Light Source in 2003
Masahiro KATOHUVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science
1. Construction and Commissioning of UVSOR-II
The original UVSOR (UVSOR-I) had been operated for about 20 years as a national VUV light source in Japan.
About 20 beam-lines, including a few infrared ones, were utilized for performing various kinds of experiments in
the research field for molecular science. After the 20 years, the accelerator components had become less reliable.
With the relatively large emittance (160 nm-rad) and only two undulators, it seemed difficult for the facility tosurvive in the next decade as a national light source, and thus, became our proposal for an upgrade plan in 2000
[1]. The magnetic lattice of the storage ring would be modified to have small emittance of 27 nm-rad. The ring
would have eight straight sections, six of which would be available for insertion devices. The circumference
would be kept same, and modification of the existing beam-lines would be unnecessary. The super-conducting
wiggler and one of two undulators, both old and partly malfunctioned, would be replaced with two short period
undulators of in-vacuum type. New beam-lines would be constructed for these undulators. Some components of
the injector would be replaced.
The configuration of the upgraded storage ring, UVSOR-II, is illustrated in Figure 1. The quadrupole triplets
between the bending magnets are replaced with two quadrupole doublets and a short straight section 1.5 m long.
To save space, sextupole magnets are integrated in the quadrupole magnets. The doublets on the both sides of thelonger straight sections are also replaced. As a result, the lengths of the sections are increased from 3 m to 4 m.
The optical functions of UVSOR-I and II are compared in Figure 2. The horizontal betatron function and thedispersion function of UVSOR-II have their minima in the bending magnets, and thus a small emittance of 27
nm-rad is realized. The vertical betatron function is small at all the straight sections, which enables insertion
devices with narrow pole gaps to be installed. The lattice has a large dynamic aperture in a wide range of thebetatron tunes. The parameters of UVSOR-II are summarized in Table 1.
 Fortunately, in the fiscal year 2002, the project was funded and all the necessary accelerator components
were constructed, such as 32 multi-pole magnets, 16 vertical steering magnets, their power supplies, their girders,
their beam ducts, vacuum pumps, an in-vacuum undulator, an electron gun, a klystron pulse modulator and so on.
The control systems for the magnets and the undulator were also constructed.
In the end of March 2003, the operation of UVSOR-I was terminated and the reconstruction work was begun.
After the old components were removed, the new magnets and their girders were installed. Then, the beam ducts
and the vacuum pumps were installed. The magnet power supplies, the new undulator and the new components
for the injector were also installed in parallel. All the installations were completed at the end of June. All thevacuum components of the storage ring were baked in the first week of July.

5

FIGURE 1. Configuration of UVSOR-II Storage Ring. Three undulators indicated by solid circles are in
operation. Three short straight sections indicated by dashed circles are reserved for future insertion devices.
UVSOR-II low- H low- E non-achrom atic optics ( H =27.4nm -rad): One quadrant of the ring

UVSOR optics ( H =160nm -rad), 1997-2003: One quadrant

y

10* K

15

x

E

x
y

10* K

15

x

10

x,y

10

E

E

E

20
x

x

E

, 10* K [m]

E

x,y

x

, 10* K [m]

20

x0

25

x0

25

5

0

0

2

4

6

8

10

5

0

12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

s [m]

s [m]

FIGURE 2. Electron Beam Optics of UVSOR-I (left) and II (right). One quadrant of the ring is shown.

TABLE 1.

Parameters of UVSOR-I and II
UVSOR-IUVSOR-IIElectron Energy

750 MeV

750 MeV

Circumference

53.2 m53.2 mNumber of Super-periods

44Straight Sections

3mx4

4 m x 4, 1.5 m x 4

Emittance

165 nm-rad

27.4 nm-rad

Energy Spread

4.2x10-4

4.2x10-4

Betatron Tunes (Qx, Qy)(3.16, 1.44)(3.75, 3.20)

Natural Chromaticity ([x, [y)(-3.4, -2.5)(-8.1, -7.3)

Momentum Compaction Factor

0.026

0.028

XY Coupling (presumed)

10%

10%

6

FIGURE 3. UVSOR just after removing old accelerator components

FIGURE 4. New multi-pole magnets and their

FIGURE 5. Installation of the beam duct for thegirders just after the installation

bending magnet B07

FIGURE 6. Installation of the beam duct for the

FIGURE

multi-pole magnets

components

7

7.

