JAEA-Review
2013-002

JAEA-Tokai Tandem Annual Report 2011
April 1, 2011 – March 31, 2012
Department of Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator

Nuclear Science Research InstituteTokai Research and Development Center

April 2013
Japan Atomic Energy Agency

日本原子力研究開発機構

本レポートは独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構が不定期に発行する成果報告書です。
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より発信されています。
独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構〒319-1195

研究技術情報部

研究技術情報課

茨城県那珂郡東海村白方白根 2 番地 4

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

JAEA-Tokai Tandem Annual Report 2011
April 1, 2011 – March 31, 2012
Department of Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator
Nuclear Science Research InstituteTokai Research and Development Center
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken(Received January 23, 2013)
The JAEA-Tokai tandem accelerator complex has been used in various research fields suchas nuclear science and material science by researchers not only of JAEA but also fromuniversities, research institutes and industrial companies. This annual report covers
developments of accelerators and research activities carried out using the tandem accelerator,
superconducting booster, and radioactive nuclear beam accelerator, from April 1, 2011 toMarch 31, 2012. Twenty-seven summary reports were categorized into sevenresearch/development fields:(1) accelerator operation and development(2) nuclear structure(3) nuclear reaction(4) nuclear chemistry(5) nuclear theory(6) atomic physics and solid state physics(7) radiation effects in materials.
This report also lists publications, meetings, personnel, committee members, cooperative
researches and common use programs.

Keywords : JAEA-Tokai Tandem Accelerator, Operation Results, Nuclear Structure, Nuclear
Reaction, Nuclear Chemistry, Nuclear Theory, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics,
Radiation Effects in Materials, Progress Report

Editors: Katsuhisa NISHIO, Kazuaki TSUKADA, Norito ISHIKAWA,
Yosuke TOH, Hiroyuki KOURA and Makoto MATSUDAi

JAEA-Review 2013-002

原子力機構東海タンデム加速器 2011 年度年次報告

日本原子力研究開発機構
東海研究開発センター原子力科学研究所
研究炉加速器管理部（2013 年 1 月 23 日受理）

原子力機構東海タンデム加速器施設は、原子核科学や物質科学などの様々な分野において、原子力機構を始めとして、大学や公立研究機関、民間企業に利用されている。本年次報告書は、タ
ンデム加速器、ブースター加速器、放射性核種加速装置を利用し、2011 年 4 月 1 日から 2012 年 3月 31 日までの期間に実施された研究活動の英文要約をまとめたものである。総数 27 件の要約を
下記の７部門に分類した。
（１）加速器の運転状況と開発（２）原子核構造（３）原子核反応（４）核化学（５）原子核理論（６）原子物理及び固体物理（７）材料の照射効果
また、発表論文と会議での口頭発表、タンデム加速器に関与した職員、タンデム加速器専門部会
委員、大学等との共同研究課題、及び施設共用課題のリストを掲載した。

原子力科学研究所：〒319-1195 茨城県那珂郡東海村白方白根 2-4
編集者：西尾 勝久、小浦 寛之、石川 法人、藤 暢輔、塚田 和明、松田 誠

ii

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Foreword
This report covers research and development activities with the tandem accelerator and its superconducting
booster at JAEA Tokai, for the period of FY 2011 (April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012). The tandem
accelerator was operated over a total of 106 days and delivered 18 different ion beams to experiments in thefields of nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, atomic physics, solid state physics and radiation effects inmaterials.
A massive earthquake, named “The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake”, hit us on March 11,
2011. The accelerator column withstood the earthquake with the help of quake-absorbers attached to its
bottom, and no acceleration tubes were damaged. However, thirty three column posts out of 240 had acrack, a vacuum leak happened at the terminal ion source, and the beam line of the superconducting booster
lost its proper alignment. By recovering these damages as quickly as possible, we were able to open thetandem accelerator for experiment on September 15, 2011. We would express sincere thanks for kind
support and encouragement received in this severe time.
The following are the highlights in FY 2011:
In the field of accelerator development: The NRA experiment system using the BGO detector of 3 "x3" wasinstalled at the H1 beam line. The energy calibration of the tandem accelerator was performed using 15N+H
resonance reaction. The indication energy of the accelerator was found to be 3 keV (0.05%) higher than theresonance energy of 6.385 MeV.
In the field of nuclear structure: In order to study the shape phase transition from vibrational (U(5)) toγ-unstable (O(6)) nuclei, Coulomb excitation experiments of 128Xe and 130Xe beams were performed with
208

Pb target. De-excitation γ-rays of 128Xe and 130Xe were observed eight and six, respectively.

In the field of nuclear reactions: Surrogate reaction method was used to determine the neutron-induced
fission cross sections of 239U having a half-life of 23.5 min from the reaction of 238U(18O, 16O) 240U*. Thismethod was studied to determine the capture cross sections.
In the field of nuclear chemistry: 256Lr atoms were successfully ionized and mass-separated using a newly
designed surface ionization source at the JAEA-ISOL,which allows us to gain the 1st ionization potential of
Lr. Radiotracers produced at the tandem accelerator were used to determine the detector efficiency for themeasurement of radioisotope, 131I, discharged by the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant.
In the field of nuclear theory: The evolution of the shell structure is studied in a full 1ℏ𝜔 shell model
framework. Considering the tensor force of the nuclear force, the location of 0g9/2 orbit in calcium isotopesiii

JAEA-Review 2013-002

was evaluated and the 3- excitation energy was calculated. It reproduces well experimental trends.
Furthermore, a new phenomenological relation between Q-values and half-lives of alpha decay waspresented. This formula estimates two or three times longer half-lives and closer to experimental ones thanthose of the Viola-Seaborg formula, which is one of conventional formulae, in the superheavy mass region.
In the field of atomic physics and solid-state physics: Equilibrium and non-equilibrium charge state
distributions were measured for 2 MeV/u Cq+ (q=2-6) projectile ions penetrating through 0.9-200 µg/cm2
thick carbon films. For C2−5+ projectile ions, all the measured charge fractions except for C6+ charge
fraction showed maxima as a function of film thickness in the non-equilibrium region.
In the field of radiation effects in materials: In order to realize mass-production of theevanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode (EFC-WM) sensor, large area irradiation setup is developed at
the beamline of the tandem accelerator. As a result, wide irradiation with a width of 50 mm was achieved.
Ion-irradiated single crystalline Ba(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O3-δ thin films showed close correlation between the lattice
constant and the saturation magnetization. The observed correlation has the same trend observed for thethermally treated samples with different oxygen deficiencies, suggesting that the magnetic property of thismaterial is determined by the irradiation-induced oxygen deficiencies.

Tetsuro ISHII, Deputy Director, Department of Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator

iv

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CHAPTER 1
Accelerator Operation and Development

1.1

Operation and usage of tandem accelerator and booster

1.2

Re-alignment of superconducting booster

1.3

Development of the hydrogen analysis technique using the 15N-NRA method-1-This is a blank page.

JAEA-Review 2013-002

1.1

Operation and usage of tandem accelerator and booster

A. Osa 1, Y. Tsukihashi1, S. Hanashima1, S. Abe1, T. Ishii1, N. Ishizaki1, H. Tayama1, M. Matsuda1,
T. Nakanoya1, H. Kabumoto1, M. Nakamura1, K. Kutsukake1, Y. Otokawa1 and T. Asozu1

First half of FY2011, we buckled down to repair the tandem accelerator from damages of “The 2011 off the
Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake” on March 11, 2011. The tandem accelerator was opened forexperiment on September 15, 2011.It was operated for experiments from September 15, 2011 to December
14, 2011, and from February 13, 2012 to March 31, 2012. The total operation time of the tandem
accelerator for FY2011 (from April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012) was 106 days and 18 different beams weredelivered for experiments. The experimental proposal and the usage of the beam times for FY2011 aresummarized in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Table 1. Experimental proposals.

Table 2. Usage of beam-times
in different research fields.
Research field
Beam time(days) (%)
Nuclear physics
38
35.8
Nuclear chemistry31
29.2
Atomic and materials sciences22
20.8
Accelerator development
15
14.2
total 106100

Research proposals acceptedby the program advisory committee:
In-house staff proposals
3
Collaboration proposals
17
Number of experiments proposed
33
Total number of scientists participating in researchfrom outside60
in-house
131
Number of institutions presented
24

Distributions of the terminal voltages and ion species for experiments are shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2,
respectively. Half of the beams were extracted from three negative ion sources, SNICS-2. The proton,
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and rare gases were ionized and extracted from in-terminal ECR ion source. The
ECR ion source was used as much as 48% of all the beam time.
The superconducting booster was operated for a total of 9 days to boost the energies of 4 different beams
from the tandem accelerator, as is summarized in Table 3. These beams were used for experiments ofnuclear physics and accelerator development.

1Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
-3-

3.4%

～19
～18
～17
～16
～15
～14
～13
～12
～11
～10
～9
～8
～7
～6
～5
～4
2～3

197Au
136Xe
130Xe
128Xe
82Kr
58Ni
56Ni
40Ar
36Ar
22Ne
19F
18O
15N
12C12C
12C
11B
7Li
１H

15.5%
19.0%
16.4%
15.5%

4.3%

10.3%

4.3%
1.7%
2.6%
1.7%
0.9%
4.3%
0

5

SNICS:S-3
SNICS:S-4
SNICS:S-5
Terminal ECR-IS

Beam Species

Terminal Voltage (MV)JAEA-Review 2013-002

10

15

20

25

0

5

10

15

20

Operating time (days)
Operating time (days)
Fig.1 Distribution of terminal voltages.

Fig.2 Distribution of beam species
accelerated for experiments.

Table 3. Boosted ion beams for experiments.
Beam species
82

Kr
Xe
130
Xe
136
Xe
128

Boosted energies
(MeV)
288
548
550
816, 884, 952, 1020

4

Beam time(days)
1
3
3
2

25

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1.2

Re-alignment of superconducting booster

H. Kabumoto 1, N. Ishizaki1, M. Matsuda1, S. Takeuchi1, T. Yoshida 2, K. Yamaguchi2 and R. Nukaga2

The beam-line of superconducting booster lost its proper alignment because of “The 2011 off the pacificcoast of Tohoku Earthquake”. In the moment of the earthquake occurred, fortunately both of thesuperconducting booster and helium refrigerator were not operated, so there was no serious damage in the
booster facility. However, this earthquake made the level difference about 10 mm at the joint of thebuildings. Figure 1 shows the schematic layout of the tandem and booster building. The building ofsuperconducting booster was extended from the tandem accelerator building in 1992. We had alreadymeasured the alignment of superconducting booster in 2010, it has turned out that the booster building has
been sagging down a little at the joint of the two buildings. This earthquake made the level difference muchbigger. It was difficult to accelerate the beams by superconducting booster, thus we carried out there-alignment.
The superconducting booster consisted of 40 acceleration resonator and 10 cryostat vessels, each cryostat
contained 4 resonators (Fig.3). For the alignment of vertical direction, we jacked up the cryostats so that it
became proper position. Figure 2 shows the vertical position of cryostats before and after the alignment.
The quantities of jack-up were about 8 mm at the cryostat No.1, and 3 mm at the cryostat No.10. For thealignment of horizontal direction, ‘the alignment metal fittings’ were attached to the beam-line flange ofcryostats, and we adjusted the horizontal position by using of optical theodolite. Moreover, we also carriedout the adjustment of vertical position of the valve-boxes of helium refrigerator, because it was necessary to
attach transfer-line of liquid helium to the upper part of cryostats.
The two heavyweight electromagnets moved 30-40 mm because of the earthquake. One was the energy
analyzing electromagnet (BM B4-1, Weight: 14 ton), another was the target-line switching electromagnet(BM B4-2, Weight: 21ton). The anchor bolts for fixing to the floor concrete were broken by movement of
the electromagnets, so we made the new anchor bolts around the mount of electromagnets. The vacuum
chambers of the electromagnets also moved with the steel yokes together, and it pressed the beam-line
bellows by the side of the down stream of beam-line (Fig.4). One of them caused the vacuum break, wechanged the broken bellows to new one. And more, the one of jack-assemblies of the electromagnet (BMB4-2) was broken. Although the electromagnet did not fall down, it was impossible to alignment of theelectromagnet because the adjustment-screw was torn off. We repaired the jack-assembly after removing itfrom the electromagnet. After finished the alignment of all accelerator components (cryostat vessels,
electromagnetic quadruples, electromagnetic steerers, beam profile monitors, apertures, and etc), we
checked the beam-pass without acceleration in October. The experiments of using the superconducting
booster started in November, which could accelerate the beams satisfactorily up to the present.
1
2

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Atox co., ltd.
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JAEA-Review 2013-002

Vertical position of cryostat(mm)Fig. 1 Schematic layout of the tandem and booster building.
2
SB

0
-2

0

10

DB
20

30

-4

Cryo7

-10

50

60

Cryo10

Cryo4

-6
-8

40

T andem building || Cryo1
Joint part|

Booster building

After alignment
Before alignment

Beam axis (m)Fig. 2 The vertical position of cryostats before and after the alignment.

Fig. 3 Schematic view of cryostats of thesuperconducting booster. The back sideof this picture is joint of the buildings.

Fig.4 The bellow pressed by the vacuum
chamber of the electromagnet, it caused thevacuum break.
-6-

JAEA-Review 2013-002

1.3Development of the hydrogen analysis technique using the 15N-NRA method
M. Matsuda 1, A. Asozu1 and M. Sataka1

The NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) experiment system using the BGO detector of 3 "x3" was installedat the H1 beam line. This NRA system uses 15N+H or 19F+H reaction. The distance from a measurement
sample to the detector surface is 17 mm or 29 mm, when a detector is put on 0-degree or 90-degree to abeam axis. According to GEANT4 simulation, the detection efficiency of the photo peak in each position is
6.93% and 4.48% to the gamma ray of 4.43 MeV. The detection efficiency of the energy more than Double
escape energy is 11.7% and 7.59% [1]. The energy calibration of the tandem accelerator was performed
using 15N+H resonance reaction. The acceleration voltage of the accelerator was changed at 1 keV stepfrom 6.37 to 6.40 MV, and hydrogen of the water molecule which adsorbed to Ti surface was measured.
Measuring time of one energy point was about 8 minutes, including the change time of beam energy. The
obtained NRA data is shown in Fig. 1. The indication energy of the accelerator was 3 keV (0.05%) higher
than the resonance energy of 6.385 MeV. The FWHM of resonance peak was 12 keV. The doppler effect byvibration of a hydrogen atom causes an energy spread of about 10 keV.

Fig. 1 15N nuclear reaction profile data for Ti sample.

1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)-7-

JAEA-Review 2013-002

The measurement result of an aluminized polyester film is shown in Fig. 2. Hydrogen of the water adsorbedon the surface and hydrogen inside polyester were observed. The thickness of aluminum was estimatedfrom the width of an area of low gamma ray yield near 6.41MeV. The estimated thickness was about 43 nm.
The result of the thickness measurement by the RBS method was 40 nm, and obtained the almost same
result.

Fig. 2 The raw data for a hydrogen profile of an aluminized polyester film.

The polyimide film was irradiated with 15N of the energy of 6.5 MeV for the quantification test of hydrogenconcentration. The yields of the gamma ray estimated by assuming the resonance width of a reaction to be
10 keV were about 30% of simulation results. It is better to use a standard specimen for quantification ofhydrogen concentration.

References[1] H. Makii, private communication.
[2] M. Matsuda et al., JAEA-Tokai Tandem Annu. Rep. 2010, JAEA-Review 2011-040(2011)9-8-

JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 2
Nuclear Structure

2.1

Coulomb Excitation Experiment of 128,130Xe-9-

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

Coulomb Excitation Experiment of 128,130Xe

2.1

M. Koizumi 1, Y. Toh1, M. Oshima1, A. Kimura1, Y. Hatsukawa1, K. Furutaka1, H. Harada1, F. Kitatani1,
S. Nakamura1, M. Sugawara 2 and E. Ideguchi 3

Stable Xe isotopes gradually change their properties from a γ-unstable character (A ~ 124) to a vibrational
one (A = 134) [1]. The change is considered as a shape phase transition from O(6) to U(5) symmetry, interms of dynamic symmetry of the IBM. Theoretical calculations suggested that the E(5) critical point of
the shape phase transition would appear at around A = 130 in Xe isotopes [2,3]. Information onelectromagnetic properties of those nuclei, such as B(E2) values and quadrupole moments, is required tounderstand the change of the nuclear properties. As for 130Xe, which is considered to be a γ-unstable nuclei,no B(E2) of the ground and 22+ band has been measured except for B(E2: 21+ → 01+). Quadrupole momentsof low-lying states of 128,130Xe have not been measured yet.
Coulomb excitation is a useful method for measurements of B(E2)s and quadrupole moments near the
ground states of nuclei [4,5]. Our systematic study of stable nuclei with A ~ 70 revealed nuclear properties
and their changes [6-13]. To obtain electromagnetic properties of 126-136Xe isotopes, we have started
Coulomb excitation experiments.
Coulomb excitation experiments of 208Pb(128Xe, γ) and 208Pb(130Xe, γ) were carried out with 550-MeV
130

Xe and 548-MeV 128Xe beams; both beam energies are below each of the Coulomb barrier. The beam

130

Xe

+
+

42 → 21+22 → 01Yield

42 → 21

+

+

2

10

+

+

+

+

4

10

0

0

10

2 → 01++ 1
22 → 21++41 → 21++61 → 41Xe

22 → 01

81 → 41

Yield
2

10

+
+
21 → 01++
22 → 21++41 → 21++42 → 22++61 → 41
+
+

4

10

128

+

6

10

6

10

500

10

1000
Energy [keV.]

500

1000
Energy [keV.]

Fig. 1. Doppler-corrected spectra obtained in the 208Pb(128Xe, γ) and 208Pb(130Xe, γ) experiments.
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Chiba Institute of Technology
3
CNS, the University of Tokyo2- 11 -

1500

JAEA-Review 2013-002

currents of 128Xe and 130Xe beams were approximately 0.03 pnA and 0.5 pnA, respectively. The low beam
current of 128Xe was probably due to the low pressure of the Xe gas supply of the terminal ion source. The
target thicknesses of 208Pb foils were approximately 0.9 µm (1 mg/cm2). A γ-ray detector array, GEMINI-II[14,15], and a position sensitive particle detector array, LUNA [16], were used to measure de-excitation γrays and scattering angles of the incident particles, respectively. Approximately, 0.6×106 and 1.9×107
particle-γ coincidence events were obtained in the 208Pb(128Xe, γ) and 208Pb(130Xe, γ) experiments.
The position data of LUNA were used for the corrections of Doppler shift of observed γ-ray energies.
Figure 1 shows Doppler-corrected γ spectra, for example. 128Xe was excited up to the 81+ and the 42+ state,
the excitation energy of which is 2512 keV and 1603 keV, respectively. Totally, eight de-excitation γ rays
were observed in the experiment. As for 130Xe, the nucleus was excited up to the 61+ and the 42+ state, theexcitation energy of which is 1944 keV and 1880 ke V. Six de-excitation γ rays were observed.
Coulomb excitation probabilities are determined by experimental conditions: such as interacting particles,
incident energy, scattering angles, and electro-magnetic transition probabilities of the nuclei of interest.
Yields of observed γ rays, therefore, change as the scattering angle varies. By fitting the observed γ−rayyields for each scattering angle, B(E2) values and quadrupole moments are deduced. The analysis of theexperiments with a χ2 minimum search code, GOSIA, is in progress.
References[1] R.F. Casten and P.V. Brentano, Phys. Lett. 152 (1985) 22.
[2] D.L. Zhang and Y.X. Liu, Chin. Phys. Lett. 20 (2003) 1028-1030.
[3] R. Fossin, D. Bonatsos and G.A. Lalazissis, Phys. Rev. C73 (2006) 044310.
[4] K. Alder and A. Winther, Coulomb Excitation (Academic, New York, 1966).
[5] K. Alder and A. Winther, Electromagnetic Excitation (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1975).
[6] Y. Toh et al., J. Phys. G 27 (2001) 1475-1480.
[7] Y. Toh et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 9 (2000) 353-356.
[8] A. Osa et al., Phys. Lett. B 546 (2002) 48-54.
[9] M. Zielinska et al., Nucl. Phys. A 712 (2002) 3-13.
[10] M. Koizumi et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 18 (2003) 87-92.
[11] M. Sugawara et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 16 (2003) 409-414.
[12] M. Koizumi et al., Nucl. Phys. A 736 (2003) 46-58.
[13] T. Hayakawa et al., Phys. Rev. C 67 (2003) 064310.
[14] K. Furuno et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 421 (1999) 211; M. Oshima et al., J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem. 278 (2008) 257-262.
[15] M.Oshima et al., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 278 (2008) 257-262.
[16] Y. Toh et al., Rev. Sci. Inst. 73 (2002) 47-50.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 3
Nuclear Reaction

3.1

Fission of proton-rich mercury nuclei populated by fusion reaction

3.2

Measurement of fission cross section for 239U(n,f) using surrogate reaction method

3.3

Surrogate ratio method for determination of (n,γ) cross sections

3.4

Measurement of grazing angles of 136Xe+198Pt
at energy region around Coulomb barrier

3.5

Fission fragment anisotropy in heavy-ion-induced fission of actinide nuclei

3.6

Measurement of branching ratio of 22Ne (α, γ) 26Mg / 22Ne (α, n) 25Mg reactions- 13 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.1

Fission of proton-rich mercury nuclei populated by fusion reaction

A. Andreyev 1, K. Nishio2, J. Benlliure3, M.Caamano3, X.Derkx1, L. Guys4, F.P.H eβberger5, B.Kindler5,
J. Lane1,V. Liberati1, B. Lommel5, H. Makii2, S. Mitsuoka2, T. Nagayama2,6, I. Nishinaka2, S. Ohta2, T.
Ohtsuki7, K. Sandhu1,P. Van Dupen4, M. Veselsky8 and Y. Wakabayashi2

Our collaborative program started from the study of low-energy fission of proton-rich nucleus 180Hg [1].
The fission of 180Hg was studied by populating its excited states by the β+/EC decay of the parent nucleus
180

Tl. The excitation energy of 180Hg is less than 10 MeV from the constrain of the Q-value, thus the shelleffects are preserved. We measured the fission fragment mass distributions for 180Hg at the ISOLDE mass
separator at CERN (Geneva). Based on the typical understanding of the fission process from the typicalactinide fissions of the N/Z≈1.5−1.6 nuclei, the 180Hg should split into two equal fragments 90Zr +90Zr,
since the zirconium-90 has the closed neutron shell of N=50. The result was, however, unexpected.
Mercury-180 splits dominantly into fission fragments around 80Kr and 100Ru and shows asymmetric mass
distribution. The results imply that there is a new region of asymmetric fission in the proton-rich nuclei.
At the JAEA tandem facility, we also performed fission studies at relatively higher excitation energies
populated by heavy-ion induced fusion reactions. Advantage of this approach is that by choosing different
combinations of projectile and target nucleus, wider variety of fissioning nuclei can be populated, allowing
us to study systematic behavior of fission properties along the Chart of Nuclei. Moreover, by changing thebeam energy, we can study the excitation energy dependence of the fission fragment mass distribution, andthus the transition from the low-energy fission influenced by the shell effects to the higher-energy fission
dominated by the liquid-drop behavior would be studied. We have carried out the fusion-fission
experiments in the reactions of

36,40

Ar+144,154Sm→180,184,190,194Hg* at the bombarding energies

corresponding to the excitation energies of E*= 35 – 100 MeV. In this report, mass and total kinetic energy(TKE) distributions for 180Hg ( E*=34 MeV ) and 190Hg (E*=50 MeV) will be shown.
Exeriment was carried out using Ar beams suppled by the tandem accelerator. The thin target foils weremade by evaorating the samarium fluoride materials and condensating it on a thin carbon foil (36 μg/cm2)
with a thickness ~70μg/cm2. Enrichment for 144Sm and 154Sm targets are 93.8 % and 98.9 %, resectiely. The
targets were made at the target laboratory of GSI, Darmstadt. Fission fragments are detected by using a

position-sensitive multi-wire proportional counter (MWPC) with active area of 200mm(H) ×120mm(V) [2]. Two MWPCs were mounted at 71o relative to the beam direction, and the distance1

University of the West of Scotland
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
3
University de Santiago de Compostela
4
IKS, KU Leuven
5
GSI Helmholzzentrum
6
Ibaraki University
7
Tohoku University
8
Slovak Academy of Science2- 15 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

from the target to the center of the MWPC was set 211 mm.
Figure 1 shows the results of mass and TKE distributions for the fissions of 180Hg* (E*=34MeV) and190

Hg*(E*=57MeV), produced by the reactions of

36

Ar+144Sm (Ec.m.=126MeV) and36

Ar+154Sm(Ec.m.=128MeV), respectively. The mass distributions are well reproduced by asymmetric fission centeredat AL /AH = 79/101 and 82/108 for 180Hg* and 190Hg*, respectively, where AL and AH stand for the light andheavy fragment mass. The fission of 180Hg* gives almost the same mass asymmetry as observed in theβ+/EC-delayed fission of 180Tl (AL /AH = 80/100), meaning that the mass asymmetry does not change at thehigher excitation energy. The fusion-fission data can be used to study the island (or peninsula) for theasymmetric fission in the proton rich nuclei. As the bombarding energies for the two reactions are nearly
the same, the angular momentum brought to the systems of 180Hg* and 190Hg* (in other words - therotational energy of the fissioning systems) is nearly the same. The additional 23 MeV excitation energy to
the compound nucleus does not wash out the effects of the shells in the fission process. The phenomenon
forms contrast to the fission of typical actinide nuclei of around N/Z=1.5 - 1.6, where the mass asymmetry
in low energy changes to symmetry with excitation energy.
In the fission of 180Hg*, the average TKE is 131.7MeV. The value is nearly the same as the β+/EC-delayed
fission of 180Tl (134MeV) [1]. The standard deviation of 11.7 MeV for the TKE distribution is larger thanthat for the β+/EC-delayed fission (5.6 MeV) [1]. The TKE is nearly equal to the Coulomb energy at thescission point. It means that the higher temperature of the fission system does not change the average
distance between the charge centers at the instant of nuclear rupture, but the temperature changes
fluctuation of the distance.

