Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT),
EDGE-NEXT, Common Fundamental Project
Entrepreneurship Program for Leading a Resilient Society        −Kobe, Tohoku and Hokkaido visits−

CONTACT Information
Executive Office, EARTH on EDGE Consortium
EDGE-NEXT Planning and Promotion Office
6-6 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai,
Miyagi 980-8579
Engineering Research Planning Office, Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University
Phone: 022-795-5658
E-mail: eng-edge@grp.tohoku.ac.jp

0102Program Overview

About EDGE-NEXT
Exploration and Development of Global Entrepreneurship for the Next Generation

Meanwhile, with the Tohoku region still in mid-reconstruction, we are at astage where we can look back on the reconstruction process up to now while
reexamining the future course thereof. Examination of these two reconstruction
phases, together with that of the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake also
still in mid-reconstruction, allows us to consider our overall approach uponhandling future disaster recoveries in Japan. Under this program, we provide
training in a residential format so as to nurture the knowledge and thinking ability
necessary for building resilient societies of the future.
This program is a part of the EDGE-NEXT project by the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and conducted by Consortium
EARTH on EDGE.

About EARTH on EDGE

Many disasters, including the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995, the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake in 2018,
have also struck Japan. In Kobe, we now find ourselves in a situation where we canlook back on the reconstruction period from our current standpoint, arrange thechanging issues and efforts along a timeline, then consider what is needed for thebest reconstruction methods, in addition to what we should have done better.

／
About EDGE-NEXT

Program Overview

All kinds of disasters occur around the world every year, causing hugedamages. According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR), approximately 61.77 million people worldwide were visited by disasters
such as earthquakes, tsunamis and floods in 2018, with 10,373 people dying. The
scale of disasters depends not only on the types and extent of natural phenomena
but significantly on the social structure as well.

A human resource development program supervised by MEXT.
The program educates next-generation entrepreneurs based on Research& Development results gained at institutions such as universities in order tostimulate production of Japanese innovation. It aims to apply knowledge fromentrepreneurial education provided by universities throughout Japan to develop
and implement educational programs, not only for turning undergraduate andspecialized graduate students but also for turning junior researchers into humanresources, capable of generating ideas and building business models that bringabout transformative changes to future industrial structures.

About EARTH on EDGE
Entrepreneurial Action Renaissance in Tohoku and Hokkaido on EDGE-NEXT

A consortium formed by six institutional universities in the Tohoku
and Hokkaido areas for the EDGE-NEXT program
EARTH on EDGE, an entrepreneurial consortium providing impetus forenterprise-focused education from the Tohoku and Hokkaido areas, works intandem with Tohoku University (principal university), Hokkaido University, Otaru
University of Commerce, Miyagi University, Kyoto University and Kobe University,
as well as government, industry, academia and financial institutions, to undertakethe “EDGE-NEXT” program for next-generation entrepreneurial education.

Overseas
expansion

Otaru University ofCommerce

Hokkaido University

Miyagi University

Kyoto University

Tohoku University

Kobe University

Nationwide
deployment(Cover photo)
A "Symbolic Space" overlooking the sea in front of JR Onagawa Station, Miyagi Prefecture(Back cover photo)
A 1/500-scale reproduction of the "Lost City" of Okawa district, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture

02

A four-university partnership in the
Tohoku/Hokkaido areas
Two EDGE-leading universities

03

03
What Is a Resilient Society?
Program Overview

Human Resources Driving Constructionof a Resilient Society

The word “Resilience” generally means “the elasticity, restorative force, capacity torecover from illness, etc., or toughness” (Digital Daijisen, Shogakukan Inc.). It is a word
used more recently in the context of psychology to refer to “processes or capabilities
that adapt deftly despite circumstances posing difficulties and threats.” Moreover, theconcept of resilience has come to be seen as a crucial capacity for disaster prevention andmitigation which must be found within industrial and governmental organizations, not tomention in the social and economic fields.
For this program, “resilience” is defined as “the capacity of a system, enterprise, ora person to maintain its core purpose and integrity in the face of dramatically changed
circumstances” (Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy, Resilience, 2013), and a resilient society
as “a society that can maintain its core purpose and integrity in the face of dramaticallychanged circumstances." It is supposed that a resilient society is one that can achieve thefollowing three states.

Based on the definition of resilience and the concept of creative restoration put
forward by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy, this program defines the "human resourcesthat drive the construction of a resilient society" as "people who create and sustain
enterprises that give rise to creative value by discerning the vulnerabilities of social
systems and forecasting the changes brought on by disaster." We believe that having
the following four capabilities - together with basic entrepreneurial skills and ability will drive construction of a resilient society through the design and realization of newenterprises, in bringing about reconstruction and disaster prevention/mitigation.

1. Discerning the Vulnerability of Social Systems
The causes of vulnerability in social systems can be divided into (1) design, (2) realizationand (3) operation. Moreover, even within the same social system, different vulnerabilities
may emerge depending on the context (historical, cultural, geographical, industrial, etc.).

1. A state of rapid recovery from damage

0. A non-resilient society

2. Understand impacts due to dramatically changed circumstances
Rather than merely understanding current circumstances, it is necessary to forecast theways in which society could change due to potential future disasters.

3. Adopt the perspectives of self-help / mutual aid / public assistance
2. A state of minimal damage when disaster occurs

Time

Disasteroccurrence
Disasterprevention/
mitigation

Reconstruction

Urgency
Restoration
Emergency

Disasterprevention/
mitigation

By making use not just of individual personal abilities but also of local communities
and governments as well as the national government, enterprises that contributeto reconstruction and disaster prevention/mitigation can improve the potential for
instituting and sustaining results.

3. A state in which 1 and 2 exist together

Time

Disasteroccurrence
Disasterprevention/
mitigation

4. Establishing social value together with economic value
Reconstruction

Urgency
Restoration
Emergency

Disasterprevention/
mitigation

We aim to achieve sustainability of enterprises by providing economic value
simultaneously with value related to reconstruction and disaster prevention/mitigation(social value).

