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ఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜΏϋεΐ;θ 2016ġġġġࣞఱ୪௽̤̫ͥͅġ‫ڠ‬ႁບ‫͈ث‬ड૧൲࢜ġ
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໹଼ 29 ා 2017 ා 3 ࠮ġġඊၛ࣐ଽ༹૽ఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜġව‫ڠ‬৪஖าࡄ‫಺̳ͥ۾ͅݪ‬औ৒ġġ1ව‫ڠ‬৪஖าࡄ‫಺̳ͥ۾ͅݪ‬औ৒༭࣬੥ 3ఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜΏϋεΐ;θ 2016ࣞఱ୪௽̤̫ͥͅ‫ڠ‬ႁບ‫͈ث‬ड૧൲࢜ġ⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊䛿䠈ᖹᡂ 28 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 10 ᪥䠄ᅵ䠅䠈ᮾிᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ኱ᒸᒣ䜻䝱䞁䝟䝇䠄ᮾி㒔┠㯮༊䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶ࠕ኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮㻌 2016ࠖࢆ㛤ദ䛧䛯䚹ᮏሗ࿌᭩䛿䠈ྠ䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䛻䛚䛡䜛ㅮ₇䠈ሗ࿌ཬ䜃ウㄽ➼䜢཰㘓䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌࿒ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ষġ‫ٳ!ە‬ٛՕग़ġ ५ུᎢ‫ܖ‬Ȫఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜၑমಿȫ㸫5
‫ ە‬ਇক୰ྶġ ఱỤဎैȪఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜদࡑȆࡄ‫ݪ‬ൡ‫ۗگ‬ȫ㸫7‫׵࣒಺ܖ ە‬ġ ෇౶‫̹̞̿͂͜ͅڠش‬ͺΓΑιϋΠ㸫এࣉႁȆ฻౯ႁȆນ࡛ႁġ͈ບ‫ث‬Ȇ٨஝̰̳ͬ͛ͺΓΑιϋΠΏΑΞθġőŢŶŭġŅŦŢůŦȪༀ࣭ ņťŶŤŢŵŪŰůŢŭġŕŦŴŵŪůŨġŔŦųŷŪŤŦ ਉ୘ࡄ‫֥ݪ‬Ī㸫10ġ‫ ە‬༭࣬ 1 Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑບ‫̥̳̥ڰ̠̓ͬث‬㸫‫ނ‬സఱ‫ڠ֗ޗڠ‬໐̤̫ͥͅ!
අ૗වদ͈৾ͤழ͙!
ୌ‫ࠃྴحؖ‬Ȫ‫ނ‬സఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫شݪࡄڠ֗ޗ֭ڠ‬੎‫ޗ‬਎ȫ㸫104ġ‫ ە‬༭࣬ 2 ‫ڠ‬ਠ‫̹͙̥ͣڠش‬঩ৗȆෝႁ଼͈֗͂ບ‫ث‬ฒକġ ইȪ൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬௙ࣣ‫ݪࡄ֗ޗ‬ΓϋΗȜ‫ޗ‬਎ȫ㸫128ġ‫ ە‬༭࣬ 3 ΋ϋάνȜΉ৘ঔ̳ͥΞΑΠ͈नത̪ͬ͛ͥ‫ه‬ఴ!
୞‫࠻ࢭؖ‬Ȫఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ໐‫ޗ‬਎ȫ㸫147ġ‫ ە‬ঐ೰൦აġ ୄକგࢬȪ໛‫ؖ‬ఱ‫௺້ڠ‬ఱࣦಎ‫ࢷڠ‬Ȇࣞ൝‫ࢷڠ‬໗ࢷಿ*㸫159
‫ ە‬஠ఘ൦ა! őŢŶŭġŅŦŢůŦİୌ‫ࠃྴحؖ‬İฒକġ ইİ୞‫࠻ࢭؖ‬İୄକგࢬ㸫163‫!ە‬໾ٛՕग़! ఱೋܳຳȪఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ໐ಿȫ㸫183
Ȭ௙ࣣংٛȭġ ५౷ࢬܳȪఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜদࡑȆࡄ‫ݪ‬໗ൡ‫ۗگ‬ȫ!
ࠝ४ࣉࠞΏϋεΐ;θْܑ੥ 184㸭੄୘৪ਬࠗࠫ‫ ض‬185㸭ͺϋΉȜΠਬࠗࠫ‫ ض‬186!

ġ䛊‫ٳ‬ٛՕग़ࠞġġ५ུġ Ꭲ‫ܖ‬Ȫఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜၑমಿȫġ

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ຌೖͺɾસࠅΓΕଡ͚͹๏ʓ͗୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖεϱϛζΤϞͶ͟ࢂՅ͚ͫ͠͏Ήͪ͢͞ͳΝɾৼΓΕ‫ླޜ‬ਅ͢৏͝Ήͤɽ౲ιϱνʖक࠷͹εϱϛζΤϞͺ̐೧΁Ε͹֋࠷ͳ͵ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗΉͲ୉ָ೘ָंમൊ
Ͷ‫ܐ‬Ζͨ͹࣎ʓ͹ٕ࣎Ͷ͖͵ͮͪτʖϜͲ֋࠷͢ͱΉ͏ΕΉͪ͗͢ɾࠕյͺʰ߶୉ંକͶ
͕͜Ζָྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴ʱͳ͏͑τʖϜΝઅఈ͏ͪ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ߶୉ંକրַͶͯ͘Ή͢ͱͺɾև༹๏΍͟টஎ͹ͳ͕Εɾ‫گ‬ү࠸ਫ਼ࣰߨճ٠͹఑‫ݶ‬Ώ஦ԟ‫گ‬ү৻٠ճ͹౶ਅΝ‫ͱܨ‬ɾࠕ೧݆̑຦Ͷɾช෨Ռָ঴͹ʰ߶୉ંକεητϞրַճ٠ʱͶ͕͏ͱʰ࠹शๅࠄʱ͗खΕΉͳΌΔΗͪͳ͞ΘͲͤɽ ͞͹࠹शๅࠄΝण͜ɾ‫ࡑݳ‬ɾ͞͹րַ͹ࣰ‫ݳ‬Ͷ޴ͪ͜‫ݗ‬౾ʀ६ඍήϩʖϕ͗ช෨Ռָ঴
Ͷઅ஖͠Ηɾրַ͹ਬ਒Ͷ޴ͪ۫͜ରద͵‫ݗ‬౾͗͵͠Ηͱ͏Ζͳ͞ΘͲͤɽ‫ߨݳ‬͹୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬ͶେΚͮͱฑ੔  ೧ౕ͖Δ͹಍೘͗༩ఈ͠Ηͱ͏Ζʰ୉ָ೘ָ‫س‬๮ंָྙ඲ՃτηφʤՀসʥʱͶͯ͏ͱ΍ɾॉ෾͵எࣟʀٗ೵Ν‫خ‬൭Ͷͯͯ͢ɾࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʀ
න‫ྙݳ‬ΝΓΕΓ͚඲ՃͲ͘Ζ΍͹ͳͤΖ͞ͳɾ߶౵ָߏ‫گ‬ү͹ࢨ಍րવΏ೘ָ‫ޛ‬͹୉ָ‫گ‬үͶ΍޹Ӫ‫ڻ‬Ν༫͓Ζ͞ͳ͹Ͳ͘Ζ΍͹ͳͤΖ͞ͳɾ‫ݺ‬พ୉ָ͹೘ָंમൊͶ͕͏ͱన઀
ͶૌΊ߻Κͦ͵͗ΔްՎదͶ‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ΍͹ͳͤΖ͞ͳɾ͑͞͏ͮͪ͞ͳ͗ʰ࠹शๅࠄʱͲ͑ͪΚΗͱ͏Ήͤɽ͞͹৿τηφ͹໲ୌࡠΕͶ౲ͪͮͱͺɾࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙΏɾ5ࢧߡ͹գఖΏ݃ՎΝන‫ͤݳ‬Ζྙ͵ʹΝ඲ՃͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ɾࣙΔชহΝॽ͏ͪΕਦΏήϧϓ౵Νඵ͏ͪΕࣞΝཱིͱͪΕͤΖ͞ͳΝ‫ٽ‬ΌΖ‫ى‬फ़ࣞ໲ୌΝ಍೘ͤΖ͞ͳΏॊ઴͖Δ͹Ϝʖέࣞ໲ୌ͹Ҳ૜͹րવΝਦΖ͞ͳ͗఑‫͠ݶ‬Ηͱ͕Εɾ୉‫و‬ໝ‫ڠ‬௪͹೘ָंમൊτηφͳ͢ͱͺɾ͞ΗΉͲͶ઴ྭ͹͵͏৿ͪ͵खૌ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗͱ͏Ήͤɽࢴʹ΍୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖͶ͕͘Ή͢ͱ΍ɾʰ৿τηφࣰࢬ‫ة‬ժຌ෨ʱΝཱིͬ৏͝ɾ‫ى‬फ़ࣞ໲ୌ͹ࡀ఼๏๑ʀର੏ʀ݃Վනࣖ͹ࡑΕ๏͵ʹɾΉͪϜʖέࣞ໲ୌ͹րવɾӵ‫ٗ̒ޢ‬೵͹඲Ճɾ໲ୌࡠ੔ର੏͹‫ݡ‬௜͢͵ʹɾझʓ͹઒໵దʀࣰແద͵‫ݗ‬౾Ν֋࢟ͪ͢ͳ͞ΘͲͤɽࠕ‫ޛ‬ɾ͠ΔͶ઒໵దஎ‫ݡ‬Νಚ͵͗Δɾช෨Ռָ঴ͳҲରͳ͵ͮͱɾ༹ʓ͵՟ୌΝ৒Εӿ͓ɾ৿τηφ͹ԃ‫ࢬࣰ͵׊‬͹ͪΌ͹६ඍΝ੖͓ͱΉ͏Εͪ͏ͳߡ͓ͱ͏Ήͤɽ ‫͑ݶ‬ΉͲ΍͵͚ɾ೘ָंમൊͺɾ୉ָ‫گ‬ү΃͹నԢྙͲ͍Ζͳ͖ɾͨΗͶචགྷ͵ָྙ͵ʹͶͯ͏ͱ଎ఈ͢ɾͨ͹଎ఈ݃ՎͶ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬મൊ͗ߨΚΗΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤ͗ɾಝͶࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʀන‫ྙݳ‬Ώָ΁қཋ౵Ν‫؏ٮ‬దͶ඲ՃͤΖͪΌ͹๏๑͹֋൅΍චགྷͲ͍
Ζͳߡ͓ͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͞ͲɾրΌͱɾຌೖͺɾ೟எՌָΏ‫گ‬ү඲ՃΝ઒໵ͳ͢ͱ͕ΔΗΖ
઎ਫ਼๏Ͷ͕ॄΉΕ͏ͪͫ͘ɾ઎Άʹਅ͢৏ͪ͝ࢻ఼͖Δ͹ָྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴Ͷͯ͏ͱ৚ๅ఑‫ͳ͚ͫͪ͞͏ͱ͢ڛ‬Ͷ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ‫خ‬௒ߪԍΝ͕‫͏ͱ͢͏ب‬Ήͤ 3DXO 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼ͺɾΠϟϨΩ͹ϕϨϱηφϱͶ͍ΕΉͤ
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͹՟ୌΝ͕ఽ͓͏ͪͫ͜Ζ΍͹ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽࢨఈ౾࿨ͳ͏ͪ͢Ή͢ͱͺɾੜਭ࿪߄઎ਫ਼Ͷ߶౵ָߏ‫گ‬ү͹‫ݳ‬৖͖Δɾຌೖ͹‫خ‬௒ߪԍΏ֦ๅࠄ΃͹͟қ‫ݡ‬ʀ͟‫״‬૟Ν௘ହͯͯ͢ɾસର౾࿨΃͹‫͢ోڰ‬Ν͕‫͏ࢧͳ͏ͪ͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽ‫͏ͼͮ͏ޛޗ‬͹ௗ஺৖͹εϱϛζΤϞͶ͵ΕΉͤ͗ɾࣰΕ͍ΖεϱϛζΤϞͶ͵ΕΉͤΓ͑ɾև͠Ή͹͟‫ྙڢ‬Ν͕‫ͱ͢͏ب‬ѭࡲͳ͏ͪ͢Ήͤɽ6!
Ȭਇক୰ྶȭġఱỤġ ဎैȪఱ‫ڠ‬වদΓϋΗȜġ দࡑȆࡄ‫ݪ‬ൡ‫ۗگ‬ȫġ
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 և͠Ξɾ͞ΞͶͬͺɽࠕೖͺ͕๫͢͏஦ɾ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖεϱϛζΤϞͶ͕ॄΉΕ͏ͪͫ͘Ή͢ͱɾຌ౲Ͷ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽཀྵࣆௗ͖Δౌஅं͹؈ୱ͵়͟ղ͍͗ΕΉͪ͢͹Ͳɾࢴ͖Δͺ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞ͹ഐ‫͵ͳܢ‬ΖΓ͑͵ͳ͞ΘΝև͠Ξͳ‫ͳ͏༙ͪ͢ڠ‬ࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞͺɾ೘ࢾιϱνʖ͹஦Ͷ஖͖Ηͱ͏Ζʰ೘ָंમൊ‫ڂݜ‬Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ௒ࠬ
࣪ʱͳ͏͑ૌ৭Ͳ‫ة‬ժͦ͠ͱ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͪ͢ɽʰ௒ࠬ࣪ʱ͹࣪ௗΝɾࢴɾࢾ‫ݩ‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬౹‫ׯׇ‬͹୉Ṅ͗୴౲͢ͱ͕Εɾ࣪ௗึࠦΝɾࠕೖɾ࢚ճΝ͢ͱ͏Ζࢃஏ෯౹‫ׯׇ‬ɾͨΗ͖Δ‫ڂݜ‬֋൅෨ௗ͹୉௣෯౹‫ׯׇ‬Ͷ୴౲͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͏ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ ೘ࢾιϱνʖͶͺɾ೘ࢾ‫ڂݜ‬Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺ‫֋ڂݜ‬൅෨͍͗ΕΉ͢ͱɾ೘ָंમൊͶ‫ؖ‬ΚΖ߅৙ద͵‫ڂݜ‬՟ୌͶखΕૌΞͲ͕ΕΉͤ͗ɾ೘ࢾͺࠕΉ͠Ͷɾ߶୉ંକրַ͹͠͵͖Ͷ͍Εɾν΢ϞϨʖͶ͏Θ͏Θ͵௒ࠬ‫ڂݜ‬՟ୌͶ΍Ԣͣͱ͏͚චགྷ͗ड़ͱ͘Ήͤɽͨ͹Γ͑͵Πχϙρέ͵௒ࠬ‫ڂݜ‬՟ୌͶଲԢͤΖͪΌ͹ର੏ͳ͢ͱɾ
ʰ௒ࠬ࣪ʱ͗Ғ஖෉͜ΔΗͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͞͞͹ͳ͞Θɾιϱνʖक࠷͹εϱϛζΤϞͺɾ௒ࠬ࣪͗‫ة‬ժ͢ͱ͘ͱ͕ΕΉͤ͗ɾࡤ೧ౕͺ֋࠷͏ͪ͢ΉͦΞͲͪ͢ɽ߶୉ંକրַ౶ਅ͗ड़͠ΗΉͪ͢͹͗Ҳࡤ೧฽ΗͲɾͨ͹‫ޛ‬ɾ߶୉ંକεητϞրַճ٠͗અ஖͠Ηͱɾ೘ࢾրַ͹۫ରద͵๏ࡨͶͯ͏ͱ٠࿨͠
Ηͱ͕ΕΉ͢ͱɾࡤ೧ͺɾ೘ࢾրַ͗ʹ͑͏͑๏޴Ͳ਒ΌΔΗͱ͏͚͹͖͗Ήͫͺͮ͘Εͳ͢ͱ͏͵͖ͮͪͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͪ͢ɽ͞͹Γ͑͵ιϱνʖक࠷͹εϱϛζΤϞ͵ʹ

7͍͗ΕΉͤͳɾԡʓͶ͢ͱͨ͞Ͳ٠࿨͠Ηͪ͞ͳࣰ͗ࡏ͹৿τηφͶͯ͵͗Ζ͹Ͳͺͳ͏ͮͪ‫ޣ‬մΝড͚͞ͳͶ΍͵Ε͖͸͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍͍ΕΉ͢ͱɾͨ͑͏ͮͪඏຽ͵࣎‫ͳغ‬͏͑൓இͶ‫ࡤͱ͏Ͱخ‬೧ౕͺࣙ॑ͪ͢ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ པ೧  ݆͛Δ͏Ͷͺ৿τηφ͹۫ରద͵ࣰࢬ๏ਓ͵ʹ΍ड़͠ΗΖͳซ͏ͱ͕ΕΉͤ͗ɾ઎ೖɾชՌ঴͖Δޮන͠ΗΉͪ͢߶୉ંକրַ͹਒ṁয়‫ʹ͵ڱ‬Ν‫ݡ‬Ή͢ͱ΍ɾࣰͺࠕ೧΍Ήͫඏຽ͵࣎‫͗غ‬କ͏ͱ͏Ζ‫͍͗״‬ΕΉͤɽͪ͗͢͏Ή͢ͱɾຌཔ͵Δͻɾ৿τηφͶ௜
ં݃;෉͚Γ͑͵τʖϜઅఈ͗և͠Ξ͹‫ৼؖ‬ͶͺΓΕϜροͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͹ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ೘ࢾրַ͹٠࿨ΝΓΕ‫ݒ‬અదͶ਒Όͱ͏͚ͪΌͶͺɾͨ͹‫خ‬൭ͳ͵Ζ඲
Ճ͍Ζ͏ͺ଎ఈͶ‫ؖ‬ΚΖ‫خ‬ຌద͵ࣆߴΝ‫͗ͳ͚͞͏ͱ༙͢ڠ‬،གྷͲ͍Εɾͨ͑͏͑৖Νઅఈ͢ͱΊΓ͑ͳ͏͑टࢭͲɾࢴʹ΍ͺຌೖ͹εϱϛζΤϞ͹τʖϜΝમΞ࣏ͫ୊Ͳͤɽ ͨ͑͏͑͞ͳͲɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ָस඲Ճ͹घ๑Ώࣰભ়͗ղ͠ΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ͚Η͛Η΍ɾͨΗ͗ͤ͛৿τηφͶ݃;෉͚ͳ͏͑‫ޣ‬մͺ͵͠Δ͵͏Ͳ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͳɾΉͥͺ͕இΕ͢ͱ͕͖͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ΍ͬΘΞɾ೟எՌָɾָसՌָɾ‫گ‬ү඲ՃɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲Ճ͵ʹͶ‫ؖ‬ΚΖҲત‫څ‬͹‫ंڂݜ‬͹઎ਫ਼๏Ͷ͟ౌஅ͏ͪͫ͘ɾͨ͹ཀྵ࿨ద͵‫ેخ‬͹෨෾ͺՁͶ͢ͱ΍ҩ͑Κ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍͍ΕΉͤ͹Ͳɾͨ͹ϗʖη͹ͳ͞ΘͲɾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬Ώ৿τηφ͹๏Ͷਫ਼͖͢ͱ͏͚͞ͳ͹Ͳ͘ΖΠ΢υΠΏϐϱφͺॉ෾ͶಚΔΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͢ɾ‫ة‬ժ͹ཱི৖͖Δ͢Ήͤͳɾͨ͹Γ͑͵‫ޛࠕͲܙ‬ɾ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞ͗ਫ਼͘ͱ͏͜Ηͻຌ๮ͳ͏͑෨෾΍͵͏Κ͜Ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ Ҳ๏ɾ‫ࡑݳ‬͹߶୉ંକրַ͹ླྀΗͺɾ߶ߏ‫گ‬үɾ୉ָ‫گ‬үɾ೘ָंમൊ͹ࢀͯ͗Ҳରͳ͵ͮͱրַ͢ͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑αϱιϕφͶཱིͮͱ͕ΕΉͤ͹Ͳɾ‫گ‬ү͹ϕϫιηͶ͕͜Ζ඲Ճ͹͍Ε๏Νߡ͓ͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍॑གྷ͵՟ୌͳ͵ͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽͨ͹఼Ͳɾࠕೖ͹ͨΗͩΗ͹࿫ୌͺɾࣰࡏ͹‫گ‬ү‫ݳ‬৖Ͳʹ͑͏͑඲Ճ༙͗ްͲ͍Ζ͖ͳ͏఼͑Ͳ΍ɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ࣖࠨ͗ಚΔΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ୉ָ೘ࢾͶͯ͘Ή͢ͱͺɾ‫ڠ‬௪ࢾ‫ݩ‬͹Ί͵Δͥɾ֦୉ָ͹‫ݺ‬พࢾ‫ݩ‬΍߻ΚͦͱҲͯ͹εητϞΝ͵ͤ΍͹Ͳ͍ΕΉ͢ͱɾ‫ݺ‬พࢾ‫ݩ‬͹րַ΍‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗͱ͏Ζͳ͞ΘͲ͍ΕΉͤɽࠕೖͺɾಝ৯೘ࢾΝ࢟ΌΔΗͪ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ͹‫ݺ‬พ೘ࢾ͹‫ݩܨ‬΍়ղ͠ΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͑͏
ͮͪಢಝ͹೘ࢾ͹๏๑ͺɾʹ͹ఖౕ͹γ΢θͲࣰߨՆ೵͵͹͖ɾͨ͢ͱɾ۫ରదͶʹ͹Γ͑͵඲Ճ͗ߨΚΗͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏఼ͮͪͲɾͨΗͩΗ͹୉ָͲ͞Η͖Δ‫ݺ‬พࢾ‫ݩ‬Νրַ͢ͱ͏͑͞ͳ͏͑ͳ͘͹ϐϱφͶ΍͵Ζ͖ͳࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ ࠕೖͺɾ༹ʓ͵ཱི৖Ͷ͕ΔΗΖ๏ʓ͕͗ॄΉΕ͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾͨΗͩΗ͹ཱི৖ͲߨΚΗͱ͏Ζ଎ఈΏ඲Ճ͹‫خ‬ຌͳ͵Ζ෨෾Ν‫༙ͤڠ‬Ζ͞ͳΝ௪͢ͱɾͨΗΔ͹૱߻ྙͳ͢ͱɾ
ΓΕ๝͖͵‫گ‬үɾΓΕࣰΕ͍Ζ೘ࢾրַͳ݃;෉͚ેͳ͵Ηͻͳࢧͮͱ͏Ζͳ͞ΘͲͤɽ ͏ͥΗͶ͢Ή͢ͱ΍ɾʰ߶୉ંକͶ͕͜Ζָྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴ʱͳ͏͑τʖϜͺɾ୉͘͵τʖϜͲ͍ΕΉ͢ͱɾ͍ΖқັͲɾࠕ͹೘ࢾրַ͹‫ݶ‬ཁΝईΕΗͻɾ౶͓͗ҲͯͶఈΉΔ͵͏ɾඉ৙ͶοϡϪϱζϱή͵τʖϜͫͳࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽͲ͖ͤΔɾԡʓͶ͢ͱɾεϱϛζΤϞ‫ޛ‬͹ΠϱίʖφͶɾϏϋϩυΡηΩρεϥϱ͵ʹ͹ΉͳΌ͗ʹ͑΍ͺͮ͘Ε͢͵͏ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵‫״‬૟΍ซ͖ΗΖ͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨΗͨ͞ࠕೖ͹τʖϜ΍ɾ֨ࢆͤΖ͞ͳͺ͍ΗɾҲͯͶफ଍ͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͺߡ͓Ͷ͚͏τʖϜͲ΍͍ΕΉͤ͹Ͳɾࢴ͖Δͺɾ

8͟ࢂՅ͹և͠Ξ͕Ҳਕ͕Ҳਕ͹ཱི৖Ͳɾ͞͹೘ࢾրַͶ౲ͪͮͱɾ͍Ζ͏ͺɾࣙΔ͹‫گ‬үࣰભͶ͕͜Ζ඲ՃͶଲ͢ͱɾ͑ͪ͢͞Δʹ͑͵ΞͫΘ͑ͳ͏ͮͪ໲ୌқࣟΝɾ͞͹৖Ν௪ͣͱ৿ͪͶࡠͮͱ͏ͮͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳ͕‫͏ࢧͳ͏͕ͪ͘ͱ͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽ ͨ͹఼Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾΠϱίʖφ༽ࢶΝຌೖ΍և༹Ͷ͕ഓΕ͢ͱ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾͨ͞Ͷ͟қ‫ʹ͵ݡ‬Νॽ͏ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻɾ֕གྷͳ͏͑‫ܙ‬Ͷ͵Ζ͖ͳͺࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ๅࠄॽͶ‫ͱͦ͠ࡎܟ‬͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽๅࠄॽͶͯ͘Ή͢ͱͺɾྭ͓ͻɾ ೧઴Ͷࣰࢬ͢Ήͪ͢εϱϛζΤϞͶͯ͘Ή͢ͱ΍ɾ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ͹ϙʖϞϘʖζͶ‫͠ࡎܟ‬Ηͱ͏Ήͤ͹ͲɾΉͪ͟ལ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾͨΗͳಋͣΓ͑͵‫Ͳܙ‬ɾև͠Ξ͕Ҳਕ͕Ҳਕ͹ߡ͓๏͗ɾ
ΤΥϔΏๅࠄॽΝ௪ͣͱ‫͘Ͳ༙ڠ‬Ζͳ͏͑οϡϱϋϩ΍༽қ͢ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽΉͪɾϏϋϩυΡηΩρεϥϱͲͺɾϓϫΠ͹և༹๏͖Δ͹࣯͟໲ʀ͟қ‫ݡ‬Νࢗ͑‫ؽ‬ճ΍͍Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ੍ඉɾ͕Ҳਕ͕ҲਕɾकରదͶ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞͶࢂՅ͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͘Ή͢ͱɾΓΕ༙қٝ͵εϱϛζΤϞͶ੟Εཱིͱͱ͏͚ͪͫ͞ͳΝ͕‫ͪ͢͏͏ب‬Ή͢ͱɾटࢭઈ໎ͳͦ͠ͱ
͏ͪͫ͘Ήͤɽௗ࣎ؔͶ͵ΕΉͤ͗ɾʹ͑ͩΓΘ͚͕͢‫ͪ͢͏͏ب‬Ήͤɽ9Ȭ‫׵࣒಺ܖ‬ȭġ෇౶‫̹̞̿͂͜ͅڠش‬ͺΓΑιϋΠ̿̿ġএࣉႁȆ฻౯ႁȆນ࡛ႁ͈ບ‫ث‬Ȇ٨஝̰̳ͬ͛ͺΓΑιϋΠġΏΑΞθġőŢŶŭġŅŦŢůŦȪༀ࣭ ņťŶŤŢŵŪŰůŢŭġŕŦŴŵŪůŨġŔŦųŷŪŤŦ ਉ୘ࡄ‫֥ݪ‬ȫġ㸦࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢹ࢕࣮ࣥ㸧⡿ᅜ Educational Testing Service ETS㸧㤳ᖍ◊✲ဨࠋࢩຊࢦ኱Ꮫ࡛ゝㄒᏛ Ph.D.ྲྀᚓࠋETS ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚㐣ཤ 10 ᖺ࡯࡝ CBAL Cognitively Based Assessment of, for and as Learning ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ࣮ࣜࢻࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ࣭Ꮫ⩦⛉Ꮫࡢ▱ぢࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪࠾ࡶ࡟ K-12 ẁ㝵ࡢⱥㄒ㸦ᅜㄒ㸧ࡢㄞゎຊ࣭ㄽ㏙ຊࡢホ౯ၥ㢟సᡂ࡜⮬ື᥇Ⅼࡢ㧗ᗘ໬࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸪Ꮫ⩦ᨵၿ࣭ᩍဨ◊ಟࡲ࡛ࢆࢭࢵࢺ࡟ࡋࡓḟୡ௦ᆺ࢔ࢭࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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Ζ͢ɾͨ͹ϓΡʖχώρέ͹࢕๏Ͷͯ͏ͱ΍Ϗ΢ϫρφ‫ڂݜ‬Νߨͮͱ͕ΔΗΖΓ͑Ͳͤ͹Ͳɾࠕ͹୉ָ͹ָर੔Վ͹ՆࢻԿ͵ʹͶ΍‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ͘Ήͤɽͨ͞ΉͲՆ೵੓Ν߁͝ͱ͕ซ͘͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻɾඉ৙Ͷ୉͘͵ࣖࠨ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ ͨΗͲͺɾ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼ɾΓΘ͚͕͢‫ͪ͢͏͏ب‬Ήͤɽ ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞͶࢂՅͲ͘ͱ୉รޭӭͶࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽೖຌͺඔ͢͏ࠅͲ͍Ζͳͳ΍Ͷɾև͠Ξ͗Ҳਫ਼‫ໍݔ‬Ͷ‫گ‬үεητϞͶ͕͏ͱਜྙ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶ‫״‬໑Νण͜Ήͪ͢ɽೖʓɾ͏Θ͏Θͳห‫͏ͱ͏ͫͪ͏ͱͦ͠ک‬Ήͤɽ
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ͱ͏Ζ৖߻ɾ‫ͱ͢ͳࢥگ‬΍͏Θ͏Θ͵ଧ‫ڢ‬Ν͢ͱɾਫ਼ైΝࢾ‫ݩ‬Ͷඍ͓ͦ͠͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͞ͳ΍͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ৽॑Ͷߡ͓ͱɾࢨ಍ࣙରͶϕϧη͹Ӫ‫͍͗ڻ‬ΖΓ͑͵Πιηϟϱφͺʹ͍͑Ζ΄͖͘ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓ͪ͹Ͳͤɽ͞Η͗ഐ‫ܢ‬Ͷ͍ΕΉͤ͹ͲɾͧͽͨΗΝ೨ಆͶ஖͏ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ

11 CBAL ͳ͏͑͹ͺɾCognitively-Based Assessments of, for and as Learningʤ೟எՌָͶ‫Ͱخ‬͏ͪɾָस͹ɾָस͹ͪΌ͹ɾָसͳ͢ͱ͹ΠιηϟϱφʥͲͤɽ͞ΗΔ͹Ҳ‫ޢ‬Ҳ‫͗ޢ‬қັΝ࣍ͬΉͤɽ͞Ηͺࢴ͗ࡑ੸͢ͱ͏Ζ ETS ͹कགྷ͵खૌͲ͍ΕɾΠιηϟϱφεητϞ
Ν֕೨ԿͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽୱҲ͹Πιηϟϱφͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ɾΠιηϟϱφεητϞ
ͳ͏͑ͳɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵གྷો͗‫؜‬ΉΗΉͤɽ਒ṁΝϠωνϨϱήͤΖͳ͏͑඲Ճ΍͍ΖͲ͢Β͑͢ɾ‫ܙ‬੔ద͵඲ՃɾϗϱοϜʖέద඲ՃɾͨΗ͖Δ‫࣪گ‬Ͷ͕͜Ζ඲Ճ΍͍Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͞ΗΔ͗ʹ͑ͯ͵͗Ζ͖Νߡ͓Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ CBAL ͳ͏͑ྲྀসͲͤ͗ɾ೟எϗʖηͳ͏͑कགྷ͵֕೨͗‫؜‬ΉΗͱ͏Ήͤɽ೟எՌָͶ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ɾָसं͗ʹ͹Γ͑Ͷָ;ߡ͓Ζ͹͖ΝཀྵմͤΖɽͨ͢ͱɾָसͲ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ɾָस͹ͪΌͲ΍͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽগཔ͹ࢨ಍Ώɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ‫ͱ͓گ‬
͏Ζ࠹஦Ͷ͓࢘ΖΓ͑͵΍͹Ͳ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽΠιηϟϱφࣙର͗‫گ‬ү‫׈‬ಊͳ͢ͱқັ͹͍Ζ΍͹Ͳ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾָसंͶͳͮͱ΍ָस‫ݩܨ‬Ͷ͵ΖΓ͑͵ΠιηϟϱφͶͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ౏஦ɾ͞͹Γ͑Ͷช‫ݛ‬Ν়ղ͏ͪ͢Ήͤɽ&%$/ ͹खૌΝๅࠄ͢ͱ͏Ζช‫ͤͲݛ‬ɽ͞͹ߪԍͲͺ৆͚͕͢࿫͢Ͳ͘ΉͦΞ͹Ͳɾ৆ࡋΝஎΕͪ͏ͳ͏͑৖߻Ͷͺɾ&%$/ ‫ؖ‬࿊͹ช‫ݛ‬ɾड़൝෼Ͷ৆ࡋ͗‫ى‬फ़͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾ͟ࢂߡΉͲͶࣖ͢Ήͤɽ12 ࠕΉͲਅ͢৏ͪ͝͞ͳ͹‫܃‬Εศ͢Ͷ͵ΕΉͤ͗ɾCBAL ͹໪ඬͺɾ೟எϗʖη͹඲ՃͲ
͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾ‫ݳ‬େ͹೟எՌָͳָसՌָͶཬ෉͜ΔΗͱ͏ͱɾָसं͹எࣟͳ೵ྙ
Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹ଧ౲੓ʀ৶བ੓͹߶͏଎ఈɾͨ͢ͱࢨ಍Ͷͯ͵͗Ζࣰભద͖ͯν΢ϞϨʖ͵৚ๅΝ఑‫ͤڛ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ Ͳͺɾ͑ͪ͢͞໪ඬͶ͏͖Ͷ޴͖ͮͱ͏͚͹͖ɾʹ͹Γ͑͵๏๑࿨Ν࢘ͮͱୣ੔͢ͱ͏
͚͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ໎֮Ͷ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ ୱ९Կͪ͢ώʖζϥϱͲͺ͍ΕΉͤ͗ɾ&%$/ ͹Ӫ‫ڻ‬ιΨϨʖɾͤ͵ΚͬΠιηϟϱφ
͗͏͖Ͷࢨ಍Ͷ΢ϱϏέφΝ‫ͤ·ٶ‬͹͖Νࣖ͢Ήͤɽ໪ඬͺɾ‫گ‬үͶ͕͏ͱ੔ՎΝड़ͤ͞ͳͲͤ͹Ͳɾ&%$/ ͹ཀྵ࿨ͳ͢ͱͺɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ߑ੔གྷો͗Ϡυϩ͹஦Ͷ೘ͮͱ͏ΉͤɽΉͥɾʰ೵ྙϠυϩʙϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθʤָस౺ୣౕʥ
ʱͶΓͮͱɾʹ͹Γ͑͵ηΫϩΝ॑གྷࢻ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾʹ͑Ώͮͱָ΁͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗࿰ૌΊͳ͢ͱ఑‫͠ڛ‬Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ ʰ૱‫ׇ‬ద඲ՃʱͶͯ͏ͱͨ͹ַ৿ద͵ͳ͞Θͺɾ෾ࢆ‫ܗ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏఼͑ͲͤɽҲͯ͹೧ౕ຦͹૱‫ׇ‬඲ՃΝ 1 յ‫ݸ‬Ε୉ֽ͖ΕͶΏΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ɾΓΕঘ‫و‬ໝ͵඲ՃΝ෾ࢆͦ͠ͱ೧ౕΝ௪ͣͱட੷͢ͱ͏͘Ήͤɽ೧ౕ຦Ͷ͵ΖࠔͶͺɾָसं͹౺ୣౕ͹સର଀͗෾
͖ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͑ͪ͢͞๏๑ΝͳΖཀྵ༟ͺɾΩϨΫϣϧϞͶ௜ં‫ؖ‬࿊͹

13͍Ζ‫ࢨͲܙ‬಍͗Ͳ͘ΖɾΉָͪस‫ͱ͢ͳݩܨ‬΍๝͖Ͷ͵Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ1 յ‫ݸ‬Ε͹ࢾ‫ݩ‬Ν೧ౕ຦ͫ͜Ͷߨ͑ͳɾͨΗͫ͜Ͳָसंͺѻౙ͠Ηͱ͢Ή͏Ήͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾʰ‫ܙ‬੔ద඲ՃΝߨ͑෵਼͹‫ؽ‬ճʱͲͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵οϡϱηΝ௪ͣͱɾ‫͗ࢥگ‬౺ୣౕΝ‫ͱݡ‬௒੖Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ
ʰ‫ܧ‬౹ద͵઒໵దγϛʖφʱ΍఑‫͢ڛ‬Ήͤɽ ͞ΗΔ͹ߑ੔གྷોͺɾΠιηϟϱφεητϞ͹અ‫֕ܯ‬೨Ͷ೘ͮͱ͏Ζ΍͹ͲͤɽCBAL͹Ҳ‫͏ͱͮ͵ͳ؂‬Ήͤɽ ͨ͢ͱʰ‫غ‬ଶ͠ΗΖ஦ؔްՎʱͳ͢ͱͺɾ‫ࢥگ‬͹಼༲దஎࣟ͹ଁՅɾࢨ಍Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζஎࣟ
ͳ඲ՃηΫϩ͹޴৏ɾΉָͪसं͹Φϱΰʖζϟϱφ͹޴৏΍ਦͮͱ͏ͪ͘͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ
ͲͤɽͯΉΕɾָसं͹ָसͳɾ‫ࢥگ‬ʀ‫گ‬үंͳ͢ͱಚΖ৚ๅͶϕϧη͹ްՎΝ΍ͪΔ͢
ͪ͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ຌೖ͹εϱϛζΤϞ͹τʖϜͺ೘ࢾͲͤ͗ɾ઎Άʹ΍ਅ͢Ήͪ͗͢ɾΏͺΕӪ‫ౕڻ‬͹߶͏೘ࢾΠιηϟϱφͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ‫ࢥگ‬ΏָसंͶͳͮͱ୉͘͵΢ϱϏέφ͍͗ΕΉͤɽఫָʀཀྵ೨ͳ͢ͱͺɾ࠹ॵ͖Δͨ͹΢ϱϏέφΝߡ͓ͱ͕͑͞ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽΠιηϟϱ
φεητϞ͹અ‫ܯ‬৏ɾ࠹৿͹‫ڂݜ‬੔ՎͶ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ɾ‫گ‬үద΢ϱϏέφΝϕϧηͶ͢Γ͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾτηφ͹६ඍͫ͜Ͷࣁ‫ݱ‬Νׄ͏ͱͨΗָ͗सं͹ༀͶཱིͪ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗
͵͏Γ͑Ͷͪ͢͏͹Ͳͤɽ ‫Ͳޛ‬Πιηϟϱφ͹ࣰࡏΝ͟ལͶ೘ΗΉͤ͗ɾ‫࣪گ‬͹‫׈‬ಊ͹Γ͑Ͷ‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽқັ͹͍Ζ‫گ‬үͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾ͏ΚΑΖࢶϗʖηͫ͜͹ఽ౹ద͵τηφͶͳʹΉΔ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽָसࢨ಍͹Γ͑Ͷ‫͓ݡ‬ΖΠιηϟϱφͲ͍ͮͪΔɾͨΗͺώήͲͺ͵͚ɾτηφ͹ಝ௅ͫͳࢧͮͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽ

14 ໪ඬୣ੔Ͷ޴͜ͱɾ‫͖ͯش‬͹๏ࡨΝߡ͓ͱ͏ΉͤɽҲͯͺɾਇਜ਼͵νηέϠυϩ͹ࡠ੔Ͳͤɽʹ͹Γ͑͵ΏΕ๏ΝָसंͶְ͓ͱΆ͢͏͹͖ɾʹ͹Γ͑͵ηΫϩΝʹ͹Γ͑͵ชຼͲ͓࢘ͱΆ͢͏͹͖ɾͨ͹Γ͑͵ชຼͶ߻ͮͪνηέɾͯΉΕਇਜ਼͵νηέࡠΕΝͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ΍͑Ҳͯͺɾқັ͹͍ΖεψϨΨࡠΕΝͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽνηέΝқັ͹͍Ζ‫Ͳܙ‬εψϨΨ৏Ͷด΄ɾࣰਫ਼‫Ͳ׈‬ηΫϩΝన༽ͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱ௜໚ͤΖΓ͑͵৖໚Ν࠸‫ͪ͢ݳ‬͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨ͢ͱɾΫʖʀϕϧέτΡηʤ伶ͳ͵Ζ‫׈‬ಊʥͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ήͤ͗ɾͨ͑ͪ͢΍͹Νߡ͓ͱɾྭ͓ͻɾࣰࡏ͹ηΫϩͳ͢ͱ৮‫ۂ‬ਫ਼‫׈‬৏චགྷͶ͵Ζ΍͹ΝָΞͲΆ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͞ΗͺϲΡβςΫʖ͹‫׈‬ಊεητϞ͹ߡ͓๏͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࣰભͤΖ͞ͳͶΓΕηΫϩ΍
ָΞͲ͏͚ɾͨ͹೟எద͵൅ୣ͍͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾ͞͹ߡ͓Νઈ໎ͪ͢ช‫ݛ‬ͺ͚ͪ͠Ξ͍ΕΉͤɽ͵ͧϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌ͗॑གྷ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͶΓΕɾୣ੔͢ͱΆ͢͏॑གྷ͵खૌ͹‫ݩܨ‬Ν͢ͱ΍Δ͑͞ͳͲɾ෵ࡸ͵νηέͲ΍ࣰࡏͶਲ਼ߨͲ͘Ζ೵ྙΝਐͶ෉͜ͱ͏͜Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ ࡠ੔ͤΖεψϨΨͺɾ͏ΚΑΖఽ౹ద͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͳචͥ͢΍ಋͣͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽஊ֌͟ͳɾητρϕ͟ͳͶ඲ՃΝ͢ͱ͏͘ΉͤɽϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝ෾մ͢ͱɾ
ητρϕʀώ΢ʀητρϕͲɾͨ͹νηέͶ͏͖ͶΠϕϫʖοͪ͢Δ͏͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗
෾͖ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ΉͤɽνηέસରΝ͏͘͵Ε౦͝ͱɾՁ͹γϛʖφ΍ͦͥͶ଎ఈͤΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͨΗ͖ΔɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝ॑ࢻ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽ௪৙ʹ͹Γ͑͵ητρϕΝ‫ָͱܨ‬स͗਒ΞͲ͏͚͹͖Ν෾ੵ͢ɾາज़͵য়ସ͖Δज़ୣ͹Ϫϗϩ͗߶͚͵ͮͱ͏͚ͪΌͶͺʹ͹Γ͑͵࣯దรԿ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖ͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝཀྵմ͢ͱ͕͚චགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽνηέΝࡠ੔ͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱ΍ɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹͵͖͹ʹ͹ஊ֌Ͷ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ͞͹ஊ֌Ͷͺୣ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ࣏͹ஊ֌ͶୣͤΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳ͗෾͖ΖΓ͑Ͷ͢Ήͤɽ ࠹‫ޛ‬͹఼ͺɾన઀͵๏ྲྀΝϠυϩԿ͢ͱɾ෵ࡸ͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝୣ੔Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽΏΕ๏͗෾͖ͮͱ͏Ζָसं͗͏ΖҲ๏ͲɾͲ͘Ζͳ෾͖ͮͱ͏
ͱ΍ࣨഌͤΖָसंͺʹ͑ͤΖ͹͖ɾ෵ࡸ͵νηέͺਲ਼ߨͲ͘͵͏ָसंͺʹ͑ͤΖ͹͖ɾ

15ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨ͞ͲɾΠιηϟϱφͶ͕͏ͱεήψϩΝड़͢ͱ΍Δͮͱɾ͞͹Γ͑͵ητρϕΝ‫͜͵͖͏ͱܨ‬Ηͻୣ੔Ͳ͘ΉͦΞΓɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ΖΓ͑Ͷͪ͢͏͹Ͳͤɽ ࢴࣙਐ͗઒໵ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾࠅ‫ͱ͢ͳޢ‬͹ӵ‫ͤͲޢ‬ɽ5DQG\%HQQHWW ͗ &%$/ સର͹ϨʖχΝ͢ͱ͏Ή͢ͱɾ਼ָΏՌָ෾໼Ν୴౲͢ͱ͏Ζଠ͹ಋ྇΍͏Ήͤɽࢴࣙਐ͗‫ر‬༫͢ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺӵ‫ͤͲޢ‬ɽ ͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ͖͞͞Δͺͨ͹࿫͗஦ৼͶ͵ΕΉͤɽͪͫ͢ɾ਼ָΏՌָͲ΍ &%$/ ͹‫ݜ‬‫ڂ‬ͺ੟ΞͲͤɽ(76 ͹ΤΥϔγ΢φΝ͟ལ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͤͳɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ช‫͗ݛ‬ड़ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽࢂߡช‫ݛ‬΍͟ལͶ೘Ηͱ͏͘Ήͤɽ ࠕյ͹࿫ͺɾ&%$/ સର͹Πϕϫʖο͹Ҳྭͫͳࢧͮͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵྘Ү͍͗Ζ͹Ͳɾࢴ͗஦ৼͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ζӵ‫Ͳͫ͜ޢ‬ͺ͵͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ೨ಆͶ஖͏ͱ͕͏ͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽ
‫┿ە‬ṇ࡞ࢱࢫࢡࡢసᡂ Ͳͺɾ‫͖ͯش‬͹๏ྲྀΝ‫͏ࢧͳ͏ͪ͘͏ͱݡ‬Ήͤɽʹ͑͏͑͞ͳΝͤΖ͹͖ɾ΍͑ঙ۫͢ରదͶ‫͘͏ͱݡ‬Ή͢Β͑ɽΉͥ࠹ॵͺɾਇਜ਼͵ʤDXWKHQWLFʥϨτϧεʖʀνηέ͹Ϡυϩ
ԿΝͤΖ͞ͳͲͤɽ

16 ͞Ηͺಣմ͹νηέͲͤɽชহΝಣΞͲɾ৚ๅ͹ർֳΝͦ͠Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻ෫ྙ൅ుͳખ
෫‫ؽ‬ΝർֳͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽ‫ڠ‬௪఼ͳ૮ҩ఼͍͗Ζ΍͹Νർֳͦ͠ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽఽ౹ద͵ϘʖϏʖτηφͲͺɾචͥ͢΍͑͞͏͑τηφ‫ࣞܙ‬Ͷ͵Δ͵͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͞͞Ͳ໲͑ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺՁ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾන‫ࣞܙ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ͱɾʹ͹න‫͗ݳ‬ખ෫‫ؽ‬Ͷ౲ͱͺΉΖ͖ɾ෫ྙ൅ుͶ౲ͱͺΉΖ͖ɾΝ౶͓ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ΉͤɽήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖͳ͏͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾಣΞͲ৚ๅΝ੖ཀྵͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖΝ͓࢘Ζ͹ͺ॑གྷ͵͞ͳͲɾқັ͹͍Ζ๏ྲྀ͹ϠυϩͲͤɽ ࢴͪͬ͹νηέͲͺ͑͞͏͑΍͹Νଡ༽͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹྘ҮͲ৚ๅΝන‫ͤݳ‬ΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾʹ͹Γ͑͵๏๑Ͳ͍Ηͻͨ͹ชຼͲਇਜ਼ͳ͵ΕಚΖ͹͖ߡ͓ɾਇਜ਼͵‫׈‬ಊΝϠυϩԿͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽৼཀྵ଎ఈϪϗϩͶ͕͏ͱ΍ਇਜ਼Ͳ͍Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ν‫͏ͱݡ‬Ήͤɽ ΍ͬΘΞಋͣΓ͑͵໲ୌΝଡࢸમ୔໲ୌͲ΍ड़ͦΖ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞͹Γ͑͵৚ๅΝ੖ཀྵͤ
Ζͳ͏͑‫׈‬ಊͺқັ͍͗ͮͱɾࣰਫ਼‫Ͳ׈‬΍Ώͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳΝൕӫ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽ

17

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దͲ͵͏Γ͑ͶͤΖͪΌͶɾྭ͓ͻ͑͞͏͑ࡠ‫ۂ‬ΝΏΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͞͹஦͹ชহͲ
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સ෨κϫ͖ΔΏΗͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ͞Ηͺ߶ߏ͹ 1 ೧ਫ਼͛Δ͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ͞ΗͺͨΗ͛Δ͏͹ηΫϩϪϗϩͲͤɽ୉ָͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ୉ָͲ͍Ηͻɾ΍͑ήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖͺɾκϫ͖Δช‫ݶ‬ΝດΌ͵͠͏ͳͤΖ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽͪͫɾͨ͞
ΉͲηΫϩ͗͵͏͖΍͢Η͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΖͳɾʹΗ͛Δ͏͹सज़ౕ͵͹͖෾͖ΖΓ͑ͶɾҲ෨ດΌͱɾͨ͹৏Ͳड़ͤͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ

19΍͑Ҳͯɾͬ͞Δͺଡࢸમ୔ࣞ͹‫؏ٮ‬τηφͲͤɽϑυΨΝમͻͦΉͤɽAʀBʀCʀDͳ͍ΕΉͤɽΠιηϟϱφ͹Ҳ‫ͱ͢ͳ؂‬ɾգ‫ڊ‬Ͷًͪ͘͞ͳ͹ਬ࿨Νߨ͑͹Ͳͤɽࣆ‫͗ބ‬ًͪ͘ͳ͢Ήͤɽָߏ͹֐Ͳࣆ‫ً͗͘ބ‬ɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ৄਕ͗ʹ͹Γ͑Ͷࣆ‫ًͪ͗͘ބ‬͹͖ৄ‫ݶ‬Ν͢ΉͤɽͨΗΝซ͏ͪ৏Ͳɾຌ౲ͺՁً͗ͪ͘͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ൓இ͢Ήͤɽ ͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ࠹शదͶ͏Θ͏Θ͵ৄ‫͗ڎ‬ɾৄ‫͏ͱ͢ͳݶ‬Θ͏Θ͵ৄਕ͖Δ༫͓ΔΗΉͤɽΠωϟΝ࢝ͯ‫ͱݡ‬ɾࣰࡏͶৄ‫ݶ‬Νซ͏ͪ৏Ͳɾࣆ‫ͱ͢ͳބ‬Ձً͖͗ͪ͘ɾʹΗ͗ਜ਼͢͏ͳ
ࢧ͏Ή͖ͤͳ͏͑͞ͳΝમͻͦΖ͹Ͳͤɽ৚ๅΝபड़͢ͱɾࣙ෾ͲͨΗΝΉͳΌͱ൓இ͢Ήͤɽ͞ΗͺࣰࡏՁً͗ͪ͘͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͹൓இΝͦ͠Ζͳ͏͑ਇਜ਼͵νηέͲͤɽ‫ݶ‬ཁͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ɾಊժ΍࢘ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ‫ە‬ព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿࢩࢼࣜ࢜

