HSC03-01

Room:105

Time:May 28 10:00-10:15

Identifying land use changes and the related problems in northern states of India
HIMIYAMA, Yukio1∗
1

Hokkaido University of Education

India has been experiencing an accelerating rate of socio-economic changes in the last three decades and their interaction withthe land and its changes to date and in the near future are a great concern of this rapidly growing country. However, the study ofthe change of the use of land and land-related problems has not been sufficient, particularly for the period including the 1980s.
The present study is to identify land use changes and the related problems in some selected areas in northern India from the
1980s.

Keywords: India, land use change, socio-economic change

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HSC03-02

Room:105

Time:May 28 10:15-10:30

Variation in the use of ecosystem services by local people in Borneo: Social and ecological factors
SAKAI, Shoko1∗ ; CHOY, Yee keong2 ; KOIZUMI, Miyako3 ; KISHIMOTO-YAMADA, Keiko4 ; TAKANO, T. kohei5 ;ICHIKAWA, Masahiro6 ; SAMEJIMA, Hiromitsu7 ; KATO, Yumi8 ; SODA, Ryoji9 ; USHIO, Masayuki10 ;SAIZEN, Izuru11 ; NAKASHIZUKA, Tohru5 ; ITIOKA, Takao12
1

Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2 Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University, 3 Graduate School of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4 Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5 Graduate School of Life
Sciences, Tohoku University, 6 Fucluty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 7 7Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 8 The Hakubi Project, Kyoto University, 9 Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University,
10
Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 11 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 12 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important ecosystem services provided by natural forests. Utilization of NTFPs by local people is rapidly decreasing and/or changing throughout the world with economic globalization, the prevalence of a monetary
economy, and decrease and degradation of forest ecosystems. Potential causes and consequences of the decrease and changes,
however, have rarely examined using quantitative sociological data. In this study, we investigate the effects of social and environmental characteristics of villages and households on the utilization of NTFP by households, in Sarawak, Malaysia.
In Sarawak, primary forests were exploited by indigenous people through swidden agriculture (slash-and-burn agriculture) andcollection of wild animals and plants before the modern economic transformation, which started in the 1960s. In the last few
decades, however, commercial logging and the development of oil-palm plantations have changed the land cover drastically. On
the other hand, many indigenous people today have migrated to urban areas, or even outside of Sarawak. Village life has alsochanged in various ways, and local people depend on natural forests less and less.
We conducted questionnaire survey in 22 and 69 villages in the basins of the Rajang and Bram rivers in the state of Sarawak, aspart of the project of “Collapse and Restoration of Ecosystem Networks with Human Activity” (Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature, Kyoto Japan). When consent was obtained, the surveyors interviewed a representative of the village (the village
head, if available) and 16?20 households in each village and filled questionnaires in Malay. We analyzed the data together withland cover dataset, the proportion of the land covered by forests surrounding the villages was estimated based on the land covermap based on satellite images.

We analyzed the data using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. The modeled NTFP variables were (a) presence and absence ofcatches of (a) wild boars (Sus barbatus ) and (b) sambar deer (Rusa unicolor ) in the previous year, and frequency of (c) firewood,(d) wild-fruit, (e) wild-mushroom and wild-vegetable collections. The explanatory variables included in the model were (1)forest cover, (2) economic condition of the household and (3) village accessibility.
The results show that forest cover significantly explains the variation in the usage of most NTFPs, while other factors are also
responsible for the variation. For example, economic conditions of the households affect negatively or positively depending on
NTFP types.
Not only are NTFPs essential for subsistence, collection and utilization of NTFPs are often important cultural and social activities for people. This study demonstrates that multidisciplinary approach of collaboration of social and natural scientists arenecessary to understand extensive repercussions of land cover changes on lives of local people.

