal toeach have a connection point. The more common DB9S connector supports the eight most common functional
RS-232 signals (as previously discussed) plus a common ground connection.

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3 RS-232 Transceiver Key Specification Overview
When planning an RS-232 based communication system, there are many different transceiver options to choose
from. To be able to quickly navigate to parts that are designed for a specific use case or application there
are a few key specifications along with some optional features that are common to RS-232 compliant devices.
These areas of interest can be broken down into three categories: electrical characteristics, timing and switching
characteristics, and optional features that can be present in RS-232 compliant devices.

3.1 Electrical Characteristics
The electrical specifications of RS-232 complaint devices include non-timing related specifications such as
signal levels, leakage currents, power, and input thresholds for the device. The following list includes common
specifications and where to find them in TI RS-232 compliant transceivers.
•

Supply Voltage (VCC, VSS*, V+*, V–*, and VL*):•

Supply voltage is the power source for the transceiver; however, due to the large voltage swings possible inmany RS-232 applications there are multiple supply voltage ratings that all mean slightly different things. The* denotes a pin that may or may not be present on an RS-232 device.
VCC is the positive power supply – this is generally 3.3 V – 5 V for most modern RS-232 devices (but canbe up to 15 V depending on the device). VCC has three main uses that it can occupy in a common RS-232
device. The first is providing the bias for the controller side and bus side pins directly allowing positive voltage
swings to be generated- in these devices a negative supply pin - VSS - is also included to provide a negative
supply voltage to provide negative voltage swings. The second is bias the controller side pins and to act as
a input voltage for the integrated charge pump to generate the bus voltage swings. Finally, VCC can also be
used to just feed the charge pump in devices with separate logic voltage supply pins available.
V+ and V– are the charge pump output pins when seen on a device and in the data sheet they represent
the voltage ratings of these pins. If these pins exist on the device, the pins are usually connected only to an
external capacitor. These output pins have ratings on the absolute maximum and recommended operating
conditions table as well – but no external voltage is applied to this pin. These supplies are used to provide
drive strength to the bus pins.
VL is the power supply for separate logic pin supply voltages in devices with separate bus and logic supply.
This power supply allows a lower control voltage to interact with the console side pins as the interface withlow voltage (< 3.3 V) controllers (down to 1.8 V). This information is found in the same data sheet sections as
the other supply voltage parameters.
Supply Current (ICC):•

Supply current or ICC is the quiescent current of the device while active with no loading to give a baseline
power consumption for the device. This specification is important to understand if power savings is importantto the application. Supply current is usually found in the data sheet either under Electrical Specifications orElectrical Specifications-Power.
Common Driver Electrical Characteristics (VOH, VOL, VIH, VIL, IIL, IIH, IOS, RO, and IOZ):

•

•

•

Many RS-232 devices separate most of the driver electrical characteristics into independent sections in thedata sheet – except for VIH and VIL which is typically found in the recommended operating conditions.
– VIL and VIH are the console-side input thresholds and stand for Voltage, Input Low Threshold and Voltage,
Input High Threshold, respectively. These values are applied to enable, driver input, or special featurepins that can register a logic low or logic high state. If an input voltage with respect to device ground is≥ than VIH (min), the pin state is registered a logic high and if the input voltage with respect to device
ground is ≤ VIL (max), the pin state is registered a logic low. On many devices VIL (max) and VIH (min)are rated to 0.8 V and 2 V, respectively, but on devices with a separate logic supply voltage or devices
without internal charge pumps, these values can deviate from the most common threshold levels. Holding
the input voltage between the VIL (max) and VIH (min) thresholds can cause large shoot-through currents
and can lead to oscillations at output due to LC parasitics on the power line for the device.
– IIL and IIH are the resulting current draw into a console side pin when the voltage applied with respect toground is a logic low for IIL and logic high for IIH. These specifications are used to help size pullup andpulldown resistors to provide proper default state operation.
– IOS is the output short-circuit current from a driver output to device ground. This value gives the maximum
expected short-circuit current and potentially also provides a typical short-circuit current value. The
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RS-232 Transceiver Key Specification Overview