Fig. 1 Fission fragment mass and TKE distributions for the fusion-fission of 46Ar+144Sm and46
Ar+154Sm. The arrows in the TKE spectra are the values from the Viola formula [3].
References[1] A. Andreyev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 252102 (2010).
[2] K. Nishio et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, 064607 (2008).
[3] V.E. Viola, Jr., Nucl. Data, Sect. A 1, 391 (1966).
- 16 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.2

Measurement of fission cross section for 239U(n,f)
using surrogate reaction method

K. Nishio 1, T. Nagayama1,2, I. Nishinaka1, S. Mitsuoka1, H. Makii1, Y. Wakabayashi1, S. Ohta1,
K. Furutaka1, K. Tsukada1, M. Asai1, S. Chiba1,3, T. Ishii1 and T. Ohtsuki4

Neutron-induced fission cross-sections are important for the design of nuclear reactors. The next generation
nuclear reactor is designed to have a high neutron energy spectrum to make an efficient production of
burnable isotopes and to transmute long-lived minor actinides. To simulate the criticality and the power
response of such reactors, nuclear data for short-lived minor actinides as well as long-lived ones are needed.
Some of the data is practically impossible to obtain using a neutron source. To obtain these data, so called‘surrogate reaction method’ is proposed [1,2]. In this approach, a compound nucleus same as the one
produced by neutron capture is populated by heavy-ion induced nucleon-transfer reactions and the decay
probability to fission is determined. We have carried out an experiment to obtain the fission cross sectionsfor 239U(n,f) (the half-life of 239U is 23 min), σU239(n,f), with the surrogate ratio method, where the crosssections were obtained by referring the well known cross sections for 235U(n,f), σU235(n,f). We have chosen
the tranfer-reaction 238U(18O,16O)240U* as the surrogate of n+239U, and the fission probability of 240U*,
PU240*, has been determined. Similarly, the reaction 235U(18O,17O)236U* was used as a surrogate of n+235U todetermine the fission probability PU236*. Thus, we obtained the cross sectioins for 239U(n,f) as,σU239(n,f) =σU235(n,f) (PU240* / PU236*).

(1)

The experiment was carried out using an 18O beam (162MeV) supplied by the tandem accelerator. The
uranium targets (235U and 238U) were made by electrically depositing natural or enriched uramium materials
on thin nickel foils. Projectile-like nuclei produced by the transfer reaction were identified by silicon ΔE-E
detectors mounted on the forward angle from the target to cover the angles from 22o to 38o with respect tothe beam direction. The ΔE detector has a 75 μm thickness and is made by an ion implantaion technique.

An annular type Si-strip detector was used for the E detector to measure the residual energy. Oxygenisotopes of 16,17,18O were clearly separated on the ΔE-E spectrum, and the particle energy wasdetermined with the resolution of about 0.9 MeV (FWHM). Fission fragments are detected using
position-sensitive multi-wire proportional counters (MWPCs) with active area of 200 mm(H)×400
mm(V). The design for the MWPC is based on the one in [3], but the active area was 3.3 times larger.
Four MWPCs were mounted at a distance 200 mm from the target. Fission probability at an excitationenergy, E*, was determined by the number of coincidence events between fission fragments andprojectile-like nucleus for the specific transfer channel normalized by the singles events for the
projectile-like nucleus. The reference data of σU235(n,f) was taken from ENDF/B-VII.
Figure 1 shows the preliminary result of the fission cross sections for 239U(n,f). In the spectrum, structures
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Ibaraki University
3
Tokyo Institute of Technology
4
Tohoku University2- 17 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

associated with the first and second chance fissions are seen at the neutron energies of En =6.5 MeV and
13.5MeV. In the surrogate ratio method using the reactions of 18O+235,238U, different transfer channels andreference data can be used to obtain the same cross sections of 239U(n,f). Such an attempt is in progress.

Fig. 1 Neutron-induced fission cross sections for 239U determined by the surrogate ration method. The
cross sections are plotted as a function of neutron energy.

References[1] J.E. Escher et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, (2012) 353-397.
[2] S. Chiba et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, (2010) 044604.
[3] K. Nishio et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, (2008) 064607.

- 18 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.3

Surrogate ratio method for determination of (n,γ) cross sections

H. Makii 1, T. Ishii1, S. Ota1, Y. Wakabayashi2, M. Asai1, K. Furutaka1, K. Nishio1, S. Mitsuoka1,
I. Nishinaka1 and S. Chiba3

Neutron-capture [(n,γ)] cross sections of unstable nuclei play an important role in the stellar
nucleosynthesis [1]. However, measurements of the (n,γ) cross sections of unstable nuclei at the stellar
temperature range (kT ≈ 8 ~ 90 keV) are very difficult. The main difficulties are due to a sample
preparation and/or radioactivity of the sample. These difficulties can be overcome with the surrogate
method, which aims at determining reaction cross sections for compound-nuclear reaction on the basis of
the assumption that the formation and decay of a compound nucleus are independent of each other [2].
However, the decay branching ratio of the (n,γ) process is sensitive to the spin and parity values of the
decaying compound nuclei [2], and they are probably different between the neutron-induced reaction andthe surrogate reaction. Recently, Chiba and Iwamoto found that the difference of the spin and parity
distributions between the neutron-induced and the surrogate reaction can be compensated if the surrogate
ratio method (SRM) [3] is applied. The SRM can yield neutron cross sections with reasonable accuracies if(1) the weak Weisscopf-Ewing condition defined in ref. [3] is satisfied, (2) the spin and parity distributions
in two compound nuclei populated by two surrogate reactions used in the SRM are equivalent, and (3) the
maximum spin populated by the surrogate reactions is not too large (less than 10 hbar). Although these
conditions have been verified theoretically [3-5], the feasibility of the SRM has not been demonstrated
experimentally for determination of (n,γ) cross sections. Hence, we have prepared experimental apparatus
for the SRM to determine (n,γ) cross sections and measured deexcitation γ-rays in compound nuclei
produced by the multinucleon transfer reactions, such as (18O, 16O) reaction, using a 0.9 mg/cm2 155Gd
target deposited on 1.1 µm aluminum foils and 153 MeV 18O beam.
In this study, we used two anti-Compton LaBr3(Ce) spectrometers to measure γ-rays from the populated
compound nuclei, and a Si ∆E-E detector to detect outgoing particles from multinucleon transfer reactions.
The anti-Compton LaBr3(Ce) spectrometer consists of a central LaBr3(Ce) detector with a diameter of
101.6 mm and a length of 127 mm, and an annular BGO detector with a thickness of 25.4 mm and a lengthof 254 mm. For the Si ∆E-E detector, we used four surface-barrier type Si detectors with a thickness of 65µm and a diameter of 20 mm, and an annular Si detector with an inside diameter of 48 mm, an outside
diameter of 96 mm, and a thickness of 300 µm as the ∆E and E detector, respectively.
Figure 1 shows an E-∆E plot for outgoing particles measured by the Si ∆E-E detector. The particles areclearly separated according to the mass number as well as the atomic number; various isotopes of O, F, N,
and C were observed, which correspond to the populations of series of Gd, Eu, Tb, and Dy isotopes ascompound nuclei. This demonstrates that the surrogate method using multinucleon transfer reactions with
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
RIKEN
3Tokyo Institute of Technology
2- 19 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

heavy-ion projectiles has an advantage to obtain experimental data corresponding to a wide variety ofreactions in one experimental setup.
Figure 2 shows deexcitation γ-rays in 157Gd obtained by setting a gate on 16O particles with the kinetic
energies corresponding to the excitation energies of 157Gd between 3 and 14 MeV. Continuum γ rays up to
about 8 MeV are due to deexcitation of highly excited state in 157Gd populated by the (18O, 16O) reaction.
The decay branching ratio of the (n,γ) process at the excitation energy Ex can be determined from the ratioof the number of γ-rays in coincidence with 16O particles NO-γ(Ex) to the number of 16O particles NO(Ex).
The NO-γ(Ex) can be obtained from the γ-ray spectrum in coincidence with 16O particles by using theweighting function technique [6], which requires complete knowledge of the response functions for the
LaBr3(Ce) spectrometers for a broad range of γ-ray energies. These have been determined experimentallyusing standard γ-ray sources of 60Co and 88Y, and γ rays from 27Al(p,γ)28Si measured at Ep = 0.992 and2.046 MeV, as is the case of the NaI(Tl) spectrometer [7]. For unmeasured γ-ray energies, the response
functions of the LaBr3(Ce) spectrometers are deduced by the Monte-Carlo code, GEANT4 [8]. This work

Counts / 0.1 MeV

remains to be done.

103

102

101

100
0

Fig. 1 E-∆E plot of scattered particles measured by
Si ∆E-E detector in the reaction of 153-MeV 18O
beam with 155Gd target.

2

4

6

γ-ray Energy (MeV)

8

Fig. 2 γ-ray spectrum in coincidence with 16O
particles with kinetic energies corresponding to theexcitation energies of 157Gd between 3 and 14
MeV.

References[1] F. Käppeler and A. Mengoni, Nucl. Phys. A777 (2006) 291-310.
[2] J.E. Escher et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 (2012) 353-397.
[3] S. Chiba and O. Iwamoto, Phys. Rev. C81 (2010) 044604-1-6.
[4] Y. Aritomo, S. Chiba and K. Nishio, Phys. Rev. C84 (2011) 024602-1-10.
[5] K. Ogata, S. Hashimoto and S. Chiba, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 48 (2011) 1337-1342.
[6] R.L. Macklin and J.H. Gibbons, Phys. Rev. 159 (1967) 1007-1012.
[7] H. Makii et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A547 (2005) 411-423.
[8] S. Agostinelli et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A506 (2003) 250-303.

- 20 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.4

Measurement of grazing angles of 136Xe+198Pt
at energy region around Coulomb barrier

Y.X. Watanabe 1, H. Miyatake1, S.C. Jeong1, H. Ishiyama1, Y. Hirayama1,
S. Mitsuoka2, K. Nishio2, Y. Wakabayashi2, H. Makii2 and I. Nishinaka2

We are now carrying a project to measure lifetimes of neutron-rich nuclei around a neutron magic numberof 126 [1], which are considered to be progenitors of a peak around mass number of 195 in the abundanceof nuclides, produced by the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) in the universe. The lifetimes of
those nuclei are key parameters to determine astrophysical environment for the r-process. Although we willproduce those neutron-rich nuclei by using multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions of 136Xe+198Pt in our
project, mechanisms of those reactions are not fully understood to give adequate estimation of the
production yields. To improve the estimation, we have performed an experiment by using the spectrometer
VAMOS [2] at GANIL for determination of the cross sections of the MNT reactions. In performing theexperiment, the angle of the spectrometer should have been carefully set for efficient collection of thereaction products, since the MNT reactions are considered to be prominent in the scattering around thegrazing angle. Therefore, in advance, we have measured angular distributions of the elastic scattering
including low-lying inelastic channels at angles around the grazing angle with several energies near the
Coulomb barrier for the reaction system of 136Xe+198Pt in the JAEA tandem facility.
The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. The
198

Pt target with thickness of 1.6 mg/cm2 wasirradiated by the 136Xe beam accelerated to above
the Coulomb barrier by the tandem accelerator
and the super-conducting booster accelerator.
Scattered particles were detected by two silicon
telescopes located at 40 degrees and 60 degrees
respect to the beam axis. The telescope consistsof a slit with 10 mm vertical opening, asingle-sided strip detector (SSSD) with 16
horizontal segments in the area of 50×50 mm2,
and a solid state detector (SSD) with area ofFig. 1 Experimental setup.

50×50 mm2 and thickness of 325 µm. The distances between the target and the slit, the SSSD and the SSD
are 129 (128) mm, 130.5 mm and 133.5 mm, respectively, subtending angles from 30 (50) degrees to 50(70) degrees for the telescope at the angle of 40 (60) degrees. The thickness of the SSSD is 20 µm and 61µm for the detector at the angle of 40 and 60 degrees, respectively. The measurements are performed at 5
points of energies in the laboratory system: 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 and 8 MeV/A. At the highest three energies,
1
2

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 21 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

measurements are also performed at the setup where the distance between the target and the telescope at theangle of 40 degrees is 60 mm shorter in order to cover a wider range of angles from 22 degrees to 58
degrees. For the normalization of the elastic scattering cross sections, two SSD’s with thickness of 100 µm
are located at the angle of 20 degrees in both sides of the beam axis with collimators of 2 mm diameters at
the distance of 131.5 mm from the target.
The scattered particles penetrate the SSSD and reach the SSD for the telescope at the angle of 40 degrees,
although they stopped at the SSSD for the other. Fig. 2 shows correlation between the energy loss throughthe SSSD (∆E) and the sum of energies deposited in the SSSD and the SSD for the telescope at the angle of
40 degrees by using the beam energy of 8 MeV/A. The one-dimensional energy spectrum is shown in Fig. 3.
The elastic scattering events, including low-lying inelastic channels, are counted by fitting a peak at thehigher energy with a Gaussian function and subtracting from it the contribution of damped collision fittedwith a Gaussian function.

Fig. 2 Correlation between ∆E and energy in one
segment of SSSD at 40 degrees for beam energyof 8 MeV/A.

Fig. 3 Energy spectrum in one segment of SSSD
at 40 degrees for beam energy of 8 MeV/A.

Fig. 4 shows the measured angular distributions of the elastic
scattering normalized by the Rutherford scattering. At theenergy of 8 MeV/A, the cross sections decrease steeply aroundthe angle of 30 degrees, indicating that the contribution of
MNT reactions are increasing around the angle and that it isproper to set the spectrometer there for the MNT reaction
measurements with beam energy of 8 MeV/A.
References[1] S.C. Jeong et al., KISS: KEK isotope separation system
for β-decay spectroscopy, KEK Report 2010-2 (2010).
[2] S. Pullanhiotan et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.,
A593 (2008) 343-352.

- 22 -

Fig. 4 Angular distributions of theelastic scattering normalized by the
Rutherford scattering.

JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.5

Fission fragment anisotropy in heavy-ion-induced fission of actinide nuclei

I. Nishinaka 1, M. Tanikawa2, K. Nishio1, H. Makii1, S. Mitsuoka1, Y. Wakabayashi1 and A. Yokoyama3

Fission fragment angular distribution in light-ion-induced fission is successfully explained by the standard
saddle point model [1]. However, in heavy-ion-induced fission of actinides at near-barrier energies, it has
been found that fission fragment anisotropy becomes anomalously high compared with that expected fromthe standard saddle point model [2, 3]. This anomaly of fission fragment anisotropy was thought tooriginate from non-equilibrium fission. The pre-equilibrium K-states model suggests that fission fragment
anisotropy in heavy-ion-induced fission of actinides is governed by the entrance channel mass asymmetry
α=(At-Ap)/(At+Ap) [4, 5], where At and Ap refer to mass numbers of target and projectile nuclei, respectively.
A limited number of experiments have been carried out to study the effect of different entrance channels
leading to the same compound nucleus, 248Cf (16O+232Th and 12C+236U) [6] and 246Bk (14N+232Th and11

B+235U) [7]. In order to study the effect of fission fragment anisotropy on entrance channels we measured

fission fragment angular distributions in the reactions of 22Ne+232Th (α =0.827), 16O+238U (α =0.874) and12

C+242Pu (α =0.906)[8], populating the same compound nucleus 254Fm. As shown in Fig.1, the anisotropy

for 22Ne+232Th with the smallest entrance channel mass asymmetry α=0.827 is larger than those for
16

O+238U and 12C+242Pu. However, the uncertainty of the anisotropy is rather large especially for22

Ne+232Th because of the low statistics. In order to make quantitative understanding, it is important toobtain data with small uncertainty. Therefore, we have carried out the measurement for the 22Ne+232Th

References[1] R. Vandenbosch and J. R. Huizenga, Nuclear Fission(Academic, New York, 1973).
[2] S. Kailas, J. Phys. G 23 (1997) 1227-1233.
[3] J. P. Lestone et al., J. Phys. G 23 (1997) 1349-1357.
[4] V. S. Ramamurthy et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 25-28[5] Z. Liu et al., Phys. Lett. B 353 (1995) 173-178[6] R. Vandenbosh et al., Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) R977-R980.
[7] B. R. Behera et al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 064603-1-10.
[8] I. Nishinaka et al., JAEA-Review, 2010-056(2010)46-47;
I. Nishinaka et al., JAEA-Review, 2011-040(2011)31-32.

1Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)The University of Tokyo
3
Kanazawa University
2- 23 -

A = W(180o) / W(90o)reaction to obtain more statistics. Analysis of data is still in progress.
4
3
2
1
0
40

45

50

55

60

Excitation energy (MeV)
Fig. 1 Results of the fission fragment
anisotropy for 16O+238U (solid circles),12
C+242Pu (open squares) and 22Ne+232Th(open circles) as a function of theexcitation energy of the compound
nucleus 254Fm.

JAEA-Review 2013-002

3.6

Measurement of branching ratio of 22Ne (α, γ) 26Mg / 22Ne (α, n) 25Mg reactions
S. Ota 1, H. Makii1, T. Ishii1, K. Nishio1, S. Mitsuoka1, I. Nishinaka1 and S. Chiba1,2

About half of the elemental abundances between Fe and Bi have been thought to have their origins in
s-process (slow neutron-capture) which proceeds during stellar He burning stage [1]. While the reaction
22

Ne (α,n) 25Mg is considered to be the dominant neutron source for the s-process in massive stars with M >8 M☉ (solar mass), the competing 22Ne (α,γ) 26Mg reaction also may have considerable strength andsignificantly suppress the neutron production. A branching ratio of the two reactions and resonance states in
α + 22Ne reaction at Eα = 400 – 1000 keV should be experimentally determined with good accuracy.
Presently, ambiguity of the resonance state at Ex ~ 11.3 MeV (Eα ~ 830 keV) such as level and strength has
been one of the largest concerns for s-process study due to its expected significant role in the neutron
production. In this work, we aimed to investigate the resonance.
Experiments were performed using 110 MeV 22Ne beam of JAEA-Tokai tandem accelerator. 6Li (22Ne,
26Mg) d α-transfer reaction has been employed since a direct α-capture experiment is extremely difficult

because of the high Coulomb barrier for low energy α-particles. Some past experiments using 22Ne (6Li, d)
26

Mg reaction obtained important information about resonance spectrum of 26Mg, but insufficient energy

resolution and background deuteron from compound nuclei reaction kept them from solving the 11.3 MeV
resonance clearly enough [2, 3]. Therefore, we attempted to remove contribution from the background
deuteron by coincidence detection of 26Mg and deuteron with high energy-resolution Si ∆E-E detector.
6

Li2CO3 (95% enriched) target (~ 20 μg/cm2) with C foil (20 μg/cm2) was exposed to the 10 pnA 22Ne beam

which was focused to 1 mm. Focusing the beam size was essentially important process to suppress theangular acceptance for deuteron which limits the energy resolution of spectrum. We had successively
realized it with two Ta slits (φ = 1 and 1.5 mm, respectively) placed in front of the target. Each set of four
∆E-E detectors was set at θ = 3° (for Mg) and -130° (for d) with respect to beam direction (in laboratory
frame) as shown in Fig. 1. This set up realizes the coincidence measurement of the reaction at θcm = 25°.
Fig. 2 shows the E-∆E cross plot of observed particles with one of the detectors at θ = -130°. It enables us
to easily identify deuteron from other particles and the energy resolution was measured to 65 keV (∆E+E
total) from 241Am α source test performed just after the beam irradiation. Fig. 3 shows the E-∆E cross plotof observed particles with one of the detectors at θ = 3°. Charge identification of the detected particles canbe possible, but mass separation is unfortunately not enough. In the figure, the coincident events with thedeuterons were plotted together. It is obvious that we succeeded in detecting the expected Mg-d coincident
events. In next experiment, we are planning to improve the energy resolution of the detector systems andstatistics to obtain the resonance information of Ex ~ 11.3 MeV from the deuteron spectrum.
1
2

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Tokyo Institute of Technology- 24 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the experimental set up.

Fig. 2 E-∆E cross plot of observed particles
with one of the detectors at θ = -130°. Light
green color shows high count rate.

Fig. 3 E-∆E cross plot of observed particles
with one of the detectors at θ = 3° (dot). The
coincident events with deuteron were plotted
together (cross).

References[1] F. Kappeler et al., Rev. Mod. Phys., 83 (2011) 157-193.
[2] U. Giesen et al., Nuc. Phys., A 561 (1993) 95-111.
[3] C. Ugalde et al., Phys. Rev., C 76 (2007) 025802-1-6.

- 25 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 4
Nuclear Chemistry

4.1

First successful ionization of Lr applying an ISOL-techniquewith an improved surface-ionization type ion-source

4.2

Studies on isothermal chromatographic behaviorof volatile compounds of Hf isotopes with various half-lives

4.3

Production and utilization of radioactive astatine isotopes using lithium ion beams

4.4

Production of medical radio isotope, 95mTc. (II)

4.5

Measurement of radioisotopes on soil in Ibaraki prefecture- 27 -

This is a blank page.

