PICES‐2012 Keynote Lecture
October 15th, 2012,2012 Hiroshima

Resilience
Riliandd sustainability
i biliof the human‐ocean coupledpsystem
y– beyond the Great East Japan Earthquake
Tokio WadaFisheries Research Agency
J pJapan1

Today’s Topics
1. SatoSato-yama
yama and Sato
Sato-umi
umi in Japan・As a concept of Human-Natural coupled system
for maintaining biodiversity andfor sustainable use of ecosystem services

2. Effects of the Great East Japan Earthquakeon marine
i ecosystems
tandd theirth i recoveries
i・Damage to fisheries and marine ecosystems,・RadioactiveR diti contamination,t i ti・Tsunami debris, etc.
2

From CCCC to FUTURE
How respond the North Pacific ecosystems
to climate changes?
gCCCC

Climate Change and Carrying Capacity(1995‐2009)

Sardine,S
diWalleye
W llpollock,ll k Pacific
P ifi salmonlOffshore/Basin scale study
CBD, CoML,IPCC‐AR4

How to achieve the sustainable use of
the services from the North Pacific ecosystems ?
Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Trends
Uncertainty and Responses ofNorth Pacific Marine Ecosystems (2009‐)

FUTURE

Exotic species, HABs, Biodiversity,dHuman dimensiondCoastal/Regional scale study3

Human Well-being and Ecosystem Services

Ecosystems

Provisioning
SServicesi
Regulating
Services
CulturalServices
DirectDrivers

H
HumanW
Well‐beingll b i

Security
Basic Materials
HealthSocial Relations

Freed
dom offC
Choice& Actiion・Succession
・Resilience

SupportinggServicesE
Ecosystem
SServicesi

Indirect
Drivers

Ecological Perturbation & Disturbance

Human activities :・ Must be limited to the range of the resilience of ecosystems.
・ Means of the regulation of ecological succession(= maintaining a mosaic of diverse habitats) through the moderate4ecological perturbation and disturbance.

Sato‐yama‐ A Traditional Human‐Natural
Coupled System in Japan
Sato‐yama: A secondary forest (yama) nearby a village (Sato)in an original sense.
sense

Photo: Fukuoka Prefecture
Photo: Tateshina Town

Sato‐yama
yhas been managed
g as a commons of the village
g for
the collection of firewood, fertilizer, and foods, such as nuts and5mushrooms.

Sato‐yama‐Its Structure & Functions
S
Sato‐yama:
A plurall l ecosystem including
i l di variousihhabitatsbiReservoir

Secondaryfforest
Grassland

・ Human activities
Agriculture/Forestry
prevent the ecologicalsuccession.
・ Preservation of eachhabitatPaddy field・ Maintain Biodiversity andEtSiEcosystem
Services
offSato‐yamaW
Waterway
Illustration: Shiga Prefecture

Agriculture Forestry

×
Grassland &Paddy field

FForestryt×
Shrubs×
Secondary Forest

Climax Forest

Illustration: http://www.cgr.mlit.go.jp/ootagawa/sand/west/plants/forest/3b/index.htm

6Sato‐umi – A Concept of Human‐Ocean
Coupled System
Sato‐umi: A coastal area where biological productivity andbi dibiodiversity
i hash iincreasedd throughhh humanhiinteractioni(Ministry of the Environment)“Umi” = sea

Photo: Kyoto Prefecture/ National Federation of Fisheries Co‐operative Associations

7

Sato‐umi‐Its Structure
A ImageAnI
off theth Structure
Stt
off Sato‐umi
S ti

LittoralForest

Farmland“Sato‐‐yama“Satoyama””
VillageRocky shore &Seaweed bed（Shellfish/SeaweedCollection）“Sato‐‐umi“Satoumi””

gg(Common ffishinggroundfor fish & shellfish)(Aquaculture)
Fishing port
Tidal Flat

（Shellfish collection)
SandSd&M
Mudd Fl
Flatt& Seagrass bed

Sandy beach8Institutional Base of Sato‐umi
Coastal Fisheries Management by Fishing Rights
Fishing Ground for
Minister Licensed Fisheries
Fishing Ground for
Governor Licensed Fisheries