Rather than trying to restore society to the same circumstances found before thedamage caused by a disaster, achieving a resilient society in the future will most certainly
require a new mindset of creative restoration. We must aim for regeneration in a form
that improves on the past in light of our newfound clarity on how our living spaces
were exposed to high risk of earthquake and tsunami (Nobuaki Hamaguchi, On Creative
Restoration, 2013). We must also encourage activity that builds new regional histories(Toshihiko Hayashi, Economics of Major Disasters, 2011).
Value

V

Function

t

04

Time

05

04
Program Process Frame

Venue Overview / Schedule
Venue Overview / Schedule

In considering a project which contributes to the construction of a resilient society, we
designed this program assuming that the project makes advances by intercommunicatingwith processes (iteration).


Simultaneously attain social impact and enterprise continuity

Convergence  4W1H(Whom, Who, What, Why, How)
Determine targets and offered value, decisive differentiation factors,
method of offer and profit structure
  Give thought to the impact of new enterprise
Stakeholder persuasion strategies  
Untapped resources for attaining
enterprise differentiation(people, things, money, information,legal systems)  

What themes need to be taken on toachieve a resilient society?

  
 
 
   

           
Are there any core causes in restoration, reconstruction, or disaster prevention/mitigation processes?

Convergence       
       "Why is this problem happening?"            
Divergence

Mechanisms of disaster restoration and reconstruction, andan actual sense of restoration level obtained from fieldwork
Awareness of problems toward realizing a resilient society"Oh? That seems strange." or "It ought to be more xxx."

06

Time and date: Sept. 14 (Sat.) - 16 (Mon. [holiday]), 2019
Location: Kobe Port Island Center, Nichii Gakkan Co., Ltd.
7-1-5 Minatojimaminamimachi, Kobe Chuo-ku, Hyogo 650-0047
Phone: 078-304-5991

Tohoku Session

Time and date: Oct 14 (Mon. [holiday]), 2019
Online lecture(Change of plans
due to the impact of
Typhoon No. 19)

Hokkaido Session

Time and date: Nov. 2 (Sat.) - 4 (Mon. [holiday]), 2019
Location: Otaru University of Commerce, Sapporo Satellite		
5-7 Kita 5-jo Nishi, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0005
		
Hokkaido University Conference		Hall Sapporo55 Bldg. 3F 5-8-1 Kita-ku, Kita 8-jo Nishi,		Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808
Phone: 011-706-2042

Tohoku Fieldwork(Complementforchange of plans dueto the impact of
Typhoon No. 19)

Divergence   
     

Kobe Session

Time and date: Dec. 14 (Sat.) - 15 (Mon. [holiday]), 2019
Location: Onagawa Machinaka Kouryuukan
2-65-2 Onagawa, Onagawa-cho, Osihkagun, Miyagi 986-2265
Phone: 0225-24-6677

Hokkaido Session

Kobe Session
9/14 (Sat.)

11/2 (Sat.)

Orientation/Lecture / Group work
Accommodations: NICHIIGAKKAN Kobe
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [no] / dinner [yes]Fieldwork (Atsuma-cho/Abira-cho)
Accommodations: Untapped Hostel
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [no] / dinner [yes]9/15 (Sun.)

11/3 (Sun.)

Fieldwork (Disaster Reduction and Human
Renovation Institution) / lecture / fieldwork
Accommodations: NICHIIGAKKAN Kobe
Meals: breakfast [yes] / lunch [no] / dinner [no]Lecture / presentation / individual work /fieldwork
Accommodations: Untapped Hostel
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [no] / dinner [yes]9/16 (Mon. [holiday])

11/4 (Mon. [holiday])Lecture / Group work
Meals: breakfast [yes] / lunch [no] / dinner [no]Individual work / presentation
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [yes] / dinner [no]Tohoku Session

Tohoku Fieldwork

10/14 (Mon. [holiday])12/14 (Sat.)

Individual work / presentation / lecture
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [no] / dinner [no]Fieldwork (Onagawa-cho) / group discussion
Accommodations: Hotel El Faro
Meals: breakfast [no] / lunch [no] / dinner [yes]12/15 (Sun.)
Fieldwork (Okawa Elementary School /Ogatsu
district, Ishinomaki) / group discussion
Accommodations: Hotel El Faro
Meals: breakfast [yes] / lunch [no] / dinner [no]07

05
Faculty
Faculty

Kotaro Takeda
Lecturer/URA, Engineering Research Planning Office, Graduate School of Engineering,Tohoku University
kotaro.takeda.c1@tohoku-u.ac.jp

Akinari Abe
Researcher, Institute for Excellence in Higher Education (IEHE) / Center for Service Learningand Extracurricular Activities (CSLEA), Tohoku University
Ogatsu.abe.akibari@gmail.com

Yu Ishida
Associate Professor, School of Project Design, Miyagi University
ishiday@myu.ac.jp

Takayuki Tomobuchi
Assistant Professor, School of Project Design, Miyagi University
tomobuchit@myu.ac.jp

Session Overview

Tomoe Katoh
Researcher, Center for Natural Hazards Research, Hokkaido University
pianophoto@icloud.com

Jun Mikami
Academic Researcher, Major in Entrepreneurship, Otaru University of Commerce
jun_mikami@kamome-solutions.com

Akira Ishii
Chief Examiner, Research Planning Office, Hokkaido Research Organization
Ishii-akira@hro.or.jp

Kobe Session

Tohoku Online Session

Hokkaido Session

Hiroki Tsuruta
Associate Professor, Innovation Commercialization Division, Kobe University
tsuruta@kobe-u.ac.jp

Tohoku Fieldwork

Keiko Gion
Project Assistant Professor, Creative Dojo, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
kgion@port.kobe-u.ac.jp(In no particular order)08

06
Kobe Session
Kobe Session

Looking back on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of
24 years ago to learn about natural disaster and social
systems, disaster occurrence and changes, and what a
resilient society is.

