令和 5 年度
Ａ Ｏ 入 試 問 題 集（理学部）

公表期限：2026 年 3 月末
東北大学入試センター※ 以下の(1),(2)の場合を除き，複製，転載，転用することを禁じます。
(1)受験予定者が自主学習のために使用する場合(2)学校その他の教育機関(営利目的で設置されているものを除く。)の教職員が教育の一環として使用する場合地球温暖化と熱帯低気圧に関する次の文章を読み、 以下の問い（問1、 問2)に答えよ。
Various mechanisms underli� the tropical cyclones (TC)-induced rainfall changes caused bysius
climate change. a)---Clae ron cc relation it is known that the atmos here caniatedwith TCs is oroiected to increase under climate warmin!l. Althou!lh modelling: studies sug:g:est that climatewarminl! will reduce the total number of TCs in the Western North Pacific (WNP) basin in the future. theFurthermore, projected changes in TC tracks,
such as the poleward shift of the TC track density, will affect human exposure to TC rainfall.
In the WNP region, observational �tudies have shown an increase in TC-related rainfall· intensity
and intense TC rainfall frequency in the central coast of Vietnam, southeast China, around Taiwan and South
Korea in recent decades. An increasing trend of the average TC rainfall rate over the WNP has also beenobserved. In contrast, the accumulated total rainfall along the TC track i'n the region has decreased during
1988-2007 and a decreasing trend of total TC rainfall amount was reported as well in the coastal region ofVietnam.
However, b)

been determined whether anthrooog:enic forcinl! has contributed to the observed chanQ:es in TC heavv rainfall.
TC activity and TC-related rainfall are substantially· affected by various climate modes such as El
Nifio/Southern Oscillation,· Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, which hinder
the detection of anthropogenic impacts from natural variability. Limitations in the lengths of observational
records also make it difficult to identify l9ng-terrn anthropogenic impacts.
Used with permission of Springer Nature BV, from "Observed influence of anthropogenic climate change on
tropical cyclone heavy rainfall" by Nobuyuki Utsumi & Hyungjun Kim, Copyright © 2022, Nobuyuki Utsumi &Hyungjun Kim, under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited ; permission conveyed through Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc. 一部改変
（参考）anthropogenic: 人為起源のtropical cyclone (TC)：熱帯低気圧

Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation: クラウジウス ー クラペイロンの関係

El Nino/Southern Oscillation: エルニーニョ ・ 南方振動
Pacific Decadal Oscillation: 太平洋十年振動Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation: 太平洋数十年振動問1以下の小問(1)、（2)に答えよ。

(1)下線部a)を和訳せよ。
(2)下線部b)の理由として、 筆者はどのように述べているか。 本文の内容に基づき、 日本語で答えよ。

地球表層環境に関する以下の問い（問1、 問2)に答えよ。
問1

次の図1は、 世界の生物群系（バイオ ー ム）を示したものである。 この図を見て、 以下の小問 (1) 、（2) に答えよ。

II熱帯雨林匿熱帯乾燥林四サバンナ
匿目ステップにコ砂漠 ・ 半砂漠
匿（ア）
区（イ）

四3（ウ）
巨豆亜寒帯針葉樹林言ツンドラ□

＇ー 高山

図1
（小野映介・吉田圭一郎編「みわたす・つなげる自然地理学」より『世界の生物群系（バイオーム）の分布』）(1)

図1中の凡例（ア）、（イ）、（ウ）に当てはまる生物群系を、 以下の語群の中からそれぞれ選べ。 ただし、 同じものを二度選んではならない。
［硬葉樹林、 常緑広葉樹林、 落葉（夏緑）広葉樹林］(2)

熱帯雨林および砂漠・半砂漠の分布が図 1 のようになる理由について、 7 行以内で説明せよ。

Patapoutian and his collaborators first identified a cell line that gave off a measurable electric signal
when individual cells were poked with a micropipette. It was assumed that the receptor activatedby mechanical force is art ion channel and in a next step 72 candidate genes encoding possible

receptors were identified. These genes were inactivated one by one to discover the gene responsible
for mechanosensitivity in the studied cells. After an arduous search,Patapoutian and his co-workers

succeeded in identifying a single gene whose silencing rendered the cells insensitive to poking withthe micropipette. (d)� unknown mechanosensitive ion channel had been discovered
Through its similarity

and wastoPiezo 1, a second gene was discovered and namedPiezo2. Sensory neurons were found to express

high levels ofPiezo2 and further studies firmly established thatPiezol andPiezo2 are ion channels
that are directly activated by'the exertion of pressure on cell membranes.

The breakthrough byPatapoutian led to a series of papers from his and other groups, demonstratingthat thePiezo2 ion channel is ess,ential for the sense of touch. Moreover,Piezo2 was shown to playa key role in the critically important sensing of body position and motion, known as proprioception.

In fu�her work, Piezo 1 andPiezo2 channels have been shown to regulate additional importantphysiological processes including blood pressure, respiration and urinary bladder control.

（© The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet）

注： ch�mical compound:化合物、 capsaicin:カプサイシン、 exert:発揮する、 riddle:謎、
cultured-cell�:培養細胞、laborious:骨の折れる、menthol:メント ー ル、poke:突く、arduous:
根気強い
問1 下線部(a)について、 カプサイシンに反応するタンパク質の遺伝子がどのように同定されたのか、 問題文中の記述に基づいて具体的に説明せよ。
問2

下線部(b)を和訳せよ。

問3

下線部(c)を和訳せよ。

問4 下線部(d)について、Piezolと名付けられた機械刺激（圧力）に反応するイオンチャネルがどのように発見されたのか、 問題文中の記述に基づいて具体的に説明せよ。