Alignmentoftheaccelerator

FIGURE 8. New In-vacuum undulator beingtransported in the storage ring room

FIGURE 10. New control system for the magnets

FIGURE 9. A part of the storage ring (between
B02

and

B04)

just

after

finishingtheinstallation. New in-vacuum undulator between
B02 and B03, and a short free space reserved

FIGURE 11. New controllers and power supplies

for future undulator can be seen.

for vacuum pumps and gauges

8

FIGURE 12. New magnet power supplies

FIGURE 13. Installation of the new electron gun for
the injection linac

FIGURE 14. UVSOR-II just after finishing the installation

We started the commissioning of the injector during the first week of July. Within two days, we were able toaccelerate the electron beam up to 600 MeV, the normal injection energy into the storage ring. The injection
efficiency into the booster-synchrotron from the linac was much improved. The beam intensity at the exit of thesynchrotron was larger by a factor of 2 than before the upgrade.
In the second week of July, we started to inject the beam into the storage ring. We started the commissioning
using the same betatron tunes and nearly the same optical functions as we had prior to the upgrade. On 14th July,
we succeeded in storing the beam in the storage ring. One week later, the maximum beam current reached 500
mA. On 30th July, we succeeded in operating the ring in the low emittance mode of 27 nm-rad. There was no
difficulty in injection and storage. Preliminary measurements on the optical functions and the beam sizes
suggested that the design goal of 27 nm-rad was likely achieved. The beam profile in the low emittance mode
(27nm-rad) and the high emittance mode (190nm-rad) are compared in Fig. 15. More precise measurement isunder preparation.

9

FIGURE 15. Beam Profile observed at the bending B03 in the high emittance (190nm-rad)mode (left) and the low emittance (27nm-rad) mode (right).

In August, the machine tuning and the vacuum conditioning were continued in parallel with the conditioning of
the beam-lines. Since almost two thirds of the beam ducts in the storage ring were replaced, the pressure rise dueto the irradiation of synchrotron radiation was very large. However, as the integrated beam current increased, thebeam lifetime recovered as shown in Figure 16.
104Lifetime * Current [mA*hr]

030714 - 030815

FIGURE 16. Recovery of the beam lifetime during the1000

first one month. The lifetime multiplied by the beam
current is illustrated versus time-integrated beam

100

current. The normal lifetime of UVSOR-I was about
1000-1500 mA

10

1

10

100

1000

10

4

10

5

Integrated Current [mA*hr]

2. Operation of UVSOR-II
After the conditionings of the machine and the beam-lines in July and August, the operation for the users was
re-started in the first week of September. A moderately small emittance of 60 nm-rad was chosen for the initialstage of the users operation as considering the short Touschek lifetime. After the RF cavity is reinforced, users
operation with the smaller emittance of 27 nm-rad will be started.
From the first week of September to the last week of March, 2004, the machine has been operated for users.
The operation was stopped only for two weeks around the New Years Day. Normally, from Tuesday to Friday,
the machine is operated for users. The injection is twice a day, at 9:00 and 15:00. The initial beam current ofeach run is 350 mA in multi-bunch condition and about 100 mA in single bunch condition. There was no serious
trouble on the machine in the first 7 month operation of UVSOR-II. The monthly statistics of the operation time
and the integrated beam current are shown in Figures 17 and 18.

10

4

4

mar04

feb04

jan04

0

dec03

1 10

jul03

feb04

jan04

dec03

nov03

oct03

sep03

aug03

jul03

0

4

2 10

nov03

100

4

3 10

oct03

200

4

4 10

sep03

300

aug03

Integrated Beam Current (mA hr)

5 10

mar04

Operation Time (hr)400

FIGURE 17. Monthly statistics of the operation

FIGURE 18. Monthly statistics of the integrated

time

beam current

3. Improvements
Second In-vacuum Undulator for BL3U
In parallel with the reconstruction of the storage ring, an in-vacuum undulator was installed at a straight section
between the bending magnet B02 and B03, as shown in Figure 19. This undulator provides intense VUVradiation to the BL3U, which was also newly constructed during the reconstruction of the ring. The main
parameters of the undulator are shown in the Table 2. The period length is 38 mm and the number of the periods
is 50.
The minimum pole gap is 15 mm for the beam optics shown in Figure 2. The minimum gap is a very importantparameter which limited the tunability. We made a measurement on the pole gap and the beam lifetime and got
an unexpected result. A reduction of the beam lifetime was observed for the pole gap smaller than 20 mm, which
was larger than expected. We made various measurements and were convinced that the undulator had someproblem. Later, in April 2004, we opened the vacuum chamber and found that a small bolt of a few mm was on
the lower pole that came out of the upper pole. After removing the bolt, we could confirm that the pole gap of 15
mm did not affect the lifetime.

TABLE 2. Parameters of Undulator for BL3U

FIGURE 19. In-vacuum undulator for BL3U

11

Type

in-vacuum

Polarity

linearNumber of Periods

50

Period Length

38 mmPole Length

1.9 m

Max. K Parameter

2.0

New Optical Station for Beam Diagnostics
At the bending magnet B03 and B07, there are SR ports for beam diagnostics. New optical station wasconstructed near B03, inside of the ring. Visible light from B03 is introduced to the station. The beam profile canbe monitored by a CCD camera. The beam sizes can be measured precisely by an interferometer. Purity of the
RF bucket can be monitored by a PM tube.

