12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering
Hydro-Science & Engineering for Environmental Resilience
November 6-10, 2016, Tainan, Taiwan.

An Improvement of Migration Rate of Ayu
in Pool-and-Wear Fishway with White Lamp
Kouki Onitsuka, Juichiro Akiyama, Akira Shishido, Tomohide Takeda, Kento Joji
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
Kitakyushu, JapanABSTRACT

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND HYDRAULIC CONDITIONSVisual information is one of the factors that fish decide actions, sotaking control their behaviors by light can be considered. However, theaction control technique with light has not been established well. In thisstudy, the position of an installed white lamp in the pool was changed
and the swimming behavior in statistic water was recorded with the aidof two set of digital video cameras. As a results, taking control their
behaviors can be expected and it is effective to improve migration rate
in pool-and-weir fishway with white lamp.

Fig. 1 shows the pool of pool length L=0.9m, width B=0.8m and water
depth h=0.3m. x axis is taken in the direction of long side of the pool, yaxis is taken in the upper direction of the vertical and z axis is taken in
the direction of short side of the pool. The sidewall of x-y section in
z=0m is made of an acrylic board and the others are made of wood
painted gray. Table 1 shows experimental conditions. In the verticalsection (x-y) as shown in Fig. 1(a), the position of the white lamp waschanged three place, Above water, Underwater and Bottom. In addition,in the horizontal section (x-z) as shown in Fig. 1(b), the position of it
was changed two place, Inside and Outside. Experiments were
performed 6 cases in total. Each case name was defined based on thepositions. The light distribution angle of the white lamp wasapproximately 300 degrees and total luminous flux of it is 810lm.
zKEY WORDS: Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, white lamp,
statistic water, swimming behavior, pool-and-weir fishway,
migration rate
INTRODUCTION
In the existing fishway, it is preferable to improve migration rate bysmall construction. Fish bear a sense of sight, smell, taste and touch(Arimoto, 1991). In these senses, the relationship between visual
information and action properties was focused on.
Reactions against light of fish in habiting the river have been studied.
Nemeth and Anderson showed high illuminance has threat effects for
Cyprinus carpio (Nemeth and Anderson, 1992). Terazono et al.
observed swimming behavior of Oncorhynchus masou with the light ofvarious wavelengths irradiated from the upper part of the experiment
channel. As a result, Oncorhynchus masou was attracted to the light of
all wavelengths and it is found that they bear phototaxis (Terazono etal., 1997). Therefore, it is thought the reactions against light varyaccording to fish species.

yAbove water
Underwater

BhBottomx

InsideOutsideLL(a) Vertical section(b) Horizontal section
Fig. 1 Installed position of the white lamp

Table 1. Experimental condition
Sekiya et al. showed that Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis which isworthwhile in the fishery field gets active when it becomes brighter
than 60Lx morning (Sekiya et al., 2005). Koyama pointed out that
Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis bear phototaxis to blue and green light(Koyama, 1978). These knowledge suggests that taking control theirbehavior by light is possible. However, the action control techniquewith light has not been established well. In this study, the position of an
installed white lamp in static water was changed and an improvementof migration rate of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in pool-and-weir
fisfway was elucidated.

White lamp position Case name
Above water
OA
Outside Underwater
OUBottomOB
Above waterIA
Inside Underwater
IU
BottomIBx

12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering
Hydro-Science & Engineering for Environmental Resilience
November 6-10, 2016, Tainan, Taiwan.

(a) Outside Bottom(b) Inside Bottom(c) Non

Fig. 2 Contour of illuminance1

Swimming trajectory
Vertical section
IA (A bove water)
0.6
OA (OutsideA bove water)
OA
0.4
IA
0.2
0x/L
00.2
0.4
0.6
1y/ h1
Swimming trajectoryy/hVertical section
0.6
IU
0.4
OU(Outside)
0.2
00
0.2
0.4
0.6

(a) Above water, Vertical section

OU
IU

x/L

1(b) Underwater, Vertical section
11
Swimming trajectoryzB

IAHorizontal section

0.6

OA (Outside)

