USE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTS

Y. KAWAKITA, Y. UO, O. NAKAMURA, J. MURAIUSE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTS
Yuusuke KAWAKITA

Yojiro UO

Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University
Tokyo, Japan

Assistant Professor
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University
Tokyo, Japan

Osamu NAKAMURA

Jun MURAI

Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Information, Keio University
Tokyo, Japan

Professor
Faculty of Environmental Information, Keio University
Tokyo, Japan(Received March 1, 2005)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices and related technologies have received a great deal of attention for their ability to perform noncontact object identification. Systems incorporating RFID have been evaluated from a variety of perspectives. The authors constructed a networked
RFID system to support event management at NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo, an event that received 150,000 visitors. The system used multiple
RFID readers installed at the venue and RFID tags carried by each visitor to provide a platform for running various management and visitor support
applications. This paper presents the results of this field trial of RFID readability rates. It further addresses the applicability of RFID systems to visitor
management, a problematic aspect of large-scale events.
Key Words: RFID, Internet, EPC network, Event management, Field trial

1. EVENT MANAGEMENT AND RFIDSYSTEMSRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices andrelated technologies have received a great deal of attention for their ability to perform non-contact object identification. RFID is one kind of wireless object-identification
technology and is composed of devices that record information on identifiers called RFID tags and RFID readers that read the information so recorded.
The advantage of using RFID in management applications for events such as exhibitions and seminars isthat it offers wireless, automatic, non-contact identification and sufficient number space to identify each individual.
Nevertheless, it is difficult to take full advantage ofthe characteristics of such systems merely by attachingidentifiers. For event management purposes, the readers
and applications must not simply be linked but must linkgroups of readers with groups of applications used at various locations and for various purposes. The authorssolved this problem by employing EPC network1 architecture 2, the standard for networked RFID systems.
Using an EPC network enabled the organization of information from multiple RFID readers and relay of theappropriate information to the appropriate application.
Such systems are capable of becoming part of the intelligence infrastructure at large events where many partici-

pating exhibitors make a wide range of demands on theapplications used.
To evaluate the EPC network architecture underreal-world conditions, the authors conducted field trials
using management-support and visitor-support applications. The trials were conducted at NetWorld+Interop
2004 Tokyo3, an exhibition of Internet technology andnetworking equipment. Held since 1994, in 2004 thethree-day event drew 141,605 visitors4. Each visitor was
given an RFID tag and various experiments were conducted.
This paper primarily addresses RFID readability in
RFID systems for management and administration oflarge-scale events with great numbers of visitors. It thendiscusses RFID applicability for visitor management, aproblematic aspect of large-scale events.
1.1

Information processing at events
Information processing technology is used at eventsto accomplish two things: 1) reduce the workload for
management and 2) facilitate the flow of information between visitors and exhibitors. At large-scale events inparticular, it is difficult to achieve these goals without
automation. RFID and related technologies offer solutions to these challenges.
Entities related to events can be divided into the following three categories:
Visitors: Those who participate for the purpose ofviewing exhibits.
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THE COMPUTERIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION: Sophisticated Systems Incorporating IT in the Mobility of People and Goods

Exhibitors:

Those who participate by establishingbooths for the display of exhibits.

Management: Those who gather together visitors andprovide exhibitors with the opportunity to
exhibit.
From the visitor perspective one tends to emphasize the provision of information from event organizers
and exhibitors to visitors but organizers and exhibiters aremost interested in knowing who came and in what information they were most interested. It has become common
at recent events for visitor profiles to be pre-registered,generating statistical information for marketing and otherpurposes. For NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo, where thefield trials for this paper were conducted, web-based registration was conducted in advance (Figure 1).
Visitor-related management activities include sameday registration processing and recording venue entry (including admissibility tracking as needed). Recently suchtasks have increasingly involved the use of barcodes andhand-held devices to provide a link to registration information.

