Public Symposium on
Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) in Asia
17 March 2015 @ Nagoya University SusCoDe

Beyond Bangkok 2020 Declaration
Yoshitsugu Hayashi
Education and Research Center
for Sustainable Co-Development
Nagoya University (NU-SusCoDe)
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

Urban Transport

1.

Critical Issues

2.
3.
4.

Low Carbon  Avoid, Shift, Improve strategies + WCTRS-CUTE
MatrixMotorisation – Suburbanisation Nexus
Integrated TransportCompact city /Smart city /Smart transport ?

1.
2.
3.

CO2
Pollution (PM2.5,……..)
Well-Being QOL approachCO2/Pollutants Performance for QOL

1.
2.

Urban Transport  Mega Region Transport  Intercity Transport
Industrial (Re)Location and Transport Provision in mega-regional/international scale
LCC rapid development vs High Speed Rail

Sustainability Indicators and Standard Analysis Method

Spatial Scale3.

Sustainability vs. Resilience?

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

2Urban Transport
1. Low Carbon  Avoid, Shift, Improve strategies +WCTRS-CUTE Matrix
2. Motorisation – Suburbanisation Nexus
3. Integrated Transport
4. Compact city /Smart city /Smart transport ?

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

3

Risk of rapid growth in CO2 emission indeveloping countries in Asia

Per Capita GHG Emission

DevelopedCountries

Leap-frog
Developing
Countries

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

Backcasting
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Low Carbon Society
4

Bangkok Post
4 Sept 1993
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

5

Photo by Yoshitsugu Hayashi(1993)
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

6

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Photo by Hayashi (1994)7

A Sign for Leapfrog turning to Railways
towards Low Carbon Transport in Asia
CO2BAU
Rail5％
Bus
38％
Bus
49％

Car
51％

1989
1989

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

Heavy Congestion

Car
57％

2005
1999

Rail

Leap-Frog

2020
2010

BTS Sky Train
MRT Development
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
20km
81km

Car

2050

Master Plan in 2020

810lines total 464km

D1:診断AVOID

CO2 Emission Caused by Urban Transport(Emission Structure)
Total Trips [million trips/ day]Compact
Urban System
40
40 11.3 m pop2008196830301968

Total
person-km[million km/ day]

600
600

400
400

Seamless Public
Transport

SHIFT
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

200
200002020101000Tokyo
2008

12.9 m pop

2010

11.6 m pop

GDPBangkok
0020500[bil.US$]

40005050
100 100
150 150200 200 Energy Efficient
Transport
250 250
Total
vehicle-km
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
[million km/ day]

1,000
60
CO2 fromtransport[bil.tCO2/day]

IMPROVE
9AVOID

SHIFT

IMPROVE

1.Urban Structure

2. Network

3. Technology
by modeShape1)

A. Wide spreada. Grid2)

B. TODModeUrban Rail|Bus
Urban rail|Para-transit

3)

C. Centralized

D. Multipolar

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
UniBRT|Busb. Hybrid4)

TechnologicalInnovation

New system

BRT|
Para-transitc. Radial
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

10

AvoidReduce traffic
demandTech
nologyInstruments

Regulation
Information

Econo
mic

Pedestrian Ort Dev’t

Strategy

Shift

Improve

Reduce emissions perunit Transported

Reduce emissions
per kilometer
LEV, EV

Bicycle Ort Dev’t

Integrated Public TransportSystemTransit Ort Dev’t(BRT+ParaTransit)

Advanced Infra- Tech

Alternative EnergyHighly Competitive Railway

Logistic Efficiency

TDM

Bus/Tram Priorities

Emission Standard

Parking Regulation

Non-MTTop Runner Program

Compact/Mix Land Use

Smarter Modal Evolution

Eco-Drive

ICT

Awareness Campaign

Knowledgebase

Telework

ITS

Smart Choices forWorkplace and Schools

Labeling of Vehicle
Performance

Fuel Tax

Fuel Tax

Fuel TaxRoad Pricing

Road Pricing

LEV Preferential Tax

Car Charge / Fee

Car Charge / Fee

Yoshitsugu Hayashi,Location
Nagoya Subsidy
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

11

CO2 Emission Caused by （林の排出構造動的追跡図）
Mitigation

AVOID

CO2 emissions

SHIFT

Travel Demand

Car Dependency[kt-CO2/day]
60
Bangkok
40
20

600
400

Tokyo01970

1990

× 100

00[year]

2010

1970

1990

1990

Built-up Area
2000

CarOwnership
400

1000

200

30001960

1980[Mio. Trips]

