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Table of Contents

Application Report

TI Wi-Fi Test Strategy Overview

Benjamin Moore
Barak Cherches
Itamar Laist

Wi-Fi Applications
Wi-Fi System Architect
System Test Architect
ABSTRACTThe CC3x20 and CC3x3x devices are part of the SimpleLink™ microcontroller (MCU) platform, which consistsof Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth® low energy, Sub-1 GHz and host MCUs. All share a common, easy-to-use development
environment with a single core software development kit (SDK) and rich tool set. For more information, visit
www.ti.com/simplelink.
WiLink™ 8 is a combo device supporting Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth® and Bluetooth Low Energy functionality on a single
chip for universal connectivity. The device supports IEEE 802.11 a, b, g, and n bands along with Bluetooth 5.1
and Bluetooth Low Energy.
This application report presents an overview of the strategy employed by TI to test the SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi
CC3x20 and CC3x3x devices and WiLink™ 8 combo solutions. The goal of the document is to help developers
understand the scope of TI's internal Wi-Fi testing, which helps TI ensure the interoperability and reliability of its
Wi-Fi products.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction - Testing Strategy..............................................................................................................................................3
2 Interoperability (IOP) Tests.................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Basic Level.........................................................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Long Run............................................................................................................................................................................4
2.3 Access Point List................................................................................................................................................................5
3 Performance Testing.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
4 Robustness and Stability.......................................................................................................................................................7
4.1 Robustness Tests...............................................................................................................................................................7
4.2 Stability Tests..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5 Networking Stack SimpleLink™ Only....................................................................................................................................8
6 Functionality Tests................................................................................................................................................................. 9
7 Pre-Certification Tests............................................................................................................................................................98 WLAN-Bluetooth Coexistence Tests...................................................................................................................................10
9 Mesh Tests (WiLink™ 8 Only)..............................................................................................................................................10
10 Multi-Role Tests (WiLink 8 Only)....................................................................................................................................... 11
11 Testing Setup.......................................................................................................................................................................11
12 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
13 References.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12

List of Figures
Figure 2-1. IOP Chamber with Over 230+ AP Deployed Worldwide........................................................................................... 4
Figure 11-1. General Test Setup Illustration...............................................................................................................................11
Figure 11-2. WiLink™ 8 32 Mesh Nodes Test Setup Illustration................................................................................................12

List of Tables
Table 2-1. Access Point List from March 2021............................................................................................................................ 5
Table 3-1. Performance Testing Domains....................................................................................................................................7
Table 5-1. Network Stack Test Cases.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Table 7-1. Pre-Certification Testbeds...........................................................................................................................................9

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Trademarks

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Trademarks
SimpleLink™, are trademarks of Texas Instruments.
WiLink™ and are trademarks of Texas Instruments.
Wi-Fi® is a registered trademark of Wi-Fi Alliance.
Bluetooth® is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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Introduction - Testing Strategy

1 Introduction - Testing Strategy
In the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) world and market, many applications, from personal electronics toindustrial machines and sensors, get wirelessly connected to the Internet. These applications cover dozens ofuse-cases in various environments and serve diverse requirements.
Consumers want the best user experience with their connected devices, so they can securely transfer data overthe internet, without interruption of communication. In order to achieve this, developers need to design smart
IoT products with great Wi-Fi connectivity, and implement security measures that will protect end-user’s privacy.
Thus, some of the important factors when choosing a connectivity device, is the Wi-Fi device's ability to provide
reliable performance, security, and a high level of worldwide interoperability.
Due to the importance of these factors, TI invests in making sure that the SimpleLink™ and WiLink™ device
families provide wireless connections with best-in-class stability and robustness for real-life scenarios. These
investments include a comprehensive testing strategy with dedicated test labs and automated testing processes.
Our goal is for Wi-Fi technology to work anytime, anywhere.
This application report describes the test strategy employed for TI's Wi-Fi devices and includes information on
the following test categories:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Interoperability (IOP)
Performance
Robustness and Stability
Functionality
Pre-Certification
WLAN-Bluetooth Coexistence
Mesh (WiLink™ 8 only)
Multi-Role (WiLink™ 8 only)

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2 Interoperability (IOP) Tests
Interoperability measures the ability of a device to work properly, or interoperate, with a wide range of devices
from other vendors and provide consistent performance.
TI understands the impact and cost of having an interoperability issue, and established a comprehensive IOP lab
with automated testing capability to reduce the risk of interoperability issues occurring. The scope of these tests
is beyond that of the standard Wi-Fi Alliance tests.
The TI IOP lab contains more than 200 access points (APs) from different vendors. The access points includedin the lab are based on a wide range of different Wi-Fi chipsets and intended to provide a test coverage that isrepresentative of most APs available in the market. A representation of the Wi-Fi IOP lab used at TI can be seenin Figure 2-1.
With these extensive tests TI engineers were able to not only to find and fix numerous Interoperability issues, butalso to implement and test various behaviors and algorithms designed to enhance throughput, improve power
consumption and the devices’ overall performance and stability.

