Fifth International
Symposium on
Arctic Research

ISAR-5The changing Arctic and its regional to global impact:
From information to knowledge and action

January 15-18, 2018
Tokyo, JAPANwww.jcar.org/isar-5/

Organizations
Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research
National Institute of Polar Research
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Hokkaido University
Japan Arctic Research Network Center (J-ARC Net)
Venue
Hitotsubashi Hall
National Center of Sciences Building 2F
2-1-2 Hitotsubashi,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo JAPANWelcome Word
Fifth International Symposium on Arctic Research
On behalf of the Symposium Organization Committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to theFifth International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-5) held in Tokyo on 15-18 January 2018. The
symposium is organized by Japan Consortium for Arctic Research (JCAR) with supports from National
Institute of Polar Research, Japan Agency of Marine/Earth Science and Technology, Hokkaido University,and other many institutions.
The Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental and ampliﬁed climatic changes, creating signiﬁcantchallenges for people living in this region and various impacts around the globe. We have been trying
to elucidate the reasons for these changes in the Arctic and their phenomena, however many open
questions still remain on the roles of clouds, aerosols, sea ice, greenhouse gases, land processes,
ozone depletion, solar activity, and other factors involved in Arctic change. Arctic change has impacts
on the global climate as well as ecosystems and human societies in higher-middle latitudes. A better
understanding of these processes is needed, so that improved information can be given to society andstakeholders including decision makers in particular.
ISAR-5 consists of plenary, breakout and poster sessions. The plenary session includes keynote
speeches and session presentations, in which a representative paper of each breakout sessions ispresented, so that attendees can listen to presentation of other than your field of expertise. This isimportant because of inter-disciplinary nature of Arctic research.
We hope you will have a fruitful discussions in ISAR-5 and take a successful step toward your goal.

Teruo Aoki
Chair, ISAR-5 Symposium Organizing Committee

Organizations
Organizer
Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR)

Organizing GroupsCenter for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University

Co-Organizers
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
Hokkaido University
Japan Arctic Research Network Center (J-ARC Net)

Supporters
Science Council of Japan
Tohoku University
Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

Symposium Organizing Committee

International Advisory Committee

Teruo Aoki (Okayama University) *Chair
Hiroyuki Enomoto (National Institute of Polar Research) *Vice-Chair
Hiroyasu Hasumi (The University of Tokyo) *Program Committee Chair
Tetsuya Hiyama (Nagoya University)
Masahiro Hori (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
Takashi Kikuchi (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) *Vice-Chair
Toshinobu Machida (National Institute for Environmental Studies)
Yojiro Matsuura (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute)Takuji Nakamura (National Institute of Polar Research)
Genki Sagawa (Weathernews)
Sei-ichi Saitoh (Hokkaido University) *Vice-Chair
Shin Sugiyama (Hokkaido University)
Shinichiro Tabata (Hokkaido University)
Hiroki Takakura (Tohoku University)
Hiroshi Tanaka (University of Tsukuba)

Susan Barr (President of International Arctic Science Committee, Norway)
Hanne Christiansen (The University Centre in Svalbard: UNIS, Norway)
Hajo Eicken (International Arctic Research Center, UAF, USA)
Josef Elster (University of South Bohemia, Czech)
Jon Ove Hagen (University of Oslo, Norway)
Lassi Heininen (University of Lapland, Finland)
Kim Holmén (Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway)
Sung-Ho Kang (Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea)
Michael Karcher (Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Germany)
Tetsuo Ohata (National Institute of Polar Research, Japan)
Atsumu Ohmura (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland)
Vladimir Pavlenko (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Volker Rachold (Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Germany)
Martin Schneebeli (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeResearch WSL, Switzerland)

Jinro Ukita (Niigata University)
Hajime Yamaguchi (The University of Tokyo)
Shuho Yano (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)

Peter Schweitzer (University of Vienna, Austria)
Konrad Steffen (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
WSL, Switzerland)
Atsuko Sugimoto (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Peter Wadhams (Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy)
Takashi Yamanouchi (National Institute of Polar Research, Japan)

2Floor Map● Hitotsubashi Hall National Center of Sciences Building 2F, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo JAPAN
2nd Floor

1st Floor3Program● The Entire Program
Date

Time Zone

January15

13:00-17:00

MondayJanuary 16
Tuesday

ClosedMeeting

Hall

Chu1

ArCS Public Lecture in ISAR-5(Japanese)

9:00-9:20

Opening

9:20-10:20

Keynote Speech 1, 2

10:20-10:30
10:40-12:40

Photo Session

G6S6

S7S8

G1

S9

S1013:30-14:30
S1214:40-15:40
S1415:50-16:50

G2

15:15-16:45

Staff Only

Ainu Mukkuri WS
12:35-13:30

G5

S1

G7

G8

GeospaceSAS
18:30-20:20

18:30-21:00

S15

research community

18:30-20:00

Northern Region
Music Festival
19:00-20:30

PosterAward
Committee

Keynote Speech 5, 6
Session Presentations SP3

8:30-9:00

SOC-IAC
12:15-13:15

Lunch

12:15-13:30

G2

13:30-15:00

S4

15:15-16:45

S5

S2

S3
G7

G4

Ainu Mukkuri WS
12:30-13:30

S11S13G3Closing

17:30-21:00

Session Titles

4

GCM
12:35-13:15

Poster Sessions (G3, G4, G7, G8, S2, S4, S5, S14)

16:45-18:15

G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6S6
G7
G8
G9
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S7S8
S9
S10
S11S13
S12
S14
S15

VIP
room

G9

Lunch

13:30-15:00

17:00-17:30

203

Secretariate

Keynote Speech 3, 4
Session Presentations SP2

12:35-13:30

Thursday202

Reception ( at TKP Gardencity Takebashi)

19:00-21:00

January 18

201

Multi room Secretariat

Poster Sessions (G1, G2, G5, G6S6, G9, S1, S7S8, S9)

16:45-18:15

9:00-10:00
10:15-12:15

Toku2

Public Lecture Staff Room

Lunch

15:15-16:45

Wednesday

Toku1

Session Presentations SP1

12:40-13:30
13:30-15:00

January 17

Chu3

Reception Desk Open

17:00-19:30

9:00-10:00
10:15-12:35

Chu2

Atmosphere
Ocean and Sea Ice
Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverIce Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean
Geospace
Policies and Economy
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human Impact
Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction, Observation and Modeling
A Complex Adapting Arctic Ecohydrology in the Context of Changing Climate
Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems under Arctic Warming
Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program for the Future
Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice Navigation
Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data: Stewardship, Publication, and Science
Sustainable Development in the Russian Arctic: Perspectives from Economic, Environmental and Policy Studies
Environmental, Economic, Societal and Geopolitical Dynamics in the Arctic, their Global Drivers and Implications
Greenlandic Reflections of Global Concerns: Ecological, Social and Political Perspectives on the Future
Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost and Human Societies
Technology, Infrastructure and Human Space in the Past and Present of Northern Regions

ISIRA
12:15-13:15

● Reception● Opening
January 16 (Tuesday) 09:00-09:20 Hitotsubashi Hall

January 16 (Tuesday) 19:00-21:00
Venue: Hall, TKP Gardencity Takebashi

09:00 Opening remarks- Teruo Aoki, Chair, ISAR-5 Symposium Organizing Committee- TBD

2F, Sumitomo Corporation Takebashi Building,
Hitotsubashi, 1 Chome−2−2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo*The reception requires a registration in advance.
*Please bring your conference name tag with you.

● Photo Session
January 16 (Tuesday) 10:20-10:30 Hitotsubashi Hall

● Closing
January 18 (Thursday) 17:00-17:30 Hitotsubashi Hall
17:00 Closing remarks- TBD
17:10-17:20 Poster Award
17:20-17:25 About ISAR-6
17:25-17:30 Closing address: Teruo Aoki, Chair, ISAR-5 Symposium Organizing Committee
17:30
Close

● Plenary
Keynote Speeches Hitotsubashi Hall
January 16
1. Kay I. Ohshima
2. Peter Wadhams
January 17
3. Peter Schweitzer
4. Jacqueline Grebmeier
January 18
5. Bruce Forbes
6. Tero Mustonen

Effects of High Albedo and Brine Rejection of Sea Ice on the Arctic Ocean and its Recent Change
A Farewell to Ice - Arctic climate feedbacks and their impact on global warming
Remoteness and Infrastructure: On the Affordances of the Built Environment in Polar Regions
The Arctic in Transition: Status and Trends in Biological Oceanography to Understand the Changing Marine Ecosystem
Coping with a warming winter climate in Arctic Russia : patterns of extreme weather affecting Nenets reindeer nomadism
Community-led Monitoring and Ecological Restoration in the Arctic: History, Power and Resilience

Session Presentations Hitotsubashi Hall
January 16
SP1-G1
Matthew Shupe
SP1-G6S6 Irene D. Alabia
SP1-S7S8 Natsuhiko Otsuka
SP1-S9Øystein Godøy
SP1-S10 Violetta GassiySP1-S14

Yuichiro Fujioka

January 17
SP2-G5 Mouctar Kamara
SP2-G2 Michael Karcher
SP2-G7 Kazuo Shiokawa
SP2-S1 John E. Walsh
SP2-S12 Naotaka Hayashi
SP2-S15 Shiro Sasaki
SP2-G8 Volker Rachold
January 18
SP3-G4 Masashi Niwano
SP3-S2 Matthew Shupe
SP3-S3 Daqing Yang
SP3-S4 Akihiko Ito
SP3-S5 Leif G. Anderson
SP3-S11S13 Lassi Heininen

Surface Energy Budget Process Relationships for Evaluating Model Performance in Central Greenland
Distribution shifts of marine taxa in the Pacific Arctic under contemporary climate changes
Arctic challenge for ice observation and ice navigation
Towards a virtual research environment for geoscience
Benefits sharing as a tool for sustainable development of Arctic indigenous communities in Russia
Local Knowledge and Perception of Permafrost Degradation in Eastern Siberia: Development of Teaching Materials
for Environmental Education
Analyzing long-term growth trends of tree and forest biomass in the circumpolar boreal region.
Forever cyclonic? How stable is the circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean?
Ground-based instruments of the PWING project to investigate dynamics of the inner magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes
Attribution of Trends of Seasonal Temperatures in Alaska
Seeking a future vision by negotiating environmental changes in North Greenland
Weaving techniques in subarctic areas: Their prosperity and decline in Northeast Asia
Arctic Policies and Economy - A German perspective
Evaluation of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance estimated by the NHM-SMAP regional climate model
Comprehensive Atmospheric Measurements at MOSAiC to Study Cloud-Atmosphere-Surface Interactions
Heat transport from northern rivers to Canadian Arctic coast
Early detection of changing pan-arctic wetland methane emission
Assessing the Carbon Climate in the Upper Waters of a changing Arctic Ocean
The Global Arctic as a New Geopolitical Context – potential influences of Arctic actors beyond the (Arctic) region5

● January 16, 2018Hall
9:00- 9:20

Opening

9:20- 9:50

Keynote speech 1 Kay I. Ohshima

Effects of High Albedo and Brine Rejection of Sea Ice on the Arctic Ocean and its Recent Change

9:50-10:20

Keynote speech 2 Peter Wadhams

A Farewell to Ice - Arctic climate feedbacks and their impact on global warming

10:20-10:30 Photo session
10:30-10:40 Break
10:40-12:40 Session presentations 1 Chair: S. Saito (Hokkaido Univ., Japan)
SP1-G1SP1-G6S6SP1-S7S8
SP1-S9
SP1-S10
SP1-S14

10:40-11:00
11:00-11:20
11:20-11:40
11:40-12:00
12:00-12:20
12:20-12:40

12:40-13:30

Lunch

13:30

Breakout Sessions

Surface Energy Budget Process Relationships for Evaluating Model Performance in Central Greenland: Matthew Shupe, M. Miller, C. Cox, O. Persson
Distribution shifts of marine taxa in the Pacific Arctic under contemporary climate changes: Irene D. Alabia J. García Molinos, S.I. Saitoh, T. Hirawake, T. Hirata, F.J. Mueter
Arctic challenge for ice observation and ice navigation: Natsuhiko Otsuka, K. Tateyama
Towards a virtual research environment for geoscience: Øystein. Godøy, T. Thorbjornsen, L. Ferrighi, A. Vines, T. Hamre, B. Pfeil
Benefits sharing as a tool for sustainable development of Arctic indigenous communities in Russia: Violetta GassiyLocal Knowledge and Perception of Permafrost Degradation in Eastern Siberia: Development of Teaching Materials for Environmental Education: Yuichiro Fujioka, H. Takakura

Hall

Chu1

G6S6 Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in
the Arctic Ocean

Chair: Amane Fujiwara
			
G6S6-O01
13:30-13:45
On the Nature of Wind-Forced Upwelling in Barrow
Canyon*M. Pisareva, R. Pickart, P. Fratantoni, T. Weingartner

G6S6-O02
13:45-14:00
Continuous Sea-ice Thickness Measurement in the
Northeastern Coastal Chukchi Sea from 2009

*Y. Fukamachi, K. I. Ohshima, A. R. Mahoney, H. Eicken, D. Simizu,
K. Iwamoto, E. Moriya, T. Takatsuka, J. Jones

G6S6-O03
14:00-14:15
Observed and anticipated changes in the seasonal cycle ofcoastal sea ice and their impacts in the Alaskan Arctic*H. Eicken, O. A. Lee, M. A. Johnson, A. R. Mahoney, P. L. Pulsifer

G6S6-O04
14:15-14:30
Factors influencing Multi-time scale Sea-ice Variations in the
Pacific Arctic Region*J. -H. Kim, K. -H. Cho, X. Zhang, L. Peng, K. Shimada, E. Yoshizawa,Y. Choi, S. -H. Kang

G6S6-O05
14:30-14:45
Causes and Consequences of the Beaufort Gyre Region
Freshwater Content Changes (2003-2016)

Chu2

S7S8 Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice
Navigation

Chair: Mio Matsueda
Chair:Peter Wadhams				
G01-O01
13:30-13:45
Sensitivity of the Arctic climate forcing due to atmospheric
S7S8-O01
13:30-13:48
physical parameterizations
Maritime Target Detection and Discrimination in Ice-Infested*J. H. Yoon
Arctic Waters based on Generative Adversarial Network Using
SAR Images
Y. HE, *D. Tao, J. Zhang, L.Zhu, P. Ding
G01-O02
13:45-14:00
Cooling trend over Eurasian continent and Arctic sea ice
decline
S7S8-O02
13:48-14:06*K. Nishii, B. Taguchi, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, H. Nakamura, Y. Kosaka,
The use of AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) under sea
T. Miyasaka
ice - achievements so far*P. Wadhams, B. Krogh

S7S8-O03
14:06-14:24
MAPPING SEA ICE FROM ABOVE AND BELOW

G01-O03
14:00-14:15
Quantification of influence of Arctic sea-ice reduction andnatural variability to recent Eurasian cooling

S7S8-O04
14:24-14:42
Estimation of sailing speed through ice covered waters on thenorthern sea route

G01-O04
14:15-14:30
A comparison of climate impacts of the Arctic sea ice loss
based on multiple sea ice concentration datasets

S7S8-O05
14:42-15:00
Arctic Marine Access and Ice Navigation Seasons

G01-O05
14:30-14:45
Is the recent downturn of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation(SNAO) related to Arctic Sea Ice change?

*B. Krogh, P. Wadhams*K. Tateyama, H. Okuda, N. Otsuka*L.W. Brigham*A. Proshutinsky, R. Krishfield, W. Williams, M. -L. Timmermans

		
14:45-15:15 Break

Chair: Nastuhiko Otsuka*D. Peya, C. Voelker, G. Lohmann

G6S6-O07
15:30-15:45
Enhancing of Biological Pump in the Chukchi Sea Basedon Seven Chinese Arctic Summer Cruises since 1999 and
Sediment Cores Records*J. Chen, H. Jin, Y. Zhuang, H. Li, Y. Bai, Q. Zhu

G6S6-O08
15:45-16:00
The Composition and Origination of Suspended Particles from
Water Column in the Shelfs of Chukchi Sea and Northern
Bering Sea*X. Yu, L. Ye, Y. Liu, J. Lei, X. Yao,J. Zhu, X. Jin, W. Zhang

G6S6-O09
16:00-16:15
Inferences on Biological Community Structure of theDistributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from Undersea Video
Imagery*L. Cooper, J. Grebmeier, A. Bayard, H. Bi

G6S6-O10
16:15-16:30
Changes in seabird density relative to water mass around St.
Lawrence Island, northern Bering Sea during summer*B. Nishizawa, H. Hayashi, N. Yamada, H. Ueno, T. Hirawake,
Y. Watanuki

G6S6-O11
16:30-16:45
A Step-Wise Progression to Fisheries Ecosystem Science in
the Central Arctic Ocean*J. Grebmeier, H. P. Huntington*M. Mori, Y. Kosaka, M. Watanabe, H. Nakamura, M. Kimoto*T. Nakamura, K. Yamazaki, K. Hoshi, M. Honda, J. Ukita*H. W. Linderholm, T. Ou, J.-H. Jeong, D. Chen, B.-M. Kim

		
15:00-15:15 Break

Chair: Yoshiyuki Abe			
G6S6-O06
15:15-15:30
Dissolution of CaCO3 in the present and glacial ocean:
A comparison of the effects of different dissolution
parameterizations

G1 Atmosphere		

S7S8-O06
15:15-15:33
Development of NSR Transit Simulator “VESTA-ICE”*S. Uto, T. Matsuzawa

S7S8-O07
15:33-15:51
Sea Route Search Using the Global Dynamic Windows
Approach including Ice Concentration*T. Takagi, K. Tateyama

S7S8-O08
15:51-16:09
Field investigation of sea spray particles impinging on large
vessels - Case study of the R/V Mirai*T. Ozeki, S. Toda, H. Yamaguchi

S7S8-O09
16:09-16:27
R & D Study of Oil Recovery Device for Ice-covered Waters NMRI-ORDICE*K. Izumiyama, S. Kanada, H. Shimoda, D. Wako, T. Matsuzawa

S7S8-O10
16:27-16:45
Arctic research and educational collaboration plan between
Japan-Norway
A. Yamakawa, *S. Sandven, S. Saitoh, H. Enomoto, Y. Kodama,N. Otsuka

G01-O06
14:45-15:00
Analysis of cloud formation processes for arctic cyclone in the
non-hydrostatic icosahedral grid model*T. Kurihana, H. Tanaka

15:00- 15:15

Break

Chair: Keiichiro HARA			
G01-O07
15:15-15:30
Soil CO2 Measurements in Canada's High Arctic Winter*R. Layden

G01-O08
15:30-15:45
Terrestrial Biospheric and Oceanic CO2 Uptake Estimated from
Long-term Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Mole Fraction,
d13C and d(O2/N2) at Ny Åalesund, Svalbard*D. Goto, S. Morimoto, S. Ishidoya, S. Aoki, T. Nakazawa

G01-O09
15:45-16:00
Relationships between wildfire occurrences and environmental
factors over the Siberian region*T. J. Yasunari, K. -M. Kim, A. M. da Silva

G01-O10
16:00-16:15
Variations of black carbon and dust in Northwest Greenland
reconstructed by Continuous Flow Analysis of an ice core

*K. Goto-Azuma, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Y. Kondo, R. Dallmayr,
M. Hirabayashi, J. Ogata, K. Kitamura, K. Kawamura, H. Motoyama,
S. Matoba, M. Kadota, T. Aoki, N. Moteki, S. Ohata, T. Mori, M Koike,
Y. Komuro, A. Tsushima, N. Nagatsuka

G01-O11
16:15-16:30
Lidar Observed Seasonal Variation of Free Tropospheric
Aerosols over Ny Ålesund*T. Shibata, K. Shiraishi, K. Sudo, S. Iwasaki, M. Shiobara, T. Takano

G01-O12
16:30-16:45
Moistening of the Antarctic upper troposphere observed byballoonborne water vapor measurements*Y. Tomikawa, M. Kohma, M. Takeda, K .Sato

16:45-18:15

Poster Session

19:00-21:00
6

Reception

TKP Takebashi

Kay I. Ohshima
Professor in Physical Oceanography
Institute of Low Temperature Science /Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

Plenary
G6S6

S9

G1

S7S8

Keynote speech 2

Peter Wadhams
Professor Emeritus in Sea Ice Physics
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical
Physics, University of Cambridge, UK; and Universitå
Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

Chu3
S9 Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data:
Stewardship, Publication, and Science
Chair: Øystein Godøy		
S09-O01
13:30-13:45
Metadata Management, Interoperability and Data Citation in
Polar Science*M. Kanao, J. Friddell, A. Kadokura

S09-O02
13:45-14:00
Getting Necessary Heritage Data out of Deep Freeze*E. Griffin

S09-O03
14:00-14:15
The Canadian Consortium for Arctic Data Interoperability: An
Emerging Initiative for Canadian Arctic Data Stewardship*M. Murray, S. C. Vossepoel

S09-O04
14:15-14:30
INTAROS: Integrated Arctic observation system development
under Horizin 2020

*S. Sandven, H. Sagen, E. Buch, R. Pirazzini, D. Gustavson, A. B.-Moller,
P. Voss, F. Danielsen, L. Iversen, P. Goncalves, T. Hamre, G. Ottersen,
M. Sejr, D. Zola, N. Dwyer

S09-O05
14:30-14:45
Arctic Observations, Data and Society: using systems science
to enhance Arctic information flow
*P.L. Pulsifer, P. A. Berkman, Y. Kontar, H. Savela, Y. Qiu

				
14:45-15:15 Break
Chair: Shannon Vossepoel
S09-O06
15:15-15:30
Data Management of Arctic Project in Japan*H. Yabuki, T. Sugimura, T. Terui

S09-O07
15:30-15:45
Linking People with People and with the Data They Need:
Recent Activities at the Canadian Cryospheric Information
Network and Polar Data Catalogue
J. Friddell, *P. Pulsifer, G. Alix, D. Church, Y. Dong, D. Fairbarn,
D. Friddell, F. Lauritzen, E. LeDrew

S09-O08
15:45-16:00
National ground segment for Sentinel data in Norway*Ø. Godøy, N. Budewitz, T. Halsne, L. Ferrighi, B. Saadatnejad,
L. -A. Breivik

S09-O09
16:00-16:15
Arctic Territory - geological data and modeling*A. Rybkina, A. Reissell, P. Kabat, A. Gvishiani

Toku1

G9

S10S12S14

Toku2

S10 Sustainable Development in the Russian Arctic:

G9 Social and Cultural Dimensions
Perspectives from Economic, Environmental and Policy
Studies
Chair: Shirow Tatsuzawa
				Chair: Violetta Gassiy, Daria Gritsenko 		G09-O01
13:30-13:45
		
Not-Quiteness of the Horse for the Tyva herders
S10-O01
13:30-13:45
V. Peemot
Is their resource curse in the Russian peripheral Arctic
regions?
G09-O02
13:45-14:00*D. Gritsenko, E. Efimova
Knowing Salmon: An Ethnography of Knowledge Co-productionin Alaska*S. Kondo
S10-O02
13:45-14:00
Contested Russian Arctic: Paradoxes of path-dependency andnation-building
G09-O03
14:00-14:15*V. -P. Tynkkynen
Why do Khanty Choose to Wear Fur?: Fur-Wearing Cultureand Use of Wild/Domesticated Animals*Y. Oishi
S10-O03
14:00-14:15
Participatory Rights - Interplay of Legislation and CSR in
RussiaG09-O04
14:15-14:30*S. Nystén-Haarala, M. Pappila, A. Kaerki
Sound relationship between wildlife and local people - a casestudy of wild reindeer conservation in East Siberia *S. Tatsuzawa, I. Okhlopkov, N. Solomonov, E. Nikolaev, R. Kirillin,
S10-O04
14:15-14:30
E. Kirillin, M. Nicholai
Russian Arctic: Indigenous Communities and Extractive
Industries*L. Suliandziga
G09-O05 (cancel)
De-extinction Debates and the Ethno-paleontology of Wooly
14:30-14:40 Break			
Mammoths in Taimyr
S12  Greenlandic Reflections of Global Concerns:

Ecological, Social and Political Perspectives on the Future				Chair: Naotaka Hayashi, Minori Takahashi
S12-O01
14:40-14:55
Environmental change and its impact on human society inQaanaaq, northwestern Greenland*S. Sugiyama, Y. Fukamachi, ArCS Greenland Project members

S12-O02
14:55-15:10
Intercorporeality at the Kayak Competition: Traditional
Practices and the Sense of Future in Greenland*M. Walls

S12-O03
15:10-15:25
Intentions about economic development by the Government ofGreenland in a climate change frame*K. G. Hansen

S12-O04
15:25-15:40
Climate Change and Transformations in the Security
Environment*M. Takahashi

15:40-15:50 Break				
S14 Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost
and Human Societies				
Chair: Hiroki Takakura, Yoshiro Iijima, Tamara Litvineko
S14-O01
15:50-16:02
Melioration in the Permafrost Environment:History andModernity*S. Boyakova

S14-O02
16:02-16:14
Thermokarst activating in the recent decades in central Yakutia,
Russia*Y. Iijima, H. Saito, N. Basharin, A. Fedorov

S14-O03
16:14-16:26
Interaction of social and natural factors in economic activities ofcontemporary Sakha farmers*M. Goto, S. Boyakova

S14-O04
16:26-16:38
Social Consequences of Changing Permafrost in Yakutia:
Gendered Challenges in Churapchinsky region*S. Grigorev, L.Vinokurova

S14-O05
16:38-16:50
Permafrost and Poverty: the Social Effects of Climate Change
in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)*V. Ignatyeva*D. G. Anderson		Discussion 14:45-15:00		
15:00-15:15 Break
Chair: Shiaki Kondo
G09-O06 15:15-15:30
Post-Soviet Population Dynamics In the Russian Extreme
North: A Case of Chukotka*K. Kumo, T. Litvinenko

G09-O07
15:30-15:45
Place Names, Landscapes, and Ways of Living from Local
Perspectives in Nanvarpak (Iliamna Lake), Alaska*Y. Kugo

G09-O08
15:45-16:00
Arctic research in the world based on bybliometric analysis*A. Bancheva

16:00-16:45

Discussion

ISAR-5 / Fifth International Symposium on Arctic Research

Keynote speech 1

7

● January 17, 2018Hall
9:00- 9:30

Keynote speech 3

Peter Schweitzer

Remoteness and Infrastructure: On the Affordances of the Built Environment in Polar Regions

9:30-10:00

Keynote speech 4

Jacqueline Grebmeier

The Arctic in Transition: Status and Trends in Biological Oceanography to Understand the Changing Marine
Ecosystem

10:00-10:15 Break

10:15-12:35 Session presentations 2 Chair: T. Kikuchi (JAMSTEC, Japan)
SP2-G5
SP2-G2SP2-G7
SP2-S1SP2-S12
SP2-S15
SP2-G8

10:15-10:35
10:35-10:55
10:55-11:15
11:15-11:35
11:35-11:55
11:55-12:15
12:15-12:35

Analyzing long-term growth trends of tree and forest biomass in the circumpolar boreal region: Mouctar Kamara, Y. Tamura, Y. Matsuura, A. Osawa
Forever cyclonic? How stable is the circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean?: Michael Karcher, H. Sumata, B. Rabe, T. Kikuchi, A. Behrendt, F. Kauker, R. Gerdes
Ground-based instruments of the PWING project to investigate dynamics of the inner magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes: Kazuo Shiokawa, PWING Team
Attribution of Trends of Seasonal Temperatures in Alaska: John E. Walsh, B. Brettschneider
Seeking a future vision by negotiating environmental changes in North Greenland: Naotaka Hayashi
Weaving techniques in subarctic areas: Their prosperity and decline in Northeast Asia: Shiro Sasaki
Arctic Policies and Economy - A German perspective: Volker Rachold

12:35-13:30 Lunch
13:30

Breakout Sessions

Hall

Chu1

Chu2

G2 Ocean and Sea Ice

G5 Terrestrial Ecosystems
S1 Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human
ImpactChair: Hajime Yamaguchi				Chair: Yojiro Matsuura				Chair: Hiroshi L. Tanaka				
G02-O01
13:30-13:48
G05-O01
13:30-13:50
SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness in the Arctic andTop-down and bottom-up CO2 fluxes at Yakutsk, Siberia
S1-O01
13:30-13:50
K. Takata, *P. Patra, A. Kotani, T. Ohta, T. Saeki, K. Ichii
Antarctic
On the Natural Component of Climate Change*X. Tian-Kunze, L. Kaleschke

G02-O02
13:48-14:06
Circumpolar Polynya Characteristics in the Arctic -A Multisensor Intercomparison for the Period 2002/2003 to
2010/2011*A. Preußer, S. Willmes, G. Heinemann, K. I. Ohshima

G02-O03
14:06-14:24
Flat first-year ice thickness algorism using AMSR2*K. Shimada, T. Wada, E. Yoshizawa, K. -H. Cho, H. -S. La, S. -H. Kan

G05-O03
14:10-14:30
Seasonal change and spatial pattern of monoterpene in aforest soil in a black spruce stand in Interior Alaska*T. Morishita, T. Miyama, K. Noguchi, Y. Matsuura, Y. Kim

S1-O02
13:50-14:10
Accelerated increase in the Arctic “tropospheric” warming
events*S -Y. Wang, Y. -H. Lin, J. -H. Yoon

S1-O03
14:10-14:30
Future changes in precipitation over the Arctic projected bymassive ensemble simulations with a 60-km mesh global
atmospheric model*S. Kusunoki

G05-O04
14:30-14:50
Effects of snow cover change on taiga forest ecosystem*R. Shakhmatov, A. Sugimoto, T. Maximov, S. Hashiguchi

S1-O04
14:30-14:50
Multi-Decadal Variability in Planetary Albedo

G02-O05 14:42-15:00
Sea Ice Motion and Deformation Measurements Using Satellite
Images

14:50-15:15 BreakQuestionary 14:50-15:00*H. -C. Kim, C. -U. Hyun

Chair: Yojiro Matsuura

15:00-15:15 Break				
15:00-15:15 Break

G05-O05
15:15-15:35
Simulating topographic controls on the abundance of larch
forest in eastern Siberia, and its consequences under changing
climateChair: Hiroyasu Hasumi		
G02-O06 15:15-15:33
Inter-Sensor Calibration of Space-Borne Passive Microwave
Radiometers for Retrieving Long-Term Sea Ice Trends*M. Seki, M. Hori, K. Naoki, M. Kachi, K. Imaoka

G02-O07
15:33-15:51
Anomalously low central Arctic salinity in a years of high seaice melt and converging atmospheric conditions*B. Rabe, M. Korhonen, M. Hoppmann, R. Ricker, S. Hendricks,
T. Krumpen, A. Ulfsbo, E. Jones, U. Schauer, J. Beckers

G02-O08
15:51-16:09
Water movements in the Arctic Ocean below 1500m statisticallyconfirmed by geochemical data
*M. Ikeda, S. S. Tanaka, Y. Watanabe

G02-O09
16:09-16:27
Effect of different factors on calcium carbonate saturation in
the Canada Basin in the last two decades*Y. Zhang, M. Yamamoto-Kawai

G02-O10
16:27-16:45
Middle Pleistocene to Holocene environmental changes in
the northern Northwind Ridge: evidence from terrigenous
depositional at ARC06-C22*R. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Xiao, X. Yu, B. K. Biskaborn, X. Gong, J. Ren,
Y. Liu, B. Diekmann			

8*T. Maximov, H. Dolman, T. Ohta, P. Anderson, A. Kononov,
A. Maksimov, R. Petrov*S. Akasofu, H. L. Tanaka

G02-O04
14:24-14:42
Satellite observation of the thickening of sea ice through theice deformation*N. Kimura, H. Hasumi, M. Itoh, Y. Fukamachi, T. Kikuchi, E. Moriya

16:45-18:15

G05-O02
13:50-14:10
Carbon cycle of permafrost: main terrestrial and hydrologicalecosystems if Eastern Siberia

Poster Session

		*H. Sato, H. Kobayashi

G05-O06
15:35-15:55
Change over time in development of root stocks of black
spruce growing at upper and lower slopes in interior Alaska*S. Otake, T. Morishita, Y. Matsuura, K. Noguchi, T. Shirota, R. Ruess,
J. Hollingsworth, K. Yasue

G05-O07
15:55-16:15
Warming permafrost accelerates development of soil
hummocks and drunken forest*H. Tanaka, K. Itoh

H. L. Tanaka

Chair: John Walsh
S1-O05
15:15-15:35
Impacts of Climate and Vegetation Changes on Hydrological
Processes in a Canadian Northern Research Basin*K. Rasouli, J. W. Pomeroy

S1-O06
15:35-15:55
Intrusion of Lower Latitude Warm-Moist Air Contributing to the
Arctic amplification*T. Yamanouchi*K. Fujii, K. Yasue, Y. Matsuura, A. Osawa

S1-O07
15:55-16:15
Analysis of the difference between Arctic Oscillation and North
Atlantic Oscillation using Self-Organizing Maps

G05-O08
16:15-16:35
A Late Cretaceous (70 Ma) High Latitude Paleoenvironmental
Transect Across Greenhouse Alaska, USA: Investigating theRelationship between Environments and Fossil Vertebrates

		
S1-O08
16:15-16:20
Maintenance mechanism of a long-lasting polar low observed
over the Barents Sea in January 2011

*A. R. Fiorillo, P. McCarthy*T. Sunaga, H. Tanaka*A. Manda, T. Mitsui, J. Inoue, M. Hori, K. Kawamoto, K. Komatsu		Pannel Discussion
16:20-16:45 J. Walsh and H. L. Tanaka

Peter Schweitzer

Plenary
G2

Professor of Anthropology
Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
University of Vienna, Austria

G7

S1

G5

Keynote speech 4

Jacqueline Grebmeier
Professor in Biological Oceanography
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of
Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Solomons,
Maryland, USA

Chu3

S15

Toku1

G8

Toku2

G7 Geospace

G8 Policies and Economy

Chair: Masaki Tsutsumi
		G07-O01
13:30-13:50
Multi-Year Analysis of Arctic Gravity Waves Over Alaska Acrossthe Atmospheric Layers and Into The Near-space Environment

Chair: Shinichiro Tabata

S15 Technology, Infrastructure and Human Space in the
Past and Present of Northern Regions
			
Chair: Naoko Iwasaki / Hiroki Takakura			
G08-O01
13:30-14:00
		International Science, Policy, and Fisheries in the Central Arctic
S15-O01
13:30-13:50
Ocean
The influence of Japanese technology on the Ainu

*N. Kim, W. Brittany, D. Eric, N. Michael, C. Richard*H. Huntington, F. Ohnishi*N. Iwasaki, Y. Murakami

G07-O02
13:50-14:10
Gravity Wave Propagation and Dissipation in the Arctic Region
and Connection to Vertical Coupling

G08-O02
14:00-14:30
Arctic security: A cooperative move for building human securetransnational society

S15-O02
13:50-14:10
The role of settlements and authority in changes of the
traditional nomadic routes in the first half of the 20th century in
the Iamal peninsula

G07-O03
14:10-4:25
Impacts of thermospheric gravity wave on the Ionosphericvariability in the Arctic region simulated by GAIA

Book presentation*E. Yigit*Y. Miyoshi, H. Jin, H. Fujiwara, H. Shinagawa

G07-O04
14:25-14:45
Coupling Between Tidal and Planetary Wave Modes in the
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere*P. Espy, N. Stray, R. Hibbins

G07-O05
14:45-15:00
Millimeter-wave spectrometer for monitoring minor constituentsin the middle atmosphere at Tromsø*A. Mizuno, T. Nakajima, S. Nozawa, T. Nagahama, T. Kawabata,K. Haratani, H. Iwata, K. Suzuki		
15:00-15:15 Break
Chair: Yasunobu Ogawa

G07-O06
15:15-15:30
Temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere andplasmasphere during geomagnetic storms as seen in global
Total Electron Content (TEC) data
*A. Shinbori, Y. Otsuka, T. Tsugawa, M. Nishioka

G07-O07
15:30-15:50
Anomalous ambipolar diffusion observed using meteor radars
in the Arctic*M. Tsutsumi, Y. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, C. Hall

G07-O08
15:50-16:10
Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) Ionospheric Radio
Occultation Measurements at High Latitudes*C. Watson, R. Langley, D. Themens, A. Yau, A. Howarth,
T. JayachandranG07-O09
16:10-16:25
SuperDARN HOkkaido Pair of (HOP) radars: Powerful tools formonitoring the ionosphere and upper atmosphere in the arctic
region*N. Nishitani

G07-O10
16:25-16:45
China-Iceland Joint Aurora Observatory (CIAO) at Karholl*H. Hu, H. Yang, Z. Hu

		*H. Kamrul

14:30-15:00*V. Tynkkynen, S. Tabata, D. Gritsenko, M. Goto

15:00-15:15 Break*E. Vozhanina

S15-O03
14:10-14:30
Territorial Isolation and the Sustainability of Local Communities:
the Case of the European North of Russia*A. Pozanenko

S15-O04
14:30-14:50
Chair: Fujio Ohnishi				Trying to understand the indirect impacts of Northern mine
infrastructure: The Case of the Faro Mine
*C. Southcott
G08-O03
15:15-15:37
Economic Development of the Arctic Regions of Russia:
Analysis of Regional Budgets
Discussion
14:50-15:00		
*S. Tabata

G08-O04
15:37-15:59
Modeling the formation of income and resources of the local
population of Sakha (Yakutia)

15:00-15:15 Break*N. Bochkarev, T. Gavrilyeva

Chair: Peter Schweitzer				

G08-O05
15:59-16:21
Russian climate policy after the Paris Agreement: Perspectivesof the North

S15-O05
15:15-15:35
High Tech for High North: Bringing remote northern
communities closer to the rest of the world through information
technology*N. Stepanova, T. Gavrilieva

G08-O06
16:21-16:43
Perspectives of Carbon Tax Implementation in Russia*T. Gavrilyeva, A. Nogovitsyn, N. Stepanova*A. Pestereva

S15-O06
15:35-15:55
Fashioning The New Arctic*V. Korkina

S15-O07
15:55-16:15
Innovative Arctic: Geography and Dynamics of Patented
Innovation in Alaska*A. Petrov, S. Zbeed

S15-O08
16:15-16:35
GPS tracking of herds in the North: from methodological tool to
object of study*C. Marchina

		Discussion 16:35-16:45		

ISAR-5 / Fifth International Symposium on Arctic Research

Keynote speech 3

9● January 18, 2018Hall

9:00- 9:30

Keynote speech 5 Bruce Forbes

Coping with a warming winter climate in Arctic Russia : patterns of extreme weather affecting Nenets
reindeer nomadism

9:30-10:00

Keynote speech 6 Tero Mustonen

Community-led Monitoring and Ecological Restoration in the Arctic: History, Power and Resilience

10:00-10:15 Break
10:15-12:15

Session presentations 3 Chair: H. Enomoto (NIPR, Japan)
SP3-G4

10:15-10:35 Evaluation of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance estimated by the NHM-SMAP regional climate model: Masashi Niwano, T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, S. Matoba,

SP3-S2SP3-S3SP3-S4SP3-S5SP3-S11S13

10:35-10:55 Comprehensive Atmospheric Measurements at MOSAiC to Study Cloud-Atmosphere-Surface Interactions: Matthew Shupe
10:55-11:15 Heat transport from northern rivers to Canadian Arctic coast: Daqing Yang, S. Tank, J. Lung, H. Park
11:15-11:35 Early detection of changing pan-arctic wetland methane emission: Akihiko Ito
11:35-11:55 Assessing the Carbon Climate in the Upper Waters of a changing Arctic Ocean: Leif G. Anderson, A. Olsen
11:55-12:15 The Global Arctic as a New Geopolitical Context – potential influences of Arctic actors beyond the (Arctic) region: Lassi Heininen, M. Finger						

S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, A. Tsushima, Y. Iizuka, R. Shimada, M. Hori

12:15-13:30 Lunch
13:30

Breakout Sessions

Hall

Chu1

Chu2

G2 Ocean and Sea Ice

S5 Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program

S2 Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction,
Observation and Modeling

Chair: Genki Sagawa		
G02-O11 (cancel)
Analysis of the interannual and seasonal variability of upwelling
events on the Arctic Ocean continental shelf from 0.08-degree
Arctic Ocean HYCOM-CICE*D. Dukhovskoy

G02-O12 13:30-13:48
The Atlantic water inflow through the Fram Strait in a climate
model*T. Kawasaki

G02-O13 13:48-14:06
Importance of Processes and Coupling for Arctic Sea Ice andClimate Modeling and Prediction*W. Maslowski, R. Osinski, S. Kamal, Y. Lee, A. Roberts

G02-O14 14:06-14:24
A simultaneous optimization of Arctic sea ice model parameters
by genetic algorithm
H. Sumata, *M. Karcher, F. Kauker, R. Gerdes, C. Koeberle

G02-O15 14:24-14:42
A model approach to carbon exchange in the air, sea, and iceof the marine Arctic*E. Mortenson, N. Steiner, A. Monahan

for the Future		Chair: Are Olsen		
S5-O01 13:30-13:45
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multi-year
estimate of the air-sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll-aconcentrations*S. Yasunaka, E. Siswanto, A. Olsen, M. Hoppema, E. Watanabe,
A. Fransson, M. Chierici, A. Murata, S. K. Lauvset, R. Wanninkhof,
T. Takahashi, N. Kosugi, A.M. Omar, S. van Heuven, J. T. Mathis

S5-O02 13:45-14:00
Responses of nutrient and phytoplankton distributions to galeforce winds in the western Arctic Ocean*S. Nishino, Y. Kawaguchi, J. Inoue, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Aoyama

S5-O03 14:00-14:15
Variations in water mass distributions in western regions of
the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean from 2011 to 2017
*E. Yoshizawa, K. -H. Cho, T. -W. Park, Y.- S. Choi, K. Shimada,S. -H. Kang

S5-O04 14:15-14:30
Influence of warm-core eddy on dissolved methane distribution
in the southwestern Canada Basin during late summer/early
fall 2015*O. T. N. Bui, S. Kameyama, Y. Kawaguchi, D. Sasano, M. Ishii,
S. Nishino, N. Kosugi, U. Tsunogai, H. Yoshikawa-Inoue

S02-O01 13:30-13:45
Seasonal progression of the deposition of black carbon by
snowfall at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen*Y. Kondo, P. R. Sinha, K. Goto-Azuma, Y. Ogwawa-Tsukagawa,
M. Koike, S. Ohata, N. Moteki, T. Mori, N. Oshima, E. J. Forland,
M. Irwin, J. -C. Gallet, C. A. Pedersen

S02-O02 13:45-14:00
Seasonal differences in the characteristics of ice nucleating
particles on Mt. Zeppelin in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard: A casestudy in 2016/2017*Y. Tobo, K. Adachi, N. Nagatsuka, P. DeMott, T. Hill, S. Ohata, Y.
Kondo, M. Koike

S02-O03 14:00-14:15
Ship-based Observation and Regional Chemical Transport
Model analysis for Atmospheric Black Carbon over the Arctic
Ocean*F. Taketani, T. Miyakawa, M. Takigawa, M. Yamaguchi, S. Kato,
Y. Kanaya, Y. Komazaki, P. Mordovskoi, H. Takashima, Y. Tohjima

S02-O04 14:15-14:30
Seasonal variability of near-inertial internal waves in the
Northwind Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean*Y. Kawaguchi, M. Itoh, Y. Fukamachi, E. Moriya, J. Onodera, T. Kikuchi

S5-O05 14:30-14:45
Distributions of trace metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cd) in thewestern Arctic Ocean in late summer 2012

S02-O05 14:30-14:45
Physical Oceanography activities during MOSAiC: a summaryfrom the OCEAN team

S5-O06 14:45-15:00
Radiocesium in the Arctic Ocean after Fukushima Dai-ichi
Chairs:Hideki Kobayashi, Josef Elster, Shin Nagai,
Yongwon Kim, Elie Verleyen 			nuclear power plant accident*Y. Kumamoto, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, S. Nishino, A. Murata,
		T. Kikuchi
S04-O01 15:15-15:30
Study on stable isotopes of precipitation in Hokkaido, North		
Japan
15:00-15:15 Break*X. Li, A. Sugimoto, A. Ueta

S02-O06 14:45-15:00
Year-round surveys for air-sea ice gas flux in the Arctic Ocean

15:00-15:15 BreakS4 Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial
Ecosystems under Arctic Warming

S04-O02 15:30-15:45
Multi-year Effect of Wetting on CH 4 Flux at Taiga-Tundra
Boundary in Northeastern Siberia Clarified by Stable Isotopesof CH4*R. Shingubara, A. Sugimoto, J. Murase, S. Tei, S. Takano, T. Morozumi,
M. Liang, G. Iwahana, T. Maximov

S04-O03 15:45-16:00
Perspectives of low-temperature microalgae biomass
production in the Arctic*J. Elster

S04-O04 16:00-16:15
Methane flux measurements over a larch forest in eastern
Siberia: emission or uptake?
*T. Nakai, T. Hiyama, A. Kotani, T. Ohta, T. Maximov

S04-O05 16:15-16:30
Accurate detection of spatio-temporal variability of plant
phenology in boreal ecosystems by near-surface and satellite
remote-sensing*S. Nagai, T. Morozumi, S. Tei, A. Kotani, H. Ikawa, Y. Kim,
H. Kobayashi

S04-O06 16:30-16:45
Seasonal changes in spectral reflectance in an open canopy
black spruce forest in Interior Alaska*H. Kobayashi, S. Nagai, Y. Kim, H. Nagano, K. Ikeda, H. Ikawa*Y. Kondo, H. Obata, N. Hioki, A. Ooki, S. Nishino, T. Kikuchi, K. Kuma

16:45-17:00

Break

17:00-17:30

Closing

Hall*B. Rabe, C. Provost, MOSAiC OCEAN team

*D. Nomura, E. Damm, B. Loose, B. Delille, A. Fransson, M. Chierici,
M. Granskog, J. Inoue		
15:00-15:15 Break			
Chair: Benjamin Rabe
Chair: Shigeto Nishino				
S02-O07 15:15-15:30
Interaction between YOPP and MOSAiC from observations to
S5-O07 15:15-15:30
modeling
Ensuring Comparability of Oceanic nutrient data in the Synoptic*J. Inoue
Arctic Survey*M. Aoyama, E. M. S. Woodward, A. Olsen

S5-O08 15:30-15:45
Rapidly changing western Arctic Ocean sea-ice and ecosystem;
Korean research efforts and plan
*S. -H. Kang

S02-O08 15:30-15:45
Impact of extra Arctic radiosonde observations on 5-day
weather forecasts over Alaska during August 2015
*M. -H. Lee, J. -H. Kim, H. -J. Song, J. Inoue, K. Sato, A. Yamazaki*J. Chi, H. -C. Kim, S. -H. Kang

S02-O09 15:45-16:00
Effect of the Cycling WRF-3DVAR Data Assimilation of the
Ship-borne Arctic Radiosonde Sounding on the Simulation of
the Intense Arctic Cyclone in mid-August 2016

S5-O10 16:00-16:15
The Changing Arctic Transpolar System: a Multidisciplinary
Russian-German Research Project

S02-O10 16:00-16:15
Medium-range forecast skill for Arctic Cyclones

S5-O09 15:45-16:00
Korea Arctic Ocean Information System*H. Kassens, J. Hölemann, L. A. Timokhov, V. Ivanov

S5-O11 16:15-16:30
Response of dimethyl sulfide production by phytoplankton
to change in multiple environmental stressors in the western
Arctic Ocean*S. Kameyama, K. Sugie, A. Fujiwara, S.Nishino

S5-O12 16:30-16:45
Absolute Salinity measurements in the Arctic Ocean*H. Uchida, S. Nishino, M. Wakita, S. Gary

10

Chair: Jun Inoue				*J. -H. Kim, S. -W. Kim, N. -K. Noh*A. Yamagami, M. Matsueda, H. Tanaka

S02-O11 16:15-16:30
Analysis of arctic cyclone of August 2012 using non-hydrostatic
global atmosphere and ocean coupled model*H. Kubokawa, M. Satoh, H. Hasumi, N. Kimura, T. Kawasaki

S02-O12 16:30-16:45
Medium-range forecast skill of summertime sea ice conditions
over the East Siberian Sea: Importance of synoptic-scaleatmospheric fluctuations*T. Nakanowatari, J. Inoue, K. Sato, L. Bertino, J. Xie, M. Matsueda,
A. Yamagami, T. Sugimura, H. Yabuki, N. Otsuka

Bruce Forbes
Research Professor
Leader, Global Change Research Group
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland

Plenary
G2 S4

S3
G7

S2

S5

Keynote speech 6

Tero Mustonen

S11S13

G3

Director
Snowchange Cooperative, Finland

Chu3
S3 A Complex Adapting Arctic Ecohydrology in theContext of Changing Climate

Toku1
G4 Ice Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores

Chair: Konrad Steffen		
Chair: Hotaek Park				
G04-O01 13:30-13:45
The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on recent
S03-O01 13:30-13:40
Greenland surface mass loss and mass partitioning
Polar Knowledge Canada and the Canadian High Arctic*M. Tedesco, P. Alexander, D. Porter, X. Fettweis, S. Luthke, T. Mote,
Research Station (CHARS) in Nunavut*D. J. Scott

A. Rennelmalm, E. Hanna

S03-O02 13:40-13:55
Spatial variability of streamflow in continuous permafrost
environment in Central Yakutia, Russia

G04-O02 13:45-14:00
Positive feedback effect of NIR albedo reduction on surface
melting observed at SIGMA-A on Greenland ice sheet*L. Lebedeva, O. Makarieva, N. Nesterova

S03-O03 13:55-14:10
Hydrological changes in the Arctic circumpolar tundra and panArctic large river basins from 2002 to 2016
*K. Suzuki, K. Matsuo, D. Yamazaki, K. Ichii, Y. Iijima, T. Hiyama

S03-O04 14:10-14:25
Permafrost groundwater age of spring discharges around
Khangai Mountains in central Mongolia*T. Hiyama, A. Dashtseren, K. Asai, H. Kanamori, M. Ishikawa

S03-O05 14:25-14:40
Perennial Snowfields in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska: A
Landsat Based Time Series of Extent Changes in Gates of the
Arctic National Park and Preserve*M. Tedesche, E. Trochim, S. Fassnacht

S03-O06 14:40-14:55
Active-layer thickness at permafrost larch forests in eastern
Siberia*A. Kotani, M. Nakatsubo, T. Ohta, T. Hiyama, Y. Iijima, T. Maximov

S03-O07 14:55-15:10
The amplified Arctic terrestrial ecohydrological processes under
the climate change*H. Park		
15:10-15:15 BreakG7 Geospace
Chair: Yoshizumi Miyoshi			G07-O11 15:15-15:35
Energetic electron precipitations associated with chorus waves;
Initial observations from Arase and ground-based observations*Y. Miyoshi, S. Kurita, S. Saito, I. Shinohara, Y. Kasahara, S. Matsuda,
Y. Kasaba, S. Yagitani, H. Kojima, M. Hikishima, F. Tsuchiya,
A. Kumamoto, Y. Katoh, A. Matsuoka, N. Higashio

G07-O12 15:35-15:50
Ground-based optical observations of pulsating aurora incoordination with ARASE/ERG satellite*K. Hosokawa, Y. Miyoshi, S. Oyama, Y. Ogawa, S. Kurita,
Y. Kasahara, Y. Kasaba, S. Yagitani, S. Matsuda, M. Ozaki, F. Tsuchiya,
A. Kumamoto, R. Kataoka, K. Shiokawa, H. Miyaoka, Y. Tanaka,
S. Nozawa, M. Teramoto, T. Takashima, I. Shinohara, R. Fujii

G07-O13 15:50-16:10
Role of Space-based and Ground-based Infrastructure in
Studies of the Atmospheric Forcing by High-Energy Particle
Precipitation and the New Research Opportunity by the
EISCAT_3D Incoherent Scatter Facility*E. Turunen, A. Kero, P. Verronen, Y. Miyoshi, S. Oyama, S. Saito,
K. Shiokawa

G07-O14 16:10-16:30
EISCAT radar measurements of energetic particle precipitation
during ARASE satellite conjunctions*A. Kero, P. Verronen, E. Turunen, S. Oyama, Y. Miyoshi

G07-O15 16:30-16:45
Energetic electron precipitation and auroral morphology at thesubstorm recovery phase*S. Oyama, A. Kero, C. J. Rodger, M. A. Clilverd, Y. Miyoshi,
N. Partamies, E. Turunen, T. Raita, P. T. Verronen, S. Saito*T. Aoki, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi,
T. Yamasaki, K. Fujita, Y. Iizuka, H. Motoyama, M. Hori, R.Shimada

G04-O03 14:00-14:15
Simulations of the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet under
Paris Agreement warming scenarios*R. Greve, M. Rueckamp, A. Humbert

G04-O04 14:15-14:30
Tracking Crevasse Extent over the Greenland Ice Sheet using
ICESat-1*S. Grigsby, W. Abdalati, W. Colgan

G04-O05 14:30-14:45
Seismic noise as a proxy for glacier dynamics*E. Podolskiy, F. Walter, S. Sugiyama, M. Funk

G04-O06 14:45-15:00
Seasonal/long-term changes in Rayleigh-wave phase velocity
at the bottom of Greenland ice sheet*G. Toyokuni, H. Takenaka, R. Takagi, M .Kanao, S. Tsuboi, Y. Tono,
D. Zhao		
15:00-15:15 Break

G4

Toku2
S11S13 Environmental, Economic, Societal andGeopolitical Dynamics in the Arctic, their Global Drivers
and Implications
Chair: Lassi Heininen, Matthias Finger 		
S11S13-O01 13:30-13:45
European cooperation: Poland a strategic link to ensure Artic
governance*D. Garcia-Caceres

S11S13-O02 13:45-14:00
The Role of Non-Arctic States in Regime Building for theCentral Arctic Ocean Fisheries Management*L. Zou

S11S13-O03 14:00-14:15
The Role of non-Arctic Regions in the Globalized Arctic*J. Saunavaara

S11S13-O04 14:15-14:30
Security as a Key Prerequisite for Stability and Sustainable
Environment in the Arctic*B. Padrtova

S11S13-O05 14:30-14:45
The Arctic and the International Discourse on Climate Change:
Which Implications for Arctic Indigenous Peoples*M. Scopelliti

15:00-15:15 BreakG3 Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverChair: Mamoru Ishikawa		

G03-O01 15:15-15:33
Changes of streamflow and heat flow in the largest Russian
Chair: Naoko Nagatsuka				Arctic Rivers
G04-O07 15:15-15:30
Japanese activities under EGRIP (East Greenland Ice Core
Project)*K. Goto-Azuma, F. Nakazawa, M. Hirabayashi, N. Nagatsuka,
W. Shigeyama, J. Okuno, S. Fujita, H. Enomoto, T. Homma, N. Azuma,
T. Saruya, A. Abe-Ouchi, R. Greve, F. Saito, M. Miyahara

G04-O08 15:30-15:45
Reconstruction of nitrogen isotopic composition of nitratepreserved in High-Accumulation Dome at South East
Greenland*S. Hattori, A. Tsuruta, Y. Iizuka, K. Fujita, R. Uemura, S. Matoba,
N. Yoshida

G04-O09 15:45-16:00
Composition of salt inclusions in the southeastern Greenland(SE-Dome) ice core analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy*T. Ando, Y. Iizuka, H. Ohno, S. Sugiyama

G04-O10 16:00-16:15
Speciation of calcium in particles trapped in Greenlandic ice
core*C. Miyamoto, Y Iizuka, K. Sakata, Y. Takahashi

G04-O11 16:15-16:30
Effect of solid particles on polycrystalline ice and its relations
with rapid deformation of ice-age ice*T. Saruya, K. Nakajima, M. Takata, T. Homma, N. Azuma,
K.Goto-Azuma*A. Georgiadi, E. Kashutina, I . Milyukova

G03-O02 15:33-15:51
Features and extent of the degradation of ice-wedges inCentral Yakutia under the influence of modern climate warming*A. Fedorov , N. Basharin, R. Desyatkin, A. Desyatkin, Y .Iijima ,H. Park, G. Iwahana, H. Saito , P. Konstantinov, P. Efremov

G03-O03 15:51-16:09
Engineering-Geocryological Mapping of the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia)*A. Shestakova

G03-O04 16:09-16:27
Probabilistic modelling of methane emissions from Arctic shelfduring Holocene
D. Yumashev, V. Yumashev, N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, *P. Wadhams

G03-O05 16:27-16:45
Assessment of seasonal snow cover mass in NH and the Arctic
during satellite-era (1980-present)*K. Luojus, J. Cohen, J. Ikonen, K. Veijola, J. Pulliainen, C. Derksen,
R . Brown

ISAR-5 / Fifth International Symposium on Arctic Research

Keynote speech 5

11

Poster Sessions
Core Time● January 16 (16:45-18:15)
G1
G2
G5
G6S6
G9
S1
S7S8
S9

Atmosphere
Ocean and Sea Ice
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human Impact
Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice Navigation
Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data: Stewardship, Publication, and Science● January 17 (16:45-18:15)
G3
G4
G7
G8
S2
S4
S5
S14

Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverIce Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores
Geospace
Policies and Economy
Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction, Observation and Modeling
Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems under Arctic Warming
Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program for the Future
Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost and Human Societies

Exhibition Area
1. Japan Arctic Research Network Center Industry-academiagovernment collaboration support project“Arctic Technology Research Forum to consolidate Opinionsfrom Industry”
ENGINEERING ADVANCEMENT ASSOCIATION OFJAPAN（ENAA), The University ofTokyo, MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. Hokkaido University, National Instituteof Polar Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology（JAMSTEC）

1, 2, 3, 4

2. Arctic Data archive System (ADS)
3. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
4. Japan Arctic Research Network Center (J-ARC Net)
5. Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS)
6. Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE),
Nagoya University

12

5
6

Poster Sessions on 16:45-18:15 January 16, 2018
■G 1 AtmosphereG01-P01
How well do medium-range ensemble forecasts simulate
atmospheric blocking events?

*M. Matsueda

G01-P02
Remote tropical influence on a regional Arctic warming over the
Barents Sea since the late 1990s

G05-P02
Seasonal variation of photoassimilate allocation in xylem of black
spruce in interior Alaska.

*T. Saito, M. Dannoura, A. Kagawa, K. Noguchi, R. Ruess, J. Hokkunsworth,
K. YasueG05-P03
Underground competition may be occurred among Picea mariana
trees in central Alaska.

*B. Taguchi, K. Nishii, M. Mori, H. Nakamura, Y. Kosaka, T. Miyasaka*T. Shirota, K. Yaue, S. Otake, T. Saito, T. Tanabe, M. Dannoura, Y. Matsuura,
K. Noguchi, T. Morishita, R. Ruess, J. Hollingsworth

G01-P03
A lag-relationship between the Arctic Oscillation in winter and thesummer climate in the Northern HemisphereG05-P04
Climate responses of radial growth of Larix sibirica and Pinus
sibirica growing in Mongolian permafrost.

G01-P04
Synoptic-scale Fire Weather Conditions in Southern Sakha Relationship with Warm Air Mass

G05-P05
The annual change of defoliation intensity by Lymantria disper andits size dependency of Larix sibirica in Mongolia.

*R. Hoshi, H. Takahashi*H. Hayasaka, K. Yamazaki

G01-P05
Seasonal feedback analysis on polar amplification in warm climate
induced by orbit/CO2 and impact of wetland*R. O'ishi, K. Kino, A. Abe-Ouchi, M. Yoshimori, M. Suzuki

G01-P06
Temporal variations of the mole fraction, carbon and hydrogenisotope ratios of atmospheric methane in the Hudson Bay Lowlands,
Canada*R. Fujita, S. Morimoto, T. Umezawa, K. Ishijima, P. Patra, D. Worthy,
D. Goto, S. Aoki, T. Nakazawa

G01-P07
Observations of atmospheric black carbon at Poker Flat Research
Range, Alaska, since April 2016

*P. Mordovskoi, F. Taketani, Y. Kanaya, Y. Kim, H. Kobayashi, T. Miyakawa, M.
Yamaguchi, M. Takigawa

G01-P08
The water-soluble species in airborne particles at NEEM
*M. Hirabayashi, K. Satow, K. Goto-Azuma

G01-P09
Clouds with low lidar returns and high cloud radar echoes*S. Iwasaki, H. Okamoto, K.sato, S. Katagiri, M. Fujiwara, T. Shibata,K. Tsuboki, T. Ono, T. Sugidachi

G01-P10
Seasonal variation of lower stratospheric aerosols observed by lidar
above Svalbard, Norway*K. Shiraishi, T. Shibata, M. Shiobara

G01-P11
Seasonal characteristics of trace gas transport in the Arctic upper
troposphere/lower stratosphere*Y. Inai, R. Fujita, T. Machida, H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, K. Tsuboi,
K. Katsumata, S. Morimoto, S. Aoki, T. Nakazawa■G2 Ocean and Sea Ice
G02-P01
Mapping the spatial-temporal Changes of sea Ice in the Bohai Sea
using Landsat Archive*W. Tan

G02-P02
An improved method for Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration Estimationfrom Passive Microwave Data
*T. Liu, X. Song

G02-P03
Ice-ocean albedo feedback in the Arctic Ocean shifting to aseasonal sea ice zone
*H. Kashiwase, K. I .Ohshima, S. Nihashi, H. Eicken

G02-P04
Spectral albedo of sea ice at Qaanaaq fjord in northwest
Greenland*T. Tanikawa, T. Aoki, M. Niwano, M. Hosaka, M. Hori

G02-P05
Under-ice turbulent microstructure and upper ocean verticalfluxes in the Makarov and Eurasian Basins, Arctic Ocean, in
2015

M. Janout, *B.Rabe, R. Graupner, J. Hoelemann, H. Hampe, M. Hoppmann,
M. Horn, B. Juhls, M. Korhonen, A. Nikolopoulos, S. Pisarev, A. Randelhoff,
J. P. Savy, N. Villacieros

G02-P06
Sea-ice thickness from moored ice-profiling sonar in the Canada
Basin, Arctic Ocean*M. Itoh, Y. Fukamachi, N. Kimura, R. Krishfield, T. Kikuchi, E. Moriya,
J. Onodera ,N. Harada

G02-P07
Sea Ice Variability in the Mid-twentieth Century from MRIESM2*T. Aizawa, M. Ishii, S. Yukimoto, H. Hasumi

G02-P08
Short-term sea ice forecasting during extreme Arctic cyclone inAugust 2016
*L. W. A. De Silva, H. Yamaguchi

G02-P09
Ice-Band Pattern Formation in Winter Marginal Ice Zone

*R. Saiki, H. Mitsudera, A. Manome, N. Kimura, J. Ukita, T. Toyota,
T. Nakamura■G5 Terrestrial Ecosystems
G05-P01
Long-term monitoring carbon balance at a black spruce forest ininterior Alaska.

*M. Ueyama, H. Iwata, H. Nagano, Y. Harazono*K. Yasue, K. Fukushima, Y. Matsuura, K. Shichi, T. Shirota, N. Baatarbileg*S. Okaniwa, T. Shirota, K. Inoue, Y. Fujioka, T. Tanabe, K. Yasue, T. Okano,
N. Bataarbileg, B. Oyunsanaa

G05-P06
Arctic willow ecology and its feedback to river conditions using C, N
stable isotope.
*R. Fan, T. Morozumi, S. Takano, R. Shingubara, S. Tei, T. Maximov,
A. Sugimoto

G05-P07
Time-lag effect of forest productivity response to climate changeover the circum-Arctic deduced from satellite images and treerings.
*S. Tei, A. Sugimoto

G05-P08
A statistical downscaling framework for mapping global to regional
environmental impact.
*K. S. Mwitondi

G05-P09
INTERACT goes viral: an advanced community steps into a global
role*M. Johansson, T. Callaghan

G05-P10
Soil organic carbon storage regime in circumpolar forest
ecosystems.

*Y. Matsuura, K. Ono, J. Toriyama, K. Fujii, N. Makita, T. Morishita

G05-P11
Biodiversity studies through international collaborative initiatives in
ArCS (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability).
*M. Uchida, A. Mori, A. Takahashi, Y. Watanabe, S. Imura, Y. Tanabe,
M. Tsuji, R. Kaneko, J. -B. Thiebot, R. Kitagawa, S. Masumoto, J. Uetake,
S. Tatsuzawa, T. Osono, M. Hasegawa, M. Tojo, T. Hoshino, M. Hirota,
W. F. Vincent, Y. Iimura, H. Doi, S. Matsuoka, T. Naganuma, M. Higuchi,
E. Harada, M. J. Naud, Y. Sawa, T. Ikeuchi, I. M. Okhlopkov,
N. G. Solomonov, J. Bety

G05-P12Diversity of fungi along primary successional and elevational
gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia.
*T. Osono, S. Sakoh, Y. Ogisu, S. Matsuoka

G05-P13
Bacteria community differences between glacier and glacierforeland soil, and their transportation in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.
*J. Uetake, M. Uchida, Y. Tobo, S. Kreidenweis, M. Kosugi

G05-P14Annual development of mat-forming filamentous algae Tribonema
sp. in hydro-terrestrial habitats in the Arctic.
M.Jimel, *J. Elster■G6S6 Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in the
Arctic Ocean
G6S6-P01
The Laptev Sea region of freshwater influence: Oceanography andecosystem

G6S6-P08
Spatial and inter-annual changes of zooplankton community
structure in the western Arctic Ocean during summers of 20082015*Y. Abe, K. Matsuno, A. Yamaguchi, T. Hirawake

G6S6-P09
Horizontal and vertical distribution of appendicularian community andpopulation structure in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during summerof 2007*M. Maekakuchi, Y. Abe, K. Matsuno, T. Hirawake, A. Yamaguchi

G6S6-P10
Nitrogen isotope ratio of Amino acid in zooplankton, Calanus
Hyperboreus in the Western Arctic Ocean, as a Biotracer*H. -M. Won, B. -H. Choi, M. -S. Kim, H. -S. Yu, S. -Y. Ha, S. -H. Kang,
K. -H. Shin

G6S6-P11
The Pacific Arctic Region: A Window into Shifting Benthic Populations
in Response to Ecosystem Change*J. Grebmeier

G6S6-P12
Hyperborean microphytobenthos (Vaucheria sp.) of coastal tidal flats,
central Svalbard*J. Elster, C. E. Souquieres, J. Kviderova

G6S6-P13
Fate of particulate matter in the epi-benthic layer around the Bering
Strait during autumn*M. Sampei, H. Abe, S. Nishino, A. Ooki, H. Waga, T. Hirawake

G6S6-P14
The threat of biological invasions spreading as an elementof anthropogenic pressure in Arctic development*E. Mironenko, A. Ugujuan, L. Aghajanyan, O. Mironwnko■G9 Social and Cultural Dimensions
G09-P01
Applying national climate scenario: future hot weather projection andits population exposure in South Korea.

*C. Shim, J. Han

G09-P02
Daggers and the Change in Value of Copper: An Analysis of Northern
Athabascan Culture from the 18th to 20th Century
H. Noguchi, *S. Kondo

G09-P03
Investigation for annual route changes of reindeer migration in Siberia
using satellite remote sensing*G. Suzuki, T. Sakka, T. Tashiro, H. Kawamata, S. Tatsuzawa, Nobuyasu
Naruse, Yukihiro Takahashi

G09-P04
International Cooperative Study and Actions for Conservation of
Asian Black Brant Brant brant orientalis*Y. Sawa, T. Ikeuchi, S. Tatsuzawa, I. Bysykatova, D. Ward, C. Lei, K.
Ushiyama, T. Shimada, C. Tamura, A. Ishioroshi, A. Isaev, M. Uchida

G09-P05 (cancel)
An Ethnoarchaeological Survey of Hunter-Herder Hearths acrossEurasia*D. G. Anderson, K. Milek

G09-P06
The Finns in Siberia in 1917: Collaboration and Inclusiveness in theCommunity-Driven Heritage Project*V. Peemot■S1 Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human Impact
S1-P01
Atmospheric water cycles in the Arctic and Antarctic during the past
four decades*K. Oshima, K. Yamazaki*M. Janout, J. Hoelemann, D. Bauch, G. Laukert, D. Piepenburg, A. Novikhin,
F. Martinov, V. Povashny, A. Wayte, B.Rabe

S1-P02
Maintenance mechanism of a long-lasting polar low observed overthe Barents Sea in January 2011

G6S6-P02
Oligotrophic trend in the Pacific Arctic Ocean over the last three
decades■S7S8 Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice Navigation*Y. Zhuang, H. Jin, J. Chen, H. Li, S. Gao, Y. Bai, Z. Ji, Y. Li, J. Ren

G6S6-P03
Spring phytoplankton bloom at Bering Strait in 2017

*A. Manda, T. Mitsui, J. Inoue, M. Hori, K. Kawamoto, K. Komatsu

S7S8-P01
Navigable speed related to ice condition along the Northern Sea
Route*H. Abe, M. Sampei, T. Hirawake, H. Waga, S. Nishino, A. Ooki

*N.Otsuka, K. Izumiyama, K.Tateyama

G6S6-P04
Pigment indicated Phytoplankton communities in the West Arctic
Ocean in summer season

S7S8-P02
Development of Online Arctic Sea Route Search System on ADS

G6S6-P05
Sea ice history of the Pacific Arctic Region: Evidence from fossil
diatom records■S9 Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data:
Stewardship, Publication, and Science

G6S6-P06
Settling particle flux and the possible influence of surface
atmospheric forcing in the southern Northwind Abyssal Plain*A. Kadokura*H. Jin, Y. Zhuang, H. Li, J. Chen, Y. Bai, Z. Ji, Y. Zhang, F. Gu*J. Ren, J. Chen, L. Ran, H. Jin, R. Wang, Y. Bai, Y. Zhuang, Z. Li*T. Sugimura, T. Terui, H. Yabuki, H. Yamaguchi

S09-P01
Activities of the Polar Environment Data Science Center*J. Onodera, N. Harada, E. Watanabe

S09-P02
Introduction on "Polar Data Journal"

G6S6-P07
Seasonal changes in population structure of four dominant
copepods collected by a sediment trap moored in the western Arctic
Ocean

S09-P03
Operation of the infrastructure system in Arctic Data archive
System

*K. Tokuhiro, Y. Abe, K. Matsuno, J. Onodera, A. Fujiwara, N. Harada,
T. Hirawake, A. Yamaguchi*A. Kadokura, Y. Minamiyama, M. Kanao, T. Terui, H.Yabuki, K. Yamaji*T. Terui, T. Sugimura, H. Yabuki

S09-P04
IUGONET Tools and Services for Upper Atmospheric Research*Y. Tanaka, N. Umemura, A. Shinbori, S. Abe, M. Nose, S. UeNo

13

Poster Sessions on 16:45-18:15 January 17, 2018
■G3 Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow Cover
G03-P01
Predicting the effects of climate change on stream watertemperatures across pan-Arctic river networks: a conservation
perspective*J. Garcia-Molinos, K. S. Christoffersen, J. Culp

G03-P02
Long-term trends of snow cover extent and duration in the Northern
Hemisphere derived from imagery collected by polar orbiting opticalsatellites*M. Hori, K. Sugiura, K. Kobayashi, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, M. Niwano,
H. Enomoto

G03-P03
Observed asymmetric warming in the sub-arctic regions( Mongolian Plateau) and on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961
to 2011*T. Wu, Q. Wang, B. Dorjgotov

G03-P04
Multiple-scaled permafrost observations over Mongolia*M. Ishikawa, Y. Iijima, A. Dashtseren, Y. Jambaljav, S. Miyazaki

G03-P05
Suprapermafrost taliks in the Shestakovka River watershed,
continuous permafrost environment, investigated by GPR and ERT
techniques*L. Lebedeva, K. Bazhin, I. Khristoforov

G03-P06
Identification and Mapping of Permafrost Using Satellite Images in
the Mountainous Regions of Cryolithozone (on the Example of the
Elkon Mountain in Southern Yakutia)*S. Kalinicheva

G03-P07
Effect of surface snow albedo on surface air temperature in
northern high-latitude regions*M. AbeG03-P08
Quantifying Permafrost Extent and Condition at Department of
Defense Installations in the Arctic*C. A. J. Edlund, D. Prigge■G4 Ice Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores
G04-P01
Annual variation of bare ice extent on the Greenland Ice Sheet from1979 to 2016

*R. Shimada, M. Hori, N. Takeuchi, T. Aoki

G04-P02
Floods of a proglacial stream in Qaanaaq, northwestern
Greenland*D. Sakakibara, M. Niwano, S. Fukumoto, S. Sugiyama

G04-P03
Glacier-ocean interaction: oceanographic observations in fjord neara calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, northwest Greenland*N. Kanna, S. Sugiyama, D, Sakakibara, Y. Fukamachi, D. Nomura,
S. Fukumoto, S. Yamasaki, E. Podolskiy

G04-P13
Fluctuations of total metal concentrations recorded in an ice corefrom southeast dome, Greenland*C. Sasaki, T. Suzuki, M. Hirabayashi, S. Matoba, Y. Iizuka

G04-P14
Recent annual snow depositions and seasonal variations of major
ion concentrations in snow pits at the EGRIP, Greenland*F. Nakazawa, N. Nagatsuka, M. Hirabayashi, K.Goto-Azuma

G04-P15
Variations in mineralogy of dust in an ice core obtained from
Northwestern Greenland*N. Nagatsuka, K. Goto-Azuma, A. Tsushima, H. Motoyama, S. Matoba,
K. Fujita, T. Yamasaki, Y. Onuma, M. Minowa, T. Aoki

■G7 Geospace*Y. Tanaka, T. Nishiyama, A. Kadokura, M. Ozaki, K. Shiokawa, S. Oyama,
M. Nose, T. Nagatsuma, M. Tsutsumi, K. Nishimura, K. Sato, Y. Miyoshi,
Y. Kasahara, A. Kumamoto, F. Tsuchiya

G07-P03
Periodicity of PsA main pulsation and burst of chorus: a statisticalcomparison*Y. Kawamura, K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, S. Kurita, J. Wygant, A. Breneman,
J. Bonnel, C. Kletzing

G07-P04
Electric filed modulations induced by auroral patches observed withEISCAT and KAIRA radars*T. Takahashi, I. Virtanen, K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, A. Aikio, H. Miyaoka

G07-P05
Comparison of northern and southern polar cap patches: astatistical analysis with all-sky imagers

G07-P07
Temporal and spatial variations of storm-time ionosphericirregularities in high- and mid-latitudes on the basis of GPS total
electron content data analysis*T. Sugiyama, Y. Otsuka, A. Shinbori, T. Tsugawa, M. Nishioka

G07-P08
Statistical study of Ionospheric Conductivity (Solar Zenith Angle)
Dependence of the Subauroral Polarization Streams using theSuperDARN Hokkaido East HF Radar*Y. Zhang, N. Nishitani, T. Hori

G04-P08
Sea surface temperature changes during the Last Glacial
Maximum: A model-data comparison■G8 Policies and Economy*M. Uchida, H. Kumata, R. Stephan, K. Mantoku, C. Amano, Y. Kuroki,
M. Utsumi, M. Itoh, S. Nishino, K. Shimada

G04-P11
General characteristics of a high-accumulation dome ice core,southeast Greenland*Y. Iizuka, S. Matoba, R. Uemura, K. Fujita, S. Fujita, S. Hattori,
S. Yamaguchi, H. Ohno, A. Hori, C. Miyamoto, T. Suzuki, O. Seki, T. Ando

G04-P12Dust analysis in a high-accumulation dome ice core, southeast
Greenland*T. Amino, Y. Iizuka, S. Matoba

S02-P05
ECV-Ice: Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice-SCOR
Working Group 152

S02-P06
Bacterial production of organic gas in cold seawater
T. Kataoka, A. Ooki, *Daiki Nomura

S02-P07
The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic
Climate (MOSAiC)

M. Rex, M. Shupe, K. Dethloff, B. Rabe, *A. Sommerfeld, MOSAiC-Team

S02-P08
A distributed atmosphere-sea ice-ocean observatory in the central
Arctic Ocean: concept and first results

M. Hoppmann, M. Nicolaus, *B. Rabe, C. Katlein, F. Wenzhoefer, D. Scholz,
L. Valcic■S4 Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial*R. Kataoka, T. Sato, S. Miyake

G07-P12Study on Na layer variation related with auroral activity using Na
lidar data obtained at Syowa, Antarctic

G04-P10
Sea ice variability for past 155kyr including the last interglacial(Eemian) on the Chukchi Sea; Implication for future warming
Arctic*Y. Hu, F. Wang, D. Barber, S. Rysgaard

G07-P06
Radiation dose nowcast during the ground level enhancement on
10 September 2017

G04-P07
Changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet 1980-2014: Model results
versus observations*M. Uchida, A. Shibahara, K. Mantoku, H. Ota, M.Itoh, K.Shimada*K. Murata, Y. Tobo, F. Taketani, T. Miyakawa, Y. Kanaya

S02-P09
Improvement of an algorithm to estimate the Arctic sea-ice
thickness based on AMSR2

G07-P11
Model calculations on Na layer variation induced by auroralenergetic particles

G04-P09
Multibeam bathymetric and sediment profiler evidences for
pockmarks and ice grounding scours on the Chukchi borderland
and Beaufort Sea

S02-P03
Measurements of ice-nucleating particles over the Arctic Ocean,
Bering Sea, and western North Pacific on R/V Mirai in AugustOctober 2016

*A. KAGAWA, K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, A. Kadokura, Y. Ebihara

G04-P06
Design of a climate/ice-sheet coupled model (MIROC-IcIES) forGreenland ice-sheet simulation*A. Hossain, X. Zhang, G. Lohmann, C. Voelker*J. Inoue, K. Sato, K. Oshima*D. Nomura, F. Fripiat, B. Else, B. Delille, M. Fernandez-Mendez, L. Miller,
I. Peeken, J-M. Rintala, M. van Leeuwe, F. Zhang, K. Abrahamsson,
J. Bowman, J. France, A. Fransson, and 6 more co-authors

G07-P10
Aurora observations by an optical spectrograph at the EISCAT
radar site, Tromsø, Norway*S. Svendsen, S. A. Khan, S. Vijay, R. Forsberg

S02-P02
How well does ERA-Interim product reproduce the upper
troposphere over the Arctic Ocean ?

G07-P02
Multi-instrument Observation of an Isolated Substorm and
Associated Phenomena

R. Fujii, C. Heinselman

G04-P05
Deglaciation history of the Greenland ice sheet inferred from Glacial
Isostatic Adjustment modelling*F. SAITO, A. Abe-Ouchi, R. O'ishi*T. Nasuno, M. Ikeda, J. Inoue, K. Sato

S02-P04
Role of ikaite precipitation in the sea ice carbon pump

G07-P09
Ion temperature variations in the D- and E-region polar ionosphere
during stratospheric sudden warming*J. Okuno, H. Miura

S02-P01
Near real-time forecasts using a global nonhydrostatic model
NICAM for the 2017 Mirai Arctic cruise

G07-P01
Toward Cutting Edge Atmospheric and Geospace Science in the
Arctic with EISCAT_3D: Kickoff of the Next-Generation Incoherent
Scatter Radar Project*H. Miyaoka, S. Nozawa, Y. Ogawa, K. Nishimura, T. Nakamura, S. Oyama,

G04-P04
Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN) project andglobal seismology*S. Tsuboi, G. Toyokuni, M. Kanao■S2 Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction,
Observation and Modeling*Y. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, M. Tsutsumi, Y. Tomikawa, C. Hall, I. Haggstrom*T. Tsuda, K. Hosokawa, T. Kawabata, S. Nozawa, A. Mizuno*K. Takizawa, T. Tsuda*R. Tozu, T. Tsuda, T. Kawahara, Y. Tanaka, M. Ejiri, T. Nishiyama,
T. Nakamura

G08-P01
Japan's Official Arctic Policy, which Evolutions and Opportunities for
the Japanese Business Companies in the Arctic Region?

*J. Babin

G08-P02
Chinese soft power in the Arctic*M. Gutenev

G08-P03
Arctic Tourist Taxation or Arctic Charity?
*M. Daria

G08-P04
Demographic Trend in the Russian High North*T. Tabata

G08-P05
Impact of shale revolution in oil and gas on feasibility of energy
investments in the Arctic*B. Slominska

G08-P06
Development of the mineral industry economy of the Arctic andnorthern regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)*A. Larionov, Simon Ammosov*K. Tateyama, J. Inoue, T. Nakanowatari, S. Hoshino, Y. Tanaka

Ecosystems under Arctic Warming

S04-P01
Effect of crustose lichen on soil CO2 efflux in sphagnum moss
regime of tundra, west Alaska*Y. Kim, S. -J. Park, R. Suzuki, B. -Y. Lee

S04-P02
Quantification of annual soil CO2 emission in unburned and burned
black spruce forest of interior Alaska*Y. Kim, H. Kobayashi, S. Nagai, H. Ikawa, H. Nagano, D. Risk, B. -Y. Lee,J. Walsh, R. Suzuki

S04-P03
Characteristics of stem respiration for four tree species in the latesuccessional stage, interior Alaska*Y. Kim, D. -J. Kwon, S. -D. Kim, R. Suzuki

S04-P04
Assessment of the Present and Future Impact of Arctic
Warming on the Status and Carbon Cycle of Northern Terrestrial
Ecosystems*T. Diehl, F. Cresto Aleina, L. Garcia San Martin, A. Cescatti

S04-P05
Comparison of biogenic sulfur between cold and warm years
during summer in the Bering Sea and some implications for the
climate*C. -X. Li, B. -D. Wang, Z. -C. Wang, F. Guo, Y. Lyu

S04-P06
Potential impact of permafrost thaw on carbon dynamics inforest soils projected by a vertically stratified process-basedmodel*Y. Miyamoto, H. Sato, A. Kononov, T. Maximov, A. Sugimoto

S04-P07
Elevational gradient as a potential uncertainty factor for methane
up-scaling by landscape structure and vegetation distribution in
Taiga-Tundra boundary, Indigirka lowland, NE Siberia*T. Morozumi, R. Shingubara, S. Tei, S. Takano, R. Fan, H. Kobayashi,
R. Suzuki, T. Maximov, A. Sugimoto■S5 Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program
for the Future
S5-P01
Spatial distribution of dissolved methane and its source in thesummertime western Arctic Ocean*K. Kudo, K. Yamada, S. Toyoda, N. Yoshida, D. Sasano, N. Kosugi, M. Ishii,
H. Yoshikawa, A. Murata, H. Uchida, S. Nishino

S5-P02
Subsurface pCO2 minimum below halocline in the Canada
Basin*N. Kosugi, M. Ishii, D. Sasano, S. Nishino, H. Uchida, H. Yoshikawa-Inoue■S14 Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost
and Human Societies

S14-P01
The Importance of Alas to Horse Herding in Churapcha District,
Central Sakha*A. Nakada, S. Grigorev

14

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15

Town Map

Takebashi Station（竹橋）ー Jimbocho Station（神田神保町）

Lunch

Printing service

Convenience stores (grocery)

Bank/ATM

Kinkos

sushi

sushi

Bank

ramen

ramen ramen

ramen

ATM

Bank

Yasukuni street

Jimbocho St.

soba
udon

ATM

Tokyo Bank
Lithmatic

currry
steak

unagi

thai

chinesecurrrysushi

russian

Bank
soba

cafe

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Drugstore

westernSuzuran street

tempuragyo-zachinese

cafe

Hakus

pizza
sushi

sushi

an streyakiniku

Tokyo parktower

et

sushi
Seven Eleven

cafe

cafe

family restaurant

westernsobajapanese
FamilyMart

Kyoritsu Women’s University
japanese
frenchchineseSeven Eleven

Gakushikaikan

Hitotsubashi Hall
(Symposium)

Josuikaikan
japanese
frenchPlaceside Buildingjapanes soba french italianchinese curry ethinic cafe
Bank/ATM

Seven Eleven

Takebashi St.