designer must control the short-circuit duration to prevent too much power being dissipated over thedevice. Repeated power overages can lead to premature part failure. Typically only one output is allowed
to be shorted at a time. See the specific device data sheet for more information.
– RO is the output resistance of the driver. Generally this is when the supply voltage is disconnected fromthe device. The minimum of this specification is usually 300 Ω but many devices have a typical value inthe KΩ to MΩ range. This specification gives an idea on how the driver loads the bus when unpowered.
– IOZ, also called IOFF, is the leakage current from the driver when the driver is disabled. This is the amountof current that can be sourced or sunk from the driver pin when disabled. This helps characterize the bus
loading when the driver is inactive.
Common Receiver Electrical Specifications (VOH, VOL, VIT+, VIT–, VHYS, RI, and IOZ)
– VOH and VOL are the output high-level voltage and output low-level voltage, respectively, on the console
side pins. When an RS-232 device receives data on one of the RX bus pins, the corresponding output
voltage on the console side is VOH for a logic high and VOL for a logic low. These values are used toprovide accurate communication between the RS-232 transceiver and controller.
– VIT+ and VIT– are the positive-going and negative-going input voltage thresholds, respectively, for the
RS-232 device RX bus pins. These voltage thresholds function similar to the console-side logic input
thresholds VIH and VIL, but are dependent on current state. If the device is receiving a logic low when
the input signal crosses the VIT+ (max) boundary, a logic high is read at the RX bus pin. Whereas theinverse is true of the VIT– (min) boundary. These voltage thresholds are used to help determine how muchattenuation the system is able to handle from driver to receiver.
– VHYS is the hysteresis voltage between the VIT+ and VIT– thresholds. This parameter is used to determine
the noise margin allowed between the input thresholds to provide error-free communication between
driver and receiver.
– RI is the input resistance of the bus-facing RX pins on the RS-232 device. RI acts a resistor to ground.
The RS-232 standard requires a minimum input resistance of 3 kΩ – with many devices having a possible
range of input resistance of 3 kΩ to 7 kΩ; however, some devices can be higher than 7 kΩ.
– IOZ is the console-side receiver output pin leakage current. IOZ is the same parameter as IOZ on the driver,
but specifies the console-side RX output.

3.2 Switching and Timing Characteristics
This section defines the switching characteristics and timing characteristics of common drivers and receivers.
•

Common Driver Switching Characteristics and Timing Characteristics (DR, tPHL, tPLH, tsk(p) , and SR(tr))– DR refers to the maximum data rate of the transceiver. RS-232 only requires 20Kbps, however many
devices can go up to 1Mbps. This value is specified with a resistor and capacitor representing 50 feet of
cabling + a resistor to model the input impedance of the RS-232 device RX bus pin. For best performance
limit the maximum speed of application to the minimum data rate listed in the device data sheet.
– tPHL and tPLH are the propagation delay times from high to low and low to high, respectively. This value
measures the time from an input signal reaching 50% of its value to the output reaching 50% of its value.
tPHL is a negative output voltage swing while tPLH is a positive output voltage swing
3V

Generator(see Note B)

RS-232
Output50 Ω
RL
3V
FORCEOFF

Input

1.5 V

1.5 V

0V

CL
(see Note A)

tPHL

tPLH
VOH

Output

50%

50%
VOL

TEST CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMSNOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 1 Mbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

Figure 3-1. Example TPHL and TPLH Test Setup from the TRSF3243E Data Sheet– tsk(p) is the pulse skew of the driver. Figure 3-1 looks at the magnitude of difference between tPHL and tPLH
- since in real devices these times typically only vary slightly. The higher the skew is in the system, themore additive jitter exists in the system because skew changes the periodicity of the data signal.

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www.ti.com– SR(tr) is the slew rate during the transition region of the driver output. SR(tr) measures the voltage output
per microsecond of the device in the linear region of operation (typically 10% to 90% of signal value).
SR(tr) gives an idea of how fast the transition speed is and can help determine what frequency content isgenerated during switching. The change in voltage magnitude divided by the duration of the change is theslew rate.
3V

Generator(see Note B)

Input

RS-232
Output50 Ω0V

CL(see Note A)

RL
3V
FORCEOFF

Output6V
SR(tr) +t THL or tTLHTEST CIRCUIT

tTLH

tTHL

3V

3V

−3 V

−3 V

VOH
VOL

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMSNOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 1 Mbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

•

Figure 3-2. Slew Rate Test Setup Example from TRSF3243E Data Sheet
Common Receiver Switching Characteristics and Timing Characteristics (TPHL, TPLH, Tsk(p), Ten, and Tdis)– tPHL, tPLH, and tsk(p) are all the same characteristics as described in the previous section on driver timing
and switching characteristics. The only difference is that these parameters are measured from the input on
RX bus pins to the output on RX console output pins.
– ten and tdis refer to the enable time and disable time of the device. These specifications determine howlong it takes the device to become active from a shutdown state or how long to put the device into a
shutdown state, respectively.
3V
Input
VCC
3 V or 0 V
FORCEON

S1

1.5 V
0V
tPZH
(S1 at GND)

tPHZ
(S1 at GND)

RL
±3 V

1.5 V

GND

VOH

Output50%

OutputFORCEOFF
Generator(see Note B)

CL(see Note A)

0.3 V
tPZL
(S1 at VCC)tPLZ
(S1 at VCC)

50 Ω
0.3 V
Output50%
VOL

TEST CIRCUITNOTES: A.
B.
C.
D.

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
The pulse generator has the following characteristics: ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.
tPLZ and tPHZ are the same as tdis.
tPZL and tPZH are the same as ten.