> 200 APs

AP

AP

AP

AP

CC3XXX DUT(STA)Figure 2-1. IOP Chamber with Over 230+ AP Deployed Worldwide
There are two major test case groups that are run as part of TI's Wi-Fi interoperability testing every SDK release:• Basic Level• Long Run

2.1 Basic Level
The basic level test cases are performed across all access points and include the following steps:
1. Connect the DUT (Wi-Fi STA) to the AP.
2. Acquire IPv4 and IPv6 address using DHCP.
3. Open a TCP/TLS connection to a server on the same network (relevant to SimpleLink™).
4. Run traffic for 5 minutes.
5. Measure current consumption.
6. Disconnect.

2.2 Long Run
The long run test cases are performed on selected access points for long periods. The periods are defined peraccess point, where all of them are longer than 4 hours and for some access points those periods to longer than
12 hours.
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Interoperability (IOP) Tests

The selected access points for those test cases change from time to time based on inputs from inputs from
customers and market share estimations for those access points.
These long run test cases include the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the DUT (Wi-Fi STA) to the AP.
Acquire IPv4 and IPv6 address using DHCP.
Stay connected in power save mode for a defined period with no traffic.
Measure current consumption.
Send ping to the device from a peer on the same network and wait for a reply at the end of the period.
Disconnect.

Test cases shown in Section 4 contain cases that are similar in nature, but involve different traffic patterns or
running in a stressed environment.

2.3 Access Point List
The list of access points is updated on a regular basis. Table 2-1 is the list of access points as of March 2021:
Table 2-1. Access Point List from March 2021
VendorModels3COM

WL-450

Actiontec

GT701-WG, MI424-WR, MI424-WR Rev. D, MI424-WR Rev. I, PK5000

Air

Live WL-5450AP

Airlink

AR570W Rev. A

Amped

R10000, RTA15, RTA1750

Apple

AirPort Express 2nd Gen A1392, AirPort Extreme 1st Gen A1034, AirPort Extreme 3rd Gen A1301,
AirPort Extreme 5th Gen A1408, Time Capsule 3rd Gen A1355

Arris

TG1672G, TG1682G

Aruba

3200XM AP 105 PS, 800 Aruba AP 125

ASUS

RT-AC66U, RT-N10+, RT-N10E, RT-N12, RT-N13U, RT-N56U, WL-330g, WL-550gE

AT&T

2wire 2701HG-B

BelkinF5D8230-4 v3000, F5D8231-4 v2, F5D8235-4 ver. 2033, F7D1301 v1, F7D5301 v3, F9K1002v5,
F9K1102v1, N1 Vision F5D8232-4 v1000, N1 Vision F5D8232-4 v2000

BellAir

BA20E-11

Bergtek

WR150

BT

Home Hub 4, Home Hub 5

Buffalo

WCR-G54, WER-AM54G54, WHR-G301N, WHR-HP-GN, WZR-600HP2, WZR-D1800H, WZR-G300N,
WZR-HP-AG300H

Cisco

AIR-AP1252AG-A-K924G, AIR-AP1252AG-A-K9 5G, AIR-AP1262N-I-K9 24G, AIR-AP1262N-I-K9 5G,
AP1231, AP541N, AP541N-A-K9, DPC3825, M10, Catalyst 9130AX

Cnet

CQR-980

CoregaCG-WLR300NM

Devicescape

24G

D-LinkDIR-605L, DIR-618, DAP-1522, DAP-2690, DGL4500, DI-634M, DIR-300 A1, DIR-600 HW B1, DIR-601
HW A1, DIR-615 HW, DIR-615 HW C2, DIR-618 A1, DIR-625 HW C2, DIR-628 HW A2, DIR-635
HW B3, DIR-655 A3, DIR-655 HW A4 NA, DIR-655 HW A4 WW, DIR-655 HW A1, DIR-825 HW B1,
DIR-868L, DIR-890L, DSL-G225, DWL-8600AP A1, DAP-2690