Keywords: Ecosystem services, Borneo, Tropical Forest, NTFP, Land cover

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HSC03-03

Room:105

Time:May 28 10:30-10:45

Land-use change and flood disaster of semimountinous region -A case of Taketa City,
JapanDOI, Haruhiro1∗
1

Oita University

1. Preface
A huge tsunami due to the East Japan Great Earthquake that had occurred in March, 2011 cased the great deal of harm inJapan also even in the region by taking precautions against tsunami such as breakwaters. In the history, Japan has experienced
not only the large earthquake, but also repeating the flood and the sediment disaster by the heavy rain from the seasonal rain front
and the typhoon. The authors considered Taketa City, Oita Prefecture, where the four times of heavy rain within 30 years was
experienced, the flood and the sediment disaster occurred in every case and the human suffering, the house destruction, and thefarmland damage occurred. Taketa City is almost located on the central part on Kyushu Island, and it has the characteristic of atypical semimountainous area of Japan in the point that the population decreases and the aging of the population has progressed.
The purpose of the present study considers the flood situation, a geographical features condition and the relation to the land usechange as a case of the flood damage that occurred in the Taketa City in July, 2012.
2. Flood damage in Taketa City from the Northern Kyushu Downpour Disaster in July, 2012
The Northern Kyushu Downpour between 3rd and 14th of July, 2012 was a natural disaster that the slope failure and the riverflood generate by the seasonal rain front activated on the northern part of Kyushu Island including Oita Prefecture. Taketa City
received the big flood damage again by the Northern Kyushu Downpour in July, 2012. The total amount of rainfall was not large,
but the rainfall of 30-40 millimeters per one hour continued from 3 to 9 o’clock on the 12th. The water level of the Inaba Riverand the Tamarai River rose rapidly in only about six hours because there was a large amount of precipitation that reached 250
millimeters.
There was fortunately no overflow in Inaba River though the water level rose to the very limit top of the embankment in
the Inaba River where the dam had been completed in the previous year. However, the flood occurred in several places in the
Tamarai River around Haidabaru Area. The water level rose from the top of the embankment to 2.5 meters in the Haidabaru
Area. Driftwood by the slope failures in the upper stream of Tamarai River that hung to the bridge in the downstream in addition
to the overflow by the water rising promoted the overflow.
3. The flood damage and land use change in several decades in Taketa City
Recently, the residential house, the commercial establishment, and communal facilities tend to be located in the flat plain of
the river valley though it was a valuable agricultural area in a rice field and a dry field in the Taketa City since the latter halfof the twentieth century. On the other hand, the land use change of afforestation on the farmland in the mountainous region is
also general due to shortage of person in charge of agriculture by the population decrease and the aging of the population. It is
understood that the land use and the social change connected with the factor and the background of the flood damage confirmed
in Chapter 2 are progressing in Taketa City.
It is difficult to induce an existing land use such as residential house move enough to preferable use by the viewpoint of thedisaster prevention in the present legal system of Japan. The flatland that is appropriate for the urban land use is very little in the
hilly, mountainous area that the present study considers. The discussion of the ideal way of the land use in the river valley plainthat becomes basic of the citizen’s life is expected to be advanced as a base of the improvement of citizens’ disaster awareness toachieve the disaster prevention and mitigation in the future in Taketa City.

Keywords: Semimountainous region, Flooded area, Urban development, Population decrease