The Kobe Session was conducted with a focus on understanding the social systems
context (history, culture, geography, industry, etc.) and on forecasting the impacts ofdramatically changed circumstances (damage to social systems and psychology ofstakeholders, etc.).
[Assembly]
Time and date: Sept. 14 (Sat.), 2019, 1:00 PM
Location: Kobe Port Island Center, Nichii Gakkan Co., Ltd.
7-1-5 Minamimachi Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047
Phone: 078-304-5991
U R L：https://www.nichiigakkan.co.jp/service/kobe-pi/

Timeline

Venue/accommodations:
Kobe Port Island Center, Nichii Gakkan Co., Ltd

Sept. 14Time

Sept. 15

9:00 AM

Relocation
Fie ld wor kInterviews with Victims(Storyteller)
Collecting Information on theState of Damage

11:00 AM

Conclusion

12:00 PM

Reception begins at 12:30 PM at
NICHIIGAKKAN CO., LTD. building

Lunch BreakO ri e nt at i o n

Relocation

Greetings Yoshinori Yajima, Executive Vice
President, Tohoku University
Matsuto Ogawa, Executive Vice
President, Kobe University

2:00 PM

Program Overview / Self-introductions
3:00 PMLe c ture / G roup wor k

Deciphering theVulnerability of Social
Systems

Le c t u re

On Resilient Societies

Marutani Tomomi, Vice President, Hokkaido Research
Organization

4:00 PMLe c t u reForecasting Changes Caused by DisasterOccurrence

5:00 PM

6:00 PM・Forecasting change from historical heritage
Norika Yamamura, Researcher, Disaster Reduction and
Human Renovation institution
Masakazu Matsushita, Project Associate Professor,
Kobe University
・Changes in psychological state
Seiichi Saito, Associate Professor, Kobe University

Review
Dinner Meeting
7:00 PM10

Le c ture / G roup wor kSocial Value andEconomic Value

Tour of Disaster
Reduction and Human
Renovation Institution

10:00 AM

1:00 PM

Sept. 16

Review

Day 1

Learning about Disaster from
Various Perspectives[Four lectures on basic knowledge inplanning a project and business]
The following four lectures were given,
presenting knowledge essential to planning a
project and business to support reconstruction
and disaster victims including the actual
circumstances of major disasters (particularly
major earthquakes), the social systems context(history, culture, geography, industry, etc.), andchanges caused by disaster occurrence.
Lecture 1. Natural Disaster and Resilience of
the Nation's Land
(Tomomi Marutani, Vice President, Hokkaido
Research Organization)
A commentary was given regarding the
crucial importance of networks in a resilient

society, explaining the impacts of natural
disasters from various perspectives including
those of the nation's land, society and region,
as well as the lives of its citizens.
Lecture 2. Researching Past Natural Disasterby Deciphering Ancient Texts(Norika Yamamura, Earthquake Disaster
Documentation Specialist, Disaster Reductionand Human Renovation Institution)
We can understand the actual circumstancesof past major earthquakes by combining
modern observational data with records ofmajor earthquakes written in ancient texts. An
explanation was given as to the importanceand potential of forecasting disaster frommaterials and/or remains.
Lecture 3. Supporting Voluntary Disaster
Prevention Activities with Historical Sources(Masakazu Matsushita, Project Associate
Professor, Kobe University)
Presentations explained the major impact

11

that history, geography and culture can have on devastation/
reconstruction, and presented examples of local community
disaster prevention activities such as festivals that handdown historical materials, evacuation training, etc.
Lecture 4. Psychological change of disaster victims(by Seiichi Saito, Associate Professor, Kobe University)
Role-playing activities were used to outline the emotional
issues and ways of addressing them as constituting the most
crucial element of support for disaster victims, based uponunderstanding the emotional aspects of surviving a disaster.

Day 2

Knowing the Actual Circumstances of theGreat Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Seeking out
Problems and Issues[A visit to the Disaster Reduction and Human
Renovation Institution to experience disaster victim
narratives]
The Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation
Institution is a facility established to pass on the experiences
and lessons of the earthquake that struck southern
Hyogo Prefecture in 1995, thereby communicating theinformation necessary for disaster prevention/mitigation.
Visitors can view the detailed exhibits and image content
on each floor for a realistic experience of the HanshinAwaji Earthquake, and learn about the sequence of events
throughout a reconstruction effort spanning 24 years, aswell as the struggles of the victims. Students learned what
an enormous catastrophe had occurred, hearing firsthandaccounts from narrative volunteer Toshiteru Inaya, andbrowsing voluminous materials on the earthquake
disaster and reconstruction.
[Sorting out the circumstances at the time of thedisaster to discern vulnerabilities of social systems]
Based on the knowledge they gained at the Disaster
Reduction and Human Renovation Institution, students
split into groups to discuss problems and issues that could
be addressed by enterprise proposals. One group noted
the problem that many evacuation centers did not allow
pets, raising the issue of evacuation accompanied by pets.
Another group raised the topic of how quickly people
could be moved in order to save lives. One focused on theissue of getting to know neighbors ahead of time, so thatneighbors can help each other during crises. Yet anothergroup selected the point of whether some alternative toevacuation centers could be found for evacuees during
the process of relocating to temporary housing.

Day 3

Coming up with solutions while thinking about"value"[The social and economic value of achieving resilience]
A form of puppetry called Awaji Ningyoza provides
an example from Minami Awaji City in which social andeconomic values are realized together. Awaji Ningyoza
is a theater for performances of Awaji ningyo jurori, agenre of puppetry with a 500-year tradition. It was built tofunction as a theater during ordinary times and to serve as

an evacuation center in times of disaster.
That is, the economic value derived from performancesof puppet dramas maintain the facility, while it provides
social value by functioning as an evacuation center in caseof emergencies.
Next, the students used the customer value chain
analysis method to consider the specifics of social andeconomic value, thereby discovering what kind of value
would be generated, and for whom, by solutions to theissues identified the previous day.
After group work concluded, each individual student
sorted out the issues associated with problems they
personally found interesting and compiled the social aswell as the economic value relevant for consideration.
During the interim before the next session, students
worked their way through a planning worksheet tocompile their own enterprise proposals. In particular, theworksheet homework included consideration of "Forecastof dramatically changed circumstances," "Problem
definition (understanding social systems)" and "Issue
identification."

