ACC28-01

Room:201B

Time:May 25 09:00-09:15

Problem on non-dependent of curl distance to initial angular velocity of stone
TUSIMA, Katsutoshi1∗ ; MORI, Kastunori1
1

University of Toyama

There are two different theory based on anisotropy of friction between left and right or between front and back for curl mechanism. However, more difficult problem is non-dependency of curl distance to angular velocity of stone.
From analysis of stone motion, we thought that transversal movement of stone gives curl distance. Self-rotation gives
anisotropy of friction between left and right, and decline the stone goes to transversal movement. Namely, stone goes to thedeclined direction, gives curl distance. Therefore curl distance is not depend on angular velocity.

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ACC28-02

Room:201B

Time:May 25 09:15-09:30

Atmospheric electric field variation during drifting snow
SUZUKI, Yuko1∗ ; KAMOGAWA, Masashi1 ; MINAMOTO, Yasuhiro2 ; KADOKURA, Akira3 ; SATO, Mitsuteru4
1

Dpt. of Phys., Tokyo Gakugei Univ., 2 Kakioka Magnetic Observatory Japan Meteorological Agency, 3 National Institute ofPolar Research, 4 Department of Cosmoscience, Hokkaido University
Two concentric spherical conducting shells in the earth, i. e., ionosphere and lithosphere, form a global-scale capacitor. The
ionosphere has a large electric potential, roughly 250 kV, to the ground surface. The capacitor is charged by global cloudto-ground lightning and precipitation, while it constantly discharges in the fair weather region through air-earth current. This
constructs a global electrical circuit (GEC). The atmospheric electric field (AEF) is affected by slight air pollution. Therefore it
is ideal to observe AEF in pole area. However, the electrostatic charge of the ground snowstorm becomes the noise source ofthe observation in the pole area. The snow in the South Pole Showa station and the study of the AEF are often conducted fora long time and AEF is known to grow big until order of kV/m when the wind velocity becomes big. Because there is not athundercloud in the Showa station, only ground snowstorm becomes the noise source of the AEF. In this study, we investigate
the relationship between the snowstorm and AEF variation.
Keywords: Drifting snow, Atmospheric electric field, Triboelectrification

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ACC28-03

Room:201B

Time:May 25 09:30-09:45

Cooling by the melting of snowfall on the Toyama Plain during the winter monsoon
YOSHIKANE, Takao1∗ ; MA, Xieyao1
1Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

The peaks of the appearance frequency of the surface air temperature during precipitation are clearly observed near the melting
point of water on the Toyama Plain during the winter monsoon. The peaks could be explained by the hypothesis that the meltingof snowfall is the primary cause of the cooling on the Toyama Plain. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the relation oftemperature between the inland and the coast using observed data in January from 1990 to 2009 and applied a simple estimation
method of the cooling due to the melting of snowfall. The temperature on the Toyama Plain tends to remain around the melting
point when the surface air temperature on the coast is higher than 273.15 K and lower than 277.15 K, which almost corresponds
to the changeover from snowfall to rainfall. The relation is unclear when hardly any precipitation is observed. The simply
estimated cooling by the melting of snowfall using the observed precipitation can also represents the cooling on the Toyama
Plain. Accordingly, the local climatic temperature could be greatly influenced by advection of the air mass cooled by the meltingof snowfall until the air mass reaches the Toyama Plain during the winter monsoon.
Keywords: snowfall, cooling of melting, surface air temperature, winter monsoon

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ACC28-04

Room:201B

Time:May 25 09:45-10:00

Geo-environmental Monitoring on Post-fire alpine slopes of Mount Shirouma-dake, northern Japanese Alps
SASAKI, Akihiko1∗ ; KARIYA, Yoshihiko2 ; SUZUKI, Keisuke3
1

Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, 2 Department of Environmental Geography, Senshu University, 3 Departmentof Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University

This is the continuous study to clarify the geo-environmental changes on the post-fire alpine slopes of Mount Shirouma-dakein the Northern Japanese Alps. The fire occurred at May 9, 2009 on the alpine slopes of Mount Shirouma-dake, and the fire
spread to the Pinus pumila communities and grasslands. Although the grass had a little damage by the fire, the P. pumila received nearly impact of the fire. In the P. pumila communities where the leaf burnt, forest floor is exposed and become easy tobe affected by atmospheric condition such as rain, wind, snow, and etc.
First, we illustrated a map of micro-landforms, based on geomorphological fieldworks. We observed these micro-landforms
repeatedly for fifth years after the fire. As the results of the observation, it is clear that remarkable changes of these microlandforms have not occurred but some litters on the forest-floor in the P. pumila communities are flushed out to surroundings.
The litter layer on the forest-floor in the P. pumila communities were 3-4 cm thick in August of 2011, but it became 0.5 cm thickin September of 2014. The P. pumila communities established on the slopes consists of angular and sub-angular gravel with
openwork texture, which are covered by thin soil layer. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to soil erosion following theoutflow of the litter.
In addition, we observe the ground temperature and soil moisture, under the fired P. pumila communities and the no fired P.
pumila communities after the fire, to find influence of the fire. The ground temperature sensors were installed into at 1 cm, 10cm, and 40 cm depth. The soil moisture sensors were installed into at 1 cm and 10 cm depth. The 1 cm depth of the soil on the
post-fire slopes, diurnal freeze-thaw cycles occurred in October and November of 2011, 2012 and 2013, but it had not occurredin 2009 and 2010. In addition, the period of seasonal frost at 10 cm and 40 cm depth on the post-fire slopes are extended for
two weeks. These thermal condition changes are triggered by decrease in the thickness of the litter layer on the fired P. pumila
communities.