EdimaxBR-6428nS, BR-6478AC, BR-6574n

EnGenius

ERB9250, ESR9850, ESR9855G

EERO

B010001

FAST

FW3030Rv2

Fritzbox

7390, 7490, 6842 LTE

GoogleAsus OnHub8, TP-Link OnHub, NLS-1304-25

Hawking

HWABN1

Honeywell

WAP-PLUS

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Table 2-1. Access Point List from March 2021 (continued)

6

VendorModelsHP

V-M200

Huawei

WS322

ipTIME

N104Q, N604M

Levelone

WBR-6003

LinksysE1000, E1500, E1550, E2100L, E2500, E3000, E3200, E4200, E900, EA3500 24G, EA3500 5G,
EA6350, EA6700, EA7500 V2, EA8500, EA9200, WAP4400N v01, WAP55AG, WAP610N, WRT120N,
WRT160NL, WRT160Nv3, WRT300Nv2, WRT310Nv2, WRT320N, WRT400N, WRT54G v5, WRT54G2,
WRT54GL, WRT54GX ver. 2, WRT54G-TM, WRT600N, WRT610N, VLP01

Logitec

LAN-W300N/R

Medialink

MWN-WAPR300N

Meru

MC1500 AP300

MikroTikhAP RB951Ui-2nD

Motorola

Netopia 33447-02, Arris SBG6580

MOXA

AWK-3131A

MSI

RG70A

NEC

Aterm WR7850S, Aterm WR8500N, Aterm WR8700N

NetgearAC1900, R7000, B90-7550, DGND330v1, DGND3700, Nighthawk AX8 RAX80, orbi RBR50, orbi
RBS50, R4500, R6120, R6200v2, R8000, R8500, VVG2000, WGR614v4, WGR614v9, WNDAP350,
WNDR3300, WNDR3700 24G, WNDR3700 5G, WNDR3700v1, WNDR3700v3 24G, WNDR3700v3 5G,
WNDR3800 24G, WNDR3800 5G, WNDR4000, WNHDE111, WNR2000, WNR2000 v4, WNR3500v1,
WNR3500v2, WNR834B, WNR834Bv2, WPN824 v3, WPNT834

Netis

WF-2404

Pace/AT&T

4111N-031

PCI

MZK-MF150, MZK-MF300N, MZK-WNH rev A

ProximOrinoco AP-4000, Orinoco AP-700

Ruckus

ZD1106, zoneFlex R510

Samsung

CY-SWR1100

SapidoRB-1602

Securifi

AlmondSMC

WBRP-G

SonicWall

Sonicpoint-Ne

Speedport

W 921V

Tenda

N3, N30, W307R, W311R, W368R

TP-Link

AC1750 C7 v1.1, aD7200, Archer C9, Deco M5, N900 TL-WDR4900v1, TD-W89841N v4, TLWDR4300, TL-WNR3500, TL-WR2041N, TL-WR641G, TL-WR702N, TL-WR740N v1, TL-WR740N
v2.5, TL-WR740N v5.7, TL-WR740N v5.8, TL-WR741ND, TL-WR800N, TL-WR841N, TL-WR845N, TLWR940N v2.1, TL-WVR450G, WDR7500 v2, WR541G v4, WR941N v6, WRT740n v.5.7, WRT740n
v.5.8, Omada AC1350 EAP225

Trendnet

TEW-625BRP v2.1R, TEW-625BRP v2.2, TEW-637AP, TEW-671BR, TEW-818DRU

Ubiquiti

UniFi AP AC, UAP-AC-PRO

US Robotics

USR5450, USR8054

VerizonA90-750115-07, MI424WR Rev I

WD

N900-F2F

Xiaomi

Miwifi

ZIO

3300N v2

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Performance Testing

3 Performance Testing
Performance testing verifies that a device meets the expected performance level in all domains. These tests
are not intended to find functional defects, but to validate that a new code version will provide consistent
performance as compared to previous code versions. Some of the domains that are included in this testing
category are throughput, RF performance, and power consumption.
Table 3-1. Performance Testing Domains
DomainDescription

Throughput

Throughput tests measure the maximum throughput over TLS, TCP, or UDP sockets in various
configurations such as:••

RF Performance

Power Consumption

Various WLAN channels in each band (2.4GHz or 5GHz)
Various ciphers

RF performance tests verify transmit and receive characteristics using real life use-cases. The
characteristics include:••

Maximum transmit power over various channels
RF modulation rates during a real connection (Access Points or Stations)••

RX sensitivity in various channels and all RF modulations
Overall performance in congested environment

Power consumption tests verify the average power consumption of the device in various real-life usecases.

