ISSN 2056-6735 (Online)

Yale University Criticality Consortium
Conflict Minerals – The Politics of Compromise

The magazine of the Minor Metals Trade Association

3rd Edition 2015/June

www.mmta.co.uk

Welcome from James Peer,
Maritime House Ltd, and new
MMTA Chairman

INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Welcome from James Peer

2

Review of the Toronto
Conference

4-5

Yale Criticality Consortium

6-8

Titanium Golf Clubs

9

Self-healing Gels

11

English Jurisdiction Clause

12

Letter from America

13

The Politics of Compromise

14-15

Technology Metal Procurement& Recycling

16-17

I was delighted to have the opportunity to put my nameforward to be the next Chairman of the MMTA. For those
who don’t know me, let me briefly introduce myself andour company. I am a Director and Shareholder ofMaritime House Ltd, our family business. Maritime HouseLtd is a major supplier of nickel based superalloys into
the Former Soviet Union. Our company also owns andoperates a rhenium recycling plant in Canada.
Prior to joining Maritime House in 2008, I spent 10 years in the tobacco trading business in Asia,
obtained an MBA from Cranfield School of Management followed by 3 years as a Purchasing
Director in Johnson & Johnson’s Consumer Division in Switzerland.
Maritime House Ltd has been a Member of the MMTA since 2007, and I have been on the Board
serving as both Treasurer and Business & Social Events Committee Chairman since 2012.
Our company has benefited greatly from what I consider to be the three great strengths of the
MMTA:

The MMTA promotes
essential elements that add
quality, safety andenjoyment to our lives.
The MMTA is the world's
leading minor metals industry
organisation.

Contact Us:
Address: MMTA, Suite 53, 3 Whitehall Court,
London, SW1A 2EL, UK
Tel: +44 (0)207 833 0237
Email: executive@mmta.co.uk

Disclaimer: The information and data contained in thisedition of the Crucible (the Material) has been compiled by the
Minor Metals Trade Association (MMTA) from sources believed
to be reliable at the time of writing but the MMTA makes norepresentation or warranty (express or implied) as to theaccuracy, timeliness or completeness of the Material. The
Material is provided for information purposes only, but is not tobe relied upon as authoritative or taken in substitution for the
exercise of the reader’s own skill and judgment. It should not be
relied upon for any specific or general application without firstobtaining competent advice. The MMTA, its members, staff andconsultants accept no liability whatsoever (however that liability
arises) for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising fromany use of the Material.
The Crucible contains links to third party websites and material
and information created and maintained by organisations otherthan the MMTA. These links are provided solely for yourconvenience. The MMTA does not guarantee the accuracy,
relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any third party
information or material accessed by means of a link within the
Crucible. The inclusion of a link is not intended to reflect theimportance of the third party materials accessed through it, nor
is it intended to endorse any views expressed, accuracy ofmaterial, products or services offered or other information
made available via the link.

2

A robust Membership approval process which means that when you want to do businesswith a Member of the MMTA you know that the Member in question has the peer approvalof the rest of the Membership. Our warehouse rules, arbitration facilities and metal norms
help enable Members to conduct business in a fair and straightforward manner.



The gathering and sharing of information relevant to our Members – this is done throughour vastly improved website, the Crucible, through direct mails to our Members and anumber of regularly held training events.



The networking events put on by the Association—these regularly held events throughout
the year in both Europe and North America allow our Members a platform to meet up, talkand do business. The flagship event is, of course, the MMTA’s International Minor Metals
Conference organised in partnership with Metal Events Ltd.

My goal over the next 3 years, with the support of the Board, is to build on these 3 strengths
and in particular focus on an improved information gathering and sharing service.
In addition, I feel that with the Asian region being such an important consumer and producer ofthe metals we cover, it is critical that we create better links with this region. This will be an areaof focus for the Board.
My overriding vision for the MMTA over the coming 3 years however is one of “ if it ain’t broke,
don’t fix it” – continuity, stability and building on the work of the Association under Roy Walton’soutstanding leadership over the past 3 years will be the goal under my Chairmanship.
As a final point I would say that I would not have considered standing for the position if it wasn’t
for the strength of the Board we have, not least the support I know I can rely on from Simon
Boon as Vice-Chair, and of course our outstanding General Manager, Maria Cox. I thank them
now in advance for trying to help make me look good over the next few years!
Thank you.
James Peer, Maritime House Ltd
MMTA Chairman

3

The MMTA’s International Minor Metals Conference
Toronto 2015
Members and non-members of the MMTA joined a great line-up of

status and its effect on R&D from the perspective of an antimony

speakers in Toronto last month for the MMTA’s International Minor

producer, as well as the growth in antimony and its connection to

Metals Conference. A vibrant and rapidly growing city, Toronto wasgold and other precious metals. Emin finished with the information

the perfect location to hear about the future demand of minorthat the USGS is tasked to identify and quantify critical mineral

metals in the aerospace, electronics, battery and alloy industries.

resources throughout the US within 4 years.

Bill Bihlman of Aerolytics LLC

Malcolm Harrower from Indium

opened the event with his

Corp talked about how indium

presentation on ‘Aerospace

production outside China hadmaterial and manufacturing

increased by about 15% over theevolution’. Bill looked at some ofpast 3 years. Reinforcing thethe engineering considerationsFirst Solar presentation, Indium

for material selection in

Corp stated that that solar energy

aerospace, and predicted thatis now a genuinely competitive

future demand for titanium

source of energy which includes

would remain strong. United

indium in the form of CIGS

Technologies Corporation(copper indium gallium selenide)cells. Personal electronic devices

continued the aero theme with alook at engines. Steve Ciccalone estimated that 62,000 moreare a big user of indium with indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)

engines will be required by the aerospace industry over the next

developed by Sharp now used in many smartphones and tablets

20 years, with nickel alloy and titanium alloy demand to growenabling very high-pixel-per-inch counts. Malcolm also spoke

extensively over the next 7 years.

about the Fanya Exchange andTitanium was also cited by

the reported 3600 tons of

Alcoa's Boyd Mueller, VP

indium stocked there which

Research & Technology, as theequates to 7 years supply. The

fastest growing aerospace

effect of this stock on the market

material, he highlighted thatis of concern to the indium

geo-political risks are theindustry.

greatest potential threat to

CNIA’s (China Non-ferrous Metals

future titanium supply.