16→

Mini Stop

3Fcafeteria

TKP
Gardencity
Takebashi(Reception)

FamilyMart

okinawaethnicIalianKanda Terrace SquarecurrryJanuary 16
2018
KeynoteSession presentation

Keynote speech 1

Effects of High Albedo and Brine Rejection of Sea Ice
on the Arctic Ocean and its Recent Change
Kay I. Ohshima
Institute of Low Temperature Science /Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Sea ice strongly affects the ocean, atmosphere and climate, through its high albedo, heatinsulating effect, and brine rejection. Here I discuss how such characteristics of sea ice canaffect the Arctic Ocean and its recent change. Until recently, the Arctic Ocean has beencharacterized by a thick multiyear ice cover that persisted throughout the summer. Particularly
after the 2000s, however, the Arctic Ocean has shown major reductions in summer ice extent,
thinning of sea ice, and a shift from perennial to seasonal sea ice, which makes the Arctic(Northern Sea) Route possible.
Associated with such change, "ice-ocean albedo feedback" has received increasing
attention as a major factor in sea ice retreat of the Arctic Ocean. This feedback is owing to alarge difference of surface albedos (the ratio of reflected to incident solar radiation) between“black” open water and “white” sea ice: once the ice concentration is decreased, the heat input
to the upper ocean is enhanced because of larger absorption of solar radiation in the increased
open water area, leading to a further decrease in ice concentration through the sea ice melt by
the oceanic heat. Analyses of satellite data and a simplified ice-upper ocean coupled model
reveal that divergent ice motion in the early melt season triggers ice-ocean albedo feedback
which subsequently amplifies summer sea ice anomalies [1]. The magnitude of divergencecontrolling the feedback has doubled since 2000 due to a more mobile ice cover, which canpartly explain the recent drastic ice reduction in the Arctic Ocean [1]. These results suggest that
ice motion in the early melt season may possess predictive skill in seasonal sea ice forecasts in
the Arctic Ocean.
Brine rejected during sea-ice formation in coastal polynyas is the main source of densewater. In the Southern Ocean, such dense water is the precursor of Antarctic Bottom Water(AABW), the densest water mass which occupies the abyssal layer of the global ocean. In the
Arctic Ocean, dense water originating from the ice production in the coastal polynyas isconsidered to intrude the subsurface and maintains the cold halocline layer (CHL), which is amajor subsurface water mass in the Arctic Ocean. Recent satellite-derived global mapping ofsea ice production [2] demonstrates that ice production in Antarctic coastal polynyas isparticularly high, which is consistent with the AABW formation. By contrast, Arctic polynyas
generally show much lower ice production, because the surrounding land suppresses thedivergent ice motion. Instead, fairly high ice production occurs in the Anadyr polynya in the
Bering Sea. This provides a possibility that the inflow from this polynya to the Arctic Ocean
contributes to the CHL formation.
I thank Drs. H. Kashiwase, S. Nihashi, K. Iwamoto, Y. Fukamachi and H. Eicken for
their cooperation and support.
References[1] H. Kashiwase, K. I. Ohshima, S. Nihashi, H. Eicken, Evidence for ice-ocean albedo
feedback in the Arctic Ocean shifting to a seasonal ice zone. Scientific Reports, 7:8170 (2017)[2] K. I. Ohshima, S. Nihashi, K. Iwamoto, Global view of sea-ice production in polynyas andits linkage to dense/bottom water formation. Geoscience Letters, 3:13 (2016)

Keynote speech 2

A Farewell to Ice - Arctic climate feedbacks and theirimpact on global warmingPeter. Wadhams
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK;
and Universitå Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

The recent rapid retreat and thinning of Arctic sea ice is the latest stage of a process which
has been detectable since 1950 and is now reaching the stage where the summer ice cover willsoon disappear completely. This is a direct result of global warming, but in its turn the retreatof the ice has feedback effects on other aspects of the climate system, which make the total
impact of ice retreat much greater. I discuss the main feedbacks. They include (1) an albedo
feedback – as sea ice and snow on land retreat, the average albedo of the Earth is reduced, andthis is now equivalent in climate forcing to adding 50% to our emissions of CO2; (2) a sea level
feedback – the retreating sea ice creates a warmer atmosphere around Greenland in summer,
speeding its melt rate and thus increasing the rate of global sea level rise; (3) a methane feedback– increasing quantities of methane are being emitted from the continental shelves of the Arctic
Ocean, and this could accelerate to create a methane pulse with major climate implications; (4)a weather feedback – extreme weather changes seem to be related to the ice retreat and thesethreaten global food supply; (5) a weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation due to aloss of sea ice from the Greenland Sea, which will reduce the warming rate of western Europe
while increasing that of the tropical Atlantic and thus increasing the intensity of hurricanes. I
discuss new techniques such as AUVs for mapping the thinning ice and marine cloudbrightening for slowing warming, but I propose that the only real solution to the accelerated
warming is direct air capture of CO2. Much of this material is covered in my recent book “AFarewell to Ice”.
Reference
Wadhams, P. (2016). A Farewell to Ice. A Report from the Arctic. London, Allen Lane. US
edition 2017, New York, Oxford University Press.
.

SP1-G1

Surface Energy Budget Process Relationships for
Evaluating Model Performance in Central Greenland
Matthew D. Shupe*, Nathaniel B. Miller, Christopher J. Cox, Ola P. G. Persson
1

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado and
NOAA-ESRL-PSD, USA

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) plays important roles in the global climate system,
impacting sea-level rise, northern hemisphere circulation patterns, and potentially the ocean
thermohaline circulation. Variability in the GIS mass budget is of utmost importance and is theresult of numerous processes including surface melt, runoff, and precipitation. Within thecontext of a warming Arctic, surface melt is increasing dramatically. It is therefore essential tounderstand the key processes that control variability in the surface temperature and ultimately
surface melt. The surface energy budget, comprised of radiative, turbulent, and conductive heat
fluxes, represents the balance of energy at the surface and largely determines the surface
temperature variability. To represent the surface energy budget and melt in current and futureclimates, numerical models must be able to accurately represent variability in the surface energy
budget, including the partitioning of energy into individual terms and the key atmospheric
drivers. This presentation draws upon a comprehensive set of surface and atmospheremeasurements made at Summit, Greenland to examine the key terms of the surface energy
budget. Variability in surface radiation is found to be largely driven by the solar cycle and by
the presence of clouds. Changes in surface radiation elicit responses in the surface temperature,
turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes, and conductive heat flux. Relationships are developedthat relate the radiative forcing terms and responding terms as they manifest over a full annual
cycle. These relationships are then used to evaluate how surface energy budget processes are
represented in model and reanalysis products, including ERA-Interim, CFSv2, and the new
CESM.

Figure 1. Monthly “slopes” showing the responses of individual energy budget terms toradiative forcing. Here the “forcing” terms are the net shortwave (SWnet) and downwelling
longwave (LWdown) radiative fluxes. The “responding” terms are the latent heat (LH),sensible heat (SH), ground heat (G), and upwelling longwave radiation (LWup), which is a
proxy for surface temperature.

SP1-G6S6Distribution shifts of marine taxa in the Pacific Arctic undercontemporary climate changes
I.D. Alabia1*, J. García Molinos1, S.I. Saitoh1, T. Hirawake2,
T. Hirata3 and F.J. Mueter4
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
2

Species habitat distributions are strongly intertwined with climate-forced environmental
changes. Here, we explored the variations in summer habitat patterns of 21 marine fish andinvertebrate taxa in the Eastern Bering Sea using a multi-model ensemble predictions of species
distribution from June to July 1993-2016. Using the ensemble model outputs, we examined therates of observed (biotic velocities) and expected (bioclimatic velocities) habitat shifts acrossspecies under distinct climatic stanzas, identified from the regime shift analysis [1] of winteraveraged (January-April) sea surface temperature anomalies extracted at a mooring station (M2;
Fig. 1). Our analyses revealed that individual taxa responded to climatic changes at differential
rates and showed lags in observed distributional responses. In particular, subarctic taxa showed
higher habitat sensitivity and exposure to climatic variability than arctic species, as they expand
their habitat ranges into suitable sites emerging in the north under warmer climate. Importantly,
the actual rates of climate shifts (climatic velocities) were poorly correlated with expected andobserved shifts in species distributions across taxa. This stresses the importance of integrating
species-specific sensitivity to climatic changes when predicting range shift responses.

Figure 1. Distinct climatic stanzas in the Eastern Bering Sea during the last 24 years.
References[1] S. N. Rodionov, Use of prewhitening in climate regime shift detection, GeophysicalResearch Letters, 33: L12707 (2006).

SP1-S7S8Special session S7&S8,
Arctic challenge for ice observation and ice navigation
N.Otsuka1* and K.Tateyama2
1

Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Japan
2
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan

Against the background of significant summer sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean,commercial and scientific activities are intensifying. Shipping activities along the Northern
Sea Route is becoming reality. Year-round crude oil production and shipment has been carriedout in the Kara Sea area during the past few years. However, still many risks could be foundin navigating ice infested waters along the Northern Sea Route. In order to achievesustainable shipping along the Northern Sea Route, Tateyama[1], Otsuka[2] and Uto[3]investigates relationship between ship navigability and sea ice condition. Takagi[4] developed
navigation route search method in ice covered waters. Ozeki[5] observed the characteristics ofsea spray particles which cause ship icing. Izumiyama[6] developed oil recovery device in ice
covered waters. And Yamakawa[7] gives the outline of the Arctic research collaboration plan
between Japan-Norway, which synthesize recent results from Arctic researches and share theresults with stakeholders and the broader public sectors.
Detailed profile of sea ice gives not only scientific but also practical information forboth science and industry. However, the actual information of shape and bottom profile of sea
ice is very limited and not easy to observe. Song[8] analyses SAR image data byimplementing the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and achieved maritime target
detection in ice infested waters. Wadhams[9] gives latest achievements of under-ice AUVs toobserve bottom profile of sea ice. Krough[10] gives the improved sea ice mapping technology
of under-ice AUV with Stand-alone USBL Positioning Buoy.
References[1] Tateyama, K. et al., Estimation of sailing speed through ice covered waters on the northern sea
route, ISAR-5, (2018)[2] Otsuka, N. et al., Navigable speed related to ice condition along the Northern Sea Route, ISAR-5,(2018)[3] Uto, S. et al., Development of NSR Transit Simulator “VESTA-ICE”, ISAR-5, (2018)[4] Takagi, T. et al., Sea Route Search Using the Global Dynamic Windows Approach including Ice
Concentration, ISAR-5, (2018)[5] Ozeki, T., et al., Field investigation of sea spray particles impinging on large vessels - Case studyof the R/V Mirai, ISAR-5, (2018)[6] Izumiyama, K. et al., R & D Study of Oil Recovery Device for Ice-covered Waters NMRI-ORDICE, ISAR-5, (2018)[7] Yamakawa A. et al., Arctic research and educational collaboration plan between Japan-Norway,
ISAR-5, (2018)[8] Song, Q. et al., Maritime Target Detection and Discrimination in Ice-Infested Arctic Waters basedon Generative Adversarial Network Using SAR Images, ISAR-5, (2018)[9] Wadhams, P. et al., The use of AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) under sea ice achievements so far, ISAR-5, (2018)[10] Krough, B. et al., Mapping sea ice from above and below, ISAR-5, (2018)

SP1-S9Towards a virtual research environment for geoscienceØ. Godøy1*, T. Thorbjørnsen2 ,, L.Ferrighi1, A. Vines3, T. Hamre3, B. Pfeil4
1Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
2University of Oslo, Norway

3Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
4University of Bergen, Norway

Following an evaluation of geosciences in Norway, a pilot project focusing on
integration of data, software, publications etc in order to ensure the legacy of science wasannounced by the Research Council of Norway. This project is looking into traceability
between physical samples and their digital representation, data sharing and publication andvirtual research environments in support of science. As the project is a pilot project, emphasis isput on understanding the current state within geoscience in Norway, analysing state of the art incommunities external to geoscience and to provide recommendations to the Research Council of
Norway for future strategies securing the scientific legacy. An important part of this include
development of a demonstrator of a virtual research environment supporting geoscience.
Within this demonstrator, the project tries to learn from other scientific communities, andto combine geoscientific data and software.
The virtual research environment demonstrator is based on the Galaxy framework andintegrates data and software developed by the scientific community. This framework was
originally developed for use within Life Sciences, and has been adapted for use in several otherfields. It provides a graphical tool for building workflows/pipelines, has good integration
with HPC and makes sharing and rerunning workflows/pipelines easy. In addition there is API
access. With this, Galaxy can act as a workflow editor and manage connections to HPC for otherweb services. Within this project, focus has been on integration of software packages in R andPython and application on these on data that are available through geoscientific datacatalogs and preferably offer OPeNDAP access for data that has been encoded in NetCDF
according to the Climate and Forecast convention. This simplifies data access and manipulation.
The current setup offers both predefined software packages and datasets as well as theability to upload data by the user. Trusted users can also be granted access to upload own
software, currently in R. A limitation of the framework, is that it is based on reading andwriting to files for each part of the workflow. For large online datasets, it is beneficial to
avoid unnecessary downloads, and we have solved this issue for Python by creating tool
wrappers that, for each step, only downloads metadata and creates Abstract Syntax
Trees. In the final step, only the necessary data are downloaded and the code is evaluated asa whole. However, users can analyse data, store and share work flows and the system is capableof utilising HPC resources or other distributed processing capacities.
Preliminary results following analysis of the software and its user interface indicates thatthe default user interface lacks some features and the project is now analysing whether it ispossible to integrate components of the system in a Drupal based catalogue search andtransformation system already capable of performing transformations (e.g. reprojection,subsetting in time, geographical or variable space) on single or multiple datasets.

SP1-S10

Benefits sharing as a tool for sustainable development of Arctic
indigenous communities in Russia
V. Gassiy1

1

IASC postdoc fellow, Kuban State University, Russia

The future of Russia is inseparably linked with the Arctic, the development of its
potential. Today this region gives over 15% of GDP and 20% of Russia's exports - thiscontribution will grow significantly in the near future [1]. The Arctic is a treasury of Russia.
Here, there are not only invaluable natural resources, but also no less valuable people. Evens,
Evenks, Dolgans, Yukagirs are many ethnic groups, each with its own unique culture, history
and traditions. The Arctic is huge, but past decades subsoil users often invade lands which aresacred for indigenous peoples and deer pastures. As a rule, regional authorities are interested
in tax revenues from extraction business, and therefore the dilemma of “culture or production”
is decided in favor of the latter. But this does not mean that the question of the price ofintervention on indigenous lands of indigenous peoples remains unanswered. Unlike theinternational practice of developed countries, in which benefits sharing to local residents forlost profits due to industrial development of their original territories in realized, in modern
Russia such problems are still unresolved. There is no single calculation formula, norlegislation and regulation support for such payments, so in each specific case it is necessary toconsider individually.
At present, in Russia ethnological expertise as a tool for compensating losses ofindigenous peoples performs the role of the benefits sharing mechanism adopted in developed
countries. It can be stated that it is a new trend in science and practice, and represents a
symbiosis of data on the environment, history and culture of indigenous peoples [2]. Unlike
environmental, ethnological expertise does not have single “meters”. For example, the widthand depth of the lake can be measured in meters. But how to measure the sacral value of alake? Ethnological expertise of projects is carried out by a regional commission which
includes various specialists: economists, geographers, biologists, environmentalists,traditional economics activities experts, ethnologists, lawyers. Scientists are engaged in direct
field research: how industrial development (gold, diamond, rare earth mining) affects the lives
of indigenous communities. This mainly concerns the assessment of economic damage by the
territories of traditional nature management, the tribal communities in which such extraction
is carried out. It is the only way to protect the rights and interests of indigenous peoples. The
main issue is connected with compensation defining. To whom and in what amountcompensation will be paid – this question remains open. If these funds are received directlyby the tribal communities, what about the other residents, for example, employees of thebudgetary sphere (school, mail, hospital) or those who they do not belong to the indigenous
groups? Or what if the tribal communities are not registered? How will the interests of otherresidents of the local community be presented, where there are no work on exploration andmining of mineral resources? These questions have yet to be answered.
References[1] Babin V., On Russian policy in Arctic, Arctic Herald: Information and Analyticaljournal. – 4 (16). – 2016. – pp. 34-37 (available at http://arctic-herald.ru/?p=568)[2] Potravnyy, I., Tambovceva, T., Gassiy, V. Ethnological Expertise as a Tool of the Impact
Assessment on Arctic Territories of Traditional Land Use. In: Proceedings of the 2017
International Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development". No.45, Latvia, Jelgava,
27-28 April, 2017. Jelgava: 2017, pp.196-203.

SP1-S14

Local Knowledge and Perception of Permafrost
Degradation in Eastern Siberia: Development of Teaching
Materials for Environmental Education
Y. Fujioka1* and H. Takakura2
1

Faculty of Social & Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Japan
2
Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, JapanDue to the recent global warming, permafrost in high latitude areas has rapidly thawed,
resulting in the occurrence of several types of land degradation and one among which is thethermokarst process. Climate factors mainly drive land degradation, on the other hand, social
factors are also strongly involved in it. In order to evaluate the climate change in permafrost
environment, we need to uncover the permafrost-human relation in various condition. This
paper focuses on the sub-arctic permafrost and its interaction among climate, land and people.
We will describe the related various events recently emerged in the local environment, andexplore the local evaluation, their ways of the perception and knowledge with its
historic-cultural background. It would contribute not only the global network of climatechange science but also enhance social resilience against land degradation and environmental
changes.
The authors as member of the Japanese project of “Arctic Challenge for Sustainability(2015-2019),” develop teaching materials for Environmental Education related on permafrostchange in human dimension in eastern Siberia. Environmental Education has been recently
expanded into Education for Sustainable Development. To achieve sustainable development,
it is important to co-create “new” knowledge by combining scientific and local knowledge.
Subsequently, one of the key issues is clarifying the local people’s knowledge and perceptionof environmental changes. The researchers are required to share their information with local
people and officers as stakeholders. This study examined the local knowledge and perceptionsof the local Sakha people in the Chrapcha district of eastern Siberia. A field survey was
conducted through interviews and focus-group discussions in September 2016.
The results revealed that the Sakha people have rich local knowledge and culturally
unique perceptions on environmental changes and land degradation. Historically, they adapted
to the local environment to develop livelihoods, mainly agriculture and livestock farming;
they also caused changes in the local environment, such as opening the crop field for
deforestation and digging numerous artificial ponds to store water for summer droughts.
However, they recognized the recent environmental changes; for example, they were awarethat the permafrost thawing has broadly proceeded in this area; the forest type before
deforestation is related to the speed of permafrost thawing; and the degradation proceeds
particularly on abandoned crop fields. In addition, they had their own logic regarding thepermafrost thawing process being related to the role of a shielding ice layer in the soil.
Furthermore, they understood that the land degradation was a result of intervening climate
and social factors, such as the disorganization of sovkhoz and changes in livelihood activities.
The local knowledge and perceptions were typically based on their experiences andinformation and education acquired, which did not always correspond with scientificknowledge. However, the important point is the awareness of the gap between local andscientific knowledge by sharing information among stakeholders for knowledge co-creation toenhance the resilience for the recent rapid climate changes and land degradations.

January 16

Breakout Session
G6S6
Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean

G6S6-O01

On the Nature of Wind-Forced Upwelling in Barrow Canyon
M.N. Pisareva1*, R.S. Pickart2, P.S. Fratantoni2,4 and T.J. Weingartner3
1

Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
3
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
4
Present Address: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, USA

The Pacific-origin water that flows northward through Bering Strait influences theinterior Arctic Ocean. It carries large amounts of freshwater and heat and is also a significant
source of nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton to the region. During summer months asignificant fraction of the transport of Pacific water exits the Chukchi Sea through Barrow
Canyon. In addition, eddies and other turbulent features are spawned there that propagate into
the basin. Barrow Canyon is also known to be a biological “hotspot” due to its elevatednutrient concentrations, enhanced productivity rates, and high benthic biomass. As such,investigation of Barrow Canyon is crucial for improving our understanding of this importantregional ecosystem, including the physical drivers, especially in the changing climate.
Using timeseries from a mooring deployed from 2002-4 near the head of Barrow
Canyon, together with atmospheric and sea ice data, we investigate the seasonal signals in thecanyon as well as aspects of upwelling and the wind-forcing that drives it. We identified 25
upwelling events, occurring when the Beaufort High is strong and the Aleutian Low is deep.
During the warm season most of the events brought winter water to the head of the canyon,
while upwelling of Atlantic water occurred during the cold season. Using temporally
integrated measures, we explore the relationship between the atmospheric forcing and watercolumn response. While two of the strongest events were associated with particularly strong
forcing – both of which brought Atlantic water to the head of the canyon – there was no
statistical correlation between the strength of the forcing and the magnitude of the upwelling.
This appears to be related to the ice cover in that the strongest upwelling events occurred forpartial ice cover, consistent with previous observations on the Beaufort slope, while upwelling
during full ice cover was rare.

G6S6-O02

Continuous Sea-ice Thickness Measurement in the
Northeastern Coastal Chukchi Sea from 2009
Y. Fukamachi1,2,3*, K. I. Ohshima1,2, A. R. Mahoney2,3,4, H. Eicken5, D. Simizu6,
K. Iwamoto7,8, E. Moriya9 T. Takatsuka1 and J. Jones4
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan3
Global Station for Arctic Research, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
5International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
6
Center for Antarctic Programs, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
7
City of Mombetsu, Japan
8
Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
9
Hydro Systems Development, Inc., JapanThe Pacific sector of the Arctic is well documented as an area of rapid sea-ice retreatand shortened sea-ice period by satellite and in situ observations (Johnson and Eicken, 2016).
However, there is a deficiency of sea-ice thickness data due to technical and logisticalchallenges associated with satellite and in situ observations, respectively. For this reason, we
have been conducting a mooring experiment of ice-profiling sonar and acoustic Doppler
profiler to monitor sea-ice thickness and drift mostly at two locations off Utqiaġvik (formerly
known as Barrow) in the northeastern coastal Chukchi Sea since 2009. The area ofobservation is within Barrow Coastal Polynya (Hirano et al, 2016). At one of these locations
about 23 km from the coast, we have obtained continuous data for eight years till 2017 andhave processed the data for six years till 2015. Analyzing the data for 2009-10, Fukamachi etal. (in press) showed that mean and modal sea-ice drafts of 1.27 m and 1.2-1.4 m, respectively.
The former value is heavily influenced by abundance of thin ice (polynya) and frequency ofdynamical thickening process. While the latter can be assumed to represent the first-year sea
ice (Mahoney et al., 2015). These and other related values will be evaluated for 2010-15 to
examine inter-annual variability of sea-ice characteristics in this area.

References[1] M. Johnson, H. Eicken, Estimating Arctic sea-ice freeze-up and break-up form the satellite
record: A comparison of different approaches in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, ELEMENTA
4 (2016)[2] D. Hirano, Y. Fukamachi, E. Watanabe, K. I. I. Ohshima, K. Iwamoto, A. R. Mahoney, H.
Eicken, D. Simizu, Takeshi Tamura, A wind-driven, hybrid latent and sensible heat coastal
polynya off Barrow, Alaska, Journal of Geophysical Research, 121 (2016)[3] Y. Fukamachi, D. Simizu, K. I. Ohshima, H. Eicken, A. R. Mahoney, K. Iwamoto, Erika
Moriya, S. Nihashi, Sea-ice thickness in the coastal northeastern Chukchi Sea from mooredice-profiling sonar, Journal of Glaciology (in press)[4] A. R. Mahoney, H. Eicken Y. Fukamachi, K. I. Ohshima, D. Simizu, C. Kambamettu, M.
V. Rohith, S. Hendricks, J. Jones, Taking a look at both sides of the ice: comparison of ice
thickness and drift speed as observed form moored, airborne and shore-based instruments
near Barrow, Alaska, Annals of Glaciology 56 (2015)

G6S6-O03

Observed and anticipated changes in the seasonal cycle of coastal sea ice and theirimpacts in the Alaskan Arctic
H. Eicken1, O. A. Lee1, M. A. Johnson2, A. R. Mahoney3, P. L. Pulsifer4
1: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
AK, USA
2: Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
3: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
4: National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, USA
Both human activities and ecosystem functions in the Arctic depend critically on thetiming of break-up and freeze-up of coastal sea ice. However, in contrast with a large
body of work focusing on changes in sea-ice extent and volume, the recent evolution
and anticipated future changes in the seasonal cycle of sea ice have received little
attention. Focusing on coastal communities in Arctic Alaska, we present researchfindings on decadal scale changes and interannual variability in the timing of spring
break-up and fall freeze-up. An Indigenous sea-ice experts’ observation network
started in 2006 has been tracking ice conditions, and ice use by people and wildlife.
These observations are archived and shared through a database for community ice
observations (eloka-arctic.org/sizonet). They indicate substantial interannual
variability in the timing and mode of freeze-up and break-up in the region, withsignificant impacts on people, wildlife, subsistence activities, and ice use byindustry. To extend the analysis from the local, km-scale, we developed an algorithm
to extract the timing of break-up and freeze-up from passive microwave satellitedata, drawing on community-based observations. Data from 1979 to 2013 show
break-up start arriving earlier by 5–9 days per decade and freeze-up start arriving
later by 7–14 days per decade in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The trends towards
a shorter ice season observed over the past several decades point towards a
substantial change in the winter ice regime by mid-century with incipient overlap of
the end of the freeze-up and start of the break-up season as defined by coastal ice
users. Drawing on ice mass balance and ice core measurements at coastal sites, we
discuss the implications for ice-associated flora and fauna and people throughout
the Pacific Arctic sector.

G6S6-O04

Factors influencing Multi-time scale Sea-ice Variations in
the Pacific Arctic Region
J.-H. Kim1*, K.-H. Cho1, X. Zhang2, L. Peng2, K. Shimada3, E. Yoshizawa1, Y. Choi1, and S.H. Kang1
1

Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Tokyo University of Marine Science & Technology, Japan2

The icebreaker Araon has carried out hydrographic surveys in the Pacific Arctic sector
since 2010. The main objective of these regularly operated expeditions is to understand therelationship between water mass distribution and sea-ice decline. Multi-year accumulation of
the data reveals that the area-mean Pacific Summer Water temperature over the northern
Chukchi Sea shelf region is anti-correlated with the sea-ice extent over the central Arctic to the
Chukchi Sea. The monthly surface wind distribution over the Chukchi shelf area appears tocontrol the intensity of eastward along-shelf cold current that can suppress (or weaken) the
westward flow of warm summer water from the Beaufort Sea. Besides the oceanographic
measurements, the basic surface meteorological observations have been made regularly on the
Araon. Since the 2015 Arctic expedition, the Araon began to implement upper-air radiosonde
observations at least twice a day as a pilot filed campaign for preparing continuing observations
contributing to the Year of Polar Prediction project. The beginning of in-situ upper-air
observations in the Arctic represents an enhancement of research on the atmosphere-oceaninteraction under storm event. In the 2016 Arctic expedition, the Araon came across an
extraordinary intense Arctic storm with a minimum central pressure of 968 hPa on 16 August.
The in-situ atmosphere-ice-ocean observations conducted under the stormy environment madeit possible to study the storm’s influence on the state of sea-ice and upper ocean. The
observational analyses reveal that the storm induced a cold air advection and a net sea-ice
surface cooling at the observation site, while the dynamically-enhanced upper ocean mixing
and induced upwelling of the warm Pacific Summer Water increased ocean-to-ice heat flux,
larger than the net heat loss at the sea-ice surface. Although the relative roles of the dynamics
and thermodynamics on the rapid sea ice decline cannot be quantified based on the sole fieldobservations, the storm induced coupled air-ice-sea processes could have accelerated the seaice decline during and after the storm event.

G6S6-O05

Causes and Consequences of the Beaufort Gyre Region
Freshwater Content Changes (2003-2016)
A. Proshutinsky1*, R. Krishfield1, M-L. Timmermans2, W. Williams3, S. Zimmerman3, M.
Yamamoto-Kawai4, E. Golubeva5, G. Platov5, E. Watanabe6
1

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, USA
2
Yale University, CT, USA
3
Institute of Ocean Sciences, DFO, BC, Canada
4
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
5
Institute of Computational mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Russia
6Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JapanThe 2003-2016 hydrographic data collected from research cruises, moorings,
Ice-Tethered buoy observations and satellite altimetry in the Beaufort Gyre (BG) region of the
Arctic Ocean document an increase of over 6,500km3 of liquid freshwater content (a 40%
growth) relative to climatology of the 1970s. This freshwater accumulation was a result of
persistent anticyclonic atmospheric forcing (1997-2016) accompanied by sea ice melt, ananomalous wind-forced redirection of Makenzie River discharge from predominantly
eastward to westward flow (Figure 1) supplying the BG region with its fresh water, and fresh
water supply from Bering Strait. The fresh water contribution to the BG from Siberian rivers
in 2003-2011 was negligible. A slight decrease of freshwater content in the region between
2010 and 2013 was associated with some relaxation of anticyclonic winds; however, in 2015
and 2016, the magnitude of freshwater was greater than ever measured previously due tocombination of intensification of anticyclonic winds and fresh water supply from both ice
melt and river discharge.

Figure 1. Left panels are 2007 observed flows of terrigenous dissolved organics carbon (tDOT) andtrajectories of simulated floats released from Mackenzie River. Right panels is the same but for 2011.

G6S6-O06

Dissolution of CaCO3 in the present and glacial ocean: A
comparison of the effects of different dissolution
parameterizations
D. Peya*, C. Voelker, G. Lohmann
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven,
Germany.
The production of the calcium carbonate minerals calcite and aragonite, in the ocean is
primarily done by different pelagic calcifying organisms: coccolithophorids, foraminifera andpteropods. Corals contribute to the production of CaCO3 in a small portion. The surface
ocean is supersaturated with respect to these minerals while the deep ocean is undersaturated.
Most of these calcium carbonate minerals produced near the surface ocean sink through thewater column and dissolve mainly in the deep ocean below the saturation horizon where thesolubility product of the minerals increases due to increased pressure. CaCO3 formation in
the surface ocean and dis- solution in the deeper ocean both affect dissolved inorganic carbon
and total alkalinity and also the oceanic pCO2. In this study, a global biogeochemical model(REcoM) is used to analyze the production and dissolution of CaCO3. In REcoM, bio-genic
CaCO3 production is restricted to phytoplankton and the dissolution rate of CaCO3 isassumed constant when it sinks through the water column. A comparison between
observation and model simulation data of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity (TA)and saturation state (Ω) is presented in this study. In general, the model does a good job at
reproducing the global patterns of DIC, alkalinity and Ω although some regional differences
remain. In the case of DIC, model output shows too high concentrations in between 800 m to1200 m ocean depth. Remineralization of organic matter in this depth of water column would
be the possible explanation. Model simulation of alkalinity also shows a higher value thanobservations in the depth between 1200 m to 2000 m. The possible reason could be that too
much dissolution of CaCO3 is happening in this depth range. This research is done to answer
two questions: How do these pattern change, when CaCO3 dissolution is made dependent on
omega, and how do they change under a glacial climate.

G6S6-O07

Enhancing of Biological Pump in the Chukchi Sea Basedon Seven Chinese Arctic Summer Cruises since 1999 and
Sediment Cores Records
J.F. Chen1*, H.Y. Jin1, Y.P. Zhuang1, H.L. Li1, Y.C. Bai and Q.M. Zhu 1
1. Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography,
SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
With decreasing of sea ice cover there would the potential for deepening of nutricline
and an increasing of annual biological pump in the Arctic Ocean because of more nutrients inthe euphotic zone will be consumed in an ice free sea or open ocean. Since 1999 (in summers,
1999, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016), seven Chinese Icebreaker Xuelong Arctic
Expeditions has been carried out in Chukchi Sea and Canadian Basin where upper ocean
nutrients are abundant compared with European sector of the Arctic Ocean. During thosecruises, we analyzed nutrients, DO, pH, chl a, opal and HPLC pigments in the water column,
which allow us to look the variation of nutricline and biological pump after sea ice retreat
since 1999. The results showed that size fractionation of chl a and opal, chl a-maximum depth,
phytoplankton communities changed dramatically in the West Arctic Ocean, especially along
the longitudinal 170°W section since 1999. A highlight of those changes is deepening of
nutricline in summer and increasing of the depth of chl a-maximum in the shelf waters such as
Chukchi Sea and ice edge in the deep Canadian Basin since1999. Organic carbon, opal burial
and biomarkers records in sedimentary cores in the Chukchi Sea also indicated that increasingof organic carbon burial and relative abundance of diatoms while the contributions of
haptophytes decreased since last 250a.

G6S6-O08

The Composition and Origination of Suspended
Particles from Water Column in the Shelfs of Chukchi
and Northern Bering Sea
X.G. YU1*, L.M. Ye1, Y.G. Liu2, X.Y. Yao1, J.H. Zhu1, X.B. Jin1 and W.Y. Zhang1
1. Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences，Second Institute of Oceanography of
the State Oceanic Administration，China;
2. First Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration，China.

Abstract Suspended particle samples were collected using PALL filter and the large
volume water transfer system (WTS) in surface (depth <1.0m) and water column(depth in 20m to 150m) at 35 stations on the shelfs of the Chukchi Sea and the norther
Bering Sea during the Sixth Chinese Arctic expedition in the summer 2016. The
particle concentration, TOC, and the δ13C value of the samples were analyzed. Someof the particle samples and were chosen to examine by the scanning electron
microscope (SEM) to reveal the composition. The concentration of suspended particle
in surface water between 0.77 mg.L-1to 3.39 mg.L-1, with the samples collected fromthe Bering Sea have the higher concentration. The vertical profile of the particle
concentration shows the higher values in surface, depth 50 and 100m water column ofthe northern Bering Sea, surface and 20m of Chukchi Sea. The particles mainlycomposed by clay materials in surface water with higher TOC content and lighterδ13C value indicating that organic matter is mostly terrigenous derived in the areas ofsouth of St. Lawrence Island and north of 68°N. The particles contain large amountmarine organism from the zone between north of St. Lawrence Island and south of68°N(near the Bering Strait) with the higher TOC content and heavier δ13C value
indicating that organic matter is mostly marine origination. The particles of watercolumn contain more organism types, like as diatom, foraminifera and bivalves in ofBering Sea, but simplex (diatom)in Chukchi Sea.
Key words: Chukchi and Bering Sea, particles, organic matter, stable isotopes, SEM

G6S6-O09

Inferences on Biological Community Structure of theDistributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from
Undersea Video Imagery
L.W. Cooper*, J.M Grebmeier, A. Bayard and H. Bi
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science, USA
Seafloor imagery of individual stations in the original five transect sampling areas of
the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) in the Bering and Chukchi seas has been
underway since 2008. Video collected in the most recent years has shown the near bottom
characteristics of each of the transect lines, with DBO lines 1 and 3 particularly subject toexchange of organic materials in the bottom benthic boundary layer overlying soft muddy
sediments. Epibenthos, including high densities of Opilio crab and near bottom fish andeuphausids have also been documented at many stations, including near Barrow Canyon andin the Chirikov Basin north of St. Lawrence Island. Sampling at DBO 4 in the northeast
Chukchi Sea has shown that brittle stars are overwhelmingly abundant, but a transition occurs
to sand dollars and finally filter feeding tunicates, soft corals, and polychaetes in coastal areas
with high current flow associated with the Alaska Coastal Current. In some cases such as
crabs, sand dollars, and brittle stars, it is possible to quantify the density of these organisms
on the seafloor, but improvements in pattern recognition of organisms are needed before
video imagery can begin to replace trawling of the epibenthos on a widespread basis. We willshow evidence that organisms living near the seafloor such as euphausids that are difficult tosample, but are presumed prey for higher trophic level predators are present in areas whereinfaunal sampling indicates that sufficient food may not be present although predators such asgray whales are observed feeding.

Figure 1. Polychaete community, Chirikov Basin south of Bering Strait

G6S6-O10

Changes in seabird density relative to water mass aroundSt. Lawrence Island, northern Bering Sea during summer
B. Nishizawa*, H. Hayashi, N. Yamada, H. Ueno, T. Hirawake, Y. Watanuki
Faculty/Graduate School/School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, JapanThe marine ecosystems of the Bering Sea and adjacent Chukchi Sea are experiencing
rapid changes due to reductions in sea ice. In the northern Bering Sea, several water masses
can be discerned, which are likely to influence the distribution of zooplankton and fish,
thereby, distributions of their predators i.e., seabirds. Understanding the link between seabird
distributions and water masses is crucial to predicting ecosystem changes and designingeffective management plans. To examine seabird distributions relative to water masses we
conducted at-sea seabird observations concurrently with CTD measurements onboard T/SOshoro-maru (Hokkaido University) within 200 km area from St. Lawrence Island in thenorthern Bering Sea during July 2017. Four distinct water masses were identified based onvertical distributions of water temperature and salinity following [1,2]; Alaska Coastal Water(ACW, 2.0–13.0oC, <31.8 psu), Bering Shelf Water (BSW, 0–10.0oC, 31.8–33.0 psu), Anadyr
Water (AW, -1.0–1.5 oC, 32.3–33.3 psu), and Dense Water (DW, <-1.0oC, 32.0–33.0 psu).
Seabird density (all species combined) was highest in AW (121.9 birds n.mile-1) and followedin the order as DW (53.4), BSW (30.3), and ACW (10.6). Similar distributional pattern of
maximum chlorophyll a concentrations in water column was also observed (1.3 ± 0.7 mg m-3
in AW, 1.2 ± 0.8 in DW, 1.0 ± 0.5 in BSW, and 0.5 ± 0.1 in ACW). Surface omnivores suchas Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, andFolk-tailed Storm-petrel Oceanodroma furcata occurred throughout the study region (8.9birds n.mile-1 in ACW, 21.3 in BSW, 45.3 in AW, and 15.3 in DW). Divers, however, showedstronger relationships with water masses. Planktivorous divers such as Crested Auklet Aethia
cristatella, Least Auklet A. pusilla, and Parakeet Auklet A. psittacula were absent in ACW,
and their density in AW (46.1 birds n.mile-1) was much higher than those in BSW (4.8) andDW (1.1). Also, the density of krill-eating short-tailed shearwaters Ardenna tenuirostris,
which was most abundant migrant species in this region during summer, was highest in AW(21.0 birds n.mile-1). These results may be explained, in part, by that large zooplanktons suchas krill is more abundant in AW than those in the other water masses [3]. On the other hands,
the density of piscivorous divers such as murres (Common Murre Uria aalge and Thick-billed
Murre U. lomvia) and puffins (Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata and Tufted Puffin F.
cirrhata) was highest in DW (19.1 birds n.mile-1) and followed in the order as AW (8.9),
BSW (3.5), and ACW (0.9). Our study suggests that planktivorous divers and piscivorous
divers, which are tightly associated with specific water mass, might be more affected thansurface omnivores by climate-induced changes in water masses in seasonal sea-ice regions of
the northern Bering Sea.
References[1] Coachman, L. K., Aagaard, K., and Tripp, R. B.: Bering Strait: The Regional Physical
Oceanography, Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, 172 pp., 1975.
[2] Eisner, L., Hillgruber, N., Martinson, E., and Maselko, J.: Pelagic fish and zooplankton
species assemblages in relation to water mass characteristics in the northern Bering andsoutheast Chukchi seas, Polar Biol., 36, 87–113, 2013.
[3] Piatt, J. F. and Springer, A. M.: Advection, pelagic food webs and the biogeography ofseabirds in Beringia. Marine Ornithology, 31: 141-154, 2003.

G6S6-O11

A Step-Wise Progression to Fisheries Ecosystem Sciencein the Central Arctic Ocean
J.M. Grebmeier1* and H.P. Huntington2
1

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA
2
Ocean Conservancy, Eagle River, Alaska, USA

The international waters of the central Arctic Ocean have been ice covered throughout
human history until recent years (Fig. 1). The loss of summer sea ice removes the physicalbarrier to fishing vessels. In 2015, the five Arctic coastal states (Canada, Denmark/Greenland,
Norway, Russian Federation, United States of America) signed the Oslo Declaration,
pledging not to fish in these waters until there is sufficient scientific information to support
robust management of the fisheries and ecosystem of the region. They also invited five
distant-water fishing jurisdictions (the European Union, Iceland, Japan, People’s Republic ofChina, Republic of Korea) to join further negotiations to develop an international agreement
based on the same principles. When the agreement is concluded, the next question will be
developing the necessary scientific information to monitor fish stocks in the central Arctic
Ocean and understand ecosystem dynamics well enough to create a fisheries ecosystemmanagement plan, should fishing ever take place in these waters. The expense and difficultyof conducting oceanographic research in the high Arctic makes international cooperationnecessary, but it will still be hard to justify extensive fisheries research in a region with nofishing. Accordingly, we propose a step-wise approach in which basic monitoring isundertaken to detect ecosystem component status and any significant changes, at which point
research and monitoring can be increased to better track fish stocks [1]. This approach will
facilitate determining if and when more intensive efforts are needed to gather data on fish
population dynamics, specific ecosystem components, and the likely outcomes of different
levels of fishing activity in the region. Such a pathway provides a plausible approach tofisheries-related research in the central Arctic Ocean and is likely to produce information ofgreat interest and value to other fields as well.

Figure 1. Arctic Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary, 2012 summer sea ice extent, andfishable depths. Source: Pew
References[1] Van Pelt, T.I., H.P. Huntington, O.V. Romanenko, and F.J. Mueter. In press. The missing middle:
Central Arctic Ocean gaps in fishery research and science coordination. Marine Policy.

January 16

Breakout Session
S7S8
Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice Navigation

S7S8-O01

Maritime Target Detection and Discrimination in
Ice-Infested Arctic Waters based on Generative Adversarial
Network Using SAR Images
Qian Song*, Ding Tao and Pingping Ding
Key Lab for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves, Fudan University, China
This work discusses the potential of maritime target detection and discrimination in
Arctic waters based on recent machine learning method using space-borne synthetic apertureradar (SAR) images. As climate change progresses, the Arctic sea ice is rapidly reducing in its
extent and thickness, which makes the Arctic more accessible for shipping, natural resources
development, and tourist industry. Thus, for such difficult ice-infested region, the informationof various maritime targets, e.g., ships, man-made platforms, oil spills, icebergs, and sea ice
areas, becomes increasingly valuable. SAR satellites provide the possibility to monitor theArctic Ocean regularly as they are capable of producing imagery in all weather conditions
independent of daylight. Nowadays, there are many radar remote sensing operations,
including Sentinel-1 (ESA), ALOS-2 (Japan), RADARSAT-2 (Canada), etc., offering lots ofcontinuous observation data. Recent years, machine learning and deep learning methods withthe ability to learn geometrical information of various images have received lots of attentions.
Such methods supported by the available SAR data have great potential for Arctic
characteristics studies, and in particular, for information extraction of various targets within
the region.
In this study, we utilize the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) [1] and propose an
automatic maritime target detection and discrimination method for ice-infested situations.
GAN consists of a generative model and discriminative model: generative model aims at
generating as real as the trained images given a distribution sampled from input space;discriminative model is to distinguish whether the input image is generated or real. Bothmodels are trained simultaneously, and compete with each other. It can capture a mappingfrom feature space into SAR image space automatically. It is also worth noting that there havebeen some studies on target identification in open sea with other machine learning methods[2] and target detection in sea ice area with statistical analysis algorithms [3]. According toour preliminary results, GAN have the ability to learn various sea clutter features incomplicated meteorological and oceanographic conditions. Hence, this study is going to focus
on ice-infested Arctic waters. The training and testing satellite scenes may include areas with
open water, newly formed sea ice, first-year sea ice (FYI) and multiyear ice (MYI).
The main objectives are: 1) demonstrate the potential and benefits of using advanced
intelligent processing methods with SAR images; 2) analysis real Arctic SAR images basedon GAN for information extraction of various sea ice areas; 3) achieve improved maritime
target detection and discrimination performances in ice-infested waters.
References[1] I. Goodfellow, Generative adversarial nets, NIPS 27 (2014)[2] C. P. Schwegmann, etc., Synthetic aperture radar ship discrimination, generation andlatent variable extraction using information maximizing generative adversarial networks,
IGARSS (2017)[3] C. Brekke and S.N. Anfinsen, Ship detection in ice-infested waters based on
dual-polarized SAR imagery, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Letters, vol. 8, no. 3, (2011)

S7S8-O02

The use of AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) under
sea ice – achievements so far
P. Wadhams1,2*and B. Krogh3
1

Department	
  of	
  Applied	
  Mathematics	
  and	
  Theoretical	
  Physics,	
  University	
  of	
  Cambridge
2
Cambridge Polar Consultants Ltd., Cambridge UK
3
Bo Krogh ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
	
  
	
  

Apart from early short-lived ventures such as the University of Washington’s vehicleof 1973, the first use of AUVs under sea ice was an experiment by the present authors in theGreenland Sea in 2002 in which the Maridan vehicle (a Danish vehicle funded by the EU) wasused with a sidescan sonar to map the ice underside. Next came a long range AUV study(2004) involving the UK Autosub with multi-beam sonar and transects of up to 175 km in
length. This enabled 3-D imagery of large numbers of first-year and multi-year pressure ridges
to be obtained, as well as a systematic measure of the shape of the ice underside which
permitted its oil containment factor to be estimated. The accompanying on-board ADCP
instrumentation mapped upper ocean currents along the track. Following this operation, andfollowing the loss of Autosub under an Antarctic ice shelf, emphasis switched to the use ofsmall AUVs deployed by hand through ice holes or from boats alongside sea ice, and used formapping relatively small areas of ice. A vehicle used frequently in such studies (2007, 2008,2014, 2017) has been the Icelandic Gavia, with a Geoswath multi-beam sonar; but difficulties
with its navigation system have meant that it has normally been used with a tether, limiting its
range. Other vehicles used under ice include the WHOI Sea Bed twin-hulled AUV (2012), but
the slowness of this vehicle meant that it could not maintain planned positions or tracks whena sub-ice current was present. The current situation is that both large and small AUVs havebeen used successfully to map the 3-D structure of the ice underside, but always in anexperimental context. The problem is now to determine the best way forward to improve thequantity and quality of data gathering, and to turn the under-ice AUV into a reliable vehicle
for routine use. This will be covered in an accompanying paper (Krogh and Wadhams).

S7S8-O03

MAPPING SEA ICE FROM ABOVE AND BELOWBo Krogh1 and Peter Wadhams2
1
2

Bo Krogh ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark

Dept of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; and Cambridge
Polar Consultants Ltd., Cambridge, UK.

In order to improve the capabilities of AUVs when operating in the Arctic, and under sea ice
in particular, there are a number of requirements that we see as essential for a successful operation.
These requirements does not only deal with features of the AUV itself, but also with launch andrecovery techniques, positioning under the ice, artificial intelligence for under-ice behavior, theoptimal sensor package for mapping the underside of sea ice and the operational scenario as awhole. A key new technology being presented is the Stand-alone USBL Positioning Buoy, which
will enable insertion, tracking and retrieval of the AUV to be more rapid and secure, and enable inmission low bandwidth communication. For mapping the topside of the ice a UAV (Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle) which fulfills a similar set of requirements will be described.

S7S8-O04

Estimation of sailing speed through ice covered waters on
the northern sea route
K. Tateyama1*, H. Okuda1 and N. Otsuka2
1

2

Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

PC6 sailing speed[kn]Although sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean is decreasing due to global warming, sea-ice still
exists on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the summer season. In order to evaluate reductionof the sailing speed by sea-ice along NSR, we compared ships navigation data along the NSR
derived from Automatic Identification System (AIS) with ice condition data such as sea-ice
concentration and sea-ice thickness estimated from satellite passive microwave radiometer
AMSR2 [1] during 2014 to 2016.
As a result, most ship showed decreasing sailing speed with sea-ice condition being
severe. Such tendency is the most significant for the ships having Polar Class 6 (PC6). Figure
1 shows hourly sailing speed for PC6 ships and sea-ice thickness estimated from ASMR2 in
0.1m thick interval. PC6 ships showed almost constant speed in the thinner ice area (<0.6m)
and decrease with thickness in thicker ice area (>0.6m). This study can be expected to contributeto estimation of the navigable speed in ice covered seas in the future.
This study has been carried out under the support of ArCS, JAXA 1st Research
Announcement of Earth observation, and JSPS Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (A) Grant
Numbers JP26249133 and Scientific Research (C) Grant Numbers JP26340013.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

AMSR2 sea-ice thickness [m]Figure 1. Comparison between ice thickness estimated from AMSR2 and hourly ship speed
for PC6 during 2014 to 2016. Red and blue dots mean the highest three points for sailing
speeds in thinner ice (<0.6m) and in thicker ice (>0.6m), respectively.
References[1] Krishfield, R. A., A. Proshutinsky, K. Tateyama, W. J. Williams, E. C. Carmack, F. A.
McLaughlin and M.-L. Timmermans (2014), Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the
Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle, J. Geophys.
Res., 119(2), 1271–1305.

S7S8-O05

Arctic Marine Access and Ice Navigation Seasons
L.W. Brigham1
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

The profound changes of Arctic sea ice in extent, thickness and character provide forincreasing marine access throughout the Arctic Ocean. However, Arctic marine operations andshipping are driven primarily by Arctic natural resource development and linkages to global
commodities prices as outlined in the Arctic Council’s Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment.
Most future Arctic commercial voyages will be destinational, as natural resources will be
increasingly carried out of the Arctic to global markets. One of the key strategic challenges for
future planning is to estimate and quantify the length of the navigation season for regular marine
routes. A review of current Arctic marine operations includes a range of feasible navigationseasons: year-round navigation to and from the port of Dudinka (servicing Norilsk) along thewestern Northern Sea Route (NSR), maintained since 1979; a 6 to 7-month navigation season in
the U.S. maritime Arctic; and, a potential 3 to 4-month season in the Canadian Arctic.
Uncertainty remains about how long the navigation season will be extended along the eastern
Northern Sea Route from the new port of Sabetta on the Ob Gulf to Bering Strait (and into the
Pacific Ocean). Also unknown are the feasible lengths of the navigation season for possible
trans-Arctic voyages along the NSR, the Northwest Passage and trans-polar routes in the future?
One operational factor is the increased use of icebreaking commercial ships such as the LNG
carrier Christophe de Margerie and the Norilsk class carriers that can operate independently on
Arctic voyages without icebreaker support. Other factors of importance include: the extended
navigation seasons possible with icebreaker escort; the influence of the new IMO Polar Code andthe mandatory use of polar ship ice classes for specific ice conditions; and, the overall economicsof Arctic shipping when operating ice class ships independently and under escort. This paper
will review the overall factors that can lead to a better understanding of the feasible lengths ofthe navigation seasons along future Arctic marine routes.

S7S8-O06

Development of NSR Transit Simulator “VESTA-ICE”
S. Uto1* and T.Matsuzawa1
1

National Maritime Research Institute, Japan

Sustainable use of the Northern Sea Route for commercial shipping requires a lot oftechnological developments from the aspect of environmental issues. One of the important
issues to reduce GHG emission from vessels is optimization of navigation routes whichshould incorporate with time and space varying ice conditions as well as vessel performancein ice. National Maritime Research Institute has developed an advanced vessel performance
simulator in ice named “VESTA-ICE” which is capable of accurate estimation of ship
performance such as propulsion power, speed reduction and fuel consumption, taking themain engine characteristics into consideration. Originally “VESTA” was developed as a ship
performance simulator in no ice area. Added resistance due to wind and wave as well as themain engine characteristics are physically modeled in this program. Its accuracy has beenvalidated through the extensive validation studies by onboard measurements. The authors
incorporated two ice resistance models, Kashitelijan-Poznjok-Ryblin’s for small ice floes and
Lindqvist’s for large ice floes, for performance calculation in ice to extend VESTA to
VESTA-ICE. The accuracy of each model is validated through the comparison with themodel-scale experiments conducted at the ice model basin of National Maritime ResearchInstitute and the full-scale measurements in the Sea of Okhotsk. It was found that the
proposed models are capable of predicting the resistance in floe ice of various sizes andconcentrations with reasonable accuracy. Ship performance was estimated by VESTA-ICE
from Japan to Norway via NSR. Several routing scenarios were simulated in order toinvestigate sensitivities of ice conditions for ship performance.

References[1] M. Tsujimoto, et al., Development of a ship performance simulator in actual seas, Proc.
34th Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Eng., 11, pp.V011T12A047 (2015)[2] T. Matsuzawa, et al., NSR transit simulations by the vessel performance simulator“VESTA” Part 1 Speed reduction and fuel oil consumption in the summer transit along NSR,
Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Eng. under Arctic Conditions, POAC15-110 (2015)[3] Uto, S. et al., NSR transit simulations by the vessel performance simulator “VESTA” Part
2 Simple resistance formulae of ships in floe ice, Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean
Eng. under Arctic Conditions, POAC15-106 (2015)

S7S8-O07

Sea Route Search
Using the Global Dynamic Windows Approach including
Ice Concentration
T.Takagi1* and K.Tateyama2
1National Institute of Technology, Kushiro College, Japan
2Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
3World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland

The sea ice has caused significant damage to vessels in the Arctic. There have been over
200 reported damage events over the past 25 years. It is important to avoid the collision withthe sea ice, and to select the route to save the fuel and time safety. However, it is not easy to
select the best sea route promptly and safely because the shape and the distribution of the sea
ice are very complex. In this paper, the selection of the sea route in the ice sea is formulated as
the obstacle avoidance problem using the global dynamic windows approach. This approach isa search technique composed of a local and global path-planning algorithm. This approach takes
the kinematic and dynamic constraints of the vessels into account using a velocity motion model.
In this paper, we propose an objective function used by the global dynamic window approachfor searching for a route to safely avoid the sea ice. Finally, it shows that the simulation results
applied to the ship radar image are effective for sea ice navigation (Figure.1).
goal

start

Figure 1. Sea route in the sea ice
References[1] T.Takagi, K.Tateyama, T.Ishiyama,Obstacle Avoidance and Path Planning in Ice Sea
using Probabilistic Roadmap Method, the 22nd IAHR international Symposium on Ice,
Singapore,2014.
[2] Minjoo Choi, Hajime Yamaguchi, Keisuke Nakagawa,Arctic sea route path planning
based on an uncertain ice prediction model, Cold Regions Science and Technology 6169,(2005).
[3] Arpad Maroti , Dávid Szalóki , Domokos Kiss, Gabor Tevesz
Investigation of
Dynamic Window based navigation algorithms on a real robot, Proc.of Applied MachineIntelligence and Informatics (SAMI), 2013 IEEE 11th International Symposium,2013.
[4] Oliver Brock 0ussama.Khatib ,High-Speed Navigation Using the Global Dynamic
Window Approach Proc. of the 1999 lEEE,International Conference on Robotics &Automationpp.341-346,(1999).

S7S8-O08

Field investigation of sea spray particles impinging on large
vessels - Case study of the R/V Mirai
T. Ozeki1*, S. Toda2 and H. Yamaguchi3
1

2

Sapporo Campus, Hokkaido University of Education, Japan
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Japan

Marine disasters caused by ship icing occur frequently in cold regions. The typical
growth mechanism of sea spray icing is as follows. First, sea spray is generated from the bowof the ship. Next, the spray drifts and impinges upon the superstructure, after which there is a
wet growth of ice from the brine water flow. To address icing on the ship, we focus on theimpinging seawater spray. We investigated the particle size of seawater spray and madesampling of superstructure ice accretion on R/V Mirai.
The amount of seawater spray and the size distribution of seawater particles were
measured by a spray particle counter (SPC) and a marine rain gauge type spray gauge (MRS) .
The SPC gives the flux distribution and the transport rate as a function of particle size from100 to 1,000 µm in diameter. The particles in each class are counted every second. The
volume flux of the spray was calculated by class value of particle radius. The amount ofseawater spray is measured every minute using the MRS. The smallest measurable unit is 0.1
mm. To reveal the positional relationship of the amount of seawater spray, observations wereconducted from three different points on the deck (Figure 1). SPCs were installed one on
center of the compass deck and one on the starboard of the bridge deck. The three MRSs were
installed one on the compass deck, one on the port and one on the starboard of the bridge deck.
They were set on the bulwark behind 42 m from the bow.
The data of SPCs, MRSs and pitching and rolling angles were obtained continuously
through the cruise from Aug. 22 to Oct. 2. The SPCs were able to satisfactorily performmeasurements of the particles. A large number of spray particles of large splashes weredetected by the two SPCs simultaneously. MRSs detected the time series of accumulated
spray volume (incl. precipitation) during the cruse period. The vertical distribution of theamount of sea spray was obtained. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between theamount of sea spray in per hour and the relative wind velocity.

Figure 1 R/V Mirai (8,706 GRT) and location of SPCs and MRSs. Compass deck:
SPC and MRS, bridge deck port: MRS, bridge deck starboard: SPC and MRS.
References[1] T. Ozeki, T. Shiga, J. Sawamura, Y. Yashiro, S. Adachi, H. Yamaguchi, Development ofsea spray meters and an analysis of sea spray characteristics in large vessels, Proc. 26th Int.
Ocean and Polar Eng. Conf. (2016).

S7S8-O09

R & D Study of Oil Recovery Device forIce-covered Waters - NMRI-ORDICE
K. Izumiyama*, S. Kanada, H. Shimoda, D. Wako and T. Matsuzawa
National Maritime Research Institute
Large scale oil spilling from ships or other marine facilities such as underwater
pipelines could lead to serious impacts on the marine and coastal environments. Ice-covered
waters are particularly vulnerable to pollution inflicted by oil spilling. Cold temperatures
impair the biological decomposition of oil and the pollutants can be remained in theenvironment for a prolonged period. Mechanical recovery of oil is an option for the oil spill
response operations along with in-situ burning and the use of dispersants. It is the most
preferable of the three from the viewpoint of the environment protection.
Mechanical recovery of oil in ice-covered waters should go through two processes. Oil
is first separated from the ice and then recovered from the water. The first process requires amethod unique to ice-covered waters, while conventional techniques for open water spilling
can be applied to the second process with some modifications for cold environments. There
have been various studies made of the oil-ice separation methods. Those studies include theinternational joint research project MORICE and the development of OIS (Oil-Ice Separator)
conducted in Finland. The MORICE developed an oil-ice separation method using a Lifting
Grated Belt. The belt lifts ice pieces from the water surface while it allows the oil to remain inor fall onto the surface to be recovered. The OIS also uses a grated belt, but, per contra, it
submerges ice pieces into the water. The belt is vibrated to make the oil rise to the surface tobe recovered. Operation principles of these methods limit their application to relatively small
ice pieces.
An R & D study was performed at National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) of an
oil recovery device for ice-covered waters (NMRI-ORDICE) with an objective to develop adevice applicable to larger ice floes than the two concepts above. The device uses air
bubble-induced streams to separate oil and ice. Series of tests were performed at NMRI’s ice
tank for a large (6.0 m in length, 5.5 in width and 2.0 m in height) model of the device. The
model is consisted of an oil-ice separation channel in the center and oil recovery ducts in thesides. The channel and ducts are separated by gratings that stop the ice while allow oilentering the ducts. There are air-bubbling units located in a 3 by 5 arrangement on the bottomof the separation channel. Air bubbles rising from the unit form a plume to create horizontal
stream in the surface. The units can be operated in arbitrary combinations to “drive” oiltoward the recovery ducts. The model was tested for various conditions of ice and oil. Ice
floes of up to 2 m in diameter were used for the test. Lubrication oils with different viscosity
were tested.
References[1] H. V. Jensen, MORICE – new technology for mechanical oil recovery in ice infested
waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin 47 (2003) 453-469.
[2] K. Lampera, and J. Rytkonen, Baltic Sea Experiences in Mechanical Oil Recovery in Ice,
Proc. of the 21st International Symposium on Ice (2012).
[3] K. Izumiyama et al., R & D Study of an Oil Recovery Device for Ice-covered Waters,
Proc. of the 19th International Symposium on Ice (2008).

S7S8-O10

Arctic research and educational collaboration plan between
Japan-Norway
A. Yamakawa1*, S. Sandven1,2, S.-I. Saitoh3, H. Enomoto4, Y. Kodama4 and N. Otsuka3
1

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC), Norway
2
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University (ARC-HU), Japan
4
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Japan

Rapid environmental change in the Arctic in the last decades is a global threat, but it
provides increasing opportunities for economic activities in the Arctic. Norway’s maritime
areas in the Arctic account for 60 % of whole Norwegian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). It
is also much concerned with Japan. The Arctic is a significant economic activity zone for bothcountries. Although understanding of the mechanism of climate change and ecosystem isessential for sustainable development in the Arctic, studies are still insufficient. Therefore, it isimportant to work together and report on activities and results across national borders. The twocountries signed a bilateral agreement on science and technology cooperation in 2003. Energy
and the environment, marine research, and polar and space research are priority areas ofcooperation under the agreement. Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research regards
Japan as one of the most significant countries for collaboration on higher education and researchin the strategy from 2016 to 2020 [1].
NERSC leads an EU project, INTAROS [2] which is a research and innovation action
for 5 years under Horizon2020 (2016-2021). The overall objective is to develop an efficient
Integrated Arctic Observation System by extending, improving and unifying existing andevolving systems in the different regions or the Arctic. The project includes 49 partners from
20 countries and NIPR is among them. Sandven, the coordinator of INTAROS, is appointed asa member of International Advisory Board of ArCS [3], which is Japanese national flagshipproject on the Arctic (2015-2020). NERSC and ARC-HU has agreed with future research andeducational collaboration in May 2017. Research and educational collaboration between Japan
and Norway has been already commenced. For deeper understanding of the mechanism of the
Arctic, it is important to further strengthen the collaboration and maintain long-term partnership.
NERSC, ARC-HU and NIPR will collaborate to synthesize recent results from Arctic
researches and share the results not only with academia but also with stakeholders, decision
makers and the broader public through joint seminars and workshops. We will also collaborate
to cultivate young scientists through joint courses, and support the mobility of students, lecturesand scientists between the two countries. Moreover, we will develop and submit competitive
research and educational proposals to relevant calls and funding agencies, e.g. the ResearchCouncil of Norway, Norwegian Center for International Cooperation in Education, Japan
Science and Technology Agency, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Innovation
Norway and EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon2020), to sustain
long-term binational partnership in higher education and research.
References[1]https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/ca08629ce24349aab4c7be35584707a5/f-4418e_panorama.pdf[2] https://www.nersc.no/project/intaros[3] https://www.arcs-pro.jp/en/

January 16

Breakout Session
G1
AtmosphereG01-O01

Sensitivity of the Arctic climate forcing due to atmosphericphysical parameterizations

Jin-Ho Yoon1, Bak-Min Kim2, Jee-Hoon Jeong3, Philip J. Rasch4, Hailong Wang4, Ben Kravitz4,
Catrin Mills4
1

Gwngju Institute of Science and Technology
2
Korea Polar Research Institute3
Chonnam National University
4
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

There has been a couple of heated debates about how the Arctic, i.e., reduction of the
Arctic sea ice, can play as a climate forcing to influence the midlatitude weather andclimate. On the other hand, the traditional perspective on the teleconnection originatedfrom the tropical oceans, which has been widely accepted, could not explain recent changes
in winter weather and climate extremes in the midlatitude regions. Here, we areattempting to use the state-of-the-art climate model to examine sensitivity of the Arctic
climate forcing compared to the tropical one. Particularly, we are interested in how theatmospheric physical processes could affect the teleconnection pattern, which has not been
extensively tested. Our hypothesis is that the Arctic climate forcing is more sensitive to thevarious physical processes in the climate model, resulting in some inconsistencies insimulated response.

G01-O02

Cooling trend over Eurasian continent and Arctic sea ice
declineK. Nishii1, B. Taguchi2,3, A. Kuwano-Yoshida4,3, H. Nakamura2,3, Y. Kosaka2, T. Miyasaka2
1

Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
2
RCAST, University of Tokyo, Japan
3
JAMSTEC, Japan
4
Kyoto University, Japan

Cooling tendency has been observed over the wintertime Eurasian continent since the2000s. Many recent studies attribute this cooling trend to the recent decline of Arctic sea ice(e.g., [1]), while other studies argue that the tendency is due to atmospheric internal variability(e.g., [2]). The aim of this study is to evaluate not only the influence of the Arctic sea ice decline,
but also that of long-term sea surface temperature (SST) changes, on the Eurasian continent
through a set of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) ensemble experiments. The
first set of experiments (Exp. A) is forced with observed, time-varying SST and sea ice. The
second set (Exp. B) is forced with the observed SST and daily climatological sea ice, while thethird set (Exp. C) is with climatological SST and the historical sea ice. The climatological SST
and sea ice are given to the fourth experiment (Exp. D). Each of experiments consists of 15
ensemble members and the period is from 1982 through 2013. Note that the radiative forcing isfixed to constant values for present-day climate. DJF-mean 2-meter temperatures averaged over
(40-60N, 60-120E) is used as winter-mean temperatures over the Eurasian continent.
While, out of 15 ensemble members, only 4 members show cooling trend over Eurasia
continent in Exp. A, none of members shows cooling trend in Exp. B, which suggests thatobserved SST changes alone tend to warm up Eurasia. In Exp. C, 11 out of 15 members showcooling trend, which suggests tendency of the observed sea-ice decline lowering temperatures
over the Eurasian continent. We can confirm that model bias should not affect the simulated
tendency because Exp. D does not show a particular trend. Our results suggest that the recent
sea ice decline has induced cooling over Eurasia to a certain degree, while observed SST change
tends to raise temperature over the Eurasian continent, which may have overcome the sea ice
effect.
Acknowledgements: This work is supported by ArCS, InterDec project, and theEnvironment Research and Technology Development Fund (2-1503) of Environmental
Restoration and Conservation Agency.
References[1] J. Inoue, M. H. Hori, and K. Takaya, The role of Barents sea ice in the wintertime cyclone
track and emergence of a warm-arctic cold-Siberian anomaly, Journal of Climate 25 (2012)[2] L. Sun, J. Perlwitz, and M. Hoerling, What caused the recent “Warm Arctic, Cold
Continents” trend pattern in winter temperatures? Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (2016)

G01-O03

Quantification  of  influence  of  Arctic  sea-­ice  reduction  and  natural  variability  to  recent  Eurasian  cooling  1*

  M. Mori , Y. Kosaka , M. Watanabe2, H. Nakamura1 and M. Kimoto2
1

1

Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Japan
2
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Japan

During the recent decades, severe winters are increasing in the mid-latitude central
Eurasia, contributing manifestation of cooling trend over there, despite increasing global- andannual-mean surface air temperature [1]. Statistical relationship obtained from observational
analyses have suggested that part of this cooling is forced by recent Arctic sea-ice decline.
However, numerical modelling studies have shown different conclusion depending on the usedmodel and experimental settings, and whether or not the cause is due to sea ice reduction iscontroversial [2-3].
In this research, we successfully detected the signature of Eurasian cold winters excitedby sea-ice decline in the Barents-Kara Sea, by analyzing observation and four kind of historicallarge ensemble simulations based on atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forcedby observed sea surface temperature and sea ice. The sea ice reduction tends to increase
occurrence frequency of cold winter in the central Eurasia, but the sea-ice forced effect isunderestimated in the AGCM compared with observation. We conclude that this model bias
can be a major cause that makes diverse conclusions among modelling studies.
References[1] J. Cohen, et al., Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather, Nature Geosci. 7,
627-37 (2014).
[2] T. G. Shepherd, Effects of a warming Arctic. Science. 353, 989-90 (2016).
[3] J. A. Screen, Climate science: Far-flung effects of Arctic warming. Nature Geosci. 10, 253-254(2017).

G01-O04

A comparison of climate impacts of the Arctic sea ice loss
based on multiple sea ice concentration datasets
Tetsu Nakamura1*, Koji Yamazaki1, Kazuhira Hoshi2, Meiji Honda3 and Jinro Ukita3
1
2Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
2
Faculty of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Japan

As part of the effort to understand Arctic climate change and its global impacts,
possible impacts of Arctic warming on mid-latitude climate and weather have recently been
intensively studied. An issue has arisen as simulated winter atmospheric circulation responseto the Arctic sea ice loss largely varies among models and studies, bringing difficulties of
evaluation of climate impacts of the Arctic warming. A cause of such uncertainty can beerrors from sea ice concentration (SIC) dataset complied based on the satellite remote sensing
as well as complexity/non-linearity of the process and imperfection of climate models. Here
we performed 3,600-member ensemble simulation of climate impacts of the Arctic sea ice
loss using 18 configurations of the boundary condition, namely 6 SIC datasets and 3
definitions of high/low ice years, to estimate the uncertainty of the climate response due toconfiguration errors. While general responses resemble negative Arctic Oscillation (AO)
pattern as shown in Figure 1, individual responses largely vary in amplitudes and horizontal
patterns among different configurations. The differences specifically depend on local changes
in surface temperature in the North Atlantic region that likely partly controls thequasi-stationary wave response through a modification of the transient eddy activity.

Figure 1. Simulated winter atmospheric responses to sea ice reduction,
regardless of differences of dataset and high/low ice year definition. Anomaliesof 1.8K sample average of Low-ICE runs minus High-ICE runs are shown fora, Z300 in DJF b, T850 in DJF and c, seasonal evolution of zonal mean U at
60°N. Solid (dashed) line indicate contours of amplitudes of the positive(negative) anomaly, with the zero line omitted. Grey shade indicates statisticalsignificance exceeding 95%.

G01-O05

Is the recent downturn of the summer North Atlantic
Oscillation (SNAO) related to Arctic Sea Ice change?
Hans W Linderholm*1, Tinghai Ou1, Jee-Hoon Jeong2, Deliang Chen1 and Baek-Min Kim3
1

2

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Korea
3
Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea

The influence of the north Atlantic oscillation (NAO) on climate across the North
Atlantic region has been highlighted over the past few decades. So far, most research has
focused on the winter season, but recently conclusive evidence of strong links of the NAO toclimate variability over Europe, especially Northern Europe, also in summer has beenpresented [1]. The summer NAO (SNAO) exerts a strong influence on rainfall, temperature,and cloudiness and is related to summer extremes, such as droughts and floods and related
phenomena (e.g. forest fires), mainly in Europe but also elsewhere. In its positive phase, the
SNAO is associated with anticyclonic conditions over Northern Europe, yielding sunny,warm and dry conditions due to a northerly position of the main storm track. The negative
SNAO phase accompanies the southward movement of storm track of about 10 degrees (lat),giving cloudy, wet and cooler conditions over the same region. Moreover, it has been
demonstrated that the SNAO is related through teleconnections with climate outside Europe
e.g. eastern USA, North Africa and East Asia, Thus, this regional climate pattern is associatedwith climate variability in both heavily populated, but also sensitive regions.
The climatological impacts of accelerated melting of Arctic sea ice in the last few
decades have been the foci of many of studies in recent years. In addition to the local effects
of disappearing and thinning sea ice, it has been proposed that the atmospheric circulation
over the mid-latitudes can also be affected [e.g. 2]. Although most studies have focused on the
dynamically more active winter season, there are also indications of impacts in summer [e.g.
3]. In this presentation, we examine the potential role of changing Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC) on the SNAO, with some focus on the tendency for a shift toward a negative phase of
the latter in recent years. Re-analyses data show that over the last five decades, a consistentpositive association between winter/spring Arctic SIC, particularly in the Labrador Sea, andthe SNAO can be found. However, since the 1990s the strength of this association has
weakened considerably, and during the last decade, characterised by accelerated sea ice
melting, SIC in the Labrador Sea has been negatively correlated with the SNAO. The natureof the potential SIC-SNAO association is discussed, and using proxy data, we set the current
observations in a millennium-long perspective.
References[1] C.K. Folland et al., The Summer North Atlantic Oscillation: past, present and future.
Journal of Climate 22 (2009)[2] J.E. Overland, and M. Wang, Large‐scale atmospheric circulation changes are associatedwith the recent loss of Arctic sea ice, Tellus A 62 (2010)[3] R.E. Petrie et al., Atmospheric response in summer linked to recent Arctic sea ice loss. Q.
J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141 (2015)

G01-O06

Analysis of cloud formation processes for arctic cyclone
in the non-hydrostatic icosahedral grid model
T. Kurihana1*and H. L. Tanaka2
1

Univeristy of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Japan
2
University of Tsukuba, Center for Computational Sciences, JapanRIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science and University of Tokyo
Atmospheric and Ocean Research Institute have co-developed Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral
Atmospheric Model (NICAM), whose dynamical core designates the non-hydrostatic
equilibrium. This ultra-high resolution model is expected to play an important role forrevealing unknown cloud microphysics processes as a cloud resolving simulation model.
Numerous studies evaluated the simulation of the cloud convection processes by NICAM in
both extratropical and tropical regions, while a small number of researches in the polar region
have analyzed these atmospheric phenomena. In one example of previous research related tocloud process in polar region, Aizawa et al. (2014) [1] investigated the three dimensional
structure and intensification mechanism of the simulated arctic cyclone (AC) by NICAM with
a 7.0 km horizontal mesh resolution, referred as g-level 10. Figure 1 shows an AC at themature stage which was produced by NICAM in this study. This horizontal structure of AC
indicates that it has the quadruple spiral shaped cloud bands without any front. The maturephase of the AC displays anti-clockwise screwing motion as the same stage of cold vortex
generally shows. It is meaningful to evaluate the cloud microphysics processes within
NICAM in the arctic region through the comparison of model results and observation, and toprogress the analysis of the structure of AC by investigating other AC cases.

Figure 1. A simulated AC in September 29, 2008 by NICAM g-level 10.
References[1] T. Aizawa, H.L. Tanaka, and M. Satoh: Rapid development of arctic cyclone in June 2008
simulated by the cloud resolving global model, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 126 (2014).

G01-O07

Soil CO2 Measurements in Canada’s High Arctic WinterR. E. Layden*
Aurora Research Institute, Aurora College, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Arctic permafrost soil holds estimated stores of organic carbon which amount to more than
twice the carbon currently in the atmosphere, or almost 1,700 Gigatons [1]. Soil respiration
releases CO2 into the atmosphere and represents an important contribution to the overall carbon
cycle, but it is difficult to measure in cold winter months in arctic regions.
We measured the soil CO2 flux in Inuvik, Canada (68.36° N, 133.72° W) from August 2016 to
May 2017 on the grounds of the Aurora Research Institute using Eosense Inc., eosFD CO2 flux
measuring devices. We also monitored the site with a number of temperature sensors (Hobo®)
to measure air and ground temperature and we recorded images of the site so that snowfall andsnow cover effects could also be examined.
We set out to measure CO2 flux during winter months at regular intervals of 5 minutes, 10
minutes and 1 hour see Figure 1. Below. We also included a single image taken in early
December to show that the equipment was fully snow covered at this point in time.

Figure 1. CO2 Soil Flux from September 2016 to May 2017 in Inuvik, NT, Canada

Flux results were closely correlated with temperature as shown above, (top red line represents
air temperature at the Inuvik airport approximately 12 km away) until the devices became
covered with snow in late November, 2016. Snow cover insulated the devices, stabilized theflux and may have increased the flux likely as a result of temperature effects. Differences
between devices was also dependent on measurement frequency. Further results anddiscussion will be presented. This work was supported by the National Sciences andEngineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Eosense Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada.
1. Schuur et al., 2015. Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback, Nature 520: 171-179.

G01-O08

Terrestrial Biospheric and Oceanic CO2 Uptake Estimatedfrom Long-term Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Mole
Fraction, δ13C and δ(O2/N2) at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Daisuke Goto1,2*, Shinji Morimoto3, Shigeyuki Ishidoya4, Shuji Aoki3 and Takakiyo
Nakazawa3
12

National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),
Tachikawa, Japan
3
Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Japan
4
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan

Systematic observations of CO2 mole fraction, the isotopic ratio δ13C of CO2 andoxygen to nitrogen ratio (δ(O2/N2)) in the atmosphere have been carried out at Ny-Ålesund(78.92˚N, 11.93˚E, 40 m a.s.l.), Svalbard since 1991, 1996 and 2001, respectively. The CO2mole fraction shows a clear seasonal cycle superimposed on a secular increase with anaverage rate of 2.0 ppm yr−1 for the period 1996–2013. On the other hand, δ13C and δ(O2/N2)
decrease secularly at an average rate of −0.020 ‰ yr−1 for 1996–2013, and −19.9 per meg
yr−1 for 2001–2013, respectively. Based on the observed secular trends of the CO2 mole
fraction and δ(O2/N2) (O2 method), the average CO2 uptake during 2001–2013 was estimatedto be 1.6 ± 0.8 and 2.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 for the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean, respectively.
By using the observed CO2 and δ13C (δ13C method), the corresponding CO2 uptake of 1.3 ±0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 were obtained for the same period. The estimates from the two
methods are in good agreement with each other. The terrestrial biospheric CO2 uptake derived
by the latter method showed large inter-annual variability in association with El Niño events.
On the other hand, the oceanic uptake increased secularly with less inter-annual variability
during 1996–2013 (Figure 1).
1-1

CO2 uptake (GtC yr )

0

-1

-2

13

-3

[O2 method]
Biosphere (2001–2013)
Ocean (2001–2013)[δ C method]
Biosphere
Ocean
96

98

00

02

04
Year

06

08

10

12

Figure 1. Terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptake estimated using the δ13C method
and the O2 method for the respective periods of 1996–2013 and 2001–2013

G01-O09

Relationships  between  wildfire  occurrences  and     environmental  factors  over  the  Siberian  region  Teppei J. Yasunari1,2*, Kyu-Myong Kim3, and Arlindo M. da Silva3
1
2

Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
3
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

It is known that smoke from wildfires affect air quality. In Arctic region, wildfires insummer are typical phenomena and those would generate large concerns on air quality atpresent and in the future. For better future wildfire projection, it is essential to know the factors
controlling the cause of wildfires. In this study, we focus on the Siberian region and analyze therelationships between number of wildfires there and several environmental variables such as
snow cover fractions, 2-m temperature, geopotential heights, soil moisture, etc., using monthly
mean datasets during 2003-2015. For fire pixel counts and snow cover fraction, satellite-based
datasets
are
used.
The
MODIS
Snow
Cover
data
(https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/mod10.php) and the number of fire pixel data
(http://feer.gsfc.nasa.gov/) from Terra/Aqua satellite data were used. Those were re-gridded
into the horizontal resolutions of NASA’s MERRA-2 re-analysis data because we also use the
MERRA-2 data (https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/). The data retrieved by
Terra and Aqua were combined.
First of all, we calculated the domain-averaged monthly fire pixel count per the MERRA2 grid over the Siberia (East) for the time period (firepc), for which the domain defined byDarmenov and da Silva [1] (see their Fig. 4 and Table 4; called data 1) was used. Then, domainaveraged several environmental variables (i.e., atmospheric and land related variables)
mentioned above over the region were extracted from the MODIS Snow Cover Fraction(modscf) and MERRA-2 (called data 2). Next, multiple linear regression analyses were carriedout for the monthly time series data with the data 1 (no time lag) and time-lagged data 2 from0 to 4 months under different combinations of the data, after implementing standardizations foreach variable. For example, in the case of using the time-lagged modscf, 2-m temperature (t2m)and surface soil wetness (gwettop) together with the inclusions of geopotential height at 500hPa (h500; no time lag) and observation-corrected precipitation (prectotcorr; no time lag), we
could obtain the following multiple linear regression model for the 4-month time-lagged case(modscf, t2m, and gwettop): firepc = 4.378e-01*modscf + 4.405e-01*t2m – 2.503e-01*gwettop+ 1.033e+00*h500 – 6.937e-01*prectotcorr + 2.719e-17 (R2 = 0.3599; Adjusted R2 = 0.338).
Except for the intercept, all parameters for each variable were significant at the levels of smaller
than 0.01. This multiple linear regression model means that fire occurrences can likely be
explained with geopotential height at 500 hPa and precipitation on the same month of thewildfire occurrences, and snow cover fraction, 2-m temperature, and surface soil wetness 4months before the fire occurrences. However, the adjusted R2 only explain about 34% ofvariations of number of fires. Therefore, considerations of different factors and/or removing
disturbing elements may be necessary to fully explain the cause of fires. More discussion will
be held at the day of the presentation.
References[1] Darmenov, A., & da Silva, A, The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED): Documentationof versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4, NASA/TM–2015–104606 38 (2015). (available at:https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Darmenov796.pdf)

G01-O10

Variations of black carbon and dust in Northwest
Greenland reconstructed by Continuous Flow Analysis ofan ice core
K. Goto-Azuma1, 2*, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa1, Y. Kondo1, R. Dallmayr1, **, M. Hirabayashi1,
J. Ogata1, K. Kitamura1, K. Kawamura1, 2, H. Motoyama1, 2, S. Matoba3, M. Kadota3,
T. Aoki4, N. Moteki5, S. Ohata5, T. Mori6, M. Koike5, Y. Komuro7, A. Tsushima1, 8
and N. Nagatsuka1
1

National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan
3
Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Okayama University, Japan
5
University of Tokyo, Japan
6
Tokyo University of Science, Japan
7
Yamagata University, Japan
8
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan**
Present affiliation: Alfred Wegner Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany2

An ice core to the depth of 225 m was drilled at the SIGMA-D site, Northwest Greenland,in 2014 under the SIGMA (Snow Impurity and Glacial Microbe Effects on Abrupt Warming in
the Arctic) project [1]. The ice core was analyzed to the depth of 113 m with a Continuous Flow
Analysis (CFA) system, which was recently built at the National Institute of Polar Research,
Japan. The CFA system allowed high resolution analyses of black carbon (BC), stable isotopesof water, dust, electric conductivity, and trace elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Al). BC was
analyzed with a Wide Range SP2, which was recently developed by University of Tokyo [2].
The Wide Range SP2 enabled us to measure BC particles with the size range between 70 and4000 nm. Dust were analyzed with Klotz Abakus, which detects shading of laser light caused
by each particle. Here we report the variations of concentrations and size distributions of BC
and microparticles during the past 350 years. Anthropogenic impacts on concentrations, size
distributions, and their seasonal variations are clearly seen during the first half of the 20th
Century. Dust-derived species Ca, Fe and Al show elevated concentrations during mid-19th
Century.
References[1] S. Matoba, H. Motoyama, K. Fujita. T. Yamasaki, M. Minowa, Y. Onuma Y. Komuro, T.
Aoki, S. Yamaguchi, S. Sugiyama and H. Enomoto, Glaciological and meteorologicalobservations at the SIGMA-D site, northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet, Bulletin of GlaciologicalResearch, 33 (2015)[2] T. Mori, N. Moteki, S. Ohata, M. Koike, K. Goto-Azuma, Y. Miyazaki and Y. Kondo,
Improved technique for measuring the size distribution of black carbon particles in liquid water,
Aerosol Science & Technology, 50, (2016)

G01-O11

Lidar Observed Seasonal Variation ofFree Tropospheric Aerosols over Ny Ålesund
T. Shibata1*, K. Shiraishi2, K. Sudo1, S. Iwasaki3, M. Shiobara4 and T. Takano5
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
2
Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Japan
3
National Defense Academy of Japan
4
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
5
Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Japan

Nonstop ground based lidar observations of aerosols and clouds are being conductedat Ny Ålesund (79°N, 12°E), Svarbard, since March 2014. We found by the observations thatthe backscattering coefficiet of aerosols (BCA) takes highest values in spring and summer(May to July) at the altitudes higher than 2 km, and that such seasonal cycle isn’t clear at thealtitudes between 0.6 and 2 km. (Fig. 1(a)) We also found that the particle depolarization
ratio (PDR) between 0.6 and 5 km takes higest values in winter and spring (January to May),and lowest values in summer and autumn (June to October). (Fig. 1(b)) These seasons for
PDR, respectively, correspond to the increasing and decresasing phases of BCA at at thealtitude higher than 2 km.
(a)/Mm sr(b)%

Figure 1. Monthly mean (a) backscattering coefficient (/Mm sr) and (b) particle depolarization ratio (%) at
532 nm observed by ground based lidar at Ny Ålesund.