4 Robustness and Stability
The reliability of a system is a significant factor that plays a key role in the cost-effectiveness of a product.
Reliability of a system is defined as the probability that a system, including all hardware, firmware and software,
will satisfactorily perform the task for which it was designed, for a specified time and in a specified environment.
Due to the importance of having reliable connectivity, TI invests in running comprehensive tests to make surethat the connectivity will be reliable. These reliability tests include two major test categories:••

Robustness
Stability

4.1 Robustness Tests
The robustness tests validate the degree to which the device can function correctly in the presence of invalid
inputs, stressful environmental conditions, or a large number of iterations.
Some examples of robustness tests:
1. Opening the maximum number of simultaneous socket connections (TLS or TCP) simultaneously
2. Running different types of connections simultaneously with different traffic patterns or behaviors (forexample, some connections in maximum throughput, others with low throughput or in burst modes anda few just for maintaining a connection with no traffic)
3. Running different types of connections in a loaded environment
4. 4. Running different types of connections while configuring the network to an extremely dynamic
configuration (for example, very short DHCP lease time, very short key exchange, and so forth)

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4.2 Stability Tests
The stability tests validate that the device can function as designed for long periods without degradation in
performance or interruptions in the service (for example, disconnections).
Some examples of stability tests:••

Running connection with maximum throughput for long periods (in magnitude of tens of hours)
Connecting and disconnecting from a network repeatedly for long periods (10s of hours)

The period of the stability tests is selected per test case where all tests are longer than 12 hours, and somesignificant use-cases even extend up to 168 hours (7 days).
These tests run under environments that simulate real life scenarios. Some tests run in a network that simulates
home environment, which contains several different devices and traffic types on the network.

5 Networking Stack SimpleLink™ Only
Testing a network stack and the associated protocols is complex and requires multiple test setups and test
cases. These tests have to consider real-life scenarios such as handling multiple connections with different
throughputs and latencies. Additionally, the tests must consider different behaviors within the network. The
network stack tests are performed in each of the supported Wi-Fi roles (Station, Access Point, or P2P) and indifferent bands (2.4 GHz or 5 GHz).
TI invests in the following tests to maintain a reliable and trustworthy network stack.
Table 5-1. Network Stack Test Cases
Test Category

Description

IPv4 or IPv6 Connectivity

Verifies IPv4 or IPv6 behavior and connectivity of client and server sockets, including all thedifferent supported options and capabilities.

Maximum Connections (sockets)

Tests the ability to open the maximum number of sockets (both open and secure) including
combinations of different socket types. For example:••

Network Applications and Services

Connecting to 16 real webpages and downloading the homepage
Connecting to 6 secure webpages and 10 open webpages and downloading thehomepage

Verifies the behavior of internal network applications and services such as DHCP server,
mDNS client and server, HTTP server, etc.

Some of tools and methods TI uses to test the embedded network stack of the CC31xx or CC32xx devices
include:• Using industry leading tools such as lxia's lxANVL to validate protocol implementation• Connecting and running traffic for several minutes on each of the supported TLS ciphers• Connecting and downloading content from thousands of different websites• Verifying standard BSD socket functionality
The TLS stack in the device allows it to establish secure connections to the cloud. As a result, the TLS stackmust also be evaluated from a security perspective. TI maintains the embedded TLS stack and updates it toaddress known vulnerabilities using the following methods:• Tracking common vulnerabilities and exposures and fix critical issues• Maintaining a formal process for managing product incident reports. For more information, see: .
Fixes to identified issues are released by TI in service packs on a quarterly basis.

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Functionality Tests

6 Functionality Tests
Functionality tests verify features offered by the device. In most cases these are black-box tests that use thehost interfaces and APIs. In these tests the tool activates APIs and verifies the response.
Functionality tests cover the positive and negative tests of a feature based on a defined boundary.
Functional tests performed in two ways:••

SDK testing (SimpleLink) – these tests cover the internal implemented in the Wi-Fi device as well as thedriver and SDK libraries
Dedicated test per functionality – these tests cover WLAN and Network functionality that could not be tested
as part of the SDK testing through APIs

7 Pre-Certification Tests
The goal of the WFA Certification is to ensure interoperability among IEEE 802.11 products from multiple
manufacturers and to verify the products support the most strict and updated security measures defined. TI
performs these certification tests in-house using the test-bed vendor products and the latest WFA Test Suitetools, as defined by the WFA in the relevant test plans.
The included testbeds are listed in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1. Pre-Certification Testbeds
Device Role