12

13

07
Tohoku Online Session
Tohoku Online Session

An online substitute lecture was held due to the impact of large typhoon No. 19{Hagibis} in 2019.
[Assembly]
Time and date: Oct 14 (Mon. [holiday]), 2019, 1:00 PM
Location: Online

Thoughts on enterprise and business contributing
to a resilient society: Learning from case examplesof self-help, mutual aid and public assistance inrestoration/reconstruction from the Great East
Japan Earthquake.
[Commentary on the Program Process Frame]
The Program Process Frame (see p. 06) is aconceptual tool for formulating enterprise proposals.
Moving from bottom to top, the inverted triangles(with base on top) represent divergence/diffusion in
upward-moving processes, while the triangles (withbase at bottom) represent confluence/convergencein upward-moving processes. Moving from start tofinish through this process of repeated iterationsof divergence/diffusion (gathering information
to expand ideas) and confluence/convergence(organizing/analyzing information and refining ideas)
is a distinctive characteristic of this Program Process
Frame. That is, outstanding enterprise ideas do not
result from thinking in just one pass. Crafting ideas
through repetition of the conceptual progression of

14

everywhere before the earthquake were almost entirely
flushed out by the tsunami, transformed into rubblestrewn vacant lots. "If I were to talk about what an ideal
society would be for me, it would be a society in which
we look at the people (disaster victims) rather than the(disaster-stricken) land as we think about the future," Abesaid.
[“Self-help, mutual aid and public assistance”
actually functioning in the disaster-stricken areas]
Self-help, mutual aid and public assistance are terms
originating from the concept of "subsidiarity" laid downin the Maastricht Treaty concluded among European
Union nations in 1992. Put succinctly, when subordinate
actions cannot be completed, they are supplemented
by superordinate actions. Also, self-help, mutual aid andpublic assistance are likened to the mesh structure of anet. When three nets are stretched one over the other,
the risk of things (people) falling through the openings isreduced. And even when bearing a heavy burden, neither
net will tear and their elasticity will let it bounce back.
This “elastic toughness” is just resilience. This is called the“Theory of Bouncy Networks.”
A survey of living situation trends in the Osawa
district of Kesennuma city from just before the disasterstruck and continuing through to reconstruction showsthat many disaster victims passed through the familiar
forms of housing, designated evacuation centers andtemporary housing. They then eventually arrived at anumber of other choices, such as rebuilding outside the
district, group relocation for disaster prevention, or publicdisaster recovery housing. Many of these choices included
public assistance measures. On the other hand, there werealso people who took immediate post-disaster refuge atfamily or friends' homes instead of designated evacuation
centers. Many fled to homes in their neighborhoods. This
form of evacuation, which was able to function as a typeof mutual assistance, is related to the context of plentiful
foodstuff and water in which it occurred. As is typical offishing towns, each household had a storage freezer where
food was stockpiled. Moreover, the geographical area
is one that features numerous wells with no shortage of
potable water. It could be said that this form of evacuation
incorporates an aspect of mutual aid.
Public disaster recovery housing is inhabited bygatherings of residents from various locations, so thatthey cannot necessarily be expected to naturally organize
themselves into customary neighborhood associations.
At the Oroshimachi Community Plaza disaster recovery
public housing project in Sendai city, the government
began by selecting a key person to serve as neighborhood
association organizer. He/She then visited each homeindividually to offer an invitation to join the neighborhood
association, thus growing its membership. The buildings(hardware) were made with public assistance, while thecommunity within was built almost entirely through selfhelp and mutual aid.
[Important perspectives in making enterpriseproposals]
Even after thoroughly considering social value andunderstanding what needs to be solved, the simultaneous
establishment of economic value cannot be hoped forunless a system is created which continuously generates
things (results) with great efficiency and at high levels of
quality. Linking social value (societal aspects) to economic

this process frame improves the precision of businessprojects and strengthens entrepreneurship.
[Virtual fieldwork for getting acquainted with
Onagawa-cho and Ogatsu-cho]
Akinari Abe, an academic researcher (Tohoku
University) shared his own experience of the Great
East Japan Earthquake. He is from Ogatsu-cho,Ishinomaki. Engulfed by the tsunami, he spent anight adrift on a fishing vessel. Since the earthquake,
he has been working hard for reconstruction,
starting businesses in fishing and forestry. He
displayed aerial photos of Onagawa and Ogatsufrom before and after the earthquake to illustrate
his explanation of how the landscape has changed.
Districts in which homes were concentrated

15

08
The "3 x 3 = 9 perspective" is a conceptual tool thatprovides a framework for thinking about such matters. It
is a tool that takes the perspective of the three topics ofWho, What and How in verifying the customer value, profit
and process of a business proposal. The Study Sapuri app
offered by Recruit Co. was raised as a concrete exampleof the profit element, and students were prompted tothink about who provides the money. Uber was thenraised as a concrete example of the process element,
facilitating explanations of changes among stakeholders,the advantages of the user interface, and payment
procedures.

Hokkaido Session
Hokkaido Session

value (business aspects) is no easy task, with enterprisesthat effectively reconcile these aspects said to produce
innovation. Resilient enterprises consist of projects thatreconcile the two aspects as mentioned above. The
actual form they take is structured in such a way thatthe enterprise itself addresses social issues and survives
by being supported by the market (when products orservices sell).
Constructing a system that produces value and profit
comes down to two crucial points: creating excellence
that is chosen by customers and applying ingenuity tomonetize in order to increase profitability.

In the Hokkaido Session, lessons learned from the Kobe Session and Tohoku Online
Session were put to use in presenting and receiving feedback on projects as well as
businesses that contribute to the construction of a resilient society.
[Assembly]
Time and date: Nov. 2 (Sat.), 2019, 11:00 AM
Location: Chuo Bus Counter, New Chitose Airport 1F

Timeline

Venue: Otaru University of Commerce, Sapporo Satellite / Hokkaido
University Conference Hall
Accommodations: Untapped Hostel

Thinking of Business from the 3 x 3 = 9 Perspective

Nov. 2Time

Nov. 3

Nov. 4I n di v i du a l wo r k

Presentation preparation

9:00 AM

Customervalue

Profit1. Who are thecustomers?

4. Who does itmake moneyfrom?

2. What is being
offered?

5. What does itmake moneyfrom?

3. What do you
think?

Le c tu re / in d iv id u a l wo r k

10:00 AM

11:00 AM6. How does it
profit?