G01-O12

Moistening of the Antarctic upper troposphere observed byballoonborne water vapor measurements
Y. Tomikawa1,2*, M. Kohma3, M. Takeda4 and K. Sato312National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan
3
The University of Tokyo, Japan
4
Tohoku University, JapanAn intensive balloon observation was performed at Antarctic Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E)
in July 2016 using 7 Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometers (CFH) and 24 ECC ozonesondes. It
aims at examining a fine vertical structure at the Antarctic tropopause and its relationship withthe stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE). High water vapor concentration was observedin the upper troposphere in 2 observations. Trajectory analysis and several kinds ofdiagnostics showed that the upper troposphere moistening was induced by upward transportof humid air from the lower/middle troposphere. We will discuss characteristics of dynamical
processes inducing the transport and contribution of diabatic processes in the presentation.

January 16

Breakout Session
S9
Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data: Stewardship,
Publication, and ScienceS09-O01

Metadata Management, Interoperability and Data Citation in
Polar Science
M. Kanao1*, J. Friddell 2 and A.Kadokura1
1

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and Systems, Japan
2
Polar Data Catalogue & Canadian Cryospheric Information Network, University ofWaterloo, Canada

The Polar Environmental Data Science Center (PEDSC) has a task to archive anddeliver the data obtained from polar regions by Japanese related activities. Summary
information (metadata) of all archived data are available to involved polar communities, withmore general interests by public domain. The compiled metadata describe various science
research disciplines from both long- and short-term projects in the Arctic and Antarctic, inwhich their majorities are from Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) (Kanao et al.,2014). Inside the portal server for scientific metadata (http://scidbase.nipr.ac.jp/), 380 records
have been compiled as of August 2017. A linkage of the metadata between PEDSC and thePolar Data Catalogue, Canada (https://www.polardata.ca/) was initiated since May 2014. The
Polar Data Catalogue is a database of metadata and data that describes, indexes, and provides
access to diverse data sets generated by the Arctic and Antarctic researchers (Friddell et al.
2014). The records inside the Polar Data Catalogue follow the ISO 19115 standard format inorder to provide metadata exchanges with other data centres. These records cover a wide
range of disciplines from natural sciences and policy, to health and social sciences. The
metadata in the portal server of PEDSC has been provided to the Polar Data Catalogue, byusing the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Regarding
compiled metadata for all science branches by PEDSC, moreover, a sophisticated system that
can automatically attribute the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) are equipped inside the portal
server. The DOIs can be requested to "DataCite" through a gateway interface provided by"Japan Link Center (JaLC)", as one of the Registration Agency which can provide the DOIs.
After receiving offers to obtain DOIs from the data providers/managers, quality of individual
data can be strictly evaluated by involved "data management committee", followed byattributing their DOIs for those with sufficient level of quality for opening/publishing the data
into public domain. There are several evaluation terms before assignment of the DOIs;
regarding data quality, publishing methodology, long-term maintenance strategy, and theirdata policy, etc.. In summary, the data managing and serving system combined by both thecountries could surely be contribute to advance in rapid data circulation, interoperability,
usability by a tight connection between multi-disciplinary polar sciences conducted both in
the Arctic and Antarctic research communities.

References[1] M. Kanao, M. Okada, A. Kadokura, Metadata Management at the Polar Data Center of the
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan. Data Science Journal 13 (2014)[2] J. E. Friddell, J. Michaud, W. F. Vincent, E. F. LeDrew, (2014) The Polar Data Catalogue:
Best Practices for Sharing and Archiving Canada's Polar Data. Data Science Journal 13(2014)

S09-O02

Getting Necessary Heritage Data out of Deep Freeze
Elizabeth Griffin1*
1

Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, Canada

Many, if not all, of the natural sciences have remote caches of historical data inanalogue formats that would add significantly to our understanding of the evolution of thescience in question if only the older data were readily accessible in modern electronic
formats. The changes which are brought about by such evolution often have very long timeconstants, and the data which capture and measure them can therefore span many decades,
sometimes centuries. We review very briefly the global situation regarding the status of“data at risk”, and then home in on the efforts being organized or attempted by those within
the Polar communities. This topic is very suitable for a panel discussion, and since it israther fruitless for the data seekers just to complain about what is lacking, it would be anadvantage to include a representative from the World Data Service (or other DataManagement organization) who could address the needs of this specific community from theperspective of the data provider.

S09-O03

The Canadian Consortium for Arctic Data Interoperability:
An Emerging Initiative for Canadian Arctic Data
Stewardship
Maribeth S. Murray1* and Shannon Christoffersen Vossepoel1
1

Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary

The Canadian Consortium for Arctic Data Interoperability (CCADI) is a new andgrowing initiative that seeks to advance collaboration, nationally and internationally, throughthe development of a national Canadian arctic data management system that will facilitate
information discovery, establish standards for metadata and data sharing, enableinteroperability amongst existing data infrastructures, and that will be accessible to a broad
audience of users. The consortium is currently composed of a group of Canada’s foremost
Arctic scholars and Arctic data managers at the University of Calgary (Arctic Institute ofNorth America, Department of Geomatics Engineering, InnoVis), the University of Waterloo(Canadian Cryospheric Information Network and Polar Data Catalogue), Carleton University(Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre), the University of Manitoba (Centre for Earth
Observation Science), Université Laval (Centre d'études nordiques), University of Ottawa(Faculty of Law) Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Natural Resources
Canada, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cybera Inc., Polar View, and Sensor-Up Inc. This session
will provide an overview of the CCADI, its initiatives, and its impact on the national
stewardship of Canadian Arctic data.

S09-O04

INTAROS: Integrated Arctic observation systemdevelopment under Horizon 2020
S. Sandven1* and H. Sagen1
1

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway

INTAROS is a research and innovation action under the H2020-BG-09 call in 2016 and will
run from 2016 to 2021. The main objective of INTAROS is to develop an integrated Arctic
Observation System (iAOS) by extending, improving and unifying existing systems in the
different regions of the Arctic. INTAROS has a strong multidisciplinary focus, including datafrom atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and terrestrial sciences, provided by institutions in
Europe, North America and Asia. In Japan INTAROS will establish close cooperation with
the ArCS programme, which is a major multidisciplinary project running till 2020. INTAROS
will furthermore contribute to YOPP and MOSAIC by deploying ice platforms and moorings
to increase sea ice and ocean observations from 2018 to 2020. Satellite earth observation (EO)
data plays an increasingly important role in such observing systems, because the amount of
EO data for observing the global climate and environment grows year by year. In situ
observing systems are much more limited due to logistical and technological constraints. The
sparseness of in situ data is therefore the largest gap in the overall observing system. At
present INTAROS is assessing strengths and weaknesses of selected existing observing
systems. This study is undertaken in collaboration with SAON and will be used to identify
gaps in the observjng systems from sensors to data dissemination. A long-term goal of
INTAROS is to improve the sustainability of the Arctic observing systems. This requires
more coordination, mobilization and cooperation between the existing international andnational infrastructures (in-situ and space-based observations), the modeling communities andrelevant stakeholder groups. INTAROS is also working with community-based observing
systems and collaboration between local communities and science communities. An
integrated Arctic Observation System should be designed to enable better-informed decisions
within key sectors (e.g. local communities, shipping, tourism, fishing), in order to strengthen
the societal and economic role of the Arctic region. Information about ongoing activities isfound at http://www.intaros.eu.
Acknowledgement. INTAROS receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727890.
.

S09-O05

Arctic Observations, Data and Society: using systems
science to enhance Arctic information flow
P.L. Pulsifer1*, P.A. Berkman2, Y. Kontar2, H. Savela4,5, Y. Qiu3,41

National Snow and Ice Data Center, CIRES, University of Colorado, USA
2
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy,
Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA
3
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
4Group on Earth Observations Cold Regions Initiative (GEO)
5
University of Oulu, Finland
6
IASC-SAON Arctic Data Committee
Recent environmental and social change has resulted in an increased focus on the Arctic
region by governments and the general public. Much of this interest is generated in the context
of the concept of sustainability and the global implications of a changing Arctic. Concurrently,
there is a recognition by researchers, Arctic communities and decision makers that Arctic
observations and data are not readily available in a usable form to all who need them. This
talk provides a review of Arctic data as a complex system of interrelated data resources,
technology, funding, human and machine actors and other components that can be seen as an"ecosystem".
To improve the flow of information will require more than simply making data easier todiscover and access in its raw form. New approaches to mediating or transforming data tomeet the needs of different user communities are needed and increasingly possible. Enhancing
the system will require a broad commitment to dialogue across different communities ofpractice and a recognition of the need to conceive of data and related technologies as a sociotechnical system and infrastructure that can interoperate from local to global scales. The talkconcludes with a review of existing and emerging projects and programs focused on Arctic data,
including the Arctic Data Committee sponsored by the International Arctic Science Committee
and Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks program, the Group on Earth Observations Cold
Regions Initiative, and the Pan-Arctic Options project.

S09-O06

Data Management of Arctic Project in Japan
Hironori Yabuki1,2, Takeshi Sugimura2, Takeshi Terui2
1

Research Organization of Information and systems, Joint Support-Center for Data Science
Research, Polar Environment Data Science Center (PEDSC)
2National Institute of Polar Researchrctic (NIPR)

Arctic is the region where the global warming is mostly amplificated, and theatmosphere/ ocean/ cryosphere/ land system is changing. Active promotion of Arctic
environmental research, it is large and responsible for observational data. Promotion of Arctic
research in Japan, has not been subjected to independent in their respective fields.
In the National Institute of Polar Research, perform the integration and sharing of data
across a multi-disciplinary such as atmosphere, ocean, snow and ice, land, ecosystem, model,
for the purpose of cooperation and integration across disciplines, we build a Arctic Data archive
System (ADS).
Arctic Data archive System (ADS), to promote the mutual use of the data across a multidisciplinary to collect and share data sets, such as observational data, satellite data, numericalexperiment data. Through these data sets, clarify of actual conditions and processes of climatechange on the Arctic region, and further contribute to assessment of the impact of global
warming in the Arctic environmental change, to improve the future prediction accuracy.
A new project of the Arctic research (ArCS :Arctic Challenge for Sustainability) has been
started in 2015. ArCS is a national flagship project funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology. The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and Hokkaido University areplaying the key roles in this project, and will continue to carry it out for approximately fourand-a-half years from September 2015 to March 2020. ADS is responsible for the data
management of this project.

S09-O07

Linking People with People and with the Data They Need:
Recent Activities at the Canadian Cryospheric Information
Network and Polar Data Catalogue
J. Friddell1*, P. Pulsifer2, G. Alix1, D. Church1, Y. Dong1, D. Fairbarn1, D. Friddell1, F.
Lauritzen1, and E. LeDrew1
1

Canadian Cryospheric Information Network/Polar Data Catalogue, University of Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada
2
University of Colorado Boulder, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, USA

Accelerated scientific discovery and an expanded understanding of our world are
critical if humanity is to address and overcome the environmental and social challenges wecurrently face. By improving public access to Arctic data and information, the data
management community seeks to facilitate advancements in research and knowledge so thatpeople can have the information they need to make appropriate and beneficial decisions fortheir lives and the planet. Through activities to coordinate the Canadian polar data
community, link with Arctic people and organizations, understand user needs, and improve
our technical infrastructure, the Canadian Cryospheric Information Network and Polar Data
Catalogue (CCIN/PDC) has been striving to improve and facilitate access to the data in ourrepository.
CCIN/PDC archive and serve online thousands of descriptive metadata records andmillions of data files related to scientific research and monitoring in northern Canada,
Antarctic, and other pan-Arctic locations. The data and information in our repository covernatural, social, and health sciences as well as economics, policy, and other fields. In recent
years, CCIN/PDC have been engaged in a variety of projects and activities to understand what
users need and to make the data in our archive more visible and publicly accessible. In 2015
and 2017, we hosted two Canadian Polar Data Workshops to coordinate the polar data
community in Canada, develop a governance structure to facilitate our collaboration, andproduce a community position paper to use in advocacy for policy and funding support to data
management efforts in Canada. People are enthusiastic to work together and be inclusive of
all stakeholders and rights holders in the coordination exercise, but lack of time and capacity
have slowed progress, thus we are seeking options for alternate methods to support this effort.
In 2016, we conducted a survey of polar data producers and users to understand theirneeds for snow and ice data. Among the recommendations were expansion of the contentsof the archive; improved web interfaces and access, display, and coverage of the data on oursites; and additional outreach to improve visibility of our collections and tools. On thetechnical side, we have made many improvements to our software infrastructure, starting withcomplete redesigns of both the PDC Data/Metadata Input (https://www.polardata.ca/pdcinput/,released late 2016 with new French functionality) and the PDC Geospatial Search
applications to address user requests for interface and functional enhancements. Other
recent improvements include conversion of our database to a new structure, membership in
the World Data System, and approval as Canada’s National Antarctic Data Centre.
We thank our many partners and collaborators for their involvement and contributions
which make these activities and efforts possible.

S09-O08

National ground segment for Sentinel data in Norway
Ø. Godøy1*, T. Halsne, L. Ferrighi, B. Saadatnejad, N. Budewitz, L.A. Breivik
1Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway

The European Space Agency has developed a new series of satellites which are
dedicated to specific missions. This is the Sentinels and they are focusing on the operational
needs of the Copernicus programme. A number of satellites have been planned and some havebeen launched, producing data which can be used for both operational and scientific purposes.
The Norwegian Meteorological Institute is, on behalf of the Norwegian Space Centre,
developing and implementing the National Ground Segment (NBS) for satellite data. This isinitially focusing on easy access to Sentinel data for scientific and operational users. Thissystem is fed by ESA’s Collaborative Ground Segment.
NBS is targeting non-expert users as well as expert satellite users. Following thisrequirement, the NBS setup is designed using lessons learned in data management efforts likethe International Polar Year as well as a number of national e-infrastructure projects
supported by the Research Council of Norway (including e.g. the Norwegian Scientific Data
Network, Norwegian Marine Data Centre and the Norwegian Satellite Earth Observation
Database for Marine and Polar Research). This implies that the system is a metadata
driven system following the same approach as WMO Information System and INSPIRE, butemphasising the need for semantic translations and dynamic transformation of datasets uponuser request. The intention is to be able to integrate these data (and the system) with otherdata.
The system developed is based on a service oriented architecture where backend
services for metadata and data access, visualisation and transformations of data etc are
combined through a human interface based on the content management system Drupal.
Transformation functionality implemented so far includes reprojection and subsetting of datausing web services either integrated in the human frontend (implemented using Drupal) or
used directly. Metadata indexing is done using SolR and data are served through the Open
Data Protocol or THREDDS Data Servers. The latter allowing aggregation across physicalfiles and accessing the data as data streams (read what you need of a dataset). The underlying
design also supports a distributed system where datasets may be served by different physicaldata centres. Processing of products is done in a HPC environment relying on a Lustre filesystem, while user services are operated on virtual computers running in a OpenStackenvironment.
The first version of the system has focused on transformation of data from the native
SAFE format to NetCDF. The NetCDF version is pretty close to the Climate and Forecast
convention. In the process of transforming data from SAFE to NetCDF, a lossless
preprocessing of data is done ensuring that all bands have the same spatial resolution using anearest neighbour approach. A user that want data in the original resolution in each band may
subset data to find the original data. The intention was to perform this transformation on thefly, but so far it has proven too CPU consuming. Thus both SAFE and NetCDF is served
currently. Aggregation of products has not been implemented yet, but will be tested for
Sentinel-2 data soon. For these data both spatial and temporal aggregation will be evaluated.
The spatial aggregation will allow users to access data spanning parts of multiple tiles, while
temporal aggregation will allow users to access time series for tiles.

S09-O09

Arctic Territory – geological data and modeling
A.I. Rybkina1,2*, A. Reissell2,3, P. Kabat2,4, A. Gvishiani1
1Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GC RAS), Russia
2International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
3
University of Helsinki, Finland
4
Wageningen University and Research Centre, Netherlands

The emerging project “Arctic Territory – geological data and modeling” aims toprovide a comprehensive, multidimensional and interdisciplinary overview of the unique
Arctic territory in the geological, economic and political prospective with the special focus on
the existing submissions to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental
Shelf (CLCS) on territory beyond 200 nautical miles from the Arctic Coastal States. The firststep is a synthesis of the various aspects of Arctic data, based on the open resources and theexecutive summaries to CLCS from the Arctic Coastal States.
The history of the deep Arctic ocean and its origin is not well known, and a unified
geological model of the Arctic is missing mainly due to lack of data. The geological history
and current situation remain unresolved, and discussions among scientific and politicalcommunities since the beginning of the 20th century are continuing. A systems approach andanalytical synthesis of data, including data verification and mining, is needed. Theintercomparison of existing geological models of the Arctic territory within a non-political,
inclusive and collaborative scientific framework would provide a significant contribution
towards sustainable development of the Arctic region. The initial synthesis of existing
theories, identification of unified data and intercomparison of models can contribute toestablishing scientific dialogue beyond disputes and disagreements.

January 16

Breakout Session
S10
Sustainable Development in the Russian Arctic:
Perspectives from Economic, Environmental and Policy Studies

S10-O01

Is their resource curse in the Russian peripheral Arctic regions?
Daria Gritsenko, Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki
Elena Efimova, St. Petersburg State University

Regional development impacts of extractive industries have gained attention in the Arctic context. Yet, thecontemporary resource curse debate that examines the linkages between resource extraction and socioeconomic development is largely focusing at the national level. This paper contributes to study of resourcebased regional development by exploring how the four main interpretations of resource curse ('Dutch
disease'; (negative) correlation with economic growth; 'staples trap'; and political rent-seeking) can beunderstood at the level of an extractive region. We focus on seven Arctic peripheral regions: Murmansk
Oblast’, Nenetskiy AO, Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenetskiy AO, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), andChukotskiy AO. We find no evidence of systematic negative association between economic growth and theadded value of production in extractive industries. In addition, we examine the relationship between a range
of indicators of socio-economic development and resource extraction in these seven regions. We conclude
that the regions vary in the patterns of their socio-economic development, yet, we cannot attribute thedifferences to extractive industries alone.

S10-O02

Contested Russian Arctic:
Paradoxes of path-dependency and nation-building
V-P. Tynkkynen1*
1Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland

My paper looks at Russia’s practices and discourses concerning its Arctic futures.
Different strategies defined by Russia and discourses promoted by (para)statal actors andinstitutions envisage that the Arctic would be turned into an energy powerhouse of the nation,
as well as a transport corridor, under Russian control, linking Europe with Asia. These
ambitions are scrutinized from three different disciplinary traditions: political economy, politics
of identity and culture, and political ecology. With the help of different disciplinary approaches,
accompanied with a spatial view looking at the immanent paradoxes of Russia’s Arctic visions
and practices on different scales (local, national, global), I am able to draw a more nuanced
picture of the factors influencing Russia’s nation-building efforts via the Arctic, and how
historical path-dependencies are linked to these paradoxes. The global “Arctic Paradox”, which
describes the situation when the changing climate enables the exploitation of new Arctic energy
resources and thereby further intensifies climate change, seems to be ignored as the world fixes
an intense gaze on the Arctic mineral riches (Gritsenko 2017). The Russian ‘Arctic paradox’ isof less profound nature than the the global Arctic paradox, as this national paradox is linked to
the fluctuating global price of oil and potentially changing ideas about Russia as a Great Power.
The Russian Arctic paradox is caused by the need for Russia to be visibly present in the Arctic
and along the Northern Sea Route in order to enhance its Great Power status, as well as the factthat Russia has become economically, politically and even culturally chronically dependent onhydrocarbons (Tynkkynen 2016). These factors push the Russian state to promote and financenon-viable oil projects in the Arctic and to do all in its power to influence the price of oil via its
energy diplomacy and foreign policy in the global arena in order to make Arctic oil projects
profitable and increase budget revenues. At the grass-roots level we see the local Arctic
paradox: Hydrocarbon-based workers’ towns are well maintained and even indigenous
communities are ‘subsidised’, i.e. compensated for the economic losses produced by theindustries, but the long-term economic and sociocultural strategies that reach beyond the timeframe of hydrocarbon industries are missing (e.g. Henry et al. 2016). This local Arctic paradox
mirrors the general paradox facing Russian society – how to prosper after oil?
References[1] Tynkkynen, V-P. Introduction: Contested Russian Arctic. In Tynkkynen, V-P. et al. (eds.)
Russia’s Far North: The Contested Energy Frontier. Routledge. (forthcoming 2018)[2] Gritsenko, Daria (forthcoming 2017). Arctic energy: Resource colonialism revisited, in
Kuzemko, C, A. Goldthau & M. Keating (eds.) Handbook of International Political Economy
of Energy and Natural Resources. Edward Elgar.
[3] Tynkkynen, V-P. (2016a). Energy as Power—Gazprom, Gas Infrastructure, and GeoGovernmentality in Putin’s Russia, Slavic Review, 75, 2: 374-395.
[4] Henry, L., Nysten-Haarala, S., Tulaeva, S. & Tysiachniouk, M. (2016). Corporate Social
Responsibility and the Oil Industry in the Russian Arctic: Global Norms and NeoPaternalism, Europe-Asia Studies, 68: 8, 1340-1368.

S10-O03

Participatory Rights - Interplay of Legislation and CSR in
RussiaSoili Nystén-Haarala1,* Minna Pappila2 and Anssi Kärki3
1

University of Lapland, Faculty of Law, Finland
2
University of Turku, Faculty of Law, Finland
3
University of Lapland, Faculty of Law, FinlandThis paper focuses on the role of participatory rights in both Russian legislation andCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR is usually defined as environmental, social andeconomic responsibility, which goes further than requirements in legislation. Because of global
markets, there is nowadays a growing impact of international soft law standards such as ISO
standards, GRI, Global Compact, Ruggie Principles even on Russian oil companies. In Russia
participatory rights are weak in legislation, since companies have lobbied to diminish them.
However, international standards have elements of participation, especially when it comes toindigenous people. NGOs and international investment banks require international standards tobe applied and many Russian oil companies actually report applying them in their annual
reports. This paper focuses on the interplay of legislation and self-regulation of oil companies
in the light of three cases: oil companies in Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous Okrug and
Sahalin.
Based on our empirical research we claim that even in circumstances of limited democracy
direct communication with companies operating in the area seems to be important for the local
people. People want to be heard. CSR plays an important role in oil drilling areas. Based on
Russian tradition CSR substitutes lacking or either too ambiguous or too declaratory
legislation. We also claim that there is development towards strengthening of formal
institutions such as law. When legislation is developed to be clearer and less ambiguous, it ismore easily resorted to. Law can empower people, but law can also be used as a weapon tosilence criticism towards the political and economic elite.
	  S10-O04!
Russian Arctic: Indigenous Communities and Extractive
Industries!

Liubov Suliandziga
Kyushu University, Japan!

The Russian Arctic is a home to numerous indigenous nations totalling about 200.000 people.
Yet, despite extensive and vast literature on Arctic studies, it is often limited to the Canadian,
European and the US perspectives. In this context, the paper sheds the light on Russianindigenous communities who have been left aside from the critical revision of how therecognition of their rights is understood in country’s realities.
Over the past decades the position of the Russian Arctic, due to its enormous resources
shifted from a peripheral region to the region of geopolitical significance and has beenannounced a territory of big and courageous projects. As a result, Arctic resources are of vital
importance to the country's energy security and are the driving force of the Russian economy.
Under those circumstances, Russian indigenous people who live on territories rich in natural
resources, are among the first to face the negative impacts of extractive industries. They areforced to leave their lands and move to the cities where they are subsequently assimilated.
Indigenous territories remain polluted and traditional way of life is under threat.
On the other hand, in recent decades many Arctic states have shifted their management
strategies in partnership with indigenous communities and perform advanced indigenous
policy. As a result, the region has become a unique place where indigenous peoples areengaged in decision-making process together with nation-states. Indeed, Russia appears to be
more willing to engage multilaterally in the Arctic than in other regions which raises aquestion whether the framing the Arctic as a zone of negotiation and cooperation has led tosignificant impacts on indigenous policy.
The aim of the paper is to analyse the relations between Russian indigenous groups andextractive industries in the Arctic and examine their role in decision-making process
affecting traditional livelihood as passive observers, facilitators or triggers of change. Fromthat perspective, the Arctic can be conceived as a potential laboratory for international
collaboration and the site for meaningful engagement between the Russian government andArctic indigenous peoples. On top of that, examination of Russia’s multicultural possibilities
can be conceived as a clue for the development of modern Russian indigenous studies.
With this in mind, multiple case studies and preliminary results are presented and analysed in
the paper. Selection of case studies was based on different facets such as administrative
status, economy of the region, competing interests, presence of foreign/international
companies in the region and, status of indigenous communities.

January 16

Breakout Session
S12
Greenlandic Reflections of Global Concerns:
Ecological, Social and Political Perspectives on the FutureS12-O01

Env
vironmeental chhange aand its impact ono hum
man sociiety
in Qaannaaq, noorthwesstern GrreenlanddS. Sugiyyama1,2*, Y. Fukamachhi1,2 and ArC
CS Greenlan
nd Project mmembers1

Instiitute of Low
w Temperatuure Science, Hokkaido University,
U
JJapan2
Arctic Reesearch Cennter, Hokkaido Universsity, JapanU
Under the fraameworks ofo the GREN
NE and ArC
CS Arctic reesearch proj
ojects, we haave been
studyingg changes in glaciers, ocean aand climatee in the Qaanaaq
Qregegion, northhwestern
Greenlaand. Our stuudy shows rapidlyrchannging naturral environm
ments of thee Greenland
d's coast,and posses possible impacts off such changges on inhaabitants in th
he region. FFor examplee, a roadconnectting Qaanaaaq Village anda Airport was destroy
yed in July 2015 and A
August 2016
6, whichwere duue to floodss of meltwaater streamss from Qaaanaaq Ice Cap
C (Figure 1). Possiblly, flood
occurs m
more frequeently in recent years b ecause of in
ncreasing amount of icce cap melttwater aswell as growing numbernof heavyhrain events. An
nother exam
mple is an influence ofo oceanenvironnmental channge on fisheery. Habitatt of fish is thhought to be changing under the innfluenceof oceann warming asa well as inncrease in fr
freshwater anda sedimen
nt dischargee from glaciers.
Inn this contriibution, wee present reccent changees in coastaal environme
ment in northhwestern
Greenlaand and proopose possib
ble impact oof environm
mental change on humaan society. We also
introducce workshoop held in Qaanaaq
Q
Villlage in 2016 and 2017 (Figure 22). The evennts wereorganizeed to share our study results withh local resid
dents, and learnlsocial and enviro
onmentalchangess from locall knowledgee. The goal of our activ
vity is to pro
ovide the inndigenous peoplepof
Qaanaaqq with usefful informattion for theiir better future. Accuraate data andd knowledge should
help theem to adjustt their life too the changiing environ
nment.

Figuure 1. The rooad destroy
yed by the fllood
of an outlet strream of Qaanaaq Ice C
Cap.
Phhotograph taaken on 3 August, 20166.

Fig
gure 2. Workkshop held at Qaanaaq
q Villageonn 23 July, 2017. Particiipants discu
uss
sttudy results of the projeect.

S12-O02

Intercorporeality at the Kayak Competition: Traditional
Practices and the Sense of Future in Greenland
M. Walls
Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
Greenland is a place where the effects of global warming are immediate in their impact
on communities. However, from an archaeological perspective, living with environmental
impermanence has been a critical feature of the development of Inuit communities throughtime. In this paper, I consider the importance of traditional practices in mediating how Inuit
communities perceive their environment and act together creatively over the long term. My
discussion draws on ethnoarchaeological work with a community who build traditional kayaks
and have, over the last 30 years, adapted kayak hunting skills in to a national sports competition.
Although kayaking is no longer a primary means of subsistence, contemporary popularity ofthe practice is about more than nostalgia. Traditional kayaking involves many years of careful
training to develop the requisite fitness and sensorimotor ability. By kayaking, participants
attune themselves to subtleties of the Greenlandic environment that would not be apparent
through any other perspective. In this context the community finds meaning in the persistenceof the skill because it is an important mechanism of intergenerational experience, and because
the physicality of the skill cultivates forms of cultural and environmental knowledge that can
only exist through practice. The embodied dispositions and shared subjectivity generated
through traditional practices such as kayaking aligns the construction of shared understandingsof the future between individuals. As a heritage practice, traditional kayaking in modern
Greenland contributes to defining Inuit concepts of modernity that adapt experiences andknowledge developed through generations of hunting live to the present and future.

S12-O03

Intentions about economic developmentby the Government of Greenland
in a climate change frame
K.G. Hansen*
Ministry of Finance, Government of Greenland, Greenland
Greenland is still a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. Since 1979 Greenland has had
home rule and in 2009 extended home rule was introduced. Since the beginning of home rule
Greenland has had full authority of its public economy in areas taken over by the home rule.
Greenland receives an annual block grant from the Danish state at around 3 billion
Danish kroners. There is a political consensus about aiming at becoming economically more
independent from Denmark. It is acknowledged that only though a higher degree of
economical independency Greenland can strive towards more political independency.
The government wishes to base the public economy on incomes from utilizing
renewable and non-renewable resources. The political intension is to have the economy basedon fisheries, mineral extraction and tourism. So far it is mainly fisheries that contribute to the
public economy. At the same there is a strong political focus on ensuring a balanced
development between the regions in Greenland.
The paper will discuss and analyze the continuity and changes in the priorities during
the last decade of shifting governments. One of the aspects to be covered is to what extent andhow climate change has been taken into account in the intentions about economic
development by the Government of Greenland.

S12-O04

Climate Change and Transformations in the Security
Environment
M. Takahashi1*
1

Hokkaido University, Japan / Aalborg University, Denmark

The goal of this presentation is to consider the correlation between climate change andthe changes in the security environment by taking the inclusion of the US air base in Thule,Greenland in the US missile defense shield in the 2000s as a study case.
On 17 December 2002 Denmark received an official request from Washington D.C. toapprove the upgrade of the Thule air base in the Danish territory of Greenland to a missile
defense outpost. Denmark opted to postpone the decision on the incorporation of the base in
the US missile defense shield, while Greenland, which was directly affected, expressed strong
opposition to the inclusion of its territory into the missile defense area. However, later, on 6
August 2004 Greenland signed a comprehensive military agreement called the Igaliku
Agreement. By doing so it accepted, to a certain extent, the incorporation of the Thule base into
the US missile defense plans. Preceding the Igaliku Agreement, on 14 May 2003 Greenlandacquired the right to have a say in matters of own security and defense (Itilleq declaration), andwas thus able to act as an autonomous entity and stand shoulder to shoulder with Denmark as
one of the signatories of the agreement. The reason Greenland consented to the Igaliku
Agreement is that, thanks to the 2003 Itilleq Declaration, it was able to have its views reflectedin the agreement.
This presentation seeks to empirically trace the process leading up to Greenland’s consent
by relying on parliamentary minutes. Our interest lies especially in the process in which
Greenland, as a sub-state actor, strengthened its de jure involvement in the field of security
through debates on the missile deployment in the 2000s, with recent changes in the naturalenvironment, i.e., the climate change as a prerequisite. Such involvement of sub-state actors inaffairs that are usually exclusive prerogatives of the state may be a latent factor affecting change
in the security conditions in the Arctic region.

January 16

Breakout Session
S14
Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost and Human
Societies

S14-O01

Melioration in the Permafrost Environment:
History and Modernity
S. I. Boyakova
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
The climate of Central Yakutia is featured by its sharp continentality, with large
annual temperature fluctuations and a relatively small amount of precipitation. The
climatology data gives the average annual quantity of the latter of only 200 to 250 mm, which
gives grounds to relate the region to the steppe and semi-desert zones. Most affected by thearid climate are the so-called river uluses (districts) of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia):
Amghinsky, Megino-Kangalassky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky and Churapchinsky, the area ofthe traditional settlement of the Yakut people and the development of the agriculture of the
Republic.
The Sakha-Yakuts, having managed to adapt to the extreme natural and climate
conditions of the North and to build up an effectively productive cattle-breeding, developed
their own system of land and water exploitation in the permafrost environment. They have
performed the firth irrigation of alas and small-valley meadows, drainage of excessively moist
land through the removal of surface waters and artificial drainage (discharge) of thermokarst
lakes to form lasting and sustainable meadow lands on their dried bottoms. The procedures
were especially active in the 19th century, with the growing aggravation of the land issue in
Yakutia. Then, by the orders of the Siberian and Yakutian governors, active work was carriedout to drain the lakes, to increase forage lands. Some ulus heads also built on the initiative.
When the collectivization began in the 1930s, a number of attempts were made to
conduct the first irrigation in the district. However, the implementation of the 1939-1941
plans to move the Amga River waters into the Tatta River to water nearby areas, was stopped
by the Second World War. Unable to cope with the consequences of the worst drought of
1941-1942, the republican leadership decided to move the residents of the most affected
Churapcha district to the North. However, made without proper preparation, by purely
administrative methods, the resettlement has resulted in thousands of victims, and has
become, since then, an unhealed suffering in the historical memory of the Churapcha people.
Now, the population of the Churapchinsky ulus is still in great need of proper watersupplies. According to experts’ opinion, the actual level of water consumption here is ten or
more times lower than in other uluses (districts) of the Republic. Since the 1960s, the plannedsystematic melioration, mainly irrigation, have been done in the area. On June 16, 1992, thePresident of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) issued a decree on the construction of water
conduits to supply water to the district. The first main water line from the Lena River to theMyuryu Lake was completed in September 1996. In September 2001, the Lena River - Tuora
Kyuel’Lake - Taatta River water line was put into operation. The total length of the both main
water lines is 223 km. According to the project, the volume of water pumping every summer
through the Lena River - Tuora Kyuel’Lake water line, where we made our field research in
2016–2017, shall be 20 million m3. However, these water lines have not yet reached their full
capacity.
The further comprehensive and objective analysis of the reasons for the insufficientwater supply is needed to advance the ulus melioration programs.

S14-O02

Thermokarst activating in the recent decades
in central Yakutia, Russia
Y. Iijima1*, H. Saito2, N. Basharin3 and A.N. Fedorov3
1

Mie University, Japan
Kanto-Gakuin University, Japan
3
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS, Russia
2

The central Lena River basin (central Yakutia: CY) in eastern Siberia is facing
extensive landscape changes with thermokarst formation in conjunction with deepening
acitive layer of continuous ice-rich permafrost. Water body within the thermokarst depression
has monotoniously developed in more than 70 years and particularly active in the last 25-30
years [1]. Dealing with predicted increase in precipitations and temperatures due to climatechange requires quantitative knowledge about the spatial distribution of thermokarst and thesedevelopments for sustainable land use by local residents [2]. The present study conducted
field observations to detect thermokarst developments using small unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) and structure-from-motion multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry inabandoned farm lands (~6 ha) in Churapcha in CY. We obtained ortho-rectified photographsand digital surface models with spatial resolutions with 0.05 m and 0.10 m, respectively.
Based on the GIS analyses of the photogrammetry images, more than 600 high-center
polygons were developed after 1990s with averaged diameters and areas 8.2 m and 45.1 m2,
respectively. These high-definition data showed the detailed thermokarst development tocompare with land use history in this region.

Figure 1. Distribution of high-centered Polygon in abandoned agricultural field, Churapcha
References[1] M. Urlich, H. Matthes, L. Schirrmeister, J. Schütze, H. Park, Y. Iijima, A.N. Fedorov,
Differences in behavior and distribution of permafrost-related lakes in Central Yakutia andtheir response to climatic drivers, Water Resource Research 53, 1167–1188 (2017)[2] S. Crate, M. Ulrich, J. O. Habeck, A. R. Desyatkin, R. V. Desyatkin, A. N. Fedorov, T.
Hiyama, Y. Iijima, S. Ksenofontov, C. Mészáros, H. Takakura, Permafrost livelihoods: A
transdisciplinary review and analysis of thermokarst-based systems of indigenous land use.
Anthropocene, in online (2017)

S14-O03

Interaction of social and natural factors in economic
activities of contemporary Sakha farmers
M. Goto1*, S. Boyakova2
1

2

Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Siberian Branch, Russia

In this presentation, social arrangement of farm management in the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia) is investigated comparing two cases in different areas in Sakha. One is on the rightbank of the Lena in Churapcha ulus, under which is spread thick permafrost layer, and whereis suffering from conspicuous thermokarst depression in recent years. The other one is on
another side of the Lena, Gornyi ulus, which is lack of permafrost layer and of little
thermokarst depression. Comparing the cases of these two areas, we will investigate how thenatural and social factors influence the economic activities of farm management of Sakha
farmers.
In a few years after the Soviet Union fell, the former state-operated farms as Sovkhoz
were dissolved in Sakha. The farm management was brought from under the state control tothe sphere of personal tactics. At present, there are two types of farm management. One is thefarmers’ management, masters of which should register the management to the government,
and get the right to receive not only social securities as pension, but also some privileges as
subsidies and grants-in-aid, as well as some obligations as audit and payment of taxes. The
other type of farm management is the individual household management. The operators of
this type can evade the obligations, but in exchange for it, they have to manage without any
governmental support. And, which type of farm management to choose is left to thejudgement of each person.
Meanwhile, there are some in-between organizations as consumers’ cooperative
societies and farmers’ associations. Each individual farmer has some relations with thesein-between organizations. Thus, it is only simplistic to point a transition from socialisticplanned economy to capitalistic market economy. Even after the agents of farm management
were transferred from state to individuals, each factor of state and individual, organization andmarket are entangled with each other intricately, and the constellations of each factor are everchanging. Social arrangement of farm management is different in one place from another, thus
it should be grasped taking both cultural and natural factors into consideration.

S14-O04

Social Consequences of Changing Permafrost in Yakutia:
Gendered Challenges in Churapchinsky region
S. Grigorev1*, l.Vinokurova1
1

The Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian Branchof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation

This paper presents some results of scientific survey on gender aspects of permafrostchanges consequences in Yakutia. Social challenges of regional climatic changes are
attracting growing attention [1,2]. On the basis of field materials perception and behavior
patterns of rural population during the deformation of habitual habitat had observed. The
object of the study is the population of the Churapchinsky region. This region is one of theleading agricultural areas in Yakutia, where the traditional farming is conducting. The
economic way of life engaged mainly in horse breeding and cattle breeding, presuppose
various models of the life path for rural men and women. Here the Sakha are the ethnic
majority, this fact and the preservation of local patriarchal traditions create interesting
adaptation model for permafrost' changes.
In Churapchinsky region the ratio of the sexes in the population structure is quitefavorable: 49% of men and 51% of women. And we noted that despite the priority of "maleprofessions" (horse breeders and pastoralists) in the local economy, the social roles of women
have wide varieties. Social roles that women perform in small rural settlements largely ensure
their social stability and contribute to their further development. In the conditions of climatechange and permafrost degradation in Central Yakutia, the reaction and experience of further
adaptation of rural residents can be interesting for anthropologists. Studies revealing thegendered functions that men and women perform in small rural communities of
Churapchinsky region of Yakutia will allow us to more consider the entire range of social
challenges faced by the indigenous population of the Arctic.
References
1. L. Vinokurova, Gendered Consequences of Climate Change in Rural Yakutia// Northern
Sustainabilities: Understanding and Addressing Change in the Circumpolar World. Chapter 9.
Springer Polar Sciences. 2016. Pp. 109-121.
2. Filippova V. Leave or stay: settlement of ancestors under natural disasters in Yakutia // Book of
Abstracts of The Fourth International Symposium on the Arctic Research (ISAR-4), Arctic Science
Summit Week (ASSW) 2015. April 27-30 2015, Toyama International Center, Toyama, Japan. P. 308.

S14-O05

Permafrost and Poverty: the Social Effectsof Climate Change in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
V.Ignatyeva1
1

The Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North,
Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation

In this paper I discuss the topic of climatically conditioned changes in the environment
which significantly worsen conditions and quality of life in rural communities of the Republicof Sakha, including 65.3% of the Yakuts who live in rural settlements.
Data from field research in Central Yakutia (2016) confirm that most sensitive toclimate change are rural landscapes which are currently experiencing double pressure,anthropogenic and natural. Anthropogenic changes in the environment are associated with thepolicy of forced sedentarization in the 1930s. "Poselkovanie" (literally "putting insettlements") had as its goal to break the system of dispersed settlement of the Yakuts which
was determined by the location of alaases - meadow lands with a source of drinking water.
"Alaas" is a natural biotope typical for the plains of Yakutia, the basis for traditional economy- settled cattle breeding and pastoral horse breeding. In the first Yakut villages theconstruction of residential houses, collective farm offices, schools, hospitals, clubs andlivestock farms began. Along with the policy of consolidating collective farms and theirtransformation into state farms, concentration of people and animals, of machinery andtransport and diversification of agricultural production continued. Their consequences
gradually became apparent: these are reduction of forest area, decrease in the productivity of
meadows, deterioration in the state of water bodies, depletion of soil, a growing number ofhousehold waste dumps, etc.
At the present time, natural and climatic changes are added to the anthropogenic
changes in rural landscapes, in connection with which the rural area of Yakutia is increasingly
perceived as an unsafe environment for human life. This thesis is considered on the exampleof the village of Churapcha, the administrative center of the Churapchinskiy ulus with atypical agrarian economy and monoethnic population (97% – Sakha). Deep interviews with
key informants (young villagers) make it possible to assert that permafrost melting contributes
to the impoverishment of people and gradually leads to "climatic poverty" of the mostvulnerable groups of the local population. It should be noted that intra-district migration,
which increased after the collapse of state farms in the 1990s, led to a significant
overpopulation in the village of Churapcha. Today, 46.4% of the population of this district
live here, therefore the previous scheme of the resettlement of villagers is changing. Shortageof available land for the construction of residential buildings is filled at the expense of former
state farm arables and the airport site which are not suitable for construction as it is precisely
on such plots (deforestation, plowing and land reclamation) that the greatest subsidence of thesoil occurs and consequently there is a high risk of damage to residential buildings. As a rule,such plots are allocated to young families who are forced to pay mortgage to the bank andalmost annually incur burdensome financial and material costs for the purchase, delivery andbackfilling of sand, clay and soil to strengthen the foundation of their homes. As a result,poverty is mainly localized in young families with a high proportion of children and minimal
incomes, which also negatively affects their health and life. The inequality of rural
households provoked by the instability of modern cryogenic processes requires attention fromthe state and society.

January 16

Breakout Session
G9
Social and Cultural Dimensions

G09-O01

Not-Quiteness of the Horse for the Tyva Herders
V. Peemot1*
1University of Helsinki, Finland

The concept of not-quiteness reflects a multiplicity of meanings of the horse for Tyva
herders, for whom the not-quiteness of the horse is explained by its simultaneous closeness to
the wilderness and humans [1]. According to herders, the not-quite-livestock position
distinguishes horses from other livestock. Horses are ‘livestock of the land’ in contrary to thecows, sheep and goats that are considered to be ‘livestock of the encampment.’ This position
gives horses—alongside with reindeers and yaks—the autonomy which is uncharacteristic forother types of livestock. Because of the horses’ proximity to humans, Tyva herders take on
individual relationships with horses in ways they do not with other animals; the herders
understand horses to share in an ethical and moral world with humans. A complexity of
distinguishing features defines interspecies relationships, including circumstances of thehorse’s life and death.

Figure 1. Tyva and Kazakh families conduct a ritual of the first milking of mares insummer in Western Mongolia.
References[1] V.S. Peemot, We eat whom we love: hippophagy among Tyvan herders, Inner Asia 19(2017)

G09-O02

Knowing Salmon: An Ethnography of Knowledge
Co-production in Alaska
S. Kondo1*
1

Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University,

Decline of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) since around 2010 has been aserious biocultural issue in rural part of Alaska where wild fish, birds and animals areimportant food sources. Among many harvested species, salmon is considered as one of themost valued one. It plays a crucial role not only in Native Alaskan groups whose traditional
territories include the Pacific drainage areas, but also generally in indigenous societies ofNorth Pacific Rim region. Salmon is what anthropologists Benedict Columbi and James
Brooks call cultural keystone species [1]. Recognizing the urgency and significance of theissue, local indigenous groups such as Athbascan and Yup’ik peoples have worked with Statenatural resource managers to find ways to co-manage the salmon, while they have also
protested against what they would consider as an unnecessary and unjustifiable non-Native
encroachment in the form of subsistence fishing regulations.
Following the ongoing discussions on the relationship between indigenous andscientific knowledge practices [2], this paper deals with the (in)commensurability ofknowledge systems as well as the politics of knowledge in the encounter of multiple groups
through analyzing the example of salmon management efforts along the Kuskokwim River.
My research questions are: (a) What happens when co-management regimes involve multiple
indigenous groups that may or may not agree with each other? (b) How are social scientists
implicated in such processes of co-management? (c) What are the responsibility and possible
contribution by social scientists to environmental issues such as the decline of Chinook
Salmon in Alaska?
References[1] B. J. Columbi and James F. Brooks, Keystone Nations: Indigeous Peoples and Salmon
across the North Pacific. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press.
[2] P. Nadasdy, Hunters and Bureaucrats: Power, Knowledge, and Aboriginal-State Relationsin the Southwest Yukon, Vancouver and Tronto: UBC Press (2003).

G09-O03

Why do Khanty Choose to Wear Fur?
: Fur-Wearing Culture and Use of Wild/DomesticatedAnimals
Y. OISHI*JSPS Research Fellow, Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
This paper examines the reasons why the Northern Khanty, who live in the Taiga area ofWestern Siberia, choose to wear fur. Today, there are various alternatives to fur, with warm
clothes made of synthetic materials available that are suitable for even the coldest climates,
including Northern Siberia. Although many Northern peoples of Siberia choose clothes
manufactured from synthetic materials over fur, indigenous groups, especially those that inhabit
Western Siberia favor fur in everyday life in winter. Although there have been many
ethnographical studies of fur clothes worn by the Khanty, these studies have focused on
ornamentation of the clothes or sewing techniques used in making the clothes. The underlying
reasons why people peal the pelt from animals and use the fur in garments have not been
discussed. This paper focuses on cultural reasons for the wearing of fur by the Khanty. It
considers differences in attitudes to various living animals and the furs obtained from hunting
or breeding and what this means in their life-world. Anthropological fieldwork was conductedin the Khanty-Mansi autonomous region from 2011 to 2012 and in the Yamal-Nenets
autonomous region in March and September 2016 to shed light on human–animal relationships,
including fur dressing and attitudes to animals. First, the study situates fur use within a
subsistence complex and gender division of work. Second, it discusses the aesthetics of reindeer
fur and discuss the attitudes of individuals to particular types of reindeer fur. Third, it considers
similarities and differences attributed to the values toward particular sacred animals and theirfurs. The study revealed three major reasons why the Northern Khanty people choose to wear
fur, which are not only for the function of protection against cold. First, making and wearing of
fur clothes are habits that are embedded in the Khanty’s subsistence complex, gender divisionof work, and local exchange of furs. Second, they find aesthetic pleasure in the strong contrast
afforded by the color (black and white) of the fur Third, they believe that the animal remains
sacred, even after it has been killed and used for its fur. The contradiction of wearing fur froma sacred beast is overcome by not utilizing fur from only specific parts of the animal [1].

References[1] Y. Oishi, Pealing the pelt of animals and covering the body with fur: the aesthetics andsacredness of fur wearing in Northern Khanty, Contact Zone 9 (in press).

G09-O04

Sound relationship between wildlife and local people- a case study of wild reindeer conservation in East SiberiaS. Tatsuzawa1, 3*, I. Okhlopkov 2, E. Nikolaev3, R. Kirillin2, E. Kirillin2, M. Nicholai2
and N. Solomonov 2, 3
1

Graduate School of Letters/Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB RAS, Russia
3
North-Eastern Federal University, Russia

In the Arctic region of East Siberia, rapid changes in avian and mammalian faunas haveoccurred in the past 30 years. Under the global warming condition, many southern
species have gone up to the Arctic Circle and new prey-predator relationships haveappeared. In addition, habitat selections of migratory or wandering species such as reindeer
and polar bears have been destabilised, therefore serious conflicts in indigenous peoples havealso increased. Under such circumstances, we began satellite tracking of wild reindeer, andnow try to make an adaptive wildlife reserve system with indigenous people.
Yearly procedure is as below; 1. Monitoring wild reindeer by satellite tracking. 2.
Tracking data are shared by scientists, representatives of indigenous peoples, hunters, local
managers and local government(s).3. Collecting observation data from local indigenous
peoples settlements and hunters. 4. Confirmation of wintering range and birthing range. 5.
Decision making for reserve range and surrounding hunting range. 6. Summing up of hunting
data and evaluation of the system by using of tracking data. Result and Discussion For
monitoring, about 30 wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were tracked (Argos/Argos,
GPS/Argos) in Olenek district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They migrated in otherways every year, so we defined their birthing grounds and wintering grounds every
year.
Our results are as follows; 1) Habitat use: Tracked wild reindeer used only vegetation
types with reindeer lichen. 2) Migration and Wintering ranges: All collared reindeer used
middle Olenek river area as their summer range, and two contrastive areas as wintering
ranges. This means that two sub-populations; a northbound migration group (NMG) and asouthbound migration group (SMG) are using same summer range. Although SMG finishedtheir migration for about 500 km, migration of NMG keeps on traveling for over 800 km. 3)
Shift in migration range: In 1980s-1990s, this population used only northern area (Safronov etal. 1999). But in these two decades, they have shifted their migration routes. In the northpart of this area, ROS (rain on snow) phenomena and the northern up-coming of shrub tree
species are already observed in these years. This shift might be caused by lowering of theusefulness of the northern part of this area where is suffered by these global warming induced
environmental changes. 4) Problems in their conservation: This population needs genetic
analysis, because wintering range of SMG is forested area which is distribution rangeof another subspecies, forest reindeer (R. t. fenicus?) and there also are semi-domesticatedreindeer in this area. So, this should be conservation tri-lemma in this overlapping areaof three types of reindeer. And more, this migration range shift brought several serious
conflicts with local ecosystem and local people (foraging pressure on endangered flora,
attraction of carnivore species, mass abduction of and food competition with semidomesticated reindeer). These may be accumulative effects of the global warming on local
ecosystem and local society.

G09-O06

Post-Soviet Population Dynamics
In the Russian Extreme North: A Case of Chukotka
Kazuhiro KUMO*1, Tamara Litvinenko*2
1
2

Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan.
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the situation that emerged in the Extreme
North regions as a result of the state policy of the Soviet period, using the example of thedemographic trends in the Chukotka as one of the most distal Russian territories with respect
to the center of Russia. Previous studies that treated economic factors as the cause of migrant
inflow to some region or unfavorable natural conditions as the cause of out-migration of
population in a certain region had no purpose of analyzing a separate territory. So, it was
impossible to imagine what goes on in a specific territory based on these studies and thepeculiarities of each specific region require additional examination. These very tasks were themain target of the given work.
The authors examined the factors affecting the formation and abandonment of urban
settlements in the territory. Summing up the examination conducted in the Chukotka, all casesof liquidation of “died-out“ urban settlements are united by several common factors. First ofall, each was created based on mining enterprises for the production of gold, tin, tungsten, etc.
and each also had weak transportation infrastructure. Besides, it should also be noted that all
liquidations of settlements occurred before the year 2000, whereupon no further cases ofabolishment or change of settlement status were observed. Overall population itself decreased
from 164 thousands to 54 thousands in 13 years from 1989 to 2002, but since then Chukotka
lost 3 thousands population only in these 14 years until 2016. These figures clearly show thatthe demographic situation in Chukotka has almost stabilized.
The period of sharp crisis following the economic transition has ended. Even so, it
seems the issue of changing migration flows adversely into the Extreme North or aiming toestablish a production base in the region cannot be appropriate tasks. As claimed by Hill andGaddy (2003), the burden of sustaining the social base of remote regions was an eternal “curse”
of the former Soviet Union. Today’s Chukotka may be an outstanding example of how to
overcome this “curse” and solve the dire problems realistically. The experience of Chukotka is
an excellent example for interpreting the errors made by the governmental policy for resource
development in harsh climatic and natural conditions of remote northern regions.
References[1] F. Hill and C. Gaddy, Siberian Curse, Brookings Institution Press, 2003.

G09-O07

Place Names, Landscapes, and Ways of Living from Local
Perspectives in Nanvarpak (Iliamna Lake), Alaska
Yoko Kugo*
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Arctic and Northern Studies, Ph.D. in Interdisciplinary
Studies, USA
This paper will focus on Central Yup’ik Nanvarpak (Iliamna Lake) place naming
practices, how the Central Yup’ik people have observed and shared their geographic
information in the Iliamna Lake area of southwest Alaska. Building on the rapport I
established during previous fieldwork, I conducted oral history fieldwork using a communitybased participatory approach in five Iliamna Lake communities in 2016 and 2017. Some
residents recognized during the study that many places have multiple names based on several
local perspectives. One impact of developing an understanding of local Yup’ik place names
is that it can be a tool for local residents to recognize changes in their landscape so they may
travel safely to harvest natural resources such as fish, caribou, moose, and berries.
A goal of the project is for communities to maintain the place name data and to passon their practices for the future generations. Using and maintaining local and Indigenous
place names might be a tool for Indigenous people to sustain their ways of living, theirlanguages, and their local ecological systems in a changing environment.

G09-O08

Arctic Research based on Bibliometric Analysis
A. Bancheva 1*
1

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Russia

800

800

600

Number of
publications

1000

600
400
200

400
200
2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

Figure 1. Monitoring of natural hazards(countries-leaders: USA, Canada, China)

2007

0

0
2007

Number of publications

Arctic research and development is one of the perspective topics in science in the world as wellas in Russia [1]. In this regard the public activity of the global scientific society is presented inthis paper. The bibliometric analysis method is used based on data of SciVerse Scopus(SCOPUS) with 10-years period (2007-2016). For the analysis, firstly, main areas in the fieldof Arctic research were determinated (for example environmental monitoring, permafrost
dynamics, exploration of the resources, indigenous people and others). Secondly, key words forthese areas were formulated (for request in database). Thirdly, filters of request were indicated.
In the result, the following indexes have been analyzed: total number of publications for 10
years; 10-years dynamic; ranking of the countries in public activity (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. show theresults with the examples of two areas of research). The most perspective areas of research andthe most active countries were found and classified according to the approach, proposed by [2].
Acknowledgement: the research is partly supported by Russian Geographic Society.

Figure 2. Marine exploration of resources(countries-leaders: USA, Norway, Canada)

References[1] Долгосрочные приоритеты прикладной науки в России / под ред. Л.М. Гохберга. М.:Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», 120 (2013)[2] Алексеева Н.Н., Климанова О.А., Марголина И.Л., Топорина В.А. Тенденции
развития прикладных исследований в области рационального природопользования:мировой контекст // Экология и промышленность России, с. 34-38 (июль 2014)

January 17
2018
KeynoteSession presentation

Keynote speech 3

Remoteness and Infrastructure:
On the Affordances of the Built Environment
in Polar Regions
Peter Schweitzer
Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology
University of Vienna
Austrian Polar Research InstitutePublic and academic discourses about the Polar regions typically focus on the so-called naturalenvironment, the threats it faces and the values attached to it. While these discourses andinquiries continue to be relevant, the focus of this presentation is on the affordances of the built
environment and infrastructure in polar regions. This means to focus on the opportunities andconstraints emerging from interactions between people and infrastructure. At the same time, it
requires to take the ongoing industrial and infrastructural buildup of the Arctic seriously.
Acknowledging that the “built environment” is not an invention of modernity, this presentation
focuses on large-scale infrastructural projects of the 20th century, which marks a watershed ofindustrial and infrastructural development in the North. During the 20th century, the Soviet
Union was at the vanguard of these developments. Thus, a large part of this presentation isdevoted to a discussion of Soviet and Russian large-scale projects, without ignoring
developments elsewhere in the circumpolar North. The main focus within the broad realm of
the built environment is on information and transportation infrastructures, the latter being
represented by case studies of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) and the Northern Sea Route.
The concluding section will argue for increased attention to the interactions between humans
and the built environment, serving as a kind of programmatic call for more anthropologicalattention to infrastructure and the built environment not only in arctic regions but in Antarctica
as well.

Keynote speech 4

The Arctic in Transition: Status and Trends in Biological
Oceanography in the Changing Marine Ecosystem
Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Solomons, Maryland, USA
The Arctic Ocean complex, extending from its extensive continental shelf seas to thedeep basins, is experiencing rapid changes in sea ice extent and duration, warming seawaterconditions, and changes in the phenology (or timing) of biological processes. The inflow
shelves, such as the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Pacific Arctic are shallow(<100m), seasonally productive waters that experience strong pelagic-benthic coupling oforganic matter to the sea floor, but that coupling varies in intensity. By comparison, the deeper(average 200 m) Barents Sea in the Atlantic Arctic is also experiencing environmental change,
with earlier retreat of sea ice retreat, but compared with the North American Arctic has seen
increased migration of commercial fishes into more northern waters. The inner shelves of the
Arctic, such as the Beaufort and Laptev seas, are also influenced by reduced sea ice coverageand freshwater inflow, with impacts on shelf and slope biological processes. The reduction ofsea ice seasonally into the Arctic Basin has stimulated upwelling events during wind events,
so shelf-basin exchange processes may become even more critical in connecting the highArctic ecosystem to lower latitudes. Appropriate shipboard field measurements andobservations throughout the food chain and associated physical-chemical parameters provide
essential, seasonal insights of the marine ecosystem, both in observational and process modes.
Continuous measurements using chemical and biological sensors on stationary moorings arealso providing year-round time series observations of chlorophyll, nutrients, carbon cycling,
zooplankton, fish and marine mammals that provide connectivity to shipboard observations.
Similarly, the use of autonomous gliders and saildrones with biochemical sensors areproviding high-resolution measurements during the open water, productive season. Satellite
observations and field video collections via drop cameras and remotely operated vehicles arealso providing insights on the undersea world of the opening Arctic system. I will provide
highlights of the current status and trends in biological studies in the Arctic through casestudies that are broadening our understanding of the timing and extent of key biologicalprocesses. The variable ecosystem response is critical to understanding the changing marine
ecosystem of the Arctic.

SP2-G5

Analyzing long-term growth trends of tree and forest
biomass in the circumpolar boreal region
M. Kamara1*, Y. Tamura1, Y. Matsuura2 and A. Osawa3
1

Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
2
Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan
3
Division of Forest Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto
University, Japan
Boreal forests are likely to be strongly affected by global environmental changes withfactors such as increase in air temperature, drought intensity and frequency, atmospheric CO2
level etc. [1]. Therefore, they are considered to be more vulnerable than temperate andtropical ecosystems. However, assessing the potential impact of climate change in the boreal
region requires long-term data, which are relatively rare and limited in geographical scope. In
many parts of the circumpolar boreal region, we often lack empirical information on standdevelopment in the past and studies on long-term changes of forest structure have been few. It
is also emphasized that history of stand level changes of aboveground biomass over decades
in the arctic region has never been examined due to lack of appropriate data. Meanwhile, thestand reconstruction algorithm of [2], which utilizes information of present stand structure(DBH, tree height H), and detailed data of tree rings from selected sample trees has enable toestimate stands structure in the past and their annual changes (i.e. stand biomass, annual
growth, and stand density) during their development. Thus, in this study such standreconstruction technique was used to estimate the past development of several stands in the
boreal region (Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada). To identify and describe the growth patternthat the stands have been following over the years including growth shifts events, values of
the reconstructed development of aboveground biomass were analyzed with the s-w diagram(a kind of phase diagram). Trends observed in the s-w diagram showed presence of abrupts
shifts of a growth curve to another growth curve, which represent changes in growth patternsof the stands at sudden and dicret time. At the same time, it is generally observed that theparameters of the growth curves were fixed for several decades while the growth followed
one curve. Growth-shifts have been detected in all studied plots and nearly at the same time
especially around the late 1970s. It coincides to the shift from a cooling temperatture to amore warmer temperature that has continued untill today. This suggests that the boreal havechanged their growth patterns in unison in the past century in response to changes in climate.
The s-w diagram represents a growth curve that is biologically more meaningful than thosetraditionally being used to express growth trends in dendrochronology and allows a more
ecologically tractable understanding of growth processes and provides a useful tool for
growth analysis.

References[1] A. Ma, C. Peng, Q. Zhu, H. Chen, G. Yu, W. Li, X. Zhou, W. Wang, W. Zhang, Regional
drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada’s boreal forests, PNAS 109 (2012)[2] A. Osawa, N. Kurachi, Y. Matsuura, M. Jomura, Y. Kanazawa, M. Sanada, Testing a method forreconstructing structural development of even-aged Abies sachalinensis stands, Trees 19 (2005)

SP2-G2

Forever cyclonic? How stable is the circulation of Atlantic
Water in the Arctic Ocean?

M. Karcher1,2*, H. Sumata1, B. Rabe1, T. Kikuchi3, A. Behrendt1, F. Kauker1,2, R.
Gerdes1
1

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
2
O.A.Sys – Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH, Germany
3
JAMSTEC, JapanThe circulation of the sea ice and the Polar mixed layer in the Arctic Ocean isdominated by two large-scale circulation systems: the basin-size Beaufort Gyre,
which rotates anti-cyclonically in the western Arctic; and the Transpolar Drift, which
carries sea ice and surface water from the Siberian shelves to Fram Strait, but also
feeds into the Beaufort Gyre. This circulation system is known to change its intensityand exact positioning on seasonal to pentadal timescales. Below the Polar mixed
layer and the halocline, the so called ‘Atlantic Water layer’ is fed by water of Atlantic
origin which enters through Fram Strait and the Barents Sea. Based on observations
from the 1980s and 1990s this water is understood to move as a boundary current
along the slopes of the Arctic Ocean basins. Eventually, after leaving the Arctic Ocean
proper, the surface water, the water from the halocline and the water from theAtlantic Water layer, feed into the Meridional Overturning loop in the North Atlantic.
This is one important aspect why understanding the dynamics, which govern themodifications of the outflows by processes internal in the Arctic, is important.
Model results, validated by using the radioisotope I 129 as a tracer for Atlantic
derived water, indicate that this predominantly cyclonic circulation pattern may besubject to change. In particular, these model results suggest a change of circulationin the Amerasian Basin. Starting from 2005, the boundary current, which supplies
water of Atlantic origin from the Eurasian Basin via the Makaraov basin, to the
Canadian Basin and the Beaufort Sea, starts fading and ceases completely after a
few years.
In our study we make use of the recently compiled Unified Database for Arctic
and Subarctic Hydrography (UDASH), to investigate indications for such changes in
the circulation of the Beaufort Sea. In particular comparing the periods 1999-2003,
2004 to 2008, and 2009 to 2015, we find drastic changes in the potential density
fields between the first period and the two later ones. These changes indicate areduced density gradient between the interior and the slope of the Beaufort Sea, aflattening of the geopotential height field. We conclude submit that the changes of
the Beaufort Gyre at the surface, in connection with the increase of its freshwatercontent and a steepening and deepening of the halocline, are responsible for thedecoupling of the Atlantic Water Layer between the basins.

SP2-G7

Ground-based instruments of the PWING project toinvestigate dynamics of the inner magnetosphere atsubauroral latitudes
K. Shiokawa1* and the PWING Team2
1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
2PWING Team: Yasuo Katoh, Yoshiyuki Hamaguchi, Yuka Yamamoto, Takumi Adachi,

Mitsunori Ozaki, Shin-Ichiro Oyama, Masahito Nosé, Tsutomu Nagatsuma, Yoshimasa
Tanaka, Yuichi Otsuka, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Ryuho Kataoka, Yuki Takagi, Yuhei Takeshita,
Atsuki Shinbori, Satoshi Kurita, Tomoaki Hori, Nozomu Nishitani, Iku Shinohara, Fuminori
Tsuchiya, Yuki Obana, Shin Suzuki, Naoko Takahashi, Kanako Seki, Akira Kadokura, Keisuke
Hosokawa, Yasunobu Ogawa, Martin Connors, J. Michael Ruohoniemi, Mark Engebretson,
Esa Turunen, Thomas Ulich, Jyrki Manninen, Tero Raita, Antti Kero, Arto Oksanen, MarkoBack, Kirsti Kauristie, Jyrki Mattanen, Dmitry Baishev, Vladimir Kurkin, Alexey Oinats,
Alexander Pashinin, Roman Vasilyev, Ravil Rakhmatulin, William Bristow, and Marty Karjala
The plasmas (electrons and ions) in the inner magnetosphere have wide energy ranges
from electron volts to mega-electron volts (MeV). These plasmas rotate around the Earthlongitudinally due to gradient and curvature of the geomagnetic field with time scales of several
hours to several tens of minutes. They interact with plasma waves at frequencies of mHz to
kHz mainly in the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere, obtain energies up to MeV, and arelost into the ionosphere. In order to provide global distribution and quantitative evaluation of
the dynamical variation of these plasmas and waves in the inner magnetosphere, the PWING
Project (study of dynamical variation of Particles and Waves in the INner magnetosphere using
Ground-based network observations, http://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/dimr/PWING/) has been
carried out since April 2016 with the support by a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted
Research of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). This paper describes thestations and instrumentation of the PWING project. We operate all-sky airglow/aurora
imagers, 64-Hz sampling induction magnetometers, 40-kHz sampling loop antennas, and 64Hz sampling riometers at 8 stations at subauroral latitudes (~60o geomagnetic latitude (MLAT))
around the north geomagnetic pole, as well as 100-Hz sampling EMCCD cameras at threestations. These stations are distributed longitudinally in Canada, Iceland, Finland, Russia, andAlaska to obtain the longitudinal distribution of plasmas and waves in the inner magnetosphere.
This PWING longitudinal network has been developed as a part of the ERG (Arase)-groundcoordinated observation network. The ERG (Arase) satellite was launched on December 20,
2016, and has been in full operation since March 2017. We combine these ground network
observations with the ERG (Arase) satellite and global modeling studies.
These
comprehensive datasets contribute to the investigation of dynamical variation of particles andwaves in the inner magnetosphere, which is one of the most important research topics in recent
space physics and the outcome of our research improves safe and secure use of geospace aroundthe Earth. This presentation is based on Shiokawa et al. (2017).
References[1] Shiokawa K., et al., Ground-based instruments of the PWING project to investigate
dynamics of the inner magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes as a part of the ERG-groundcoordinated observation network, submitted to Earth Planets and Space, 2017.

SP2-S1

Attribution of Trends of Seasonal Temperatures in Alaska
John E. Walsh and Brian Brettschneider
International Arctic Research Center
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Alaska has warmed more than most regions over the past several decades, with the strongest
warming in winter and spring. Alaska has also experienced extreme seasonal temperatures in the
post-2000 period, including its two hottest summers, the warmest autumn and the three warmest
winters, of which 2015-16 was the warmest of all. In an attribution study intended to determine
the reasons for this warming, we have used an automated analog methodology to evaluate thecontribution of the atmospheric circulation to the seasonal temperature trends and extremes. The
atmospheric circulation explains more than half the interannual variance of the cold-season
temperatures, largely through the intensity and location of the Aleutian low. Over the 1949-2017
period, the portion of the temperature anomaly that is not explained by the large-scale
circulations shows a systematic trend, manifest as an increase of “excess warmth” relative to thecirculation-analog-derived temperatures. The trend in the “excess warmth” corresponds to awarming of 2.1°C in winter and spring, 1.3°C in summer and 0.5°C in autumn. This trend inexcess warmth, which is close to the trend simulated by global climate models run with historicaland projected greenhouse gas concentrations for the same period, accounts for 55% of the
Alaska’s winter warming and 68% of the Alaska’s annual mean warming over the 1950-2017
period. We conclude that more than half of the post-1949 warming in Alaska is attributable toanthropogenic forcing, and that recent record warmth of individual seasons is attributable to a
combination of internal variability and anthropogenic forcing.

SP2-S12

Seeking a future vision by negotiating environmental
changes in North Greenland
Naotaka Hayashi*
Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada

In North Greenland, local residents have borne witness to recent unusual climatic variability
and weather patterns, which affect local residents' livelihoods in many ways. Although local
changes are substantial, hunters are tenacious and cope through acute observation of the shifting
landscapes, reference to past experience, environmental understandings that they acquired
through livelihood, and by constantly adjusting hunting strategies and techniques. Hunters arealso substantially impacted by the system of quotas that the government sets throughout
Greenland to manage various species of birds and mammals. The specifics of quotas are meant
to be adjusted to take into account regional ecological variations, but these may not actuallyconform to a particular area’s ecological situation. These regulations, I shall demonstrate, canrisk alienating local hunters from their land and sea. This paper discusses the significance ofthe relationship to the environment in how Inuit communities in North Greenland envisage aclear future vision of their life.

SP2-S15

Weaving techniques in subarctic areas:
Their prosperity and decline in Northeast Asia
Shiro Sasaki1
1Preparatory Office for National Ainu Museum

In this report, I discuss the social and technological factors of the maintenance andprotection of the original weaving techniques, skills, and tools of the Ainu people, comparing
the cases of other indigenous peoples in Northeast Asia.
It is not widely known that the indigenous peoples in Siberia and Northeast Asia
(including the Russian Far East, northeastern regions of China, and the northern part of Japan)
had their own original weaving techniques and textiles. Although these people tend topurchase rather than make various textile products today, many people imagine that
fundamentally they have worn animal skin, fur, and leather since the ethnographic age (theend of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century). However, some ofthem did have original textile clothing and products made by their own materials, tools, andtechniques. Examples are ethnic groups such as the Khanty, Mansi, Siberian Tatars, Buriyats,Nanai, and Ainu [1]. When we expand this perspective further to the historic and prehistoricages, we can find some archeological evidence that indicates that the Neolithic people inRussian Primor’e, Hokkaido, Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka made various textile products of atwined weave structure, and some of the literature also indicates that the Ainu people exported
their bark fiber clothes to Japan, the Kuril Islands and even Kamchatka. Obviously, original
textile products were widely seen among the people in the subarctic areas in the pre-historic,
historic, and ethnographic ages. However, in the present day, only the Ainu retain their tools,
techniques and skills, and recognize them as one of the core cultural items that support theirethnic identity. Why did other people lose their original textile culture? Why and how could
the Ainu people maintain it?
I have two hypotheses. One is from the technological viewpoint. The Ainu devised
several types of looms for making different types of textiles such as that of twined weaving
structure and plain structure. Their mechanism and craftswomen’s skill were so highly
suitable for weaving natural fibers from bark and grass that they were not replaced by modern
technology. The other hypothesis is from a social and economic viewpoint. Since at least theeighteenth century, bark fiber clothing called attus
were exported to Japan, the Kuril Islands, andKamchatka. Japanese fishermen and sailors loved
attus jackets for their work wear. Some literature
indicates that Ainu craftswomen enthusiasticallymade this type of clothing to fulfill the demand fromJapanese consumers in the mid nineteenth century.
Although the demand quickly declined at the end ofthat century, it can be assumed that such experience
contributed to the maintenance of the techniques andskills.
Analyzing the literature and museum collections, Ainu loom for plain weaving (MAEcollection No. 839-184) [1]
I discuss these issues and examine the hypotheses.
Reference[1] Попов, А. П., Плетение и ткачество у народов Сибири в XIX и первой четверти XX столетия.
Сборник музея антропологии и этнографии, XVI, стр. 41-146 (1955)

SP2-G8

Arctic Policies and Economy – a German perspective
V. Rachold*
German Arctic Office, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Germany
Though not an Arctic nation, Germany operates one of the world’s largest Arctic
research programs, mainly through the national polar institute, the Alfred Wegener Institute,
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), but also through various othernational institutes and authorities as well as through a number of universities. Germany´sstrategic approach to Arctic research “Rapid Climate Change in the Arctic - Polar Research asa Global Responsibility” was published by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research in2015 [1].
Germany is an observer in the Arctic Council, the leading intergovernmental forum for
the Arctic that particularly addresses issues of sustainable development and environmental
protection. In 2013, the Federal Foreign Office, representing Germany in this political forum,
published the “Guidelines of the German Arctic Policy - Assume Responsibility, Seize
Opportunities“. These guidelines place great importance on science and environment inGermany´s approach to engaging with Arctic nations but also highlight the potential for the
economies of Germany and Europe that Arctic resources hold. As a partner with vast expert
knowledge in the areas of research, technology and environmental standards, Germany cancontribute to sustainable economic development in this region [2].
Other federal ministries, including the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs andEnergy, the Federal Ministry for Transport and Digital Infrastructure, the Federal Ministry for
Food and Agriculture and the Federal Ministry for Defense, are attentively monitoring thedevelopments in the Arctic.
In light of the growing political and economic interest in the Arctic, a German Arctic
Office as an information and cooperation platform for German stakeholders invested in Arctic
science, politics and industry was established beginning of 2017. This presentation will
introduce the activities of the German Arctic Office related to Arctic Policies and Economy
and - one year after its establishment - analyze the benefits of having such an office for a
non-Arctic country.
References[1] Rapid Climate Change in the Arctic: Polar Research as a Global Responsibility. Federal
Ministry of Education and Research (2015)[2] Guidelines of the German Arctic policy: Assume Responsibility, Seize Opportunities.
Federal Foreign Office (2013)

January 17

Breakout Session
G2
Ocean and Sea Ice

G02-O01

SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness in the Arctic andAntarctic
X.Tian-Kunze* and L. Kaleschke
Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Germany
Thin sea ice thickness has been retrieved from L-band brightness temperatures
measured by the Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) on
board of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission (SMOS) of European Space Agency(ESA). Due to the broad swath-width, SMOS has almost daily coverage in both polar regions.
The large penetration depth of L-band in the sea ice layer makes it possible to extract
information of sea ice thickness up to 1.5 m from brightness temperatures measured by
SMOS. The maximum retrievable ice thickness depends on the brine volume in the ice, which
in turn depends on ice salinity and ice temperature. The retrieval algorithm described in [1]takes into account variations of ice temperature and ice salinity, that are estimated from thesurface air temperature of atmospheric reanalysis data and a model-based sea surface salinity
climatology as boundary conditions. Additionally, a lognormal distribution function isassumed to account for the heterogeneity of ice thicknesses within a 40 km large SMOS
footprint. The radiation model used in the retrieval is a simple one ice layer model without asnow layer. Furthermore, 100% ice coverage is assumed. Similar ice thickness patterns arefound between SMOS ice thickness and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-derived thin ice thickness in the Kara Sea, as well as that from the assimilation
systems- TOPAZ and PIOMAS during the freeze-up periods in the Arctic [1]. A validation
campaign in the Barents Sea in 2014 [2] using a helicopter-based electromagnetic induction(HEM) system and an airborne laser scanner (ALS) carried on an aircraft also shows overall
good agreement bewteen airborne data and SMOS with a correlation coefficient up to 0.9.
The SMOS ice thickness retrieval is strictly limited to cold periods and is not applicableduring late spring and summer. Daily SMOS ice thickness charts in the Arctic from 15
October to 15 April since 2010 are available via http://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de. The same
retrieval method has been applied in the Antarctic within ESA’s Climate Change Initiative
SICCI project to analyse the seasonality and inter-annual variability of thin first year ice
around the Antarctic in the period of 2010-2016. An initial validation and comparison with insitu measurements from upward-looking sonar (ULS) and HEM shows promising results.
References[1] X. Tian-Kunze, L. Kaleschke, N. Maaß, M. Mäkynen, N. Serra, M. Drusch, and T.
Krumpen, SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness: algorithm baseline, product specifications
and initial verification, The Cryosphere, 8, 997-1018 (2014)[2] L. Kaleschke, X. Tian-Kunze, N. Maaß, A. Beitsch, A. Wernecke, and others, SMOS sea
ice product: Operational application and validation in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone.
Remote Sensing of Environment, 180, 264-273 (2016)

G02-O02

Circumpolar Polynya Characteristics in the Arctic - A Multisensor Intercomparison for the Period 2002/2003 to
2010/20111

Andreas Preußer1, Sascha Willmes1, Günther Heinemann1 and Kay I. Ohshima2
Environmental Meteorology, Fac. of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University,
Trier, Germany
2
Ocean and Sea Ice Dynamics, Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS), Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, JapanA precise knowledge of wintertime sea-ice production in Arctic polynyas is not only required
to increase the understanding of atmosphere – sea-ice – ocean interactions, but also to verify
frequently utilized climate and ocean models. In the framework of a JSPS-funded research stayat the Institute of Low Temperature Science (Hokkaido University) in 2016, a high-resolution(~2km) MODIS thermal infrared satellite data set featuring spatial and temporal characteristics
of 17 coastal polynya regions over the entire Arctic basin (Preußer et al., 2016) has been directlycompared to a comparable data set based on AMSR-E passive microwave data (Iwamoto et al.,2014) for the period 2002/2003 to 2010/2011.
While the MODIS data set is purely based on a 1D energy balance model, where daily thin-ice
thicknesses (up to 20cm) are directly derived from ice-surface temperature swath data and
ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data on a daily basis, the AMSR-E data set is based on an
empirical approach that utilizes a distinct polarization ratio (PR) – ice thickness relationship toinfer the thickness of thin ice. In both data sets, the daily mapping of thin-ice thicknesses allows
for the derivation of important polynya properties such as areal extent and potential
thermodynamic ice production.
It shows that the difference in polynya area and ice production estimates is smaller than
expected when using equal reference areas and time-frames, and for certain regions and winterseasons the passive microwave numbers even surpass their MODIS derived equivalents. We
note that discrepancies between both data sets originate primarily from sensor-specificdifferences in the acquired signal (e.g., open water detection), varying spatial resolutions (2kmvs. 6.25km) of the used data sets as well as the highly variable influence of cloud cover andassociated weather conditions. Hence, a possible bias between both data sets mainly depends
on the distribution of thin ice within the footprint of AMSR-E, potential land spill-over effects
in proximity of the coastline and the performance of the applied cloud-cover correction scheme(Spatial Feature Reconstruction – SFR) in the MODIS data set. However, despite alldifferences, both data sets are coherent in terms of capturing the general spatial and temporalcharacteristics of Arctic polynyas for the analysed 9-yr period.

References
Iwamoto, K.; Ohshima, K.I.; Tamura, T. (2014): Improved mapping of sea ice production in the Arctic Ocean
using AMSR-E thin ice thickness algorithm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119, 3574–3594, doi:
10.1002/2013JC009749.
Preußer, A., Heinemann, G., Willmes, S., and Paul, S. (2016): Circumpolar polynya regions and ice productionin the Arctic: results from MODIS thermal infrared imagery from 2002/2003 to 2014/2015 with a regional focus
on the Laptev Sea, The Cryosphere, 10, 3021-3042, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-3021-2016, 2016.

G02-O03

Flat first-year ice thickness algorism using AMSR2
K. Shimada1, T. Wada1, Eri Yoshizawa2, K. H. Cho2, H. S. La2, S. H. Kang2
1
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
2
Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea
After 2008, major sea ice type in the Arctic Ocean has been replaced from multi-year
ice to first-year ice except near Greenland and Canadian Archipelago. In the case of first-year
ice, fate in summer strongly depends on ice thickness at melt onset. Therefore the monitoringof first-year ice thickness in freezing season is crucially important for forecast/prediction ofsea ice distribution in forthcoming summer.
Monitoring of sea ice using satellite data has been developed by mainly two approaches.
One is using altimeter data. In this case, sea ice freeboard (thickness) is directly measured
regardless of the two sea ice types. This is merit of this method. To obtain 5km resolution
data, however, 28 days are required for mapping[1]. This sparse temporal resolution is
demerit of this method. Currently, the accuracy of the mapping sea ice thickness data is about
25cm. The other method is using microwave data that reflect the changes in characteristics ofnear surface sea ice properties dependent on thermodynamic sea ice growth. In this case, nearreal time daily mapping data with about 10km spatial resolution is able to be provided. But
this approach is only applied in cases of "flat first-year ice ", since in cases of multi-year ice
influenced by melt water at the surface and rafted sea ice the relation between microwave
properties and sea ice thickness would be decorrelated. Here we improve sea ice thickness
algorism using microwave data without paying attention to sea ice condition by Krishfield etal. (2014)[2] .
At first of development of algorism, we examine changes in emissivity with frequencies
and thickness for "flat first-year sea ice" using AMSR2 and a moored ice profiling sonar data.
As the result, emissivity of 18GHz data showed almost no change with thickness, whileemissivity of higher frequencies (36GHz and 89GHz) data decreases with thickness for therage between 0.4m and 1.5m. Since the 89GHz is occasionally influenced by water vapor andother atmospheric noise, we adopt a gradient ratio between 18GHz and 36GHz brightness
temperatures to estimate sea ice thickness. The accuracy of the estimated thickness is about
18cm. This is much better than the altimeter derived algorism with about one month temporal
resolution.
Our algorism is only applicable to "flat first-year ice". This is weak point. But
integration of this algorism and "rafting algorism" using high accuracy sea ice velocity data
will overcome this weak point. In other word, integration of proper algorisms based on sea ice
dynamics/thermodynamics can improve prediction/forecast of sea ice distribution for
scientific and navigation use
References[1] S. W. Laxon, K. A. Giles, A. L. Ridout, D. J. Wingham, R. Willatt, R. Cullen, R. Kwok, A.
Schweiger, J. Zhang, C. Haas, S. Hendricks, R. Krishfield, N. Kurtz, S. Farrell, M. Davidson,
CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume, Grophys. Res. Lett 40 (2013)[2] R. A. Krishfield, A. Proshutinsky, K. Tateyama, W. J. Williams, E.C. Carmack, F. A.
McLaughlin M. –L. Timmermans, Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyrefrom 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the ocean freshwater cycle, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 119(2014)

G02-O04

Satellite observation of the thickening of sea ice
through the ice deformation
Noriaki Kimura1*, Hiroyasu Hasumi1 Motoyo Itoh2, Yasushi Fukamachi3,
Takashi Kikuchi2 and Erika Moriya4
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth and Science Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
4
Hydro Systems Development, Inc., Tokyo, Japan

Sea ice thickness changes through both thermodynamic and dynamic processes.
Dynamic process involves the ice transport and deformation (rafting and ridging).
Mechanisms responsible for this process have been examined by some numerical modelstudies. However study based on data analysis is very sparse. This study aims to reveal thecharacteristics of the ice thickening in the Arctic, especially focusing on the dynamic
deformation of ice. We prepared daily ice velocity product for 2003-2017, derived fromimages by satellite microwave sensors Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth
Observing System (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 ([1]Kimura et al., 2013). We also use the ice-draft
data obtained from moored ice-profiling sonar (IPS) in the Canada Basin.
To examine the change of ice thickness due to the ice deformation, movement ofparticles arranged over the ice area is calculated using the satellite-derived ice velocity. The
spatial inhomogeneity of the particle distribution becomes significant with time (Figure 1).
Daily change of ice thickness through the ice redistribution is estimated from the change ofthe particle density; convergence of the particle promotes the thickening of sea ice due to theice deformation. We can estimate the contribution of the ice deformation process from thetotal change of ice thickness observed by IPS. (Figure 2).