Keywords: Fire, Alpine zone, Pinus pumila, Slope erosion, Ground temperature variation, Shirouma-dake

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ACC28-05

Room:201B

Time:May 25 10:00-10:15

Temporal and spatial variations in pigment compositions of snow algae in Mt. Tateyamain Toyama prefecture, Japan
NAKASHIMA, Tomomi1∗ ; TAKEUCHI, Nozomu1 ; UETAKE, Jun2 ; SEGAWA, Takahiro2 ; WATANABE, Kenichi2 ;ONUMA, Yukihiko1 ; SAKAKI, Ryutaro1
1

Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 2 National Institute of Polar Research

Snow algae are photosynthetic microorganisms inhabiting on alpine and polar snow fields. When they bloom, they can change
color of snow to red or green since they have various pigments in their cells. Variation in snow color may be associated withenvironmental conditions and/or taxa of the algae. However, detailed information is not known. In this study, we analyzed
pigment compositions, microscopic cell morphology and abundance, and 18S rRNA gene of algal snow collected in the melting
season of 2014 on Mt. Tateyama in Toyama prefecture, Japan. We aim to understand the relationship among taxa, life cycles,
and pigments of algae.
Absorption spectrums of extracts from the colored snow showed that there were four absorption maximums in absorption
spectrums. Each absorption maximums may correspond to pigments contained in the algae, including Chlorophyll a , Astaxanthin
and unknown Carotenoid. Absorption spectrums varied among the samples, and that could be classified into 4 types: Type A(with maximums of Chlorophyll a and Astaxanthin), B (with maximums of Chlorophyll a and unknown Carotenoid), C (withmaximums of Chlorophyll a only), and D (without any maximum). Microscopy of the samples revealed that the samples of
A and B types contained snow algae of different color and structure: red sphere cells in Type A, and orange sphere, yellow
sphere, green oblong cells in Type B. Analyses of the 18S rRNA gene identified 15 OTUs of algal gene in the samples. The
samples of Type A and B contained distinctive OTUs of the algae, respectively, suggesting that the difference of algal pigments
between Type A and B is not due to pigment compositions in same algal taxon, but to those of different algal taxa. Analysisof seasonal changes revealed that pigment compositions changed from Type A to Type B at the same location during the study
period, suggesting that algal species composition on the snow surface change with time. The results also showed that the coloredsnow of Type A, B, and C appeared on several locations in Tateyama mountains from June to August. Variations in algal species
and pigment compositions among time and locations may be attributed to life cycles and the dispersal of algae.
Keywords: Tateyama, Snow algae, Chlorophyll a, Astaxanthin, Carotenoid

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ACC28-06

Room:201B

Time:May 25 10:15-10:30

Snowmelt monitoring of alpine zone in Japan by using time-lapse cameras
OGUMA, Hiroyuki1∗ ; IDE, Reiko1 ; YONE, Yasumichi2 ; SUZUKI, Hideo3 ; HAMADA, Takashi41National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2 Shimane University, 3 Aero Asahi Corporation, 4 Nagano Environmental Conservation Research InstituteThe vulnerability of alpine ecosystems to climate change and the necessity to conduct monitoring in the alpine zone have beenrecognized worldwide. The Japanese Alps is characterized by extremely heavy snowfall, and snowmelt is a key factor for thegrowth of alpine vegetation. The Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) at the National Institute for Environmental
Studies has, therefore, launched long-term monitoring of snowmelt and ecosystems in the Japanese alpine zone since 2011 byusing automated digital time-lapse cameras and aerial photographs.
In this study, a new method for monitoring alpine zones by digital cameras was developed in order to detect yearly change ofsnow-cover areas at high temporal and spatial resolutions. We used images from cameras that have been installed at mountainlodges in the northern Japanese Alps (at elevations around 2350-3100 m) and at around Mt. Rishiri in Hokkaido. RGB digital
numbers were derived from each pixel within the images. The snow-cover and snow-free pixels were statistically classified byanalysis of variance of gray-level histograms. In this discriminate analysis method, a flexible threshold was determined for each
image to maximize the between-class variance.
The detected distributions of the snowmelt dates showed site-specific characteristics and yearly variations. Finally, we produced ortho-rectified maps of snowmelt dates over North Alps areas and Mt. Rishiri.

