Summary of thediscussion of marine
groupTake
Worked with Mark, Sheila,Po ,Kawagoe

Questions to plenary• Past activities of Marine members (just introduction ofeach works?)• Allocation of our statement of our outline (as appendix?)• Website (Who will update? Try to find funds?)• Suggest people top invite as members• Membership of potential members (Share by email,advertise GEOSS-AP and if formally add to BON?)

Why does society need an AP mBON?
now?
• Urgent need to know what is happening to marine biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific region. This region has the highest density of terrestrial, freshwaterand marine species on Earth.

• How is it responding to climate change? How are species of economic andecological importance changing? How are communities changing? How willthese changes affect food webs and ecological interactions?

• How are other human and natural impacts affecting biodiversity• Demand for evidence to support progress towards SDG and Aichi

Targets;Demand for input to IPBES and UN World Ocean
Assessment ;Preparations for the Decade of the Ocean 2020-2030 areunderway• AP mBON will contribute to AP BON, MBON of GEO BON , GBIF, OBIS IPBES
WoA

How to form AP mBON
• Form steering committee – possibility of a host Secretariat?;• Grow membership;• Host workshop for members;• Find post-doc with time and skills to synthesise data from GBIF, OBIS, andmembers ;• Use Social media to communicate activities – Website, Facebook, Twitter,ResearchGate;• Act as broker for linking experts to each other and to wider internationalactivities;• Manage and Publish data in new environmental schema of Darwin CoreWe will share our outline andworkplan to potential members andwebsite• Mark suggested over 20 potential members and Take will
introduce AP-BON at conferences• The AP BON Website would be best managed by asecretariat and collaboratively populated by the AP BONmembership

Opportunities• Revive NaGISA;• Foster engagement with existing activities for seagrass (SE Asia seagrassnetwork, Indo-Pacific Seagrass Network (IPSN)),• coral reefs (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)), marineGEO,• Reef Life Survey (RLS),• Plankton surveys• Map places where components of marine biodiversity are being monitored.;• Use existing data in OBIS, GBIF, BOLD, and GenBank. ;• Overlay satellite and aerial remote sensing data over the region. ;• Pole to Pole (P2P) comparison with P2P MBON in Americas;• Genetic variation from mountain to deep sea;
• Genetic variation with latitude;• Contribute to updating criteria for Key Biodiversity Areas.

Analysis available data, including
mapping are priorities for next 3 years• Address issues associated with data sharing and dataavailability• Some countries hesitate to share data
• Changes in the Darwin Core have to be communicated so that it
could be applied and old data transferred• Update the maps of seagrasses, algae and coral reefs using RSand literature• Build a GIS database• Modeling distributions same variables on land and sea• existing research that can be used as starting points eg
http://www.oceansofbiodiversity.auckland.ac.nz/

Facilitate gathering the information ofrecent topics can be additional plan.

• Ecosystem service• Pollution especially plastics (Where are the microplastics?
Measuring impacts of microplastics on biodiversity)• Image data for AI taxonomy• It will be discussed with more broad members, maybe added
more (such as about genetics, eDNA, and fish if anyone do)Data analysis reviewing and mapping• Monitoring• Establishing Observation sites, - identify and produce maps
where marine biodiversity is being monitored• Collect and integrate Reef cover data from regular monitoring
including• Bleaching events• Online updating of data in specific website• Use of remote sensing data

• Monitoring Temperature• Temporal change, monitoring corals, seagrass, algae andmangrove (if any help from forestry)

Facilitate gathering the information ofrecent topics can be additional plan.
• Land-sea connection (small island ,Unesco MAB (Ranong in Thai
anywhere in Philiphine), Okinawa by H.Yamano, Kyoto Univ.
program, CIFOR global landscape & GLF event? )• Ecosystem service• Pollution especially plastics (Where are the microplastics?
Measuring impacts of microplastics on biodiversity)• Image data for AI taxonomy• It will be discussed with more broad members, maybe added more(such as about genetics, eDNA, and fish if anyone do)Tasks• Our outline and Plan (Mark)• AP BON overview and workplan (Take)• Website (Sheila)• Existing marine networks (e.g., WESTPAC, ReefCheck,)(Po Teen)• Posters, brochures (Po Teen)Outreach• AP BON’s web presence is very low• FB Page suggested for AP BON and someone / someorganization to continuously update and manage the page

• Research Gate also suggested• Use of good graphics• Share infographics developed by partnership

Questions to plenary• Past activities of Marine members (just introduction ofeach works?)• Allocation of our statement of our outline (as appendix?)• Website (Who will update? Try to find funds?)• Suggest people top invite as members• Membership of potential members (Share by email,advertise GEOSS-AP and if formally add to BON?)