Figure. 1. Distribution of migrating
particles for July 31 2014, which arearrayed over the ice-covered area on
March 1. Black dot shows a mooring
location.

Figure 2. Temporal change of ice thickness,
observed by IPS (black), and the change due toice deformation (gray) estimated by the particle
track method. Observed ice thickening during
June is due to the ice deformation.

References[1] N. Kimura, A. Nishimura, Y. Tanaka and H. Yamaguchi, Influence of winter sea ice
motion on summer ice cover in the Arctic, Polar Research 32 (2013)

G02-O05

Sea Ice Motion and Deformation Measurements Using
Satellite Images
Chang-Uk Hyun, Hyun-Cheol Kim*
Unit of Arctic Sea-Ice Prediction, Korea Polar Research Institute, KOREAThis study presents an application of high-resolution optical images from operational
satellites, which have become more available in polar regions, for sea ice motion anddeformation measurements. The sea ice motion is measured by using a maximum crosscorrelation (MCC) technique and multi-temporal high-resolution images acquired on Aug 14–
15, 2014 from multiple space-borne sensors on board Korea Multi-Purpose Satellites(KOMPSATs) with short acquisition time intervals. The sea ice motion extracted from the six
image pairs of the spatial resolutions were resampled to 4 m and 15 m yields with vector length
measurements of 57.7 m root mean square error (RMSE) and –11.4 m bias and 60.7 m RMSE
and –13.5 m bias, respectively, compared with buoy location records. The errors from bothresolutions indicate more accurate measurements than from conventional sea ice motion
datasets from passive microwave and radar data in ice and water mixed surface conditions. In
the results of sea ice deformation caused by interaction of individual ice floes, while free drift
patterns of ice floes were delineated from the 4 m spatial resolution images, the deformation
was less revealing in the 15m spatial resolution image pairs due to emphasized discretization
uncertainty from coarser pixel sizes. The results demonstrate that using multi-temporal highresolution optical satellite images enabled precise image block matching in the melting season,
thus this approach could be used for expanding sea ice motion and deformation dataset, withan advantage of frequent image acquisition capability in multiple areas by means of many
operational satellites.

Figure 1. Schematic placements of satellite images used to measure sea ice motion anddeformation, and synoptic trajectory of the ITP80.
Acknowledgement:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the KOMPSAT data from the Korea Aerospace ResearchInstitute. The ITP80 data were collected and made available by the Ice-Tethered Profiler
Program based at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (http://www.whoi.edu/itp).

G02-O06

Inter-Sensor Calibration of Space-Borne Passive Microwave
Radiometers for Retrieving Long-Term Sea Ice Trends
M. Seki1*, M. Hori2, K.Naoki3, M.Kachi2 and K.Imaoka4
1

Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC), Japan
2
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) , Japan
3
Tokai University, Japan
4
Yamaguchi University, Japan

Monitoring the changes in sea ice cover is important, because they are considered to havesignificant impacts on Earth’s climate. Space-borne passive microwave radiometers (PMRs) have been
employed to monitor the spatial and temporal changes in sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea ice extent(SIE), as these instruments can observe both polar regions very frequently regardless of weathers andthe time of day or night. Sea ice has been continuously observed by a variety of different space-borne
sensors since 1978. In order to retrieve objective trends in SIEs, it is necessary to remove any bias
attributable to the differences in the PMR sensors. For example, variations in the incidence angle andinstantaneous field of view (IFOV) among the sensors can cause differences in the estimations of sea
ice area, particularly at around the edges of sea ice. Since the design lifetimes of satellites are typically
five years or so, techniques for standardizing the SIC and SIE data processing among different satellite
sensors are essentially required for securing the data continuity during the long-term observation
period from 1978 to the present. We have developed an algorithm to conduct sensor-to-sensor
calibration using the AMSR-E (one of PMR sensors operated from May 2002 to Oct. 2011)
observations as a reference data in order to generate an objective long-term SIE datasets (Fig.1).
Retrieved results revealed that sea ice cover in the Arctic has been markedly reduced in recent years;
in Sep. 2012, Arctic sea ice has reached its minimum extent. On the other hand, the spatial extent of
sea ice in the Antarctic has been increasing and the maximum extent has been observed in Sep. 2014.
But the Antarctic extent is the lowest on record in Mar. 2017. As the result, global sea ice extent hits
record low in Feb. 2017. Extra long-term sea ice trends for about a half century are expected to beavailable with extended operation of the AMSR2 mission. AMSR2 is the successor of AMSR-E andhas the highest spatial resolution among PMRs so that we will reanalysis our datasets using AMSR2 as
a reference data instead of AMSR-E in future.
Acknowledgements. We wish to thank K. Nakagawa, H. Fukushima and R. Okada of Japan Meteorological Agency, K. Cho of Tokai Univ., and J.C. Comiso of NASA for useful suggestions anddiscussions. Furthermore, we appreciate the programming support provided by K. Sekiya and T.
Mutoh of RESTEC.

Figure 1. Arctic Sea Ice Extent for 39 years（Nov.1978 - Aug.2017）
References[1] Comiso, J.C. and F.Nishio, Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible AMSR-E,
SSM.I, and SMMR data, J. Geophys. Res. 113 (2008)[2] Comiso, J.C., SSM/I Sea Ice Concentrations Using the Bootsrap Algorithm, NASA Reference Publication 1380 (1995)

G02-O07

Anomalously low central Arctic salinity in a years of highsea-ice melt and converging atmospheric conditions
B. Rabe1*, M. Korhonen2, M. Hoppmann1, R. Ricker1, S. Hendricks1, T. Krumpen1, A. Ulfsbo3,
E. Jones4, U. Schauer1, J. Beckers5
1

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven,
Germany2
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland3
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
4
Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
5
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

The Arctic Ocean has shown several years of very low sea-ice extent and redistribution ofliquid freshwater within the region since the the 1990s. Yet, the mechanisms underlying thisvariability in the light of decadal trends and oscillations are not fully understood. Usingobervations, we show anomalously low salinity in the central Arctic during summer 2015
Values of practical salinity at the North Pole were around 28, whereas they were 30 or morein prior observations since 1992. The freshwater inventory from the surface to the 34
isohaline paints a similar picture with the anomaly continuing into 2016. We find that the
freshwater anomaly is likely driven by above average levels of sea-ice melt and Ekman
transport from the direction of the Siberian shelves and of the Canada Basin. This isassociated with strong freshening of Polar Surface Water and elevated levels of waters ofPacific origin throughout this layer. Our results are part of Arctic-wide changes in sea-ice
cover and freshwater distribution on decadal timescales.

Figure 1. Anomalous Ekman transport and seasonal freshening in the upper Arctic Ocean:seasonal freshwater change during the melt season between the surface and the depth of thewinter mixed-layer (colour); Ekman transport from surface wind stress in NCEP-2 reanalysis(blue arrows); ice drift from satellite-based drift products (orange arrows).

G02-O08

Water movements in the Arctic Ocean below 1500m
statistically confirmed by geochemical data
M. Ikeda1*, S.S. Tanaka1, 2and Y.W. Watanabe3
1

Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Climatological water mass structures were identified in the Arctic Ocean using thegeochemical dataset in the Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean (HAAC), and also ageochemically conserved parameter PO4* based on phosphate and dissolved oxygen, as
PO4* = PO4 + DO/175 − 1.95 (µmol/L)
Here, the content of phosphate increases with decline of dissolved oxygen
according to remineralization stoichiometry at the rate of P: O2 = 1: −175. In theupper ocean above 500-m depth, the HAAC shows its reliability through the boundary
between the Pacific-origin Water (P-Water) and Atlantic-origin Water (A-Water) with higher
and lower silicate, respectively. The boundary between the water masses is located along
135°E-45°W at the surface and rotates counter-clockwise with depth, confirming theanti-cyclonic circulation of P-Water in the surface layer (0 to 200-m depth), and the cyclonic
circulation of A-Water in the subsurface layer (200 to 500-m depth).
In the lower ocean below 1500-m depth with the basins separated by the Lomonosov
Ridge, the PO4* field was statistically analyzed to derive the following results: the Eurasian
Basin receives penetration of the Nordic Seas Deep Water with low PO4* flowing from theGreenland Sea along the bottom. The routes from the upper ocean to the lower ocean were
determined: high PO4* is limited to the southern portion of the Canada Basin (Region C),
receiving the source water from the upper ocean of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, while theother portion of the Amerasian Basin (Region A) receives low PO4* water from the upper
ocean of the Laptev Sea. The Eurasian Basin (Region E) receives medium PO4* from the
Barents Sea in addition to the main body originating from the intermediate layer (500 to
1500-m depth). Based on both Welch's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, the mean value inRegion A is significantly different from the means in Region C and also Region E, at asignificance level of 95%.
Name

Region

Depth

PO4

DO

PO4*

Northern boundary of Chukchi Sea

200m

1.50

280

1.15

Northern boundary of Laptev Sea

200m

0.75

310

0.57

C

Canada Basin with high PO4 area

2000-4000m

1.15

295

0.90

A

Amerasian Basin excluding area C

2000-4000m

0.90

285

0.58

E

Eurasian Basin

2000-4000m

0.95

310

0.78

Northern boundary of Barents Sea

200-500m

0.90

310

0.72

Greenland Sea Fram Strait

2000m

0.70

310

0.52

Table 1: Phosphate, dissolved oxygen and the tracer values in Regions of the Arctic Ocean

G02-O09

Effect of different factors on calcium carbonate saturationin the Canada Basin in the last two decades
Y. Zhang1*, M. Yamamoto-Kawai1
1

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, JapanThe uptake of anthropogenic CO2 drives ocean acidification, with attendant effects on
the saturation state of calcium carbonate saturation (Ω). In this study, we analyzed observations
between 1997 and 2016 in the Canada Basin and estimated effect of different factors on Ω. It
was found that Ω has decreased by ~0.6 from pre-industrial period. In the last two decades, Ωdecreased rapidly before 2007 and then slightly rebounded after 2007. Continuous increase of
atmospheric CO2 persistently lowered Ω and accounted for the decrease of Ω ~0.3. Elevatedsea surface temperature mitigated ocean acidification and increased Ω significantly in 2008 and2012 by ~0.1. Melting of sea ice lowered Ω by ~0.4, which was due to dilution of surface waterand change in air-sea disequilibrium state. Effect of melting of sea ice was maximum in 2007,
when the sharp drop in sea ice coverage occurred that induced a great mount of fresh water
discharge into the surface of Canada Basin and enhanced air-sea exchange of CO2. After 2007,
sea ice coverage decline showed an obvious slacken and dilution effect of melting of sea ice
decreased. Seawater pCO2 was getting closer to equilibrium with atmospheric pCO2 due toenhanced air-sea exchange caused by expanded open water area (and/or weaker phytoplankton
activities due to lower nutrients). In the future, anthropogenic CO2 and elevated sea surface
temperature will likely continuously promote and mitigate the ocean acidification, respectively.
Dilution effect by sea ice melting will be less significant, air-sea exchange effect can further
decrease Ω and until surface seawater pCO2 equilibrates with atmosphere.

G02-O10

Middle Pleistocene to Holocene environmental changes in
the northern Northwind Ridge: evidence from terrigenous
depositional at ARC06-C22
Rong Wang1, Weiyan Zhang1, Wenshen Xiao2, Xiaoguo Yu1, Boris K. Biskaborn3, Xun
Gong4, Jian Ren1, Yanguang Liu5, Bernhard Diekmann3
1

The Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Adiministration, Hangzhou 310012,
China
2
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam14473,
Germany
4
AlfredWegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen
12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
5
The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Adiministration, Qingdao 266061, China
A sediment record from the practically Northern part of the Northwind Ridge off Alaska
has been studied. Core ARC6-C22 encompasses marine isotope stages (MIS) 10-1 and revealschanging paleoceanographic conditions, glacial-interglacial terrigenous sediment cycles andland-ocean connections during the late Quaternary.
The core was investigated for clay mineralogy along with grain-size, ice-rafted detritus,
color features and bulk chemical compositions. By combination of AMS 14C, magnetism
inclinations, XRF Ca & Mn and coarse grain size, and by comparison of similar proxies resultsfrom neighbor cores 92AR-P23 and 92AR-P39, the age of core ARC6-C22 since MIS10 was
established with stages and Sub-stages cycles.
Before MIS 5 a huge Marine ice sheet existed in the Chukchi Borderland, making theNorthwind Ridge a key intersection area for the Ice-rafted debris deposition. In addition, thewind-driven Beaufort Gyre showed zonal swing during glacial-interglacial cycles. IRD,
Kaolinite and XRF Ca showed high values during interglacial periods (MIS10, 8,6 and9d,9b,7d,7b,5b), indicating the Northwind Ridge could receive more debris from Northwest
Canada and parts of Alaska with stronger and Parallel direction of Beaufort Gyre. While during
the glacial intervals (9e,c,a,7e,c,a,5e) EM1(fine materials), Smectite and illite showed highvalues, indicating the swing of Beaufort Gyre, and the stronger Pacific water input with longer
ice open periods.
After MIS 5, the Marine ice sheet melted due to the global warming and sea level
increased. The ice-rafted debris deposition central disappeared, and the terrigenous materials
form northeastern Canada and Alaska to the Northwind Ridge during glacial periods turn to be
week. The interglacial periods (MIS5c, a,3,1) are characterised by high Smectite and low finematerial, showing the growing influence of terrigenous input from the Siberia and the Chukchi
Sea.

January 17

Breakout Session
G5
Terrestrial Ecosystems

G05-O01

Top-down and bottom-up CO2 fluxes at Yakutsk, Siberia
K. Takata1,2, P. K. Patra3*, A. Kotani4, T. Ohta4 and T. Saeki2
1National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
2National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
3Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
4Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes by different methods vary largely at global, regional andlocal scales. The net CO2 fluxes by three bottom-up methods (tower observation,
biogeochemical models, and a data-driven model), and an ensemble of atmospheric inversions(top-down method) are compared in Yakutsk, Siberia for 2004-2013 (Table 1). The region ischaracterized by highly homogeneous larch forest on a flat terrain. The ecosystem around
Yakutsk shows a net sink of CO2 (0.06 kg-C m-2 mon-1 by tower observation). The monthlymean seasonal cycles agree among the four methods within the range of inter-model variations.
The peak-to-trough amplitude of the seasonal cycle is greater for the inverse models thanbottom-up methods. The interannual variability estimated by an ensemble of inverse models is
more similar to the tower observation (+/-xx %) than those by the biogeochemical models andthe data-driven model. The inverse models and tower observations captured a reduction in CO 2
uptake after 2008 due to unusual waterlogging.
Table 1. List of data and models used in this study.
Approach Method (Abbrev.) Models (Abbrev.)
BottomTower
N/Aup
Observation(TWR)
Data-driven
Site-SVR (SVR 3km)
model (SVR)
Biogeochemical
BEAMS (GTM-1)
model (GTM)
Biom-BGC (GTM-2)
CHANGE (GTM-3)
JULES-c_ver1.0 (GTM-4)
SEIB-N (GTM-5)
STEM1 (GTM-6)
VISIT (GTM-7)
LPJ-Lv1.0 (GTM-8)
TopAtmospheric
GELCA-EOF (INV-1)
down
Inversion model ACTM (INV-2)(INV)
NICAM-TM (INV-3)
NIES-TM (INV-4,5,6)

Scientist-in-charge
A. Kotani & T. Ohta

K. Ichii & M. Ueyama
T. Sasai
K. Ichii
H. Park
E. J. Burk
H. Sato & S. Tei
T. IseA. ItoR. O'ishi
D. Belikov & R. Zhuravlev
T. Saeki and P. K. Patra
Y. Niwa
T. SaekiAcknowledgements. This study was supported by the GRENE Arctic Climate Change
Research Project, and the Low-carbon research program at National Institute forEnvironmental Studies. Special thanks to the bottom-up (GTMIP) and top-down modellinggroup members for supporting this analysis.

G05-O02

Carbon cycle of permafrost: main terrestrial and hydrologicalecosystems of Eastern Siberia
T.C. Maximov1,2*, J.A Dolman3, T. Ohta4, P. Andersson5,
A.V. Kononov1,2, A.P.Maksimov1, R.E. Petrov1
1

2

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of SB RAS (IBPC), Yakutsk, Russia
Institute for Natural Sciences of North Eastern Federal University (NEFU), Yakutsk, Russia
3Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
4
Nagoya University, Japan
5
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden

This presentation is compiled from the results of many years time series investigations
conducted on the study of carbon cycle in permafrost-dominated forests with different productivity
and typical tundra SakhaFluxNet and along Great Lena river basin including Aldan and Viluy
tributaries.
According to our long-term eddy-correlation data, the annual uptake of carbon flux (NEE)in the moderate productivity larch forest of the Central Yakutia makes 2.12±0.34 t C ha-1 yr-1, in
the high productivity larch forest of South eastern Yakutia – 2.43±0.23 t C ha-1 yr-1, and in thetundra zone – 0.75±0.14 t C ha-1 yr-1.
As our multi-year studies showed, there is significant interannual NEE variation in theCentral Yakutia larch forest, while in the Southern Yakutia larch forest and tundra ecosystemvariation is more smooth, because the climatic conditions in these zones (close to the mountainand sea) are less changeable than in sharply continental Central Yakutia.
Interannual variation of carbon fluxes in permafrost forests in Northeastern Russia (Yakutia)
makes 1.7-2.4 t C ha-1 yr-1 that results in the upper limit of annual sequestering capacity of 450617 Mt C yr-1. In connection with climate warming there is a tendency of an increase in the volume
of carbon sequestration by tundra and as opposed to decrease by larch ecosystem in the result of
prolongation of the growing season and changing of plant successions. This is also supported bychanges in land use as well as by CO2 sequestration in the form of fertilizer.
According our biogeochemical investigation annual flux of carbon from main in Eastern
Siberia Lena river hydrological ecosystem is almost 6.2 Mt C yr-1 including 28% at Aldan and
14% at Viluy rivers [1].
Study resuslts from eddy-covariance systems and two models (LEA and Invers) showedannual carbon budget of Russia for the last ten years, which equals to 0.659±0.100 B t C yr-1, fromwhich 90-95% falls for forested area.
For estimation of methane emmision, we used 2D landscape-scale model, that included thewhole life cycles of thaw lakes: formation, expantion, drainage and possible second formation.
According to our data, methane emmision from thaw lakes of Siberia is around 3.73 t g CH4 yr-1,
which is much lower than obtained by other researchers. We expect, that predicted expanding oflakes will highly affect permafrost ecosystems and infrastructure [2].
In case of drastically quick climate warming we may expect, in a matter of decades,
irreversible degradation and decay of permafrost forest associations with the replacement of themain forest-forming tree species by edificator species typical for swampland plant associations of
the boreal zone and/or cryophilic deserts of Asia.
References[1] L. Kutscher et al., Spatial variation in concentration and sources of organic carbon in the
Lena River, Siberia. Biogeosciences. DOI: 10.1002/2017JG003858 (2017)[2] J.van Huissteden et al., Methane emissions from permafrost thaw lakes limited by lakedrainage // Nature Climate Change. 1, 119–123 (2011)

G05-O03

Seasonal Change and Spatial Pattern of Monoterpene in a
Forest Soil in a Black Spruce Stand in Interior Alaska
T. Morishita1*, T. Miyama2, K. Noguchi1, Y. Matsuura2, Y. Kim3
1Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
2Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
3International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Monoterpene is biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) which plays important roleof atmospheric chemistry and global warming. Tree leaves are known as main sources of BVOC
in forest ecosystems and many studies have been conducted above ground. According to thesestudies, isoprene and monoterpenes are major BVOC and the amount of annual emission fromthe forest ecosystems has been estimated. Roots of vegetation, fungi, and microorganism also
produced monoterpenes, however, monoterpene dynamics in forest soils is unclear. In addition,although some species of monoterpenes influence carbon and nitrogen dynamics including
greenhouse gas (GHG) production and consumption in forest soils, however, mechanism andcontribution have been unclear. To clarify the effect of monoterpene on these nutrient dynamics,
it is necessary to know what kind of monoterpene existed, the pattern of seasonal change, andthe range of each monoterpene concentration in the soil. The purpose of this study is toinvestigate seasonal and spatial changes of monoterpene in forest soils in black spruce stand(Picea mariana) in interior Alaska. This study was conducted in different slope positon in black
spruce forest (65oN, 147oW) near Fairbanks city. Three plots were established on the slope,
those are, upper, middle and lower part of the slope. Among the plots, biomass of the trees, thedepth of organic layer and active layer, the composition of moss and lichen species on the forest
floor are different. In each plot, air in the atmosphere and the soil were taken into sorbent
sampling tube (Tenax TA and Carbotrap B, SUPELCO, Sigma-Aldrich Co.), after that, all tubes
were brought to Japan and monoterpene species and the concentration were determined by
ATD-GC/MS (Agilent 7890B/5977A) and ATD-GC with FID (Shimadzu GC1700). Seasonalchanges of monoterpene concentration in atmosphere and soil were unclear. Total monoterpene
concentration in the atmosphere was less than 10 ng L-1, on the other hand, the concentrationin the soil exceeded sometimes more than 1000 ng L-1 in summer at the site. -pinene was themost abundant which accounted for 50 % of the total monoterpene, and the total concentrationof monoterpene was higher at upper slope (ca. 400 ng L-1 in summer) than at lower slope (ca.
100 ng L-1 in summer) may be due to the difference of vegetation species on the forest floor
and size of the trees. The composition of monoterpenes were not different among the plots andseason. Litter and root of vegetation, moss, lichen, microorganism and fungi could be sourcesof monoterpenes. In this study, the monoterpene concentration was higher in F horizon wherefine root was concentrated than in mineral soil, and the composition of detected monoterpene
in the soil resembles that from leaves of trees aboveground. Therefore, fine root of black spruce
is considered as the main source of monoterpene.

G05-O04

Effects of snow cover change on taiga forest ecosystem
Ruslan Shakhmatov1*, Atsuko Sugimoto1,2, Trofim Maximov3, Shuhei Hashiguchi1
1. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University,
2. Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University,
3.Institute for Biological Problems Of Cryolithozone
The air temperature already increased for 2-3 degrees in Siberia (and will continue torise in the future [1]. Increasing air temperatures and winter precipitation may affectvegetation through change in snow cover onset and its depth because these snow parameters
possibly affect soil moisture and soil temperature, alter nutrient availability in the following
growing season [2].
To understand effects of changing snow cover depth on taiga forest ecosystem, snow
manipulation experiment was conducted in winter of 2015 in taiga forest dominated by Larix
cajanderi at Spasskaya Pad experimental forest (the Republic of Sakha, Russia). Snow from20 x 20 m plot was transported to another plot with the same area and spread out evenly.
Boreal and temperate forests with thin organic layer are more susceptible to freezing
disruption [3]. Our results show that after snow manipulation, soil temperature decreased
significantly at Snow- plot for soil layers from surface to 80 cm. In spring, advanced
snowmelt of reduced snowpack increased summer soil temperature, but decreased soil
moisture. Changes affected phenology of larch trees by slowing the speed of needle
elongation and decreased nutrient availability in soil and thus decreased nitrogen content inneedles in July, although did not affect needle length and nitrogen content in August. We
suggest this may be results of reduced nitrogen availability in soil and inability of plant to
uptake soil nitrogen due to lowered soil moisture or frost-induced fine-root damage caused byincreased frequency of freeze-thaw cycles during snow-free period.
At Snow+ plot, small trees needles at Snow+ plot were significantly longer during earlygrowing season, but at the end of summer the difference in needle length was not significant.
Increased nitrogen content of soil and mirroring increase of needle nitrogen content suggest
higher nutrient availability and increased uptake of these nutrients with 20% higher soil
moisture at Snow+ plot and insulating properties of increased snowpack reduced frequency offreeze-thaw cycles Higher nitrogen content of needles at Snow+ and larger soil ammonium
pool in July may be a result of higher winter soil temperature due to increased insulation bysnow cover which led to higher microbial activity [4]. Lower needle nitrogen content and soilammonium at Snow- was observed because soil decomposer communities were disturbed byextreme soil frost in winter or freeze thaw cycles in spring [5].
References[1] Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)[2] M.D. Walker et al, Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime andsummer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra. Hydrological Processes 13 (1999)[3] J.P. Hardy et al, Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water
dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 56 (2001)[4] J.P. Schimel et al, Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogenmineralization in two Arctic tundra communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36 (2004)[5] P. Sulkava, V. Huhta. Effects of hard frost and freeze-thaw cycles on decomposer
communities and N mineralisation in boreal forest soil. Applied Soil Ecology 22 (2003)

G05-O05

Simulating topographic controls on the abundance oflarch forest in eastern Siberia, and its consequences
under changing climate

Hisashi SATO & Hideki KOBAYASHI (JAMSTEC)
In eastern Siberia, larches (Larix spp.) often exist in pure stands,
constructing the world's largest coniferous forest, of which changes cansignificantly affect the earth's albedo and the global carbon balance. Our
previous studies tried to reconstruct this vegetation, aiming to forecast its
structures and functions under changing climate.
In previous studies of simulating vegetation at large geographical scales, theexamining area is divided into coarse grid cells such as 0.5 × 0.5 degree
resolution, and topographical heterogeneities within each grid cell are justignored. However, in Siberian larch area, which is located on theenvironmental edge of existence of forest ecosystem, abundance of larchtrees largely depends on topographic condition at the scale of tens tohundreds meters. In our preliminary analysis, we found a quantitative
pattern that topographic properties controls the abundance of larch forest
via both drought and flooding stresses in eastern Siberia.
We, therefore, refined the hydrological sub-model of our dynamic vegetation
model SEIB-DGVM, and validated whether the modified model canreconstruct the pattern, examined its impact on the estimation of biomass
and vegetation productivity under the current and forecasted future climaticconditions.

G05-O06

Change over time in development of root stocks of black
spruce growing at upper and lower slopes in interior Alaska
S. Otake 1*, T. Morishita2, Y. Matsuura2, K. Noguchi2, T. Shirota1, R. Ruess3,
J. Hollingsworth3 and K. Yasue1
1

2

Shinshu University, Japan
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
3
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Root stock records the soil environmental change in past. In order to examine the soil
environmental change, we reconstructed lateral root development as well as root stock radial
growth using dendrochronological techniques. The research sites were the upper and lower
positon of a north facing slope on permafrost of interior Alaska. The upper slope ischaracterized by thinner organic layer and bigger tree size. Belowground parts of four black
spruce trees were excavated both sites. Disk samples of cross section were taken from thebase of all lateral roots and from ths stems at every 10 cm in depth. The annual ring widths
were measured and cross-dated. The rooting depths and age of the lateral roots were identified.
The fire scars of older trees indicated the forest fire occurred summer of 1905. The sample
trees of this study were regenerated after the fire. The results of tree ring analysis of root stock
revealed that root stock consist of tap root and main stem, and a large portion of root stock
was main stem, not tap root. The abrupt radial growth reduction occurred earlier in deeper
position. Newer lateral roots tend to formed in shallower layer. These two changes wereobserved only in lower slope. Both upward changes should attributed to increase in organic
layer and decreasing temperature in deeper position. Upward shift of the position with abrupt
radial growth reduction is faster compared to the upward shift of the position with new root
emergence. This implies decreases of the region, between the position with abrupt radial
growth reduction and new root emergence, where belowground part of tree can grow. Ability
for carbon accumulation of the forest may decrease in this process.

G05-O07
Preparation of your Abstract for ISAR-5

Warming permafrost accelerates development of soil
hummocks and drunken forest
K. FUJII1*, K. YASUE2, Y. MATSUURA1, and A. OSAWA3
1

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
2

3

Shinshu University, Japan
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, JapanOn warming permafrost, black spruce trees lean in all directions to form “drunken”
forest1. Development of drunken forest requires soil movement caused by ice melt-freeze
cycles and rolling permafrost table2. Two hypotheses of tree leaning are loosing soil
foundation induced by permafrost melting in warm summer and/or mound rising (hummock
formation) by freezing soil in winter2, 3. However, no evidence can clarify whether tree
leaning is influenced by climate warming or within a natural phenomenon of hummock
formation. Here we show the evidence that tree leaning and soil hummock development are
accelerated by climate warming. We found using tree ring records that trees leaning eventssynchronize with development of soil hummocks, which can be recorded in lignin-depositedtree rings of leaned tree trunk. We identified that mound rising by freezing soil in winter,rather than loosing soil foundation in summer, is a direct reason for tree leaning. Hummock
formation has shifted from episodic events until 1960 to continuous lifting in the warmer fifty
years. Our results demonstrated that drunken forest is not a simple symptom of permafrost
degradation, but that natural process of rising mounds is altered by warming even incontinuous permafrost zone. Soil change is generally a slow process, but rapid hummock
formation has the risk to increase fire susceptibility of dry lichen-covered mounds and shorten
fire-regeneration cycles of drunken forest and residence time of ecosystem carbon stored.

5

Extent of tree leaning

0
3

-5
2
-10

1
1820

1840

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

-15
2020

Mean annual air temperature (ºC)

4

Year

Figure 1. Time-series trends of tree leaning and air temperaturein drunken forests near Inuvik

G05-O08

A Late Cretaceous (70 Ma) High Latitude Paleoenvironmental
Transect Across Greenhouse Alaska, USA: Investigating theRelationship Between Environments and Fossil Vertebrates
Anthony R. Fiorillo1, Paul J. McCarthy2
1

2

Perot Museum of Nature and Science, USA
University of Alaska, Department of Geosciences, USA

Recent work on the Chignik Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) in Aniakchak National
Monument, SW Alaska, extends a high-latitude greenhouse transect from the Alaska Peninsula
to the North Slope, across ~ 28o of latitude. The Chignik Formation consists primarily of
nonmarine alluvial-coastal plain deposits, dominated by sinuous meandering fluvial channels,
with abundant crevasse splays, small lakes and ponds, and a few thin peat swamps. There is also
evidence for tidal influence on some of the distal deposits, as well as marginal marine andshallow marine deposits. Dark grey to reddish siltstones with root traces, siderite nodules,
organic fragments, plant fossils, and coalified logs represent poorly drained floodplain soils. In
some cases, standing tree trunks are present rooted in ancient soils. The vertebrate fossil record
consists of tracks and traces, of which 93% of the document sites can be attributed to theichnogenus Hadrosauropodus, a footprint attributed to hadrosaurs. These hadrosaurs ranged insize from full-grown adults to juveniles. In addition to hadrosaurs, there are rare occurrences oftracks that are attributed to ankylosaurs and osteichthyans. The Lower Cantwell Formation in
Denali National Park, consists primarily of axial braided rivers, alluvial fans, floodplains, ponds
and small lakes. A rich invertebrate and vertebrate ichnofauna is known from the LCF that
includes adult and juvenile forms of hadrosaurs and ceratopsians, where hadrosaurs constituteapproximately 73% of the ichnofauna. The Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, consists
primarily of small distributary channels, crevasse splays, small ponds and abundant paleosols.
Large trunk channels fed this delta plain distributary network. The paleosols suggest generally
poorly drained conditions punctuated by periods of drying that were probably related to theseasonal light regime. The PCF has produced thousands of skeletal dinosaur remains, based on
bonebed frequency, hadrosaurs constitute approximately 83% of the herbivorous dinosaur fauna.
These three formations represent different sedimentary environments and landscapes, containing
different dinosaur and plant communities. The Prince Creek Formation, located at 75-85o N
paleolatitude, had a MAT of ~ 5-7 oC and MAP of ~ 500-1500 mm yr-1. The Lower Cantwell
Formation, located at a paleolatitude of 65-75o N had a MAT of ~ 7-8 oC and a MAP of ~ 3501550 that decreased by an order of magnitude during a period of elevated temperature in the
Middle Maastrichtian. These data suggest that moisture played a significant role in the relative
percentages of herbivorous dinosaurs across this transect in an ancient Arctic greenhouse world.

January 17

Breakout Session
S1
Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human Impact

S1-O01

On the Natural Component of Climate Change
Syun-Ichi Akasofu1 and Hiroshi L. Tanaka2

1: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
2: Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Abstract
Climate change consists of both natural change and man-made change.
However, as far as global warming is concerned, it is not possible to identify
and determine the man-made component without subtracting the naturalcomponent from observed temperature change. As a first approximation, oneof the methods to infer the natural component is to learn the past climatechange. Based on the past temperature change and various past natural
phenomena (including the retreat of glaciers), it is shown that thetemperature change from about 1850 to 2017 can be understood mostly interms of the combined effect of a linear increase of 0.5°C/100 years(probably, “recovery” from the Little Ice Age [LIA]) and a quasi-periodic
oscillation (probably, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation [PDO]). The reason forthe predicted high temperature in 2100 and the failure of predicting thepresent halting of global warming (2000-2017) may partly due to the lack ofefforts of subtracting the natural component. It is urged to learn causes of thepast climate change first before predicting future change.

S1-O02

Accelerated increase in the Arctic “tropospheric” warming
eventsSimon S.-Y. Wang1*, Y.-H. Lin1 and J.-H. Yoon2
1

2

Department Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science andTechnology, Gwangju, South Korea

Rapid Arctic warming events disrupt mid-latitude weather patterns and oftentimes
produce extreme deviations from normal weather conditions. The atmospheric origins of these
Arctic warming events have been identified as developing in the troposphere and thestratosphere. Historical cases of tropospheric warming and stratospheric warming in the Arctic
were identified and validated based upon tropical linkages as documented in previous studies.
The analysis indicates a recent and seemingly accelerated increase in the tropospheric warming
type versus a flat trend in stratospheric warming type (Figure 1). Tropospheric events develop
twice as fast as stratospheric events and are therefore less predictable. With observations ofhistorically-low Arctic sea ice extent occurring alongside the increase of tropospheric warming
events, computer simulations provided evidence that the two phenomena are likely linked.
Along with observational evidence for enhanced transport of tropical energy helping fuel these
Arctic tropospheric warming events, the results suggest that future mid-latitude weather islikely to undergo an increase to extreme, unseasonal weather patterns that are inherently lesspredictable at thesubseasonal
timescale.
10.1002/2017GL073012
GeophysicalResearch
Letters

Figure 1. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of Arctic rapid tropospheric warming(RTW) and stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events. RTW episodes have been
increasing, which strongly correlates with sea ice loss.
References[1] S.-Y. S. Wang, Y.-H. Lin, M.-Y. Lee, J.-H. Yoon, J. D. D. Meyer, and P. J. Rasch,
Accelerated increase in the Arctic tropospheric warming events surpassing stratosphericwarming events during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL073012 (2017)
Figure 4. (a) The case frequencies of RTW (blue) and SSW (light green) cases plotted at every 9 years during the November–March period and occurrence of Arctic region (north of 65°N) temperature anomalies with the daily long-term mean
removed at (b) 50 hPa and (c) 1000–500 hPa average exceeding the color-coded thresholds.

generates a response in the eastern hemisphere encompassing Siberia end Eurasia. The SIC experiment produced the documented connection of the B-K Seas’ low sea ice with Siberia’s abnormally cold winters[Honda et al., 2009; Petoukhov and Semenov, 2010; Kim et al., 2014]. Moreover, the SIC decline in 2016 apparently
led to a high-pressure response over Siberia, and this corresponds to the post-1979 trend in SLP (Figure 5d), achange that was driven by sea ice loss [Screen and Simmonds, 2013; Vihma, 2014]. However, we did not observe
any upward propagation of eddy heat ﬂux into the stratosphere during the January 2016 RTW (not shown).
Butler et al. [2014] have indicated that El Niño can increase temperature in high-latitude North America
through a tropospheric pathway; here the SST experiment produced a marked Arctic cooling instead(Figure S5). As a further examination, the sliding spatial correlation between the two experiments and theobserved SLP trends (Figure 5f) shows that SLP trends in the Arctic region and Siberia are highly correlatedwith SLP anomalies in both the SIC experiment and January 2016 anomaly, suggesting that El Niño’s effectS1-O03

Future changes in precipitation over the Arctic
projected by massive ensemble simulations
with a 60-km mesh global atmospheric model
S. Kusunoki
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

Chage ratio (F-P)/P %We conducted massive ensemble global warming projections using a global
atmospheric model with high-horizontal resolution of 60-km grid size (MRI-AGCM3.2H).
For the present-day climate of 25 years from 1979 through 2003, we forced the model withthe observed historical Sea Surface Temperature (SST) with an ensemble size of 100 giving
different atmospheric initial conditions and small perturbations in SST. For the future climate,a 25-year integration is conducted, in which the global-mean surface air temperature is 4 K
warmer than the pre-Industrial level corresponding to conditions around the 2090s under the
Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) emission scenario. In order to estimate
the uncertainty, we adopted SST changes projected by 6 coupled models of the Fifth phase of
Couple Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). For each SST distributions, 15-member
ensemble simulations are conducted for different atmospheric initial conditions and small
perturbations in SST. Total ensemble size amounts to 90. These series of experiments arecalled "the database for Policy Decision making for Future climate change" (d4PDF) [1].
Reproducibility of annual precipitation
40(PAVE) and 5-day precipitation (R05D) over
PAVE
R05D
the Arctic by MRI-AGCM3.2H is almost
30
comparable to CMIP5 atmospheric models.
Figure 1 shows the dependence of20
precipitation change on different regions.
Increase of PAVE is larger than R05D over
the Arctic. This is contrary to global, tropical10
and mid-latitude averages where increase of
R05D is larger than PAVE. This tendency is0consistent with previous studies [2, 3].
ANTA MIDS TROP MIDN ARCT GLOBRegionFigure 1. Dependence of precipitation change relative to present-day climate (%) on regions.
ANTA: Antarctica (90°S–67.5°S); MIDS: Mid-latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere (67.5°S–
20°S); TROP: Tropics (20°S–20°N); MIDN: mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere(20°N–67.5°N); ARCT: Arctic (67.5°N–90°N); GLOB: Global (90°S–90°N).
References[1] R. Mizuta et al., Over 5,000 years of ensemble future climate simulations by 60-km global and
20-km regional atmospheric models. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 98, 1383-1398 (2017)[2] S. Kusunoki, Future changes in global precipitation projected by the atmospheric model
MRI-AGCM3.2H with a 60-km Size. Atmosphere 8, 93;doi:10.3390/atmos8050093 (2017)[3] S. Kusunoki, Future changes in precipitation intensity over the Arctic projected by a global
atmospheric model with a 60-km grid size, Polar Science 9,277-292 (2015)

S1-O04

Multi-Decadal Variability in Planetary Albedo
Hiroshi L. Tanaka1* and Kazuki Itoh2
1

Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
College of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Multi-decadal variability in planetary albedo is investigated using the JRA-55 andERA-40 reanalysis data by Tanaka and Tamura (2016). As shown in Fig. 1, it is found that theplanetary albedo increased for 1958 to 1970, decreased for 1970 to 2000, and increased for2000 to 2012 with one percent amplitude, which corresponds to 1.0 W/m2. The multi-decadal
variability in the planetary albedo is compared with the time series of the AO mode andBarents Sea mode of surface air temperature. It is shown that the recent AO negative pattern
showing warm Arctic and cold mid-latitudes is in good agreement with planetary albedo
change indicating negative anomaly in high latitudes and positive anomaly in mid-latitudes.
Moreover, the Barents Sea mode with the warm Barents Sea and cold mid-latitudes shows
long-term variability similar to the planetary albedo change. The natural variabilities of both
the AO mode and Barents Sea mode indicate some possible link to the planetary albedo tocause the warming hiatus in recent years.
In this study, a simple energy balance model (EBM) was integrated in time, consideringa hypothetical long-term variability in planetary albedo. A natural variability was
superimposed on a linear warming trend due to the increasing radiative forcing of CO2. The
result demonstrates that the superposition of the natural variability and the background linear
trend can offset with each other to show the warming hiatus for some periods. It is alsostressed that the rapid warming during 1970 to 2000 can be explained by the superposition of
the natural variability and the background linear trend at least within the simple EBM.

Figure 1. Time change in normalized planetary albedo and a simple EBM simulation
Reference : Tanaka, H.L. and M. Tamura: Polar Science, doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2016.03.002, (2016)

S1-O05

Impacts of Climate and Vegetation Changes on
Hydrological Processes in a Canadian Northern Research
Basin
K. Rasouli1, 2* and J.W. Pomeroy212

Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Canada
Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Investigation of climate change impacts on snow and frozen ground processes in Arctic
and subarctic regions is of great interest to water resources stakeholders and the climate change
research community. Wolf Creek Research Basin (WCRB) in northern Canada, which has anarchive of high elevation weather, snowpack, soils, and streamflow data, was selected toanalyze the sensitivity and response of cold regions hydrology to climate and transient
vegetation changes. A physically based semi-distributed hydrological model was developed
from the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling (CRHM) platform. The model was thenperturbed on an annual or a monthly basis. Instead of direct application of regional climate
model outputs with large biases when compared against local observations, monthly perturbed
climate was reconstructed based on the historical observations and changes in monthly
climatology. A sensitivity analysis shows that the impact of warming on peak snowpack andannual runoff can be offset by an increase in precipitation. The increased precipitation needs tobe greater than 5% in WCRB to offset the impact of 1oC warming on simulated peak snowpack
and greater than 8% to offset the impact of warming by 5oC on annual total runoff. The impactof the same warming and precipitation change at different latitudes will not necessarily besimilar and even though northern latitudes will warm up more, they will also have more
precipitation and hence will be resilient to changes relative to mid-latitudes. A large decreasein snow accumulation, annual total runoff, and peak streamflow and lengthening of the snowfree period are expected under warming and decreased precipitation. Under monthly perturbed
climate, sublimation from blowing snow, snow surface, and snow intercepted on the canopy
drops in the study area. Not only climate changes but also vegetation and associated soilchanges affect cold regions hydrological mechanisms. Vegetation changes act similarly to
climate changes and decrease peak SWE at middle elevations, the spatial variability of peak
SWE, and sublimation amounts. However, the impact of climate change is partially offset by
the impact of vegetation change on peak SWE at high elevations, peak SWE timing, peakstreamflow, ET, annual total runoff, soil moisture, and permafrost degradation. The models
used here can be applied to investigate impacts of the combined climate and vegetation changes
and to detect snow and streamflow regime shifts due to transient vegetation and soil changes.

S1-O06

Intrusion of Lower Latitude Warm-Moist Air
Contributing to the Arctic amplification
T. Yamanouchi1*
1National Institute of Polar Research and the Graduate University for Advanced Studies

At Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, two distinct winter atmospheric states are seen in downward
longwave radiation (LD) during December 2015 and January 2016 (Fig. 1). After the coldstate with the temperature around -10 to -20℃, a warm state with plus temperature appears
and LD increases from about 170 to 320-330 W/m2. This abrupt and large increase of LD
might be due to the change of cloud condition, from clear to overcast sky, which was
examined from the cloud radar data taken during GRENE Arctic Climate Change Research
Project. However, only the cloud change could not explain this large change of LD.
Looking at the atmospheric circulation patterns (500 GPH from ERA-Interim; Fig. 2), during
the warm state, distortion of tropospheric polar vortex appears with a high pressure ridge(blocking high), and downstream of the ridge, strong low and intrusion of warm and moist air
from the Atlantic Ocean influences the warming at Svalbard. This situation is just as pointed
out by Yamanouchi and Orbeack (1995) in the past. This analysis period was widely
discussed due to the record high temperature in the Arctic (North Pole; Moore, 2016; Kim etal., 2017; Graham et al., 2017; Overland and Wang, 2016).
Mauturilli and Kayser (2016) pointed out the increase of atmospheric water vapor
amount in these 20 years at Ny-Ålesund, due to the increase of frequency of southerly winds
observed by the aerological observations. Then, longwave radiation and cloud amountincreased (Yamanouchi, 2007; Maturilli et al., 2015), and corresponded to the increase of
frequency of the warm state introduced above. This intrusion of warm-moist air from thelower latitude is one of the major processes contributing on the Arctic amplification, just as
proved using GCM by Yoshimori et al. (2017). The regional feedbacks in the Arctic
atmosphere are induced by the change in atmospheric heat transport. The remote forcing
due to the surface warming in the lower latitudes is predominant compared to the local
response of the Northern high latitudes to the CO2 increase. The increased moisturetransport from lower latitudes warms the Arctic in winter more effectively not only via latent
heat release but also via greenhouse effect of water vapor and clouds. So, the surface
warming due to anthropogenic CO2 increase in the lower latitudes is the major origin of
Arctic amplification (AA). But still natural variability might also be controlling theeffectiveness of AA.
References	 Graham, R. M. et al., 2017: Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073395.
Kim, B.-M., 2017: Sci. Rep., 7:40051, DOI: 10.1038/srep40051.
Maturilli, M., A. Herber and G. Konig-Lango, 2015: Theor. Appl. Climatol., 120, 331-339.
Maturilli, M. and M. Kayser, 2016: Theor. Appl. Climatol., DOI 10.1007/ s00704-01601864-0.
Moore, G. W. K., 2016: Sci. Rep., 6:39084, DOI: 10.1038/srep39084.
Overland, J. E. and M. Wang, 2016: J. Climate, 29, 5609-5616.
Yamanouchi, T., 2007: Proc. 7th Int. Conf. GCCA, 19-20 February, Fairbanks, Alaska, 50-54.
Yamanouchi, T. and J. B. Orbeak, 1995: Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Meteorol.Glaciol., 9, 118-132.
Yoshimori, M., A. Abe-Ouchi and A. Laine, 2017: Clim. Dyn. DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3523-2.

S1-O07
Cancelled

S1-O08

Maintenance mechanism of a long-lasting polar low
observed over the Barents Sea in January 2011
A. Manda1*, 5, T. Mitsui2, 5, J. Inoue2, 3, M. E. Hori4,
K. Kawamoto5 and K. K. Komatsu1
1

Mie University, JapanThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
5
Nagasaki University, Japan
2

This study documents the life cycle of an unusually long-lasting polar low (PL) observedin January 2011, through a comprehensive analysis of in situ shipboard measurements, satellite
and reanalysis products, and numerical simulations. Figure 1 shows a sequence of cloud top
pressure levels overlaid on sea level pressure. The PL lasted for more than 3 days, which was
atypical, since only 10% of PLs lasted more than 1 day [1]. The maintenance mechanism of thisPL was analyzed, with special emphasis on condensational heating and related moisture supply.
During the development phase, strong condensational heating extended from the low to theupper troposphere and reached its maximum in the middle troposphere. Horizontal moisturetransport accompanied with northward migration of a preceding low was important during thisphase. During the mature phase, however, low-level clouds played a significant role inmaintaining the PL. Evaporation from the sea surface compensated moisture loss caused bydivergence of the horizontal moisture transport, and was essential for the moisture supply. The
simulated PL decayed rapidly when surface evaporation was switched off after the development
phase. These results indicate that increases in horizontal moisture transport and surface
evaporation in the Arctic have the potential to affect the lifetime of PLs.

Figure 1. Cloud top pressure level (areas shown in color) overlaid on sea level pressure(contours) in hPa at around (a) 21/12:00, (b) 22/18:00, and (b) 24/12:00.
This work was supported in part by Arctic Challenge for Sustainability and the Japan
Society for Promotion for Science through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (17H02958,
16H04046, and 16H01844).
Reference[1] J.E. Smirnova, P.A. Golubkin, L.P. Bobylev LP, E.V. Zabolotskikh, B. Chapron, Polarlow climatology over the Nordic and Barents seas based on satellite passive microwave data.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (2015)

January 17

Breakout Session
G7
Geospace

G07-O01

Multi-Year Analysis of Arctic Gravity Waves Over Alaska
Across the Atmospheric Layers and Into The Near-space
Environment
K. Nielsen*1, B. Williams1, E. Davis2, M. Negale2, and R. Collins3
1

Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
3
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA2

A four-year observation period of wave dynamics and coupling across atmosphericlayers over Alaska was achieved between 2011-2015. The project was a collaborative effort
between Utah Valley University, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and Utah State University.
The study involved measurements from the NICT Rayleigh lidar, the UVU airglow imager,
and the PFISR incoherent scatter radar systems, with each instrument contributing knowledge
regarding different parts of the wave spectrum and spanning an altitude region from ~40 - 500
km. The overarching objective was to characterize the observed waves and address theirvariability including impacts of stratospheric weather systems. In the study presented here,
four years of data have been analyzed to investigate wave characteristics, year to year andseasonal variability, and correlate the observed wave parameters to stratospheric weather
phenomena including the Aleutian low, the polar vortex, and sudden stratospheric warming
events. Furthermore, a ray-tracing model has been employed to investigate the source regionsof the mesospheric waves and how it relates to the local tropospheric wave sources. The
presentation will also briefly discuss new initiatives for upper atmospheric gravity wave
dynamics in the Arctic.

G07-O02

Gravity Wave Propagation and Dissipation in the Arctic
Journal of GeophysicalResearch:Space Physics
10.1002/2017JA024089
Regionand Connection
to Vertical Coupling
E. Yiğit1*
1

George Mason University, Department of Physics and Astronomu, Fairfax, USA

Gravity wave (GW) propagation and dissipation in the middle and upper atmospherehave great implications for the thermal and dynamical structure of the global atmosphere [1].
Here I present simulation of GW-induced coupling in the high-latitudes, using a generalcirculation of the atmosphere extending from the lower atmosphere to the upper thermosphere.
A state-of-the-art whole atmosphere GW parameterization [2] is used in order to incorporate
the effects of subgrid-scale GWs. GWs demonstrate substantial latitudinal variability in terms
of propagation and dissipation conditions and impact the diurnal migrating tide in the middle
atmosphere and thermosphere. At Arctic latitudes, GWs encounter often favorable
conditions,Research:owing to an interplay
background circulation
and wave dissipation
Journalpropagationof GeophysicalSpaceofPhysics
10.1002/2017JA024089
as illustrated in Figure 1, where GWs propagate up to 300 km at a Northern Hemispherehigh-latitude.

∘ S) andFigure1. Gravity
wave
propagationand (74
effects(shaded,m/s/day) (74and∘ N)zonal
wind
Figure 10. Sameas Figure
9 but for theSouthern
HemisphereNortherninHemispherehigh latitudes.

(contour, in m/s) at two representative high-latitudes at September equinox as simulation by
the CoupledMiddleThermosphere
GeneralCirculation
Model-2
GW penetration
into theupperAtmospherethermospherein the diﬀerent
hemispheresis clearlyvisible.incorporating
In the Southern
the wholeatmosphere
GWon
parameterization[2]. show a mixed action on
Hemisphere, GWs saturate at lower
altitudes,
dependingthe longitude, andthe tide, partially (weakly) accelerating or decelerating it, up to ±250 m s−1 d−1 , depending on the phase:
References
accelerative
at 0–60∘ E and 60∘ E–120∘ W; and decelerative at 120∘ W–60∘ W. In the Northern Hemisphere, GWs[1]Yiğit,
E., and
A. S. Medvedev(2015),
Internal wave
coupling
processes
in Earth’s
penetrate to the upper
thermospheric
altitudes,
systematically
imposing
a substantial
damping
on the diurnal
atmosphere,
Adv.
Space
Res.,
55(5),
9831003,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.11.020.
−1 −1
variations of the zonal wind during both phases: 1500 m s d during the easterly phase and more than[2] Yiğit, E., A. D. Aylward, and A. S. Medvedev (2008), Parameterization of the effects of−250 m s−1 d−1 peaking in the middle thermosphere during the westerly phase. Note also that the inclusion
vertically propagating gravity waves for thermosphere general circulation models: Sensitivityof GW drag above the turbopause has a profound eﬀect on the simulated tide in the MLT below. In the EXP0
study, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19106, doi:10.1029/2008JD010135.
simulation (Figure 10a), the tidal variations of the zonal wind are much weaker than those in the EXP1 run[3] Yiğit, E., and A. S. Medvedev (2017), Influence of parameterized small-scale gravity(Figure 10b).
∘∘
Figure10. Same
as Figure
9 but forthe Southern
HemisphereS) and NorthernJ.HemisphereN) highlatitudes.
waves
on themigratingdiurnaltide inEarth’s (74thermosphere,
Geophys.(74Res.
Space
Physics,

122,analysis
doi: 10.1002/2017JA024089.
An explicit
of DW1 signatures in the GW eﬀects and in the tidal winds can provide further insight
GW GW
penetration
thediurnal
upper thermospherediﬀerent
hemispheresis clearly visible.
In the Southern
into theforcing intoof thetide. Figures in
11the
and
12 display
the longitudinal
wave number
1 (diurnal)
Hemisphere,
GWs
saturate
atlower
altitudes,
dependingonthelongitude,
and
show
a
mixed
actiononcomponents of the same quantities as they are presented at low latitudes and high latitudes in Figures
9
−1 −1
±
250
m
s
d
,
dependingonthephase:
thetide,
partially(weakly)
acceleratingor
decelerating
it,
up
to
and 10. It is immediately seen that (a) the longitudinal variations seen in Figures 9 are dominated by the wave
accelerative at 0–60∘ E and 60∘ E–120∘ W; and decelerative at 120∘ W–60∘ W. In the Northern Hemisphere, GWs
number1 component (Figure 11) associated with the DW1 tide and (b) the diurnal component of the GW
penetrate to the upper thermospheric altitudes, systematically imposing a substantial damping on the diurnal
drag is in phase with the diurnal tide in the low-latitude MLT
in both simulations. Higher in the middle and−1 −1variations of the zonal wind during both phases: 1500 m sdduring the easterly phase and more thanG07-O03

Impacts of thermospheric gravity wave on the Ionospheric variability
in the Arctic region simulated by GAIA
Y. Miyoshi1*, H. Jin2 , H. Fujiwara3 and H.Shinagawa2
1

Kyushu University, Japan
2
NICT, Japan
3
Seikei University, Japan

It has been recognized that gravity waves (GWs) play an important role on the variability in the
Thermosphere-Ionosphere system. In this study, impacts of thermospheric GWs on thevariability in the ionosphere are examined using a whole atmosphere-ionosphere coupled model(GAIA: horizontal resolution 100km). The GAIA contains the region from the ground surface
to the upper thermosphere, so that we can simulate excitation of GWs in the lower atmosphere,
their upward propagation into the thermosphere, and their impact on the ThermosphereIonosphere system. Furthermore, the GAIA includes coupling processes between neutral
atmosphere and plasma. This means that GAIA can simulate ionospheric variability excited by
the thermospheric GWs propagating from the lower atmosphere. We investigate behaviors of
ionospheric variability simulated by GAIA. In particular, we focus four attention on theionospheric variability in the Arctic region. The relation between the ionospheric variability andthermospheric GWs are discussed in detail in this study.

G07-O04

Coupling Between Tidal and Planetary Wave Modes in the
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
P.J. Espy1,2*, N. Stray1,2 and R.E. Hibbins1,21

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
2
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen, Norway

Individual spatial modes from tidal and planetary waves are known to structure theionosphere. However, wind observations from a single station, even those that image overscales much smaller than these waves, produce a time-series from which only the net period
and phase of the total superposed spatial wavenumber components can be derived. Thus, neither
the amplitudes of the individual wave modes nor the interactions between them can be observed.
While satellite data can give both temporal and spatial components, the time and spatial
information is generally not separable without assuming stationarity.
Here, hourly mean meteor wind data from a longitudinal chain of 8 high-latitude northernhemisphere SuperDARN radars have been combined in order to provide the spatial tidal andplanetary wave components as a function of time. This has been used to extract the migrating
and non-migrating components of the semidiurnal tide, as well as the S1 and S2 planetary wave
components in the lower thermosphere meridional wind between 1995 and 2016. Since thesemeasurements can separate the individual wave modes, they will provide a valuable resource
for future observations from the EISCAT 3D system.
We find that the semidiurnal tide is dominated by the migrating (W2) component, thoughsmall but significant W1 and W3 contributions to the semidiurnal tide occur, especially aroundthe equinoxes. Similarly, the S1 planetary wave amplitudes in the northern hemisphere are
generally largest, but there are periods where the S2 mode becomes dominant. Due to their large
amplitudes in the northern hemisphere, these planetary wave modes can couple into individual
tidal components and may enhance their presence in the ionosphere. Data analysis andvalidation will be presented, together with initial results on the inter-annual variability of thetidal and planetary wave components and their possible coupling to the ionosphereG07-O05

Millimeter-wave spectrometer for monitoring minor
constituents in the middle atmosphere at Tromsø
A. Mizuno1*, T. Nakajima1, S. Nozawa1, T. Nagahama1, T. Kawabata1, K. Haratani1,
H. Iwata1, and K. Suzuki1
1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Since 2012, we have been carried out the ground-based millimeter-wave monitoring of
nitric oxide (NO) at 250.796 GHz and ozone (O3) at 235.709 GHz at Syowa station in Antarctica
in collaboration with the Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group of NIPR. The main
objective of the monitoring is to study the influence of energetic particle precipitation (EPP)
related to the solar activity on the polar atmosphere. We have detected several significant eventsof short-term (several days) sporadic enhancement of NO related to EPPs (e.g., Isono et al.
GRL, 2014, Isono et al. JGR, 2014), but the enhancements are apparently different between thepolar night period and the midnight sun period because the NO chemistry is not only sensitive
to the EPPs but also UV radiation. To study the short-term NO enhancement process in moredetail, we planned to make comparative analyses based on the simultaneous observations fromboth the northern- and southern-polar regions and decided to install a millimeter-wave
spectrometer at the EISCAT site in Tromsø, Norway.
The basic feature of the millimeter-wave spectrometer is almost the same as the one
operating at Syowa, i.e., equipped with a 4K-cooled low-noise superconductive receiver for
250 GHz band and a digital FFT data processor with an instantaneous bandwidth of 1 GHz. We
started development of the infrastructure in September 2015 in cooperation with UiT The Arctic
University of Norway. We put an observing container just next to the Sodium Lidar facility
operated by Dr. Nozawa. All the instruments for the millimeter-wave spectrometer weretransported to the site by October 2016, and the assembly and adjustment of the spectrometersystem were completed in March 2017. The results of the test observation of NO and ozone
were well, but at that time, we could not start the continuous monitoring because of airconditioning problem, i.e., the temperature of the observing room rose too high. To solve thisproblem, in the end of September 2017, we made a hole and put a ventilator on the roof of theobserving container to evacuate the hot air, and the hot air is guided by a duct to the zenith
window on the roof to blow out the snow on the window. We will start the continuous
monitoring in October 2017.
In the presentation, we will report the latest progress of the spectrometer system and themeasurements. Also, we will mention our future plan of updating of the instruments whichenable multi-line or multi-frequency millimeter-wave spectroscopy.
References[1] Y. Isono, A. Mizuno, T. Nagahama, Y. Miyoshi, T. Nakamura, R. Kataoka, M. Tsutsumi,
M. K. Ejiri, H. Fujiwara, and H. Maezawa, Variations of nitric oxide in the mesosphere andlower thermosphere over Antarctica associated with a magnetic storm in April 2012,
Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 2568-2574, doi:10.1002/2014GL059360, (2014)[2] Y. Isono, A. Mizuno, T. Nagahama, Y. Miyoshi, T. Nakamura, R. Kataoka, M. Tsutsumi,
M. K. Ejiri, H. Fujiwara, H. Maezawa, and M. Uemura, Ground-based observations of nitricoxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Antarctica in 2012-2013, Journal ofGeophysical Research, 119, 7745-7761, doi:10.1002/2014JA019881, (2014)

G07-O06

Temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere andplasmasphere during geomagnetic storms as seen inglobal Total Electron Content (TEC) data
A. Shinbori1*, Y. Otsuka1, T. Tsugawa2, and M. Nishioka2
1

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE),
Nagoya University, Japan
2
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, JapanThe global structure of the ionosphere and plasmasphere is drastically changed during
geomagnetic storms, and the response of the ionosphere and plasmasphere to geomagnetic
disturbances is very complicated. Previous studies showed (1) a large enhancement of Total
Electron Content (TEC) in the equatorial and middle-latitude regions within a few hours during
a severe geomagnetic storm [Mannucci et al., 2005], and (2) appearance of storm-enhanced
electron density (SED) from middle to high latitudes [Foster, 1993]. However, these studies did
not investigate detailed temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere and plasmasphere withhigh time resolution during geomagnetic storms on the basis of global TEC data analysis. In
this study, we clarify the temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere and plasmasphere
during geomagnetic storms with the global TEC data. In this analysis, we used the geomagnetic
Kp and SYM-H induces and global TEC data. These data are provided by World Data Center
for Geomagnetism, Kyoto University, and Dense Regional And Worldwide INternational
GNSS-TEC observation (DRAWING-TEC) project, NICT [Tsugawa et al., 2007], respectively.
We first produced a global distribution of the 10-day quiet-time average TEC in a month ofinvestigated storm events. As a next step, we created a global map of difference of TEC (dTEC) in between the storm-time and geomagnetically quiet periods, and investigated the global
variation of the d-TEC during the main and recovery phases of geomagnetic storms. After thesudden commencement identified as a step-like increase of the SYM-H index, d-TEC began toincrease in the middle-low latitudes (30-55 degrees) of the morning sector (9-10 h, LT: localtime). As geomagnetic storms grow, the enhanced d-TEC region expanded to the afternoon
sector (15 h, LT) within 4-5 hours. 4 hours after the start of the main phase, the decreased dTEC region with a line structure in a longitudinal direction, which is identified as an ionospherictrough, appeared in the afternoon sector (14-17 h, LT). The location moved equatorward with awavy structure with a scale of 500-1000 km in a longitudinal direction associated with thedevelopment of geomagnetic storms. On the other hand, in the high-latitude region (more than
60 degrees, GMLAT) of the morning sector (10-12 h, LT), a plume-like structure of d-TEC
appeared, which corresponds to the SED phenomenon.
References[1] Mannucci, A. J., et al., Dayside global ionospheric response to the major interplanetary
events of October 29–30, 2003 “Halloween Storms”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12S02,
doi:10.1029/2004GL021467 (2005).
[2] Foster, J. C., Storm time plasma transport at middle and high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 98,
1675–1689, doi:10.1029/92JA02032 (1993).
[3] Tsugawa, T., et al., Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected with dense
and wide TEC maps over North America. Geophys Res. Lett., 34, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031663(2007).

G07-O07

Anomalous ambipolar diffusion observed using meteor
radars in the Arctic
M. Tsutsumi1*, Y. Ogawa1, S. Nozawa2, and C. Hall3
1
2

National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo Japan

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
3

The Arctic University of Norway, Norway

Ambipolar diffusion coefficients are estimated through radar echo decay rates ofionized meteor trails. Information of neutral atmosphere temperature in the lower
thermosphere can be further deduced from the ambipolar diffusion coefficient when electron
and ion temperatures can be assumed the same with the neutral atmosphere temperature [1-3].
We found that the ambipolar diffusion in the polar mesopshere was sometimes anomalously
enhanced in Arctic meteor radar observations. Comparison with collocated Na lidar and
EISCAT radars in Tromsoe showed that such enhancements were not observed in neutral
temperature field, and that enhanced electric field in the lower thermosphere seemed
responsible for enhancing electron temperature through Farley-Buneman instability [4] andsubsequent anomalous ambipolar diffusion. This further indicates that meteor radarobservations in polar regions have a potential to give a certain measure of electric field in thelower thermosphere and even the upper mesosphere, which is very difficult to observe
without an incoherent scatter radar.
References[1] Tsutsumi, M., T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and S. Fukao, Temperature fluctuations near the mesopause
inferred from meteor observations with the middle and upper atmosphere radar, Radio Sci., 29,
599– 610, 1994.
[2] Tsutsumi, M., T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and S. Fukao, Wind velocity and temperature fluctuations
due to a 2-day wave observed with radio meteor echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9425– 9432, 1996.
[3] Hocking, W. K., Temperatures using radar-meteor decay times, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3297–
3330, 1999.
[4] Farley, D. T., A plasma instability resulting in field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere, J.
Geophys. Res., 68, 6083–6097, 1963.

G07-O08
Cancelled

G07-O09

SuperDARN HOkkaido Pair of (HOP) radars: Powerful tools
for monitoring the ionosphere and upper atmosphere in thearctic region
N. Nishitani
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, JapanThe Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a network of HF radars
deployed under the international collaboration between about 10 countries. As of September 1,
2017 there are total of 36 SuperDARN radars, 23 in the northern and 13 in the southerhemispheres, continously monitoring the ionosphere and upper atmosphere in the high- andmid-latitude regions. Among them, the Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) radars, located in Hokkaido,
Japan, are the radars located at the lowest geomagnetic latitude, having part of field of views in
the arctic region (Figure 1). Using this unique geographic location, the radars have beenyielding a lot of scientific results, covering the area ranging from the magnetosphere /ionosphere to the thermosphere / upper mesosphere, since their deployment (Hokkaido East in2006 and Hokkaido West in 2014) and total of 34 papers, with HOP radars data playing
important roles, have been published in international peer-review journals. Main scientificachievements of the HOP radars are as follows:
1) Clarification of detailed characteristics and their interpretation of sub-auroral / midlatitude ionospheric responses to Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), solar windparameter changes and substorms
2) Clarification of detailed characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in theionosphere and magnetosphere3) Clarification of detailed characteristics and their interpretation of Large-Scale /Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs / MSTIDs)
4) Clarification of characteristics of ionospheric disturbances due to the 2011 Tohoku
Earthquake, including the finding of disturbances propagating up to 6 km/s
5) Clarification of characteristics and their quantitative modeling of sudden ionosphericchanges due to solar flares
Summary of the latest scientific achievements and future perspective will be presented.

Figure 1. Field of view of the SuperDARN HOP radars.

G07-O10

China-Iceland Joint Aurora Observatory (CIAO) at Karholl
Hongqiao Hu*, Huigen Yang and Zejun Hu
Polar Research Institute of China, China
Iceland, with magnetic latitude of 66°, located under auroral oval, is a good
ground-based platform for magnetotail dynamics observation, especially for substorm
observation. Under cooperation with Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS) and Icelandic
institutions, PRIC is establishing the China-Iceland Joint Aurora Observatory (CIAO) at
Kárhóll, Northern Iceland. The scientific objectives of CIAO are to establish a permanent
observatory of aurora, for space physics research, for space weather monitoring, and foraurora and geo-science outreach. In this talk, CIAO will be introduced.

January 17

Breakout Session
G8
Policies and Economy

G08-O01

International Science, Policy, and Fisheries in the Central
Arctic Ocean
H.P. Huntington1* and F. Ohnishi2
1

2

Ocean Conservancy, Eagle River, Alaska, USA
Arctic Research Center, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, JapanThe five Arctic coastal states and five distant-water fishing jurisdictions are currently
negotiating a fisheries agreement for the international waters of the central Arctic Ocean.
Although no fishing has ever been done in these waters, an international agreement will
prevent illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing and potential damage to theecosystem. Reaching agreement requires aligning the objectives of the coastal anddistant-water interests. An important step in this direction is developing an international
scientific effort to study the central Arctic Ocean ecosystem to provide a basis forecosystem-based fisheries management, if and when there are commercially viable fish stocks
in these waters. The central Arctic Ocean is remote and, for most of the year, ice-covered,making research there expensive and technologically challenging. No nation is likely to bear
all the costs necessary to study the region, and few nations have enough ice-capable research
vessels to do so even if they wanted to. Therefore, international cooperation will be necessary
to gather sufficient data to move beyond a precautionary approach of not fishing. All theparties in the negotiations have active Arctic Ocean research programs, including many
international efforts. There is, however, no single organization or program that includes all thepotential parties to the agreement or that has the responsibility to compile, analyze, and reportfisheries-related data to the signatories. A transparent mechanism for data sharing, researchcoordination, and assessing the status of fish stocks and ecosystem health for the central
Arctic Ocean will do a great deal to foster continued international cooperation in policy andfisheries management as well as science. This presentation will outline the principles uponwhich collaborative scientific work in the central Arctic Ocean should be based and how suchan effort can build on international research efforts already underway.

G08-O02

Abstract submission for ISAR-5, Tokyo 2018, Japan
Name:

Kamrul HOSSAIN

E-mail:khossain@ulapland.fi

Institutional affiliation:

NIEM / Arctic Centre, University of LaplandOccupation/position:

Associate Professor / Director

Paper Title
society

Arctic security: A cooperative move for building human secure transnational

Key Words: Arctic, human security, climate change, environment

The Arctic – geographical space – located in the circumpolar north, administered by southern
capitals of eight countries, perceive traditionally unique characteristics. The region isconsidered as the earth’s final pristine environment. It has both distinct biodiversity represented
by charismatic fauna and flora, and cultural diversity represented by diverse groups ofindigenous peoples. Today, the region is being transformed rapidly, mainly due to theconsequence of climate change. On one hand the implications being environmentally
devastating, result in multi-dimensional threats to humans, animals and plants. On the other
hand, the implications bring new economic opportunities as access to the region becomes easierwith increasing ice-free sea routes, and increase in navigation, which eventually lead tointensify commercial activities including resource usage – Artic is known to be a resource richregion. This paradoxical development, some argue, would cause geopolitical tension putting
the region at risk of military confrontation. Against this background, in this presentation, I lookat Arctic security dynamics – whether the dynamics bring high politics in Arctic security
framing. Given the renewed understanding of security developed throughout almost last two
and half decades, I argue that Arctic does not foresee any military confrontation per se. Rather,various challenges facing the region give rise to human and societal concerns making it as ahuman security region. Actors both within and beyond the Arctic live with this reality, and assuch, the region being highly institutionalized, high political debate co-exist with soft
cooperation move for making the region a transnational human secure society.

G08-O03

Economic Development of the Arctic Regions of Russia:
Analysis of Regional Budgets
S. Tabata1*
1

Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

The purpose of the paper is to examine the financial sustainability of the Arctic regionsof Russia, concentrating on the analysis of regional budgets (analysis of consolidated regional
budget implementation data released by the Federal Treasury of Russia). Since the Russian
Arctic areas are vast and significantly different from each other, we cannot generalize them andsingle out a typical Arctic region. Instead, in previous work, we have distinguished three typesof region [1]. We follow this approach in this paper as well. I analyze seven regions of the Arctic
Zone, i.e., Murmansk Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug (AO), YamaloNenets AO, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Sakha Republic and Chukotka AO, excluding Komi and Karelia
Republics, since only a few district of these two regions are included in the Russian definitionof the Arctic Zone.
I pay special attention to tax and non-tax revenues, transfers from federal to regional
budgets, balance of regional budgets and financing of budget deficits, taking into accountdifferent kinds of transfers from federal to regional budgets (dotation, subsidy, subvention etc.).
According to Russia’s budget and tax legislations, extraction taxes and export duties are two of
the most important taxes on oil and gas, and these are exclusively revenues of the federal budget.
The regional budget in oil and gas producing regions receives corporate and asset taxes fromoil and gas companies (Figure 1).
Having analyzed these data, I will consider the contribution of the state to thedevelopment of the Arctic regions, especially the significance of the state program “Socioeconomic development of the Russian Arctic zone until 2020,” adopted by Government
Resolution No. 366 dated April 21, 2014.
Chkotka AO
Sakha R

Krasnoyarsk K
Yamalo-Nenets AO
Nenets AO
Arkhangelsk O
Murmansk O
Arctic regions

Russia, total
0

10

20

30

40

50

Corporate tax

Personal tax

ExciseMineral extraction tax

Other revenue

Subsidy

60

70

80

90

100

Asset tax

Figure 1. Structure of regional budget revenues in 2016, in percent
References[1] S. Tabata and T. Tabata, Economic Development of the Arctic Regions of Russia. In V.
Tynkkynen, S. Tabata, D. Gritsenko and M. Goto, eds., Russia’s Far North: The Contested
Energy Frontier. Routledge (forthcoming).

G08-O04
Modeling the formation of income and resources of the local population of Sakha(Yakutia)
1
2
Bochkarev N.V. Gavrilyeva T.N.
1 Yakut Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Engineering
School of Northern-Eastern Federal University, Russia
Within the framework of the international scientific project COPERA, a group of
researchers, including speakers, study the volume and structure of production andconsumption of heat and energy in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The object of researchis also the consumer behavior of the population as a special factor of carbon emission incold northern conditions. To this end, in 2017, a survey of local population "Comparative
analysis of sources of income generation and the problem of poverty in traditional
communities of the northern regions" was conducted on a wide range of issues:
employment including trades&fisheries, social protection, life strategy for the coming
years, usage of personal transport and modern means of communication, the problem ofaccess to natural resources, etc. The poll was conducted in the northern Arctic settlement Chokurdah and in the southern Arctic one - Ust-May. The results are compared and dockedwith official statistics. The results of the study are presented in the report. The system ofsubsidizing the consumption of thermal and electric energy was studied. It is proved thatsubsidizing does not stimulate the saving of resources.

G08-O05

Russian climate policy after the Paris Agreement:
Perspectives of the North
N.A. Stepanova1*, T.N. Gavrilyeva2Strategic Research Center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Russia
The report is within the RFBR project № 15-54-71003 (Belmont Forum) «C budget of
ecosystems and cities and villages on permafrost in Eastern Russian Arctic – COPERA».
Negative climate changes counteraction is the first global project in the history of mankind,designed to ensure the sustainable development principles gradual implementation.
The meaning of the Paris Agreement from the standpoint of the involved parties obligations
lies in the principle of the voluntary contribution of each participant to the global climate
problem solution. The "indicative nationally defined deposits (NDC)" were announced by 156
countries on the conference` eve and altogether cover 95% of global emissions.
Russia as one of the largest countries in the world should form its response to the challengeof global warming. Paris agreement was signed by Russia on April 22, 2016, with 175 countries
joining it. For its ratification in 2017 a Government Report with the assessment ofmacroeconomic consequences of agreement ratification is to be developed and be March 2020,
that is just before the beginning of the agreement, the Action plan is to be developed.
Russia's obligations under the Paris Agreement are to achieve by 2030 year emissions
volume in 70-75% to 1990 year level with the possibility of variation depending on various
factors, such as the level of technological cooperation with developed countries, and in
conditions of maximum consideration of carbon dioxide absorption (hereinafter — CO2) by
Russian forests ... It is important to note, that currently the volume of greenhouse gas emissionsof the Russian economy is about 69% to the 1990 year level (mainly due to a fall in industrial
production) — thus the goal determines Russia's possible increase the volume of emissions.
The national model of carbon regulation should be worked out by June, 2018, when thedraft federal law "On the State Regulation of greenhouse gas emissions" is to be presented. So
far, Russian legislation has no definition of greenhouse gases; they do not pose direct healththreat and therefore do not belong to substances, emissions of which are the subject of Federal
Law No 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" regulation. The concept of system for monitoring,
reporting and verifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation wasapproved in 2015, but has not yet begun to work.
One of the principles of the Paris Agreement is the consideration of "various national
circumstances", which brings to the fore the issue of an adequate assessment of the absorbing
potential of Russian forests (in relation to CO2). Russia's carbon balance plays an important rolein the global carbon budget, thanks to the vast areas of forests. About 45-49% of the territory forests, 25% - tundra and marshes, 16% - agricultural and meadow lands, 10% - water spaces.
The total area of forests in Russia is 886,5 million hectares1, of which 29% are boreal forests ofYakutia. The boreal forests form a kind of "green belt", covering the Northern Hemisphere a stripof different widths and passing through Russia, Alaska, Canada and Scandinavia, they protect
humanity from environmental catastrophe by absorbing free carbon.
One of the urgent scientific tasks is the integration of climatic and socio-economic models,
including spatial ones. Paper will discuss Russian policy perspectives.

1 Square of forests and forestry resources [Electronic resource]. - Asses mode: http://forest-russia.narod.ru/.

G08-O06

Perspectives of Carbon Tax Implementation in Russia
T.N. Gavrilyeva1, 2, A.V. Nogovitsyn1, N.A. Stepanova3
Engineering School of North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Russia
Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Strategic Research Centre of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
The report is within the RFBR project № 15-54-71003 (Belmont Forum) «C budget of
ecosystems and cities and villages on permafrost in Eastern Russian Arctic – COPERA».
The carbon tax is seen as a prospective mechanism for the implementation of Russia's
obligations arising in connection with the signing of the Paris Climate Agreement in April 2016.
This tax is a part of the global "green finance" that is rapidly developing.
High energy intensity of the Russian economy due to the objective climatic and geographic
features of the country as well as to the chronic technological backwardness will restrict nationalmodel of carbon regulation for several more decades. But Russia as one of the largest countries
in the world should form its response to the challenge of global warming. New instruments offiscal policy, including carbon tax can be effective if the tax system greening to be gradual andwill not force sharp financial pressure on energy consumers.
A number of approaches within the Russian current taxation system can be realized: (1)Environmental payments, with Carbon Tax included in payments for negative environment
impact the in terms of emissions into the air by stationary sources; (2) Carbon tax share in VAT
paid by consumers of electricity and heat, oil products allocation; (3) Excise duty establishmentof for motor gasoline, straight-run gasoline, diesel fuel, motor oils produced in the territory of
the Russian Federation.
Russia's carbon balance plays an important role in the global carbon budget, thanks to thevast areas of forests. About 45-49% of the territory - forests, 25% - tundra and marshes, 16% agricultural and meadow lands, 10% - water spaces. The total area of forests in Russia is 8,865
million square meters1. Ensuring sustainable development requires a balance of interests of thestate, business and civil society. Introduction of a carbon tax can become a significant tax risk forthe companies. One of the possible instruments for achieving this is the formation of the"corporate forests" or "ecosystems that are in the company's responsibility" within theframework of public-private partnership projects that, in addition to carrying out works toprotect, reproduce the natural environment, could become the function of instrumental
monitoring of emissions and removals CO2.
Based on satellite imagery of Google Maps and Autodesk AutoCAD 2012 approximate
calculation of annual carbon savings is made for diamond enterprise ALROSA, located in
Mirninsky and Nyurbinsky districts of Yakutia in scenario of carbon tax and system of corporate
forests implementation. The possible annual savings amount is up to 1,663 million US dollars at
a carbon tax rate of 15 US dollars / tonnes CO2 and 3.879 million US dollars at a rate of 35 US
dollars / tonne of CO2.
We come to the conclusion that private-public approach in forest management
development will encourage enterprises to expand the radius of the zones, the larger the area of
CO2 absorbing the corporate natural environment, the greater the savings in payments forgreenhouse gas emissions and positive effects the changing climate efforts.

1 Square of forests and forestry resources [Electronic resource]. - Asses mode: http://forest-russia.narod.ru/.

January 17

Breakout Session
S15
Technology, Infrastructure and Human Space in the Past and Presentof Northern Regions

S15-O01

The influence of Japanese technology on the Ainu
N. Iwasaki1*, Y. Murakami2
1,2

Kyoto University Museum, Japan

The Ainu are native Japanese who lived on the island of Hokkaido. Hokkaido has atemperature climate, sits 41°-45° from the equator and endures heavy snow in winter. Until
the latter half of the 19th Century, Hokkaido was a relatively unpopulated, wilderness
terrain. The Ainu were a society that lived off hunting, fishing and trade. Their relations
with mainland Japanese changed in the 15th Century, when the Japanese established acolony on the southwest side of Hokkaido. In this presentation, I would like to describe theinfluence Japanese technology had on Ainu society in the early modern era.
Trade with Japan had a great effect on the Ainu. The import of goods from Japan
expressed a social status. The traded goods would be used as barter to pay in contract
agreements and even as compensation for crimes. The increased wealth also brought
increased inequality [1]. It could therefore be argued that the import from Japan stimulated aclass society among the Ainu.
“Benzai-sen” were boats that transported goods all across Japan. These wooden boats
had large cotton sails and could load about 150 tons of cargo [2]. They were essential for
expanding Japan trade routes including those into Hokkaido.
Ainu boating technology was relatively primitive and amounted to little more thancanoes. The smaller version was used for fishing and fit only two passengers. The bigger
version could hold up to 30 tons of cargo and was intended for farther travel [3]. Either way,
benzai-sen allowed for much larger trade and riches in resources.
Key to the advancement in shipping was the iron technology revolution. In the 16th
and 17th centuries saw significant gains in iron technology in Japan, including tools designed
for handling wood and farming. With regards to boating, the Japanese used this technology to
produce large wooden boards[4]. They also were able to produce cotton in the 16th century.
Thus, advances in iron technology were instrumental for the creation of bensai-sen..
It is well known that the iron revolution was essential for economic growth in Japanand had reverberating effects on the nation’s culture and society. As advances in trade
indicate, there is evidence that the iron revolution had tremendous impact on the Ainu as well.
References[1] Naoko Iwasaki, Function of the imported goods from Japan, Shirin78-5(1995)[2]K.Ishi, Japanese boating, Hosei University Press(1995)[3]I. Yura, Ainu canoues, Maruyoshi Printing(1995)[4]K.Yamaguchi, Shogunate diplomacy in early modern era, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
(1993)

S15-O02
Cancelled

S15-O03
Cancelled

S15-O04

Trying to understand the indirect impacts of Northern mine
infrastructure: The Case of the Faro Mine
Chris Southcott
Lakehead University, Canada

While increasing attention is paid to the social impacts of extractive resource activities in
the Circumpolar North, less attention is paid to the infrastructure which is developed to enable
these activities. While direct impacts of the construction phase of this infrastructure are often
similar to the effects which concern northern communities, the indirect impacts, especially longterm, are less easily understood. Yet for some in the north, the long-term effects are those thatare most important for the region. This paper will try and conceptualize the indirect impacts ofextractive industry projects on northern communities using the Faro Mine which operated in the
Yukon Canada from 1968 until the 1990s. It will examine the situation of new roads, hydroelectric facilities, and a new town.