Figure 3-3. Enable and Disable Time Test Setup Example from the TRSF3243E Data Sheet

3.3 Additional Features on Select TI RS-232 Transceivers
This section details a few features which are additional to RS-232 devices that are included on select TI RS-232
devices.
•

Integrated Charge Pump
The vast majority of TI RS-232 devices use an integrated charge pump that requires external capacitors forcharge pump operation. This allows the device to create the necessary RS-232 compliant output voltage

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swings from a single supply voltage (typically 3.3 V to 5 V). Some older devices do not have this feature andrequire dual supplies for RS-232 compliant operation.
Slew Rate Control•

One device, the SN55188, has an additional feature name slew rate control where there is a measured
relationship between the output capacitor and the device slew rate. Most devices have a decrease in slew
rate for an increase in output capacitance, the only difference is that this device gives a relationship to allow
the customer to externally control the slew rate. For lower slew-rate requirements, picking a device with alower data rate is generally a best practice.
Power Down•

Power down as a feature just allows the device to be controlled via enable signals, thus allowing the device
to be enabled and disabled as needed throughout system operation. The power down feature allows for more
flexible control over power usage in the system.
Auto Power -Down and Auto Power-Down +The Auto Power-Down and Auto Power-Down+ feature allows the device to go into a disabled state (charge
pump inactive) after no transitions have occurred on the TX or RX inputs. The difference in delay time istypically 30 μs for Auto Power-Down Parts and 30 s for Auto Power-Down+ parts. These parts include a flag
pin, INVALID, that goes low when the data on the RX bus is not within the valid range.
2.7 V

2.7 V

0V

ReceiverInput

0V−2.7 V−2.7 V

ROUT
Generator(see Note B)

3V

50 Ω
tinvalid

tvalid

50% VCC

50% VCC−3 V

VCC
INVALID
OutputAutopowerdown

FORCEOFFDIN

ten

INVALID
CL = 30 pF(see Note A)

FORCEON

0V

V+

≈V+

SupplyVoltages

0.3 V
VCC
0V
0.3 V

V−

≈V−

DOUT

TEST CIRCUITÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

Valid RS-232 Level, INVALID High

2.7 V

Indeterminate

0.3 V
0V
−0.3 V

If Signal Remains Within This Region
for More Than 30 µs, INVALID Is Low†
Indeterminate−2.7 V

Valid RS-232 Level, INVALID High† Auto-powerdown disables drivers and reduces supply

current to 1 µA.
NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 5 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

Figure 3-4. Auto-Power-Down Test Setup Example From TRSF3243E Data Sheet

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4 RS-232 Transceiver Selection Guide
Table 4-1 highlights the key RS-232 devices and their most important functional specifications and features.
Table 4-1. TI RS-232 Transceiver Selection
DeviceConfiguration

VCC

VL (MIN)MAX
Data Rate

OutputVoltage

Temperature
Range

Package
Options

Features

MAX3227E

1TX 1RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

1Mbps

±5.4 V0°C to 70°C, –40°C to 85°C

16-SSOP

Auto-Power
Down PlusTRSF3221

1TX 1RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

1Mbps

±5.4 V0°C to 70°C

16-SSOP

Auto-Power
Down

SN75155

1TX 1RX

5 V, 12 V

N/A

400Kbps±9.7 V0°C to 70°C

8-SOIC,
8-PDIP

N/A

TRS3221E

1TX 1RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

250Kbps±5.4 V0°C to 70°C, –40°C to 85°C

16-VQFN,
16-SSOP,
16-TSSOP

Auto-Power
Down

TRS3122E

2TX 2RX1.65 V to 5.5 V

1.65V

1Mbps

±5.4 V–40°C to 85°C

24-VQFN

Auto-Power
Down Plus

MAX3222E

2TX 2RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

500Kbps±5.4 V0°C to 70°C, –40°C to 85°C

20-SOIC,
20-SSOP,
20-TSSOP

Power Down

TRS3223-Q1

2TX 2RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

250Kbps±5.4 V–40°C to 125°C

20-TSSOP

Auto-Power
Down

TRS202E

2TX 2RX

5V

N/A

120Kbps±9 V

0°C to 70°C, –40°C to 85°C

16-SOIC,
16-PDIP,
16-TSSOP

N/A

TRS3243E

3TX 5RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

1Mbps

±5.4 V–40°C to 85°C

28-TSSOP,
32-VQFN

Auto-Power
Down

MAX3243E

3TX 5RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

500Kbps±5.4 V0°C to 70°C, –40°C to 85°C

28-SOIC,
28-TSSOP,
28-SSOP,
32-VQFN

Auto-Power
Down

MAX3243-EP

3TX 5RX

3.3 V, 5 V

N/A

250Kbps±5.4 V–55°C to 125°C

28-TSSOP,
28-SSOP

Auto-PowerDown

5 References
1. Texas Instruments, TRSF3243E 3-V to 5.5-V Multichannel RS-232 Compatible Line Driver and Receiver with
±15-kV IEC ESD protection Data Sheet
2. Texas Instruments, MC1488, SN55188, SN75188 Quadruple Line Drivers Data Sheet

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