0.4

0.2
00

0.2

0.4

0.6

x/L

1(d) Above water, Horizontal sectionx/L1

Swimming trajectoryzB

Horizontal section

OU

IA

0.4

0.6

1OA

0.6

OBIB(c) Bottom, Vertical section

Swimming trajectoryzB

Horizontal section

1
Swimming trajectoryy/hVertical section
0.6 OB(Outside)
0.4
IB
0.2
00
0.2
0.4

IU

IU

OU(Outside)

OB

0.6

0.2

00

10 tails (N) Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis that average length ( BL )was 80mm were put into the pool in each case. Swimming
behavior was recoded with two digital video cameras fromsidewall and upper part of the pool for 1 minutes afterconfirming Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis steady by watching.
Swimming position was investigated after recording. The illuminanceof white lamp in the pool were measured at 8×7=56points composedwith every 0.1m in x axis and z axis in y/h=0.05. When the illuminancein the pool is measured, water is not poured into the pool.

OB(Outside)

IB0.4

0.2x/ L
00.2
0.4
0.6
1(e) Underwater, Horizontal section
Fig. 3 Swimming trajectory

IB00.20.40.6x/ L

1(f) Bottom, Horizontal section

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Illuminance in the poolFig. 2 shows the illuminance in the pool in y/h=0.05 for the cases ofOB, IB and that the white lamp was not installed (Non). When thewhite lamp was installed, the illuminance was more than 3000Lx near it
and was approximately 200Lx at the farthest place in the pool. In theother cases, the illuminance was high at the lower part of the whitelamp and was more than 200Lx in the whole place in the pool. On theother hand, when the white lamp was not installed (Non), theilluminance was 100~300Lx in y/h=0.05.

12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering
Hydro-Science & Engineering for Environmental Resilience
November 6-10, 2016, Tainan, Taiwan.

(a) Inside Above water, Vertical section(b) Inside Underwater, Vertical section(c) Inside Bottom, Vertical section(d)Inside Above water, Horizontal section(e) Inside Underwater, Horizontal section(f) Inside Bottom, Horizontal section

Fig. 4 Contour figure of existing probability

Swimming trajectory
Fig. 3 shows an example of the swimming trajectory of Plecoglossus
altivelis altivelis for each case. The swimming trajectory was analyzed
by locating the swimming position of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis
with every 0.2second in 10seconds after 25seconds of starting theexperiment for each case.
Fig. 3(a)~(c) show swimming trajectories in vertical section. In thechanges of y axis for the case of OA and IA as shown in Fig. 3(a), theswimming trajectories of them are neighborhood of water surface andbottom. The case of OU and OB drawn with green as shown in Fig.
3(b) and (c) are neighborhood of water surface and bottom. On theother hand, the case of IU and IB drawn with red as shown in Fig. 3(b)and (c) are neighborhood of bottom. In the changes of x axis for thecase of Outside (OA, OU, OB) drawn with green, clear differences are
not observed among each case. In contrast, the case of Inside (IA, IU,IB) drawn with red get away from the white lamp in order of IA, IUand IB.
Fig. 3(d)~(f) show swimming trajectories in horizontal section. In thecase of Outside (OA, OU, OB) drawn with green, clear differences are
not observed among each case. In contrast, in the case of Inside (IA, IU,IB) drawn with red, although the swimming trajectory of IA isneighborhood of the acrylic board, the others of IU and IB areneighborhood of the acrylic board in addition to other place far fromacrylic board.

Relationship between the position of the white lamp and theswimming position
Fig. 4 shows the contour figure of existing probabilities for each case of
Inside (IA, IU, IB) that it was calculated by locating the swimming
position of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis with every 1second.
Fig. 4(a)~(c) show contour figures of existing probabilities in verticalsection. In the case of IA, each distributed width to x axis and y axis islarge. In the case of IU, the distributed width to y axis is smaller thanIA and the distributed position to x axis is farther from the white lamp
than IA. In the case of IB, the distributed width to y axis is as small as
IU and the distributed position to x axis is farthest from the white lampof three cases.
Fig. 4(d)~(f) show contour figures of existing probabilities in horizontal
section. In the case of IA, the distributed width to z axis is small. In thecase of IU, the distributed width to z axis is larger than IA. In the caseof IB, the distributed width to z axis is even larger.
Judging from these result, the swimming position of Plecoglossus
altivelis altivelis changes depending on the position of the white lamp.