S15-O05

High​ ​Tech​ ​for​ ​High​ ​North:​ ​Bringing​ ​remote​ ​northern
communities​ ​closer​ ​to​ ​the​ ​rest​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world​ ​throughinformation​ ​technology
A.​ ​Pestereva​1*
ARCTICenter,​ ​University​ ​of​ ​Northern​ ​Iowa,​ ​USA

1​

Reindeer​ ​and​ ​caribou​ ​have​ ​been​ ​very​ ​important​ ​for​ ​arctic​ ​livelihood​ ​for​ ​ages,​ ​however
most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world​ ​is​ ​reminded​ ​of​ ​reindeer​ ​only​ ​towards​ ​Christmas.​ ​Serious​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​climatechange​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Arctic​ ​do​ ​not​ ​often​ ​concern​ ​population​ ​elsewhere​ ​in​ ​their​ ​everyday​ ​choices​ ​thatmay​ ​contribute​ ​to​ ​it.​ ​In​ ​Russia​ ​indigenous​ ​knowledge​ ​and​ ​land​ ​use​ ​practices​ ​have​ ​been
traditionally​ ​shared​ ​within​ ​the​ ​communities,​ ​however​ ​this​ ​information​ ​is​ ​not​ ​always​ ​known​ ​orreadily​ ​available​ ​for​ ​other​ ​actors,​ ​be​ ​that​ ​researchers,​ ​policy​ ​makers​ ​or​ ​business​ ​developers.
Two​ ​projects​ ​at​ ​UNI​ ​ARCTICenter​ ​help​ ​making​ ​remote​ ​northern​ ​communities​ ​closerto​ ​the​ ​rest​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world​ ​through​ ​educational​ ​outreach​ ​and​ ​knowledge​ ​sharing:​ ​iReindeer
interactive​ ​educational​ ​module​ ​and​ ​indigenous​ ​knowledge​ ​community​ ​mapping​ ​portal.
iReindeer​ ​is​ ​a​ ​web​ ​quest​ ​gaming​ ​interface​ ​teaching​ ​K-12​ ​students​ ​the​ ​basics​ ​of​ ​Arctic
ecosystem​ ​functioning​ ​and​ ​reindeer/caribou​ ​migration​ ​using​ ​Taimyr​ ​Peninsula​ ​ecosystems
and​ ​wild​ ​reindeer​ ​as​ ​an​ ​example.​ ​Open​ ​source​ ​mapping​ ​technologies​ ​enable​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​gameset-up​ ​in​ ​a​ ​3-D​ ​interactive​ ​environment​ ​using​ ​real​ ​world​ ​imagery​ ​and​ ​terrain​ ​data.​ ​In​ ​eachlevel,​ ​based​ ​on​ ​real​ ​data​ ​(such​ ​as​ ​forage​ ​availability,​ ​climate,​ ​or​ ​predators),​ ​player​ ​interacts
with​ ​a​ ​single​ ​aspect​ ​affecting​ ​the​ ​reindeer​ ​migration​ ​and​ ​learns​ ​about​ ​it​ ​along​ ​the​ ​way.
Indigenous​ ​knowledge​ ​community​ ​mapping​ ​portal​ ​represents​ ​a​ ​web​ ​GIS​ ​portal​ ​andaccompanying​ ​technologies​ ​and​ ​methodologies​ ​enabling​ ​all​ ​interested​ ​participants​ ​themselvesto​ ​collect,​ ​maintain​ ​and​ ​use​ ​spatial​ ​information​ ​regarding​ ​the​ ​traditional​ ​land​ ​use​ ​byindigenous​ ​communities​ ​of​ ​Russia.
Current​ ​information​ ​technology​ ​level,​ ​access​ ​and​ ​ubiquity​ ​make​ ​it​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​empower
local​ ​indigenous​ ​communities​ ​to​ ​be​ ​in​ ​control​ ​of​ ​collection,​ ​sharing​ ​and​ ​utilizing​ ​their​ ​spatial
knowledge,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​engage​ ​broader​ ​population​ ​in​ ​learning​ ​about​ ​arctic​ ​ecosystems​ ​throughan​ ​interesting​ ​interactive​ ​game​ ​with​ ​relatable​ ​character.

S15-O06

SessionTechnology, Infrastructure and Human Space in the Past and Present of Northern Regions

Varvara Korkina, ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, USA korkivaa@uni.edu“Fashioning The New Arctic”
How long ago did a smartphone become an indispensable part of our life? Now, we got used to callingon Skype or WhatsApp and seeing our interlocutors... Ten years ago this was impossible. High-tech is
everywhere in our lives. We can use a lot of new technologies in our research or our everyday life. But
sometimes we forget that these technologies can be combined with other systems of knowledge anddeployed to achieve societal goals, such as sustainable development. What do TESLA and reindeer
herders may have in common? Are these two different worlds that going toward the common goal ofsustainable future?
Forward-looking, innovative companies want to change our way of life by fostering sustainable
technological and lifestyle options. Technology and automation instead of handmade crafts is changing
today's production and business world, significantly affecting the relevant job market skills.
Indigenous people try to save our world in the different, but potentially complementary ways. Mutual
learning and investment in joined efforts are likely to benefit of both. A whole generation of Arctic
residents are growing up in the digital and connected world and now rely on technology for their daily
activities. At the same time, Indigenous knowledge has been sustaining Indigenous communities formany centuries and still constitutes the fabric of Indigenous societies.
We did a marketing case study project which fulfill an unfilled market niche of Arctic, indigenous peoples
by combining traditional and modern ways of dress into a new collection that represents the target
market’s traditional culture while being contemporary in style and therefore, accepted in urban
societies. In addition, this project is designed to bring a source of economic development into rural
regions of the Arctic by providing a sense of identity and improving the quality of life of urban
communities. This project was launched by transformation of traditional beadwork and animal skindesigns into computer aided design prints and patterns by a team of apparel design students enrolled ina fashion program in the United States. These print patterns were then printed as swatches and taken to
Russia by the lead researcher to test market the designs within the indigenous Arctic population. Basedon this research, a set of print patterns was chosen to move into the “Fashioning the New Arctic
Collection” linked to the past by decorative patterns from traditional dress but restyled to appeal to ayoung urban consumer.
The launch collection of this empowerment brand has the potential to play a fundamental role increating a new cultural identity for indigenous youth, and open the door to sustainable, economic
development arising out of a traditional art form while remaining relevant to a growing urban
demographic.

S15-O07

Innovative Arctic: Geography and Dynamics of Patented
Innovation in Alaska
Andrey N Petrov and Salma Zbwewed,
ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa
In the last few years, Alaska’s economy suffered as world oil prices plunged to very low
levels and production declined. Modern economic development theories would suggest
searching for alternative ways to manage northern regions. Investment in the knowledge-based
economy seems to be one of the possible options. In Alaska, there have been very few studies of
its knowledge economy. The key feature of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance onhuman capital than on natural resources, combined with efforts to integrate innovations in every
stage of the production process. Patents are considered a good representation of innovative
activity. We provide evidence drawn from patent data to document geography and dynamics in
Alaska’s knowledge production over thirty-five years (1976-2010). The results show that Alaska
has considerable patent activity, especially in certain oil-sector-related industries, and strong
clustering of innovation in major urban regions (Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Matanuska-Susitna
boroughs). Alaska inventors, however, tend to be independent individuals (“lone eagles”),
even though corporate innovation activity has been growing. In addition, small Alaskacommunities sometime demonstrate high levels of knowledge production in a few niche
industries, articulating the importance of individual-driven and niche-based innovation inremote regions. Overall, between 1976 and 2010 Alaska’s regional innovation system evolved
from a small isolated system dominated by individual inventors focused on innovation in old,
low-technology sectors to a relatively diversified (although still over-reliant on the oil sector)
intra- and internationally connected system with a considerable presence of company-driven
innovation, but with a strong position of individual inventors, including those from smaller
communities.

S15-O08

GPS tracking of herds in the North: from methodologicaltool to object of study
Charlotte Marchina“ASIES” Research Center, National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations(INALCO), Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
New technologies hold an increasing role in today’s extensive herding techniques.
Recently discovered algorithms will soon enable conceiving robots to replace sheepherder’sdogs in Europe, and robot prototypes are being experimented with for driving cattle inAustralia. In several Northern regions, technological developments mostly address the use ofmobile phones and GPS. Sámi herders of Swedish Lapland have started to use GPS collars tofollow their reindeer’s movements from their smartphones [1]; and in the Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region, within the policy framework to implement an “ecological civilization”,
the Chinese government has encouraged herders to acquire GPS collars in order to settle themin modern villages [2]. Whether the initiative comes from the herders themselves or from theState, tracking the herds through GIS (Geographic Information Systems) creates new ways of
being together for herders and animals.
In the frame of an interdisciplinary project combining social anthropology,
geochemistry and archaeology, and which aims to study pastoral mobility in its evolution on along-term scale [3], I started to use GPS collars to track herds in the Mongolian Altai, coupledwith more classical anthropological fieldwork. Since June 2015, we are tracking the daily
movements of a dozen of herd animals belonging to Kazakh nomadic herders. Not only thesetools provide information that is impossible to access through classical surveying methods,
such as occupied surfaces, distances travelled, travelling speed, and simultaneous movementsof several individuals, but they also enable, for the first time, to observe inter-annual
variations, directly linked to climatic transformations. My experience shows that herders
themselves are very interested and sometimes even in demand of location-based data, which
results from close collaboration with the scientist in the field, in the choice of the parametersof the device, and in the implementation process. Moreover, at a time when nomads of Innerand North Asia see their territories under dispute with multinational corporations coveting
natural and fossil resources [3], it is even more evident that such devices and data could
become of interest for herders.
The aim of this paper is thus to examine new technologies, mainly GPS collars used to
track herds, not only as an object of study (that is, as used by the herders themselves), but also
as a method (i.e. used by us as an investigation tool) and to propose a reflexive perspective on
how these two approaches can mutually enlighten each other.
References[1] https://tannak.net/[2] T. White, Transforming China’s desert. Camels, pastoralists and the State in the reconfigurationof Western Inner Mongolia, PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2016.
[3] “Isotrack 1.0” project; see http://xn--mission-archologique-franaise-en-mongolie-ltd6e.fr/le-projetisotrack/[4] J. Miggelbrink, O. Habeck, N. Mazzullo, P. Koch Peter (eds.), Nomadic and indigenous spaces:
Productions and cognitions, London, New York, Routledge, 2013.

January 18
2018
KeynoteSession presentation

Keynote speech 5

Coping with a warming winter climate in Arctic Russia: patternsof extreme weather affecting Nenets reindeer nomadism
Bruce C. Forbes, Arctic Centre
University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
Sea ice loss is accelerating in the Barents and Kara Seas in the northwest region of Arctic Russia. Assessing
potential drivers and linkages between sea ice retreat/thinning and maintenance of the region’s ancient andunique social--‐ecological systems is a pressing task. Tundra nomadism remains a vitally important livelihoodfor indigenous Nenets and their large reindeer herds. Warming summer air temperatures in recent decades havebeen linked to more frequent and sustained summer high--‐pressure systems over West Siberia, but not to sea
ice retreat. At the same time, autumn/winter rain--‐on--‐snow events across the region have become more
frequent and intense. Here we review evidence for autumn atmospheric warming and precipitation increases
over Arctic coastal lands in proximity to Barents and Kara sea ice loss. Two major rain--‐on--‐snow events
during November 2006 and 2013 led to massive winter reindeer mortality episodes on Yamal Peninsula.
Fieldwork with migratory Nenets herders has revealed that the ecological and socio--‐economic impacts fromthe catastrophic 2013 event will unfold for years to come. The suggested link between sea ice loss, more
frequent and intense rain--‐on--‐snow events and high reindeer mortality has serious implications for the futureof tundra Nenets nomadism. Nenets oral histories documented that smaller, more nimble privately owned
herds fared better than larger collective herds. This strategy has already worked well for dealing withencroaching infrastructure. If Barents and Kara sea ice continues to decline, better forecasts of autumn ice
retreat coupled with additional mobile slaughterhouses could help to buffer against reindeer starvation
following future rain--‐on--‐snow events. Even a few days of early warning could make a critical difference.
Realizing mutual coexistence of tundra nomadism within the Arctic’s largest natural gas complex under awarming climate will require meaningful consultation, as well as ready access to – and careful interpretation of– real--‐time meteorological and sea ice data and modelling.

Keynote speech 6

Community-led Monitoring and Ecological Restoration in
the Arctic: History, Power and Resilience
Tero Mustonen
Snowchange Cooperative, Finland

The Arctic is in the middle of a monumental system shift [2] affecting the ecology,
human societies and the position of the region in the global context. Monitoring of Arctic
change is an increasingly interesting theme for the wider scientific community [2] as well as
multinational corporations having vested interests in the Arctic resources and transport
corridors and global assessments interpreting the speed, extent and quality of such change.
Recent studies on effects of climate change [1] on biodiversity confirm the system shift to be
on a planetary scale. Past monitoring efforts of the Arctic [2] have included the documented
observations of the Indigenous and local-traditional peoples but these societies have not been
seen as actors of change in themselves or an agency for independent adaptation [1]. This
paper explores the top-down power histories of monitoring of the Arctic. It then provides
alternate community-led examples of what has been called in scientific literature [3] “dynamic
governance and conservation”, responses and establishment of “safe havens” [1] forbiodiversity and Indigenous peoples in the changing Arctic. Most specifically, the paper
reviews the efforts under way in the Atlantic salmon catchment area of Njâuddam River in the
Finnish-Norwegian sub-Arctic. The Skolt Sámi of the river system have successfully
established community-based monitoring [4] detecting arrival of southern insect species andextreme weather events. This has led the Sámi to launch wide-scale Indigenous-led river
ecosystem restoration, including renewed salmonid spawning areas and habitats, natural flows
and a development of oral histories and cultural indicators of change that provides an
independent monitoring feed alongside scientific studies of the catchment area.
References[1] G. T. Pecl et al., Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems
and human well-being, Science 355, eaai9214, (2017). DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9214[2] Arctic Council. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (2013)[3] Bonebrake, T et al., Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution
requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science, Biol. Rev. (2017), doi:
10.1111/brv.12344[4] Mustonen, T. and Feodoroff, P. Näätämö and Ponoi River Collaborative Management
Plan. Snowchange Cooperative (2013)

SP3-G4

Evaluation of the Greenland Ice Sheetsurface mass balance estimated by the NHM-SMAP
regional climate model
M. Niwano1*, T. Aoki2, 1, A. Hashimoto1, S. Matoba3, S. Yamaguchi4, T. Tanikawa1,
K. Fujita5, A. Tsushima6, Y. Iizuka3, R. Shimada7, and M. Hori7
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Snow and Ice Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Resilience, Japan
5
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
6
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan
7
Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
2

In the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), the second largest terrestrial ice sheet, a significant
loss of ice mass has been occurring since the early 1990s. Several recent studies revealed thata reduction in surface mass balance (SMB) plays more important role for the accelerated GrIS
mass loss especially after 2009 rather than an increase in ice discharge. Although the GrIS SMB
is often estimated by physically-based regional climate models (RCMs), uncertainties in thecalculated SMBs are still large. To improve SMB estimates, we developed a 5 km resolution
physically-based RCM combining the Japan Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic
atmospheric Model and the Snow Metamorphism and Albedo Process model (NHM-SMAP)
with an output interval of 1 h, forced by the Japanese 55 year Reanalysis (JRA-55) (Niwano etal., 2017). Evaluation of NHM-SMAP applied in the GrIS was performed in terms of SMB
during the 2011–2014 mass balance years. The ME (mean error), RMSE (root mean squareerror), and R2 (coefficient of determination) values obtained during the study period were fairly
good (0.75 m w.e., 1.07 m w.e., and 0.86, respectively) for a control simulation that calculatesvertical water movement in snow and firn with the Richards equation. Because most RCMs
calculate vertical water movement in snow and firn by a simple so-called bucket scheme, we
performed additional numerical sensitivity tests to confirm the validity of the Richards equation
scheme. According to results from the sensitivity tests that employed the bucket schemes with
irreducible water contents of 2 % and 6 %, it was confirmed that the realistic Richards equation
scheme contributed to the improvement in SMB estimates. Differences in the estimates ofaccumulated SMB for the entire GrIS were as great as 200 Gt year–1 between each simulation.
This result highlights that the process chosen to simulate water percolation and retention insnow and firn thus plays an important role in estimating SMB for the present-day GrIS.

References[1] M. Niwano, T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, S. Matoba, S., Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, A.
Tsushima, Y. Iizuka, R. Shimada, and M. Hori, NHM-SMAP: Spatially and temporally highresolution non-hydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process model forGreenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere Discuss., doi:10.5194/tc-2017-115, in review, (2017).

SP3-S2Comprehensive Atmospheric Measurements at MOSAiC to
Study Cloud-Atmosphere-Surface Interactions
Matthew D. Shupe
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado and
NOAA-ESRL-PSD, USA
The central Arctic has undergone substantial change over the past couple decades,
embodied by a vastly diminished sea-ice cover. As a result, the Arctic is opening to more humanactivities that require an improved ability to model the system on a range of temporal and spatial
scales. Atmospheric processes pose some of the greatest challenges to modelling abilities in thecentral Arctic. These challenges are in part due to a dearth of detailed observations in thisenvironment, but also due to the complexity of atmospheric processes and their interactions
with the changing surface. Specific priority areas for central Arctic atmospheric research
involve clouds, aerosols, precipitation processes, the boundary layers, and the roles that theseplay in the surface energy budget. The Multi-disciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study ofArctic Climate (MOSAiC) will provide a unique opportunity to examine these Arctic processes
and their contribution to the coupled Arctic system in great detail over a full annual cycle. A
major contribution to this project will be made by the US Department of Energy’s Atmospheric
Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program with the deployment of the ARM Mobile Facility andMobile Aerosol Observing System onboard the research vessel Polarstern. These facilities
include a vast array of instruments to comprehensively measure the Arctic atmospheric system
and address specific science themes including: (1) The surface energy budget of sea ice; (2)cloud and precipitation properties; (3) aerosol concentration and composition; and (4) the stableand unstable atmospheric boundary layer. Jointly these measurements, in coordination withothers made during MOSAiC, will help to provide a process-level understanding of the Arctic
system and specifically of how the atmosphere couples with other systems. They will also
provide the basis for evaluating and improving process models and process representations inlarger-scale models. This presentation will introduce the ARM measurement systems andoutline the specific scientific research that will be enabled by these systems.

Figure 1. Example atmospheric measurements to be made at MOSAiC, including
radiosondes, surface energy budget station, and scanning cloud-precipitation radars.

SP3-S3Heat transport from northern rivers to Canadian Arctic coast
D. Yang1, S. Tank2, J. Lung2, and H. Park3

1. National Hydrology Research Center, Saskatoon, Canada
2. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
3. Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan

Northern rivers transport large amount of freshwater and thermal/geochemistry fluxes to the polar
ocean system. Many recent studies document significant variations and changes in discharge, watertemperature, and geochemistry characteristics in the large arctic watersheds. Based on recent data
analysis and literature review, this presentation aims to synthesize our knowledge of northern river heat
flux into the Canadian Arctic Ocean. It will describe the seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature,and heat flux from the northern rivers and compare their main features across the pan-Arctic domain. It
will also discuss basin specific results, such as statistical analyses and model simulations of historicalchanges and future projections of heat transport processes due to climate variation and human impact,
particularly the effects of reservoir regulation. These results are critical for a better understanding ofclimatic and hydrologic linkages and variations over the northern regions. They are also important forregional hydrology and climate change investigations, such as basin-scale energy balance calculations,and land-ocean interactions, particularly large-scale ocean heat budget and model analyses across thearctic regions.

SP3-S4

Early detection of changing pan-arctic
wetland methane emission
A. Ito1,2*12National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Pan-arctic wetlands is a large source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, but its
contribution to the observed global CH4 anomalies and future climatic feedback remain poorly
understood. Recent studies imply that the CH4 emission from high-latitude is approximately
stable, despite rapidly changing arctic environments. To resolve this discrepancy, weinvestigate the detectability of ongoing change in pan-arctic wetland CH4 emission. Using
results of multi-model simulation during 2000–2012 and multi-scenario projections with aprocess-based model (VISIT [1]) for the 21st century, we find that the small historical trends
are attributable mainly to the insufficient analysis length, in addition to the ‘hiatus’ of climatic
warming. Future projection analyses show that the CH4 emission would increase by +22~46%
by the 2030s and +61~94% by the 2060s, and be detectable in the near future, assuming
continuous data accumulation. Aiming at optimizing future observational systems, we
conducted observation-oriented analyses and specified responsive areas, focal period, and key
emission pathways (e.g., ebullition at major circum-polar wetlands). These findings arenoteworthy for climate management such as the Paris Agreement whether the given target issufficient to prevent the arctic feedback.

Figure 1. Simulated CH4 emission from arctic wetlands in 1980–2099 and comparison with
GCP-CH4 models for the period 2000–2012.
References[1] A. Ito, M. Inatomi, Use and uncertainty evaluation of a process-based model for assessing
the methane budget of global terrestrial ecosystems, Biogeosciences 9 759–773,
doi:10.5194/bg-9-759-2012 (2012)

SP3-S5

Assessing the Carbon Climate in the Upper Watersof a Changing Arctic Ocean
Leif G. Anderson1* and Are Olsen2
1

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
2
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway

The carbon system properties in upper waters of the deep central Arctic Ocean arelargely determined by processes in the surrounding shelf seas. Substantial primary production
occurs over the inflow shelves, the Barents, Bering and Chukchi seas, lowering the partialpressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). This is further amplified by cooling that increases theCO2 solubility. Before the water equilibrates with the atmosphere it enters the ice covered
central region, thus forming surface waters that are undersaturated by typically 50 to 100µatm relative to the atmospheric pCO2. In the upper halocline the conditions are the opposite,waters here are highly supersaturated with CO2. This is the result of bacterial decay of organic
matter occurring predominately at the sediment surface of the Chukchi and East Siberian seas.
The decay products, CO2 and nutrients, are added to a thin relatively high density bottom
layer that is formed from brine draining out when sea ice is produced. This CO2 rich, with
pCO2 levels of up to 1000 µatm, bottom water flow off the shelves and build up the upper
halocline of large parts of the Canadian Basin. Climate change has an impact on the CO2
conditions of both of the surface and halocline waters. Less sea ice in summer impacts the airsea CO2 flux and potentially also the brine formation in winter. Thawing of permafrost
increases the transport of terrestrial organic matter to the shelf seas, which can result in higher
pCO2 in the upper halocline.
In this presentation historic seawater CO2 chemistry data from the Arctic are compiled
and presented to show the conditions as well as we know them. Unfortunately the temporaland spatial coverage is too limited to give a full view, stressing the need for a synoptic surveyof the entire Arctic Ocean.

SP3-S11S13

The Global Arctic as a New Geopolitical Context – potential
influences of Arctic actors beyond the (Arctic) region
Prof. Lassi Heininen1* and Prof. Matthias Finger, EPFL2
University of Lapland1 and University of Akureyri2

To begin with, at the beginning of 21st century the Arctic as a geographical region isplaced within the context of globalization and global geopolitics. Due to globalization what
happens at the global level in terms of climate change, technology, industrial development, as
well as social, cultural and political change, is not only affecting the Arctic; rather, it istransforming it. On the other hand, what takes place today in the Arctic, notably in terms of icemelting, resource exploitation, transport, as well as knowledge-creation, stability-building,para- and science diplomacy affects the planet and accelerates the above global trends. At thesame time, we have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of actors interested in the Arctic,
and a great diversification has taken place in the background of actors involved. Thus, we have
two interrelated systems and research foci, the Earth System and the ‘globalized’ Arctic. At theheart of our project lies a framework and a methodology for research about the globalized Arctic
in the age of the Anthropocene: The GlobalArctic is interpreted here as a new geopoliticalcontext, and used as a research method. This is the fresh point of view we will bring into thepost-Cold War Arctic geopolitics with rather traditional debate between two narratives andperceptions: Whether the Arctic is a “zone of peace” based on the institutionalized cooperation,or, that there are disputes, growing tension and conflicts between states? In this presentation,
not only the Arctic region is being transformed by global impacts, also the globalized Arctic
and its actors have influences (in world politics and global economy) beyond the region. We
will first, discuss the globalized Arctic as a new geopolitical context; second, examine anddiscuss roles of immaterial values - e.g., stability, shared knowledge, dialogue, interplay
between science and politics - in international politics, as well as behind growing importanceof the Arctic in international politics; and final, imagine how the global and stable Arctic could
be interpreted as an asset to (re)shape international politics of turbulent times and world politics
with ‘uncommon instabilities’.

January 18

Breakout Session
G2
Ocean and Sea Ice

G02-O12The Atlantic water inflow through the Fram Strait in a
climate model
T. Kawasaki 1*
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, JapanThe Fram Strait is the main pathway of the warm Atlantic Water toward the Arctic Ocean.
Recent decline of sea ice extent is related to the warming of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean.
Previous modeling study argued that the interannual variability of Atlantic water inflow andheat transport through the Fram Strait is caused by the variability of synoptic scale pattern of
the wind around the Arctic Ocean (Kawasaki and Hasumi, 2016). Since they utilized an iceocean general circulation model, any interactions among atmosphere, sea-ice, and ocean havenot been considered. On the other hand, the Fram Strait is the marginal ice zone, because thesea ice transported by the East Greenland Current from the Arctic Ocean reaches and melts due
to oceanic heat of warm Atlantic water. Since the air-ice-sea interactions are large, the coupledsystem should be considered for examining the effect of wind stress on the heat transport
through the Fram Strait. Thus, we investigate the interannual variability of heat transport andAtlantic water inflow by using a climate (air-sea coupled) model.
The ocean component of the climate model is horizontally high resolution (0.25 degree)model to simulate the Atlantic water inflow through the Fram Strait. The inflow andrecirculation of the Atlantic Water in the Fram Strait is well reproduced in our model (Figure
1a, b). The warm Atlantic water reaches the Nansen Basin in our model. These results are notcalculated in low-resolution ocean model in our previous study (Figure 1c). The wind stressand sea level pressure pattern inducing the interannual variability of Atlantic water inflow at
the Fram Strait will be discussed in our presentation.

Figure 1: Annual mean of ocean
potential temperature averaged at 0300m depth in (a) climate model, (b)observation (World Ocean Atlas 2009),
and (c) low resolution ocean model.
References[1] Kawasaki, T. and H. Hasumi (2016), “The inflow of Atlantic water at the Fram Strait andits interannual variability”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121, 502-519.

G02-O13

Importance of Processes and Coupling for Arctic Sea Ice
and Climate Modeling and Prediction
W Maslowski1*, R. Osinski2, S. Kamal1, Y. Lee1 and A.F. Roberts112Naval Postgraduate School, USA
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

The Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) has been developed to better understand thepast and present operation of Arctic System at process scale and to predict its change at timescales from days to decades. It is a limited-area, fully coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere-land modelthat includes the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the LANL Parallel Ocean
Program (POP) and Community Ice Model (CICE) and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC)
land hydrology model, as well as a streamflow routing (RVIC) model to transport the freshwater
flux from the land surface to the Arctic Ocean. All RASM components are coupled at highfrequency (currently at 20-minute intervals) to allow realistic representation of inertial
interactions among the model components. The model domain covers the entire Northern
Hemisphere marine cryosphere, terrestrial drainage to the Arctic Ocean and its major inflow
and outflow pathways, with optimal extension into the North Pacific / Atlantic to model the
passage of cyclones into the Arctic. RASM baseline configuration consists of an eddypermitting resolution of 1/12° (or ~9km) for the ice-ocean and 50 km for the atmosphere-landmodel components. In addition, we have developed, analyzed and will present results from a
1/48° (or ~2.4km) grid configuration for the ice-ocean model components.
Model results are presented from both fully coupled and a subset of RASM, where theatmospheric and land components are replaced with prescribed realistic atmospheric reanalysis
data. Selected physical processes and resulting feedbacks of relevance to sea ice will be
discussed to emphasize the need for high model resolution and fine-tuning of many present
parameterizations of sub-grid physical processes when changing model spatial resolution. We
also investigate sensitivity of simulated sea ice states to scale dependence of model parameters
controlling ocean and sea ice dynamics, thermodynamics, and their coupling.
References[1] Maslowski et al., The Future of Arctic Sea Ice. Ann. Rev. Earth Plant. Sci. 40: 625-654, (2012)[2] Roberts et al., Simulating transient ice-ocean Ekman transport in the Regional Arctic System
Model and Community Earth System Model. Ann. Glaciol. (2015)[3] DuVivier et al., Winter atmospheric buoyancy forcing and oceanic response during strong wind
events around southeastern Greenland in the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) for 19902010, J. Climate 29 (2016)[4] Hamman et al., Land surface climate in the regional Arctic System Model, J. Climate, 29 (2016)[5] Hamman et al., The coastal streamflow flux in the Regional Arctic System Model, J. Geophys.
Res. Oceans, 122 (2017)[6] Cassano et al., Near surface atmospheric climate of the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM). J.
Climate 30 (2017)

G02-O14

A simultaneous optimization of Arctic sea ice model
parameters by genetic algorithm
H. Sumata1, M. Karcher1, 2*, F. Kauker1, 2, R. Gerdes1, 3, C. Köberle1
1

Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Germany
2
Ocean Atmosphere Systems, Germany
3
Jacobs University, Germany

Improvement and optimization of a numerical sea ice model are of great significancefor understanding the sea ice physics and the Arctic climate system, and also a prerequisite formeaningful prediction. To improve sea ice properties simulated by a model, we develop aparameter optimization system for a coupled ocean-sea ice model. The system is based on a
genetic algorithm. Since the sensitivities of dynamic and thermodynamic parameters of sea
ice models are interrelated, the system is set up to optimize 15 model parameterssimultaneously. We define a cost function which quantifies the model-observation misfits ofthree sea ice properties (ice concentration, ice drift and ice thickness) for the period 19902012 and optimize the model parameters so as to minimize the cost. We find that the system
successfully reduces the cost for the three sea ice properties. On the other hand, we also findthat different sets of parameters give similar costs close to the global minimum. A correlation
analysis shows that the optimal parameters are interdependent and covariant. The result
indicates that genetic algorithm can efficiently improve simulated sea ice properties, while
additional observations of different sea ice properties are necessary to constrain the model
parameters to unique values.

Figure 1. Combination of P* and cdwin tested by the genetic algorithm. black dots denotecombinations which are near the minimum cost, while light-gray dots denote all combinations
tested by the algorithm.

G02-O15

A model approach to carbon exchange in the air, sea, andice of the marine Arctic
E. Mortenson1*, N. S. Steiner2,3, and A. Monahan1
1University of Victoria, BC, Canada
2Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
3Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis: Environment Canada

Regional models that include seasonally ice-covered ocean typically treat ice cover as
an inert barrier to the air-sea exchange of carbon. However, recent field research indicates thatthe chemical and biological processes in the sea ice contribute to the carbon transport between
the ice and underlying water column. We have developed a coupled sea ice and pelagic
ecosystem in a 1D model [1] that simulates carbon exchange in the seasonally ice-covered
marine Arctic. Carbon sinks and sources due to pelagic and sympagic biological production,and sea-ice carbon fluxes due to ice growth and melt have been included, as well as ikaite
precipitation (within the ice) and dissolution (in the water column). The model output is tuned
to observations near Resolute Bay in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Sensitivity analyses
focusing on the relative importance of the ice algal bloom, DIC-rich brine rejection during ice
growth, and low-DIC meltwater release during ice melt, provide insight into the impacts ofthese processes on the air-sea exchange of carbon during the ice-free season. These carbon
fluxes are presently being implemented in a 3D regional coupled ice-ocean biogeochemical
model for the Arctic, and preliminary results from the 3D regional model will be presented as
well.
References[1] E. Mortenson et al., A model-based analysis of physical and biological controls on ice
algal and pelagic primary production in Resolute Passage, Elementa 5: 39 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.229

January 18

Breakout Session
S4
Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
under Arctic Warming

S04-O01

Study on stable isotopes of precipitation in Hokkaido, NorthJapan
X. Li1,3*, A. Sugimoto1,2,3 and A.Ueta1,41Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Laboratory for Measurement & Analysis, The General Environmental Technos CO., LTD,Japan
Spatial and temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation were
investigated to better understand their controlling factors. Precipitation was collected from six
locations in Hokkaido, Japan, and event-based analyses were conducted for a period fromMarch 2010 to February 2013. Compared to the three sites at Pacific Ocean side, relatively
low δ values and a high d-excess for annual averages were observed at three sites locatedalong the Japan Sea. Lower δ values in spring and fall and higher d-excess in winter wereobserved for the region along the Japan Sea.
In total, 264 precipitation events were identified. Precipitation originated predominantly
from low-pressure system (LPS) events, which were classified as northwest (LPS-NW) andsoutheast (LPS-SE) events according to the routes of the low-pressure center, that passed
northwest and southeast of Hokkaido, respectively. LPS-SE events showed relatively lower
δ18O than LPS-NW events, which is attributable to the lower δ18O of water vapor resulting
from heavy rainfalls in the upstream region of the LPS air mass trajectories over the Pacific
Ocean. This phenomenon observed in Hokkaido can be found in other mid-latitude coastal
regions and applied for hydrological, atmospheric and paleoclimate studies. A characteristic
spatial pattern was found in LPS-NW events, in which lower δ18O was observed on the Japan
Sea side than on Pacific Ocean side in each season. This is likely due to the location of thesampling sites and their distance from the LPS: precipitation with lower δ18O in the region
along the Japan Sea occurs in a well-developed cloud system near the low-pressure center incold and warm sectors of LPS, while precipitation with higher δ18O on the Pacific side mainly
occurs in a warm sector away from the low-pressure center. Air mass from the north does notalways cause low δ in precipitation, and the precipitation process in the upstream region isanother important factor controlling the isotopic composition of precipitation, other than thelocal temperature and precipitation amount.

S04-O02

Multi-year Effect of Wetting on CH4 Flux
at Taiga-Tundra Boundary in Northeastern Siberia
Clarified by Stable Isotopes of CH4
R. Shingubara1*, A. Sugimoto1, J. Murase2, S. Tei1, S. Takano1, T. Morozumi1, M. Liang1†,
G. Iwahana1‡ and T. C. Maximov3,4
1

Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Nagoya University, Japan
3
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone SB RAS, Russia
4
North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
Present affiliations: †Yangtze University, China, ‡University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
Under the amplified Arctic warming climatic response of CH4 emission from northern
wetlands needs to be understood because of its possible influence to the global climate.
Extreme precipitation events might also happen and affect the CH4 emission. Indigirka River
Lowland in Northeastern Siberia has wetlands in a taiga-tundra boundary on permafrost,
whose ecosystem is possibly sensitive to the climate change. Generally, higher water level
leads to higher CH4 efflux [1]. However, high water level can also coincide with low CH4 flux
[2] and flooding might affect CH4 flux with a time lag [3]. To clarify causes for such
relationships between wetting and CH4 flux, it is necessary to assess the underlying processes,
CH4 production, oxidation and transport, which are reflected by isotopic compositions of CH4.
We observed interannual variations in chamber CH4 flux and in concentration, δ13C and δD ofdissolved CH4 near Chokurdakh (70.62°N, 147.90°E) over summers of 2009-2013. Especially,
we focused on response of CH4 flux to an unusual wetting which occurred in 2011.
Methane flux showed large interannual variation at wet areas of sphagnum mosses andsedges (36-1.4×102 mg CH4 m-2 day-1). Wet event with extreme precipitation occurred in2011 and CH4 flux increased at wet areas in this year. Although water level decreased from2011 to 2013, CH4 flux remained similarly large in 2012 and even increased in 2013. In
addition, dissolved CH4 concentration rose up by one order of magnitude from 2011 to 2012(10 cm deep) and also increased from 2012 to 2013 (surface water, 20 cm deep). These
increases of CH4 flux and dissolved CH4 concentration after the wetting might be explainedby promoted CH4 production and/or depressed CH4 oxidation in 2012 and 2013 compared to2011 due to soil reduction continued for multiple years after 2011. Less-scattered isotopic
compositions of dissolved CH4 gathering at high δ13C and low δD in 2012 and 2013 than
2011 inferred both promotion of CH4 production and depression of CH4 oxidation. This
multi-year effect of wetting on CH4 flux and concentration, δ13C and δD of dissolved CH4
implicates not only instantaneous water level but also residence time of water might beimportant for predicting CH4 emission following wet events.
References[1] D. Olefeldt et al., Environmental and physical controls on northern terrestrial methane
emissions across permafrost zones, Global Change Biol. 19 (2013)[2] C. C. Treat et al., Timescale dependence of environmental and plant-mediated controls on
CH4 flux in a temperate fen, J. Geophys. Res. 112 (2007)[3] A. R. Desyatkin et al., Flood effect on CH4 emission from the alas in Central Yakutia, East
Siberia, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 60 (2014)

S04-O03

Perspectives of low-temperature microalgae biomass
production in the Arctic
Josef Elster*, Jana Kvíderová
Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia,
Ceske Budejovice
Centre for Algology, Institute of Botany, CAS, Trebon, Czech Republic

The adaptation/acclimatization mechanisms of Arctic microalgae (including cyanobacteria andeukaryotic microalgae) evolved to withstand the harsh Arctic environment characterized by low
temperature, freeze-thaw cycles, desiccation, salinity, and high and variable photosynthetically
active and ultraviolet radiations. Hence, the Arctic microalgae developed ecological,
physiological and molecular defensive and adaptive strategies, which include the synthesis ofa tremendous diversity of compounds originating from different metabolic pathways which
protect them against the above-mentioned stresses. Production of different biologicalcompounds followed by various biotechnological applications, for instance, water treatment
technology in low-temperature environments, and many others are the perspectives for humanthat widely explore and exploit rich Arctic resources. In proposed lecture, the non-marine
environmental conditions in Arctic environments and microalgal adaptations will be introducedwith respect to possible biotechnological applications. The presentation also provides a surveyof the possible compounds to be exploited from Arctic microalgae. Possible constructions ofphotobioreactors for mass cultivation of microalgae are proposed for operations in the Arctic.

S04-O04

Methane flux measurements over a larch forest
in eastern Siberia: emission or uptake?
T. Nakai1*, T. Hiyama1, A. Kotani2, T. Ohta2 and T.C. Maximov3
1

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
2
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
3
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russia
There are some studies measuring methane flux by a closed chamber method on the soil
surfaces of boreal forests in eastern Siberia. However, the characteristics of methane flux overthe forest ecosystem is still uncertain. The methane flux measurement by the eddy covariancemethod has thus been conducted over a larch forest in eastern Siberia during snow-free seasonssince 2015. According to a previous study on the methane flux measurements using staticchambers in this forest site, uptake of methane was observed on the forest floor, even at sites
where the water table was situated a few centimeters below the soil surface [1]. Despite this,the fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method over the forest canopy in this study werehighly variable, and the averaged fluxes was slightly positive. In addition, a clear diurnal
variation in the methane flux was observed in June 2016, showing maximum methane emission
in the daytime. Although the uncorrected flux showed a clear diurnal variation with negativevalue (uptake) in the daytime, it has changed to nearly zero flux (neutral) after WPL correction
was applied. This value then became positive (emission) after spectroscopic (SS) correction
was applied, which is necessary for the outputs obtained from LI-7700 open-path methane
analyzer. This means these corrections could change the observed methane flux from uptake toemission, with its maximum equivalent to the emission from a meso-oligotrophic fen [1].
Further investigation is required to clarify the characteristics of methane flux in this forest.

Figure 1. Diurnal variation in ensemble averaged half-hourly methane (CH4) flux over alarch forest in Spasskaya Pad Research Station near Yakutsk, Russia (June 1–12, 2016)
References[1] J. van Huissteden, T.C. Maximov, A.V. Kononov, A.J. Dolman. Summer soil CH4emission and uptake in taiga forest near Yakutsk, Eastern Siberia, Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology, 148, 2006–2012 (2008)

S04-O05

Accurate detection of spatio-temporal variability of plant
phenology in boreal ecosystems by near-surface andsatellite remote-sensing
S. Nagai1, 2*, T. Morozumi3, S. Tei4, A. Kotani5, H. Ikawa6, Y. Kim7, and H. Kobayashi1, 2
1Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Japan
2
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Japan
3
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
5
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
6
Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research
Organization, Japan
7
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Accurate detection of spatio-temporal variability of plant phenology such as the timingof leaf-flush, -coloring, and -fall is very important to evaluate ecosystem functions (e.g.
photosynthetic capacity) and services (e.g. regulating services) in boreal ecosystems under
rapid climate change. Towards this aim, near-surface and satellite remote-sensing are usefuldespite of uncertainties and insufficient ecological interpretation of data. Here, (1) we havecaptured daily phenology images by using time-lapse digital cameras in forest ecotone inNorthern Siberia, deciduous coniferous forest in Eastern Siberia, and open-canopy evergreen
coniferous forest in interior Alaska; (2) we detected the spatio-temporal variability of thetiming of start (SGS) and end of growing season (EGS) by analyzing daily Terra and Aqua
MODIS satellite-observed green-red vegetation index (GRVI); (3) we examined therelationship among daily phenology images, CO2 flux-based daily net ecosystem exchange,and satellite-observed timing of SGS and EGS; and (4) we made phenology model for
prediction of the timing of leaf-flush by examining the relationship between daily phenology
images and daily mean air temperature. In this presentation, we show above-mentioned ourlast results and discuss our current understanding, issues, and future outlooks based on theseresults.

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the timing of SGS in Russia (top) and Alaska (bottom) in2015 by analyzing daily Terra and Aqua MODIS satellite-observed GRVI.

S04-O06

Seasonal changes in spectral reflectance in an open
canopy black spruce forest in Interior Alaska
H. Kobayashi1, S. Nagai1, Y. Kim2, H. Nagano3, K. Ikeda1 and H. Ikawa4
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
3
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
4
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

In the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, including Alaska, warming trends have been
accelerating and the increased trend in surface temperature in the region over the past decadeis twofold higher than that in the whole northern hemisphere. It is of particular importancewhether the carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation increases or decreases due to the change inphenology under climate change. In interior Alaska, black and white spruce are the dominant
species. The spectral reflectance of these species with evergreen needles is relatively unchanged throughout the growing season, while it is likely that satellite phenology metrics should
be greatly influenced by understory plant phenology. However, how the spectral signatures are
influenced by the forest overstory status, understory plant phenology and other factors such as
snow and observation conditions remains less investigated in Alaska. In this study, weinvestigated the overstory and understory seasonality in spectral reflectance observed in an
open black spruce forest in Interior Alaska from 2015 to 2017 (Poker Flat Research Range,
Alaska, USA) to understand how the seasonality in spectral reflectances are related withchanges in the surface conditions such as snow melt, green-up and senescence of the understory
vegetation. We also examined the relationship between seasonalities of overstory andunderstory and carbon and water fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method. This research
was supported by JSPS Kakenhi (16H02948) and the JAMSTEC-IARC Collaboration Study(JICS).

January 18

Breakout Session
S5
Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program for the Future

S5-O01

Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multi-year estimateof the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll-aconcentrations
Sayaka Yasunaka1, Eko Siswanto1, Are Olsen2, Mario Hoppema3, Eiji Watanabe1, Agneta
Fransson4, Melissa Chierici5, Akihiko Murata1, Siv K. Lauvset3,6, Rik Wanninkhof7, Taro
Takahashi8, Naohiro Kosugi9, Abdirahman M. Omar6, Steven van Heuven10, and Jeremy T.
Mathis11
1
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2
University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway
3
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
4
Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Norway
5
Institute of Marine Research, Norway
6
Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway
7
NOAA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, USA
8
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, USA
9
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
10
Groningen University, The Netherlands
11
NOAA, Arctic Research Program, USA
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seasnorth of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water(pCO2w) using a self-organizing map (SOM) technique incorporating chlorophyll-aconcentration (Chl-a), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea ice concentration,
atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio, and geographical position. The overall relationship between
pCO2w and Chl-a is negative in most regions when Chl-a ≤ 1 mg m–3, whereas there is no
significant relationship when Chl-a > 1 mg m–3. In the Kara Sea and the East Siberian Sea andthe Bering Strait, however, the relationship is typically positive in summer. The addition of
Chl-a as a parameter in the SOM process enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2w via
better representation of its decline in spring, which resulted from biologically mediatedpCO2w reduction. Mainly as a result of the inclusion of Chl-a, the uncertainty in the CO2 flux
estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 TgC y–1 wasdetermined to be significant.

Figure 1. Eighteen-year monthly mean CO2 flux
[mmol m–2 day–1] averaged over the Arctic Ocean.
Black lines with triangles show estimates without
Chl-a by Yasunaka et al. (2016); gray lines with
open circles show estimates with Chl-a. Error bars
show the uncertainty
Reference[1] S. Yasunaka et al., Mapping of the air–sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacentseas: basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability, Polar Science 10 (2016)

S5-O02

Responses of nutrient and phytoplankton distributions togale-force winds in the western Arctic Ocean
S. Nishino1*, Y. Kawaguchi2, J. Inoue3, M. Yamamoto-Kawai4 and M. Aoyama1,512Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
4
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
5
Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan

The Arctic sea ice has been melting dramatically in recent years, resulting in an
enhancement of ocean circulation, accumulation of freshwater, strengthening of ocean
stratification and deepening of nutricline in the Canada Basin, which may decrease biomass oflarge phytoplankton such as diatoms [1]. On the other hand, the sea ice loss is likely toincrease eddy activities, and the eddies play important roles in lateral nutrient transports andthus an increase in phytoplankton biomass [2]. The sea ice loss also enhances wind-driven
mixing of the ice-free ocean that may increase vertical nutrient fluxes and phytoplankton
productivity. Indeed, gale-force winds (> 10 m/s) over the Chukchi Sea induced an increase in
the vertical nutrient flux that doubled (tripled) the phytoplankton productivity (biomass) [3].
However, such changes in response to gale-forced winds are expected to be small in the
Canada Basin, because the strengthening of ocean stratification and deepening of nutricline
are progressing there. Here, we set up a fixed-point observation station in the Canada Basin(74.75°N, 162°W) during autumn 2014 and examined temporal changes of meteorologicaland hydrographic conditions with nutrient and phytoplankton distributions. The results
suggest that gale-force winds did not induce increases in vertical nutrient fluxes andphytoplankton biomass because the nutricline (~60m) was deeper than the depth ofwind-driven mixing (~20m). The phytoplankton distribution was more likely to be influenced
by advection and eddies. In contrast to the Canada Basin, the nutricline in the Makarov Basinwould be shoaling (~20m) with an inflow of nutrient-rich water from the East Siberian Sea [4].
Therefore, gale-force winds may impact the nutrient and phytoplankton distributions in the
Makarov Basin. Further studies covering the multiple basins, such as the synoptic Arctic
survey (SAS), are needed to compare the ocean and ecosystem responses to meteorologicalevents between the basins.
References[1] S. Nishino, T. Kikuchi, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Hirawake, M. Itoh,Enhancement/reduction of biological pump depends on ocean circulation in the sea-ice reduction
regions of the Arctic Ocean, J. Oceanogr. 67 (2011).
[2] S. Nishino, M. Itoh, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Kikuchi, M. Aoyama, Impact of an unusually large
warm-core eddy on distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton in the southwestern Canada Basin
during late summer/early fall 2010, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (2011).
[3] S. Nishino, Y. Kawaguchi, J. Inoue, T. Hirawake, A. Fujiwara, R. Futsuki, J. Onodera, M. Aoyama,
Nutrient supply and biological response to wind-induced mixing, inertial motion, internal waves,and currents in the northern Chukchi Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120 (2015).
[4] S. Nishino, M. Itoh, W. J. Williams, I. Semiletov, Shoaling of the nutricline with an increase innear-freezing temperature water in the Makarov Basin, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118 (2013).

S5-O03

Variations in water mass distributions in western regions of
the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean from 2011 to 2017
E. Yoshizawa1*, K.-H. Cho1, T.-W. Park1, Y.-S. Choi1, K. Shimada2 and S.-H. Kang1
1

2

Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan

Temporal and spatial variations of Pacific-origin waters majorly dominating upper
layers of the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean are important for many processes, e.g., oceanic
heat transfers, ice formations, and biochemical cycles. Although hydrographic data in westernregions of this sector, such as the Chukchi Plateau, Chukchi Abyssal Plain, and East SiberianSea, was relatively sparse until 2000s, summertime shipboard observations in these regions
have been conducted by ice breaking R/V Araon since 2011. The observations have captured
both Pacific summer and winter waters spreading westward in these regions, and theirhorizontal distributions and layer thickness have shown large inter-annual variations. In
addition, properties of Pacific winter waters have been modified around shelf margins of theEast Siberian Sea due to interactions with cold but relatively less saline shelf-origin waters.
We will also show preliminary results obtained from the latest research cruise in the 2017
summer and discuss possible causes of the inter-annual variations of water mass distributionsin these regions.

S5-O04

Influence of warm-core eddy on dissolved methane
distribution in the southwestern Canada Basin during latesummer/early fall 2015
Oanh Thi Ngoc Bui1*, Sohiko Kameyama1, Yusuke Kawaguchi2, Daisuke Sasano3, Masao
Ishii3, Shigeto Nishino4, Naohiro Kosugi3, Urumu Tsunogai5, Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue1
1

Hokkaido University, JapanThe University of Tokyo, Japan
3
Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
5
Nagoya University, Japan
2

Recently the presence of eddies are commonly observed in subsurface water in the Arctic
Ocean with high frequency about 125 eddies each year, including both warm-core eddy andcold-core eddy [1]. The presence of eddies is one of the possible mechanisms for transporting
the shelf-water and nutrients from the continental shelf to the Beaufort Sea interior across thecontinental slope [2]. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and plays major roles in both
tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry [3]. A massive CH4 emission from the seafloor into
water column in the Arctic Ocean was examined but the vertical profile of CH4 distribution isstill scarce, so it is needed to be examined for comprehension of CH4 dynamics in the watercolumn. During leg 1 of a cruise MR15-03 by R/V Mirai in the Arctic Ocean from late August
2015 to beginning October 2015, seawater samples were collected from the surface to bottom
to capture vertical CH4 distribution in the Canada Basin. A cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS) system coupled with a shower-head type equilibrator was also used to obtain quasicontinuous underway measurements of the mixing ratio of oceanic CH4 in surface seawater,
especially in transverse eddies zone. The results of the vertical profile of dissolved CH4
concentration/saturation in the Canada Basin are observed as up to 35.8 nmol/kg and 942%,
respectively. In this study, the existence of warm-core eddy implies that it would transport
nutrients as well as CH4 from the Chukchi Sea shelf-water to the Canada Basin. The eddy may
plays a crucial role in controlling CH4 distribution in the euphotic zone in our study area. We
found a thicker spreading of sub-surface CH4 peak in depth inside eddies zone has been
compared to outside of eddies zone. In this presentation, we will show CH4 distribution and its
controlling factors by comparing inside/outside of eddies zones.

References[1] J.T. Mathias, R.S. Pickart, D.A. Hansell, D. Kadko, and N.R. Bates, Eddy transport oforganic carbon and nutrients from the Chukchi Shelf: Impact on the upper halocline of thewestern Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.112 (2007).
[2] S. Nishino, M. Itoh, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Kikuchi, and M. Aoyama, Impact of an unusuallylarge warm‐core eddy on distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton in the southwestern
Canada Basin during late summer/early fall 2010, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (2011).
[3] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Radiative Forcing of Climate Change,
edited by J. T Houghton et al., 339 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York (1994).

S5-O05

Distributions of trace metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cd) in thewestern Arctic Ocean in late summer 2012
Y. Kondo1*, H. Obata2, N. Hioki3, A. Ooki3, S. Nishino4, T. Kikuchi4 and K. Kuma3
1

2

Nagasaki University, Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
3
Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Trace metals such as Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cd are involved in numerous processes in themetabolisms of phytoplankton. Distributions of trace metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cd) inseawaters were investigated in the western Arctic (Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin) in 2012
September to elucidate the mechanism of the transport of these metals. From filtered (<0.22μm) and unfiltered seawaters, dissolved and total dissolvable trace metal concentrations were
determined, respectively. We found concentration maxima of all trace metals in the halocline
and/or near bottom waters for both dissolved and total dissolvable fractions. Vertical profilesof all trace metals, except for Cd, also tended to show peaks near the surface water,suggesting that the inflow of low-salinity Pacific origin water from the Bering Strait, as well
as local fresh water inputs such as river water and melting sea-ice, influenced trace metal
distributions. The distribution patterns and concentration ranges were generally similar
between dissolved and total dissolvable fractions for Ni, Zn and Cd. On the other hand, total
dissolvable Fe and Mn concentrations were generally higher than dissolved fractions.
Especially, high concentrations of total dissolvable Fe and Mn were found in the near bottom
water in the Chukchi Sea shelf. From the sea-shelf, to the Canada Basin, dissolved Fe and Mn
in the halocline waters tended to decrease with distance logarithmically. These results suggestthat distributions of dissolved Fe and Mn were controlled mainly by input from shelf sedimentand removal through scavenging processes. In contrast, the elevated Ni, Zn and Cd weretransported further offshore from the Chukchi Sea shelf break to Canada Basin within the
halocline layers. Our findings suggest the importance of the halocline water for the transportof Mn, Ni, Zn and Cd as well as Fe in the western Arctic during summer. The existence ofsource at the sea shelf and the transport process in the halocline water likely sustained thehigh concentrations and unique profiles of these trace metals in this region.

S5-O06

Radiocesium in the Arctic Ocean after Fukushima Dai-ichi
nuclear power plant accident
Y. Kumamoto1*, M. Aoyama2, Y. Hamajima3, S. Nishino1, A. Murata1 and T. Kikuchi1
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan.
3
Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Kanazawa University, Japan.

Radioactive cesium, 137Cs is suitable for studies of water circulation in thermocline layerof the Arctic Ocean. Smith et al. (2011) [1] showed that radiocesium released to the North
Atlantic Ocean from nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants in the United Kingdom and France mainlyin the 1980s had been transported into the Arctic Ocean within decades along surface andsubsurface northward currents. In case of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FNPP1)
accident in March 2011 137Cs and another radioactive isotope, 134Cs were released into theNorth Pacific Ocean and spread eastward along surface currents [2]. Because 137Cs derived
from the reprocessing plants had been already spread into the Arctic Ocean by the FNPP1
accident, FNPP1-derived 137Cs cannot be identified in the Arctic Ocean. On the other hand,134
Cs could be a tracer for the FNPP1 accident because its background concentration in the
Arctic Ocean was nearly zero before the accident due to its short half-life (about two years). In
2012 134Cs in surface water in the Arctic Ocean was below detection limit (about 0.1 Bq/m3)[2,3], which implies that FNPP1-derived 134Cs deposited from the atmosphere was negligible
in the Arctic Ocean. At a station in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean 134Cs was alsomeasured in subsurface layers to 800 m depth in September of 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015. In2012 and 2013 activity concentration of 134Cs was below the detection limit from surface to
800 m depth. In September of 2014, about half and three years after the FNPP1 accident, abarely significant activity concentration (0.24 Bq/m3) was observed only at 150 m depth [4].
Although temporal change in salinity was not clear, water temperature at the 150 m depth in2014 was lower than those observed in 2012 and 2013. These data imply that seawater mass at
150 m depth in 2014 was originated from North Pacific water and less modified in polarward
transportation through the Bering Sea, which resulted in transportation of FNPP1-derived 134Cs
from the North Pacific to Arctic Ocean. In September of 2015, however, the subsurface peak
disappeared, suggesting the transportation of FNPP1-derived 134Cs into the Arctic Ocean wasrestricted.
Reference[1] J. N. Smith, F. A. McLaughlin, W. M. Smethie, Jr., S. B. Moran, K. Lepore, Iodine–129, 137Cs, and
CFC–11 tracer transit time distributions in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. DOI
10.1029/2010JC006471 (2011).
[2] Y. Kumamoto, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, S. Nishino, A. Murata, T. Kikuchi, Meridional
distribution of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in surface seawater along a trans-Pacific line fromthe Arctic to Antarctic Oceans in summer 2012, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 307 (2016).
[3] J. N. Smith, R. M. Brown, W. J. Williams, M. Robert, R. Nelson, S. B. Moran, S. B., Arrival of the
Fukushima radioactivity plume in North American continental waters, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
112 (2015).
[4] Y. Kumamoto, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, S. Nishino, A. Murata, T. Kikuchi, Radiocesium in thewestern subarctic area of the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean in 2013 and 2014,
Applied Radiation and Isotopes 126 (2017).

S5-O07

Ensuring Comparability of Oceanic nutrient data in the
Synoptic Arctic Survey
M. Aoyama1,4* ,E. Malcolm S Woodward2, and Are Olsen3
1

2
3

JAMSTEC, Japan
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom

University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway
4

IER, Fukushima Univ., Japan

There is a strong requirement for observation-based quantitative assessments ofchanges in ocean biogeochemistry, for instance to inform about the rate of ocean acidification,
rate of de-oxygenation, or storage of anthropogenic carbon. None of these would have beenpossible without analytical techniques and procedures that follow-on from community agreed
best practices, and by the use of certified reference materials (CRMs). Knowledge of changes
in ocean productivity and remineralization processes is essential for the correct interpretationof observations of other global climate changes. However, up until recently inconsistency innutrient measurements between different groups of analysts due to lack of CRMs has largely
hampered quantitative assessments of changes in ocean ic nutrient
distributions on global scales [1]. To properly guarantee comparability of nutrient data fromdifferent laboratories, the precise mechanisms of a global consensus for reporting nutrient
levels needs to be established. This will foster the comparability of nutrient data using
globally accepted CRMs, followed by the recommendation of protocols (best practiceguidelines) for their use throughout the world-wide marine chemistry community[2]. The
Synoptic Arctic Survey, SAS, will be taking place within one season of one year (2020). In
this SAS, the obtained dataset will be a unique baseline, which will allow future generations
to track climate change and its impacts as they unfold in the Arctic Ocean over the coming
years, decades and centuries. Therefore, for future generations it is now unacceptable toproduce nutrient data sets without the consistency necessary to assess spatial and temporal
trends and variability, potentially caused by human impacts, such as climate induced changes
in ocean circulation and productivity/remineralization [2].To ensure comparability of nutrient
data from future international collaborating projects such as SAS, it is critical to confirm
comparability of nutrient data of SAS participating laboratories through participating ininternational inter-laboratory comparison exercise of nutrients CRMs that will be conducted
in 2017/2018 by IOCCP-JAMSTEC, as part of the aims of the International SCOR working
group #147, (COMPONUT)[3].
References[1]T. Tanhua, M. Aoyama, R. Wanninkhof, M. Telszewski and A. Palacz, IOCCP encourages
the use of Certified Reference Material for nutrients, The IOCCP Conveyor No. 37, 8, April
2017. http://www.ioccp.org/index.php/ioccp-conveyor#conv9[2]M. Aoyama, M. Woodward, K. Bakker, S. Becker, K. Björkman, A. Daniel, C. Mahaffey,
A. Murata, H. Naik, T. Tanhua, T. Rho, R. Roman, B. Sloyan, Comparability of Oceanic
nutrient data, Poster Cluster Community Whitepaper, Presented to the CLIVAR Open Science
conference, 2016: “Charting the course for climate and ocean research” (Qingdao, China).
http://www.scor-int.org/Working_Groups/Nutrients%20Community%20Whitepaper160729.p
df[3] http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG147.htm

S5-O08

Rapidly changing western Arctic Ocean sea-ice andecosystem; Korean research efforts and planSung-Ho Kang
Division of Polar Ocean Sciences
Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Korea
The Arctic Ocean is experiencing profound changes under the present warming
conditions and is predicted to be even more highly impacted in future global changes. The
Korean Arctic Ocean Observing System (K-AOOS) Program using R/V Araon, funded by the
Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, has been developed and undertaken by Korea Polar
Research Institute (KOPRI) to detect the changes of the structure and processes in the watercolumn and subsurface in the Arctic (Bering, Chukchi, East Siberian and Beaufort Seas)
regions. The project will enable researchers to better understand and anticipate processes andchanges resulting from rapidly declining sea-ice cover. KOPRI researchers, along withstudents and international collaborators, will study the oceanography and food web dynamics
in the northern Bering Sea, southern Chukchi Sea, and in the East Siberian Sea. Fieldworks insummer between 2016 and 2020 will take place on board the Korean research
icebreaker Araon. K-AOOS project is seeking to head to the ice-covered area in rapidtransition that has been rarely visited and poorly studied. The researchers will observe
physical, ecological, and biogeochemical parameters in rapid transition and how quickly
environmental changes affect the ecosystem in the Arctic Ocean. This will be critical for thepolicy makers looking to preserve thriving Arctic ecosystems as sea ice concentrations
continue to decline. The results will be integrated with regional impact studies to help develop
effective adaptation strategies for the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean.

Figure 1. Sea ice work activities on the second sea ice campusing R/V Araon during the Korean arctic expedition in 2017

S5-O09

Korea Arctic Ocean Information System
Junhwa Chi1*, Hyun-Cheol Kim1 and Sung-Ho Kang2
1
2

Unit of Arctic Sea-Ice Prediction, Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea

In recent years, polar research has been focused on climate change, natural resources anddevelopment of a new North Pole Route. Since 2010, the Korea Polar Research Institute(KOPRI) has been collecting various in-situ data from the Arctic and Antarctic oceans using
ARAON, which is the first effort of Korea toward leading global polar research. As a part ofthese activities, KOPRI launches a project called “Korean Arctic Ocean Observing System (KAOOS)”, which focuses on rapid environmental changes in western Arctic ecosystems, andproduces a huge amount of in-situ data. To properly share and visualize various ocean dataacquired in the Arctic oceans, we develop a web-based GIS called “Korea Arctic Ocean
Information System (KAOIS)”. The system mainly consists of two parts: 1) providing astandard format for the Arctic ocean data, and 2) developing a visualization system using opensource GIS. Since KAOIS will be able to handle more than 30 types of ocean data such as
physical, ecological and chemical data, and remote sensing data such as sea ice and ocean color
to visualize with proper methods, we are expected to quantitatively and qualitatively accelerate
efficiency of ocean data analysis via this system. Additionally, those who are interested in the
Arctic oceans may be able to access all the data in KAOIS, and can visualize and share theirown data with others.

Figure 1. A prototype of Korea Arctic Ocean Information System

S5-O10The Changing Arctic Transpolar System:
A Multidisciplinary Russian-German Research Project
H. Kassens1, J. Hölemann2, L.A. Timokhov3 and V. Ivanov3
1

2

GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
3
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Today the Siberian shelf seas, at the tail of the Transpolar Drift, are active locations for
sea-ice formation and export as well as water-mass transformation. With the Transpolar Drift,
sea ice drifts from these shelf seas across the Arctic Ocean, exiting into the North Atlantic off
the east coast of Greenland. The effects of climate change are evident and recent studies in theLaptev Sea have shown that continued warming is putting the Siberian shelf seas at growing
risk of abrupt and irreversible changes.
With the Russian-German research project „CATS – The Changing Arctic Transpolar
System“, a consortium of 10 research institutions and universities in Russia and Germany
aims to assess how climate change will affect the highly sensitive Arctic environment and towhat extent these changes may impact the climate in Europe. The main research region is thewestern Laptev Sea shelf and continental slope, Vilkitsky Strait and Cape Baranov(Severnaya Zemlya), located in the Russian EEZ. This topographically complex region
features strong polynyas and sea-ice formation, and a variety of shelf processes that may
impact the circulation and water masses of the Arctic Boundary Current near the beginning of
the Transpolar Drift system. The Arctic Boundary Current transports a large amount of heatalong the continental slope, which could potentially melt the entire Arctic sea-ice cover if
released to the surface.
CATS will generate new sea-ice, ocean, and atmosphere datasets based on satellites,
shipboard expeditions and autonomous sampling techniques, by use of, for instance,
year-round multidisciplinary ocean observatories that will be operated in the central andnorthwestern Laptev Sea, or by Cape Baranov-based atmospheric boundary layer
measurements. Ship-based oceanographic and biogeochemical surveys will be carried. The
study will focus on relevant subjects as shelf processes and their impact on the Arctic
Boundary Current, sea-ice retreat, changes of atmosphere/sea-ice/ocean interactions, biogeochemical cycles, as well as on ecological consequences of climate change by use of fieldobservations, multi-sensor satellite remote sensing, and coupled atmosphere/sea-ice/ocean
models. Furthermore, the long-term variability of the Arctic transpolar system will beassessed using historical data for statistical models (1950s to present). Sediment cores fromthe western Laptev Sea and Vilkitsky Strait will be used to investigate the pre-industrial
environment in a region that is critical for understanding the impact of global warming on the
Arctic sea ice, ocean, and climate system.

S5-O11

Response of dimethyl sulfide production by phytoplankton
to change in multiple environmental stressors in thewestern Arctic Ocean
S. Kameyama1*, K. Sugie2 A. Fujiwara2 and S. Nishino2
1Hokkaido University,

Japan

2Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

The Arctic Ocean environment is experiencing rapid climate changes such as warming,
ocean acidification and sea ice reduction, influencing ecosystem dynamics including
biogeochemical cycling. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its major precursor
dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are produced through physiological function ofphytoplankton in marine environment. It has been suggested that oceanic DMS emissions could
play a dominant role in climate regulation on a regional basis especially in the polar region [1].
Unraveling the response of marine organisms against such environmental perturbations isimportant to better understand the present and future Arctic Ocean ecosystem and productionof DMS and DMSP. We investigated the effects of temperature, CO 2 and salinity on plankton
communities, DMS and DMSP in the Arctic Ocean using on-board manipulation experiment
during R/V Mirai MR15-03 cruise. Temperature (2.2 or 7.2°C), CO2 (300 or 600 μatm) andsalinity (29.4 or 27.8) were manipulated using thermostat circulator, the addition of high CO 2
seawater, and pure water, respectively. The higher temperature enhanced the growth ofphytoplankton community in terms of chlorophyll-a. Nano-sized (~2–10 μm) phytoplankton
growth was increased due to the higher temperature but not CO2 in the community. On the other
hand, pico-sized (< 2 μm) phytoplankton growth was unchanged during the incubation. DMS
and DMSP concentration were getting higher during the experiment for all batches. We willfurther discuss the relationships between production of DMS and DMSP and changes in the
biological variables in this presentation.

Figure 1. Time series of DMS and DMSPt concentrations during incubation experiments
Reference[1] M Levasseur, Impact of Arctic meltdown on the microbial cycling of sulphur, Nature Geoscience 6691-700 (2013)

S5-O12Absolute Salinity measurements in the Arctic Ocean
H. Uchida*1, S. Nishino2, M. Wakita3 and S. Gary4
1

Research and Development Center for Global Change,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan3
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography, JAMSTEC, Japan
4
Scottish Association for Marine Science, United Kingdom
In 2010, the International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) was
adopted as the replacement for the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80).
In TEOS-10, Absolute Salinity is introduced instead of using Practical Salinity. Density ofseawater is defined as a function of Absolute Salinity rather than conductivity. To date, however,there is no sensor that can precisely measure Absolute Salinity in situ. Therefore, an algorithm
to estimate Absolute Salinity from Practical Salinity measurement was provided along with
TEOS-10. The algorithm exploits the correlation between the Absolute Salinity anomaly(difference between Absolute Salinity and Practical Salinity) and the silicate concentration,
making use of the global atlas of silicate concentrations. In the surface layer of the Arctic Ocean,silicate concentration is small, so that Absolute Salinity anomaly estimated from TEOS-10 isalso small. However, the direct density measurements in the Arctic Ocean showed that theAbsolute Salinity anomalies were quite large in the area north of Point Barrow (Fig. 1). These
anomalies might be caused by the effect of river water since total alkalinity is relatively large
in the area. Similar Absolute Salinity anomalies which are not related silicate concentration
were observed on the Extended Ellett line (cruise DY052 by RRS Discovery in 2016) in the
North Atlantic between Scotland and Iceland. Absolute Salinity anomalies obtained in the
Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean in 2017 by R/V Mirai will also be examined to understand the
spread of the Absolute Salinity anomalies which can’t be estimated from the TEOS-10
algorithm to estimate Absolute Salinity anomaly.

Figure 1. Absolute Salinity anomaly for depths shallower than 15 m. Data were obtained by
the R/V Mirai cruises in 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016.

January 18

Breakout Session
S2
Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction, Observation andModeling

S02-O01

Seasonal progression of the deposition of black carbon by
snowfall at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen
Y. Kondo1*, P. R. Sinha2, K. Goto-Azuma1, Y. Ogwawa-Tsukagawa1, M. Koike3, S. Ohata3, N.
Moteki3 T. Mori3, N. Oshima4, E. J. Førland5, M. Irwin6, J.-C. Gallet7, and C. Pedersen7

1

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India
3
The University of Tokyo, Japan
4
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
5
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
6
Cambustion Ltd., UK
7
Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway

2

Deposition (wet and dry) of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic lowers snow albedo,
thus possibly contributing to warming in the Arctic. However, key processes andthe magnitude of the effect of the BC deposition on radiative forcing in the Arctic
are poorly understood due to sparse BC samplings in snow with adequate
spatiotemporal resolution and uncertainties in the measurements of BC in snow.
We measured the size distribution of BC in snowpack and falling snow using asingle particle soot photometer combined with a nebulizer. We sampled snowpackat two sites (11 m and 300 m above sea level) at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, in April
2013. The BC size distributions did not show significant variations with depth in
the snowpack, suggesting stable size distributions in falling snow. The number andmass concentrations (C NBC and C MBC ) at these sites agreed to within 19% and 10%,respectively, despite the sites’ difference in snow water equivalence. This indicatesthe small influence of the amount of precipitation on these quantities. We also
sampled falling snow near the surface using a windsock during the same snow
accumulation period. Average C NBC in snowpack and falling snow agreed to within
15%, after corrections for artifacts associated with the sampling of the falling snow.
From the comparison of C NBC and C MBC in snowpack and falling snow, we
estimated the relative contribution of dry deposition to total deposition to be about
22±6%. C NBC and C MBC in falling snow and BC concentrations in ambient air werehighest in winter.

S02-O02

Seasonal differences in the characteristics of ice
nucleating particles on Mt. Zeppelin in Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard: A case study in 2016/2017
Y. Tobo1*, K. Adachi2, N. Nagatsuka1, P. J. DeMott3, T. C. J. Hill3, S. Ohata4, Y. Kondo1 andM. Koike4
1

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
3
Colorado State University, USA
4
The University of Tokyo, Japan

Mixed-phase clouds, composed of both ice crystals and supercooled water droplets,
occur frequently in the Arctic lower troposphere throughout the year, especially over the
Svalbard region [1]. It is well known that aerosol particles serving as ice nucleating particles(INPs) play an important role in forming ice in mixed-phase clouds. Although recent work
discusses the possibility that sea spray aerosols emitted from sea surface microlayers may serve
as efficient INPs in the Arctic atmosphere [2,3], little is known about the amounts and sourcesof INPs in the Svalbard region. In this presentation, we report on the results of the measurementsof INPs at the Zeppelin Observatory (475 m AMSL) in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, during intensive
field campaigns in July 2016 and March 2017. The number concentrations of INPs active undermixed-phase cloud conditions were measured using an established droplet-freezing technique[4]. The results show that INP number concentrations measured at the Zeppelin Observatory in
July 2016 were about one order of magnitude higher than those in March 2017. Single particle
analyses of ambient aerosol particles combined with backward trajectory analyses of air masses
indicate that locally-emitted dust particles within the Svalbard region might be one of thesignificant aerosol sources in summertime. We further conducted freezing experiments withlocal dusts collected in Ny-Ålesund (i.e., glacial outwash sediments smaller than ~5 μm) andconfirmed that the ice nucleating activity of the local dusts is much higer than that of desert
dusts from low/mid-latitudes. We also found that the Ny-Ålesund dusts lose significantly their
ice nucleating abilities after H2O2 treatment (i.e., after removal of organic matter), suggesting
the presence of ice nucleation active organics in the dusts. Finally, we suggest that the observed
INP populations at the Zeppelin Observatory in July 2016 might be well characterized by local
dust emissions within the Svalbard region, as well as transport of aerosol particles from thesurrounding oceans and/or continent, leading to enhanced INP number concentrations.
References[1] G. Mioche, O. Jourdan, M. Ceccaldi, J. Delanoë, Variability of mixed-phase clouds in the
Arctic with a focus on the Svalbard region: a study based on spaceborne active remotesensing, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 2445-2461 (2015)[2] T. W. Wilson et al., A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles,
Nature 525, 234-238 (2015)[3] P. J. DeMott et al., Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 5797-5803 (2016)[4] Y. Tobo, An improved approach for measuring immersion freezing in large droplets overa wide temperature range, Sci. Rep. 6, 32930 (2016)

S02-O03

Ship-based Observation and Regional Chemical Transport
Model analysis for Atmospheric Black Carbon over theArctic Ocean
F. Taketani1,2, T. Miyakawa1,2, M. Takigawa1, M. Yamaguchi1, S. Kato1, Y. Kanaya1,2, Y.
Komazaki2, P. Mordovskoi1, H. Takashima2, Y. Tohjima3.
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Arctic Climate andEnvironmental Research, Japan.
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Research and Development Center
for Global Change, Japan.
3
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Environmental Measurement andAnalysis, Japan
Black carbon (BC) is a major component of light-absorbing particulate matter in theatmosphere, causing positive radiative forcing. Also, BC deposition on the surface reduces
the Earth’s albedo and accelerates snow/ice melting by absorbing the sunlight. Therefore, theimpact of BC on the Arctic climate needs to be assessed; however, observational information
has been still insufficient. Over the Arctic Ocean, we have been conducting ship-based
observations for BC using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) on R/V Mirai every year
since 2014. To estimate the transport pathways of BC, we have also conducted model
simulations during the period of cruise using a regional transport model (WRF-Chem 3.8.1).
Figure 1 shows temporal variations in the BC mass concentrations along the ship track
during the arctic cruise in 2016. The variations in the observed concentrations, after
eliminating data influenced by ship exhaust, were qualitatively well reproduced by theregional chemical transport model. Quantitatively, however, the model tended to overestimate
the BC levels, suggesting the possibilities that the emission rates were overestimated and/or
the removal rates were underestimated. The observed average mass concentration during 2016
was 0.8 ng/m3 in >70N, similar to the levels (∼1.0ng/m3) recorded during our previous
observations in the Arctic during 2014 and 2015 [1]. We will present further analysis on thesize distribution, coating, and possible sources. Also, we are going to report results of thearctic cruise in 2017.

Figure 1.Temporal variation of BC mass concentrations along the cruise track. Gray dots and a solidline indicate the BC concentration levels observed and simulated by the WRF-Chem, respectively.
References[1] F. Taketani, T. Miyakawa, H. Takashima, X. Pan, Y. Komazaki, J. Inoue, and Y. Kanaya. J.
Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 1914–1921, doi:10.1002/2015JD023648 (2016)

S02-O04

Seasonal variability of near-inertial internal waves in the
Northwind Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean
Y. Kawaguchi1*, M. Itoh2, Y. Fukamachi3,4, E. Moriya5, J. Onodera2 and T. Kikuchi2
12

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth and Science Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Instutie of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
5
Hydro Systems Development, Inc., Japan

According to long-standing researches in the Arctic Ocean, internal gravity wave
activity and its contribution to local turbulent mixing have been considered to be quite low. In
the modern era, the Arctic sea-ice extent has been dramatically diminishing, and therefore
there is an increased chance of kinetic energy input from the air to the ocean. In this study, theseasonal change of near-inertial internal wave (NIW) kinetic energy is examined incomparison with local sea ice compactness and thickness. Here, the local sea-ice information
was directly obtained by using an Ice Profiling Sonar that was mounted at top of a moored
instrumentation in the Northwind Abyssal Plain. The year-round mooring was deployed by
JAMSTEC in September 2013. The near-inertial bandpass filtered velocity was computedfrom horizontal velocity of an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) over the depths
within upper 100 m. To ascertain energy source for the upper ocean, surface energy input andconsequent inertial oscillation in mixed layer were predicted by using a mixed-layer slab
model (Pollard & Millard, 1970). The ADCP velocity documented that NIW energy’s
variability was characterized by sea ice mobility, which is deeply associated with ice
thickness. During the melt season, July to October, NIW activities achieved its maxima. In
contrast, during the freezing period, ice shows the least mobility as well as greatest thickness,leading to the least energetic NIW activity.

Figure 1. Moored rotary spectra of horizontal velocity: clockwise (left) and counterclockwise(right) rotation with time. The spectral curves were from horizontal velocity at depth of 32 m.
References:[1] Pollard, R. T. and R. C. Millard, Comparison between observed and simulated wind
generated inertial oscillations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 813–821 (1970)

S02-O05

Physical Oceanography activities during MOSAiC: asummary from the OCEAN team
B. Rabe1*, C. Provost2, and the MOSAiC OCEAN team1

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven,
Germany
2
LOCEAN, UPMC, Paris, France

The poster will details the current, draft plan for physical observations in the ocean during
MOSAiC. These are related to the science questions laid out in the MOSAiC Science and
Implementation plans.
We will present the key variables that have been identified, the instrumentation for obtaining themeasurements and a first look at a potential observation schedule.
This contribution is meant to initiate discussion and involve new MOSAiC partners.

S02-O06

Year-round surveys for air–sea ice gas fluxin the Arctic Ocean
D. Nomura1*, E. Damm2, B. Loose3, B. Delille4, A. Fransson5, M. Chierici6, 7,
M.A. Granskog5, and J. Inoue8
1

Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
3
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
4
Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
5Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
6 Institute of Marine Research, NO–9294, Tromsø, Norway
7 FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
6
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan2

Sea ice has rarely been considered in estimates of global biogeochemical cycles,
especially gas exchanges, because of the assumption that, in ice-covered seas, sea-ice acts as abarrier for atmosphere–ocean exchange. However, recent work has shown that sea ice and its
snow cover play an active role in the exchange of gases between the ocean and atmosphere.
However, the lack of information for the winter-time and long term (e.g. year-round) sea ice
biogeochemistry was pointed out, due to the difficulty to acquire data under harsh weather
conditions and to keep the ice station for long time. During the MOSAiC campaign, we will
examine the year-round air–sea ice CO2 and CH4 etc fluxes in the central Arctic Ocean. Thissurvey will also include the collections for the samples on quantification on carbonate
systems and biogeochemical properties in sea ice and under-ice water column.

S02-O07

Interaction between YOPP and MOSAiC
from observations to modeling
J. Inoue1*
1

National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, JapanThe Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) has been in place since May 15, 2017. Several
field campaigns have been conducted in the Arctic regions, which contributes to improving
the skills of atmospheric, sea-ice, and oceanic forecasts on time scales ranging from hourly toseasonal. Three special observing periods (SOPs) in the Northern Hemisphere are scheduledduring YOPP to obtain enhanced observation data mainly for forecasting purposes. One of thelargest field campaigns as a part of SOPs is the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the
Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), which will start from mid-October 2019 by using RVPolarstern with the sea ice across the central Arctic during years 2019 to 2020. The feedback
from scientific and operational efforts between YOPP and MOSAiC is essential to develop
current numerical models and to understand unknown physical processes over the Arctic
Ocean. Based on pilot studies for YOPP that have been conducted by collaborativeinternational efforts, additional meteorological observations over the Arctic region were
found to be very useful for predicting extreme weather events over the Arctic and beyond
both in summer and winter [1-4]. During the YOPP and its consolidation phase, which covers
the MOSAiC period, several data assimilation studies are scheduled using observed data. In
this presentation, ongoing and planned research activities during YOPP and MOSAiC will be
introduced, focusing on the Japanese activity as an example. With the aid of the Japanese
Arctic flagship project, called the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project, theArctic research cruise using RV Mirai is scheduled to run from 2017 to 2019 every year. Thus,
opportunities to collaborate with other institutions and international projects will be provided.
In addition to this, during the early phase of MOSAiC (October 2019), when RV Polarstern
starts year-round operation in the Siberian sector of the Arctic Ocean with drifting sea ice, RV
Mirai will also travel to the ice-free Arctic Ocean to obtain the suite of comparable
observation data in addition to RV Polarstern’s data. Both the data denial experiments and theverification of numerical models will be made for participation in an intercomparison model.
Preparations for joining RV Polarstern cruise have also been initiated by communication with
relevant people from domestic and MOSAiC coordination teams.
References[1] J. Ono, J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, K. Dethloff, H. Yamaguchi, The impact of radiosonde data on
forecasting sea-ice distribution along the Northern Sea Route during an extremely developed cyclone,
J. Adv. Model. Ear. Syst., 8 292-303 (2016).
[2] K. Sato, J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, J.-H. Kim , M. Maturilli, K. Dethloff, S. R. Hudson, M. A.
Granskog, Improved forecasts of winter weather extremes over midlatitudes with extra Arctic
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 775-787 (2017)[3] J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, J. Ono, K. Dethloff, M. Maturilli, R. Neuber, P. Edwards, H. Yamaguchi,
Additional Arctic observations improve weather and sea-ice forecasts for the Northern Sea Route, Sci.
Rep., 5, 16868 (2015).
[4] Yamazaki, A., J. Inoue, K. Dethloff, M. Maturilli, G. König-Langlo, Impact of radiosonde
observations on forecasting summertime Arctic cyclone formation, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 3249-3273(2015).

S02-O08

Impact of extra Arctic radiosonde observations on 5-day
weather forecasts over Alaska during August 2015
Min-Hee Lee1*, Joo-Hong Kim1, Hyo-Jong Song2, Jun Inoue3, Kazutoshi Sato3,and Akira Yamazaki4
1

Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, Korea
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
2

This study has investigated the impact of extra radiosonde observations from the 2015
Araon summer Arctic cruise over the Chukchi and East Siberian seas on 5-day forecasts over
Alaska. The radiosonde sounding data produced every 12 hour from 00UTC 04 AUG to 12UTC
18 AUG are additionally assimilated to the conventional ALERA2 reanalysis. With the tworeanalysis data sets as the initial conditions, two sets of 10-day ensemble forecasts are produced
and compared (CTL without Araon vs. OSE_A with Araon). To verify the forecast performance,
we compare the Z500 fields between CTL and OSE_A. Two forecasts are not quite different
for the earlier period of the analysis-forecast cycle (from 04 AUG to 08 AUG), but theaccumulated impact on the error reduction of OSE_A is shown for the later period from 12
AUG to 18 AUG. More detailed analyses are made for the two selected forecasts begun at
00UTC 12 AUG and 00UTC 14 AUG (Figure 1), in which the OSE_A forecasts are improved
significantly after 4-6 days and 3-5 days, respectively. The evolution of the forecast errors over
Alaska are similar for the first few days of the forecasts, but the forecast errors are reduced
while the positive signals of extra sounding observations reach the downstream Alaskan area
after a couple of days. In these forecasts, the assimilation of extra Araon sounding data
improved the geopotential height field by lowering abnormal high anomalies over Alaska.

Figure 1. Time series of area-averaged 500-hPa geopotential height over Alaska from the
ERA-Interim reanalysis (black) and the ensemble-mean of OSE_A (thick blue) and CTL(thick red) forecasts begun at (a) 00 UTC 12 AUG and (b) 00UTC 14 AUG. Light think
blue and red lines indicate all ensemble members for OSE_A and CTL, respectively.