Industry Association) Tang Wujun

5N Plus, First Solar and Tri-Star

talked about China's indium,

Resources focused on electronics

bismuth and germanium industry

and new technologies in thewith some interesting insights

second session. Michael Benson

into the production and usage offrom 5N Plus outlined how new applications will impact the demand these materials, including the development and outlook of China’s
for electronic metals. The photovoltaic, tellurium and LED markets

indium, bismuth and germanium market, as well as the policies

were illustrated, wrapping up with a look at the trend of

related to these materials.

miniaturisation and the particle size required for use in micro
solders and pastes.

The presentations and business meetings were complemented bysocial events, with a particular highlight being the Hockey Hall of

Jigish Trivedi, VP Technology Integration at First Solar, began with a Fame, where delegates enjoyed the ice hockey museum andvisual comparison of the abundance of solar energy in comparison
to other renewable resources. He stated that cadmium telluride(CdTe) has the lowest carbon footprint of all solar technologies andhas greatly improved its manufacturing processes in recent years.
Emin Eyi of Tri-Star Resources touched upon critical raw material

4interactive games as well as drinks and hockey themed canapés.
The second day opened with the topical subject of batteries. Jon
Hkyawy, President and Director of Canada-based consultancy,
Stormcrow, gave the audience a detailed overview of lithium
batteries with even conservative forecasts for lithium batteriespredicting we will be using
160,985 MWh by 2025

DATES FOR THE DIARY(Avicenne). Current demand

China’s Next Five Yearsfor lithium remains strong andis one of the few materials tohave a strong price curve eventhrough the global recession.
Anthony and Suzannah
Lipmann gave an entertaining
and informative presentation
on rhenium and hafnium, both
small but nevertheless important markets. Hafnium has a myriad of uses, with the superalloy
industry its biggest destination. The presentation included a look at historical prices from
Lipmann’s own data, as well as how the rhenium market was saved by recycling.
AVX Corporation closed the presentations with Bill Millman looking at tantalum capacitors, thesecret to the small, powerful computing devices we now take for granted. Bill talked in depth

including Networking Drinks
18th June
HSBC, New York, USA

Book This Event
NY Informal Drinks
18th June
Park Avenue Tavern, New York, USA

Wogen vs MMTA Cricket
15th July, London, UK

Register your interest
Critical Raw Materials &Your Business

about the responsible sourcing of tantalum and how the company works directly with mines in

Followed by Networking Drinks

the DRC to guarantee ‘conflict-free’ material without abandoning the region. This system is

16th September,
German Aerospace Center, Instituteof Vehicle Concepts, Stuttgart,
Germany

known as the AVX Closed Pipe model.
The MMTA and Metal Events would like to thank the sponsors of the conference, in particular
5N Plus for their sponsorship of the drinks reception at the Hockey Hall of Fame, as well as the
speakers and attendees for making it both an educational and highly enjoyable event.

Book This Event
MMTA’S
42nd Anniversary Dinner
13th OctoberInterContinental, London, UK

Register your interest
SPONSOR THIS EVENTNew York SEMINAR – China’s next 5 years The country's evolving economy,
regulations and evolving minor metal supply chains - With views from those who trade, those
who use and the experts who know the country best.
Thursday June 18th, HSBC, 5th Avenue, New York—followed by networking drinks
Programme
1:00

Lunch

2:00

Overview: China's resource role

2:10

Presentation: Making sense of President Xi’s policy changes and economy

2:30

Presentation: Understanding metal trading trends and how government regulations are playing outside of Beijing

2:50

Presentation: Understanding risk in supply and other sourcing concerns

3:30

Panel/Dialogue: China's resource demands: the deeper implications

4:15

Roundtable: How should traders, investors and end-users react to an evolving China?

5:10

Networking drinks reception

Speakers:
William H. Hess, Co-CEO, PRC Macro, Daniel Rosen, Partner, Rhodium Group, David S. Abraham, Director, Technology, Rareand Electronic Materials Center and Author, The Elements of Power, Noah Lehrman, Senior Vice President Hudson Metal &Alloys, MMTA, Clint Cox, President, The Anchor House,Contact the MMTA Executive Team for more details or book on the MMTA website.

5

Yale University Criticality Consortium –Spring Meeting 2015
As I mentioned in my last “Letter from North America”, Thomas Graedel, Professor of Industrial Ecology at Yale University’s School ofForestry & Environmental Studies (and the guest speaker at the 2010 MMTA winter dinner here in New York), very kindly invited me to thespring meeting of the Yale Criticality Consortium (the Consortium) up in New Haven in the middle of March.
Together with the National Science Foundation, the Consortium helps fund the Criticality of Metals and Metalloids project at the school’sCenter for Industrial Ecology. The research group has just completed the assessment of the contemporary (2008) criticality for 62
elements, comprising the metals of the periodic table plus metalloids and some other elements. The methodology created to quantify the
degree of criticality, Professor Graedel’s brainchild, comprises three dimensions – supply risk, environmental implications and vulnerability
to supply restriction. This provides a structural, and robust, approach that “ reflects the multifaceted factors influencing the availability ofmetals in the 21st century.”
National Level Methodology
The presentations from
Professor Graedel, his
research staff and guest
speakers, given over a day
and a half, were allfascinating. Whilst,
unfortunately, I am
unable to write aboutsome, either because theacademic papers relating
to them have still to be
published, or because theresearch involved is onlyin its infancy, I believe I
can provide at least aflavor of some of what
Source: Yale University, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Center for Industrial Ecology

was discussed.

Brief observations from two presentations, given by guest speakers, may be of particular interest to association members living in Europe.
The first, entitled Critical Raw Materials: the European perspective was given by Carlo Pettinelli, Director Sustainable Growth and EU 2020,
at the EC Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. This was followed by a second given by
Gian Andrea Blengini, Senior Researcher, Sustainability Assessment (H.08), Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment andSustainability. Mr Pettinelli was the politician. Dr Blengini was the scientist.
Building his talk on the three pillars of the European Raw Materials Initiative – sustainable supply of raw materials from global
markets, sustainable supply within the EU and resource efficiency and recycling – Mr Pettinelli was keen to emphasize that the EU
has now moved from a static to a dynamic approach to raw materials criticality.
Rather than a three dimensional, Yale-type approach, the EU’s is a simpler, two dimensional, approach, the axes being Economic
Importance, i.e. the importance of a raw material per economic sector and the importance of the sector in the EU economy. And Supply
Risk, i.e. political and economic stability, level of production concentration, potential for substitution and recycling rates. The EU’s firsteffort at drawing up a critical raw materials list was published in 2010. The process is now being repeated every three years, and theresults of the assessment undertaken in 2013 were published in May 2014.