Testbeds

Station

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Wi-Fi Certified n
P2PWPSPower Saving (IOTLP)(1)
WPA2 Security Improvements
PMF
SAE
WPA3 v2
MBO(1)
WMM-PS

Access Point••

Wi-Fi Certified n
WPS(2)(1)(2)

SimpleLink™ only
WiLink™ 8 only

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8 WLAN-Bluetooth Coexistence Tests
These tests verify the ability to run Wi-Fi and Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy concurrently.
On WiLink™ 8, the internal coexistence mechanism is tested using multiple combinations of WLAN and
Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy use-cases run simultaneously. In each use-case, the test verifies the
scenario is established correctly and measures relevant performance metrics (for example, throughput, voice
quality, and so on). Wi-Fi is tested in various configurations such as SISO/MIMO, 20/40 MHz channels, 2.4GHz
or 5GHz bands, and STA/AP/P2P/Mesh roles. Bluetooth is tested in various Bluetooth classic or Bluetooth Low
Energy profiles such as HandsFree, A2DP, FTP, Discovery, Peripheral, and so on.
SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi is tested for functionality and performance while in a coexistence configuration with an
external Bluetooth Low Energy device. These tests include multiple use-case combinations that cover possible
scenarios in target end-equipments. The tests are performed using both a shared and dual-antenna (connected
via an external switch) mode. The Wi-Fi use-cases include connections on 2.4GHz or 5GHz, with TCP or UDP
connections, and running TX/RX traffic. The Bluetooth Low Energy configurations include various PHYs, PDU
sizes, connection intervals, and central or peripheral roles.

9 Mesh Tests (WiLink™ 8 Only)
The purpose of this test is to verify the functionality and performance of the mesh feature. Prior to WiLink™ 8
release, extensive tests were performed to verify the Mesh feature’s functionality, performance, robustness, andstability. A subset of the functionality tests is performed during each test cycle.
Functionality tests include use-cases such as:
•
•
•
•
•

32 nodes connection and disconnection
Connection with maximum number of hops = 6
Mesh Protocol compliance, aging, and security
Mesh Multi-Role
Multicast streams – run up to 32 streams over Mesh nodes

Performance tests include measurements of latency, throughput, and jitter in the following use-cases:••••

TCP TX/RX traffic
UDP TX/RX traffic
Broadcast and Multicast traffic
QoS – Video, audio, and BE traffic

Robustness and stability tests run selected use-cases from the above tests over >12hrs or 1000 iterations

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Multi-Role Tests (WiLink 8 Only)

10 Multi-Role Tests (WiLink 8 Only)
These tests verify the DUT’s ability to run 2 roles concurrently. The tests cover the following role combinations:••••

STA-AP
STA-P2P
AP-P2P
AP-AP

Each combination is tested in the SISO20, SISO40, and MIMO antenna modes. Additionally, each combination
is tested with the roles operating on the same and on different channels.
In each configuration, throughput is measured in one stream and multiple streams (stream per role)

11 Testing Setup
Most of the Wi-Fi tests described in this document are running on a similar setup. Figure 11-1 illustrates the
typical test setup.
Power Meter

DUT
Access Points

TI Wi-Fi
DeviceDUT Control PC
Testing Automation Tool

Variable
Attenuator

Stations
LAB
NetworkRF
Splitter

Stations Control PC

AP Control PC

Sniffer PC

Figure 11-1. General Test Setup Illustration
The test cases are running simultaneously in several setups. The actual setups may vary. Each setup might
contain a different number of access points, stations, meters, and tools.
Figure 11-2 illustrates the radiated 32 mesh nodes testing setup used for most of the Mesh tests. Some of thetests are run on a conducted setup.

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Access Point

Control PC

4 MeshNodes

4 MeshNodes

RF Chamber

RF Chamber

RF Chamber

Figure 11-2. WiLink™ 8 32 Mesh Nodes Test Setup Illustration

12 Summary
A comprehensive test strategy is essential for ensuring that Wi-Fi devices have a high level of interoperability,
security, and reliability. These factors impact the quality of a Wi-Fi solution and the user experience of a Wi-Fi
based product. TI understands the importance of these factors, which is why TI invests in maintaining an
extensive test strategy for its SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi devices comprised of interoperability, performance, robustness
and stability, networking stack, functionality, and pre-certification tests.

13 References•

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