4. Researches and Developments
Free Electron Laser
The smaller emittance of UVSOR-II has a great advantage on the free electron laser, especially to oscillate in
the shorter wave length region [2]. In November, we re-started the FEL experiment with the re-alignment of the
optical cavity. In December 1st, we could oscillate in the visible region. A preliminarily measurement on the FEL
gain indicated an increase of the gain due to the smaller emittance.

Design of the new RF cavity
In the fiscal year 2004, the new RF cavity will be constructed. As the result of the design study, main
parameters of the new cavity was decided to be as shown in Table 3. With the present RF power source whose
maximum output power is 20 kW, the new cavity will produce 150 kV accelerating voltage for the beam currentof 500 mA. This will greatly improve the Touschek lifetime as shown in Figure 20. The new cavity will be
installed in the ring in April 2005.

TABLE 3. Basic specification of present/planned
RF cavity.
Present Cavity

Planned Cavity

90.1 MHz90.1 MHz

Cavity voltage

55 kV

150 kV

Shunt impedance

0.5 M:

2.2 M:

Material

SUS + Cu

Cu (OFHC)

Cells

Re-entrant×1

Re-entrant×1

Coupler

Air-cooled

Water-cooled

Tuner

Plunger×1

Plunger×2

Frequency

FIGURE 20. Change in Touschek lifetime on thecaviti voltage. Green and red lines correspond to thepresent and planned cavity voltage, respectively.

[1] M. Katoh et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468 (2001), 68-71[2] M. Hosaka et al., presented at the 2003 FEL Conference (Tsukuba, 2003)

12

UVSOR Accelerator Complex 2003
Parameters of UVSOR-II Storage Ring (Upgraded UVSOR)
Energy750 MeV

Injection Energy

600 MeV

Maximum Stored Current

500 mA (multi bunch)
100 mA (single bunch)

Natural Emittance

27.4 nm-rad

Circumference

53.2 mRF Frequency

90.1 MHz

Harmonic Number

16

Bending Radius

2.2 m

Lattice

Extended DBA × 4

Straight Section(4m × 4) + (1.5m × 4)

RF Voltage

55 kV

Betatron Tune
Horizontal
Vertical

3.75
3.20

Momentum Compaction

0.028

Natural Chromaticity
Horizontal
Vertical

-8.1
-7.3

Energy Spread

4.2 × 10-4

Natural Bunch Length

160 psParameters of Injector
Injection Linear Accelerator
Energy15 MeV

Length2.5 m

Frequency

2856 MHz

Accelerating RF Field

2S/3 Traveling Wave

Klystron Power

1.8 MW

Energy Spread~ 1.6 MeV

Repetition Rate

2.6 Hz13

Booster Synchrotron
Energy600 MeV

Injection Energy

15 MeV

Beam Current

32 mA (uniform filling)

Circumference

26.6 mRF Frequency

90.1 MHz

Harmonic Number

8

Bending Radius

1.8 m

Lattice

FODO × 8

Betatron Tune
Horizontal
Vertical

2.25
1.25

Momentum Compaction

0.138

Repetition Rate

2.6 HzFig. 1 Accelerator complex in the UVSOR facility.

14

Electron Beam Optics of UVSOR-II Storage Ring

Fig. 2. (Left)Horizontal/vertical betatron functions and dispersion function, and (right) horizontal/verticalelectron beam sizes and beam divergences of the UVSOR-II electron storage ring.

Synchrotron Radiation Spectra & Light Source Parameters
Bending Magnets
Bending Radius

2.2 m

Critical Energy

425 eV

BL3U In-vacuum Undulator

Fig. 3. Brilliances of light sources in UVSOR-II
electron storage ring.

Number of Periods

50

Period Length

38mm

Pole Length

1.9 m

Pole Gap

15~40mmDeflection Parameter2.0~0.24

BL5U Helical Undulator / Optical Klystron

BL7U In-vacuum Undulator

Number of Periods

21 / 9+9(Opt. Kly.)

Number of Periods

26

Period Length

110mm

Period Length

36mm

Pole Length

23.5mmPole Length

0.94m

Pole Gap

30~150mm

Pole Gap

15~40mmDeflection Parameter4.6~0.07(Helical)

Deflection Parameter2.0~0.19

8.5~0.15(Linear)

15

Beamlines in 2003
Eiji SHIGEMASAUVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science
Eight bending magnets and three insertion devices are available for utilizing Synchrotron Radiation at
UVSOR. There is a total of sixteen operational beamlines, which are classified into two categories. Eight ofthem are so-called "Open beamlines", which are open to scientists of universities and research institutes
belonging to the government, public organizations, private enterprises and those of foreign countries. The restof the eight beamlines are so-called "In-house beamlines", and are dedicated to the use of research groups within
IMS.