6

Latest EC Critical Raw Materials Matrix (May 2014)

Source: European Commission: Report on Critical Raw Materials For the EU, Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials , May 2014

Perhaps the most interesting thing about the list (apart, of course, from its constituents) was Mr Pettinelli’s description of its use, from a
political standpoint, as a policy tool. Whilst he lead us to understand that policy actions are not limited to critical raw materials exclusively,
he described the list as not only contributing to the implementation of the EU industrial policy, but also as incentivising the European
production of critical raw materials and facilitating the launch of new mining activities. The list also helps monitor issues of critical raw
materials to identify priority actions in, for example, trade, legislation and research.
In addition to the information he provided on the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials platform (it is well worth
perusing its area on the EU’s website), one other piece of information with which Mr Pettinelli provided us was of particular interest. Of
the €80 billion in funds available to fund the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, some €650 million has been earmarked
specifically for raw materials. That’s a great deal of money!
Dr Blengini’s excellent presentation focused mainly on what he and his team are doing to refine and expand the European methodology
used for defining criticality. Perhaps only to be expected, they are looking not only at accessing the most reliable data, but also atadditional influences on criticality. (Discussion of these last included such issues as mining governance, land use, ore grade andby-production dynamics). But, for me, one of the most interesting things he told us is that they are looking also at both actual andpotential uses of the critical raw materials list itself and, in this context, the issue of identification of the list’s individual constituents bystakeholders, especially as, of course, these include EU member states. Apparently, whether a material is included on the list, or not, canhave serious implications for those seeking funding and/or grants in connection with that material: i.e. if it’s not critical, there may not be
any money available!
For those interested in recycling (and note that end-of-life recycling is considered in Yale’s criticality work), the presentation given by
Luca Ciacci, entitled The dissipation and recycling of metals (Loss because of product design), was particularly noteworthy. Dr Ciacci
started by looking first at material cycles and dissipative flows with a description of the relevant life cycle phases. They are (linearly):
Mining → Smelting → Refining → Fabrication → Manufacturing → Use → Waste Management. Following a brief look at the end-oflife recycling rates of metals, with particular reference to the UNEP’s 2011 publication, Recycling Rates of Metals, we reached the core of
Dr Ciacci’s research in this area. This involves looking at different metals and establishing, for the important uses to which they are put,what percentage of each metal is: 1) dissipated in use (IUD); 2) currently unrecyclable (CU); and, 3) potentially recyclable (PR).

7

Dissipative Uses and Recycling Potential of Elements - 1(Ciacci et al. Environ Sci Technol 2015, 10.1021/es505515z)

As if, in itself, this was not helpful, or groundbreaking enough, with the examples of titanium, mercury, selenium and lead, Dr Ciacci thenshowed us how he has been able to combine this recyclability information with the market share of these uses for each metal.
Dissipative Uses and Recycling Potential of Elements - 2(Ciacci et al. Environ Sci Technol 2015, 10.1021/es505515z)

With this work on recycling potentials, it now seems that Dr Ciacci needs only, as it were, to “close the circle” for each metal by looking at
how actual recycling rates match up to potential recycling rates. This is, I believe, something upon which he is already working. And which
will, of course, be both enormously useful and absolutely fascinating.
© 2015 Tom Butcher, MMTA Sustainability Working Group8

Titanium Sets the Golf World on FireIn recent years, titanium has caught the eye of golf club

The property of hardness is a measure of how resistant a material

manufacturers and amazingly, fire investigators. Yes, titanium

is to shape change from force, such as striking a golf ball. Hardness

clubs have the potential to spark upon striking rocks, creating one

is an important consideration in golf because it contributes to clubof the world’s most unexpected fire hazards.

longevity and the feel of a swing. Cheaper club faces made of

Although titanium drivers have been popular through the 2000s,
manufacturers have increasingly been using titanium in wedge
clubs as well, which are often used to hit balls out of rougher
sections of the course. This has created an interesting problem.
When titanium clubs strike rocks hidden in the foliage of the rough,they can create sparks which burn at extremely high temperature.

aluminium or relatively soft alloys of titanium or steel are likely toindent and become damaged when repeatedly swung with theforce of elite golfers. Harder alloys are required to prevent damage
to the clubs, especially the club face. Titanium in some forms has
hardness competitive to steel, allowing titanium clubs the same
longevity along with other beneficial properties.

These sparks have the

The primary benefit ofpotential to ignite foliage intitanium in golf is its low

hot, dry environments. A

density. Density describes

University of California Irvine

how much mass a substancestudy has confirmed thecontains per unit of volume.

suspicions of California fire

Titanium has a rather low

investigators that titanium

density, close to 60% that ofclubs may be the cause ofsteel. This makes it lighter

certain unexplained fires.

per unit. The lighter weight
gives manufacturers the

In the early days of golf,

freedom to increase the size

clubs were made of wood.

of club faces without making

Then in the second half ofcompromises on weight andthe twentieth century, clubbalance, while maintaining

manufacturers introduced

the longevity of the club. The

steel as the material of
choice for golf club production. These clubs dominated the market
for decades before metallurgical advancements offered new, hightech alternatives. Perhaps most notable is the introduction oftitanium’s dominance as a face for woods, the clubs used for long
distance driving. Currently, titanium faced clubs have an
overwhelming market share of premium woods. There are anumber of properties which make titanium a choice material inclub design.

lightness of the metal face also allows manufacturers to choose
where they would like the weight of the club located.
In recent years, tungsten has been introduced to club design as ashock absorber and counterweight in club faces. Using small
pockets of the higher density metal, weight can be added to
specific areas of the club face to improve the balance and feel of its
swing. For example, inserting a small pocket of tungsten low on
the face of the club gives it a lower centre of gravity.