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Carrier service

Networked RFID systems
RFID systems enable computerization of object-related information. When looking at techniques for managing such information, RFID systems can be divided into
two types: data carrier RFID systems and networked
RFID systems. Data carrier RFID systems focus on RFID
tags as storage media, using object-related information
recorded on RFID tags physically attached to the objects.
Although the concept of having the objects carry theirown information is sound, a number of practical challenges – such as the need to have the object before you
in order to access its information, limitations on information volume set by RFID tag memory capacity, andlong write times that make actual operation difficult –raise the need for a different architecture.
Networked RFID systems were developed to address such challenges. In such systems, RFID devices
record only simple identifiers while necessary information processing (recording, searching, finding relationships) takes place as a result of interactions between
peripheral systems connected through the network. The
EPC network mentioned previously is the networked
RFID system on which the greatest progress has been
made in terms of standardization.
The EPC network is an RFID system architecture
proposed by the Auto-ID Center, which was founded in
1999 and centered on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Standardization efforts continue today by
successor organization Auto-ID Labs5 and EPCglobal6.
EPC stands for Electronic Product Code and has theserial number space for identification at the level of theindividual item. The EPC network is a collection of standard specifications built around EPC, including peripheral systems generally.
The architecture of the EPC network is describedin Figure 2. Components built around applications that
use the EPC network include EPC tags that contain the
EPC and are attached to products, readers that read the
EPC from the EPC tags, filter and collection middlewarethat compiles information from readers and sends it toapplications, EPCIS (EPC Information Services), andONS (Object Name Services) that map appropriate
EPCIS to applications.

2. EVENT MANAGEMENT SUPPORT USING RFID
Swicht/RouterFig. 1 Web-based advance registration of visitor information

32 • IATSS RESEARCH Vol.29 No.1, 2005

1.2

The authors used networked RFID technology inthe form of the EPC network to create a prototype forUSE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTS

Y. KAWAKITA, Y. UO, O. NAKAMURA, J. MURAI

Fig. 2 EPC network

Fig. 3 System architecture

supporting the work of large-scale events. Making theprototype suitable for actual use in the future requires anengineering evaluation of the level of precision needed
for it to function. The authors focused on determining thenumber of visitors to a large-scale event, conducting measurements under real-world conditions.

by other applications. This architecture creates an environment where it is possible to run multiple independent
applications simultaneously.
Although the support system was a prototype, it hadpractical functionality as a platform for running multiple
event support applications. Some of the applications supported by the event management support system are described below.

2.1

Event management support system using the
EPC network
Event-related tasks include various processes basedon the movement of people. Systems supporting event
management, therefore, must be based on processing visitor-related information (data collection, recording andpresentation) in accordance with the demands of visitors,
exhibitors and management.
Information processing includes both all-purposeand event-specific processes. The former include datacollection and recording processes while the latter include
processes performed by the individual applications that
use the information. In order to develop a prototype system capable of functioning as an all-purpose event management support platform, the choice was made toseparate data collection and processing functions, withsupport for multiple applications running on top of them.
Prototype system architecture is described in Figure 3.
The system is based on the EPC network architecture, with all entities (people, objects) handled by the system assigned an EPC. Visitor behavior is recognized by
the RFID readers and sent to the Event Manager as an
EPC event. The Event Manager then routes the EPC eventto the appropriate applications. The application takes thisinformation and records it in the EPCIS (EPC Information Service) component as information to be accessed

Exhibit award voting system (Figure 4)

A voting system was implemented to determine awards
for the best exhibits. Instead of ballot boxes, visitors voted
by holding their RFID tags up to readers.
RFID stamp rally (Figure 5)

Instead of pressing stamps in a book, visitors held their
RFID tags up to RFID readers placed around the venue.
Visitors could receive prizes for visiting all designated
RFID readers.
Electronic business card-less system (Figure 6)

Instead of dropping off a physical business card, visitors
were able to hold their RFID tag up to RFID readers at
exhibitor booths to supply their contact information basedon their advance registration.
Paper-less pamphlet system (Figure 7)

Visitors were able to record a request for exhibitor pamphlets by holding up their RFID tag. Exhibitors, working through management, were then able to send
electronic versions of pamphlets to the visitors who had
requested them.