We have one soft X-rays station equipped with a double-crystal monochromator, seven extreme

ultraviolet and soft X-rays stations with a grazing incidence monochromator, three vacuum ultraviolet stations
with a normal incidence monochromator, one infrared (IR) station equipped with Fourier-Transform
interferometers, one station with a multi-layer monochromator, and three non-monochromatized stations forirradiation of white-light, as shown in the appended table for all available beamlines at UVSOR.
Discussion with users, concerning the improvements and upgrades of the beamlines at UVSOR, has been
continuously held as series of UVSOR workshops.

Recently, discussion for the reconstruction andrearrangement of several old beamlines has been initiated, on the basis of the review and evaluation report on thepresent status of UVSOR in 2000. The upgrade project of the UVSOR storage ring, in which the creation offour new straight sections and the achievement of much smaller emittance (27 nm-rad) were planned, has been
approved in the fiscal year of 2002.

Keeping pace with this project, a new in-vacuum undulator andmonochromator for BL3 and a new high-resolution photoelectron energy analyzer for the end station at BL5U
have successfully been installed.

Correspondingly, in order to achieve effective utilizations of the straightsections, the operations of two old beamlines, BL2A and BL2B1, have been terminated and all the beamline
components and end stations of these beamlines have been completely removed till the end of FY 2003.
Parallel to the UVSOR upgrade project, the renewal of the vacuum duct at BL6 was initially scheduled in thespring of 2003, but has been postponed until the regular shutdown in the spring of 2004. In coincidence with
this, a so-called magic mirror will be installed as the first mirror for BL6B, to realize the highest intensity in the
wavelength range from sub-milli to near IR region all over the world.
renewed to make place for BL6A.
beamlines.

The front-end part of BL6B will be

As a result, we have two vacant lots at BL2A and BL6A to construct novel

The short straight section between B01 and B02 is planned to utilize for a new RF cavity; BL2A

will be a bending-magnet beamline while BL6A is to be an undulator one. Accordingly, the long straightsection between B06 and B07, where the in-vacuum undulator of 1-m long for BL7U and the present RF cavity
lie, will be available for a new undulator with the length more than 2 m.

Further serious discussion towardutilizing the available straight sections most effectively and formulating a basic plan on the beamline
construction, will be made in the near future.
All users are required to refer to the beamline manuals and the UVSOR guidebook (latest revision in 1999),
on the occasion of conducting the actual experimental procedures.

Those wishing to use the open and in-housebeamlines are recommended to contact the stationmaster/supervisor and the representative, respectively.
updated information of UVSOR, http://www.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/.

16

For

BL1A
Soft X-Ray Beamline for Photoabsorption Spectroscopy
BL1A is a soft X-ray beamline for photoabsorption spectroscopy.

The beamline is equipped with a focusing

premirror and a double crystal monochromator [1]. The monochromator serves soft X-rays in the energy region
from 585 to 4000 eV by using several kinds of single crystals such as E-Al2O3, beryl, KTP (KTiOPO4), quartz,
InSb, and Ge. The throughput spectra measured by a Si photodiode (AXUV-100, IRD Inc.) are shown in Fig. 1.
Typical energy resolution (E/'E) of the monochromator is about 1500 for beryl and InSb.

There are no

experimental setups specific of this beamline, except for a small vacuum chamber equipped with an electron
multiplier (EM) detector. Photoabsorption spectra for powdery samples are usually measured in a total electron
yield mode, with the use of the EM detector.

Photon Flux(photons/sec./100mA)[1] Hiraya at al, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 63, 1264 (1992).

4

Beta-alumina
Beryl
KTP
InSb
Ge

2
9

10 8

6

4
2
8
10 8
6

4

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Photon Energy(eV)Fig. 1 Throughput spectra of the double crystal
monochromator at BL1A.

Fig. 2 A side view of BL1A.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

Double crystal monochromator

Monochromator crystals:

E-Al2O3 (22.53 Å, 585-1609 eV), beryl (15.965 Å, 826-2271 eV),

(2d value, energy range)

KTP (10.95 Å, 1205-3310 eV), quartz (8.512 Å, 1550-4000 eV),InSb (7.481 Å, 1764-4000 eV), Ge (6.532 Å, 2094-4000 eV)Resolution

E/'E = 1500 for beryl and InSb

Experiments

Photoabsorption spectroscopy

17

BL1B
Seya-Namioka Monochromator for General Purposes.
BL1B has been constructed to perform various spectroscopic investigations such as absorption, reflectivity,and luminescence in condensed matters. This beamline consists of a pre-focusing mirror, a 1-m Seya-Namioka
type monochromator, and post-focusing mirrors with different focal lengths. Three gratings of 600, 1200, and2400 l/mm can cover the wavelength region ranging from 40 to 650 nm (hQ = 2 – 30 eV). The post mirror witha longer focal length is usually used with an LiF window to separate the vacuum condition of themonochromator from a main experimental station, which make experiments for liquids and bio-specimens
possible, while the other is mainly utilized for solid-state spectroscopy.