Examples of potential activities• State of Biodiversity• Seagrasses• Genetic diversity• Using hypoxia as an indicator• Ecosystem health and marine biodiversity• Pollution Studies• Waste management and marine biodiversity (gut contamination, entanglement )• Impact of Micro plastics as an issue has significant impact as it enters the food
pathway and affects zooplankton, invertebrates and other filter feeders

Facilitate gathering the information ofrecent topics can be additional plan.
It will be discussed with a broader
membership• Ecosystem services• Pollution especially plastics (Where are the microplastics?
Measuring impacts of microplastics on biodiversity)• Image data for AI taxonomy

Draft work plan of Asia Pacific
Marine BON (AP-MBON) for
three years 2019 to 2021
"Networking networks and revive past activities""Facilitate broad scale researches and production of infrastructure“" Feasibility to obtain data of recent issues : ecosystem services and debris”“Outreaching and increase communication of people“
TakeYamakita

*Networking networks and revive past
activities to observe temporal changes• There are several ongoing research programs focusing on networking amonglocations in Asia pacific area. It was especially abundant in coral triangle.
Considering such condition major activity of Marine part of the AP-BON (APMBON) on the next three years should be focus on listing up and linking
existing program and research network. It will also include reviewing andcomparing results and existing datasets in this area.

• Considering existing member of AP-MBON it is also encouraged to havefunding to revive previous census network such as NaGISA to observe
temporal dynamics of biodiversity. Changes of biodiversity in temporal scaleand local developments are expected out come in the era of rapid developmentof this area and rising global temperature.

• Mapping existing monitoring or core study sites and review gaps
• Adding data into new quantitative format of Darwin Core
if there is any update facilitate them to publish and upload

*Facilitate broad scale researches andproduction of infrastructure• Considering past activity of the terrestrial group of the AP-BON, facilitationof broad scale researches considering changes in terrestrial area should befocused.

• For that purpose, it is expected to extract distribution of foundation species
more accurately than what previously done. For example, we are expecting
extraction of distribution of ecosystems from literatures including which
published in local languages. We also expecting extraction of distribution ofecosystems and evaluation of habitat status using recent remote sensing
technics using recent technics such as deep learning and drones. Extending
areas for these analyses obtaining extra funding also encouraged.

• After achieving large scale dataset, we will expect to evaluate status of
those ecosystems in certain area or broad scale analysis.

• Update map of seagrass, algae and coral reefs using RS and literature• Building GIS database• Modelling distribution including terrestrial variables

Training (supervised)data (the pair of input andInput (airphoto)target output images)

Generator

Target (classified)

Output(Machine generated
tentative output before
trained)Discriminator
GuessReal or fakea) Aerial Photographsb) Manual extraction (considered as the most accurate)c) Semi automatic extractiond) Automatic extractio（deep learning using graysca

Yamakita under review

*Feasibility to obtain data of recent issues

ecosystem services especially about usage data ofpeople and marine debris especially microplastics• Considering recent increase on evaluation of ecosystem service our network
also expected to have trial to evaluate values in ecosystem services. The
service will include from fishery products, carbon storage, coastal protection
and usage data of the ecosystem as example. The data type will be usage
data written in statistics and field survey which testing feasibility to observe
usage by different ways such as interview, observation and web
questionnaire as example. Digging data in local reports are also encouraged.
After achieving trial data, it is also expected to evaluate feasibility toevaluate ecosystem by different aspect.

• Expecting output of S15 PANCES for Japanand any additional works start in any countries.

• More…
• Expecting output of project about microplastic in JAMSTEC
and any additional works in any countries.

• Use of AI taxonomy of fish

Carbon absorption
Potential diving spot andCoral reef area

Fish catch relatedwith coastal habitat

Ai taxonomic data base
Flattened 1dfeature map

two category
recognition
as example

80%

reshape into 1d

Input

Aggregate the features in different layers
repeatedly

Feature map

Filter(convolution)&Activation
Function(ReLU)

Pooling(using Max)

Back propagation oferrors to optimize
Features and weights

From https://deepage.net/deep_learning/2016/11/07/convolutional_neural_network.html Deep Age 2016-11-7 Convolutional Neural Network
MathWorks Convolutional Neural Network - MATLAB & Simulink https://www.mathworks.com/discovery/convolutional-neural-network.html

20%

Yamakita et al. 2018 Ecol Res

*Outreaching and increase
communication of people• Achieving capacity building using AP-BON network is expected. Capacity

building will be from citizen, government and researches. Communication
with national agency also encouraged not only from the aspect of theoutreaching but also application of our outcomes and fundraising.

• Our main objective about networking also expected to help to listing up theinformation about training opportunity in related conferences, university
open classes, seminars and workshops.

• Considering this area helping communication of different languages are also
important. Not only translation of picture books and methodologicalinformation but also use of easy understanding images such as pictures, info
graphics and cartoons are also encouraged.

• Listing up existing seminars, open courses and conferences• Any funding to write simple Picture Book ?

Potential networks• https://www.isbw13.org/programme-and-events/international-seagrass-biologyworkshop-13/• https://www.icriforum.org/gcrmn• https://indopacificseagrass.network/read-more-about-ipsn-membership/• https://www.google.com/search?q=Southeast+asia+seagrass+network&tbm=isc

h&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=7E689tkWyS5BgM%253A%252C8BHyAfPXp8NXBM%252C_&usg=__FF0dCnKAgbzUkn15Ssu7Vd9kb9Q%3D&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij6cb
c4YncAhVEXisKHTYGDW8Q9QEIRjAG#imgrc=7E689tkWyS5BgM:• http://mits10.aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp/asiacore/outline_e.html• DOPA, S15