S02-O09

Effect of the Cycling WRF-3DVAR Data Assimilation of the
Ship-borne Arctic Radiosonde Sounding on the Simulationof the Intense Arctic Cyclone in mid-August 2016
J.-H. Kim1*, S.-W. Kim, and N.-K. Noh
1Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea

The Arctic Ocean is more accessible to human activities as sea-ice declines. As a result,
Arctic severe weather prediction is becoming practically more important. Previous studies havedemonstrated that the cyclone activity tends to enhance seasonally during summer in the central
Arctic Ocean and, during the last several decades, the entrance of extratropical cyclones has
increased toward the Arctic [1-3]. One representative case was a violent, long-lived Arctic
cyclone in early August of 2012, with record lifetime minimum central pressure of 966 hPa [4].
In mid-August 2016, another atypically intense Arctic cyclone was observed, which wascomparable to the 2012 cyclone. Originating from Scandinavia, it explosively developed overthe Eurasian sector of the central Arctic Ocean, reaching its lifetime minimum central pressureof 968 hPa on 16 August. Thereafter it was weakening for three days while moving eastward
and finally dissipated by merging into another developing cyclone from Alaska.
In this study, we perform WRF forecasts of this 2016 cyclone’s life cycle with the initial(00Z 10 August) and boundary conditions from the NCEP GFS forecast fields. In addition, extra
Arctic radiosonde sounding data over the Chukchi and East Siberian seas are available, since
we produced on the icebreaker Araon. For an experimental purpose, we test the assimilation
impact of those extra sounding data using the WRF-3DVAR. Three model experiments havebeen set up: 1) a control run without extra data assimilation (DA_NO), 2) an experiment with
one-time assimilation on 00Z 10 August (DA_10), and 3) an experiment with 24-hr cycling
assimilation from 00Z 10 through 00Z 13 August. Comparing the central pressure evolution
among the three experiments, DA_NO and DA_10 simulated the cyclone’s life cycle in a very
similar way, whereas DA_13 shows a notable discrepancy on the simulation of the weakening
phase from 16 August. In DA_13, the weakening rate is even more rapid, compared with thereanalysis data: the central pressure increased to the weakest peak of 979 hPa within 36-hr (c.f.,from 968 hPa to 984 hPa within 48-hr in the reanalysis data). The reason of this difference isthat an anticylonic increment generated by the cycling sounding data assimilation grows andspreads to the central Arctic Ocean and excessively affects the cyclone weakening while itpasses around the International Dateline, located at the closest distance from the Araon.
Therefore, the extra Araon Arctic sounding data could affect the cyclone’s central pressure
forecast around the time of its lifetime peak period.
References[1] X. Zhang, J. E. Walsh, J. Zhang, U. S. Bhatt, and M. Ikeda, Climatology and interannual
variability of Arctic cyclone activity: 1948-2002, J. Climate 17 (2004)[2] M. Serreze, and A. P. Barrett, The summer cyclone maximum over the central Arctic
Ocean, J. Climate 21 (2008)[3] I. Simmonds, C. Burke, and K. Keay, Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone
behaviour, J. Climate 21 (2008)[4] I. Simmonds, and I. Rudeva, The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett.
39 (2012)

S02-O10

Medium-range forecast skill for Arctic Cyclones
A. Yamagami1*, M. Matsueda1,2, and H.L. Tanaka1
1

Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan2
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Arctic cyclones (ACs) have environmental and social impacts on the Arctic [1-2]. In
this study, we assessed the forecast performance of medium-range ensemble forecasts
provided by The Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE), regarding the central pressure
and position of ACs for the summer (June – August) of 2008 – 2016. Forecast data from fiveleading numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers were used: the Canadian MeteorologicalCenter (CMC), the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), theJapan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP), and the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO). Ten dominant AC evensts weredetected based on the following criteria: the central pressure of < 980 hPa, the central positionof > 70°N, and the areal-mean temperature anomaly at 250 hPa of > 5 K.
In predicting the central pressure of the ACs, the ECMWF has the highest skill in the0.5- to 3.5-day forecasts, followed by CMC (Fig. 1a). In the 4.5- to 5.5-day forecasts, CMC
shows a similar skill to ECMWF, and its 6.5-day forecast shows the highest skill in all thecenters. The 2.5-day ECMWF forecast is as accurate as the 1.5-day CMC, JMA and UKMO
forecasts. In the 0.5-day forecasts, all the NWP centers except for NCEP have the meanpressure errors of < 3 hPa. The NCEP forecast in the range from 0.5 to 3.5 days ahead shows
the lowest skill in predicting the central pressure. Regarding the central position of the ACs(Fig. 1b), ECMWF has the highest skill for the 1.5- to 5.5-day forecasts. These ECMWF
forecasts show the 1-day advantage in predicting the central position of the ACs, as well as
the central pressure, compared with the other centers. In the 0.5-day forecasts, the mean
position error is below 100 km for all the centers and JMA shows the lowest mean error of 25
km. In general, ECMWF has the highest performance in predicting ACs at medium-range
timescale.

Figure 1. Mean forecast errors in the central (a) pressure and (b) position of ACs in the summer of 2008 – 2016
for CMC, ECMWF, JMA, NCEP, and UKMO ensemble forecasts. The forecasts were verified against
their own analysis.

References[1] J. Inoue, M. Hori. Arctic cyclogenesis at the marginal ice zone: A contributory mechanism
for the temperature amplification? Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (2011)[2] V.M. Eguíluz1, J. Fernández-Gracia, X. Irigoien, C.M. Duarte. A quantitative assessmentof Arctic shipping in 2010–2014, Nature Scientific Reports 6 (2016)

S02-O11

Analysis of arctic cyclone of August 2012 using
non-hydrostatic global atmosphere and ocean coupled model
H. Kubokawa1*, M. Satoh1,2, H. Hasumi1,2, N. Kimura1, and T. Kawasaki1
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technologyrctic, Japan

In recent years, sea ice in the Arctic region in summer has decreased (e.g., Comiso et al.,2008). In August 2012, decrease of sea ice is prominent, and influence of a strong low pressurein Arctic region (Arctic Cyclone; hereafter we call this as AC) is considered as one of the factor.
This AC was much developed (about 966 hPa) and lasted for more than 10 days (Simmons andRudeva, 2012). During this period, a strong wind was observed in Arctic region, and sea ice
was transported, and ocean was disturbed. As a result, large decrease of sea ice was happened.
In this study, we simulated this AC using a new atmospheric ocean coupled model "NICOCO"
developed by combining global non - hydrostatic atmospheric model NICAM and global ocean
model COCO. A purpose of this study is to understand the atmosphere, ocean, and ice
interactions.
Figure 1 show the track and time variation of central sea level pressure (SLP) of AC.
Here, the integration for NICOCO was performed for 7 days starting from 3 August 2012, at
0000 UTC. We set the horizontal grid spacing of about 50 km, and performed three experiments.
(1: called as Exp1) use the cumulus parameterization (CHIKIRA scheme). (2: Exp2) does not
use the cumulus parameterization. (3: Exp3) same as Exp1, but for the fix ocean component(ice component does not fix). All experiments can simulate the track of AC which heading to
the North Pole. However, compared to observation, it slightly shifted westward. As for thedevelopment of the central SLP, although there is a difference depending on whether cumulus
parameterization is used or not, reproducibility is successfully simulated.
We try to further improve the reproducibility of AC (e.g., track) and investigate thefactors determining the track. In the presentation, we will also discuss about decrease of sea ice.
(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Solid, thick solid, thick dashed, and thick dotted line in figures indicate the (a)track and (b) central sea level pressure of AC in ERA-Interim data, Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3,
respectively.
References[1] J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, R. Gersten, and L. Stock, Accelerated decline in the Arctic
sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35 (L01703), doi:10.1029/2007GL0391972 (2007)[2] I. Simmons, and I. Rudeva, The great arctic cyclone of August 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35 (L23709), doi:10/2029/2012GL054259 (2012)

S02-O12

Medium-range forecast skill of summertime sea ice
conditions over the East Siberian Sea: Importance ofsynoptic-scale atmospheric fluctuations*Takuya Nakanowatari1, Jun Inoue1, Kazutoshi, Sato1, Laurent Bertino2, Jiping Xie2, Mio
Matsueda3, Akio Yamagami3, Takeshi Sugimura1, Hironori Yabuki1, and Natuhiko Otsuka4
1

Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
3
Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
4
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

Accelerated retreat of Arctic Ocean summertime sea ice has focused attention on thepotential use of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), for which sea ice thickness (SIT) informationis crucial for safe maritime navigation. This study evaluated the medium-range forecast skill ofsummertime SIT, with special emphasis on the East Siberian Sea (ESS), based on the Towards
an Operational Prediction system for the North Atlantic European coastal Zones ver. 4(TOPAZ4) data assimilation system (Sakov et al. 2012). Intercomparison between all available
observed (in situ and satellite) and operational model SIT data showed that TOPAZ4 reanalysis
data reproduces the observed seasonal cycle (maximum in May and minimum in October) forthe entire Arctic Ocean, with an average negative bias of ∼30 cm.
Examination of vessel-tracking data and TOPAZ4 reanalysis data suggests the significant
delay in vessel speed that occurred in July 2014 during passage of the ESS was caused bynorthwestward sea ice drift (∼20 cm s−1) as well as significant SIT (∼150 cm). To explore themechanism controlling the summertime (July) sea ice motions, we examined the speed anddirection based on free-drift theory. The estimated values of the wind factor and the deviation
angle are approximately within the range of typical surface wind parameters of 2 % for the windfactor and 30° for the deviation angle in the Arctic Ocean (Thorndike and Colony, 1982).
Forecast data of TOPAZ4 indicates northward sea ice drift occured in July 8, 2014 can bepredicted skillfully with a lead-time of 5 days. The ECMWF medium-range forecast data showthat the forecasts of the ensemble members spread after July 8 and the ensemble mean values
are notably different from the analysis values. These results demonstrate the skill in theprediction of sea ice motion is attributable to that of the atmospheric wind condition. Therefore,
TOPAZ4 data assimilation system could provide useful medium-range sea ice forecasts forsummertime maritime navigation of the NSR. Since it was reported that additional radiosonde
observations over the Arctic Ocean have had considerable impact on the prediction skill insynoptic-scale fluctuations (e.g., Inoue et al., 2015), it is expected that radiosonde observationsin the Arctic Ocean could lead to further extension of the lead-time for predictions ofsummertime sea ice.
References[1] Sakov, P., Counillon, F., Bertino, L., Lisæter, K. A., Oke, P. R. and Korablev, A., TOPAZ4:
an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic, Ocean Sci., 8, 633656, doi:10.5194/os-8-633-2012 (2012)[2] Inoue, J., Yamazaki, A., Ono, J., Dethloff, K., Maturilli, M., Neuber, R., Edwards, P. andYamaguchi, H., Additional Arctic observations improve weather and sea-ice forecasts for the
Northern Sea Route, Sci. Rep., 5, 16868, doi:10.1038/srep1686 (2015)

January 18

Breakout Session
S3
A complex Adapting Arctic Ecohydrology in the Context of Changing
ClimateS03-O01
Cancelled

S03-O02

Spatial variability of streamflow in continuous permafrost
environment in Central Yakutia, Russia
L. Lebedeva1*, O. Makarieva2, 1, 3 and N. Nesterova3
1

Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
2
Gidrotehproekt Ltd., Russia
3
St. Petersburg State University, Russia
Runoff generation in permafrost environments are controlled by time-variable frozen
aquiclude, limited connectivity between surface and ground water, long snow season andperiod of river ice cover. Although influence of ground thawing/freezing and surface
conditions on streamflow generation is not fully understood, both rain and snow are usuallyassumed to be the main driver of any hydrological events.
The study aims at investigation of runoff formation and identification of keyhydrological processes at set of close-by watersheds in Central Yakutia, Eastern Siberia,
Russia. Nineteen river basins with areas from 40 to 65000 km2, practically all active gauges
up to the moment, were chosen for streamflow analysis. Precipitation and air temperature datafrom 22 meteorological stations were employed for the study. The river basins arecharacterized by relatively flat topography, dry and cold climate. Mean annual precipitation
varies from 240 to 390 mm/year. Mean annual air temperature changes from -7.7 to -11.9°C.
Altitude ranges from 60 to 1000 m a.s.l. Permafrost thickness is 200-500 m. Dominantlandscape is coniferous taiga.
Mean annual flow depth of the studied rivers varies in more than two orders ofmagnitude from 0.61 to 80 mm/year (Figure 1). High spatial variability of streamflow that far
exceeds variability of precipitation suggests that surface conditions could play more importantrole in runoff generation than rain and snow input. Variation coefficient (Cv) characterizes
year-to-year dynamics of streamflow. Cv of rivers with lower flow depth is much higher than“high flow” rivers. Role of different control factors such as geology, permafrost distribution,lakes, contributing areas and others will be discussed. Careful investigation of runoff
generation processes is needed for successful modelling strategies and future projections.

Figure 1. Mean annual flow depth and its variation coefficient for 19 studied basinsS03-O03

Hydrological changes in the Arctic circumpolar tundra andpan-Arctic large river basins from 2002 to 2016
K. Suzuki1*, K. Matsuo2, D. Yamazaki3, K. Ichii4, Y. Iijima5, and T. Hiyama6
1*

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan2
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Japan
3
The University of Tokyo, Japan
4
Chiba University, Japan
5
Mie University, Japan
6
Nagoya University, JapanThe summer air temperature has been increasing across the Arctic circumpolar tundrain the upper section of the Lena River Basin since 2002 [1]. Therefore, it is evident that Arctichydrological change is affected by the warming summer air temperature. In this study, we
analyzed the interannual variation of terrestrial water storage (TWS) in the Arctic circumpolar
region using monthly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data from 2002 to
2016, and clarified the causes of the variation using global land reanalysis, river runoff, andinundation area data. In addition, the TWS from Global Land Data Assimilation (GLDAS1
and GLDAS2) datasets was used to analyze the variation in the amount of TWS estimatedusing GRACE data. Four different products are available from the land surface models(LSMs) in GLDAS1, while GLDAS2 has only one product. We also analyzed the variations
in surface inundation extent areas (IEA) simultaneously using global inundation area data
provided by Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS) [2]. In order to analyze
the variation in the basin’s TWS, the observed flow rate data in the vicinity of the estuary of
the three major pan-Arctic rivers (the Lena, Mackenzie, and Yukon) were used. For the Lena
River in the Eurasian continent, we used R-ArcticNet (developed and maintained the
University of New Hampshire), while the Canadian hydrometric database (HYDAT) and the
USGS website were referred to for the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers, respectively.
TWS, annual evapotranspiration, and the summer air temperature data, excluding IEA,
show statistically significant linear trends (p<0.05) from 2002 to 2016. The TWS dataobtained from GRACE and GLDAS1 or GLDAS2 show a consistent seasonal and interannual
variability (R2: 0.80). Therefore, the fluctuation in TWS with GRACE data can be assessed byreanalyzing certain factors in the GLDAS data. The summer air temperature has shown an
increase of 0.13° C year-1. On the other hand, TWS showed a decreasing trend of -1.2 mm
year-1, and the rate of decrease was close to the increasing evapotranspiration trend. Although
the results were not statistically significant, the IEA showed a slightly decreasing trend. In
addition, we characterized the cause of variations in TWS in large pan-Arctic river basins
with respect to various forcing variables such as precipitation and evaporation.
Acknowledgemets
This work was partly carried out by the Joint Research Program of the Institute forSpace-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University.
References[1] Suzuki, K., Matsuo, K., Hiyama, T. Satellite gravimetry-based analysis of terrestrial water storage and its
relationship with run-off from the Lena River in eastern Siberia. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 37,
2198–2210 (2016)[2] Papa, F., Prigent, C., Aires, F., Jimenez, C., Rossow, W.B., Matthews, E. Interannual variability of surface
water extent at the global scale, 1993–2004. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 1147–17 (2010)

S03-O04

Permafrost groundwater age of spring discharges around
Khangai Mountains in central Mongolia
T. Hiyama1*, A. Dashtseren2, K. Asai3, H. Kanamori1 and M. Ishikawa4
1

2

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
Institute of Geography & Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia
3
Geo-Science Laboratory Co. Ltd, Japan
4
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

Better understanding of groundwater dynamics in permafrost zones is a critical issue inpermafrost hydrology. Assessing permafrost vulnerability in conjunction with changing climate
is important for local peoples, and thus detecting permafrost thaw is needed in this researchdiscipline. In order to detect permafrost thawing (ground ice melting) in the isolated permafrostzone of Mongolia, groundwater age was determined around the Khangai Mountains by the useof transient tracers of tritium (3H) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Spring water samples werecollected at several discharge sites including two thermokarst landscapes, the Chuluut (N48°05.142′, E 100°20.745′) and the Galuut (N 46°33.441′, E 99°59.378′), from August 2015 to
May 2017. Tritium and CFCs concentrations of the spring water discharges at the twothermokarst landscapes were very low (especially at the Galuut site). An atmospheric water
budget analysis indicated that net precipitation (i.e. net recharge to the groundwater) was almost
zero at the southern part of the Khangai Mountains including Galuut site. Thus, it was impliedthat the spring water of the Galuut thermokarst site contained large amount of ground ice-meltwater. Additionally, because the CFCs concentrations at the Galuut site have been decreasing
gradually, the permafrost thawing is now progressive in this site. Therefore, large vulnerability
in the permafrost thaw was detected in conjunction with current climate change in the region.
Compared with the results obtained by a previous research [1], which estimated permafrost
groundwater age in eastern Siberia, the estimated groundwater age in the Khangai Mountains
has large variability.
References[1] T. Hiyama, K. Asai, A.B. Kolesnikov, L.A. Gagarin, V.V. Shepelev. Estimation of theresidence time of permafrost groundwater in the middle of the Lena River basin, eastern
Siberia. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 035040 (2013)

S03-O05

Perennial Snowfields in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska:
A Landsat Based Time Series of Extent Changes in Gates of
the Arctic National Park and Preserve
M.E. Tedesche1, 2*, E.D. Trochim1 and S.R. Fassnacht3
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, USA
2

Pronounced warming of the Arctic is driving significant physical and ecologicalchanges, including losses in extent of perennial snowfields in Gates of the Arctic National
Park and Preserve in the central Brooks Range mountains of Northern Alaska. Thesesnowfields are sensitive indicators of climate change and an important eco-hydrologicalresource. Like glaciers, they form through accumulation and compaction of seasonal layers ofsnow, however, in contrast to glaciers; these features never grow thick enough to flow under
the influence of gravity. Perennial snowfields can alter hydrology, geology, permafrost
distribution, and are important ecosystems for an array of wildlife, including caribou, whichflock to snowfields for insect avoidance and to thermoregulate. Caribou are critical to the
traditional subsistence lifestyle for Native Alaskan people in the Arctic.
This research quantifies how perennial snowfields are changing and addresses impacts
to caribou and subsistence. Quantifying historic snowfield extents is done through remotesensing techniques by creating a time series of changes from Landsat satellite images. The
project also entails use of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), in-situ field collected data, andlocal Native Alaskan indigenous knowledge, to support the Landsat based model. Intial
results indicate notable losses in perennial snowfield extents over the study area. The goal ofthis interdisciplinary project is to help subsistence users, hydrologists, ecologists, and otherscientists and stake holders understand snowfield changes and implications for caribou.

S03-O06

Active-layer thickness at permafrost larch forestsin eastern Siberia
A. Kotani1*, M. Nakatsubo1, T. Ohta1, T. Hiyama1, Y. Iijima2, and T. C. Maximov3
1

Nagoya University, Japan
2Mie University, Japan
3Institute of Biological Problems in Cryolithozone
SB RAS, Russia
This study investigated spatial variability of active-layer thickness (ALT) at larchdominated forests in the middle part of the Lena basin, eastern Siberia. Forest ecosystem in thisregion is characterized by low precipitation, a short growing season, and extensive permafrost.
Seasonal thawing permafrost supplies soil water, which is prevented to infiltrating by animpermeable frozen layer, and supports forest development.
We compared temporal and spatial variability of ALT at two larch-dominated forests
mixed with birch and willow, in the southern and middle parts of the Lena basin. One is the
Spasskaya Pad station (SP) on alluvial terrace near Yakutsk (62° 15´N, 129° 14´E). The other
is Elgeeii (EG) station (60° 0´N, 133° 49´E) located at erosional plain, 300 km southeast of
Yakutsk. Reflecting different geographical location, these two sites have contrastive soil
characteristics; sandy-loam soils at SP has less water retention compared to clay-loam soils at
EG. Based on continuous measurement of soil temperature and water, soil water in the active
layer was more and its seasonal variation was more stable at EG compared to SP and seasonal
thawing speed is larger at SP [1]. Field measurements of ALT using handheld dynamic cone
penetrometer [2] were repeated in each site in June–July (first half of summer) and September(before soil freezing). Although averages of ALT observed in the same season was not differ
in two sites, their spatial variability showed contrast in two sites and season (Figure 1.). Verticalprofile of penetration resistance indicates that active layer in EG was relatively uniformly softwhile that in SP was harder and had vertical structure at some points. Considering also
accompanied observation of surrounding forest, factors of variability of ALT are discussed.
This work was carried out by JSPS KAKENHI (26242026, 26252021), ArCS (Arctic
Challenge for Sustainability) project and joint research program for Space-Earth Environmental
Research, Nagoya University.

Figure 1. Active-layer thickness (ALT) at larch forests. Boxplot indicates median, 1st and3rd quantiles, maxima, minima and outlier with sample number.
References[1] A Kotani et al., Temporal variations in the linkage between the net ecosystem exchange of water
vapour and CO2 over boreal forests in eastern Siberia, Ecohydrology 7 (2014)[2] Y Iijima et al., Active-layer thickness measurements using a handheld penetrometer at boreal andtundra sites in eastern Siberia, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28 (2017)

S03-O07

The amplified Arctic terrestrial ecohydrological processes
under the climate change
Hotaek Park
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
The Arctic has experienced a set of various changes due to warming climate. The
significant changes include increased vegetation biomass, permafrost degradation, increased
river discharge, and decreasing sea ice. The declining sea ice has associated with the deepeningof snow cover on the terrestrial surface, sequentially affecting permafrost and ecohydrologicalcycle along the seasonal processes. A land surface model CHANGE examined the warming
climate induced changes in the Arctic eco-hydrologic system. In addition to enhanced snow
insulation, the Arctic warming triggered deeper active layer thickness, which positively
correlated to evapotranspiration and net primary productivity. Deeper snow and the early melt
resulted in earlier and larger discharge peak in spring. Temperature warming derived later fall
freezeup and earlier spring breakup. As a result, longer ice-free period contributed to warming
river water, consequently increasing warmer freshwater to Arctic Ocean. These results increase
our understanding on the warming climate derived changes in the Arctic ecohydrologicalsystem and on potential changes under the future climate.

January 18

Breakout Session
G7
Geospace

G07-O11

Energetic electron precipitations associated with chorus
waves; Initial observations from Arase and ground-based
observations
Y. Miyoshi1*, S. Kurita1 , S. Saito1, I. Shinohara2, Y. Kasahara3, S. Matsuda1, Y. Kasaba4,
S. Yagitani3, H. Kojima4, M. Hikishima2, F. Tsuchiya4, A. Kumamoto4, Y. Katoh4,
A. Matsuoka2, N. Higashio2, T. Mitani2, T. Takashima2, S. Kasahara5, S. Yokota2, K.
Asamura2, Y. Kazama6, S-Y. Wang6, K. Shiokawa1, Y. Ogawa7, K. Hosokawa8, S. Oyama1, T.
Hori1, M. Shoji1, M. Teramoto1, T. Chang1, A Kero9, E. Turunen1, ERG-project team
1

ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan, 2JAXA, Japan, 3Kanazawa University, Japan,
4
Tohoku University, Japan, 5University of Tokyo, Japan, 6ASIAA, Taiwan, 7NIPR, Japan,
8
University of Electro-Communications, Japan, 9Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory, Finland
The pulsating aurora is caused by intermittent precipitations of a few – 10s keV electrons, and
it is expected that the pitch angle scattering by chorus waves at the magnetosphere is a
primary process to cause the pulsating aurora. In March and April, 2017, a series of thecampaign observation focused on the chorus-wave particle interactions from conjugate
observations from Arase and ground-based observations, and the pulsating aurora as amanifest of chorus-wave particle interactions was the important observation subject. During
the campaign observations, good conjugate observations were realized between Arase andground-based observations in Scandinavia. Associated with the pulsating aurora, the EISCAT
radar at Tromso, Norway observed strong ionization in the low altitude. During the period, theArase satellite observed intense chorus waves near the magnetic equator for a few hours,suggesting that strong pitch angle scattering took place. From the conjugate observations from
Arase and ground-based observations, we discuss how chorus waves cause strong
precipitation of electrons from plasma sheet and radiation belts.

G07-O12

Ground-based optical observations of pulsating aurora incoordination with ARASE/ERG satellite
Keisuke Hosokawa1*, Yoshizumi Miyoshi2, Shin-Ichiro Oyama2,3, Yasunobu Ogawa3, Satoshi
Kurita2, Yoshiya Kasahara4, Yasumasa Kasaba5, Satoshi Yagitani4, Shoya Matsuda2,
Mitsunori Ozaki4, Fuminori Tsuchiya5, Atsushi Kumamoto5, Ryuho Kataoka3, Kazuo
Shiokawa2, Hiroshi Miyaoka3, Yoshimasa Tanaka3, Satonori Nozawa2, Mariko Teramoto2,
Takeshi Takashima6, Iku Shinohara6, and Ryoichi Fujii7
1

University of Electro-Communications, Japan
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
4
Kanazawa University, Japan
5
Tohoku University, Japan
6
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
7
Research Organization of Information and Systems, Japan
2

Pulsating aurora (PsA) is one of the major types of aurora often seen in the lower latitudepart of the auroral region in the morning side. The period of the main optical pulsation ranges
from a few to a few tens of seconds, and PsA is almost always observed during the recovery
phase of substorm. Recent coordinated satellite-ground observations of PsA indicated that thetemporal variation of the main optical pulsation is closely associated with the intensity
modulation of whistler mode chorus waves in the morning side magnetosphere because theintensities of the chorus waves and optical pulsation show similar temporal variation. However,
it is still under debate what process causes the precipitation of PsA electrons and what factor
controls the period of optical pulsation.
To further associate the chorus intensity variation in the magnetosphere and opticalpulsation in the ionosphere, we need to conduct simultaneous ground/satellite observations of
PsA. For this purpose, we have installed 3 identical all-sky cameras (ASI) in the northern
Scandinavia to observe PsA in a wide area. The cameras were installed into Tromsø in Norway,
Sodankylä and Kevo in Finland. By employing highly-sensitive EMCCD cameras (Hamamatsu
C9100-23B), we succeeded in capturing PsA with a temporal resolution of 100 Hz. The
temporal resolution of the camera is sufficient for resolving the temporal variation of both themain pulsation (a few to a few tens of second) and internal modulation (~3 Hz).
During the first coordinated campaign observations of PsA with the ARASE/ERG
satellite in March 2017, we obtained several case examples of simultaneous observations of
PsA and chorus by the ASIs and ARASE. In the presentation, we focus on some of the events
obtained during the campaign and introduce on-going analysis on the fine-scale correlation
between the main modulation of PsA and chorus bursts.
Acknowledgement: The operation of the EMCCD camera at Sodankyla has been
supported by Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory (SGO).

G07-O13

Role of Space-based and Ground-based Infrastructure in
Studies of the Atmospheric Forcing by High-Energy
Particle Precipitation and the New Research Opportunity by
the EISCAT_3D Incoherent Scatter Facility.
E. Turunen1, A. Kero1, P. T. Verronen2, Y. Miyoshi3, S. Oyama3, S.Saito3, K. Shiokawa3
1

SGO, University of Oulu, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
2

Particle precipitation as source of atmospheric variability challenges us to implement
better and continuously monitoring observational infrastructure at high latitudes. An example
research target is the effect of high-energy electron precipitation during pulsating aurora on
mesospheric ozone, the concentration of which may be reduced by several tens of percent,similarily as during some solar proton events, which are known to occur more rarely thanpulsating aurora. So far the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change did not include explicitely the particle forcing of middle and upper atmosphere in theirclimate model scenarios. This will appear for the first time in the upcoming climate simulations.
After reviewing the recent results related to atmospheric forcing by particle precipitation
via effects on chemical composition, we show the research potential of new ground-based radio
measurement techniques, such as spectral riometry and incoherent scatter by new phased-arrayradars, such as EISCAT_3D, which will be a volumetric, 3- dimensionally imaging radar,
distributed in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. It is expected to be operational from 2021 onwards,
surpassing all the current IS radars of the world in technology. It will be able to produce
continuous information of ionospheric plasma parameters in a volume, including 3D-vector
plasma velocities. For the first time we will be able to map the 3D electric currents in ionosphere,
as well as we will have continuous vector wind measurements in mesosphere.
The geographical area covered by the EISCAT_3D measurements can be expanded bysuitably selected other continuous observations, such as optical and satellite tomography
networks. A new 100 Hz all-sky camera network was recently installed in Northern Scandinavia
in order to support the Japanese Arase satellite mission. In near future the groundbased measurement network will also include new mesospheric ozone observations and anorth-south chain of spectral riometers in Finland. New space missions will gain from thisemerging enhancement of ground-based observations. Possibly essential new data could be
provided by polar orbiting cubesats for which scientific level instrumentation is currently being
developed.

G07-O14

EISCAT radar measurements of energetic particle
precipitation during ARASE satellite conjunctions
A. Kero1, P. T. Verronen2, E. Turunen1, S. Oyama3 ,Y. Miyoshi3
1

SGO, University of Oulu, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
2

The ARASE satellite mission aims to study the acceleration and loss mechanisms of
relativistic electrons during geospace storms by observing both "the cause", i.e.,magnetospheric waves responsible for the acceleration/loss, and "the effect", i.e., thecorresponding energetic electron flux populations seen by the particle detectors onboard.
Ground-based verification of the precipitating electron fluxes serves as a crucial complement
for this approach.
European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars measure the height-dependent density offree electrons, and its time-dependent response to variable ionising radiation from space,yielding information on both the ionisation source processes (solar electro-magnetic radiation,energetic particle precipitation, cosmic rays) and their consequences on the atmosphere(changes in chemistry, energetics and dynamics).
To determine the precipitation characteristics in the ARASE & EISCAT conjunctions, anovel inversion technique based on a detailed ion chemistry model (SIC) and the MCMC
inversion is introduced. In addition, potential chemical consequences of the energetic particle
precipitation are assessed.

G07-O15

Energetic electron precipitation and auroral morphology at
the substorm recovery phase
S. Oyama1,2*, A. Kero3, C. J. Rodger4, M. A. Clilverd5, Y. Miyoshi1, N. Partamies6,7, E.
Turunen3, T. Raita3, P. T. Verronen8, and S. Saito1
1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Finland
4
University of Otago, New Zealand
5
British Antarctic Survey, UK
6
The University Centre in Svalbard, Norway
7
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Norway
8
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland

It is well known that auroral patterns at the substorm recovery phase are characterized bydiffuse or patch structures with intensity pulsation. According to satellite measurements andsimulation studies, the precipitating electrons associated with these aurorae can reach or exceed
energies of a few hundred keV through resonant wave-particle interactions in themagnetosphere. However, because of difficulty of simultaneous measurements, the dependency
of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on auroral morphological changes in the mesoscale
has not been investigated to date. In order to study this dependency, we have analyzed datafrom the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar, the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging
Receiver Array (KAIRA) riometer, collocated cameras, ground-based magnetometers, the Van
Allen Probe satellites, Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), and the AntarcticArctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition-VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium(AARDDVARK). Here we undertake a detailed examination of two case studies. The selected
two events suggest that the highest energy of EEP on those days occurred with auroral patch
formation from post-midnight to dawn, coinciding with the substorm onset at local midnight.
Measurements of the EISCAT radar showed ionization as low as 65 km altitude, corresponding
to EEP with energies of about 500 keV.
Enhancements of the deep ionospheric ionization induced by the EEP modify thechemical-reaction balance involving atmospheric minor species such as NOx and HOx. These
species may cause reduction in the ozone density at the ionization altitude or the lower region
where these species are transported by the vertical convection in the dynamics. Since the EEP
is a typical phenomenon at the substorm recovery phase, the ozone density depletion may be afrequent signature although our understanding has not yet reached the maturity of themechanism behind these evidences. This presentation will discuss the processes related to the
EEP and its effects on the atmosphere through changes in the minor components.

January 18

Breakout Session
G4
Ice Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores

G04-O01

The	
  role	  of	
  the	
  North	  Atlantic	
  Oscillation	
  (NAO)	
  on	
  recent	  Greenland	
  surface	
  mass	  loss	  and	
  mass	  partitioning	  M. Tedesco1,2, P. Alexander1,2, D. Porter1, X. Fettweis3, S. Luthke4, T. Mote5, A.
Rennelmalm6 and E. Hanna71) Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of The Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA;
2) NASA GISS, NYC, NY, USA;
3) University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;4) NASA GSFC – Greenbelt, MD, USA;
5) University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;
6) Rutgers University – NJ, USA;
7) School of Geography, University of Lincoln, UK

Despite recent changes in Greenland surface mass losses and atmospheric circulation
over the Arctic, little attention has been given to the potential role of large-scale atmosphericprocesses on the spatial and temporal variability of mass loss and partitioning of the GrIS
mass loss. Using a combination of satellite gravimetry measurements, outputs of the MAR
regional climate model and reanalysis data, we show that changes in atmospheric patterns
since 2013 over the North Atlantic region of the Arctic (NAA) modulate total mass loss
trends over Greenland together with the spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss
partitioning. For example, during the 2002 – 2012 period, melting persistently increased,
especially along the west coast, as a consequence of increased insulation and negative NAO
conditions characterizing that period. Starting in 2013, runoff along the west coast decreased
while snowfall increased substantially, when NAO turned to a more neutral/positive state.
Modeled surface mass balance terms since 1950 indicate that part of the GRACE-period,
specifically the period between 2002 and 2012, was exceptional in terms of snowfall over theeast and northeast regions. During that period snowfall trend decreased to almost 0 Gt/yr froma long-term increasing trend, which presumed again in 2013. To identify the potential impactof atmospheric patterns on mass balance and its partitioning, we studied the spatial andtemporal correlations between NAO and snowfall/runoff. Our results indicate that thecorrelation between summer snowfall and NAO is not stable during the 1950 – 2015 period.
We further looked at changes in patterns of circulation using self organizing maps (SOMs) to
identify the atmospheric patterns characterizing snowfall during different periods. We discuss
potential implications for past changes and future GCM and RCM simulations.

G04-O02

Positive feedback effect of NIR albedo reduction on surface
melting observed at SIGMA-A on Greenland ice sheet
Teruo Aoki1, 2*, Masashi Niwano2, Tomonori Tanikawa2, Sumito Matoba3, Satoru
Yamaguchi4, Tetsuhide Yamasaki5, Koji Fujita6, Yoshinori Iizuka3, Hideaki Motoyama7,
Masahiro Hori8, and Rigen Shimada8
1

Okayama University, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Snow and Ice Research Center, NIED, Japan
5
Avangnaq, Japan
6
Nayoya University, Japan
7
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
8
Earth Observation Research Center, JAXA Japan
2

Drastic surface melting of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is occurring after the middle of
1990s. Surface albedo is one the most important parameter for heat budget of ice sheet surface.
In accumulation area of GrIS the surface albedo is controlled by change of snow grain size
because a contribution of light absorbing snow impurity such as black carbon to albedo
reduction is low (Aoki et al., 2014). In particular, the near-infrared (NIR) albedo is an
important indicator for the change of snow surface condition, as NIR albedo strongly depends
on snow grain size. To investigate the surface melting we have observed the meteorologicalparameters with an automatic weather station (AWS) at SIGMA-A site (78°N, 67°W, 1,490 ma.s.l.) since June 2012. Figure 1 shows the annual variations of air temperature andnear-infrared albedo measured at SIGMA-A. During this period a remarkable surface melting
was occurred in summer seasons of 2012 and 2015. In those summer seasons the airtemperature increased up to 4-6°C and significant NIR albedo reduction was observed.
Examining a relationship between air temperature and NIR albedo, NIR albedo correlates
strongly with air temperature at around 0°C and substantially decreases at a higher
temperature than -2°C. The possible mechanism is that an increase of temperature accelerates
snow metamorphism, by which snow grain growth occurs and thus NIR-albedo decreases.
Remarkable surface melting by temperature increase would be accelerated by a positive
feedback effect through the NIR-albedo reduction in 2012 and 2015.

Figure 1. Annual variations of air temperature and near-infrared albedo measured at
SIGMA-A
References[1] Aoki et al., Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 21-31, doi:10.5331/bgr.32.21 (2014)

G04-O03

Simulations of the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet
under Paris Agreement warming scenarios
R. Greve1*, M. Rückamp2 and A. Humbert2
1

2

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany

At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), it was negotiated tolimit global warming to well below 2.0°C and, if possible, to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels(“Paris Agreement”). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will provide a
special report on the impacts of a 1.5°C warming (“SR1.5”). A major consequence of global
warming is sea level rise, for which increased mass loss of the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets is a significant contribution. Here, we focus on the Greenland ice sheet, and use twodifferent ice sheet models, namely SICOPOLIS and ISSM, to simulate the response of the ice
sheet to several future climate scenarios. In order to do so, an initial condition for the presentday ice sheet is required, which will be produced as the result of a paleoclimatic spin-up as
described by Goelzer et al. [1]. The five future climate scenarios to be considered are a constantclimate control run, 1.5°C warming with or without interim overshooting, and 2°C warmingwith or without interim overshooting. These scenarios were produced by several generalcirculation models (GCMs) within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project(ISIMIP2b, [2]) and, together with a post-processing by the Surface Energy and Mass balance
model of Intermediate Complexity (SEMIC, [3]), will be defined as space- and time-dependent
anomalies of the surface temperature and surface mass balance over the Greenland ice sheet.
Using these anomalies as forcings, we will investigate the change of ice thickness, extent,discharge and mass balance of the ice sheet with SICOPOLIS and ISSM for all scenarios until
the year 2300. In addition to the results themselves, using the two models allows assessing
uncertainties that arise from different model physics and numerical techniques.

References[1] H. Goelzer and 30 others, Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation
experiments InitMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison, Cryosphere Discuss., doi:
10.5194/tc-2017-129 (2017).
[2] K. Frieler and 38 others, Assessing the impacts of 1.5°C global warming – simulation
protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b), Geosci.
Model Dev. Discuss., doi: 10.5194/gmd-2016-229 (2016).
[3] M. Krapp, A. Robinson and A. Ganopolski, SEMIC: an efficient surface energy and massbalance model applied to the Greenland ice sheet, Cryosphere, 11, 1519-1535, doi: 10.5194/tc11-1519-2017 (2017).

G04-O04

Tracking Crevasse Extent over the Greenland Ice Sheetusing ICESat-1
S. Grigsby1*, W. Abdalati1 and W. Colgan2
1

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), USA
2
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Denmark

ICESat-1 was the first public laser altimeter satellite and provided detailed measurementsof arctic ice elevation—and ice elevation change—during it’s 7-year mission. However,
ICESat-1 acquired more than just point estimates of elevation; it acquired full time-spectrum
waveform data for each of it’s footprints. Recent advances in computational hardware andmachine learning algorithms has made it possible to retrieve far more information from thearchival data, including probabilistic estimates of surface type, morphology, and roughness of
individual laser footprints. More specifically, these probabilistic estimates have allowed us tomodel and simulate the distribution of crevasses throughout the Greenland ice sheet for a
portion of the ICESat-1 mission. Crevasses play a significant role in melt water evacuation,
serving to both instantiate moulins [1], and drain melt water to the bed in proportion to theirareal coverage [2]. While crevasses on the Greenland ice sheet are hugely important forunderstanding feedbacks to the ice sheet hydrological system, distributing and communicating
data that is fundamentally probabilistic raises it’s own set of challenges. We have opted to
distribute our data product in multiple forms, including point data corresponding to originallaser shot measurements, and gridded products of surface probability.

Figure 1. Original and filtered waveform from ICESat-1 over crevasse field (top); matchedsignal and estimated surface from reference library (bottom); location of crevasse field (right)
References[1] Catania, G. A., and T. A. Neumann. "Persistent englacial drainage features in the Greenland Ice
Sheet." Geophysical Research Letters 37.2 (2010).
[2] Lampkin, D. J., et al. "Drainage from water-filled crevasses along the margins of JakobshavnIsbræ: A potential catalyst for catchment expansion." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
118.2 (2013): 795-813.

This work was funded by NASA ROSES award NNX13AP73G: “Assessing Greenland
Crevasse Extent and Characteristics Using Historical ICESat and Airborne Laser Altimetry
Data: A Baseline for Assessing Changes with ICESat-2”

G04-O05

Seismic noise as a proxy for glacier dynamics
E.A. Podolskiy1*, F. Walter 2 , S. Sugiyama 3 and M. Funk 2
1 Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
2 Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
3 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

Historically, seismic noise has been an obstacle for detection seismology, because weakor distant events could be missed due to a reduction of a Signal-to-Noise ratio. Recently,
however, noise analysis (mainly seismic tomography) has been recognised as a powerful toolfor evaluating spatial and temporal variation of subsurface structure and, for instance, fluidrelated processes [1].
Here, we analyse the intensity of seismic noise at a fast-flowing Bowdoin Glacier innorthwest Greenland. A series of comprehensive seismic experiments was conducted at thiscalving tidewater glacier between July 2015 and July 2017, and included an array of borehole
seismometers drilled directly into ice near the calving front and left for a full year [2, 3].
To quantify temporal variation of the noise strength, we deconvolve seismic traces froman instrument response and evaluate Power Spectral Density partitioned by different
frequency bands. We find that the amplitude of noise is correlated with a surprisingly vast
range of local processes. The latter include: first and foremost, glacier ice-speed variation;
second, tide-modulated strain of glacier terminus; third, major hydraulic events like Glacier
Lake Outburst Floods leading to a growth of sediment plumes; and finally, forth, a wellknown effect of ocean waves generating microseisms.
The physical mechanisms driving some of these relationships have to be established.
Yet, we recognise that the presented approach can be a powerful tool for high-frequency
continuous monitoring of glacial processes, and, therefore, should be further explored.
References[1] E.A. Podolskiy, F. Walter, Cryoseismology, Reviews of Geophysics, 54(4), 708–758, doi:
10.1002/2016RG000526 (2016)[2] E.A. Podolskiy, S. Sugiyama, M. Funk, F. Walter, R. Genco, S. Tsutaki, M. Minowa, M. Ripepe,
Tide-modulated ice flow variations drive seismicity near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier,Greenland, Geophysical Research Letters, 43(5), 2036–2044, doi:10.1002/2016GL067743 (2016)[3] E.A. Podolskiy, R. Genco, S. Sugiyama, F. Walter, M. Funk, M. Minowa, S. Tsutaki, M. Ripepe,
Seismic and infrasound monitoring of Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland, Low Temperature Science, 75,
15-36, doi:10.14943/lowtemsci.75.15 (2017)

G04-O06

Seasonal/long-term changes in Rayleigh-wave phasevelocity at the bottom of Greenland ice sheet
G. Toyokuni1*, H. Takenaka2, R. Takagi1, M. Kanao3, S. Tsuboi4, Y. Tono5, and D. Zhao1
1

2

RCPEVE, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
3
NIPR, Tokyo, Japan
4
JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan
5
MEXT, Tokyo, JapanThe Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is a huge storehouse of water on Earth, and has apotential to raise global sea level by ~7 m when completely melted. It is widely reported thatthe recent climate change has been causing a serious changes in the ice sheet status. The
Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN), an international project with 11 countries
initiated in 2009, now provides a broadband, continuous and realtime seismic data from 33
stations in and around Greenland. Seismic observation, therefore, is now drawing a wide
attention as a direct method to monitor the ice sheet status in realtime. Mordret et al. (2016)
applied the seismic interferometry to ambient seismic noise data for two years (2012-2013)
from seven GLISN stations at southwest Greenland and revealed clear decrease of crustal
seismic velocity in summer. However, they suggested difficulty of detecting secularvariability in seismic velocity since they consider that the ambient noise has less sensitivity to
the long-term changes.
In this study, we apply the seismic interferometry to the data from stations distributed
all over Greenland and for longer observation period to show the possibility to detect secularchanges in crustal seismic velocity. Seismic interferometry is a method taking across-correlation between noise data from two stations to detect Green’s function of seismic
waves as if one station was a source and another was a receiver. We used vertical componentof seismic waveforms for 4.5 years (Sep. 1, 2011 – Feb. 29, 2015) from 16 GLISN stations,which provide clear surface wave pulses for 68 station pairs. For each pair, we defined the
4.5-year averaged CCF as a reference waveform, and detected slight phase shifts ofthree-month averaged CCFs from the reference to obtain relative temporal changes in crustal
velocity below the two stations. We carefully selected the results with respect to computation
error and the data quality, and obtained the final results for 36 station pairs.
The significant findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, clear seasonal andlong-term changes in Rayleigh-wave phase velocity were found beneath a number of GLISN
station pairs. Unlike the case of southwestern Greenland (Mordret et al., 2016), the velocitychanges show a strong regionality that is more remarkable at inland areas. Secondly, aplausible mechanism causing the velocity changes was proposed, which consistently explains
most of the observed characteristics, taking into account the air and ice massloading/unloading, depth sensitivity of Rayleigh waves, and heterogeneities of the GrIS basal
conditions. We found that, even at adjacent station pairs in the inland GrIS, the difference in
the GrIS basal conditions could possibly cause completely opposite patterns of velocitychanges as a response to air and snow pressure. The results demonstrate that changes inRayleigh-wave phase velocity might be a useful tool in determining the GrIS basal conditions.

G04-O07

Japanese activities under EGRIP (East Greenland Ice Core
Project)
K. Goto-Azuma1, 2*, F. Nakazawa1, 2, K. Kawamura1, 2, M. Hirabayashi1, N. Nagatsuka1,
W. Shigeyama1, 2, J. Okuno1, 2, S. Fujita1, 2, H. Enomoto1, 2, T. Homma3, N. Azuma3,
T. Saruya3, A. Abe-Ouchi4, R. Greve5, F. Saito6 and M. Miyahara7
12National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan
3
Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
4
University of Tokyo, Japan
5
Hokkaido University, Japan
6
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
7
ANORI, Inc., JapanThe Greenland Ice Sheet has recently been experiencing drastic changes, such as
extended summer melting and increasing mass losses. There is an urgent need to understandthe mechanisms of such changes because they are directly linked to global sea level rise.
Greenland ice cores have so far provided valuable information on melt events and changes inthe surface mass balance in the past. The previous ice cores, however, were drilled at sites withminimal horizontal ice flow, which have given us only limited information on ice flow
dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms of ice deformation and basal sliding is a prerequisite
for better projections of the future changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet and sea level rise. To
understand the Greenland Ice Sheet dynamics, the East Greenland Ice Core Project (EGRIP),
an international project led by the University of Copenhagen, was launched in 2015. Under
EGRIP, a deep ice core to the bed will be drilled at the onset of the North-East Greenland Ice
Stream (NEGIS), where horizontal flow velocity is expected to be several tens of meters per
year. As NEGIS is the largest ice stream in Greenland, the EGRIP ice core and bore-holemeasurements will certainly advance our knowledge on the dynamics and past changes of theGreenland Ice Sheet. The EGRIP core will also give us an ideal opportunity to reconstruct theclimate and environment changes during the early Holocene, which was considered to bewarmer than today and should be an excellent analogue to the future Greenland affected by
global warming.
Japan participates in the EGRIP under the ArCS (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability)
project. Japan takes part in ice-core drilling and processing, as well as analyses of physicalproperties, chemistry and gases. In 2015 and 2016, Japan carried out snow-pit studies andaerosol sampling at the EGRIP site. In addition to the ice core analyses and field activities,
Japan studies mechanical properties of artificial ice to derive a new flow law of ice. Japan also
carries out studies on ice sheet modeling including GIA (Glacial Isostatic Adjustment)
modeling, and paleo-climate modeling. Some of the results obtained from pit-studies andmechanical tests of artificial ice will be presented at ISAR-5.

G04-O08

Reconstruction of nitrogen isotopic composition of nitratepreserved in high-accumulation dome at South East
Greenland
S. Hattori1*, A. Tsuruta1, Y. Iizuka2, K. Fujita3, R. Uemura4, S. Matoba2, N. Yoshida1,5
1

Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japa
4
Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the
Ryukyus, Japan
5
Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Nitrate is one of the major anions found in snow. Nitrate (NO3−) deposition resultsfrom reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and atmospheric oxidants. Global
main sources of NOx are fossil fuel, biomass burning, biogenic soil emissions, and lightning. A
recent increase in NO3− in ice cores has been associated with increasing anthropogenic
emissions of NOx. Based on the changes in NO3− concentration, however, it is not easy toidentify specific sources of NOx which takes into account for the changes in NO3−
concentrations, hindering the development of mitigation policy of anthropogenic pollution andits effect on the environment. Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of NO3− provide
information on changes in the nitrogen source and its formation pathways, but ice core records
for NO3− concentrations and its isotopic compositions are problematic because of post
depositional loss of NO3− via photolysis [e,g, 1]. In this study, we analyzed isotopic
compositions of NO3− preserved in the high-accumulation dome ice core, South East Greenland,
which has a dome with high accumulation rate (about 1 m yr-1) in water equivalent [2]. In thisstudy, δ15N, δ 18O, and ∆17O values of NO3− were measured by the bacterial method coupledwith N2O decomposition via microwave-induced plasma (MIP) [3].
The nitrogen isotopic compositions for NO3− were generally lower than those reported
in Summit, Greenland [4, 5], suggesting that some extent of NO3− deposited in Summit isremoved via photolysis. Based on the trend of reconstructed δ15N values and NOx emission
inventory, switches from coal to oil combustion mainly in North America was likely a factor
changing the nitrogen cycle in the Arctic environments.
References[1] M. Frey et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(22), 8681-8696. 2009[2] Y. Iizuka et al., Bull. Glaciol. Res., 34, 1-10, 2016[3] S. Hattori et al., Rapid. Commun. Mass. Spectrom., 30(24), 2635-2644, 2016[4] M. Hasting et al., Science, 324 (5932), 1288, 2009[5] L. Geng et al., P.N.A.S., 111(16), 5808-5812, 2014

G04-O09

Composition of salt inclusions in the southeastern
Greenland (SE-Dome) ice core analyzed by micro-Raman
spectroscopy
T. Ando1, Y. Iizuka2. H. Ohno3, S. Sugiyama2
12

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan

Emission regulation of anthropogenic NOX and SOX since late 90’s rather caused excess
atmospheric ammonium (NH3) in North Hemisphere agricultural regions [1]. The Arctic is oneof the most sensitive areas for future warming. Aerosols in the Arctic are transported from theNorthern Hemisphere and mostly experience wet deposition [2]. Ice cores preserve past watersoluble aerosols. From these viewpoints, ice cores from the Arctic are suitable to evaluate recent
variations in aerosol composition due to human activity in the Northern Hemisphere and aerosol
transportation. Cloud nuclei formation, which is an important factor of radiative forcing,depends on chemical form of aerosols. Thus, differences in chemical forms of these aerosols in
ice core samples are important to evaluate the past radiative-forcing change. In this study, we
identified the chemical form of aerosols (water-soluble inclusions) by using micro-Raman
spectroscopy and especially focused on ammonium salts in the ice core samples fromsoutheastern dome in Greenland (SE-Dome). This research was funded by MEXT (Japanese
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) through Arctic Challenge for
Sustainability (ArCS) the Arctic region research project.
SE-Dome ice core samples were collected in 2015 and enabled us to reconstruct seasonalvariations owing to extremely high accumulation rate (~1m/yr.). The ice samples were
sublimated on Ni sheets in a clean booth under −22 degrees Celsius, and residual inclusions
were analyzed. We analyzed 100 particles from spring and summer samples. Sampling interval
is every eight years and that of samples deposited in 90’s is every two years. We identified
CaSO4, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, NH4NO3, Na2SO4･NaNO3 (double salt) and CaCO3 by
Raman spectra. This is the first report to identify ammonium salts ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3)
from an ice core sample. (NH4)2SO4 are not detected from the spring samples deposited on andafter 1994 while NH4NO3 are observed from all samples. The concentrations increased for NH4+
and NO3- and decreased for SO42- after late 90’s. The observed NH4+ increasing trend isprobably due to excess NH3 emission in North America mentioned above. We infer that
reduction of SOX emission since late 90’s presumably reduced (NH4)2SO4 formation in the
Northern Hemisphere agricultural regions and its transportation to the Arctic such as Greenland.
In contrast, (NH4)2SO4 are main components in the summer samples. NH4NO3 is unstable anddischarged NH4+ rapidly react with SO42- under higher temperature [3]. Thus, these alteration
processes from NH4NO3 to (NH4)2SO4 were possibly enhanced in summer. There is no
decreasing trend after late 90’s in the summer samples. We suggested that CaSO4 and Na2SO4
were formed hardly due to low concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in the summer after late 90’s.
References:[1] J. X.Warner, R. R. Dickerson, Z. Wei, L. L. Strow, Y. Wang, Q. Liang, Increased atmosphericammonia over the world's major agricultural areas detected from space. GRL 44 (2017); [2] T. J. Breider,
L. J. Mickley, D. J. Jacob, Q. Wang, J. A. Fisher, R. Chang, B. Alexander, Annual distributions andsources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption. JGR: Atmos.119(2014); [3] R. W. Pinder, R. L Dennis, P. V. Bhave, Observable indicators of the sensitivity of PM 2.5
nitrate to emission reductions—part I: derivation of the adjusted gas ratio and applicability at regulatoryrelevant time scales. Atmospheric Environment 42 (2008).

G04-O10

Speciation of calcium in particles trapped inGreenlandic ice core
C. Miyamoto1*, Y. Iizuka2, K. Sakata3 and Y. Takahashi1
1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University ofTokyo, Japan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Mineral dusts which is one of important components in aerosols react with gaseous or
solutes in droplets in the atmosphere to form secondary species. For example, calcite (CaCO3)
contained in mineral dusts is a major mineral at the earth’s surface and reactive with acid in theatmosphere because of their high alkaline property [1]. CaCO3 reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and forms gypsum (CaSO4∙2H2O) during long-range transportation [2]. After 1970s, global
emission of sulfuric dioxide (SO2: precursor of H2SO4) decreases [3]. Thus, it is possible thatCaSO4∙2H2O fraction to total calcium in mineral dust, which reflects degree of reaction of
CaCO3 with H2SO4, also decreases depending the emission of SO2. In this study, calcium
species was investigated for the particles trapped in ice core drilled in Greenland, in whichatmospheric particles and gases are transported from continents in Northern hemisphere [4].
Ice core sample was drilled at the southeast Greenland (SE Dome: 67.2°N, 36.4°W). Ice
layers dated at 1971, 1978, 1987, 1995, and 2004 in the core sample were sublimated in lowtemperature room (−17 ˚C) based on [5]. Calcium-bearing particles in the trapped particles wereidentified and their species were determined by micro X-ray fluorescence mapping and micro
X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, respectively.
CaSO4∙2H2O fractions to total calcium in 1971, 1978, and 1987 were lower than those of
CaCO3. In contrast, the fraction of the two species showed opposite trends in 1995 and 2004.
The results suggested that reaction of CaCO3 with H2SO4 was more active in recent years. In
China, amount of emission of SO2 has increased after 1970s, whereas those in North America
and Europe have decreased [3]. In addition, China is one of the major sources of mineral aerosol
transported to Greenland [6]. It is suggested that mineral particles transported to Greenland
reacted with H2SO4 mainly emitted in China.
References[1] G. Rubasinghege and V. H. Grassian, Role (s) of adsorbed water in the surface chemistry ofenvironmental interfaces, Chemical Communications 49 (2013)[2] C. Miyamoto, M. A. Marcus, K. Sakata, M. Kurisu, and Y. Takahashi, Depth-dependent calcium
speciation in individual aerosol particles by combination of fluorescence yield and conversion electron
yield XAFS using X-ray microbeam, Chemistry Letters 45 (2016)[3] M. Crippa, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. Dentener, D. Guizzardi, K. Sindelarova, M. Muntean, R. V.
Dingenen, and C. Granier, Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policyindustry interactions with global impacts, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16 (2016)[4] R. J. Delmas, Environmental information from ice cores. Reviews of Geophysics, Reviews ofGeophysics, 30 (1992)[5] Y. Iizuka, T. Miyake, M. Hirabayashi, T. Suzuki, S. Matoba, H. Motoyama, Y. Fujii, and T.
Hondoh, Constituent elements of insoluble and non-volatile particles during the Last Glacial
Maximum exhibited in the Dome Fuji (Antarctica) ice core, Journal of Glaciology 55 (2009)[6] A. J. M. Bory, P. E. Biscaye, A. Svensson, and F. E. Grousset, Seasonal variability in the origin ofrecent atmospheric mineral dust at NorthGRIP, Greenland, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196(2002)

G04-O11

Effect of solid particles on polycrystalline ice and its
relations with rapid deformation of ice-age ice
T. Saruya1*, K. Nakajima1, M. Takata1, T. Homma1, N. Azuma1 and K. Goto-Azuma2,3
1

Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan
2

Variations of Greenland and Antarctic ice-sheet play a fundamental role in climatechange. Although ice-sheet behaviors have large spatial and temporal scales, the importance of
microstructures of ice-sheet ice has been suggested from detailed analysis of ice cores [1]. The
cloudy band, which locates in the ice cores and holds highly-concentrated impurities,
corresponds to the ice-age ice. Ice core analysis revealed that the deformation of ice-age ice(glacial periods ice) is faster than that of interglacial periods ice [2]. However, it’s not known
exactly why. Especially, the effect of solid particles on the polycrystalline deformation, icesheet dynamics and evolution is not clarified.
We performed uniaxial deformation experiments and microstructure observations using
artificial polycrystalline ice with and without dispersed silica particles to investigate the effectof solid particles on the polycrystalline deformation. Deformation experiments were conductedwith temperature of -20Co and load stress of 0.5, 1, and 2MPa. Our experiments revealed
different trends for softening-hardening effect of polycrystalline-ice deformation due to silicadispersion. Silica-dispersed ice becomes softer than pure-water ice when the initial grain size
is very small (<100µm). On the other hand, silica-dispersed ice becomes harder than pure-water
ice when the initial grain size is large (>100µm). Microstructural observations of deformed ice
samples suggest different deformation mechanism for different initial grain sizes. Grainboundaries for large-grained ice show irregular (curved and bulging) shapes, while those forsmall-grained ice shows straight shapes. Irregular boundary is a typical feature when ice
deforms by dislocation creep [3]. On the other hand, straight boundary is a feature for grainboundary sliding and diffusion [4]. It is considered that a difference of softening-hardening
effect of polycrystalline-ice deformation due to silica-dispersion is caused by different
deformation mechanism.
In this presentation, we discuss the role of solid particles on polycrystalline-ice
deformation from mechanical experiments and microstructure observations, and the cause of
rapid deformation of ice-age ice.
References[1] S.H. Faria, I. Weikusat, and N. Azuma, The microstructure of polar ice. Part II: State of
the art, Journal of Structural Geology 61 (2014)[2] W.S.B. Paterson, Why ice-age ice is sometimes “soft”, Cold Region Science andTechnology 20 (1991)[3] J.P. Poirier, Creep of Crystals, Cambridge University Press (1985)[4] I. Hamann, C. Weikusat, N. Azuma, and S. Kipfstuhl, Evolution of ice crystal
microstructure during creep experiments, Journal of Glaciology 53 (2007)

January 18

Breakout Session
S11S13
Environmental, Economic, Societal and Geopolitical Dynamics in the
Arctic, their Global Drivers and Implications

S11S13-O01

European cooperation: Poland a strategic link to ensure Artic
governanceLa coopération européenne : La Pologne un maillon stratégiquepour garantir une gouvernance de l’Arctique
Danilo GARCIA1

Human Sea Programe - University of Nantes, France
1. ABSTRACT
Although the Artic remains one of the most regulated sea in the world the Baltic, Artic’s
governance faces today its greatest challenges: "European cooperation", which requires not
only the agreement of the member states, but also a good lobby for the influence of the world
powers. First of all, an agreement between the member states of the European Union raises
the identity of each member state and its own visions of governance in order to arrive at thisnew stage of integral collective governance. Secondly, the influence of third states, such as
the United States, Russia and China in its global geopolitical relations with each of themember states of the European Union, poses a threat to full collective governance.

That is why this article analyzes the importance of international geopolitical relations aiming
at full cooperation in the European Union, which will enable collective governance of the
Artic. In this regard, the analysis goes on to take the example of Poland and its articulatingrole for European cooperation in the prevention and precaution of conflicts with other states
and thus work together towards Artic governance.

Would the Polish initiative for the Three Seas, the Artic, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea,
respond to the requirements of European defense mandates and collective governance? Orrather the search for certain Baltic countries to build a strategic place in the European cooperation whose maritime domain?

1

Ph.D. of Law. Lecturer-researcher at the Central University of Ecuador. Post-Doctoral at the ERC Program No.
340770 Human Sea - University of Nantes (France). E-mail : danilo.garcia@univ-nantes.fr

S11S13-O02

The Role of Non-Arctic States in Regime Building
for the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Management
Leilei ZOU1
1

Polar Cooperation Research Center, Kobe University, Japan

Climate change has brought about fish dynamics at the Arctic Ocean. So far
there has been no exact prediction for fish distribution at the Arctic Ocean and no
immediate positive expectation for fishery at the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO), but themulti-lateral negotiations on the regime building for CAO fisheries management are
ongoing in light of the precautionary approach. The five Arctic Ocean coastal states(A5) have taken up either implicit or explicit stewardship in initiating andcoordinating the negotiation process for regime building; however, the prolonged
process for the multi-lateral negotiations attended by A5 and 5 invited entities (China,
EU, Iceland, Japan, Korea) starting from the late 2015 implies some divergenceamong, most probably, Arctic States and Non-Arctic States. The paper seeks to
explore the legal framework and general principles which should guide the outcomeof regime building for CAO fisheries management, and then, based on this, the paper
will elaborate on the role of Arctic States (here referred to as A5) and non-Arctic
States in regime building. Generally speaking, the law of the sea and other importantfisheries regulations like Fish Stock Agreement will provide the guideline for CAO
fisheries management regime building, while more tailored schemes are needed toattend to the uniqueness of the CAO. A5’s stewardship mainly facilitated by its
geo-advantages is recognized primarily by their good intention for international
cooperation. Non-Arctic States’ involvement in CAO fisheries management starts
from their participation in regime building, and will be further enhanced by theirscientific capability. With ice melting at the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic opens a new era
during which Arctic and non-Arctic States strive for a sustainable Arctic with joint
efforts. The study into the role of non-Arctic States in regime building for CAO
fisheries management is of practical significance in that it will have implications forthe role of non-Arctic States in a more general domain for Arctic governance.

S11S13-O03

The Role of non-Arctic Regions in the Globalized Arctic
Juha Saunavaara*
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Recent years have witnessed a great diversification of actors interested and involved in
the Arctic. While the new role of the state-level actors has been easy to notify, for example,
through their official status as observers in the Arctic Council, the entry of various regions on
the stage has lacked similar kind of official recognition. The circumpolar cooperation involving
regions both from Arctic and non-Arctic states has, in fact, witnessed some setbacks during thepast years, for example, through the shrinking membership of the Northern Forum.
Nevertheless, this trend may be changing as Lapland and Alaska, for example, have reactivatedin the Northern Forum. At the same time, regions far away from the shores of the Arctic Ocean
have become more involved in processes concerning the Arctic. When analyzing the role ofnon-Arctic regions in the globalized Arctic, this paper concentrates on, but does not limit itself,
to the case of Hokkaido. During the last decades of the 20th century, Hokkaido showed a great
dedication toward the cooperation between northern regions and demands for renewed efforts
have been made at the time when Arctic threats and possibilities have attracted a new kind of
attention. While anchoring itself in the concept of paradiplomacy, i.e. international activities ofsubnational and non-state actors, this study pays attention to the venues and ways of bilateraland multilateral cooperation between Arctic and non-Arctic regions. In other words, theobjective of this research is to understand how the institutional setting for cooperation haschanged and how the logic, aims and drivers of cooperation between regions have evolved.

S11S13-O04

Security as a Key Prerequisite for Stability and Sustainable
Environment in the Arctic
Dr. Barbora Padrtova
1 Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2 Polar Research and Policy Initiative (PRPI), London, United Kingdom

Following the end of the Cold War, the international security has begun to take on a moreregionalized character. The regional security in the Arctic is built around interdependence mainlyon political, military, economic and environmental issues. There are several theoretical
approaches which enable to study regional security. One of them is the securitization theory,
which was developed predominantly for the national/regional level analysis. Since its
introduction in 1998 by Copenhagen professors, the securitization has become a significant andwidely used approach to security. The securitization theory provides interesting lens throughwhich the emergence of security issues can be analyzed. It aims to reveal thresholds beyond
which the securitization process begins. The theory examines how a specific issue becomessecuritized, while being removed from the political process to the security agenda.
Political leaders are using the word "security" as a declaration of emergency reserving theright to use all available means to prevent an undesired threat. By doing so, the governments
have often direct or indirect influence on the society/community. Although, different
communities may respond to the same security circumstances in different ways, the distinction
between an articulated threat and a real security threat is fundamental for the community. While
numerous issues in the Arctic are challenging, they do not necessarily have to be described interms of security. Better understanding of the mechanisms behind the securitization process
makes the society/community able to evaluate whether the measures proposed by the politicalleaders are fully justified. By evaluation of real/artificial threats, and identification of the
securitizing actors and their motivations, the community directly contributes to stability andsustainability in the region.
Society and communities in the Arctic need theoretically, conceptually and methodologicallyrigorous knowledge about politics to understand the changes or needed audience approval of
exceptional steps/adopted policies/measures by the government. Better understanding of thecomplexity of risks and threats related to securitization in the Arctic, contributes to the secureand sustainable environment. The aim of the paper is to analyze securitization in the Arctic byunveiling dynamics of securitization across sectors and actors on national level (with focus on
the United States) and internationally. The paper provides explanation of the mechanisms behindthe securitization process, which enables society/community to evaluate the measures proposedby the political leaders. This is particularly relevant for the policy- and decision-makers, experts,
environmentalists and activists groups, journalists, representatives of business, indigenous
peoples, civil society and local communities.

S11S13-O05

The Arctic and the International Discourse on Climate
Change: Which Implications for Arctic Indigenous Peoples.
Marzia Scopelliti*
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain,
Polar Cooperation Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan.
When it comes to political decisions taken outside the Arctic that have great impact on
its natural and human environment, the building of a climate change regime certainly comes
as a relevant example. The role and place of the Arctic region within international climate
negotiations and policy has been extensively assessed in previous research [1]. The latter has
underlined how “the canary into the coalmine” narrative, the one portraying the North as an
early indicator of the impacts of climate change worldwide, has been prominent in scientificassessment and public discourse, although just partially effective in terms of national,
regional and international commitments [2]. Thereby, while no specific reference is made to
the particular circumstances of the region in any of the three legal instruments regulating
global warming internationally [3], this narrative has had an impact in many other ways. With
regard to Arctic Indigenous Peoples (IPs), for instance, Shadian (2017) argues that the shift in
focus from sustainable development to climate change, has influenced the consideration of
Arctic IPs. First regarded as legitimate steward of their ancestral territories, thus entitled toland rights and regional development, they are now depicted as victims of global warming[4]. Against this background, this article examines how the Arctic region has been
conceptualized in relation to climate change (e.g. from an ice melting symbol, to the last
frontier for the exploitation of resources and the “global Arctic”) and the implications that aninternational discourse on climate change may have for Arctic IPs. In light of the recently
adopted Paris Agreement [5], potential pathways for improving IPs’ capacity are considered,also reconnecting with the role that non-Arctic actors can play in engaging in Arctic politics
regarding climate change.
References[1] S. Duyck, Which Canary in the Coalmine? The Arctic in the International Climate Change
Regime, The Yearbook of Polar Law 4 (2012).
[2] H. Selin, “Global Environmental Governance and Treaty-Making: The Arctic’s Fragmented
Voice” in K. Keil, S. Knecht (eds.) Governing Arctic Change. Global Perspectives, Palgrave
Macmillan, London (2017).
[3] D. Bodansky, J. Brunnée and L. Rajamani, International Climate Change Law, Oxford University
Press, Oxford (2017).
[4] M.J. Shadian, “Reimagining Political Space: The Limits of Arctic Indigenous Self-Determinationin International Governance?” in K. Keil, S. Knecht (eds.) Governing Arctic Change. Global
Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, London (2017).
[5] The Paris Agreement 2015 (signed 22 April 2016, entered into force 4 November 2016).

January 18

Breakout Session
G3
Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverG03-O01

Changes of streamflow and heat flow inthe largest Russian Arctic Rivers
A. Georgiadi1*, Е. Kashutina1, I. Milyukova1
1

Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Long-term phases of changes in naturalized streamflow and heat flow of the largest
Russian Arctic Rivers (Ob’, Yenisei, Lena) during the period of observation (from 1930-1940
till 2000s) were revealed on the basis of normalized cumulative deviations curves. Theircharacteristics and the effects of impact of anthropogenic factors are evaluated.
Since 1930-1940s till the beginning of the 21st century, the naturalized annual andseasonal river runoff in the largest river basins was characterized by two main long-term
phases of its changes. The phase of decreased runoff (since the 1930-1940s) was replacedinthe 1970-1980s by a long-term phase of increased streamflow. The duration of phases wasseveral decades and are characterized by significant runoff differences.
In the long-term variations of the heat flow of the Ob, Yenisei, Lena also were found
two major long-term phases. The phase of the decreased heat flow, which began in
1930-1940-ies and lasted for 35-55 years, was replaced in 1970-1980 by 20-year phase of
its increase (except the Yenisei, where this phase began in the late 1990s.) and has continued
until now. Similar long-term phases are observed for river water temperature of consideredrivers. Differences in heat flow reaches 20% during the phase of its increased and decreased
values for the Yenisei Rivers, but for other rivers they are not higher than 10%.
The long-term phases of decreased and increased streamflow and heat flow of Arctic
Rivers of Russia are closely associated with the indices of zonal atmospheric air transport
intensity.

G03-O02

Features and extent of the degradation of ice-wedges inCentral Yakutia under the influence of modern climate
warming
A.N. Fedorov1, N.I. Basharin1, R.V. Desyatkin2, A.R. Desyatkin1, 2, Y. Iijima3, H. Park4,
G. Iwahana5, H. Saito6, P.Y. Konstantinov1, P.V. Efremov1
12Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Russia
Institute of biological problems of cryolithozone SB RAS, Russia
3
Mie University, Japan
4
JAMSTEC, Japan
5
IARC University of Alaska, USA
6
Kanto-Gakuin University, JapanThe modern climate warming has increased the development of cryogenic processes in
Yakutia in the last two or three decades, which negatively affecting on landscapes. One of themost dangerous processes is thermokarst, caused by the degradation of ice wedges in edoma
landscapes. In the taiga zone of Central Yakutia, degradation is primarily affected byanthropogenic and disturbed landscapes devoid of forest cover.
The change in the mean annual air temperature by 2-3 °C from the 1960s - 1970s caused
an increase in the mean annual ground temperature 0.5 °C and a significant increase in the depthof seasonal thawing in forestless areas of edoma, with the destruction of the shielding layer
which caused mass degradation of the ice wedges.
The mean rate of degradation of edoma with ice wedges on Yukechi monitoring site flat
areas is up to 1 cm, in thermokarst depressions is from 10-15 cm to 25 cm per year. The
formation of thermokarst lake depends on the size of the catchment and the ice content of theground.
Almost all forestless areas of edoma have initial thermokarst damage - small holes in theunderground cavities formed when the upper head of ice wedge melts and the polygonal microrelief. The thermokarst stages were studied by A.I. Efimov and N.A. Grave [1] and subsequently
P.A. Soloviev [2], and they were completely used Yakut names - rudimentary byllar, byllar, ieye,
dyuede, tyympy and alas. All these stages have their own landscape-hydrological andgeocryological definition. The report presents data on the morphological structure of each stageof thermokarst.
Young thermokarst lakes on the edoma is rapidly growing with expanding of lake area.
From 1980 to 2016, the area of young thermokarst lakes increased by 3-4 times. This has anegative impact not only on the surrounding forest landscapes, but also on communications,roads, buildings and pipelines.
Permafrost landscapes with high content of underground ice, which occupy about 25% of
the territory of Yakutia, are in critical condition under the influence of modern climate warming.
Results of field research show that any anthropogenic impact can lead to degradation of
permafrost and socio-economic value of landscapes. Alases, genetically related to edoma, are themost populated areas in Yakutia. Therefore, understanding the trends in the dynamics ofpermafrost and landscapes is not only ecological, but also has socio-economic, cultural andhistorical significance.
References[1] A.I.Efimov, N.A. Grave. Buried ice of Abalakh lake area (in Russian), Socialisticheckoe
stroitelstvo, 10-11 (1940).
[2] P.A. Soloviev. Cryolithic Zone of the Northern Part of the Lena-Amga Interfluve (inRussian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo Academii nauk SSSR, pp. 144 (1959).

G03-O03

Engineering-Geocryological Mapping of the
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
A. A. Shestakova1,2*, V. B. Spektor1 and Y. I. Torgovkin1
1

2

Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Yakutsk
North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, Yakutsk

The map of engineering-geocryological zoning of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
compiled in ArcGIS 10 is intended to provide information for the comprehensive evaluationof land-use and the planning of civil engineering works, including preliminary selection oftransportation and communication routes, as well as for the assessment of geological hazards
for mitigation and prevention. Engineering-geocryological zoning of Yakutia is particularly
important and necessary in view of accelerated development of northern areas, including theArctic. Compilation was based on the analysis and generalization of the main factors
controlling geocryological conditions relevant for civil engineering practice. Engineeringgeocryological conditions were studied to a depth of 10-20 m within which permafrost can
influence or be influenced by the existing or new engineering work. This depth coincides withthe zone of annual temperature variation in permafrost. The following hierarchy of mapping
taxons was used: Regions, Areas, and Districts. The mixed classification principle wasselected, when each classification parameter was assigned with a different classification
taxon. Regions, the highest taxons, were assigned to the largest land elements which
determine the closely related exogeneous (and permafrost) processes. The second, lower
taxonomic level – the Area – was used to depict the soil and rock units. The District taxon
was used to show the geocryological characteristics of soils and rocks, viz. temperature andice content, within the upper 10-20 m of the ground. Hydrogeological conditions andseismicity were depicted on complementary maps. On the morphostructure scale, four regions
are recognized within Yakutia. I. The Coastal Lowlands and Shallow Seashelf Region is thelowest-lying morphological feature (a negative morphostructure) distinctive in the presentday topography [1, p. 12-18]. The most hazardous processes in this region include
thermokarst and wave erosion of the coasts composed predominantly of loess-like silts withpeat interlayers. These materials are often more than 30-40 m in thickness. On the coasts,
permafrost temperatures at the zero annual amplitude depth are often below -10C. Thin
discontinuous permafrost is likely in the shallow shelves. II. Central Siberian Plains andPlateaus – This region is characterized by a wide variety and medium intensity (Rank 2-3) ofexogeneous (permafrost) processes. Karst is common in carbonate rocks. Surficial materials
are also variable, with solid rocks in the plateaus and soils and soft rocks in the plains. In
much of the region, permafrost temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude vary from 7° to -12°C. III. The Baikal-Stanovoy Region is characterized by high topography and recent
tectonic activity responsible for widespread rock failures, including those induced by seismic
activity, rock falls, slides and streams (Rank 4-5). Bedrock occurs at the surface in most of theregion and consist of Archaean and Proterozoic crystalline rocks and subordinate Riphean andPaleozoic carbonate rocks. Intermontane depressions contain soft rocks of Mesozoic age. The
region lies within the zone of discontinuous permafrost. IV. Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Regionis dominated by mountains and thus rock falling and sliding are common processes here
(Rank 4-5). Soft rocks are widespread with temperatures of -5C or lower.
References[1] L.M. Parfenov (ed.), Tectonics, Geodynamics and Metallogeny of the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia), Moscow: MAIK Nauka/Interperiodika, 571 pp. (2001)

G03-O04

Probabilistic modelling of methane emissions from Arctic
shelf during Holocene
Dmitry Yumashev1, Vladimir Yumashev2, Natalia Shakhova3, Igor Semiletov3 and Peter
Wadhams4*
1

Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, UK
2
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Zhukovsky, Russia
3
University Alaska Fairbanks, USA
4
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK
East Siberian Arctic Shelf has an area of over 2 million square kilometres. It is coveredby shallow seas no deeper than 80 metres, and is estimated to contain up to 1000 gigaton of
methane locked in the form of hydrates [1], which are located in a thick layer of permafrost of
up to 1000 meters deep [2]. The sub-sea permafrost has been degrading throughout the durationof the current interglacial, Holocene, driven by the formation of thaw lakes and by thesubsequent inundation of the shelf [2]. This provides pathways for the methane from decaying
hydrates to escape into the atmosphere. Using probabilistic modelling of the main locationspecific parameters that affect the stability of hydrates and permeability of the permafrost, we
identify hotspots for methane emissions and estimate methane fluxes from the entire shelfthroughout Holocene. We also establish pre-conditions for possible increase in the emissions
due to anthropogenic warming.

Figure 1. Methane fluxes from lower (left) and upper (right) hydrates stability boundaries. Colouredlines correspond to hotspots during a number of distinct eras defined by thermokarst lakes, inundation
and anthropogenic warming. Thick black line denotes the mean flux for the entire shelf.

References[1] Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Salyuk, A., Yusupov, V., Kosmach, D., & Gustafsson, Ö.
(2010). Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian
Arctic Shelf. Science, 327(5970), 1246-1250.
[2] Nicolsky, D. J., Romanovsky, V. E., Romanovskii, N. N., Kholodov, A. L., Shakhova, N.
E., & Semiletov, I. P. (2012). Modeling sub‐sea permafrost in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf:
The Laptev Sea region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117(F3).

G03-O05

Assessment of seasonal snow cover mass in NH and theArctic during satellite-era (1980-present)
K. Luojus1*, J. Cohen1, J. Ikonen1, K. Veijola1, J. Pulliainen1, C.Derksen2 and R.Brown3
1

2

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada
3
Ouranos, Canada

Reliable information on snow cover across the Northern Hemisphere and Arctic and subArctic regions is needed for climate monitoring, for understanding the Arctic climate system,
and for the evaluation of the role of snow cover and its feedback in climate models. In addition
to being of significant interest for climatological investigations, reliable information on snow
cover is of high value for the purpose of hydrological forecasting and numerical weather
prediction. Terrestrial snow covers up to 50 million km² of the Northern Hemisphere in winterand is characterized by high spatial and temporal variability making satellite observations the
only means for providing timely and complete observations of the global snow cover. The
purpose of the ESA funded SnowPEx project has been to obtain a quantitative understandingof the uncertainty in existing Snow Extent (SE) and Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) products
through an internationally coordinated and consistent evaluation exercise.
Based on the investigations in the ESA SnowPEx project, the GlobSnow SWE product[1] (which has shown good retrieval accuracy and consistency) was assessed and augmented
with the JAXA JXAM5 daily SE product [2] (which shows a consistently accurate, daily timeseries, starting from 1980). A cumulative SE mask was generated from the JXAM5 data by
combining the available (cloud free) information from each observed day and filling the gaps
(in observed daily product) from the previous day (gap filled) snow status – resulting in acumulative binary snow mask (spanning from 1980 to present day). The outcome (daily gap
filled snow mask) has the most recent observation recorded for each pixel. This cumulativesnow mask was applied to correct the retrieved SWE products, which were assessed in regard
to the amount of snow (SWE) during the winter season and the long term trends in Hemispheric
SWE (i.e. total integrated snow mass).
The assessment shows that the total amount of snow decreases when the SWE product isconstrained using SE data, especially during the melt season. The difference in the constrained
and the original hemispheric SWE are varying from year to year. The daily SE-constrained
SWE products were used to calculate the daily and monthly SWE masses and trends for years
1980 to 2016. The linear trends in the constrained SWE products are compared with the trends
observed for the nominal GlobSnow SWE product. The assessments were carried out for thewhole Northern Hemisphere, and for Eurasia, North America and the Arctic separately.
References[1] Takala, M., Luojus, K., Pulliainen, J., Derksen, C., Lemmetyinen, J., Kärnä, J.-P, Koskinen, J.,
Bojkov, B., “Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research throughassimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements”, Remote Sensing ofEnvironment, Vol 115 (2011).
[2] JASMES (JAXA Satellite Monitoring for Environmental Studies) (2014) JASMES Binary snow
cover extent product (GHRM5C), Available at: http://kuroshio.eorc.jaxa.jp/JASMES/index.html

January 16

Poster session
G1
Atmosphere

G2
Ocean and Sea Ice

G5
Terrestrial Ecosystems

G6S6
Changes in Sea Ice, Oceans and Ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean

G9Social and Cultural Dimensions

S1
Arctic Warming by Natural Variability and/or Human Impact

S7S8
Arctic Challenge for Ice Observation and Ice Navigation

S9
Understanding the Changing Arctic through Data: Stewardship, Publication, andScienceG01-P01

How well do medium-range ensemble forecasts
simulate atmospheric blocking events?
M. Matsueda*

Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
This study assesses the performance of seven operational medium-range ensemble forecasts
of atmospheric blocking events in winter and summer of 2007–2015 over the Northern andSouthern Hemispheres (NH and SH).
Generally, state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models simulate the frequency ofblocking events well, even at a lead time of 15 days, except for some extreme events.
Verification based on Brier Skill Scores for probabilistic blocking forecasts shows that forecasts
over the NH tend to be better than those over the SH. In both hemispheres, probabilistic skills
are higher in winter than in summer. In both seasons over the NH, models show higher skill forEuro-Atlantic and Pacific blocking than Ural blocking. In the SH, the highest (lowest) skills arefor probabilistic forecasts of Andes (Australia-New Zealand) blocking in winter (summer).
ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) shows much higher skill
than the other centres in all cases.

G01-P02

Remote tropical influence on a regional Arctic warming
over the Barents Sea since the late 1990s
B. Taguchi1,2*, K. Nishii3, M. Mori1, H. Nakamura1,2, Y. Kosaka1 and T. Miyasaka1
1

RCAST, University of Tokyo, Japan
Application Laboratory, JAMSTEC, Japan
3
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
2

In the Arctic, a region over the Barents Sea exhibits the strongest warming in thewintertime surface air temperature in association with a rapid sea-ice reduction since the late
1990s (Fig 1a). We explore a possible tropical influence on this regional expression of the
Arctic warming. A series of ensemble A/CGCM experiments are performed for the period
1982-2013: (1) AGCM forced with global, time-varying observed sea ice concentration (SIC)
and SST (GOGA) (2) AGCM forced with time-varying SST only in tropics and daily
climatological mean SST and SIC elsewhere (TOGA) and (3) CGCM experiment with tropical
SST nudged towards the observed (C-TOGA). The radiative forcing is fixed to values forpresent-day climate. A/CGCM experiments consist of 10 and 5 members, respectively. The
Arctic warming is measured by a linear trend in the ensemble and winter-time mean 2-m
temperature during the period 1997/98 through 2012/13. GOGA displays an Arctic warming
particularly strong over the Barents Sea presumably due to a thermodynamic effect of the
reduced SIC prescribed to AGCM (Fig. 1b). More surprisingly, C-TOGA shows the regional
Arctic warming that is even stronger than GOGA (Fig. 1c). The warming is associated with thecoherent sea-ice decline among 5 ensemble members despite that the sea-ice in the Barents Sea
freely evolves and the only external forcing is the tropical SST in the CGCM experiment.
Interestingly, there is also a slight warming in the Arctic eastern hemisphere in TOGA with nointerannualy-varying SIC and SST prescribed in high-latitudes, suggesting a remote tropicaleffect on the Arctic warming via atmospheric teleconnection. We will discuss how thetriggering of the Arctic warming from tropics seen in TOGA is further enhanced in C-TOGA
via the atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interaction over the high-latitude Atlantic and Arctic oceans.
Acknowledgements: This work is supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability(ArCS) project and by the Japan Science and Technology through Belmont Forum CRA“InterDec”. The Earth Simulator is used for simulations in support of JAMSTEC.
Figure 1. Linear trend
in the ensemble andwinter-time (Dec-Feb)
mean 2-m temperature(shade) and SLP(contour) during theperiod 1997/98 through2012/13 in (a) JRA55,(b) GOGA, (c) CTOGA and (d) TOGA.
C.I. is 1 and 0.5 hPa in(a) and (b-d),
respectively.