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THE COMPUTERIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION: Sophisticated Systems Incorporating IT in the Mobility of People and Goods

Fig. 4 Exhibit award voting system

Fig. 7 Paper-less pamphlet system

File(F) Visual(V) Control(C) Help(H)Real-Time Seminar Attendance Monitoring System
The Number of People in Each Seminar
Room can be Monitored in Real-Time
Percentage of Participants

Percentage
Full Graph

Number ofParticipants

Capacity

Information Appliances and Networks

peoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeopleMedicine and HealthCorporate Intranets / Seccurity / Transition

Information Appliances and Networks (2)Fig. 8 Real-time monitoring system

Fig. 5 RFID stamp rally

2.2

Fig. 6 Electronic business card-less system

Real-time monitoring system (Figure 8)

Monitoring of visitor attendance numbers in very close
to real time.

34 • IATSS RESEARCH Vol.29 No.1, 2005

Field testing of readability rates
Field tests undertaken to calculate readability rates
are described below. To reduce the time required for onsite registration, almost all visitors to NetWorld+Interop
2004 Tokyo were encouraged to register in advance. After registering in advance, visitors were sent visitor identification badges printed with a visitor number bar code.
Visitor numbers were unique and were used to distinguish
visitors. Those who did not register in advance went
through the registration process and received a visitor
number at the same-day registration desk.
In order to provide assistance to visitors at thevenue, visitor identification badges carried their visitor
numbers (Figure 9). For the tests, visitor badges were
equipped at this point with ISO 15693 compliant cardsized RFID tags that recorded each bearer’s own XXX
visitor number. These numbers formed the base for thevarious processes conducted by the event support system.

USE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTS

Y. KAWAKITA, Y. UO, O. NAKAMURA, J. MURAI

Fig. 11 Visitor entry support system

Fig. 9 Visitor badge

cessing applications could access the EPCIS to use theaccumulated data. ISO 15693 compliant gate-style RFID
readers from two separate vendors were used.

3. CALCULATING RFID READABILITY RATES
The method for calculating readability rates andconcrete steps of the process are presented below. In
terms of the accuracy of the RFID visitor count, readability rate was defined as what percentage of actual visitors
were captured through RFID. Given a total number ofvisitors A who passed through the gates and a total number of visitors B who were captured by the RFID readers, readability rate Rratio can be expressed in Formula 1
below (unit = %):Fig. 10 Gate RFID reader and barcode reading

For the field test, existing systems were used foradvance and same-day registration. RFID was then used
to record entry.
Six entrances (Figure 10) were established at thevenue. All visitors who had completed either advance orsame-day registration passed through these entrances.
Each entrance was equipped with both an ISO
15693 compliant gate-style RFID reader that read visitor entry numbers automatically and staff who manually
read the badges using barcode readers. Although bothprocesses collected the same data it was important to do
a complete count with barcode readers to satisfy the goalof investigating RFID readability rates.
RFID admission data was collected and processed
through the visitor entry support system (Figure 11). Eachgate-style RFID reader was connected to a network andaccumulated data in the EPCIS. Monitoring and data pro-

Rratio = A/100B ........................................................... (1)A and B in Formula 1 were calculated based on thedata from the barcode readers and the RFID readers.
Since all visitors to NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo were
captured using barcode readers the number of actual visitors A could be derived from the data recorded by thebarcode readers.
Entry data captured by barcode readers was obtained once each time a given visitor passed through theentrance. Visitor entry data was recorded in CSV (Comma
Separated Value) format and included the barcode reader
ID, the last digits of the visitor ID and a time stamp.
Entry data captured by RFID readers was obtained
multiple times and stored in a SQL database whenever agiven visitor passed through the entrance. Figure 12 (PreAggregation) lists VALUES phrases from INSERT statements, exported in the database dump format, for someof the visitor data recorded by the RFID readers. Each
VALUES phrase includes the visitor ID, the RFID reader
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THE COMPUTERIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION: Sophisticated Systems Incorporating IT in the Mobility of People and Goods