The output flux from thismonochromator is about 1010 photons/sec. around 200 nm with 0.1 mm slit openings. The spectral distributions
for two gratings measured by a conventional photomultiplyer are shown in Fig. 1. A second monochromator(Spex 270M) and a LN-cooled CCD detector (Princeton Inc.) are available for luminescence measurements,
together with a liquid helium-flow type cryostat. To perform time-resolved experiments, a TAC system is alsoavailable.

Photocurrent at the sample position
at BL1B.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2. Photo of BL1B.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

1-m Seya-Namioka type

Wavelength Range

40 to 600 nm (2-30 eV)Resolution

E/¨E~1000 at 100 nm (10 eV)

Experiment

Absorption, reflection, luminescence
spectroscopy for solids

18

BL2B
Beamline for Gas Phase Photoionization and Reaction Dynamics
This beamline has been developed for the purpose of studying ionization, excitation and decay dynamics
involving inner-valence electrons, 2p electrons of the third row atoms, and 4d electrons of the lanthanides. The
monochromator is a spherical grating Dragon-type with 18-m focal length. High throughput (1 u 1010 photonss-1) and high resolution (E/'E = 2000 - 8000) are achieved simultaneously under the condition of the ring currentof 100 mA [1]. A second-order light of 7 % is contained at a photon energy of 45.6 eV (G3). The optical system
consists of two prefocusing mirrors, an entrance slit, three spherical gratings (G1 - G3), two folding mirrors, amovable exit slit and a refocusing mirror [2]. The monochromator is designed to cover the energy range of 23 205 eV with the three gratings: G1 (2400 lines mm-1, R = 18 m) at 80 - 205 eV; G2 (1200 lines mm-1, R = 18 m)
at 40 - 100 eV; G3 (2400 lines mm-1, R = 9.25 m) at 23 - 50 eV.
We have been taking photoion yield curves of various fullerenes. Geometrical structures and electronic
properties of fullerenes have attracted widespread attention because of their novel structures, novel reactivity,and novel catalytic behaviors as typical nanometer-size materials. However, spectroscopic information is very
limited in the extreme UV region, which has been probably due to difficulties in acquiring enough amount ofsample. This situation has been rapidly changed in these few years, since the techniques of syntheses, isolation,and purification have been advanced so rapidly that appreciable amount of fullerenes can be readily obtained.
[1] M. Ono et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 467-468, 577 (2001).
[2] H. Yoshida and K. Mitsuke, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 5, 774 (1998).
0.3

0.3

Spherical M0
No Slope error

Elliptical M0
Slope error = 1 arcsec
0.2

0.2

hQ = 150 eV
slits : 200 Pm - 200 Pm

Vertical distance / cm

Vertical distance / cm

hQ = 150 eV
slits : 200 Pm - 200 Pm

0.1

0.0

-0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.2

-0.3
-0.3

0.1

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

-0.3
-0.3

0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

Horizontal distance / cm

Horizontal distance / cm

Figure 1. Spot profiles at the sample point. (Left) employing meridional elliptical M0 prefocusing mirror
with a slope error of 1 arcsec RMS. (Right) employing spherical M0 mirror without slope error.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

18-m spherical grating Dragon-type

Wavelength Range

6 – 55 nm

Resolution

2000-8000

Experiment

Mass spectrom.; Photoelectron spectrosc.

19

0.3

BL3U
Varied-line-spacing Plane Grating Monochromatorfor Molecular Soft X-ray Spectroscopy
The beamline BL3U is equipped with an in-vaccum undulator composed of 50 periods of 3.8 cm period length.
The emitted photons are monochromatized by the varied-line-spacing plane grating monochromator (VLS-PGM)
designed for various spectroscopic investigations in the soft x-ray range including soft x-ray emission studies.
Three holographically ruled laminar profile plane gratings are designed to cover the photon energy range from
60 eV to 800 eV. The beamline has two endstations, namely XES setup and Multi-purpose setup. The XES setup
is used for soft x-ray emission spectroscopy. The beam is horizontally focused on the exit slit by plane-ellipticalmirror in order to produce beam size less than 50 micron. In the Multi-purpose setup, the beam is focused by thetoroidal mirror M2. Between the sample position and M2, the differential pumping is placed.
Top View

XES Setup

S0

S1X

in-vacuum
M0: Cylindricalplane undulator R=47.253 m

M1: Spherical G: VLSP
R=88.826 m

sample176°

M2X: Plane-Elliptical
r1=11.7 m
r2=0.5 m
M2: Toroidal
R=81.65 m
ρ= 37.23 mm

Multi-purpose setup S1

sample

176°

700
0

5300

3100
6000

400
9100

2203
9500

G

Side View

500
11703

M2X

800
12203

13003

14603

S1X
sample

176°
177°

1600

173°

M1

S1

M0

M2

sampleFig. 1. Schematic layout (left) and the photography (right) of the BL3U. The distances along the beam from thecenter of the in-vacuum plane undulator are shown in mm. S1X and M2X can be replaced with the other exit slit
S1 so that experiments can be carried out at either the XES or multi-purpose endstation. In the XES setup, thesample is placed at 5-10 mm downstream of S1X.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