JAEA-Review 2013-002

4.1

First successful ionization of Lr applying an ISOL-technique with an improved
surface-ionization type ion-source

N. Sato 1, T.K. Sato1, M. Asai1, K. Tsukada1, A. Toyoshima1, K. Ooe1, Y. Kaneya1,2, Y. Nagame1,
S. Ichikawa3, M. Schädel1, A. Osa1, T. Stora4 and J.V. Kratz1,5Study of the heaviest elements is an interesting and challenging subject in the field of nuclear chemistry.
One of the most sensitive atomic properties to changes in the electronic structure is the first ionization
potential (IP) which provides direct information on the stability of valence electrons in an atom. The
ground-state electronic configuration of the last actinide, lawrencium (Lr) is predicted to be 5f147s27p. Thisis different from that of the lanthanide homolog Lu, 4f146s25d because the 7p orbital of Lr is stabilized
below the 6d orbital by strong relativistic effects. The weakly-bound outermost electron results in asignificantly low IP of Lr as compared with its neighboring heavy actinides [1]. Due to the low production
rates and short half-lives, properties of the heaviest elements must be measured on an atom-at-a-time scale.
To determine the IP of Lr based on the surface ionization efficiency measurement, we have improved oursurface-ionization type ion-source [2]. In this study, using the ion-source system, we successfully measured
the α-particles from ionized and mass-separated 256Lr. To compare the ionization efficiency of Lr with Lu,
the ionization of Lu was also performed at the same experimental condition.
Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the experimental setup including a photo of the improved ion-source.
The 256Lr isotope (half-life, T1/2 = 27 s) was produced in the 249,250,251Cf(11B, xn) reaction. The 185 µg/cm2
thick Cf target of a 2.3 mm diameter was prepared by electrodeposition onto a 1.85 mg/cm2 Be backing foil.
The isotopic composition of the Cf target was 249Cf (63%), 250Cf (12%) and, 251Cf (25%). The Dy target ofa 230 µg/cm2 thick was set downstream of the Cf target to produce the 168m,gLu isotope (T1/2 = 6.7/5.5 min)in the 162Dy(11B, 5n) reaction. The average intensity of the 11B4+ beam was 0.35 particle-µA. The 11B4+
beam with 67.9 MeV from the JAEA tandem accelerator passed through a 1.83 mg/cm2 HAVAR vacuum
window, 0.09 mg/cm2 He cooling gas, and the Be backing foil before entering the target material. The beamenergy in the middle of the Cf target was 63.0 MeV. At this energy, the excitation function shows the
maximum cross section for the 256Lr synthesis [3]. Nuclear reaction products recoiling out of the target
were then transported with a He/CdI2 gas-jet system to the ion-source. The helium flow rate was 1.4 L/min.
The ionizer made of a tantalum tube was heated by radiant heat and by thermal electron bombardment fromsurrounding tungsten filaments. The inner surface of the ionizer was covered with a Re foil of 50 µm
thickness. To optimize the temperature distribution along the ionizer, we newly installed two filaments in aseries (Fig. 1). One filament heated the gas-jet inlet area of the ionizer and the other one did the exit part.
Ionized nuclides were accelerated by an electrical potential of 30 kV and were mass-separated with an
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Ibaraki University
3
RIKEN
4
CERN
5
University of Mainz
2- 29 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL). The mass-separated ions were then implanted in thin polyethylene
terephthalate foils of 0.12 mg/cm2 thickness and 20 mm diameter of the rotating wheel α-particle detection
system (MANON). After collection for 10 s, the wheel was stepped at 10-s intervals to successively place
the implanted sample between 7-pairs of Si PIN photodiodes for α-particle detection. Energy calibration
was performed with standard 241Am and 244Cm sources and by making use of α-emitting by-products
synthesized, e.g., 151Ho and 213Fr.
An α-particle spectrum from mass-separated ions with mass number of 256 is shown in Fig. 2 (a). The
α-energy spectrum clearly shows α particles from the decay of 256Lr and its granddaughter nucleus, 252Fm(T1/2 = 25.39 h). Figure 2 (b) indicates the decay chain fed from 256Lr. The ionization efficiency of Lr on the
Re surface was determined to be 42% at the input power to the ion-source of 880 W. The ionization
efficiency of Lu was 20% at the same input power. The present result shows that Lr is easier to be desorbed
and ionized than Lu, suggesting that the IP of Lr would be lower than that of Lu.

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the experimental setup including a photo of the surface ionizer with two
filaments.

(b)

(a)

Fig. 2(a). Measured α-particle spectrum of mass-separated ions with mass number of 256. (b) Decay
chain fed from 256Lr.
References[1] A. Borchevsky et al., Eur. Phys. J., D45 (2007) 115-119.
[2] N. Sato et al., JAEA-Review 2011-040 (2011) 41-42.
[3] N. Sato et al., JAEA-Review 2010-056 (2010) 52-53.
- 30 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

4.2 Studies on isothermal chromatographic behaviorof volatile compounds of Hf isotopes with various half-lives
S. Goto 1, T. Kojima1, T. Tomitsuka1, M. Murakami1, H. Kudo1,
K. Tsukada 2, M. Asai2, T.K. Sato2, A. Toyoshima2, K. Ooe2, Y. Kanaya2 and Y. Nagame2

In order to clarify chemical properties of superheavy elements, a technique of a gas phase chemical
separation has been applied to the chemistry experiments because it allows separating species of interest
continuously and rapidly. Adsorption enthalpies of volatile compounds can be determined from theiradsorption-desorption processes on a surface of gas chromatograph column. In this study, to confirm amodel of an isothermal chromatography under our experimental condition, we investigated gas
chromatographic behavior of volatile chloride compounds of Hf isotopes with various half-lives for the
study of Rf.
Hafnium isotopes, 165Hf (T1/2 = 76 s), 166Hf (T1/2 = 6.8 min), and 167Hf (T1/2 = 2.05 min), were produced in
the natEu(19F, xn) reaction at the JAEA tandem accelerator facility. To compare with previous results, 85Zr
(T1/2 = 7.9 min) were also produced in the natGa(19F, xn) reaction. The Eu was electrodeposited with the
thickness of 0.1 mg·cm–2 on 2.26 mg·cm–2 Be foil, and the Ga target was prepared with 0.38 mg·cm–2 using
Ar sputtering on 2.16 mg·cm–2 Be foil.
The 19F7+ beam energy was 122 MeV, andthe intensity was about 3 µA. Nuclear
reaction products were transported to thegaschromatographic

apparatus

withattaching on a carbon cluster in a He
carrier gas flow. The schematic view of
the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The
carbon cluster was produced by the DC
pulse discharge between carbon electrodes.
The carbon also removes oxygen existingin the system which forms nonvolatile
oxychlorides

of

Zr

and

Hf.

The

transported products were collected onquartz wool plugged in a quartz tube

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the experimental setup.

where a reactive HCl gas was added to form volatile chloride compounds. The formed volatile compounds
were then fed into an isothermal chromatographic quartz column (~2 m length) directly connected to thetube. The flow rate of He carrier gas was 0.8 L min–1, the reaction temperature was 1000 ºC, and thepressure at the reaction part was about 150 kPa. The compounds of Zr and Hf through the column were
1
2

Niigata University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 31 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

re-transported attaching on a KCl cluster in a N2 carrier gas flow, and collected on glass wool plugged in a
glass tube for γ-rays measurement to examine the yields of these elements which passed through thecolumn. The passed-through yields for Zr and Hf were obtained as a function of the temperature of theisothermal column.
The chromatograms are shown in Fig. 2. At lower than 350
o165

C, the yields were about 30% for all nuclides. It seems thatthese yields are due to the carbon cluster leaked from thequartz plug unexpectedly. In the cases of 85Zr and 166Hf, the166temperatures to which their yields rise were about 350 oC,
and these isothermal chromatographic behaviors were very
similar with the previous report [1]. According to the model

167

of the ideal isothermal chromatography, a relative yield is
decided by a retention time of a volatile compound.
Therefore, the more the half-life of a nuclide is short, the85

more a chromatogram should appear at higher temperatureside. However, the chromatograms of 165Hf and 167Hf are
similar with that of 166Hf. This behavior which is not
explained with the model described above may beascribable to a reaction chromatography [2]. In order toinvestigate in more detail, an analyzing of the results is

Fig. 2 Isothermal chromatograms of thecompound of 85Zr and 165–167Hf.

now in progress.
References[1] T.K. Sato et al., J. Nucl. and Radiochem. Sci., 6 (2005) N1–N3.
[2] A. Türler et al., J. Alloys Compd., 271–273 (1998) 287–291.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

4.3

Production and utilization of radioactive astatine isotopes using lithium ion beams
I. Nishinaka 1, A. Yokoyama2, K. Washiyama2, R. Amano2, N. Yamada2, E. Maeda2, K. Li2,
N. S. Ishioka1, K. Hashimoto1, S. Watanabe1, A. Toyoshima1 and H. Makii1

An α radioactive nuclide 211At with a half-life of 7.2 h is a prospective candidate for utilization inradioimmunotherapy. In general, 211At is produced through bombardment of a bismuth target with 28 MeV
helium ions in the 209Bi(α,2n)211At reaction because of the high yield required for therapeutic purpose [1].
However, the nuclear reactions using lithium ion beams, 6,7Li+Pb and 6,7Li+209Bi, provide the possible
production routes of 211At. Excitation functions have been extensively measured for the 6,7Li+ 209Bi
reactions to study the reaction mechanism involving complete fusion and breakup reaction of weakly boundnuclei 6,7Li [2-4]. For 7Li+natPb, however, only reports on production of astatine isotopes 207-210At have been
available [5, 6]. In our previous work [6], excitation functions of 208-210At were measured by γ-ray
spectrometry but that of 211At was not able to be measured due to low probability of γ-emission from thenuclide. In this work, therefore, we have measured excitation functions of 208-211At in the reaction of 29-57
MeV 7Li+natPb by α- and γ-ray spectrometry.
Lead targets with thickness of 0.78-1.47 mg/cm2 were prepared by vacuum evaporation onto a backing
sheet of 2.7 or 5.4 mg/cm2 aluminum. Each target was sandwiched between the backing and a catcher sheetof 2.7 or 5.4 mg/cm2 aluminum. Irradiation was carried out with 7Li3+ beams of 50 and 60 MeV from the 20
MV tandem accelerator at JAEA-Tokai. Cross sections of 208-210At were determined by γ-ray spectrometry.
Details of irradiation and γ-ray spectrometry are described in [6]. After γ-ray spectrometry for 208-210At, adry-chemistry method was carried out to determine the cross sections of 211At as follows. The sample usedfor γ-ray spectrometry which consists of the bismuth target on the backing sheet and the catcher sheet wasplaced in a test tube with length of 18 cm and outer diameter of 18 mm. After sealing the test tube with
DURA SEALTM, a third of the portion from the bottom of the test tube was inserted into a furnace. Astatine
was distilled at 650℃ for 15-40 min. The test tube was taken out from the furnace and was cooled to room
temperature. After opening the test tube and taking out the sample from it, the test tube was rinsed with 1.8
ml of ethanol, water, or diisopropyl ether. A portion of 5-20 µl from this solution including astatine wasdeposited on a silver sheet with thickness of 0.2 mm and was evaporated to determine the amount ofactivity of 209-211At by α- and γ-ray spectrometry. An α particle energy spectrum of a deposition on a silver
sheet from ethanol solution is shown in Fig. 1. The α-decay from 211At with a branching of 41.8% occurs
by α-emission of 5870 keV, while the EC decay from 211At with a branching of 58.2% leads to α-emissionof 7450 keV from 211gPo with a short half-life of 516 ms and an α-branching of 100%. Overall recovery
yields of astatine were approximately 65% for ethanol and water; approximately 25% for diisopropyl ether.
The excitation functions of astatine isotopes in the 7Li+natPb (204Pb 1.4%, 206Pb 24.1%, 207Pb 22.1%, and1
2Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Kanazawa University- 33 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

208

Pb 52.4%) reaction are shown in Fig. 2. Lines show the cross sections of 208-211At isotopes calculated by

the HIVAP code [7]; A statistical model calculation by the HIVAP was independently carried out with the
input parameters which systematically well reproduced a large number of experimental fusion-evaporation
cross sections in the similar heavy ion reactions without adjusting the input parameters to fit the present
experimental data [8]. It should be noted that the calculation rather well reproduces the present
experimental data. Slightly larger deviations of experimental data from the calculation are observed at

400
300

Cross section (mb)Counts / 2 keVhigher incident energies, indicating the effect of breakup reaction of 7Li.

211g
211

200

At (7.214 h)
5870 keV

Po (516 ms)
7450 keV

100
0
5000

6000

7000

8000

1000
100
10
1
0.1
20

30

40

50

60

Incident energy (MeV)

Energy (keV)

Fig. 2 Excitation functions of At isotopes inthe 7Li+natPb reaction. The experimental andtheoretical cross sections are shown by
symbols and curves, respectively; solid
circles and solid line: 211At, open circles anddashed line: 210At, solid squares and dotted
line: 209At, and open squares and dash-dotted
line: 208At.

Fig. 1 α particle energy spectrum of adeposition on Ag from ethanol solution,
produced in the 43 MeV 7Li+natPb reaction.
The measurement with a Si surface barrier
detector was carried out for 27 min. after 19 hfrom the end of irradiation.

References[1] S. Lindergren, T. Bäck and H. J. Jensen, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 55 (2001) 157-160; S. Lindegren et al., J.
Nucl. Med., 49 (2008) 1537-1545.
[2] H. Freiesleven et al., Phys. Rev. C, 10 (1974) 245-249.
[3] M. Dasgupta et al., Phys. Rev. C, 66 (2002) 04602-1-4; M. Dasgupta et al., Phys. Rev. C, 70 (2004)
024606-1-20.
[4] Yu. E. Penionzhkevich et al., J. Phys. G, 36 (2009) 025104-1-12.
[5] K. Roy and S. Lahiri, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 55 (2008) 571-576; M. Maiti and S. Lahiri, Phys. Rev. C, 84(2011) 067601.
[6] I. Nishinaka et al., JAEA-Review 2011-040 (2011) 50-51.
[7] W. Reisdolf and M. Schädel, Z. Phys. A, 343 (1992) 47.
[8] K. Nishio, private communication.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

4.4

Production of medical radio isotope, 95mTc. (II)Y. Hatsukawa 1, K. Hashimoto1, K. Tsukada1, T. Sato1, M. Asai1, T. Kin1,
A. Toyoshima1 and Y. Nagai1

Technetium-99m is used in radioactive isotope medical tests, for example as a radioactive tracer that
medical equipment can detect in the human body. It is well suited to the role because it emits readily
detectable 141 keV gamma rays, and its half-life is 6.01 hours (meaning that about 94% of it decays to
99m

Tc in 24 hours). There are at least 31 commonly used radiopharmaceuticals based on 99mTc for imaging

and functional studies of the brain, myocardium, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, skeleton, blood,and tumors. However, technetium isotopes with longer half-life and higher energy gamma-ray emitting are
required for new medical research. Technetium-95m is a candidate for this porpose.
In this study, 95mTc which emits some gamma rays around 800 keV was produced by the 95Mo(p,n)95mTc
reaction. About 300-700 miligrams of natMoO3 targets were irradiated with 15 MeV proton beam for 7
hours. Averaged current was 1.2 µA. After a week cooling time, about 700-1000 kBq of 95mTc wereextracted from the irradiated MoO3 target after a chemical separation. The chemical purification processused in this study is described in a former report [1].
Using purified 95mTc, two kinds of labeled compounds, 95mTc-MDP (methylene diphosphate) and95m

Tc-DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid), were synthesized. In order to examine quality of thelabeled compounds obtained in this study, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was carried out. A spotof solution of the labeled compound was placed near a short side of a TLC plate, and the plate stood withthe short side down in a solvent. Two kinds of solvents, Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and physiologicalsaline, were used. After about 10 min dipping time, the TLC plates were dried and taken autoradiography
images using imaging plates for 12 hours. Images of 95mTc-MDP and 95mTc-DTPA are shown in Fig. 1. In
the saline solvent, both spots of 95mTc-MDP and 95mTc-DTPA are moved to near the front lines. The other
hand, at the case of MEK solvent, the both spots stayed at the origin points. These results suggest that theboth compounds were labeled well with high radiochemical purity.
Reference[1] Y. Hatsukawa et al., JAEA-Review 2011-040 (2012) 52-53.

1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 35 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Fig 1. Autoradiography images form 95mTc-MDP and 95mTc-DTPA. MEK or physiological saline was usedas solvents.

- 36 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

4.5

Measurement of radioisotopes on soil in Ibaraki prefecture discharged by theaccident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

T.K. Sato 1, Y. Kaneya1, M. Asai1, K. Tsukada1, A. Toyoshima1, N. Sato1, K. Ooe1, Y. Miyamoto1,
K. Yasuda1, K. Ninomiya1,2, M. Matsuda1, S. Mitsuoka1, H. Ishiyama3 and Y. Nagame1

The accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant discharged a huge amount of radioisotopes,
and part of them were deposited on the ground surface in the extensive region of east Japan. To investigate
the deposition densities of radioisotopes and their geographical distributions, the Japanese government incollaboration with a few hundreds of researchers in universities and associations performed detailed
measurements of radioisotopes deposited on soil over the whole area of Fukushima prefecture [1].
Independent of this work, we carried out measurements of radioisotopes in soil samples collected in thenorth and east area of Ibaraki prefecture and in the east area of Tochigi prefecture, which not only
complemented the above assessment, but also revealed a detailed distribution of short-lived 131I from
Fukushima through Ibaraki prefecture.
Soil samplings were done on May 21-22, 2011 in Ibaraki prefecture, and on June 22, 2011 in Tochigi
prefecture. We inserted a plastic cup with an inner diameter of 48 mm on the ground surface, and took soil
with a depth of about 5 cm. Three samples were taken at each sampling position, and a total of 246 samples
were collected at 82 sampling positions. Radioactivities in the soil samples were measured using four Ge
detectors at the JAEA tandem accelerator facility. Figure 1 shows a typical γ-ray spectrum for a soil sample.
Gamma rays associated with the β− decay of 134,137Cs and 131I were clearly observed. To measure γ-ray
detection efficiencies of Ge detectors for 134,137Cs and 131I in soil samples, we made standard soil samples
containing 134Cs, 137Cs, 175Hf, and 88Zr. Solutions containing these isotopes were prepared using
commercially available 134Cs and 137Cs solutions, and using 175Hf and 88Zr produced in the 175Lu(p,n)175Hf
and 89Y(p,2n)88Zr reactions with the JAEA tandem accelerator. A small part of the solution was precisely
pipetted and admixed with soil to make the standard soil sample. Another small part of the solution was
pipetted on a Ta disk and evaporated to dryness to make a point source which was used to determine theradioactivity concentration of the solution. The 134Cs and 137Cs radioactivities in soil samples were
calculated through a direct comparison of γ-ray count rates between soil samples and the standard ones.
That of 131I was derived from the 364 keV γ-ray count rate and its detection efficiency. The efficiency
calibration curve determined by using the 134Cs, 137Cs, 175Hf, and 88Zr standard soils is shown in Fig. 2,
where the efficiencies for the γ rays in the decay of 134Cs and 175Hf were corrected for cascade summing.
Figure 3 shows contour maps of deposition densities [Bq/m2] of 137Cs and 131I. A map of 134Cs is omitted
because it is similar to that of 137Cs. The high deposition density of 134,137Cs is found at the border among
Fukushima, Ibaraki, and Tochigi prefecture, and at the north part of Tochigi prefecture. On the other hand,
1Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Osaka University
3
KEK
2- 37 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

the distribution of 131I obviously differs from that of 134,137Cs. The highly contaminated area is found near
the Pacific coast around the border of Fukushima and Ibaraki prefecture. The detailed distribution of 131I in

Cs

101
134

Total efficiency
Efficiency / %1461 40 K

I

796

696 129m Te

460

129

Te

134

102

131

103

364

239 212 Pb

Counts / 0.5 keV

104605 Cs662 137 Cs

Ibaraki prefecture is also clarified.

10

101
100

0

1000
500
Gamma-ray Energy (keV)0Full-energy peakefficiency

1500
102
103
Gamma-ray Energy / keV

Fig. 1. Typical γ-ray spectrum of soil samples.
Gamma rays associated with the β− decay of
134,137
Cs and 131I are clearly observed.

Fig. 2. Full-energy peak efficiency curve andtotal efficiency curve for soil samples
determined by using 134,137Cs, 175Hf, and 88Zr
standard soil samples.

Fig. 3. Contour maps of deposition densities [Bq/m2] of 137Cs and 131I. Disintegration rates aredecay-corrected to 0:00 on May 21, 2011. Closed circles indicate the sampling positions. Open circles
indicate the sampling positions where 131I was not observed.
Reference[1] http://radioactivity.mext.go.jp/old/ja/distribution_map_around_FukushimaNPP(2011) / (in Japanese).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 5
Nuclear Theory

5.1

Location of the neutron g9/2 orbit in neutron-rich calcium isotopes

5.2

Dynamical approach to heavy-ion induced fission
using actinide target nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier

5.3

Phenomenological formula for alpha-decay half-lives- 39 -

This is a blank page.

JAEA-Review 2013-002

5.1

Location of the neutron g9/2 orbit in neutron-rich calcium isotopes
Y. Utsuno 1, T. Otsuka2, N. Shimizu2, T. Mizusaki3 and M. Honma4

The evolution of the shell structure in exotic nuclei (i.e., nuclei far from stability) is one of the current
interests in this field. Although conventional mean-field models give rather gradual evolution of thesingle-particle shell gaps, some experimental evidences have appeared which indicate that more drasticchange of the shell structure occurs than the ones that the conventional mean-field models predict [1].
Recently, it has been demonstrated that an unusual evolution of the ls splitting is caused by the tensor force[2] that had been missing in the conventional mean-field models, which also accounts for the experimental
result of Ref. [1]. Following the tensor-force driven shell evolution, a large neutron ls splitting at a proton
LS closed configuration decreases toward a jj closed configuration with the proton number. In the case of
Z=20-28 region, the neutron ls splitting should be the largest at calcium isotopes. In fact, it is well known
that the 0f5/2 orbit is located very high at 49Ca and comes close to 1p3/2 at 57Ni. Although it is also predictedthat 0g9/2 should be close to the pf orbits in calcium isotopes, there is no direct information on the locationof 0g9/2 as a nearly pure single-particle state. Note that the 0g9/2 orbit plays a dominant role in causing a
new island of deformation region around chromium isotopes with N~40.
The aim of the present study is to unambiguously extract the location of the 0g9/2 orbit in calcium isotopes
from comparison between theory and experiment. Since states strongly affected by 0g9/2 are expected toappear as strongly correlated states, a theoretical model in which the correlation is appropriately treated isrequired. We use the shell model for this purpose.
In order to describe unnatural parity states, a full 1ℏω shell-model calculation is performed in the sd-pf-sdg
single-particle space. Namely, the unnatural parity state is described as nucleon excitation either from thesd shell to the pf shell or from the pf shell to the sdg shell. The effective interaction used here is a naturalextension of the one used in the sd-pf shell calculation [3]. The two-body matrix elements of the sd-pf shellpart are the same as that of Ref. [3] and the remaining matrix elements are calculated with the function
form given in Ref. [3]. The single-particle energies of the sd and pf orbits are also the same as Ref. [3]. The
shell gap between the pf shell and the sdg shell is the only free parameter in this study. This energy gap isdetermined so that the 9/2+1 state of 51Ti can be exactly reproduced because this state is known to have alarge fraction of the neutron 0g9/2 single-particle state.
Using the effective interaction thus fixed, we calculate the energy levels of neutron-rich calcium isotopes
systematically, and examine the states which the 0g9/2 orbit plays a decisive role. We focus on thesystematics of the 3-1 state. In Fig. 1 (a), the excitation energies of the 3-1 states are compared between
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
University of Tokyo
3
Senshu University
4
University of Aizu
2

- 41 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

theory and experiment. In order to clarify theimportance of the contribution of the 0g9/2 orbit,
we carry out shell-model calculations without
the nucleon excitation from the pf shell to thesdg shell and also calculations without theexcitation of a nucleon from the sd shell to the pf
shell. Probabilities of the nucleon excitation to
the sdg shell in the calculated 3-1 states are also
shown in Fig. 1 (b).
It is clearly seen that while the 3-1 state is
predominantly described as a proton excitationfrom the sd shell to the pf shell up to N=28, theneutron excitation to the sdg shell plays a crucialrole beyond N=28 in locating the 3-1 state at thecorrect excitation energy. This is consistent withthe result of Ref. [4] displaying the 3-1 state
located much higher than experimental positionin the sd-pf shell calculation without thecontribution of the 0g9/2 orbit. The 0g9/2 orbit inneutron-rich

calciumisotopes

are

thus

determined to lie only ~2 MeV higher than the
0f5/2 orbit. This result confirms strong change ofthe ls splitting due to the tensor force.