Tom Murray, MMTA Intern

MMTA OFFICE MEETING ROOM

Screen, projector & flipchart

FREE USE FOR MEMBERS

Free Wi-fiTea, coffee, water provided—other

CENTRAL LONDON LOCATION
Contact the MMTA to book the meeting room.

refreshments can be arranged at cost

Library and PC resources9

10

New MMTA Approved
Warehouses?
Would you like to be able to store your metals in more
MMTA-Approved Warehouses in these locations?
Singapore

Hong Kong

HamburgBarcelona

Another location?

Let us know. Email the Executive Team at:
executive@mmta.co.uk

Self-healing, Luminescent Wonder Gels
Chemists at Trinity College, Dublin have invented self-healing luminescent gels withpotential uses in science, medicine and electronics. Through the interaction between
individual molecules (ligands) and europium and terbium ions, gels can be created
which emit a luminous colour of choice when light is shined through. The luminous
qualities of europium and terbium are already used in luminescent counterfeiting inEuro notes, but in the form of these gels, there are a multitude of new uses.
The luminescent quality
means the gels can be used asindicators in sensors -The MMTA enters into amutual agreement with
the CRM Alliance
The CRM Alliance has been created byindustry to advocate the importance ofCritical Raw Materials in Europe andpromote our common interests. Supporting
the CRM Alliance gives members a numberof benefits, like regular information on EU
issues affecting CRMs, meeting thepolicy-makers in the EU and exchanging
best practices with other CRM industries.
The CRM Alliance supports a criticalmaterials policy based on 5 key
recommendations: CRM policies shouldlook for enhanced raw material supply anduse rather than substitution of the CRMs;
Industrial Sector Policies shouldincorporate and highlight the economic andstrategic importance of Critical Raw
Materials (CRMs) and their value to future
innovation; Waste legislation should notinclude disincentives for usage of CRMs;
Legislation affecting CRMs should require a
special socio- economic analysis ofpotentially harmful impacts to the supply of
CRMs; and Trade policy should incorporate
principles of both free and fair trade for
CRMs.
Contact: Heleen Vollers
Email: hv@crmalliance.org

changing colour when

To learn more about the work of the CRM

something changes in the

Alliance, go to

immediate environment; uses
in biomedical imaging anddrug delivery within cells are 2
areas currently being
investigated.
Aside from the luminescent quality of the gels, scientists are also excited about their‘self-healing’ abilities. Dr Oxana Kotova, of Trinity College explains that “Because thegels exist as large networks of molecules, whose many individual weak interactions
together form a much stronger matrix, they can be ‘pulled apart’ from any angle.
However, these same properties mean that the gels will re-form, or ‘self-heal’ when

http://www.criticalrawmaterials.org
Business Phone: [32] 0 213 74 22
Address: Critical Raw Materials Alliance
c/o Ridens Public Affairs
Rue de l’Industrie/Nijverheidsstraat 41000 Brussels

meeting other gels of the same type.”This property has potential uses for seamlessly repairing not only smartphones andother screens or metallic surfaces, but also human skin. The team believes that “if we
could find ways to make these gels biodegradable, there is no reason why we couldn’t
use them to heal up patients’ wounds perfectly”.
Source: http://phys.org/news/2015-05-chemists-self-healing-luminescent-gels.html

11English Jurisdiction Clause
Effective in Restraining Court Proceedings
Outside England
In a recent case involving an exclusive jurisdiction clause found in warehouse receipts/certificates, the English
court upheld the enforceability of that clause to restrain court proceedings that had been brought in China.
The dispute involved a warehouse company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China (Impala) and a
trading company incorporated in Singapore (Wanxiang) which is part of a Chinese conglomerate.



The underlying dispute concerned a major fraud relating to aluminium ingots held at a bonded warehousein Qingdao. Wanxiang had begun court proceedings against Impala in the Shanghai courts for recovery of
the aluminium or damages.



The warehouse receipts stated that they were subject to Impala’s terms and conditions and referred to
Impala’s website where the terms could be viewed. The jurisdiction clause in question was found in
Impala’s terms, and provided that all contracts and claims between the parties relating to the goods would
be governed by the law of England and disputes dealt with exclusively by the English courts.

Impala, in the light of the jurisdiction clause, had sought injunctions from the English court requiring
Wanxiang to discontinue the proceedings in Shanghai and to restrain it from commencing a claim
anywhere else other than the English courts.



Wanxiang argued that its claim was a non-contractual one which meant that the jurisdiction clause did not
apply and the claim could be brought under Chinese law in the Chinese courts. Alternatively, it said thatthe clause had not been properly incorporated into the warehouse receipts and so was of no effect, or that
there were other strong reasons why the clause should be departed from.



The English court rejected all of these arguments and granted Impala a final mandatory injunction
requiring Wanxiang to discontinue the proceedings in Shanghai, and a final prohibitory injunction
restraining Wanxiang from commencing or continuing proceedings relating to the warehouse receipts
anywhere else except the English courts.

For further information please contact Nicole Finlayson, Penningtons Manches LLPIn Brief
BBC Sport reported that Muay Thai boxer Bandasak Chaiyasan, was recently
suspended for knocking out his opponent with a blow to the head with theadded impact of a titanium implant. Defeated boxer, Noppadon Chalor, saidof the knockout: “I have never felt anything like that kick”.

Also on the BBC website, a sea turtle injured by the propeller of a boat has been
fitted with a medical grade titanium 3D-printed beak. The animal is currently
being monitored, and if the beak is not rejected, the loggerhead turtle will soon
be returned to the sea.