Varied-line-spacing plane grating monochromator

Energy Range

60-800 eVResolution

E/'E > 7000

Experiment

Soft X-ray spectroscopy (XPS, XES, XAS)

20

BL3B
Beamline for Gas Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopy
This beam line is devoted to studies of elementary atomic and molecular processes induced by excitation ofvalence electrons. A monochromator is a vertically dispersed normal incidence type with 3m focal length and
10q angle between the incident and diffracted photon beams. The maximum wavelength resolution of 0.007nm is
narrow enough to separate vibrational levels of excited states for various molecules. A main component in anexperimental chamber is a spherical sector electrostatic energy analyzer which has been designed and setup forphotoelectron spectroscopy. One can perform two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy with good resolution( 30meV) in which the photoelectron yield is measured as a function of both photon energy and electron kinetic
energy (binding energy). A two-dimensional spectrum, usually represented as a contour plot, contains richinformation on photoionization dynamics and properties of superexcited states. A great variety of interestinghigh-lying states involved in autoionization have been studied (please see the references).
[1] K. Mitsuke et al., J. Electron Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom. 79, 395 (1996).
[2] H. Hattori and K. Mitsuke, ibid. 80, 1 (1996); H. Hattori et al., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 4902 (1997).
[3] Y. Hikosaka et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 6367 (1996); ibid. 107, 2950 (1997); ibid. 110, 335 (1999).
[4] K. Mitsuke et al., J. Electron Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom. 112, 137 (2000).
[5] Y. Hikosaka and K. Mitsuke, J. Phys. Chem. 105, 8130 (2001); J. Chem. Phys. 121, xxxx (2004).

Photon intensity/ arb. units

40

60

80

100

10000

10000

8000

8000

6000

6000

4000

4000

2000

2000

0 40

60

80

Wavelength / nm

1000Fig. 1. Relative photon intensity at the sample point of BL3B.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

3-m normal incidence

Wavelength Range

30 – 200 nm

Resolution

14000 at 100 nm

Experiment

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

21

BL4A2SR-CVD beam line
This beam line is used for synchrotron radiation chemical vapor deposition (SR-CVD) and photo-etchingexperiments.

The beam line has no monochromator for high photon flux to irradiate and consists of only two

mirrors. One is for focusing and the other is for branching. At the beam line, the gas supply and extinction
system is equipped for using legally controlled high pressure gasses such as SiH4, Si2H6 and GeH4.

They arecommonly used to CVD of semiconductor crystals.
The SR-CVD and photo-etching chambers are connected to the beam line as shown in Fig. 1. In thosechambers, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) system is installed to study the surface
photochemistry on Si surfaces modified with various kinds of molecules.

Figure 1

Top view of BL4A2

Specifications
Spectral range: whole range of synchrotron radiation from UVSOR

22

BL4B
Varied-line-spacing Plane Grating Monochromator for Molecular Soft
X-ray Spectroscopy
The beamline BL4B equipped with a varied-line-spacing plane grating monochromator (VLS-PGM) wasconstructed for various spectroscopic investigations in a gas phase and/or on solids in the soft X-ray range.
Two holographically ruled laminar profile plane gratings with SiO2 substrates are designed to cover the photon
energy range from 80 eV to 800 eV. The gratings with the groove densities of 267 and 800 l/mm cover the
spectral ranges of 60-300 and 200-1000 eV, respectively, and are interchangeable without breaking the vacuum.
Fig. 1 shows the absolute photon flux for each grating measured by a Si photodiode (IRD Inc.), with theentrance- and exit-slit openings set at 25 and 10 Pm, respectively.

Under this condition, the corresponding

resolving power (E/'E) for the 800 l/mm grating is expected to be more than 8000 at 400 eV.
10

10 8
6

800 l/mm
267 l/mm

4

Flux (photons/sec. /100mA)

2

S1=25
=25µm
S2=10
S2=10µm

1098
6
4
2
8

10 8
6
4
2
7

10

200

400

600
800
Photon Energy (eV)

1000

1200

Fig. 1 Throughput from the VLS-PGM monochromatoron BL4B.

Fig. 2 A photo of BL4B taken from the upper
platform of BL3B.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

Varied-line-spacing Plane Grating Monochromator

Energy range

60-1000 eVResolution

E/'E ! 5000 (at maximum)

Experiments

Soft X-ray spectroscopy (mainly, angle-resolved photoion spectroscopy forgaseous targets and photoelectron spectroscopy for gaseous and solid targets)

23

BL5U
Photoelectron Spectrometer for Solids and Surfaces
This beamline is designed for high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission study for solids and surfaces withthe linearly and circularly polarized synchrotron radiation from a helical undulator. The beamline consists of aSpherical Grating Monochromator with Translational and Rotational Assembly Including a Normal incidence
mount (SGM-TRAIN), and a high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectrometer.
The SGM-TRAIN is an improved version of a constant-length SGM to aim the following points; (1) wide
energy range of 5-250 eV, (2) high resolving power, (3) use of linearly and circularly polarized light, (4)reduction of second-order light, and (5) two driving modes by a computer control. The second-order light iswell suppressed by using laminar profile gratings and combinations of mirrors and gratings.