Fishingg Ground ffor
Fishing Rights Fisheries

Fishing village(Fisheries Co‐operativeAssociation)

Fishing Rights:
・Exclusive rights granted by
the Government to engage in
specific fisheries in publicwaters.
・Fishing ground of thisfisheries is a commons forfishers who live in the village
near the fishing ground.
Control of the excessive entryto fisheries
R t i t toRestraintt overexploitationl it tiin coastal areas9

Characteristics of Japanese‐style
Coastal Fisheries Management
・ Voluntary efforts of fishers based on their agreement
AArea& TimeTiCl
Closure/Catch/C t h & Effort
Eff t Control/
C t l/
Size & Sex Limitation
・ Integrated
d implementation
lwithh Stockk Enhancement
handdImprovement of Fishing Ground
Release of seeds

Developing Seaweed
bed

Fukushima Pref.

Fisheries Agency

Reef
R f ffor Spawning
Si& Nursery

Kagoshima Pref.

Plowing Sea bed

Fisheries Agency

Cleanlup Beachh&Fishing Ground

Nippon Zaidan

10Sato‐umi‐Its FunctionsInteraction with
Coastal Land Area
Degradation/Advancement

・ Rich in Biodiversity
・ Highg Capacity
py ffor Regulating
gg Environment
Biogeochemical cycling/water purification/etc.

・ High Biological Productivity
Fisheries management
Stock enhancement

Restriction ofCoastal DevelopCDpment

Prootectionn & Improveme
ent ofCoastaal Envirronmennt

A Mosaic of Different
Type of Habitats

Co‐existence of Various Type of Fisheries
Stability and Sustainability ofFisheries and Local Community
11The Great East Japan Earthquake
D t andd timeti
6 MarchM h 11, 2011
1. Date: 14:46,
2. Hypocenter : 38o6.2’ N, 142o51.6’E
3. Depth : 24km,
4. Magnitude : M9.0

Hypocentralregion
Data: The Coastal Engineering Committee of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers 12

Changes in Topography with the Earthquake
Contour interval : 0.5 m

Mouth of Kitakami River
March, 1985

S b idSubsidence

April 17,2011
UpliftVertical deformation calculated
from slip distribution model
Ｄａｔａ：Geospatial Information Authority of Japan

Photo: Miyagi Prefecture13Damage to Fisheries
Damage fromDftheh GreatGEastEJJapanEEarthquake
hkto the fisheries in Japan (as of July 5, 2012)
CategoryFishingFihi vessels
lFishery harbor facilities
Aquaculture facilities
Aquaculture products
Common use facilities
Subtotal** 100 million ¥Number ofDamage
28,61228 612319
1,725

Amount ofDamage*
1,822
1 822
8,230
738
597
1,249
12 637
12,637

Almost damages were occurred in 7 prefectures from・Almost
Hokkaido to Chiba. (12,544 x 100 million ¥)・Seafood processing facilities in 7 prefectures werealso damaged. (1,639 x 100 million ¥)Data: Ministry of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

14Changes in sea grass bed(Same‐no‐ura/Ishinomaki City)
Data: Dr. Daisuke Muraoka/FRACoveraage (%)

Effects to Sea grass bed and Tidal flat

Jun. 2006
Aug. 2011
Jan. 2012
Jul. 2012

Number of Species ofBenthic Organisms
Upper: before the earthquake
Lower: after the earthquake

Changes in number of Species ofBenthic organisms in taidal flats
commonnewly appeared

Data: Dr. Takao Suzuki, Univ. Tohoku/
Ministry of the Environment

15

Effects to Seaweed Bed

C
CrustosetC
Coralline
lli Algae
Al5‐7m(CCA)
Algal Turfs(AT)K l Bed
B dKelp(KB)

4–5m

Lithophylum
yessoensis

Gelidium
elegans

2–4m

Tomari‐hama/Ishinomaki City

Eisenia bicyclis
100m

Data & Photo: Dr. Hideki Takami/FRA

16

Changes in the densities of abalone and sea urchinbetween before and after the tsunami
AbaloneSea urchin30

6Jul 2010
Nov 2010

5Feb 2011
Jun 2011

4321

Sea urchiin density ((inds m-2)