Source BBC www.bbc.co.uk

12Letter From America
Dear Members
So, summer appears finally to have come here in New York.
What better prelude could we have had than the excellent International Minor Metals
Conference in Toronto at the end of April? For those who could not make it, I’m very
sorry. For those who were there, wasn’t it fun: both very informative and thoroughly
enjoyable?
There was much icing, too, on the conference “cake”, including the wonderful 5N Plus-sponsored evening of jollity, games and socialising at the Hockey Hall of Fame
(Temple de la renommée du hockey) and Noah Lehrman as the modern-day
balladeer for those who were able to listen to him and sip cocktails on the Sunday
evening prior to everything. For me, too, an added treat was the group of superb
Mies van de Rohe office buildings behind the hotel that constitutes the TorontoDominion Centre – truly Mies at his very best.
Coming back down to earth with somewhat of a thump, here in the U.S. Senator Lisa
Murkowski (R-Alaska) is, once again, trying to overhaul federal policy on mineral
resources. In this instance, as chair of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment
and Natural Resources, she has recently introduced proposed updating legislation in
the form of “The American Mineral Security Act of 2015.”
While focusing on materials critical to the likes of the energy, healthcare andtechnology industries, the bill singles out, in particular, not only the rare earth
elements, but also other such metals as cobalt, lithium, scandium, thorium andyttrium. Will it go anywhere? Who knows? None of the other attempts over the past
several years to revamp federal regulations covering mining appears to have had any
degree of success.
As usual, while it was “published” in January this year, the U.S. Department of
Defense’s Strategic and Critical Materials 2015 Report on Stockpile Requirements
actually only recently became available. And, as seems to be the norm now, received
little, if any, mainstream press attention. Whilst the document appears to get thicker
and thicker every year, as always it’s worth wading through, not least for the
appendices, which are some of the most interesting parts of the report.
Unsurprisingly, the report notes that, for the U.S., “globalization creates a dependency
on foreign sources of minerals, materials, and, finished goods.” More importantly,
though, it notes that this “dependency is growing.” Many such materials are vital forthe defense, energy and technology sectors. For example, “the United States’ importreliance on tantalum is 100 percent, gallium 99 percent, titanium 79 percent, andcobalt 76 percent according to the USGS 2014 Mineral Commodity Summaries.”

Apart from a particularly effective explosive, Defense Logistics Agency Strategic
Materials has received authorization to acquire five materials “in order to mitigate
their supply chain risk”: ferro-niobium, dysprosium metal, yttrium oxide (including
high purity yttrium oxide), cadmium-zinc-tellurium substrate materials andlithium-ion precursors.
Out of some 12 materials in the National Defense Stockpile exhibiting a net shortfall,
excluding silicon carbide multifilament fiber, eight were metals. These were:

RC Inspection ISO/IEC 17020
Accreditation Announcement
RC Inspection is proud to announce it is now
accredited by RvA, The Netherlands as an ISO/IEC 17020:2012 compliant organisation. RC
Inspection underwent a rigorous evaluation
process to ensure compliance to the quality
management standard.
The accreditation of compliance with ISO
17020:2012 recognizes that the policies,
practices and procedures of the company canbe ensured with consistent quality andexcellent expertise in the knowledge of the
products and the services which we provide.
With this accreditation, clients can beensured that RC Inspection is dedicated tomaintaining the highest efficiency andresponsiveness in achieving its ultimate goal—
guaranteed client satisfaction.
RC Inspection is accredited for the following
services:
To perform independent inspection andsampling services in the field of

Sampling and Preparations of Solid
Fuels, Hard Coal / CokeSampling and Preparations of Metals/
Minerals (Ferro Alloys, Ores)

Inspection of Storage Facilities andTransshipment Equipment

Inspection of Weight Determination
by Gauging

Inspection of Weight Determination
by Draught Survey

Loading Compartment Inspection(LCI) for Feed Transport

To maintain the certification, the RvA will perform audits to ensure compliance and to assess
initiatives for continued improvement. Therefore
clients will be ensured that RC Inspection willcontinue to provide its high quality services in the
future.
We believe that our decision to become ISO
17020 accredited is a proactive decision, that not
only anticipates the demands of our clients, butalso demonstrates our commitment to provide
quality services to all our clients.
Yours sincerely

Aluminum oxide(fused crude)
Germanium

Antimony
Lanthanum

Beryllium
metal
Magnesium

Europium
Manganese metal(electrolytic)

Ben Bender, ,Managing Director

I shall look further at the report in my next letter at the end of the summer.
In the meantime, however, I remain, from a very warm New York, with best wishes
for an excellent summer to MMTA Members everywhere.
Tom Butcher, May 27th, 2015 Hard Assets Investor ©2015 Tom Butcher

13

The Politics ofCompromise –against breaking the link with conflict as some have claimed, but
for a law that does not have the unintended consequence ofhurting EU businesses more than it helps those in conflict affectedareas. NGOs, such as Global Witness and Amnesty International,
have lobbied hard, and the politicians of all persuasions – whoclearly want this to become law – have debated, and compromised.

A Complex Issue

EU Conflict Minerals
Regulation

If you were to ask almost anyone the question “Do you want tomake sure that the money you spend on your smart phone andother goods isn’t funding armed conflicts and human rights abuses
in Africa?”, I think virtually everyone would answer, “Yes”. So on
one level this is a very simple issue, and one that almost everyone,
politician and public alike, agrees on. However, that is where thesimplicity ends. If you were to ask a different set of questions, thepicture becomes far less clear:

Different Images of the Same Issue“Do you want to prevent African miners living in poverty from being
able to earn a living because it is far easier for businesses todemonstrate they are conflict free by avoiding the affected region
completely than by undertaking the complex and costly regulatory
requirements placed upon them if they source from the affected
regions of Africa?”“Do you want to disadvantage EU business in the world market byrequiring them to comply with conflict minerals regulation which
their competitors from other parts of the world are not required to
do and are able, nevertheless, to place their products on theEuropean market for European customers to purchase?”

Image: Global Witness—armed militia controlling mining operation“Do you want to limit the flows of these essential raw materials into
Europe?” Tungsten is already designated by the EU as a Critical Raw
Material (ie essential but with supply chain security concerns), andboth tin and tantalum hover on the edge of the EU defined matrix.
Both are considered extremely economically important, but at the
moment are just under the threshold in terms of supply risk(see P 7 in this edition).
These are the complex considerations facing members of the EU
Parliament, Council and Commission, and despite the fact that
there is a high level of desire to break the link between metals(and other mineral resources), armed conflict and human rights
abuses, they are struggling to agree on the best way to achieve this.
The Commission wants to allow EU importers to opt in if they wish
to demonstrate to their supply chain that they are committed tobeing conflict free in their sourcing of these 4 metals and their ores.
The left-of-centre parties in the Parliament, however, take theview that this position is driven by ‘big business’ and if it is avoluntary scheme, businesses will simply ignore it.