Keywords: RGB digital number, ortho-rectify, discriminate analysis method

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ACC28-07

Room:201B

Time:May 25 10:30-10:45

Numerical simulation of snow avalanches on the west-facing slope of Mt. Iwate, Japan
TAKEUCHI, Yukari1∗ ; NISHIMURA, Koichi2
1

Tohkamachi Experimental Station, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 2 Graduate School of Environmental Studies,
Nagoya University
Large-scale avalanches occurred on the west-facing slope of Mt. Iwate during the winter of 2010-11, which damaged 7 haof subalpine forest in the two paths. Both were likely to be dry-slab avalanches, with starting zones higher than the tree line ataround 1730 m a.s.l., because they seem to have penetrated the forest at high speed according to the investigation (Takeuchi etal., 2014). In this study, avalanche flow was simulated over the terrain of Mt. Iwate using the numerical model TITAN2D, inorder to verify the position of the starting zone of the avalanches and the effect of forests on reducing velocity and stopping theavalanches of Mt. Iwate. Firstly, we simulated where the avalanches have started by changing the position of starting zone in
the model and compared the results with actual positions of the paths and the farthest end of the avalanche. As a result, when
the starting zone was regarded as an ellipse with the major axis of 300 m at around 1950 m a.s.l., the avalanche separated in the
middle of the runout zone and flowed in the two paths as same as the actual avalanche. Although Takeuchi et al. (2014) supposedthat the two avalanche paths are due to two avalanches of which starting zones are different, the model simulations suggested thatthe two avalanche paths can be due to the one avalanche which started from the one wide starting zone. Secondly, the best fit bed
friction angle was examined. In the simulations, forest was distinguished from open area without forest by giving the larger bed
friction angle. The bed friction angle were regarded as 25 - 26 degrees in the forest and 12 - 14 degrees without forest throughtrial and error according to the actual position of the farthest end of avalanche. As a result of the simulation, if the forest had notexisted, the avalanche would have traveled quite farther than the actual end in the forest. The distinct stopping effect of forest
was shown.
Keywords: Mt. Iwate, snow avalanche, subalpine forest, numerical simulation

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ACC28-08

Room:201B

Time:May 25 11:00-11:15

Characteristics of the Yukishiro events and ground factor of slush avalanche on the eastern
slope of Mount Fuji
KOMORI, Jiro1∗
1

Teikyo Heisei University

The ground condition as the mechanical factor and meteorological condition as the trigger of ”Yukishiro (slush avalanche andslushflow in Mt. Fuji)” were well studied by Mr. Hirose in 1940s and subsequent works by researcher of snow/ice and mountainclimber. However, according to case study based on long-term data, boundary of occurrence or non-occurrence of Yukishiro
event, under the right conditions is not clear.
The author carried out field survey in the before and after of the day which were meteorological right condition in the eastern
slope of Mt. Fuji. Following results were obtained,- even if, there is enough snow accumulation, warm temperature and heavy rain with frozen ground (ice filled scoria and ash),non-occurence of Yukishiro is common.
- the occurrence tendency of slushflow from the bottom of small canyon and opened shallow valley is more frequent event
rather than slush avalanche from the slope face.
- ice layer(s) have been widely existed in snow. However it was not observed in February 2014 after heavy snow accumulation.
According above mentioned feature, snow depth and existing the ice layer should be key condition of ”Yukishiro”.
Keywords: slush avalanche, slushflow, snow profile observation, ice layer, case study, disaster prediction

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ACC28-09

Room:201B

Time:May 25 11:15-11:30

Winter speed-up of polythermal surging glacier in West Kunun Shan
YASUDA, Takatoshi1∗ ; FURUYA, Masato1
1

Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University

Glacier surging is a short-lived rapid flow punctuated with a years-decades long quiescent phase in which a glacier stream become stagnant or relatively slower than those of non-surge type glaciers. It is consider that the surging flow is triggered by highbasal water pressure. It reduces overburden ice pressure and the yield stress of basal till, which can be attributed to enhance thebasal slip. Two possible mechanisms are proposed according to velocity development during the surging. The detailed surging
mechanisms, however, remain uncertain because temporal observations of surging flow are still limited.
We examined the spatial-temporal evolution of the surface velocities at the two surging glaciers in West Kunlun Shan, northwestern Tibet, applying the offset-tracking method to both ALOS/PALSAR and TerraSAR-X SAR imageries. West Kunlun Shanis one of the driest and the coldest region around Tibetan Plateau. Accumulation and ablation mainly concentrates during MaySeptember (Zhang et al. 1989). An ice cap is frozen to the bed (Thompson et al., 1995), whereas many glaciers are found to bepolythermal type glaciers (Aniya 2008).
Two surging had already activated by 2007 and still continued by 2014, gradually changing their flow speed. Furthermore,
we detected the surging flow modulated seasonally that the flow speeds increased up to ∼180-200% in late fall to winter againstin spring to early summer. Pressure melting and frictional heating have been proposed to explain the years-long surging flow at
poly-thermal glaciers. But the observed seasonal modulation strongly suggests that the influx of surface meltwater influenced thesurging flow, indicating that the hydrological processes play an important role under the sub-polar environment.
Keywords: glacier surging, SAR, West Kunlun Shan, winter speed-up