2000

430

1980

2000

[Mio. P-km/day]

1970

1990

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

2010

01960

2020

250 [g-CO / km]
2200

1980

1990

2010

2000

Japan
China

150
100
2000

2

200.2
1970

Fuel Efficiency
Regulation

Railway Capacity

6[kg-CO2/km][Car/1000capita]

01960

2020

Energy Efficiency

0.25

2010

100

Trip Frequency
40×19702010

0.3[Mio. v-km/day]

200＝ 200[km2]◆ Tokyo＊ Shanghai▲ Bangkok

300[Mio. p-km/day]

IMPROVE

2010

2020

2020

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

12Miracle Revolution of Bangkok

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

13

Chronological Summary of
MRT Development in Bangkok
Year

SRT

ETA (MRTA)

BMA

Feasibility study

1970s

Private Involvement (Fail)

1980s

1990s

Feasibility study

Lavalin

HopewellPrivate Involvement(Fail)Private Involvement
Construction(Incomplete)

Private Involvement (Fail)
JICA BIRD ACCESS report

Blue LineBTS
Private Involvement

Construction

Construction
Airport Link

2000s
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

Construction
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

14

After SHIFTSHIFT

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Photo by Hayashi(2002)

15

Newly Added Rail Transit Till Today
1999
ofBefore
Hopewell1990
project
1990
Lavalinproject
1992
2004
2010 Opening
BTS
MRTA(Blue line)
SRT (Skytrain)(Airportlink)

Don Mueang
AirportBang Sue

MakkasanHua Lamphong
Suvarnabhumi
AirportSiam

0
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

5Kilometers

16Introduction
Bangkok

1990s(before MRT Development)

2000s(After MRT Development)Trend of Traffic
Congestion

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

Average speed (km/hr)

Photo by Hayashi, 1993

Photo by Hayashi, 2002

25201510501972
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

1985

1990
17Urban Policy Roadmap

Road vs Rail: which is more effective for calming traffic congestion

TravelTimeRoad S
Development S
ro1-22%

Dro2

TravelTime

Draro2RailS
Development
ra1

Sra2-30%

Transport
VolumeConstruction& Operation
Cost

2050 Road-Oriented

Development (Bangkok)
CO2 Emissions:
YoshitsuguHayashi, Nagoya
Uni-22%

Transport
VolumeConstruction& Operation
Cost

2050 Rail-OrientedDevelopment (Bangkok)
CO2 Emissions:

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

-45%18

3 Factors for Drastic Improvementin Road Traffic Congestion
NewUrbanOuterrail transit
Expressway
Ring Roadsystem
Don Mueang
AirportBang Sue

MakkasanHua Lamphong
Siam
010

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Kilometers
Uni

Industrial zone

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Suvarnabhumi
Airport19

Interregional Vision

The Effects of Integrated Transport Systems on
Traffic Congestion and CO2 Mitigation
legendcar
rail
PresentIndustry
MRT
Inner-ringOuter-ringbustruck

Without MRT
CO2：+10.7% Speed：-16.3%Without Inner-ring Roads
CO2：+1.1% Speed：-8.0%

Without Outer-ring Roads
CO2：+0.8% Speed：-41.7%
0

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, NagoyaUni

15.2km/h
12.7km/h
14.0km/h
8.9km/h

255020
SusCoDe-UNCRD ESTinAsia
CO₂ Emissions (Mt-CO₂/year)

SHIFT
SHIFT

Current:
2010yr 84.8km
Planning：
2016yr 236km
2019yr 391km
2029yr 509km（12lines）
Source:Master Plan Study to adjust rail mass transit
system in Bangkok and its vicinity（2010）
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

21Sustainability Indicators and Life Style
1. CO2
2. Pollution (PM2.5,……..)
3. Well-Being QOL approachCO2/Pollutants
Performance for QOL

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

22

Driving Force

Driving Forces of Society in Asia
②Population change (vs 2010)35

China （5.5～8.9）
Thailand（3.7～8.1）

30
25
20
15
10
502000Population
growthrationPopulation growthratio from20102010
from

Per capita
GDP(1000US$)
per-capita
GDP (1000 US$)

①Economic growth (vs 2010)

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

1.10Thailand

1.05

1.03

1.00

0.97

China0.950.90

0.86

Japan

0.85
0.80
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

Source: UN World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision③Ageing in Thailand （2010-2050）
0%