Abalone density (inds m-2)

7Jul 2010
Nov 201020

Jun 2011

1002
0.2

00
KB
KB

ATAT

CCA
CCA

KB
KB

0.1

ND
ATAT

CCA
CCA

Type of Seaweed Bed
KB : Kelp Bed/AT : Algal Turfs/CCA : Crustose Coralline Algae

17Effects to Offshore & Migratory Species
Distribution of walleye pollock

ＡＥDHApr. 2011

2歳

3歳

4歳

5歳以上

80 ,00 0
60 ,00 0
40 ,0000 0
20 ,00 0

12

20

10
11
20

2008
09
20

20

06
07
20

20

04
05
20

20

02
03
20

20

00
01
20

20

19

1998
99

096
97

・There was no significantgdeference between before
and after the earthquake.

1歳

1 00 ,00 0

19HA

1 20 ,00 0

資源重量（トンン）Ｆ

After3000
2000
1000
0Stock in1weight
Pacific cod by age
9 9 6 ～2 0 of
1 2 年の年齢別資源重量

19Trawl
surveyAprill 2011

Before3000
Ｂ 2000A
1000
DＣ0H
ＤApr. 2006‐2010(Av)

年

Data: Y. Narimatsu et.al./FRA (unpublished)18

Radioactive Contamination
Estimated Amount of Radioactive Materials into the Ocean(as of May 2012, Data: TEPCO)

I i iInstitution

PeriodPi d offAssessment

TEPCO
JAEA
IRSN

Mar. 26 - Sept. 30
Mar. 21 - Apr. 30
Mar
Mar. 21 - Mid-Jul.
Mid JulReleased
R ld amount ini PBq
PB
I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137
1111.4-3.5-

Half-life: I-131=8 days, Cs-134=2 years, Cs-137= 30 years

3.6
3.627
PBq=1015Bq

Method:TEPCO/JAEA: Calculate the amount of radioactive materials using a diffusion modelso as to reproduce the concentration in seawater near the discharge canals ofthe power plant.
IRSN: Draw a contour map of the Cs‐137 concentration in the North Pacific Ocean off
Fukushima Prefecture, and then calculate the total amount of Cs‐137.
TEPCO: Tokyo Electric Power Company /JAEA: Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IRSN: Institute de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire

19

Concentration of Radioactive Materialsin the Seawater near the Fukushima DaiDai‐ichi
ichi NPP
Conce
entratiion of Radio
oactiveMateerials Bq/L

1000000
100000St.T‐1: North of discharge channel of 5‐6 ofTEPCO Fukushima Dai‐ichi NPP

10000
1000
100
10101
0.1

Date

Data: MEXT

20

Cs‐137 concentration of sea water around Japanfor 1964
1964‐20102010 and off Fukushima for 20112011‐20122012
Consentrattion off Cs‐1377 Bq/L
L

100,000
10,000
1,000
100

Historical Data around Japan
Coastal Water off Fukushima, 0‐6km
6‐30kmOffshore Water off Fukushima, 630km
Offshore Water off Fukushima, 30‐300km

1010.10.01
0.001
0.00012011
Data: MEXT/Meteorological Res. Inst.(Dr. Aoyama)

21

Concentration of Radioactive Cesiums(Cs‐134(Cs134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms
Organisms‐11

Bq/kg‐wetSurf clam/Abalone

Brown Algae

・ Biological half‐life= 50 – 140 days

Whitebait(sand eel)

Japanese sardine

Pelagic fishes & larvae,
Shellfishes,
Shellfishes
Sea urchins,Brown algae, etc.
・Decrease Cs conc.
in Sea water・ Decreased to low
or undetectablelevels

Data: The Fisheries Agency

22

Concentration of Radioactive Cesiums(Cs‐134(Cs134 +Cs137) in Marine Organisms
Organisms‐22
Slime flounder (Microstomus achne)

・ Some benthic fishes andother organisms in someareas remain relatively
hi h levelsll
high・ food habits:
carnivorous
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
cod,, flounderominivorous
greenling,
blackbream
bl k sea b
・ Osmoregulatory ability:
euryhaline
perch, black sea bream
23