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ACC28-10

Room:201B

Time:May 25 11:30-11:45

Seasonal changes of basal water pressure computed from numerical glacier hydrology
model
FURUYA, Masato1∗ ; WERDER, Mauro2 ; ABE, Takahiro1 ; YASUDA, Takatoshi1
1

Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Science, 2 University of Zurich

Seasonal velocity changes at mountain glaciers have been known since 1980s (e.g., Iken and Bindschadler, 1986), and thoseat Greenland Ice sheet were detected in early 2000 (Zwally et al., 2002). While such short-term glacier dynamics have notbeen taken into account in the standard ”long-term” glacier modeling, this is not only due to the limitations of computational
resources but also due to the implicit assumption that the winter velocity is the slowest. Spring/early summer speed-up has
been well-documented and studied from both observational and theoretical sides. Meanwhile, although the wintertime initiationof glacier surge in Alaska has been empirically known, no extensive wintertime velocity measurements have been performed
because of logistics problems. However, Abe and Furuya (2014) detected those signals at the quiescent surge-type glaciers in
Yukon/Canada. Moreover, at the two surging glaciers in the West Kunlun Shan, NW Tibet, Yasuda and Furuya (2015, submitted)
detected seasonal modulation signals in their surface velocity data, indicating ˜200 % increase of surface velocities from fall
to winter. These new glacier velocity observations indicate that the effects of meltwater on glacier dynamics are still poorly
understood. We review the present status of numerical modeling of subglacial hydrology, and argue the future prospects.
Keywords: glacier surface velocity, seasonal change, glacier hydrology, basal water pressure

1/1

ACC28-11

Room:201B

Time:May 25 11:45-12:00

Seasonal and interannual variations of mountain glaciers in Wrangell Mountains, Alaska
ABE, Takahiro1∗ ; FURUYA, Masato1
1

Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido Univ.

Recent satellite data have revealed significant ice mass loss on ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (e.g., Garder et al., 2013).
GRACE data from 2003 to 2010 show the rate of ice loss in Alaskan glaciers is 65 Gt/yr (Arendt et al., 2013). DEM differencing
is also used to estimate the ice thickness change, and Berthier et al. (2010) revealed the changes at the regional scales. Das etal. (2014) estimates the ice thickness changes by DEM differencing and airborne laser altimetry in Wrangell Mountains. Whilethe ice thickness change is -0.07±0.19 m w.e.yr-1 from 1957 to 2000, it increases by up to -0.24±0.16 m w.e.yr-1 from 2000
to 2007. This indicates accelerated mass loss over the Wrangell Mountains during 21st century. However, the glaciers variation
following the interannual ice loss remains unclear. Thus, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations of ice speed andterminus position in mountain glaciers in Wrangell Mountains by satellite imageries.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have revealed ice velocity fields of ice sheets and mountain glaciers with high resolution(e.g., Rignot et al., 2011; Yasuda and Furuya, 2013). Near the border of Alaska and Yukon (surrounding the St. Elias Mountains),
the ice speed distributions have been clarified (Burgess et al., 2013) and their spatial and temporal changes (Abe and Furuya,2014). We found significant upstream accelerations at many surge-type glaciers from fall to winter, regardless of surging episodes.
Given the absence of upstream surface meltwater input in winter combined with an earlier observation of vertical surface motions(Lingle and Fatland, 2003), we support the hypothesis of englacial water storages that promote basal sliding through increased
water pressure as winter approaches.
We expanded the analysis area to Wrangell Mountain in order to examine (1) seasonal speed change, (2) interannual variation(3) whether the winter speed-up is universal or not. The temporal coverage of ALOS/PALSAR is only for 5 years (from 2006 to2011). This is too short to examine the interannual changes. Thus, we use Landsat optical imageries (1999-2014) to examine theterminus position in addition to SAR intensity images. In terms of interannual change in ice speed, we compare the result shownin Lie et al. (2008). They showed the ice speed of Nabesna Glacier, which is the largest land-terminating glacier in Alaska, byapplying InSAR analysis to 5-tandem pairs of ERS 1-2 SAR data acquired from 1994 to 1996.
Our results show the clearly seasonal speed-up is shown at Nabesna glacier, but there seems to be no interannual change
between 1995 and 2010. Besides, the proglacial lakes have been extending between 1999 and 2014. At Copper Glacier, we found
upstream accelerations from fall to winter at every year. The winter speed-up can be found in the confluences of the tributaries
and valley constrictions, where it is likely to form overdeepened bed topography (MacGregor et al., 2000; Hooke, 2005). As
comparing with Turrin and Foster (2014), we discuss the relation between overdeepenings and englacial water storage, and its
link to surface speeds.