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HSC03-04

Room:105

Time:May 28 11:00-11:15

Land use change of Hlaingthayar township,Yangon
HARUYAMA, Shigeko1∗
1

Mie University

This study is an attempt to highlight the land utilization development of Hlaingtharyar Township, one of the recently-built new
towns in the suburbs of Yangon City and to check the drinking water quality condition for the new housing development area andindustrial zones. Based on the assessment with relevant statistical methods and Geographic Information System, the resultant
values are presented with diagrams and maps. The chief finding of this research work is the rapid development of the study area
among the new towns of Yangon City because of its advantageous of geographic location and the presence of relatively larger
industrial zones. The chief finding of this study is the rapid land use changes of the study area among the new towns of Yangon
City because of its advantageous of geographic location and the presence of relatively larger industrial zones. When Hlaingtharyar
Township was constituted in 1989, it had only 2,765 persons. After residential land plots were allotted, the population increased
rapidly from 148,898 in 1994 to 391,765 in 2009, but slightly decreased to 374,698 due to the exclusion of people eligible forvoting living outside the township. Comparatively the growth rate and the number of population of Hlaingtharyar Township aremuch greater than all the other newly built townships on account of locational advantage linking Yangon City and Ayeyarwady
Division by the newly constructed bridges and roads. The rapid population growth implies to some extent, the improvement in
the land use conditions of the study area. All the nine major types of land use including land use for primary production exist
in this township. Unlike most other townships, the proportion of land use for industry is relatively high with 26.54 %due to thepresence of industrial zones. Consequently 63.97 %of workers are engaged in the manufacturing sector, compared with 3.95
% in the government services sector and 10.47 percent in the trade and commerce sector. The average per capital income isKs. 4,816 which is equivalent to a little over US $ 5. With this indicator, it is well above the level of poverty measured by the
UN’s indicator of poverty. Although the township has more modern style multi-story residential buildings due to the presence ofseveral housing projects, a greater proportion (43.63%) of houses are huts which appear slummy. Generally the pace of land used
development is fairly high for a new township in the vicinity of Yangon City because of the presence of industrial zone which is
the largest in Myanmar and due to its advantageous location as a gateway from Yangon City to the Ayeyarwady deltaic region.
In this study, the large amount in calcium Ca2+ and sodium Na+ concentrations in the groundwater samples from the study may
theoretically reflect local mineralogical changes in the sediments and in the carbon dioxide produced by biological processes intheir surface layers. The high nitrate NO3- concentration in the water samples indicates that the shallow aquifer near industrial
zone is already challenged by the problem of pollution. The high EC value is directly affected by tidal effect of river water from
Panhlaing River.
Keywords: land use change, population growth, urbanization

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HSC03-05

Room:105

Time:May 28 11:15-11:30

A Quantitative Assessment of Watershed Resilience: A Case Study of the Heihe Riverbasin in Northwestern China
AKIYAMA, Tomohiro1∗ ; KHARAZI, Ali2 ; LI, Jia3
1
3

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2 Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo,
Department of International Studies and Regional Development, University of Niigata Prefecture

The Heihe River Basin has been through significant transformation and the sustainability of its water network has been significantly altered by mankind as a result of historical agricultural activity and the more recent water infrastructure investments.
While there are many studies examining the sustainability of the Heihe River Basin, most studies focus on single issue criteria anddo not have a holistic system-level perspective. As sustainability is a system-level trait a system-level analysis is warranted. The
objective of this study is to investigate sustainability of the Heihe River Basin through the ecological network analysis (ENA).
We established a framework of the ecological network analysis that can be used to examine sustainability of a river basin. We
collected detailed data from the flow network, such as precipitation, river discharge, groundwater storage change in the Heihe
River Basin from 2000 to 2010. We also estimated evapotranspiration from different land uses based on the heat balance at thesurface using the daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Compared to previous studies (Li et al., 2009; Li
and Yang, 2011), our study successfully combined hydrological model into the existing method of the ecological network analysis. The system-level metrics of the basin were measured and through these metrics the evolution of the basin was examined.
Specifically through the metrics of efficiency, resilience, redundancy, cycling, and robustness, the long term effects of agricultural development and the more recent effects of water infrastructure investment in the Heihe River Basin. The proposed ENA
methodology is significant in terms of ability to examine sustainability from several different key concepts such as efficiency,
resilience, redundancy, cycling, and robustness. This method can be incorporated into existing decision-making support system
for integrated water resources management in the river basin. We highlight the importance of combining the proposed ENA
methodology into a framework of multi-criteria decision analysis, so called MCDA.
Keywords: Ecological Network Analysis, Sustainability, Resilience, Efficiency, Robustness, Water Resource Management

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HSC03-06

Room:105

Time:May 28 11:30-11:45

Integral Approach to Historical Interaction between Human Activities and Hydrological
Cycle in Dryland
AKIYAMA, Tomohiro1∗ ; LI, Jia2
1