20 ࣏Ͷɾқັ͹͍ΖεψϨΨΝ‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ қັ͹͍ΖεψϨΨͳͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͵͹͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾߡ͓๏ͳ͢ͱɾྭ͓ͻӵ‫ޢ‬͹ηΫϩΝ‫͓گ‬ΖࡏͶͺɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵࿊କͪ͢͞ͳΝΏͮͱɾ࠹शద͵໪దΝୣ੔Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͢ͱΆ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽྭ͓ͻ౾࿨ΝͤΖ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾͨ͹τʖϜʀ࿨఼Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ
৚ๅΝफॄ͢ͱɾͨΗΝ੖ཀྵ͢ͱɾॄΌͪ৚ๅ͖Δͨ͹٠࿨͹ɾࣙ෾ͺ࢏൳ྈ࿨͹ʹͬΔଈ͵͹͖Ν݀ΌͱɾͨΗΝ൅න͢ͱɾൕ࿨Ͷ΍ඍ͓Ήͤɽ ͞Ηͺ‫׈‬ಊͳ͢ͱ͹౾࿨͹͏Θ͏Θ͵ητρϕͲͤɽͨ͑ͪ͢ητρϕΝ‫ͱܨ‬ɾ٠࿨͹ߑ஛ɾ౾࿨͹ߑ஛ΝͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽ΍ͬΘΞɾָसंͺͨΗΔસͱ͗੖ཀྵͲ͘ͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ੔ޯཬͶસͱ͹ηΫϩ͗఑‫͘Ͳڛ‬ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ͍Ζ͏ͺɾஊ֌దͶͨ͹ητρϕΝ‫ܨ‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘͵͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ ͨ͞ͲɾεψϨΨΝࡠΖ͹Ͳͤɽસͱ͹અ໲͗εψϨΨͶ‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͏Ζ‫Ͳܙ‬ɾεψϨΨΝͪʹΔͦΖ͹Ͳͤɽ͖ͫΔͨ͞ɾ෵਼յτηφΝΏΖқັ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ٠࿨͹εψϨΨɾ‫ڂݜ‬͹εψϨΨɾͨ͢ͱชָࡠ඾͹ಣմ͹εψϨΨΝͨΗͩΗΏΖ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ֦εψϨΨͲஊ֌దͶқັ͹͍ΖητρϕΝ‫ͱܨ‬ɾηΫϩ͹ߑ஛Ν͢ͱ͏͜Ζ‫ܙ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ21Ͳͺɾʹ͑͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬਒΋͹͖͕‫͏ࢧͳ͏ͪͦ͢ݡ‬ΉͤɽΉͥɾΠιηϟϱφ͹࠹ॵ͹ஊ֌Ͳͤɽ٠࿨ɾ౾࿨ΝͤΖͶ౲ͪΕɾ͞ΗΝಣΊ͵͠͏ͳ༫͓ͱɾͨ͢ͱͨΗͶͯ͏ͱ୯͖͗ϟϠ಼ͪ͢༲ΝಣΞͲɾՁ͗ϟ΢ϱ͹Π΢υΠͲՁ͗ึঁద͵Π΢υΠ͵͹͖ΝΉͳΌͦ͠ΉͤɽήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖ͹නΝ࢘ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽν΢ϕͤΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ɾχϧρήʀΠϱχʀχϫρϕͤΖ͵ʹ͢ͱɾτΫηφ͖ΔήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖͶ೘ΗͱනΝດΌΖ‫ܙ‬Ͷ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽ͞Ηͺࣙಊࡀ఼͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ22 ࣏ͺɾγϜϨʖ͗ॽ͜Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ͳ͏͑νηέͲͤɽಣΞͫชহͶͯ͏ͱΉͳΌ͵͠͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͬ͞Δ͹ηέϨʖϱͲͤ͗ɾࢢ‫͜޴ڛ‬͹߁ࠄͺ‫͖͘΄ͤࢯے‬൳͖ͳ͏͑
͞ͳͲɾ࢏൳ͨΗͩΗ͹қ‫͗ݡ‬અ໲͟ͳͶන͠ΗΉͤɽ͞͞ͲͺɾҲ๏͹٠࿨͗ॽ͖Ηͱ͏ͱɾͨΗΝΉͳΌ͵͠͏ͳ͏͑νηέͲͤɽ ‫͖ͯش‬͹અ໲Ν‫ͱܨ‬ɾηΫϩ͗ߑ஛͠ΗΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ͑Ή͚γϜϨʖ͗ॽ͖ͪ͜ʹ͖͑͹‫خ‬६Νࣖ͢ͱɾͨ͢ͱ఼͍ܿ͗ΖΓ͑͵γϜϨʖ΍ࣆྭͳ͢ͱ‫ͱͦݡ‬ɾͨΗͲϟ΢ϱ͹Π΢υΠͺՁ͖ɾึঁద͵Π΢υΠͺՁ͖ɾͳમͻͦΖνηέ΍༫͓ͱɾҲ࿊͹ࡠ‫ۂ‬ΝͤΖɾͨ͢ͱ࠹शదͶࣙ෾͹қ‫ݡ‬Ν௢फ़Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽ ࠕౕͺɾ٠࿨͹෾ੵΝͤΖஊ֌Ͳͤɽͬ͞Δ͹νηέͺɾ΍ͬΘΞଡࢸમ୔ࣞͲ΍Ͳ͘Ήͤ͗ɾ7 οϡʖφͳ‫ݼ‬ΞͲ͏Ζ΍͹ΝࢴͪͬͺΓ͚࢘͏ΉͤɽήϧϓΡρέʀΨʖΪψ΢δʖͲɾԥ๰ͳॐ๰Ν 7 ࣊‫ܗ‬ͶӀ͏ͱɾͨ͹৏ͶφϒρέΝॽ͘Ήͤɽ7 ࣊͹ྭ͓ͻࠪଈͶͺ࢏੔ഁɾӊଈͶͺൕଲഁΝ೘ΗΖ͹Ͳͤɽ  ͹αϟϱφ͗͞͞Ͷॽ͖Ηͱ͏ͱɾ͞Ηͺ࢏൳͹ʹͬΔͶ೘Ζ͹͖Ν෾ͦ͜͠Ζ͹Ͳͤɽࠪଈ͗‫͘΄ͤࢯے‬ɾӊଈ͗༲೟ͤ΄͘ͳ͏ཱི͑৖͹ཀྵ༟Ͳͤɽࣰࡏɾࣙ෾͹ࢧߡΝ͍
Ζ࿨఼Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ΉͳΌΖࡏͶͺɾ͑͞͏͑͞ͳΝΏΖͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹ชΝಣΞͫࡏͶɾ࢏੔͖ൕଲ͖ɾචͥ͢΍໎ࣖ͠Ηͱ͏ΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ಣΞͲɾ͞Ηͺ࢏੔ͫɾൕଲ
ͫɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ൓இͦ͠Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ॑གྷ͵ηΫϩͲͤɽ23 ͞͹νηέͶ͕͏ͱ͞Η͗Ͳ͘͵͏ͳɾʛ ชɾॽ͚ͫ͜ͶशΚͮͱ͢Ή͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻɾಣմΏࢧߡͤΖ͞ͳͶ໲ୌ͍͗ΖָसंͶͺɾ͞Ηͺೋ͢͏νηέͲͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾΉͥͺ͑͞͏͑͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ͶηΫϩΝߑ஛͢͵͏ͳɾ࠹शదͶঘ࿨ช͵ʹͺॽ͜͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ ࠕౕͺɾ٠࿨ͳͨΗͶ൒͑ཬ෉͜͹ৄ‫ڎ‬Νࣖ͢ͱɾͨ͹ৄ‫͑͏ͳ͖͑ʹ͖͏ک͗ڎ‬඲ՃΝͦ͠Ήͤɽ

24͠ΔͶ෵ࡸ͵νηέ͗ͬ͞ΔͲͤɽ٠࿨ʀ౾࿨Ν༫͓Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͖͵ΕΉͥ͏٠࿨ΝಣΉͦͱɾͨΗΝ൹඲ͦ͠Ήͤɽ͞Ηͺ ʛ ೧ਫ਼Ϫϗϩ͹νηέ͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞ΗͺΠϟϨΩ͹ ʛ ೧ਫ਼Ͷͺ͖͵Εೋ͢͏νηέͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ৏Ғ͹ָसं͖͑͢Ή͚Ͳ͘͵͏ͫΘ͑ͳ͏͑૟ఈͲͤɽͨ΍ͨ΍൹඲Ώൕ࿨͗෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽͨΗ͖
Δɾϟριʖζ͹൅৶ͳ͢ͱɾ൹඲ͤΖ͞ͳɾൕ࿨ͤΖ͞ͳͺ॑གྷͲɾ٠࿨Ͷ͕͏ͱͺຌ࣯దͲ͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨΗΝ‫͓گ‬Ζ΍͹Ͳͤɽ ͞͹Γ͑͵ɾқັ͹͍ΖҲ࿊͹νηέΝΏͮͱ΍Δͮͱɾ෾ੵΝͦ͠Ήͤɽ࠹शదͶɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͳ͢ͱɾঘ࿨ชΝॽ͘͵͠͏ɾͳ͵ΕΉͤɽಣΞͫชহɾ߁ࠄ͹࢏൳ྈ࿨Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬΍ΠέιηͲ͘Ζɾ‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖΓ͑Ͷ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽηαΠ͹‫خ‬६͗ʹ͑͵ͮͱ
͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍ࣖ͢Ήͤɽ Ήͪɾ‫ܯ‬ժςʖϩͳ͢ͱɾߡ͓ΝΉͳΌΖΓ͑͵ςʖϩ΍ͬΎΞͳ఑‫͢ڛ‬Ήͤɽητρ
ϕΝ‫͞ͱܨ‬͹ஊ֌ΉͲཔΖͳɾ͖͵Ε‫ى‬फ़͹඲Ճ͗Ͳ͘Ζͳ༩૟͠ΗΉͤɽ࠹‫ޛ‬͹࿨फ़͹νηέΉͲཔͪࠔͶͺɾφϒρέͶ‫͵͖ͱؖ͢‬Ε๝͖͵எࣟ͗੷Ί৏͗ͮͱ͏ΖͺͥͲͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾφϒρέͶͯ͏ͱՁ͗෾͖ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɾՁΝஎͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɾͨΗͶͯ͏ͱʹ͑ࢧߡ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͞͞ΉͲνηέΝΏͮͱͪ͘͹Ͳ͖ͤΔ૮౲඲Ճ͗Ͳ͘Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ Ґ৏ɾ&%$/ ͹඲Ճͳͺ͑͞͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬਒ΌΖɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͕࿫͢͢Ήͪ͢ɽ

25

‫ە‬CBAL ࡢᐇ㝿㸦ࣅࢹ࢜㸧 Ͳͺɾ͞͞ͲϑυΨΝ͟ལͶ೘Ηͪ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ(76 ͹ΤΥϔγ΢φͶ΍‫͠ࡎܟ‬Ηͱ͏Ζ΍͹Ͳͤɽ&%$/ ͹ࣰࡏͶͯ͏ͱ‫״‬ৰΝ͖ͯΞͲ͏͚ͪͫͪΌͶɾΠϟϨΩ͹ָߏ͹‫ࣰͲܙ͑͏͑ʹͲ࣪گ‬ભ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ‫ͫͪ͘͏ͱݡ‬ΉͤɽʞʞʞʞʞϑυΨ֋࢟ʤΩά‫ނׇ‬෨෾ͺ‫͗ࢥگ‬ਫ਼ైͶ޴͖ͮͱ࿫͢ͱ͏Ζ՗ॶʥʞʞʞʞ
5DIDQRʤӵ‫ࢥگޢ‬ʥʯʰָߏͲ͑͞͏͑ζϡϱέϓʖχΝജͮͱ͏͏͖ʹ͖͑ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ
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ʯ&%$/ ͹৚ๅͶΓΕɾࣰࡏͶ઎Ͷ਒ΌͱߑΚ͵͏ਫ਼ైͺ୯͵͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍෾͖ΕΉͤ͢ɾνηέΝୣ੔ͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾՁ͗චགྷ͖෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͏ਫ਼ైΝ‫ݡ‬෾͜Ζ͞ͳ΍Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ࠹शద͵ϕϫζΥέφͶ౺ୣͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾʹ͹ਫ਼ై͗ʹ͹ஊ֌Ͷ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫ݡ‬෾͜ΔΗΉͤɽ ʰͲͺɾϘΠͶ͵ͮͱɾ࣏͹‫ͯޔ‬͹νηέΝϏʖφψʖͳΏͮͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽ‫ޛ‬ͲɾસରͲ൅න͢ͱ΍Δ͏Ήͤɽʱ26 ঘήϩʖϕͲࡠ‫ͱ͢ۂ‬΍Δ͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻಋͣΓ͑͵νηέΏφϒρέͲɾಋͣϪϗϩͲ‫ۦ‬࿓͢ͱ͏Ζਫ਼ైಋ࢞ΝϘΠͲૌΉͦΉͤɽͨΗ͖ΔϒΠʀτΡʖοϱήͳ͏ͮͱɾਫ਼ైಋ࢞Ͳ‫͓ͦ͠گ‬ΉͤɽࣰࡏͶซ͏ͪΕ‫ͪݡ‬ΕͤΖ͞ͳͶΓͮͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ָसϠʖχΝ௪ͣͱ &%$/ Ͳͺָसͦ͠Ήͤɽ
3D\DOʤঃࢢਫ਼ైʤ ೧ਫ਼ʥʥʯ&%$/ ͺ͚ͤ͟޹͘Ͳͤɽ͵ͧ &%$/ ͗͏͏͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾՊ
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0DUTXH]ʤ$VVHVVPHQW'HYHORSHU(76ʥʯεψϨΨϗʖη͵͹Ͳͤɽ৿ળ͵ชຼ͹஦ͲɾεψϨΨ͗఑ࣖ͠ΗΉͤɽͨ͢ͱઅ໲ͺ૮‫ޕ‬Ͷ‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ͏ͱɾ੷Ί৏͝ΔΗΖΓ
͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ௜؏ద͵Ϫϗϩ͖ΔɾΓΕ߶࣏͹ޮࣞ͹ཀྵմ͗ߑ஛Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ਒ΌΔΗΖͳ͞Θ͗͏͏͹Ͳͤɽ ඲ՃͺαϱϒϣʖνʀεϝϣϪʖεϥϱ͗൒͑͞ͳ͗ଡ͏ͲͤɽαϱϒϣʖνʀεϝϣϪʖεϥϱΝ࢘͑͞ͳͶΓͮͱཀྵմ͗਒Ίɾ॑གྷ͵֕೨Ν൅‫ͤݡ‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ
3HUU\ʤ਼ָ‫ࢥگ‬ʥʯ͑ͪ͢͞νηέͲɾεϝϣϪʖεϥϱΝ௪ͣͱࣰ੊ֆ͹য়‫ͱ͢ͳڱ‬ɾࣙ෾ͪͬ͗͵ͣΊ͍͗Ζ΍͹Ͷ݃;෉͜ͱཀྵմͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ ࢢ‫ڛ‬ͺϑζϣΠϩԿ͢ͱ‫ݡ‬Ζ͞ͳ͗޹͘͵͹Ͳͤɽͪͫ൚ॽͲɾࢴ͗‫ݶ‬ཁͲઈ໎
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3HUU\ʤ਼ָ‫ࢥگ‬ʥʯࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬ͺ͚ͤ͟ν΢ϒϱή͗ଐ͏͹Ͳͤɽαϱϒϣʖν΍‫ܠ‬ଵు࿫΍࢘͏‫׵‬Ηͱ͏Ζ͖Δɾ͚ͤ͟մ౶΍ଐ͏Ͳͤɽ
*DEULHOOHʤঃࢢਫ਼ైʤ ೧ਫ਼ʥʥʯർͳׄ߻ɾͨΗ͖Δ෾਼ΝΏͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾҩ͑‫ݡ‬๏͗Ͳ
͘Ζɾҩ͑‫͚ͱ͓گͲܙ‬ΗΖ͹͗͏͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
3HUU\ʤ਼ָ‫ࢥگ‬ʥʯʰͲͺɾർͳׄ߻ͳ͢ͱɾ͞ΗͶ߻͑͹ͺʹΗͲ͢Β͖͑ɽʱ
'HDQHʯ͞͹Πϕϫʖο͹གྷͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾτηφ͹஦͹νηέΝɾ‫ͨ͗ࢥگ‬͹֕೨Ν‫͓گ‬ΖͶ౲ͪͮͱҩ࿪‫״‬͹͵͏΍͹Ͷͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͞͹‫ڂݜ‬ͺΉͫ‫ܩ‬କ஦Ͳɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ಐࡱɾ๏๑࿨ɾଡ͚͹࣯໲΍ड़ͱ͘ͱ͏ΉͤɽΉͫΉͫ‫ݜ‬‫౏ڂ‬৏Ͳͤɽ

ʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞϑυΨश྅ʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞʞ

27

 CBAL ͹ોࡒࣰ͗ࡏͶʹ͑࢘ΚΗͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͟ལ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͪ͢ɽ‫״‬ৰΝ͖ͯΞͲ͏ͪͫͪ͜Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ ࣎ؔ͗‫ݸ‬ΔΗͱ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾ೟எՌָద͵ഐ‫ܢ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾՁທ͖ηϧ΢χΝඊͻͤ͞ͳΝ͕‫͏͚ͫ͢͠ڒ‬ɽ͠ΔͶ৆͚͕͢எΕͶ͵Εͪ͏๏ͺɾըʓͺ‫͖ͯش‬͹ช‫ݛ‬Νड़͢ͱ͕ΕΉͤ͹ͲɾͨΗΔΝ͟ࢂল͚ͫ͠͏ɽ
‫ࢡࢫࢱ࡜ࢫ࢕ࢸࢡࣛࣉ࣭࣮࢟ە‬ศᯒ Πιηϟϱφઅ‫ܯ‬͹࿰ૌͳ͢ͱɾҲͯ͹αϱϒτϱεʖʀϠυϩ͍͗ΕΉͤɾ଎ఈͪ͢
͏ߑ੔֕೨Ώ౹੏ͪ͢͏ߑ੔֕೨Νߡ͓ͪ৏ͲɾΠιηϟϱφ͹੊ֆͲ‫͞ͳ͑ݶ‬Θ͹྘ҮϠυϩɾͯΉΕҲରՁΝτηφ͢Γ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑ϠυϩΝཱིͱΉͤɽ໎ࣖద͵Ϡυϩͳ͢ͱɾ͞Ηͺτηφ͹અ‫ܯ‬Ν࠹ॵ͖Δ‫و‬ఈͤΖ΍͹͵͹Ͳͤɽ29 ୉ࣆ͵͹͗ʰΫʖʀϕϧέτΡηʱͲɾकགྷ͵‫׈‬ಊɾ伶ͳ͵Ζ‫׈‬ಊɾͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗͱ͏Ζ΍͹Ͳͤɽқັ͹͍Ζऀճద͵૮‫༽ࡠޕ‬Ν௪͢ͱਕʓ͗‫ܠ‬ΚΖ‫׈‬ಊͲɾ‫گ‬ү৏΍॑གྷ͵΍͹Ͳͤɽ ਦ͹͵͖Ͷʰన༽ʱͳ͍ΕΉͤ͗ɾ୉ָͶߨ͚ͳɾͨ͑ͪ͢ӵ‫ޢ‬͹ηΫϩͺ΍ͬΘΞ॑གྷͲͤɽྭ͓ͻմएɾชָࡠ඾ΝཀྵմͤΖɾϟ΢ϱ͹Π΢υΠΝ٠࿨ͤΖɾϨγʖοͤΖɾ
໲ୌմ݀ΝͤΖɾ఑‫ݶ‬Ώ඲ՃΝͤΖɾͳ͏͑Ҳ࿊͹͏Θ͏Θ͵‫׈‬ಊ͍͗Εɾਕʓͺͨ͑ͪ͢͞ͳΝ୉ָͲɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ৮‫ۂ‬৏Ώͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ30 ৮‫ۂ‬৏͹‫׈‬ಊͲͺɾྭ͓ͻϑζϋηͶ͕͜Ζ໲ୌΝಝఈ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͢ɾಝఈ͢
ͪΔɾ࣏ͺմ݀ࡨΝड़ͦͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΉͤɽͨ͢ͱͨΗ͗ਜ਼͢͏մ݀ࡨ͵͹͖඲Ճ͢ɾͨ͢ͱ
‫ܯ‬ժΝཱིͱͱࣰࢬ͢ɾͨ͹‫ޛ‬ɾ੔ՎΝ඲ՃͦΓͳɽ͞Ηͺ‫׈‬ಊͳ͢ͱ͖̏ॶͲً͘Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ɾՁౕ΍ൕ෰͢ͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵αϱτέηφ͹஦Ͳ‫܃‬Εศࣰ͢ભ͠ΗΖɾΉͪ͏Θ͏Θ͵ώϨΦʖεϥϱ͍͗ΕಚΖɾ෵ࡸ͵ηΫϩͲͤɽ‫͍Ͳڂݜ‬Ηɾ٠࿨Ώ౾࿨Ͳ͍Ηɾชָࡠ඾͹մएͲ͍Ηɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵‫׈‬ಊ͹ஊ֌͍͗ΕɾͨΗΝ‫͜͵͖͏ͱܨ‬Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ ֦ஊ֌Ͳචགྷ͵ηΫϩ͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨ͹ஊ֌͹‫׈‬ಊΝߨ͑Ͷͺɾಝఈ͹ηΫϩ͗චགྷͲͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾͨΗͩΗ͹‫׈‬ಊΝ඲Ճ͢ɾͨΗ͗ʹ͑ͯ͵͗ͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾқັ͹͍Ζକ͘๏Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾΉͪͨΗΝࢩ͓ΖηΫϩͳ͢ͱՁ͗චགྷ͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝࣖ͠͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ ͨΗ͗νηέ෾ੵͲͤɽͤ͵ΚͬɾʹΞ͵೟எద͵ॴཀྵΝߨͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾΉͪʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ৚ๅΝනে͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾͨΗΔͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ෾ੵΝߨ͑͹Ͳͤɽ ͞͞Ͳྭͳ͢ͱ়ղͤΖ͹ͺɾ౾࿨͍Ζ͏ͺυΡϗʖφͶࢂՅͤΖͳ͘ͶɾʹΞ͵νη
έ͍͗Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ

31 ԾҒνηέͶ෾͜ͱߡ͓ͱ͏͘Ήͤɽͤ͵Κͬɾ٠࿨ͶࢂՅͤΖ͞ͳ͗͑Ή͏ਕͲ͍Ζ͵Δͻɾ‫ڬ‬Δ͚͞͹‫ͯޔ‬͹͞ͳΝΏͮͱ͏Ζͳߡ͓ΔΗΉͤɽ ͨ͢ͱɾชॽͲͺ͵͚ɾࣰࡏͶଲ໚͢ͱߨ͑౾٠͹৖߻ͺɾ͞Η͗ଲ࿫ͳ͢ͱՁౕ΍‫܃‬Εศ͠Η͵͗Δ࢘ΚΗͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽྭ͓ͻ޳ಆͲ͑Ή͚क௃ͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζਕͺɾॽ͚͹΍͑Ή͏ɾࡠช΍͑Ή͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗͢ͻ͢ͻ͍ΕΉͤɽΉͪɾ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷ͞͹Γ͑Ͷ͢ͱ౾࿨͢͵͗Δଲ࿫ΝͤΖ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾज़ୣं͹৖߻ͺ͖͵Ε͹ηΫϩΝ࣍ͮͱ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾ͏Θ͏Θ‫ޛ‬໯ΕΝ͢͵͗ΔΏΖචགྷ͗͵͚ɾͨΗͲ΍੔ޯཬͶқ‫ݡ‬ΝΉͳΌΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ

32 ͨ͹ͪΌͶͺɾ͞͹౾࿨Ͳ୯͗ʹΞ͵क௃Ν͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾΉͪͨ͹ཀྵ༟ͺՁ͵͹͖ɾΉͪʹ͑ͤΗͻઈಚͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝஎͮͱ͏Ζචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ कୌͶͯ͏ͱ͹எࣟ΍॑གྷͲͤɽͲ͖ͤΔɾ௒ࠬΏ‫ڂݜ‬͹ηΫϩͶ΍‫͏ͱ͢ܐؖ‬Ήͤɽ ϫζΩϩ͵क௃Ν͢ͱ͏͚ͪΌͶͺɾͨ͹ཱི৖ͳ͢ͱ෵਼͹͞ͳΝߡ͓Ζචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽʹ͹क௃͗߻ཀྵదͲ͍Ζ͹͖ɾʹΞ͵΍͹Ͳ͍Ηͻࢩ࣍Ͳ͘Ζ͹͖ɾΉͪɾʹ͹ཱི৖Νঙ͢ร͓Ζ͞ͳͲɾ༶‫ޤ‬Ն೵͵΍͹ͶͲ͘Ζ͹͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝߡ͓Ήͤɽ౾࿨ΝࣰࡏͶߨ͑ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺཱི࿨ͤΖ઴Ͷɾ͞͹Γ͑͵ηΫϩΝਐͶ෉͜ͱ͏͚͹Ͳͤɽ33 Ήͪɾͨ͹඲ՃΝͤΖͪΌͶɾৄ‫ڎ‬Ώൕ࿨ɾ༹ʓ͵͞ͳΝ͍Δ͖ͣΌߡ͓Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ࠹शదͶͺɾ͞͞ΉͲߨͮͪࢧߡΝસͱΉͳΌͪ৏Ͳɾଠ͹ਕͶ൅න͢ͱ͏͖͵͚ͱͺ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ क௃Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷߑ੔ͤΖ͹͖ɾτΫηφͳ͢ͱްՎదͶ൅නͤΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏
͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽͨ͞Ͳͺɾ༹ʓ͵ηΫϩ͗චགྷͶ͵ΕΉͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹ηΫϩ͹஦Ͷ͠ΔͶγϔηΫϩ͍͗ΕɾͨΗΔΝ੷Ί৏͝ͱ͏͚͞ͳͲɾॵΌͱ͑Ή͚Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ34

‫ࢺ࣓ࣥࢫࢭ࢔࡜ࢬࣥࣙࢩࢵࣞࢢࣟࣉ࣭ࢢࣥࢽ࣮ࣛە‬タィͨΗͩΗ͹ηΫϩ͹ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθɾͤ͵Κͬɾָसं͗ࠕʹ͹ஊ֌Ͷ͏Ζ͹͖Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ͢ͱ඲Ճ͢ͱ͏͚͹͖ɾ͕࿫͢͢Ήͤɽ ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͺɾ൅ୣΝ‫ݡ‬ΖͪΌ͹Πιηϟϱφ࿰ૌͲͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹ηΫϩ͹གྷોΝϠυϩԿ͢ͱ͕ΕɾͨΗͩΗ͹ஊ֌͹ؔ͗‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽָसं͗
ʹ͹βʖϩΝୣ੔͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ൅ୣదͶ‫ྙͱݡ‬Ν৵ͻ͢ͱ͏͚৏Ͳ॑གྷ͵གྷોΝɾʹ͹ָसंͺ‫ع‬Ͷୣ੔͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɽྭ͓ͻɾ࢏੔ʀൕଲ͹෨෾ͫ͜Νཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ΍ͮͳ਄͚ཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾΉͪͨ͹क௃Ͷͯ͏ͱʹ͑ਜ਼౲ԿͤΖ͖ΉͲཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɽཀྵմ͗਄ΉΖΆʹɾ౾࿨Ώक௃ࣙର͗๝͖͵΍͹Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏͘Ήͤɽ35

 ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͺɾͨ͹‫ݶ‬ཁࣙରͺΉͫΉͫᐈຖ͠͹ଡ͏༽‫͗ͤͲޢ‬ɾ
CBAL Ͷ͕͜Ζఈٝ͗ͬ͞ΔͶड़ͱ͏Ήͤɽͤ͵Κͬɾ伶ͳ͵Ζ֕೨ɾॴཀྵգఖɾકྲྀɾ
ࣰભɾৼ͹स‫׵‬Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾज़ୣϪϗϩ͹࣯దรԿΝ‫ى‬फ़ͪ͢΍͹ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͯΉΕɾஎࣟͲ͍ΗɾηΫϩͲ͍Ηɾཀྵմ͗ʹ͹Γ͑͵ϪϗϩͶ౺ୣ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖Νߡ͓Ζࡏ͹༽‫ͤͲޢ‬ɽ ྭ͓ͻɾ౾࿨Ν਒Όͱ͏͚ͪΌ͹ηΫϩΝָ΁ͳ͘Ͷ΍࢘͏Ήͤɽ ֕؏͢Ήͤͳɾ͞͹‫ͯޔ‬͹Ϫϗϩ͍͗ΕΉͤɽྭ͓ͻ  ೧ਫ਼Ͳ͍ͮͪ͵ΔͻɾϪϗϩ Ͷ͏Ζਕͪͬ͗ଡ͏Ͳ͢Β͑ɽͲ΍ɾϪϗϩ  Ώ  Ͷ͏Ζਕͪͬ΍Ήͫ͏Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽͨ͢ͱɾ୉ָͶ͵Ζͳ୉ରϪϗϩ ʛ ͹ָसं͗ଡ͏Ͳ͢Β͑ɽ͖͢͢ɾঘָߏͲ͍Ηͻɾ‫ڬ‬Δ͚Ϫϗϩ ʛ ͹ਫ਼ై͗ΆͳΞʹͫͳ෾͖ΕΉͤɽͲ͖ͤΔɾʹ͹วͶଡ͚͹ָसं͗೘ͮͱ͚Ζ͖΍ɾҲͯཀྵմ͢ͱ͕͚΄͘͞ͳͲͤɽ

36 ΓΕ۫ରద͵ྭ͗৏͹΍͹Ͳͤɽ ͨ͢ͱɾΏΖ΄͘νηέΝཀྵմ͢ɾ֦ιϩ͹‫ى‬फ़Ͷ‫ͨͱ͏Ͱخ‬ΗΝϜρϒϱή͢ͱ͏͘ΉͤɽࠕɾָसंͺՁΝͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹͖ɾϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹ϪϗϩΝ‫͘͏ͱݡ‬Ήͤɽ֦ιϩ͹‫ى‬फ़ͺɾҲ෨ͺช‫͖ݛ‬ΔӀ༽ͪ͢΍͹Ͳͤ͢ɾΉࣰͪࡏ͹‫گ‬द๑ɾ‫گ‬ү‫ݳ‬৖͖Δखͮͱͪ͘΍͹΍͍ΕΉͤɽΉͪɾՀઈ΍‫؜‬ΉΗͱ͏Ήͤɽ͞͹Γ͑͵΍͹Νઅ‫ܯ‬͢ͱ͏͚৏ͲɾΦϑυϱηΝ࢘͏͵͗ΔΉͳΌͪ΍͹Ͳͤɽ37 Ͳͺ͞͞Ͳɾ͞ΗΔ͗εψϨΨϗʖη͹඲ՃͶʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ݃;෉͏ͱ͏͚͖Ν͕࿫ͪ͢͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ઎Άʹ͕‫ ͪͦ͢ݡ‬7 οϡʖφͲͤ͗ɾ͞ΗͺϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹Ϫϗϩ  ‫  ;ٶ‬͹΍͹Ͳͤɽʰಝఈ͹क௃ΝཬͰ͜Ζཀྵ༟Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬Ζʱͳ͏͑νηέͲɾ౾࿨͹ඉ৙Ͷ‫خ‬ຌద͵෨෾Ͳͤɽ͗͞͞Ͳ͘͵͏ͳɾָसंͺ਄ࠃ͵໲ୌΝ์͓ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ ͞͹νηέͺʰࠞ‫ڎ‬͹༙ް੓Ν඲ՃͲ͘Ζʱ͖ʹ͖͑Ν‫ݡ‬Ζ΍͹ͲɾϪϗϩ  ͹νηέͲͤɽͤ͵ΚͬɾୱͶཀྵ༟ΏΦϑυϱηΝཀྵմͤΖͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ɾʹ͹ཀྵ༟ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺʹ͹Φϑυϱη͗న઀͖Ν඲ՃͲ͘͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ38 ͞͹ʰ൹඲Ώൕ࿨Νॽ͚ʱνηέͺϪϗϩ  Ͳͤɽ͞ΗΝ੔ޯཬͶߨ͑ͪΌͶͺɾՁ͗Γ͏٠࿨͖Νཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾΓΕ਄͚෾ੵ͗Ͳ͘͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ ͑ͪ͢͞Ҳ࿊͹ητρϕͺɾ‫Ͳ࣪گ‬͹ࣰࡏ͹ϕϫζΥέφͶଲԢ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹ητρϕͲɾָसं͗ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹ʹ͹ஊ֌Ͷ͏Ζ͖ΝஎΖ͞ͳ
͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤɽͨ͢ͱɾસର͹ητρϕ͗शΚΖࠔͶͺɾָसं͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη͹Ϗ
νʖϱ͗೼ѴͲ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ ඉ৙ͶҲൢద͵Ϗνʖϱͳ͢ͱɾ7 οϡʖφͺͳͱ΍͑Ή͚Ͳ͘Ζ͗ɾࠞ‫ڎ‬͹඲ՃͺΉ͍Ή͍ɾͨ͢ͱ൹඲Ͷͯ͏ͱͺસ͚Ͳ͘͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗Γ͚͍ΕΉͤɽ ೧ਫ਼ͶΓ͚‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖϏνʖϱͲͤɽ୉ָ਒ָ઴͹৖߻Ͷͺɾ൹඲͹νηέ͗ൔ෾͚Δ͏ͺͲ͘ͱΆ͢͏ͳ͞ΘͲͤ͗ɾࣰࡏͺ͖͵Εೋ͢͏Ͳ͢Β͑͸ɽ*5( ͳ͏͑ɾ(76 ͗୉ָӅ޴͜Ͷߨͮͱ
͏Ζτηφ͍͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾͨ͹஦͹ϧ΢τΡϱή͹νηέͳ͖͵Εۛ͏΍͹͵͹Ͳɽ‫ە‬CBAL ࡢホ౯39 Ͳͺɾ‫ॄࡑݳ‬Ήͮͱ͏ΖΦϑυϱηͲɾ&%$/ ͹Πϕϫʖο͗ʹ͹ఖౕ͑Ή͚‫ؽ‬೵͢ͱ
͏Ζ͖Νࣖͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ͞͹Γ͑͵Πϕϫʖο͗ॊཔ‫ܗ‬͹඲Ճͳ͖͵Εҩ͑͹Ͳɾ൹൓ͤΖਕͪͬ΍͏Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ ྭ͓ͻɾ͞͹Γ͑͵અ໲ΝસͱҲͯ͹φϒρέͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ΏΖ͹Ͳ͖ͤɾͨΗͺ‫Ͳݧث‬ͺ͍ΕΉͦΞ͖ɾͯΉΕɾસ෨ಋͣφϒρέͫͳ৚ๅ͗ࣨΚΗΉͦΞ͖ɾͳ‫͑ݶ‬ਕ΍͏Ήͤɽ͍Ζ͏ͺɾઅ໲͗ͫΞͫΞ෵ࡸͶ͵ͮͱ͏͘Ήͤ͸ɾͨΗͺଏ৖͖͜Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ΖΓ͑Ͳͤ͗ɾͨΗͲ͞ΗΉͲΓΕ΍Γ͏඲Ճ͗Ն೵Ͳ͖ͤɾ͵ʹͳ‫͑ݶ‬ਕ΍͏Ήͤɽ͞ΗΉͲͳҩͮͱɾΉΖͲ‫͓گ‬Ζ͹ͳಋ༹͵‫Ͳͣ״‬͹τηφΝ૓ΖΠϕϫʖοͲ͖ͤΔɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵൹൓͗ड़ͱ͘Ήͤɽ εψϨΨϗʖη͹τηφͲͤ͗ɾ͞͹τηφ͹ٗढ़దଈ໚ͺɾॊཔ͹ଡࢸમ୔ࣞΏ‫ى‬फ़ࣞτηφͳͨΗΆʹҡ͵ͮͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽεψϨΨߑଆͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱɾ࠹ॵͶͲ͘Ζक௃ͳ͢ͱͺɾ΍͢͞ΗΝΏͮͱ΍଎ఈͳ͏఼͑Ͳ֒͗͵͏͹Ͳ͍ΗͻɾΉͪτηφ͗ΓΕ௜؏దͶࣙષͶखΕૌ΋͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ɾ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷͳͮͱ΍ՁΝ‫͓گ‬Ζ΄͘͵͹͖͗ͺͮ͘ΕͤΖ΍͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ͞͹‫ܙ‬ସͲ͹τηφΝΏͮͱΊΖ΄ͫ͘ͳ͏͑
͞ͳͲͤɽ

40

 Ҳ๏ɾφϒρέ৚ๅͶͯ͏ͱɾઅ໲ؔͶ‫ؖ‬࿊͍͗ΖͪΌͶ৚ๅ͗ঙ͵͚͵Εɾτηφ͗ยͮͪ݃ՎΝ΍ͪΔ͠͵͏͖ͳ͏͍͑ٛٝ͗Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɾ࣏‫ݫ‬੓͹෾ੵ݃Վ͹ࣖͤͳ͞ΘͲͺɾಣΊॽ͘͹ҩ͏ͺφϒρέ͹ҩ͏ΓΕ΍୉͖ͮͪ͘͹ͲͤɽΉͪɾνηέ͹૮ଲద͵ೋҝౕ͖ΔϧʖωϱήōϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹ॳ঄੓Ν෰‫ͤݫ‬Ζ͞ͳ΍Ͳͪ͘͹Ͳͤɽ ࠹ۛߨΚΗͪ‫ͱ͢ͳڂݜ‬ɾঘ࿨ช͹઴Ͷ६ඍνηέΝߨͮͪ৖߻ͳɾ६ඍ͵͚ঘ࿨ชΝॽ͖ͦɾͨ͹‫͏Ͳޛ‬Θ͏Θ͵࣯໲ΝͤΖ৖߻ͳΝർֳͪ͢΍͹͍͗ΕΉͤɽҲͯ͹φϒρέͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ঘ࿨ชΝॽ͖ͦͱɾͨ͹‫࣯Ͳޛ‬໲ΝͤΖͳ͏͑ΏΕ๏ΓΕ΍ɾಋͣφϒρέͶ
ͯ͏ͱΉͥಣΉͦͱɾ࣯໲Ν͢ͱɾͨΗ͖Δঘ࿨ชΝॽ͖ͦͪ๏͗ɾ඲Ճͳ͏͑қັͲͺ৶བ੓͹͍Ζ݃Վ͗ಚΔΗΉͪ͢ɽ‫ٱ‬͹ॳ൬ͶͤΖͳɾ݃ՎͺͨΗΆʹѳ͖ͮͪΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾঙ͢৶བ੓͗྾ΕΉͪ͢ɽ ͖͢΍ɾ͞͹ঘ࿨ชΝ࠹ॵͶॽ͖ͦΖɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ६ඍΝ͢ͱ͖Δॽ͖ͦΖɾʹͬΔ΍඲఼ࣙରͺͨΗΆʹรΚΔ͵͖ͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ࠹ॵͶ६ඍΝ͢ͱ͖Δঘ࿨ชΝॽ͏ָͪसं
͹๏͗ɾͪͳ͓ηαΠ͗ಋͣͫͮͪͳ͢ͱ΍ɾ࣎ؔ͹࢘͏๏͗ͥͮͳްི͗ྒྷ͖ͮͪ͹Ͳͤɽॽ࢟͘Όͪͳ͘Ͷɾ‫ع‬Ͷ಼༲Ͷͯ͏ͱָसंͺΓ͚எͮͪஊ֌Ͳॽ͏ͱ͏Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ

41

‫ࡢࢢࣥ࢕ࢸ࢖ࣛە‬᥇Ⅼ࡜ሗ࿌ Ͳͺ͞͞Ͳ‫͖ͯش‬ɾ&%$/ ϕϫζΥέφ͹ଠ͹ଈ໚Ͷͯ͏ͱ΍ઈ໎ͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽಝͶ͞͞Ͳͺϧ΢τΡϱή͹ࡀ఼ͳๅࠄͶͯ͏ͱਅ͢৏ͪ͝͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ Ήͥɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ϧ΢τΡϱή͹ଈ໚Νʹ͑ࡀ఼ͤΖ͹͖ɾΉͪՁͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺࣙಊࡀ఼͓͗࢘Ζ͹͖ɾʹ͑͏͑৖߻ͺ࢘Κ͵͏๏͗͏͏͹͖Ν͕࿫ͪ͢͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽࣙಊࡀ
఼͹୉͘͵໲ୌͺɾ಼༲Ώक௃ΝཀྵմͲ͘͵͏ͳ͏఼͑Ͳͤɽ‫ޢݶ‬͹གྷો͵ʹͺࣙಊࡀ఼Ͳߨ͏ɾ಼༲Ώक௃ͺਕ͹ࡀ఼Ͳߨ͑ΏΕ๏Ͳ͍Ηͻɾඉ৙Ͷ༙๮Ͳͤɽ

42 Ήͪɾ॑གྷ͵ช‫ݛ‬΍͍ΕΉͤɽ͞͞Ͷ‫͏ͱ͝ڏ‬Ζช‫ʹ͵ݛ‬ͺɾͨ͹Γ͑͵ΏΕ๏Νͪ͢ͳ͘ͶՁً͖͗ͮͪ͞ɾ݃ՎͶͯ͏ͱ‫͚ͱ͓گ‬ΗΉͤɽ ͞͞ͲͺϩʖϔϨρέ͗ʹΞ͵‫ܙ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ྭࣖͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͩΗ͹ϧ΢τΡϱή͹झྪ͟ͳͶϩʖϔϨρέ͍͗ΕΉͤɽྭ͓ͻ٠࿨͹࣯Ͷͯ͏ͱɾϩʖϔϨρέͶͺ  ஊ֌͍Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞͹Ϫϗϩ  ͳ͏͑͹ͺ͖͵Ε೵ྙ͗߶͏͞ͳΝࣖ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻɾ໲ୌͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬໎֮Ͷқ‫ݡ‬Νफ़΄Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζɾ‫ݡ‬մΝࢩ࣍ͤΖͪΌ͹ཀྵ༟ͳࠞ‫ڎ‬Ν༽͏ͱ͏Ζɾ͍Ζ͏ͺΦϑυϱη͹࢘͏๏΍͑Ή͏ɾͨ͢ͱ௎़͹͞ͳ΍೨ಆͶ஖͏ͪ৏Ͳ٠࿨Ν͢ͱ͏Ζ͵ʹɽঘ࿨ช͹ࡀ఼ΝͤΖ৏Ͳɾ͞͹Γ͑͵ϩʖϔϨρέΝ͓࢘ͻ੔ޯཬͶߨ͑͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ43 સ͚ҩ͑ͳ͞ΘͶϓΧʖΩηͪ͢͹͗ͬ͞ΔͲͤɽસରద͵ϧ΢τΡϱή͹ྙͶ঱఼Ν౲ͱͱ͏Ήͤɽͤ͵Κͬɾસରͳ͢ͱߑ੔͗ʹΗͫ͜న઀Ͳ͍Ζ͖ɾडඎҲؑ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ɾන‫͗ݳ‬న઀Ͳ͍Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ঱఼ͳ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽकࢭͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺ͍ΉΕखΕ৏͝ͱ͏ΉͦΞɽΉͪ͞͹Γ͑͵಼༲Ͳ͍Ηͻɾࣙಊࡀ఼Ͳ͍ͮͱ΍୉ରಋͣΓ͑͵݃ՎͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ ҲൢదͶɾસൢద͵ϧ΢τΡϱή͹࣯ͳ٠࿨͹࣯ͳ͹ؔͶͺ‫͏ک‬૮‫͍͗ؖ‬Ζ΍͹Ͳͤ͗ɾϝηϜρο͍͗ͮͪ৖߻ɾྭ͓ͻ٠࿨͹࣯ͺ߶͚ͳ΍‫ޢݶ‬ద͵໲ୌΝ์͓ͱ͏ΖΓ͑͵ָसं͹৖߻ͺɾྈं͹৚ๅΝಚΖ͞ͳ͗ঁ͜Ͷ͵ΕΉͤɽ͖͢͢ɾඉ৙ͶླྀைʤΕΐ͑ͬΒ͑ʥ͵ॽ͘घͲ͍Ζ͜Ηʹ΍චͥ͢΍қັ͍Ζक௃Νߑ੔ͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘͵͏ͳ͏͑৖
߻΍͍ΕΉͤɽ ࣏Ͷಚ఼͹ๅࠄͶͯ͏ͱͲͤ͗ɾʹΞ͵‫ڂݜ‬ɾࣰ‫ߨ͗ݩ‬ΚΗͱ͏Ζ͹͖Ν͞͞Ͳ়ղ͢Ήͤɽ ࢴͪͬͺɾΉͫඉ৙Ͷ༩ඍద͵ஊ֌͵͹Ͳͤɽͤ͵Κͬ֕೨ࣰৄͳ͏͑ஊ֌Ͳ͍ΕɾΉͫΉͫ‫ݳ‬৖Ͳ࢘͑ஊ֌Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵໲ୌΝմ݀ͤΖͪΌͶɾ͞Ξ͵͞ͳΝΏͮͱΊΉͪ͢ɾ͞Ξ͵͞ͳΝߡ͓ͱΊΉͪ͢ɾͳ͏͑ஊ֌Ͳͤɽ
͞͹Γ͑͵৚ๅΝๅࠄͤΖࡏɾߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹ͺɾ࣏Ͷ‫͝ڏ‬Ζ͞ͳͲͤɽηαΠ͗ՁΝන͢ͱ͏Ζ͖Νև͗ཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺηαΠΝʹ༙͑ްͶ࢘ͮͪ

44

Δ͏͏͖͗෾͖Ζ͖ɾΉͪɾͨ͹ηαΠΝָसͶʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ݃;෉ͪ͜Δ͏͏͖෾͖Ζ͖ɽ΍͢ɾָस͹րવ͹ͪΌͶʹ͑ηαΠΝ࢘ͮͪΔ͏͏͹͖͗෾͖Δ͵͏ͳͤΖͳɾͨ͑͏
͑ηαΠͶͺΆͳΞʹқັ͗͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ ͞͞Ͳ΍‫͖ͯش‬͹॑གྷ͵ช‫ݛ‬Ν‫͏ͱ͝ڏ‬Ήͤɽ ΉͪकགྷτʖϜͳ͢ͱͺɾʹ͑ΏͮͪΔ͞͹ηαΠϪϛʖφΝ࢘͏Ώ͚ͤ෾͖ΕΏͤ͏΍͹ͶͲ͘Ζ͹͖ɾྭ͓ͻɾਦΏͨ͹ଠ͹ϑζϣΠϩΝ࢘ͮͱ෾͖ΕΏ͚ͤͤΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏͹͖ɾΉͪಝͶήϧϓΝ࢘ͮͪ৖߻ɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͲ͹ָसं͹Ғ஖ͳ࣏͹ָस͹঱఼Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷࣖͪ͢Δ͏͏͹͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ‫ݗ‬౾΍ߨͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ

45 ࣰࡏͶʹ͑͏͑͞ͳΝΏͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͞Ηͺ Diego Zapata ͳ͏͑ࢴ͹ಋ྇͗࿨ชͶ͢
ͱ͏Ζ಼༲Ͳͤɽ

46 τηφ͹Ϫϛʖφɾ͞Ηͺ਼ָ͹τηφͲͤ͗ɾྭ͓ͻׄ߻Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹΍͹Ͳͤɽͨ͹ߑ੔͹࢕๏ͳ͢ͱʹΞ͵གྷો͗೘ͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾඉ৙ͶέϨΠͶࣖ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽ͞͞Ͷͺɾસର͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη͗ʹ͑Ͳ͍ͮͪ͹͖ɾΉͪηαΠΝʹ͑մएͪ͢Δ͏͏͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ड़ͱ͏Ήͤɽ ͞͞Ͳͺɾͨ͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱηΝ෾մ͢ͱɾࣰࡏͶ඲Ճ͹ଲেͶ͵ͮͱ͏ͪ΍͹Ͷ෾͜ͱ‫͏ͱݡ‬Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻҲ࿊͹τηφ͍͗ΕɾͨΗͩΗ͗қັ͹͍Ζ‫ؖ‬࿊੓Ν࣍ͮͱ͏ͪ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ͞͹Γ͑͵΍͹Ͷ෾͜ͱߡ͓Ζͳඉ৙Ͷ๝͖͵৚ๅΝӀ͘ड़ͤ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ Ґ৏ͺׄ߻Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬͹ྭͲͤ͗ɾ΍͢ಋͣ͞ͳΝ౾࿨ʀ٠࿨Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ΏΖͳͤΖͳɾྭ͓ͻ౾࿨Ͳ࢏੔͖ൕଲ͖Ͷ৚ๅΝ෾ྪͤΖ͹ͺಚқͫ͗ɾͨ͹क௃Ν‫ک‬ΌͪΕओΌͪΕͤΖΦϑυϱη͹඲Ճ͗ॉ෾Ͳ͵͏ͳ͖ɾͨ͑ͪ͢৚ๅ΍ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ
͹࿰ૌ͹஦Ͳࣖͤ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ47

 Ґ৏Ͷࣖͪ͢Γ͑ͶɾηαΠϪϛʖφͺɾࢾ‫ݩ‬͹݃ՎͶ‫࣏ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ͶՁΝ͵ͤ΄͖͘Ͷͯ͵͗Ζ΍͹Ͳ͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ͞͹఼Ͳɾࢴͺ  ఼ͫͮͪɾࢴͺ  ఼ͫͮͪɾ
ͳ͏͑ୱ͵ΖηαΠΩʖχͳͺҩͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ48