Before Aggregation Processing(112773,6,’2004-06-30 10:34:15’);(102656,5,’2004-06-30 10:34:15’);(102656,5,’2004-06-30 10:34:16’);(112773,6,’2004-06-30 10:34:16’);(105520,5,’2004-06-30 10:34:16’);After Aggregation Processing(112773,6,’2004-06-30 10:34:15’);(102656,5,’2004-06-30 10:34:15’);(105520,5,’2004-06-30 10:34:16’);

Fig. 12 RFID sample data and aggregation processing

ID and a time stamp.
A review of Figure 12 (Pre-Aggregation) reveals
that the same visitor and same RFID reader are recorded
multiple times. When a visitor enters, the entrance is either not recorded (RFID read failure), is recorded once
(RFID read success) or recorded multiple times (RFID
read success).
In order to derive the number of visitors recordedby RFID B from this database records, instances of multiple entries recorded in succession must be calculated asa single entry. To this end, a filter was defined as in Formula 2 below:
0…(Read Failure)
Ffilter(ReadTrial) = 1…(Read Success) ............................. (2)1…(Multiple Read)

Applying the filter in Formula 2 to the sample RFID
data in Figure 12 (Pre-Aggregation) renders the data in
Figure 12 (Post-Aggregation). Using the data in its postaggregated form makes it possible to derive the numberof people recorded by the RFID readers(B).
Based on the above, the RFID readability rate Rratio
for a given sample of N operations can be derived using
the defined filter Ffilter, as shown in Formula 3 below(unit=%):
Rratio =N1∑ Ffilter (ReadTrialp) ..................................... (3)100N p=1

of the event. Although event management was cooperative in providing the data, the experimenters were required
to enter into a confidentiality agreement committing themto use the data only within a range that did not reveal
overall attendance trends. In accordance with this agreement, calculation of readability rate was based on a limited sample of the available data. Specifically, calculationof readability rate was based on data recorded by barcode
readers and RFID readers at all entrances over a limited
period of time.
For this paper, readability rates were calculated using six samples. Each sample is made up of data recorded
by barcode readers and data recorded by RFID readers.
Each of the sample data sets was processed and the readability rate calculated.
In order to identify any differences in performance
between RFID reader vendors the six samples (Table 1)
were selected to include data from all of the RFID readers used in the experiment. All samples were based ondata recorded by barcode and RFID readers over a set
period of time on 2 July 2004. Entrances were numbered
1 through 6 and include all venue entrances used for the
event.
Figures 13 and 14 describe two of the test samples.
Vertical axes indicate visitor ID while horizontal axes indicates the passage of time. Each dot on the graph represents a record of a visitor passing through the entrance.
Note that because it was not possible to synchronize thebarcode readers used in the tests, the start and end time
for the left and right graphs do not necessarily match.
Turning to the vertical axes for each graph, note that
visitor IDs below 100,000 were test IDs used by staff performing system management and so do not appear on theleft-side graphs. Visitor IDs in the 100,000s were assigned
randamly to those who registered in advance and the dots
overall seem generally to exhibit an even distribution.
Visitor IDs in the 200,000s were assigned to those who
underwent same-day registration and received their IDs
for the first time on-site. Such registrations increase in aroughly linear fashion over time and indeed the dots on
the graph show a tendency to a simple increase over time.
Table 1 Sample details

4. EVALUATING VISITOR RFID READABILITY
RATES
The field tests at NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo
were applied to all visitors throughout the entire period

36 • IATSS RESEARCH Vol.29 No.1, 2005

Sample No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Entrance No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