G01-P03

A lag-relationship between the Arctic Oscillation in winterand the summer climate in the Northern Hemisphere
R. Hoshi 1*, H.G. Takahashi 1,2
1

2

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, Japan

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is a dominant statistical mode, which is characterized by aseesaw pattern of atmospheric circulation between the middle and high latitudes in the Northern
Hemisphere. Ogi et al. (2004) showed a lag-relationship between the wintertime AO andsummertime climate in the middle- and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere for the periodof the second half of 20th century. However, a climate regime shift, including the dramaticchanges of AO in winter, occurred in the last 1980s. In addition, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has
gradually decreased in the recent two decades. The lag-relationship between the wintertime AO
and the summertime climate might change in the recent two decades. Thus, this study examined
the long-term changes of the lag-relationship between the wintertime and the succeedingsummertime climate, focusing with the climate regime shift of the last 1980s.
We calculated lag-correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged zonal mean
500-hPa geopotential height and the AO index in winter. As a result, the lag-relationshipbetween the wintertime AO condition and the succeeding summer climate has greatly changed
before and after the climate regime shift (Fig.1). Before the climate regime shift, a meridional
seesaw pattern in the succeeding summer appeared again, which was similar to that in winter.
The seesaw patterns both in winter and summer corresponded to Ogi et al. (2004). This may
suggest the wintertime AO is linked to the atmospheric circulations in the succeeding summer.
However, after the climate regime shift, the seesaw pattern did not appear again in summer.
To understand the processes of the long-term changes, we focused on the long-termchanges, in sea ice extent and SST. A lag-relationship among the wintertime AO, sea ice extent
and SST in the succeeding summer changed before and after the climate regime shift. In
addition, a remarkable change was observed particularly in the Barents Sea. Before the climate
regime shift, lag-relationship between the winter AO and the succeeding summer sea ice (SST)in the Barents Sea was negative (positive). Whereas after the climate regime shift, the lagrelationship was nearly opposite. These results may be one of the factors for the long-termchanges of the lag-relationship between the winter AO and the summer atmospheric anomalies.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Lag-correlation coefficients between the winter SV NAM index (Jan-Feb) and the monthly averaged zonal mean 500hPa geopotential height. Shading indicates the statistical confidence levels (90, 95, 99%).
(a) before the climate regime shift (from 1958 to 1985) and (b) after the climate regime shift (from 1991 to 2015).

References [1] Ogi, M., K. Yamazaki and Y. Tachibana., The summertime annular mode in the
Northern Hemisphere and its linkage to the winter mode, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol.109, D20114, doi:10.1029/2004JD004514 (2004).

G01-P04

Synoptic-scale Fire Weather Conditions in Southern Sakha- Relationship with Warm Air Mass
H. Hayasaka1* and K. Yamazaki 2
1

2

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

We examined synoptic-scale fire weather conditions for the boreal forests in theSouthern Sakha during very active fire periods. Active fire periods were identified using theNASA MODIS hotspot data from 2002 to 2016. Synoptic-scale fire weather conditions were
examined using NOAA weather data (mean height and temperature). Analysis results basedon synoptic-scale weather and temperature patterns (warm air mass distribution) show that
there is a relatively strong correlation with very active (concurrent and wide spread) fires insouthern Sakha. In addition, similar and common weather patterns at the upper air level(500hPa) during seven active fire periods are found. A series of weather phenomena until theoccurrence of a large fire are as follows. First stage: Low-pressure system is formed in thewestern part of Siberia. Second stage: The meandering of the westerly wind increases, alow-pressure trough from the north moves to south, and a high-pressure ridge forms toward
the north. Third stage: A cutoff low is formed and moves toward south. Fourth stage: The
ridge moves to the north side of the cutoff low, and a blocking high is formed. Fifth stage:The blocking high or the ridge approaches or covers southern Sakha. At this stage, the largest
fire in each fire period occurs under relatively high air temperature and wind speed. Weather
and temperature patterns at the lower air level (925hPa) clearly show existence of large
massive of warm air mass (mainly cTe: Continental Temperate) and development of
low-pressure system near southern Sakha. Additional conditions to fourth and fifth stage: If
the Bering Sea low and a low-pressure trough exist in the east of Sakha, the eastward
movement of blocking high is hindered or the high-pressure system stagnates, and fires could
continue.

Figure 1. Movement of warm air mass and hotspots (fires)

G01-P05

Seasonal feedback analysis on polar amplification in warm
climate induced by orbit/CO2 and impact of wetland
Ryouta O’ishi1, Kanon Kino1, Ayako Abe-Ouchi1,2, Masakazu Yoshimori3 and Marina
Suzuki4
1

The Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
3
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and
Education, and Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University
4
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
Past proxy records indicate the mid-Holocene (6ka) and the last interglacial (127ka) arewarmer than the present-day due to the different orbital parameters of the Earth (Otto-Bliesner
et al. 2013). In both periods, high latitude warming is much larger than that of global average,
a.k.a. polar amplification, which is also seen in CO2-induced climate warming projection(Laine et al. 2016). O’ishi and Abe-Ouchi (2011) used a vegetation coupled GCM andquantified the contribution of vegetation feedback to warming in 6ka. In the present study, weapplied a feedback analysis method proposed by Lu and Cai (2009) on 6ka, 127ka anddoubled CO2 by vegetation-coupled GCM experiments similar to O’ishi and Abe-Ouchi(2011) to reveal more detailed feedback mechanisms with and without vegetation feedback.
We also introduced a simple wetland scheme (Nitta et al. 2015) into a land surface
scheme of a GCM and will evaluate the effect of wetland upon polar amplification andfeedback mechanisms by the method of Lu and Cai (2009).
References[1] Lu, J., and Cai, M., Seasonality of polar surface warming amplification in climate
simulations. Geophys. Res. Let., 36(16), 1–6, 2009.
[2] Otto-Bliesner, B., Rosenbloom, N., Stone, E. J., McKay N. P., Lunt, D. J., Brady, E. C andOverpeck J. T., How warm was the last interglacial? New model-data comparisons. Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20130097, 2013.
[3] Laine, A, Yoshimori, M. and Abe-Ouchi, A., Surface arctic amplification factors in
CMIP5 models: Land and ocean surface and seasonality, J. Climate, 29, 3297-3316, 2016.
[4] O’ishi R. and Abe-Ouchi, A., Polar amplification in the mid-Holocene derived fromdynamical vegetation change with a GCM, Geophys. Res. Let., 38, L14702, 2011.
[5] Nitta, T., Yoshimura, K. and Abe-Ouchi, A., A sensitivity study of a simple wetland
scheme for improvements in the representation of surface hydrology and decrease of surface
air temperature bias, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1, 71(4), I_955-I_960,
2015.

G01-P06

Temporal variations of the mole fraction, carbon andhydrogen isotope ratios of atmospheric methane in the
Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Ryo Fujita1,*, Shinji Morimoto1, Taku Umezawa2, Kentaro Ishijima3, Prabir K. Patra1,3,
Douglas E. J. Worthy4, Daisuke Goto5, Shuji Aoki1, and Takakiyo Nakazawa1
1

Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
2
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
4
Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan

We have conducted simultaneous measurements of the mole fraction, carbon andhydrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δD) of atmospheric methane (CH4) at Churchill (58°44’N,
93°50’W) in the northern part of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), Canada since 2007.
Compared with the measurements at an Arctic baseline monitoring station, Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard (78°55’N, 11°56’E), the CH4 mole fraction is generally higher and δ13C and δD are
lower at Churchill, carrying the signature of to regional biogenic CH4 emissions. Clear
seasonal cycles of the CH4 mole fraction, δ13C and δD are observable at Churchill, and theirseasonal phases in summer are earlier by about one month than those at Ny-Ålesund. Using
one-box model analysis, the phase difference is ascribed to the different seasonal influence ofCH4 emissions from boreal wetlands at the two sites. Short-term CH4 variations are also
observed at Churchill throughout the year. By analyzing the observed isotopic signatures ofatmospheric CH4, it is confirmed that the short-term CH4 variations are mainly produced bybiogenic CH4 released from the HBL wetlands in summer, and by fossil fuel CH4 transported
through high Arctic regions in winter. Forward simulations of an atmospheric chemistrytransport model, with wetland CH4 fluxes prescribed by a process-based model, show
unrealistically high CH4 mole fractions for Churchill in summer, suggesting that the CH4
emissions assigned to the HBL wetlands are overestimated. Our best estimate of the HBL CH4
emissions is 2.6 ± 0.3 TgCH4 yr-1 as an average of 2007-2013, which agrees well with recent
estimation by inverse modeling studies.

G01-P07

Observations of atmospheric black carbon at Poker Flat
Research Range, Alaska, since April 2016
P. Mordovskoi¹, F. Taketani¹, Y. Kanaya¹, Y. Kim², H. Kobayashi¹,
T. Miyakawa¹, M. Yamaguchi¹ and M. Takigawa¹¹ Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan,² International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF),
Fairbanks, AK, USA
Black carbon (BC) particles are formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,
biofuels and forest fires, and act as an important climate forcer – by absorbing sunlight in theatmosphere and snow/ice. High concentrations of BC also negatively affect human health.
Observation of BC mass concentration at Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR; 65.12N,
147.43W; 491 m asl) was started on 28 April 2016 to estimate the impact of Alaska local
emissions and long-range transport from mid-latitude to pan-Arctic region on the Arctic
environment.
BC mass concentration was measured by continuous soot-monitoring system (BCM3130
or COSMOS) with filter-based technique. The effect of Alaskan fire emissions was analyzed
by using the Alaska fire information (AICC, ArcIMS) and 10-day backward trajectories every
1 hour from PFRR using HYSPLIT with GDAS1 meteorological field.
Figure 1 shows monthly BC mass concentrations from May 2016 to May 2017. Analysis
of backward trajectories and AICC data showed that one of the main sources of BC from May
to September 2016 was Alaskan forest fires. The pathways of backward trajectories passed over
Alaskan forest fire region on 93 days out of 149 days from May to September 2016. Daily BC
mass concentrations and its standard deviation were 0.029±0.081 µg/m³ for the days affectedby forest fires, and 0.020±0.019 µg/m³ for other days, respectively.
The effect of long-range transport from the East Asia was also analyzed using trajectories,
and it was found that Chinese airmass was transported to PFRR on 14 days in February 2017,
1 day in July 2016 and 3 days in June 2016.
In future, we plan to start observations of BC in Yakutsk (Russia) and continue
observation at PFRR to obtain more data for detailed analysis of sources and long-range
transport of BC to the Arctic region.

Figure 1. Monthly averages of BC mass concentrations at PFRR.

G01-P08

The water-soluble species in airborne particles at NEEM
M. Hirabayashi1*, K. Satow2 and K. Goto-Azuma1,31National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Nagaoka National College of Technology, Japan
3
SOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan
2

In the northern hemisphere, especially Greenland, it is considered that ocean andstratosphere are major sources of halogen species. However, there is little data about halogen
species contained in airborne particles and snow in Greenland. In this research, trace
inorganic species (Br, Cl, F, I) in airborne particles and snow at NEEM, Greenland wereanalyzed.
The airborne particle samples and snow samples were collected at clean snow area at
NEEM, Greenland (77°45'N, 51°06'W, 2500 m). Air sampling was performed from June,2012 to August, 2012. The samples were collected by low volume air sampler in every day.
Surface snow samples were also collected.
The quantitative analyses of water-soluble species were performed using an ion
chromatograph mass spectrometer (IC-MS). The IC-MS system consists of a single
quadrupole type mass spectrometer connected to an ion chromatograph. IonPac AS11-HC
was used as the separation column of the ion chromatograph. 14 anion species including
halogen species (Br-, BrO3-, CH3COO-, CH3SO3-, Cl-, C2O42-, F-, HCOO-, I-, IO3-, NO2-, NO3-,
PO43-, SO42-) were analyzed.
Average concentration of Br- in the atmosphere was 0.4 ug m-3. The maximum
concentration of Br- was ca. 2 ug m-3. The concentration of BrO3- was below detecton limit.
Average concentration of I- was 0.07 ug m-3. The maximum concentration of I- was 0.3 ug m-3.
Average concentration of IO3- was 0.1 ug m-3. The maximum concentration of IO3- was 0.6 ug
m-3. Further results and discussion about the behavior and origin of halogen species inairborne particles and snow will be presented.

G01-P09

Clouds with low lidar returns and high cloud radar echoes
S. Iwasaki1*, H. Okamoto2, K, Sato2, S. Katagiri2,
M. Fujiwara3, T. Shibata4, K. Tsuboki5, T. Ono3, and T. Sugidachi61Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, National Defense Academy, Japan
2
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
3
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
5
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
6
Meisei Electric Co., Ltd., Japan
Cloud radiative interaction in the polar regions is not well known because of highoccurrence frequency of mixed-phase clouds. Lidar is usually used to measure aerosol andcloud particles because lidar is more sensitive for smaller particles than radar. We report at least
5 % of clouds in the high latitudes have weak lidar returns while they have significant cloudradar echoes. The lidar data (B) in Figure 1a is one of such examples. Figure 1 shows the dataof the space-borne lidar CALIOP, the cloud radar CloudSat, and the imager MODIS. All ofthem were measured simultaneously. The signals with low lidar returns and significant radar
echoes denote their particle size and particle number concentration are large and sparse(hereafter we call it LSC).
The figure shows LSC (B) located above pristine ice crystals (C) while no signals was
detected above supercooled water (A). It may suggest large and falling particles of LSC change
supercooled droplets into ice crystals through the seeder-feeder effect. LSC itself would be
negligible for the radiation budget because it is not visible. LSC, however, would be important
for the radiation budget. We will show the global distribution of LSC.

Figure 1. (a)-(c) The latitude-height sections of CALIOP and
CloudSat data, and (d) latitude-longitude section of the IR
imager MODIS. The data were observed above the Antarctic
ocean, the Drake Passage, around 21:10 UTC on January 8,
2007. (a) attenuated lidar backscattering coefficient, (b) lidar
depolarization ratio, and (c) radar reflectivity factor. Yellow
dashed curves in (a)-(c) denote a tropopause height. The black
curve in (d) is the orbit of the sensors. The lidar and radar datasuggest the signals in the figure are (A) supercooled water, (B)
LSC, (C) pristine ice crystals, (D) mixed-phase clouds,
respectively.

G01-P10

Seasonal variation of lower stratospheric aerosols observed
by lidar above Svalbard, Norway
K. Shiraishi1, T. Shibata2 and M. Shiobara3
1

2

Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Japan
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

The polar stratosphere is considered to be a sink area of Brewer-Dobson circulation,
where temporal and spatial distribution of aerosol will be complicated and effected byhorizontal transportation from lower latitude and stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes.
We installed a compact Mie lidar at Ny-Aalesund (79N, 12E), Norway in March, 2014 andperform continuous observation of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols for about three years.
The 532nm integrated backscattering coefficient of stratospheric background aerosol (in theheight range of tropopause to 25km) in 2015-2016 was low vales of 0.7-4.0×10-7sr, whichsuggests that stratospheric aerosol amount level was close to the background level during
volcanically quiescent periods. The time variation of IBC (including PSC active period) in theheight range of tropopause - 20km showed the increments in winter. The IBC at the height rangeof 20 - 25km showed the increment in summer and winter.

Integrated backscattering coefficient[/sr]trop. height[km]

15

10

5

tropo-25km
20-25km
1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08
2/25 3/27 4/26 5/26 6/25 7/25 8/24 9/23 10/2311/2212/22 1/21 2/20 3/21

Figure 1 Time variations of tropopause height (upper) and 532nm
integrated backscattering coefficient of stratospheric aerosol (lower).

G01-P11

Seasonal characteristics of trace gas transport in the Arctic
upper troposphere/lower stratosphere
Y. Inai1*, R. Fujita1, T. Machida2, H. Matsueda3, Y. Sawa3, K. Tsuboi3, K. Katsumata2,
S. Morimoto1, S. Aoki1, and T. Nakazawa1
1

Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Japan
2
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
3
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan

Thermal and dynamical structures of atmosphere over the polar region have significant
seasonal variation in association with that in solar heating, meridional gradient of temperature,and synoptic/planetary-scale wave activities over mid-latitude. To capture characteristics oftrace gas distribution in the Arctic upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) combinedwith meteorological elements, this study focuses on seasonal variation in trace gas mixing
ratio and air-mass transport mapped on the cross-section of equivalent latitude and potential
temperature, which are estimated from aircraft measurement and trajectory analysis,
respectively. Air samplings have been conducted once a month with Japan Airlines flightbetween France/Russia and Japan at spatial intervals of 10˚ or 15˚ in longitude alongindividual flight track at around 11 km over Siberia by the Comprehensive Observation
Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) project. Mixing ratios of tropospheric
trace gases such as CH4, N2O, and CO obtained by the project from April 2012 to December
2016 are used in this study. Kinematic backward trajectories are initialized at each air
sampling point, then calculated for a maximum of 30 days with European Centre For
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim data as meteorological input.
Based on the mixing ratios of totally 659 air samples and the trajectory calculations,characteristics of trace gas distribution and air-mass transport are extracted by the seasons.
The seasonal characteristics in the Arctic UT/LS indicated from this study are as follows:- Winter
Air-masses which have less tropospheric trace gases are transported downward associatedwith diabatic cooling in the stratosphere, especially, higher region than 360 K.
- Spring
Transport pathway changes to isentropically, and two-way meridional transport is active ataround 7 PVU potential vorticity level where trace gas gradient becomes large.
- Summer
Isentropical transport is dominant, in addition, some air-masses convectively lifted up to~340 K with tropospheric trace gases.
- Autumn
Transport of tropospheric trace gases into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere is maximizedin association with monsoon activities which supply tropospheric air-mass to thesubtropical UT/LS.

G02-P01

Mapping the spatial-temporal Changes of sea Ice in the
Bohai Sea using Landsat Archive
Wenxia Tan*1
1

School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR
China

The occurrence of sea ice disasters poses great threat to oil and gas exploration and othermaritime activities in the Bohai Sea. Sea ice concentration and coverage are crucial parameters
in investigating sea ice disasters [1]. Landsat images are freely available every 16 days for morethan thirty years [2]. These data were used to map the spatial-temporal changes of sea ice in the
Bohai sea. Both surface reflectance and brightness temperature product were investigated forsea ice area mapping in this study [3]. Based on our analysis result, the integration of surface
reflectance and brightness temperature can greatly improve sea ice classification. Thus, theproposed method was applied to all available Landsat imagery to map the historic sea ice
coverage in the Bohai Sea region. Our time series of sea ice area were quantitatively comparedand validated by sea ice coverage records from several other sources. Results showed that the
integration of surface reflectance and brightness temperature was effective for sea ice mapping.
Nevertheless, no data was available for several years because only years with cloud-freeLandsat data can be mapped. Future research will consider the fusion of Landsat with other data
sources such as passive microwave data.
References[1] W. Tan, K. A. Scott, E. LeDrew, Enhanced Arctic Ice Concentration Estimation Merging
MODIS Ice Surface Temperature and SSM/I Sea-Ice Concentration, Atmosphere-ocean 52(2)(2014)[2] M. A., Wulder, J. G. Masek, W. B. Cohen, T. R. Loveland, C. E. Woodcock, Opening thearchive: How free data has enabled the science and monitoring promise of Landsat. Remote
Sensing of Environment,122, 2-10 (2012).
[3] J. G. Masek, E. F. Vermote, N. E. Saleous, R. Wolfe, F. G. Hall, Huemmrich, K.F., Gao,
F., Kutler, J., and Lim, T-K. A Landsat surface reflectance dataset for North America, 1990–
2000. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 3(1):68-72 (2006).

G02-P02

An improved method for Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration
Estimation from Passive Microwave Data
T.T. Liu * and X.Y. Song1Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, China

Sea ice concentration (SIC) is an important indicator of polar sea ice change and global
climate change [1], [2]. In general, SIC is estimated utilizing passive microwave data, which
are effective due to the daily revisit, the relatively low sensitivity to atmospheric watercontent and clouds, and the large contrast in emissivity between open water and sea ice. To
improve the accuracy of the traditional NASA Team (NT) sea ice concentration (SIC)
algorithm, a new SIC estimation method is proposed by combining the NT algorithm and anumerical optimization technique with the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data
and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) data respectively.
The NT algorithm was based on the proposed SIC estimation equation. According tothis equation, the observed brightness temperature (TB ) in each channel of passive microwave
data could be expressed as the combination of the three dominant ocean surface cover types.
In a real situation, certain factors which may result in noise (n) which should be taken into
consideration. For example, the sensor resolution may lead to discrepancies in TB between
the images and the corresponding tie points, and attenuation associated with surface radiationtransfer can lead to TB changes. Then the least squares method (FCLS) was used to further
optimize the estimation results from the improved equation.
Validation was performed using a comparison between the results from the
SSM/I-based SICs (the proposed method, the NT algorithm, and the bootstrap algorithm) andin situ data, the AMSR-E-based SICs (the proposed method, the NT2 algorithm, and the ASI
algorithm) and in situ data. The quantitative results from SSM/I show that the proposed
method generates a more accurate SIC with smaller bias (0.2) and RMSE (9.7) than the othertwo algorithms. According to the former research, the accuracies of SIC can be influenced by
the seasonal (winter and summer) change due to the variations in the sea ice surface.
Therefore, the accuracies of the SIC in both summer and winter were generated, respectively.
The results indicate that the proposed method consistently presents better accuracies (withbias 2.0 in summer and 2.0 in winter, RMSE 13.3 in summer and 7.3 in winter) than the othermethods. The accuracies of all the methods in summer are clearly lower than those in winter,among which the accuracy of the bootstrap-based SIC is the lowest. This is due to the fact thatthe ice consolidation in winter results in the values of the tie points and brightness
temperature being stable. In contrast, this consolidation is easily destroyed by surface melt insummer. The accuracies of the improved FCLS, NT2 and ASI using AMSR-E indicates thatthe performance of the proposed method is found to be better than that of the NT2 algorithm
and ASI algorithm in quantitative comparisons. This research demonstrates the benefit ofincorporating numerical optimization into SIC estimation.
References[1] J. C. Stroeve, T. Markus, L. Boisvert, J. Miller, and A. Barrett, Changes in Arctic melt
season and implications for sea ice loss, Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (2014).
[2] J. C. Comiso and F. Nishio, Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible
AMSR-E, SSM/I, and SMMR data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(2008).

G02-P03

Ice-ocean albedo feedback in the Arctic Ocean
shifting to a seasonal sea ice zone
H. Kashiwase1,2*, K.I. Ohshima2, S. Nihashi3, and H. Eicken41

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai Collage, Japan
4
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA2

Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is a sensitive component of the global climate. Satellite
observations reveal the drastic reduction of summer sea ice extent and thus the reduction of a
thick multiyear sea ice cover [1]. Associated with such change, “ice-ocean albedo feedback”
has received increasing attention as a major factor in sea ice retreat of the Arctic Ocean. This
feedback is owing to a gap of surface albedos between “black” open water and “white” sea ice:
once sea ice concentration decreases at the beginning of the melt season, heat input into theupper ocean through the increased open water fraction is enhanced, leading to a further decreasein ice concentration through sea ice melt. However, quantitative understanding of heat and sea
ice budget in the ice-covered area of Arctic Ocean is still insufficient. Here we have calculated
heat budget and sea-ice budget over the Pacific Arctic Ocean using sea ice parameters (e.g.,concentration, drift velocity, and mean thickness) derived from satellite observations for 36
years from 1979 to 2014. Results show that the amount of heat input through the open water
fraction in the ice-covered area quantitatively corresponds well with the volume of sea ice melt
during the melt season (Figure 1). Also, we have found that the ice melt volume significantly
correlates with the ice divergence in the earliest stage of melt season (mid-May to early-June),particularly after 2000s. This indicates the enhancement of sea ice melt through the ice-ocean
albedo feedback, and it is confirmed by a simplified ice-ocean coupled model. A comparison
between sea ice conditions before and after 2000 suggests that a doubled ice divergence in theearly melt season associated with the reduction of multiyear ice can explain about 70 % ofincreased sea ice melt through the ice-ocean albedo feedback [2].

Figure 1. Interannual variations of total heat input into the upper ocean through the open
water fraction (gray line) and the sea ice melt volume (black line) over the ice-covered area.
References[1] J.C. Comiso, Large decadal decline of the Arctic multiyear ice cover, Journal of Climate 25(2012)[2] H. Kashiwase, K.I. Ohshima, S. Nihashi, H. Eicken, Evidence for ice-ocean albedo feedbackin the Arctic Ocean shifting to a seasonal ice zone, Scientific Reports 7 (2017)

G02-P04

Spectral albedo of sea ice at Qaanaaq fjord
in northwest Greenland
T. Tanikawa1*, T. Aoki1,2, M. Niwano1, M. Hosaka1, M. Hori3
1

Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
3
Eeath Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
2

Spectral albedos of sea ice with snow cover and sea ice without snow cover where snow was
artificially removed around measurement point, were measured at Qaanaaq fjord in northwest
Greenland in June 2017 (Fig. 1). Thickness of the sea ice was approximately 1.3 m with 5 cm
of snow over the sea ice. Upper part of the sea ice contained a granular ice (surface ~ 9 cm) anda columnar ice (~ 20 cm) including a large amount of air bubble. Snow over the sea ice consistedof two layers of granular and wet granular snow. The albedo measurements were made using a
portable grating spectrometer, FieldSpec 3, covering the wavelength from 350 nm to 2500 nm(PANalytical). The spectral albedos of the sea ice with snow cover were approximately 0.75 –0.8 in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths and decreased with some specific peaks along thenear-infrared wavelength (Fig. 2). The spectrum shape was similar to the snow one, implyingthat the multiple scattering by snow over the sea ice is dominant in all spectrum. Whenremoving the snow over the sea ice (Fig. 1), the spectral albedos considerably decreased in all
spectrum, although we could not completely remove the snow around the measurement pointsuch as a semi-infinite plane parallel sea ice surface. Spectral albedos were approximately 0.35
– 0.55 in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, 0.05 – 0.25 in the near-infrared wavelengthand almost constant of approximately 0.05 in the shortwave near-infrared wavelength. At
ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, the albedos were dominated by the multiple scattering by
the air bubble within the sea ice because a light absorption by ice is so week in thesewavelengths; in near-infrared regions the albedos were reflected by the Fresnel reflection in thesea ice surface. Since light absorption by ice in these regions is relatively strong comparing to
the visible region, the light could not be penetrated deeply within the sea ice, resulting that
surface reflection would be dominant in these regions.

Fig.1 Photograph of spectral albedo
measurement.

Fig.2 Spectral albedo of sea ice with orwithout snow cover. 𝜃" is solar zenith angle.

G02-P05

Under-ice turbulent microstructure and upper ocean
vertical fluxes in the Makarov and Eurasian Basins, Arctic
Ocean, in 2015
M. Janout1, B. Rabe1*, R. Graupner1, J. Hoelemann1, H. Hampe1, M. Hoppmann1, M. Horn1, B.
Juhls2, M. Korhonen3, A. Nikolopoulos4, S. Pisarev5, A. Randelhoff6,7, J.-P. Savy8, N.
Villacieros91

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven,
Germany
2
GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
3
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
4
AquaBiota Water Research, Stockholm, Sweden
5
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
6
Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
7
University of Tromsø, Norway
8

9

LEGOS/CNRS, Toulouse, France
LOCEAN, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

The Arctic Ocean is generally assumed to be fairly quiescent when compared to many otheroceans. The sea-ice cover, a strong halocline and a shallow, cold mixed-layer prevent much of theocean to be affected by atmospheric conditions and properties of the ocean mixed-layer. In turn,the mixed-layer and the sea-ice is largely isolated from the warm layer of Atlantic origin below by
the lower halocline.

Yet, the content of heat, freshwater and biologically important nutrientsdiffers strongly between these different layers. Hence, it is crucial to be able to estimate verticalfluxes of salt, heat and nutrients to understand variability in the upper Arctic Ocean and thesea-ice, including the ecosystem. Yet, it is difficult to obtain direct flux measurements, andestimates are sparse.

We present sets of under-ice turbulent microstructure profiles in theEurasian and Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean from two expeditions in 2015. These cover melt
during late spring north of Svalbard and freeze-up during late summer / autumn across theEurasian and Makarov basins. Our results are presented against a background of theanomalously warm atmospheric conditions during summer 2015 followed by unusually low
temperatures in September. 4-24 h averages of the measurements generally show elevateddissipation rates at the base of the mixed-layer. We found highest levels of dissipation near theEurasian continental slope and smaller peaks in the profiles where Bering Sea Summer Water(sBSW) lead to additional stratification within the upper halocline in the Makarov Basin.

Theelevated levels of dissipation were associated with the relatively low levels of vertical eddy
diffusivity.

We discuss these findings in the light of the anomalous conditions in the upper ocean,sea-ice and the atmosphere during 2015 and present estimates of vertical fluxes of heat, salt andother dissolved substances measured in water samples.

G02-P06

Sea-ice thickness from moored ice-profiling sonarin the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean
Motoyo Itoh1*, Yasushi Fukamachi2,3, Noriaki Kimura4, Richard A. Krishfield5,
Takashi Kikuchi1, Erika Moriya6, Jonaotaro Onodera1 and Naomi Harada1
1Japan Agency for Marine-Earth and Science Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
2Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
4Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
5 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
6Hydro Systems Development, Inc., Tokyo, Japan

Time-series ice-draft data were obtained from moored ice-profiling sonar (IPS), in the
Arctic Canada Basin, where reductions in sea-ice cover have been particularly significant
since late 1990s. Time-series data show seasonal and spatial variabilities of ice draft at fourmooring stations (Stns. NAP, BGOS-A, BGOS-B, BGOS-D) from summer 2013 to summer
2014 (Figure 1). Spatial difference of ice-draft in the Canada Basin is largely affected bycirculation of sea ice forced by anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre. The overall mean draft at Stn.
BGOS-D is the largest, because thick ice is advected from the north. Ice draft observed at Stn.
NAP is generally the smallest during summer, because melting ice in the southern Canada
Basin flows west to Stn. NAP. Modal draft distributions exhibit two modal values from
October to December at BGOS-A, BGOS-B, BGOS-D (Figure 2). Thinner and thicker modes
correspond to newly formed young ice and multi-year ice remaining from summer melting
season, respectively. In contrast, only thinner mode is evident at NAP, because sea ice melts
away at this station during summer 2013. The evolution of modal ice thickness observed canbe explained mostly by thermodynamics growth.
(%)
November, 2013(m)
Figure 1 (a) Monthly averaged sea-ice extent and ice draft from AMSR-E satellite data in
November 2013. Cross, circle, square and triangle mark locations of the IPS moorings at
Stns. NAP, BGOS-A, BGOS-B and BGOS-D, respectively. (b) Histograms of ice draft (in0.2 m bins) for each mooring site.

G02-P07

Sea Ice Variability in the Mid-twentieth Century
from MRI-ESM2
T. Aizawa1,2*, M. Ishii2, S. Yukimoto2 and H. Hasumi1
1

2

AORI, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan

Sea ice in the Arctic rapidly decrease over the recent decades and the climate models
reproduce well the recent sea ice decline [1]. But sea ice variability before satellite era is lessunderstood due to a lack of observation and the large uncertainty of the climate models. The
purpose of this study is to argue about the variability of sea ice before the satellite era.
We are conducting the series of experiment for CMIP6 using MRI-ESM2 which isdeveloped by Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). Figure 1 shows the time series of thesea ice thickness, extent and volume in March and in September from a tentative historical run
by MRI-ESM2. In the mid-twentieth century (1930-1960), the sea ice is relatively lower thanthe previous period. This less sea ice period corresponds to a warming known as the earlytwentieth century Arctic warming [2].

Figure 1. Time series of the sea ice thickness (upper panels), extent (middle panels) and volume(bottom panels) in March (a) and in September (b) from a tentative historical run by MRI-ESM2.

References[1] J. C. Stroeve, Co-authors, Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 andobservations, Geophys. Les. Lett. 39 (2012)[2] T. Yamanouchi, Early 20th century warming in the Arctic: A review, Polar Science 5(2011)

G02-P08

Short-term sea ice forecasting during extreme Arctic
cyclone in August 2016
L.W.A. De Silva1 and H. Yamaguchi1
1

The University of Tokyo, Japan

Recently, cyclones are quite active and dramatically influence the sea ice distribution in
the Arctic region. Therefore, precise prediction of sea ice distribution during the cyclones is
crucial for safe and efficient navigation in the Arctic Ocean. A high-resolution (about 2.5 km)
ice-ocean coupled model is developed for forecasting the short-term sea ice distribution along
the Northern sea route. The experiment was run from 1 August 2016 to 6 August 2016 underthe extreme cyclone in the Laptev Sea. The atmospheric forcing data used for the model was
European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Interim reanalysis data. The
correlation score of ice–edge error and sea ice concentration distribution quantifies forecast
skill and skill scores are computed from 1 August 2016 to 6 August 2016. The average
forecast skill of ice-edge error in the ice-ocean coupled model is 10.09 km with the 15%thresholds of ice concentration for the ice edge. That is in good agreement with therequirement of an operational ice navigation system (10 km).

G02-P09

Ice-Band Pattern Formationin Winter Marginal Ice Zone
R. Saiki1*, H. Mitsudera2 and A. Manome3,
N. Kimura1, J. Ukita4, T. Toyta2, T. Nakamura2
1

Atomosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Japan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
SNRE-CILER, University of Michigan, USA
4
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, JapanIn polar ocean marginal ice zone (MIZ), melting and freezing are repeated through one
year. MIZ is significant place because it may be easy to affect by the seasonal evolution of seaice areas. However, it is still difficult to predict accurate location of MIZ using numericalmodels. Therefore, we consider that understanding of elementary processes in MIZ is important.
Ice-band structures (Fig. 1a) are often observed over MIZ in winter polar seas. Ice bands
have regular band spacings from the center of one ice band to the neighbor one, and the longaxis of ice bands slightly lie to left (right) with respect to the wind direction in the Northern(Southern) Hemisphere. In this study, we focused on ice bands with about 10km-scale regularband spacings. First, the following two main questions were discussed using 1.5-layer
theoretical model: 1) What determines the regular ice-band spacing? 2) Is there a favorable
wind direction for the ice-band formation? In consequence, 1) was explained by the resonancecondition when the band propagation speed coincides with the internal wave phase speed. On
the other hand, 2) was shown by the ice-band growth rate with respect to the wind direction(Fig. 1b). Therefore, the maximum growth rate direction is the favorable for ice-band formation.
Based on the above results, we further investigated the ice-band formation in thecontinuously stratified ocean. Basically, a theory constructed with 1.5-layer ocean model isadequate for the continuously stratified ocean as well. In addition, there are the verticalbaloclinic mode solutions in the continuously stratified ocean model. Therefore, the resonancecondition, in which the phase speed of the internal waves and the ice band speed coincide witheach other, always holds provided that the mode number is large enough. This implies that if
the wind speed is slower, the resonance mode is shifted to the higher mode. This feature isdistinctly different from a 1.5-layer model because the resonance does not occur if the internal
wave phase speed is faster than the band-pattern propagation speed in the 1.5-layer ocean.
Further, satellite images also confirmed that the band spacing of the ice-band pattern inthe polar seas is consistent with these theoretical values and numerical results (Fig. 1c). Thus,
for considering the realistic ocean model, it may be important to resolute the ice bands.

Figure 1. (a) Satellite (MODIS) image of ice band, (b) Relationship between wind direction
and ice-band growth rate, (c) Relationship between wind speed and band spacing.

G05-P01

Long-term monitoring carbon balance at a black spruce
forest in interior Alaska
M. Ueyama1*, H. Iwata2 and, H. Nagano3 Y.Harazono1,4
1

Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
2
Shinshu University, Japan
3
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
4
Nagoya University, JapanFor accurately evaluating carbon, water, and energy balances in the Arctic and subarctic
regions, we have conducted a long-term observation of CO2, CH4, water vapor, and energy
fluxes at a black spruce forest on permafrost in interior Alaska, using the eddy covariancemethod since 2003. Here, we present a long-term CO2 balance and its interannual variation.
The long-term CO2 balance was -1 g C m-2 yr-1 between 2003 and 2016, showing that theforest acted as a neutral CO2 balance. From 2003 to 2011, the CO2 balance changed from theannual sink to source (R2=0.79, n=9) associated with an increased ecosystem respiration due toan autumn warming [1]. However, during a later period after 2012, no significant trend wasobserved. The observation also indicates that interannual variations in ecosystem respiration
explained half of the variations in the CO2 balance (R2=0.47, n=14). In contrast, gross primary
productivity (GPP) did not explain the variations in the CO2 balance (R2=0.14, n=14). This
result indicates that sensitivity of respiratory processes, such as microbial decomposition, wasthe major driver of the CO2 balance at this forest. Consequently, monitoring soil respiration andmicrobial processes are the important target in our future studies, for accurately estimating CO2
balance under warming climate.
GPP tended to increase from 660 g C m-2 y-1 at earlier period (2003-2007) to 730 g C m2 -1
y at a later period (2012-2016). The model analyses suggested that approximately 25 g C m2
decade-1 increase was explained by the CO2 fertilization effect associated with risingatmospheric CO2 concentration [2]. This result suggests that approximately 30% of theincreased GPP could be explained by the CO2 fertilization effect.
For promoting future studies using our data, we have shared our flux and environmental
data through our web-site (http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/data/uaf_data/). The study was
supported by Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project, and by the JSPS KAKENHI,
Grant Number 26281012.
References[1] M. Ueyama, H. Iwata, and Y. Harazono, Autumn warming reduces the CO2 sink of a black
spruce forest in interior Alaska based on a nine-year eddy covariance measurement. Global
Change Biology, 20, 1161-1173 (2014).
[2] M. Ueyama, N. Tahara, H. Iwata, E.S. Euskirchen, H. Ikawa, H. Kobayashi, H. Nagano,
and Y. Harazono, Optimization of a biochemical model with eddy covariance measurements inblack spruce forests of Alaska for estimating CO2 fertilization effects. Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology, 222, 98-111 (2016).

G05-P02

Seasonal variation of photoassimilate allocation inxylem of black spruce in interior Alaska
T. Saito1＊, M. Dannoura2, A. Kagawa3, K. Noguchi3, R. Ruess4, J. Hollingsworth4 K. Yasue5
1 Shinshu University
2

Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
3Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute4University of Alaska Fairbanks
5Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University

Seasonal fluctuation of photoassimilate allocation in radial growth of black spruce (Picea
mariana) growing in interior Alaska was elucidated by carbon stable isotope pulse labelingexperiment[1]. We labeled 13CO2 in end of May and mid July 2016. The trees were harvested
mid September and discs were cut from the middle and base of stem and root base.
Continuous tangential sections were cut out radially every 25 µm. Each section was divided
into two peaces in longitudinal direction, and one was treated by starch extraction. The stable
isotopic ratio was measured with a mass spectrometer. The results indicated that, spring
photoassimilate was mainly used for all over the annual ring of the present year. In stems,
whereas was mainly used for the early wood in root. On the other hand, summer
photoassimilate was mainly used for outermost part of the late wood. In stems, whereas was
mainly used for the middle of the late wood in root. Higher concentration was observed in thestem for May labeling, whereas was observed in the underground parts for July labeling.

200

100

0

100

200

100 200 300 400

300

0Distance from cambium (µm)

Extraction

400

300 200 100

PhloemUntreated

500

6 1.8

(mm)

2016

600

Extraction

1602015
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40

700

Untreated

800

Phloem

900

2016

1000

2015

δ13C(‰)

1990~
2010

δ13C(‰)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40

Distance from cambium (µm)

Figure 1. Variations in δ13C values in trunk at 106cm

Figure 2. Variations in δ13C values in roots.

above the ground. Labeled in May.

Labeled in May.

References[1]Kagawa et al., Seasonal course of translocation, storage and remobilization of 13C pulse-labeled
photoassimilate in naturally growing Larix gmeliniix saplings. New Phytologist 171 793-804 (2006)

G05-P03

Underground competition may be occurred among
Picea mariana trees in central Alaska
T.Shirota1*, K.Yasue1, S.Otake1, T.Saito1, T.Tanabe1, M.Dannnoura2, Y.Matsuura3,
K.Noguchi3, T.Morishita3, R.Ruess4, J.Hollingsworth4
1

Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University
Kyoto University graduate school of Global Environmental Studies
3
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute4
Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbankson, Switzerland
2

On the upland of central Alaska, Picea mariana is dominant on the north facing
slope. However, their forest canopy is not closed in the lower part of slope, where active layer
is very thin and the soil temperature is lower. The hypothesis which can explain their limiting
growth are (1) nutrient resource limiting, (2) large allocation to root systems (3) severe
underground competition. Here, we survey the course root (diameter>1 mm) distribution andanalyzed inter-tree competition to examine the competition limiting hypothesis.
The study site is located in CPCWR of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. We set asquared plot (6 m x 6 m) on the lower part of north-facing slope. There were nine young trees,
but its canopy was not closed. We divided the plot into 576 grids, 0.25 m squares. Groundlevel was measured before and after organic layer removals on each grid vertex. Most of all
course roots of P.mariana were speeded just on the mineral soil. We take a photo of eachtree's root in every grid. Length of course root was calculated by point grid counting method.
The spatial distribution of thick root length was shown in Figure 1. There were little
grid where any root was absent, suggesting that root system of P.mariana occupied theunderground, while their canopies could not. According to the GLM analysis (gannma
distribution, log-transfer function), tree size (p=0.0024) and thickness of organic matter layer(p=0.0188) had positive effects on root length in each grid, while distance from tree stump(p<0.0001) and other root within grid (p=0.0007) had negative effects. This result supports
the hypothesis of the severe underground competition. The root-root competition under poor
resources condition may control the stand structure and dynamics of P.mariana.
We thank to Akira Yoshikawa for his helpful suggestions in the field. This study was
supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grants: Number 26304026 and 15K14752.
Figure 1. Course root length
distribution of P.mariana
Coarse root covered 98.4% of plot.
Size of each circle represents coarse
root length.

G05-P04

Climate responses of radial growth of Larix sibirica andPinus sibirica growing in Mongolian permafrost
Koh Yasue1, Koki Fukushima2,3, Yojiro Matsuura4,Shichi Koji4, Tetsuoh Shirota2,
Nachin Baatarbileg5
1

Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan3
Department of Forestry, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
4
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
5
National University of Mongolia, Mongolia*Correspondence to: Koh Yasue; E-mail: yasue@shinshu-u.ac.jp
The climate responses of Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica growing in Mongolian
permafrost area were analyzed by dendrochronological techniques. We selected upper andlower sites in a north facing slope where the active layer depth is 2.5 m. The inclement cores
were taken from both trunks and roots of L. sibirica and P. sibirica trees growing in the bothsites. The correlation between the chronologies and meteorological data revealed thatprecipitation of previous May negatively correlated with ring width of both trunk and root for
all the sites except for L. sibirica growing in upper slope. Precipitation of the current summer
did not reveal significant positive correlation. The negative effect of precipitation can be
attributed to waterlogged condition which affect negatively to transpiration of trees [1]. The“ponding stress” or “low temperature stress” on roots at the lower slope might be mostimportant limotting factor at the sites. There is few water stress of summer on the two species
even the site is located in rather dry region. The research indicated that underground condition
which regulated by permafrost is one of the important environmental factor on tree growth inMongolia.
References[1] Iijima, Y., et al. Sap flow changes in relation to permafrost degradation under increasing
precipitation in an eastern Siberian larch forest. Ecohydrology 7 (2), 177-187 (2014).

G05-P05

The annual change of defoliation intensity by Lymantria
disper and its size dependency of Larix sibirica in Mongolia
S.Okaniwa1*, T.Shirota1, K.Inoue1, Y.Fujioka1, T.Tanabe1, K.Yasue1, T.Okano1,
N. Baatarbileg2, B. Oyunsanaa2
12Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongol

Insect damage is one of disturbance factors in Mongolian forest ecosystem as well as
wild fire, illegal logging and grazing [1]. For instance, 369,300 ha of Mongolian forests were
defoliated by Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae during 2003-2004 [2]. When damage iscatastrophic, the damaged area and tree mortality gives valuable information. On the other hand,when the damage is not so severe, the damaged intensity of each tree is more important. Thus,
we surveyed the amount of defoliation of larch tree in 2016 and 2017 and examined the tree
size dependency on insect damage.
The study site was Udleg Experimental forest, National University of Mongolia (48°15’N,
106°51’E, level: 1338 m), 50 km north from Ulaanbaatar. Three sample trees were selectedfrom canopy layer: S (DBH=14 cm, H=21 m), M (DBH=17 cm, H=23 m) and L (DBH=21 cm,
H=21 m). Five branches were collected from each sample tree in 2016 and 2017. On eachsample branch, the numbers of damaged and un-damaged short and long shoot were counted;
the border of damaged was defined 50% defoliation in each shoot (Picture 1). Leaf area ofseveral un-damaged short and long shoot was also measured, respectively. The damage
intensity of each branch was calculated as the ratio of actual and pre-damaged leaf area.
The average damage intensity was 2.5-12.5% in 2016 and 4.0-7.5% in 2017. Obvious
size dependency was found in 2016, but not significant in 2017 (Figure 1). Our results suggestthat not only damage intensity but also the size dependency changes, annually.
We thank to Dr.Y.Matsuura, Dr. K.Shichi (FFPRI, Japan), Mr. Y.Kubota and Mr.
K.Kurosaka (Shinshu Univ., Japan). This study supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant:
Number 26304026.
Figure 1. The damaged intensity of leaf area of branch on
small: S, intermediate: M and large: L trees in 2016 and2017. Bars represent standard deviation. Values with thesame characteristics were not different, significantly.

Picture 1. The damaged shortshoots by Lymantria disper
larvae. White-colored scale
represents 1 cm.

References[1] Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Analysis of Mongolian Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries and their policy, report of FTA Information Analysis 61 (2010), in Japanese[2] FAO, Overview of Forest Pests Mongolia, Annual report 4 (2007)

G05-P06

Arctic willow ecology and its feedback to river conditions
using C, N stable isotope
Rong FAN1*, Tomoki MOROZUMI1, Shinya TAKANO1, Ryo SHINGUBARA1, Shunsuke
Tei1,5, Trofim C. MAXIMOV2,3 and Atsuko SUGIMOTO1,4,5
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido Univ., Japan
2
IBPC, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science, Russia
3
North-Eastern Federal Univ., Russia
4
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Univ., Japan
5
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido Univ., Japan

In northeast Siberian Arctic, rapid warming have been observed (Serreze and Barry,
2011; ACIA, 2004; IPCC, 2013) and Yana-Indigirka-Kolyma lowland located there has a large
area. River changes is one of key parameters to control material cycling through water levelchanges. From our former work (Morozumi, in preparation), we found willow growing widelyalong river, so that willow there can be good records of river condition. Foliar δ13C and δ15N
values has been recognized as integrated indicators of environment.
This study was conducted in taiga-tundra ecosystem along Indigirka river (70.63°N,
147.91°E). Three transect sites were set up along mainstream and also tributary. In each site,
sampling was made at three points along a transect from river to land. Willow current year shootwere collected, other samples including river water, soil water, willow stem were collected
weekly in summer, both 2015 and 2016. In the end of July in both year, there are also widely
random sampling of willow current year shoot.
In 2015 with normal river water level, N content ranged from 1.5% to 3.9% and δ15N
from -5.6‰ to 5.3‰ showed clear spatial variation with high values near river and low values
on land. No clear difference was observed for willow foliar δ13C which ranged from -31.1‰ to-25.3‰ in this year. In 2016 under higher river water level, same trend as 2015 was found in
foliar δ15N (from -6.84‰ to 4.91‰) in large area and showed clear spatial variation from water
logging points (0.6±2.6‰), near water points (-2.3±1.05‰) and land points (-3.8±0.9‰).
Willow foliar δ13C(-31.6‰ to -25.7‰) and N content (1.4% to 4.3%) didn’t show difference in2016. We also found that thaw depth was deepened because of waterlogging. The correlation
between foliar N content and δ15N with thaw depth were conducted in both 2015 (all possitive)
and 2016 (possitive with δ15N and negative with foliar N content). We finally concluded thatsevere flooding do harm to willow growth through N leaching and submergence, but thesuitable flood (especially after large flooding) will bring benefits to willow via deepening thaw
depth and adding extra nutrients. This was also proved by A and gs measurements.
This study showed physiology and phenology of willow growing in Indigirka lowland
and tried to reveal the relationship with river and willow growing from stable C and N isotopic
aspect.
References:[1] M.C. Serreze and R.G. Barry, Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research
synthesis, Global and Planetary Change, 77 (2011)[2] ACIA, Impacts of a warming arctic: Arctic climate impact assessment, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
[3] T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.K. Plattner, et al, IPCC, 2013: climate change 2013.

G05-P07

Time-lag effect of forest productivity response to climatechange over the circum-Arctic deduced fromsatellite images and tree rings
S. Tei1* and A. Sugimoto1
1

Hokkaido University, Japan

Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems are exposed to a larger magnitude of warming incomparison with the global average, as a result of warming-induced environmental changes.
Understanding the sensitivity of forest productivity to climate change in these ecosystems is
an important factor in the accuracy of future projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle, andalso of global climate. However, it is not certain how these ecosystems respond to thesechanges. Remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices, such as the normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI), and tree rings have been used to investigate vegetation productivity
and it's response to climate change. Even though both indexes are widely regarded as robust
and useful long-term indicators of past forest ecosystem response to climate change, those areoften compared each other with local or region spatial scales, but rarely for wider spatial scale,e.g., circum-arctic scale.
Here, we compared past 30 years spatio-temporal variation of Global Inventory
Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) satellite derived normalized difference vegetationindex NDVIg, its recent successor version NDVI3g, and tree-ring width index (RWI) on
International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) over circum-arctic region (>50N) with respect torelationship with climate change. The comparison was conducted for linking those indiceseach other and for obtaining better estimate of vegetation activity response to climate change.
In this study, we found a consistent positive response to summer temperature fromNDVI products and RWI in subarctic forest ecosystems and west coast region of Canada. On
the other hand, we observed no such consistent positive response in continental dry or
relatively warm regions over southern boreal forest ecosystem such as inner Alaska andCanada, southern part of east Europe, and southern section of Lena river basin of eastern
Siberia. In these regions, NDVI products and RWI tend to show no significant and negative
response to warming, respectively. Such negative response to warming of RWI was basicallyfound with a one year time-lag, namely RWI shows higher correlation with summer
temperature of previous year than current year. Although relatively few in number,considering the one year time-lag also increase percentage of sites with the negative response
to summer temperature for NDVI products. Our results clearly show that considering the
one-year time lag significantly affects spatial pattern in forest productivity-climate change
relationship over circum-Arctic region and it should be incorporated into future carbon cycle
studies. Otherwise, future projection of forest ecosystem carbon uptake may be overestimatedunder expected future further warming.

G05-P08

A Statistical Downscaling Framework for Mapping
Global to Regional Environmental Impact
Dr Kassim S. Mwitondi
Sheffield Hallam University, Faculty or Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences
Abstract
Gaining informative insights into interactions between terrestrial and space phenomena and understanding their dynamics has continued to intrigue scientific research communities across the globe. Despite ubiquitous enhancements
in data acquisition, sharing and modelling technologies, many questions remain unanswered and the new developments are calling for equally sophisticated real-life applications, including those focusing on tackling environmental
challenges for global sustainability. In recent years, knowledge extraction from data has become increasingly popular,
with many numerical forecasting models - typically falling into two major categories - Chemical Transport Models(CTMs) and conventional statistical methods. However, due to data and model variability, data-driven knowledge extraction from high-dimensional, multi-faceted data in such applications require generalisations of global to regionalor local conditions. Typically, generalisation is achieved via mapping global conditions to local ecosystems andhuman habitats which amounts to tracking and monitoring environmental dynamics in various geographical areas
and their regional and global implications on human livelihood. Statistical downscaling is technique that has been
widely used to extract high-resolution information from regional scale variables produced by CTMs in climate model.
Conventional applications of these methods have relied, predominantly, on dimension reduction techniques to reduce
the spatial dimension of gridded model outputs without loss of essential spatial information. The downside of theforegoing approaches is two-fold - the complete dependence on the unlabelled design matrix and on the underlying
distributional assumptions. We propose a novel statistical framework for dealing with data and model variability.
Its mechancis derive from a downscaling approach based on training and testing multiple algorithms on multiple
samples which allow to narrow down global environmental phenomena to regional discordance through a three-stage
process - dimensional reduction, prediction, comparison. Practicalities of the framework are illustrated through simulations and application to real ground level ozone and temperature data. Hourly ozone observations and recorded
atmospheric temperatures were obtained from various environmental stations maintained by the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) covering the summer period (June-August, 2005). The ozone readings represented 94 different stations spanning across a large geographical area in the South-Eastern part of the USA.
The paper seeks to relate regional patterns of ozone and temperature to local observations which we accomplish bydiscretising the actual observed values and using downscaled variables as predictors. Its novelty derives from the useof ensemble unsupervised and supervised models to map regional to local air quality and temperature patterns basedon repeated sampling and performance assessment of multiple versions for different techniques - notably, Principle
Fitted Components (PFCs), Random Forests (RFs) and Neural Networks (NNs). An algorithm for selecting optimal
performance is followed in assessing the foregoing models and our results show that given air quality data of similar structure, the algorithm can be used to order the models in terms of optimality. We demonstrate the algorithm’s
potential for deployment of different other models and we highlight the procedure’s scope for extension to other applications, focusing on how to carry out comparisons; address inconsistencies; draw conclusions in cases of partial
agreement and how to account for the effect of data and model variability.
Key Words: Chemical Transport Models, Downscaling, Ensemble Modelling, Principal Fitted Components, Neural
Networks, Random Forests, Supervised Modelling, Unsupervised Modelling

G05-P09

INTERACT goes viral: an advanced community steps into a
global role
M.Johansson1*, T.V. Callaghan2 on behalf of the INTERACT Community

1

Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sweden
2
Dept of Plant and Animal Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
3
Tomsk State University, Russia

INTERACT is a circumarctic network of 82 terrestrial field bases in all arctic countries
and adjacent high alpine and forested areas. INTERACT is building capacity for identifying,understanding, predicting and responding to diverse environmental changes throughout thewide environmental and land-use envelopes of the Arctic.
During the first phase of the EU FP7 programme INTERACT, more than 500 scientists
were granted access to the field through the Transnational Access programme. Their science
was presented in a book and mass outreach course. The project also developed best practices
in station management, a standardised presentation of the stations and an overview ofmonitoring/research projects from 2000 until present through its Station Managers Forum.
This information has been published in several books available on INTERACT’s web site(www.eu-interact.org). Three joint research activities developed standardised monitoring
system for surface energy balance, technology for monitoring of phenology and an integrated
database system for research stations – the INTERACT GIS.
INTERACT is now an advanced community grant in EU Horizon2020 programme.
Now we will further develop the Transnational Access programme with access to twice as
many stations. Also, physical access has been complemented with virtual (free access tometadata and data collected by the research stations) and remote (observations carried out by
station staff) access. New Station Managers’ Forum activities include safety at researchstations, reducing emissions from research stations and improving access to data from theresearch station (taking INTERACT GIS to the next level). In addition, joint research
activities will develop standardized monitoring schemes for biodiversity, drone technology inthe field, local adaptation schemes and procedures for action when a hazard occur. We will
also develop guidelines for storing real data through our Data Forum.

Figure 1. INTERACT Research Stations is represented in all arctic countries andadjacent high alpine and forested areas.

G05-P10

Soil organic carbon storage regime
in circumpolar forest ecosystems
Yojiro Matsuura1, Kenji Ono2, Jumpei Toriyama3,
Kazumichi Fujii1, Naoki Makita4, Tomoaki Morishita2
1Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) Japan, Tsukuba 305-8687
2
Tohoku Res. Center, FFPRI, Morioka 020-0123,
3
Kyushu Res. Center, FFPRI, Kumamoto 860-0862
4
Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is one of the focusing interests for terrestrial field
scientists. We estimated 117 soil profile data (89 profile data on the Figure 1) in circumpolar
forest ecosystems (boreal forest), including continuous permafrost (eastern and central Siberia,
northern Northwest Territories, Canada), discontinuous permafrost (Interior Alaska), sporadic
permafrost (Northwest Territories, Canada), and permafrost-free region (northern Finland andEstonia). The SOC storage regime in northeastern Eurasia (central and eastern Siberia) was
larger than that of boreal forest ecosystems in North America (Interior Alaska and NWT,
Canada). Soils in northeastern Eurasia, where continuous permafrost developed, often showed
high SOC contents in whole horizons of active layer. Long-term soil formation process without
continental ice sheet glaciation has critical effects on SOC storage regime. Soils derived fromfluvial parent materials showed lower C/N ratios of soil profile, compare to soil C/N ratios ofresidual rock fragment parent materials. Larch forest soils in central Siberia derived fromweathered basalt lava flow (ca. 250 M yrs. ago) had averaged C/N 19, however, larch forest
soils derived from fluvial sediment in Yakutsk and Kolyma lowland showed averaged C/N 14.
Upland black spruce forest soils derived from weathered schist rock fragment in Interior Alaska
had higher C/N ratios 20, however, soils of glaciolacustrine deposit origin in NWT Canada also
had lower C/N ratio 15. We selected two different representative soil series of permafrost-free
region in circumpolar forest ecosystems, near Lapland and in peaty lowland in Estonia. Highlyrock content soils of Lapland showed lower SOC with higher C/N. Scots pine forests on peaty
soils showed extremely high SOC with higher C/N ratio. Soil characteristics among
circumpolar forest ecosystems varied in terms of SOC regime and C/N ratio.

Soil C/N ratio

60

E-Siberia
C-SiberiaInterior Alaska

NWT Canada
Kalina40

Varrio

20

0 -1
10
100
101
102
Soil organic carbon (SOC) kgC m -3

Figure 1. Estimated SOC regime among circumpolar forest ecosystems.

G05-P11

Biodiversity studies through international collaborative
initiatives in ArCS (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability)
M. Uchida1,2*, A.S. Mori3, A. Takahashi1,2, Y. Watanabe1,2, S. Imura1,2, Y. Tanabe1,2, M.
Tsuji1, R. Kaneko1, J.-B. Thiebot1, R. Kitagawa3, S. Masumoto3, J. Uetake4, S. Tatsuzawa5, T.
Osono6, M. Hasegawa7, M. Tojo8, T. Hoshino9, M. Hirota10, W.F. Vincent 11, Y. Iimura12, H.
Doi13, S. Matsuoka13, T. Naganuma14, M. Higuchi15, E. Harada12, M.J. Naud16, Y. Sawa17, T.
Ikeuchi18, I.M. Okhlopkov19, N.G. Solomonov19 & J. Bêty16
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan, 2SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for
Advanced Studies), Japan, 3Yokohama National University, Japan, 4 Colorado State
University, USA, 5Hokkaido University, Japan, 6Doshisha University, Japan, 7National
Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan, 8Osaka Prefecture University, Japan,
9
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, 10University ofTsukuba, Japan, 11Centre d’études nordiques (CEN) & Université Laval, Canada, 12The
University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan, 13University of Hyogo, Japan, 14Hiroshima University,
Japan, 15 National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan, 16Centre d’études nordiques (CEN)& Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada, 17Bird Life International Tokyo, Japan, 18Fostera Goose Program, Japan, 19Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB RAS,
Russia1

The Arctic climate is undergoing rapid changes, which coupled to major changes inhuman economic and social activities, is expected to greatly affect biodiversity. The generalobjective of our research projects is to understand Arctic biodiversity in its present condition
and try to predict its responses and status under various climate change scenarios.
We present here a summary of the various research activities planned and/or conducted
in recent years under the ArCS program. Our studies are conducted from the genetic to theecosystem level, as well as using models varying from microorganisms to large mammals.
In the Eastern Siberia region, we use GPS-satellite telemetry to investigate the behavioral
ecology of wildlife such as reindeer. The data we obtain will be utilized to assess protectedareas for the animals and/or for ensuring the safety of local communities.
St. Lawrence Island, located on the south of the Bering Strait, has a large abundance ofseabirds. One of the most visible impacts of climate change for the island is the change in sea
ice conditions. In addition, it is predicted that melting sea ice in the Arctic will make theNorthern Sea Route passable. Although these impacts will most probably affect seabirds, little
is known about seabird behavior on the island. Seabird behavior is being investigated using biologging techniques. Our goal is to assess the effects of changes in sea ice and ship traffic on theseabirds.
Canada has the world’s widest range of Arctic ecosystems, from forest tundra to polar
desert ecozones. We investigate the structures and functions of terrestrial ecosystems using an
extended latitudinal gradient to better understand the diversity of key biological communities(including microbial) and related ecosystem services.
We also lead research about the slowest fish in the world, named the Greenland shark.
The Greenland shark lives in the Arctic sea, but little is known about the ecology of this species.
We investigate how they respond to cold water and the effects of climate change on the species.

G05-P12

Diversity of Fungi along Primary Successional andElevational Gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia
T. Osono1*, S. Sakoh1, Y. Ogisu2 and S. Matsuoka3
1

2

Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan
Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
3
Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, JapanThe diversity of fungi was investigated along primary successional and elevational
gradients near Mount Robson (53°03-09'N, 119°06-12'W), British Columbia, Canada. A totalof 108 samples of dead leaves were collected during the fieldwork in August 2010, including
63 samples of Dryas drumandii, Salix spp., and Picea engelmanii from the foreland of
Robson glacier (1670-1710 m a.s.l.) and 45 samples of P. engelmanii at 870, 1020, 1260,
1460, and 1670 m a.s.l. Pyrosequencing of fungal rDNA ITS1 regions [1] and assembling thesequences with a 97% similarity criterion [2] yielded a total of 330 operational taxonomic
units (OTUs) of fungi, resulting in the identification of 124 OTUs (38% of 330) to family, 99(30%) to genus, and 45 (14%) to species. Of 59 fungal families identified, Herpotrichiellaceae
was the most OTU-rich family, including 12 OTUs, followed by Corticiaceae (9 OTUs),
Teratosphaeriaceae (5 OTUs), and Tricholomataceae (5 OTUs). The most frequent OTU was
Phacidiaceae sp. that was found in 90% of the samples examined, followed by
Agaricomycetes sp. (73%), Dacrymycetales sp. (71%), and two unidentified Ascomycota(67% and 69%). Of 330 OTUs, 257 were detected on three plant taxa along the primarysuccessional sere at 14, 60, and 102 years after the retreat of Robson glacier. The mean
number of OTUs was significantly lower on P. engelmanii than on D. drumandii and Salix
spp. and was significantly greater at the site 60 years after the retreat than at the site after 102
years. The OTU compositions were not significantly different among plant taxa or sites
differing in the years after glacier retreat. The mean number of OTUs was significantly andpositively correlated with C/N ratio of dead leaves, implying the litter quality control on therichness of fungal assemblages during the primary succession after the glacier retreat. A totalof 238 OTUs were detected on dead leaves of P. engermanii from five sites along theelevational gradient. The mean number of OTUs was not significantly different between fivesites, whereas the OTU compositions were significantly different between the sites, mainly
attributed to the turnover of minor OTUs with low frequencies. Our results suggested thediversity of fungal assemblages near Mount Robson were sensitive to environmental changes
that could lead to glacier retreat or shift in the elevational range. Results will also be
preliminarily given on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of fungi along the primarysuccessional and elevational gradients.
References[1] Osono T (2014) Metagenomic approach yields insights into fungal diversity and functioning. In:
Sota T, et al. (eds) Species Diversity and Community Structure. Springer in Brief, Berlin, Germany,pp. 1-23[2] Tanabe AS, Toju H (2013) Two new computational methods for universal DNA barcoding: abenchmark using barcode sequences of bacteria, archea, animals, fungi, and land plants. PLoS One
8:e76910

G05-P13

Bacteria  community  differences  between  glacier  and  glacier  foreland  soil,  and  their  transportations  in  Ny-­Ålesund,  Svalbard  
1

2

  

2

J. Uetake , M. Uchida , Y. Tobo , S. Kreidenweis1and M. Kosugi3
1
Colorado State University, USA
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Chuo University, Japan   Svalbard Archipelago is one of places, where especially affected by temperature warming
and decrease of sea ice and glacier in high latitude arctic. Large part of terrestrial area is covered
with tundra, and microbial communities and productivities on tundra ecosystem is likely to bechanged by recent environmental changes. In early succession stage of glacier foreland soil nearglacier terminus, biological soil crust (BSC), which is topsoil formed by cyanobacteria, algae
and fungi, is common and important for supplying nutriment and keeping water for settle ofvascular plant. On glacier surface, cryoconite granule, which is around 1 mm diameter granuleformed mainly by filamentous cyanobacteria, is common and important for carbon and nutrients
production. Though both environments are adjacent, and products of glacier would be supply
to glacier foreland soil by glacier terminus retreat and/or meltwater run off. However,
ecological studies focusing on the relationship between glacier and glacier foreland is still notdescribed well. In order to understand similarity and dissimilarity of bacterial community
between these two typical Arctic environments, we analyzed bacterial meta-16S rRNA gene on
glacier (Austre Brøggerbreen) and glacier foreland soil. Though bacteria communities are quite
different between glacier and glacier foreland soil, BSC and non-BSC soil near glacier terminus(120m from 2016 summer terminus: 2007 terminus) is much similar than soil far from glacier(260m: 2000 terminus). Cyanobacteria is most dominated phylum in glacier and second
dominated following proteobacteria in glacier foreland. Cyanobacteria genus Leptolyngbya ismost common cyanobacteria on glacier and top5 Leptolyngbya exact sequence variants (ESVs)
are unique only in glacier environment, otherwise some ESVs, which detected only from lower
glacier left site, are also detected in wide range of glacier foreland. In this presentation, we will
discuss more detail taxonomy relationship between glacier and glacier foreland, and also
potential dispersal processes (airborne and waterborne transportation).

Figure. Dissimilarity of bacterial communities of glacier, glacier foreland soil, sea surface andair.

G05-P14

Annual development of mat-forming filamentous algae
Tribonema sp. in hydro-terrestrial habitats in the Arctic
Matouš Jimel1,2 and Josef Elster1,3*

1

2

Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia,
Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
3

Centre for Algology, Institute of Botany, CAS, Trebon, Czech Republic

Eukaryotic algae play an important role in polar terrestrial and seasonally cold ecosystems intemperate regions. They are widespread here, including extremes, and frequently produce
visible biomass. Their combined biomass represents a sizeable pool of global fixed carbon,
influencing mineral cycling and energy flow, and affects the mineral and biologicaldevelopment. Tribonema sp. (Tribonemataceae, Xanthophyta) together with others dominants
is one of the most important component of these low temperature adapted communities. High
Arctic environment is characterized by extremely low and fluctuating temperatures, lack ofliquid water and both high and low levels of solar irradiance during summer and winter seasons.
This reflects on the viability of the Tribonema sp. populations. However, no researchconcerning the exact amounts of surviving Tribonema sp. in the High Arctic hydro-terrestrial
environment has been conducted yet. Tribonema sp. was chosen as a model eukaryotic alga due
to its significant presence in the Svalbard archipelago, where the samples were collected. Itsviability was studied in both summer and winter seasons together with whole year habitat’s
microclimatic conditions measurements. For viability measurements, a multiparameter staining
protocol was used. SYTOX green, CTC and DAPI stains were used to enable current viability
assessment using fluorescence microscopy. Although the viability in summer season was
higher, winter season viability was remarkably high with more than two thirds of studied cells
showing signs of activity after thawing. This suggests that Tribonema sp. has developed a highdegree of resistance to cryoinjuries and its populations are resilient. This research sheds somelight on the state of High Arctic algal population survival and opens new research questions in
the realm of specific ecophysiological adaptations.

G6S6-P01

The Laptev Sea Region Of Freshwater Influence:
Oceanography And Ecosystem
M. Janout1, J. Hölemann1, D. Bauch2, G. Laukert2, D. Piepenburg1, A. Novikhin3, F.
Martinov3, V. Povashny3, A. Waite1, B. Rabe1*

1

Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven,
Germany
2
GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
3
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

The Arctic Ocean ecosystems are experiencing dramatic changes, with vast seasonallyice-free waters in most of the Arctic shelf seas. The Eastern Arctic features vast shelves thatreceive enormous river runoff rates that provide a first-order contribution to the Arctic Ocean
freshwater budget. The Arctic regions of freshwater influence (ROFI) generally featureecosystems characterized by strong stratification, distinct biogeochemical signatures andfreshwater-adapted species. River water distributions are mainly controlled by summer winds,
which lead to exceptionally strong variability in the frontal zones. Detailed shipboard
expeditions to the Laptev Sea in the Siberian Arctic in 2013 and 2014 complemented byoceanographic moorings highlighted the impact of contrasting atmospheric conditions on
physical and biogeochemical processes on the shelf. Locations within the ROFI maintainedwater column stratification until spring, while waters outside the ROFI were well-mixed byearly winter. Riverine runoff is rich in CDOM and solar radiation is absorbed in the upper few
meters, which leads to enhanced warming and the concentration of chlorophyll in the surface
in the ROFI. In contrast, deep chlorophyll-maxima are found in the mid-waters outside of the
ROFI, along with higher temperatures that are maintained well into the freezing period andthus present a source of heat that can further delay freeze-up. Recent years featured early ice
break-up along with extremely warm ocean temperatures, which will be amplified under acontinuing global warming and could ultimately result in subpolar conditions in this Arctic
region. The Siberian interior shelves cannot be viewed as isolated systems, but are wellconnected through river plumes that either spread into the transpolar drift, or alternatively
propagate along the coast into the East Siberian Sea which underlines the larger-scale
importance of these vast Arctic river systems.

G6S6-P02

Oligotrophic trend in the Pacific Arctic Ocean over thelast three decades
Y.P. Zhuang1, H.Y. Jin1, 2, J.F. Chen1, 2, H.L. Li1, S.Q. Gao1, Y.C Bai1, Z.Q. Ji1, Y.J. Li1,
J. Ren1
1

Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of
Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
2State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of
Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China

Over the past three decades, the nitrate stock in the upper water column of thecnetral Arctic gradually decreased, accompany by the rapid loss of Arctic sea ice.
Nitrate in the euphotic zone is insufficient for phytoplankton growth and thus limited
the biological drawdown of CO2. The nitrate distributions at the isosurface 30 m
during 1987-1996, 1997-2006 and 2007-2014 are compared in the Arctic Ocean. The
result shows clear evident of Arctic oligotrophic trend in the past 30 years, with theaverage nitrate concentration in the Pacific Arctic sector decreased from 3.0 ± 2.0 μM
during 1987-1996 to 1.8 ± 1.3 μM during 1997-2006, and further decreased to 0.8 ±1.3 μM during 2007-2014. The combined effects of increasing freshwater discharge
and biogeochemical processes are the major causes for the oligotrophic trend.

G6S6-P03

Spring phytoplankton bloom at Bering Strait in 2017
H. Abe1*, M. Sampei1, T. Hirawake1, H. Waga1, S. Nishino2 and A. Ooki1
1

2

Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JapanThe Bering Strait, the single gateway governing water exchange between Pacific andArctic Ocean, would play a key role in understanding biological process at/around this strait,
requiring time series observation. This report presents preliminary of our analysis using satellite
observations and in-situ mooring measurement conducted from 2016 to 2017 with support from
“Arctic Challenge for Sustainability” project in Japan. Analysis of Aqua/MODIS chlorophyll aconcentration and AMSR2 sea ice concentration (SIC) indicates occurrence of spring
phytoplankton bloom as shown in a sharp peak at 130-135 Julian day, or equivalently mid May
in upper panel of Figure 1. This is seen when SIC rapidly drops from 50% to 0%, thus this canbe regarded as ice edge bloom. This mid May bloom is one month earlier than normal year
(Fujiwara et al. 2016), which is consistent with the fact that rapid retreat of sea ice is observed
around this region in spring 2017 (Thomas 2017). This bloom is also detected by mooredchlorophyll fluorescence sensor at 50 m at 120-150 Julian days as shown in lower panel of
Figure 1. However, unlike the satellite time series, spike-like peak is not discernible in this insitu data. These facts indicate the ice edge bloom at the near-surface is not the only factor thatbrings higher level of chlorophyll a concentration at the bottom, implying the presence of not
negligible contribution of northward flow that caries highly productive water from the south.

Figure 1. Time series of chlorophyll a concentration (mg m-3, solid lines) estimated from
Aqua/MODIS and moored chlorophyll fluorescence sensor together with AMSR2 sea ice
concentration (%, dashed lines) at Bering Strait in 2017.
References[1] A. Fujiwara, T. Hirawake, K. Suzuki, L. Eisner, I. Imai, S. Nishino, T. Kikuchi, and S.-I.
Saitoh, Influence of timing of sea ice retreat on phytoplankton size during marginal ice zone
bloom period on the Chukchi and Bering shelves, Biogeosciences, 13, 115-131, (2016).
[2] R. Thoman, Low se ice in the Chukchi Sea off Alaska, May 23, 2017, URL :https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/low-sea-ice-chukchi-sea-alaska

G6S6-P04

Pigment indicated Phytoplankton communities in the West
Arctic Ocean in summer season
Haiyan Jin1,2*, Yanpei Zhuang1, Hongliang Li1, Jianfang Chen1, 2,Youcheng Bai1, ZhongqiangJi1,
Yang Zhang1, Fan Gu1
1

Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, SOA, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,
Hangzhou 310012, China
2State key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics SOA, Second Institute of Oceanography,
SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China
Nutrients and photosynthesis pigments were investigated in the Western Arctic Ocean during the
Chinese Arctic Research expedition cruises in summer season. In order to get the structure ofphytoplankton communities, CHEMTAX software with pigment data was performed to estimate thecontributions of eight algal classes to the total chl a. The result showed that on the Chukchi shelf, thePacific Ocean inflow mainly controlled the chl a biomass and phytoplankton communities due to thenutrient supplement levels. High chl a was found and diatom dominated on the high nutrient Anadyr Water
and Bering Shelf Water (AnW and BSW) controlled regions, while, on the region occupied by low-nutrient
Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), the chl a biomass was low with pico- and nano- phytoplankton dominated,such as prasinophytes, chrysophytes and cryptophytes. Over the off-shelf region, the ice cover condition doa profound effect on the physical and nutrient concentrations of the water masses, in consequence had agreater impact on the structure of phytoplankton communities. Diatom dominated in ice cover region with
its contribution to chl a biomass up to 75%. Southern Canada Basin, an Ice-free Basin (IfB) with the lowest
nutrient concentrations and most freshened surface water, the lowest chl a biomass was found in the surface
water as a consequence of the depleting nutrients and strengthening stratification which impoverish theupper layer and reduce the biomass in the surface water, causing surface water "desertification".
Acknowledgement:We thank all crews of the icebreaker ‘Xuelong’ and the scientists during the
Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions for the great help in sample collection. We thank Prof.
Jinping Zhao for providing the CTD data and Dr. Wenli Zhong for Water masses comments. This study was
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos 41276198, 41076135, 41776205 ),Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programs (CHINARE
2014-03-04; CHINARE 2014-04-03).

G6S6-P05

Sea ice history of the Pacific Arctic Region: Evidence fromfossil diatom records
J. Ren1*, J.F. Chen1, 2, L.H. Ran1, H.Y. Jin1, 2, R. Wang3, Y.C. Bai1, Y.P. Zhuang1, Z.Q. Li1
1

Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography,
State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
2State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of
Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
3
Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic
Administration, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China

Arctic sea ice plays a vital role in the global climate change by its high albedo influencing
the energy balance and by preventing heat and mass exchange between ocean and atmosphere.
To understand the mechanism behind and to forecast the future environment changes, it isessential to know the past sea ice variability in the Arctic Ocean, where sea ice is undergoing
rapid retreat. However, such research in the Pacific Arctic Region (PAR) is sporadic and thus
the sea ice history in this area remains unclear.
This study aims to reconstruct the sea ice history in the PAR for the past centuries byanalyzing the diatom compositions of four multicores retrieved in the Bering and Chukchi Seas,
characterized by seasonal sea ice coverage, during the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research
Expedition (CHINARE-7) in 2016. The sea ice history is generated by the variability of the sea
ice diatoms and a diatom-based transfer function newly developed in the study area. The
sediment cores cover the last century, allowing for the comparison of the diatom based sea ice
estimates with the local and global instrumental records. Moreover, comparisons between thesea ice reconstructions derived from different proxies are also made to discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of these methods.

G6S6-P06

Settling particle flux and the possible influence of surface
atmospheric forcing in the southern Northwind Abyssal Plain
J. Onodera1*, N. Harada1, and E. Watanabe1,1Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Japan

Recent sea ice retreat and hydrographic environment change affects biogeochemical
cycles and marine ecosystems in the western Arctic Ocean. We deployed bottom-tethered
mooring with sediment trap in the southern part of Northwind Abyssal Plain (Stations NAP10t12t: 75°N 162°W, NAP13t: 74.5°N 162°W) to monitor time-series variation of settling particle
fluxes in changing hydrographic condition. Studied settling particles are usually composed ofabundant lithogenic silt-clay minerals suggesting lateral advection of shelf matters to basin. The
physical oceanic model suggested that the annual maximum of settling particles observed at
Station NAP10t in November-December 2010 reflected lateral advection of oceanic cold eddy
with shelf materials developed off the Barrow Canyon [1]. This suggests significant relationshipbetween settling particle flux and hydrographic condition of upper water masses at Station NAP.
Total mass flux at Stations NAP10t-12t ranged from 5.0 to 263.3mg m-2 day-1. Mean daily fluxof total mass at shelf side station NAP13t was 1.5 times as high as that of NAP10t-12t.
Interannual variation at the same position was observed at NAP10t-12t for three years. The
relatively low particle flux was observed in 2012 and early period of 2013. The northwardcurrent volume transport of oceanic Beaufort Gyre in the Northwind Ridge shows a delay
response to surface forcing with the time lag of about 3 years [2]. The logarithm of three months
running-mean of settling particle flux at Stations NAP10t-12t roughly corresponds to threemonths running-mean of Arctic Oscillation Index with time lag of about 30 months (r = 0.73),
although longer time-series data of settling particle flux are required to finally confirm thisrelationship. The contents of particulate organic carbon in the setting particles at NAP10t-12t,
and NAP13t ranged from 1.6 to 21.7wt%, and from 3.5 to 14.9wt%, respectively. The moleratio of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen at NAP10t-12t and NAP13t ranged from 6.2 to
11.9, and from 6.4 to 9.8wt%, respectively.

Figure 1. Settling particle flux at 186-222 m depth at Stations NAP10t-13t. The graph is accumulationof each bulk component. The black line at the top of graph shows total mass flux.
References[1] Watanabe, E., Onodera, J., et al., Nature Communications 5, (2014)[2] Yoshizawa, E., et al., Journal of Oceanography 71, (2015)

G6S6-P07

Seasonal changes in population structure of four dominant
copepods collected by a sediment trap mooredin the western Arctic Ocean
K. Tokuhiro1*, Y. Abe1, K. Matsuno2, J. Onodera3, A. Fujiwara3, N. Harada3, T. Hirawake1,
A. Yamaguchi1
1

Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Australian Antarctic Division, Australia
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Seasonal changes in abundance, population structure, lipid accumulation and gonad
maturation of four dominant copepods (Calanus hyperboreus, Metridia longa, Paraeuchaeta
glacialis, Heterorhabdus norvegicus) were assessed using zooplankton swimmer samples.
Zooplankton were collected using a sediment trap moored at a depth of 222 m in the western
Arctic Ocean from October 2010 to September 2013. Calanus hyperboreus, mostly
comprising C6F, exhibited two seasonal abundance peaks: one in April-May and another in
September-October. Calanus hyperboreus C6F samples were dominated by lipid-richspecimens year-round, and their gonadal development was observed from February to April.
Metridia longa were high in abundance in April-July. Gonad maturation of M. longa C6F
occurred in March-October, and early copepodid stages (C1-C2) occurred in SeptemberOctober. Paraeuchaeta glacialis was abundant from July to October. In contrast to theformer two species, lipid-rich, mature P. glacialis C6F occurred year-round. Heterorhabdus
norvegicus C6M also occurred throughout the year, possibly because H. norvegicus has
functional feeding appendages, even in C6M. Environmental parameters, such as ice
coverage, daylight hours, sea surface chlorophyll a, and total particulate mass fluxes, were
quantified. Among the assessed environmental parameters, daylight hours affected seasonalchanging timings of copepod abundance, population structure and life cycles the most.
Daylight

Sea ice(b) M. longa(c) P. glacialis
100

6

75

4

50

2

25

Composition (%)

Flux of C6F (ind. m −2 day −1 )(a) C. hyperboreus
8

0

0
J
■
△

F M A M J J

AFlux (3-years mean) ○Flux (2nd year)
□

S O

N D

Flux (1st year)
Flux (3rd year)J

F M A M J J

A

S O

N D

J

F M A M J J

A

S O

N D

Gonad maturation (lower panels)
Ⅰ

Ⅱ

Ⅲ

Fig. Seasonal changes in flux of adult females (C6F) and gonad maturation composition (stage
I−III) of Calanus hyperboreus (a), Metridia longa (b) and Paraeuchaeta glacialis (c) at St.
NAPt in the Chukchi Sea. Values are means of the three years (October 2010 to September2013). For comparison, seasonal timings of midnight sun (open), polar night (solid) and ice
cover (dotted, >90% sea ice concentration) are shown by bars atop abscissa.