Fig. 1 (a) Excitation energies of the 3-1 statescompared between theory (lines) and experiment(symbols). The solid line denotes the full 1ℏωcalculation, and the dashed and dot-dashed lines standfor calculations without the excitation from the pf to
sdg shell and without the excitation from the sd to pf
shell, respectively. (b) Probabilities of the nucleon
excitation to the sdg shell in the calculated 3-1 states.

References[1] J. P. Schiffer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 92 (2004) 162501-1-4.
[2] T. Otsuka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 95 (2005) 232502-1-4.
[3] Y. Utsuno et al., Phys. Rev. C, 86 (2012) 051301(R)-1-6.
[4] A. Gade et al., Phys. Rev. C, 74 (2006) 021302(R)-1-4.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

5.2

Dynamical approach to heavy-ion induced fission using actinide target nuclei
at energies around the Coulomb barrier
Y. Aritomo1, K. Hagino2, S. Chiba1 and K. Nishio 1

The synthesis of superheavy elements has been carried out using heavy-ion fusion reactions between stable
nuclei. In order to describe heavy-ion fusion reactions around the Coulomb barrier with an actinide target
nucleus, we developed a new dynamical model, in which the effects of static nuclear deformation of atarget nucleus are taken into account by considering all the orientation angles of the symmetry axis of thetarget nucleus [1]. The orientation effects are included both in the barrier penetration process and in theevolution of the nuclear shape. The former process is described with the coupled-channels model (CC) [2].
After the nuclear contact point, we switch to the dynamical calculation starting at the touching point
assuming a nose-to-nose configuration. In the dynamical calculation, we employ the fluctuation-dissipation
model with a Langevin equation. We calculate the trajectories on the time-dependent unified potential
energy surface. By analyzing the trajectories, different types of fission can be separated, that is,fusion-fission (FF) and quasi-fission process (QF) [1]. With this model, the calculation could be extended
to energies below the Coulomb barrier for the first time.
Recently the mass distribution of fission fragments (MDFF) and the fission cross sections (σfiss) for the
36,34

S,30Si + 238U reactions were measured by the JAEA group [3]. Using this model, we analyze theexperimental data for MDFF in the reaction of 36S+238U at several incident energies around the Coulomb
barrier. The dashed-dot curve in Fig.1(a) shows the calculated capture cross sections based on the
coupled-channels model for the reaction 36S + 238U as a function of the incident energy. The experimental
data are taken from Ref.[3]. One can see that this calculation reproduces the measured cross sections down
to the lowest incident energy below the Bass barrier (VBass= 158.8 MeV). The solid curve in Fig.1(a) shows
the fusion cross section σfus obtained by the new model with CC and the Langevin equation. The dashedline shown in Fig. 1(a) denotes the cross section σA/2±20, which is derived from the yield of the fission
fragments whose mass number is located within ±20 around the symmetric fission ACN/2. Notice that thefusion cross sections σfus are significantly smaller than σA/2±20. This indicates that the mass symmetricfission does not necessarily originate from the compound-nucleus state. With the new approach, byconsidering the nuclear shapes at the contact configuration for each orientation, we can obtain the crosssections also below the Bass barrier region.
The results for the MDFF for the reaction of 36S+238U are compared with the experimental data [3] in Fig.1(b) at seven incident energies from Ecm=148.0 (E*=31.5) MeV to Ecm=176.0 (E*=61.5) MeV (see thehistograms). At high incident energies, the mass distribution has a Gaussian-like shape centered at thesymmetric mass division, whereas the mass-asymmetric fission fragments dominate at low incident
12Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Tohoku University- 43 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

energies. The mass-asymmetric fission produces nuclei in the vicinity of the doubly-closed shell nuclei,
208

Pb and 78Ni. The trend of the experimental data, i.e., the incident energy dependence of MDFF, is well

reproduced by the calculation. The mass-asymmetry with AH= 200 at sub-barrier energies is also well
reproduced. In Fig. 1(b) we also plot the fusion-fission events by the filled histograms. Apparently, thecompound-nucleus fission has a mass-symmetric shape, and the observed mass-asymmetric fission
dominated at the low incident energies is classified as QF. The strong energy dependence of the MDFF canbe understood in terms of the orientation effect on the fusion and QF. The collision on the polar side has alarge probability to disintegrate as QF, whereas the collision on the equatorial side has a larger fusion
probability. The calculation also suggests that the measured mass-symmetric fission fragment has anotherorigin than the compound nucleus fission. Such an event is defined as a deep quasi-fission process (DQF).
The reproduction of the experimental MDFF in this model can be the ground to support the calculated
fusion probability. Furthermore, the generalized formula proposed in this model has a potential to simulate
any kind of heavy-ion induced reactions in the approaching phase, such as a nucleon-transfer reaction, andto predict cross sections for the production of new nuclei.

(a)

36

10

(b)

S + 238U

12(a) Ec.m.= 176.0 MeV, E*=61.5 MeV

8

4

4
0

σcap

103

σA/2+-20

30(c) Ec.m.= 166.0 MeV, E*=51.5 MeV
4σfus

Cross-section (mb)

Cross-section (mb)

102
101
100

10

-1

10

-2

(b) Ec.m.= 170.0 MeV, E*=55.5 MeV

620(d) Ec.m.= 160.0 MeV, E*=45.5 MeV210(e) Ec.m.= 154.0 MeV, E*=39.5 MeV

1.0
0.5
0.0
(f) Ec.m.= 150.0 MeV, E*=35.5 MeV
0.4
0.2

10-3
130

0.0

140

150

160

Ec.m. (MeV)

170

180

(g) Ec.m.= 146.0 MeV, E*=31.5 MeV

0.08
0.04
0.00

0

50

100 150 200 250

Fragment Mass (u)Fig. 1 (a) Excitation functions of σcap, σA/2±20 and σfus for the 36S+238U reaction. The experimental
data of σfiss are denoted by the circles [3]. (b) Mass distributions of fission fragments. The
experimental data and the calculated results are denoted by the circles [3] and the histograms,
respectively. The shaded areas show the calculated fusion-fission events.
References[1] Y. Aritomo et al., Phys. Rev., C85 (2012) 044614.
[2] K. Hagino, N. Rowley and A.T. Kruppa, Comput. Phys. Comm., 123 (1999) 143.
[3] K. Nishio et al., Phys. Rev., C77 (2008) 064607; Phys. Rev., C82 (2010) 024611; Phy. Rev., C82 (2010)
044604.
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JAEA-Review 2013-002

5.3

Phenomenological formula for alpha-decay half-lives
H. Koura 1

A phenomenological formula is presented for the partial half-life from the Q value for α decay. It isconstructed in a conventional way by considering the penetrability of a charged particle in a spherical
Coulomb potential. We derive a phenomenological formula for the Gamow penetration factor based on
fixed physical constants.
potential.

We employ the Coulomb potential for a point change for the penetration

However, this may be unsuitable because actual nuclear radii are finite and the nuclear potential

reduces the total potential.

To correct for this, we perform a Taylor expansion of the potential and discard

higher-order terms of the expansion.

The magnitude of these higher-order terms is determined byminimizing the RMS deviation from the experimental data. The partial half-life for charged particle
emission is then expressed by(1)
where R=r0AD1/3+d0 is the radius from the inner region where the penetration begins andis the radius where the penetration ends. Here, the centrifugal potential andeven-odd hindrance factor appeared in the original paper [1] are removed in this report. Table 1 shows
RMS deviations for selected higher-order terms.

They converge at about the fourth-order term and above.

The numerical integration is below the cut-off when third- and higher-order terms are included. Based on
the convergence and the number of parameters, we accepted terms up to the fourth order. We obtain thefollowing expression that contain numerical values derived from physical constants:(2)

where d0=2.0 (fm) and N=−21.4577, as shown in Table 1. These two values of adjustable parameters arewell consistent with physical quantities: d0 is consistent with the size of an a particle, and 10−N gives areasonable order of magnitude of the product of the collision frequency of an α particle and the formation
probability, ≈1020, in contrast with those of conventional models such as the Viola-Seaborg formula which
gives ≈10 41 [2].

The root-mean-square deviation from experimental partial half-lives for 153 even-evennuclei is 0.344 (in log10), which corresponds to 2.2 times or 1/2.2. Figure 1 shows Q values, partial
half-lives, and differences between calculation and experimental results for even-even nuclei.

1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 45 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Recent experiments have succeeded in synthesizing superheavy nuclei. Of the decay modes that havebeen measured, alpha decay data provides the most information about the properties of nuclei, which isespecially useful when identifying a nuclide. Figure 2 shows half-lives of alpha decay chains of selectedsuperheavy nuclei.

The half-lives we obtained are two or three times larger than those given by the

Viola-Seaborg formula in this mass region.

However, these data have a low statistical significance andthese half-lives may not be partial half-lives because the branching ratio is mainly not obtained
experimentally; our results are close to experimentally measured half-lives.

Fig. 1 Decay Q values, Q, partial
half-lives, T1/2 (in log10), anddifferences of half-lives obtainedusing Eq. (2) and experimental
data for even-even nuclei.

Fig. 2 Alpha decay chains for selected nuclei
in the superheavy mass region.

Table 1. RMS deviation from experimental even-even nuclei when higher-order terms in thephenomenological expression are ignored.
For example, '2' in the number of term column indicates thatin Equation (1) are taken. Two parameters in this table are
the first and the second terms up to
adjusted to minimize the RMS deviation from the experimental half-lives of even-even nuclei from the 0+
ground state to the 0+ ground-state decay.

References[1] H. Koura, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 49, (2012) 816.
[2] A. Parkhomenko and A. Sobiczewski, Acta Physica Polonica, B36, (2005) 3095.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 6
Atomic Physics and Solid State Physics

6.1

Charge state distribution of carbon ions after penetration of C-foil targets (II)

6.2

Effective charge of high-energy heavy ions in WO3 and W- 47 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

6.1

Charge state distribution of carbon ions after penetration of C-foil targets (II)M. Imai 1, M. Sataka2, K. Kawatsura3,4, K. Takahiro5,
K. Komaki6, K. Nishio2 and H. Shibata1

Charge state is one of the most important aspects for ion interactions with matter, and affects various
processes, such as electron capture, ionization, and excitation of projectile and target electrons, as well as
consequent phenomena such as energy deposition into the target, i.e., stopping of projectiles. Projectile
charge state and its evolution are therefore essential to the study of the penetration of swift ions in matterand the data of charge-state distributions for various collision systems after exiting solid targets have been
supplied [1], although the charge-state distribution changes somewhat upon exiting the target foil. As has
been presented in the previous annual reports [2, 3], we have measured the exit charge state distributions
for penetrations of S6+ − S16+ ions through C-foil targets of 0.9 − 200 µg/cm2 in thickness and performed
calculations by an ETACHA code [4] to succeed in reproducing the experimental results, although
ETACHA has been designed for higher energy region (>10 MeV/u) [5]. In this report, results of ourextensive measurements for carbon projectiles, between C2+ and C6+, which are essential to precise
estimation of deposited energy for heavy-ion cancer therapy, are presented with ETACHA calculations.
The experiments were performed at the LIR1–3 beam line of the 20UR Tandem Accelerator Facility. A
beam of 2.0 MeV/u (24 MeV) C2+ ion was provided from the Tandem Accelerator within an energy
accuracy of 0.1%, and post-stripper C-foil of ~20 µg/cm2 was used to produce higher charge states. The Cq+(q = 2−6) ion beam was directed into a self-support carbon foil targets of 0.9 − 10 and 54 − 200 µg/cm2 inthickness for non-equilibrium and equilibrium charge distribution measurements, respectively. The charge
states after foil penetration were measured using the heavy ion magnetic spectrometer ENMA and aposition-sensitive gas chamber detector. The vacuum condition inside the collision chamber and thespectrometer were maintained below 10−4 and 10−6 Pa, respectively, to practically eliminate backgroundcharge-exchange collisions with residual gas, which was confirmed by measurements with no foil targets.
Measured charge state evolution for 2.0 MeV/u C2+ − C6+ ion incidences after penetration through C-foiltargets are plotted in Fig. 1 with calculations by the ETACHA code. The measured equilibrium mean charge
state and distribution width were 5.58 and 0.57, respectively, whereas ETACHA predicts a bit higher
equilibrium mean charge 5.71 and a bit narrow distribution width 0.51. For the projectiles with charge
states lower than the equilibrium mean charge, i.e., for C2−5+ projectile ions, all the measured charge
fractions except for C6+ showed similar dependence on target thickness that the fractions increase to show
maxima in the non-equilibrium region and turn to decrease to the equilibrium values. This trend can be
explained by a difference of collision cross sections or collision rates of consecutive single-charge transfers
as for the sulfur projectile ions [5] and has been reproduced by the ETACHA code as seen in the figure.
1

Kyoto University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
3
Kansai Gaidai University
4
Theoretical Radiation Research Laboratory
5
Kyoto Institute of Technology
6
RIKEN
2

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

0

1E+0

Fraction

1E-1
1E-2

2

1E-3

3
4

1E-4

(b) C3+(a) C2+
5

1E-5
0.1

1

10

100

0.1

1000

1

10

100

1000

0

1E+0

Fraction

1E-1
1E-2

2

1E-3

3
4

1E-4

(d) C5+(c) C4+
5

1E-5
0.1

1

10

100

1000

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1E+0

Fraction

1E-1
1E-2
1E-3
1E-4

(e) C6+
1E-5
0.1

1

10

100

1000

Target Thickness (µg/cm2)

Fig. 1F (6+)F (5+)
F (4+)F (3+)
6+ cal5+ cal4+ cal3+ cal2+ calCharge state evolution for 2.0 MeV/u C2+ − C6+ ion incidences after penetration throughC-foil targets. Full squares with solid eye-guides are experimental results, whereas dashedcurves denote calculation by an ETACHA code.

References[1] A. B. Wittkower and H. D. Betz, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 5 (1973) 113−166; K. Shima et al., ibid. 51(1992) 173−241; K. Shima et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B33 (1988) 212−215.
[2] M. Imai et al., JAEA-Review 2007-046 (2008) 87−88; 2008-054 (2008) 89−90; 2009-036 (2009)91−92; 2010-056 (2010) 89−90.
[3] M. Imai, JAEA-Review 2009-006 (2009) 168−180.
[4] J. P. Rozet et al., J. Phys. B22 (1989) 33−48; Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B107 (1996) 67−70.
[5] M. Imai et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B230 (2005) 63−67; ibid. B256 (2007) 11−15; ibid.
B267 (2009) 2675−2679.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

6.2

Effective charge of high-energy heavy ions in WO3 and W
N. Matsunami 1, M. Sataka 2 and S. Okayasu2

The electronic stopping power (Se) and effective charge are important for understanding material
modifications by high-energy heavy ions. We have observed that the electronic sputtering yields of WO3
and Cu3N films depend on the incident charge of heavy ions [1, 2]. There are two issues; the equilibrium
charge state and evolution of the charge along the ion path. No data of charge state are available, except for
carbon films [3, 4]. In this study, Rutherford backscattering spectrum (RBS) of WO3 and W films havebeen measured for 90 MeV Ni+9 and 60 MeV Ar+7 ions and the effective charge (Qef) of these ions has been
evaluated, assuming that Se is proportional to the square of the charge.
WO3 and W films were prepared by a method described in [1]. Film thickness was evaluated from thefull-width of RBS spectra using the surface approximation (estimated error < a few %) with the electronic
stopping power [5] (nuclear stopping is negligibly small) and the density of 1.87x1022 and 6.3x1022 W cm-3
for WO3 and W. The energy resolution was obtained to be 810 and 480 keV for 90 MeV Ni and 60 MeV Ar
ions by using thin Au film (~ 3 nm) on Si sample. The corresponding depth resolution for WO3 is 54 and 40
nm.
RBS spectra of WO3 are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Reduction of the film thickness was observed and the
sputtering yield is evaluated to be 40 and 23 for 90 MeV Ni+9 and 60 MeV Ar+7, in reasonable agreementwith 69 and 31 derived from 1.8 MeV He+ RBS before and after the heavy ion impact. However, thesesputtering yields are much smaller than those in [1]. The ion fluence in this measurement is ~1015 cm-2, farlarger than ~1012 cm-2 in [1] and this could be a reason of the discrepancy. The film thickness corrected forthe sputtering are summarized in Table 1. Firstly, one sees that the film thickness derived from heavy-ion
RBS well agrees with that from He+-ion RBS, confirming validity of the electronic stopping power.
The effective charge (Qef) of heavy ions is evaluated using SHI=Qef2Sp at the same energy per nucleon, SHI
and Sp being the electronic stopping powers of heavy ions and protons. Here, the effective charge of
protons equals to 1 (high energy region). Furthermore, it is assumed that the effective charge reaches
equilibrium at the depth much smaller than the film thickness. The obtained effective charge is given in
Table 1. The effective charge seems to be independent of target, since the oxygen contribution to SHI iscomparable with that of W. As given in Table 2, Qef in C appears to be the same as that in W and WO3.
This can be understood that the ion velocity is larger by an order of magnitude than the Fermi velocity ofelectrons in solid target [5], resulting in target independence. Qef is compared with the mean charge (Qmq)
in C at equilibrium [3]. It is found that Qef is somewhat smaller (more remarkable for lower energy andheavier ion) than the mean charge. Validity that Qef =1 for proton with lower energy and Q2-dependence ofthe electronic stopping are to be examined, noticing that Q2nd (square root of the second moments of thecharged fraction [3]) is evaluated to be the same as Qmq. Further studies are under consideration, i.e., RBS
with optimized scattering geometry, e. g., smaller scattering angle to minimize the energy loss of theoutward path length, and thinner films for evolution of the effective charge.

1
2

Division of Energy Science, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 51 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Table 1 A summary of RBS for incident energy (E) at normal incidence and the scattering angle (θs). S1
and S2 are the electronic stopping powers of inward and outward path, kE the energy of the scattered ions at
the sample surface ( k the kinematic factor), L the thickness of the films and L derived using 1.8 MeV He+
ions is given in the parenthesis. Qef1 and Qef2 are the effective charge for E and kE.
Ions
58

Ni+9
Ni+9
40
Ar+7
40
Ar+7
58

E
(MeV)

Sampleθs(deg.)

S1
S2(keV/nm)

kE
(MeV)

L
(nm)

Qef1

Qef2

90
90
60
60

WO3/MgO
W/Al
W O3/MgO
W /MgO

150
150
165
165

12.8
24.0
7.61
14.2

26.53
26.53
25.15
25.15

410 (415)
128 (130)405 (396)
101 (100)

15.55
15.55
11.86
11.86

9.61
9.63
9.12
9.13

9.685
16.58
7.39
13.0

Table 2 Effective charge (Qef) and equilibrium mean charge (Qmq) in C for the ions with the same energy
per nucleon as in Table 1, taken after [3].

58

Ni
Ni
40
Ar
40
Ar
58

E(MeV)

E/u(MeV/u)

Qef

Qmq

Qmq / Qef

90
26.53
60
25.15

1.552
0.4572
1.5
0.629

15.55
9.60
11.85
9.11

19.4
14.1
13
10.5

1.25
1.47
1.1
1.15

18

YIELD (counts)

600

ENERGY (M e V)
22
24
26

20

28

18

+9

150 deg.

3

60 MeV Ar ->WO /MgO

200

W

400

ENERGY (M e V)
22
24
26

20
+7

90 MeV Ni ->WO /MgO

165 deg.

YIELD (counts)

Ions

3

W

100

200

0

600

700
800
CHANNEL NUM BER

900

Fig. 1 RBS spectrum of 90 MeV Ni+9 ions for
WO3 on MgO. Leading and trailing edges ofthe spectrum are indicated by vertical lines.

0

2500
3000
CHANNEL NUM BER

Fig. 2 RBS spectrum of 60 MeV Ar+7
ions for WO3 on MgO. Scattering angle
is 165 deg.

References[1] N. Matsunami et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B268(2010)3167.
[2] N. Matsunami et al., JAEA-Tokai Tandem Report 2008 p97.
[3] K. Shima et al., Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables 51(1992)173.
[4] M. Imai et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys Res., B267(2009)2675.
[5] J.F. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack and U. Littmark, The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids,
Pergamonn Press, New York (1985).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 7
Radiation Effects in Materials

7.1

Dependence of ion-track size on the electronic stopping power in ion-irradiated UO2

7.2

Preliminary evaluation of high energy ion irradiation effects
on electrical resistivity of ceramics

7.3

Shape and property control of metal nanoparticles by swift heavy ion irradiation

7.4

Swift heavy ion irradiation effect on structural and magnetic properties
for epitaxial Ba(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O3-δ thin films

7.5

Nano-fabrication on Ag-Zeolite using high energy heavy ion radiation

7.6

Application of high-aspect-ratio nanoholes
formed by etching of latent tracks for sensors

7.7

Influence of multiple angled columnar defects
on flux pinning properties in YBCO thin films- 53 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.1

Dependence of ion-track size on the electronic stopping powerin ion-irradiated UO2
N. Ishikawa 1, T. Sonoda 2, T. Sawabe2 and M. Sataka1

Uranium dioxide (UO2) fuels in light water reactors are subjected to various high-energy particles. Not only
neutrons but also high-energy fission fragments play an important role in radiation damage process. Sincefission fragments have high kinetic energy of about 70~100-MeV, they create radiation damages in UO2oxide fuels. Since the radiation damage due to such high-energy heavy particles is dominantly created via
high-density electronic energy deposition, the damage creation process is complicated. In order tounderstand the process, it is useful to utilize high-energy ion accelerator by which the energy deposition
density and ion-fluence can be varied in precisely controlled manner.
One of the intriguing characteristics of the radiation damages due to high-energy ion irradiation in UO2 isthe formation of continuous ion tracks along the ion-paths. If the electronic stopping power (Se) is
sufficiently high, the ion-track in nanometer size is created [1-2]. It should be noted here that the ion-tracks
created for ion-irradiated UO2 are not amorphized [1], and it is expected that the Se-dependence of theion-track size for amorphized ion-tracks as in ion-irradiated Y3Fe5O12 [3] and that for non-amorphized ones
as in ion-irradiated UO2 may be different. The thermal spike models proposed by Szenes [4] andToulemonde [5] can account for the Se-dependence of ion-track size for amorphized ion-tracks, but it is not
obvious that those models are automatically applicable for non-amorphized ion-track size. In the present
study, various high-energy ions were irradiated to natural UO2, and the obtained data of Se-dependence of
ion-track size is compared with the ion-track size predicted based on the thermal spike model in order toexamine the formation process of non-amorphized ion-tracks.
The UO2 specimens for transmission electron microscope (TEM) were microsampled using the focused ion
beam (FIB) technique. The irradiating ions were 310-MeV Au27+,150-MeV Au27+, 210-MeV Xe29+,
210-MeV Xe16+, 150-MeV Xe27+, 100-MeV Xe25+, and 100-MeV Zr10+. By these ions, Se can be varied
from 19.7 to 42.5 keV/nm. These ions were irradiated at room temperature. The ion-tracks created in
irradiated specimens were observed by TEM. The electronic stopping power necessary for the analysis iscalculated by SRIM 2008-code.
The examples of the observed ion-tracks are shown in Fig.1, where we find that the ion-tracks created by
100-MeV Xe are smaller than those created by 310-MeV Au. The dependence of ion-track size on Se isshown in Fig.2. The ion-track size monotonically increases as increasing Se. The velocity effect is usuallyobserved for amorphized ion-tracks of various materials [3], while it is not observed in ion-irradiated UO2
as the present result shows.