 ͞Η͗࠹‫ޛ‬͹΍͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ༹ʓ͵෾໼Ͷ͕͜ΖϏϓΧʖϜϱηϪϗϩΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ͢ͱ
ଌ͓Ζ͖ɾ؇ཀྵं޴͜͹ϪϛʖτΡϱήͳ͢ͱΉͳΌͪ΍͹Ͳͤɽ ϪϛʖτΡϱήͶͯ͏ͱ༹ʓ͵‫ݗ‬౾Ν͢ͱ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ઎Άʹ΍‫͏ݶ‬Ήͪ͢Γ͑Ͷɾ͞ΗΔͺΉࣰͫ༽ஊ֌Ͳͺ͵͚֕೨ࣰৄ͹ஊ֌Ͳͤɽӣ༽εητϞͶͯ͏ͱ΍ɾ͞͹Γ͑Ͷࣰૹ͠ΗΖ͞ͳΝߡ͓ͱͺ͏Ήͤɽ͖͢͢ɾ॑གྷ͵఼ͺɾ͞͞Ͳࣖͪ͢΍͹ͺ &%$/ Ν‫༽׈‬
ͤΖ৖߻ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͍Εɾͨ͞Ͳ঱఼Ν౲ͱͱ͏Ζ͹ͺΠϟϨΩ͹ . ͹‫گ‬үͲͤɽຘ೧͹ࢾ‫ݩ‬ΝΏΖͳ͘Ͷɾ೘ࢾͳҩͮͱɾࣰࡏͶָस͗ॉ෾਒ṁ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ͷ঱఼Ν౲ͱͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͢ͱɾͨ͹݃ՎΝ΍ͳͶʹ͹Γ͑͵րવ͗චགྷ͖Ͷ঱఼Ν౲ͱͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ Ґ৏͹ࢾΊͺɾ‫غ‬ଶ͠ΗΖ &%$/ ‫༽׈‬͹ࣆྭ޴͜Ͷυδ΢ϱ͠Ηͱ͕Εɾͨ͞Ͳͺ೧ؔΝ௪͢ͱΠιηϟϱφΝட੷͢ͱ͏͘Ήͤɽଡ͚͹؏఼͖Δ୉ร‫ັڷ‬਄͚ࢧ͓Ζ͹ͺɾ΍͢સͱ͹ࢾ‫ݩ‬Ν͖̏ॶͲߨ͑චགྷ͗͵͚ɾ͖ͯࢾ‫گ͗ݩ‬ү৏༙༽͵৖߻Ͷͺɾࢾ‫ݩ‬͹‫ؽ‬ճ͗ଁ͓Ζ͞ͳͲָसं͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη͹৚ๅΝΓΕଡ͚ಚΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζͳ͏఼͑Ͳͤɽ
͖͢͢ɾ͞Η͗೘ࢾ͹৖߻Ͷͺʹ͑͏͑қັ߻͏Ν͖࣍ͯɾͨ͞ͺ͖͵Εҩͮͱ͘Ήͤɽ‫ە‬ධヨ࡬ࡢྵព ͨ͞Ͳ࠹‫ޛ‬Ͷɾ೘ࢾͳ͹‫ܐؖ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ͕࿫͢͢Ήͤɽ49 ΉͥชຼԿͶͯ͏ͱखΕ৏͝Ήͤɽॊཔ͹ଡ͚͹ϘʖϏʖτηφͲͺɾ͢ͻ͢ͻ୦ชຼԿ͗͵͠Ηͱ͏ΉͤɽָߏͲΏͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳΏࣰࡏ͹ਫ਼‫͏͵͗ܐؖͳ׈‬Γ͑͵͞ͳ͗ࢾ‫ݩ‬Ͷड़ΖΚ͜Ͳɾඉ৙ͶபেదͶ͵Ε͗ͬͲͤɽͨ͹ഐ‫ܢ‬Ͷͺɾ΍ͮͳࢾ‫ݩ‬Ν‫؏ٮ‬దͶ͢Γ͑ɾ΍ͮͳྒྷ͏଎ఈΝ͢Γ͑ɾ͵ʹ͹༹ʓ͵ཀྵ༟͍͗ΕΉͤɽ͖͢͢ɾ&%$/ ͹͞ΗΉͲ͹‫ڂݜ‬ͶΓΗͻɾॊཔ͹଎ఈ๏๑Ν༽͏ͪΉΉͲ΍༙༽͵ชຼԿ͗Ն೵Ͳ͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ
͗ࣖࠨ͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ଎ఈ͹್ͯ͹ҩͮͪΠϕϫʖο͹ؔͶ෾இ͍͗Ζ͞ͳ͗໲ୌͲͤɽϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝߨ͑৖߻ɾ
ॊཔ͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͲͺଡ͚͹ࣁྋΝ༫͓ͱνηέͶखΕૌΉͦΉͤɽͨ͢ͱ  ෾ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ  ࣎ؔɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ  ࣎ؔ͛Δ͏࢘ͮͱɾঘ࿨ช͹Γ͑͵ՁΔ͖͹੔Վ෼Νड़ͦ͠Ήͤɽͨ͢ͱͨΗΝࡀ఼͢Ήͤ͗ɾಚΔΗΖ৚ๅͺͨ͹ಚ఼ͫ͜͵͹Ͳͤɽͨ͹ଠͺ෾͖Δ͵͏͹Ͳͤɽྭ͓ͻ  ͳ͏͑સ͚ମ໪͵ड़པͻ͓Ͳ͍ͮͱ΍ɾ͵ͧ͑Ή͚੔Վ͗ࡠΗ͵͖ͮͪ͹͖෾͖ΕΉͦΞɽ Ҳ๏ɾॊཔ͹඲Ճ͹࢕๏ɾྭ͓ͻଡࢸમ୔ࣞΝ࢘͑৖߻ɾಋͣΓ͑͵࣎ؔΝ͖͜ͱɾඉ
৙Ͷ৆ࡋ͵ಚ఼৚ๅ͗ಚΔΗΉͤɽγϔηαΠ͹৚ๅ΍ಚΔΗΖͲ͢Β͑ɽྭ͓ͻɾϧ΢τΡϱήΓΕ΍ϨʖυΡϱήͶ໲ୌ͍͗Ζɾͳ͖ɾଠ͹ୱ‫ݫ‬ΓΕ΍ׄ߻Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ड़པ͗ѳ͏ɾͳ͖ɽ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨ͞ΉͲͲशΚͮͱ͢Ή͏Ήͤɽ୦ชຼԿ͠Ηͱ͏ΖͪΌͶɾʹ͑Ώͮͱद‫ۂ‬Ͷͯ͵ͪ͝Δ͏͏͹͖໎֮Ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ&%$/ Πϕϫʖο͹ௗॶͺɾͨ͑ͪ͢ߑଆద͵ΠιηϟϱφΝɾࣰਫ਼‫Ͳ׈‬΍͍Εͨ͑͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝ༽͏ͱߨ͑͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζͳ͏఼͑Ͳͤɽͨ͹݃ՎɾҲͯ͹૱‫ׇ‬ద͵ಚ఼Ͳͺ͵͚ɾྭ͓ͻΓ͏ঘ࿨ชΝॽ͚͹Ͷචགྷ͵έϨτΡΩϩ͵νηέͨΗͩΗ͹ಚ఼৚ๅΝಚΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ ͪͫɾ೘ࢾΝͤΖ৖߻Ͷͺɾͨ͹໪ద͗Ձ͖Νߡ͓Ζචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ९ਰͶɾϗηφ͹ָसंΝમ΁͞ͳ͵͹͖ɾͨΗͳ΍ָߏ͗న઀͵ࢨ಍Ν͢ͱɾָसं͗୉ָͶ޴͜ͱॉ෾͵६ඍΝͲ͘ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ΍͢९ਰͶમൊͫ͜Νߡ͓ͱָߏ΃͹Ӫ‫ڻ‬ͺߡ͓͵͏͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ&%$/ Πϕϫʖοͺ͍ΉΕ‫ؖ‬࿊͍͗ΕΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɾ೘ࢾ
ͲָߏͶ΍Ӫ‫ڻ‬Ν༫͓ͪ͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͍Ηͻɾ&%$/ ͗ΏΘ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͺև͠ΞͶͳͮͱ୉ร‫ັڷ‬਄͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ

50 ࣏͹ϛ΢ϱφͲͤɽ&%$/ ͹υδ΢ϱͺद‫Ͳۂ‬͹ԍस͹Γ͑Ͷ‫͓ݡ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞ΗͺқਦదͲͤɽύ΢ʀητ΢έη͹ࢾ‫Ͳݩ‬ͺɾτηφ͹ΏΕ๏͗‫ݸ‬ΔΗͱ͘Ήͤɽ&%$/ Ͳͺɾଠ͹ַ৿ద͵Πιηϟϱφ͹Γ͑͵͞ͳͺΏͮͱ͏ΉͦΞɽྭ͓ͻΰʖϞϗʖη͹Πιηϟϱφ͵ʹͺέϧηϩʖϞͲͺો੘Δ͢͏Ͳͤ͗ɾ
೘ࢾͲߨ͑͞ͳͺೋ͢͏΍͹Ͳͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ&%$/ ͹εψϨΨϗʖη͹ΠιηϟϱφͶ͕͏ͱͺɾଧ‫ͱ͢ͳڢ‬ɾ९ਰ͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱητηφɾ͍Ζ͏ͺΰʖϞɾεϝϣϪʖεϥϱΝ‫؜‬Ό͵͗Δɾಋ࣎Ͷɾଡ͚͹ॊཔద͵଎ఈ͹๏๑΍༽͏ͱ͏ΉͤɽҲ๏ɾชຼԿͶΓͮͱ &%$/ Ͳߨͮͱ͏ΖΓ͑͵ߑଆԿΝߨ͓ͻɾद‫ۂ‬Ͷ͑Ή͚ͯ͵͗Ζ͞ͳ͗໎Δ͖Ͷ͵ΕΉͤɽͨ͹͞ͳ͗೘ࢾͲ΍ༀཱི͖ͯ΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ೘ࢾͲͺηαΠ͹໲ୌ΍͍ΕΉͤɽև͗γϔηαΠΝஎΕͪ͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾಋ࣎Ͷɾ ࣎ؔΏ  ࣎ؔ͹τηφͲͺ৶བ੓͹߶͏γϔηαΠ͗ಚΔΗ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍Γ͚எΔΗͱ͏Ήͤɽ͖͢͢ɾ&%$/ ͹Γ͑ͶɾΩϨΫϣϧϞͳ౹߻͠ΗͪτηφΝட੷ͤΖ෾ࢆ‫ܗ‬͹ΠϕϫʖοΝͤΗͻɾΓΕଡ͚͹৚ๅͶΓͮͱγϔηαΠ͹ๅࠄΝγϛʖφͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΖͲ͢Β͑ɽ

51 ஭қࣆߴ΍͍ΕΉͤɽΉࣰͫࡏͶ͞͹εητϞ͗ӣ༽Ͷࢺͮͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽ͞ΗΔ͹ߡ͓ͺগཔ͹੔ՎͶͯ͵ͪ͝͏ͳͺࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾΉͫΉͫ‫౏ڂݜ‬৏Ͳͤɽ Ήͪɾࠕೖ͕‫ͪͦ͢ݡ‬͹ͺΠϟϨΩ͹ชຼͲΏͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͲͤɽೖຌͲͺชԿ͗ҩ͏ΉͤɽชԿద͵ҩ͏ΝߡྂͤΖ͞ͳ͗॑གྷͲɾՁͶՃ஍͍͗ΕɾՁ͗న઀͵ชຼΏφϒρέɾυδ΢ϱ͵͹͖Νߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɾͨ͑ͫͳ͢ͱ΍ɾ&%$/ ‫ڂݜ‬͹੔Վͺඉ৙ͶྯΊͶ͵Ζ΍͹Ͳ͍ΕࣖࠨͶ෍΋΍͹ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ʹ͑΍͟ੜ௎͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ‫ە‬㉁␲ᛂ⟅ʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽࣰͺ଩ͬ߻Κͦ͹ͳ͘Ͷɾ͖͵Εηϧ΢χ͗ଡ͏͖Δ
୼઄Ε͵͗ΔʹΞʹΞΏͮͱ͚ͫ͠͏ͳ͕‫ͪ͢͏ب‬Δɾ ෾΍૥͚शΚͮͱ͢Ή͏Ήͪ͢ɽ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼Ͷͺ͟‫ྙڢ‬Ν͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ ͨΗͲͺ͞͹࣎ؔΝ࢘ͮͱɾ͕घ‫ݫ‬͹ࣁྋͲͺ͖͵ΕηΫρϕͪ͢ͳ͞Θ΍͍ΕΉͤ͢ɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ฤՀ໌͹༽‫ޢ‬΍͍ΕΉͤ͹Ͳɾ෾͖ΕͶ͚͏͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͖Δɾ֮೟Ν͢ͱ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͺ͏ɾ͕‫͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽʴ੤Ԯʵ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ͹੤ԮͲͤɽ୉ร‫ັڷ‬਄͏͕࿫ɾ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ՟ୌΝࡠΖࡏ͹ɾ+LJK/HYHO9LHZɾ9DULHWLHVRI7H[Wɾ,QGLYLGXDO9DULDWLRQ ͵ʹɾͨ͹วͺଡ෾঴ྲྀ͠Ηͪͳࢧ͑͹Ͳɾͨ͞Ν΍͑ঙ͢ึଏ͢ͱ͏ͪͫͪ͜Δͳࢧͮͪ͹ͳɾࣙ༟‫ى‬फ़Ͳ  ஊཚఖౕชহΝॽ͚ͳ͏͑໲ୌ͍͗ͮͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾͨ͹ࡀ఼ͲϩʖϔϨρέ͗࢘ΚΗͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͺ෾͖ͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࡀ఼ͺ୴౲͢ͱ͏Ζָߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏͗͵ͮ͠ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ(76 ͲΏͮͱ͕ΔΗΖ͹͖ɾͨ͹͍ͪΕΝ‫͚ͱ͓گ‬ͫ͠͏ɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵ‫࣯͖ͯ͟ش‬໲͏ͪͫ͏ͪ͹ͲɾҲ͕ͯͥͯ౶͓ͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ΫʖʀϕϧέτΡηʤ伶ͳ͵Ζ‫׈‬ಊʥͳ͏͑࿫Ν͏͘͵Ε͢Ήͪ͗͢ɾ伶ͳ͵Ζ‫׈‬ಊͳ͏͑֕೨ͺɾ೟எదʀऀճద͵ชຼΝഐ‫ܢ‬Ͷ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽτΫηφͳνηέΝʹ͑݃;෉͜Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾָसं͗Ձ͗Ͳ͘ͱɾՁΝஎͮͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ೼ѴͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾʹ͹Γ͑͵νηέΝͦ͠Ζ͖ɾͨ͢ͱνηέΝͦͪ͠ࡏͶָसंͶͯ͏ͱՁΝஎΕಚΖ͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ53 ΉͥɾτηφΝઅ‫ͤܯ‬Ζ৏Ͳߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹ͺɾʹ͹Γ͑͵τΫηφΝ
༽қͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨ͞Ͷͺɾ૮‫༽ࡠޕ‬͹Ϡʖχ͍͗ΕΉͤɽՁ͖໩ಣ͢
ͱ͏Ζ෕௪͹য়‫͵ڱ‬͹͖ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺԽಣΝͦ͠Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺଲ࿫‫ܗ‬Ͷͪ͢͏͖΍͢Η͵͏ɾ͵͏͢ͺϜϩοϟυΡΠΝ࢘༽ͪ͢͏͖΍͢Η͵͏ɽଠ͹ਕͳ͹ΏΕͳΕ͹๏ࣞ͗͏Θ͏Θ͍Ζ͹ͲͤɽτΫηφɾଲ࿫ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺଠ͹‫ܙޢݶ‬ࣞ΍͍Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽηΫϩΝ඲ՃͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ড়͍݇͗Εಚ
Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽʹ͹Γ͑͵τΫηφΝ༫͓Ζ͖ͶΓͮͱɾՁΝ଎ఈͤΖ͖΍รΚͮͱ͚Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ϓΧʖϜρφ΍॑གྷͲͤɽࢶ͹τΫηφͲͤͳɾͨΗ͵Ε͹ಝ௅͍͗ΕΉͤɽߑଆԿ͠ΗͪชহͲɾ࠹ॵ͖Δॳ࣏ಣΞͲɾ͖͢΍ΉͪಣΊ௜ͦΖͳ͏఼͑Ͳͤɽ͢
͖͢ɾϘʖζΝ‫ͱͮ܃‬ಣΊ௜ͤ͞ͳ͖͢Ͳ͘͵͏ɾͨ͑͏͑қັͲͺ͍Ζఖౕ‫ݸ‬ֆ͍͗ΕΉͤɽυζνϩͲ͹৚ๅ఑ࣖͶ͵ΖͳɾΉͪҩ͑Ն೵੓͍͗ΕΉͤɽ͍ͬ͞
ͬඊΞͫΕͲ͘Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾ໪దͳζϡϱϩ΍॑གྷͲͤɽ৚ๅ‫ܗ‬͹ชহɾ٠࿨‫ܗ‬͹΍͹ɾͨΗҐ֐͹νηέ͵ʹҩ͏͍͗Ζ͹ͲɾζϡϱϩͶΓͮͱ໪ద΍ҩͮͱ͘Ήͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ
ʹ͹Γ͑͵τΫηφͶखΕૌΉͦΖ͖Ν݀Ό͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽྭ͓ͻ୉ָ೘ࢾͲ͍Ηͻɾ‫ڬ‬Δ͚৚ๅτΫηφΝͬ͘ΞͳಣΊࠒ΋͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͖ɾ৚ๅΝபड़Ͳ
͘Ζ೵ྙ͍͗Ζ͖ɾͬ͘ΞͳͨΗΝ‫ݗ‬౾Ͳ͘Ζ͖ɾ͵ʹΝࢾͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ Ήͪɾ఑ࣖ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ٠࿨͗ཀྵմͲ͘ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ν඲Ճͪ͢͏͖΍͢Η͵͏Ͳͤ͢ɾଠͶ΍͏Θ͏Θͳ‫͞ͳ͏ͪݡ‬Θ͍͗ΖͲ͢Β͑ɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ‫࣪گ‬͹஦ͲՁΝಣΉͦΖ͹͖ɾͨ͢ͱಣΞͫ‫ޛ‬Ͷͨ͹τΫηφͲՁΝͦ͠Ζ͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ
͗୉ࣆͲ͍ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽӵ‫Ͳޢ‬΍ೖຌ‫Ͳޢ‬΍ɾʹΞ͵ࠅ‫ͱ͢ͳ͍ͪͮͲޢ‬΍ɾʹ͹Γ͑͵τΫηφΝ͖࢘͑ͺ॑གྷͲͤɽ ͨ͹τΫηφ͹ߑଆʀߑ੔΍॑གྷͲͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵τΫηφ͗ɾಋͣ໪దͲ͍ͮ
ͱ΍ߑ੔͗รΚΖ৖߻͍͗Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ‫ݻ‬ఱద͵ྭͳ͢ͱɾྭ͓ͻΠϱήϫʀΠϟϨΩϱͲͤͳɾϟ΢ϱϛ΢ϱφ͍͗ͮͱɾγϔϛ΢ϱφ͍͗ͮͱɾͨ͢ͱͨΗ54

Νཬ෉͜Ζཀྵ༟͍͗ͮͱɾͳ͏͑Γ͑ͶߑଆԿ͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽϓϧϱη‫ͪͮͫޢ‬Δɾτʖκ͍͗ͮͱɾΠϱοτʖκ͍͗ͮͱɾͨ͢ͱζϱτʖκɾͳ͏͑‫ܙ‬Ͷ͵Εɾߑ੔ʀߑଆ͗ҩͮͱ͚Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ‫ޢݶ‬ͶΓͮͱ΍ҩͮͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ΉͪɾτΫηφ͹෵ࡸ͠΍ଡ༹ͲͤɽϚΫϡϔϧϨʖʤ‫ޢ‬ኰʥ͹໚ͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾන‫ݳ‬͹ην΢ϩ΍෵ࡸͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ৖߻͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨΗΔ΍‫ݗ‬౾͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͨΗ͖ΔɾָसंͶ΍ͻΔ͍ͯ͗͘ΕΉͤɽන‫ݳ‬͹ླྀை͠ɾͨΗ͖ΔφϒρέͶ
‫ͤؖ‬ΖஎࣟɾΉͪ৶೨ͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͖ɽ৶೨࣏୊ͲϏϓΧʖϜϱη΍ҩͮͱ͘Ήͤɽಊ‫͜෉ؽ‬ɾΏΖ‫͍͗ـ‬Ζ͹͖ʹ͖͑ɽϟν೟எΏࣰߨ੏‫ޜ‬ͺʹ͑ಉ͏ͱ͏Ζ͖ɽ෵ࡸ͵νηέΝɾΏͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳ͹қັ͗෾͖Δ͵͏ΉΉΏͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͏͵͏͖ɽτηφΝઅ‫ͤܯ‬ΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾ͞ΗΔΝ଎ఈ͢αϱφϫʖϩͲ͘
ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑͹ࢻ఼͗චགྷͲͤɽ τΫηφͳָसं͗໎֮Ͷ͵ͮͪΔɾͲͺࣰࡏͶՁΝΏΔͦΖ͖ɾνηέΝʹ͑
ͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤɽʹ͹Γ͑͵‫׈‬ಊ͗॑གྷ͖ɽ٠࿨ɾ౾࿨ɾմएɾͨΗ͖ΔηφʖϨʖτϨϱήɾʹΗ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͞ͳ͗॑གྷ͵͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ୉ָ೘
ࢾ͹৖߻ͺɾ
ηφʖϨʖτϨϱήͺචͥ͢΍॑གྷͲ͵͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɾ͞ΗͺɾՃ஍൓இͳ͢ͱͨΗͩΗ͹‫݀Ͳؖؽ‬ఈ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽͨΗͶ߻Κͦͪνηέ͗චགྷ͵͹ͲͤɽΫʖʀϕϧέτΡηͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ͞ΗΔΝࣙષ͵‫͝͵ͯͲܙ‬Ζ

55

‫׈‬ಊεητϞͲͤɽ ͠ΔͶ਒ΌΉͤͳɾΫʖōϕϧέτΡηΝԥஇదͶ‫ͪݡ‬৖߻ɾʹ͹Γ͑͵೟எॴཀྵ͗චགྷ͵͹͖ɽ௎մ͢ɾಣմ͢ɾմएͤΖɾͨΗ͖Δɾճ࿫ɾ࿨फ़Ν͢ͱන‫ͤݳ‬Ζɽ͞ΗΔͺࣙಊԿ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͞Θ΍͍ΕΉͤ͗ɾΓΕકྲྀద͵έϨτΡΩϩʀεϱΫϱή͗ज़ߡ͹ࡏͶͺචགྷͶ͵ͮͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾʹΞ͵νηέͲ͍ͮͪͳ͢ͱ
΍ɾմएɾන‫ݳ‬ɾज़ߡΝʹ͑གྷ‫͏ͱ͢ٽ‬Ζ͖͗໲ΚΗΉͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δ΍͑Ҳͯɾ೟எద͵නে͹ϠʖχΝʹ͑ͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑໲ୌ΍͍ΕΉͤɽ&%$/ Ͳͺ‫͍ͯޔ‬Ζͳߡ͓ͱ͏ΉͤɽΉͥɾνηέ͹ऀճద͵Ϫϗϩ͍͗ΕΉͤɽਕͳ͹αϝϣωίʖεϥϱ͹໪దͲͤɽͨΗ͖Δɾ֕೨ద͵Ϫϗϩɾͤ͵Κͬ੊ֆ͹ϟϱνϩϠυϩ͍͗ΕΉͤ͢ɾΉͪτΫηφ͹ߑଆʤυΡηέʖϩʥ͹Ϫϗϩɾ͠ΔͶɾ࢘ͮͱ͏Ζ‫ݶ‬ཁ͹Ϫϗϩɾͨ͢ͱ‫࣊׈‬ରͶʹ͑͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬න‫͠ݳ‬Ηͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾਜ਼ॽ๑ɾԽ੢͵ʹɽ͞ΗΔͺ෵ࡸ͵νηέ͹஦Ͳͺ༹ʓͶ។ʤ͵ʥ͏ިͧͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ ఱ‫ܗ‬ద͵࿨फ़͹ϩʖϔϨρέ͹৖߻ɾΨʖυΡΦϱηͶ޴͜ͱ͹ην΢ϩͺͳ͏͓ͻɾऀճద͵ϪϗϩͲͤɽΓ͚࿇ΔΗͪ٠࿨ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͍Ηͻɾ֕೨ϪϗϩͶ౲ͱͺΉΕΉͤɽ໎֮͵τʖκΝ಍೘ͤΖɾͨΗͺτΫηφ͹ߑଆϪϗϩͶ‫͢ܐؖ‬Ήͤɽ‫ݶ‬ཁ͗໎֮Ͳɾਜ਼֮Ͳɾ‫ݶ‬ཁ਼͗ଡգ͙͵͏ɾࠠཛྷ͢͵͏࢘͏๏Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɾͨΗ͗‫ݶ‬ཁ͹Ϫϗϩɽͨ͢ͱॽ͘๏͗ਜ਼͢͏͖ʹ͖͑ɾͨΗ͗‫࣊׈‬͹Ϫϗϩͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ ෵ࡸ͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͳ͏͑͹ͺɾಋ࣎Ͷ‫͖ͯش‬͹͑ͪ͢͞නেΝͬ͘Ξͳ

56ૌΊ߻Κͦͱ͓࢘Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ν‫͏ͱݡ‬Ζ͹ͲͤɽࣙಊదͶͲ͘ΖਕͺͲ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾΓΕ߶࣏͹ηΫϩΝ֭ಚͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱͺɾνηέ͹෵ࡸ͠Ν‫ݗ‬౾ͤΖ͞ͳ͗॑གྷͫͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨΗ͗νηέ͹෾ੵͶͯ͵͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ Ҳͯ͹ྭࣖͳ͢ͱɾߪԍ͹஦Ͳͺ౾࿨͹ྭΝ‫͝ڏ‬Ήͪ͢ɽ౾࿨͹‫׈‬ಊͶ͕͜Ζ֦
ஊ֌͗ɾ೟எනে͹ʹ͹ϠʖχͶଲԢ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽྭ͓ͻɾͨ͞Ͳ͹໲ୌͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾ୯͗ʹ͑͏͑͞ͳͶ஥໪͢ͱ࢏൳ʹͬΔΝक௃͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ͞Ηͺऀճద͵ϪϗϩͲͤ͸ɽφϒρέͶͯ͏ͱʹΗͫ͜͹எ͍ࣟ͗Ζ͹͖ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ͵͏͹͖ɾʹ͹৚ๅ͗॑གྷͳ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾ͞ΗΔͺ֕೨ద͵ϪϗϩͲͤɽΉͪɾʹ͹ηνϱηΝखΖ͹͖ɾͨ͹ηνϱηΝ͏͖Ͷ߇อͤΖ͹͖ɾ͞ΗΔ΍֕೨దϪϗϩͲͤɽঘ࿨ชΝॽ͚ஊ֌Ͳͺɾʹ͑͏͑ߑ੔ͶͤΖ͹͖ɾʹ͑න‫ͤݳ‬Ζ͹͖ɾ͵ʹΝߡ͓ͱߑ੔Ώ‫ޢݶ‬Νͬ͘Ξͳ௒੖ͤΖ͞ͳͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳɾ͞ΗͺυΡηέʖϩɾτΫηφ͹ߑଆϪϗϩͲͤɽ‫׈‬ಊ͹ʹ͹ϓΥʖθͶ͏Ζ͹͖ͶΓͮͱɾҡ͵ΖηΫϩΏනে͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤɽҐ৏͗ɾηΫρϕͪ͢ηϧ΢χ͹෨෾͹͕౶͓Ͳͤɽ ࣏Ͷɾ୯͗ηαΠΝ෉͜ͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ݃‫࣯ۃ‬໲ͳ͢ͱɾʹ͑ΏͮͱηαΠΝ෉͜Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨ͹য়‫ڱ‬͹੏༁࣏୊ͲรΚ
ͮͱ͚Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻ೘ָࢾ‫ͳͫݩ‬ɾ୉ָ͹‫گ‬दΝࡀ఼ंͳͤΖ͹Ͳ͍ΗͻɾͨΗͺͳͱ΍న઀ͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽಝஊɾཤӻ૮ൕ΍͵͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ‫گ‬दͪͬͶͺɾ෈ਜ਼֮Ͷࡀ఼ΝͤΖ΢ϱιϱτΡϔͺಉ͖͵͏͖ΔͲͤɽͲ͘Ζͫ͜༑ऴ͵ਕͪͬΝ೘Ηͪ͏ͳࢧͮͱ͏Ήͤɽଠ๏ɾָߏͲτηφΝ͢ͱ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷࡀ఼ͦ͠Ζͳɾࣰͺཤӻ૮ൕ͗ਫ਼ΉΗΖ͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ ΠϟϨΩͲͺɾͬ͘Ξͳࡀ఼ं͗‫܉‬࿇͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ɾͨ͢ͱཤӻ૮ൕ͹͵͏ਕͶࡀ఼ͦ͠ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ͷ‫ـ‬Ν‫͏ݥ‬Ήͤɽय͹஦Ͷͺɾࣙ෾͗‫͏ͱ͓گ‬Ζਫ਼ై͹ࡀ఼ͺ͢͵͏ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺଠ͹ָߏ͹ਫ਼ై͹ࡀ఼ΝϧϱξϞͶߨ͑ͳ͏͑य΍͍ΕΉͤɽ
 &%$/ Ͳͺɾͨ͹Γ͑͵ෝ୴Νࣙಊࡀ఼Ͳ͏͖Ͷܲ‫͘Ͳݰ‬Ζ͖Νߡ͓ͱ͏ΉͤɽਕͶΓΖࡀ఼͹͏͏ͳ͞ΘΝ࢔ͯͯ͢ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽਕ͹ࡀ఼Ͳ͍Ηͻɾຌ౲Ͷ͕͖͢͏ͳࢧͮͪΔͨ͞ͲཱིͬࢯΉͮͱɾ‫ݡ‬௜ͤචགྷ͍͗Ζͳͤ͛Ͷ൓இͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽਕ஦ৼ͹ࡀ఼Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ‫ޢݶ‬Ώช๑ɾસରద͵ߑ੔͵ʹΝαϱϒϣ
ʖνͲࣙಊ඲Ճͦ͠ͱ΍݃Վͺѳ͚͵͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫Ͳڂݜ‬΍ड़ͱ͏Ήͤɽ‫ؽ‬փ͗‫ݗ‬ड़Ͳ͘͵͏΍͹ͺɾਕͶ‫ͦ͠ݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ఽ౹ద͵ϩʖϔϨρέΝ౲ͱͺΌΖ͹ͺɾ‫͖ͯش‬͹͞ͳΝಋ࣎Ͷ඲Ճ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞ͹Ͳɾ͞Ηͺೋ͢͏৖߻͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ඲ՃΝਜ਼֮ͶͤΖͪΌͶͺɾΏͺΕਕΝ‫܉‬࿇͢ɾಋͣΓ͑͵‫॑Ͳܙ‬Ί෉͗͜Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑ͶɾͨΘ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ
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ͳ 5 Ϗϧήϧϓ͹ߑ੔Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͻ͖Ε‫ـ‬ͶͤΖਕ͵ʹɾ༹ʓͲ͢
ͪɽ͖͢͢ɾࡀ఼ͲͨΞ͵ͶͻΔ͍ͯ͗ͮ͘ͱͺࠖΖ͹Ͳͤɽ ਕͶΓΖࡀ఼͹๏๑ͺɾ͏͖Ͷ৶བ੓͹߶͏΍͹ͶͤΖ͖͗՟ୌͲͪ͢ɽͨ͹ͪΌͶͺɾ‫܉͵֪ݭ‬࿇Ν͢ɾΆ·ಋͣ๏๑Ͳಋͣ‫خ‬६Ν౲ͱͺΌΖҲؑ੓͗੔ΕཱིͯΓ͑ɾϕϫιη΍͖͵Εࡋ͖͚݀Όͱ͕͖͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ͖ͨ͞Δစ཯ʤ͖͏Εʥ͢͵͏ɾͨΗ͵͏Γ͑Ͷ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ ࣙಊࡀ఼͹ϟϨρφͺɾಋͣঘ࿨ชΝຘյҲཱͶಋͣΓ͑Ͷ඲ՃͲ͘Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͖͢͢ɾՁ͖ร͵΍͹ɾྭ͓ͻસ͚қັ෈໎͵‫ݶ‬ཁ͗ดΞͲ͏ͱɾҲ‫ݡ‬Ήͳ΍Ͷ‫͓ݡ‬Ζ͗Γ͚ಣ΋ͳࣰͺͨ͑Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑৖߻ɾࣙಊ඲ՃͲͺ͑Ή͚͏͖͵͏͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ*5( ͹৖߻ͺɾਕͳࣙಊ඲Ճ͹ྈ๏ΝૌΊ߻ΚͦΖͳ͏͑๏๑ͲͤɽҲ๏Ͷਕؔ͗͏ͱɾ΍͑Ҳ๏ͶϜεϱʀηαΠϧʖ͗͏ͱɾ
қ‫͗ݡ‬Ҳ஗ͪ͢ΔͨΗͲΨʖίʖɾ΍͢қ‫͗ݡ‬ৱ͏ҩͮͪΔ΍͑ҲਕՅ͓ͱɾ್ਕ
ϕϧη‫ؽ‬փͲ඲ՃͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽਕͫ͜Ν඲ՃंͶͤΖͳ૮౲αηφ͖͖͗ΕΉ͖ͤΔɾ͞͹๏๑ͲαηφΝԾ͝Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ ΍͢‫ࢥگ‬Ν඲ՃंͶͤΖ৖߻ͶͺɾʹΗͫ͜͹ෝ୴Ν‫͏ک‬Ζ͞ͳͶ͵Ζ͖͹ߡྂ͗චགྷͲͤɽ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷࡀ఼͢ͱ΍Δ͑͹ͺɾ઒໵৮͹೵ྙ֋൅ͳ͏఼͑Ͳͺқັ͍͗Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɾ૮౲ଡ਼͹඲ՃΝ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͵Ζͳ‫ࢥگ‬ଈ΍ൾฒ͢Ήͤɽࡀ఼͹ର੏Νʹ͑ͤΖ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺɾΓ͚Γ͚ߡ͓ͱ͕͖͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ ࣯͹߶͏ʰਕͶΓΖࡀ఼ʱΝਫ਼͖ͯͯ͢ɾ‫گ‬ү໪ඬ৏ɾ॑གྷ͵΍͹Νٚ੝Ͷ͢͵͏Γ͑ͶͤΖ͞ͳ͗୉઀Ͳͤɽ໪ඬͺՁͲɾࣁ‫ʹ͗ݱ‬Η͍ͫ͜Ζ͹͖ɾਕదࡔ੕ద
αηφΝʹ͞ΉͲ͖͜ͱ໪ඬୣ੔Ͷ޴͖͑͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ৽॑Ͷ‫ݗ‬౾͢͵͜Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏͹Ͳͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͖Δɾʹ͵ࣰͪ͗ࡏͶ඲Ճ͵͠Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͟
࣯໲΍͍͖ͮͪͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨΗ΍‫؜‬Όͱɾ‫& ࡑݳ‬%$/ ͺϏ΢ϫρφஊ֌ͲΏͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾͨΗͳ΍ . ͲࣰࡏͶ࢘ͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾͨ͹͍ͪΕ΍়͟ղ͚ͫ
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ΓΖࡀ఼ͳࣙಊԿ͠Ηͪࡀ఼Νɾ͍ΉΕαηφΝ͖͜գ͙ͥͶૌΊ߻ΚͦΖͶͺʹ
͑ͪ͢ΔΓ͏͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳ͵ʹΝࣰ‫͏ͱ͢ݩ‬ΉͤɽΉͪɾࡀ఼ंͳ͢ͱ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷ΍೘ͮͱ΍Δͮͱɾಋ࣯ͣ͹ࡀ఼͗Ͳ͘ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ɾͯΉΕɾ༹ʓ͵ָߏ͖ΔમΞͫ‫ࢥگ‬ͶΓΖࡀ఼ͳɾ(76 ͹ϕϫϓΥρεϥψϩͶΓΖࡀ఼ͳΝർ΄Ζ͞ͳ΍͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽࣰࡏͶਜ਼֮͵ࡀ఼Νߨ͑‫ࢥگ‬΍͏Ηͻɾͨ͑Ͳ͵͏‫ࢥگ‬΍͏Ήͤɽͨ͹Γ͑͵ͳ͞ΘΝજ͏ड़͢ͱ͏͚͹΍Ҳͯ͹໪ద͵͹Ͳͤɽ &%$/ Ͳͺ͏Θ͏Θ͵ΏΕ๏ΝࢾΊͱ͏Ήͤɽ‫ࢥگ‬ͶΓΖࡀ఼ɾ(76 ͹ϕϫϓΥ
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͓ͻঘ࿨ชΝ඲ՃͤΖ৖߻ɾʹ͞Ͳࣙಊࡀ఼Ν࢘͑΄͘͵͹͖ɾʹ͞ͺਕؔͶΓΖࡀ఼Ͷͪ͢๏͗Γ͏͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͏Θ͏ΘͳφϪʖχΨϓ͹‫͍͗ܐؖ‬ΖΚ͜Ͳͤ͹Ͳɾ࠹న͹ૌ߻ͦΝ୵ΕΉͤɽ ࠹΍‫ݳ‬৖Ͷۛ͏ϕϫήϧϞͳ͢ͱͺɾ(76 ͺɾ௪৙ͺࡀ఼ंΝ࢘ͮͪϕϫήϧϞ
Ν΍ͮͱ͏ͱɾ൶Δͺ͏Θ͏Θ͵र࢞ߺΝ࣍ͮͱ͏ΖਕͲ͍ͮͪΕɾଠ͹ࣁ֪Ν࣍ͮͪ‫͍ͪͮͲࢥگ‬Ε͢Ήͤ͗ɾࣁ֪Ν࣍ͮͱ͏Ζ͖Δͳ͏ͮͱࡀ఼͗ͤ͛ͶͲ͘Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͵͏͹ͲͤɽͯΉΕɾφϪʖωϱή͗චགྷͲͤɽͨ͢ͱɾਜ਼͚͢ࡀ
఼Ͳ͘Ζ͞ͳ͗୴ฯ͠Η͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹ͲͤɽͨΗ͗ৄ໎͠ΗͱॵΌͱɾࣰࡏͶࡀ఼ΝͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ Ήͪɾ໪దΝΓ͚ߡ͓ͪ৏Ͳ͹અ‫͗ܯ‬චགྷͲͤɽྭ͓ͻ೘ָࢾ‫͵͍ͪͮͲݩ‬Δͻɾࡀ఼ͺ͖͵Ε੠ౕ͹߶͏΍͹Ͳ͵͚ͱͺ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɾྭ͓ͻ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷଲ͢ͱϓΡʖχώρέΝͤΖఖౕͲ͍ΗͻɾΉͪ‫ݺ‬ʓ͹ਫ਼ైͶͺన༽͠Η͵͏΍͹Ͳ͍Ζ
͵Δͻɾ‫ࢥگ‬ಋ࢞Ͳࡀ఼ΝͤΖ͹͗Γ͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽίʖηώ΢ίʖηͲ͏Θ͏ΘφϪʖχΨϓ͍͗ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽࢴͪͬͺɾ(76 Ώͨ͹ଠ͹඲ՃΝߨͮͱ͏Ζ஄ର͵ʹ͖Δɾଡ͚͹қ‫ݡ‬Ν΍Δ͏Ήͪ͢ɽࣙಊࡀ఼Ͷͯ͏ͱ΍༙қٝ͵қ‫ݡ‬Νಚͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳɾʹ͑͏͑ͳ͘ͶɾʹΞ͵໪ద͹৖߻Ͷࣙಊࡀ఼Ν࢘ͮͪ๏͗Γ͏͹͖͗໎Δ͖Ͷ͵Ε͍ͯͯΕΉͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ͞͹ࣙಊࡀ఼ͳਕͶΓΖࡀ఼Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾ͞͹‫ޛ‬͹੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹ɾๅࠄ  ͹ͳ͞ΘͲ΍ѽΚΗΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ࠸;ϓϫΠ͹๏Ͳɾ͞͞ͺ֮೟͢ͱ͕ͪ͘͏ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺซ͏ͱ͕ͪ͘͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺ͟͡͏ΉͦΞ͖ɽͺ͏ɾ͕‫͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽʴ୉௫ʵ઎ਫ਼ɾ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽਇਜ਼͵ชຼΝ೘ΗΖͳ͏͑໲ୌྭ͚͗ͪ͠Ξࣖ͠ΗΉͪ͗͢ɾ͞Ηͺࢴ΍‫گ‬үͶ͕͜Ζਇਜ਼੓͹॑གྷ੓ΝָΞͲ͘ͱ͕ΕΉͤ͢ɾ͞Η͖Δ॑གྷͶ͵ͮͱ͏͚ͳࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽͪͫɾ(76 Ͳ΍ɾ6$7 ͵ʹ‫ڠ‬௪τηφΝΏΔΗͱ͏Ήͤ͗ɾࢴʹ΍΍‫ڠ‬௪τηφΝ୴౲͢ͱ͕ΕΉ͢ͱɾชຼΝૌΊࠒΞͫ໲ୌͺͨΗ΃͹೅ઝΊ͹‫ݺ‬ਕࠫ͗ਫ਼ͣͱ͢Ή͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ৽॑͗͠‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ‫͕ͱ͢ݩܨ‬ΕΉͤɽ͖ͯͱͺΠϟϨΩͲ΍ΩϩοϡʖϓϨʖτηφͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖΓ͑͵ชԿࠫΏഐ‫ܢ‬Ͷғଚ͢͵͏τηφ͹֋൅͵ʹ͗਷෾ΏΔΗͱͪ͘ͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ‫ڠ‬௪τηφ͵ʹ͹৖߻ͶชຼΝ಍೘ͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ɾण‫ݩ‬ਫ਼͹ޮฑ੓Ν͍ΖқັͲཛྷͤགྷҾͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑Ն೵੓Ͷͯ͏ͱɾ઎ਫ਼ࣙਐͺʹ͹Γ͑͵͕ߡ͓Ν͕࣍ͬͲ͖ͤɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵ͞͹໲ୌͺຌ࣯దͶɾΉ͠ͶΓΕਇਜ਼͵ࢾ‫ݩ‬Νߨ͑͞ͳͶ‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͘ΉͤɽΓΕਇਜ਼͵ࢾ‫ݩ‬ΝΏΖͶͺɾΏͺΕชຼ͗͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽชຼͶͺชԿద͵གྷ60ો͗೘ͮͱ͘ΉͤɽͨΗͶͯ͏ͱ‫ݔ‬೨͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ໲ୌͺɾࢾ‫͖ݩ‬ΔชԿ͹གྷોΝ঴͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺɾਕʓ͹ഐ‫ܢ‬எࣟΝঈ֐ͤΖ͞ͳͶ͵Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ
ͤɽ ͪͳ͓͖͵ΕҲൢద͵ɾชԿదͶͨΗΆʹ‫Ͳ༙ݽ‬ͺ͵͏φϒρέΝમ΁͞ͳ͗Ͳͪ͘ͳ͢ͱ΍ɾ࠹शదͶͺҲ෨͹ਕͪͬ͗ΓΕ೅ઝΞͲ͏ͱଠ͹ਕΓΕஎ͍ࣟ͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗ΖΚ͜ͲͤɽͨΗ͗୯͖ͺ෾͖ΕΉͦΞɽͨΗΝαϱφϫʖϩͺͲ͘͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ͞ΗΉͲ 6$7 Ώͨ͹ଠ͹ࢾ‫Ͳݩ‬ɾࢾ‫͍͗ݩ‬ΉΕͶ΍ชԿ‫༙ݽ‬Ͷ͵Ζ͞ͳΝඈ͜ΖघཱིͱΝखͮͱ͘Ήͪ͗͢ɾชԿద͵ώ΢Πηͺ͵͚ͤ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘͵͏͹ͲɾʹΞ͵͞ͳΝΏͮͱ΍൹൓Νण͜Ήͤɽ ࢴͪͬ͗෾͖ͮͪ͞ͳͺɾࢾ‫ݩ‬સରͳ͢ͱͺɾφϒρέ͹ҩ͏ͺͨΗΆʹ୉͘͵қັΝ࣍ͮͱ͏͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ૱࿪ͳ͢ͱͺ૮ଲద͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη͗‫ݳ‬Ηͱ͘Ήͤɽ༹ʓͶҡ͵Ζઅ໲͍͗Ζ͞ͳͲɾָ֦सं͹ୣ੔ౕ͹ҩ͏͗ൕӫ͠ΗΉͤɽ ྭ͓ͻɾࢀͯ͹φϒρέΝߡ͓Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΉͤɽҲͯ໪ͺɾ ࡂͶଲͤΖ߁ࠄΝ‫͖͑ʹ͖͘΄ͤࢯے‬ɽ್ͯ໪ͺɾਫ਼ైͳλʖεϡϩϋρφϭʖΫϱήͶͯ͏ͱɾྭ͓ͻηϜϙ౵Νָߏ͖ΔഋঈͤΖ͖ʹ͖͑ɽࢀͯ໪ͺɾਫ਼ై͹ࣘ͹෈ࣙ༟Νѽ͑Γ͑͵φϒρέͲͤɽφϒρέΝમ΁ࡏɾࢀͯ໪͹΍͹ͺ༹ʓ͵ώ΢Πη͖͖͗ͮͱ͘Ή͖ͤΔɾ৽॑Ν‫ͤغ‬Ζචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ қັ͹͍Ζชຼͳ͏఼͑Ͳͺɾචͥ͢΍ࢾ‫ݩ‬ͶΓͮͱ॑གྷ͵қັ͹͍Ζ৚ๅ͗఑‫͠ڛ‬ΗΖͳͺ‫ݸ‬ΕΉͦΞɽ‫״‬৚దͶ͵ͮͪΕ઴఑எࣟ͗͵͖ͮͪΕͤΗͻɾࢾ‫΃ݩ‬͹մ౶͹࢕๏͗รΚͮͱ͘ΉͤɽͨΗͺ਄ࠃ͵໲ୌͲͤ͗ɾસର͹અ໲ߑ੔Ν෱߁͏΍͹Ͷ޽෋ͤΖ͞ͳͶΓͮͱɾͨ͹Γ͑͵໲ୌͺ؉࿪͠ΗΉͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏ΉͤɽଠͶՁ͖࣯͟໲ͺ͍ΕΉͤͲ͢Β͖͑ɽ Ҳ֮ͯ೟Ͳͤ͗ɾ઎Άʹ௧ՅͲࣖ͠Η಼ͪ༲ͺɾըʓͶͳͮͱͺྭ͹ࢧߡྙʀ൓
இྙʀන‫ྙݳ‬Ν඲ՃͤΖ໲ୌΝࡠΖͳ͘Ͷɾʹ͑͏͑೟எགྷોɾʹ͑͏͑೟எ‫ؽ‬೵Ν઴఑Ͷ͢ͱ໲ୌΝࡠͮͱ͏͚͖ɾͨ͹࿰ૌͳ͢ͱࢂߡͶ͵Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ&%$/ Ͳͺࣰࡏ͹ࡠ໲ର੏ͺʹ͑͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͶԌͮͱɾ༹ʓ͵གྷો͹ૌ߻ͦͲ໲ୌΝ୉ྖͶࡠΔ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞͹͍ͪΕͺҲରʹ͑͵ͮ͠ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ͖ͤɽʴ'HDQHʵ઴ౙ͢͹౦ࣁΝ͢ΉͤɽࢧߡྙΝൕӫͤΖ๝͖͵ΠιηϟϱφΝͤΖ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ࠹ॵͶ૮౲࿇ͮͱࡠΔ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽࢴͪͬ͹΍͹΍‫؜‬Όͱɾช‫ݛ‬ͺ๝෍Ͷ͍ΕΉͤɽΤΥϔγ΢φͲͺɾࢴͪͬ͹ๅࠄ͹࠹৿൝͗ड़ͱ͏Ήͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵ϨλʖηΏช‫͍͗ݛ‬Εɾʹ͹Γ͑͵νηέ͗ʹ͹Γ͑͵৖໚Ͳన઀͖Ν‫͚ͱ͓گ‬ΗΉͤɽ‫ع‬Ͷ੔Վͳ͢ͱ‫͏ͱͮ͗ڏ‬Ζ΍͹Ν‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ ΍͑Ҳͯ॑གྷ͵͹ͺɾ&%$/ ͹ཀྵ೨͹୉͘͵෨෾ͳ͢ͱɾ਒ԿͤΖϠυϩΝࡠͮͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽνηέΝด΄ΖࡏɾηΫϩΝτηφͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱʹ͑͏61͑Ϡυϩ͗న઀͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽྭ͓ͻ٠࿨ʀ౾࿨͹ηΫϩͲͺ͏Θ͏Θ͵Ϡυϩ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ‫ع‬Ͷ͍ΖϠυϩΝϗʖηͶ͢ͱνηέΝࡠͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͞ΗΔΝౖୈͶ͢ͱɾΓΕ໎ࣖద͵಼༲Ͷ͢ͱɾΓΕଡ͚͹ଈ໚ΝॊཔҐ৏Ͷτηφ͢Γ͑ͳߡ͓ͱࡋ෾Կ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽʴࢃஏʵࠕೖࣖ͠ΗͪΓ͑͵۫ରద͵໲ୌྭͺʹ͵ͪ͗ࡠͮͱ͕ΔΗΖ͹͖ɾͯΉΕʹ͑͏͑ର੏ͲͨΗͩΗ͹໲ୌΝࡠͮͱ͕ΔΗΖ͹͖ͳ͏఼͑ͺ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵοʖϞͳ͢ͱɾ‫ݩܨ‬͹͍ΖΠιηϟϱφ֋൅ंΏ‫ंڂݜ‬ɾΉͪϨʖυΡϱήɾϧ΢τΡϱήɾέϨτΡΩϩʀεϱΫϱή͵ʹ͹઒໵Պ͗͏Ήͤɽָߏͳ࿊‫͢ܠ‬ɾ‫ͳͬͪࢥگ‬ҲॻͶ‫ڠ‬ಋ֋൅Ν͢Ήͪ͢ɽϕϫιηͳ͢ͱͺɾΉͥΠιηϟϱφ͹ߡ͓๏ΝΉͳΌͱɾ‫ंڂݜ‬ΏΠιηϟϱφ͹઒໵Պͳ࿊‫͢ܠ‬ɾͨ͢ͱ‫ࢥگ‬Ͷ΍‫ྙڢ‬Ν‫ͤͲͳ͑͞͏ͳͫ͏ھ‬ɽϠυϩ͹֋൅Νͨ͑͏͑‫͏ߨͲܙ‬Ήͪ͢ɽ ͨΗͲɾεψϨΨϗʖη͹ΠιηϟϱφͲ͏Θ͏Θ͵Ϡυϩ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͪΚ͜Ͳͤɽͨ͑ͪ͢ϠυϩΝΠιηϟϱφ͹֋൅ंͶో͢ͱɾηϘρέͶԌͮͪ‫Ͳܙ‬τηφ໲ୌΝࡠͮͱ΍Δ͏Ήͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽָߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏ɾͨΗ͖ΔϨγʖοϡʖɾ઒໵Պ͗οʖϞΝૌΞͲΏͮͱ͕ΔΗΖΚ͜Ͳͤ͸ɽ ࠹‫ޛ‬Ͷ΍͑Ҳ͚ͯΔ͏࣯໲͹͍࣎ؔ͗Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ΍͢Ձ͖͍ΕΉͪ͢Δɽͺ͏ɾʹ͑ͩɽ
ʴ୉௫ʵ΍͑Ҳ࣯ͯ໲ͪ͢͏఼ͺɾʰϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθʱͳ͏͑͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱͲͤɽͨ͹‫ݶ‬ཁͺɾࢴͶͳͮͱͺ৿͢͏‫ݶ‬ཁͳ͢ͱซ͏ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞ΗͺָसंͶ΍͏Θ͏Θ͵‫ݺ‬ਕ͍ࠫ͗Εɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵Ϫϗϩ͍͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͫͳ೟ࣟ
͢ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽͨ͢ͱɾͨ͹ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹ஊ֌ͶΓͮͱɾಋͣφϒρέͲ͍ͮͱ΍ɾ໲͏๏͵ʹ͗ҩͮͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͕࿫͚ͫͮͪ͢͠ͳ
ࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹ࡏͶɾҲͯ͹έϧηͲ͍ͮͱ΍ɾঘ͠͵έϧηͲ͍ͮͱ΍ɾਫ਼ైͪͬ͹ؔͶ‫ݺ‬ਕ͍ࠫ͗ͮͱɾϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹Ϫϗϩ͗ҩͮͱ͚Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨ͹ࢢ‫ڛ‬Ͷనͪ͢໲͏๏ΝɾαϱϒϣʖνΝཤ༽ͤΖ͞ͳͲɾྭ͓ͻɾΠξϕτΡϔʀτητΡϱήʤనԢ‫ܗ‬τηφʥͳ͏͑๏๑͵ʹ΍͍ΖΚ͜Ͳͤ͗ɾͨΗͳࣇͪΓ͑͵๏ࣞͲࢢ‫ڛ‬͹ϪϗϩͶ߻ͮͪ໲͏๏͗ࣙಊదͶ఑‫͠ڛ‬ΗΖΓ͑͵εητϞΝ͕ߡ͓͵͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͨ͹ว͹ಊ޴͵ʹΝ‫ͫͪ͜͏ͱ͓گ‬Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͗ɾָस͹ཀྵ࿨͹஦Ͳʹ͞ͶҒ஖෉͚͖͖Δ
͕࿫ͪ͢͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͞ΗͺϒΠζΥ͹ཀྵ࿨Ώͨ͑ͪ͢൅ୣϠυϩͳͺҩ͑΍͹ͲͤɽͨΗΔͺɾਕͺʹΞ͵৖߻Ͳ΍͍ΖҲఈ͹ஊ֌ॳ঄Ν‫ͱܨ‬൅ୣ͢ͱ͏͚ͳ
͏͑ߡ͓๏Ͳɾָस͹ࡏ΍ɾҲͯ͹ηΫϩΝࣙ෾͹΍͹Ͷ͢ͱ͏͚ͪΌͶͺ௪৙Ҳ62ఈ͹ητρϕΝ‫͓ߡͳ͚͏ͱܨ‬Ήͤɽ ͨΗͶଲ͢ͱϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ֦ஊ֌ͲʹΞ͵ղ೘ΝͤΖ͹͗న઀Ͳ͍Θ͖͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝཀྵմͤΖͪΌ͹΍͹Ͳͤɽྭ͓ͻ͍Ζ٠࿨
Ν͢ͱ͏ͱɾ࢏੔ʀൕଲ͹ͨΗͩΗ͹क௃Ν‫ک‬ΌΖ΍͹ΏओΌΖ΍͹͗ՁͲ͍Ζ͖ཀྵմ͢ͱ͏͵͜Ηͻɾ٠࿨ͺͲ͘͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ͖͢͢ɾಝఈ͹қ‫͗ݡ‬Վͪ͢ͱ࢏
੔͵͹͖ൕଲ͵͹͖෾͖Δ͵͏ɾͳ͏͑Γ͑͵Ϫϗϩ΍͍Ζ͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹৖߻ͺղ೘͗චགྷͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ͞͹ָसं͹৖߻ͺಣմͶ໲ୌ͍͗Ζɾ͍Ζ͏ͺࢧߡ͹࢕๏Ͷ໲ୌ͍͗Ζɾ͵ʹɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝಁΉ͓Ηͻ෾͖ͮ
ͱ͚Ζ͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ ͞͹Γ͑͵εψϨΨϗʖη͹඲ՃͲͺɾ͍ΖϪϗϩ͹ָसं͗͏Ζͳ͘ɾͨ͹ϪϗϩͲ͍Ηͻʹ͑͏͑ϓΧϫʖΠρϕ͗న઀͵͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗͺΠξϕτΡϔʀτητΡϱήͳ΍ҩ͏Ήͤɽ΍ͬΘΞͨΗ΍Ն೵ͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾࢴͪͬͺͨ͹఼Ͷͯ͏ͱͺϓΧʖΩη͢ͱ͏ΉͦΞɽΠξϕτΡϔʀτητΡϱήͺɾָसं͹౶͓๏Ν΍ͳͶɾͨΗ͗ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθ͹ʹ͞Ͷ͍Ζ͖Νಝఈ͢ɾͨ͹࣏͹અ໲ΝͨΗͶ‫͑͏ͳ͚͏ͱͮࡠͱ͏Ͱخ‬ΏΕ๏Ͳͤɽ ΠϟϨΩͲͺࢨ಍͹‫ݺ‬ਕԿʤϏʖλψϧ΢κʖεϥϱʥͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫گ‬ү੏ౕ͹஦Ͳ॑ࢻ͠Ηͱ͏ΖͪΌɾτηφ͖ΔಚΔΗΖ৚ๅͶ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ɾͨΗͩΗ͹ָसं࣏͗͹ϪϗϩͶߨ͚ͪΌͶͺʹΞ͵ϖϩϕΝͪ͢ΔΓ͏͹͖ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝಣΊख
Ζ͞ͳ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΉͤɽͲ͖ͤΔɾ͞Ηͺ೘ࢾͳ‫͑ݶ‬ΓΕɾೖʓ͹द‫ۂ‬ʀࢨ಍͹஦Ͳ͹࿫Ͳͤɽτηφ͖Δ͹৚ๅΝ༽͏ͱɾ‫͑ʹ͗ࢥگ‬ΏͮͪΔΓΕྒྷ͚ࢨ಍Ͳ͘Ζ͖Νߡ͓Ζ͹Ͳͤɽଡ͚͹ָसं͗ɾྭ͓ͻঘ࿨ช͗સ͚ॽ͜͵͏Κ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹ͫ͜Ηʹɾ;ɾ<ɾ= ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵໲ୌΝ์͓ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑৖߻ɾָߏͶ͕͜Ζ‫׈‬ಊͳ͢ͱɾͨΗΔΝմ݀ͤΖͪΌͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ໎Δ͖ͶͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽͲͺɾ࣎ؔͶ͵ΕΉͪ͢͹Ͳɾ͞͞Ͳ  ෾ؔ͹‫ܞٵ‬Ν೘Ηͦ͠ͱ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͤɽ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼Ͷ͕ླ͹ധघΝ͕‫͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽʹ͑΍͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽʤːf ϘʖζͶɾӵชηϧ΢χΝ‫ࡎܟ‬ʥ

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Cognitively Based Assessment
An assessment system that measures and develops
competencies in thinking, judging, and expressing

Paul Deane
Educational Testing Service

Presentation for NCUEE

2016 by Educational Testing Service.
Copyright © 2013

1

What is CBAL?
• CBAL =CognitivelyBased
Assessments of, for and as
Learning• A major ETS research initiative
focusing on “next generation”
assessment

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Some Key Publications•

The Changing Nature of Educational Assessment
R. E. Bennett, (2015)
Review of Research in Education, Vol. 39, No.1, pp. 370–407•

Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning(CBAL): A Preliminary Theory of Action for Summative andFormative Assessment
R. E. Bennett (2010), Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspectives, Vol.
8, No. 2–3, pp. 70–91•

Transforming K–12 Assessment: Integrating Accountability
Testing, Formative Assessment and Professional Support
R. E. Bennett & D. H. Gitomer (2008), ETS Research Memorandum No. RM-08-13

Copyright © 2013 by Educational Testing Service.