Fig. 1. Throughput from the SGM-TRAIN monochromator on BL5U.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

SGM-TRAIN

Energy Range

5-250 eVResolution

0.5-80 meV(with slits width of 0.01 mm)

Experiment

ARPES, AIPES, XAS

Flux

1x 1012 photons/s for undulator
radiation in MPW mode

Main Instruments

Hemisphericalphotoelectron

analyzer (MBS-Toyama, A-1), LEEDof reverse type (OMICRON), Liq-He

Fig. 2. High-resolution angle-resolved
photoemission apparatus for BL5U

flow qryostat (5 – 400 K)

24

BL6B (IR)Infrared and terahertz spectroscopy of solids
SR has a good performance (high brilliance and high flux) not only in VUV and SX regions but also in IR andterahertz regions.

This beamline covers in the IR and terahertz regions.

The previous beamline BL6A1 thathas been constructed in 1985 is the pioneer of the infrared SR research.

The beamline was upgraded in thespring of 2004 and the name was changed to be BL6B (IR).

The front-end part including the bending duct #6

was replaced to a new one with higher acceptance angle using a magic mirror as shown in Fig. 1.
The beamline is equipped with two interferometers, one is Michelson-type (Bruker IFS-66v) and the otherMartin-Puplett-type (JASCO FARIS-1), for the wide spectral region from several to 20,000 cm-1 (hQ = several
100 PeV – 2.5 eV) as shown in Fig. 2. The experimental chamber in which users bring can be equipped at thefree port.

In the near future, an IR

microscope covering down to terahertz region
will be set up.
Magic mirror
B6
BL6U
First focusing
point
Martin-Puplett
FT-FIR

Radiation
shieldMichelson
FT-IR
Free
port

Fig. 1. The design of optics and front endof BL6B.

Fig. 2. Schematic figure of top view of BL6B.

Beamline Specifications
Interferometer
Michelson (Bruker IFS66v),
Martin-Puplett (JASCO FARIS-1)
Wavenumber Range several – 20,000 cm-1
(Energy range)(several 100 PeV – 2.5 eV)Resolution in cm-1
0.1cm-1 for IFS66v
0.25cm-1 for FARIS-1
Experiments
Reflectivity and transmission
Magneto-optics(Microspectroscopy)
Miscellaneous
Users can bring their experimental
system in this beamline.

25

IR microscope(planned)

BL7U
Undulator Irradiation Beamline for STM Observation
This beamline has been constructed for STM observation of surface photochemical reactions stimulated byundulator irradiation.

The schematic drawing of the BL7U is shown in Fig. 1.

type, of which the period is 36 mm and the number of the period is 26.
to 140 eV [4].

The undulator is in-vacuum

The 1st harmonic is tuned from 70 eV

Two Pt-coated cylindrical mirrors are used for the vertical and horizontal focusing.

These twomirrors also suppress the higher harmonics of the undulator radiation into ~10% with respect to the firstharmonic.

The focus point is set at the point of 9100 mm downstream from the middle of the undulator.

The

spot size on the sample surface was 1.0 mm (H) x 0.4 mm (V) and the estimated photon flux density was 1018
photons (cm2 sec 100 mA)-1.

Fig. 1.Schematic drawing of BL7U

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

None

Wavelength Range

70 – 140 eV (1st harmonic)

Resolution~10 -Experiment

Undulator Irradiation and STM Observation

Miscellaneous

26

BL7B
3-m Normal Incidence Monochromator for Solid-State Spectroscopy.
BL7B has been constructed to provide sufficiently high resolution for conventional solid-state spectroscopy,
enough intensity for luminescence measurements, a wide wavelength coverage for Kramers-Kronig analyses,
and the minimum deformation to the polarization characteristic of the incident synchrotron radiation. This
beamline consists of a 3-m normal incidence monochromator which covers the vacuum ultraviolet, ultraviolet,
visible and infrared, i.e. the wavelength region of 40 -1000 nm, with three gratings (1200, 600, and 300 l/mm).
Two interchangeable refocusing mirrors provide two different focusing positions. For the mirror with thelonger focal length, an LiF or a MgF2 window valve can be installed in between the end valve of the beamline
and the focusing position. Figure 1 shows absolute photon intensity for each grating with the entrance and exit
slit openings of 0.5 mm.

A silicon photodiode (AXUV-100, IRD Inc.) was utilized for measuring the photon

intensity and the absolute photon flux was estimated, taking the quantum efficiency of the photodiode into
account.