The absence of the velocity effect may be a unique characteristic of

1 Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)

2 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)- 55 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

non-amorphized ion-tracks of UO2.
The important finding is that there is a discrepancy between experimental data and theoretical prediction.
All of the observed ion-track size data are smaller than the predicted values. The reason for thisdiscrepancy is not clear at this moment, but it may be related to the difference between amorphized andnon-amorphized ion-tracks. One of the possible explanations is that the non-amorphized ion-track may bemelted in the early stage of local heating, but the liquid phase just recovers its crystal structure during thecooling stage. This assumes that the melted zone is not quenched as a whole during cooling process but ispartially recrystalized, so that only the central part of the ion-track is observed as a consequence. In order totest this hypothesis it should be investigated in detail whether the recrystallized region, if any, has left any
trace of crystal structure change around the observed ion-tracks.
Part of the present work was supported by KAKENHI (21360474).
References[1] Hj. Matzke, P.G. Lucuta and T. Wiss, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B166-167 (2000) 920.
[2] T. Sonoda et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B 268, (2010) 3277.
[3] A. Meftah et al., Phys. Rev. B 48 (1993) 920.
[4] G. Szenes, Phys. Rev. B 51 (1995) 8026.
[5] M. Toulemonde et al., Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser 52 (2006) 263.

(a)100 MeV Xe25+(b) 310 MeV Au27+

Fig. 1 Bright field images of ion tracks in UO2 irradiated with (a) 100-MeV Xe ions and with (b)310-MeV Au

Diameter (nm)15Prediction curve

10

Fig. 2 Se-dependence of diameter of ion-tracks in
ion-irradiated UO2. The curve predicted based on
the thermal spike model is also shown.

Present data
5

0
0

20

40

Se (keV/nm)

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.2

Preliminary Evaluation of High Energy Ion Irradiation Effects
on Electrical Resistivity of ceramics
N. Okubo 1, N. Ishikawa1, M. Sataka1 and S. Jitsukawa1

Functional ceramics including Al2O3 and SiC are attractive materials for a fusion demonstration powerreactor (DEMO). Toward DEMO applications, changes of the electrical conductivity of the ceramics underirradiation must be serious problems, as well as other possible detrimental effects on the microstructure of
the ceramic materials due to displacement damage, since these properties are affected by irradiation,
depending on temperature and dose rate. Electrical resistivity measurements have been conducted using
some irradiation sources such as a fusion neutron source (FNS) and a research reactor (JRR-3) [1, 2].
Measurements with fission neutron irradiation have been also conducted [3–5]. However, the damagelevels and the primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy available for FNS and JRR-3 are limited andinsufficient for the DEMO design. In this report, to understand the effects of high energy PKAs introducedby high-energy fusion neutron irradiation with a peak at 14.1 MeV, the electrical conductivity change byhigh energy ion irradiation is preliminarily evaluated.
The specimen configuration and the electric circuit for electrical conductivity measurement during highenergy ion irradiation are shown in Fig. 1. Irradiation of 160 MeV Xe ions was conducted at the central partof thin specimen. To suppress the effect of leak current at the specimen surface sensitive to surface electron
migration and carbon contamination during irradiation, the specimen with a guard ring is often applied tomeasure the electrical conductivity of ceramics. Irradiation area was selected by specimen mask to cover
only the center electrode and monitored by both currents of center and guard ring. The thickness of thespecimen was under 0.1 mm. Irradiation with high-energy Xe ions has been already verified to produce
surface amorphous layer, which was caused by accumulation of ion tracks around surface region in single
crystal Al2O3 by intense electron excitation; therefore, 160 MeV Xe ions were preliminary used for Al2O3
and also SiC.

Fig. 1 Specimen configuration and electric circuit for measurements under ion irradiation

1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency(JAEA)- 57 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Figure 2 shows correlation between the measured currents and the applied voltages (current-voltage
characteristics) for SiC before and after irradiation at room temperature. Before irradiation, the correlation
was confirmed to be ohmic by using new specimen holder and dimpled specimen. The total ion irradiationdose was about 2x1014 ions/cm2.
mA

V

Fig.2

Correlation between the measured current and the applied voltage for SiC before, andafter ion irradiation at room temperature.
The next step is to measure the electrical conductivity by using the specimen enough thinned by both
dimple grinding and ion milling. Then, the electrical conductivity affected by high-energy PKA is expected
to be obtained by in-situ measurement during irradiation. Irradiation with ion energies ranging one to tentimes as high as that of the maximum PKA energy produced by fusion neutron irradiation will be conductedfocusing on the significance of irradiation-induced microstructural change by intense electron excitation of
the materials. The microstructural evaluation of irradiated specimen will be conducted next year.

References[1] K. Noda et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 29 (1995) 448.
[2] T. Tanifuji et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 253 (1998) 156.
[3] T. Shikama et al., Ceramics in Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications, The American Ceramics
Society, (2006) 145-156.
[4] T. Shikama, B. Tsuchiya and E.R. Hodgson, J. Nucl. Mater. 367-370 (2007) 995.
[5] B. Tsuchiya et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 367-370 (2007) 1073.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.3

Shape and property control of metal nanoparticles
by swift heavy ion irradiation
H. Amekura 1, N. Okubo2 and N. Ishikawa2

When spherical metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in silica glass (SiO2) are irradiated by swift heavy
ions (SHI), elongation of the NPs, i.e., the deformation from spheres to rods along the ion beam direction,is induced [1]. While the elongation mechanism is still under debate, one of the well-mentioned ones is theinterplay of in-plane stress due to the ion hammering effect and transient melting of NPs due to the thermal
spike effect.
If the melting of NPs is essential, i.e., if the elongation is mainly induced during the molten phase, larger
elongation could be expected for NPs with a lower melting point (MP). To evaluate this proposition, we
have compared under the same irradiation conditions the elongation behaviors of Zn NPs (MP = 420°C) [2]and of V NPs (MP = 1890°C) [3], which havelargely different MPs each other. Surprisingly
both the NPs showed almost the sameelongation efficiency irrespective of the large
MP difference, suggesting reconsideration of
the elongation model.
Spherical Zn and V NPs were fabricated indifferent pieces of silica glass by implantationof Zn and V ions of the same energy of 60 keV.
Because of the same acceleration energy andnearly the same ion masses between Zn and V
ions, both the ions were implanted withinalmost the same depth region. Both the NPs
wereformedwithout

post-implantation

annealing. It was reported that the elongation
behaviors depend on the initial size of NPs.
Cross-sectionaltransmission

electronmicroscopy (XTEM) showed that Zn and V
NPs had the mean sizes of 10.3 ± 2.3 nm and
9.0 ± 2.9 nm in as-implanted state, respectively,
which can be regarded as nearly the same size.
Both the NPs were irradiated with 200 MeV
1
2

Fig. 1. Relationships between the major and minor
dimensions (dmajor and dminor) of (a) V NPs and (b)Zn NPs, in unirradiated state (closed circles) andafter irradiation with 200 MeV Xe14+ ions to afluence of 5.0 × 1013 Xe/cm2 (open circles). The
solid lines with a slope of unity indicate therelationship of spheres; i.e., dmajor = dminor. The
arrows indicate the mean diameters of the NPs in
the unirradiated state.

National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 59 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Xe14+ ions up to a fluence of 5.0 × 1013 ions/cm2. The elongation behaviors of the NPs were evaluated by
XTEM at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV.
The major and minor dimensions (dmajor and dminor) of both the NPs before and after irradiation of 5.0 × 1013
Xe/cm2 were plotted in Fig. 1. Before the irradiation, both Zn and V NPs were approximately spherical inshape, as seen by the distribution of the data points on the diagonal lines indicating the relationship dmajor =dminor. After the irradiation, larger NPs deviated from this relationship, becoming elongated, while thesmaller NPs maintained the existing relationship, remaining approximately spherical in shape. Thisbehavior, i.e., the existence of a minimum size threshold for elongation, was firstly speculated by
D’Orleans et al. [1] but clearly established by Ridgway’s group [4]. The NPs larger than the threshold size
expand their major dimensions with increasing fluence, and consequently the minor dimensions decrease
due to a restriction of the volume conservation. However, the minor dimensions cannot become smaller
than the threshold value [4, 5], while the reason has not been clarified. Consequently, the minor dimensions
dminor of the NPs larger than the threshold size finally saturate around the threshold value. In the plot of
dmajor vs dminor, the slope of the data line higher than the threshold size gradually decreased with the fluence,and finally becomes zero. It should be noted again that NPs smaller than the threshold size keep the
diagonal relationship dmajor = dminor, even after the irradiation of 5.0 × 1013 ions/cm2.
In both the cases of V and Zn NPs at the fluence of 5.0 × 1013 Xe/cm2, almost the same slopes remain larger
than the threshold size as shown in Fig. 1, indicating that both the NPs have not come to the saturated state.
Since both types of the NPs show almost the same (dmajor vs dminor) distribution and since they have notreached the saturation state, we conclude that V NPs show roughly comparable elongation to that of Zn
NPs. This is surprising because the melting points of both the NPs are largely different (420°C for Zn and
1890°C for V).
References[1] C. D’Orléans et al., Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 220101.
[2] H. Amekura et al., Phys. Rev. B 83 (2011) 205401.
[3] H. Amekura et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 269 (2011) 2730-2733.
[4] R. Giulian et al., Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 125413.
[5] G. Rizza et al., Nanotechnology 22 (2011) 175305.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.4

Swift heavy ion irradiation effect on structural and magnetic properties
for epitaxial Ba(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O3-δ thin films
R. Shinoda 1, T. Matsui1, N. Ishikawa 2 and A. Iwase1

We have revealed so far that single crystalline Ba(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O3-δ(BFMO) thin films, which are synthesizedon (001)SrTiO3(STO) are ferromagnetic insulators at room temperature [1]. It has also been reported thatthe amount of oxygen deficiencies of the BFMO thin films plays a dominant role in determining thesenatures of the films. On the other hand, we have shown that the 200 MeV Xe14+ ion irradiation effectively
displaces oxygen atoms and produces their Frenkel pairs (O vacancies and interstitials) in CeO2 through thehigh density electronic excitation [2]. Such selective displacements of oxygen atoms can be explained as
due to the thermal spike phenomenon which is correlated with the swift heavy ion induced electron
excitation process [3]. Consequently, the swift heavy ion irradiation possibly becomes a potential method
for the quantitative control of the oxygen vacancies in oxides.
BFMO thin films with a thickness of 60 nm were synthesized on (001)STO by a pulsed laser deposition
method. For reference, the sample without introducing oxygen gas in the deposition process is alsosynthesized (named as 0 mTorr film, hereafter). The lattice constant was estimated by means of the x-ray
diffraction. The magnetic properties were investigated by using a SQUID magnetometer. Then, four
samples were irradiated with 200 MeV Xe14+ ions by using a high energy ion accelerator at JAEA-Tokai.
The Xe14+ ions completely passed through the samples, because the 200 MeV Xe14+ ion range (12.62 µm) is
much larger than the BFMO films thickness (60 nm). The irradiation was performed at room temperatureand the ion fluences were 1x1010, 3x1010, 1x1011 and 3x1011 /cm2 for the four samples.
The BFMO film samples are named as sample 1 to sample 4. The values of lattice constant, c, before andafter the irradiation for the four samples are shown in Fig. 1. The c increases due to the ion irradiation. The
values of saturation magnetization, Ms, are shown in Fig. 2 for the irradiated four samples. The value of Ms
significantly decreases by the ion irradiation. What is interesting here is that the degree of the data
variability for the c and the Ms after the irradiation is definitely smaller than that before irradiation.
Especially, the value of Ms seems to converge on the value for the 0 mTorr sample by the ion irradiation,
irrespective of the initial Ms value. The behavior of the c and the Ms by the ion irradiation can qualitatively
be explained if oxygen deficiencies are induced by the ion irradiation. Our previous work [1] has shownthat the oxygen deficiency causes the change in the valence state of Fe and Mn, and the decrease in the Ms.
Specifically speaking, with the increase in oxygen deficiency, the amount of Fe3+ and Mn4+ decreases andthen the total amount of Fe3+(d5)-O2--Mn4+(d3) ferromagnetic super-exchange coupling decreases. On theother hand, the lattice constants become larger than those for the unirradiated samples, which are consistent
with the knowledge for oxide materials that the lattice generally expands with increasing the amount of the
1
2

Osaka Prefecture University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA-Tokai)- 61 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

oxygen deficiency. Therefore, the changes in the Ms and c due to the irradiation are ascribed to the increasein oxygen deficiencies. Here, it should be worth calculating the deposit energy density through the swift
heavy ion irradiation process. When the 200 MeV Xe14+ ions pass through the BFMO films, the calculation
by SRIM2008 code shows that the electronic stopping power, Se, and the nuclear stopping power, Sn, are43.1 MeV/(mg/cm2) and 0.166 MeV/(mg/cm2), respectively. Therefore, for the irradiation with 200 MeV
Xe14+ ions, the energy deposition into the sample through the electronic excitation is a dominant process.
The present result can temporarily be explained that the thermal spike causes the oxygen deficiency.
Figure 3 shows the relationship between c and Ms
for the samples in the present experiment as well as
the samples oxygen deficiency of which is controlled
by the partial oxygen pressure during the thermal
treatment [1]. As can be seen in the figure, anobvious correlation can be seen between the twoparameters. The correlation is about the same bothfor the present samples and for those thermallytreated in oxygen gas with various partial pressures.
This result suggests again that the ion irradiation

Fig. 1 c for the irradiated four samples

induces the oxygen deficiencies in the samples.

before and after irradiation.

Fig. 2 Ms, for the irradiated four samples before

Fig. 3 Relationship between lattice constant,and after irradiation.

c, and saturation magnetization, Ms.

References[1] K. Katsube et al., J. Appl. Phys. 105, 07D904 (2009).
[2] H.Ohno et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B266 (2008) 3013-3017.
[3] A. Iwase et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B146 (1998) 557-564.

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7.5

Nano-fabrication on Ag-Zeolite using high energy heavy ion radiation
S. Okayasu 1 and Y. Sasaki2

High energy electron irradiations (200keV or higher) on zeolites containing silber ions (Ag-zeolites) cause
the structural changes. The crystal structure becomes amorphous, and thus an ordered clusters of silver
atoms are found in the amorphous regions [1]. This phenomena can be considered that an electric chargetransfer from the structure to an absorbed Ag+ ion due to the destruction of the crystal by the irradiation. In
combination of the phenomena and high energy heavy ion irradiation techniques, we expected formationsof silver clusters aligned along the ion tracks as a new technique of nano cluster fabrication. By analyzing
high resolution TEM images of the microstructures of Ag-zeolites irradiated 200MeV-Au ions (1×1012
ions/cm2), we verified the formations of ordered tracks of silver clusters (fig.1). We are now investigating
the dependence of electric stopping power Se for the track formations.

Fig.1 Aligned silver clusters formed along 200MeV-Au ion irradiation tracks.
Round shadows in this figure are considered as precipitated phases during the TEM observations.
Crystal structures of zeolites are considered to be stable. However, irradiations may cause instability of thecrystal structures. The stability of the crystal structure of zeolites against irradiations will be investigated inaddition to the research for formation mechanism of the clusters in the future.
References[1] Y. Sasaki and T. Suzuki, Mater. Trans., 50 (2009) 1050.
1
2Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Japan Fine Ceramics Center (JFCC)- 63 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.6

Application of high-aspect-ratio nanoholes formed byetching of latent tracks for sensors
M. Fujimaki 1, M. Sataka2 and M. Matsuda2

Highly-sensitive molecular detection sensors are required in various fields of application. We havedeveloped an evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode (EFC-WM) sensor [1] and a monolithic sensing
plate consisting of a SiO2 glass substrate and a thin single crystalline Si layer, whose surface is thermally
oxidized to form a SiO2 glass waveguide for the EFC-WM sensor [2]. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) are a schematic
showing of the setup of the sensor and a photograph of a prototype of the sensor, respectively. The sensing
plate illuminated under the Kretschmann configuration operates as a sensor that is capable of detecting
modifications in the dielectric environment near the waveguide surface with superior sensitivity bymeasuring change in reflectivity [1].
We have reported that the sensitivity of the EFC-WM sensor can be enhanced by perforating the waveguidelayer [2]. For the perforation, selective etching of latent tracks formed in the waveguide layer by swift
heavy ion irradiation is used. In the present research, to realize the mass-production of the perforated
sensing plate, we tried to establish an ion irradiation process that can irradiate heavy ions in large area
uniformly.
The beam line that we used was the line L2 of the 20 MV tandem accelerator at JAEA-Tokai. The ions usedwere 200 MeV Xe ions. The ion beam was made to be wide in the X direction by scanning it using anelectromagnet (IDX Corporation) and by irradiating it to a sample through an Al foil diffuser having athickness of 0.8 µm. As for the sample to be irradiated, the monolithic sensing plate that had a layered
structure of 84-nm Si and 480-nm SiO2 on a 1.2-mm-thick SiO2 substrate was used. The size of the sensing
plate was 25×25 mm and two plates were placed on a sample holder side by side as shown in Fig. 2(a).
The irradiated plates were then perforated by soaking them in a 4.8% aqueous solution of HF for 2 min.
The resulting nano holes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Hitachi
High-Technologies, S4800).
Figure 2(b) shows SEM images of the perforated waveguides at positions marked by dots in Fig. 2(a). In
each sample, positions a, b and c are 2 mm from the left side, the center, and 2 mm from the right side of
the plate, respectively. The densities of the nano holes formed in the waveguides, which correspond to thefluence of the ions, are summarized in Table 1. The result indicates that a wide irradiation with a width of
50 mm was achieved. By taking the duct diameter into account, the width of 50 mm was almost the
maximum that we expected. However, the uniformity of the irradiation was poor, where the fluence at theposition of Sample 1-a was 7 times smaller than that of Sample 2-b. This is due to the narrow scanning
1
2

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 64 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

width by the electromagnet and the short distance between the electromagnet and the target. In order toobtain much uniform irradiation, we will install a high power electromagnet in a future. In the present
research, since the scanning width was small, we used the Al foil diffuser to obtain a wide ion beam.
However, to reduce ununiformity due to an overlap of a scanned beam, it might be desirable that a narrow
beam is scanned widely. Accordingly, we will try irradiation without the diffuser.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 1 Schematic showing the setup of the sensor (a) and photograph ofthe prototype of the sensor (b).
(b)

(a)

Sample 1-a

Sample 1-b

Sample 1-c

Sample 2-a

Sample 2-b

Sample 2-cFig. 2 (a) Alignment of the sample plates on the sample holder. The dotsa, b and c indicate the positions where the SEM images were obtained.
(b) SEM images obtained on Sample 1 and Sample 2.
Table 1. Densities of the nano holes formed in the waveguide layers.

Positions2holes/µm

1-a
4.4

1-b
5.3

1-c
27.4

References[1] M. Fujimaki et al., Microelectron. Eng. 84 (2007) 1685.
[2] M. Fujimaki et al., Opt. Express 16 (2008) 6408.

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2-a
30.5

2-b
32.0

2-c
12.6

JAEA-Review 2013-002

7.7 Influence of multiple angled columnar defects
on flux pinning properties in YBCO thin films
T. Sueyoshi 1, T. Nishimura1, T. Fujiyoshi1, F. Mitsugi1, T. Ikegami1 and N. Ishikawa2

For the development of second generation “coated conductors” using REBa2Cu3Oy (REBCO, RE: Rare
Earth element) films, further improvement of the in-field critical current density Jc has been indispensable
to the operation with lower electric power losses. Line-like crystalline defects (LDs) such as columnar
defects (CDs) formed by the heavy-ion irradiation are most effective to immobilize flux lines in REBCO
even at a high temperature. In addition, the LDs are effective not only for the large enhancement of thein-filed Jc but also for the reduction of the anisotropy of Jc which is one of the serious problems of theapplications of superconductors [1]. In order to further improve the flux pinning using the LDs, it issignificantly important to discern what configuration of LDs is the most effective for the flux pinning in
REBCO. In addition, it is necessary to elucidate the influence of the dispersion in the LD directions on the
angular dependence of Jc for the purpose of the reduction of the anisotropy of Jc. In this work, we study the
influence of multiple angled CDs on flux pinning properties, where three controlled splay configurations of
CDs were installed by heavy-ion irradiation in YBCO thin films: a parallel configuration of CDs, twobimodal splay configurations, and a trimodal one. In particular, it is expected that the introduction of CDs
along the mid-direction of crossed CDs contributes to assist the splay effect and the more reduction of theanisotropy of Jc for the trimodal splay configurations.
The samples investigated in this work were c-axis oriented YBCO thin films by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) technique on SrTiO3 substrates. The CDs were produced by irradiating the samples at room
temperature with 200 MeV Xe ions at the tandem accelerator of JAEA in Tokai, Japan. To install themultiple angled CDs, the incident ion beam was always directed perpendicular to the bridge of sample andwas tilted off the c-axis by θi: all CDs are parallel to the c-axis (parallel CD configuration); crossed CDs
inclined at ± 10° or ± 45° relative to the c-axis (bimodal splay configuration); crossed CDs at 0° or ± 45°
relative to the c-axis (trimodal splay configuration). In all cases, the total area density of CDs corresponds
to Bφ = 3 T. For the bimodal or trimodal splay configuration, the density of CDs in each direction is divided
equally. Table 1 lists the specifications of the samples in this study. The transport properties were measured
using a four-probe method. The transport current was applied in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic
field, the c-axis, and CDs at all times. The value of Jc was defined by a criterion of electrical field,
1 µV/cm.
Figure 1 shows the angular dependences of Jc and n-value for B = 1 T. The n-values are extracted fromlinear fits to empirical relation E ~ Jn in the range of 10−4 ~ 10−3 V/m. The n-value is known to be equal to
U0 / kBT, where U0 is the pinning potential energy [2]. Of three controlled splay configurations of CDs, the1
2

Kumamoto University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)- 66 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

SampleTable 1. Sample in this work.
Configuration of CDs
θi

Bφ [T]

Tc0 [K]

Pa06

parallel

6°

3

87.90

Bi10

bimodal

±10°

3

87.92

Bi45

bimodal

±45°

3

87.60

Tr45

trimodal0°, ±45°3

88.03

trimodal one is particularly interesting because both Jc and n-value of Tr45 exhibit a single broad peak incontrast with Bi45 and the excellent performance over the entire angular range at B = 1 T. For the trimodal
configuration, there are more choices to effectively pin the flux lines in any direction of applied magnetic
field: one parallel family of CDs aligned around the direction of applied magnetic field not only captures
flux lines over a considerable portion of its length, but also contributes to suppress the kink sliding along
CDs inclined at large angles to applied magnetic field; the other two CD families inclining at large angles,on the other hand, would act as assistant PCs to inhibit the expansion of double kinks. Therefore, it seems
that each of three parallel families of CDs plays a different role in the flux pinning, i.e. one parallel familyof CDs aligned around the direction of applied magnetic field directly pin the flux lines, while the other two
families of CDs act as the assist PCs. This might be also a kind of the combination effects of hybrid
artificial PCs [3, 4] rather than a simple sum of pinning forces of the three parallel CD families.