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CBAL Goals– Cognitively based: grounded thoroughly inthe modern cognitive and learning sciences– Assessment of learning: valid, reliablemeasurement of what students know and cando– Assessment for learning: actionable, timely
information that can guide instruction– Assessment as learning: tasks that areworthwhile educational experiences in theirown right
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CBAL Theory of Action
CBALComponents

IntendedIntermediateEffects
1.

CompetencyModels/
LearningProgressions

DistributedSummative
Assessments
MultipleOpportunities
forFormative
Assessment

2.

3.

4.

5.
SystematicProfessionalSupportIncreasedteachercontent
knowledge
Increasedpedagogical
knowledgeandassessment
skillGreaterinstructionalfocuson
integratedperformanceand
higherͲorderskills
Roiutine useofformativeassessmenttomake
appropriateinstructional
adjustments
Improvedstudent
engagementinlearningand
assessment

UltimateEffects
1. Improvedstudent
learningwith
respecttocontent
standards
2. Moremeaningfulinformationfor
policymakers
regardingthe
effectivenessof
education,leadingtodecisionsthat
facilitatelearning

HypothesizedAction
Mechanisms

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Implications for
Admissions Testing• A high-stakes admissions assessment
has powerful washback on instruction.
• CBAL philosophy: Build the intended
instructional impact into the test designfrom the start.
• If the result is an assessment thatlooks more like instruction – that is afeature, not a bug.
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CBAL Emphases(how we achieve our goals)• Model authentic tasks• Combine these tasks into meaningful
scenarios that reflect key practices inthe domain.
• Link task performance to learning
progressions• Emphasize designs that model
appropriate strategies with which tocomplete complex performance tasks.
Copyright © 2013 by Educational Testing Service.

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The CBAL English Language Arts
(ELA) Framework• Different CBAL teams have focused on
science, mathematics, and the English
Language Arts.
• My contribution has primarily been to
the English Language Arts framework• The CBAL English Language Arts
framework provides a concrete
illustration of the larger CBAL approach
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8Modeling Authentic Literacy Tasks

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Meaningful Scenarios

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What CBAL Looks like in Practicehttps://www.ets.org/s/research/videos/18879_cbal.html

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Domain Analysis:
Key Practices and Learning
Progressions

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Some Key Recent Publications•

From Cognitive-Domain Theory to Assessment Practice.
Randy E. Bennett, Paul Deane, & Peter W. van Rijn. (2016). Educational Psychologist
51, 1, 1-26. DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2016.1141683.

•

Key Practices in the English Language Arts (ELA): Linking
Learning Theory, Assessment, and Instruction. P. Deane, J.
Sabatini, G. Feng, J. Sparks, Y. Song, M. Fowles, T. O'Reilly, K. Jueds, R. Krovetz, &C. Foley (2015), ETS Research Report No. RR-15-17•

A Case Study in Principled Assessment Design: Designing
Assessments to Measure and Support the Development of
Argumentative Reading and Writing Skills. P. Deane & Y. Song (2014),
Psicología Educativa, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 99–108•

Broadening the Scope of Reading Comprehension Using Scenariobased Assessments: Preliminary Findings and Challenges. J. P.
Sabatini, T. O'Reilly, L. Halderman & K. Bruce (2014), L'Année psychologique, Vol.114, Issue 04, pp. 693–723•

The Case for Scenario-Based Assessments of Reading Competency
K. M. Sheehan & T. O'Reilly (2012), Chapter in J. Sabatini, E. Albro, & T. O'Reilly(Editors), Reaching an Understanding: Innovation in How We View Reading
Assessment. R&L Education.
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The CBAL ELA Competency Model• Identifies constructs we wish either
to measure or to control• Functions as the domain model froman ECD perspective, and identifies
likely student model variables

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A High-Level View

Text

Student

Task

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Varieties of Text
Text

Student

ModeofInteraction
FormatTask

PurposeandGenre
Structure/Organization
TextualComplexity
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Individual Variation
Student
Fluency

Text

Knowledge

Task

Beliefs
Motivation
Metacognition
ExecutiveControl
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Defining Tasks to Measure the Construct

Text

Student

Task
KeyPractices
ComponentTasks
TypesofProcessing
ModesofCognitive
Representation
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Key Practices = Activity Systems –Coordinating skills to achieve meaningful goals• Concept derives from Vygotskian
frameworks for social analysis• An activity system is a collection ofactivities in which people work together toachieve social goals• Each activity system recruits manydifferent types of skills, drawing on
different cognitive processes and modes ofrepresentation
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Key Practices in the English Language Arts

FromETSResearchReportSeries
Volume2015,Issue2,pages1Ͳ29,17JUN2015DOI:10.1002/ets2.12063
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ets2.12063/full#ets212063ͲfigͲ0001

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TypesofCognitiveProcessing• Most of the key practices involve
coordination of traditional literacy
constructs such as reading, writing,speaking and listening• Individual literacy tasks– require specific kinds of reading andwriting– are connected to specific forms of
thinking and reasoning
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Three Types of Cognitive Processing
Construct

Cognitive Process

Listening, Reading

Interpretation

Speaking, Writing

Expression

Strategic & Critical Thinking

Deliberation

Eachkeypracticerequiresdifferentspecificformsofinterpretation,expressionanddeliberation

34

Copyright © 2013 by Educational Testing Service.

ConfidentialandProprietary.Copyright©2009EducationalTestingService.Allrights
reserved

80ModesofCognitiveRepresentation• Specific literacy tasks often require
an emphasis on different kinds ofinformation• Many complex tasks can be broken
down by focusing different parts ofthe task where different kinds ofreasoning are critical

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Five Modes of Cognitive Representation
Level

Description

SocialPeople and their communicative purposes

Conceptual

Mental models of the world

Discourse(Text Structure)

The structure of texts and discourses

VerbalThe structure and meaning communicatedby language

Print

Orthography and other modes by which
language and text are embodied in physicalform
36

Copyright © 2013 by Educational Testing Service.

ConfidentialandProprietary.Copyright©2009EducationalTestingService.Allrights
reserved

81

Task Analysis• Each key practice has criticalcomponent tasks• Each of these tasks can be analyzed to
identify the specific types of processing
and the kinds of cognitive
representations it requires• This analysis helps us identify theknowledge, skills and abilities thatmatter for each of the ten key practices
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An Example:
Analyzing Task Requirements
for the Key Practice, ‘Participate in
Argumentation and Debate’

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Argumentation Subtasks
Organizeand
Present
Arguments

CreateandEvaluateArguments

Understandthe
StakesConsiderPositions

Explorethe
Subject

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AppealͲBuilding(Social,mostlyinterpretationanddeliberation)

Organizeand
PresentArguments

CreateandEvaluateArguments

ConsiderPositions

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Understand
theStakes

Explorethe
Subject

xWhatdopeoplewhoare
interestedinthisissuecare
about?
xWhoseopinionsaboutthisissuematter?
xWhoamItryingtoconvince?
HowwillIconvincethem?
xWhoareotherstryingto
convince?Howmightthey
convincethem?

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Organizeand
PresentArguments

CreateandEvaluateArguments

ConsiderPositions

Understandthe
StakesExplorethe
Subject

Inquiry(Mostlyconceptual,emphasizing deliberation)
xWhatdoIknowaboutthesubject?
xWhatdon'tIknow?
xHowcanIfindoutmore?
xWhatinformationis
relevant?

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Organizeand
PresentArguments

TakingaPosition(Mostlyconceptual,
emphasizingdeliberation)
xWhatpositionsare
reasonable?
xAretheyallclearand
defensible?
xWhatpositionshouldI
take?
xHowshouldIfocusand
limitmyposition?

CreateandEvaluateArguments

ConsiderPositions

Understandthe
StakesExplorethe
Subject

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ReasonsandEvidence(Conceptual,equal
emphasisoninterpretation,
expression,and
deliberation)
xWhatreasonscanIuse
tosupportmy
conclusions?
xDoIhaveenoughevidencetosupporteachreason?
xWhatcounterarguments
doIneedtoaddress?

Organizeand
PresentArguments

CreateandEvaluateArguments

Understandthe
StakesConsiderPositions

Explorethe
Subject

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FramingaCase
(Discourse,emphasison
expression, thoughinterpretationand
deliberationarealso
important)xHowshouldIpresentmyarguments?
xWhatstructureismosteffectiveandlogical?
xHowwillpeoplewithdifferentperspectivespresenttheirarguments?

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Organizeand
Present
Arguments

CreateandEvaluateArguments

ConsiderPositions

Understandthe
StakesExplorethe
Subject

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Learning Progressions andAssessment Design

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Learning Progressions as a Strategy for
Assessment Design• We are building a developmental
assessment• Our goal is to inform instruction, notsimply place students on a scale• So our basic strategy is to define“learning progressions” that function
both to describe learning goals and to
define how we will collect evidence for
specific knowledge, skills and abilities.
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Learning Progressions“ a description of qualitative change in a
student’s level of sophistication for a
key concept, process, strategy,
practice, or habit of mind. …. Each
progression is presumed to be modal,
i.e., to hold for most, but not all,students. Finally, it is provisional,
subject to empirical verification andtheoretical challenge.”
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Illustration: Participating in
Discussion and Debate(Argumentation)• Four learning progressions specific toargument:– Appeal-building (social)– Taking a Position (conceptual)– Reasons and Evidence (conceptual)– Framing a Case (discourse)• Each of these is mapped to detailed
evidence statements targeting levels ofstudent performance
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High Level Overview – Reasons and Evidence
Preliminary

1. Understands the idea that positions may need to be supportedwith reasons that will be convincing to the audience

Foundational

2. Recognizes, generates and elaborates on reasons in writing, withsome awareness of the need for evidence, and uses one's own
argument to counter others' argument in an engaging, familiar
context

Basic

3. Understands use of evidence and clearly grasps the need toprovide evidence and reasons that are directly relevant to andsupport the main point and which are logically soundIntermediate

4. Understands the role of critique and rebuttal and is able to reason
about and respond to counterevidence and critical questions

Advanced

5. Builds systematic mental models of entire debates, and use thatmodel to frame one’s own attempts to build knowledge.

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Detail: Part of the fine-grained progression for Reasons and Evidence
Preliminary

Foundational

Basic

Intermediate

Interpretation
Identifies reasonspeople give to support
a specific point

Expression
Generates at least one
reason to support a specificpoint, in sentence form

Identifies supporting
reasons or evidence ina written text andrelates them to thepoint they support
Recognizes andexplains therelationship between
main and supporting
points and keeps trackof which evidence
supports which point
Identifies specificpoints in a text that arevulnerable toobjections andcounterarguments

Generates multiple reasons
to support a point, and uses
these reasons to counter
others' argument in an
engaging, familiar context
Builds logical,
hierarchically structured
arguments by selecting andarranging reasons andevidence to support mainand subsidiary points
Writes simple critiques orrebuttals that criticallyprovide both summaries ofand responses to otherpeople’s arguments

Deliberation
Can apply template-based
argument-generation strategies(such as making lists or filling in a
pro-con chart)
Can apply analytical strategies to
identify information needed tosupport a point, reflecting implicit
understanding of common
argument schemes
Can evaluate the strength ofevidence and distinguish soundand unsound arguments byrecognizing common syllogisms
and fallacies

Can apply critical-question
strategies for commonly usedargumentation schemes to generate
counterarguments and determine
how to reinforce specific points
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Mapping to ECD(evidence-centered design)• The overview and specific learning
progressions define possible student
model variables.
• The levels in the learning
progressions define the evidence
model.
• We then define item types linked tocells in the LP, as our task models.
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Back to the Test Design:
How some of the ‘Ban Ads’ tasks
map back to the Learning Progressions

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From learning progressions(Level 1/2):

Identifies reasonspeople give to support
a specific point

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Confidential and Proprietary. Copyright © 2010 Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.

From learning progressions (Level 3):

Can evaluate the strength ofevidence
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From learning progressions (Level 4):

Write Critiques or Rebuttals
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So how well does
this approach work?

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Overall Test Characteristics
Overall technical quality comparable to similarassessments without scenario structure
Broadening the Scope of Reading Comprehension Using
Scenario-based Assessments: Preliminary Findings andChallenges, J. P. Sabatini, T. O'Reilly, L. Halderman & K. Bruce(2014), L'Année psychologique, Vol.114 , Issue 04, pp. 693–723
CBAL: Results From Piloting Innovative K–12 Assessments
R. E. Bennett (2011), ETS Research Report No. RR-11-23

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Dimensionality
Best fitting IRT model had distinct dimensions
for writing (constructed response) vs. reading(selected response) but not for choice of topic•

From Cognitive-Domain Theory to Assessment
Practice. Randy E. Bennett, Paul Deane, & Peter W. vanRijn. (2016). Educational Psychologist 51, 1, 1-26. DOI:
10.1080/00461520.2016.1141683.

•

Empirical Recovery of Argumentation Learning
Progressions in Scenario-Based Assessments ofEnglish Language Arts, P. W. van Rijn, E. A. Graf, & P.
Deane (2014), Psicología Educativa, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.
109–115
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Recovery of Learning Progressions
Empirically recovered the order of the levelsof the learning progression from relative
difficulty of tasks•

From Cognitive-Domain Theory to Assessment Practice.
Randy E. Bennett, Paul Deane, & Peter W. van Rijn. (2016).
Educational Psychologist 51, 1, 1-26. DOI:
10.1080/00461520.2016.1141683.

•

Empirical Recovery of Argumentation Learning
Progressions in Scenario-Based Assessments of English
Language Arts, P. W. van Rijn, E. A. Graf, & P. Deane (2014),
Psicología Educativa, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 109–115

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Some Forthcoming Results
Presenting the preparatory tasks
before the essay writing task produced
more reliable overall scores thanpresenting the essay writing task first,
followed by the other tasks.
(forthcoming study by Mo Zhang and others)

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Scoring Writing

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Leading Ideas• Seek to combine automated scoring
for general writing quality withhuman scoring for the quality of theideas• Strong evidence for feasibility of theapproach

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Key Publications
•

•

•

•

On the Relation Between Automated Essay Scoring and Modern
Views of the Writing Construct. P. Deane (2013). Assessing
Writing, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 7–24
Automated Essay Scoring in Innovative Assessments of Writingfrom Sources. P. Deane, F. Williams, V. Weng, & C. S. Trapani (2013)
Journal of Writing Assessment, Vol. 6, No. 1
Covering the construct: An approach to automated essay scoring
motivated by a socio-cognitive framework for defining literacy
skills. P. Deane (2013). Chapter in M. D. Shermis & J. Burstein(Editors), The Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation: Current
Applications and New Directions. Routledge.
Automated Scoring Within a Developmental, Cognitive Model of
Writing Proficiency. P. Deane, T. Quinlan, & I. Kostin (2011)
ETS Research Report No. RR-11-16.

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Rubric for Quality of Argument
Level 4 (Clearly Competent)
Command of Argument Structure• States a clear position on the issue• Uses reasons and evidence to build a case in support of the position• May also consider and address counterarguments
Quality and Development of Argument• Makes reasonable claims about the issue• Supports claims by citing and explaining relevant reasons and/or
examples• Is generally accurate in its use of evidence
Awareness of Audience• Focuses primarily on content that is appropriate for the target
audience• Expresses ideas in a tone that is appropriate for the audience andpurpose for writing
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Rubric for General Writing Quality
Level 4 (Clearly Competent)
It is adequately structured
Overall, the response is clearly and appropriately organized for the task. Clusters ofrelated ideas are grouped appropriately and divided into sections and paragraphs asneeded. Transitions between groups of ideas are signaled appropriately
It is coherent
Most new ideas are introduced appropriately. The sequence of sentences leads thereader from one idea to the next with few disorienting gaps or shifts in focus.
Connections within and across sentences are made clear where needed by the use of
pronouns, conjunctions, subordination, etc.
It is adequately phrased
Ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Word choice demonstrates command of anadequate range of vocabulary. Sentences are varied appropriately in length andstructure to control focus and emphasis
It displays adequate control of Standard Written English
Grammar and usage follow Standard Written English conventions, but there may beminor errors. Spelling, punctuation, and capitalization follow Standard Wirtten
English conventions, but there may be minor errors.
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Score Reporting

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Overview• Some research, focusing on methods ofpresenting how well students are performing on
specific key practices and especially learning
progressions• Not as well developed as the test design piecethus far• Limits to what I can say without touching on
work currently being done to develop new ETS
product, WinSight, based on CBAL thinking.
• Will present some examples of reporting ideas
and CBAL research related to it
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Some Key Publications
•

•
•
•
•
•
•

Keeping Your Audience in Mind: Applying Audience Analysis to the
Design of Interactive Score Reports. D. Zapata-Rivera & R.I. Katz, (2014)/
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 442–
463
Comparing Graphical and Verbal Representations of Measurement Error
in Test Score Reports. R. Zwick, D. Zapata-Rivera, & M. Hegarty (2014).
Educational Assessment, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 116–138
Exploring Teachers' Understanding of Graphical Representations ofGroup Performance. D. Zapata-Rivera, & M. Vezzu, & W. VanWinkle. ETS
Research Memorandum No. RM-13-04
Applying Score Design Principles in the Design of Score Reports for
CBAL™Teachers. D. Zapata-Rivera, W. VanWinkle, & R. Zwick (2012). ETS
Research Memorandum No. RM-12-20.
Designing and Evaluating an Interactive Score Report for Students. M.
Vezzu, W. VanWinkle, & D. Zapata-Rivera (2012). ETS Research Memorandum
No. RM-12-01
Designing and Evaluating Score Reports for Particular Audiences
D. Zapata-Rivera (2011). ETS Research Report No. RR-11-45
An Evidence-Centered Approach to Using Assessment Data for Policymakers.
J. S. Underwood, D. Zapata-Rivera, & W. VanWinkle (2010). ETS Research Report No.
RR-10-03

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Major Themes• Focus on how to make score reports
easier to use and understand• Experimentation with best ways topresent testing concepts graphically• Exploration of how to present
innovative ideas (i.e., student statuson learning progressions)98

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99

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100

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Some Caveats• These are proof of concept ideas, notpart of an operational system• They are designed for the intended
CBAL use case (gradually updating
information about student performancefrom multiple smaller assessments
given over the course of the year)• Application to admissions testing would
be different
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Implications for
Admissions Testing

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The Value of Contextualization• Traditional approaches to testing often
try to decontextualize assessment tasks• Attempts to use more authentic tasks
are often criticized on the grounds thatthey damage measurement.
• CBAL research suggests that we canmaintain desirable measurement
properties in an assessment that looks
much more like a realistic, authentictask
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Similarity to Classroom Exercises• The constraints of high-stakes
testing can make admissions tests
look very different from classroom
practice• But CBAL assessments are easily
repurposed as classroom exercises.

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Can we go beyond a single score?
• In admissions testing, everything
reduces to a single number for a
subject area (math, reading, writing).
• Subscores are limited in reliability.
• But users always want subscores!
• CBAL approach might help – but only iflink to classroom assessment makes it
easier to gather more information overthe course of the year
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Caveats and Conclusions• At ETS we are only just beginning to movethis work from research into practice inhigh-stakes tests• Testing regimes differ with national culture.
This must be taken into account in any
attempt to learn from CBAL experience andapply it in another country.
• But even so … the results of CBAL research
are encouraging, and suggestive.
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Ȭ༭࣬ 1ȭġΩέ΁ȜζϋΑບ‫̥̳̥̿̿ڰ̠̓ͬث‬ġ‫ނ‬സఱ‫ڠ֗ޗڠ‬໐̤̫ͥͅඅ૗වদ͈৾ͤழ͙ġୌ‫ؖ‬ġ ‫ࠃྴح‬Ȫ‫ނ‬സఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫شݪࡄڠ֗ޗ֭ڠ‬੎‫ޗ‬਎ȫġġி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲⛉෸ᩍᤵࠋி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲⛉ಟኈㄢ⛬ಟ஢ࠋⱥᅜࣂ㸫࣑ࣥ࣒࢞኱Ꮫ࡛ Ph.D.㸦Ed.㸧ྲྀᚓࠋ㬆㛛ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫㅮᖌࢆ⤒࡚㸪2004 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡼࡾ⌧⫋ࠋᑓ㛛ࡣᩍ⫱᪉ἲᏛ㸦࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛㄽ㸪ᩍ⫱ホ౯ㄽ㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏᩍ⫱᪉ἲᏛ఍ᖖ௵⌮஦㸪᪥ᮏ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᏛ఍⌮஦ࠋ୺ⴭ࡟㸪ࠗᩍ⛉࡜⥲ྜᏛ⩦ࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛタィ࠘㸦༢ⴭ㸪ᅗ᭩ᩥ໬㸪2016 ᖺ㸧㸪ࠗ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ホ౯ධ㛛࠘㸦ඹ⦅ⴭ㸪᭷ᩫ㛶㸪2015 ᖺ㸧࡞࡝ࠋ

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 ͠ͱɾࠕյͺʰϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲ՃΝʹ͑‫͖͖ͤ׈‬ʱͳ͏͑τʖϜͲɾಝͶ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ‫گ‬үָ෨͹ಝ৯೘ࢾͶͯ͏ͱ়͟ղͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ˖ָྙͳ඲Ճ๏๑͹ଲԢ䠍䠊Ꮫຊ䛸ホ౯᪉ἲ䛾ᑐᛂ䠄䠍䠅Ꮫຊホ౯䛾᪉ἲ ༢⣧㑅ᢥᅇ⟅ᘧ䠄ᐈほ䝔䝇䝖ᘧ䠅䛾ၥ㢟άື䛾せ⣲䛾Ⅼ᳨㡯┠䞉 ከ⫥㑅ᢥၥ㢟䞉 ṇㄗၥ㢟䞉 㡰ᗎၥ㢟䞉 ⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫ၥ㢟䞉 ✰ᇙ䜑ၥ㢟䠄༢ㄒ䞉ྃ䠅䞉 Ⓨၥ䜈䛾ᛂ⟅䞉 άື䛾ほᐹ⮬⏤グ㏙ᘧ䛾ၥ㢟

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ᐇᢏ䝔䝇䝖䛾㡯┠䡚 ▷⟅ၥ㢟䠄ᩥ❶䞉ẁⴠ䞉ᅗ⾲䛺䛹䠅䞉 ▱㆑䜢୚䛘䛶᥎ㄽ䛥䛫䜛ၥ㢟䞉 సၥἲ䞉 ㄆ▱ⓗⴱ⸨ἲ䞉 ண -ほᐹ-ㄝ᫂䠄POE䠅ἲ䞉 ᴫᛕ䝬䝑䝥ἲ䚸䝧䞁ᅗἲ䞉 㐠ໃ䝷䜲䞁ἲ䞉 ᥥ⏬ἲ䞉 ᳨ウ఍䚸㠃᥋䚸ཱྀ㢌ヨၥ䞉 ▷ᩥ䛾ᮁㄞ䞉 ᐇ㦂ჾල䛾᧯స䞉 㐠ᣦ⦎⩦䞉 㐠ືᢏ⬟䛾ᐇ₇䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇ㄢ㢟䞉 䜶䝑䝉䜲䚸ᑠㄽᩥ䚸ㄽㄝᩥ䞉 ◊✲䝺䝫䞊䝖䚸◊✲ㄽᩥ䞉 ᐇ㦂䝺䝫䞊䝖䚸ほᐹグ㘓䞉 ≀ㄒ䚸⬮ᮏ䚸リ䚸᭤䚸⤮⏬
䞉 Ṕྐ᪂⪺䞉 ᮁㄞ䚸ཱྀ㢌Ⓨ⾲䚸䝥䝺䝊䞁䝔䞊䝅䝵䞁䞉 䜾䝹䞊䝥䛷䛾ヰ䛧ྜ䛔䚸䝕䜱䝧䞊䝖䞉 ᐇ㦂䛾ィ⏬䞉ᐇ᪋䞉ሗ࿌
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106

 ۫ରྭΝ͕ࣖͪ͢͢๏͗෾͖ΕΏͤ͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾ໲ୌΏ՟ୌ͹ྭΝ‫͖ͯش‬ด΄ͱΊΉͪ͢ɽӵ‫ޢ‬Ռ͹ජ‫ى‬ͶΓΖ඲Ճ͹৖߻Ͳͤɽ
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108

 ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͺɾ ೧րఙ͹‫ߨݳ‬͹ָसࢨ಍གྷ྘ͲɾஎࣟΏηΫϩΝ‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʀන‫ྙݳ‬Νү੔͢඲ՃͤΖ๏๑ͳ͢ͱ஭໪͠ΗΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽָߏ
‫ݳ‬৖Ͳ΍ɾ͖͵Ε͹ࣰભྭ͗֋൅͠Ηͱ͘ͱ͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻ͞Ηͺ஦ָߏ͹ཀྵՌͲͤ͗ɾཀྵՌ͖࣪Δਜ਼ର෈໎͹ࠉ͏ฆ͗೘ͮͪ  ຌ͹෇͗ड़ͱͪ͘ɽ͞ΗΔ͹෇Ͷ೘ͮͱ͏Ζฆ͹ਜ਼ରΝմ໎ͤΖΓ͑͵ࣰ‫ݩ‬Νࣙ෾ͪͬͲ‫ܯ‬ժ͢ͱɾࣰࢬ͢ͱɾๅࠄ͢Γ͑ͳ͏͑՟ୌͲͤɽ
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110

 ͵͕ɾ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌ͹ྭͶͯ͏ͱͺɾ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ୉ָӅ‫گ‬үָ‫ڂݜ‬ՌͲ()2580 ͳ͏͑ϋρφϭʖέΝࡠͮͱɾ‫گ‬ҽ‫ݜ‬र͹৖Ν఑‫͏ͱ͢ڛ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨͬΔ͹ΤΥϔγ΢φͲ΍়͟ղ͢ͱ͏Ήͤ͹ͲɾΉͪ͟ࢂল͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
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ੵɾ՟ୌ͹࠸અఈͳ͏͑γ΢έϩΝ‫܃‬Εศ͢͵͗Δָ΁ָस΍߁͗ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽঘָߏʀ
஦ָߏͶ͕͏ͱͺɾ૱߻ద͵ָस͹࣎ؔ͗‫ع‬Ͷ͍ΖΚ͜Ͳͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾ࠹ۛͲͺηʖϏʖγ΢Φϱηύ΢ηέʖϩΏηʖϏʖήϫʖώϩύ΢ηέʖϩ͵ʹΝ஦ৼͶɾ߶౵ָߏͲ΍߁͗ͮͱ͘ͱ͏Ζ͹Ν‫ͣ״‬Ήͤɽ
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111

 ͞ΗͺɾηʖϏʖήϫʖώϩύ΢ηέʖϩ͹ҲͯͲ͍Ζۜୖ୉ָ෡଒߶ߏ͹ࣰભΝԾී͘ͶࡠͮͱΊͪ՟ୌชͲͤɽ
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112

 ϛʖφϓΧϨΨ඲Ճ๑ͳͺɾָस͹ଏ੽ΝࣖͤࣁྋΝϓΟ΢ϩ͵ʹͶட੷͢ɾָसं͹ָस੔ՎΝ෱߁͚඲ՃͤΖ΍͹Ͳͤɽ͞Η΍ϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲Ճ͹๏๑͹Ҳझͳ‫͓ݶ‬Ήͤɽ‫ە‬ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨵ㠉ືྥ
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ఙͶ޴͜ͱͺɾʰү੔Ν໪ࢨͤࣁ࣯ʀ೵ྙ͹ࢀͯ͹஬ʱ͗఑Ҍ͠Ηͱ͏ΉͤɽʰՁΝཀྵմ͢
ͱ͏Ζ͖ɾՁ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͖ʤ‫ݺ‬พ͹எࣟʀٗ೵ʥ
ʱͶ౲ͪΖ΍͹͗ɾ઎Άʹ͹໲ୌ $ʥΏ໲ୌ%ʥɾʰཀྵմ͢ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳʀͲ͘Ζ͞ͳΝʹ͖͑࢘͑ʤࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʀන‫ྙݳ‬౵ʥʱ͗՟ୌ&ʥɾʰʹ͹Γ͑Ͷऀճʀ੊ֆͳ‫ؖ‬ΚΕɾΓΕΓ͏ਕਫ਼ΝૻΖ͖ʤָ;Ͷ޴͖͑ྙɾਕؔ੓
౵ʥʱͶ౲ͪΖ͹͗՟ୌ 'ʥͳ͏͑΀͑ͶཀྵմͤΖͳΓ͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢴͺߡ͓ͱ͕Ε
Ήͤɽ

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113

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114

 ͠ͱɾ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ͹ಝ৯೘ࢾͺɾʰ߶ߏ  ೧ؔʶ୉ָ  ೧ؔʱͲʰҲਕҲਕΝ஺ೣͶүͱͱ͏͑͞ʱͳ͏͑ཀྵ೨͹ԾͶɾ ೧ౕ೘ࢾΓΕ಍೘͠ΗΉͪ͢ɽ䠄䠎䠅୺䛻Ꮫຊᆺ䠝䠫ධヨ

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Ꮫ㒊䞉Ꮫ⛉

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⥲ྜே㛫Ꮫ㒊

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⤒῭Ꮫ㒊

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་Ꮫ⛉

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㚠栆⮑㞣䚸⮷婾㔯娎榻䚸朊㍍娎榻

᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ㄽᩥヨ㦂䚸㠃᥋ヨ㦂䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ㄽᩥヨ㦂䚸㠃᥋ヨ㦂䚸⸆⛉Ꮫ⛉኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ཱྀ㢌ヨ㦂䚸㠃᥋ヨ㦂䚸ᆅ⌫ᕤᏛ⛉኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸暣㮿暣⫸ⶍ⬎䥹኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ཱྀ㢌ヨၥ䚸᝟ሗᏛ⛉኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼ᕤᴗ໬Ꮫ⛉᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼㣗ᩱ䞉⎔ቃ⤒῭Ꮫ ᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ᑠㄽᩥヨ㦂䚸⛉኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼ே㛫೺ᗣ⛉Ꮫ⛉

⸆Ꮫ㒊

㎰Ꮫ㒊

ᥦฟ᭩㢮

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ᏛຊᆺAO
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ᏛຊᆺAO
ᚋᮇ᪥⛬
ᏛຊᆺAO
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᥎⸀

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㑅ᢤ᪉ἲ
᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸⬟ຊ ᐃ⪃ᰝ䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ㄽᩥヨ㦂䚸ㄽ㏙ヨ㦂
኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ㄢ㢟䚸ཱྀ㢌ヨၥ䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ᑠㄽᩥヨ㦂䚸኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸ㄽᩥヨ㦂኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼᭩㢮ᑂᰝ䚸⬟ຊ ᐃ⪃ᰝ䚸ཱྀ㢌ヨၥ኱Ꮫධヨ䝉䞁䝍䞊ヨ㦂䛾ᡂ⦼

ᏛຊᆺAO
ᏛຊᆺAO

᥎⸀

ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾ሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾ሗ࿌᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸᥎⸀᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩䚸
TOEFL-iBT䛾ཷ㦂⪅ᡂ⦼᭩䚸≉Ⰽ஦㡯䛻㛵䛩䜛㈨ᩱ
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩
ㄪᰝ᭩䚸Ꮫᴗάືሗ࿌᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩䚸TOEFL-iBT䛾ཷ㦂⪅ᡂ⦼᭩ㄪᰝ᭩䚸᥎⸀᭩䚸Ꮫ䜃䛾タィ᭩䚸㢧ⴭ䛺άືᐇ⦼䛾ᴫせ

20

ᏛຊᆺAO

䠄ி㒔኱Ꮫ≉Ⰽධヨ䠖http://www.nyusi.gakusei.kyoto-u.ac.jp/tokushoku/essential/䠅 कͳ͢ͱָྙ‫ ܗ‬$2 ೘ࢾ͗ࡀ༽͠Ηͱ͕ΕΉͤ͗ɾ۫ରద͵અ‫ܯ‬ͺָ෨ͶΓΕҡ͵ΕΉͤɽࠕೖ͕࿫͢͢Ήͤ͹ͺɾ͍͚ΉͲ‫گ‬үָ෨͹ྭͫͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͟টஎ஖͚ͫ͘͠͏ɽ
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䠐䠊ி㒔኱Ꮫᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊䛾≉Ⰽධヨ䠖ᑟධ㐣⛬䠄䠍䠅ᑟධ䛻ྥ䛡䛶䛾㆟ㄽ䜔ㄪᰝ| 2012(H24)ᖺᗘ

ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊䠖ከḟඖධヨ◊✲఍ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊䠖ධヨᨵ㠉䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䜾䝹䞊䝥ńᏛ㒊䛾඲ᩍဨ䛷᳨ウ| 2013䠄H25䠅ᖺ4᭶ ඲Ꮫ䠖≉Ⰽධヨᐇ᪋‽ഛጤဨ఍Ⓨ㊊| 2014䠄H26䠅ᖺ4᭶ ඲Ꮫ䠖≉Ⰽධヨᐇ᪋ጤဨ఍Ⓨ㊊| 2013䠄H25)ᖺ5᭶ ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊䠖≉Ⰽධヨᐇ᪋‽ഛጤဨ఍Ⓨ㊊| 2012(H24)ᖺᗘ

-⥲㛗⿢㔞⤒㈝䜢ᚓ䛶䚸௚኱Ꮫ䜈䛾ゼၥㄪᰝ䛺䛹ồ䜑䜛ே≀ീ䚸ᐃဨ䚸ฟ㢪᭩㢮䚸ヨ㦂᪉ἲ䛾᳨ウ
ńせ㡯䜔䝃䞁䝥䝹ၥ㢟䛾సᡂ㧗ᰯᑐ㇟䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖䛾ᐇ᪋䠄⣙120ᰯ䠅䜸䞊䝥䞁䜻䝱䞁䝟䝇䛻䛚䛡䜛㧗ᰯ⏕䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖䛾ᐇ᪋(400ྡX2ᖺ)≉Ⰽධヨㄝ᫂఍䠄2015ᖺ3᭶䚸Ꮫ㒊⊂⮬䠅

| 2015(H27)ᖺ4᭶

21

ᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊䠖≉Ⰽධヨᐇ᪋ጤဨ఍Ⓨ㊊ ಝ৯೘ࢾ͹಍೘Ͷ౲ͪͮͱͺɾ ೧ౕΓΕɾ༹ʓ͵٠࿨Ώ௒ࠬΝߨͮͱ͘Ήͪ͢ɽ‫گ‬115

үָ෨Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݺͳݩ‬พࢾ‫ݩ‬͹ૌΊ߻ΚͦͲߨΚΗΖҲൢ೘ࢾ͗͑Ή͚‫ؽ‬೵͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏ࣰ͑‫͍͗״‬ΕΉͤ͹Ͳɾਜ਼௜ਅ͢Ή͢ͱɾ౲ॵɾ୉ൔ͹‫گ‬ҽͺಝ৯೘ࢾ͹಍೘Ͷͺভ‫ۅ‬దͲͪ͢ɽ͖͢͢͵͗Δɾસͱ͹ָ෨Ͳಝ৯೘ࢾΝ಍೘ͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗સ
ָ͹๏ਓͳ͢ͱ݀Ήͮͱ͢Ή͏Ήͪ͢ɽ ͏͡಍೘ͤΖͳ͵Ηͻɾ‫گ‬үָద͵எ‫ݡ‬͹ਇՃ͗໲ΚΗΖրַͲͤ͹Ͳɾָ෨͹સ‫گ‬ҽ͗ࢂՅ͢ͱ৽॑͵٠࿨Ώ௒ࠬΝ॑͸Ήͪ͢ɽ‫گ‬ҽ͹ؔͲͺɾʰΏΖ͖ΔͶͺɾࢴͪͬ‫گ‬үָ෨Ͳட੷͢ͱ͏Ζஎ‫ݡ‬Ν߶ߏਫ਼ΏऀճͶ൅৶ͤΖ‫ؽ‬ճͶͪ͢͏ʱʰ߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͹‫گ‬үրવ͹ͪΌ͹఑ҌΝͤΖΓ͑͵೘ࢾͶͪ͢͏ʱʰҲൢ೘ࢾͲ೘ͮͱ͚Ζָਫ਼ͪͬ͹ϨʖξʖͶ΍͵ͮͱ͚ΗΖΓ͑͵ָਫ਼͗೘ͮͱ͚ΗΗͻ͑Η͢͏ʱͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝ࿫͢߻͏Ήͪ͢ɽ
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 Ήͪɾ()2580 ͹‫ݜ‬र͹‫ؽ‬ճ͵ʹΝ࢘ͮͱɾ߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏ͳ‫ڠ‬Ͷ߶୉ંକΝߡ͓Ζ‫ݜ‬रʀιϝψʖ͵ʹ΍ߨ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ

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Ͷࣖͪ͢  ߴ໪ͺɾͨΗͩΗɾգ‫ڊ‬͹ࣰ੹ɾ‫ࡑݳ‬͹೵ྙɾগཔ͹ఴ๮ͶଲԢ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽಝ৯೘ࢾ͹ࣰࢬͶ౲ͪͮͱͺɾમൊ͹‫خ‬६͗͞͹ʰ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ʱͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ‫ܯ‬ժʀࣰࢬ͹գఖͲͺɾՁౕ΍͞͹ਕ෼଀Ͷཱིͬ໯ΕΉͪ͢ɽʰ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ʱΝ໎֮Ͷ͢ͱ͕͚͞ͳͺɾ͞͹Γ͑͵೘ࢾΝߨ͑৏Ͳͳͱ΍॑གྷͫͳࣰ‫࣏ͪ͢״‬୊Ͳͤɽ
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۫ରద͵મൊ๏๑ͳ͢ͱͺɾ୊  ࣏મൊ͗ʰ௒ࠬॽʱʰָ;͹ๅࠄॽʱʰָ;͹અ‫ॽܯ‬ʱͶΓΖʰॽྪ৻ࠬʱɾ୊  ࣏મൊ͗ʰ՟ୌͳ޳ಆࢾ໲ʱɾ୊  ࣏મൊ͗୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖࢾ‫ˍ Ͳݩ‬Ґ৏ͲͤɽಝͶ୊  ࣏મൊʀ୊  ࣏મൊͲϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲ՃΝ॑ࢻ͢ͱ͏Ζ఼Ͷಝ௅͍͗ΕΉͤɽ  ೧ౕ͹৖߻ɾ ໌͹ड़‫͍͗ب‬Εɾ୊  ࣏મൊͲ  ໌͗߻֪ɾ୊  ࣏મൊͲ  ໌͗߻֪ɾ୊  ࣏મൊͲ  ໌͗࠹शద͵߻֪ͳ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽ
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 ʰָ;͹અ‫ॽܯ‬ʱͶͯ͏ͱͺɾࢦ๮ཀྵ༟ɾ୉ָਫ਼‫׈‬Ͷ͕͏ͱߨ͏ͪ͏͞ͳɾଖ‫ޛۂ‬͹ఴ๮Νॽ͏ͱ΍Δ͑΍͹ͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ
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୊  ࣏મߡͺɾ ೖ໪͗  ͖࣎ؔ͜ͱखΕૌ΋ʰ՟ୌʱͲͤɽ ೧ౕ͹৖߻ͺɾ࣏͹Γ͑͵໲ୌΝड़͢Ήͪ͢ɽʰۛ೧͹ೖຌͶ͕͏ͱͺɾ੪ঙ೧͹‫و‬൥қࣟΏϠϧϩ͹ఁԾΝཀྵ༟Ͷɾಕಛ‫گ‬ү͹‫ک‬ԿΝ‫ٽ‬ΌΖ੢͗ซ͖ΗΖɽ੪ঙ೧Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζࣁྋʤࣁྋॄ‫ࡎܟ‬͹ࣁྋ ʛࣁྋ ʥΝ༽͏͵͗ΔɾҐԾ͹໲͏Ͷ౶͓͵͠͏ʱɽ
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 ͞͹՟ୌͲͺɾτʖϜͶ‫ؖ‬࿊ͤΖ෵਼͹ࣁྋΝ‫ࣁͪ͢ࡎܟ‬ྋॄΝ༫͓Ήͤɽӵ‫ޢ‬Ώೖຌ‫ޢ‬͹ชহ͹Ά͖ɾ౹‫ࣁܯ‬ྋΏࢽ΍‫͢ࡎܟ‬Ήͪ͢ɽ
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120

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121

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ʰָ;͹ๅࠄॽʱΏʰָ;͹અ‫ॽܯ‬ʱ͗ɾࣙ෾͹‫ݩܨ‬Ν৾ΕศΖྒྷ͏‫ؽ‬ճͶ͵ͮͪɾͳ͏͑੢΍෵਼͹ָਫ਼͖Δ͍ΕΉͪ͢ɽ ࣙ෾͗͵ͧ͞͹ָ෨Νण‫ͤݩ‬Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͖ͮ͢Εߡ͓Ζɾ͍Ζ͏ͺɾࠕΉͲࣙ෾͗ࠕΉͲखΕૌΞͲͪ͘͞ͳ͹қັͺՁ͵͹͖ɾࣙ෾͵ΕͶ੖ཀྵͤΖඉ৙Ͷྒྷ͏‫ؽ‬ճͶ͵ͮͪͳ‫͚ͱͮݶ‬Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ
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ॽ͏ͱ͏Ζ͑ͬͶࣙ෾͹‫׈‬ಊ͗ʹ͑͏͑΀͑Ͷࠕ͹ࣙ෾Ν‫͏ͱͮࡠܙ‬Ζ͖ɾࣙ෾͗ͨΗΝ

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123

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ʰ͍͠ɾָ෨͹द‫ۂ‬ͺ࠴ͮͱซ͏ͱ͕͘͵͠͏ʱͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ͍ΞΉΕ͖͵ͳ͏͑੢͗୉ָ‫گ‬ҽ͖Δड़ͱͪ͘ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͪͫ͢ɾҲ๏Ͳ࠹୉͹໲ୌͳ͢ͱͺɾࣰࢬͤΖ‫گ‬ҽ͹ෝ୴͗ඉ৙Ͷ୉͘͏͞ͳ͗‫͝ڏ‬Δ
ΗΉͤɽಝ৯೘ࢾͶͺɾ՟ୌ͹ࡠ੔ɾॽྪ৻ࠬɾ޳ಆࢾ໲͵ʹͲ๴୉͵࣎ؔͳ࿓ྙ͖͖͗
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େ͹ָसསྼʥʱΝ඲ՃͤΖ΍͹ͳ͵ͮͱ͏ΉͤɽΉͪɾҲ൬ࠪଈ͹෨෾ɾιϱνʖࢾ‫Ͳݩ‬ ‫گ‬Ռ͹எࣟʀٗ೵Ν඲ՃͤΖͳ͏఼͑΍Ωώʖ͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ ͖͢͢ɾ‫ݳ‬য়Ͳͺ͞͹ਇΞ஦͹͍ͪΕͶ୉͘͵άϡρϕ͍͗ΖΚ͜Ͳͤ͸ɽ΍ͬΘΞɾࠕ‫ޛ‬ɾ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ͹๏Ͳྒྷ͏τηφΝࡠͮͱ͏͚ͪͫͳɾଡঙ෱͗߁͗ͮͱ͚ΖΚ͜͵͹Ͳͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾ͞ΗΉͲ͹Ҳൢ೘ࢾͲ඲Ճ͠Ηͱͪ͘Γ͑͵ɾ֦‫گ‬ՌͲ͹ʰࣙ༟ౕ124͹߶͏‫ى‬फ़ࣞ͹໲ୌʱΝड़ୌͤΖ͞ͳͺɾӵ‫ޢ‬Ґ֐ͺͲ͘ͱ͏ΉͦΞɽ Ήͪɾ͞͹ਦͶ͕͏ͱʰঘ࿨ชʱͳ͍Ζ෨෾Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾຌཔͺɾ෵߻τʖϜ‫ܗ‬͹ঘ࿨ชͳɾ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹಼༲எࣟΝਫ਼͖ͯͯ͢खΕૌ΋Γ͑͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͳΝۢพ͢ͱ͕
͚චགྷ͍͗Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ‫گ‬үָ෨͹  ࣏મൊͲड़͢ͱ͏Ζ՟ୌͺ෵߻τʖϜ‫ܗ‬͹ঘ࿨ชͳ‫͓ݶ‬Ζ͖ͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͖͢͢ɾ‫ߨݳ‬͹๏๑ͲͺɾָߏͲखΕૌΉΗͱ͏ΖΓ͑͵֦‫گ‬Ռ͹ɾ‫گ‬Ռ಼༲Ͷଊͪ͢ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͶଲԢͤΖྙΝ඲ՃͤΖ͞ͳͺࠖೋͲͤɽ ࠕ‫ޛ‬ɾʰ୉ָ೘ָ‫س‬๮ंָྙ඲ՃτηφʤՀসʥʱͲ୻͏‫ى‬फ़ࣞ͹໲ୌ͵ʹ͗֋൅ʀड़ୌ
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CF. Ꮫᰯ䛷⫱ᡂ䛩䜛㈨㉁䞉⬟ຊ䛾せ⣲䛾඲యീ䜢ᤊ䛘䜛ᯟ⤌䜏䠄▼஭ⱥ┿䛄௒ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛Ꮫຊ䛸Ꮫ䜃䛸䛿ʊʊ䝁䞁䝢䝔䞁䝅䞊䞉䝧䞊䝇䛾䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛾ග䛸ᙳ䛅᪥ᮏᶆ‽䚸2015ᖺ䠅㈨㉁࣭⬟ຊࡢせ⣲㸦┠ᶆࡢᰕ㸧⬟ຊ࣭Ꮫ⩦άືࡢ㝵ᒙࣞ࣋ࣝ㸦࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗ
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Ȭ༭࣬ 2ȭġ‫ڠ‬ਠ‫̹͙̥ͣڠش‬঩ৗȆෝႁ଼͈֗͂ບ‫ث‬ġฒକġ ইȪ൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬௙ࣣ‫ݪࡄ֗ޗ‬ΓϋΗȜ‫ޗ‬਎ȫᮾி኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ⥲ྜᩍ⫱◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᩍᤵ㸪ྠ኱Ꮫ኱ᏛⓎᩍ⫱ᨭ᥼ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒᥎㐍ᶵᵓᶵᵓ㛗ࠋྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩥᏛ◊✲⛉ಟኈㄢ⛬ಟ஢ࠋ୰ி኱Ꮫ᝟ሗ⛉Ꮫ㒊ຓᡭ㸪ྠ኱Ꮫ᝟ሗ⌮ᕤᏛ㒊෸ᩍᤵ㸪ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱◊✲㒊⥲ᣓ◊✲ᐁࢆ⤒࡚㸪2016 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡼࡾ⌧⫋ࠋ༤ኈ㸦ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ㸧ࠋᑓ㛛ࡣᏛ⩦⛉Ꮫ㸪ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ㸪ᩍ⫱ᕤᏛࠋ୺ⴭ࡟ࠗ㈨㉁࣭⬟ຊ⌮ㄽ⦅࠘㸦ඹ⦅ⴭ㸪ᮾὒ㤋ฟ∧♫㸪2016 ᖺ㸧㸪ࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞Ꮫࡧ࡜ホ౯ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ྍ⬟࠿ࠖ
ࠗ21 ୡ⣖ᆺࢫ࢟ࣝ࠘
㸦ඹⴭ㸪໭኱㊰᭩ᡣ㸪
2014 ᖺ㸧࡞࡝ࠋ