20%

40%

60%

2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

Age

80%

100%

10.4%
12.0%
14.4%
17.2%
20.2%
23.4%
26.2%
28.5%
30.4%

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

0 - 1415 - 64

65 +2.92 times(2010-2050)

23

Urban Vision

Targeting Low-Carbon Urban Transport Systems
Efficiency Demanding

Tokyo 23 districtTrip Purpose
Private49%

2008

Sufficiency SeekingInner London

Commuting17%

Commuting31%

Private69%

Business
11%
Education
9%

Business
6%
Education
8%

2010

Mode share

Mode share(2008)(2007)

CO2 per Capita
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
from Transport
Uni

Trip Purpose

1.6t (2004) SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

CO2 per Capita
from Transport 1.2t (2010)24

Urban Vision
Vision of Future Society needed for Low Carbon Transpor

Aggressive Growth(Efficiency Demanding)Societyin Asia

Economically Developed

Moderate Growth(Sufficiency Seeking)Socially Matured

Production Mass Production for Mass ConsumptionMore Local Production for Local Consumption

LifestyleMore Social Activities

Work Oriented

Elderly

Working AgeBusinessTravelPurposes

Business

CommutingCommutingPrivateShopping

PrivateTOKYO (2008)

Quantity-based Spatial Design

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

ShoppingTOKYO (2008)

Quality Human-Oriented Spatial Design

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

25

Urban Vision

Vision of Urban Transport System:
Hierarchically Connected Compact City
AVOID

SHIFT

IMPROVE

Well-Connected
Hierarchical Urban Cores

Hierarchical Public
Transport System

Low-Carbon & EfficientRoad Transport System

CBD

Transit Oriented Development(TOD)

Sub Centers

1

2

Car-Oriented Station Front

Mass Rapid Transit(MRT)
3

Feeder-ImprovedStation Hinterland

Car-Free Station Front

StationYoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni
Attractive
Urban Development

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Frequent Feeder Services

26

Quality OpenspaceUrban Policy Roadmap

Comparison in Effectiveness by Road and Rail Improvements
Road-Oriented Development
Bus (2050)

2005

19%

Rail
2.7%

Rail-Oriented Development
Bus (2050)

Outer Suburb

Inner Suburb

23%

City Centre

Car
78%

Rail
39%

Road transport

Average travel time(hr/trip)

Avg Travel Time (hr/trip)

Travel from Inner Suburb to City Centre

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0-12%0.00200
400600Transport
Yoshitsugu Hayashi,NagoyaVolume (thousand trips)
Uni

Car
38%

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

5.0

Rail transport

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.00.00200
400600Transport Volume (thousand trips)

IMPROVE

Euro26.0

Japan
Euro3EU
Euro44.0

Euro52.0

US
China

Thailand

0.0
1996

2001

2006

PM

0.30
g-PM / kWhg-Nox / kWh

8.0NOx

2011

0.25
0.20
0.15

Euro2
Euro30.10

Euro4,50.05
0.00
1996

2001

2006

2011

Annual average
[ppm]

0.06
NO2NO
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
01995
2000
2005
2010
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya

Annual average[mg / m3]

Atmospheric Concentrations of NOx and PM around roads in Japan

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Source:Uni Ministry of Environment ,Japan, www.env.go.jp/air/osen/index.html

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
01995

PM20002005

282010Urban Policy Roadmap

The Roadmap for Low-Carbon Urban Transport
Development in ASEAN Megacities

CO2-emission reduction
700

Million tons

600

25%
31%
24%

500
400
300
200

40%

10002010

2020

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

2030

AVOID
Land-use control (3% less annualexpansion of built-up area)
SHIFT
4,568 km MRT development,(6cities, Ave.: 760 km/city)
23,337km BRT development(23cities, Ave.:1015km/city)

IMPROVE
Increasing LEV share (EV76%, HV23%),
Improving Fuel Efficiencies (by 28%)
2040
2050
Emission intensity of power generation(2005:1269g-CO2/kwh
29
2050: 546g-CO2/kwh)
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

Possibility of CO2 Reduction
By AVOID/SHIFT/IMPORVE

Urban Policy Roadmap

AVOID
Road-oriented

Totalperson-km[million km/ day]Total Trips [million trips/ day]Tokyo
Rail-oriented
40
40
30
20

Rail-oriented
Rail-oriented (Car-free)10(Feeder)

01,00050001,000

50002010.8 m pop

1020082050

2005

12.2 m pop
GDP[bil.US$]