Keywords: Alaskan Glaciers, SAR, Winter speed-up, Overdeepenings, Englacial water storage

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ACC28-12

Room:201B

Time:May 25 12:00-12:15

Calibration and evaluation of glacier surface elevation change in accumulation area using
ICESat laser altimeter
NUIMURA, Takayuki1∗ ; FUJITA, Koji2 ; SAKAI, Akiko2
1

Chiba Institute of Science, 2 Nagoya University

In general, remote sensing derived digital elevation model (DEM) accompany bias and/or error, specific measurement method(photogrammetry, radar and laser). For example, photogrammetry derived DEM could contain large error in low contrasted
accumulation area. Therefore, cross validation using other measurement method is necessary to evaluate photogrammetry derived
DEM in accumulation area. We evaluated bias and error of grid DEM (2000–2012) using ICESat laser derived point DEM (2003–
2008).
At first, glacier surface elevation change between 2000 and 2012 has been calculated by grid DEM using linear regression(Nuimura et al. 2011). Meanwhile, ICESat laser measurement has been carried out 30 times between 2003 and 2008 in thisregion (ZICESat ). Hence, we extracted surface elevation of each date from linear regression from grid DEM (Zeval ). And thosedifference has been evaluated altitudinally for on/off-glacier.
Altitudinal distribution of the difference is near from zero line off glacier. On the other hand, Zeval shows over estimation ofaltitude upper than 5300 m a.s.l. on glacier.

Keywords: glacier, DEM, ICESat, Himalaya

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ACC28-13

Room:201B

Time:May 25 14:15-14:30

Densification of layered firn of the ice sheet at Dome Fuji, Antarctica
FUJITA, Shuji1∗ ; GOTO-AZUMA, Kumiko1 ; HIRABAYASHI, Motohiro1 ; HORI, Akira2 ; IIZUKA, Yoshinori3 ;MOTIZUKI, Yuko4 ; MOTOYAMA, Hideaki1 ; TAKAHASHI, Kazuya4
1

National Institute of Polar Research, 2 Kitami Institute of Technology, 3 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, 4 RIKEN Nishina Center

In order to better understand the densification of polar firn, firn cores from three sites within approximately 10 km of DomeFuji, Antarctica, were investigated, using surrogates of density: dielectric permittivities εv and εh at microwave frequencies withelectrical fields in the vertical and the horizontal planes, respectively. Dielectric anisotropy ∆ε (= εv - εh ) was then examined asa surrogate of the anisotropic geometry of firn. Firn was found to become denser as a result of complex effects of two phenomenathat commonly occur at the three sites. Basically, firn with initially smaller density and smaller geometrical anisotropy deforms
preferentially throughout the densification process due to textural effects. Second, layers having a higher concentration of Cl−
ions deform preferentially at depths from the surface to ˜30 m. We argue that Cl− ions dissociated from sea salts softened firn
due to modulation of dislocation movement, but that the layered deformation ceases when Cl− is smoothed out by diffusion.
Moreover, firn differs markedly between the three sites in terms of strength of geometrical anisotropy, mean rate of densification,and density fluctuation. We suggest that these differences are caused by textural effects resulting from differences in depositional
conditions within various spatial scales.
Keywords: Firn, Antarctica, ice sheet, Antarctic glaciology, glacial rheology

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ACC28-14

Room:201B

Time:May 25 14:30-14:45

Spatial and temporal variability of surface snow chemistry and snow deposited condition
at East Antarctic ice sheet
MOTOYAMA, Hideaki1∗ ; SUZUKI, Kazue2 ; HIRABAYASHI, Motohiro1
1

National Institute of Polar Research, 2 Institute of Statistical Mathematics

Snow stakes along the traverse routes have been observed for long term monitoring program ’the variation of ice sheet surface
mass balance’ from the 1960’s by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in Shirase glacier drainage basin, East Antarctica.
During the traverse route between coastal S16 point (69 02’S, 40 03’E, 580m a.s.l.) to inland Dome Fuji (77 22’S, 39 42’E,
3,810m a.s.l.), the snow stake observations every 2 km have been carried out from 1993. Yearly net snow accumulations from
S16 to Dome Fuji were calculated.
Surface snow samplings were conducted every 10km along the traverse route. Generally, the snow surface features are classified into three regions.
(1) coastal region: smooth surface, high snow accumulation(2) katabatic slope region: rough sastrugi surface and smooth glazed surface(3) high plateau region: smooth surface, little snow accumulation
We will show the spatial and temporal variability of surface snow accumulation and snow chemistry at East Antarctic ice sheet.
The chemistry of surface snow changes from the coast to inland. Furthermore, the chemical properties of snow are different
for each surface at the same area. We can classify the surface snow with fresh drifting snow, deposited drift snow, soft and hardsurface snow, sastrugi, surface hoar and so on. The value of each isotope ration and ion concentration greatly varied. Sometimes,
snow might deposit thick equally. But the deposited snow was redistributed by the wind. When the snowstorm occurred, theblowing snow started to deposit in a certain opportunity. As for it, the area was not the uniform. It is necessary to discuss
inhomogeneity of the depositional condition quantitatively.