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ʴࢃஏʵͨΗͲͺɾപਭ઎ਫ਼͹͟ๅࠄͶҢΕͪ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽപਭ઎ਫ਼ͺ  ݆ΉͲࠅཱི‫گ‬ү੕ࡨ‫ॶڂݜ‬Ͷ͕ΔΗɾ ݆͖Δ౨‫ښ‬୉ָ͹୉ָ૱߻‫گ‬ү‫ڂݜ‬ιϱνʖͶҢͮͱ͕ΔΗΉͤɽͳ͏ͮͱ΍ɾࠅཱི‫گ‬ү੕ࡨ‫ॶڂݜ‬͹ϓΥϫʖͳ͢ͱͨͬΔͶ΍ΨϓΡη
Ν͕࣍ͬ͹Γ͑͵͹Ͳɾࣰ࣯దͶͺྈ๏Ν‫݋‬ແ͢ͱ͕ΔΗΖ‫͏ࢧͳ͖ܙ‬ΉͤɽೖຌͲ͹ָसՌָ‫ڂݜ‬͹૴෾͜ͳ‫ͱͮݶ‬΍Γ͏๏Ͳɾࠕ‫ޛ‬ɾ౨‫ښ‬୉ָ͹೘ࢾͶ΍‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͏͖ΗΖͳ͹͞ͳͲͤɽຌೖͺɾָसՌָͳ೟எՌָɾ͠ΔͶͺ೘ࢾͳ͹Ψʖώʖϧρϕ͍ͪͪ͢ΕΝ͕࿫͢͏ͪͫ͜Ζ͖ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͲͺɾപਭ઎ਫ਼ɾΓΘ͚͕͢‫ͪ͢͏͏ب‬Ήͤɽ
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 പਭͲͤɽΓΘ͚͕͢‫͢͏ب‬ΉͤɽʰָसՌָ͖ΔΊͪࣁ࣯ʀ೵ྙ͹ү੔ͳ඲Ճʱͳ͏͑
࿫͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ؈ୱͶ‫͏ݶ‬Ήͤͳɾࢢ‫͗ͬͪڛ‬द‫ۂ‬͹஦Ͳଲ࿫Ν௪͢ͱ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͕͗ͮ
͢ΎΖΓ͑͵ಣΊॽ͘͹ηΫϩΝਐͶ෉͜ͱ͏͚द‫ۂ‬Νຌ౲ͶΏͮͱ͏͑͞ͳ͏͑΍͹Ͳͤɽͨ͹஦ͲɾҲͯ୉͘͵ҩ͏ͺɾͨΗ͗ʹΞ͵ηΫϩ͹൅ୣΝ‫ͦݡ‬Ζ͖ͳ͏఼͑Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹ߡ͓๏ͲͤɽϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͳ͏͑͹͗ʹ͖͞ళ͹৏Ͷ͍ͮͱɾͨ
ΗͶॊͮͱϩʖϔϨρέΝ݀Όͱɾ͖ͫΔࠕೖ͹द‫ۂ‬ͺ͑ͤ͞΄ͫ͘ɾ඲Ճͺ͑ͤ͞΄ͫ͘ͳ͏͑Γ͑ͶεητϜορέͶ݀ΉΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ͱɾҲͯҲͯ͹द‫Ͳۂ‬ɾ઎ਫ਼͗ϩʖϔϨρέΝघࡠΕ͢ͱɾͨΗΝ੷Ί॑͸ͱϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝࡠͮͱ͏͚ɽ
ͨΞ͵͞ͳΝΏͮͱ͏͚ͳɾࡠ໲͹੊ֆͳɾद‫ͬͪڛࢢͲۂ‬͹ָྙΝ৵ͻͤͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗
༧߻͢ͱ͚Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑࿫Νͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ‫ە‬Ꮫ⩦⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿホ౯ࡢ⪃࠼᪉
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 ָसՌָ͖Δ‫࣯ࣁͱݡ‬ʀ೵ྙ͹ү੔ͳ඲ՃΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷߡ͓ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɽָྙ͹  གྷોΝҲରదͶү੔ʀ඲Ճ͢ͱͨ͞ɾॵΌͱқັ͍͗Ζ͹ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͑͏͑қັͲɾָྙͺඉ৙Ͷ૱߻దͲ෵ࡸ͵΍͹Ͷ͵ͮͱ͘ΉͤɽͲ͖ͤΔɾͨ͹ࣰସΝஎΖͪΌͶͺɾଡ༹͵ชຼͲɾଡ༹͵घ๑Ν༽͏ͱɾ‫ܩ‬କదͶ؏ࡱ͢ͱɾ͚ͪ͠Ξ͹υʖνΝघͶ೘ΗͱɾմएΝ਄Όͱ͏͚ɽͨ͑͏͑඲Ճ͹߻Κͦٗ͗Ͳ͘Ζͳ͏͏ɽͨ͑ߡ͓Ζͳɾଡ෾ɾ੤Ԯ
઎ਫ਼͕͗ͮ͢ΎΖίʖη͹Γ͑ͶౙΗͱ͢Ή͑઎ਫ਼๏ͫ͜Ͷ͕೜ͦͤΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ͱɾঘ஦߶୉ɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵ਕ͗‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ඲Ճ͹कରͶ͵ͮͱ͏͚ɾҲਕҲਕ͗චགྷ͵Ϫϗϩ͹඲Ճ͹ϨτϧεʖΝਐͶ෉͜Ζͳ͏͑͹͗ɾࠕյ͹րַ͹੔൳ΝࠪӊͤΖ୉͘͵ϛ΢ϱφͲͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
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• δᇜȷဃࢻƕኡƴ୿Ƙ‫ݩ‬ஹႎƴƸᲴδᇜȷဃࢻƕǿȖȬȃȈ2%ǁ৖୿ƖŴ૨‫܌‬ᛐᜤƷɥŴȆǭǹȈ҄

‫ݣ‬ᛅ

‫ٶ‬᩿ႎ
‫ݣ‬ᛅЎௌඥ‫ݣ‬ᛅ• ႆᛅϋܾƷ᥵᪦‫ݩ‬ஹႎƴƸᲴ᪦٣ǛᐯѣᛐᜤƠȆǭǹȈ҄੉ಅỉ‫׹‬ỆኵỚᡂộủẺೞ˟ử෇ဇẲẆ᝻ឋὉᏡщầỄỉợạỆ̅ỪủềẟỦẦỆếẟềẆჇദễἙὊἑửࢽỤủỦᵏᵓ ͞Ξ͵΀͑Ͷɾ‫ڢ‬௒͹஦ͲɾಣΞͫΕॽ͏ͪΕͤΖΠέτΡϑτΡΝ௪͢ͱɾࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬ͺΉͥಋͣࢶ͹৏Ͷद‫ۂ‬͹࠹ॵ͹մ౶Νॽ͏ͱɾ࠹‫ޛ‬ͶɾԾ͹๏Ͷद‫ۂ‬͹‫ޛ‬͹մ౶Νॽ͘Ήͤɽࣙ෾ͪͬͲΏͺΕʰྖ͗ଁ͓Ζʱʰ࣯͗৏͗Ζʱͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ‫Ͳޛͪݡ‬ɾಋͣήϩʖϕͲ  ਕި‫ͪ͢׷‬ΕͤΖͳɾಋͣήϩʖϕͲಋͣ݃࿨ͶͪʹΕ஥͏ͪ͹ͫ͜ΗʹɾඏຽͶන‫͗ݳ‬ҩͮͱɾϛ΢ϱφ͹஖͘ʹ͞Θͳɾ࣏͹ٛ໲఼ɾ‫͚ͱ͓ݡ‬Ζ΍͹͗ҩ͑͞ͳ͗‫ͣ״‬खΗΖ͹ͲͤɽΉ͠ͶɾΠιηϟϱφΝͨ͹৖Ͳϧʖωϱήͳ͢ͱΏͮͱ͏͚͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͤɽ ͏Ήɾϭʖέεʖφ͹घॽ͘Νʹ͹͛Δ͏ࣙಊ೟ࣟͲ͘Ζ͖ͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳͶேકͪ͢Εɾસ෨͹ήϩʖϕͶϜ΢έΝ஖͏ͱɾճ࿫Νસ෨‫ى‬࿧͢ͱɾ઎ਫ਼๏͹඲ՃΝࢩԋ͢ͱ͕ΕΉ
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137

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ͳ‫غ‬ଶ͢͵͏౶͓ͶητΡρέ͢ͱ͏ΖɽͲͺɾ͞͹մ౶Νɾ઎ਫ਼͗ࣙ෾͹‫࣪گ‬͹஦ͲཀྵմΝ‫ݡ‬खΖ‫خ‬६Νઅఈ͢ͱɾʹ͑Ώͮͱ඲Ճ͢ͱ͏͜Ζ͖ɽ ྭ͓ͻࣁྋͶͺɾౖஏ͹߶ఁࠫɾՑઔ͹ଚࡑɾգ‫ڊ‬͹ਭ֒൅ਫ਼਼͍݇͗Ζ͹ͲɾΏͺΕͨΗΝ೘ΗͱΆ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾࣆ઴ͳࣆ‫ޛ‬͹մ౶Νϛ΢ϱφͶ෾͜ͱ෾ੵ͢ͱΊΉͤͳɾद‫ۂ‬͹஦Ͳ͸Δ͏͗ୣ੔͠Η͖ͪʹ͖͑ͳ͏͑ʰߑ஛͠Ηͪմ౶͹࣯ʱͲɾ͖֮͵඲Ճ͗ҲͯͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ΕΉͤɽ
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138

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‫͓ݡ‬ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱɾ઎ਫ਼๏͹඲Ճ͹ྙ΍৏͗ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽΫʖϭʖχΝร͓͵͗Δɾद‫͗ۂ‬਒΋ͶͯΗͱࢢ‫ʹ͗ͬͪڛ‬Ξ͵΀͑Ͷන‫ݳ‬Νร͓ͱ͏͚͖ɾͳ
͏͑͞ͳ͗ೖʓ͹द‫ۂ‬͹஦Ͳ඲ՃͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζͳɾ઎ਫ਼͹඲Ճ͢Ώͤ͗ͫ͠͏΁৏͗ͮͱ͚Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ
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ʰԾΕͱ͏͚ʱͳ͏͑ɾΉ͠Ͷࣙ෾͖Δ‫ͪݡ‬Γ͑͵න‫߶Ͳݳ‬ఁΝන‫ͪ͏ͱ͢ݳ‬Ε͢Ήͤɽ ͍Ζ͏ͺɾ‫ڢ‬௒໲ୌմ݀೵ྙͲɾଠं͹ߡ͓Ν֮೟ͤΖͳ͏͑αϱϛʖϋϱφ͍͗Ζ͹ͫͮͪΔɾྭ͓ͻࣰࡏ͹൅࿫ͲɾʰͯΉΕʱͳ͏͑‫ݶ‬ཁ͗ड़Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ୉ਕͺߡ͓ͱɾʰͯΉΕʱͳ଩ͬࠒ΋ɽ͖͢͢ɾ
ʰͯΉΕʱͳ‫͗͵͏ݶ‬Δ࿫͢߻͑߶ߏਫ਼ͺ͏͵͏͹Ͳͤ͸ɽ
ʰͲʱ
ʰͣΎ͍ʱ
ʰͫͮͪΔʱ͵ʹͳ͏͑߶ߏਫ਼͹޳‫ޢ‬න‫ݳ‬͹஦ͲɾʰͣΎ͍ɾՁʓͮͱ͞ͳʃʱ
ͳ͏͑‫͏ݶ‬๏Ͳɾ൶Δͺ஧ؔ͹ߡ͓Ν֮೟͢ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳ͗‫͘ͱ͓ݡ‬Ήͤɽ Ͳͺɾ઎Άʹ͹ਫ਼ై =ɾ
ʰॎ୫͖Δॎ୫ʱͲรΚΔ͵͖ͮͪࢢ‫ڛ‬ͺɾࣆ઴ࣆ‫ىޛ‬फ़ͫ͜‫ݡ‬
ͱ͏Ζͳߡ͓ͱ͏͵͏Γ͑Ͷ‫͓ݡ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࣰࡏͶͨ͑͵͹͖ɽͨ͞Ͳɾ͞͹ࢢ͹൅࿫Ͷʰʃʤͺͱ͵ʥʱͳ͏͑ΫʖϭʖχΝ೘ΗͱΊͱɾͨ͹ʰʃʤͺͱ͵ʥʱ͹बΕͲ൶͗ʹ͑͏͑൅࿫Ν͢ͱ͏Ζ͖Ν‫ݡ‬Ͷߨ͚ͳɾଠ͹୴౲͹ਫ਼ై͗ɾʰ͏Ώ͍ɾ෍ϴ୫͹  ஺໪ͺ͚ۛͶઔ͗௪ͮͱ͏ΖΓ͑Ͷͺ‫͖ͪͮ͵͓ݡ‬͹Ͷɾ͵ͧ͞Ξ͵Ͷਃ͖͖ͮͪͳࢧͮͪΔʞʞʱͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬Δɾ͞͹ = ‫܇‬ͺɾʰ͞͞ΔวͶઔ͍͗ΖΓ͸ɽӋీઔ͍͗ΖΓ͸ʱͳ‫͵͏ݶ‬͗Δɾ
ʰ͖ͫΔ‫͏͵ث‬͹͖͵ʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳΝ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Θ͏Θߡ͓ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽͲͤ͗ɾ઎ਫ਼͗ʰͣΎ͍ɾ͍ͳ  ෾ͲʹͬΔͶ೘ΗΖ͖൅න͢ͱ͚ͫ͠͏ʱͳ‫Ͳͳͪͮ͞ݶ‬ɾʰͣΎ͍ॎ୫Ҳ୔Ͳߨ͖͑͞ʱͳ͏͑Γ͑Ͷ͏͘͵Εߡ͓͗รΚͮͱ݃࿨Νड़͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ
ͨ͑ߡ͓Ζͳɾࣆ઴ʀࣆ‫ޛ‬Ͷॽ͏ͱ͏Ζ΍͹͖ͫ͜ΔಣΊखΗ͵͏͚Δ͏Ͷ෵ࡸ͵ࢧߡգఖΝ௪ͣͱࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬ͺߡ͓ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ΕΉͪ͢ɽ140

‫ە‬ᙧᡂⓗホ౯ࡢព⩏
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ͱɾ൶Δ͹ָ;͹ϕϫιη͗‫͓ݡ‬ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖɽͨ͑͵ΕΉͤͳɾ઎ਫ਼๏͹஦Ͷ΍ɾʰ͏Ώ͍ɾ઴‫ޛ‬Νർֳ͢ͱΊΖͳɾ݃ߑɾࢢ‫ޛ࠹͗ڛ‬Ͷʹ͞ΉͲߨ͖ͮͪΝखΖΓΕ΍ɾรΚͮͱ͏͚ࢡͳ͏͑͹͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖ͹ͲͤΓ͸ʱͳ͖ɾඉ৙Ͷ୉ࣆͫͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾʰ՟ୌઅఈΏ‫خ‬६͗໎֮Ͳ͵͏ͳɾรԿͳ͏͑͹ͺ‫ݡ‬खΗΉͦΞΓ͸ʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵‫͗͘෉ـ‬ਫ਼ΉΗ
ͱ͘Ήͤɽ
͍Ζ͏ͺɾ
ʰ֮೟Ώٛ໲͹‫ݶ‬ཁ͹ճ࿫͹ร‫఼׷‬Νଌ͓ΖΫʖϭʖχΝ‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζͳɾਫ਼ై͹૮‫༽ࡠޕ‬͹Ϗνʖϱ͗෾͖Εͨ͑ʱͳ͖ɾ
ʰൟͶΓͮͱ෾͖ͮͱ͏͚ͳ͘Ͷ࢘͑‫ݶ‬ཁ͗ҩ͑ʱͳ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ήͤɽ͖ͫΔɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͳ͏͑͹ͺɾຌ౲Ͷଡ༹Ͷɾ۫ରద͵ชຼ͹஦Ͳʹ͹Γ͑ͶනΗΖ͖ɾΏͺΕ͚ͪ͠Ξ༽қ͢ͱ͕͖͵͚ͱͺ͏͜͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
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141

 ͨΗ͖Δɾඉ৙Ͷ‫خ‬ຌద͵͞ͳ͹൅‫͵ݡ‬͹Ͳͤ͗ɾೖຌͲ΍ք֐Ͳ΍ɾ͞ΗΉͲͺָस඲Ճͳ‫ͻ͓ݶ‬ɾॽ͏ͪช࣊Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ඲Ճ͗ϟ΢ϱͫͮͪ͹Ͳɾ࿫͢‫ݶ‬ཁͶͯ͏ͱͺ͵͠Ηͱ͵͖ͮͪɽ͍ͮͪͳ͢ͱ΍ɾ͖ͮ͢ΕՁษ΍࿇सͪ͢ϕϪκϱ͹͘Η͏͵൅࿫͖͢඲Ճ
͢ͱ͏͵͖ͮͪɽ࿫͢͵͗Δߡ͓Ν਒ΌΖգఖͲɾҲରɾਕͺʹ͑͏͑‫ݶ‬ཁΝ͖࢘͑ɾͨ
͞Ͷʹ͑͏͑ྙ͗නΗͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑؏఼Ͳ͹඲Ճ‫͗ڂݜ‬ɾસ͚າ֋͹୉ஏ͵͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
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142

 ͖͢͢ɾ͞Ηͺ‫گ‬үͲ͍ͮͱɾ೘ָंમൊͶ௜ં‫͏͵ܐؖ‬͹ͲͺͳࢧΚΗΖ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽͨ͹఼Ͷͯ͏ͱͺɾ͞Ξ͵΀͑Ͷߡ͓Ήͤɽਫ਼ై ;ɾ= ͗ͨΗͩΗʹ͑͏͑մ౶Ͳ
͖ͤͳซ͚ͫ͜ΓΕ΍ɾ‫ڬ‬Δ͚ͨ͑մ౶ͪ͢ཀྵ༟Νॽ͏ͱ΍Δ͑ͳΓ͚ຌਕ͹ߡ͓͗෾͖
ΕΉͤɽ͠ΔͶɾ࿫͢߻ͮͱ͏Ζਇͮͪͫ஦Ν‫ͱݡ‬ΊΖͳɾ; ͳ͏͑͹ͺ݃ߑʰਇ໚໪Ͷஏཀྵ͹಼༲Νָ;Ήͤʱͳ͏͑ν΢ϕ͵͹ͫͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫͘ͱ͓ݡ‬Ήͤɽͨ͑͏͑ࢢ‫ڛ‬Ͷ೘ָ͢ͱΆ͢͏ͳ͏͑͹ͫͮͪΔɾ; ΝࡀΗͻ͏͏ɽҲ๏ɾ= ͺɾೖ৙ਫ਼‫׈‬Ͷ݃;෉͜͵͗Δɾࣙ෾͵Ε͹ߡ͓Νࡠͮͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΞ͵ਫ਼ై͗ཋ͢͏͵Δɾਫ਼ై = ΝࡀΗͻ͏͏ɽ
ͨ͑ߡ͓Ζͳɾ͞͹Γ͑͵ϕϫιηυʖνͺɾ೘ࢾͶ͓࢘Ζ๝෍͵υʖνͫͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳߡ͓Ήͤɽ͖ͫΔͨ͞ɾͨ͹๝෍͵υʖνΝ‫͘Ͳ༽׈‬ΖϨτϧεʖΝ୉ָଈ΍ਐͶ෉͜ͱ͏͚චགྷͳϟϨρφ͗ड़ͱ͘Ήͤɽ
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Ζɾͨ͑͏͑౺ୣ఼͗ٗढ़దͶͺͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͘Ήͤɽͨ͑ͤΖͳࣰͺɾࠕɾϛʖφϓΧϨΨͲड़͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͗ɾʹΗ͚Δ͏ʰ͵ΕͤΉ͢͹ࣙ෾ʱͳ͏͖͑ɾʰཀྵ૟͹ࣙ෾ʱΝड़͢ͱ͏ͱɾӇ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͞ΘͶʰ෕ஊ͹ࣙ෾ʱ͍͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫ͪ͘ͱ͓ݡ‬ΕͤΖɽ
ͨ͑ͤΖͳɾࣰͺɾ͑͞͏͑Ҳյ੓͹τηφͳ͏͑͹ͺɾण‫ͬͪࢴͳंݩ‬͹ؔͲ͍Ζझ‫ܘ‬༁Ν݃΁Γ͑͵‫Ͳܙ‬ɾࠕյͺ͞͞͹૯ͫ͜֋͜ͱɾࢴ͹ྙΝ൅‫͢ض‬ΉͤΓͳ͏͑Γ͑͵৖໚ͳ͢ͱଌ͓௜ͦΖՆ೵੓͍͗ΖɽͯΉΕɾ͏ΉΉͲτηφͶ‫͢ۦ‬ΞͲ͏ͪ͹͗ɾগཔͺτηφ͗΋͢Θ‫͏ٻ‬Ͷ͵Ζ͹͖΍͢Η͵͏ͳ͏͑‫ٱ‬ઈదয়‫ͤͲڱ‬ɽ ͨ͑͏͑қັͲͺɾ͞͹౺ୣ఼͖Δ‫ͱ͢ࢋٱ‬ɾҲରɾࠕɾࢴͪͬͺ͞͹րַͲՁΝͪ͢͏͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓ͱ͏͜ΖͳগཔͶͯ͵͗ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳߡ͓ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ144 ࣏ͺɾҲյ੓τηφͲ΍؏ࡱ͹૯Νસ֋ͶͤΖϓΡʖϩχτηφΏ &%7 Νଡ༽͢ͱɾ
඲Ճ͹ࢀֱ‫ܙ‬͹࣯Ν߶ΌΔΗ͵͏͖ͳࢧͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ ྭ͓ͻɾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬ΝΏͮͱ͏Ζ࠹஦Ͷ߶  ਫ਼ͺՁΝߡ͓ͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͹ΝखΔͦ
ͱ͏͚ͪͫͪΌͶɾ߶  ਫ਼Ͷɾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬໲ୌΝմ͏ͱ͏Ζ࠹஦ͶʰࠕɾՁߡ͓ͱΖʃʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳΝซ͘͵͗ΔϓΡʖϩχτηφΝΏͮͱΊΖͳɾՎͪ͢ͱ‫ࡑݳ‬͹ঘ໲Ώɾમ୔ࢸ͹ࡑΕ๏Ͳฒ֒͗ຌ౲ͶʹΗ͛Δ͏͍Ζ͹͖͗‫͚ͱ͓ݡ‬Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾસࠅָྙʀָसয়‫ڱ‬௒ࠬͲɾࢋ਼͹ʰׄ߻ʱͶͯ͏ͱ͹໲ୌͺঘָਫ਼͹  ͖ׄ͢Ͳͥ͘ɾ͍ͳ͹  ׄ͹ࢢͺͲ͘͵͏ͳ͏͑ͳ͘Ͷɾྭ͓ͻҲਕͲմ͘शΚͮͪτηφ໲ୌΝɾಋ͚ͣͲ͘ͱ͏͵͏͕ྣ͹ࢢͳ࿫͢߻ͮͱ΍Δ͑ͳɾࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬ͺຌ౲Ͷׄ߻͗෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͏͹͖ɾͨΗͳ΍໲ୌช͗ಣΌͱ͏͵͏͹͖͗෾͖ΕΉͤɽ݃࿨͖Δ‫ͳ͑ݶ‬ɾ͖͵Ε໲ୌช͗ಣΌͱ͏͵͏ͳ͏͖͑ɾ໲ୌชΝಣΊඊͻ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫͚ͱ͓ݡ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤɽຌ࣯ద͵֕೨Ν್ਕͲ࿫͢߻͑͑ͬͶɾʰ͍͍ɾ͞͞ΔวͶͯΉͥ͏ͱ͏ͪɽ͞
͑͏͑͞ͳͫͮͪΞͫɽ͑͞͏͑য়‫ͱͮͫڱ‬෾͖Ηͻɾ݃ߑ໲ୌͺ؈ୱͫ͸ʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵ླྀΗͲࢢ‫͗ͬͪڛ‬մ͏ͱ͏͘Ήͤɽͨ͹ࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬͹ϛτϱεϡϩΝ͑Ή͚଎ΖͪΌ͹τηφͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ໲͏௜͢ͱ͏͜Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ࠹‫ޛ‬ͺɾঘ஦߶Ͳ͹ࣰ੹͍ΖΠέτΡϔʀϧʖωϱήɾՀઈࣰ‫ݩ‬द‫ۂ‬ɾஎࣟߑ੔‫ܗ‬ζήλʖ๑͵ʹɾ΍͑‫ع‬Ͷ͏Θ͏Θ͵ϕϧέτΡη͍͗ΕΉͤ͹ͲɾͨΗΝໝͪ͢Γ͑͵‫Ͳܙ‬τηφͶ‫͚͏ͱ͢༽׈‬Γ͑͵๏޴ɽ͠ΔͶɾͨΗ͗୉ָʀऀճͲ‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖࣰભ͹༩ߨԍसͳ͵ΖΓ͑Ͷ߶୉ંକΝυδ΢ϱ͢ͱɾસਕਫ਼ஊ֌Ν‫ືە‬Ͷ࿊‫ͳ͑͞͏ͳ͚͏ͱ͢ܠ‬΍
ߡ͓ΔΗΖ͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ΉͳΌΖͳɾָߏ‫گ‬үͲүͱͪྙ͗ɾన઀͵ંକΝ௪͢ͱɾऀճʀ୉ָͲ‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖྙͶͯ͵͗ͮͱ͏ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɽͨ͞Νυδ΢ϱ͢ͱ͏͚͞ͳΝߡ͓ͱ͏͚ͳɾΏͺΕ߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼ͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵๏͗Ҳରͳ͢ͱΏͮͱ͏͜ΖͳΓ͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͵͕ɾ෉‫͢ݶ‬Ήͤͳɾ౨‫ښ‬୉ָ๑ָ෨͹ਬપ೘ࢾͲͺɾࡤ೧ౕɾήϩʖϕυΡηΩρε
ϥϱ໲ୌͲɾण‫ݩ‬ਫ਼͹࿨ཀྵదࢧߡྙʀ൅૟ྙʀαϝϣωίʖεϥϱ೵ྙʀοʖϞͲࡠ‫ͤۂ‬Ζ೵ྙ͵ʹΝ৻ࠬͤΖͪΌͶɾೋ຿‫ؽث‬͹๮Ή͢͏ଲॴ๏๑Ͷͯ͏ͱɾʰ઎਒ࠅ͗ೋ຿Ν੷‫ۅ‬దͶण͜೘ΗΖ΄ͫ͘ʱʰೋ຿ΫϡϱϕΝࡠͮͪΔ͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ʱʰͨ΍ͨ΍ೋ຿͗ड़͵͏Γ͑Ͷɾࠅ࿊҈ฯཀྵ͹݀٠Ͷ‫ͪ͏Ͱخ‬෤ྙղ೘Νߨ͏કಈΝ௒ంͦ͠Ζචགྷ͍͗Ζʱͳ͏ͮͪࢀͯ͹Ҍ͹ʹΗ͗͏͏͖ͳ͏͑͹Νɾ ෾ؔɾήϩʖϕͲ٠࿨ͦ͠Ήͪ͢ɽ ͞͹Γ͑͵‫ܙ‬ସ͹೘ࢾ͹஦ͲɾࣰࡏͶࢢ‫ʹ͗ͬͪڛ‬Ξ͵͞ͳΝ࿫ͪ͢Εॽ͏ͪΕͤΖ͖ɽ
எࣟྖͳ଎Εͪ͏ྙͳ͹‫݋‬͸߻͏Ͷͯ͏ͱɾ๑ָ෨͹઎ਫ਼͗ʹ͑͏͑մए‫خ‬६Νࡠͮͱ඲Ճ͢ͱ͏͚͖ɽͨ͹մए݃Վ͗߶ߏΉͲ͹‫گ‬ү‫ݩܨ‬Νʹ͑Ώͮͱൕӫ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ɽ੔੹͗
Վͪ͢ͱ୉ָ਒ָ‫ޛ‬͹‫׈‬༄Ͷͯ͵͗Ζ͖ɾͨ͹ SUHGLFWDELOLW\ʤ༩଎Ն೵੓ʥͺʹ͹͛Δ͏
༙ྙ͖ɽ఼͑ͪ͢͞Ν͖ͮ͢Ε‫ݗ‬౾Ͳ͘Ζͳɾ೘ࢾ͗న઀͵ંକͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖ɾͨ͞͹૯ͺʹ͑֋͜Ζ΄͖͘Νߡ͓ΖҲঁͶ͵ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳߡ͓ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ Ґ৏ͲशΚΕΉͤɽ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ145‫ە‬㉁␲ᛂ⟅ʴࢃஏʵʹ͑΍͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽण‫ݩ‬ਫ਼͗ιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬Νմ͏ͱ͏Ζͳ͘ͶʹΞ͵͞ͳΝߡ͓ͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͵ʹͳ͏͑͹ͺࣰͶ‫ັڷ‬਄͏Ͳͤ͸ɽϓϫΠ͹๏Ͳ࣯͟໲
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ʖνॴཀྵʀࡀ఼͹ೋ͢͠Νਕ޽எ೵ཤ༽͹ࢻ఼͖Δफ़΄ͪ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ΍͑ҲͯͺɾαϱϒϣʖνͲͲ͘Ζࡀ఼ࢩԋͶͺʹ͹Γ͑͵΍͹͍͗Ζ͹͖Ν͕࿫ͪ͢͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͵͕ɾ‫ى‬फ़ࡀ఼Ͷͺɾ୉͚͘෾͜ͱ୻౶ࣞͳΦριʖν΢ϕ͹΍͹͍͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾࠕೖͺΦριʖν΢ϕ͹ࡀ఼Ͷͯ͏ͱͺ͕࿫͢͢ΉͦΞɽ‫ە‬グ㏙ᘧၥ㢟ࡢ⮬ື᥇Ⅼࡢ㞴ࡋࡉ
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ͲͤɽͤΖͳɾ ࣊ͫͳ͞Η͹  ৒Ͳ͖ͤΔɾ ͹  ৒ɾ ࣊Ͳ  ͹  ৒ɾ ࣊Ͳ  ͹  ৒Ͷ͵ΕΉ͢ͱɾগ‫ػ‬Ν௔͓ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ਼࣊͗ଡ͚͵Ζͳɾմ౶Ϗνʖϱͺ͞͹Γ͑Ͷࢨ਼‫਼ؖ‬దͶଁ͓ͱ͏ͮͱɾྪ‫ܗ‬Կ͗‫ۅ‬Όͱೋ͚͢͵ΕΉͤɽ
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࿫͍͗ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗͶͯ͏ͱ࿨ͣΉͤͳɾࠕɾφϧϱϕ  ທ͹෾ྪΝߡ͓Ζͳ͢Ήͤɽ ෕௪ͺΫϱή͖ΔΦʖηΉͲ  ෾ྪͤΗͻ͏͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ΍ͬΘΞηϘʖχɾέϧϔɾξ΢Ϣɾύʖφ͹Ϝʖέ͟ͳͶ࢝ͯͶ෾͜ͱ΍͏͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ੼ࡵͳࠉࡵͳ͏͑Γ͑͵್ͯ͹෾͜๏Ͳ΍͏͏Ͳͤɽֈࡵͳ਼࣊ͳ͏͑෾͜๏Ͳ΍͏͏ͲͤɽֈࡵͳϜʖέͳ͹ࠠ߻ɾϝρέηͲ΍͏͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ ՁΝਅ͢৏ͪ͝͏͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾ࠹న͵෾ྪ๏๑ͺҲͯͲͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽන‫͗ى‬
ࣇΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͳಚ఼͗ࣇΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͳͺචͥ͢΍ಋͣͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ
න‫ى‬ͶΓΖλʖφʤด΄ร͓ʥͺɾҲൢͶͺ࠹నλʖφͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽΉͪɾด΄Ζ͞ͳͶΓͮͱɾ
ʤࡀ఼ͪ͢ॳ൬ͶΓͮͱࡀ఼͹݃Վ͗รΚΖͳ͏͑ʥࡀ఼͹‫ܧ‬྽ްՎΝ΍ͪΔͤͳ͏͑໲ୌ΍͍ΕΉͤɽΉͪɾλʖφͺͨ΍ͨ΍έϧηνϨϱήͲ΍͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ
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 Ήͪɾ‫ؽ‬փͶΓΖघॽ͘ช࣊͹೟ࣟͳ͏͑໲ୌࣰ͗ࡏ͹ࡀ఼Ͳͺ݃ߑϋρέͶ͵Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ‫ࡑݳ‬͹घॽ͘ช࣊೘ྙͲͤͳɾ੠ౕ͗ྒྷ͏ড়݇Ͳ୉ର ˍͫͨ͑Ͳͤɽ͞Ηͺɾඉ৙Ͷྒྷ͏਼࣊͹Γ͑Ͷࢧ͓Ήͤ͗ɾ ࣊Ͳ  ࣊͹‫͍͗࣊ޣ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͞͹Γ͑͵੠ౕͫͳ௪৙ɾ‫͗࣊ޣ‬ଡ͙ͤͱಣ΋͹͗ೋ͚͢͵ΕΉͤɽ ୻౶ࣞͲͤͳɾྭ͓ͻ  ࣊ͫͳ͢ͱɾฑ‫ۋ‬దͶ  ࣊͹‫ޣ‬Ε͗‫؜‬ΉΗΖ͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ͞͹‫ޣ‬Εͺࡀ఼Ͳͺ஗ໍదͶ͵ΕΉͤɽ Ήͪɾ‫࣊׿‬͹෨ड͹ႋ෨ʤͽΒ͑΁ʥͺɾҲൢͶΓ͚ʰͶͤ͏ʱͳ͏͏Ήͤ͗ɾ͞͹ʰͶͤ͏ʱͳʰ͠Ξͥ͏ʱͳͺɾघॽ͘Ͳͺۢพ͖͗ͯ͵͏ͨ͑ͲͤɽΉͪɾฑՀ໌͹ʰΕʱͳฤՀ໌͹ʰϨʱ΍ɾ࣊‫Ͳܙ‬ͺۢพ͖͗ͯ͵͏ͨ͑Ͳͤɽ ͨ͞Ͳ͏ΚΑΖ Q ήϧϞͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖɾགྷͤΖͶ Q ‫ݺ‬͹ด;ͶΓͮͱɾ‫ޢ‬ኰ͹ड़‫ི֮ݳ‬Νཤ༽͢ͱ೟ࣟ͹੠ౕΝ৏͝Ζ͞ͳ͗ߡ͓ΔΗͱ͏Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻ͞͞Ͷʰαϱϒϣʖν͹‫ؽ‬೵ʱͳ͏͑ช͍࣊͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾ͞͹ʰʖʱ͗ௗԽ͵͹͖ɾϜ΢ψη‫͵ߺى‬͹͖ɾ‫ܫ‬ત͵͹͖Ν‫ݡ‬Ζͳ͘ɾࢀͯૌͲߡ͓Ζͳ͘ͶɾʰϒϣʖʱͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ͹ͳɾʰϣʖνʱͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ͹ͳɾʰʖν͹ʱͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ͹ͳͲɾʰʖʱ͹ड़‫ི֮͗ݳ‬ҩ͑Κ͜ͲͤɽΉͪɾ͞͹ʰʱ͹ؔͶՁช࣊೘Ζ͖ͳ͏͑෱ɾͤ͵Κͬ Q ΝՁ‫ݺ‬ͶखΖ͖ɾ͞͹૯͹͞ͳΝΤΡϱχʖͳ͏͏Ήͤ͗ɾΤΡϱχʖ͹෱Ν‫ش‬ΔͶͤΖͳ࠹΍੠ౕ͗Γ͚͵Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱ΍Γ͚෾͖ͮͱ͏ΉͦΞɽ͞͹͍ͪΕ͹εϝϣϪʖεϥϱ݃ՎͺɾΉͫ໎֮ͶͺಚΔΗͱ͏͵͏Γ͑Ͳͤɽ Ήͪɾ਼ࣞ͹೘ྙͶ‫͏ݶͱؖ͢‬Ήͤͳɾण‫ݩ‬ਫ਼͗ 0DWK0/ Ώɾ/D7H; ͳ͏ΚΗΖ೘ྙ
λϓφΝ࢘ͮͱմ౶ͤΖ͹ͺɾͬΒͮͳ୉รͲͤɽͨ͞Ͳɾघॽ͘ช࣊Ν‫ؽ‬փ͗೟ࣟ͢ͱɾ
ͨΗ͗ʰΨʖίʖͲ͖ͤɽरਜ਼͢Ή͖ͤʱͳ͏͑‫Ͳͣ״‬਒ΌΖ͹ࣰ͗ࡏదͲͤɽ͞͞Ͳͨ
͹ΉΉΨʖίʖ͵Δͻ͏͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾरਜ਼ͤΖ৖߻ͶɾΏͺΕΉͪҲ͖Δ೘ྙ͢௜ͤ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ͱɾҲ෨Νভ͢ͱͨͫ͜͞रਜ਼͚ͪ͢͵ΖΚ͜ͲͤɽҲ෨Νভͤ͞ͳͺηέϧρο
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 Ҳ๏ɾ୻౶ࣞ‫ى‬फ़Ͷͯ͏ͱɾࡀ఼ΝͤΖͪΌ͹࠹΍ਜ਼౹ద͵ٗढ़ͺʰ‫؜‬қ‫ܐؖ‬೟ࣟʱͳ‫ͻݼ‬ΗΖ΍͹Ͳͤɽ‫ࡑݳ‬ɾࣙષ‫ॴޢݶ‬ཀྵ͹෾໼Ͳ‫͗ڂݜ‬ඉ৙Ͷ਒ΞͲ͏ͱɾ੟ΞͶߨΚΗͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ͞Ηͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾW ͳ W ͳ͏್͑ͯ͹ชহΝ༽қ͢ͱɾW
͗੔Εཱིͯͳ͘Ͷ W ͗੔Εཱི͖ͯɾ΍͚͢ͺ W ͳ W ͗ಋͣқັ͖ͳ͏͑͹Ν଎Ζٗढ़Ͳͤɽ ࠕ͞͞ͶɾWʰ‫י‬૖ປැͺ  ೧Ͷ࢟Ήͮͪͳ͠Ηͱ͏ͪ͗ɾ‫Ͳࡑݳ‬ͺࣰ࣯ద͵੔ཱིͺ  ೧ͳͤΖઈ͗ࢩഓదͫʱͳ Wʰ ੊‫ن‬ͶೖຌͲͺ‫י‬૖ປැ͗֋͖Ηͪʱͳ͏͑ช
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͗ɾ‫ޛ‬Θ͹ช͹क‫ޢ‬Ͷ΍͵ͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖Δ͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ෕௪ͺචͥ͢΍ͨ͑ͺ͵ΕΉͦΞɽΉͪɾ ൬໪ͳ͢ͱɾ ೧ͺ  ੊‫ͳ͑͞͏ͳͫن‬͗෾͖Δ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽ ൬໪ͺɾ͞͹ʰ੔ཱིͤΖʱͳʰ֋͖Ηͪʱͳ͏͑͹͗ಋͣқັͫͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖Δ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜ΉͦΞɽʰ੔ཱིͤΖʱͳʰ֋͖Ηͪʱͺ෕௪ɾಋͣқັͲͺ͍ΕΉͦΞɽʰຌΝ֋͏ͱ͚ͫ͠͏ʱΝɾʰຌΝ੔ཱི͢ͱ͚ͫ͠͏ʱͳͺ‫ݶ‬Κ͵͏͖ΔͲͤɽଠͶ΍ɾʰࣰ࣯ద͵ʱ
ʰࢩഓదͫʱͳ͏ͮͪॴཀྵΝʹ͑ͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑ೋ͢͏࿫ͺ͍ΕΉͤ͗ɾ͞͹Γ͑͵͞ͳ͗෾͖Δ͵͏ͳ‫؜‬қ‫ܐؖ‬೟ࣟͺͲ͘͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ ࠅཱི৚ๅָ‫ॶڂݜ‬͹ʰϫϚρφͺ౨୉Ͷ೘ΗΖ͖ʱϕϫζΥέφͲ΍ɾ‫؜‬қ‫ܐؖ‬೟ࣟΝ࢘ͮͱմ͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ࢾΊΔΗͱ͏Ήͤɽ͖͢͢ɾฑ੔  ೧ౕ͹ஊ֌Ͳͺɾʰ͑ͨΫʖϭʖχ๏ࣞʱͳ͏͏Ή͖ͤɾમ୔ࢸ͹஦Ͷؔҩ͏͹ΫʖϭʖχΝ‫ͯ͜ݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑Γ͑͵ΏΕ๏͗༑੐దͲͪ͢ɽમ୔ࢸͶ‫؜‬ΉΗΖΫʖϭʖχ͹ɾҲͯͫ͗͜‫گ‬Ռॽ͹พ͹՗ॶͶ͍
Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖Ηͻɾͨ͹મ୔ࢸͺ‫ޣ‬Εͫͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ͞͹ʰ͑ͨΫʖϭʖχʱΝ‫ͯ͜ݡ‬ΖΏΕ๏Ώɾ‫ڊ‬೧͹৖߻ͫͳɾࢀͯ͹๏๑ΝૌΊ߻Κͦͱմ͚ͳ͏
ͮͪΏΕ๏͗ਜ਼౹ద͵‫؜‬қ‫ܐؖ‬೟ࣟͶ‫͚Ͱخ‬ΠϕϫʖοΓΕྒྷ͏੔੹ΝफΌΉͪ͢ɽ
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୉߾஦ָߏʀ߶౵ָߏ͹ੜਭ࿪߄઎ਫ਼Ͷࢨఈ౾࿨Ν͕‫͏ͱ͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽੜਭ઎ਫ਼Ͷͺɾࣆ઴ͶࣁྋΝࡠͮͱ͏͚ͪͫ͞ͳͺ͕‫͏ͱ͢͏ب‬ΉͦΞ͹Ͳɾ͞ΗΉͲ͹ๅࠄ͹஦ͲಝͶαϟϱφͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑ͳ͞ΘΝમΞͲ͕࿫͢͏͚ͪͫ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽੜਭ઎ਫ਼ͺೖຌτηφָճͲ΍ϏϋϨηφΝ͠Ηͪ͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͤ͢ɾࠅ‫ޢ‬͹઎ਫ਼ͳ͢ͱໝ٘ࢾ‫ʹ͵ݩ‬͹ࡠୌ͹‫ݩܨ‬΍ඉ৙Ͷ๝෍Ͳɾָྙ඲ՃͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬΍ϗτϧϱ
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Ζ͞ͳ͗୉઀ͫͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖͳɾਜ਼௜͵ͳ͞ΘɾࠕΉͲ͹‫ࢥگ‬ͺͨ͑ͪ͢ࢧߡྙ΍൓இྙ΍න‫ྙݳ‬΍үͱͱ͞͵͖ͮͪ͹͖ͳɾϜ΢έΝ࢘ͮͱ‫͑ݶ‬͹΍ՁͲͤ͗ɾҲ‫ݶ‬ศ͚ͪ͢͵ΖΓ͑͵‫ͬ࣍ـ‬΍ࣰͺ͍Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ Ήͥɾࠕೖ͹͕࿫Ͳͤ͗ɾ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫͹஦Ͳɾ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ͹ಝ৯೘ࢾ͹ʰकͶָྙ‫ܗ‬$2 ೘ࢾʱ͹ߴ໪͹஦Ͳɾʰ࿨फ़ʱʰঘ࿨ชʱʰ࿨ชʱɾ‫گ‬үָ෨ͺʰ՟ୌʱͲͪ͢ɽ͑͞͏
͑‫ݶ‬ཁ͹࢘͏๏͗ҩ͑͹Ͳͤɽ͞͹࢘͏෾͜ͶՁ͖қັ͍͗Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ҲͯͲͤɽ΍͢қັ͍͗Ζͳͪ͢ΔɾͨΗͺʹ͑͏͑қັ͍͗Ζ͹͖ɽͨ͢ͱɾ͞Ηͺ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼΍͕ͮ͢Ύͮͪͳ͕ΕͲɾ՟ୌ͹໲ୌࣙର͗߶౵ָߏͶଲͤΖ൅৶Ͳ΍͍Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͏ΚΑΖ
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ͦΖͳ͏͑ην΢ϩΝखΔΗͱ͏ΉͤɽͯΉΕɾ‫ͱ͢ͳܙ‬ͺ౨୉͹ਬપ΍ɾ‫౐ښ‬୉͹ $2
೘ࢾ͹‫گ‬үָ෨͹՟ୌͳࣇ௪ͮͱ͏Ζͳߡ͓ΉͤɽΉ͖͠૮஌͵ͮ͠ͱͨ͑͵ͮͪΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳ͢Β͑͜Ηʹ΍ɾ‫͚͢د‬΍ͨ͑͏͑‫ܙ‬͹ην΢ϩ͹ঘ࿨ช̿̿ʰঘ࿨ชʱͳ͏
͑‫ݶ‬ཁͺ‫ݺ‬ਕదͶͺ͍ΉΕ޹ΞͲ͏͵͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾঘ࿨ช͹ʰঘʱͳ͏͑࣊͗ඉ৙Ͷ‫ـ‬Ͷֽ͖ͮͱ͏Ήͤɾ͍͓ͱ‫ݶ‬Κͦͱ͏͚ͪͫ͹͵Δʰ࿨फ़ʱͳ‫͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͱͮݶ‬͹Ͳͤ͗̿̿ͨ͑ͪ͢࿨फ़͹໲ୌΝમͻΗͪқਦΝɾ౨‫ښ‬୉ָ΍‫౐ښ‬୉ָ΍ͨ͑͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͕ਚ
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ϱ͹ࣁྋɾ߶౵ָߏ͹ण‫ंݩ‬Ͷଲ͢ͱʹ͑͏͑ϟριʖζΝૻΘ͑ͳ͵ͮͪ͠͹͖ͳ͏͑160

͞ͳ͗‫ـ‬Ͷ͵ΕΉͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δ  ఼໪Ͷɾࡀ఼‫خ‬६Ͳͤɽʰ࿨फ़ʱͳ‫ݸ͑ݶ‬Εɾ࿨ཀྵద͵෨෾Ν॑ࢻ͠Ηͱࡀ఼͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ͍Θ͑ͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾྭ͓ͻըʓࠅ‫ޢ‬͹‫ࢥگ‬͹ཱི৖͖Δ͏͚ͳɾͨ͞Ͷͺන‫ى‬͹໲ୌɾ‫࣊׿‬͹໲ୌɾۡಣ఼͹໲ୌɾ௢फ़͹໲ୌ͵ʹɾ༹ʓ͵ٗढ़ద͵΍͹͗࢔ΕΉͤɽ͞ΗΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ඲Ճ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͹ͺࣰࡏͶͺસ͚෾͖Δ͵͏͹Ͳͤɽࡀ఼‫خ‬६Ν‫ݡ‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘͵͏য়‫Ͳڱ‬ըʓͺࢨ಍͢ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ͖ͤΔɾ୉รࠖೋΝཔ͢Ήͤɽ‫ࣰݳ‬దͶͺɾ઴‫غ‬͹ࢾ‫͗ݩ‬शΚͮͱɾ‫غޛ‬͹ࢾ‫ݩ‬ΉͲ͹  ुؔ͛Δ͏͹ؔͲɾҲ‫ـ‬Ͷঘ࿨ช͹φϪʖωϱήΝͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵ঘ࿨ช͹‫ܙ‬ସ͍͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾΚ͖ͥ  ुؔ͛Δ͏ͲͺࣰࡏͶͺॉ෾Ͷࢨ಍ʀφϪʖωϱή͗Ͳ͘ͱ͏ΉͦΞɽͨ͹қັͲͺɾ‫ັݑ‬͵‫͏ݶ‬๏Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳͤ͗ɾφϪʖωϱήΝ͢ͱ͏͵͏ਫ਼པ͹ࢧߡྙΝࢾ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ‫ͻ͓ݶ‬ͨ͑͵͹Ͳ͢Β͑ɽ ͖͢͢ɾͬ͘Ξͳͪ͢αϱιϱγηͳ͏͏Ή͖ͤɾ୉ָଈͳ߶౵ָߏ͹ࢨ಍ͤΖंͳ͹࿊‫͑͗ܠ‬Ή͚͏ͮͱ͏͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑‫͵ͱ͗͢ـ‬ΕΉͦΞɽ͞͹఼͗ඉ৙Ͷ୉͘͏Ͳͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾപਭ઎ਫ਼͹࿫Ͷͺ‫͘ڽ‬ɾ‫͢ৼ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽͳ͏͖͑ɾࢴ΍ɾ͍͍͏͑द‫ۂ‬Νຌཔ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͖ͮͪ͹ͫͳɽಝͶ‫ͪ͏෉ـ‬͹ͺɾद‫ۂ‬͹઴ͳ‫ޛ‬͹ർֳ඲Ճͳ͏͑͞
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ͤΖंͳ͗ҲॻͲ͍Ζͳ͞ΘͶ࣯͹߶͏έΨϨτΡ͗ฯৄ͠ΗΖͳ͏͑‫ְ͗״‬๽Ͷͺ͍ΕΉͤɽ Ͳ͖ͤΔɾ੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼ͺͨΗͺໃཀྵͫͳ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ‫ؽ‬փࡀ఼͗΍͢‫׮‬સͶͲͪ͘ͳͪ͢Δɾࡀ఼ͤΖ೵ྙΝ࣍ͯ‫͵͚͵͏͗ࢥگ‬Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽͨ͢ͱͨΗͺɾࡠ໲೵ྙΝཚͳͤ͞ͳͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽ͞͞ͺ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼΍͟ࢨఢ͵͠͏Ήͪ͢ɽΏͺΕέΨϨτΡ͹߶͏ࡀ఼ͺɾਕؔ͹ࡀ఼ͶབΖ΄ͫ͘ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨ͑ͤΖͳɾΏͺΕ‫ޔ‬ॉ਼ຬਕ͗ण͜ΖΓ͑͵୉‫و‬ໝ͵೘ࢾͲͺɾʹ͑͢ͱ΍‫ى‬फ़ࢾ‫ݩ‬͹ࣰࢬͺೋ͢͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑‫͗ͣ͢״‬Ήͤɽ ‫ݳ‬৖͹ਕؔͳ͢ͱΉͥҐ৏͹Γ͑ͶࢀͯΆʹٛ໲఼Νफ़΄ͱ͕͘ΉͤɽΓΘ͚͕͢‫͏ب‬͢Ήͤɽ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ
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ΝࣰࢬͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ݀Όͪ͹ͺસָ͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾυδ΢ϱΝ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺָ֦෨Ͳͤɽָ֦෨Ͳ࢘͏ͪ͏‫ݶ‬ཁΝમΞͲ͏Ζ΍͹Ͳ͖ͤΔɾͨͬΔΝ֮͟೟͏ͪͫͪ͘
͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ‫گ‬үָ෨͹৖߻ɾ͵ͧʰ՟ୌʱͳ͏͑‫ݶ‬ཁΝ͖࢘ͮͪͳ͏͑ͳɾΏͺΕॊཔ‫ܗ‬͹ঘ࿨ช͵͏͢࿨ชͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖ೘ࢾ໲ୌͳͺঙ͢ҩ͑ν΢ϕ͹΍͹Ν௧‫͖ͪͮͪ͢ٽ‬ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ΍͑Ҳౕɾʰ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ʱ͹ͳ͞ΘΝ͟ལ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࢴͪͬ͗ࠕյ௧‫͏ͱ͢ٽ‬Ζ΍͹ͺɾ͍Ζఖౕ୵‫ڂ‬ద͵ָसΝ͖ͮ͢ΕΏΗΖΓ͑͵ָਫ਼͗ཋ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾͨΗͺΏͺΕ୉ָͲ‫ڂݜ‬Ν͢ͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞

163ͳͶͯ͵͗Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽ
ʰ՟ୌʱͲ໲͕͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ΍͹ͺɾ෵਼͹ࣁྋΝ‫ר‬Ҍ͢߻͏͵͗ΔɾͨΗΝ൹൓దͶ‫ݗ‬౾͢ɾ͠ΔͶͺ࿨ཀྵదͶࢧߡΝૌΊཱིͱͱɾࣙ෾͵Ε͹क௃ΝૌΊཱིͱͱ͏͜Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΖΓ͑͵ྙͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨ͹෨෾͹ωϣΠϱη͗͞͹ʰ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ʱ͹஦Ͷ઄ΕࠒΉΗͱ͕ΕΉͤ͢ɾͨΗͶͲ͘Ζͫ͜߻͑՟ୌΝՁͳ͖υδ΢ϱͲ͘͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲΏͮͱΊͪͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ࣰͺɾήϩʖϕυΡηΩρεϥϱΝΏͮͱΊΓ͖͑ͳ͏͑͹ͺ࿫ͳ͢ͱड़ͪ͹Ͳͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨ͑͢ΉͤͳɾͪΉͪΉ‫߻ڋ‬Κͦͪήϩʖϕ͹૮੓͹Γ͑͵΍͹Ͳ෈ޮฑ‫͗״‬ड़Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑ͳ͞ΘΝࢴͪͬࣙਐ͗ৼഓ͢Ή͢ͱɾͨ͹෨෾ͺ޳ಆࢾ໲Ͳ‫ݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾࡀ఼‫خ‬६ͺޮ֋͠Ηͱ͏͵͏͹Ͳɾਅ͢༃͵͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͞͹೘ࢾ໲ୌ͹ࡀ఼‫خ‬६͗ʹ͖͑ͳ͏͑͹ͺਅ͢৏͝ΔΗ͵͏͹ͲͤɽҲൢ࿨ͳ͢ͱɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲Ճͳ͏͑΍͹Ν߶౵ָߏ͹द‫ۂ‬րવͶༀཱིͱͱ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͳɾࢴࣙਐͺ‫ͱ͢ͳंڂݜ‬఑Ҍ͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹ཙΊͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͟ઈ໎͢Ήͤͳɾ߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏ͺʹ͑͏͑΀͑Ͷࡀ఼ͤΗͻ͏͏͹͖෾͖Δ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͍ΗͻɾΉͥҲษɾਫ਼ైͪͬͶ՟ୌΝΏͮͱ΍Δͮͱɾ͞ΗͺϩʖϔϨρέ͹ࡠΕ๏͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͼͮͳ‫ݡ‬͹һেͲɾͲ͘Ηͻ෵਼໌Ͳɾ͕‫͏ޕ‬͹ࡀ఼͗෾͖Δ͵͏Γ͑Ͷࡀ఼͢ͱɾ
ࡠ඾‫܊‬Ν෾ྪ͢ͱ͏͘ΉͤͳɾϪϗϩ͹ࠫ͗ͨ͞Ͷ͍ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽͨ͹Ϫϗϩ͹ࠫΝ‫ݡ‬ർ΄ͪͳ͘Ͷɾ͵ͧ͞Η͗Ϫϗϩ͹ҩ͏ͳ͢ͱ‫͓ͪݡ‬͹ͫΘ͖͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ઎ਫ਼๏ಋ࢞ͲυΡηΩρεϥϱ͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻɾ͖͵Εଧ౲͵ϩʖϔϨρέ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽඉ৙Ͷ͏͏‫گ‬ҽ‫ݜ‬रͶ΍͵ΖͲ͢Β͖͑Δɾͨ͑͏͑ͳ͞ΘͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ໪Ν͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷஃ͓߻ͮͱΊΖͳ͏͑͹ͺɾҲͯɾ‫ݜ‬रͳ͢ͱͺߡ͓
ΔΗΖ͖͵ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ઎Άʹ͟ལ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͪ͢ʰ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ʱ͹৏͹ͳ͞ΘͲɾ͞Ηͺϛηνʖ൅නճΝΏͮͱɾ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷ߶ߏਫ਼͗Ώͮͱ͏Ζ୵‫ڂ‬੔ՎΝʹ͑͏͑΀͑Ͷ඲ՃͲ͘Ζ͹ͫΘ͖͑ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳΝɾ߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏ɾ୉ָ͹‫گ‬ҽ‫ڠ‬Ͷިླྀ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ͞ΗͺพͶಝ৯೘ࢾͶ޴͜ͱͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͵͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾʹ͑͏ָ͑स༙͗қٝ͵͹ͫΘ͖͑ͳ͏͑ͳ͞ΘͲިླྀΝͪ͢‫ؽ‬ճͲͤɽͨ͑͏͑΍͹Ͳ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷ‫ͱͮ߻ݡ‬ΊΖͳ͏͑͹ͺඉ৙Ͷ୉͘͵‫ڠ‬௪ཀྵմͶ΍ͯ͵͗ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͬ͵ΊͶɾ߶ߏ΃͹൅৶ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ‫ͻ͓ݶ‬ɾࢴͪͬͺ  ुؔͲφϪʖωϱήͲ͘Ζ΍͹Ν໪ࢨ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͵͏͹ͲͤɽͯΉΕɾ͑͞͏͑୵‫ڂ‬ద͵ָसΝঙ͵͚ͳ΍߶ߏ઴ൔ ʛ ೧ਫ਼͹ؔΏͮͱ͏Ζָߏ͗ࠕ͖͵Εଁ͓ͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͑͏͑खૌͺՃ஍͍͗ΖͫΘ͖͑Δɾࢴͪͬͳ͢ͱ΍Ԣԋͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑ࢧ͏͍͗ΕΉͤɽ ߶ߏͶ‫͏ݶͱؖ͢‬Ήͤͳɾຌ౲Ͷଡझଡ༹Ͳɾ୉ָ೘ࢾ͓͠ಧഃͤΗͻ͏͏͹ͫͳ͏͑ϟριʖζΝඉ৙Ͷ‫ߏ߶͚ک‬ਫ਼Ͷ༫͓ͱ͏Ζ߶ߏͳɾ୉ָ೘ࢾ͗βʖϩͲͺ͵͏Γͳ͏͑͞ͳΝϟριʖζͳ͢ͱ߶ߏਫ਼Ͷఽ͓ͱ͏Ζ߶ߏ͍͗ΕΉͤΓ͸ɽʤ঺ʥ‫ښ‬୉͹஦Ͳಝ৯೘ࢾ͹಍೘Ͷ೦ৼָͫͮͪ෨͹஦Ͷͺɾ೘ࢾࢦ޴Ͳүͱͱͪ͘߶ߏ
 ߏ͛Δ͏͖Δ͖͢೘ָं͗པ͵͏ͳ͏ָ͑෨͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨ͑͏͑ͳ͞Θͺʰ͞164͹ΉΉ͹೘ࢾͲͺΏͮͱ͏͜͵͏ʱͳ͏͑қࣟ͗‫͖ͪͮک‬͹Ͳͤɽ‫گ‬үָ෨͹৖߻ɾࢴͪͬͺҲൢ೘ࢾͲ೘ͮͱָͪ͘ਫ਼ͪͬͶՁ͹෈ຮ΍͍ΕΉͦΞͲͪ͢ɽຌ౲ͺɾ୉ָ೘ࢾրַͳ͏͑͹ͺιϱνʖࢾ‫ͳݩ‬Ҳൢ೘ࢾ͗͑Ή͚‫ؽ‬೵ͤΗͻɾͨΗΆʹ୉͚͘ร͓͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͹͗‫ݺ‬ਕద͵ࢧ͏͵͹Ͳͤɽࠕͺɾͨ͑͏͑Ҳൢ೘ࢾΝण͜ͱ͏Ζ୉ָ೘ָं͗ൔ਼͛Δ͏͖͢͏͵͏ɾଡ෾ͨΗ͗Ҳ൬୉͘͵໲ୌ͵͹Ͳͤɽͨ͹͍ͪΕͺɾࢾ‫ݩ‬໲ୌɾ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬͹໲ୌΝ͏͖Ͷ޽෋͢ͱ͏ͮͪͳ͢ͱ΍մ݀͢͵͏ͳ͏͑໲ୌ͗ɾঙ͢‫ـ‬Ͷ͵Ζ͵ͳࢧ͑ͳ͞ΘͲͤɽʴപਭʵΉͥ  ఼໪͹ɾ෵਼͹ࣁྋΝ٠࿨ͤΖΓ͑͵՟ୌ͗͵ͧ୉ࣆͶ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑ϛ΢ϱφͲͤ͗ɾ౨୉͹๑ָ෨͹೘ࢾࣙରͺɾࣁྋΝಣΊ߻ΚͦͪΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳɾͨ͞ͺଡঙͥΗͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗ͖Δɾ౨୉͹೘ࢾͶࢴ͗‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳɾͨ͹఼ͺ͟྅մ͏ͪͫ͏ͪ৏ͲɾҲൢ࿨ͳ͢ͱ͕࿫͢͢Ήͤɽ ͵ͧ୉ࣆͶ͵ͮͱͪ͘͹͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾຌ౲Ͷऀճ͗รΚͮͱ͘ͱɾ
ʰ͞͞ͶλϨϣ
ʖεϥϱʤմʥ͍͗Ζ͹ͲɾͨΗΝְ͓ͱͨ͹ΉΉన༽͢Γ͑ʱͳ͏͑͹Ͳͺɾ͵͖͵͖໲ୌ͗մ͜͵͚͵ͮͱ͘ͱ͏Ζ͖Δͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽஇฤద͵ϐϱφͺ͍Ζ͹ͫ͜ΗʹɾͨΗΝΉͳΌͱฦॄ͢ͱ౶͓ΝࡠΖ͹͗ɾ͞Η͖Δ͹୉ਕ͵͹ͫΘ͑ɽ͖ͫΔɾͨ͑͏͑ྙ͗චགྷͶ͵ͮͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽྭ͓ͻେ਼͹໲ୌͫͮͪ
ΔɾࠕΉͲεϨΠϩͶঘ໲͗ดΞͲ͏ͱɾॳͶմ͏ͱ͏ͮͪΔ࠹‫ޛ‬͹໲ୌ͗մ͜Ζͳ͏͑Γ͑͵ν΢ϕͲָΞͲͺɾͨ͹ָ;Νన༽͢ͱ͚ΗͻΓ͖ͮͪɽͲͤ͗ɾͨ
͹Γ͑Ͷ͏͖͵͚͵ͮͪͳ͘ͶɾஎࣟΝ౹߻ͤΖɾஎࣟΝࣙ෾Ͳߑ੔ͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗୉ࣆͶ͵ͮͱͪ͘ͳ͞Θ͗୉͘͵รԿ͵͹ͫͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͲʰஎࣟߑ੔‫ܗ‬ζήλʖʱͳ͏͑໌઴Ν෉͜ͱɾ‫ڊ‬೧๤͚͵ͮͪࢀ୒͵ΆΊ͵ʹ͗஦ৼͶ͵ΕΉ͢ͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵द‫Ͳۂ‬Ώͮͱ͘ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ  ఼໪͹ʰ઴‫ޛ‬඲Ճ͗ྒྷ͖ͮͪ͹ͫ͜Ηʹɾ͑͞͏͑͞ͳ͹द‫ۂ‬͹‫܃‬Εศ͢͹݃ՎΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ඲ՃͶͯ͵͝ͱ͏Ζ͖ʱͳ͏࣯͑໲Ͷ͕౶͓ͪ͢͏ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽஎࣟΝߑ੔͢ͱɾ࠹ॵͺ෾͖Δ͵͖ͮͪॎ୫͹ஏ‫ܙ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ෾͖ͮͱ͘ͱɾॎ୫ͫ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ͱౖஏΝߡ͓Ζͳ͘Ͷ͞Ξ͵ࢻ఼͍͗Ζ͹ͫΓ͸ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗෾͖ͮͪɾ
ͨ͑͏ָͮͪ;Νೖʓߨ͑ࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬Ν඲ՃͲ‫͘ͳ͑͏ͳ͑ٻ‬Ͷɾ୉͚͘෾͜ͱ್ͯ
͹඲Ճ͹࢕๏͍͗Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ҲͯͺҲյ੓͹τηφͲͤɽιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬ɾ ࣏ࢾ‫ݩ‬ɾͨ͹ଠ͏Θ͏Θ͵τηφ
ͳ͏͑͹͗ɾࢢ‫͗ͬͪڛ‬ೖʓ͹द‫ࡠͲۂ‬Ε৏ͪ͝எࣟ͹࣯ɾ਄͏ཀྵմΝ໲͑Γ͑͵໲ୌͶรΚͮͱ͏͚ɾ͞͹સରద͵φϪϱχͺ͞Η͖ΔรΚΔ͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽஇฤద͵எࣟ͹ϒʖη͹๏Ͳͺ͵͚ɾͨ͞ͲΉͳΌͪΓ͑͵ɾஏཀྵ͹،Ν͖ͯΌͱ͏Ζ͖ɾཀྵՌ͹،Ν͖ͯΌͱ͏Ζ͖ɾͨ͑͏͑΍͹Ν໲͑Γ͑͵໲ୌ͗ଁ͓ͱ͏͘ΉͤɽͨΗͶΓͮͱࢢ‫͗ͬͪڛ‬ΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱήͲָΞͫ੔ՎΝؔંదͶ඲ՃͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗Ҳ͍ͯΖͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ΍͑Ҳͯͺɾࠕೖ͹द‫ͳͤͲۂ‬ɾࣆ઴͖Δࣆ‫ޛ‬ɾ ෾͹஦Ͳࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬ͺ࿫͢߻͏

165͵͗Δ݃ߑรΚͮͱ͏͘Ήͤɽ͞͹รΚͮͱ͏͚ྙɾགྷͤΖͶรԿΝӀًͤ͘͞ྙɾ
༓ୣͳ૮஌͢͵͗Δ໪͹઴Ͷ༫͓ΔΗͪࣁྋΝಣΊ߻ΚͦͱɾૌΊ߻Κͦͱɾͨ͞
Ͳ౶͓Νࡠͮͱ͏͚ྙɾͨΗΝΉ͠Ͷण‫ݩ‬ɾҲյ੓͹τηφͲ‫͚͏ͱݡ‬΍͹͗ଁ͓ͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗ͗ήϩʖϕυΡηΩρεϥϱ͹Γ͑͵ͳ͞ΘͲΏΗΗͻɾ͖֮ͶϟϱώʖͶΓΖಚқʀ෈ಚқͺ͏Θ͏Θ͍Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏͜Ηʹ΍ɾ͏ͥΗͶͦΓͨ͹ϛτϱεϡϩ͗‫͓ݡ‬Ζͳɾ୉ָͶ೘ͮͱ͘ͱΨʖίʖͲͺ͵͚ɾ୉ָͶ೘ͮͪ‫ޛ‬ɾ৵;ͱ͏͚ࢢ‫ڛ‬͹ྙ͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͏ͥΗͶͦΓɾ୉ָͲͺ৿͢͏எΔ͵͏͞ͳΝָ΁Κ͜Ͳ͖ͤΔɽ ͨ͹ͪΌͶรԿΝͨ͹৖ͲӀً͘͢͞ͱɾ&%7 Ͳ඲ՃͤΖࢾΊ΍ଁ͓Ζͳ༩૟͢Ήͤɽྭ͓ͻɾࣆ઴Ͷॽ͏ͪ౶͓Ͷଲ͢ͱɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵৚ๅ͗‫͖ޛ‬Δ೘ͮͱͪ͘Εɾଠ͹ਕ͹٠࿨͹༹ࢢΝಣΊ͵͗Δɾʰ͍͵ͪͺ࠹ॵ͹ߡ͓Νʹ͑ร͓Ή͖ͤʱͳ͏͑
‫Ͳܙ‬௜ંదͶ඲ՃͤΖ΍͹͵ʹͲͤɽҐ৏Ͳͤɽ
ʴࢃஏʵ੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼Ͷߨ͚઴Ͷঙ֮͢೟͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾੜਭ઎ਫ਼͖Δ͕ਚ͸͹͍ͮͪ߶ߏ΃͹൅৶͹қਦͳ͏͑͞ͳ͹஦ͶͺɾͽΒͮͳͤΖͳࡀ఼‫خ‬६ɾ΍ͬΘΞ൹൓੓ɾ࿨ཀྵ
੓ɾͨ͹ଠͶ಼༲ʀߑ੔ʀන‫ى‬ɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵඲Ճ؏఼͍͗Ζͺͥͫͳɽঙ͵͚ͳ΍಼༲ͫ͜Ͳ඲Ճ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏ͫΘ͑͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨ͹॑Ί෉͜͵ʹ͗෾͖Δ͵͏͢ɾ࿨फ़Ν඲ՃͤΖͶ౲ͪͮͱɾͦΌͱ͑͞͏͑‫خ‬६ɾ͑͞͏͑؏఼Ν࢘ͮͱ͏ΉͤΓఖౕ͹΍͹͗͵͏ͳɾ͵͖͵͖ͨ͹६ඍ͗Ͳ͘͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳ΍͍͖ͮͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ Յ͓ͱɾ߻Ռద͵ɾՌ໪͗࿊‫ͱ͢ܠ‬द‫ۂ‬Νࡠͮͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ΉͫΉ͍ͫΉΕଡ͚ߨΚΗͱ͏͵͏য়‫Ͳڱ‬ɾͨΗ͗Ҳझ͹ਇਜ਼͵՟ୌͳ͢ͱ೘ࢾͲ໲ΚΗΖͳͤ
Ζ͵ΔͻɾͨΗΝࣰࡏͶࢨ಍͢ͱ͏͚͹ͺ୉รͫͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͕࿫Ͳͤɽͨ͹৖߻Ͷʹ͑͏͑ϟριʖζΝण͜खΖ΄͖͘ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͖ͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨ͹͍ͪΕͺʹ͑Ͳ͖ͤɽ͍Ζ͏ͺɾੜਭ઎ਫ਼͖ΔΉͪ௧Յ͍͗Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɽʴപਭʵࣆ઴ʀࣆ‫Ͳޛ‬Ձ͗รΚΖ͖ͳ͏͑ͳ͘ͶҲ൬୉઀Ͷ͢ͱ͏Ζ‫خ‬६ͺɾஎࣟʀཀྵմ
͹ͳ͞ΘͲͤɽͨΗͺɾΏͺΕຌ౲Ͷ‫͍͗ͳ͞͏͓ͪگ‬Ζ͹Ͳɾ߶ߏਫ਼Ͷ͞Η͗෾͖ͮͱΆ͢͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͖ͮ͢Εࣆ઴ʀࣆ‫Ͳޛ‬ർֳͤΖͳ͏͑͹͗Ҳ൬͹ϗʖηͶ͍ΖͪΌͲͤɽͪͫɾͨ͹ࣆ઴ʀࣆ‫ޛ‬͹எࣟʀཀྵմ͹࣯Νԣ͢৏͝ͱ͏͚ͳ͘ͶɾͨΗͩΗ͹ָसं͗ʹΞ͵΀͑ͶชহΝಣΞ͖ͫɾͨ͹ชহΝཀྵմ͢ͱਕͶʹ͑Ώͮͱఽ͓ͱɾ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷ৚ๅΝ࣍ͬ‫ʹͱͮر‬Ξ͵΀͑ͶૌΊ߻ΚͦͱΠʖάϣϟϱφ
Νࡠͮͱ͏͖ͮͪͳ͏͑ͳ͞Θ͹ηΫϩͳ͏͑͹ͺɾϕϫιηͲ඲ՃͲ͘Ήͤɽ ͨ͹࣏ͲͤɽͲͺɾηΫϩ͹൅‫͑͏ͳݳ‬͹Νʰ͞Ξ͵‫͏ݶ‬๏Ν͢ͱ͏ͪΔϪϗϩʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵඲Ճ‫خ‬६Νɾࠕɾ࣍ͬ߻Κͦͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͲͤɽͨΗͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾ'HDQH઎ਫ਼ͺʰՁͳ͖Ͳͨ͑͘ʱͳ͏ཱི͕͑৖ͲϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝड़͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ
ͨΗͶଲ͢ͱࢴͪͬͺʰͨ͞ͺͬΒͮͳଶͮͪ๏͗͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ʱͳ͏͑͹ͲɾࣰࡏͶࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬͹࿫ͤυʖνΝ‫͗͵ݡ‬Δɾͨ͞ͺΑ͚ͮΕࡠͮͱ͏ͮ

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ͪ๏͗͏͏ͳߡ͓Ζཱི৖Ͳͤɽ ͵͖ͧͳ͏͑ͳɾࢢ‫ڛ‬͹ߡ͓๏ɾָ;๏ɾ΢ϱνϧέεϥϱ͹࢕๏ͺඉ৙Ͷଡ༹Ͳͤɽ࿫͢߻͏͵͗Δߡ͓ͱ͏Ζͳ͘͹ࢢ‫ͬͪڛ‬͹ճ࿫ͺɾ୯͖͗क‫ޢ‬Ν‫ͪͮݶ‬Δ
࣏͹ࢢ͗फ़‫ޢ‬Ν‫ͱͮݶ‬ɾ࠹‫ޛ‬͹ࢢͺ໪ద‫ޢ‬Ν‫ͪͮݶ‬Ε͢͵͗ΔҲชΝࡠͮͱ͏͚ͳ
͏͑գఖͲ͍Ζ͞ͳ΍ଡ͏ɽͨ͹ճ࿫͹࢕๏ͺɾϕϪκϱͳ͢ͱ‫ݡ‬ΗͻϕΠ͖΍͢Η͵͏͹ͫ͜ΗʹɾࣰͺͨΗ͗ਕ͹ߡ͓Νࡠͮͱ͏͚ͳ͘Ͷ͚ͤ͟୉ࣆ͵͹ͫͳͤ
Ζͳɾͨ͞Ν͑Ή͚඲ՃͤΖΓ͑͵ࢨඬΝɾ͍ΉΕ঱ͮͱ࠹ॵͶ͚ͯΔ͵͏๏͗͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ Ͳͺɾʹ͑ͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾद‫ۂ‬͹஦Ͳࠕೖ‫ͳ͞͏͓ͪگ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱɾຌ౲Ͷࢢ‫ڛ‬ͪͬ͗ࣆ઴͖Δࣆ‫Ͳޛ‬਄ָ͚ΞͲ͏ͮͱ͏Ζ͖Ν‫ͱ͓ߡͲ࣢خ‬ɾͨ͹ؔ͹΢ϱνϧ
έεϥϱ͹ࡑΕ๏ͺଡ༹Ͳ͏͏ͳ͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬द‫ۂ‬ΝΏͮͱ͏͜ͻ͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ࠕೖ͹ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͹࿫Ͳ‫ͻ͓ݶ‬ɾ߁ࠄΝ‫ࢯے‬Ͷͤ΄͖͘ɾ࢏੔Ͷͤ΄͖͘ʹ͖͑Ͷ‫ͳ͑ݶͱؖ͢‬ɾࢴ͖Δ‫ݡ‬Ζͳɾ࠹‫ޛ‬͹Φριʖɾ͑͞͏͑ΦριʖΝॽ͜Ζͳ͏͏Γ͸ͳ͏͑͹ΝαϱτϱςϗʖηͲ඲ՃͲ͘Ζ͖ʹ͖͑͗ࢴͪͬ͹৖߻ͫͳҲ൬୉ࣆͶͪ͢͏ࢨඬͲͤɽͨ͹࣯͗৏͗ͮͱ͚ΖͳɾؔંదͶଠ͹ηΫϩ΍͚ͪ͠Ξ࢘ͮͱ͏ͪ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ൓இͤΖɾਬఈͤΖɾͨ͹Γ͑͵߻ΚͦٗͲΏͮͱ͕ΕΉͤɽҐ৏Ͳͤɽ
ʴ੤Ԯʵ್ͯ͹͞ͳͲͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾ߶౵ָߏͲ΍૱߻ద͵ָस͹࣎ؔͳ͏͑͹ͺͳ͚ͮ͹ੴͶ೘ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽࠕ͟Θ͑͞͏࣯͑໲͗ड़Ζͳ͏͑͹͗ɾΏͺΕʰ೘ࢾրַΉͲ͢͵͏ͳ߶ߏ͹ΩϨΫϣϧϞ͗รΚΔ͵͏ʱͳชՌ঴͗൓இͪ͢ཀྵ༟͵͹ͫ͵ͳ͍
ΔͪΌͱࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ʤ঺ʥɽ ୵‫ڂ‬ద͵ָसΝࢨ಍͢ͱ͏Ζ߶ߏ͗͵͏Κ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳɾͨ͑͏͑઎਒ࣆྭΝ͟ལ͏͚ͪͫͳɾͨΗͩΗ͹‫گ‬Ռ͹઎ਫ਼๏͗઒໵੓Νਫ਼͖͢͵͗Δ‫ࢨڂݜ‬಍ద͵͞ͳΝΏͮͱ͕ΔΗΖͳ͏͑͹͗Ҳͯͺ͍Ζ͖͵ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ૱߻ָसͲΏΖΓ͑͵՟ୌͺɾ౶͓͗͵͏͖Δࢨ಍Νʹ͑͢ͱ͏͏͖෾͖Δ͵͏ͳ͏͑ೲΊͺɾ͖֮Ͷ୵‫ָڂ‬सΝॵΌͱ಍೘͠ΗΖ߶ߏ͖Δ͟૮஌Νण͜Ήͤɽ τʖϜͺ‫ڬ‬Δ͚ɾࣰࡏͶ઎ਫ਼๏΍‫ࡑݳ‬ਫ਼͘ͱ͏ͱೲΉΗͱ͏Ζ͞ͳΝમͻΗΖͳ͖ɾ߶ߏਫ਼ࣰ͗ࡏͶߡ͓ͪ͏՟ୌΝમͻͦΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲड़ͱ͚Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤɽ౶͓Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬ΖϕϫιηͲɾ߶ߏਫ਼ͪͬͳ‫ر‬Εశ͏͵͗Δɾଲ࿫͢͵͗ΔΏͮͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝΏΖ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ߶ߏਫ਼ΓΕͺ઎ਫ਼๏͗ઊଲͶ͑Ή͚୵‫ڂ‬దͶָ΁ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ‫׵‬Ηͱ͕ΔΗΖͺͥ͵͹Ͳɾͨ͑͏͑ࢨ಍ͺͮ͘ͳՆ೵Ͷ͵ͮͱ͚Ζ
ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗ͗Ҳͯ͹๏޴੓Ͳͤɽ ΍͑Ҳͯ͹๏޴੓ͺɾ઎Άʹ඲Ճ๏๑Ͷͯ͏ͱ͟ઈ໎Νͪ͢ͳ͘ͶɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͳ͏͑΍͹Ν়͟ղ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ͞Ηͺ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹஦Ͳঙ͢୵‫ڂ‬ద͵ָसͳ͏͖͑ɾஎࣟʀٗ೵Ν‫ͤ༽׈‬ΖָसΝΏͮͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽྭ͓ͻཀྵՌͲࣰ‫ݩ‬Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷυδ΢ϱͤΗͻ͏͏͹ͫΘ͖͑ɾਕͶઈಚྙΝ࣍ͮͱࣙ෾͹Π΢υΠΝఽ͓

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ΖͪΌͶͺʹ͑͏͑΀͑Ͷන‫ͪ͢ݳ‬Δ͏͏͹ͫΘ͖͑ɾऀճద͵͍ΖΠ΢υΠͶ‫ؖ‬͢ͱ൹൓దͶࣁྋΝ‫ݗ‬౾͢͵͗Δ࿨फ़ͤΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏ͫΘ͖͑ɾͨ͑͏͑
֦‫گ‬Ռ͹‫گ‬Ռ಼༲Ͷଊ͢ͱঙ͢୵‫ڂ‬Ͷͯ͵͗ΖΓ͑͵ָसΝ਄Όͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑՟ୌ
Ͷ͵ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ͑͞͏͑φϪʖωϱήΝ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹஦Ͳ੷Ί॑͸ͱ͕͚ɾͨ͑͏͑͞ͳͺ‫ڬ‬Δ͚૱߻ద͵՟ୌͶ͵ͮͪͳ͢ͱ΍ਫ਼͘ͱ͚Ζ͞ͳ͵͹ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ຌ౲ͺ‫گ‬үָ෨͹ಝ৯೘ࢾͲ΍ɾ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌɾ֦‫گ‬Ռ͹಼༲Ͷଊͪ͢՟ୌΝड़ͪ͢͏ͳ͏͑ࢧ͏΍‫ݺ‬ਕదͶͺ͍Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࣰͺड़ୌं͹ྙྖ͹໲ୌ΍͍ΕΉͤɽ‫گ‬үָ෨͹‫گ‬ҽͳ͏͑͹ͺ୉ରɾช‫ܧ‬͹‫گ‬ҽͲͤɽͨ͑͵Ζͳɾ਼ָ͹໲ୌΝࡠΗΖ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾࡠΗ͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽ͖ͫΔɾ೘ࢾΝࣰࢬͤΖୱҒ͗ঘ͚͠͵Ηͻ͵ΖΆʹɾͨ͹೘ࢾΝࣰࢬͤΖୱҒ͹‫گ‬ҽ͗ड़ͦΖ൥ҕ͹໲ୌ͖͢ड़ͦ͵͏ͳ͏͑໲ୌ΍ɾดߨ͢ͱً͞Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗ࣆࣰͳ͢ͱ͍ΖͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵಋͣΓ͑͵ΏΕͳΕΝธࠅͲΏͮͱ͏Ή͖ͤΔɾͳͱ΍ซ͘͵ͣΊ͍͗ΕΉͤɽ໲ୌ͹Ҳͯͺɾण‫΃ंݩ‬͹ηΫϩ͹‫غ‬ଶ͗ΩϨΫϣϧϞ͹અ‫ܯ‬Ώ඲ՃͶචͥ͢΍ॉ෾ൕӫ͠Ηͱ͏͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼ͶͺϓϧηφϪʖεϥϱ͗ͪΉΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ݃‫ۃ‬ɾՁͲ൓இ͠ΗΖ͹͖ɾ඲Ճ͠ΗΖ͹͖ɾॉ෾Ͷ෾͖Δ͵͏ͳ͞Θ͗߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼Ͷͺ͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͨ͑͏͑໲ୌ͍͗ͮͪ͹ͲɾΠϟϨΩͶ͕͏ͱͺ &RPPRQ&RUH6WDWH6WDQGDUGVͳ͏͑΍͹ΝࡠΖ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͪΚ͜Ͳͤɽਫ਼ైͳ͢ͱՁΝஎΕɾՁΝཀྵմ͢ͱFROOHJHUHDG\ ͶͤΖ΄͘͵͹͖ɾͨΗ͖Δ‫ࢋٱ‬Ν͢ͱεητϜορέ͵‫Ͳܙ‬ɾਫ਼ైͺʹ͹ஊ֌Ͳʹ͞Ͷ౺ୣ͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͹͖ɾ ָ೧ɾ ָ೧ɾ ָ೧͹ஊ֌ͲɾFROOHJHUHDG\ Ͳ͍ΖͪΌͶͺ౺ୣஏ఼ͺʹ͞Ͳ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞
ͳΝߡ͓Ήͪ͢ɽͨ͹ηνϱξʖχ͹ࣰࢬ͹࢕๏ͲΓ͚͵͖ͮͪ͹ͺɾτηφΝ͍ΉΕͶ૥‫ٺ‬Ͷ಍೘ͪ͗͢Α͓Ͷɾ‫گ‬ҽଈ͹ଲԢ͗ॉ෾Ͳ͘͵͖ͮͪͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ
৿ͪ͵ηνϱξʖχΝॉ෾ͶखΕࠒ΋ͫ͜͹६ඍ͗Ͳ͘͵͖ͮͪͳ͏͑ͳ͞Θ͍͗
Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ
 &%$/ ͹ߡ͓๏ͳ΍ඉ৙Ͷ‫ؖ‬࿊͍͗ΕΉͤ͗ɾ୉ָ͹‫گ‬ҽͳ߶ߏ͹‫گ‬ҽ͹ຌ౲͹‫ڠ‬௪ཀྵմΝ৤੔͢ͱɾՁΝηνϱξʖχͳ͢ɾͨ͞Ͷ౺ୣͦ͠ΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏͖ɾΝ͏͖ͶҲॻͶߡ͓ͱ΍Δ͓Ζ͖͗ϛ΢ϱφͲͤɽͨΗ͖ΔɾธࠅͲ΍ซ͖Ηͪ΍͑Ҳͯ͹໲ୌͺɾद‫ࣰۂ‬ભͳ͑ͪ͢͞ϕϫζΥέ
φϗʖη͍Ζ͏ͺΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱή‫ܗ‬͹ָसͳ͏͑͹ͺɾືંͶ‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽਫ਼ైΝওྯ͢ͱɾυΡηΩρεϥϱͶࢂՅ͢͵͠͏ɾ୵‫ڂ‬Ν௪ͣͱࣙ෾͹ߡ͓Νࡠͮͱ͏͘͵͠͏ͳɾਫ਼ైࣙਐ͗੻೜Ν࣍ͮͱ٠࿨Νߑ஛͢ɾ਄͚
ಧͮࠒΞͲߡ͓ΖΓ͑Ͷ༢͑‫گ‬ҽͲ͍ΖͶͺɾ‫Ͳ࣪گ‬͹ષΖ΄͘‫׈‬ಊ͗චགྷͲͤɽ
‫گ‬ҽଈ͗ͨ͹Γ͑͵‫׈‬ಊ͹ΏΕ๏Ν෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͏ͳɾΊΞ͵ͶͳͮͱϓϧηφϪ
ʖεϥϱ͗ͪΉΖ݃ՎͶ͵ͮͱɾ͑Ή͚͏͘ΉͦΞɽ ͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ‫گ‬ҽଈ͗ࣙ෾ͪͬͲࣰભ͢ͱָसΝͤΖɾυΡηΩρεϥϱήϩʖ168

ϕͶࣙΔ΍ࢂՅͤΖɾͨ͢ͱɾέϧη͗ʹ͑ΏͮͪΔ୵‫ڂ‬ϗʖηͲָ΄Ζ͹͖Νཀྵմ͢ɾέϧηΝ੔ௗͶ޴͜ͱʹ͹Γ͑ͶϜϋζϟϱφ͢ͱ͏͚͖ΝָΞͲ͏͵͜Ηͻɾ߶୉ંକͺೋ͢͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ୉͘͵໲ୌͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͏Ήࢗͮͱ͏ͪϓϧηφϪʖεϥϱͶࢴͺ‫ڠ‬໒ͤΖͳ͞Θ͍͗ΕΉͪ͢ɽঘ࿨ช
Ώਫ਼ై͹ϕϫζΥέφ͹ηαΠϨϱή͹‫خ‬६͗෾͖Δ͵͏ͳɾ‫خ‬ຌద͵ϓϧηφϪ
ʖεϥϱ͗ਫ਼ͣΉͤɽਫ਼ైͶʹ͑Ώͮͱ६ඍͦͪ͠Δ͏͏͹͖ɾࣙ෾Ͳ΍ʹ͑Ώͮͱ͏͏͖෾͖Δ͵͏ɾՁ͗‫غ‬ଶ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖΍෾͖Δ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͖ͤΔɽΏͺΕɾ͞͹͍ͪΕͺͬ͘ΞͳαϝϣωίʖεϥϱΝ͢͵͜Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽև͗ͬ͘Ξͳ‫غ‬ଶϪϗϩΝ೼ѴͲ͘ΖΓ͑ͶɾΉͪʹ͹Γ͑͵ࢨ಍͹‫׈‬ಊΝ௪ͣͱͨ͞Ͷ౺ୣͲ͘Ζ͖͹‫ڠ‬௪ཀྵմΝಚΔΗΖΓ͑Ͷɽ͠ΔͶɾϏϓΧʖϜϱηͲ߶͏Ϫϗϩͳͺ͑͞͏͑͞ͳͫͳཀྵմͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷɽྭ͓ͻɾϩʖϔϨρέ͹̓ͳ̒ͺ͞Η͗ҩ͑ͳ͖ɾਫ਼ై͗͏ͬ͏ͬ઎ਫ਼͗෉͘శΚ͵͚ͱ΍ಢྙ
ͲͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ΖͪΌͶͺɾ͑͞͏͑ࢨ಍͗චགྷͫɾͳ͖ɽ‫گ‬ү͗ࠕΉͲ‫و‬൥ͳ͢ͱ͞͵͖ͮͪ͞ͳΝΏΔ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ɾͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ୉ร͵‫ۦ‬࿓Ν൒͑खΕૌΊͲͤɽ୉ร͵͞ͳͶखΕૌΞͲ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳΝְࣙͤΖͳͳ΍ͶɾαϝϣωίʖεϥϱΏ૮‫ޕ‬ཀྵմ͹৤੔͗‫ۅ‬Όͱ॑གྷͳ೟ࣟͤΖචགྷ͍͗ΕΉͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏ΉͤɽΠϟϨΩ͹‫ݩܨ‬ɾ&RPPRQ&RUH6WDWH6WDQGDUGV ͗Ͳ͘ͱɾͨΗͶ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ηνϱξʖχΝ݀Όͱ͏͚͹ͫ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨΗ͗͵͖͵͖߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼๏Ͷͺ಼໚ԿͲ͘͵͏ɾΉͪ୉ָ͹‫گ‬ҽ΍͍ΉΕஎΔ͵͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗
Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ͞Ηͺ &%$/ ΏΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱή͹φϪʖωϱή͵ʹͳ΍Ψʖώʖϧρϕ͢ͱ͏Ήͤ͹Ͳɾͨ͑ͪ͢৿ͪ͵๏๑Ͳ͹Πιηϟϱφ͍Ζ͏ͺϩʖϔϨρέͶ͵ͣΞͲ͏͚ͳ͏͑͹͗Ҳͯ͹଩֋ࡨ͵͹͖͵ͳ͕ซ͘͢Ήͪ͢ɽʴ੤Ԯʵ‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼Ͷɾʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ &%$/ Ͳ઎ਫ਼๏͍Ζ͏ͺࡀ఼ं͹φϪʖωϱήΝ͢ͱ͏Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ΍͑ঙ۫͢ରదͶ͟ઈ໎͏͚ͪͫͳɾೖຌ͹઎ਫ਼๏Ͷ΍ࢂߡͶ͵Ζ͖ͳࢧͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ
ʴ'HDQHʵΉͥɾඉ৙Ͷ๝͖͵઒໵৮ͳ͢ͱ͹‫گ‬ҽ཈੔ͶେΚΖ΍͹ͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ
ͤɽ&%$/ ͹Ҳ‫ͱ͢ͳ؂‬ɾ‫ܙ‬੔ద඲ՃͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ‫ڂݜ‬Νଡʓߨͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ‫ܙ‬੔ద඲Ճͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ‫گ‬ҽͳ͢ͱͺɾָसंͶʹΗָͫ͜स͗਒ΞͲ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑৚ๅΝಚΔΗ͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽྭ͓ͻɾਫ਼ై͗໎ࣖదͶՁָ͗स໪ඬ͵͹͖ΝཀྵմͲ͘ΖΓ͑ͶͤΖɾͨ͢ͱ඲Ճ͹‫خ‬६Ν໎ࣖదͶͬ͘Ξͳ఑ࣖ͢ɾͨΗΝ಼໚Կ͢ͱɾࣙ෾͹ָस͹੻೜ΝͳΗΖΓ͑ͶͤΖɾ͠ΔͶͺ༓ୣͳҲॻͶ՟ୌͶखΕૌ΋͞ͳΝ໪ඬୣ੔΃͹Ϩλʖηͳߡ͓ΔΗΖΓ͑ͶͤΖɾͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ
‫ܙ‬੔ద඲ՃͶԌͮͪߡ͓๏Ͷͺɾ͑ͪ͢͞ΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱήΝԾࢩ͓ͤΖ΍͹͚͗ͪ͠Ξ͍ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ

169 &%$/ Ͳͺ͏Θ͏Θ͵‫ݜ‬र༽͹ࣁྋΝࡠͮͱ͘Ήͪ͢ɽΠιηϟϱφ͹ͪΌͶɾ‫گ‬ҽ͗ͨ͹Γ͑͵ߡ͓๏ΝखΕࠒΌΖΓ͑Ͷঁ͜Ζ‫ͤͲࡒگ‬ɽ͖͢͢ɾ‫ࡒگ‬Νࡠ͖ͮͪΔͳ͏ͮͱɾͨΗΝࣙ෾͹΍͹ͶͲ͘Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ͺพ͹࿫Ͳͤɽ࠹शదͶචགྷ͵͹ͺɾ͏Θ͏Θ͵‫ڂݜ‬ΝΏͮͱͪ͘‫͖ݩܨ‬Δਅ͢Ήͤͳɾ‫گ‬ҽͺ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷ࿊‫͢ܠ‬ͱɾ‫ࡒگ‬Ν͏͖ͶΓ͚‫͓گ‬Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ୵‫͢ڂ‬କ͜ͱ͏Ζ઒໵৮Ͳ͍Ζɾͳ͏͑ߡ͓๏ͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ‫ܙ‬੔ద඲Ճ࿨͹஦֫Ͷͺ઒໵৮͹ָसαϝϣωτΡ͹֕೨͍͗Ζ͹Ͳɾ‫گ‬ҽ‫ݜ‬रͳดΞͲɾ઒໵৮ͳ͢ͱ͹द‫ۂ‬րવ΃͹‫ڢ‬ಉ͗‫ۅ‬Όͱ॑གྷͲͤɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾ&%$/ ͲͺΠιηϟϱφࣙର͗ϟριʖζͶ͵Ζͳߡ͓ͱ͘Ήͪ͢ɽඉ৙ͶΓ͚ର‫ܧ‬Կ͠ΗͪΠιηϟϱφͲͺɾ۫ରదͶ͞͹ητρϕΝಁΞͲ͚ͫ͠͏ɾͨ͑ͪ͢Δ౺ୣͲ͘ΉͤΓͳ͏͑ઈ໎͍͗Εɾ۫ରద͵ϩʖϔϨρέΏϐϱφɾΪ΢χϧ΢ϱɾໝ൥ద੔Վ͹ྭ͵ʹ͗ࣖ͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽ͞͹Γ͑Ͷɾ‫خ‬६͗ՁͲɾ
Ձ͗ຮͪ͠Ηͱ͏Ηͻ੔ޯ͵͹͖ɾָस໪ඬ͹ୣ੔ͳͺʹ͑͏͑য়‫͵ڱ‬͹͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝͺͮ͘Ε఑ࣖ͢ͱ͏Ζͳɾ‫گ‬ҽͶΓͮͱͺࣙ෾ͪͬ͗෈ॉ෾ͫͮͪͳ͞Θͺ͞͹෨෾ͫͳ෾͖ͮͱɾ͑͞͏͑͞ͳΝࢨ಍ͶૌΊࠒ΍͑ͳ‫͘෉ـ‬Ήͤɽ ͨ͹ྭͳ͢ͱɾࢴͪͬͺՁ೧΍͖͜ͱɾγϜϨʖΝॽ͚‫خ‬६ΝࡠΕΉͪ͢ɽଡ͚
͹‫گ‬ҽͺɾࢴͪͬ͹‫Ͳݩܨ‬ͺɾਫ਼ైͶʰγϜϨʖΝॽ͘͵͠͏ʱͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬Δɾͤ͛
Ͳ͘Ζͳࢧͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ‫͓گ‬΍͢͵͏Κ͜Ͳͤɽͳ͞Θ͗ɾʰγϜϨʖΝॽ͘͵͠͏ʱͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗͱ΍ॽ͜͵͏ਫ਼ై͗͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽͨ͞Ͳɾ͏Θ͏ΘͳࢾΊΉ͢ͱɾҲ࿊͹νηέΝࡠΕɾΓ͏γϜϨʖͳͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͖ɾΉͪΓ͚͵͏γϜϨʖ͹ྭͳͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͖Ν۫ରదͶࣖͪ͢৏Ͳɾ͍ΖγϜϨʖ͹ྭ͗གྷ݇Νຮͪ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑͹τηφΝ͢ɾͨ͢ͱࣙ෾ͲࣰࡏͶγϜϨʖΝॽ͖ͦΖΓ͑Ͷͪ͢͹Ͳͤɽ࿊‫گͪ͢ܠ‬ҽ͖ͪͬΔ͹ϓΡʖχώρέͶͺɾʰ͞Ξ͵͞ͳͺ‫͖ͪͮ͵͗ͳ͓ͪ͞گ‬ɽ͞Ηͳ͞ΗΝ‫͓ͪگ‬ΔγϜϨʖ͗ॽ͜ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζͳͺʱʰ͞͹‫ࡒگ‬Ν࢘ͮͪ‫ޛ‬ɾਫ਼ై͗͏ͯ΍ΓΕ͏͏γϜϨʖΝॽ͜ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͪɽ͞Ξ͵͞ͳΝ‫͓گ‬Ζ͹ͫͮͪ͹͖ʱͳ͏͑΍͹͍͗ΕΉͪ͢ɽ‫گ‬ҽ͹Ϩηέ͹ҲͯͺɾΏΕ๏Ν͏Θ͏Θஎͮͱ͏ͱɾࣙಊԿ͠Ηͱ͏Ζஎࣟ͗ଡ͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ౲ͪΕ઴͹எࣟͶͯ͏ͱͺɾઈ໎ͤΖචགྷ͍͗Ζͳͺࢧ͓͵͏͹Ͳͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢ͱɾ෵ࡸ͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͲͺɾͨ͹‫͓گ‬๏Ͷͯ͏ͱ஭қ਄͚ߡ͓Ν਄Όͱ͕͖͵͏ͳɾࢢ‫ڛ‬Ͷͺ͞Η΍͍Η΍Ͳ͘Ζͺͥͫͳࢧ͏ࠒΊɾʰͺ͏ɾΏΕ͵͠͏ʱͳ‫ͫ͑͜ݶ‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͢Ή͏Ήͤɽͳ͞Θ͗ਫ਼ైଈͺɾ‫ئ‬௃ͮͱ΍સષ෾͖Δ͵͏͞ͳ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ‫گ‬ҽͺࠖ࿯͢ͱɾ
ʰՁͲͲ͘͵͏͹ͫΘ͑ɾ͞Ξ͵౲ͪΕ઴͹͞ͳ͗ʱͳ‫͑ݶ‬Κ͜Ͳͤɽ৏Ғ  ෾͹  ͹੔੹͹ਫ਼ైͲ͍Ηͻɾ໎ࣖదͶ‫͓گ‬ΔΗ͵͚ͱ΍ࣙષͶͲ͘Ζ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ͖͢͢ɾԾҒ  ෾͹  ͹੔੹͹ਫ਼ైͫͳɾ໎ࣖదͶ‫͓گ‬ΔΗ͵͏ͳͲ͘͵͏͹Ͳͤɽ ඉ৙Ͷ༙༽͵͹ͺɾ໎ࣖద͵ϠυϩΝ఑ࣖͤΖ͞ͳͲͤɽʹ͑͏͑ητρϕΝಁΞͲΏΖ͹͖ɾୣ੔͢͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏୉ࣆ͵͞ͳͺՁ͵͹͖ɽ͑Ή͚Ͳͪ͘ͳ͏
͓Ζ΍͹ΏɾΓ͚͍Ζϝηʀ‫ޣ‬մͺՁ͵͹͖ɾҲͯ͹ητρϕ͖Δͨ͹࣏ͶҢΖ͹

170Ͷༀཱིͯࢩԋͺʹ͑͏͑΍͹͖ɾͳ͏ͮͪ͞ͳΝ఑ࣖͤΖ͹Ͳͤɽ͑ͪ͢͞͞ͳͺɾΩϨΫϣϧϞ֋൅ΏΠιηϟϱφ֋൅͹Ҳ‫ͤͲ؂‬ɽΓ͏ϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲ՃͲͺɾΠιηϟϱφ͹֋൅ͳΩϨΫϣϧϞ͹֋൅Ͷͨ͑ͪͯ͢͵͗Ε͗Ͳ͘ͱ͏Ήͤɽͳ͏͑͹ͺɾਫ਼ై͹ָसΝ੔ޯཬͶ਒ΌΖͶͺɾͨ͹್ͯͺືંͶ‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͏Ζ͖Δ
Ͳͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ‫گ‬ҽ͹඲ՃϨτϧεʖΝ߶ΌΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ‫ؖ‬Κͮͱ͚
ΖΓ͑͵͕࿫Ͳͪ͢ɽΠιηϟϱφ͗ϟριʖζͫͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ&%$/ ͹‫ݶ‬ཁͲ‫ݶ‬͓ͻɾΫʖʀϕϧέτΡη͹ԾͶ͍ΖགྷોνηέΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷಋఈ͢ͱɾͨΗΝ‫ݶ‬Κͻଏ৖ֽ͜Ͷ࢘ͮͱʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ࠹शద͵ΠΤφϕρφͶࢺΔͦΖ͖ɾͨ͹ว͹ૌΊཱིͱ๏Ν‫گ‬ҽ͗ࣙ෾ͲΏΕ͵͗Δ‫͚͏ͱͯ͜ݡ‬ɾઅఈ͢ͱΊΖɾͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍Ҳͯ͹ΠϕϫʖοͶ͵Εͨ͑Ͳͤ͸ɽ Ͳͺɾ͕ଶͪͦ͢ͱ͏Ήͪ͢ɾ੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼ɾ͕‫͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽʴ੶Ԯʵ઎Άʹੜਭ઎ਫ਼͖Δɾঘ࿨ช͹ࡀ఼͹඲Ճ‫خ‬६͗෾͖Δ͵͏ΉΉɾָߏͲͺ඲Ճ͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͕࿫͍͗ͮͪͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͹͏Δͮ͢ΎΖ
(76 ͲͺɾHUDWHU ͳ͏͑ࣙಊࡀ఼εητϞΝࡠͮͱ͏ͱɾ඲Ճߴ໪͗  ‫݀ͳݺ‬Ήͮͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͩΗͶଲͤΖ॑Ί΍સ෨݀Ήͮͱ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͺφϒρέͶΓΔ
͵͏Ͳ݀Ήͮͱ͏ͱɾͨΗΝ͍Δ͖ͣΌޮන͢ͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ΍͢ޮద͵ࢾ‫ݩ‬Ͷͨ͑͏͑࿨ช͗ࡀ༽͠ΗΖ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͪΔɾઈ໎੻೜ͳ͏఼͖͑Δ඲Ճ‫خ‬६ͺΏͺΕ໎ࣖ͢ͱ͏͚චགྷ͍͗Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ ΍͑Ҳͯɾ࿨ช͹‫ؽ‬փࡀ఼͗‫׮‬ᘵͶ͵ͮͪΔਕؔ͹ࡀ఼ंΝͯ΁͢ͱ͢Ή͑͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɾࡠୌ͹࣯Νཚͳͤ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱ͹͟յ౶Ͳͤ͗ɾͨ
͑͏͑͞ͳͺ͵͏ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ‫ؽ‬փࡀ఼ͺਕؔ͹ࡀ఼Ͷ‫ݸ‬Ε͵͚ۛͰ͜ͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑ΠϕϫʖοΝखͮͱ͏Ζ͖Δɾͳ͏͑͹͗౶͓͹ҲͯͲͤɽࣰࡏͶ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͖Δ͕࿫͍͗ͮͪΓ͑Ͷɾ*0$7 ͳ‫ͻݼ‬ΗΖΠϟϨΩ͹‫ܨ‬Ө୉ָӅ͹ͪΌ͹ࢾ‫Ͳݩ‬ͺɾΦριʖ͗඲Ճ͠ΗΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ‫ؽ‬փ͗સ෨ΏΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͚ɾ‫ؽ‬փͳਕ͗ࡀ఼͢Ήͤɽҩ͏͍͗ͮͪΔΉͪพ͹ਕؔ͗ࡀ఼ͤΖͳ͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬ɾ࠹शద͵൓இͺਕؔͶ೜͠Ηͱ͏Ήͤɽช๑ద͵͞ͳΏɾ‫ؽ‬փͲοΥρέͲ͘ΖΓ͑͵΍͹ͺ‫ؽ‬փͶ೜ͦͱɾͨΗҐ৏͹͞ͳͺਕؔ͗Ώͮͱͳ͏͑‫Ͳܙ‬ɾ͕‫͏ޕ‬Ͷα
ϧϚͤΖ͞ͳͶΓͮͱɾΓΕྒྷ͏൓இ‫خ‬६ΝʹΞʹΞࡠͮͱɾྒྷ͏‫خ‬६εητϞΝ
ࡠͮͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗໪ඬͲͤɽͨ͹қັͶ͕͏ͱɾਕؔ͹ࡀ఼ं͗͏͵͚͵Ζͳ͖ɾࡠୌं͹࣯Νཚͳͤ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺᐞ༗ʤ͘Α͑ʥͲ͍Θ͑ͳࢧΚΗΉͤɽҐ৏Ͳͤɽ

ʴ'HDQHʵࣙಊࡀ఼͹෨ॼͲ͹ࢴ͹‫͖ݩܨ‬Δਅ͢৏ͪ͝͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾʹ͑͏͑͞ͳً͗͘
Ζ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾॄΉͮͱࡠ໲Ν͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͘ɾࡀ఼ंͶͺ෾͖ΖͫΘ͑ͳ؈ୱͶࢧ͏ࠒΞͲ͢Ή͑͹Ͳͤɽ͖͢͢ɾਕ͗඲ՃͤΖ৖߻ɾͨΗ͗໲ୌͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳͤɽᐈ

171ຖͲ෈໎ྐͲ͍ͮͪΕ͢ͱɾ൓இ͗ೋ͢͏ͳ͞Θ͗೘ͮͱ͚Ζ͖ΔͲͤɽͪ͗ͮ͢
ͱɾ(76 Ͳͺɾࣙಊࡀ఼͹Ϡυϩ͹֋൅ΝͤΖଈͳɾ‫ݫ‬ʓ͹ϩʖϔϨρέΝࡠΖଈͳ͹࿊‫ܠ‬Ν‫ືە‬ͶͤΖɾͳ͏͑͞ͳΝࢭͳ͢ͱ͏ΉͤɽΓ͚ߡ͓ൊ͏ͱɾ඲Ճ‫خ‬६Νͺͮ͘Εͳ໎ࣖͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ηͻɾ‫ؽ‬փͶ΍༙༽ͫ͢ɾਕͶ΍༙༽͵͹Ͳͤɽ
ਕ͗෾͖Δ͵͏য়‫ͪͮͫڱ‬Δɾ‫ؽ‬փ͗෾͖Ζͺͥ͗͵͏͹Ͳͤɽʴࢃஏʵੜਭ઎ਫ਼ɾՁ͖͍ΕΉ͖ͤɽʴੜਭʵҲ఼ͫ͜ࢧ͏ͯ͘Ͳɾਅ͢༃͵͏Ͳͤɽ͑ͪ͢͞࿨फ़‫ܗ‬͹໲ୌͲ‫͖ͯش‬͹ߴ໪Νཱིͱͱࡀ఼͠Ηͱ͏ΖͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽͨΗͺ୉ָͶΓͮͪΕɾ͍Ζ͏ͺָ෨ʀָՌͶΓͮͪΕͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾͨ͹ർ॑ͺรΚΖɾ͞Ηͺ΍ͬΘΞ෾͖Ζ͹Ͳͤɽགྷͺɾྭ͓ͻҲͯ͹ߴ໪͹஦Ͳࡀ఼‫خ‬६͗અ͜ΔΗͱ͏ͱɾ͞Η͗གྷͤΖͶ *RRG
ͫͳͤΖɽͳ͞Θ͗ɾ‫غ‬ଶͪ͢Ґ৏͹մ౶͗ड़ͱͪ͘ͳ͘ͶՅ఼ɾͯΉΕຮ఼Ґ৏Ͷ఼਼ΝՅ͓Ζ͞ͳͺ͍ΕಚΖ͹͖ɽࣰࡏͶ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ͺޮ֋͵͠Δ͵͏Ͳ݃ߑ͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ‫ݡ‬մͳ͢ͱͺɾ࿨फ़͹ࡀ఼ͳ͏఼͑Ͳͺʹ͑͵͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ ͨΗͳɾ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͹ͳ͞ΘͲͺɾΠϟϨΩͲͺͨ͑͏͑Յ఼ͳ͏͑΍͹Νʹ͹
Γ͑Ͷ͕ߡ͓Ͷ͵ΔΗͱ͏Ζ͖ɾ͕ࢗ͏ͪ͢͏Ͳͤɽ
ʴࢃஏʵപਭ઎ਫ਼͗઎Άʹ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͪɾ͍ΉΕϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝͺͮ͘Ε݀Ό͵͏Ͳɾ͏Θ͏Θଡ༹੓͍͗Ζ͹͖ͫΔɾͨ͹ว͹ौೊ͵‫ݡ‬खΕ͗චགྷͫͳ͏͑͞ͳͳ΍‫͍͗ܐؖ‬Ζ͹͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͸ɽʴ੤Ԯʵ ͤΊΉͦΞɾ೘ࢾͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺࡀ఼‫خ‬६Νޮ֋͢͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳɾࢴ͹‫ݺ‬ਕ͹൓இͲͺ‫͓ݶ‬ΉͦΞɽͪͫɾ೘ࢾ͹৖߻ͶΏΕΏͤ͏͹ͺɾ૮ଲ඲ՃͲ
ͤ͹Ͳɾྒྷ͏΍͹͖Δด΄ͱ͏ͮͱ৏͖ΔॳͶखΗͻ݀ΉΖͳ͏͑ଈ໚͍͗ΕΉͤɽ͟ལ͏ͪͫ͏ͪΔ෾͖ΖΓ͑Ͷɾ͖͖ͪͫ  ໌͹ർֳ͵͹ͲɾͨΞ͵Ͷർֳͺೋ͚͢͵͏ͳ͏͑ͳ͞Θ͗͟͡͏Ήͤɽ ָߏ‫ݳ‬৖ͲϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌͶखΕૌΞͲ͏͚ͪͫͳ͘Ͷͺɾ઎ਫ਼๏Ͷ‫ڠ‬ಋͲࡀ఼‫خ‬६ΝࡠΖͳ͏͑ࡠ‫ۂ‬Νϭʖέεϥρϕ͵ʹͲΏͮͱ͏ͪͫ͘ΉͤɽҲൢదͶ‫͏ݶ‬Ή͢ͱɾ࠹ॵͶϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝΏͮͪͳ͘Ͷ‫غ‬ଶҐ৏͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη
͗ड़ͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͺΌͮͪͶ͵͏ͲͤɽʰՁͫɾΏΔͦͱΊͪΔ͞Η͖ͫ͜͢Ͳ
͘͵͖ͮͪ͹͖ɽτηφͲ͞Ξ͵ͶͲ͘ͱ͏Ζ͹ͶɾӵชͲࡠชΝॽ͖ͦͪΔ͞Ξ͵ͶͲ͘͵͏͹͖ʱͳ‫͖ڽ‬ΗΖΓ͑͵ྭ΍͍ΕΉͤɽ Ͳ͖ͤΔɾ݂ດΌ໲ୌͲࢾ͢ͱ͏Ζӵ‫ͳྙޢ‬ɾࣙ෾͹Π΢υΠΝྭ͓ͻ  ϏϧήϧϓͲ࿨फ़ͤΖྙͺҩ͑͹ͫ͵ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝͨΗͲࣰ‫ͫͪ͜͏ͱ͢״‬Ζ͹Ͳͤɽྭ͓ͻϩʖϔϨρέ͹Ϫϗϩ  ͖ΔϪϗϩ  ͲࡠͮͪͳͤΖͳɾͨ͹࣏ͶϪϗϩ  ΝՅ͓ͱ͏͚ɾ͠ΔͶࢨ಍͗րવ͠ΗɾϏϓΧʖϜϱη͗րવ͠ΗΗͻɾϪϗϩ  ͗172Ͳ͘ͱ͚Ζͳ͏͑͹ࣰ͗ࡏͶͺً͞ΕΉͤɽϩʖϔϨρέΝࡠͮͱಆ଩ͬͶ͵Ζ͞ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͖͑ɾϩʖϔϨρέͲߨͮͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾ‫ݶ‬Κͻ‫ܙ‬੔ద඲Ճ͵͹ͲͤɽϪϗϩ  ͖ΔϪϗϩ  ͲϩʖϔϨρέ͗ࡠΔΗͪΔɾͨ͹৏Ͷ໪ࢨͤ΄͘Ϫϗϩ ͺՁͫΘ͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳ࣏͗ͶυΡηΩρεϥϱͲ͘ΉͤɽͨΗ͵͢ͲɾͪͫΨʖϕϱΦϱχͲΏΔͦͱ͏Ζͫͫ͜ͳɾ
Ձ͗ͨ͞Ͳ୉ࣆͶ͠ΗΖ΄͘͵͹͖ɾ͍Ζ͏ͺɾʹ͑͏͑ࢨ಍͹޽෋ΝͤΗͻ͠ΔͶ৵ͻͤ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑ͳ͞ΘͶͯ͵͗Δ͵͏͹Ͳɾͨ͹ࡠ‫ۂ‬ͺָߏͲ‫ڠ‬ಋ‫ڂݜ‬ΝΏΖͳ͘͵ʹͶͺචͥΏͮͱ͏ͪͫ͏ͱ͏ΉͤɽʴപਭʵϩʖϔϨρέΏ͞͹ϓϪʖϞϭʖέͺΦϚϩϑϱή͵΍͹ʤ਒ԿͤΖ΍͹ʥͲ͍ͮͱΆ͢͏ͳࢧͮͱ͏ͪ͹Ͳɾࠕ͹੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫ͺඉ৙ͶһেదͲͪ͢ɽ
Յ఼Ͷͯ͏ͱɾҲൢదͶࠖΖ͞ͳͺɾ$ʀ%ʀ& Ν݀Όͱɾ૟ఈ֐͹մ౶Νɾ6 Ͷ
ͤΖ͖ ' ͶͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽགྷͤΖͶ $ʀ%ʀ& ͹ɾ$ Ν௔͓ͪ૟ఈ֐͹ྒྷ͏΍͹͵͹͖ɾͨΗͳ΍͞Ηͺ૟ఈ֐գ͙ͱ ' ͵͹͖ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵ͳ͞ΘͲɾ઎ਫ਼͗΍Όͱ͏ΖͳΏͺΕ‫ݫ‬ʓΏΘ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏ͪ඲Ճ͹࣯͗ఁ͏͹ͫΘ͑ͳߡ͓Ήͤɽ ࢴͪͬ͗ζήλʖ͹஦Ͳ‫ͪͮ͏ͱͯ͜ݡ‬͹΍ɾ૓ଆద͵՟ୌΝΨʖϕϱΦϱχͲ೜ͦΖΓΕ΍ɾྭ͓ͻࢀͯ͹ࣁྋΝಣΞͲɾʰ߶ߏਫ਼͗͏Ζৱ୐Ͷ͵Ζ΄͚ྒྷ͏ϏʖτΡʖྋཀྵΝࡠΖͶͺʹ͑ͪ͢Δ͏͏͹͖ʱͳ͏͑۫ରద͵য়‫ڱ‬અఈͲ૓ଆΝ‫ٽ‬Ό
Ζɽͨ͑ͤΖͳɾ࠹‫ޛ‬Ͷड़ͱͪ͘մ͗ʰ߶ߏਫ਼Ͷ͵Ζͳ਎ͳ࿫͢Ͷ͚͚͵ͮͱ͚Ζ
͹Ͳɾ୉ࡾྋཀྵΝࡠͮͱɾʹ͑͢ͱ΍खΕ෾͜͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͚ͱճ࿫ً͗͘ΖΓ͑͵Ϫ΢ΠΤφͶͪ͢๏͗Γ͏ʱͳ͏͑΍͹͗ड़ͱ͘ΉͤɽͤΖͳɾ઎ਫ਼ͺʰͨΗͺ૟ఈ͢͵͖ͮͪՅ఼ͪ͢͏౶͓ͫʱͳࣙ৶Ν࣍ͮͱ඲ఈͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͘ΉͤɽͨΗͺɾΉͥͺέϫʖθχΦϱχదͶ $ʀ%ʀ& ͳ͏͑ࣁྋΝ෾͖ͮͱ͏Ζ͖
Ͳ੔੹ $ʀ%ʀ& ͹ήϪʖυΡϱή͗Ͳ͘Ζ͞ͳͶΓͮͱॵΌͱɾͨΗΝ௔͓ͪ૓ଆద͵གྷો͗‫؜‬ΉΗͱ͏Ζ͖ɾૌΊ߻Κ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ͖ͳ͏͑൓இ͗Ͳ͖ͪ͘ΔͲ͢Β͑ɽ ͨ͹қັͲɾ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͕͗ͮ͢Ύͮͪɾɾɾ ͳ݀ΌΖ͹ͫ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨΗΝ௔͓Ζ΍͹͍͗Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏ͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ͖ͮ͢Ε݀ΌΖ͖Δͨࣙ͞༟͵΍͹͗‫ͱ͘ͱ͓ݡ‬ɾϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͳ͏͑͹͗ʹΞʹΞ൅ୣ͢ͱ͏͚ͳ
͏͑͞ͳͲͺ͵͏͖ͳߡ͓Ήͪ͢ɽʴ੤ԮʵͽΒͮͳͪ͢Δപਭ઎ਫ਼ͳқ‫͗ݡ‬෾͖ΗΖͳ͞Θ͵͹͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɾ‫ݸ‬Ε͵͚৵;ͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳͺɾͨΗΆʹͺ͵͏Ͳͤɽָߏ‫ݳ‬৖ͲͺɾΉͥɾྒྷ͏՟ୌ
ΝࡠΖ͹Ͷ‫ۦ‬࿓͠ΗΉͤɽྒྷ͏ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝࡠΖͳ͏͑ͳ͞ΘͲɾ෵਼͹઎ਫ਼͗οʖϞͲखΕૌΞͲ͏ͪͫ͏ͱɾྒྷ͏՟ୌྭΝ‫ͱ༙͢ڠ‬ɾʰ͞Ηͺਫ਼ైͪͬ͗
ৱ͏෉͗͘͏͏ʱͳ͖ɾ
ʰ͑͞͏͑΀͑Ͷࢨ಍ͤΖͳ͑͞͏͑΀͑Ͷ৵;Ζʱͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗‫༙͠ڠ‬Ηͱ͏͚ͳɾ୉ର  ೧͛Δ͏Ͳɾྭ͓ͻʰ͑ͬ͹ָߏͲӵ‫ྙޢ‬Ν෉͜Γ͑ͳࢧ͑ͳɾ͑͞͏͑՟ୌΝΏΖͳ͏͏͸ʱʰ͞Η͛Δ͏͹඲Ճ‫خ‬६Ͳ‫ڠ‬௪ཀྵմ͗

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ʴ'HDQHʵ௧ՅͲਅ͢৏ͪ͝͏͹Ͳͤ͗ɾҲൢͶϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝΏΔͦΖͳ͘ɾસ͚͵ͣΊ΍‫ݩܨ‬΍͵͜Ηͻ༑Ηͪ݃Վͺड़ΉͦΞɽͨΗ͗ਕؔͳ͏͑΍͹Ͳͤɽਫ਼ై͗સ͚͵ͣΊ͹͵͏νηέΝΏΔ͠ΗΖͳɾકྲྀ΍͵͏͢ɾΏΕ๏΍෾͖Δ͵͏͢ɾ෵ࡸ͵νηέΝҲͯҲͯࡋ͖͚෾͜ͱΏΕΏ͚ͤͤΖͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍Ͳ͘͵͏͹Ͳͤɽͨ͹νηέͶ͵ͣΊ͍͗Ζਫ਼ైͫ͜Ͷͨ͑͏͑͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ Ͳ͖ͤΔɾྭ͓ͻ೘ࢾͲޮฑ͵ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝߨ͑͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾਫ਼ై͗߶
ߏͲՁౕ΍Ώͮͱͪ͘͹ͳࣇͪΓ͑͵νηέΝ༫͓Ζ΄͘Ͳͤɽͨ͑Ͳ͵͏ͳɾ͵ͣΊ͗͵͏ͪΌͶʹ͑ΏͮͱΠϕϫʖοͪ͢Δ͏͏͖෾͖ΕΉͦΞɽ॑གྷ͵͹ͺɾͪͳ͓໎֮͵඲Ճ‫خ‬६Ν֋ࣖͤΖ͞ͳ͗ೋ͚͢ͱ΍ɾࣇͪΓ͑͵Ҳ‫܊‬͹νηέ͍͗ΖΚ͜Ͳɾͨ͞Ͷ‫ڠ‬௪ͪ͢඲Ճ‫خ‬६͍͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽྭ͓ͻɾυΡηΩρεϥϱͲͺɾྒྷ͏υΡηΩρεϥϱߨಊͳͨ͑Ͳ͵͏΍͹͍͗ΕΉͤɽҲॻͶ໲ୌͶखΕૌ΋ͳ͘ɾυΡηΩρεϥϱͶ‫׵‬Ηͱ͏Ζਕ͗ࣙષͶ࢘͑કྲྀ͍͗Ζ΍͹Ͳͤɽ ೘ࢾͲ࢘͑΍͹ͳಋͣν΢ϕ͹Ҳ‫܊‬͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱη՟ୌΝ߶ߏͲΏΕɾΓ͏ϏϓΧʖϜϱηͳ൓இͲ͘Ζ‫ڠ‬௪͹‫خ‬६͍͗Ζ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾ೘ࢾͲ͹νηέͳસ͚ಋͣ඲Ճ‫خ‬६Ͳ͵͚ͱ΍୉৐෋Ͳ͢Β͑ɽ॑གྷ͵͞ͳͺɾਫ਼ై͗ɾ͞͹झ͹νηέͺ͑͞ΏͮͱखΕૌΌͻΓ͏ͳָ΁͞ͳ͵͹Ͳ͖ͤΔɽʴപਭʵϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͳ͏͑͹ͺɾଡ෾ɾೖຌͲ‫ָͳ͑ݶ‬सࢨ಍གྷ྘
৏Ͳɾྭ͓ͻ਼ָΏࠅ‫ޢ‬ɾऀճɾཀྵՌ͹αϱτϱςͶͯ͏ͱͺ‫ع‬ͶೖຌͶͺ͍Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤɽ&RPPRQ &RUH 6WDWH 6WDQGDUGV ͶͦΓɾ1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ 6FLHQFH
6WDQGDUGV ͶͦΓɾ΋͢Θೖຌ͹ָसࢨ಍གྷ྘ΝࢂߡͶͪ͢ͳ͏͑໚΍͍ΕΉ͖ͤΔɾαϱτϱςͺΨʖίʖͲͤɽ ͲͺɾηΫϩ͹๏ͺʹ͖͑ɽࠕյ͹ָसࢨ಍གྷ྘͹րఙͲ΍ɾྭ͓ͻʰߡ͓Ζʱͳ͏͑஦Ͷචགྷ͵གྷોɾචགྷ͵Ϫϗϩ͍͗Ζ͹ͫͳͤΖͳɾͨΗΝָ೧͟ͳͶ෾͜
Ζͳ͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑٠࿨ͺɾࢴ͹ཀྵմͲͺҲ࣎‫͍غ‬ΕΉͪ͢ɽ Ͳ΍ɾ͞ΗΝΏͮͱΊΖͳɾ਼ָͲ΍ཀྵՌͲ΍ऀճͲ΍݃‫ۃ‬ΏͺΕʰർֳͤΖʱʰ‫͜෉ܐؖ‬Ζʱʰ‫و‬ଉ੓Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬ΖʱʰΉͳΌΖʱͳ͏͑͹͚͗ͤ͟୉ࣆͫ͸ɾʹ͞΍ࣇͱ͏ΖΓ͸ɾͳ͵ͮͪ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽͨ͢ͱ͞ΗΝ۫ରదͶʹ͑ͤΖ͖ͳ͏͑ͳ͘ͶɾηΫϩ͹๏͹ϕϧέτΡηͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθΝΏ
Ζͳɾଡ෾ɾೖຌͳΠϟϨΩ͹͕ࠅࣆ৚͗ҩ͑ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝߡ͓Ͷ೘Ηͪ๏͗Γ͏͹Ͳͤɽೖຌਕͺ͚ͤ͟ਇ໚໪͵͹Ͳʰ͑͞͏͑΍͹͗ྒྷ͏γϜϨʖͲͤɾ͑͞͏
͑΍͹͗ྒྷ͏υΡηΩρεϥϱ͹࢕๏Ͳͤɾ͑͞͏͑΍͹͗ྒྷ͏ߡ͓๏Ͳͤʱͳ‫ݶ‬
ΚΗΖͳɾͨ͹ͳ͕ΕͶΏΘ͑ͳ͢ͱ͢Ή͑ͳ͏͑͹͗ɾ݃ߑɾೖຌ͹‫ࠅ͏͵ث‬຿੓͵͹͖͵ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ঘָߏཀྵՌͲ  ೧ਫ਼ͺർ΄Ζ͹͗୉ࣆɾ ೧ਫ਼ͺ‫͜෉ܐؖ‬Ζ͹͗୉ࣆɾ ೧ਫ਼ͺ174‫و‬ଉ੓Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬Ζ͹͗୉ࣆͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬Δɾͨ͹ָ೧ͺͨΗ͖͢Ώͮͱͺ͏͜͵͏͹͖ͳࢧͮͱ͢Ή͑઎ਫ਼͗ड़ͱ͚Ζ͹ͲͤɽͨΗͺ‫ޣ‬մ͵͹Ͳͤ͗ɽ͖ͫΔϧʖωϱήʀϕϫήϪρεϥϱθͺྒྷ͏͹ͫ͜Ηʹ΍ɾͨΗΝ‫ݺ‬พԿͦͥͶɾೖຌ͹৖߻ͺࠕյɾָसࢨ಍གྷ྘͹஦Ͳɾαϱτϱς΍ηΫϩ΍ָसସౕ΍ҲରͶͪ͢ʰ΍͹͹‫ݡ‬๏ʀߡ͓๏ʱ͗ɾ͑͞͏͑ͳ͞ΘͶ౺ୣͲ͘ΖͳΓ͏ɾͳड़ͪ͢͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽใ‫؜‬ద͵ϕϧέτΡηͳ͏͖͑ɾཀྵՌͳ͏͑͹ͺʰ಼༲΍ηΫϩ΍ସౕ΍߻Κͦͱ͞Ξ͵͞ͳ͗ਐͶ෉͚ͳ͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ʱͳ͏͑͹Νָߏஊ֌ɾָ೧Ͳഓ͢ͱ͏͚ͳ͏
͑Γ͑Ͷ͵ͮͪ͹͖ͳࢧͮͱ͏Ήͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͖ͪ͢Ͷɾָྙ͹̑གྷોͳ‫ͻݼ‬Ηͱ͏ͪ΍͹͗ࣁ࣯ʀ೵ྙ͹ࢀͯ͹஬ͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ͪΕɾͬΒͮͳන‫͗ݳ‬รΚͮͱ͏Ήͤ͸ɽʰਫ਼͘ͱಉ͚எࣟʱ͵ʹ͖Δ͵ͮͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͹΍ɾ͍ΖқັͲ͞͹ࢀͯΝพʓ͹΍͹Ͷ‫ݡ‬գ͙ͱ͏ͪ͹Ͷଲ͢ͱɾҲରͳ͵ͮͱಊ͚΍͹ͳ͢ͱɾ‫ݶ‬Κͻஎࣟߑ੔Ͷ޴͜ͱ͹ಊ͘Ν઴఑Ͷ͢ͱ
͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ͵͹͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ ߶୉ંକͳ͏͑͞ͳΝɾୱ͵ΖમൊંକͲߡ͓Ζ͹͖ɾͨΗͳ΍‫گ‬үંକͲߡ͓
Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾ͖͵Εͨ͞Ͳ΍‫ݡ‬๏͹ҩ͏͍͗Ζͳࢧ͑͹Ͳͤɽࠕյ͹τʖϜͺɾʹͬΔ͖ͳ͏͑ͳ‫گ‬үંକ͹஦Ͳ೘ࢾΝʹ͑ଌ͓Ζ͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗॑གྷ͵؏఼͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ྭ͓ͻ઎Άʹപਭ઎ਫ਼͗ɾ΍͢Ҳյ੓͹೘ࢾɾ յͲΏΖ͹ͫͳͪ͢Δ್ͯ͹ΏΕ๏͍͗Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ͕ͮ͢Ύ͏Ήͪ͢ɽҲͯͺɾ਄͏எࣟʀཀྵմ͹ΠΤφϕρ
φΝ໲͑΍͹ɽ΍͑Ҳͯͺɾ‫ݶ‬Κͻͨ͹৖Νਇਜ਼͵՟ୌΝߨ͑য়‫ڱ‬ͶͤΖɽͨΗͨ͞౨୉Ώ‫ښ‬୉Ͳ࿨फ़ͦ͠ΖɾυΡηΩρεϥϱͦ͠Ζɾͨ͹৖Ͳ͹ϏϓΧʖϜϱηΝགྷ‫ͤٽ‬ΖΓ͑͵͞ͳΝΏΖɾͨ͹஦Ͳஎࣟߑ੔͹࢕๏ɾ͑͞͏͑‫͏ݶ‬๏ͺඉ৙Ͷѳ͏͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɾ͍ΖқັͲηΫϩԿ͢ͱ͏Ζɾसಚ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ΍͹Ν൅‫ض‬͢ͱ΍Δͮͱɾͨ͞Ν૯Ͷ͢ͱ඲ՃͤΖɽͨ͑͏್͑ͯ͹ΏΕ๏Ͳͤɽ ͪͫɾ͞ΗΔͺ͏ͥΗͶ͢ͱ΍Ҳյ੓ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ΍ͮͱɾʹ͑͢ͱ΍τηφʀϭ΢θϋη͹໲ୌɾ͍Ζ͏ͺඉ৙Ͷછ͏ͳ͞ΘͲΏͮͱ͢Ή͑͵ʹɾ౲ષɾ߶ߏ͹ଈͺͨΗͶଲͤΖ६ඍΝͦ͠Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͘Ή͖ͤΔɾ͍ΉΕͶ΍ͨΗ͗‫ک‬Ήͮͱ͚Ζͳɾ͏ͯ΍͹ྙΝ൅‫͚ͱ͢ض‬ΗΗͻ͏͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͺࡃΉ͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽͽΒͮͳͤΖͳɾͤͲͶ‫͖ͯش‬͹୉ָ͹ $2 ೘ࢾͲߨΚΗͱ͏ΖΓ͑ͶɾՁյָ͖स‫ؽ‬ճΝࡠͮͱͨ͹‫Ͳޛ‬඲Ճ͹‫ؽ‬ճΝ࣍ͮͱ͚Ζɾ͍Ζ͏ͺட੷͠Ηͪ΍͹͹੔ՎΝ඲ՃͤΖɾͳ͏͑Γ͑͵ү੔‫ܗ‬͹Πϕϫʖο͗චགྷ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ‫گ‬үંକͳ͏͑஦Ͳ೘ࢾΝߡ͓ͪ৖߻Ͷɾʹ͑͏͑๏๑͗న઀͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤ͸ɽ ࠕΉͲ͹͕࿫ͺʹͬΔ͖ͳ͏͑ͳɾ߶౵ָߏ͹๏Ͳʹ͑͏͑΀͑ͶΏͮͱ͏͜ͻ͏͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ͞ΗΝ୉ָ‫گ‬үͶͯ͵͏Ͳ͏͚ɽ͍Ζ͏ͺɾ‫گ‬үંକͳͺ͏ͮͱ΍ɾʹ͖͞Ͷમൊ͹གྷો͗೘ͮͱ͚Ζ͹Ͳɾ͞͹͍ͪΕ͹ଌ͓๏͍͗Ζ͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ϏϋϨηφ͍Ζ͏ͺϓϫΠ͹๏ͲɾՁ͖αϟϱφ͵ʹ͍ΕΉͪ͢Δɾͧͽ͓ࢗͪ

175

Δͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʹ͑Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͺ͏ɾʹ͑ͩɽʴ੤ԮʵυΡηΩρεϥϱ͹஦Ͳͺ՟ୌͶύ΢ϧ΢φ͗౲ͪͮͱ͢Ήͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾࢴͪͬͺॽྪ৻ࠬͳ͏఼͑Ͳͺɾ߶ߏͲ͹ָसསྼΝඉ৙Ͷ॑ࢻ͢ͱ‫͕ͱݡ‬ΕΉͤɽͨ͹఼Ͳͺɾָߏ‫ݳ‬৖͗खΕૌΞͲ͕ΔΗΖ͞ͳΝͬΎΞͳ୉ָͳ͢ͱ΍ण͜ࢯΌͪ͏ͳ͏͑‫͏ب‬΍ࠒΌͪ೘ࢾͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ ͨΗͲɾ઎ਫ਼͹घ͗೘Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͹͗΍͹͚ͤ͟ৼഓͫͮͪ͹ͲͤɽͳͶ͖͚஦ָߏ͖Δ͹ָसསྼͲຌਕͪͬ͗Πϒʖϩͪ͢͏΍͹Νड़͢ͱ΍Δ͏Ήͤɽଡ෾ɾ઎ਫ਼๏͗ҲਕҲਕ͹ਫ਼ైͶघͳΕଏͳΕɾྭ͓ͻϓΟ΢ϩͶ೘ͮͱ͏Ζࡠ඾Νસ෨઎ਫ਼͗ॽ͘௜ͤͳ͏͑͹ͺඉ‫ࣰݳ‬దͫΘ͖͑Δɾ‫ؽ‬೵͢͵͚ͺ͵͏͵ͳ͏͑‫״‬ৰͺ࣍ͬΉͪ͢ɽࣰࡏɾྭ͓ͻ൶Δ͗߶ߏ࣎େͶॽ͏ͪϪϛʖφΏɾਫ਼ైͶΓͮͱͺϕϪκϱΝΏͮͱ͏Ζ '9' Ν೘Ηͱͪ͘ΕͤΖ͹ͲɾͨΗΝ‫ݡ‬ΖΚ͜Ͳͤɽ΍ͬΘΞɾͨΗͺ‫ͦݡ‬ΖΓ͑ͶΏͮͱ͏Ζ΍͹Ͳͺ͍Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾͨΗͳɾ౲ೖΏͮͱ΍Δ͑՟ୌɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ޳ಆࢾ໲ͳ॑͸߻ΚͦΗͻɾ୉ର҈ৼ‫͍͗״‬Ζ͵ͳ͏͑‫״‬ৰͺ͍ΕΉͤɽʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͗઎ΆʹϕϪκϱ͹஦Ͳ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͏ͪɾͨ
͑Ώͮͱ೘ͮͱָͪ͘ਫ਼ͪͬΝ͓ܶΖ୉ָ͹द‫ۂ‬͹ଈ΍รΚΔ͵͏ͳ͏͜͵͏ɾͳ͏͑͞ͳͲॵ೧ౕ͹द‫ۂ‬Νร͓ͱ͕ΔΗΖɾ͞͹͍ͪΕ΍Ҳझ͹‫گ‬үંକ͹ࡑΕ๏ͳ͢ͱɾ߶ߏγ΢χͶ΍ϟριʖζͶ͵ͮͱ͏͚͹ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ࢴ͗໿ղ͵໲ୌ఑ًΝ͢ͱ͢Ή͖ͮͪ΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽ࢔Ε͍࣎ؔ͗ͳ  ෾ఖౕ͵͹Ͳɾ͞͹઎ਫ਼Ͷ͞Ηͺ͖֮Όͱ͕͖͵͜Ηͻ͏͜͵͏ɾ͞ΗΝซ͖͵͏ͳ‫ؾ‬Η͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͍͗ΕΉͪ͢Δɾͧͽ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͺ͏ɾʹ͑ͩɽ
ʴϓϫΠ̏ʵ਷෾઴͖Δ஦ָ߶ߏҲؑ‫گ‬үͳ͏͑࿫͗ड़ͱɾಝͶࢴཱི͹໌໵ͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖΓ͑͵ָߏͲͨΞ͵࿫͍͗ΕΉͤɽͨΗ͗ࠕɾ߶ߏ୉ָંକͳ͏͑͞ͳͲɾช෨Ռָ
঴దͶͳ͏͖͑ɾ઎ਫ਼๏և͠ΞͺΦηΩϪʖνʖࣞͲͥͮͳͯ͵͗ͮͱ͏͚ɾͨ͑
͏͑͹Νߡ͓ͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹ͲͤΓ͸ɽʴࢃஏʵ߶୉͹‫ܐؖ‬ΝͬΒ͑ʹ஦߶Ҳؑ͹Γ͑Ͷɾ߶୉ҲؑͲ͏͚Γ͑͵΢ϟʖζͲ͖ͤɽʴϓϫΠ̏ʵࢴཱི͹୉ָ͵ʹɾౘΔΗΖ͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞ͗ɾਫ਼ͷΖ͏‫ͫͲͣ״‬ΔͫΔͳ͏͚Γ͑͵‫ͣ״‬Ͷ͵ΖͳɾΉ͠Ͷ‫౐ښ‬୉ָΔ͢͠ɾ౨‫ښ‬୉ָΔ͢͠ɾͨ͑͏͑΍͹͗͵͚͵ͮͱ͢Ή͑ෑ͠͹Γ͑͵΍͹Ν‫ͣ״‬Ήͤ͗ɾʹ͑Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʴࢃஏʵ೘ࢾͳ͏͑έγϑ͗೘Ζ͞ͳͲɾમൊͳ͏͑‫ە‬௃͹͍ΖϕϫιηΝ௪Ζ͞ͳͶΓͮͱਫ਼ͷΖ͗͠෹৩͠ΗΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳɾͨ͑͏͑͞ͳͲ͖ͤɽ

176 ‫͏ࢧͳ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏͖ͯش‬ΉͤɽࠕɾҲͯটΕΉͪ͢ɽଠͶ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽ͍ͳ  ෾ͬΒͮͳ͵͹ͲɾͲ͘Ζͫ͜ଡ͚͹๏͖Δ͟൅‫͍͗ݶ‬Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͺ͏ɾ͕‫͢͏ب‬ΉͤɽʴϓϫΠ̐ʵ߶୉ંକ͹٠࿨͹஦Ͳɾ߶౵ָߏ͖Δ͹಼ਅॽΏๅࠄॽ͗॑ࢻ͠ΗΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͶ͵ΕΉͤͳɾྭ͓ͻ߶౵ָߏͲ઎ਫ਼Ͷඉ৙Ͷ‫ݑ‬ΚΗͱ͏ͪਫ਼ైɾͨ͑ͪ͢ਫ਼
ై͗෈ཤ͵ࡀ఼Νण͜ΖՆ೵੓ͳ͏͑͹ͺʹ͑͵͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽͨ͹͍ͪΕͺੜਭ઎ਫ਼Ͷ͕‫͏ͪ͢͏ب‬͹Ͳͤ͗ɽ
ʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽ΍͑Ҳͯ͛Δ͏णͪ͜͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤ͗ɾ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʴϓϫΠ̑ʵ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹‫౐ښ‬୉ָ͹ಝ৯೘ࢾ͹‫Ͳܐؖ‬ɾϛʖφϓΧϨΨɾ՟ୌ΍‫؜‬Όͱ඲Ճ‫خ‬६Νޮන͢ͱ͏͵͏ͳ͕ͮ͢Ύͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾಝพͶޮන͢͵͏੷‫ۅ‬ద͵ཀྵ༟ͳ͏͑͹͍͗Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽΠΩΤϱνϑϨτΡͳ͏͏Ή͖ͤɾ͞Ηͺੜਭ઎ਫ਼͖Δ࣯͟໲͍͗ͮͪ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ΍͢Ձ͖੷‫ۅ‬ద͵ཀྵ༟Ͳ΍͍Ηͻ‫ͪͫͪ͘͏ͱ͓گ‬͏Ͳͤɽඉ৙Ͷ؈ୱ͵࣯໲Ͳͤɽ
ʴࢃஏʵ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏ΉͤɽͲͺɾ౶͓Ώͤ͏๏͖Δͳ‫ͪͮݶ‬ΔรͲͤ͜Ηʹ΍ɾ඲Ճ‫خ‬६Νޮ֋Ͳ͘͵͏੷‫ۅ‬ద͵ཀྵ༟͍͗Ζ͹͖ɾͨ͹͍ͪΕͺ͏͖͗Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʴ੤Ԯʵࢴͪͬͳ͢ͱͺɾ‫ٽ‬Όͱ͏Ζਕ෼଀͗඲Ճ‫خ‬६͵͹Ͳͤɽ͖ͫΔɾ͞ΗͲޮ֋͢
ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑ͯ΍Ε͵͹ͲͤɽʴϓϫΠ̑ʵͨ͑ͤΖͳɾಝ৯೘ࢾ͹ΠχϝρεϥϱϛϨεʖͶ߻ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ͳ͏͑ࢻ఼Ͳ͖ͤɽϛʖφϓΧϨΨɾ՟ୌ͹࿨फ़ɾ޳ಆࢾ໲΍‫؜‬ΌͱɾͨΗͲ‫͏ͱݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͖ͤɽ
ʴ੤Ԯʵͺ͏ɾ΍ͬΘΞʹ͹෨෾ͲʹΗΝ఼॑దͶ‫ݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑న߻੓Ν‫͏ͱݡ‬ΉͤɽʴϓϫΠ̑ʵΠχϝρεϥϱϛϨεʖͶॽ͏ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶ߻஗͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑Ͳ‫͏ͱݡ‬ΉͤΓɾͳ͏͑ͫ͜Ͳͺ੊ؔͺ೴ಚ͢͵͏Γ͑͵‫ͤ͗ـ‬Ζ͹Ͳͤ͗ɾʹ͑Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽଠ͹և͠Ξ๏ͺʹ͕͑‫ͣ״‬Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ή͖ͤɽ͑͞͏఼͑ɾ͑͞͏఼͑ͳɾ઎
Άʹ 'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫Ͳॉ‫͛ͯش‬Δ͏͍ΕΉͪ͢͸ɾͨ͑͏͑ϩʖϔϨρέ͹Γ͑͵΍͹͗ɾ΍ͬΘΞ஦Ͳͺͬ͘ΞͳࡠΔΗͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͑͗ɾ͞͞ΝޮනͤΖͳΉͥ͏ͳ͏͑࿫͍͗Ζ͹Ͳ͖ͤɽ
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ͪΔࠖΖͳ͏͑͞ͳͲ͏ͬ͏֮ͬ೟͢ͱ͏Ήͤɽࠕ͹ͳ͞Θ೘ࢾ‫خ‬६Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺɾ‫ٽ‬Όͱ͏Ζਕ෼଀Ґ৏͹͞ͳͺड़͠͵͏ͳ͏͑๏ਓͲཔͱ͏Ήͤ͗ɾͨ͑͏͑੢Ν͏ͪͫ͏ͪͳ͏͑͞ͳͺ࣍ͬ‫ͱͮؾ‬Ίͪ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤʤ঺ʥɽ ͨΗ͖Δɾંକ͗ਫ਼ͷΖ͚͵Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤ͗ɾસષਫ਼ͷΖ͏೘ࢾͫͳͺɾࢴͺࠕΏͮͱ͏Ζ೘ࢾͶ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺࢧͮͱ͏ΉͦΞɽͪͫɾҲൢ೘ࢾͳർ΄ͪͳ͘Ͷην΢ϩ͗ҩ͑͵ͳͺࢧ͏Ήͤɽಝ৯೘ࢾ͹৖߻Ͷʹ͑͏͑΀͑Ͷҩ͖͑͵ͳߡ͓ΖͳɾΏͺΕ‫ٽ‬Όͱ͏Ζਕ෼଀ͳ߶ߏਫ਼ָͪͬ͗;ͪ͏ָ෨଀͹ϜροϱήΝҲൢ೘ࢾΓΕ΍‫ݡ‬Ζͳ͏͑৯࠾͗ೳ͚͵Ζ͵ͳ͏͑һেͺ͍ΕΉͤɽ ‫ښ‬୉͹ಝ৯೘ࢾ͹৖߻ɾ఑ड़ॽྪͳ͢ͱָ‫׈ۂ‬ಊๅࠄॽͳ͏͑΍͹Ν‫ٽ‬Όͱ͏Ζָ෨͗୉ൔͲͤɽࣰͺɾ͞Ηͺָߏ͗६ඍͤΖ΍͹Ͳͤɽ‫گ‬үָ෨ͺ‫ڬ‬Δָ͚ߏͶҩ࿪‫״‬Νְ͓Ζࢢ͹๏͗‫گ‬үָͶన͢ͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍͍Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ͏͑
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ʴ'HDQHʵҲͯ͹ࢻ఼Ν఑‫͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͱͦ͠ڛ‬͹Ͳͤ͗ɾϩʖϔϨρέͲ୉ࣆ͵͞ͳ͹ҲͯͺɾͨΗࣙର͹‫ݺ‬พ੓Ͳͤɽ(76 Ͳͺɾ್ͯ͹झྪ͹ϩʖϔϨρέΝ࢘ͮͱ͏ΉͤɽζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέͳɾҲ࿊͹ηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͲͤɽζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέͺ֋ࣖ͠ΗΉͤ͗ɾηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͺ֋ࣖ͠ΗΉͦΞɽಝఈ͹໲ୌΏφϒρέͶ͹Ί༽͏ΔΗΖ͹͗ηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͲͤɽͨΗΝ֋ࣖ͢ͱ͢Ή͑ͳɾͨ͹໲ୌͶଲ͢ͱͺ͑͞͏͑౶͓Νॽ͜ͻΓ͏ͳ‫͢ͱ͓گ‬Ή͑Γ͑͵΍͹ͲͤɽͨΗͶଲ͢ͱɾζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέͺҲൢ‫خ‬६Ͳͤɽ͏Θ͏Θ͵໲ୌͶཤ༽͠ΗɾՁͶՃ஍Ν༫͓Ζ͖Νఽ͓Ζ΍͹Ͳͤɽ և͠Ξ͹͕࿫Ͳͺɾ‫ٽ‬ΌΖਕ෼଀ͺζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέ͹Γ͑͵΍͹Ͳɾ඲Ճ‫خ‬६ͺɾηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͳࢴͪͬ͗‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ζ΍͹Ͷۛ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͺɾࢴͪͬ΍ޮන͢ͱ͏͵͏Ͳͤɽ
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Δɾ࠹ॵͺՁ΍͵͏ͳ͞Θ͖ΔΏͮͪ๏͗͏͏ɾͳ͏͑қ‫ݡ‬΍͍ΕΉͪ͢ɽͪͫɾ
ͨΗͫͳϓΥΠ͵‫͞ͳ͑͏ͳ͏͵͗ͣ͢״‬Θ΍͍ͮͱɾ͵͖͵͖ೋ͢͏Ͳͤ͸ɽ പਭ઎ਫ਼ͺࠕ͹࣯໲Ͷͯ͏ͱՁ͖͍ΕΉ͖ͤɽʴപਭʵࠕೖ͹࿫Ͳɾ؏ࡱͳմएͺ෾͜ͱߡ͓ͪ͏ͳ͏͑‫͗͢ـ‬Ήͪ͢ɽͨ͹қັͲɾմए‫خ‬६ͺζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέͶ౲ͪͮͱɾࣰࡏ͹؏ࡱ͹ɾࠕೖ͹Π΢τϞͫͳɾʹ͑͏͑ࢨඬΝࡠΖ͖ͳ͏͑΍͹͗ηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͶ͵ͮͱ͚Ζ͹ͫΘ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͞Ν෾͜ͱɾζΥϋϧϩʀϩʖϔϨρέΉͲड़ͤ͹ͫ͜Ηʹ΍ɾηαΠϨϱήʀόʖςͳ͏͑͹Νड़͢ͱ͢Ή͑ͳɾ࣏͹೧ͶͻΗͱ͢Ή͑ͳ͏͑͹΍͍Ζ͢ɾΏͺΕɾ͚ͤ͟ଡ༹Ͳ‫ݺ‬พͲɾʰࠕյ͹ण‫ݩ‬ਫ਼ͫͳ͑͞͏͑඲Ճͫʱͳ͏
͑͹Νड़͢ͱ͢Ή͑͞ͳͶ͵Ζ͹Ͳɾޮฑ੓ͳ͏͑࿫Ͷ͵ͮͪͳ͘Ͷ͏Θ͏ΘΏΏ͢͞͏͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͢Ήͮͱɾຌ౲͹ָ;ɾण‫ݩ‬͹৖ͲָΞͲ͚Ηͪ͞ͳ͹ྒྷ͠ͳ͏͑͹͗නΗͶ͚͚͵Ζ͹ͫΘ͑͵ͳ‫ͣ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽ ͪͫɾ໯ͮͱߡ͓Ήͤͳɾ୉ָ͹஦Ͳ઎ਫ਼ͪͬ͗ೖʓʹΞ͵΀͑ͶಆΝಉ͖ͦͱ
͏Ζ͖ɾྭ͓ͻ೸ָ෨Νड़ͪΔʹ͑͏͑ϕϧέτΡη͗ऀճਕͶ͵ͮͪͳ͘ͶགྷΖ͖ͳ͏͑͹ͺɾ΍ͮͳʹΞʹΞ߶ߏਫ਼Ͷఽ͓ͱ͏͚΄ͫ͘ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽࢴͪͬ͗Ώͮͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾ౨୉͹஦͹ &R5() ͳ͏͑‫͵ߑؽ‬͹Ͳͤ͗ɾཀྵָ෨Ώ޽ָ෨ͳν΢Πρϕ͢ͱɾҲೖ΍͹͹ࣰભָߪ࠴ͳ͏͑ϭʖέεϥρϕΝΏͮͱ͏Ήͤɽ‫ޗ‬઴஦Ͷͨ͹෾໼͹࠹઎୼͹಼༲ΝɾζήλʖΝ࢘ͮͱࢀͯ͹ࣁྋΝಣΊ߻Κͦͱʰ͞͞ΉͲ෾͖ͮͪʱͳ͏͑͹͗Ͳ͘Ζͳɾ‫ޛޗ‬Ͷͨ͹࣯໲ΝϨγʖοέΦηοϥϱͶ͢ͱ‫ڂݜ‬ΝΏͮͱ͏͚ͪΌ͹ SURSRVDO ΝҲౕॽ͏ͱΊΓ͑ͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳΝɾ߶  ͖Δ߶  ͛Δ͏Ν‫ݼ‬ΞͲΏͮͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹ೖ͹࠹‫ޛ‬Ͷɾऑघ͹ϓΟΩϩτΡɾ୉ָӅਫ਼ͳ߶ߏਫ਼͗ҲॻͶ͢Ύ΄Ζͳඉ৙Ͷ໚പ͏͹ͺɾ߶ߏਫ਼͹࣯໲Ͷऑघ͹ঁ‫͗گ‬ʰͨΗɾ͚ͤ͟ྒྷ͏࣯໲͵Ξͫ͜ʹɾ౶͓ͺΉͫ෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͏ΞͫΓʱͳ͏͑Γ͑͵͞ͳΝ౶͓ͱ͚ΗΖ͹Ͳɾ߶ߏਫ਼͗ʰ౶͓͹෾͖ͮͱ͏͵͏͞ͳ͗੊͹஦Ͷ͏ͮͼ͏͍Ζ͹͸ʱͳ‫״‬ಊ͢ͱָߏͶ‫ؾ‬Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ߶ߏΉͲͺɾ੊͹஦͹સͱͶ౶͓͍͗ͮͱɾͨ͑͏͑໲ୌͻ͖Εմ͏ͱ͏Ζ͹ͫͳ͏͑‫گ‬үΝण͜ͱ͏Ζ͹͖΍͢ΗΉͦΞɽͨ͹қັͲɾָ֦෨͗ͨΗͩΗ͹ΠχϝρεϥϱϛϨεʖΝ͖ͮ͢Εཱིͱͱɾιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬͹υʖνΝघͶ೘Ηͱɾʰ͞͞͹ঘ໲͚͗ͤ͟໚പ͖ͮͪ͹Ͳɾ͞͞͹ΤΦʖφΝ߶ΌΓ͑ʱͳ͖ɾʰਜ਼մͳ‫ޣ‬౶Ͳ  ఼ͳ  ఼Ͷ෾͜Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͚ͱɾੱ͢
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ͱ͏Ζ͹Ͳͤɽͨ͞͹ָߏ͹‫ޛ‬ഒͺͨΗΝࢂߡͶ͢ͱφϪʖωϱήΝͤΖɾ͑͞͏͑͞ͳ͵͹Ͳͤɽ ͑ͬ΍෡଒Ͳ͖ͤΔ෡଒ਬપΝ࣍ͮͱ͏Ήͤ͢ɾࢨఈߏਬપ΍͚ͪ͠Ξ࣍ͮͱ͏Ήͤ͢ɾਬપͲ૮౲ߨ͚͹Ͳͤ͗ɾ໚ં͵ʹસͱๅࠄͦ͠ͱ͏Ήͤɽඉޮ֋Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ΍͹΍ɾ‫خ‬ຌదͶ͑ͬ͹ࢢ͗णͪ͜΍͹ͺυʖνͳ͢ͱ͍Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͑ͬ͹Γ͑͵୉‫و‬ໝߏͺɾ߶౵ָߏ͹ਫ਼ైͫ͜Ͳ΍  ਕ͏ͱɾ ָ೧ ʛ ਕͲસࠅ͹୉ָΝण͜յͮͱ͘Ήͤɽͨ͑ͤΖͳɾࢴ୉΍‫؜‬Όͱͨ͑ͪ͢ๅࠄॽ͗૮౲͍
ΕɾՁ࡯Ͷ΍͵Ζ͹Ͳͤɽ͑͞͏͑͑ͬ͹Γ͑͵ָߏ༙͗ཤͶ͵Ζͳ͏͖͑ɾ͍Ζఖౕ͹υʖνΝ࣍ͬಚͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽͨΗͫͳͤΖͳɾ΋͢Θޮ֋͠Ηͪ๏͗͏͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽͨΗ͖Δ΍͑ҲͯͺɾφϪʖωϱήͤΖ͞ͳͺ͏͜͵͏͞ͳ͵͹͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳ΍ߡ͓ͱ͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ ͍ΉΕ͕౶͓͏͖ͪͫ͵͚ͱ݃ߑͲͤɽ‫ݺ‬ਕద͵қ‫ͱ͢ͳݡ‬ɾͨͮͳ‫͏ͱͮݶ‬Ζͫ͜Ͳ͖ͤΔʤ঺ʥɽ
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ΗΝ‫ڠ‬௪ࢾ‫ڌ͑͏ͳݩ‬୉ક‫؍‬͹Γ͑͵ϟΩωθϞ͹৏Ͷࡎͦͱ͏͚Ͷͺʹ͑ͤΗͻ͏͏͹͖ɾΉͫΓ͚‫͞ͳ͏͵͏ͱ͓ݡ‬Θͺ͍Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ Ҳͯͺɾ
߶ߏਫ਼͹ห‫ک‬͹૱ରΝ඲ՃͤΖιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬͹Γ͑͵ϟΩωθϞɾ΍͑Ҳͯͺɾപਭ઎ਫ਼ɾ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼ɾ'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͗‫ݶ‬ΚΗͱ͏ͪΓ͑Ͷɾೖ৙͹ָस͹஦Ͳɾτέόϫζ
ʖΝ࢘ͮͱ৚ๅΝ͚ͪ͠ΞॄΌͱ͏ͮͱɾͨΗΝ඲Ճ͹ଲেͶͤΖͳ͏್͑ͯ͹ླྀΗ͍͗
Ζͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹ྈྡྷΝʹ͹Γ͑ͶૌΊ߻Κͦͱ͏͚͹͖͗গཔద͵՟ୌͶ͵ΖͲ͍Θ͑ͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞͺɾ୉௫઎ਫ਼ɾࢃஏ઎ਫ਼͗୉ร͟‫ۦ‬࿓͠Ηͱઅఈ͢ͱ͚ͫ͠͏Ήͪ͢ɽΉͪɾ઴ઔ઎ਫ਼ΝͺͣΌ౨‫ۂ޽ښ‬୉ָ͹և͠Ξɾ͞͹ճ৖Ν͕ୁ͢͏ͪͫ͘६ඍͶ΍຋ૺ͢ͱ΍Δ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ͠ΔͶϔʖηͶ͏Δͮ͢ΎΖಋ࣎௪༃͹๏ʓɾ୉ร͵ηϒʖχ͹ߪԍΝన઀Ͷຍ༃͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͪ͢ɽև͠Ξ੥Ͷ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽ͍ΉΕௗ͚͵ͮͱ΍࢕๏͍ΕΉͦΞ͹Ͳɾ͞ΗͲ࠹‫ޛ‬͹ถճ͹‫ݶ‬ཁͳͦ͠ͱ͏ͪͫ͘Ήͤɽ