Meet at 11:00 AM, New Chitose
AirportRelocate

1:00 PM

Process

8. What are theadvantages?

Opening greeting

Sharing issue resolution /enterprise / business ideas &offered value

Knowing What Is Right and Not
Doing It Is a Want of Courage

Establishing value related todisaster prevention/mitigation and reconstruction intandem with economic value

Le c t u re―The strength to move forward―
Sei Iuchi, Principal, Hayakita
Educational Center for Children

Lunch break (brunch buffet)

12:00 PMFie l d wo r k

7. Who do they
partner with?

Envisioning enterprise for a
resilient society

9. What are theprocedures?

2:00 PM

Forecasting Changes Caused
by Disaster Occurrence
Consideration of Social
Systems
Observation of Atsuma-cho

Le c tu re
On producing presentation materials
I n d iv id u a l wo r k /fe e d b a c k

Designing new enterprisecontributing to theconstruction of a resilient
society

3:00 PM

Source: "Nine questions to ask in generating profit from your business,"by Masanao Kawakami, Nikkei BP magazine, Feb. 2016

Lunch break

Presentation preparation

Relocate
4:00 PM

5:00 PMPre s e nt at i o n ( S e c t i o n 1 )Designing new enterprisecontributing to the construction of a resilient society
Pre s e nt at i o n ( S e c t i o n 2 )Designing new enterprisecontributing to the construction of a resilient society
Evaluation
Closing

Fie l d wo r k

Forecasting Changes Caused
by Disaster Occurrence
Thinking about Social
Systems
Observation of Abira-cho

Pre s e ntatio n /fe e d b a c k

6:00 PM

Relocate
DinnerPresentation practiceDinner

7:00 PM

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Taking a step toward constructing a resilient society byrefining and presenting original enterprise proposals
while looking out upon areas stricken by the Hokkaido
Eastern Iburi Earthquake.

and positively undertake activities to achieve the ideal
image for themselves."[Learning from the Abira-cho Volunteer Centers]
In Abira-cho, Principal Sei Iuchi of Hayakita Educational
Center for Children, established the Abira-cho Disaster
Volunteer Center after the earthquake occurred. Kenji
Hayashi, joint representative of Founding Base, alsojoined in that effort. Iuchi and Hayashi subsequently
developed and operated the Disaster Volunteer Center,then established the Abira-cho Reconstruction Volunteer
Center. Rather than engaging in restoration tasks likeclearing away rubble, their organization was created in
response to the diverse difficulties suffered by the disastervictims, and to the voices of those eager to do something
for the town. One of the activities of this organization,
called "Abira Mirai Jyuku," was set up to provide middleschool learning support. "In the past, Japan used to have'mutual aid,' but these days it doesn't seem to function
much anymore, not just in big cities but in small towns like
Abira-cho as well," said Hayashi. "That's why we felt likecreating some 'mutual aid' in Abira-cho."

Day 2

Thinking about enterprise which contributes
to the realization of a resilient society

Day 1[Inspection of Atsuma-cho, where thegreatest seismic intensity was observed
during the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi
Earthquake]
Hisashi Miya, Chief Administrator,
Atsuma-cho Dept. of Industry and Economy/ Town Development Promotion, guided us
around Atsuma-cho.
Of 44 people who lost their lives
throughout Hokkaido in the Hokkaido Eastern
Iburi Earthquake, 37 were in Atsuma-cho. It
was found that the mountainside had shifted,
resulting in a massive landslide. The land in thevicinity of Atsuma-cho was originally formedby an accumulation of settling volcanic ash
about 9,000 years ago. Heavy rains in July andAugust 2019 are thought to have increased
the fluid content of the soil in Atsuma-cho
to 140%. At that point, the Eastern Iburi
Earthquake occurred, resulting in large-scalelandslides and mudslides. Excavation studies

18

of buried cultural sites reveal that similar major
landslides occurred 4,000 years ago.
With so much time between thenand now, it becomes impossible to leavebehind traditions that convey the facts ofmajor disasters. By uncanny coincidence,
Miya began working at the Atsuma-cho
town administrative office in 2011, the year
in which the Great East Japan Earthquake
occurred. "Since that time," he said, "I havebeen eager to work for town development
looking at people as its starting point."
Miya thus started up a venture school thatoverlaps with his projects to welcome people
moving to Atsuma-cho to live. "I have always
wanted to make Azuma-cho a community of
happy individuals," he said. "I think that withan earnest, resolute approach, I can makeit happen. I haven't changed this thinking
even today, though we yet have earthquake
reconstruction work to do. I think that,for this town's inhabitants, reconstructionmeans creating the circumstances underwhich everyone can make rational decisions,[Refining enterprise proposals using planningworksheets]
Planning sheets provide spaces for specific content
on enterprise vision and social problems/issues, andplus solutions. Social value is entered on the lefthandside, while economic value is entered on the right (see p.
25). Monetization is crucial to an enterprise that realizes
social value while being highly sustainable. Monetization
methods can be broadly organized into eight categories:
Product sales consist of making things and sellingthem. Retail enterprise consists of buying-in and selling
things. Advertising consists of gathering informationand informing the market. Matching consists of linking
people who want something with others who wantto provide it. Consumable goods enterprise consistsof profiting from goods used by something, rather
than the thing itself. Subscription businesses profit
continually through monthly or other regular payments.
Aggregation and reuse businesses are exemplified byonline aggregator websites. Freemium businesses aredesigned to serve both free and paid users. The mostimportant aspect of an enterprise or business is whether
all stakeholders are benefitting from it. Students thendiscussed their enterprise proposals with the above
points in mind. After returning to their dormitories, they
continued refining their enterprise proposals late into
the night.