Keywords: Antarctic ice sheet, depositional condition, surface snow, snow chemistry1/1

ACC28-15

Room:201B

Time:May 25 14:45-15:00

A simple anisotropic flow law for polar ice based on anisotropic, scalar flow enhancement
GREVE, Ralf1∗ ; TREVERROW, Adam2 ; WARNER, Roland2
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 2 Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
The flow of polycrystalline polar ice is often described by Glen’s flow law, in which ice is assumed to be an isotropic, nonlinearly viscous fluid. This goes along with the assumption that the ice crystallites (grains) in the polycrystalline aggregate are
essentially randomly oriented. However, observations show that, especially in the deeper parts of an ice sheet or glacier, different patterns of preferred c-axis orientations and anisotropic flow properties develop, which vary according to the flow regime.
Adopting some concepts proposed by Budd et al. (J. Glaciol. 59, 374-392, 2013), we will describe a newly developed, simple
anisotropic flow law based on an anisotropic, scalar flow enhancement factor. The scalar character is similar to the flow law of
the CAFFE model by Placidi et al. (Cont. Mech. Thermodyn. 22, 221-237, 2010). However, while the CAFFE model contains
an evolution equation for the anisotropic fabric, here we assume that on a large scale the fabric (microstructure) evolves at a rate
to remain compatible with the deformation regime. This makes ice deformability a function of the current deformation regime,
eliminating the requirement for a fabric evolution scheme. The parameters of the anisotropic flow law are based on laboratory
ice deformation experiments conducted in a range of combined stress configurations incorporating compression and simple shear(Treverrow et al., J. Glaciol. 58, 301-314, 2012). These results show that ice is softer under simple shear than under compression. We have implemented the new flow law in the three-dimensional ice sheet model SICOPOLIS (www.sicopolis.net), and wewill discuss some simulation results for a simple geometry (EISMINT; Payne et al., J. Glaciol. 46, 227-238, 2000) and for the
Antarctic ice sheet.
Keywords: Anisotropy, Flow law, Polar ice, Antarctic ice sheet, Modelling

1/1

ACC28-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

Development of a simple snow load gauge using plastic bottles
IMANISHI, Yuichi1∗ ; OI, Takuma2
1

ERI, The University of Tokyo, 2 Toho Mercantile CO., LTD.

Gravity observations with a superconducting gravimeter is performed at the underground site of the Kamioka Observatory,
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo. Since this station is located in an area where there is heavy
snowfall in winter, the observation is subject to a significant effect of snow load. We developed a simple snow load gauge using
plastic bottles with the aim of such hydrologic corrections. It is based on the principle of a snow pillow, which detects waterequivalent of snowpack in terms of pressure changes of the anti-freeze coolant inside the sensing unit, and is much smaller andcheaper than the existing products thanks to the usage of plastic bottles. A laboratory test of artificially loading the instruments
has revealed an almost linear relation between the load and the liquid pressure inside the bottles. The instrument was installed at
the top of Mt. Ikenoyama, above the Kamioka underground site, in order to observe in situ snow load. Resultant time series ofpressure changes turned out to be very similar to the observed gravity changes, suggesting that our instrument produced highlyplausible recordings of snow load. We plan to make this observation at multiple sites in the mountain in order to measure 2-D
distribution of snow load.
Keywords: snow load gauge, superconducting gravimeter, plastic bottle

1/1

ACC28-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

Dependence of the size distribution of BC in snow on thawing temperature
KINASE, Takeshi1∗ ; KITA, Kazuyuki2 ; KONDO, Yutaka3 ; OHATA, Syo3 ; MOTEKI, Nobuhiro3 ;AZUMA, Kumiko4 ; OGAWA, Yoshimi4 ; SHIOBARA, Masataka4 ; MOTOYAMA, Hideaki4 ; HAYASHI, Masahiko5 ;HARA, Keiichiro5
1