Tsunami Debris – Type and Abundance・About 5 million tons 0f debris from Iwate, Miyagi and
Fukushima Prefectures washed out by the tsunami.
・ Its 70 % (3.5( millionlltons)) ddepositedd on seabedb d alongl
the coast of Japan, and the remaining 30 % (1.5 million tons)
became floating debris.
debrisTType(Unit: thousand tons)
FloatingFl ti D
Debrisb i D
Debrisb i on S
Seabedb dS
SumHouses
Cars
Driftwoods
Ships
Aquaculture facilities
Fixed fishing nets
Cargo containers

1,336
‐
199
1‐
‐
‐

2,783
313
‐
101
16
1835

4,119
313
199
102
16
1835

Total

1,536

3,266

4,802

Data: Ministry of the Environment

24

Influences of Floating Debris
１．Ecological Influences:・Effects to Highly Migratory Species= accidental
id t l ingestion/iti /tangle to organisms/ghost fishing・Pollution
Pollution of Coastal Environment
・Transport & Diffusion of Exotic Species
２ Influences to Ship Navigation and Fishing Operation:
２．Influences
２．
・Collision with ships/Tangle to Ships’ propellers andfishinggggears
３．Other３．
Other Influences:
・Damage to coastal landscape by debris
Photo: The Aquatic
Nuisance Species (ANS)
Task ForcePhoto: U.S. Navy/AFLO/ZUMA Press25

Debris Drift Prediction
Subsurface type

Lumber type

Float typeSpecific gravity=1.0

S.g.=0.5

S.g.=0.33Feb.
2012
Jun.
2012

Oct
Oct.
2012

Feb.
2013
Data: Ministry of the Environment

26

Remaining Subjects and Necessity ofInternational Cooperation‐1
1. Ecological Impacts:
・Offshore region/Migratory species ‐ Small or Negligible.
・Coastal ecosystems – Large. Take a long time to recover.
Long‐term monitoring and attention toecological succession are required.

2. Radioactive contamination:
・Radioactivity in seawater has been decreased.
decreased But
But,
still relatively high in sediments and benthic organisms insome waters.
• Continuation of monitoring and studies on the dynamicsof radioactive materials in the ecosystem are required.
27

Remaining Subjects and Necessity ofInternational Cooperation‐23.
3 Floating Debris:
・Lots of debris will drift widely in the North Pacific Ocean
for several yyears,, and arrived to the coast of the North
Pacific rim.
• Monitoring and studies on impacts on coastal/oceanic
ecosystems, mitigationandi i i ways off impacts,
id treatment off
debris are required.
・These subjects are common to the North Pacific Ocean.
・InternationalInternational cooperation is essential for enhance
the research activities and continuation of the monitoring.
・PICES is expected
pto take a leadingg role in the planningpg andimplementation of the international cooperation.
28

Acknowledgement‐1
I would like to express our sincere thanks for the warm
sympathyy py and strong
g aid from the PICES member countries
and from all over the world in response to the terrible
disasters of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
PICES and ICES kindly donated CD$55,100 to
aid the marine science in the disaster area.
areaThis donation was distributed to 11 research projects throughthe Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography
d stronglyl support theh ecologicall i l studies
di iin theh area.
andThe results of the projects will be summarized and presented inthis Annual Meeting (S11) with our sincere thanks.
The title is“General report of the projects aided by PICES/ICES/JSFO fund forg presearch on the recovery
y fromfisheries and oceanographic
the Great East Japan Earthquake”
29

Acknowledgement‐2
This presentation is based on the studies conducted bymany institutes,
i iuniversities,ii i andd scientifici
ifi societies,
i iincluding the Fisheries Research Agency (FRA).
I would like to express my sincere thanks and respects
for their earnest activities.
I would like to express my deepest thanks toDrs. Kaoru Nakata, Hiroaki Saito, Shin‐ichi Ito,
Mitsutaku Makino, Toyomitsu Horii, Daisuke Muraoka,
Hideki Takami, Takami Morita, Hideki Kaeriyama,
Tomowo Watanabe,Watanabe and Hiroya Sugisaki
for their kind support during the preparation ofthis presentation.
30

Tank you very much for your kind attention.
attention
31