Day 3

Students present their enterprise proposals[From a moment of silent prayer for earthquake
victims to the keynote speech by Sei Iuchi]
The presentation conference was held upon
welcoming guests Takuya Saito, Director of the Division ofRegional Support Industry-Academia Collaboration in the
Science and Technology Policy Bureau of MEXT, Abira-cho
Mayor Shuichiro Oikawa, Tamagawagumi Corp. President
Yuichi Tamagawa, and Hokkaido Research Organization
Director Tomomi Marutani. After observing one minuteof silent prayer for the victims lost in the Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake, the Great East Japan Earthquake andthe Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake, greetings were
presented by Tohoku University Executive Vice President
Yoshinori Yajima, Hokkaido University Graduate Schoolof Engineering Research Director and Dean Tsuyoshi
Setoguchi, as well as Mr. Saito.
Next, Abira-cho Reconstruction Volunteer Center
Director and Hayakita Educational Center for Children
Principal Sei Iuchi delivered a keynote address titled"Knowing What Is Right and Not Doing It Is a Want of
Courage." In clear and lucid manner, Iuchi gave a detailed
account of the sequence of events from the occurrenceof the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake of September
6, 2018, up to the current moment one year later. "TheHokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake occurred at 3:07 AM
on September 6, 2018. With shaking at level 7 on theseismic intensity scale, it was impossible to stand up, andwe could only crawl on all fours," he said. "I'll now show
you some video of the inside of the building, where things
were being thrown off of shelves by the shaking. This is
an image taken on the day after the quake. It occurred on
the very day that 5-year-olds were having an 'overnightchildcare' night, and by coincidence, a TV station was
there to report on it."
The manual for Hayakita Educational Center forChildren specifies that if an earthquake or other such event
occurs, the parents of the children are to be contacted
to come pick up their children. Upon experiencing theviolence of the quake, however, Iuchi considered thepossibility that there could be parents who were injured
or had died and chose to continue to care for the sleeping
children without sending them home. He also sent out agroup e-mail several minutes after the quake, reassuring
parents that "Everyone at the center is unharmed."
Many parents came to pick up their children thenext morning, Sept. 7, but local administrative officials
and medical professionals were so preoccupied with theearthquake disaster response that they hardly had time
to come pick up their children. It was from some of theseparents that calls came in asking when the center would
start taking in children again. Iuchi decided to reopen the19center on Sept. 8, just two days after the earthquake. Sincesome of the center staff were among the disaster victims,
however, it was very short-handed. This was when Iuchi
used Facebook to make a sudden recruiting post: "We
can reopen the center tomorrow, but there aren't enoughteachers. Please help us." An hour after this was posted,
offers had come in from 30 people. Upon contacting
Abira-cho Mayor Shuichiro Oikawa to ask if there wasanything he could do to help, he was told that the Abiracho Disaster Volunteer Center was to be establishedand asked to serve as its director. He stayed up all nightcreating and publishing the website, not to mention a
Facebook account and page, as well as a Twitter account.
He adapted the center's attendance system without
alteration to online volunteer registration. Possibly
because it was so easy to use, it gathered a great many
volunteers. The number of volunteers registered at theAbira-cho Disaster Volunteer Center eventually reached2,400. Since a wide range of requests for help other thandisaster restoration rubble-clearing came in from local
residents, he joined with Kenji Hayashi to launch the Abiracho Reconstruction Volunteer Center. The Reconstruction
Volunteer Center works for local community revitalizationby planning numerous events that local residents could
participate in, such as barhopping and rice cake pounding
events. "I think of earthquake reconstruction as something
that's centered around the people of the town, rather

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than the town administration," Iuchi said in concluding
his address. "It's reconstruction that moves forward
based on what you might call 'mutual aid.' We continue
these activities with the idea that the Reconstruction
Volunteer Center exists as a hub for the diverse people ofour town. The title of today's talk, "Knowing What Is Right
and Not Doing It Is a Want of Courage," comes from thewords I heard when I was a middle school teacher, fromanother teacher to whom I owe a debt of gratitude. These
are words that have always remained with me, and withwhich I constantly question myself."[At last, the enterprise idea presentations are made,as students hold forth passionately on their ideas]
In the afternoon, the long-awaited crowning
moment of the program came, in which the enterpriseideas were presented. The students gave presentations
in which each person was allotted five minutes,
followed by evaluation. The panel of six evaluators
included Abira-cho Mayor Shuichiro Oikawa, Abiracho Reconstruction Volunteer Center Director Sei Iuchi,
Atsuma-cho Municipal Office Senior Staff member
Hisashi Miya, Tamagawagumi Corp. President Yuichi
Tamagawa, Kyoto University Professor Tetsuo Kitani
and Miyagi University Professor Senhiko Nakata. The
titles of enterprise proposals by students are shown on
the next page.

Title of enterprise proposal

Name

University

Let’s (re)build our “ways.”

Ryo
OnoderaHokkaido
University“Emergency Survival Kit
Periodic Check Service” likehousehold medicine kit
distributions

HarukaMishima

Kobe
University

Emergency Economy Class
Syndrome Prevention
SystemKeita
Nakaji

Shiga
Universityof Medical
ScienceCreating a Location
Yamamoto-cho Residents
Can Enjoy

Akane
TeshimaMiyagiUniversity

Local Buffer

Naoto
InagakiWasedaUniversity

1.5th Place to Stay

Ryosuke
Hino

Kyoto
University

Collective House for One

Rika
Nakayama

MiyagiUniversity

Itacolumite (jelly stone)

Saiya
Ikihoshi

NagoyaInstitute ofTechnology

Industry/Regional Mutual
Aid

Keita
Shiomitsu

Kobe
University

Tsunami Evacuation
Guidance Signage to Protect
Foreign Tourists

MasakiOno

NagoyaInstitute ofTechnology

Reeling in the Future:"Spinning Thread"

Yoshimitsu
Sawaoka

Kobe
University

Personal Banking Equippedwith Disaster Support
FunctionsRyota Nara

Kobe
University

Hitch-fighter

Takafumi
Shimizu

Hokkaido
University

Evacuation with Pets
Pet Crates Supplied to
Evacuation Centers

KotokoWatanuki

MiyagiUniversity

Student Volunteer Support
SystemKeisukeUzu

TohokuUniversity

From Sandbox to RealSociety

Takafumi
Mochizuki

Hokkaido
University

Hazard Simulation Game

Yudai Nishi

Kobe
University

Disaster Prevention Cafe

Yuki
KorokuKobe
University

Voice Pick Up

HirotoTsuchiya

Shizuoka
University

A Society That Shares When
Personal Belongings Are
Urgently Needed

Atsutoshi
TanakaKyushuUniversity(Participant Atsutoshi Tanaka was unable to attend theevent on that day and gave his presentation to the facultyin charge and the students on the previous day.)
The content of the enterprise proposals wasdiverse. It ranged from projects involving Fundamental
construction to those that narrowed the focus to individual
circumstances, and from those assuming circumstances
during a disaster to those that would be of use months
or years afterward. The evaluators appeared to find eachenterprise proposal extremely appealing, expressing
strong interest and engaging in lively question-and-answer
exchanges. Each one of the enterprise proposals was
designed to operate both during ordinary times and during
emergencies, and to be sustainable from the standpoint ofmonetization. Each enterprise proposal was worked up
into a plan that incorporated the fourth capability in our
definition of "human resources that drive construction ofa resilient society." Each one was a challenging enterpriseproposal to realize a resilient society.