Graduate school of science and engineering of Ibaraki Univ., 2 Collage of science, Ibaraki Univ., 3 Scool of science the universityof Tokyo, 4 National Institute of Polar Reserch, 5 Fukuoka Univ.
Black Carbon aerosols(BC), mainly consists of soot or soot like matter generated by the combustion of fossil fuel or biomass,
absorb the solar radiation to heat the atmosphere. Moreover, BC deposited on snow decrease the snow albedo and contribute to
the warming in the higher latitudes. Therefore, BC have the significant influence on the climate but quantitative estimation of it
has a large uncertainty, For example, IPCC(2013) estimated the radiative forcing by BC on snow to 0.04(0.02-0.09)(W/m2 ), but
in Flanner et al.(2007) estimated to 0.049(0.007-0.12)(W/m2 ). The snow albedo is estimated by a radiative transfer model in thesnow layers considering snow grain size and impurities such as BC. The size distribution of BC particles in snow is significant
to estimate BC influence on the snow albedo.
We are measuring the size distribution of BC mass concentration in snow with the incandensence method (MacConel et al.
2007). Before the measurement, snow samples are melted and are aerosolized by a nebulizer. In these procedures, there are somefactors to reduce the accuracy or precision. One of them is the influence of the thawing temperature of snow samples on the size
distribution of BC in the thawing snow. Many researchers (e.g. Brandt et al., 2011) heated to thaw out snow faster. However,
Schwarz et al.(2012) suggested that the size distribution of BC in the thawed snow could be varied with the thawing temperaturesignificantly. In this paper, we present the experiment to examine the thawing temperature influence on the measurement of BC
in snow by the incandensence method and the results.
We adopted two snow samples obtained at Hakusan and Shirouma in 2013 for this experiment. The snow samples are well
uniformed with a mixer and are divided into 9 bottles, respectively. 3 bottle samples were melted at 70 ℃,20 ℃ and 5 ℃,
respectively, using a water bass. Then, we measured the size distribution of BC mass concentration in the melted snow in eachbottle with the SP2 instrument.
The mass concentration of BC in the lower thawing temperature samples was higher than those in the higher temperaturesamples. Their ratio between samples melted at 5 ℃ and 70 ℃ was 40.8% for the Hakusan snow case, and 11% for Shirouma snowcase. Smaller size of BC was more sensitive to the thawing temperature. These result showed that the thawing temperature has asignificant influence on the mass concentration and size distribution of BC in thawing snow, and that lower thawing temperature
is better for the measurement of size distribution of BC mass concentration in snow. Because not only the temperature but also
thawing/preserve time may affect the size distribution of BC in the thawing snow BC, we are planning of next experiment toexamine the time influence.
Keywords: snow, BC, size distribution, SP2, thawing temperature

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ACC28-P03

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

Surface albedo over snow-covered boreal forests, Alaska
SUGIURA, Konosuke1∗ ; KITAHARA, Yujiro2 ; NAGAI, Shin3 ; SUZUKI, Rikie3
1

Univ. of Toyama/JAMSTEC, 2 Univ. of Toyama, 3 JAMSTEC

Previous research has demonstrated the high variations of the surface albedo in winter/spring in snow-covered regions invarious global climate models. In this study, we focus on the surface albedo over snow-covered forests which is suggested
probably too high in various global climate models. This study was carried out to verify the occurrence frequency of ice accretionand snow accretion in the boreal forest regions. Using the interval camera installed on the observation tower of 16 m in height at
the site located to the north of Fairbanks, Alaska, ice accretion and snow accretion in black spruce forest regions were measured.
Based on the results, the surface albedo variation of snow-covered forests and differences in the snow albedo parameterization
are discussed to contribute to a better understanding of the role of snow in the climate system.
Keywords: ice accretion, snow accretion, albedo, boreal forest

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ACC28-P04

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

Long-traveling conditions for the rock-on-snow avalanche: insights from the field andlaboratory evidences
YAMASAKI, Shintaro1∗ ; KAWAGUCHI, Takayuki1 ; NAKAMURA, Dai1 ; YAMASHITA, Satoshi1
1Kitami Institute of Technology

On March 12, 2011, a large earthquake induced rock avalanches in Nagano and Niigata prefecture Japan. These rockavalanches travelled long, about 1 km to 1.5 km sliding on snow with apparent friction angle of 6? to 17.1?. It looks uncommon phenomena. Because rock avalanches often stop on snow covering steep slope. We hypothesized that the nature ofsnow dominate the mobility of the rock-on-snow avalanche, and flew rocks on snow 3.5-m-long slope varying snow hardness,and then we flew a rock and earth of 6 ton on 28-m long snow covering slope. Snow is low friction material but its aggregatesis effective cushion by self-deformation, so travelling on normal autochthonous snow cover and mixing snow into the fallingmaterial do not contribute such long travelling. However, hardened and consolidated snow provide it because of ice-like low
friction and impermeability. The consolidated snow is formed at the contact surface on snow cover by impulsive compressing.
Hence, when a falling material plunge into lower thick snow cover, consolidated snow is formed. Then, falling material slideon it by pushing following flow. When the forming consolidated snow basement, water and air are expelled from snow to upper
falling material, and they probably reduce friction. As the consolidated snow is impermeable, frictional heat and heart transferring produced snowmelt are kept on the consolidated snow, and it reduce further friction. With downsizing of falling material,
the resistivity against forehand snow cover decreases, and it leads to stopping. In addition, with lessening pressure of the fallingmaterial to underlying snow cover, forming impermeable consolidated snow stops, and water pressure disappear, and it leads
to stopping. Wet and granular snow is likely to be consolidated. Thus these snow covered area and/or season are preferable
condition of the long travelling rock-on-snow avalanches.
Keywords: snow cover, rock-on-snow avalanche, snow avalanche, rockfall, earthquake