RFID Reader
VendorCompany A

Date Data was
Obtained

Company B
2 July 2004

Company A

USE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTS

Y. KAWAKITA, Y. UO, O. NAKAMURA, J. MURAI

450000400000400000350000350000300000300000250000250000ID

ID450000200000200000150000150000100000100000

50000

50000

0

0

T

T

Fig. 13 Reading events from sample 3 (Left = Barcode: Right = RFID Gate)
450000400000400000350000350000300000300000250000250000ID

ID450000200000200000150000150000100000100000

50000

50000

0

T

0

T

Fig. 14 Reading events from sample 6 (Left = Barcode: Right = RFID Gate)

A quick comparison of the graphs on the left withthose on the right in Figures 13 and 14 shows that bothrecorded the visitors entries in substantially the same way.
Seen in detail, because the smallest unit of time for thebarcode reader was one minute there appears to be a more
uniform distribution in the graphs on the left than on theright.
4.1

Evaluating field trial readability rates
Readability rates were derived for each of the six
samples by applying Formula 3. Results are compiled inTable 2. The average readability rate for all samples was
96.80%. The highest readability rate among the samples
was 99.80%; the lowest was 93.78%.

Table 2 Readability rates for each sample
Sample No.
RFID Tags ReadCounts
Barcodes ReadCounts

1

2

3

4

5

6

2,026 1,551

314

180

633

2,620

2,030 1,642

328

188

675

2,703

Readability Rate(%) 99.80 94.46 95.73 95.74 93.78 96.93

A comparison of gate antenna reader vendors is presented in Table 3. The readability rate by vendor is basedon significance testing using the bootstrapping method witha null hypotheses that “the sample populations for the company A’s reader and Company B’s reader are identical.” In
more concrete terms, the bootstrapping method was used
to conduct sampling that divided the two vendors’ samples
randomly in numbers equal to those of Company A’s
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THE COMPUTERIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION: Sophisticated Systems Incorporating IT in the Mobility of People and Goods

samples and Company B’s samples. Sampling was conducted 10,000 times and a frequency table composed of thedifferences in readability rate. Evaluating the difference inreadability rate between the two vendors as actually measured against the frequency table, the null hypothesis could
not be rejected at a threshold of significance of 80% andso no significant difference was found. (The bootstrapping
method provided a value of 84.24% but given the possibility of sampling error 80% was used instead.)
Table 3 Readability rates by vendor
Company A

Company B

RFID Tags Read Counts

6,830

494

Barcodes Read Counts

7,050

516

Readability Rate(%)

96.88

95.74

The experiment enabled the collection of basic datafrom measurements of the movement of people at event
venues using RFID tags and gate antenna readers. In
particular, while a large number of experimental subjects exhibited various behavior it was possible to hidemeasurement error caused by arbitrary behavior andachieve results with little bias.
Followings are two possible reasons why the readability rate was not perfect.
There were a few people without RFID tags:
The field test was conducted in accordancewith “the Guidelines for Privacy Protection withregards to RFID Tags”7 recommended by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan and
the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan. In accordance with Article 4 of thoseguidelines, visitors were able to elect not to carry an
RFID tag. In other words, there is a slight discrepancy between the population measured by barcode
readers and the population measured by RFID tags.
The confidentiality agreement entered into with
event management prevents release of both thenumber and percentage of visitors who elected not
to carry RFID tags, but it is possible to report thepercentage alone. The percentage of visitors who
elected not to carry RFID tags during the experiment fell well short of 0.1%.
In addition, it is also conceivable that some
visitors may have intentionally destroyed or concealed their tags, although the number of people
who would behave in such an arbitrary manner is

38 • IATSS RESEARCH Vol.29 No.1, 2005

presumed to be well within the experiment’s margin of error.
Obstruction of radio waves by visitor belongings:
Some visitors also may have been carrying
working RFID tags that were not read correctly.
Because the test took place at an exhibition of networking equipment, many visitors carried laptop
computers or other non-RFID electronic equipment,
creating conditions conducive to radio wave attenuation or shielding. Readability dropped markedly when visitors entered with laptops or otherluggage clutched to their chests. Likewise, carrying a mobile phone on a lanyard around the neckcan, depending on the location of the RFID tag,create difficulties in reading the tag.
Most of the readability difficulties experienced for thisexperiment are believed to be due to this second reason.

