令和 4 年度
Ａ Ｏ 入 試 問 題 集（工学部）

公表期限：2025 年 3 月末
東北大学入試センター※ 以下の(1),(2)の場合を除き，複製，転載，転用することを禁じます。
(1)受験予定者が自主学習のために使用する場合(2)学校その他の教育機関(営利目的で設置されているものを除く。)の教職員が教育の一環として使用する場合次の二つの英文 (1) と(2)は， いずれもレオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ(1452"'-'1519 年）の発明についての説明である． これらを読んで以下の設問に答えなさい． なお解答 に字数の制限がある場合， 句読点， 数字， アルファベット， 記号も1字として数えること．
(1)
In approximately 1495, before he began work on the Last Supper, Leonardo designed andpossibly built the first humanoid robot in Western civilization. The robot, an *outgrowth of his earliest*anatomy and *kinesiology studies recorded in the *Codex Huygens, was designed according to the*Vitruvian canon. This armored robot knight was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head
via a flexible neck while opening and closing its anatomically co汀ectjaw. It may have made sounds
to the *accompaniment of automated drums. On the outside, the robot is dressed in a typical German­
Italian suit of armor of the late fifteenth century. On the inside, it was made of wood with parts ofleather and metal and operated by a system of cables. A) This robot would influence his later
anatomical studies in which he modeled the human limbs with cords to simulate the *tendons andmuscles.
The robot consisted of two independent systems: three-degree-of-freedom legs, ankles, knees,and hips; and four-degree-of-freedom arms with *actuated shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands. The
visor, neck, jaw and possibly the *spine may also have been actuated. The orientation of the arms
indicates it was designed for whole-arm grasping, which means that all thejoints moved in unison. Amechanical, analog-programmable controller within the chest provided power and control for thearms. To drive the arms, the controller had a cylindrical, grooved cam that triggered *high-torqueworm gears attached to a central *pulley. A central shaft, perhaps *splined, provided power while still
permitting the robot to stand and sit. The legs were powered by an external *crank arrangement
driving the cable, which was connected to key locations in the ankle, knee, and hip.
(Copyright©1996 Giunti Editore S.p.A, Firenze-Milano www.guinti.it 一部改変）(Paolo Galuzzi, Mechanical Ma虚els: Invention in the Age ofLeonardo, Florence, Giunti, 1996, p.
254. 一部改変）
注
outgrowth: 自然の結果， 副産物
anatomy: 解剖学
kinesiology: 運動科学
Codex Huygens: ホイヘンス手稿． レオナルドの手稿を手本とした同時代の別人による手稿集であるが， レオナルドの手稿には失われたものも多いため， それらの重要な手がかりとなっている
Vitruvian canon: 古代ロ ー マの建築家ウィトルウィウスの著書『建築十書』で述べられている建築の規則
accompaniment : 付随物
tendon: 腱1

so heavy. From then on, he abandoned the concept of flying machines with beating wings and devoted
himself to another, far more realistic possibility: that of glider-like "sail flight". While this new
attempt failed to produce concrete results, it led Leonardo to productive investigations into themechanics of bird flight, the nature of air, and the formation and role of winds and air currents. Thesestudies occupied much of Leonardo's time between 1500 and 1514. In them, the *analogy between
air and water, swimming and flying, fish and birds became increasingly important: "Write ofswimming underwater and you will have the flight of birds through the air."（Copyright©1996 Giunti Editore S.p.A, Firenze-Milano www.guinti.it 一部改変）(Paolo Galuzzi, Mechanical Marvels: Invention in the Age ofLeonardo, Florence, Giunti, 1996, pp.
68-69. 一部改変）

注
Milanese period: レオナルドがミラノに初めて滞在していた1482 --- 99年の時
Leonardo's first
代Ms.B:Ms. はManuscriptの略語． パリ学士院所蔵のレオナルドの手稿はAからMまであり， ここではそのうちのB手稿を指す
Atlanticus : アトランティコ手稿． レオナルドの手稿集のひとつ
Codex
Raffaele Giacomelli : ラファエ ーレ ・ ジャコメッリ(1878"'-'1956年）． イタリアの航空エンジ
ニア
full-fledged : 全体が羽根で覆われた
intriguing : 興味をそそる， 魅力的なDucal Palace : ミラノ公爵の宮殿
subsequently : その後， 続いてwineskin : ワインを入れるための防水性の革袋
rewind : 巻き戻す
transmit : 伝えるabsorber : 吸収装置
feverishly : 興奮して， あわてふためいて
insuperable : 克服できない
analogy : 類似3