Fig. 1. Throughput spectra of BL7B measured by aFig. 2. Photo of BL7B.

silicon photodiode.

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

3-m Normal Incidence Monochromator

Wavelength Range

50 to 1000 nm (1.2 - 25 eV)Resolution

E/'E = 4000 8000 for 0.01 mm slits

Experimentabsorption, reflection, fluorescence
spectroscopy, mainly for solids

27

BL8A
Irradiation Beamline for Studies of Photochemical Reaction on Solids
The beamline BL8A was constructed for providing synchrotron radiation without monochromatizaion.
The white synchrotron radiation is focused into a 3.5 mm × 2.5 mm size by use of a toroidal mirror.

The

focusing mirror can be removed for obtaining a bigger irradiation area. A differential pumping system withthree stages is introduced, which enables users to perform experiments under a very low vacuum condition (<0.5Torr). The intense white light available at this beamline is suitable for studies on photochemical reaction,
chemical vapor deposition, photo-etching and irradiation damage effects. No standing experimental stations areplaced at the beamline; users may install their own experimental chambers, while some standard chambers arearranged by UVSOR.

Fig. 1. A top-view photo of the beamline.
Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

None

Energy Range

The whole energy range of the synchrotron radiation

Resolution—

Experiments

Photochemical reaction, chemical vapor deposition and photo-etchingexperiments

Miscellaneous

Beam spot size: (H)3.5 mm × (V)2.5 mm

28

BL8B1
Spherical Grating Monochromator for Soft X-Ray Spectroscopic Studies on
Solids and Surfaces
The beamline BL8B1 equipped with a constant-deviation constant-length spherical grating monochromator [1]provides soft X-ray photons in the energy range 30-800 eV with medium energy resolution.

The photon energy

range is covered by using three gratings (R=15 m; 1080 l/mm, R=15 m; 540l/m, and R=7.5m; 360 l/mm) which
are interchangeable in vacuum.
exit-slit openings of 10 Pm.

Figure 1 shows a throughput spectrum measured with the entrance- andUnder this condition, the achievable resolving power is about 4000 at 400 eV and3000 at 245 eV, respectively.
Two experimental chambers are arranged for users. One of them has recently been placed at BL8B1, whichused to be at BL2B1 for a long time.

This chamber is equipped with an electron-ion coincidence spectrometer,a double-pass cylindrical mirror analyzer, a LEED of reverse type, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, an ion-gun
for sputtering, and a liquid helium cryostat. Photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies for solids and surfaces arefeasible under ultra-high vacuum (~1×10-10 Torr).

The other experimental chamber is for conventional

measurements of electron yield spectra, or pseudo-photoabsorption spectra, under a ~1×10-6 Torr vacuum
condition.
[1] Hiraya at al, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 66, 2104 (1995).

Fig. 1 Throughput from the constant-deviation constant-length spherical grating monochromator on BL8B1.
Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

Constant-deviation constant-length spherical grating type

Energy range

30-800 eVResolution

E/'E = 4000 at 400 eV and 3000 at 245 eVExperiments

Photoabsorption

spectroscopy,

electron

spectroscopy

coincidence spectroscopy for solids and surfaces

29

and

electron-ion

BL8B2
Angle-Resolved Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer for Solids
BL8B2 is a beamline for angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS) system which isdesigned for measuring various organic solids such as molecular crystals, organic semiconductors, andconducting polymers.

This beamline consists of a plane-grating monochromator (PGM), a sample preparationchamber with a fast entry Load-Lock chamber, a measurement chamber with an accurate for temperaturedependence (base pressure 1u10-10Torr), a cleaning chamber (base pressure 1u10-10Torr), and a sample
evaporation chamber (base pressure 3u10-10Torr).

The cleaning chamber is equipped with a back-view+

LEED/AUGER, an ion gun for Ar sputtering, and an infrared heating unit.

The PGM consists of premirrors, aplane grating, focusing mirror, and a post-mirror, with an exitslit. It covers the wide range from 2 to 150eV
with exchanging two gratings (G1: 1200l/mm, G2: 450l/mm) and five cylindrical mirrors. The toroidal mirror
focuses the divergent radiation onto the sample in the measurement chamber.
2

visible light at the sample surface is about 1u1mm .

The spot size of the zeroth-orderFigure 1 shows the throughput spectra of PGM(slit=100µm). The energy resolution at a slit width of 100µm was found to be 0.004-0.3eV in the wavelength
range from 2 to 130eV. A hemi-spherical electron energy analyzer of 75mm mean radius with an angularresolution less than 2q can be rotated around vertical and horizontal axes.

The sample mounted on amanipulator can be also rotated around two axes.

Figure 1 Throughput spectra of plane-grating monochromator at BL8B2(slit=100um).

Beamline Specifications
Monochromator

Plane-grating monochromator

Wavelength Range

9- 600nm

Resolution

E/'E = 1000

Experiment

Angle-resolved UPS
30

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