Bangkok

0000

SHIFT Hayashi, Nagoya
Yoshitsugu
Uni

30

1968

12.9 m pop

50050

1,000
100

CO2 fromtransport

0200 200-36%

400 400-10%

600 600

-1%

800
800
Total
vehicle-km
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
[million km/ day][bil.tCO2/day]+21%

IMPROVE
30

Urban Vision

Indicators of Quality of Life -Bangkok-

Preference for Living Environment
Rent Cost
Air Pollution
Flood

SafetyBurglar

20%WorkAccessTravel Time

Accessibility
Shop
Access

10%SchoolAccess0%TrafficAccident
Green Area

Hospital
AccessStreetscapeHouse Space

Amenity
Quality Station-Front Development

Car AttractivenessLow income

Preference for Travel Mode

Privacy

20%

Crime

10%

Traffic
Accident0%

Travel Cost
ArrivalDelay
Flexible
Departure
Access toMode

Transfer
In-Vehicle
Space Quality

RidingSpace

Transit Quality Improvement

Transit AttractivenessMiddle income (Over Age 60)
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Uni Middle income (Working Age)High income

31

SHIFT

LRT Integrated with MRT in Singapore
Bukit Panjang LRT• 8 km, 14 stations• Opened in 1999
Sengkang LRT•11km, 14 stations•

Integrated with Sengkang MRT•

Fully-automated system•

Opened in 2003

Punggol LRT•

10km, 15 stations•

Integrated with Punggol MRT•

Fully-automated system

Hayashi, Nagoya• Yoshitsugu
Openedin 2005
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

(Sun, G., 32LTA)

Urban Vision

Decomposing the Vision(Target) of Urban Transport Systems
into Low Carbon Strategies
Mitigation

AVOID

SHIFT

IMPROVE

CO2 emissions

Travel Demand

Car Dependency

Energy Efficiency(Travel Distance)＝GDP

Aggressive
Growth(Efficiency
Demanding)Moderate
Growth(Ageing /Sufficiencyseeking)Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

××GDP

(CO2 Emissions/km)(Modal Split)

GDPGDP

Road-Oriented Development
Urban Sprawl

Motorisation

Congestion

Downsizing
Transport

Seamless Public
Transport Mobility

Energy EfficientTechnology &Supply Chain

Transit Oriented Urban Lifestyle
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Environmentally-Friendly
Industrial Complex 33

Changes in MRT Networks and Urban Forms(7,650km2)

Bangkok

2005

2000

Pop[million]
82010

Rail length[km]400City center

6300 (129km2)

4200 Urban fringe

2100(1,051km2)00Suburb(6,473km2)

2000 2005 2010

Rail length

Shanghai2(6,400km )

2005

2000

Pop[million]
82010

Rail length[km]
400 City center
2

6300 (114km )

4fringe
200 Urban(550km2)

2100 Suburb

02000 2005 2010

Population[person]

0~5,000~10,000

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, NagoyaUni~30,000~50,000~100,000

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

(5,737km2)

Rail length34

Urban Policy Roadmap

Dynamic Tracking of Transport Related Emission Mechanism
Mitigation
CO2 emissions＝AVOID

SHIFT

Travel Demand

Car Dependency(Travel Distance)

IMPROVE×GDP
1,000km2

GDP300100Tokyo 23Bangkok MA

0020,000 40,000 60,000TripFrequency

0Km/ km2

020,000

Tokyo 23 Car Ownership
Bangkok MA
40,00060,000

1.500
1.000

Railway Network
Tokyo 23Bangkok MA intensity

0.500
0.000
0Yoshitsugu Hayashi, NagoyaUni

GDP

Car/1000pop

400200500×GDP
Built-up Area

Energy Efficiency(CO2 Emission / km)(Modal Split)

20,00040,000Fossil Fuel
Share

Fuel
Efficiency
Traffic
Speed

60,000

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

35

Spatial Scale
1. Urban  Mega Region  Intercity
2. Industrial (Re)Location and Transport Provision inmega-regional/ international scale
3. LCC rapid development vs High Speed RailYoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

36

Air Pollution in Shijia Zhuong

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

37

Lorries transporting consumer goods
back to Beijing Moving emission
sourceYoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

38

Total cargo weight(In billion tons)

Total transport weight anddistance (In billion tons and km)

‘11

China

Japan:China=1:4

‘09
‘98
Japan
‘98

‘09

‘90
‘03 USA

‘98

China
‘09
Japan

‘61

‘11
‘09

JapanJapan ‘98 ‘09

GDP (Intrillion dollars)