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09
Tohoku Fieldwork
Tohoku Fieldwork

Tohoku Fieldwork consisted of gathering information on reconstruction and disasterprevention/mitigation through on-site observation and interviews.
[Assembly]
Time and date: Dec. 14 (Sat.), 2019, 12:00 PM
Location: Sightseeing Bus Stop, Sendai Airport 1F

Timeline

Venue: Onagawa Machinaka Kouryuukan
Accommodations: Hotel El Faro

Time

Dec. 14

Dec. 15
Relocate

9:00 AMFi el d work

Consideration of Social Systems

Observation of Okawa Elementary School

10:00 AM
Relocate
Fi el d work

Consideration of Social Systems

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

Observation of Ogatsu district, Ishinomaki
city

Meet at 12:00 PM, Sendai Airport
Relocate

1:00 PM

Relocate
Observation of Onagawa-cho

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM
Relocate

5:00 PMSocial gathering

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Lunch break

Fie ldwork

Consideration of Social Systems

6:00 PMDay 1

G roup d i scussi on

Discerning the Vulnerability of Social
Systems

Learning about reconstruction of Onagawa-cho[Learning about the relationship between
administration and private sector in Onagawa-cho]
We spoke with Takahiro Aoyama, director of the PublicPrivate Partnership Office of the Onagawa-cho Industry
Promotion Section and a key figure in the reconstructionof Onagawa-cho, as well as Office staff member Hideki Doi.
There lies a broad, beautiful brick road, with modern, chicstorefronts of wooden construction lining each side. This is
the scene along Onagawa Station-Front Nigiwai Kyoten, ashort retail shopping street that continues in a straight line
to the ocean. From the observation space atop the new
Onagawa Station Building (designed by architect Shigeru
Ban), the ocean can be seen beyond the brick road. On New
Year's Day, visitors can watch the first sunrise of the year
directly in front. Since the station building was completed
in 2015, word of the view of the New Year's Day sunrise fromthis spot has gradually spread by social network services
and word of mouth. As many as 1,000 people now gather inthe station-front plaza every New Year’s Day.
Having suffered widespread damage from the Great
East Japan Earthquake tsunami, Onagawa-cho made thedecision to implement group-relocation of public offices
and housing rather than building a seawall. However,National Highway 398, which cuts through the town,
was laid down on a 5.4-meter embankment, so thatit effectively functions as a seawall. In Onagawa-cho,
historical data reveals that 4-meter tsunamis come about
once every 100 years. It was for this eventuality that thenational highway was located on top of an embankment.
Aoyama explains: "When a tall tsunami like the onethat struck eight years ago comes, everyone needs toflee together to high ground. The area around here will

be submerged during the tsunamis that come once in
100 years. Why, then, did we build this Nigiwai Kyoten
spot in such a low-lying area? It's because we wanted
to build a facility to attract visitors which is not (solely)
for the purpose of consumption, and to make that thecenter of Onagawa." Doi adds that, "Town development
in Onagawa-cho is different from those found in othertowns. I have been involved in town development for allof the past eight years, but it's recently that we've been
having about 1,000 visitors a year from companies whocome here on observation visits. Among private-sector
companies in recent years, there's been an increasein those that tout efforts like 'sustainable society' and'contributing to local communities.' I think that Onagawa's
town development reconstruction process can provide avery useful case for companies like that to refer to. I think itprovides valuable lessons for cultivating leaders 10 years
down the road. I would like to communicate this Onagawa
reconstruction process across generations. I want you toknow that as we develop our town, we do so with a desire
to convey this to generations such as yours."
In Onagawa, a Restoration Plan Formulation
Committee was formed only a month after the Great
East Japan Earthquake, centering on the Onagawa Town
Society of Commerce and Industry chaired by Masanori
Takahashi. Although it was a voluntary organization
lacking incorporated status, its membership grew to as
many as 70, and formation of the organization marked thestart of Onagawa's reconstruction and town development.
Takahashi began his opening address as follows at thegathering on the first day of the organization's formation:"I have been working on Onagawa's town development
over the past 30 years. Although now 60 years old, if told to'Do it once again' by my elders, there's nothing that I can'tdo. However, having the mindset of the older generation,
as I do, I cannot make a new Onagawa myself. I hope toleave the future reconstruction and town-building efforts

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10

Day 2

Visit to Ishinomaki, and the ruins of Okawa
Elementary School and Ogatsu-cho[Learning about the scars that remain from theearthquake]
The Kamaya district, in which Okawa Elementary
School was situated, was devastated by two tsunamis,
one flowing in toward the mountains from the sea, andanother which flowed back down toward the sea after
surging up the Kitakamigawa River. We now know that it
was the latter, reverse river-borne tsunami that had themost forceful flow. That is why the crossing corridor at
Okawa Elementary School collapsed toward the ocean.
Yuto Naganuma, a college student who serves as a narrator

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for the Okawa Tradition Society, explained the sceneof disaster damage: "The Great East Japan Earthquake
itself is not the reason I decided to become a narrator.
Two days before that earthquake disaster, there was anearthquake centered off Sanriku which had a maximum
intensity of lower 5. I was a high school freshman at thetime. It happened to be a day off, and I was on the beachwhen the earthquake occurred. I felt terror at the violent
shaking and went home as fast as I could. But that wasit, and once I got home, there was no conversation withmy family about what to do if a tsunami were to come."
Two days later, the Great East Japan Earthquake struck.
Of Naganuma's family of eight, three lost their lives inthe tsunami, his grandmother, great-grandmother anda younger brother. The younger brother was a second
grader at Okawa Elementary School. The number ofpeople in his family was cut in half.
Ever since the devastation, Naganuma said, he has
suffered continual regret: "Why didn't I talk with my family
about things like an escape route after the earthquake
two days before? If we had talked it over then, we might
have saved the three of them."
Okawa Elementary School had an evacuation
manual, in which it was written, "Flee to a park in yourneighborhood." But there are no parks in the vicinity of
Okawa Elementary School, which is backed up against a
mountain. The mountain behind the school was familiar
to the students as a site for lessons in cultivating Shiitake
mushrooms. At the moment that the manual proved
useless, why didn't the students choose to flee to themountain? "This event well demonstrates the fact that it
is not mountains and buildings themselves that protect
lives from tsunamis," Naganuma said. Rather, it is people
who protect lives by choosing these as places of refuge. "Ihope you will all learn from this lesson."