Image: Solutions for Hope Scheme—bag and tag scheme introduced to verify
conflict-free material

In its vote on 20th May, the European Parliament overturned boththe European Commission’s proposal as well as the recent vote of
the International Trade Committee. The Commission originallyproposed a voluntary due diligence scheme aimed at breaking thelink between the trade in tin, tantalum, tungsten, their ores andgold, and the financing of armed conflict.
What has followed has been an intense and prolonged period oflobbying and compromise. The business community, including the
MMTA and other industry associations and bodies, have argued, not

14

The EU Parliament International Trade Committee (leading on thisissue) voted in April for a compromise position, whereby EU
smelters and refiners would be bound by a mandatory requirement
to undertake 3rd party audits ensuring they are only purchasingfrom conflict-free sources, but all those downstream of thesmelters/refiners would participate in the scheme on a voluntarybasis.
As with many compromises, this solution did not really pleaseanyone, particularly the EU smelters and refiners, who only making
up 5% of total global smelters/refiners, saw themselves being
simply bypassed by their supply chain because non-EU smelters/
refiners would not have to comply with the regulation at all.

European Parliament Vote

VOTE AT A GLANCEth

So on 20 May, the latest step in the progress of this complex regulation
All companies first placing covered resources, including
took place. The April compromise vote was overturned by the fullproducts, need to conduct and publicly report on their supply
European Parliament, which voted by a majority to overturn the
chain due diligence (the inclusion of products is new and is a
Commission's proposal and requested mandatory compliance for ‘all Union
big change)
importers’ sourcing in conflict areas.
Existing industry schemes aimed at breaking the link
In addition, ‘downstream’ companies, that is, the 880 000 potentiallybetween conflict-financing and sourcing of minerals could
affected EU firms that use tin, tungsten, tantalum and gold in
be recognised in the Union system, though criteria andmanufacturing consumer products, will be obliged to provide information
procedures need to be definedon the steps they take to identify and address risks in their supply chains
SMEs should be provided with technical and financial
for the minerals and metals concerned.
assistance e.g. via the COSME programme
As metal smelters and refiners are the last point at which the minerals'
origin can be effectively traced, MEPs have gone beyond the Commission's Smelters and refiners should undergo an independent third‘self-certification’ approach by calling for smelters and refiners to undergo party audit (although existing scheme audits should be
acceptable assuming they agree on recognition element)
a compulsory, independent, third-party audit to check their ‘due diligence’practices.
Two-year transition period for the Commission to set up a
Parliament has accepted several key industry priorities:







third-party audit system

Two years after the date of application of the Regulation andIt will ask the Commission to grant financial support to microevery three years thereafter, Commission to review
businesses and small and medium-sized firms wishing to obtaincertification through the EU's COSME programme (EU programme for functioning and effectiveness of Regulation with a view toproposing further mandatory measures ( a key aspect here
the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized
will be whether there is industry involvement in the review
Enterprises);
process)
It is insisting on tougher monitoring of the scheme, with a review two
Regulation lays down supply chain due diligence obligations
years after it is applied and every three years thereafter (instead ofof ALL Union importers who SOURCE minerals and metals
after three and six years respectively, as planned by Commission).
covered by the EU scheme
This will hopefully ensure that whatever form this regulation
ultimately takes, there will be scope to review and adapt aspects of it However, it shall draw a distinction between the roles ofthat are not working. A key detail here will be who is involved in the
UNDERTAKINGS situated upstream and downstream
review process and whether the experiences of businesses will beDownstream companies shall take all reasonable steps totaken into consideration;
identify and address risks arising in their supply chains andThere has been agreement on the exclusion of recycled materials
they shall provide information on their due diligencefrom the scope of the regulation;practices
The recognition of existing industry schemes is included in the draftImporter means any natural or legal person established inlaw.
the Union making a declaration for the release for freeGeographical scope
The regulation applies to all conflict-affected high risk areas in the world,of which the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Great Lakes area are
the most obvious example. The draft law defines 'conflict-affected andhigh-risk areas' as those in a state of armed conflict, with widespread
violence, the collapse of civil infrastructure, fragile post-conflict areas andareas of weak or non-existent governance and security, characterised by‘widespread and systematic violations of human rights’.
Next steps
Parliament will now enter into informal talks with the EU member states(the Council) and the Commission to seek agreement on the final versionof the law. There is an expectation that the mandatory proposal as voted
for by Parliament will not be accepted by the Council, representing
Member States with widely differing views, so this exercise in compromise
is far from over.
The MMTA would like to hear from interested Members who would liketheir views included in our future communications to Members of
Parliament, the Council and the Commission. Please contact the Executive
Team.
Maria Cox, MMTA

circulation of minerals and metals covered by the scheme(including products)
Recycled metals shall be excluded from the scope of theRegulation
Definition of “industry schemes” – (the schemes will be
required to make submissions to be included as equivalent)Commission to adopt and make publicly available a list of
responsible importers of minerals and metals
But also list of responsible smelters and refiners taking into
account existing schemesIn consultation with the EEAS, Commission to prepare a
handbook to help companies with the identification of
conflict-affected and high-risk areas
Commission shall submit a legislative proposal within thetransitional period setting-up accompanying measuresforeseeing incentives, technical assistance and guidance forresponsible sourcing; policy dialogues and development
cooperation with third countries and complementary
initiatives with Member States in the area of consumer andcustomer information.