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2 Department of International Studies and Regional Development, University of Niigata PrefectureThis article proposes an alternative approach in sustainability assessment. The conceptual framework was developed by modifying Ken Wilber’s All Quadrants, All Levels (AQAL) approach. To look at how our framework can facilitate the practice ofsustainability assessment, we apply the framework to examine interaction between humanity and environmental changes in the
Heihe River basin.
Historically, nomadic grazing was practiced in the arid areas of the basin and agriculture was practiced in the water-rich oases.
Since the 1940s, however, large-scale development has been carried out for irrigation agriculture. However, the large-scale irrigation agriculture dried up the river and caused groundwater level decline in the lower reaches. In the 21st century, the Chinese
Government has implemented water saving policies. The policy proposed several water efficiency measures, such as restrictionof river water intake, more efficient water supply, introduction of more water-efficient crops, and prohibition of the reclamationof new farmland. However, problems have since emerged, such as disparity in the efficiency of water use attributed to economic
inequality among farmers, a decrease in the groundwater recharge due to irrigation, and water saved by farmers being diverted
to farmland newly reclaimed by agricultural corporations. It was reported in July 2002 that water had returned to the dried-up
terminal lake of the river. Water balance analysis shows an increase in river discharge released to the downstream, but this wasdue to greater rainfall in upstream reaches. On the other hand, in downstream reaches where livestock farming has been practiced,
vegetation conservation policies have been promoted, such as fencing of riparian forests, ”ecological migration,” and construction of feed bases. On grazing land, biomass has increased as a result of declining grazing pressure; and has also increased in thedownstream areas as a whole, but due to farmland development and plantations rather than as a result of these policies.
The history of human/ecological interactions in the oases of the Heihe River Basin indicates that water deficiency resulting
from increased human activities has traditionally been solved by sourcing water from outside the living sphere of the local people.
In other words, people have solved the problem by expanding their system boundaries. It would be no exaggeration to say that
advancements in civil engineering and other technologies have enabled this. However, globalization has expanded the current
system to the limits of the closed system we call the Earth. Historically successful methods can no longer be used, and limiting
our efforts to simply pursuing efficiency would only create new problems. It therefore is crucial to find new solutions.
The proposed approach enables us to investigate the environmental problems of the Heihe River basin in a four-quadrant framework, and combine the empirics of quadrants obtained from traditional disciplinary methodologies. The four-quadrant frameworkadopted in this study illustrates the interlocking relationships among various perspectives of environmental issues in the Heihe
River basin, namely, physical perspective, personal perspective, cultural perspective, and social perspective. In particular, theprotruding development (evolution) of the lower right dimension is the fundamental cause of the environmental degradation andits related social problems in the Heihe River basin. Compared to other established approaches in literature that emphasize on the
tradeoffs of various perspectives of sustainability, our findings indicate the potential contributions of four-quadrant framework tosustainability assessment through its focus on the inter-relatedness/inter-connection of different perspectives.
Keywords: AQAL, Integral Studies, Sustainability assessment, Irrigation agricultural development, Water resources management, Culture

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HSC03-07

Room:105

Time:May 28 11:45-12:00

Administrative Discrepancies of Karnataka State Forest Department India, and its consequences at a Village level
DAS, S. arun1∗ ; KIMOTO, Koichi1
1

University of Mysore, 2 Faculty of Foreign Studies, Setsunan University, Japan.

The administrative divisions to manage forest area in India are complex which is out of the understanding of the general public.
There are overlapping administrative controls which are a good means of escapism from accountability and responsibility. There
are three main divisions of forest which can be seen throughout India, such as Reserve Forest, State Forest and Social Forest.
The social forest is developed out of the actual forest area and it is developed in the villages as village level forest. Whereas theReserve forest and State forests share their boundary within the natural forest. The confusing and complex aspect of the reserveand state forest are, they also hold protected forest National Park Wild Life Sanctuaries and Tiger reserves. The real jargon isthat, how all these sub divisions share their boundaries and also accountable is a matter of debate. In this context, the present
paper focus on a micro level situation, where a village bounded by the Reserve forest, State forest and wild life sanctuary is a
victim and is also a place of conflict in all respects, The complex administrative structure has been revealed in this paper and how
to overcome these issues has been discussed.
Keywords: Forest, Administration, Management, Village, Wild Life, Karnataka

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HSC03-08

Room:105

Time:May 28 12:00-12:15

The use of maps for disaster prevention - some lessons of the Great East Japan Tsunami
Disaster
HIMIYAMA, Yukio1∗
1

Hokkaido University of Education

The increase of large scale disasters is becoming a major threat to our sustainable future, as the Great East Japan Tsunami of
11th March 2011 mercilessly showed. The paper discusses how the damages can be reduced by carefully making, reading andusing relevant maps based on the lessons of the Great East Japan Tsunami Disaster.
Keywords: Great East Japan Tsunami, map, disaster, Future Earth, land use

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