Jc [ 109 A/m2]

5
4

(a)

T = 77.3 K
B=1T

Pa06
Bi10
Bi45
Tr45

3
2
1

n -value

14(b)
12
10
8
-60

-30

0

30
θ [deg.]60

90Fig. 1 Angular dependences of (a) Jc and (b) n-value at 77.3 K for B = 1 T.

References[1] L. Civale et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 648.
[2] E. Zeldov et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 56 (1990) 680.
[3] J. Hua et al., Phys. Rev. B 82 (2010) 024505.
[4] M. Miura et al., Phys. Rev. B 83 (2011) 184519.

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CHAPTER 8
Publication in Journal and Proceedings, andContribution to Scientific Meetings

8.1

Accelerator Operation and Development

8.2

Nuclear Structure

8.3

Nuclear Reaction

8.4

Nuclear Chemistry

8.5

Nuclear Theory

8.6

Atomic Physics and Solid-state Physics

8.7

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

8.1 Accelerator Operation and Development
Journal/Proceedings
M. Matsuda, A. Osa, S. Abe, N. Ishizaki, H. Tayama, T. Nakanoya, H. Kabumoto, M. Nakamura,
K. Kutsukake, Y. Otokawa, T. Asozu, Y. Tsukihashi, S. Hanashima and T. Ishii
The earthquake-damage of the JAEA-Tokai tandem accelerator
Proc. of the 24th Meeting for Tandem Accelerators and their Associated Technologies, Nara, Nara women’suniv. (July. 1- 2, 2011) 51-54.
M. Matsuda, T. Nakanoya, S. Hanashima and S. Takeuchi
Development of intense high-energy noble gas ion beams from in-terminal ion injector of tandem
accelerator using an ECR ion souce
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A654(2011)45.
T. Nakanoya, A. Osa, S. Abe, N. Ishizaki, H. Tayama, M. Matsuda, H. Kabumoto,M. Nakamura,
K. Kutsukake, Y. Otokawa, T. Asozu, Y. Tsukihashi, S. Hanashima and T. Ishii
Present status of JAEA-Tokai tandem accelerator facility
Proc. 24th Meeting for Tandem Accelerator and their Associated Technologies, Nara, Nara Women’s
Univ.(july.1-2,2011)89-92.
M. Okada, K. Niki, Y. Hirayama, N. Imai, H. Ishiyama, S.C. Jeong, I. Katayama, H. Miyatake, M. Oyaizu,
Y.X. Watanabe, S. Arai, H. Makii and Y. Wakabayashi
Low-background prebunching system for heavy-ion beams at the Tokai radioactive ion accelerator complex
Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15 (2012) 030101.

Meetings
M. Matsuda, A. Osa, S. Abe, N. Ishizaki, H. Tayama, T. Nakanoya, H. Kabumoto, M. Nakamura,
K. Kutsukake, Y. Otokawa, T. Asozu, Y. Tsukihashi, S. Hanashima and T. Ishii
The Earthquake-damage of the JAEA-Tokai Tandem Accelerator
24th Meeting for Tandem Accelerator and their Associated Technologies, Nara, Nara Women’s Univ.(July.
1-2,2011).
T. Nakanoya, A. Osa, S. Abe, N. Ishizaki, H. Tayama, M. Matsuda, H. Kabumoto,M. Nakamura,
K. Kutsukake, Y. Otokawa, T. Asozu, Y. Tsukihashi, S. Hanashima and T. Ishii
Present status of JAEA-Tokai tandem accelerator facility
24th Meeting for Tandem Accelerator and their Associated Technologies, Nara, Nara Women’s Univ.(July.
1-2,2011).

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8.2 Nuclear Structure
Meetings
M. Asai, H. Haba, K. Tsukada, N. Sato, Y. Kasamatsu, D. Kaji, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, T. K. Sato,
A. Toyoshima, Y. Ishii, R. Takahashi, Y. Nagame, T. Ishii, I. Nishinaka, Y. Kojima and T. Ichikawa

α-decay spectroscopy of Rf and Lr isotopes
1st International Conference on Advances in Radioactive Isotope Science (ARIS 2011), Leuven, Bergium(May 29-Jun. 3, 2011).
M. Asai, H. Haba, K. Tsukada, N. Sato, Y. Kasamatsu, D. Kaji, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, T. K. Sato,
A. Toyoshima, Y. Ishii, R. Takahashi, Y. Nagame, T. Ishii, I. Nishinaka, Y. Kojima and T. Ichikawa
Alpha-gamma and high-resolution α fine-structure spectroscopy for the heaviest nuclei
The 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, Sochi,
Russia (Sep. 6-10, 2011).
M. Asai, H. Haba, N. Sato, Y. Kasamatsu, D. Kaji, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, Y. Shima, M. Shibata,K. Tsukada, T. K. Sato, A. Toyoshima, T. Ishii and Y. Nagame
High-resolution α fine-structure spectroscopy for studying nuclear structure of heavy nuclei
55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).
M. Asai, K. Tsukada, Y. Kasamatsu, A. Toyoshima, T. K. Sato, Y. Nagame, N. Sato and T. Ishii
Energies of the first excited 2+ states in even-even actinide nuclei
67th Annual Meeting of the Physical Society of Japan, Nishinomiya, Japan (Mar. 24-27, 2012).

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8.3 Nuclear Reaction
Journal/Proceedings
I. Sugai, Y. Takeda, H. Kawakami, N. Ohta, H. Makii and H. Miyatake
Adhesion improvement of HIVIPP 12C targets on Au backings
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A655 (2011) 24-33.
H. Haba, D. Kaji, Y. Kudou, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, K. Ozeki, R. Sakai, T. Sumita, A. Yoneda,
Y. Kasamatsu, Y. Komori, A. Shinohara, H. Kikunaga, H. Kudo, K. Nishio, K. Ooe, N. Sato and
K. Tsukada
Production of 265Sg in the 248Cm(22Ne,5n)265Sg reaction and decay properties of two isomeric states in 265Sg
Phys. Rev. C, 85, 024611 (2012).
S. Antalic, F.P. Hessberger, D. Ackermann, S. Heinz, S. Hofmann, Z. Kalaninov´a, B. Kindler,
J. Khuyagbaatar, I. Kojouharov, P. Kuusiniemi, M. Leino, B. Lommel, R. Mann, K. Nishio, S. Saro,
B. Streicher, B. Sulignano and M. Venhart
Isomeric states in 253No and 253Fm
Eur. Phys. J, 47, 62 (2011).
K. Nishio
Effects of nuclear orientation on fusion and fission process for reactions using 238U target nucleus (Invited)
24th International Nuclear Physics Conference 2010, Vancouver, Canada, 4-9 July, 2010 (INPC2010) (Sep.
5-8, 2006).
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 312, 082007(1-10) (2011).

Meetings
H. Makii, H. Miyatakake, Y. Wakabayashi, H. Ishiyama, K. Niki, M. Okada, N. Imai, Y. Watanabe,
Y. Hirayama, S. Jeong, T. Shima, I. Nishinaka, S. Mitsuoka and S. Chiba
Measurement of the 12C(α,γ)16O reaction at TRIAC
11th International Symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies (OMEG 11), Wako, Japan(Nov. 14-17, 2011).
K. Nishio
Study for fission properties and evaporation residue measurement in the heavy-ion induced reactions using
238

U target nucleus

5th International Conference FUSION11, Saint-Malo, France (May. 2-6, 2011).

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K. Nishio
Nuclear orientation in fusion and synthesis of heavy element at sub-barrier energy
The 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN11),
Sochi, Russia (Sep. 5-11, 2011).
K. Nishio
Nuclear orientation in fusion and synthesis of heavyelement at sub-barrier energy (Invited Talk)
The 5th ASRC International Workshop “Perspectives in Nuclear Fission”, Tokai, Japan (Mar. 14-16, 2012).
K. Nishio
Competition between fusion and quasifission in the heavy-ion induced reactions
Meeting on the reaction theory based on microscopic approach, Kyoto, Japan (Sep. 28-30, 2011).
T. Nagayama, K. Nishio, S. Chiba, S. Mitsuoka, I. Nishinaka, H. Makii, K. Furutaka, Y. Wakabayashi and
T. Ishii
Development of silicon ΔE-E detector for the surrogate reaction study
2012 Annual Meeting of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan, (Mar.13-21, 2012).
I. Nishinaka, M. Tanikawa, K. Nishio, H. Makii, S. Mitsuoka, Y. Wakabayashi and A. Yokoyama
Fission fragment anisotropy in heavy-ion-induced fission of actinides II
Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22,
2011).
S. Ota, N. Yasuda, L. Sihver, S. Kodaira, S. Naka, Y. Ideguchi, M. Kurano and N. Hasebe
Precise measurements of projectile charge-changing cross sections for intermediate energy heavy ionsusing CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors
11th Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies, Wako, Japan, (Nov. 14-17, 2011).
Y.X. Watanabe and KISS collaboration
Experimental project for production of neutron-rich nuclei by multinucleon transfer reaction (KISS project)YIPQS Long-term workshop Dynamics and Correlation in Exotic Nuclei (DCEN2011), Kyoto, Japan (Sep.
20-Oct. 28, 2011).

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8.4 Nuclear Chemistry
Journal/Proceedings
Y. Ishii, A. Toyoshima, K. Tsukada, M. Asai, Z. J. Li, Y. Nagame, S. Miyashita, T. Mori, H. Suganuma,
H. Haba, S. Goto, H. Kudo, K. Akiyama, Y. Oura, A. Shinohara, M. Schädel, V. Pershina, and J. V. Kratz,
Y. Ishii, A. Toyoshima, K. Tsukada, M. Asai, Z. J. Li, Y. Nagame, S. Miyashita, T. Mori, H. Suganuma,
H. Haba, S. Goto, H. Kudo, K. Akiyama, Y. Oura, A. Shinohara, M. Schädel, V. Pershina and J. V. Kratz
Fluorido complex formation of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf)
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 84 (2011) 903.
R. Takayama, K. Ooe, W. Yahagi, H. Fujisawa, Y. Komori, H. Kikunaga, T. Yoshimura, N. Takahashi,
K. Takahisa, H. Haba, Y. Kudou Y. Ezaki, A. Toyoshima, M.Asai, Y. Nagame, T. Saito, T. Mitsugashira andA. Shinohara
Solvent extraction of trivalent actinides with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
Proc. Radiochem. Acta 1 (2011) 157.
Z. J. Li, A. Toyoshima, M. Asai, K. Tsukada, T. K. Sato, N. Sato, T. Kikuchi, Y. Nagame, M. Schädel,V. Pershina, X. H. Liang, Y. Kasamatsu, Y. Komori, K. Ooe, A. Shinohara, S. Goto, H. Murayama,
M. Murakami, H. Kudo, H. Haba, Y. Takeda, M. Nishikawa, A. Yokoyama, S. Ikarashi, K. Sueki,
K. Akiyama and J. V. Kratz
Sulfate complexation of element 104, Rf, in H2SO4/HNO3 mixed solution
Radiochim. Acta 100, (2012) 157-164.
I. Nishinaka, Y. Kasamatsu, M. Tanikawa, S. Goto and M. AsaiRadiochemical study of sub-barrier fusion hindrance in the 19F +209Bi reaction
Proc. Radiochim. Acta 1 (2011)117-121.
S. Hatsukawa, Y. Nagai, T. Kin, M. Segawa, H. Harada, O. Iwamoto, N. Iwamoto, K. Ochiai, K. Takakura,
C. Konno and M. Hashimoto
Isotope production for medical usage using fast neutron reactions
Proc. Radiochim. Acta 1 (2011) 1-3.

Meetings
N. Sato, M. Asai, K, Tsukada, T.K. Sato, A. Toyoshima, Z. J. Li, K. Ooe, T. Kikuchi, Y. Kaneya,
M. Schädel, Y. Nagame and S. Ichikawa
Surface-ionization of lanthanides for the measurement of the first ionization potential of Lr
55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).

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A. Toyoshima, Z. J. Li, M. Asai, N. Sato, T. K. Sato, K. Ooe, T. Kikuchi, Y. Kaneya, Y. Kitatsuji,
K. Tsukada, Y. Nagame, M. Schädel, Y. Kasamatsu, Y. Kogama, A. Shinohara, H. Haba and J. Even
Determination of redox potential of mendelevium (Md)55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).
S. Ikarashi, K. Sueki, Z. J. Li, K. Tsukada and Y. Nagame
Study on cation-exchange kinetics of Zr and Hf as homologues of 104Rf with H2SO4 solutions
55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).
T. K. Sato, N. Sato, M. Asai, K. Tsukada, A. Toyoshima, Y. Kaneya, S. Ichikawa, Y. Nagame and
M. Schädel
Development of Gas - jet coupled Surface Ion Source of ISOL for Measurement of First Ionization
Potential of Lr
55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).
Y. Kogama, Y. Kasamatsu, R. Takayama, H. Kikunaga, A. Toyoshima, K. Tsukada, M. Asai, T. K. Sato,
Z. J. Li, N. Sato, T. Kikuchi, Y. Kaneya, Y. Nagame, K. Ooe, Y. Komori, T. Yoshimura, N. Takahashi and
A. Shinohara
Solvent extraction of Bk and Md into HDEHP from HNO3 solution
55th Symposium on Radiochemistry, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22, 2011).
A. Toyoshima, K. Ooe, Z. J. Li, M. Asai, N. Sato, T. K. Sato, T. Kikuchi, Y. Kaneya, Y. Kitatsuji,
K. Tsukada, Y. Nagame, M. Schädel, Y. Kasamatsu, Y. Kogama, A. Shinohara, H. Haba and J. Even
Electrochemical reduction of mendelevium in HCl solution
4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN’11), Sochi,
Russia (Sep. 5-11, 2011).
N. Sato, T. K. Sato, M. Asai, K. Tsukada,

A. Toyoshima, Z. J. Li, M. Schädel, Y. Nagame, andS. Ichikawa
Development of a surface ionizer to measure the first ionization potential of Lr
4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN’11), Sochi,
Russia (Sep. 5-11, 2011).
Y. Nagame
Liquid Phase Experiments with the Heaviest Elements
4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN’11), Sochi,
Russia (Sep. 5-11, 2011).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

T. K. Sato, N. Sato, M. Asai, K. Tsukada, A. Toyoshima, K. Ooe, Y. Kaneya, T. Kojima, Y. Nagame,M. Schädel and S. Ichikawa
Study of determination of the first ionization potential of Lr - Ionization efficiencies of short-lived
lanthanide isotopes 2012 Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Yokohama, Japan (Mar. 25-28, 2012).
A. Toyoshima, Z. J. Li, M. Asai, N. Sato, T. K. Sato, Y. Kaneya, Y. Kitatsuji, K. Ooe, K. Tsukada, Y.
Nagame, M. Schädel, Y. Kasamatsu, A. Shinohara, H. Haba and J. Even
Measeurement of redox potential of element 101, Mendelevium2012 Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Yokohama, Japan (Mar. 25-28, 2012).
Y. Kaneya, T. K. Sato, M. Asai, K. Tsukada, A. Toyoshima, N. Sato, K.Ooe, Y. Miyamoto, K. Yasuda, K.
Ninomiya, M. Matsuda, S. Mitsuoka, H.Ishiyama and Y. Nagame
Distribution of radioisotopes on soil in north Ibaraki prefecture discharged from Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant
13th Symposium on Environmental Radioactivity, Tsukuba, Japan (Feb. 27-29, 2012).
M. Asai, Y. Kaneya, T. K. Sato, K. Tsukada, K. Ooe, N. Sato and A. Toyoshima
Determination of γ-ray detection efficiency for 134Cs and 131I in soil sample and quantitative estimation ofcascade summing effectAnnual Meeting of the Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences, Osaka, Japan, (Sept. 27,
2010).
I. Nishinaka, A. Yokoyama, K. Washiyama, R. Amano, N. Yamada, R. Ishiguro, H. Makii and
K. Hashimoto
Nuclear and radiochemical study of production and utilization of radioactive astatine isotopes using
lithium ion beams at the tandem accelerator of JAEA-Tokai
Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences, Nagano, Japan (Sep. 20-22,
2011).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

8.5

Nuclear Theory

Journal/Proceedings
Y. Aritomo, S. Chiba and K. Nishio
Dynamical model of Surrogate reactions,Phys. Rev. C 84, (2011) 024602.
S. Chiba, O. Iwamoto and Y. Aritomo
Spin-dependent observables in surrogate reactions
Phys. Rev. C 84, (2011) 054602.
Y. Aritomo, K. Hagino, K. Nishio and S. Chiba
Dynamical approach to heavy-ion induced fission using actinide target nuclei at energies around the
Coulomb barrier
Phys. Rev. C 85, (2012) 044614.
A. Gade, D. Bazin, B.A. Brown, C.M. Campbell, J.M. Cook, S. Ettenauer, T. Glasmacher, K.W. Kemper,
S. McDaniel, A. Obertelli, T. Otsuka, A. Ratkiewicz, J.R. Terry, Y. Utsuno and D.Weisshaar
In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy of 35Mg and 33Na
Phys. Rev. C, 83 (2011) 044305-1-5.
E.S. Diffenderfer, L.T. Baby, D. Santiago-Gonzalez, N. Ahsan, A. Rojas, A. Volya, I. Wiedenhover,
A.H. Wuosmaa, M.P. Carpenter, R.V. F.Janssens, C.J. Lister, M. Devlin, D.G. Sarantites, L.G. Sobotka,
Y. Utsuno and M. Horoi
High-spin spectrum of 24Mg studied through multiparticle angular correlations
Phys. Rev. C, 85 (2012) 034311-1-17.
Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, B.A. Brown, M. Honma and T. Mizusaki
Structure of unstable nuclei around N=28 described by a shell model with the monopole-based universal
interaction
Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Faces of Atomic Nuclei, AIP Conf. Proc., 1355 (2011)161-166.
N. Sato, H. Haba, T. Ichikawa, D. Kaji, Y. Kudou, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, K. Ozeki, T. Sumita,
A. Yoneda, E. Ideguchi, H. Koura, A. Ozawa, T. Shinozuka, T. Yamaguchi and A. Yoneda
Production and Decay Properties of 264Hs and 265Hs
J. Phys. Soc. JPN 80, (2011) 094201-1-7.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

O.V. Bespalova, I.N. Boboshin, V.V. Ermakova, B.S. Ishkhanov, A.A. Klimochkina, S.Yu. Komarov,
H. Koura, E.A. Ramonovsky and T.I. Spasskaya
Shell Structure of Even-Even Nickel Isotopes Containing Twenty to Forty Neutrons
Phys. Atom. Nucl. 74, (2011) 1521-1536.
Y. Watanabe, H. Koura and S. Chiba
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Nuclear Data
JAEA-Conf 2011-002 (2011).
H. Koura
Recent study of nuclear masses – Report of RIBF-ULIC Symposium: Physics of Rare-RI Ring –Nuclear Data News 101, (2012) 20-30 (in Japanese).

Meetings
Y. Aritomo, H. Hagino, K. Nishio and S. Chiba
Dynamical mechanism of fusion-fission process in superheavy mass region
The 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, TAN11
Sochi, Russia (Sep. 5, 2011).
Y. Aritomo, H. Hagino, K. Nishio and S. Chiba
Dynamical process in heavy-ion reactions with actinide targets
The 7th International Conference on Dynamical Aspects of Nuclear Fission, Smolenice castle, Slovak
Republic (Oct. 7, 2011).
Y. Aritomo, S. Chiba and K. Nishio
Dynamical model of surrogate reactions
Long-term Workshop on Dynamics and correlations in exotic nuclei (DCEN2011)
Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto, Japan (Oct. 26, 2011).
Y. Aritomo, K. Hagino, K. Nishio and S. Chiba
Dynamical approach to heavy-ion fusion-fission reactions with deformed actinide targets at low incident
energies
5th ASRC International Workshop :“Perspectives in Nuclear Fission”Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA),
Tokai, Japan (Mar. 16, 2012).
Y. Aritomo, S. Chiba and K. Nishio
Neutron Evaporation from fissioning nuclei by surrogate reaction
Annual Meeting of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Kokura, Japan (Sep. 21, 2010).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, B.A. Brown, M. Honma, T. Mizusaki and N. Shimizu
Structure of exotic nuclei in the sd-pf shell described by a shell model with the monopole-based universal
interaction
The 1st International Conference “Advances in Radioactive Isotope Science (ARIS 2011)”, Leuven,
Belgium (May 29-Jun. 3, 2011).
Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, N. Shimizu, T. Mizusaki and M. Honma
Location of g9/2 orbit in neutron-rich Ca isotopes studied with the shell model
RIBF ULIC and CNS Symposium “Frontier of gamma-ray spectroscopy (GAMMA11)”, Wako, Japan (Jun.
30-Jul. 2, 2011).
Y. Utsuno
Evolution of the shell structure extracted from RIBF and RCNP experiments
Fall Meeting of the Physical Society of Japan, Hirosaki, Japan (Sep. 16-19, 2011).
Y. Utsuno and S. Chiba
Cluster states around 16O studied with the shell modelYIPQS Long-term workshop “Dynamics and Correlations in Exotic Nuclei (DCEN 2011)”, Kyoto, Japan(Oct. 3, 2011).
Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, B.A. Brown, M. Honma, T. Mizusaki and N. Shimizu
Shell evolution around and beyond N=28 studied with a large-scale shells-model calculation
YKIS2011 Symposium “Frontier Issues in Physics of Exotic Nuclei”, Kyoto, Japan (Oct. 11-15, 2011).
Y. Utsuno
Recent development in the shell model: shell evolution and methodology
ECT* Workshop “Nuclear Structure Seen through Ground-State Properties of Exotic Nuclei”, Trento, Italy(Oct. 17-21, 2011).
Y. Utsuno
Nuclear Physics Aspects of the Fukushima-Daiichi Accident
The 44th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Safety Engineering, Yonezawa, Japan (Dec. 1-2, 2011).
Y. Utsuno
Consideration of shell-model algorithms suitable for massively parallel computers
HPCI Strategy Program Field 5 Workshop “Development of Nuclear Physics Study with Large-Scale
Computation—Focusing on Nucleon Many-Body Systems”, Wako, Japan (Jan. 24-25, 2012).
Y. Utsuno
Towards the establishment of the evolution of shell structure
RCNP Workshop “Empirical Nuclear Physics”, Osaka, Japan (Feb. 22-23, 2012).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

H. Koura, O. Iwamoto and S. Chiba
Effect of Spin-parity on Surrogate Ratio Method
Fall Meeting of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 2011, Kita-Kyushu, (Sep. 18-21, 2011).
H. Koura
Decay Modes and a Limit of Existence o Nuclei
The 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN11),
Sochi, Russia, (Sep. 5-11, 2011).
H. Koura
Importance of direct mass measurements of SHE for prediction of the island of stability
RIBF-ULIC mini-WS on Possibility of Direct Mass Measurements of Super Heavy Elements, RIKEN(Wako), (Oct. 5, 2011).
H. Koura
Current status on nuclear mass formulae
RIBF-ULIC Symposium, Physics of Rare-RI Ring, RIKEN (Wako), (Nov. 10-12, 2011).
M.S. Smith, C.D. Nesaraja, E. J. Lingerfelt, H. Koura and F. G. Kondev
Comparison of Nuclear Mass Models at nuclearmasses.org
11th International Symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies (OMEG2011), RIKEN(Wako), (Nov. 14-17, 2011).
H. Koura
Effects of shape transitions and fission-fragment accumulations to the r-process in the neutron rich A=100
region[RIBF-ULIC mini WS-012] Perspectives of shape transitions and beta-decay half-lives in the neutron rich
A=100 region near the r-process, RIKEN (Wako), (Dec. 27, 2011).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

8.6

Atomic Physics and Solid-state Physics

Journal/Proceedings
M. Imai
Ion-Atom Collisions
Handbook of Atomic and Molecular Processes in Plasmas (in Japanese), 133-179,
eds. S. Hamaguchi, I. Murakami, D. Kato, and the Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion
Research, Osaka University Press 2011.