15

Technology Metal Procurement & Recycling
similar attributes.
Technology metals, which include today’s strategic metals,
incorporate minor metals and rare earth elements (REEs), and are
Substitution and the development of new materials with properties
present in almost every advanced electronic device and system.
similar to technology metals is a strategy they hope will bear fruit,
Without their contributions, major technological advances in recent
although much progress is needed in practice. Japan is one country
decades would have been impossible. Applications for many of these
involved in leading this effort via innovation in nano-technology, also
elements were developed long after their discovery, influenced by
known as nano-innovation. Starting in the early 2000s, research
20th century military advances. Critical today for the function of
into this field by the country was propelled partly by its leadershipmodern society, civilian and military, the properties of technology
and experience in semiconductors. By 2006, Japan and the US
metals are essential components of the present and future.
accounted for around 75% of global corporate investment in
The late 18th to the early 19th century pioneered the discovery of the nanotechnology. The combination of government efforts, paired
majority of minor metals and REEs, yet until World War II and intowith world-class commercial and academic institutions have led to
the Cold War, many of the past and current-day technology metals
new materials that act as substitutions, including one example
had little or no use. Today, major industries leveraging these
involving rhodium and palladium, both expensive and increasingly
materials include those involved with the production of microscarce materials.
electronics, such as those found in miniature devices like
Substitution not only involves materials, but includes the evolution
smartphones, military weapons systems, aerospace, and electricity
of technologies. Kyoto University, in tandem with Sumitomo Electric,
generation and storage.
announced in 2011 that they had found methods to improve upon
The military industrial complex, historically responsible for theand replace lithium ion batteries. At a fraction of the cost, theircreation of many technologies later absorbed by the commercial
battery used sodium and was claimed to enable vehicles employing
sector, was behind much of the development of innovative
the technology to travel twice the distance than those using lithiumtechnologies incorporating minor
ion technology; a moremetals and REEs. Putting aside
environmentally friendly
economics for national security,
alternative.
small and normally prohibitively
The other primary options
expensive quantities of thefor offsetting the risk in themetals were acquired forlack of US mineral supply
research in the mid to late 20thof minor metals and REEs
century. As a result of the
include domestic mining
subsidies and special projects,
and recycling, although theadvanced military technologies
infrastructure towere created and later trickled
implement these options is
into the civilian marketplace.
far from reality, but always
an attainable possibility.
Today, since technology metals
Man separates electronic equipment in his garden near Guiyu, China—centre forare relied upon by civilians andPart of China’s competitivee-waste processing. Photo Credit: Bit Rot Project
the military, discussion has
advantage over other nations
surfaced around supply concerns in the US and abroad. The issue isconcerning technology metals includes its large mineral deposits, lowwell known - the source of many of these metals is China. In
labour costs and environmental regulations and oversight that are
addition, the capacity to refine and smelt minor metals and REEs areless stringent than those found in Europe and the US. Each barrieroutside of the US, primarily in China. Past and recent disputes withto entry brings its own challenges.
the Asian nation have elevated policy discussions.
China also has an extraordinary reuse market. A chip used to power
In a report by the US Department of Defense (DoD) titled, “Strategica smartphone has other applications outside of the phone. Its
and Critical Materials 2013 Report on Stockpile Requirements”, thelifespan can be extended for years when reused and placed into an
DoD states there is an insufficient supply of 23 materials, dubbed
LED screen that powers signs, for example. The value of the chip is
critical, composed primarily of technology metals. It further adds
of course worth much more than the result of smelting its materials.
that although some of the shortfall affects the military, it is primarily
Not only is this method more economical than sending the chip
the civilian sector that may suffer. Traditionally stockpiled to meetthrough the full recycling process, but it also reduces or delays thedemand, the DoD has suggested other alternatives to relieving theimpact on the environment.
shortfall, such as substitution, increased acquisition from reliable
A ton of e-waste normally contains a higher concentration of
suppliers, and reducing supply to those producing products fortechnology
metals than the ore from which they are derived. But
export.
fully integrated recycling efforts in the US do not exist and soWorld resources of technology metals are enough to meet demand,
electronic waste diverted from landfill is minimally processed in the
but the US Geological Survey states that current production falls
US, and is sent abroad for recycling. Materially speaking, this is at ashort. From this argument and positioning of the US government,
great loss to US firms.
their priority seems to fall on the need to create stronger and more
Current processes to capture, refine and smelt technology metals
reliable supply chains for technology metals, which could include
include mechanical separation, pyrometallurgical, andrecycling, and advancing research into alternative materials with16

hydrometallurgical methods, all of which need further development. conflict, excluding the current conflicts in the Middle East,
The chemical separation techniques were created in the 1950s and government measures would be taken via subsidies and secret
programs to secure necessary materials. It has happened in thecontinue to be used today without drastic innovation. These
past with strategic materials, and can and will be done in modern
processes have high costs, notably associated with high-energy
times if needed.
demand and the environmental impact from chemicals used in
leeching and solvent extraction. All of these processes therefore
From the consumer side there may also not be much to worry
require large investments in infrastructure, and completion of theabout. If materials become exceedingly expensive, the market willtimely and costly environmental and regulatory compliance - allshift to create new approaches to existing technologies, replacing
large barriers to entry for firms in the US and Europe.
what is not economically feasible. In addition, and with thanks tosmall portable devices, data centers, satellites and other essential
Companies across the globe leading recycling efforts in e-waste
components of current day
communication systems
include smelters such as Boliden, Xstrata, Aurubis and Umicore,
incorporating
none of which aretechnology metals,
located in the US. 25
consumers are
US states have laws
becoming better
addressing recycling,
informed. As
although they fallconsumershort of a dedicatedpreferences evolve
effort. To create a US
towards products
option, big risks mustthat are better forbe addressed like thethe environment andinitial required
society, such as thoseinvestment inmade without
infrastructure, whichconflict materials, or
could become
certified to an
obsolete with theenvironmental
advent of new
standard, demand
technologies andwill shift businessmaterials. Note too,
Woman in Lahore, Pakistan takes apart imported electronic devices. Photo Credit: Bit Rot Project
practices and producer
that with current
responsibility. Efforts addressing these concerns are already inrecovery techniques it is difficult to isolate desired metals during
place and include WEEE, REACH and RoHS in Europe, and the SEC
recovery. The efficiency of the science behind current processes
conflict materials rule in the US. These efforts will
eventuallyalso lacks the ability to curb the loss of materials, like inresult in stronger supply networks, which could one day equate topyro-metallurgical processes.
vertically integrated US supply chains.
Efforts are underway to find solutions to the waste stream as
Risks in supply chain disruptions will always exist, and the ingenuity
current and new technologies incorporating technology metalsof capitalism will continue to create solutions for risk. As technology
continue proliferate society. Already, many dealers in the US arecollecting e-waste. But to fully domesticate efforts, large networks, metals stay at the forefront of discussions in the commercial andmilitary sector, problems will continue to be addressed by a number
highly capable of being created with modern day technology andof global players. The advancement and impact of these solutions,data systems, must be created for categorizing, collecting andundeniably in their nascent stage, will rely on the seriousness of theorganizing e-waste. Following this, the capacity to recycle andsituation and successful joint efforts between the private sector andsmelt the materials must be addressed through extraordinary
investment. The success of these initiatives will eventually result in government.
lower environmental impacts and decreased reliance on Chinese
Bryant Dulin, MMTA Sustainability Working Group
exports. The cost savings will arrive in the form of government
subsidies.
Major manufacturers and distributors of products leveraging
technology metals can increase control over their own supply
chains, primarily through programs leveraged to take back products
at their end-of-life. This can also incorporate the modular design ofproducts so obsolete components can be replaced in lieu of
replacing entire devices. Shifting to a service-based business model
for products would entail companies owning the devices, andtherefore taking responsibility for the products throughout theirlifecycle. As an incentive to implement these programs,
government investment through subsidies and stronger regulations
are necessary. It is more difficult, economically and logistically, forcompanies to create programs around current regulations, then if
they had the support of the government.
This brings us back to the risk involved in the lack of domestic
supply of technology metals. If there were another major global

SOME E-WASTE FIGURESIn 2012, 50 million tons of e-waste was generated worldwide.
The United Nations estimates that with all the smartphones and other hitech gear, this figure will rise by 33% to 65 million tons by 2017.