Planning Sheet Sample
Planning Sheet

Planning Sheet / Evaluation Sheetentirely up to people of a younger generation in their 30s
and 40s. I want their town reconstruction to be informedby the adage that says, 'people over 60 should keep theirmouths shut.'"
This was Takahashi's way of declaring a delegation of
authority over town development to a younger cohort of
Onagawa business managers.
"If this scene had not occurred, we wouldn't have theOnagawa we have today," said Aoyama. "It was from thismoment that reconstructive town development by ourgeneration began. By the time that first meeting ended,
my generation had determined that we were resolved. To
all of you who are college students, when in the future you
are adults with full-fledged careers, the day will definitely
come when your elders entrust you with the future. Whenthat happens, I want you to undertake it bravely.""I am a public servant," added Doi. "But government
administration alone will not be sufficient to carry out
the commitments of public service as we move forward.
It is having the government and private sectors form one
team with a shared vision, each doing what it does best,that I think represents the future of public service. Mr.
Aoyama is a professional in commerce, but he couldn't
build a road. I've never done any business, but I know athing or two about city planning. If we pair up and dowhat we're good at, then we can do things like make aretail street and align it with the rising sun. It's by doing
things in this way that I aim to realize a sustainable local
economy for Onagawa-cho."Columns
areprovidedforparticipants to conceptualize theirenterprise visions on their own,
describe problems and issues insociety, specify content of theirsolutions, etc., with the social andeconomic values being entered onleft and right side, respectively.

Evaluation Sheet Sample
Feedback Sheet
A set-up has been structured to allow
participants, after presentations,to evaluate and score the clarity,
explicitness and other aspects of own
advocated items, with instructors
being enabled to offer their feedback
about these presentations.

[Thinking about what reconstruction means topeople]In Ogatsu-cho, an enormous seawall 9.7 meters
high and 1.8 kilometers long was built immediately, infull view. It is only upon passing through the wall to theseaside that the ocean first comes into view. Ogatsucho, which in the past was together with the sea, has
now been cut off from it. After the earthquake, whilebuilding this giant seawall, Ogatsu-cho also created anarea of high ground 20 meters above sea level about 100
meters away. It was to this high ground that the grouprelocation was carried out.

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11

12
Toward the Next Fiscal YearOne of the issues left over from the program carried out in Fiscal 2019 was that most of
the enterprise proposals presented by the students ended up as no more than proposals.
While there were some that advanced to the execution phase, we would like to consider
how we could induce implementational action so that the proposals will not end as mereideas. With involvement by universities alone, there are limitations on taking enterpriseproposals through to execution, which makes cooperation by numerous stakeholders
such as industry and local government essential.
The Fiscal 2019 program was designed and implemented with universities collaboratingwith the EARTH on EDGE consortium at the core. During the coming fiscal year, 2020,
participation will be promoted among numerous universities, research institutes, local
governments, corporations, NPOs and others with the aim of building a fuller system.
And in Fiscal 2021, we plan to partner with overseas universities and institutions in order
to seek out ways of implementing activities overseas. If you concur with the aims of thisprogram, we would gratefully appreciate any support or cooperation you may be able togive. We would very much like to work together to educate entrepreneurs who will drive
the construction of resilient societies.

Main Sponsorship / Support / Cooperation

Toward the Next Fiscal YearThe entrepreneurs who are needed all over the world are most likely those who areable to act now to solve the complex social problems likely to emerge in the future. Fromthe standpoint of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the people needed are those
who can take a bird's-eye view of the ripple effects of a project, establish social andeconomic values in tandem, and solve specific problems. This Educational Program to
Drive Construction of a Resilient Society by Inculcating the Entrepreneurial Spirit takeson the challenge of developing such human resources on themes of disaster prevention
and mitigation.

Main Sponsorship / Support / Cooperation
This project is conducted as a part of the Exploration and Development of Global
Entrepreneurship for NEXT Generation (EDGE-NEXT) by the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology.
Kobe Session
Hosted by: EARTH on EDGE
Multidisciplinary Integration for Resilience and Innovation (MIRAI)
Research Unit, Kobe University
Creative Dojo, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
Tohoku Session
Hosted by: EARTH on EDGE
Supported by: Onagawa-cho
Hokkaido Session
Hosted by: EARTH on EDGE
Supported by: Center for Natural Hazards Research, Hokkaido University
Atsuma-cho
Abira-choAbira-cho Reconstruction Volunteer Center
Operational Cooperation: Hokkaido Research Organization
Cooperation: Senrei Co. Ltd.
Nexco-Maintenance Kanto Company Limited
IHI Fundamental Systems Co., Ltd.

Implementation System
EARTH on EDGE Consortium

EDGE-NEXT Operations OfficeDriving Construction of a Resilient Society
A Program to Inculcate the Entrepreneurial Spirit,
Design/Operating Faculty

Tohoku University (principal university)

Institute for Excellence in Higher Education (IEHE),
Tohoku University
Center for Service Learning and Extracurricular
Activities (CSLEA)

Hokkaido University
Otaru University of Commerce

Major in Entrepreneurship, Graduate School ofCommerce

Miyagi University

School of Project Design

Kyoto University

Office of Society Academia Collaboration for
Innovation Endowed Research Chair Innovation
Management Science (SACI)Kobe University

Creative Dojo, Graduate School of Engineering

Kobe University
Multidisciplinary Integration for Resilience andInnovation (MIRAI) Research Unit
Research Center for Urban Safety and Security
Center for Resilient Design (CResD)

Date of issue: July 1, 2020
Editor: Design and management team of entrepreneurship development program todrive construction of a resilient society
Designer: Oval Co., Ltd.

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