CO2 emission(In billion tons)‘03 Japan:China=1:12‘09‘11 China
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni‘11China ‘11
Total road transport weight andSusCoDe-UNCRD
ESTtons
in Asia and km)
distance(In billion

39Interregional Vision

Decomposing the Vision(Target) of Interregional Transport Systems
into Low Carbon Strategies
Mitigation

AVOID

SHIFT

IMPROVE

CO2 emissions

Travel Demand

Air/Truck Dependency

Energy Efficiency(Travel Distance)(Modal Split)＝×GDP

Economic
GrowthGDP(CO2 EmissionFactor)

×GDP

GlobalIndustrialisation(Block Economies)

Growth in LowCost Carriers &Motorisation

Efficient
Supply Chain

Low-Carbon Public
Transport Mobility

GDP

Energy EfficientTechnology &Operation

Rail-Oriented Lifestyle
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Rail-OrientedIndustrial Renovation

40

Future Society and Requirements for Transport Systems
Per capita
GDP(1000US$)
per-capita
GDP (1000 US$)

Rapid Economic Growth (-2050)

Abolition of Customs
2002 2006 2008 2010

3530

China （5.5～8.9）

25

Thailand（3.7～8.1）

20
15
10
502000ASEAN6Myamar,Laos

2020

2030

2040

2050

0~5%
0~5%
0%

0~5%

Cambodia2010

0%

0~5%Vietnam

20152060※some exceptions

Increase in Freight

Interregional Competition①Bulky Transport System➁Higher Speed

3 Requirements
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni➂Low Carbon

Prepared by Shinya Hanaoka

41

Interregional Vision

Proposing Vision:
Mainstreaming Rail and Water in Interregional Transport

Inland Freight High Speed Rail (HSR) Development between Port Hubs
Light Industry

Shanghai

GMS(GreaterMekong
Sub region)

Local Cities
on HSR

Kunming

Kyaukpyu Port
YangonBangkok

Hanoi
Road(Economic Corridor)
Phnom Penh

Advanced Industry& Commercial

Megacities
on HSR
Heavy Industry

Singapore
AVOID

Yoshitsugu Hayashi,
NagoyaIndustrial
Rail-Oriented
Uni

Development (ROD) Corridor

Cities on Local
Freight RailSHIFT

IMPROVE

Rail/Water
Oriented
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Intermodal Transport System

Low-carbon Vehicles,
Aircrafts, Vessels

42Interregional Vision

Efficient Industrial Supply Chain

Impact analysis to reduce CO2 emissions by plant location change
Current Industrial location（Bangkok）

Scenario 1：
Priority to resilience for disasterCO2 emission-3%

Bangkok

100km

Present

Proximity location of
Assembly plant andsupplier

Port

Scenario 2：

Priority to low labor cost (Cambodia)

Bangkok

530kmNeed of improving
Production
process+25%

Scenario 1Scenario 3：

Priority to larger economic market(Indian)-33%

CO2 emission

CO2 emission

Route 2Production
To India
Process

Via
Myanmar(2,000km)
FromThailand

Route 1

(5,000km)
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
Ho chi Minh City
Uni
Present Scenario 2

Sea only Integrated
transport

Via Singapore

43
Seamless transport

using sea and rail or truck

43

Interregional Vision

Targeting Necessary Rail Use
for Low-Carbon Interregional Development

Case Study: Bangkok – Hanoi(with / without)

Hanoi(Vetnum)

1,000km
Bangkok(Thailand)

Optimal Modal Splits for reducing 40% CO2 emission
30% time
Saving40% CO2 mitigation 30% time saving
Railway

With91.7%

railway

Withoutrailway

14.2%

Truck
Yoshitsugu Hayashi,Nagoya
Uni

Maritime
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

44

Interregional Policy Roadmap

The Roadmap for Low-Carbon Interregional
Transport Development in ASEAN and China
CO2-emission reduction

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

AVOID
SHIFT
New GMS-wide HSR
network isnecessary(●●km)

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

45

Sustainability vs. Resilience?

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, NagoyaUni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

46

Resilience: QOL Transition after Earthquake

3/14（被災3日後）

3/18（7日後）

3/31（20日後）

4/11（1ヶ月後）

5/11（2ヶ月後）Stage 4 Cultural life
・QOL indices are recovered from coast
Stage 3Social life
towards inner areas, after roads and facilities
HealthStage 2were re-open
Stage 1
Life・AreasofQOL
stage
2
arebigger
thanflooding
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia
47
Uni from tsunami at 3/31 and 4/11
areas

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

48

Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya
Uni

SusCoDe-UNCRD EST in Asia

49