183

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Ζָྙ͹̑གྷોΝൕӫָͪ͢ྙ඲ՃΏ୉ָ೘ࢾઅ‫͗ܯ‬٦‫ە‬͹՟ୌͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ήͤɽͳ͚Ͷࢧߡྙō൓இྙōන‫ྙݳ‬Ώָ;Ͷ޴͖͑қཋ౵Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺɾ͞ΗΔΝ඲
ՃͤΖͪΌ͹৿ͪ͵๏๑͹֋൅͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗͱ͏Ήͤɽͨ͞ͲຌεϱϛζΤϞͺɾࢧߡྙō൓இྙōන‫ྙݳ‬Ͷ঱఼Ν஖ָͯͯ͘ྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴Ν೼Ѵ͢ɾ߶ߏਫ਼
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Ζࣙಊࡀ఼඲Ճ͹Ն೵੓Νๅࠄ͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͏͓ͪ͑Ͳɾ߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͖Δ͹ϓΡʖχώρέΝ΍ͳͶસର౾࿨Νߨ͑ߑ੔Ͳͤɽ
ʕϕϫήϧϞ ʛ ֋ճѭࡲ ࢃຌ኏‫خ‬ʤ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ ཀྵࣆௗʥ ʛ टࢭઈ໎ ୉௫༦ࡠʤ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ ࢾ‫ݩ‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬౹‫ׯׇ‬ʥ ʛ ‫خ‬௒ߪԍ 3DXO'HDQHʤธࠅ (76 डੰ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥʰ೟எՌָͶ΍ͳͰ͏ͪΠιηϟϱφ̿ࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʀන‫ྙݳ‬͹඲ՃʀրવΝΌͤ͡ΠιηϟϱφεητϞʱ ʛ ࣯ٛԢ౶ ʛ ‫ܞ ٵ‬ ʛ ๅࠄ̏ ੤ԮՅ໌‫ܛ‬ʤ‫౐ښ‬୉ָ୉ָӅ‫گ‬үָ‫ڂݜ‬Ռ ०‫گ‬दʥʰϏϓΧʖϜϱη඲ՃΝʹ͑‫౐ښ͖͖̿ͤ׈‬୉ָ‫گ‬үָ෨Ͷ͕͜Ζಝ৯೘ࢾ͹खΕૌΊʱ ʛ ๅࠄ̐ പਭ ࢟ʤ౨‫ښ‬୉ָ୉ָ૱߻‫گ‬ү‫ڂݜ‬ιϱνʖ ‫گ‬दʥʰָसՌָ͖ΔΊͪࣁ࣯ʀ೵ྙ͹ү੔ͳ඲Ճʱ ʛ ๅࠄ̑ ੶Ԯ߅‫ݓ‬ʤ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ‫֋ڂݜ‬൅෨ ‫گ‬दʥʰαϱϒϣʖνͲࣰࢬͤΖτηφ͹ࡀ఼ΝΌ͛Ζ՟ୌʱ ʛ ‫ܞ ٵ‬ʛ ࢨఈ౾࿨ ੜਭ࿪߄ʤෳԮ୉ָ෡଒୉߾஦ָߏʀ߶౵ָߏ ෯ߏௗʥ ʛ સର౾࿨ 3DXO'HDQHʀ੤ԮՅ໌‫ܛ‬ʀപਭ ࢟ʀ੶Ԯ߅‫ݓ‬ʀੜਭ࿪߄ ʛ ถճѭࡲ ୉௣ً෋ʤ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ ‫֋ڂݜ‬൅෨ௗʥ
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ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ʰ߶୉ંକͶ͕͜Ζָྙ඲ՃʱͶͯ͏ͱ͹ชՌ঴͹๏ਓ͗ఈΉΔ͵͏͹Ͳɾ֦࿨Νซ͏ͱ΍ɾͨΗΔ
Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷਫ਼͖ͦͻྒྷ͏͖Κ͖Δ͵͏ɽ΍Ώ΍Ώͪ͢εϱϛζΤϞͲͪ͢ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ร͓Ζ͵Δ̓‫گ‬Ռ̕Ռ໪͹ιϱνʖࢾ‫Ͳݩ‬ͺ͵͚ɾ$&7 Ώ 6$7 ͹Γ͑͵τηφͶรߍͲ͘͵͏͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽιϱνʖ͹ࣰ੹͖ΔͤΗͻՆ೵ͫͳࢧΚΗΉͤ͗ɾ6$7 ద͵ιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬ϕϧη௒ࠬॽʶ‫ݺ‬พࢾ‫ݩ‬ʤՅ͓ͪ͏୉ָͫ͜Ͳʥʶ໚ંʤ͞Η΍Յ͓ͪ͏୉ָͫ͜ʥͲ೘ࢾ͗Ͳ͘Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ʹ͹Γ͑Ͷʰ඲ՃʱͤΖ͖Ͷͯ͏ͱฑҝ͵‫ݶ‬ཁͲࢗ͏͖ͪͮͪɽ೘ࢾͳ͢ͱ༽͏Ζ͹ͶనͤΖ໲ୌͺͫ͏ͪ͏΢ϟʖζ͢ͱ͏ͪ΍͹ͳҲ஗͢ͱ͏ͪ͹Ͳɾʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ඲ՃͤΖ͖ͳ͏ͮͪ؏఼͖Δ࿫Νซ͖ͪͮͪ͘ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ࠕյͺࠅ‫ޢ‬ʤӵ‫ޢ‬ʥͶͯ͏ͱͲ͍ͮͪ͗ɾཀྵՌΏ਼ָͲͺɾঙ಼͢༲͗ҩ͑͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳࢧ͑ɽͨ
͹Γ͑͵఼΍ซ͖ͪͮͪ͘ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕೘ࢾրַͳ͢ͱͺ௜ۛͳ͏͑ΓΕঙ͢઎͹࿫͗஦ৼͫͮͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ୉รห‫ک‬Ͷ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽʹͬΔ͖ͳ‫ͳ͑ݶ‬ɾद‫ߑۂ‬੔Ώָਫ਼͹ָྙ͹ՆࢻԿͶࢂߡͶ͵ͮͪͳࢧ͏ΉͤɽΓ͚ཀྵմΝ਄ΌɾՆ೵͵ॶ͖Δɾ)' ౵Ͷ‫ͱ͢༽׈‬Αͪ͘͏ͳߡ͓Ήͤɽʙ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹‫ݶ‬ཁͶ΍͖͖ΚΔͥɾΏͺΕ߶୉͹άϡρϕΝ‫ͣ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ήϩʖϕָस࣎͹ճ࿫͹‫ى‬࿧͖Δࢧߡյ࿑ʤ‫ܨ‬࿑ʥΝൊ͘ड़ͤ๏๑ͺɾ୉ร໚പ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽҲ๏Ͳɾ൅‫ྙݶ‬ɾαϝϣωίʖεϥϱ೵ྙͺఁ͚ͱ΍࿨ཀྵదࢧߡ೵ྙ͹߶͏ָਫ਼Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ‫ݡ‬ड़ͤ͹͖ɾߡ͓ͦ͠ΔΗΉͪ͢ɽཀྵ޽‫ܧ‬୉ָ‫گ‬ҽ͵͹Ͳ&%$/͹ཀྵՌͶͯ͏ͱ͹়ղ͍͗ΖͳΓ͖ͮͪͲͤɽ
ʙ߶୉ંକʤ$2ʥ೘ࢾ͹؏఼͖Δɾ߶ߏͲ͹඲Ճ‫خ‬६͹౹ҲΏϛʖφϓΧϨΨࡠΕͺɾ୉ָଈͳ͢ͱͺɾ༙༽͵͹Ͳ͖ͤʃࣰ‫ݳ‬͹Ն೵੓ͺ͍Ζ͹Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ཀྵ࿨ʀཀྵ૟Ώ๏޴੓͹൅නʀ٠࿨͗ଡ͚ɾࠕ‫ޛ‬͹۫ରద಼༲Ν‫غ‬ଶ͢ͱ͏ͪࢂՅं͗ଡ͖ͮͪͳࢧ͓
Ζɽ‫ؔ࣎ܞٵ‬Ͷ  ਕఖౕ͹ࢂՅं͗ୂੰ͠Ηͪ‫ݬ‬Ҿ͹Ҳͯͫͳߡ͓Ζɽ߶ߏ͹‫گ‬ҽΏ‫گ‬үιϱνʖ͹৮ҽ౵͗ࢂՅͤΖͳқ‫͍͗ݡ‬Ζ಼༲Ͳ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ‫گ‬ү‫ݳ‬৖΃͹߁ๅ͗ΓΕ͍Ηͻྒྷ͖ͮͪͳࢧ͑ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ

188˕඲Ճ͹໲ୌ͹ೋ͗͢͠Κ͖ΕΉͪ͢ɽ͞Η͖Δ΍͞͹Γ͑͵‫ؽ‬ճΝ֋͏ͱ͚ͫ͠͏ɽαϱϒϣʖνͶ
ΓΖ඲ՃͺΉ͖͖ͫ࣎ؔ͗ΖΓ͑Ͳͤɽͪͫɾ͞͹֋൅Ͷ͖͜Ζ࣎ؔͳ੔ՎɾͯΉΕඇ༽ଲްՎͶٛ໲͍͗ΕΉͤɽͯΉΕɾϜʖέεʖφ๏ࣞͲ͍Ζఖౕࢧߡգఖͺ඲ՃͺͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζɽͨ͹ଠ͹೵ྙͺɾ୉ָ೘ָ‫ޛ‬Ͷү੔ͤΖ͞ͳͲྒྷ͚ͺ͵͏͖ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕‫ࡑݳ‬਒ΌΔΗͱ͏Ζ߶୉ંକͺɾ೘ࢾͶଲͤΖߡ͓๏͹఺‫׷‬Ν൒͑΍͹Ͳ͍Ζɽ͑ͪ͢͞εϱϛζΤ
ϞΝɾ෵਼ஏҮͲࣰࢬͤ΄ͫ͘ͳࢧ͑ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕͞͹‫ى‬೘͗αϱϒϣʖνͲࡀ఼Ͳ͘Ζ͖எΕͪ͏ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ࣆ઴Ͷ΍͑ঙ͢৆͢͏ࣁྋ͗Ά͢͏Ͳͤɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ཀྵ૟͗઎ߨ͢ͱεητϞ͗ͯ͏ͱ͏͖͵͏‫ݳ‬য়͖ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ࠹शదͶਫ਼ైɾ઎ਫ਼๏͹ෝ୴Ͳ͍ͮͪΕ͢ͱͺ͵Δ͵͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽຌ຦఺ౙͶ͵Δ͵͏րַΝ๮ΊΉͤɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕୉ָ͹‫ݺ‬ʓ͹‫گ‬ҽͳ߶ߏ͹‫ݺ‬ʓ͹‫گ‬ҽͳ͹͕͍ͯ͘͏͗୉รͳ‫ͪͣ״‬εϱϛζΤϞͲ͍ͮͪɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ഐ‫ࣆܢ‬৚ͳ߻ΚͦͱմएͤΖͳɾ໚പ͖ͮͪͲͤɽ΍͑ঙ͢߁͏ճ৖Ν‫༽ޜ‬қ͏ͪͫ͜Ζͳ͍Ε͗ͪ͏Ͳͤɽೖຌ͹߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼ͺʤ͕͕΋͸ʥͥͮͳ஺ೣͶࢨ಍͢ͱ͏Ζ͢ɾ‫ݜ‬र͹‫ؽ‬ճ΍๝෍Ͷ͍ΕΉͤɽธࠅ͹‫گ‬ҽ͹ࢨ಍ྙ͗ఁ͏ͫ͜͵ΞͣΎ͵͏͖͵͌ʞʞͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽࣨླ͵͗Δɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕‫خ‬௒ߪԍʁ1DWLYH Ͳೋ͖ͮͪ͗͢ɾ૮౲͵ηϒʖχͲ͹ː઒໵༽‫ޢ‬͹ͪΌɾೖຌ‫Ͳޢ‬ଡ͚௎͘ͳΕͳͪ͗͢ɾͬ͞Δ΍࿪༃͗૥޳ͳːͪΌɾॉ෾͵௎͘खΕͺͲ͘͵͖ͮͪ͗ɾ&%$/ ͹ΠʖΫτέοϡɾ՟ୌɾːːːͶଲ͢ͱ͹ͳΔ͓๏͵ʹ͗ɾॉ෾ཀྵմͲͪ͘ɽʙ̐ ಝ৯೘ࢾͺ୉ָ೘ࢾ͹Ҳͯ͹ཀྵ૟‫ͳܙ‬΍ࢧΚΗΖ͗ɾːːː͵ʹɾஏ๏͹ࠅཱི୉ָ͗಍೘͢ͱ͏͚Ͷͺːːː͗ଡ͚ɾΉͪɾͨΗͫ͜͹೘ࢾͲ͍ͮͱࢦ๮ंͶͳͮͱ೘Εͪ͏୉ָʀָ෨ͳ͵ΖΓ͑ɾΉͪɾͨ͹ːːːͶ͢ͱɾਕࡒΝण͜೘Ηүͱͱ͏͚ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝɾ୉ָਕͺ౔ྙ͗චགྷͳ‫ͪͣ״‬ɽʙ̑ ੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹࿫͗୉ร‫ັڷ‬Ν࣍ͮͱ௎͚͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͪ͢ɽ‫ڠ‬௪Ҳ࣏͹֋࢟ͪ͢দ࿪  ೧͖Δ͹ːːːͶ୉͚͘࢕ࣆͲ‫ܐ‬Κͮͱͪ͗͘ɾ‫ࡑݳ‬͹য়‫ڱ‬ͺસ͚૟ఈͲ͘͵͖ͮͪɽϜϱϜεϱ͹࢘͏෾͜ͳ͢ͱΠʖΫτέοϡͺ౲࣎΍‫ݳ‬ࡑ΍ಋͣͳːːːΖ͗ɾεητϞ͹ːːːԋ༽ͲɾϜϱʤਕྙɾ࿓ྙɾ࣎ؔʥ͹ෝ୴ΝԾ͝Ζ͞ͳ͗Ն೵ͳࢧΚΗɾޮฑ੓͹֮ฯːːːͲͶϜϱʤਕྙʥΝ༙ްదͶ͍ͱΖ͞ͳ͗Ն೵ͳࢧΚΗΉͤɽʙ̒ αϱϒϣʖνΝཤ༽ָͪ͢ྙ඲ՃεητϞΝ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖͳ୉ָʤࠅཱི୉ָʥͳͲɾ‫ڠ‬ಋ֋
൅ͤΖ͞ͳΝ‫ݗ‬౾͢ͱͺʹ͖͑ɽࢂߡΉͲͶɾҫྏ͹෾໼Ͳͺɾฑ੔  ೧͖Δ  ೧͖͜ͱ '3& εητϞΝ֋൅͢ɾ୉͘͵รַΝਲ਼͝ͱͪ͘ɽʙ̓ ːːːΝ‫׮‬੔ͦ͠ͱ͏͚͞ͳ͗୉ࣆͫ͵ͳࢧͮͱ͏
Ήͤɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ189˕΍ͮͳ߁͏ճ৖Ͷ͢ͱΆ͢͏ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕સର౾࿨Ͳ͹߶ߏଈ͹‫ݳ‬য়͖Δ͹қ‫ݡ‬΍͍Εɾ߶ߏͳ୉ָଈ͹қ‫͗ݡ‬ड़ͱɾ‫ັڷ‬਄͖ͮͪͲͤɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͖Δ͹ི௜͵͟қ‫͘Ͳ͏͖͕͗͑͗ݡ‬ɾΉͪɾͨ͹஦Ͳ͹౾࿨ͺ୉ร༙қٝͲͪ͢ɽ߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͹੢Ν͖ͮ͢Εซ͘͵͗Δ਒Όͱ͏ͪ͜ΔΓ͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕߶ߏଈͳ͹ϏϋϩυΡηΩρεϥϱͲ͹ΏΕखΕ͗ɾ༩ఈ௒࿪Ͳ͵͚໚പ͖ͮͪɽࠕ‫ޛ‬΍͞͹Γ͑͵ຌԽͲ͹٠࿨Νͧͽʄʄʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͹๏͹࣯͟໲͗Ҳ൬༙ӻͲ͍ͮͪͳࢧ͑ɽ߶୉ંକͳ͏ΚΗͱ͏Ζ͗ɾ୉ָଈͳ߶ߏଈͳ͹ԻౕࠫΝ‫ͪͣ״‬ɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕୉ָͳ߶ߏ͹қࣟ͹άϡρϕ͗໎Δ͖Ͷ͵ͮͱ୉ร‫ັڷ‬਄͖ͮͪɽ
ʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕τʖϜͳ಼༲͗Ҳ஗͢ͱ͏͵͏Γ͑Ͷ‫ͣ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽʰ߶୉ંକ͹ʱͳ͏͑؏఼͗മ͖ͮͪΓ͑Ͷࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͖͢͢ɾଡ෾໼͖Δ͹൅නΝҲౕͶซͪ͜͹ͺΓ͖ͮͪͲͤɽʙ߶୉ંକ͹٠࿨΍ɾ‫ښ‬୉ʀ౨୉͹ $2 ೘ࢾ΍ɾ&%$/ Ͷർ΄ͱཛྷ๭ͫͳ‫ͣ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽਫ਼ైͶਐͶͯ͜ͱΆ͢͏೵ྙͶͯ͏ͱ͹٠࿨‫ݗ‬ৄ͗෈ॉ෾Ͳɾͨ͹αϝϣωίʖεϥϱ͗͑Ή͚Ͳ͘ͱ͏͵͏͹Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽபে࿨Ͳͺ͵͚ɾՌָదͶɾ۫ରదͶ೵ྙͶͯ͏ͱߡ͓ɾ‫͢ৄݗ‬ɾͨ͹‫Ͳޛ‬඲ՃͶͯ͏ͱߡ͓Ζ΄ͫ͘ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʙപਭ઎ਫ਼͹͟‫ڂݜ‬ͺɾָ;๏͗ଡ༹ͳ͠Ηͯͯɾଲ࿫Ґ֐͹๏๑Ͳָ΁͞ͳ͗ಚқ͵ਫ਼ైΝͳΕ͞·ͤ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱʹ͕͑ߡ͓Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʙ͏ͥΗͶͦΓɾ඲Ճ͹͍Ε๏Ͷͯ͏ͱߡ͓ͦ͠ΔΗΖྒྷ͏‫ؽ‬ճͳ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽࢨఈ౾࿨ं͹઎ਫ਼ͶΓΖ൅໲͹͕͖͗͝୉͘͏Ͳͤɽ
ʤ຿ؔ‫ة‬‫ۂ‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕ָྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴ͳͺ‫͓ݶ‬ɾ࠹৿ಊ޴͗న઀͵๏޴Ͷ޴͖ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ʹ͖͑ͺٛ໲͗࢔Ζɽ౾࿨͹஦Ͳ಼༲͗਄Ήͮͪ͹ͺࢨఈ౾࿨ं͹߶ߏ͹‫ݳ‬৖͹қ‫ݡ‬Ν΍ͳͶ͖ͪ͢Δͫͳߡ͓ΖɽʙυΡʖϱ઎ਫ਼͹ϩʖϔϨρέ͹නͺ୉รɾࢂߡͶ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽʙߏௗ໌Ͳड़ͤ௒ࠬॽͶɾ઎ਫ਼Ͷ‫ݑ‬ΚΗͱ෈ཤ͵಼༲͵ʹॽ͚͞ͳͺ͍Ε͓ΉͦΞɽʤࠅޮཱི߶ߏʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ࢨఈ౾࿨ं͹஥‫͗ء‬ҲൢਕͶ΍‫ͱ͘Ͳ״ڠ‬ɾͤͻΔ͖ͮͪ͢ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ಋ࣎௪༃ͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾ3DXO ࢱ͹ࣁྋ͹࿪༃΍༽қ͢ͱ΍Δ͓ͱɾͳͱ΍ঁ͖ΕΉͪ͢ɽʙࢨఈ౾࿨ं͹ࢨఈͺࠖೋ͵͹ͺΚ͖ΕΉͤ͗ɾ΍͑ঙ͢Ήͳ΍͵๏ͳ͏͖͑ɾຌ‫۔‬͹౾࿨͗Ͳ͘ΖਕΝ६ඍ͢ͱ΍Δ͏ͪ͏ɽ
ࢨఢ఼͗ࠥ຦͙ͤΖɽ
ʙ3DXO ࢱ΃͹࣯໲ͺ௪༃Ν௪ͥ͠Ͷɾԍं͗௜ંӵ‫ͪ͢Ͳޢ‬๏͗ɾ
ᴧᴬ͗ໃ͚ͱΓ͖ͮͪ͹ͲͺɽʙࢃຌཀྵࣆௗͺɾָௗΝ͠Ηͪ୉ָͲɾࡀ఼‫خ‬६Νɾޮන͢ͱ͏ͪ͹
͖ɽʙ3DXO ࢱ͹࿫ͺɾ‫خ‬ຌదͶͺ‫گ‬ү඲ՃͶ‫ͱ͏ͱ͙ͤ͘Ͱخ‬ɾ೘ࢾͶ‫΁ٶ‬࿫ͫͳͬΒͮͳθϪΖɽʙ190

ϓϫΠͶรͱ͞͵࣯໲Νͦ͠͵͏Γ͑Ͷɾ'1& ͹ηνρϓͺ࣯໲Ν͗Ξͻͮͱཋ͢͏ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ
‫گ‬ҽʥ
˕ϏϋϨηφ͹஦Ͷʰ߶ߏਫ਼ͺ੊͹஦͹໲ୌͶͺචͥਜ਼մ͍͗Ζͳࢧͮͱ͏Ζʱࢭ൅‫͏ͱ͢ݶ‬Ζं͗͏ͪ͗ɾͨΗͺӗͫɽΆͳΞʹ͹߶ߏਫ਼ͺɾਜ਼մ͗͵͏໲ୌ΍͍Ζ͞ͳͺஎͮͱ͏Ζɽӗ͹઴఑Ͷ‫Ͱخ‬͚٠࿨ͺ෈໡ɽҲ๏ͲɾऀճͶड़Ζͳָߏ͹Γ͑Ͷ໲ୌͶͺචͥ౶͓͗༽қ͠Ηͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ‫͑ݶ‬͹΍ӗɽऀճͶड़ΖͳΆͳΞʹ͹໲ୌͲɾ౶͓ͺ݀ΌΔΗͱ͏ͱɾଡ͚͹ਕʓͺͨΗΝण༲͢͵͗Δਫ਼͘ͱ͏ΖɽͨΗΝஎΔ͵͏͹ͺ୉ָ‫گ‬ҽͫͫ͜ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ࢧߡྙɾ൓இྙɾන‫ྙݳ‬Ν඲ՃͤΖ೘ࢾΝࣰࢬͪ͢৖߻ɾϩʖϔϨρέΝ໎֮Ͷ͢ͱ͏͵͏ͳɾ੔੹
֋ࣖ͹੧‫͍ͪͮ͗ٽ‬৖߻Ͷյ౶͗ೋ͢͏ɽࠕ‫ޛ‬ͺϩʖϔϨρέ͹ྭࣖ౵Νߪԍ‫͏ب‬Ήͤɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ಋ࣎௪༃ͺඉ৙Ͷྒྷ͖ͮͪɽ
ʤಝͶঃ੓ʥͨΗͶଲ͢ͱɾηϧ΢χ͹࿪༃͗ͽʹ͖ͮͪɽ͖͓ͮͱཀྵմ
Ͷ‫͢ۦ‬΋݃Վͳ͵ͮͪɽʙ&%$/ ͹Γ͑͵घ๑ࣰ͗༽Կ͠ΗΖͳɾ‫ߨݳ‬͹ॄ஄‫گ‬ү͗शΚΖɾ΍͚͢ͺໃқັͶ͵Ζͳ‫ͪͣ״‬ɽʙೖຌͺɾ΍ͮͳࠅΝི͏Ζਕࡒ͹ү੔ɾΦϨʖφ͹ү੔Ͷ‫گ‬үࣁ‫ݱ‬Νܑ͜Ζ΄ͫ͘ͳࢧ͑͗ɾͨ͑ͪ͢‫߶͗ܙ‬୉ંକҐԾ͹ঀրַ͹஦Ͷસ͚‫͏͵͞ͱ͓ݡ‬ɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕/HDUQLQJ3URJUHVVLRQ ͳ͏͑ߡ͓๏͗ඉ৙Ͷ೴ಚͲ͘Ήͪ͢ɽ෕ஊ͹‫گ‬ү‫׈‬ಊ͹஦Ͳ΍Ώ΍Ώ͢ͱ͏఼ͪ͹͑ͬ͹͏͚͖ͯ͗‫ޢݶ‬ԿͲͪ͘Γ͑Ͷࢧ͏Ήͤɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ਫ਼ైʤָਫ਼ʥ͹ଡझଡ༹͵ಝ੓Ν඲ՃͤΖࢡ੐ɾ๏๑͹֋൅Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ۫ରద͵఑‫Ͳ఼͑͏ͳݶ‬ɾ୉ร‫ັڷ‬਄͚ഊ௎ͪ͢ɽ࠹ۛಋྪ͹εϱϛζΤϞͲ΍඲Ճ๏๑͹ଡ༹ԿͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ఑‫͗ݶ‬ଡ͏͗ɾ໲ୌͺ࣏͹఼್Ͷ͍Θ͑ɽᶅਫ਼ైʤָਫ਼ʥ͹‫ેخ‬எࣟɾ‫گ‬཈͹ࠫΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ‫ؖ‬࿊෉͜Ζ͖ɽ૟ఈ͢ͱ͏Ζਫ਼ై͹Ϫϗϩ͗ඏຽͶҡ͵Εɾͨ͹ࣆͲ௎़ͶΓΕҩ࿪‫״‬Ν์͚৖߻͗ঙ͵͚͵͏ɽᶆߑ੔͹ଡ͚͗ʰʹΞ͵఼Ν඲Ճͪ͢͏͖ʱ
ʰʹΞ͵ָਫ਼ΝࡀΕͪ͏͖ʱɾͯΉΕɾࢾ‫ݩ‬ΝࣧߨͤΖଈ͹ηνϱηͶ‫͏Ͱخ‬
ͱ͏Ζɽਫ਼ై͹ଈ͖Δ͢ͱɾʰʹΞ͵఼Ν඲Ճ͢ͱཋ͢͏͖ʱ
ʰʹΞ͵‫ڧ؂‬ʤ୉ָʥͶਐΝ஖ͪ͘͏͖ʱ
ͳ͏͑ࢻ఼͗ൕӫ͠Ηͪ఑‫ݶ‬ͺർֳదঙ͵͏ɽࠕ‫ޛ‬ͺ͞͹఼͗॑གྷͶ͵Ζ΍͹ͳࢧΚΗΖɽଊͬɾण
͜೘Ηͪଡ༹͵‫ݺ‬੓Νʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ͢ͱɾຮଏ‫״‬Ν༫͓͵͗Δ਒ఴͦ͠Ζ͖ͳ͏͑ࣆͲ͍Ζɽਇ͹ʰ߶୉ંକʱΝ໪ࢨͤ͹Ͳ͍Ηͻɾમൊ͹՟ୌ͹Ί͵Δͥɾ਒ָ‫ޛ‬͹࣯ฯৄɾΠΩΤϱνϑϨτΡʖͨ͗͞໲ΚΗΖ΄͘Ͳ͍Θ͑ɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ ೧  ݆ͶߨΚΗͪεϱϛζΤϞͶࢂՅ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ౲࣎஦‫৻گ‬͹౶ਅ͗ड़Ζ͞ΘͲɾͨ͹஦͹ָྙ඲ՃτηφͶଲͤΖ࿨௒ͲɾชՌ঴͹क௃ͺ໅८͢ͱ͏ΖɾқັΝ͵͠͵͏ͳ͏͑࿨௒͗ଡ͚ซ͖
ΗΉͪ͢ɽͯΉΕʰҲ఼ࠃΊͲ͵͏඲Ճͳ‫͗͑ݶ‬ɾͨ͹Γ͑͵඲ՃͲͺɾϪϗϩ͹߶͏୉ָͲͺસҽ߻֪ͳ͵ͮͱ͢Ή͏ɾમൊτηφͳ͢ͱͺɾ‫ؽ‬೵͢͵͏ʱͳ͏͑࿨௒Ͳͪ͢ɽߪԍं͹ଡ͚͹๏͗ಋͣ࿨௒Ͳͪ͢ɽ͖͢͢ɾͨ͹‫ޛ‬Ձ͖͗รΚ͖ͮͪͳ͏͑ͳɾՁ΍รΚΕΉͦΞɽͯΉΕҲࡤ೧͹εϱϛζΤϞͺୱͶ෈ຮΏϚϢΫΝด΄ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ͳͪ͢ɽՁ͹қັ΍͵͏ʰεϱϛζΤϞʱͲͪ͢ɽࠕ

191յͺɾঙָ͢ྙ඲ՃͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζࣆྭ়ղ౵͍͗ΕɾࢂߡͶ͵Ζͳ͏͑‫͗͢ـ‬ΉͤɽಝͶ‫ښ‬୉͹ಝ৯೘ࢾ͗ࢂߡͶ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽࠕ‫ޛ‬΍ɾ෈ຮ͹Ϊηൊ͘͹ͪΌ͹εϱϛζΤϞͲͺ͵͚ɾࢂՅं͹ߡ͓๏͗֨
୉൅ఴͤΖΓ͑͵εϱϛζΤϞΝ͕‫ͪ͢͏͏ب‬Ήͤɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ଡ໚ద͵؏఼͖ΔτʖϜΝ਄Όͱ͏ͪɽಝͶҲఈ͹‫ݡ‬մͶͫ͞ΚΔ͵͏఼͗Γ͖ͮͪɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕‫خ‬௒ߪԍͺಝͶɾ಼༲ͳ͢ͱͺࣆແ‫ܧ‬Ͷͺύ΢ϪϗϩͲ͍ͮͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ࣏յͺ੍ඉɾ‫گ‬ҽͶ΍়ղ͢ͱɾࢂՅ͢ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ
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ʤ਒ָߏ͵Δͳ΍͖͚ɾ͍ΉΕָྙϪϗϩ͹߶͚͵͏ָߏͲͺɾࣟ࣊Ϫϗϩ͗߶͚͵͏͹ͲɾΉͥʰॽ͚ʱྙΝਐͶͯ͜Ζ͞ͳ͗॑གྷͲͺ͵͏͖ʃˠӫ଀͹ָਫ਼ʤ஦ʃ߶ʃʥͺർֳదָྙϪϗϩ͗߶͏ָਫ਼ͳ‫ݡ‬ण͜Ήͪ͢ɽ‫ݺ‬ਕࠫΝʹ͑մভͤΖ͹͖ʃͨΗͳ΍‫ݺ‬ਕࠫΝ଎ఈͪ͢τητΡϱήͺͨ͹қັͲೋ͢͏͹Ͳͺȝ୉ָ೘ࢾιϱνʖ͹໲ୌ͹ཀྵ૟దɽʙ&%$/ ͹Πϕϫʖο͗೘ࢾͶనԢͲ͘Ζ͖ͺพ໲ୌͳ͍ΕΉͤ͗ɾࢧߡྙʤන‫ྙݳ‬ɾ࿨ཀྵదɾ൹඲దࢧߡ HWFʥͳΦρι΢ͺׄͳࠕ‫ޛ‬͹೘ࢾͶԢ༽Ͳ͘ΖϏʖηϘέτΡϔ
ͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʙ&%$/ ͺϕϪκϱτʖεϥϱηΫϩ΍଎ఈՆ೵ͳ͍Ζ͗ɾಝͶϩʖϔϨρέΏΪ΢χ
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6$7 Ώ $&7ʤಝͶ $&7ʥΝқࣟͪ͢΍͹ͫͳ‫ͣ״‬Ήͪ͢ɽͪͫ͢ɾࡀ఼ʤεητϞͶΓΔ͵͏ KXPDQ
WDVNʥ͗ೋ͢͏ɽೖຌͲ΍ ,% αʖη͵ʹ͹߶ߏͲ͵͏ͳೋ͢͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ॵ౵‫گ‬үʀ஦౵‫گ‬үΝ‫߶ͱܨ‬౵‫گ‬ү΃ɾΉ͠Ͷ OHDUQLQJSURJUHVVLRQV ͗͏͖Ͷ॑གྷͶ͵Ζ͖࠸೟ࣟͦ͠ͱ௘͘Ήͪ͢ɽ୉ָ͹  ೧͍Ζ͏ͺ  ೧ؔͲ͏͖ͶਕؔྙΝᔽ཈͢ɾਕؔ੓Ν‫ܙ‬੔͢ͱ͏͚͖ɾ
͞Η͖Δ͹୉ָ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖ୉͘͵τʖϜͫͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽͨ͹୉ָΉͲͶ೘ָͤΖ̔ʀ̑ʀ̑͹՟ఖͲʹ͹Γ͑͵ָस‫ܙ‬ସΏࣙըɾकର੓౵Νཱི֮ͦ͠ͱΑ͚͖ͨ͹؏఼͖Δ΍߶୉ંକ͗ΓΕ॑གྷͶ͵
ͮͱ͚Ζ͞ͳͺ‫͑ݶ‬ΉͲ΍͍ΕΉͦΞɽঙࢢԿ͗କ͘ɾ͞Η͖Δ͹ೖຌऀճΝ୴͑ϋ΢τΡϔζϡϏωʖθͺ౨ΠζΠɾ౨ೈΠζΠ͹ऑंͺ΍ͳΓΕ੊ֆ͹ऑंͳ઀ᛯ୘ຑ͢ͱ͏͖͵͜Ηͻ͵ΕΉͦΞɽ੊ֆదͶ΍ʰ͕ͳ͵͢͏ʱʰ߉͓Όʱͳ‫ݶ‬ΚΗΖೖຌਕɾಝͶऑंͺࣙ‫ހ‬कٝɾཤ‫ހ‬कٝద͵ܑ޴Ͷ͍Ε͗ͬͲͤɽ͠Ή͡Ή͵Ճ஍؏ɾਕਫ਼؏Ν૮‫ޕ‬ཀྵմɾ‫༙͢ڠ‬ɾ੊ֆ͹ਕʓͳʤླྀߨ͹ऑं‫ݶ‬ཁͲ‫͑ݶ‬͵ΔͻʥʰΪοʱͲαϝϣωίʖεϥϱड़པΖਕࡒΝଡ͚ഒड़͢ͱ͏͖͵͜Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏ͳ‫͏ͱͣ״‬Ήͤɽࢴࣙਐ͗ஏ๏͹୉ָͲͤ͹Ͳ༙೵͵ਕࡒ͗‫͖͢΃֐ݟ‬΍౐ࢤ෨Ͷླྀड़ͤΖܑ޴͗ΓΕ਒΋͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ͳ‫ݔ‬೨͢ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽʰஎʱ͹֪ࠫ΍‫ࡃܨ‬͹֪ࠫͳಋ༹֨͗ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͳͺ͵͏Ͳ͢Β͖͑ɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕୉ָͲ‫گ‬ແ՟Ͷॶ଒͢ͱ͏Ζ͗ɾָྙ඲Ճ͹๏๑Ͷٛ໲Ν࣍ͮͱ͕ΕɾࢂߡͶ͵Ζ࿫Νซ͜୉ร༙қٝͲ͍ͮͪɽʙಝͶ 'HDQH ࢱ͹‫ޢ‬Ζָस໪ඬ͹໎֮Կͳ໎ࣖԿΝ਒ΌΖචགྷ੓Ν‫ͪͣ״͚ک‬ɽʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ192

˕υΡʖϱ઎ਫ਼͹࿫ͺ‫ັڷ‬਄͖ͮͪ͗ɾೋ͖ͮͪ͢ɽಋ࣎௪༃Νซ͚ͳ͏͑ͳ͞Θ͗‫ݸ‬ֆ͍͗Ζʤ௪༃ं͗઒໵దͲͺ͵͏ʥʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ࡀ఼‫خ‬६͹࿫Ͷश࢟ͪ͢͹ͺ࢔೨ͫͮͪɽ৆ࡋΉͲޮ֋͢͵͚ͱ΍Γ͏͹Ͳͺɾ΍ͮͳࠐଢ͹ྙΝָߏͲͺү੔͢ͱːːːɽ΍͑ঙ͢෱߁͏ࢻ఼͹άϫϱΝซ͖ͪͮͪ͘ɽ
ʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕τʖϜͶ‫غ‬ଶͪ͗͢ɾ߁൥ҕͶ࿫͗‫;ٶ‬චͥ͢΍ʰ඲ՃʱͶͯ͏ͱ਄ΌΔΗͱ͏͵͏ͳ‫ͪͣ״‬ɽʙ‫ښ‬୉͹ಝ৯೘ࢾ͗‫ښ‬୉સର͹೘ࢾ͹΢ϟʖζͲͺ͵͏ʄʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕୉รқٝ਄͏಼༲Ͳͪ͢ɽࠕ‫ޛ‬͹‫گ‬үͶͯ͏ͱඉ৙Ͷϭέϭέͦ͠ΔΗΉͪ͗͢ɾҲͯ‫ݔ‬೨͍͗ΖͳͤΗͻɾΓΕ͘Όࡋ͖͏ࢨ಍ʀ඲Ճͳ͵Ζ͞ͳͶ͵ͮͱɾ‫ٱ‬ͶघखΕଏखΕͶ͵Ε͙ͤͱɾ͍Ζझʰओ͏ʱਕؔΝࡠΕड़͢ͱ͏͖͵͏͖ͳ͏͑͞ͳͲͤɽ୉ָͶ೘ͮͱ͖ΔɾΉͪɾऀճͶ͕͏ͱҲਕͲ໩ʓͳช‫ݛ‬ΝಣΞͲ໲ୌΝʤࢶ͹৏Ͳʥմ͘କ͜Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳΝ‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗͪͳ͘ɾͨΗΝࣰ‫͘Ͳݳ‬Ζਕ͗ঙ͵͚͵ͮͱ͢Ή͑͹Ͳͺɾͳ͏͞ͳΝঙͫ͢͜ࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ࠕॡಧષ෰‫ىͪ͢׈‬फ़ࣞͶͯ͏ͱɾࡀ఼ͺຌ౲ͶͲ͘Ζ͹͖ɾսٛదͫͮͪ͗ɾ੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹࿫Νࢗͮͱঙ͢‫ັࣰݳ‬Νଵ;ͱͪ͘ɽ
ʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕‫خ‬௒ߪԍͶͯ͏ͱͺɾʰ߶୉ંକͶ͕͜Ζʱ͗ʰָྙ඲Ճ͹࠹৿ಊ޴ʱͳ‫͚ک‬΋ͤ;ͯ͏ͱͺ͏͵͏Γ͑͵‫״‬Ν΍ͬΉͪ͗͢ɾ'LVFXVVLRQ Ͳතմ͢Ήͪ͢ɽ‫ݺ‬ʓ͹τʖϜͺͨΗͩΗ‫ັڷ‬਄͏΍͹Ͳͪ͢ɽʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕'HDQH ઎ਫ਼͹࿫ͺɾͪ͏΃ΞࢂߡͶ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽๅࠄ̏ʛ̑΍ɾαϱϏέφͶΉͳΉͮͱ͏ͱɾྒྷ͖
ͮͪͲͤɽસର౾࿨ͺɾ‫ښ‬୉͹࿫͗஦ৼͶ͵ͮͪ͹ͺɾ‫״‬૟ͳ͢ͱͺɾྒྷ͖ͮͪͳ΍ѳ͖ͮͪͳ΍‫ݶ‬͓͵͏ඏຽ͵‫ͤͲͣ״‬ɽસରͳ͢ͱͺɾཔͱΓ͖ͮͪ͢ɾΉͪɾ֋͏ͱ͏ͪͫ͜Ηͻͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͖֮Ͷ΢ϱϏέφ͹͍Ζ࿫Ͳͪ͢ɽ
ʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕࣎ؔ͹౐߻΍͍Ζͳ͕΍͑͗ɾࢧߡྙɾ൓இྙɾන‫ྙݳ‬͹඲Ճ͹؏఼͗෨෾ద͖ͯ֨ࢆదͲ͍Ζ‫͗ـ‬ͪ͢ɽʹ͹Γ͑͵΍͹͗ΓΕྒྷ͏͹͖ΓΕࠕ‫ޛ‬͹٠࿨͗චགྷͫͳࢧ͏Ήͪ͢ɽ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͤɽʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕പਭ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫͗ɾͳ͚ͶηφϱͳಆͶ೘ͮͱ͘Ήͪ͢ɽΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱήΝघ͛͠ΕͲ࢟ΌͱΊͱ΍ɾΏͺΕ‫ݳ‬য়ͺτηφͲ͹඲ՃͶ͵Ε͗ͬͲ͍ΕɾΉͫΉͫΠέτΡϔϧʖωϱή͹඲Ճͺ͍ͳΉΚ͢Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ‫͏ک͗״‬Γ͑Ͷ‫͏ͱͣ״‬Ήͤɽ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹खΕૌΊ΍‫؜‬Όɾ೘ࢾͲ‫͞ͳ͏ͪݡ‬ΘʻָߏͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ΄͘ʤүͱΖ΄͘ʥͳ͞Θ͵͹ͫͳրΌͱ‫ͣ״‬Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ήͪ͢ɽ݃‫ۃ‬ͺͤ΄ͱ͹‫گ‬үͶ‫ؖ‬ΚΖਕʓ͗ΉͫΉͫघ୵Ε͵͹ͫɾͳ‫ͯͯͣ״‬ɾࢴࣙਐ΍΍͗͏ͱ͏ͪ͘͏ͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽຌೖͺͨ͹ͪΌ͹ϐϱφ΍͚ͪ͠ΞಚΔΗͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽ͍Ε͗ͳ͑͟͡͏Ήͪ͢ɽʤࢴཱི߶ߏʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ193˕‫ݺ‬พ͹ WDON ͺ୉รห‫ک‬Ͷ͵ΕΉͪ͗͢ɾʰ஦ʀ߶ʱ͹‫گ‬үʀ඲Ճ͹ࣰભ͗ʹ͹Γ͑Ͷʰ୉ʱͶͯ͵͗Ζ͹͖ͳ͏͑୉͘͵ͳ͞Θʤ߶୉ંକʥ͗ɾΉͳΉΕ઀Δ͵͖ͮͪΓ͑Ͷࢧ͏Ήͤɽʙࢃஏ઎ਫ਼͹౾࿨͹Ϝϋζϟϱφ͗ો੘Δ͖ͮͪ͢Ͳͤɽ
ʤ͕ൾΗ͠ΉͲͪ͢ɽʥʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼ɾപਭ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫ͺ‫گ‬үրַ͹͵͖ͲҲͯ͹घ๑ͳ͢ͱ༙ްͫͳࢧͮͪɽห‫ک‬Ͷ͵ͮͪɽʙҲ๏Ͳʤࢴͺ‫Ͳࢥگ‬ͺ͵͏͗ʥɾʹ͹Γ͑͵೵ྙʀηΫϩΝ୉ָ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΓ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ࠕҲͯఽΚΔ
͵͏ɽ೘ࢾͲ͍ΖҐ৏ɾՁΝ໲͖͑ͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾ඲Ճ͹؏఼͚Δ͏ͺޮ֋ͤΖචགྷ͍͗Θ͑ɽʙζήλʖͳ &%$/ ͹୉͘͵ҩ͏ͺɾ&%$/ ͺࢢ‫ڛ‬ͶԢͣͱɾ೟எϪϗϩΏητρϕΝߡྂ͢ͱφϪʖωϱήͤΖ๏๑΍ऊౕ৏͹Ғ஖΍Κ͖Ζ͞ͳ͖ͳࢧ͑ɽΏͺΕɾΠιηϟϱφ͗ૌΊࠒΉΗͱ͏͵͏ͳ‫ݳ‬৖Ͳͺ࢘͏Ͷ͚͏ɽʙιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬ͺɾͧͽ‫ڠ‬௪τηφͳ͢ͱ͹ༀׄΝ୉઀ͶͤΖͳͳ΍Ͷɾ଎ఈͤ΄͘೵ྙʀηΫϩΝਜ਼͚͢඲Ճ͢ͱཋ͢͏ɽ
ʰ͍Ζఖౕ‫ؽ‬փέϧηνϨϱή͗Ͳ͘Ζ͹͗  ࣊ΉͲͫ
͖Δɾ ࣊͹‫ى‬फ़Ͳʱͳ͏͑͹ͺΏΌͱཋ͢͏ɽʙࢨఈ౾࿨͗߶ߏ͹઎ਫ਼ͫͮͪ͹ͺྒྷ͖ͮͪɽ‫ݳ‬৖͹ଡ͚͹ਕ͹‫ͳְ״‬ɾ୉ָ͹‫ंڂݜ‬͹қࣟ͹ҩ͏͗Γ͚Κ͖ͮͪ‫ͤ͗ـ‬Ζɽ&%$/ ͺྈं͹ߖΝດΌΖ޽෋΍͍Ζ͹Ͳͺ͵͏͖ɽʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹͕࿫͗ͳͱ΍‫ັڷ‬਄͖ͮͪͲͤɽ
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ʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀາ‫ى‬೘ʥ˕ϛʖϩʀυΡʖϱ઎ਫ਼͹ߪԍͺΠϟϨΩ͹ࣆ৚͗Κ͖ͮͱɾΓ͖ͮͪͳࢧ͏Ήͤɽʙ੤Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹‫ښ‬୉
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ʰ๝͖͵ʱਕࡒΝүͱΖ๏๑Ͷͯ͏ͱɾ୉ָ
೘ࢾɾ୉ָଈ͖Δɾͨ͹મൊ๏๑Ώ಼༲͖Δɾ໎ࣖదͶ਒Όͱ͏͜Ηͻ๮Ή͢͏ͳ‫ͪͣ״‬ɽʙ࣯໲ͺͤ΄ͱ͵Ξͳ͖ͽΘͮͱ΍Δ͏ͪ͏ɽʤͨ͹ଠʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕સͱ͹͕࿫͗୉รࢂߡͶ͵ΕΉͪ͢ɽๅࠄ͹࣎ؔ͗୻͖ͮͪ͹Ͳɾ΍ͮͳ࣎ؔ͹༪༡Ν࣍ͮͱ௎ͪ͘
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͕͜Ζࢧߡྙ͹඲Ճ͕Γ;ড়݇෉‫ى‬फ़ࣞ ᶆ߶ߏद‫͕ۂ‬Γ;୉ָ೘ࢾͶ͕͜Ζकର੓͹඲Ճ ಝͶᶆͺͨ΍ͨ΍ϩʖϔϨρέ͹घ๑΍ߡ͓๏΍ਃಃ͢ͱ͕Δͥ॑གྷͳߡ͓Ζɽຌೖ͹֦τʖϜͺ༙қٝͲ͍ͮͪ͗ɾ
ʰ࠹৿ಊ޴ʱ͹֦࿨͹઴Ͷɾ͑ͪ͢͞‫خ‬ຌద͵τʖϜ͍͗ΖͳΓΕΓ͖ͮͪɽʤʰ೘ࢾιϱνʖʱ͹ʰ߶୉ંକʱ͹ʰ඲Ճʱ͹εϱϛͲ೘ࢾրַɾָྙ඲ՃτηφͶ̏ϝϨ΍ৰΗ͵͏͹΍ʰਈ‫ۂ‬ʱͫʥʞʞͨΗͶ͢ͱ΍֦ߪԍं͹๏ʓͺɾ͵͖͵͖࣯໲Ͷద֮Ͷ౶͓ΉͦΞ͸ɽʤͨ͹ଠʀາ‫ى‬೘ʥ195

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ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕߶୉ંକ‫گ‬үͶ͕͜ΖްՎ͹߶͏۫ରదϕϫήϧϞͶͯ͏ͱ͹ࣆྭ൅න‫;ٶ‬ཀྵ૟ద಼༲͹ྭࣖɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ࠕյ͹τʖϜ͹କ͘Ν‫س‬๮ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ιϱνʖࢾ‫ݩ‬͹қٝͺʃʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕୉ָ͹‫ݳ‬৖Ͳͺɾրַ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗͱ͏Ζ͵͖Ͳɾঙਕ਼Ͷଲ͢ͱɾ࣎ؔΝ͖͜ΖમൊΓΕɾҲൢ೘ࢾ
Ͷਫ਼͖ͦΖΓ͑͵खૌΊ͗ซͪ͘͏ɽ
ʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕‫ܩ‬କ͢ͱ৚ๅ఑‫͏ͪͫͪ͘͏ڛ‬ɽʤࠅޮཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕೘ࢾրַͳॵ೧࣏‫گ‬ү͹࿊ಊ੓ʤࢴཱི୉ָʀ‫گ‬ҽʥ˕ ೧ౕͶ͕͜Ζ୉ָ೘ָ‫س‬๮ंָྙ඲Ճτηφ͹સ༲ͳ߶୉ંକͳ͹૮‫ؖ‬੓Ͷͯ͏ͱʙ೘ࢾιϱνʖ৮ҽʤ$GPLVVLRQRIILFHUʥ͹઒໵ԿͶͯ͏ͱʙ‫گ‬৮ҽͶ‫ڠ‬௪ͤΖ $SSOLFDWLRQ5HYLHZ ͹॑གྷ੓Ͷͯ͏ͱʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕ՅଐͤΖঙࢢԿͶͳ΍͵͑ೖຌ͹߶౵‫گ‬үΝͺͣΌͳͪ͢‫گ‬ү͹͍Ε๏Ͷͯ͏ͱʙ౐ࢤ෨͹୉ָͳஏ๏୉ָ͹༹ʓ͵֪ࠫʙ౭ଣ͠ΗΖ୉ָʛ୉ָ͹ਫ਼͘࢔Εકྲྀʛʤࢴཱི୉ָʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕Ϝʖέࣞड़ୌͶͯ͏ͱɾրַ͹՟ୌͲ͍Ζʰࢧߡྙʀ൓இྙʱΝ໲͑ड़ୌ͹Ն೵੓ɾ‫ڂݜ‬য়‫ڱ‬ʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕඲Ճτηφ͹६ඍয়‫ڱ‬ɽࢩԋͤΖεητϞ͹ߑ஛͵ʹɽ,&7 Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹ιϱνʖ͹‫ڂݜ‬ɽʤग़ʀ༩ඍߏ

196

‫ܐؖ‬ʀࣆແ৮ҽʥ˕໲ୌ͹ࡠΕ๏ʤࡠ໲ʥ
ʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕Ҳࡤ೧͹ (76 ࢃຌ઎ਫ਼͹๏͗ѻౙదͶ͕΍͢Θ͖ͮͪɽτηφ෾໼Ͳ͹઒໵Պʤஓీ઎ਫ਼ɾ઴ઔ઎
ਫ਼ɾೈ෫‫ݬ‬઎ਫ਼ɾࣴࢃ઎ਫ਼ɾଞ໨઎ਫ਼ʥΝҲಋͶॄ݃͢ͱɾ࠹઎୼͹τηφ‫ڂݜ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ‫ͱͮޢ‬Ά͢͏ɽȝτηφ͹઒໵Պ͹཈੔Ͷͯ͵͗Ζɽʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕੶Ԯ઎ਫ਼͹ࡀ఼εητϞͶͯ͏ͱ਄͚खΕ৏͝ͱΆ͢͏ɽʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀ‫ڂݜ‬ҽʥ˕৿τηφ͹ࡠ໲ྭʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕ࢾ‫ݩ‬͹ࡠ໲͹࢕๏ʙ۫ରద͵඲Ճ͹๏๑ʤ຿ؔ‫ۂة‬ʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕߶୉ંକ͹๏޴੓ͳ೘ࢾιϱνʖ͗ͨ͹஦ͲՎͪͤༀׄʙαϱϒϣʖνʖͶΓΖชহࡀ఼Ͷͯ͏ͱʤϜηαϝ‫ܐؖ‬ʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕͠Δ͵Ζ৿͢͏৚ๅΝ͕‫͢͏ب‬Ήͤɽʤͨ͹ଠʀͨ͹ଠʥ˕৿τηφ͹۫ରద͵໲ୌ಼༲Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹୉ָʀ߶ߏ‫ݳ‬৖͖Δ͹ࡠ໲ࢾҌͶͯ͏ͱ౾٠ͤΖΓ͑͵‫ؽ‬ճΝ͞͹εϱϛζΤϞͶՅ͓ͱΆ͢͏ɽʤͨ͹ଠʀͨ͹ଠʥҐ   ৏

197

入学者選抜研究に関する調査室報告書 3
大学入試センターシンポジウム 2016

高大接続における学力評価の最新動向
平成 29 年 3 月
発行 / 独立行政法人 大学入試センター〒153-8501 東京都目黒区駒場 2-19-23☎03-3468-3311
担当 / 総務企画部 総務課

1