Meetings
N. Matsunami, Y. Sakuma, M. Sataka, S. Okayasu and H. Kakiuchida
Ion irradiation effects copper-oxide(CuO) films
2011 Fall Meeting, Japan Physical Society, Toyama, Japan (September 21, 2011).
N. Matsunami, T. Teramoto,Y. Sakuma, S. Okayasu and M. Sataka
Ion irradiation effects on WN
2012 Spring Meeting, Japan Physical Society, Nishinomiya, Japan (March 25, 2012).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

8.7

Radiation Effects in Materials

Journal/Proceedings
N. Ishikawa and K. Takegahara
Radiation damages in CeO2 thin films irradiated with ions having the same nuclear stopping and different
electronic stopping powers
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B 272 (2012) 227.
N. Ishikawa, T. Sonoda, Y. Okamoto, T. Sawabe, K. Takegahara, S. Kosugi and A. Iwase
X-ray study of radiation damage in UO2 irradiated with high-energy heavy ionsJ. Nucl. Mater., 41 (2011) 392.
Y. Tahara, K. Shimizu, N. Ishikawa, Y. Okamoto, F. Hori, T. Matsui and A. Iwase
Study on effects of energetic ion irradiation in Gd2O3-doped CeO2 by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray
spectroscopy
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B277(2011)53-57.
K. Shimizu, S. Kosugi, Y. Tahara, K. Yasunaga, Y. Kaneta, N. Ishikawa, F. Hori, T. Matsui and A. Iwase
Change in magnetic properties induced by swift heavy ion irradiation in CeO2
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B: Corrected Proof, Available online (2012).
N. Ishikawa, T. Sonoda, Y. Okamoto, T. Sawabe, K. Takegahara, S. Kosugi and A. Iwase
X-ray study of radiation damage in UO2 irradiated with high-energy heavy ionsJ. Nucl.Mater., 41( 2011)392-396.
S. Kosugi, Nao Fujita, T. Matsui, F. Hori, Y. Saitoh, N. Ishikawa, Y. Okamoto and A. Iwase
Effect of high temperature annealing on ferromagnetism induced by energetic ion irradiation in FeRh alloy
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B269(2011)869-872.
Y. Tahara, B. Zhu, S. Kosugi, N. Ishikawa, Y. Okamoto, F. Hori, T. Matsui and A. Iwase
Study on effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on the crystal structure in CeO2 doped with Gd2O3
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B269(2011)886-889.
S. Kosugi, T. Matsui, N. Ishikawa, M. Itou, Y. Sakurai, K. Aikoh, K. Shimizu, Y. Tahara, F. Hori and
A. Iwase
Study on ion-irradiation-induced ferromagnetism in FeRh intermetallic compound by means of magnetic
Compton scattering
J. Appl. Phys. 109, 07B737 (2011); 3559469.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

Y.Sasaki and T.Suzuki,
Formation of Ag Clusters by Electron Beam Irradiation on Ag-Zeolite
Materials Transactions, 50 (2009)1050.
H. Amekura, N. Ishikawa, N. Okubo, Y. Nakayama and K. Mitsuishi
Asynchronous melting of embedded metal nanoparticles and silica matrix for shape elongation induced byswift heavy ion irradiation.
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B 269 (2011) 2730.
H. Amekura, M.L. Sele, N. Ishikawa and N. Okubo
Thermal stability of embedded metal nanoparticles elongated by swift heavy ion irradiation: Zn
nanoparticles in a molten state but preserving elongated shapes.
Nanotechnology 23 (2012) 095704.
T. Sueyoshi, T. Nishimura, T. Fujiyoshi, F. Mitsugi, T. Ikegami and N. Ishikawa
Influence of crossing angles of columnar defects on vortex glass transition in YBCO thin films
Physica C 471 (2011) pp.1029-1032.
T. Sueyoshi, T. Nishimura, T. Fujiyoshi, F. Mitsugi, T. Ikegami and N. Ishikawa
Influence of multiple angled columnar defects on critical current density and n-value in YBCO thin films
Physics Procedia 36 (2012)1570-1575.

Meetings
N. Ishikawa, T. Sonoda, T. Sawabe, H. Sugai and M. Sataka
Ion-track formation in UO2 irradiated with High-Energy Heavy Ions
European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) , Nice, France (May 9-13, 2011).
N. Ishikawa, T. Sonoda, T. Sawabe and M. Sataka
Ion track formation in UO2 irradiated with high energy ions
Annual meeting of the Physical Society of Japan, Nishinomiya, Japan (Mar. 24-27, 2012).
Y.Sasaki、M. Kobayashi, H. Kita and S. Okayasu
Formation of metal microstructures induced by heavy ion irradiation in Ag-zeolite
The 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Microscopy and Theoretical Calculations AMTC2.
H. Amekura, N. Ishikawa, N. Okubo, D. Tsuya, Y. Nakayama and K. Mitsuishi
Embedded ZnO nanoparticles irradiated with swift heavy ions: Irradiation-induced formation of metal
phase and elongation.
The 21th MRS-Japan Academic Symposium, Yokohama, Japan (Dec. 19-21, 2011).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

T. Sueyoshi, T. Nishimura, T. Fujiyoshi, F. Mitsugi, T. Ikegami and N. Ishikawa
Influence of multiple angled columnar defects on critical current density and n-value in YBCO thin films
Superconductivity Centennial Conference 2011 (SCC2011), Hague, Netherlands (Sep. 18-23, 2011).

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 9
Personnel and Committee

9.1

Personnel

9.2

Research Planning and Assessment Committee- 87 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

9.1

Personnel
Department of Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator
TakeshiMaruo

Yamashita

Director

TetsuoIshii

Deputy Director

Yoji

Murayama

Deputy Director

Shuji

YoshinariManager of Administration Section

Masao

Sataka(Temporary Staff)

SuehiroTakeuchi(Temporary Staff)

Department of Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator
Tandem Accelerator Section (*General Manager)
Scientific Staff
AkihikoOsa*

MakotoMatsudaTechnical Staff
SusumuHanashima

Shin-ichi

Abe

Nobuhiro

Ishizaki

Hidekazu

TayamaTakamitsu

Nakanoya

Hiroshi

Kabumoto

Masahiko

Nakamura

Ken-ichiKutsukake

Yoshinori

Otokawa

Takuhiro

Asozu

Yoshihiro

Tsukihashi(Temporary Staff)

Entrusted Operators
Takahiro

YoshidaTakayuki

Ishiguro

Kazushi

Yamaguchi

Ryo

Nukaga

Nobuo

Seki

Takamasa

Mikami

Teruo

Onodera(to Apr. 30)

HikaruNisugi(to Nov. 30)

Masahiko

Sagawa(from Dec 1.)(to Jun. 30)(from Jul. 1)- 89 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

Department of Radiation Protection
Facility Radiation Control Section I
Katsunori

Sawahata

HayatoHiragaTomoyoFukami

Yumi

Ueno

SusumuKinase(to Jan. 31)

Advanced Science Research Center
Sadamichi

Maekawa

Director

Yuichiro

NagameDeputy Director

Tomotsugu Sawai

General Manager of Research Coordination
and Promotion Office

HiroshiIkezoe(Temporary Staff)

Advanced Science Research Center
Research Group for Reactions involving Heavy Nuclei ( * Group Leader )Satoshi

Chiba*

Shin-ichi

Mitsuoka

Katsuhisa Nishio
IchiroNishinaka

Hiroyuki

Koura

YutakaUtsunoHiroyuki

Makii

Syuya

Ota

(Post Doc., JSPS)

TatsuroNagayama(Student)

Advanced Science Research Center
Research Group for Superheavy Elements ( * Group Leader )Matthias

Schädel*Kazuaki

TsukadaMasatoAsai

Tetsuya K. Sato
AtsushiToyoshima

Nozomi

Sato(Post Doc.)

Kazuhiro

Ooe(Post Doc.)

YusukeKaneya(Student)

Advanced Science Research Center
Research Group for Mechanical Control of Materials and Spin Systems
SatoruOkayasu(Deputy Group Leader)- 90 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

JAEA-Review 2013-002

9.2

Research Planning and Assessment Committee

Chairman

Kouichiro

Asahi(Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology)

MemberTadashiKambara(Senior Scientist, RIKEN)

Kenji

Kimura(Professor, Kyoto University)

ShigeoTomita(Associate Professor, Tsukuba University)

Toshiaki

Kaneko(Professor, Okayama University of Science）

Hisaaki

Kudo(Professor, Niigata University)

Eiji

Ideguchi(Lecturer, The University of Tokyo)

HitoshiNakata(Professor, Chiba University)

Koichi

Hagino(Associate Professor, Tohoku University)

Tomotsugu Sawai(Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate,
JAEA)

Hideo

Harada(Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate,
JAEA)

Yuichi

Hatsukawa(Quantum Beam Science Directorate, JAEA)

TetsuroIshii(Dep. Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator,
JAEA)

Masao

Sataka(Dep. Research Reactor and Tandem Accelerator,
JAEA)

Kiichi

Hojo(Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA)

Shin-ichi

Mitsuoka(Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA)

NoritoIshikawa(Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate,

Organizer Secretary

JAEA)
MasatoAsai(Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA)

HiroshiIkezoe(Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA)- 92 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

CHAPTER 10
New Research Programs

10.1 New Research Programs Approved in the FY2011
10.2 New Research Programs Approved in the FY2010- 93 -

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

10.1

New Research Programs Approved in the FY2011
Title

Spokesperson & Affiliation

1. Shape and property control of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles by Swift
Heavy Ions *Hiroshi Amekura
National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS)

2. Coulomb excitation experiment of

128,130

Xe

Mitsuo Koizumi
JAEA

3. Development and generalization of

211

Rn/211At generator for

long-distance shipping of short-lived radioisotope

211

At for medical

Ichiro Nishinaka
JAEA

use
4. Determination of reduction potential of mendelevium withelectrochemistry techniqueAtsushi Toyoshima
JAEA

5. Study of nuclear transfer process for heavy-ion surrogate method

Shinichi Mitsuoka
JAEA

6. Development of on-line

99m

Tc production system using gas phasereaction

JAEA

7. Measurements of grazing angles at energy region around Coulomb
barrier for

Tetsuya Sato

136

Xe +

198

Pt

Yutaka WatanabeHigh Energy Accelerator
Research Organization (KEK)

8. Assist-pin effect on critical current density in heavy-ion irradiatedhigh-Tc superconducting thin films *Tetsuro Sueyoshi
Kumamoto University

9. The first ionization potential measurement of Lr and No with asurface ionizer

Nozomi Sato
JAEA
Katsuhisa Nishio

10. Fission of proton-rich nuclei in mercury region

JAEA
11. Search for highly deformed states in A=30~40 nuclei

Eiji Ideguchi
University of Tokyo

22

26

22

25

12. Measurement of branching ratio of Ne(α,γ) Mg / Ne(α,n) Mg
reactionsShuya Ota
JAEA

13. Production of medical radio isotopes using accelerator

Yuichi Hatsukawa
JAEA

14. Development of a novel technique for measurement of nuclear data
influencing the design of advanced fast reactors: (1) Fission crosssection measurement **- 95 -

Katsuhisa Nishio
JAEA

JAEA-Review 2013-002

15. Development of a novel technique for measurement of nuclear data
influencing

thedesignofadvanced

fast

reactors:(2)

Hiroyuki Makii
JAEA

Determination of neutron capture cross section **16. Application of high-aspect-ratio nanoholes formed by etching oflatent tracks for sensors *Makoto Fujimaki
National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST)* Approved as a Common Use Program of JAEA.
** Approved as a JST Innovative Nuclear Research and Development Program entrusted to JAEA.

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JAEA-Review 2013-002

10.2 New Research Programs Approved in the FY2010
Title

Spokesperson & Affiliation

1. Fabrication of optical waveguides by high energy heavy ion
implantation *Tadashi Narusawa
Kochi University ofTechnology

2. Shape and property control of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles by Swift
Heavy Ions *Hiroshi Amekura
National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS)

3. Heavy ion irradiation effects on nuclear energy-related oxidematerials *Akihiro Iwase
Osaka Prefecture University

4. Gas-phase chemistry of Zr, Hf and Rf chlorides *Shinichi Goto
Niigata University

5. Morphological change in metal nano-particles induced by swift
heavy ion irradiation *Kyushu University

6. Study of damage formation process under high-energy fission
fragment irradiation fields
as a model experiment for Seaborgium

Kazuaki Tsukada
JAEA

8. Investigation of the mass distribution of fission fragments for thereactions of 34S + 208Pb and 36S + 206Pb
9. Study of

Norito Ishikawa
JAEA

7. Aqueous chemistry of the group 6th elements in the periodic table218

Syo Matsumura

Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
GSI

U region with near N=126 closed shell

Yasuo Wakabayashi
JAEA

10. Development of surrogate technique for determination of neutron
capture cross sections

Hiroyuki Makii

11. Development of gas-cell laser spectroscopy for the measurement of

Hideki Iimura

nuclear radii of unstable tungsten isotopes

JAEA
JAEA

12. Experimental assignment of single-particle configurations insuperheavy nuclei by means of α fine structure spectroscopy
13. Control of electronic and magnetic properties of heavy element
oxides by using high density electronic excitation due to swift

Masato Asai
JAEA
Akihiro Iwase
Osaka Prefecture University

heavy ions
14. Electronic excitation effects and material modifications of
non-metallic ceramics by high-energy ions

Noriaki Matsunami
Nagoya University

15. Charge state evolution and energy loss of heavy ions passing
through foil targets

Makoto Imai
Kyoto University- 97 -

JAEA-Review 2013-002

16. Metal-semiconductor transition control on a FeSi2 thin film withhigh energy heavy ion irradiations

Masato Sasase
Wakasa-wan Energy ResearchCenter (WERC)

17. Nano-fabrication of zeolite with high energy ion irradiations

Yukichi Sasaki
Japan Fine Ceramics Center(JFCC)

18. Functional and structural properties of ceramic materials after highenergy irradiation

Nariaki Okubo
JAEA

19. Coulomb excitation experiment of 126Xe

Mitsuo Koizumi
JAEA

20. Fission fragment anisotropy in heavy-ion-induced fission ofactinides

Ichiro Nishinaka
JAEA

21. Study for quasi-fission process in the heavy-ion reactions using
238

U target nucleus (2)Katsuhisa Nishio
JAEA

22. Proton configuration of 261Db

Masato Asai
JAEA

23. Benchmark experiment of surrogate ratio method for neutron
captureShengquan Yan
China Institute of Atomic
Energy (CIAE)

24. Development of experimental techniques for surrogate method
using heavy-ion reactions

Tetsuro Ishii
JAEA

25. Production of medical radio isotopes using accelerator

Yuichi Hatsukawa
JAEA

26. Development of the accelerator system and the inventive ion beam
application

Makoto Matsuda
JAEA* Approved as a Common Use Program of JAEA.

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表１．SI 基本単位
表１．SI 基本単位
SI 基本単位
SI 基本単位
基本量
基本量
名称
記号
表１．SI 基本単位
名称
記号
長
さ メSI
ー基本単位
トル m
長
さ
メ
ー
ト
ル
m
基本量
質
量 キログラムkg
名称
記号
質
量 キログラム kg
時
間
秒
s
長
さメ ー トル m
時
間ア ン 秒ペ ア kgA s
質電量流キログラム
電流 ア ンビ
ペンア KA
時熱力学温度間 ケル秒s
熱力学温度 ケ ル ビ ン mol
K
電物 質 流量アモン ペ アル A
物
質
量
モ
ル
mol
光
度ケカルンビデンラ Kcd
熱力学温度
物光 質
光

量度
モカ ン デル ラmolcd
度 カ ン デ ラ cd

国際単位系（SI）
国際単位系（SI）
国際単位系（SI）
表２．基本単位を用いて表されるSI組立単位の例

表２．基本単位を用いて表されるSI組立単位の例
SI 基本単位
組立量
SI 基本単位
名称
記号
組立量
記号
面 表２．基本単位を用いて表されるSI組立単位の例
積 平方メートル 名称
m2
2
SI
基本単位
面
積
平方メートル
体 組立量
積 立法メートル
m3 m3
名称
記号
積 立法メートルm
速 体さ ， 速 度 メートル毎秒m/s
2
面加 速 さ速 ， 速
積度平方メートル
2 m/sm
度 メートル毎秒
メートル毎秒毎秒m/s
3
体波 加-1 m/s2mm
速 積数立法メートル
度 メートル毎秒毎秒
毎メートル
-1
速 波
さ ， 速 度 メートル毎秒m/s
数 毎メートル密 度 ， 質 量 密 度 キログラム毎立方メートルkg/m3 m加 密 度速3m/s2 kg/m
2，質
量度度
密メートル毎秒毎秒
度 キログラム毎立方メートルキログラム毎平方メートル
面
積
密
-1
kg/m
波
数 毎メートルm
3 3 kg/m2
面
積
密 積キログラム毎立方メートル
度 キログラム毎平方メートル
立方メートル毎キログラム
比
体
m
/kg
密度，質量密度kg/m
積 立方メートル毎キログラムA/m22m3/kg
密 度度キログラム毎平方メートル
アンペア毎平方メートル
面電 比積流 密体kg/m2
磁 電界 流の 強密 さ アンペア毎メートル
A/m
度
アンペア毎平方メートル
比体(a)積 立方メートル毎キログラム
m3/kg A/m
3
量磁
濃度
界 ，
の 濃強度 モル毎立方メートル
さ アンペア毎メートル mol/m
2 A/m
電
流
密(a) 度 アンペア毎平方メートル
A/m
3
質
量
濃
度 キログラム毎立法メートル
kg/mmol/m3
度 モル毎立方メートル A/m
磁 量
界 濃の度 強 ，さ濃アンペア毎メートル
3
輝 質 (a)量度 カンデラ毎平方メートル
cd/m2
度 キログラム毎立法メートル量 濃度， 濃濃度(b)モル毎立方メートル
mol/m3kg/m
（数字の）
１
13
屈
折
率
度 カンデラ毎平方メートル
cd/m2
質 輝量
濃
度(b)キログラム毎立法メートル
kg/m
（数字の）
１ １
1
(b)
比 透 磁
（数字の）
折 率度
率 カンデラ毎平方メートル輝 屈
cd/m2 1(b)(b)concentration）は臨床化学の分野では物質濃度
（数字の）
１
1
比 折透 磁（a）量濃度（amount
（数字の）
１
1
屈
率 率
(b)
concentration）ともよばれる。
（数字の） １1
比 （substance
透 磁 率

101

表３．固有の名称と記号で表されるSI組立単位
SI 組立単位
表３．固有の名称と記号で表されるSI組立単位
他のSI単位による SI基本単位による名称
記号
表３．固有の名称と記号で表されるSI組立単位
組立単位
SI表し方
表し方
組立単位
（ｂ）
組立量
平
面
角 ラジアン(ｂ)rad SI 他のSI単位による
m/mSI基本単位による
1
名称 (ｂ)
記号組立量（ｂ）
他のSI単位による(c)
2/ 2
SI基本単位による立体
角 ステラジアン
表し方
表し方
sr
1
m
m
名称
記号
表し方（ｂ）
表し方
（ｄ）
周
波
数角ヘルツ
Hzrad
平
面
s-1 m/mラジアン(ｂ)1（ｂ）
平面
角 ラジアン(ｂ)rad (c)1（ｂ） m/m
-2 2
(ｂ)
2/
力
Nsr
立
体
角ニュートンm kg
ステラジアン
1
（ｂ）
(ｂ)
2ms m
立
体
角 ステラジアン
sr(c)
1
m2/m
（ｄ）
周
圧
力
応
力数パスカル,波PaHz
s-1 s-2
ヘルツ
N/m2
m-1 kg
（ｄ）
周
波
数 ヘルツ
Hz
s-1 2
-2
力 ネ ル ギ ー , 仕 事 , 熱 量 ジュール
ニュートン
N
エ
J
N
m
m
kg
s-2
kg
m
力
ニュートン
N
m kg
s-2-1s-3
2
-2
2
圧 事力
応
力
パスカル
率力， 工
率
，
放
射
束
ワット
,
Pa
W
J/s
2N/m
-1 kg
-2 kg s
m
s
m
圧仕
応
力
パスカル
,
Pa
N/m
m kg s2-2
電
荷 ギ, ー ,電仕 事
気, 熱量量クーロンC
s A m-2
ジュール
kgs
エエネネルルギー, 仕事, 熱
量 ジュールJ J
N m N m m2 kg
s -3 -1
2s A -3
電 位 差 （ 電工
圧 ），, 起 電射力束ボルト
V
W/A
m2 kg
ワット
kg s
m-3
仕仕事事率率，，工 率率， 放放
射 束 ワットW W
J/s J/s
m2 kg-2 s -1 4 2
静電
容量量ファラド
F
C/V
クーロン
sAs A
電電 荷荷 , , 電 電 気 気 量 クーロン
C C
sm
A 2 kg-3 -2-3 -1
2
気抵
V/AW/A
2 kg
-1s A
電位位
, 起
力オーム
ボルト
ms-3skg
電電
差差
（（
電電
圧圧
））
, 起
電電
力抗ボルト
VΩ V
W/A
kg
AA
mm
-2
-1 3 -12 4 2
A/VC/V-2 kg-1-2 4s A
静 ン 電ダ
電 ク 容タ容 ン 量スファラド
量ジーメンス
ファラド
静コ
FS F
C/V
kgm
s-2kg
A2-1 s A
mm2
Wb Ω
Vs V/A
2 A-3 -2
2 kg -3
電
抗ウエーバ
オーム
電磁
気気
抵抵
抗束オーム
Ω
V/A
mm
kgm
s skg
A-2s A2-2 -1-2 s -1A
3 2
Wb/m
コ磁
ST S
A/V A/V mkg
コ ンン ダ束ダ ククタ密タン ンス度ジーメンス
ステスラ
ジーメンス
kgm-2s-2
A-1
kg
s3 A2
2
-2
イ
ン
ダ
ク
タ
ン
ス
ヘンリー
H
Wb/A
2 kg -2-1 -2 -1
磁磁束 ウエーバWb
Vs Vs
kgms2skg
AAmm
束 ウエーバWbs A
セ ル シ ウ ス 温 度 セルシウス度(ｅ)
℃
K
2
磁磁
束束
密密
度 テスラ
T T
s-2 A-1 -2 -1
Wb/m
Wb/m2 kg光
束度ルテスラーメンlm
cd kg-2s -2A
cd sr(c)イイ ンン ダダ ククタ タン ンス ヘンリー
H H
Wb/AWb/A
A s-2 A-2
m2 kg
ms2 kg
照度スルヘンリークス
lx
m-2 cdlm/m2(ｅ) (ｅ)セセ ルル シシ ウウス ス温 （度℃K -1 Kｆ ）度（ｄ）
セルシウス度Bq ℃s
放 射 性 核 種 の 放 射 能 温 セルシウス度
ベクレル
(c)
光光
束 ルーメンlm lm
cd srcd sr(c) cd cd
吸収線量, 比エネルギー分与, 束 ルーメン
2
-2 2 -2
グレイ
J/kg
m
s
照照
度ル
lxGy lx
lm/m
度ク
ルス
クス
カーマ
lm/m2 m-1 cdm-2 cd
（ｆ）
（ｄ）
s
（ ｆベクレル）（ｄ） Bq-1
放線量当量,
射性核種
の
放
射
能
Bq
放 射 性 核周辺線量当量,
種 の 放 射 能方向 ベクレル（ｇ）
2 s
Sv
J/kg
m s-2
吸収線量, 比エネルギー分与, シーベルト
性線量当量,
個人線量当量 グレイ
GyJ/kg
吸収線量, 比エネルギー分与,
m2 s-2 2 -2
グレイ
Gy
J/kg
カーマ
m s
酸
活
性 カタールkat
カーマ 素
s-1 mol
線量当量, 周辺線量当量, 方向（ｇ）
J/kg
線量当量, 周辺線量当量, 方向m2 s-2 2 -2
シーベルト
（ｇ）Sv
性線量当量, 個人線量当量