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ACC28-P05

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

The research expedition of the glacier and mountain permafrost in the Bhutan Himalayas
in 2014FUKUI, Kotaro1∗ ; FUJITA, Koji2 ; TSHERING, Phuntsho2
1

Tateyama Caldera Sabo Museum, 2 Nagoya University

The glacier and mountain permafrost research expedition was carried out in September and October of 2014 in the central partof the Bhutan Himalayas. The aims of this expedition were 1) to make a rock glaciers inventory and identify the lower limit ofmountain permafrost in the Bhutan Himalayas, and 2) to measure the ice thickness of the Gangjula glacier based on the ground
penetrating radar (GPR) soundings.
We identified total 81 rock glaciers. Active rock glaciers appeared above 4600 m. We estimated that mean annual air temperature at the terminus of the active rock glaciers are less than -0.8oC based on ERA-Interim data from 1979 to 2013. These indicatethat the lower limit of mountain permafrost in Bhutan Himalayas is 4600 m. This lower limit of mountain permafrost is slightly
lower than that in Khumbu Himal (5000-5300 m) and that in Kanchenjunga Himal (4800 m).
The Gangjula glacier is a small saddle glacier. Length=1.1 km, width=0.3 km, surface area=0.31km2 , elevation=4900-5200
m and the ELA=glacier top. We used GSSI SIR3000 + 100MHz antenna and got 6 cross and 1 longitudinal GPR profiles. The
results of GPR soundings indicated that the maximum thickness of the Gangjula glacier was 76 m.

Keywords: Bhutan, Himalaya, glacier, rock glacier, permafrost, ground penetrating radar

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ACC28-P06

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 25 18:15-19:30

Seasonal variations in the thermal structures of proglacial lakes in the Southern Patagonia
Icefield
MINOWA, Masahiro1∗ ; SUGIYAMA, Shin1 ; SAKAKIBARA, Daiki1 ; SKVARCA, Pedro2
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, 2 Museo del Hielo Patagonic

Patagonia Icefields are loosing ice mass at one of the greatest rates in the world. The icefields are characterized by a numberof outlet glaciers calving into lakes and the ocean. Many of these calving glaciers are retreating, but rates of the retreats are
significantly different in each glacier. For example, Glaciar Upsala retreated by 2.9 km over the period of 2008 ̶ 2011. Mass
loss from the glacier accounts for about 15% of the total mass loss from the Southern Patagonia Icefield in 2000 ̶ 2012. On theother hand, Glaciar Perito Moreno has shown no significant change in the terminus position over the past century. Recent studies
in Greenland and Alaska suggest the importance of melting of calving face below the sea surface for recent mass loss of calving
glaciers. Despite the increasing numbers of data from fjord of tidewater glaciers, little is known even in the thermal structure inlake, seasonal variation and how various water masses mix. To investigate the thermal structure of proglacial lake, we measured
temperature and turbidity of lake water in front of calving glaciers in the Southern Patagonia Icefield. Lake measurements
were carried out at Glaciar Upsala, which overs an area of 840 km2 and flows into a ∼600 m deep lake, and Glaciar Perito
Moreno, which overs an area of 259 km2 and flows into a shallower lake (∼200 m deep). We repeated measurements in summer(December, 2013) and spring (October, 2014) to investigate seasonal variations in the lake water properties.
Our results in spring showed relatively uniform water temperature and turbidity from the lake surface to the bottom, whereas
temperature and turbidity showed steeper vertical gradients in summer. These results are consistent in the two lakes. In summer,
water temperature in front of Glacier Upsala (2 ̶ 4o C) was colder than in spring, because of large amounts of subglacial
discharge from the glacier. Turbid and cold water (<1o C) was found at the deepest part of the lake (>500 m below the lake
surface), which is a strong indication of subglacial meltwater discharge. Contrasting to Glaciar Upsala, cold deep water was
missing in the lake of Glaciar Perito Moreno both in summer and spring. In summer, water temperature (6o C) was warmer thanin spring by ∼3o C within whole lake, and in particular, warm water layer (∼8o C) observed at the lake surface (<5 m below thelake surface).
These data indicate different thermal structures in front of the two freshwater calving glaciers in Patagonia. The structure is
probably dependent on the bathymetry and subglacial discharge. Warmer lake is formed by relatively small amount of subglacial
discharge and shallow lake, which should play crucial roles in the melting of calving face below the lake surface.
Keywords: calving glacier, proglacial lake, subaqueous melt, Patagonia

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