Distance between the white lamp and Plecoglossus altivelis
altivelisFig. 5 shows frequency distributions of the value (dxy/ BL , dxz/ BL ) foreach case. Vertical and horizontal distances (dxy, dxz) between the whitelamp and each Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis are divided by theaverage length of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis ( BL ).
Fig. 5(a)~(c) show frequency distributions in vertical section. In the12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering
Hydro-Science & Engineering for Environmental Resilience
November 6-10, 2016, Tainan, Taiwan.

(a) Above water(b) Underwater(c) Bottom(d) Above water(e) Underwater(f) Bottom
Fig. 5 Frequency distribution of distance between the white lamp and Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis
case of Outside (OA, OU, OB) drawn with green, clear differences offrequency distributions of dxy/ BL are not observed among each case. In
contrast, in the case of Inside (IA, IU, IB) drawn with red, thefrequency distributions of dxy/ BL shift to high value of dxy/ BL in
order of IA, IU and OB.
Fig. 5(d)~(f) show frequency distributions in horizontal section. In thecase of Outside (OA, OU, OB) drawn with green, clear differences offrequency distributions of dxz/ BL are not observed among each case. In
contrast, in the case of Inside (IA, IU, IB) drawn with red, thefrequency distributions of dxz/ BL shift to high value of dxz/ BL inorder of IA, IU and OB.
Fig. 6 shows the value ( d̂ xy BL , d̂ xz BL ) for each case. Mode values( d̂ xy , d̂ xz ) in vertical and horizontal distances (dxy, dxz) are divided by
the average length of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis ( BL ).
Fig. 6(a) shows mode values in vertical section. In the case of Outside(OA, OU, OB), clear differences of mode values are not observed
among each case. In contrast, in the case of Inside (IA, IU, IB), d̂ xy BL

demonstrate an upward trend in order of IA, IU and OB.
Fig. 6(b) shows mode values of horizontal section. In the case of
Outside (OA, OU, OB), clear differences of mode values are notobserved among each case. In contrast, in the case of Inside (IA, IU,(a) Vertical section(b) Horizontal section
Fig. 6 Mode value of distanceIB), d̂ xy BL demonstrate an upward trend in order of IA, IUand OB.
Judging from these result, even if the white lamp is installed outside of
the pool, the swimming position of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis ishardly influenced. However, when the white lamp is installed inside of
the pool, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis gets away from the white lampwith the white lamp approaching the bottom.

CONCLUSIONSIn this study, the position of an installed white lamp in static water waschanged and an improvement of migration rate of Plecoglossus altivelis
altivelis in pool-and-weir fisfway was elucidated. As a result, thefollowing have been understood.
(1) Even if the white lamp is installed outside of the pool, theswimming position of Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis is hardly
influenced. However, when the white lamp is installed inside of thepool, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis gets away from the white lampwith the white lamp approaching the bottom.
(2) Taking control of rest position and directing Plecoglossus altivelis
altivelis to the neighborhood of notch are possible, when the whitelamp is installed in bottom of the pool-and-wear fishway. Therefore,
the decrease of the distance to migration entrance is anticipated andimproving migration rate is expected. It is effective to use the whitelamp as the action control technique of Plecoglossus altivelis
altivelis.

12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering
Hydro-Science & Engineering for Environmental Resilience
November 6-10, 2016, Tainan, Taiwan.

REFERENCES
Arimoto, T. (1991). Fish behavior control by use of light. Fisheries
Engineering, Vol.28, pp.71-76.
Nemeth, R.S. and Anderson, J.J. (1992). Response of juvenile Cohoand Chinook salmon to strobe and mercury vapor lights. North
American Journal of Fisheries Management, Vol.12, pp.684-692.

Terazono, K., Koshizawa, O. and Furuya, M. (1997). Light induction ofcherry salmon in dam reservoir. Engineering for Dams, No.129,pp.10-17.
Sekiya, A., Fukui, Y., Shimomura, M. and Uchida, T. (2005). Methods
for preventing Ayu from straying. The Jounal of Japan Society of
Civil Engineering, No.782, pp.81-91.
Koyama, N. (1978). Biology of ayu, Tyuokoronsha.