照 射 線 量 （ Ｘ 線 及 び γ 線 ） クーロン毎キログラム
C/kg
kg-1 sA輝
度 ワット毎平方メートル毎ステラジアン W/(m2 sr) m2 m-2 kg
s-3=kg s-3線
量率 グレイ毎秒
Gy/s
m2 s-3性濃度 カタール毎立方メートル kat/m3
m-3 s-1 mol
放射
強度 ワット毎ステラジアン
W/srm4 m-2 kg s-3=m2 kg s-3
放射輝
度 ワット毎平方メートル毎ステラジアン W/(m2 sr) m2 m-2 kg s-3=kg s-3
酵
素
活
性
濃
度 カタール毎立方メートル kat/m3
m-3 s-1 mol

放
射
吸
収
酵
素
活

ヨ ク ト

y

h

時

1h =60 min=3600 s°
1°=(π/180)
rad s
時度
日 h 1h =60
d min=3600
1 d=24 h=86
400 s
’ 1 1’=(1/60)°=(π/10800)
rad
日分
d
d=24
h=86
400 s rad度°
1°=(π/180)
1”=(1/60)’=(π/648000)
rad度秒° ” 1°=(π/180)
rad分’
1’=(1/60)°=(π/10800)
rad
ヘクタール
1ha=1hm2=104m2 rad分’ha 1’=(1/60)°=(π/10800)
秒”
1”=(1/60)’=(π/648000)
3
3
3-3 3 radリットル
L，l
1L=11=1dm =10 cm
=10
m
秒
”
1”=(1/60)’=(π/648000)
rad
2
ヘクタール
ha 1ha=1hm=104m22
トン
1t=103 kgヘクタール
hat 1ha=1hm=104m2L，l 1L=11=1dm3=103cm3=10-3m3

表７．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位で、SI単位で表される数値が実験的に得られるもの
名称
記号
SI 単位で表される数値
表７．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位で、SI単位で
表７．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位で、SI単位で
電 子 ボ 表される数値が実験的に得られるもの
ル ト 表される数値が実験的に得られるもの
eV 1eV=1.602 176 53(14)×10 -19J
-27
ダ
ル
ン 記号
Da 1Da=1.660
記号SI 単位で表される数値単位で表される数値
SI86(28)×10
kg
538
名称 ト 名称
-19
-19
1u=1
eV Da
J
1eV=1.602
176
53(14)×10
電統一原子質量単位
子 電
ボ 子
ル ボ
ト ル
eVu ト1eV=1.602
176 53(14)×10 J-27-27 11m
uaン1Da=1.660
1ua=1.495
97886(28)×10
706 538
91(6)×10
ダ ト単
ル ン位トDa
Da 1Da=1.660
kg
86(28)×10
ダ天 ル文
kg
538
統一原子質量単位u Da 1u=1 Da
統一原子質量単位
u
1u=1

11
11
文天 単 文 位 単ua 位1ua=1.495
ua 1ua=1.495
m
978 706 91(6)×10m
978 706 91(6)×10

天

表８．SIに属さないが、SIと併用されるその他の単位
名称
記号
SI 単位で表される数値
バ 表８．SIに属さないが、SIと併用されるその他の単位
ー
ル bar １bar=0.1MPa=100kPa=105Pa
表８．SIに属さないが、SIと併用されるその他の単位
水銀柱ミリメートルmmHg 1mmHg=133.322Pa
名称
名称 記号
記号 SI 単位で表される数値
SI 単位で表される数値
5ス ト ロ ールム barÅ １bar=0.1MPa=100kPa=10１Å=0.1nm=100pm=10-10m
バオ ン グ ーPa5バ(a)SI接頭語は固有の名称と記号を持つ組立単位と組み合わせても使用できる。しかし接頭語を付した単位はもはや実際には、使用する時には記号rad及びsrが用いられるが、習慣として組立単位としての記号である数字の１は明(a)SI接頭語は固有の名称と記号を持つ組立単位と組み合わせても使用できる。しかし接頭語を付した単位はもはや
コヒーレントではない。
示されない。
コヒーレントではない。
(b)ラジアンとステラジアンは数字の１に対する単位の特別な名称で、量についての情報をつたえるために使われる。
(c)測光学ではステラジアンという名称と記号srを単位の表し方の中に、そのまま維持している。
(b)ラジアンとステラジアンは数字の１に対する単位の特別な名称で、量についての情報をつたえるために使われる。
実際には、使用する時には記号rad及びsrが用いられるが、習慣として組立単位としての記号である数字の１は明(d)ヘルツは周期現象についてのみ、ベクレルは放射性核種の統計的過程についてのみ使用される。
実際には、使用する時には記号rad及びsrが用いられるが、習慣として組立単位としての記号である数字の１は明示されない。
(e)セルシウス度はケルビンの特別な名称で、セルシウス温度を表すために使用される。セルシウス度とケルビンの(c)測光学ではステラジアンという名称と記号srを単位の表し方の中に、そのまま維持している。
示されない。
単位の大きさは同一である。したがって、温度差や温度間隔を表す数値はどちらの単位で表しても同じである。
(d)ヘルツは周期現象についてのみ、ベクレルは放射性核種の統計的過程についてのみ使用される。
(c)測光学ではステラジアンという名称と記号srを単位の表し方の中に、そのまま維持している。
(f)放射性核種の放射能（activity
referred to a radionuclide）は、しばしば誤った用語で”radioactivity”と記される。
(e)セルシウス度はケルビンの特別な名称で、セルシウス温度を表すために使用される。セルシウス度とケルビンの(d)ヘルツは周期現象についてのみ、ベクレルは放射性核種の統計的過程についてのみ使用される。
(g)単位シーベルト（PV,2002,70,205）についてはCIPM勧告2（CI-2002）を参照。
単位の大きさは同一である。したがって、温度差や温度間隔を表す数値はどちらの単位で表しても同じである。
(e)セルシウス度はケルビンの特別な名称で、セルシウス温度を表すために使用される。セルシウス度とケルビンの(f)放射性核種の放射能（activity
referred to a radionuclide）は、しばしば誤った用語で”radioactivity”と記される。
単位の大きさは同一である。したがって、温度差や温度間隔を表す数値はどちらの単位で表しても同じである。
表４．単位の中に固有の名称と記号を含むSI組立単位の例(g)単位シーベルト（PV,2002,70,205）についてはCIPM勧告2（CI-2002）を参照。
(f)放射性核種の放射能（activity
referred to a radionuclide）は、しばしば誤った用語で”radioactivity”と記される。

m sA

10-24

da

リットル

Sv
J/kg
m s
シーベルト
(a)SI接頭語は固有の名称と記号を持つ組立単位と組み合わせても使用できる。しかし接頭語を付した単位はもはや性線量当量,
個人線量当量kat
s-1 mol-1酸素
活性 カタールkats mol(b)ラジアンとステラジアンは数字の１に対する単位の特別な名称で、量についての情報をつたえるために使われる。

C/m

カ

p
f
a
z
y

3
リットル
L，l 1L=11=1dm3=10
cm3=10-3m3
トン
t
1t=103 kg
トンt
1t=103 kg

酸 コヒーレントではない。
素活性 カタール

電 束 密 度 ， 電 気 変 位 クーロン毎平方メートル

デ

d
c
m
µ
n

表６．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位
名称 表６．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位
記号
SI 単位による値
分
min=60s
名称 min 1記号
SI 単位による値
表６．SIに属さないが、SIと併用される単位
時
h
1h
=60SI
min=3600s
名称単位による値
分 記号min1
min=60s
日
d
1
d=24
h=86
400
s
分
min 1 min=60s

組立量

-1
2
射 線 量 （ Ｘ 線 及 び γ 線 ） クーロン毎キログラム
C/kg
sA-2 mol-1-1 4 2モ照誘 ル エ ネ電 ル ギ ー ジュール毎モル率 ファラド毎メートル J/mol
F/m mkgkg
ms-3 kg
s A
2 -3
吸
収
線 モル熱容量量率ジュール毎モル毎ケルビン
グレイ毎秒
Gy/s K)
2 s -2 -1-2 -2-1m
モルエントロピー,
J/(mols K mol
透磁率 ヘンリー毎メートル
H/m m kg
4 m-2kg s -3 A 2
放射
強度 ワット毎ステラジアン
W/srm-1 m 2 kg s -2=m kg
s-3
照モ
射 線ル
量 （エＸ 線
及びγ線）
クーロン毎キログラム
C/kg
ネ ル ギ ー
ジュール毎モル
J/mol kg 2 sA
m kg s mol-1-3
ワット毎平方メートル毎ステラジアン W/(m2 sr)輝mm-22 kg s-3-2=kg
s -1
2 -3
吸放
収 射 線
量
率度グレイ毎秒
Gy/s
-1
m
s
3
ジュール毎モル毎ケルビン
モルエントロピー,
モル熱容量J/(molK)4 -3 m
kg-3s K2 mol
素射 活性
カタール毎立方メートル
s-1kg
mol
kat/m
放酵
強 濃 度度ワット毎ステラジアン
W/sr
mm
m-2
s =m kg s-3記号24（a）量濃度（amount concentration）は臨床化学の分野では物質濃度（b）これらは無次元量あるいは次元１をもつ量であるが、そのことを表す単位記号である数字の１は通常は表記しない。
（substance concentration）ともよばれる。
（a）量濃度（amountconcentration）は臨床化学の分野では物質濃度（b）これらは無次元量あるいは次元１をもつ量であるが、そのこと（substance concentration）ともよばれる。
を表す単位記号である数字の１は通常は表記しない。
（b）これらは無次元量あるいは次元１をもつ量であるが、そのことを表す単位記号である数字の１は通常は表記しない。

SI 組立単位(g)単位シーベルト（PV,2002,70,205）についてはCIPM勧告2（CI-2002）を参照。
組立量
SI 基本単位による名称
記号
表４．単位の中に固有の名称と記号を含むSI組立単位の例
表し方
SI 組立単位
表４．単位の中に固有の名称と記号を含むSI組立単位の例
粘度 パスカル秒Pa s
m-1 kg s-1
組立量
基本単位によるSI-2
名称記号
力 の モ ー メ ン ト ニュートンメートル
NSI
m組立単位
m2 kg s表し方
-2
基本単位による-1 s SI
面 組立量張ニュートン毎メートル
N/m
名称
記号mkg
粘表
度力パスカル秒Pas
kg s-1-1 -1
ラジアン毎秒2 m -2s =s-1表し方
m
力角 の モ ー速 メ ン ト度ニュートンメートル
Nrad/s
m 2
kg
s
m
-1 -2
-1
-1
粘
パスカル秒
Pa s
角
加
速
度度ラジアン毎秒毎秒
m mm s kg
=ss-2
rad/s
表
面
張
力 ニュートン毎メートル
N/m 2
kg s-2-3 2
熱度 ,ー放 メ射 照
力 流の密 モン 度トワット毎平方メートル
ニュートンメートルNm
kg s-1m -1kg-1s-2W/m
角
速度 ラジアン毎秒
rad/s
s =s
mm
ト張ロ ピ度ーラジアン毎秒毎秒
J/KN/m
表 容 量加,面エ ン速力ジュール毎ケルビン
ニュートン毎メートル rad/skg
s-2-2K-1
m2 -1
2
kg
角熱
mm
s-2s=s-2-2 -1-1 -1
熱容
，比
エ
トロ
J/(kg
2 K)
K
ms2-3sm
角流度ジュール毎キログラム毎ケルビン
ラジアン毎秒m s =s-1
熱比
密量度
放ン射
照 ピ度ーワット毎平方メートル, 速kg
W/mrad/s
2
比
エ
ネ
ル
ギ
ー度ジュール毎キログラム
J/kg
m2 s-2 -1-1s-2=s-2
ラジアン毎秒毎秒
熱角容 量 , 加エ ン ト速ロ ピ ー ジュール毎ケルビン
J/K rad/s2 m2 kgms-2m
K
ワット毎メートル毎ケルビン
熱 流 密伝度 , 放
導 射 照率度W/(mK) mkg s-1-3s-3K-1
ワット毎平方メートル J/(kgW/m
比熱
熱容量，比エントロ
ピ ー ジュール毎キログラム毎ケルビン
K)K -2
m2 s-1-2kg
3
-2 -1
積量 エ
ギピ
J/mJ/K
2 -2kg2 s
熱 容
, エネル
ンル
トギロ
ージュール毎立方メートル
ジュール毎ケルビン J/kg
比体エネーージュール毎キログラムs m -3kg -1s K
mm
2 -2
-1 -1
のエ
さワット毎メートル毎ケルビン
V/mkg
ジュール毎キログラム毎ケルビン
比 熱 容界量，比ト ロ率
ピーボルト毎メートル
J/(kg
熱電
伝
導ン強
W/(m
K) K)
sA
K
m
mmkg
s-3s K3-3
2 -2
密 ギギ ー度ジュール毎立方メートル
3J/kg
-1 m
C/m
比 積 エエ荷 ネ
ルークーロン毎立方メートル
ジュール毎キログラム J/m
体電
ネ ル
mm
kgsAs-2s
表面
電
荷率クーロン毎平方メートル
C/m2
m-2 m
sA
-3 -1s-3 K-1
ワット毎メートル毎ケルビン
導K)
電熱 界 伝 の強さ ボルト毎メートル
V/m W/(mmkg
A
2-2 s kg
電 束 密 度 ， 電 気 変 位 クーロン毎平方メートル C/mm sA-1-2
3ー ジュール毎立方メートル
電体 積 荷エ ネ 密 ル ギ度 クーロン毎立方メートル
m -1 kg
J/m3 m-3-3sA
C/m
4 s2
誘
電
率 ファラド毎メートル
F/m
m
2-2 kg s A
-3 -1
表電
面
C/m V/m m sA界の 電 強 荷 クーロン毎平方メートル
さ ボルト毎メートル
m
kg
-2 s
-2 A
磁
率 ヘンリー毎メートル
H/m
m kg s-3 A
電透
C/m2C/m3 m-22sA
電束 密 度荷， 電 気密 変 位 クーロン毎平方メートル
度 クーロン毎立方メートル
m -2sA2 -1-3 kg
ル エ 電ネ ル ギ 率ーファラド毎メートル
ジュール毎モル
J/mol 2 mm
mol
誘モ
F/m
kg-1-2ss4sA
A
表面
電
荷 クーロン毎平方メートル
C/m
2 m -2-1-1
ジュール毎モル毎ケルビン H/m
モル熱容量J/(mol K)
2 mmkgkg
透モルエントロピー,
磁率 ヘンリー毎メートル
s-2-2sA-2K mol

表５．SI 接頭語
表５．SI 接頭語
接頭語
記号 乗数
接頭語
記号
乗数
接頭語
記号-1 乗数
接頭語
ヨ 24 タ表５．SIＹ
デ -1 シ
d
10
10
ヨ
タ 接頭語
Ｙ -2
デ
シ
10
10
21
ゼ 21 タ 記号
Ｚ 乗数
セ ン
チ 記号
c
10
10
乗数
接頭語
接頭語
-2
ゼ
タ
Ｚ
セ
ン
チ
10
10
18
-3
24
-1
エ
ク
サ
Ｅ
ミ
リ
m
10
10
ヨ
タ
Ｙ
デ
シ
d
10
10
ク サ
Ｅ
1018 エ10-3 ミ µ リ
2115
-2-6
ペ
タ
Ｐ
マイクロ
10
10
ゼ 15 タＺ
セ ン-6 チ
c
10
10
ペ
タ
Ｐ
マイクロ
10
10
1812
-3-9
10
10
エテク
サラ ＥＴ
ミナ -9 リノ mn
10
10
ラ 10
Ｔ
ナ p ノ
1012 テ
15 9-6-12 ピ10
ギ
ガ
Ｇ
コ
10
ペ 9 タ
Ｐ
マイクロ
µ
10
10
ギ
ガ 10
Ｇ-15 10-12 ピ f コ
10
12 6
テメ
ラガ ＴＭ
ノ
n
1010
10-9 ナフェムト
6
-15
3
-18
メ
ガ
Ｍ
フェムト
10
10
9
-12
10 ギキ
10 ピア
ガロ Ｇｋ
コト p a
10
10
-18
-21
ｋ
62
-15
103クガキト Ｍｈロ 10
ゼ10プ トア f z ト
10
10
メヘ
フェムト
10
2
-21
1
-24
3
-18
ｈ
10 ロヘ
カ ク
y ト
10
10
キデ
ｋdaト 10
アヨ10クトトゼ aプ
10
1
-24
-21
ゼ 10
プ ト ヨ zク ト
102 ヘ10ク トデ ｈ カ 10da
乗数

ー

ル

bar

１bar=0.1MPa=100kPa=10 Pa

海里mmHg
Ｍ 1mmHg=133.322Pa
１M=1852m
水銀柱ミリメートル
水銀柱ミリメートル mmHg 1mmHg=133.322Pa
-28 2
-10
ー ロ ー ムン Åb １Å=0.1nm=100pm=10
１b=100fm2=(10-12cm)2=10
オバン グ ス ト
m m
オン
ト
ー
Å １Å=0.1nm=100pm=10-10m
ッ グ ス里トロＭ
１kn=(1852/3600)m/s
knム１M=1852m
海ノ海ー
里 Ｍ １M=1852m
-28 2
バネ
ー
ンパ bNp １b=100fm2=(10-12cm)2=10m
バー ル Ｂン SI単位との数値的な関係は、
b１b=100fm2=(10-12cm)2=10-28m2
ノベ
ット kn １kn=(1852/3600)m/s
対数量の定義に依存。
ノー ベ ッジ
dBト kn １kn=(1852/3600)m/s
ネデ
パル Np
SI単位との数値的な関係は、ネーベル Ｂ パ Np
SI単位との数値的な関係は、対数量の定義に依存。
デジベ ベル dB ル Ｂ
対数量の定義に依存。

デ

エ
ダ
エポ
ダス

表９．固有の名称をもつCGS組立単位
ジ
ベ
ル dB
名称
記号
SI 単位で表される数値-7

ル
グ erg 1 erg=10 J
表９．固有の名称をもつCGS組立単位
-5
イ
ン 記号
dyn 1 dyn=10
表９．固有の名称をもつCGS組立単位
N
名称
SI 単位で表される数値-2-7
記号P=1 dyn
cm単位で表される数値=0.1Pa s
ルア 名称
グズ ergP 1 1erg=10
J sSI
2 -1
2 -1
トエイー クルンス dyn
Stグ1 1dyn=10
erg
St =1cm
s =10-7-4m
1-5N
erg=10J s-2-54
チア ル イズブ Psbン1 1P=1
sb =1cd
cd ms-2
ポス
ダ
dyn
dyn
scm
cm-2=10=0.1Pa1 dyn=10N-2-4 24 -1 -2
2 -1
sr
スフ ト ポーォ ク アスト Stphズ1 1Stph=1cd
s cm
=10
ms lx
scm =0.1Pa s
P=1cm
1 P=1
dyn10
-2
-2 -2 4 -2
2 ms
-1 -2
Galス1 1sbGal
=1cm
=10cd
スガ チス ル
=10
St=1cdト ーブルクsb
1cm
St s=1cmsm=10-4m2 s-1
2-2
4-8 -2
ｪ
ル
Mx
=10
Wb
1
Mx
=
1G
cm
フマ クスス
ォ ウ
ト
ph
10cm
lx =104cd m-2
チル
ブ1 ph=1cd
sb 1srsb =1cd
-2 -2 -4 -2-2
4
Gト1 1Gal
=10
G
cm
ガガ
=1cm
s-2=10msT
フウ
ォルス Galph=1Mx1 ph=1cdsr
cm 10 lx
3 2-1ｃ）
Oe 1 1Mx
-2
-2
-2
(10cm
/4π)A
mWb
Oe= 1G
マエ ク
ウ ドｪ（ ルMx
ル スステ ッ=10-8

ル Gal 1 Gal =1cm s =10 msガガ-8=1Mx cm-2 =10-4T 2（c）３元系のCGS単位系とSIでは直接比較できないため、等号「マウ ク ス スウ Gｪ ル1 GMx
1 3Mx = 1G-1cm =10 Wb 」
は対応関係を示すものである。
エルス
テ ッ ド （ ｃ ） Oe 1 Oe (10 /4π)A m
-2
-4

ガ

ウ

ス

G

1 G =1Mx cm =10 T（c）３元系のCGS単位系とSIでは直接比較できないため、等号「3-1エ ル ス テ ッ ド （ ｃ ） Oe 1 Oe (10 /4π)A mは対応関係を示すものである。
表10．SIに属さないその他の単位の例」（c）３元系のCGS単位系とSIでは直接比較できないため、等号「名称記号
SI 単位で表される数値は対応関係を示すものである。
キュ
リ表10．SIに属さないその他の単位の例
ー Ci 1 Ci=3.7×1010Bq-4
レ ン名称
ト ゲ ン 記号R
1 R = 2.58×10
C/kg
SI 単位で表される数値-2
10
rad 1 1Ci=3.7×10
表10．SIに属さないその他の単位の例
rad=1cGy=10
キラ ュ
リ
ード Ci
Bq Gy
-2
-4 SI
記号
rem 1 1R
rem=1
cSv=10
レレ ン ト ゲ名称
ンム R= 2.58×10
C/kgSv単位で表される数値

」

10
-2
γー1 1γ=1
キ ン ュ ドマリ rad
Ci nT=10-9T
1 Ci=3.7×10
Bq
ラガ
rad=1cGy=10
Gy-4-2ェ ンル トムミゲ
レR
1cSv=10
R = fm=10-15m
2.58×10C/kg
レフ
rem ン1 1フェルミ=1
rem=1
Sv-2 mg = 2×10-4kg
1メートル系カラット= 200
ラン
rad nT=10-9T
ガメートル系カラット
マ γ ド1γ=1
1 rad=1cGy=10
Gy
-2
1rem
Torr =
325/760)
フト ェ
ミル Torr
fm=10-15m
レ ル
ム1フェルミ=1
1 (101
rem=1
cSv=10Pa
Sv

標 準
1γ
atm =1γ=1
101 325Pa
メートル系カラット= 200 mg = 2×10-4kg
ガ 大 気ン 圧 atm
マ1メートル系カラット
nT=10-9T
1cal=4.1858J（｢15℃｣カロリー），4.1868J
トカ(101 325/760)fm=10-15m
Paフェ
ル Torrcalミ1 Torr = 1フェルミ=1ロ
リ ルー
標 準 メートル系カラット
大 気 圧 atm 1（｢IT｣カロリー）4.184J（｢熱化学｣カロリー）
atm = 1メートル系カラット
101 325 Pa= 200 mg = 2×10-4kg
ミク
ロンµ 1cal=4.1858J（｢15℃｣カロリー），4.1868J
1 µ =1µm=10-6m
ト リ
カロ
ー cal ル Torr 1 Torr = (101 325/760) Pa

標
ミ

ク

カ
ミ

（｢IT｣カロリー）4.184J（｢熱化学｣カロリー）

準 大 気 圧 atm 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
ロンµ
1 µ =1µm=10-6m
1cal=4.1858J（｢15℃｣カロリー），4.1868J
ロ
リ
ー cal
（｢IT｣カロリー）4.184J（｢熱化学｣カロリー）

ク

ロ

ン

µ

1 µ =1µm=10-6m（第8版，2006年改訂）（第8版，2006年改訂）

この印刷物は再生紙を使用しています