5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
This paper evaluated the accuracy of information
in a visitor support system designed to capture the number of visitors to large events.
The experiment involved the development and operation of a system for collecting data from RFID tags
carried by each visitor using gate-style RFID readers installed at venue entrances. The experiment was carriedout at NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo, a large-scale eventwith 150,000 visitors, and meaningful data was collected.
This paper defined the accuracy of visitor numbers captured using RFID as “readability rate” and calculated thereadability rate based on six samples selected from thecollected data. Samples were selected in a way to enable
recognition of any difference in readability rate by vendor. The average readability rate for all samples was
96.80% with the highest readability rate at 99.80% andthe lowest at 93.78%. Furthermore, the null hypothesis that“the sample populations for the company A’s reader andCompany B’s reader are identical” could not be rejected
at a threshold of significance of 80% and so no significant
difference was found. These readability rates revealed thatthe actual number of visitors was between 1.01 and 1.07
times the number of visitors recorded by RFID. The paper also discussed how the primary reason the readability rate did not reach 100% was likely the use of laptop
computers and other electronic equipment by visitors.

USE OF RFID AT LARGE-SCALE EVENTSGenerally speaking, it is extraordinarily difficult toattain perfect read accuracy using today’s RFID technology. In this experiment, situations were observed where
the influence of carried items prevented accurate reading.
At events where RFID tags must be carried by individuals, some improvement in readability rates might begained by using signs instructing people to keep electronic devices away from their RFID tags as they passthrough the gate readers but even then it would be difficult to reach a readability rate of 100%.
The debate should shift, therefore, to the selectionof applications that are meaningful even at readability
rates of less than 100%. From the point of view of visitor RFID reader behavior, event-use RFID applications
can be classified in the following two groups:
1) Applications requiring rigorous successive readings.
2) Applications that do not require rigorous successive
readings.

Y. KAWAKITA, Y. UO, O. NAKAMURA, J. MURAI

4. NetWorld+Interop 2004 Tokyo. Summary, http://www.interop.jp/report/index.html. January. (2005).
5. Auto-ID Labs Home Page, http://www.autoid-labs.org/. January. (2005).
6. EPC global Home Page, http://www.epcglobal-inc.com/. January.
(2005).
7. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). Guidelines for Privacy Protection with Regard to RFID Tags, http://www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/
0005035/0/040316ic.pdf. January. (2005).
* Product names mentioned here in may be trademarks of their respective
companies.

Category 2 can further be divided into the following two sub-categories:2a) Applications for which repeated readings are bothnecessary and possible.
2b) Applications for which repeated readings are unnecessary or impossible.
According to this classification, systems for event
entrance admissibility management systems using gatestyle RFID readers fall into category 1. In the same way,the voting and stamp rally systems fall into category 2awhile the visitor entry support system falls into category
2b.
Given the readability rate results calculated in thepreceding section, it is feasible to create a category 2b
application to capture the overall number of visitors using the visitor entry support system. The application categorizations presented here are not a numerical index andthere is probably a need to define the level of rigor that
separates categories 1 and 2.

REFERENCES
1. EPC Network Version 1.0/1.1 Specifications, http://www.epcglobalinc.
com/standards technology/specifications.html. January. (2005).
2. Yojiro UO, Yuusuke Kawakita, Hisakazu Hada, Osamu Nakamura,
Jun Murai. “Internet and Auto-ID Architecture”. Auto-ID Center White
Paper, October. (2003).
3. NETWORLD + INTEROP TOKYO Home Page, http://www.interop.jp/.
January. (2005).

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