Unused electronic goods are either recycled (circa 30%) or simply thrownaway.

Around 80% of the e-waste produced in developed countries (North America and Europe top the list) is not disposed of at home, but is shipped—
mostly illegally—to developing countries, where it is disposed of.

The appeal of sending e-waste abroad to be disposed of rests on lower
labour costs and fewer regulations—the cost of disposing of a PC by sending it to Africa is $2, as opposed to $20 to sustainably recycle it in the US.

Once salvaged, tech waste will end up back in many of our homes, as it ispurchased by many of the same companies who make the hi-tech gadgets inthe first place.
Source: EcoWatch—Stunning Photos Capture Devastating Worldwide E-Waste Problem

17

Lithium Upstaged?
Aluminium batteries have been in the news recently as a viable challenger to lithium-ion cells. Researchers
from Stanford University have created a fast-charging, inexpensive, long-lasting and flexible aluminium battery.
The researchers cite the cost of lithium-ion batteries as a barrier to entry into the automotive market, which iswhere cheap aluminium comes in. Aluminium has long been an attractive material for batteries, mainly
because of its low cost, low flammability and high-charge storage capacity. For a long time, researchers have
tried unsuccessfully to develop a commercially viable aluminium-ion battery. A key challenge has been finding
materials capable of producing sufficient voltage after repeated cycles of charging and discharging.
The prototype battery developed at Stanford has a discharge voltage of about 2V and an energy capacity
similar to lead acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries. It is also reported to have lost little of its storage
capacity after 7,000 cycles compared to lithium batteries, which only last for about 1,000 cycles. Researchers
also say the battery can be completely recharged in less than 60 seconds.
These attributes may lead to future applications in small electronic devices, but aluminium batteries could also
be used to store renewable energy on the electrical grid, which requires a battery with a long cycle life. As
always, the road to commercialisation is long and complex, and with the recent developments in lithium-ion
battery industry, the competition between these two technologies may prove interesting.
The full article can be found here:
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/aluminum-ion-battery-033115.html
The research "An ultrafast rechargeable aluminum-ion battery," has been published recently in thejournal Nature.
Tamara Alliot, MMTA

Disappearing/Reappearing Molybdenum Telluride
Adapted from an article published on phys.org
When exposed to air, luminescent 2D material, molybdenum telluride (MoTe 2), appears to decompose within acouple days, losing its optical contrast and becoming virtually transparent. But when scientists probed further,
they found that the disappearance is an illusion and the material remains structurally stable, and only its
material properties change. The results offer clues into the stability and unusual properties of a newer class of
2D materials called transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
The results show that the defects play a significant role in the optical properties and stability of MoTe 2, andcould also reveal insight into the environmental stability of other TMDs, such as silicene (2D silicon),phosphorene (2D phosphorous), and other TMDs. It could also lead to ways to control these materials'
properties.
Applications for this type of materials are as yet unclear, but an invisibility cape seems like a good objective tome.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2015-05-two-dimensional-material-doesnt.html#jCp
The research: Bin Chen, Hasan Sahin, et al. "Environmental Changes in MoTe 2 Excitonic Dynamics by
Defects-Activated Molecular Interaction." ACS Nano. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00985
Tamara Alliot, MMTA

18

EU Critical Raw Materials:
Essential for your business & your industry now and in the future

When?
Wednesday 16th September 2015

Where?
Antimony

Beryllium

Borates

Chromium

CobaltCoking Coal

Fluorspar

Gallium

Germanium

IndiumNatural Graphite

Niobium

Magnesite

Magnesium

German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Institute of Vehicle Concepts,
Stuttgart, Germany

PGMs

Who should attend?
Phosphate RockREEs (Heavy)

REEs (Light)

Silicon Metal

Tungsten

Draft Agenda

Speaker

The German political approach to theimportance of CRMs

Dr. Christian Kühne
Ministry for Environment,
Climate & Energy, BadenWürttemberg
Alexis Van Maercke
Policy Officer – Raw Materials,
DG GROWTH
Luis Espinoza Tercero
Frauenhofer Institute

What is EU policy towards critical raw
materials (CRMs)?
Supply risk and economic importance —what makes a material ‘critical’?
The role of the CRM Alliance in promoting anddefending CRMs in Brussels

Maurits Bruggink,
Secretary General,
CRM Alliance

Q & A and Wrap Up From Morning Session

Christian Payn, IMA

LUNCH & NETWORKING
Panel Discussion—What is the risk?
Case studies looking at different elements of supply risk and economic importance for Europe New European primary production of Mg in
Turkey Difficulty of developing primary production in
Europe (REEs)
 The trader view on supply risks
 Trade issues and restrictions including new
exchanges
 Candidates for substitution (In)Moderator: Martin, Tauber,President CRM Alliance

The Way Forward

Maria Cox, MMTA

Ilhan Goknel
ECZACIBASI ESAN
Mark Saxon
Tasman Metals
Armin Buschhausen,
MD, Cellmark Germany
Claire Miko
Indium Corp

Members of the MMTA and IMA, andothers interested in the increasing impact
of EU CRM policies on their business andthe industry.

What?
This one-day seminar at the worldrenowned German Aerospace Center in
Stuttgart combines:must-have informationthe opportunity to speak directly topolicy makers

valuable networking

Cost:
MMTA/IMA Members: €350/£250

Non-members: €450/£330

For more information or to register, go to
http://www.mmta.co.uk/
events/2015/09/16/222
or contact
executive@mmta.co.uk

SHOWCASING OF DLR PROJECTSThis is a joint seminar by the MMTA and

NETWORKING DRINKS

IMA and is kindly hosted by
Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR)
Pfaffenwaldring 38-40
70569 Stuttgart

www.intlmag.org

www.mmta.co.uk

19