G6S6-P08

Spatial and inter-annual changes of zooplankton community
structure in the western Arctic Ocean during summers of
2008−2015
Y. Abe1*, K. Matsuno2, A.Yamaguchi1 and T. Hirawake1
1

Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Australian Antarctic Division, Australia

Reduction of summer sea ice coverage has occurred in the western Arctic Ocean
recently. Changes in the coverage and retreat timing of sea ice are expected to have great
impact on marine ecosystem. Under such situation, inter-annual changes in spatial
distribution of zooplankton community structure have also occurred. However, little
information is available on this issue. In this study, we evaluated inter-annual changes inspatial distribution of zooplankton communities in the western Arctic Ocean during summersof 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Zooplankton samples were collected by verticalhauls of a NORPAC net (mouth diameter 45 cm, mesh size 335 µm) from 150 m (for stations
with >150 m bottom depth) or 5 m above the bottom (for stations with <150 m bottom depth)
to the sea surface at 22−63 stations in the western Arctic Ocean during 29 August−13 Octoberof 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. At each station, temperature and salinity were
measured with a CTD. Zooplankton samples were immediately preserved with 5% bufferedformalin. In the land laboratory, wet masses of zooplankton samples were measured, andenumeration and species (for calanoid copepods, copepodid stage) identification were madeunder stereomicroscope. Based on zooplankton abundance, cluster analyses (Bray-Curtis
connected with UPGMA) were made. Species diversities (H’) were also calculated based on
zooplankton abundance. Through the whole period, zooplankton abundance ranged between
2889 and 274021 ind. m−2, and was greater in the shelf region. Zooplankton biomass ranged
from 1 to 263 g WM m−2, and showed similar spatial pattern with the abundance distribution
pattern. Based on cluster analysis, four zooplankton communities; termed Basin, Shelf
Break, Northern Shelf and Shelf were identified.
Horizontal distribution of eachzooplankton community was well corresponded with the depth. Copepod species diversity
was high at Shelf, Shelf Break and Basin, while was low in the Northern Shelf. Horizontal
distribution of Shelf community varied with year. Shelf community was characterized byhigh abundance of the Pacific species, especially copepod Metridia pacifica, whichtransported from Bering Sea. These results suggest that the earlier sea ice reduction may
enhance transportation of the warm Pacific Water which provide more Pacific species andinduce high species diversity in the western Arctic Ocean.

G6S6-P09

Horizontal and vertical distribution of
appendicularian community and population structurein the Bering and Chukchi Seas during summer of 2007
M. Maekakuchi1＊, Y. Abe1, K. Matsuno2, T. Hirawake1 and A. Yamaguchi1
1

Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2Australian Antarctic Division, Australia

Horizontal and vertical distribution of appendicularian community and population
structure of dominant species in the southeastern and northern Bering Sea shelf and Chukchi
Sea were studied during summer of 2007. Results were compared with those in 1983-1996,
and their feeding impact was also calculated. Oikopleura vanhoeffeni was the dominant
species in this region, and stage I with smaller tail length (TL) specimens (< 2 mm) were
dominated. Mean daily clearance rate was at 16.4 ml ind.-1 day-1, which corresponded as
population daily clearance rate on water column at 0.003-25.5% day-1. Dominance of stage I
and smaller TL specimens suggest that main spawning of O. vanhoeffeni was occurred before
summer in 2007. On the other hand, large-sized individuals (>14 mm TL) dominated in
1983-1996. Considering the generation length of O. vanhoeffeni (ca. one year), main
spawning of O. vanhoeffeni would not occurred before summer for 1983-1996, thus, large
individuals were dominated. In 2007, O. vanhoeffeni considered to have spawning earlier,then newly-recruited small individuals would occur numerically. Recently, the timing of sea
ice retreat is becoming earlier in this region, and the fastest ice-free timing was reported for2007. The earlier sea ice retreat may induce faster timing of primary production and otherbiological phenology. Thus, early spawning of O. vanhoeffeni in 2007 may considered toinduce dominance of smaller specimens at that year.

Figure. Location of sampling stations (left) and tail length and gonad maturation frequenciesof Oikopleura vanhoeffeni at upper (U) and lower (L) layer of each station (right).

G6S6-P10

Nitrogen isotope ratio of Amino acid in zooplankton,
Calanus Hyperboreus in the Western Arctic Ocean, as a
Biogeotracer.
H.M.Won1*, B.H.Choi1, M.S.Kim2, H.S.Yu3, S.Y.Ha4, S.H.Kang4, K.H.Shin1
1

Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University,
Korea
2
Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environment
al Research, Ministry of Environment, Korea
3
Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Korea
4
Marine Ecosystem & Environmental Change, Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea

Nitrogen stable isotope ratio is regarded as nitrogen tracers in the ocean. Recently,
nitrogen stable isotope ratio of amino acid in zooplankton, Calanus Hyperboreus isused as alternative nitrogen tracer, since nitrogen isotope ratio of source amino acidin large zooplankton provides time integrated nitrogen source information.
In this study, we characterized various water mass in the western Arctic Ocean usi
ng oxygen stable isotope ratio of seawater and analyzed nitrogen stable isotope ratioof amino acid in the zooplanktons to identify variation in the nitrogen source amo
ng the different water masses. Based on the salinity, the study areas are classified as the Bering Sea (31.85±0.62 psu), the Chukchi Sea (25.17±1.17 psu) and the East
Siberian Sea (27.42±0.77 psu). Also, the oxygen isotope ratio in the Chukchi Sea (–3.98±0.41‰) and the East Siberian Sea (–2.86±0.47‰) are seemed to be more aff
ected by meteoric water than the Bering Sea(–1.80±0.51‰).
The nitrogen isotope ratios of bulk tissue in zooplankton were similar between the
Chukchi Sea (11.28±0.6‰) and the East Siberian Sea (11.23±0.24‰), while it show
ed relatively lighter value (10.09±1.53‰) in the Bering Sea. Meanwhile, nitrogen isotope ratios of phenylalanine, as a representative source amino acid indicates genera
lly lighter nitrogen isotope ratio, showing different values in the Bering Sea (5.24±0.57‰), the Chukchi Sea (5.77±1.73‰) and the East Siberian Sea (6.32±1.67‰).
In the present study, the differences in the nitrogen isotope ratios among various w
ater mass, might be correlated with the influences of meteoric water, which is close
ly related to the enhanced freshening by sea ice melting as well as river discharge
in the western Arctic Ocean. These results can provide useful information to unders
tand nitrogen cycles in the Arctic Ocean.

G6S6-P11

The Pacific Arctic Region: A Window into Shifting Benthic
Populations in Response to Ecosystem Change
J.M. Grebmeier
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA
A key ecological organizing principle for the northern Bering Sea and the adjoining
southern Chukchi Sea in the Pacific Arctic is that the shallow, seasonally productive waters leadto strong coupling of spring-summer pelagic production to the underlying sediments as sea ice
retreats. Both in situ production and advection of upstream phytodetritus to these regions support
persistent biological hotspots that connect benthic prey to diving marine mammals and seabirds,
such as gray whales, walruses, and spectacled eiders. Times-series data over the last 30 years
indicate that these regions have experienced a northward shift in macrofaunal composition and a
decline in core benthic biomass that matches patterns of reduced sea ice, warming seawater, andchanging sediment grain size that relates to varying current patterns. This presentation will
discuss these data in the context of both process studies from the region and results from theDistributed Biological Observatory (DBO), an international network of time series transects thatis providing a framework to evaluate status and trends on a latitudinal bases in the Pacific Arctic
region.

G6S6-P12

Hyperborean microphytobenthos (Vaucheria sp.)of coastal tidal flats, central Svalbard
Claude-Eric Souquieres1, Jana Kvíderová1, Josef Elster1,2*

1

Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia,
Ceske Budejovice
2

Centre for Algology, Institute of Botany, Trebon, Czech Republic

Arctic tidal flats are unique habitats with frequent disturbance of the seabed and random
recolonization of very unstable fine sediment. Adventfjorden tidal flat, located near
Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen) is a unique area where these processes occur. Main component of
microphytobenthos carpet in this tidal flat is microalga Vaucheria sp. (Vaucheriaceae,
Xanthophyceae), which cover here large area of several hectares. In 2016 and 2017 we have
performed measurements of photosynthetic activity of Vaucheria sp. in two types of
microcosmos as well in situ using variable chlorophyll fluorescence and gasometry approaches.
These ecophysiological measurements were followed by detail ecological study (morphologicaland molecular diversity of Vaucheria sp., their area distribution, impact of tide and distancefrom sea on Vaucheria sp. distribution together with chemical and physical water and sedimentecological properties). This community of tidal flats in central Svalbard represent theobservation of long-term sediment stabilization and biological enrichment of high Arctic tidalzone.

G6S6-P13

Fate of particulate matter in the epi-benthic layer aroundthe Bering Strait during autumn
M. Sampei1*, H. Abe1, S. Nishino2, A. Ooki1, H. Waga3 and T. Hirawake1
1

Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
3
Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
2

Bering Strait is a gateway between the Arctic and the Pacific waters. Geographic andoceanographic features such as bathymetry and primary productivity differ between Pacific side
(Bering Shelf and southern Chukchi Sea) and Arctic side (northern Chukchi Sea and Arctic
Basin). The Pacific side shows generally shallower bathymetry (<70 m) and higher primary
productivity (>800 g C m-2 yr.-1 [1]) than the Arctic side. Although ecological andbiogeochemical importance of particle transportation between these waters, little attention has
been paid to quantify the transportation processes from south (i.e., Pacific side) to north (i.e.,
Arctic side). To quantify the processes, we deployed two mooring observatories equipped withan Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and a fluorescence/turbidity/temperature sensor
at 65° 4' N, 169° 38' W (south of the Bering Strait) and 66° 16' N, 168° 54' W (north of theBering Strait). Those oceanographic instruments were set at 3 m above the bottom. An averaged
turbidity (FTU) at northern site was higher (4.5) than at southern site (2.5), although anaveraged chlorophyll concentration was equivalent between those two sites (1.1 mg m-3).
Current speed at northern site (10–80 cm s-1) was higher than southern site (10–40 cm s-1).
These results suggest a difference in process of horizontal particle transportation between thetwo study sites. The possible processes are 1) re-suspended particles from the sea bottom andsinking/suspended particles from surface layers were horizontally transported northward at thenorthern site and 2) less sediment re-suspension occurred and sinking/suspended particles fromthe sea surface were horizontally transported to northward at the southern site.

-3

40

Northern site

6

30

4

20

2

10

0

0

8

40

Southern site

6

30

4

20

2

10

0

Sept., 2016

Oct., 2016

Nov., 2016

Turbidity (FTU)

Chlorophyll a (mg m )80

Fig. Temporal variabilities of chlorophyll a (black line) and turbidity (gray line) at 3 m above
the bottom in waters around the Bering Strait.
Reference[1] E. Sakshaug, Primary and secondary production in the Arctic Seas, In: Stein R,
Macdonald RW (eds) The organic carbon cyclein the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Berlin, pp 57–
81 (2004)

G6S6-P14
Cancelled

G09-P01

Applying national climate scenario: future hot weather projection andits population exposure in South Korea.
C. Shim1* and J. Han1
1

Korea Environment Institute, South Korea

Heat waves, often caused by consecutive severe hot weather events, are responsible for the
majority of the medical costs associated with climate change in South Korea. In this study, we
obtained a regional climate change scenario (RCP4.5) for South Korea, with a 7.5 × 7.5 km
horizontal resolution and extending up to 2100, by dynamically downscaling from the resultsof the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model. We analyzed hot weather events (daily maximum temperature greater than
33℃) in the summer season (June–August), with a focus on changes in their extent andfrequency. According to our analysis, the area exposed to hot weather events in August will
expand to cover ~70% of the nation in the middle of this century, with a rate of increase of
0.24% per year. We calculated the population exposed to hot weather events in Korea,
considering both the spatial coverage and the number of event days, and the population
exposure was projected to increase almost three-fold (from 26% of the national population
during the 2010s to 72% during the 2090s). In particular, the exposure of the elderly
population (>65 years old), who are particularly vulnerable, was expected to rapidly increase,with ~22% of the national population (~10.4 million over 65-year-olds) affected in the middleof this century when we considered the future projection of rapid population aging in Korea.
Our projection of extensive hot weather events starting from the middle of the 21st century
suggests the need for urgent government long-term measures and enforcement to ensure an
early response to extreme weather events in Korea.

G09-P02

Daggers and the Change in Value of Copper:
An Analysis of Northern Athabascan Culture from the 18th
to 20th Century
H. Noguchi1*, S. Kondo2
1

2

Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples, Japan
Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University, JapanY-shaped daggers (Fig.1) are attributed to 18th-20th Century’s Athabascan/Dene cultures.
Almost all these daggers were made from copper and iron. Sometimes, a wooden pole was
attached to them to make a bear hunting spear.
In this study, we investigate the distribution and usage of such daggers. In relation to
distribution, we will point out the possibility that the Hare (especially K’asho Gotine Dene
Band) may have used them. Previous studies [1, 2] have not mentioned it. We also discuss suchdaggers as prestige goods in addition to their practical advantage as a hunting implement.
Researchers of indigenous North American metallurgy have already suggested that bothpracticality and prestige were attributed to Athabascan copper artifacts in general until former
half of the 20th century [3]. The previous studies tend to focus on copper as trade items when
they discuss prestige of such items. In this study, we argue that Athabascan copper daggers canbe considered as practical-yet-prestigious goods not only because copper was one of theirvaluable trade items but also because it enabled people to hunt grizzly bears and otherpotentially dangerous animals. In many Athabascan societies, where hunting and fishing areprimary modes of subsistence, traditional spear hunting of grizzly bears used to bring a fame tosuccessful hunters, and it was the Y-shaped handle of copper daggers that ensured the bear
hunter’s safety.
Finally we analyze the change in value of copper from the viewpoint of fur trade between
Euro-American/Canadian and indigenous peoples.

Figure 1. Y-Shaped Copper Daggers and Sealskin Sheath:
Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples, No. H3.10, H2.127.2
References[1] E.S. Rogers, An Athapaskan Type of Knife, Anthropology Papers of the National Museumof Canada, 9:1-16(1965)[2] U.van Kampen, History of Yukon First Nations Art, Doctoral thesis, Leiden University(2012)[3] H.K. Cooper, Innovation and Prestige among Northern Hunter-Gatherers: Late Prehistoric
Native Copper Use in Alaska and Yukon, American Antiquity 77(3):565-16(2012)

G09-P03

Investigation for annual route changes of reindeer
migration in Siberia using satellite remote sensing
Genta Suzuki1*, Takeru Sakka1, Tatsuya Tashiro1, Hiroshi Kawamata1,2, Shirow Tatsuzawa3,
Nobuyasu Naruse1,2,4and Yukihiro Takahashi1,51

2

Global Science Campus, Hokkaido Univ.
Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido Univ.
3
Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido Univ.
4
Shiga University of Medical Science.
5
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Univ.

Hunting of wild reindeer has been important to nomads living in the Arctic Circle around
Siberia. Wild reindeer have a recurrent migration every year, however, the annual travel-routehas been changing recently, so the nomads cannot expect the route in their traditional
experience. One of authors (Tatsuzawa) has investigated the route by installing GPS transmitterto some reindeer. Previous works indicated that the reason of the annual route changes must bea global warming, forest fires, thunders, and floods, but they only discuss based on
measurements in specific area. The main reason of the route changes, however, remain unclear.
The purpose of this study is to investigate using satellite remote sensing why the reindeer
inhabiting the Siberia alter the travel route annually. We focus on 1) the annual change ofvegetation (NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index) around Lena river, and on 2) the
annual change of soil water content (mNDWI: modified normalized difference water index)
which can reflect the precipitation of the area. First, we analyzed NDVI using MODIS images
that can be observed over a wide area, filmed in July and August; the reindeer started to travelin 2010. We have compared the seasonal changes of the NDVI/ mNDWI images with the trace
obtained by GPS data from 2010 to 2012.
Acknowledgements: This work is supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency.
We extend appreciation P. Gudeangadi (Hokkaido Univ.), and K. Oda (Hokkaido Univ.).

Figure 1. mNDWI/NDVI mapping around Lena River, Siberia on August 29th
References[1] Nancy H. Bigelow, et, Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 1. Vegetation changes
north of 55°N between the last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene, and present (2003)

G09-P04

International Cooperative Study and Actions forConservation of Asian Black Brant Branta bernicla orientalis
Y. Sawa1*, T. Ikeuchi2, S. Tatsuzawa3, I. Bysykatova4, D. Ward5, C. Lei6, K. Ushiyama7,
T. Shimada8, C. Tamura9, A. Ishioroshi10, A. Isaev4 and M. Uchida11
1

Birdlife International Tokyo, Japan
Head Office of Foster A Goose Program, Japan
3
Graduate School of Letters/Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
5
Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, USA
6
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
7
Miyajima-numa Wetland Center, Japan
8
Izunuma-Uchinuma Env. Fundation, Japan
9
Niigata Wetlands Network, Japan
10
Notsuke Peninsular Nature Center, Japan
11
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2

Asian Black Brant Branta bernicla orientalis is relatively small population and poorly
studied. There are few information about the breeding site, staging site and also migratoryroute. In order to achieve the conservation of Asian Black Brant and their habitat, it isessential to understand the life history and migratory strategy and also identify theinternational important sites. On the assumption of contributing the development ofInternational Single Species Action Plan (SSAP) for Asian Black Brant, following items werediscussed in the meeting. 1. Summarize the issues for Asian Black Brant population(s). 2.
Identify the required research and actions. 3. Develop the cooperative research.
As results of our exchanges of information and discussions, the following threats ofAsian Brant goose were clarified. As for the breeding area, impacts from the climate change
and hunting pressure in Russia. In its staging area, they have impacts from spring and autumn
hunting in Russia. As for wintering sites, development of coastal area especially in westernpart of Korean and China have occurred, although important wintering sites have not
identified yet. So we must collect more information about threats in each area and compile in
SSAP.
To conserve Asian population, it is essential to identify the population structure ofthem. Need to promote the cooperative research to improve the understanding of migratory
ecology and develop the conservation actions under the cooperation among relevant countries
such as bilateral meeting. To clarify the conservation unit and promote the appropriate
management through relevant country determine the conservation unit for Asian population.
This would also contribute to solve the Taxonomical issue about B. b. orientalis.

G09-P06

The Finns in Siberia in 1917:
Collaboration and Inclusiveness in the Community-Driven
Heritage Project
V. Peemot1*
1University of Helsinki, FinlandThis paper is a report on the research project which revives the heritage of the Finnish
Geological Expedition in Siberia in 1917. The paper aims to highlight the role ofinclusiveness and collaboration in the project which was originated not in the museum
depositories, but in a community of people who are connected to the century old story
through family ties or landscapes. The main applied data collection method is the participant
observation aided with the diachronic construction of landscape narratives that are based on
the photographs—archival and current-day—and envoiced as stories of the expedition
members (from publications, diaries, and memories of their family members) and of people
who inhabit the same places today.
The photographic archive of the expedition, diaries and reports of participants arevaluable for a detailed account on history, geography and ethnography of encountered peoples
and places. Equally interesting is the process of acquisition of the archive by the expedition in1917 and repatriation of indigenous knowledge which is embodied in this archive a century
later; the process which benefits both home and host communities in the case of this particular
heritage project.

Figure 1. Carl-Johan Lindén stands next to the photograph of his father Erik Lindén which
was taken in Siberia in 1917. Photograph by Stanislav Krupar, Czech.

S1-P01

Atmospheric water cycles in the Arctic and Antarctic
during the past four decades
K. Oshima1* and K. Yamazaki2
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
Hokkaido University, Japan

Atmospheric water cycles over the Arctic and Antarctic have been investigated in theprevious studies and there are some similarity and dissimilarity in the two polar regions. The
Arctic and Antarctic are areas of moisture flux convergence through the year. That is, theprecipitation (P) exceeds the evaporation (E) and the net precipitation (P-E) is positive. As aresult, the atmospheric moisture transport is a primary input of water into the polar regions.
Meanwhile the climatological seasonal cycles of P-E over the both regions are dominated bytransient moisture flux associated with cyclone activities, the interannual variations aregoverned by the stationary flux associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Antarctic
Oscillation (AAO). In addition, recent climate changes influence the polar water cycles. Our
analyses using an atmospheric reanalysis up to recent years indicated that there were no
significant long-term changes in the poleward moisture transport into both the Arctic andAntarctic during 1979-2016 (Fig. 1, [1]). On the other hand, the water vapor (precipitable water)
were clearly increasing over the Arctic and gradually decreasing over the Antarctic during thesame period. As expected, the increasing trend of water vapor was due to the large warming
over the Arctic. There were two reasons for the gradually decreasing trend of water vapor over
the Antarctic. The first one was the positive trend of AAO in summer and the second was
deepening trend of the Amundsen low in autumn. The trends in water vapor and temperature
further suggest that both polar regions were getting dryer in several seasons, while it needs tobe examined using other dataset.

Figure 1 Time series of annual
mean zonal mean poleward
moisture flux (black line withcrosses, kg/m/s, left axis) and
precipitable water (gray line,
mm, right axis) from 1979 to2016 over (a) the Arctic and (b)the Antarctic. These results are
based on ERA-Interim. Adaptedfrom Oshima and Yamazaki(2017)

References[1] K. Oshima, K. Yamazaki, Atmospheric hydrological cycles in the Arctic and Antarctic
during the past four decades, submitted to Czech Polar Reports (2017)

S1-P02

Maintenance mechanism of a long-lasting polar low
observed over the Barents Sea in January 2011
A. Manda1*, 5, T. Mitsui2, 5, J. Inoue2, 3, M. E. Hori4,
K. Kawamoto5 and K. K. Komatsu1
1

Mie University, JapanThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
5
Nagasaki University, Japan
2

This study documents the life cycle of an unusually long-lasting polar low (PL) observedin January 2011, through a comprehensive analysis of in situ shipboard measurements, satellite
and reanalysis products, and numerical simulations. Figure 1 shows a sequence of cloud top
pressure levels overlaid on sea level pressure. The PL lasted for more than 3 days, which was
atypical, since only 10% of PLs lasted more than 1 day [1]. The maintenance mechanism of thisPL was analyzed, with special emphasis on condensational heating and related moisture supply.
During the development phase, strong condensational heating extended from the low to theupper troposphere and reached its maximum in the middle troposphere. Horizontal moisturetransport accompanied with northward migration of a preceding low was important during thisphase. During the mature phase, however, low-level clouds played a significant role inmaintaining the PL. Evaporation from the sea surface compensated moisture loss caused bydivergence of the horizontal moisture transport, and was essential for the moisture supply. The
simulated PL decayed rapidly when surface evaporation was switched off after the development
phase. These results indicate that increases in horizontal moisture transport and surface
evaporation in the Arctic have the potential to affect the lifetime of PLs.

Figure 1. Cloud top pressure level (areas shown in color) overlaid on sea level pressure(contours) in hPa at around (a) 21/12:00, (b) 22/18:00, and (b) 24/12:00.
This work was supported in part by Arctic Challenge for Sustainability and the Japan
Society for Promotion for Science through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (17H02958,
16H04046, and 16H01844).
Reference[1] J.E. Smirnova, P.A. Golubkin, L.P. Bobylev LP, E.V. Zabolotskikh, B. Chapron, Polarlow climatology over the Nordic and Barents seas based on satellite passive microwave data.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (2015)

S7S8-P01

Navigable speed related to ice condition along the Northern
Sea Route
N.Otsuka1*, K. Izumiyama2 and K.Tateyama3
1
2

Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Japan
Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Japan
3
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

ARC5 & PC6
ARC6

0

50
100
150
200
Ice thickness (m)× Ice concentration(%)

Figure 1. Ship speed and ice condition

Ship speed (knot)

Ship speed (knot)

So far, many ice class cargo vessels have sailed the NSR, some were under icebreakersupport and some were independently. Authors investigated those sailing records bymonitoring satellite AIS. And ice concentration along the actual sailing route was detected bysatellite monitoring[1]. Ice thickness along the sailing route was also investigated by using
TOPAZ4[2] data assimilation database. The sailing speed varies widely but envelope line ofsailing speed correlate with the product of ice concentration and ice thickness(Figure 1).
Based on this, authors examined the “Ice Index”, which is a parameter of which
Yamaguchi[3] advanced based on the “Ice Numeral” of Transport Canada[4]. In calculating
the Ice Index, surface average temperature was retrieved from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1[5],but multi-year ice and ice ridge factors were neglected. As a result, Ice Index and envelope ofsailing speed showed good relationship. This could be an estimation method for navigablespeed in ice infested waters.
This study has been carried out under the support of ArCS and GI-CoRE(Hokkaido
University).
ARC5&PC6
ARC6
model

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

independent

icebreaker supported
-40

-30

-20

-10
0
Ice Index

10

20

30

Figure 2 Ship speed and Ice Index

References[1] VISION, the Arctic Data archive System (ADS), the National Institute of Polar Research,https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/kiwa/Vision.action[2] P. Sakov, F. Counillon, L. Bertino, K. A. Lisæter, P. R. Oke, and A. Korablev, TOPAZ4: an
ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic, Ocean Science, 633-656,(2012)[3] Yamaguchi, H., Experimental voyage through Northern Sea Route, The Proceedings of INSROP
Symposium Tokyo 95’, SHIP AND OCEAN FOUNDATION, (1995)[4] Transport Canada, The Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS)[5] NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1, NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, Web site at
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/

S7S8-P02

Development of Online Arctic Sea Route Search System
on ADS
T. Sugimura1*, T. Terui1, H. Yabuki1 and H. Yamaguchi3
1
2

Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Department of System Innovation School of Engineering, Tokyo University, Japan

In recently years, the amount of sea-ice extent in the Arctic region has decreased
drastically. The period when ships can cruise in the Arctic Ocean is becoming longer, andcommercial use of the Arctic Route has attracted much attention. However, a possible routedepends on the distribution of sea ice, and when the selection of a route is mistaken, there isalso a risk of leading to a serious accident. For this reason, prediction of a suitable icenavigation system is required for ship operation. For the purpose to realize the use of the
Arctic Sea Route, a research group in Yamaguchi Laboratory studies the optimum route
search [1-3](Choi et al. 2014, Nakano 2015, Yamaguchi 2015). In the study, efficient search
program using heuristic path planning algorithms was developed, and ship navigation support
system was built.
In this paper, as a part of data utilization of ADS (Arctic Data archive System), we
implemented the route search system that can be easily used by anyone. By using this system,
the optimal route search can be performed only by the easy operation from a web screen, andit becomes possible to make the cruise plan based on that result.

Figure 1. Example route search calculation results.
References[1] M. Choi, J. Chung, H. Yamaguchi and K. Nakagawa, Arctic sea route path planning basedon an uncertain ice prediction model, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 109 (2014),
61-69. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.10.001[2] Y. Nakano, Y, Study on route optimization in the Northern Sea Route, Master thesis andabstract of Graduate school of frontier science, The University of Tokyo, (2015)[3] H. Yamaguchi, Y. Nakano, Navigation support system in icy water, GRENE Arctic
Climate Change Research Project 2nd Special seminar "Towards the sustainable use
implementation of the Arctic Ocean", (2015)

S09-P01

Activities of the Polar Environment Data Science Center
Akira Kadokura1*
1

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Research Organization of Information and systems,
Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Japan

Polar Environment Data Science Center (PEDSC) has been established in the Joint
Support-Center for Data Science Research (DS) of the Research Organization of Informationand Systems (ROIS) in 2017. Purpose of the PEDSC is to promote collaboration with andeffective utilization of the data obtained by the research activities in the polar regions, and toplay a role as a center of the data activities of polar science to contribute to the global
environment research. Activity of the PEDSC is closely related with the research activities of
the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) in the Antarctic and Arctic regions in various
research fields of Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Glaciology,
Geoscience, and Bioscience. Various data have been obtained by such various activities invarious forms as digital sequential data, material samples, image data, etc., and have beenrecorded, stored, and archived in various databases in various forms. One of the first targets of
the PEDSC is to survey the current status of the various databases and construct a synthetic
database to access to the various databases easily, and to open the various data to users
obviously. In our presentation, an abstract of the activities of the PEDSC now and in future will
be introduced.

S09-P02

Introduction on “Polar Data Journal”
Akira Kadokura1,2*, Yasuyuki Minamiyama2, Masaki Kanao1,2, Takeshi Terui2,
Hironori Yabuki1,2, Kazutsuna Yamaji3
1

Research Organization of Information and systems, Joint Support-Center for Data Science
Research, Polar Environment Data Science Center2
National Institute of Polar Research3
National Institute of Informatics

The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) has launched Polar Data Journal, a newdata journal in January, 2017. Polar Data Journal is a free-access and peer-reviewed online
journal. It is dedicated to publishing original research data/datasets, furthering the reuse of highquality data for the benefit to polar sciences.
Polar Data Journal aims to cover a broad range of research disciplines involving polar
regions, especially the earth sciences and life sciences domain. The journal primarily publishes
data papers, which provide detailed descriptions of research data/datasets (e.g., Methods, Data
Records, and Technical Validation). It is not required that the data papers published in thisjournal depict any new scientific findings; hence, the journal also welcomes submissions
describing valuable existing data/datasets that have not been published to date.
Some key features of the new journal are as follows:- Polar Data Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that aims to provide high-quality data to
researchers.
- It is a free-access journal.
- Polar Data Journal is thoroughly edited using an online editing system for quick
publishing.
- The journal content is reviewed by an editing committee, which will disclose thereviewer's reports in each article of a volume.
The platform of Polar Data Journal is powered by WEKO (JAIRO Cloud), which isdeveloped and operated by the National Institute of Informatics (NII), Japan.
For more information, please visit https://pdr.repo.nii.ac.jp.

S09-P03

Operation of the infrastructure system in Arctic Dataarchive System
T. Terui1*, T. Sugimura1 and H. Yabuki1.2
1

Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
Research Organization of Information and Systems, Japan

In the Arctic Environmental Observation Center in the National Institute of Polar Research,
operations began on the Arctic Data archive System (ADS) in March 2012. ADS has deployed a various Web
services to promote the mutual use of scientific data and developped new Web applications since 2012. We
also operate ADS’s infrastracture system including the system update, renewal the hardware, and installing
software. The infrastracture system has been used mainly the open source software, and theseenvironment has been built on the virtual environment by XenServer. These hardware is thex86 PC server machine. We maintenace the system with the regulaly software updatea, regulaly
backup, and monitoring with security. The hardware has the function of the availability andredundancy, because we are focus on the reliability of the system. In this 5 years, ADS has benn
operated without major trouble or failure. But there are some small faults and problems of thesystem. In our presentation, we want to introduce the current status of ADS’s infrastracture
system, and provide the case study information for handling scientific data.

S09-P04

IUGONET Tools and Services forUpper Atmospheric Research
Y.-M. Tanaka1,2,3*, N. Umemura4, A.Shinbori4, S. Abe5, M. Nosé6, and S.UeNo7
1

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and System, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Japan
4
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
5
International Center for Space Weather Science and Education, Kyushu University, Japan
6
Graduate School of Science, Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism,
Kyoto University, Japan
7
Graduate School of Science, Kasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University, Japan
We introduce the activity of Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation
NETwork (IUGONET) project [1], which is a Japanese inter-university project to develop theinfrastructure for upper atmospheric research and promote interdisciplinary study. The project
was established in 2009 by Tohoku University, Nagoya University, Kyoto University, Kyushu
University, and National Institute of Polar Research, which have been conducting the groundbased network observations of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the Sun, and Planets.
We present the analysis software [2] and metadata database for the upper atmosphericdata, developed by the IUGONET project. Our data analysis software is based on Space Physics
Environment Data Analysis Software (SPEDAS), which is a grass-roots software written byInteractive Data Language (IDL) and was originally developed by scientists and programmersof the Space Sciences Laboratory at the UC Berkeley, the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary
Physics (IGPP) at UCLA and other contributors. Since it can deal with various kinds of datafrom multiple satellite and ground-based missions, it is suitable for interdisciplinary study likethe complex Earth’s upper atmosphere. The metadata database, named IUGONET Type-A,
provides one-stop web service for researchers to search data, get the information of data
(metadata), view plots of data, find interesting phenomena, and interactively plot data with
SPEDAS. In addition, it shows how to analyze the data and smoothly leads users to moredetailed data analysis using SPEDAS. We regularly have data analysis workshops in Japan andsometimes in other countories to explain how to use our data and tools.
References[1] Hayashi, H., Y. Koyama, T. Hori, Y. Tanaka, S. Abe, A. Shinbori, M. Kagitani, T. Kouno,
D. Yoshida, S. UeNo, N. Kaneda, M. Yoneda, N. Umemura, H. Tadokoro, T. Motoba andIUGONET project team, Inter-university Upper Atmosphere Global Observation NETwork(IUGONET), Data Sci. J., 12, WDS179-WDS184, doi: 10.2481/dsj.WDS-030, 2013[2] Tanaka, Y., A. Shinbori, T. Hori, Y. Koyama, S. Abe, N. Umemura, Y. Sato, M. Yagi, S.
Ueno, A. Yatagai, Y. Ogawa and Y. Miyoshi, Analysis software for upper atmospheric data
developed by the IUGONET project and its application to polar science, Adv. Polar Sci., 24,
231-240, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1085.2013.00231, 2013

January 17

Poster session
G3
Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverG4
Ice Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores

G7
Geospace

G8
Policies and Economy

S2
Synergies for "New Arctic" Climate Prediction, Observation and Modeling

S4
Biogeochemical Cycles and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems under
ArcticWarming

S5
Synoptic Arctic Survey – An Ocean Research Program for the Future

S14
Synthesizing Local Interactions between Permafrost and Human Societies

G03-P01

Predicting the effects of climate change on stream watertemperatures across pan-Arctic river networks: aconservation perspective
J. Garcia Molinos*, K. Christoffersen2 and J. Culp3
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
University of Copenhagen, Denmark3
Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada

Climate change has already altered the distribution of species globally, resulting in thereshuffling of biodiversity across ecosystems, with far-reaching impacts on ecosystem
functioning and human well-being. A process that is most likely to accelerate into the future.
Anticipating such responses is crucial for improving adaptive conservation and management.
Freshwater systems are disproportionately important both as a resource and ecological asset.
Further, because of their linear dendritic arrangement, they are particularly exposed to theimpacts of climate change. This situation is especially acute in the Arctic, where warming trends
are currently more than doubling those at lower latitudes, and river networks drain northwards
limiting elevational responses to the effects of warming. To date, however, no global
assessment of the threats of climate change to Arctic rivers has been attempted. Here, we
introduce a recently started collaborative effort to address this issue. Regional air-water transfer
models, based on temperature data from hundreds of stream monitoring stations and catchmentlevel environmental predictors linked to heat transfer processes in streams, and downscaled
climate projections will be used to predict future climatic changes seamlessly across the PanArctic river networks (Fig. 1). Summarized in the form of easy-to-interpret and ecologicallymeaningful climatic metrics, this information will be then assessed regarding the potential
sensitivity of Arctic rivers given their current biodiversity, conservation (existing network ofprotected areas) and management (CAFF biomonitoring network) status.

Figure 1. (a) Studied Pan-Arctic watersheds and network of monitoring stations (points on the map) used for thedevelopment of regional air-water temperature predictive models. (b) Predicted against observed mean monthly
stream water temperatures during the ice-free season by a cross-validated multiple regression model using air
temperature, month, latitude, elevation, distance from coast, Strahler stream order, permafrost dominance andglacier influence as predictors. (c) An example of the metrics that will be used for projecting reach-scale changes
in climatic conditions within each river network (Dvina River watershed darkened in a): the velocity of climatechange gives the rate of movement of isotherms along streams. Changes (1960-1990 to 2041-2060) projected for
the RCP8.5 high-emission scenario (MIROC5 model).

G03-P02

Long-term trends of snow cover extent and duration in the
Northern Hemisphere derived from imagery collected bypolar orbiting optical satellites
M. Hori1*, K. Sugiura2, K. Kobayashi3, T. Aoki4,5, T. Tanikawa5, M. Niwano5,and H. Enomoto6,7
1

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
2
University of Toyama, Japan
3
Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan, Japan
4
Okayama University, Japan
5
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
6
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
7
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Japan
Long-term trends of snow cover extent (SCE) and duration (SCD) in the Northern
Hemisphere (NH) were derived from the application of a consistent objective snow cover
mapping algorithm to satellite-borne optical sensors (NOAA/AVHRR and NASA’s opticalsensor MODIS) from 1982 to the present. We estimated NH SCE (hereafter JASMES SCE)
from weekly composited snow cover maps and evaluated the accuracies of snow coverdetection using in-situ snow data obtained from two data sources: Global Historical Climate
Network-Daily (GHCND) data provided by NOAA/NCDC and the Russian in-situ snow survey
data from the Former Soviet Union. As benchmark SCE product, we also evaluated the accuracyof SCE maps from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Data Record(NOAA-CDR) product. The evaluation showed that JASMES SCE has more temporally stableaccuracies. Seasonally averaged SCE derived from JASMES exhibited negative slopes in allseasons which is opposite to those of NOAA-CDR SCE in the fall and winter seasons. The
spatial pattern of annual snow cover duration (SCD) trends exhibited noticeable asymmetricpattern between continents with the largest negative trends over a month/three decades seen
over western Eurasia.
Winter: DJF
Spring: MAM

Autumn: SON
Summer: JJA

Figure 1. Time series of seasonally averaged NH SCE derived from JASMES (solid lines)
and NOAA-CDR (broken lines)
References[1] M. Hori, K. Sugiura, K. Kobayashi, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, H.
Enomoto, A 38-year (1978–2015) Northern Hemisphere daily snow cover extent productderived using consistent objective criteria from satellite-borne optical sensors, Remote
Sensing of Environment 191 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.023

G03-P03

Observed asymmetric warming in the sub-arctic regions( Mongolian Plateau) and on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from1961 to 2011
Tonghua Wu1*, Qinxue Wang2 and Battogtokh Dorjgotov 3
1

Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
3
Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences

The majority of the QTP and the MP are underlain by permafrost and seasonally frozen
ground. We have examined trends in air temperature and freezing/thawing index for the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the Mongolian Plateau (MP) during the last 51 years. The
non-parametric statistical analysis results reveal a clear picture of climatic warming in bothregions. Generally the magnitudes of warming trend on the QTP and MP are similar for annual
air temperature and freezing/thawing index. While the characteristics of seasonal warming aredifferent in those two regions. The warming of QTP is mainly due to winter warming, which isconsistent with the conclusions previous studies drawn. While the warming of MP is primarily
caused by autumn warming, characterized by a slightly winter cooling trend during the last two
decades. The different features of seasonal warming on both plateaus would be expected toresult in diverse impacts on the ground thermal regime.

Figure 1. Permafros distribution on the QTP and MP. Spatial patterns of trends for meanannual air temperatures on the QTP and MP over the period 1961-2011.

G03-P04

Multiple-scaled permafrost observations over Mongolia
M. Ishikawa1*, Y. Iijima2, A. Dashtseren3, Y. Jambaljav3, S. Miyazaki4
1

Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
3
Institute of Geography and Geoecology, MAS, Mongolia
4
Sonic Corporation, Japan

Mongolia is the only country where permafrost directly sustains the livelihoods ofinhabitants, since discontinuous to isolated permafrost overlap considerably with springs, forestand highly productive pasture. Toward comprehensive understanding of such heterogeneous
dynamics of permafrost and eco-hydrological system, we have been establishing multi-scaled
observations, areal coverages of which are from point to country-wide. In this presentation wereview scientific achievements resulted from these observations.
Point measurements at Nalikh and Udleg stations quantified one-dimensional fluxes ofenergy, water and CO2. We found importance of nonconductive heats to warm and cool active
layer which is extensively distributed over dry and cold regions [1]. At the Udleg siteseasonality of CO2 and energy fluxes above Larch forest growing over warm permafrost were
documented [2]. By basin scaled observation at Terelj, we illustrated considerable difference insoil wetness underneath the permafrost and immediately adjacent permafrost-free slopes.
Furthermore comparable energy balance measurements on these slopes indicated thermal
properties of the forest soil and shading by forest cover as primary determinants of permafrostpreservation [3, 4].
In order to generalize abovementioned knowledge of relation between the state ofpermafrost and land cover, the country-wide scaled borehole network was established. The
network includes more than 80 deep (> 10m) boreholes, covering continuous, discontinuous,
sporadic and isolated permafrost zones [5]. Also it provided some evidences of permafrost
degradation since 1960s. The network proved that permafrost parameters (mean annual groundtemperature, depth of annual amplitude, active layer thickness) are statistically significant withpermafrost zones, climate and land cover types. These findings are now under application formaking new maps of permafrost distribution.
References[1] Ishikawa M., Zhang Y., Kadota T., Ohata T. Hydrothermal regimes of the dry active layer.
Water Resource Research 42, W04401, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004200 (2006).
[2] Miyazaki S., Ishikawa M., Baatarbileg N., Damdinsuren S. Ariuntuya N., Jambaljav Y.
Interannual and seasonal variations in energy and carbon exchanges over the larch forests on
the permafrost in northeastern Mongolia. Polar Research 8(2), 166-182 (2013).
[3] Ishikawa M., Sharkhuu N., Zhang Y., Kadota T., Ohata T. Ground thermal and moisture
conditions at the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost, Mongolia. Permafrost andPeriglacial Processes 16. 209-216 (2004).
[4] Dashtseren A., Ishikawa M., Iijima Y., Jambaljav Y. Temperature regimes of the active
layer and seasonally frozen ground under a forest-steppe mosaic, Mongolia. Permafrost andPeriglacial Processes, 25, DOI:10.1002/ppp.1824 (2014).
[5] Ishikawa M., Sharkhuu N., Jambaljav Y, Davaa G, Yoshikawa K., Ohata T. ThermalStates of Mongolian Permafrost, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Permafrost, Salehard, 173-178 (2012).

G03-P05

Suprapermafrost taliks in the Shestakovka River watershed,
continuous permafrost environment, investigated by GPR
and ERT techniques
L. Lebedeva*, K. Bazhin and I. Khristoforov
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
Continuous permafrost is usually considered as impermeable frozen ground. It is often
assumed that surface flow and flow in the shallow active layer (AL) are main sources of river
runoff in permafrost basins. Although existence of taliks is acknowledged, their distribution,
genesis, evolution and role in surface-subsurface water interactions remain unresolved issues.
The research objective is to estimate taliks distribution, depth and geometry in theShestakovka River research watershed, Eastern Siberia, using electrical resistivity
tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical techniques.
The Shestakovka River watershed with area 170 km2 is located in 20 km to south-westof Yakutsk within the erosion-denudational slope of the ancient accumulative plain withabsolute elevation of 150-280 m. The permafrost thickness is 200-400 m. The upper 40 m ofthe section are represented by quartz-feldspar sands with rare inclusions of silty sandy loam
and loam. The climate is cold and dry with mean annual air temperature -9.5°C, precipitation
240 mm/year. Dominant landscapes are pine (47% of the watershed area) and larch (38%)
forest. AL thickness in the pine forest could reach 3-4 m. Water-saturated suprapermafrost
taliks were occasionally found on the gentle slopes covered by pine forests. Larch forests arecharacterized by cold permafrost with AL thickness up to 1 m.
To estimate the talik abundance fourteen profiles 300 m long each were selected on the
gentle slopes covered by pine forests. GPR measurements in May 2017 showed that there arewater-saturated suprapermafrost taliks at eight profiles out of fourteen. Typically taliks werediscovered in the depth interval from 2.5 to 10 m. If assume that selected profiles are
representative for pine forest landscape of the watershed we conclude that 28% of thewatershed area could be occupied by taliks. The high fraction of taliks containing
suprapermafrost groundwater suggests possible importance of groundwater pathways for theriver runoff generation even for the small watershed in continuous permafrost zone.
Six profiles (five with taliks and one without) were selected for more time-consuming
ERT measurements and repeated investigations in September 2017 when AL thickness
reaches maximum. Joint interpretation of GPR and ERT results, taliks depth, geometry andrelations of talik distributions to topography and landscape features will be discussed in thepaper.
Understanding of groundwater storages and its seasonal dynamics could advanceconcepts of runoff generation that underlay hydrological, hydrogeological and permafrost
modelling strategies and future projections.
Acknowledgement. The study was partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic
Research, projects No 17-05-00926, 15-35-21146 and 16-35-60082 mol_a_dk.

G03-P06

Identification and Mapping of Permafrost Using
Satellite Images in the Mountainous Regions of
Cryolithozone (on the Example of the Elkon Mountainin Southern Yakutia)
S.V. Kalinicheva1*
1Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS

In the mountainous regions of the cryolithozone, the study of permafrost iscomplicated by a complicated dissected relief of the territory. In this connection, at the present
stage of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of methods that allow remotestudy and research of permafrost becomes urgent. In particular, this is a method of landscapeindication, the essence of which is to recognize the hidden components and properties of thelandscape through physiognomic components. The relevance of this method in the study ofthe permafrost of mountain regions is due to the fact that the main factors (landscapecomponents) that affect the formation of the temperature regime of rocks (on which thethawing or frozen state depends) are clearly reflected in remote sensing materials.
In this paper, we develop a technique for detecting permafrost and thawed rocks
using satellite imagery, which is an algorithm for complex indication of permafrost, consistingof six indicators, such as terrain elevation, slope and exposure of slopes, snow and vegetation
cover, and radiation temperature (thermal infrared radiation of the surface) recorded in thethermal channel Landsat. The last parameter (indicator) is relatively new in the study ofpermafrost, but not well studied.
The developed technique is suitable for research cryolithozone in mountain regionswith a dissected relief. In view of this, parts of South Yakutia were chosen as the study area.
For the first time, according to the proposed method, the study was conducted in the region of
the Elkon mountain located in the northern part of the Aldan Shield. This method also carriedout a study in the area of the Olekma-Charsky plateau. The repeated approbation of thedeveloped technique confirmed the possibility of its use for research and mapping of
permafrost in the mountainous regions of the cryolithozone.

G03-P07

Effect of surface snow albedo on surface air temperature in
northern high-latitude regions
Manabu Abe 1*
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

In northern high-latitude regions, because of snow cover, surface albedo during fallspring seasons is large. As snow cover decreases due to global warming, global warming may
be intensified by snow- albedo feedback. Thus, it is important to examine and understand therole of the snow albedo in the climate.
In this study, we investigates the effect of snow albedo on surface air temperature in
northern high-latitude regions. We have a sensitivity experiment using a climate model(MIROC 5.2), in which the snow albedo is made smaller than in the control experiment. Then,
we analyze the result of the sensitivity experiment and evaluate the role of snow albedo.
Experimental results show that when the snow albedo was approxmately 0.1, the surface
temperature in spring increased by more than 10 ° C in the northern high-latitude regions
compared to the control experiment (Fig. 1). In addition, as the snow-covered area retreated to
the north early, it resulted in a relatively high temperature rise in the mid latitude region suchas the southern part of Siberia.
This study is supported by JSPS KAKENHI 16K01230, Integrated Research Programfor Advancing Climate Models (TOUGOU) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, and the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS)
project. The Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC was employed to perform the MIROC simulations.
.

Figure 1. Difference of monthly mean surface temperature in Marchbetween low snow albedo run and control run. Unit: [K]G03-P08

Quantifying Permafrost Extent and Condition at
Department of Defense Installations in the Arctic
C.A.J. Edlund1*, D. Prigge2

1Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, Ohio, USA
2 Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, Ohio, USA

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) is planning over $500M in military
construction on Eielson Air Force Base (AFB) within the next three fiscal years. This
construction program will expand the footprint of facilities and change the storm water
management scheme at Eielson AFB, which will have second order effects on the underlying
permafrost layer.

These changes in permafrost extent will drive engineering decision making

and will help shape the overall strategy for military readiness in the Arctic.

Although manystudies have attempted to predict climate change induced permafrost degradation, very little
site-specific knowledge exists on the anthropogenic effects to permafrost at this location.

In

2016, the permafrost degradation rates at Eielson AFB were modeled using the Geophysics
Institute Permafrost Laboratory (GIPL) 2.1 model and limited available geotechnical andclimate data. Model results indicated a degradation of the discontinuous permafrost layer at
Eielson AFB of up to 7 meters in depth over the next century.
In order to further refine an understanding of the geophysics at Eielson AFB and help
engineers and commanders make more informed decisions on engineering and operations in
the arctic, this project established two permafrost monitoring stations near the future
construction sites.

Installation of the stations occurred in July 2017.

Permafrost was locatedand characterized using two Electrical Resistivity Tomography surveys, as well as direct frost
probe measurements. Using this data, the research team optimized the placement location anddepth of two long term ground temperature monitoring stations, and then installed the stations
for data collection. The data set generated by these stations are the first of their kind at Eielson
AFB, and represent the first systematic effort in the DoD to quantify permafrost condition
before human activity in order to fully understand the effect of that human activity in the future.

G04-P01

Annual variation of bare ice extent on the Greenland Ice
Sheet from 1979 to 2016
Rigen Shimada1*, Masahiro Hori1, Nozomu Takeuchi2 and Teruo Aoki3,4
1

Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
2
Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
4
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

Surface albedo reduction on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been remarkable in recent
years. Expansion of bare ice area is one of the factors for significant darkening on the edge partof the GrIS surface. The expansionary trend of the bare ice extent has been revealed from theanalysis using MODIS satellite images (Shimada et al., 2016). However, the behavior of the
GrIS surface state before the 2000 has not been investigated. In this study, we aim to investigate
the annual variation in the bare ice area from 1979 using a long-term satellite data set. We useddaily composite reflectance data sets from AVHRR and MODIS described in Hori et al. (2017).
The reflectances of AVHRR were corrected for the sensor gain degradations. The near-infrared
reflectance (λ = 0.86µm) was used for bare ice detection. We investigated the difference of theresult revealed with the same threshold in the near-infrared reflectances between the two bothsatellite data sets. Figure 1 showed the variations of the monthly maximum bare ice extent
derived from MODIS and AVHRR from April to September in 1979 to 2016. In the period of
duplicate observation (during 2000-2008), the bare ice extent derived from MODIS (EBM) was
smaller than the bare ice extent derived from AVHRR (EBA). The root mean square error was
65,958 km2 and the bias was -35,262 km2. There is a significant correlation between EBM and
EBA (r = 0.92, P < 0.01). These results shows that the AVHRR could overestimate the bare ice
extent. In order to analyze the long-term variability, the threshold has to be adjusted and thebias has to be removed.
550,000
500,000

AVHRR

MODIS

Bare Ice Extent (km2)

450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,0000
Apr-79Apr-83Apr-87

Apr-91

Apr-95

Apr-99Apr-03

Apr-07

Apr-11

Apr-15Figure 1. Monthly maximum bare ice extent variations derived from MODIS and AVHRR
References[1] Shimada et al., Front. Earth Sci., 4, 43, doi:10.3389/feart.2016.00043 (2016)[2] Hori et al., Remote Sens. Environ., 191, 401-418, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.023 (2017)

G04-P02

Floods of a proglacial stream in Qaanaaq,
northwestern Greenland
D. Sakakibara1, 2*, M. Niwano3, S. Fukumoto2, 4 and S. Sugiyama2
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan3
Physical Meteorology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
4
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2

Increase in runoff from the Greenland ice sheet and peripheral ice caps have great
influence on coastal environment. However, only a few studies have focused on its impact on
the human activity in Greenland. On 21 July 2015 and 2 August 2016, a proglacial stream
flooded in Qaanaaq, a village in northwestern Greenland, which resulted in the destruction of aroad between the village and Qaanaaq Airport. These floods were caused by increased runoff
from the nearby Qaanaaq Glacier. Possibly, these floods are the results of recently changing
climate in the Arctic region. In this study, we investigated these floods in 2015 and 2016 byusing meteorological data observed at the village, Qaanaaq airport and 944 m a.s.l. of the glacier[1], and the output of regional climate model NHM-SMAP [2]. Model output at 5 km mesh grid
points was downscaled to a 300-m grid, using a previously proposed method [3]. The result isused to estimate daily runoff from Qaanaaq Glacier.
The flood on 21 July 2015 resulted from a combination of the substantial amount of
meltwater from Qaanaaq Glacier and the lack of snowpack in the upper part of the glacier. The
highest temperature in 2015 was observed at Qaanaaq airport and there was no rainfall on thatday. At the upper part of the glacier, the greatest amount of melting in 2015 was calculated onthat day by the model. In 2015, snow at 944 m a.s.l. of the glacier disappeared earlier than in
2013–2016. The lack of snowpack in the upper region was a likely reason of the greater amountof runoff because less amount of meltwater was absorbed by snowpack. Snow accumulation ina period of 2014/2015 was less than the other periods in 2012–2016 [1], and it is a possible
reason of the early disappearance of the snow. Runoff computed for 21 July 2015 was thesecond greatest in 2015. The flood on 2 August 2016 resulted from substantial amount of
rainfall. Daily precipitation of 89.6 mm with hourly maximum of 23.4 mm was recorded at thevillage on that day. This hourly rainfall was the greatest since the observation started from June
2014. The rainfall probably covered a large part of the glacier because the model calculated thelargest daily rainfall in 2016 at the upper part. Estimated daily runoff on the flood day was thethird largest in 2016.
References[1] Tsutaki, S., S. Sugiyama, D. Sakakibara, T. Aoki, and M. Niwano (2017), Surface massbalance, ice velocity and near-surface ice temperature on Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern
Greenland, from 2012 to 2016, Ann. Glaciol., 1-12.
[2] Niwano, M., T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, A.
Tsushima, Y. Iizuka, R. Shimada, and M. Hori (2017), NHM-SMAP: Spatially and temporallyhigh resolution non-hydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process modelfor Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere Discuss., in review.
[3] Noël, B., W. J. van de Berg, E. van Meijgaard, P. Kuipers Munneke, R. S. W. van de Wal,and M. R. van den Broeke (2015), Evaluation of the updated regional climate model
RACMO2.3: Summer snowfall impact on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Cryosphere, 9(5), 1831–
1844.

G04-P03

Glacier-ocean interaction: oceanographic observations in fjord
near a calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, northwest Greenland
Naoya Kanna1, Shin Sugiyama1, 2, Daiki Sakakibara1, Yasushi Fukamachi1, 2, Daiki Nomura3,
Sungo Fukumoto2, 4, Shintaro Yamasaki5, and Evgeniy Podolskiy1
1Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
3
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University
4
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
5
Kitami Institute of Technology
2

The Greenland ice sheet discharges freshwater into the ocean through land- and marineterminating outlet glaciers. Catchment areas of marine-terminating outlet glaciers cover 88%
of the Greenland Ice Sheet [1]. Because of such large scale, the corresponding discharge is ofpivotal importance for coastal environments of Greenland. The boundary region between a
glacier and a fjord is an important area to understand ice sheet/glacier-ocean interaction. On
one hand, this is there the ocean heat contributes to subaquaous melt of the glacier calving front.
On the other hand, this is there glacial meltwater has a strong impact on the chemical material
cycle and marine ecosystems of the fjord. Despite the importance, the ice sheet/glacier-oceaninteraction in Greenland is not yet well understood because of the difficulty of oceanographic
observations in this boundary region. In the summer 2017, we conducted oceanographic
observations in Bowdoin Fjord in northwestern Greenland. The calving front of the 3-km-wide
Bowdoin Glacier is located in a fjord 210 m depth [2]. We installed temperature, conductivity,and pressure sensors in the fjord directly from the edge of the calving front, by lowering thesensors using 200-m long cables. The instruments successfully recorded changes in water
properties of the fjord at the boundary of the glacier for ten days (Figure 1). Fjord water was
sampled for chemical analysis and hydrographic data were collected near the calving front using
a ~5-m long boat. We also sampled zooplankton with a ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and
deployed a mooring system in the fjord approximately 1 km off the calving front. Here we
present an overview of research activities in this summer 2017.

Figure 1. Salinity at a depth of 5 m in the fjord in front of Bowdoin Glacier.
References[1] E. Rignot et al., Rapid submarine melting of the calving faces of West Greenland glaciers,
Nature Geoscience 3 (2010).
[2] S. Sugiyama et al., Glacier dynamics near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier,northwestern Greenland, Journal of Glaciology, 61 (2015).

G04-P04

Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN) projectand global seismology
S. Tsuboi1*, G. Toyokuni2 and M. Kanao3
1

2

JAMSTEC, Yokohama, JapanRCPEV, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
3
NIPR, Tokyo, JapanThe Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN) project[1]—a collaboration
between Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, South Korea,
Switzerland, and the United States—provides real-time broadband seismological observations
to help address critical, poorly understood aspects of the Arctic system (Figure 1). Geodetic
observations are also included at selected stations. Seismic data from GLISN record changes athigh temporal resolution and reflect deformation and structures internal to the ice and solid
Earth. These data complement existing observations from satellite and airborne remote sensing,
ice-penetrating radar, and GPS geodesy. Launched in 2009, the GLISN project completed
installation of all 33 initially planned seismic stations in August 2013. Most GLISN stations inGreenland are installed on bedrock along the ice-free coast at sparsely populated settlements totake advantage of existing power and communications infrastructure. Four stations are installedin the ice. Additional stations surrounding Greenland—in Canada, Iceland, and on several
Norwegian islands—allow scientists to gain a broad view of Greenland’s structure and changes
in the ice. The GLISN project has already provided valuable data for multiple studies. Data
from the network (Figure 1) have been used to improve analysis of glacial earthquakes, which
result from calving events of about 1 cubic kilometer each. GLISN stations have also been usedin automatic detection of calving events by measurement of tilt associated with seiches(standing waves) in the fjords where many glaciers terminate.

Figure 1. GLISN network
References[1] Clinton, J. F. et al., Seismic network in Greenland monitors Earth and ice system, EOS,
95(2), 13-14 , 2014.

G04-P05

Deglaciation history of the Greenland ice sheet inferredfrom Glacial Isostatic Adjustment modelling
J. Okuno1,2* and H. Miura1,2
12

National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan

Satellite geodetic observations (gravity change observed by GRACE, crustal uplift rateby GNSS and large-area mapping of ice flow using InSAR) are powerful tools for estimating
precise ice sheet mass balance [e.g., 1]. Recent results from the analysis of these geodetic data
show that the melting rate of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is faster than previously thought[e.g., 2]. However, since the geodetic and geographical observables related to solid-Earthsciences include the process of ongoing viscoelastic relaxation in response to redistribution of
ice and water masses on the Earth’s surface, which is called as glacial isostatic adjustment(GIA), the separation of GIA component from data using the numerical modelling technique isimportant for the reasonable interpretation on ice sheet change derived from these observations.
On the other hand, ice elevation change around the summit of GrIS deduced by ice core analysis
also include the crustal deformation induced by ice thickness change through last deglaciation[e.g., 3]. In addition, crustal deformation in Greenland has been influenced by not only GrIS
change and also Laurentide ice sheet history expanded in North America. So precise estimationof crustal deformation indeced by ice load change is also very important for interpletation of
the ice height change derived from ice core analysis.
In this presentation, we carry out the GIA modelling to evaluate the crustal deformationin Greenland. In comparison between predictions and observations, we show the effect of pastand present changes of GrIS on the geophysical signals which include the present-day uplift
rate, gravity change, geomophological indicators of past sea-level and elevation changes aroundthe summit of GrIS deduced by ice core analysis. Moreover, we discuss the consistent models
of deglaciation history of the GrIS to explain geophysical and glaciological observations.
References[1] I. Velicogna, J. Wahr, Acceleration of Greenland Ice Mass Loss in Spring 2004, Nature
433 329-331 (2006)[2] S. A. Khan, I. Sasgen, M. Bevis, T. Van Dam, J. L. Bamber, J. Wahr, M. Willis, K. H.
Kjær, B. Wouters, V. Helm, B. Csatho, K. Fleming, A. A. Bjørk, A. Aschwanden, P.
Knudsen, P. K. Munneke, Geodetic measurements reveal similarities between post–Last
Glacial Maximum and present-day mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet, Science Advancesdoi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600931 (2016)[3] B. S. Lecavalier, G. A. Milne, M. J. R. Simpson, L. Wake, P. Huybrechts, L. Tarasov,
K. K. Kjeldsen, S. Funder, A. J. Long, S. Woodroffe, A. S. Dyke, N. K. Larsen, A model ofGreenland ice sheet deglaciation constrained by observations of relative sea level and ice
extent, Quaternary Science Reviews 102 54-84 (2014)

G04-P06

Design of a climate/ice-sheet coupled model (MIROC-IcIES)
for Greenland ice-sheet simulation
SAITO Fuyuki1*, Ayako ABE-OUCHI2,1 and Ryota O'ISHI2
1
2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan

Numerical modeling is an important technique for projection or reconstruction of ice
sheets under past or future climate changes. Since climate and ice-sheet systems interact
each other, development of a numerical model to couple a climate model and an ice-sheet
model is expected recently, as well as stand-alone models. The recent intercomparison
project of ice-sheet models ISMIP6 [1] includes a protocol of intercomparison of coupledmodels for future projection of hundred-year scales.
We are developing a coupled model of a climate model MIROC and an ice-sheet model
IcIES. In this study a coupling design of the model is described. A temperature-index
model (such as the positive degree-day model) is introduced to compute the surface massbalance on the ice sheet at first, which will be expected to replace by land-surface models.
Changes in discharge from the ice sheet and ice-sheet topography are introduced in the
climate component. Preliminary results will be presented to study the effect of theinteraction.
References[1] Nowicki et al. Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) contribution to CMIP6,
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gmd-2016-105, (2016)

G04-P07

Changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet 1980-2014: Model
results versus observations
S. H. Svendsen1*, S. A. Khan1, S. Vijay1 and R. Forsberg1
1National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Climate change is affecting the melt and dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet resulting
in increasing mass loss from the ice sheet. Many different processes influence the ice melt anddynamics and estimates of future ice loss rely on the ability of models to capture the various
processes to a satisfying degree. Given the intricate structure of the outlet glaciers of theGreenland ice sheet, model resolution has proven to be an important element in order to achievesatisfying flow fields [1]. The quality of the model drivers, that is, fields of temperature andsurface mass balance, is essential as well in order to provide realistic conditions for the ice sheet
model. Data from climate models is a common method to obtain drivers for an ice sheet model.
However, climate model resolution remains a challenge, particularly in terms of correctly
distributing orographic precipitation. Significant changes in precipitation patterns overGreenland are quite evident when changing the resolution of a regional climate model due toincreasingly accurate representations of e.g. coastal mountains [2]. In this study, the Greenland
ice sheet is simulated at very high resolution (2km) with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)[3], driven by temperature and surface mass balance fields from the regional climate model
HIRHAM5 [4] at 5km resolution. The regional climate model HIRHAM5 is driven by ERAInterim reanalysis data and is used to force the ice sheet model PISM from 1980 to 2014 withmonthly fields of 2m temperature and surface mass balance. The simulated changes in ice sheet
extent and dynamics are compared to observational data sets from a number of satellites inorder to validate the model performance. At this temporal and spatial resolution, seasonal andannual changes in ice mass and dynamics are visible and comparisons with various
observational datasets are an indispensable tool for pinning down proper model configurationsin terms of e.g. bedrock hydrology, thereby making it possible to firmly anchor model
projections of future ice loss in an observational basis.
References[1] A. Aschwanden et al., Complex Greenland outlet glacier flow captured, Nature
Communications 7 (2016)[2] P. Lucas-Picher et al., Very high resolution regional climate model simulations overGreenland: Identifying added value, J. Geophys. Res. 117 (2012)[3] C. Khroulev at al., PISM, a Parallel Ice Sheet Model: User’s Manual (2015)[4] O.B. Christensen et al., The HIRHAM regional climate model, version 5, Tech. Rep. 0617, Danish Meteorological Institute (2006)

G04-P08

Sea surface temperature changes during the Last Glacial
Maximum: A model-data comparison
Akil Hossain*, Xu Zhang, Gerrit Lohmann, Christoph Voelker
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Sciences, Bremerhaven,
Germany.
Over the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~21ka BP), the presence of vast Northern
Hemisphere ice sheets caused abrupt changes in surface topography and background climaticstate. However, there is a large uncertainty of the LGM ice sheet reconstructions, especially
the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Here to assess the role of LIS uncertainty on the LGM
climate, we have performed simulations with 6 different LIS reconstructions in an Earth
System Model (COSMOS). Model–data comparisons can help to understand the origin of
their mismatches in both reconstruction of past climate change and model simulations, andthus give a test for climate projections as derived from climate models. The sea surface
temperature (SST) of the LGM as simulated by climate models have been compared with thesea surface temperature reconstruction by MARGO project members, (2009) based on
microfossil-based (planktonic foraminifera, diatom, dinoflagellate and radiolarian) andgeochemical (alkenones and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca) palaeothermometers frommarine temperature proxies. Significant mismatches between modeled and reconstructed SST
have been observed. This mismatch exists even if we take into account seasonality anddifferent water depths at which the recording organisms may have lived. Among the five LIS
reconstructions, Tarasov LIS reconstructions show the highest correlation with reconstructed
SST. Our results show that Mg/Ca show winter biased and foraminifera, dinoflagellates andalkenones are summer biased. Mg/Ca records fit best with surface layer. The rest represents
subsurface layer. Therefore, it has been speculated that considering different habitats depth
and growing seasons of the planktonic organisms used for SST reconstruction could provide a
better agreement of proxy data with model results on a regional scale and can reduce model–
data misfits is determined. Observed mismatch between modelled and reconstructed climate
is related to seasonal and depth bias.

References[1] MARGO project members. Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at
the Last Glacial Maximum, Nat. Geosci., 2, 127–132, oi:10.1038/ngeo411 (2009).

G04-P09

Multibeam bathymetric and sediment profiler evidences for
pockmarks and ice grounding scours on the Chukchi
borderland and Beaufort Sea
M. Uchida1*, A. Shibahara1, K. Mantoku1, H. Ota2, M. Itoh3 and K. Shimada4
1

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
2
Global Ocean Development Inc., Japan
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
4
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
Multibeam bathymetry and subbottom profiler data collected from the Japanese R/V
Mirai in 2008 provide convincing evidence for ice grounding scour and mega pockmarks on
the Chukchi borderland and Beufort Sea, Arctic Ocean. The data presented here werecollected hull-mounted multibeam echo sounder and 12 kHz subbottom profiler. The
multibeam bathymetry soundings were compiled into digital terrain models with a Polar
Stereographic projection and its grid resolution of the digital terrain models are 25 to 100m.
The size of pockmarks and scours are measured on the digital terrain models to determine
pockmarks diameter and scour width. We also measured scour direction and displayed themas a rose diagram. In this study, we obtained a bathymetric dataset of approximately 610000
km2 in the area. The running time of the seabeam system was more than about 700 hours.
Seabeam data were converted and visualized by CARIS (Geospatial Software Solutions) and
ArcGIS (ESRI).

G04-P10

Sea ice variability for past 155kyr including the lastinterglacial (Eemian) on the Chukchi Sea; Implication for
future warming Arctic
M. Uchida1*, H. Kumata2, K. Mantoku1, R. Stephan1, C. Amano3, Y. Kuroki3, M. Utsumi3, M.
Itoh4, S. Nishino4 and K. Shimada5
1

National Institute for Environmental Studies, JapanTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life sciences, Japan
3
University of Tsukuba, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
5
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
2

Records of the spatial and temporal variability of Arctic Ocean sea ice are ofsignificance for understanding the causes of the dramatic decrease in Arctic sea-ice cover ofrecent years. However, the late Pleistocene sea ice history of the Arctic is still poorly
understood. In this context, the newly developed sea-ice proxy IP25, a monounsaturated highly
branched isoprenoid alkene with 25 carbon atoms biosynthesized specifically by sea-ice
associated diatoms and only found in Arctic and sub-Arctic marine sediments, has been used
to reconstruct the recent spatial sea-ice distribution. In our study, the sediment core wascollected in water depth of 998 m of Northwind ridge in the Chukchi Sea by R/V Mirai andcollected core length was about 9 m. The age model was reconstructed by foraminiferal δ18O
and their age of core bottom reached to 155 kyr [1]. For the first time, a comprehensive dataof sea ice proxy IP25 was obtained from 22 to 155 kyr where was probably characterized by apermanent ice cover until early last century. Obtained IP25 data showed variable sea ice
conditions over all periods, even in the Eemian warm period of 125 kyr which is similar to
future warming Arctic condition. That is, average temperature on the Earth in the Eemianwere rather enhanced – probably several degrees above today's level. Therefore, The Eemianis often used as a model for contemporary climate change to test further future warming Earthclimate system. Our IP25 data from the Eemian may help our understanding for mechanism ofcontemporary sea ice variability and future warming Arcitic condition.
References[1] R. Stephan, M. Uchida, Sedimentary organic matter and carbonate variations in the
Chukchi Borderland in association with ice sheet and ocean-atmosphere dynamics over thelast 155 kyr, Biogeosciences 8 (2011)

G04-P11

General characteristics of a high-accumulation dome ice
core, southeast Greenland
Y. Iizuka1*, S. Matoba1, R. Uemura2, K. Fujita3, S. Fujita4, S. Hattori5, S. Yamaguchi6, H. Ohno7, A.
Hori7, C. Miyamoto8, T. Suzuki9, O. Seki1, T. Ando1
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the
Ryukyus, Japan
3
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
4
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
5
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
6
The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan
7
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
8
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University ofTokyo, Japan
9
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University,
Japan

2

On May 2015, we drilled a 90.45 m ice core in a high accumulation area of thesoutheastern Greenland Ice Sheet. The drilling site (SE-Dome; 67.18°N, 36.37°W, 3170 ma.s.l.) is located 185 km north of the town of Tasiilaq in southeastern Greenland [1]. Then wemeasure physical and chemical properties of the SE-Dome ice core. Based on the measurements,
we show the general characteristics of the SE-Dome ice core. I) As for dating of the ice core[2], we propose a dating method based on matching the δ18O variations between ice-corerecords and records simulated by isotope-enabled climate models. We applied this method to a
δ18O record from the SE-Dome ice core. The close similarity between the δ18O records fromthe ice core and models enables correlation and the production of a precise age scale, with anaccuracy of a few months. II) As for physical property [3], the ice was –20.9 ºC at 20-m depth.
The close-off density of 830 kg m-3 occurs at 83.4–86.8-m depth, which is about 20-m shallower
than that obtained from empirical models, indicating that the firn with a higher density is softer
than that from empirical result. We interpret that the high accumulation rate creates a highoverburden pressure in a short time. The relative softness of the firn may arise from 1) there
being not enough time to form bonds between grains as strong as those in a lower accumulationrate area, and similarly, 2) the dislocation density in the firn being relatively high. III) As forchemical property [4], we measured the major ion fluxes, and obtained records of annual ion
fluxes from 1957 to 2014. We find a high average NO3- flux (1.13 mmol m-2 yr-1) in the ice
core, which suggests a negligible effect from post-depositional NO3- loss, indicating the SEDome region is an excellent location for reconstructing nitrate fluxes. For the non-sea-salt (nss)SO42- and NH4+ fluxes, a decreasing and increasing trend from 1970 to 2010, respectively, tracks
well with the anthropogenic SOx and NH3 emissions. In contrast, the decadal trend of NO3- flux
differs from the decreasing trend of anthropogenic NOx emissions.
References[1] Iizuka et al., Bull. Glaciol. Res., 34, 1-10 doi:10.5331/bgr.15R03, 2016
[2] Furukawa et al., J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2017[3] Iizuka et al., Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 49, 1, 13-27, 2017[4] Iizuka et al., J. Geophys. Res., in review

G04-P12

Dust analysis in a high-accumulation dome ice core,southeast Greenland
T. Amino1, 2, Y. Iizuka 2 and S. Matoba2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University

On May 2015, we drilled a 90.45 m ice core in a high accumulation area of thesoutheastern Greenland Ice Sheet (67.18°N, 36.36°W). The ice core (hereafter, SE -Dome icecore) has characteristics of high accumulation rate (about 1.0m yr -1 w.e.) [1]. Highaccumulation rate enables to reconstruct seasonal fluctuation of paleoenvironment . The nonsea salt (nss) Ca2+ flux of the SE-Dome ice core is nearly constant from 1957 to 2000, butthen trends upward till the present [2]. The relatively high nssCa2+ fluxes after 2000 may link
to a local source, such as an increase in land -area exposure around the southeastern Gre enland
coast [2]. In this study, we measure dust concentration and size distribution with seasonal
resolution, and compare them with nssCa 2+ concentration.
concentration. The measurements of dust
concentration and size distribution were performed using a Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter(Beckman Coulter, USA) with a 30 µm
m diameter aperture tube (size ranges: 0.662 -18.0µm).
18.0
The blank concentration using ultra-pure water ((18.2M
18.2MΩ・cm) is 4.23±±2.26
2.26 ppb (n = 88).
Figure 1 shows seasonal fluctuations during 1990/1991 (Fig. 1a) and 2009/2010 (Fig. 1b).
The dust concentrations in 2009/2010 are higher than in the 1990/1991, supporting nssCa2+
increasing trend since 2000. The fluctuation profiles show dust concentration peaks in springwith nssCa2+ peaks (gray bars in Fig. 1). However, many dust peaks are found in otherseasons without nssCa2+ peaks. In the symposium, we will discuss the discrepancy between
seasonal dust and nssCa2+ concentrations.
concentrations.

Fig.1 dust concentration and Ca2+ variability in SE -dome ice core (a.1990/1991, b.2009/2010)

References[1] Furukawa et al., J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2017[2] Iizuka et al., J. Geophys. Res., in review

G04-P13

Fluctuations of total metal concentrations recorded in an
ice core from southeast dome, Greenland
C. Sasaki1*, T. Suzuki1, M. Hirabayashi2, S. Matoba3 and Y. Iizuka3
1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

Past environmental change can be estimated by ice core records. In this study, weinvestigated fluctuations in the total concentration of metals in the high accumulation ice coredrilled in southeast dome, Greenland, to reconstruct the past 60-years of environmental change
in the Arctic. A 90.45 m long ice core was cut at 5 cm intervals in order to measure the total(dissolved + particulate) metal concentration. The particulate matter in the sample wasdecomposed by the microwave acid decomposition method. Then Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Sr
and Ba concentrations were measured by ICP-MS. The relative standard deviation of analysis
was within 5%. 185 samples were analyzed across whole length of core (Figure.1). Core age
was obtained by a dating method of [1]. Within the measurement period from 1955 to 2015,
there were three remarkable trends: (1) an increase in background value from 1955 to 1975, (2)abrupt peaks in 1992 and 2010, and (3) a sharp rise in concentration from 2010 to 2015. These
trends are generally common among all the elements. The change in (1) was thought to be dueto the large release of anthropogenic substances to the atmosphere in this period. Since coal use
was popular at this time, it is considered that the metal component in the fly ash generated by a
combustion of coal pushed up the background value of the total metal concentration. The two
peaks in (2) coincided with the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 and the eruption of Mt.
Eyjafjallajökull in 2010, respectively. The standard deviation of the Mg / Al ratio and the Ca /Al ratio in the two peaks was smaller than the standard deviation at other times, so that the
supply of substances from a specific source area was greater at the peaks. As for (3), a rapid
retreat of glaciers has been reported in Greenland in recent years [3]. Therefore it is consideredthat the supply of local terrestrial materials following the exposure of the coastal area due toretreat of glaciers contributes to this abrupt change.

Figure 1. Fluctuations of t-Fe, -Al, -Ca in the ice core.
References[1] R. Furukawa et al. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
[2] A. A. Bjørk, et al., Nature Geoscience, 5 (2012)

G04-P14

Recent annual snow depositions and seasonal variationsof major ion concentrations in snow pits at the EGRIP,
Greenland
F. Nakazawa1,2, N. Nagatsuka1*, M. Hirabayashi1, K. Goto-Azuma1,2
12National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan

East Greenland Ice Core Project (EGRIP), which is an international ice coring project led
by University of Copenhagen in Denmark, commenced in 2015 to clarify the variations ofclimate and ice sheet in Greenland. We are participating in the project under the Arctic
Challenge for Sustainability project (ArCS), and cooperative research is underway with various
countries. In 2016, we dug two pits with depths of 4.02 and 3.18 m at the EGRIP camp (75°37′N,
35°59′W) to estimate recent annual snow depositions and examine seasonal variations of major
ion species in the snow samples. Snow sampling and snow density measurement were carriedout at 0.03 m interval in those pits. We analyzed those snow samples for Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+,
Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δD).
Clear seasonal variations in the δ18O and δD values were observed in the depth profiles, whichsuggested that snow had accumulated regularly every year. Also, the seasonal cycles of stable
isotopes indicated that the 4.02 and 3.18 m deep pits included snow depositions corresponding
to ten years from 2006 to 2016 and seven years covering 2009–2016, respectively. The annual
snow depositions ranged from 58 to 202 mm water equivalent (w.e.), showing the mean valueof 138 mm w.e. for the 4.02 m deep pit. The mean value in 2009–2016 was 146 mm w.e. On
the other hand, the deposition for the 3.18 147 deep pit varied from 126 to 188 mm w.e.,
averaging 147 mm w.e. The mean values of the depositions examined in this study were higher
than the average value of 0.11 m ice equivalent for the period 1607–2011 estimated by an ice
core study in the same region [1]. Seasonal variations of concentrations in the major ion species
were observed, which were similar to those previously reported for Greenland [e.g. 2-3]. The
concentrations of Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42- recorded an annual peak in the layers
between winter and the next summer. Concentrations of NO3- showed one peak in summer,
while occasionally appearing another peak in winter to spring layers. In addition, concentrationsof MSA appeared one peak in late summer to autumn.
References[1] P. Vallelonga and 22 others, Initial results from geophysical surveys and shallow coring of
the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS), The Cryosphere, 8 (2014)[2] T. Kuramoto and 6 others, Seasonal variations of snow chemistry at NEEM, Greenland,
Annals of Glaciology, 52 (2011)[3] J.-H. Kang and 6 others, Mineral dust and major ion concentrations in snowpit samples
from the NEEM site, Greenland, Atmospheric Environment, 120 (2015)

G04-P15

Variations in mineralogy of dust in an ice core obtained
from Northwestern Greenland
N. Nagatsuka1*, K. Goto-Azuma1, 2, A. Tsushima3, H. Motoyama1, 2, S. Matoba4, K. Fujita5,
T. Yamasaki6, Y. Onuma7, M. Minowa4, T. Aoki8
1

National Institute of Polar Research, JapanSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan
3
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan
4
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
5
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
6
Avangnaq, Japan
7
Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
8
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan2

	 Snow and ice on glaciers and the ice sheet in the Arctic contain windblown mineral
dust derived from local sediments as well as distant deserts. Dust deposited on the ice sheet in
the past can be obtained by ice core drilling, and the variations in its sources andtransportation processes can be reconstructed by particle analysis of ice cores. In this study,
we analyzed morphology and surface chemistry of mineral dust particles in an ice core drilled
in Northwest Greenland with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, QUANTA FEG 450) and
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS).
The ice core was drilled at the SIGMA-D site (N77°64’, W59°12’ [1]) of 2100 m a.s.l.
in 2014. The length is 222.72 m and the estimated age at 113 m depth is 350 years before
present . The ice samples were collected every five years in plastic bottles and freeze dried ona polycarbonate filter to concentrate micro-particles. Then, the filter was coated with platinum(Pt) for SEM analysis.
SEM-EDS analysis revealed that the silicate minerals were most dominant insoluble
particles in the ice core. Here we report the temporal variations in size distributions andcompositions of the minerals.

Figure 1. SEM image and EDS spectra of mineral dust in SIGMA-D ice core
References[1] S. Matoba, H. Motoyama, K. Fujita, T. Yamasaki, M. Minowa, Y. Onuma, Y. Komuro, T.
Aoki, S. Yamaguchi, S. Sugiyama and H. Enomoto, Glaciological and meteorologicalobservations at the SIGMA-D site, northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. Bull. Glaciol. Res. 33(2015)

G07-P01

Toward Cutting Edge Atmospheric and Geospace Sciencein the Arctic with EISCAT_3D: Kickoff of the
Next-Generation Incoherent Scatter Radar Project
H. Miyaoka1*, S. Nozawa2, Y. Ogawa1, K. Nishimura1, T. Nakamura1,
S. Oyama2, R. Fujii3 and C. Heinselman412

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
3
Research Organization of Information and Systems, Japan
4
EISCAT Scientific Association, Sweden

The European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar system in northern Feno-Scandinavia
and Svalbard has been playing a pivotal role in advancing cutting edge sciences in various
area including atmospheric, ionospheric and geospace studies, space weather and globalchange. EISCAT_3D is the major upgrade of the existing EISCAT mainlamd radars, with amulti-static phased array system composed of one central active (transmit-receive) site and 4
remote receive sites to provide us 50-100 times higher temporal resolution than the present
system. The core site will transmit signals at 233MHz with about 10MW power, and all fivesites will have sensitive receivers to detect the returned signal using phased-array antenna
with on the order of 10,000 elements. The construction of EISCAT_3D is scheduled to
implement by 4-staged approach, starting from the core site with half tranmitting power about
5MW at Skibotn, Norway and 2 receiving sites at Kaiseniemi, Sweden and Karesuvanto,
Finland for the 1st stage. The transmitter will be upgraded to full-scale of 10MW at 2nd stage,
and another receiving sites will be constructed at Andoya, Norway and Jokkmokk, Sweden
for the 3rd and 4th stages respectively.
The EISCAT associate member countries have been trying to secure their national
fundings, applying to the national roadmap and budget proposal through their funding
agencies. By 2015, Sweden, Norway and Finland have successfully allocated their national
fundings for the construction of the 1st stage, and the UK decided a funding commitment inApril 2017. After careful examinations over possible funding scenarios, the EISCATCouncil has finally decided on 1 June 2017 to start the implementation of the 1st stage of
EISCAT_3D from 1 September 2017 to be completed by the end of 2021 including thecommissioning of the radar system.
The EISCAT_3D program in Japan was applied to the Master Plan 2017 call by the
Science Council of Japan as a part of the integrated program: ’Study of Coupling Processes in
the Solar-Terrestrial System’ (PI: Prof. T. Tsuda, ROIS/Kyoto Univ.), and has beensuccessfully granted as one of 28 high-priority programs of Master Plan 2017. While
applying funding proposals for EISCAT_3D to the Ministry since 2014, the National Instituteof Polar Research started development of transmitter power amplifiers (SSPAs) to provide
in-kind for the 1st stage of EISCAT_3D. As of September 2017, 18 SSPAs developed by
NIPR have already been installed in the test sub-array system at the EISCAT Tromso site.
In this paper, we will overview the recent progress on the project including our developmenton the EISCAT_3D transmitter SSPAs.

G07-P02

Multi-instrument observation of an isolated substorm andassociated phenomena
Y.-M. Tanaka1,2,3*, T. Nishiyama2,3, A. Kadokura1,2,3, M. Ozaki4, K. Shiokawa5, S. Oyama2,5,
M. Nosé6, T. Nagatsuma7, M. Tsutsumi2,3, K. Nishimura1,2,3, K. Sato8, Y. Miyoshi5, Y.
Kasahara4, A. Kumamoto9, F. Tsuchiya9, M. Hikishima10, S. Matsuda5, A. Matsuoka10, M.
Shinohara11, A. Fujimoto12, M. Teramoto10, R. Nomura10, R. Kataoka2,3, and A. Sessai
Yukimatu2,31

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and Systems
2
National Institute of Polar Research
3
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
4
Kanazawa University
5
Nagoya University
6
Kyoto University
7
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
8
The University of Tokyo
9
Tohoku University
10
ISAS/JAXA
11
Kagoshima National College of Technology
12
Kyushu University

We studied an isolated substorm observed during the first campaign of Arase (ERG)
satellite and ground-based coordinated observations. This is a rare case study of thesimultaneous conjugate observation of whistler-mode chorus waves in the magnetosphere,
diffuse/pulsating auroras and cosmic noise absorption (CNA) in the ionospehre, and polarmesosphere winter echoes (PMWEs) in the mesosphere. The isolated substorm occurred around
04:00 UT on March 21, 2017 in association with a southward Bz excursion during the arrivalof a corotating interaction region (CIR). Several phenomena related to the substorm wereobserved with various instruments on board the Arase satellite and on the ground at Husafell(HUS; 65.5-degree MLAT and UT ~ MLT at HUS), Iceland, and its geomagnetic conjugate
station, Syowa (SYO), Antarctica. The diffuse and pulsating auroras were observed from 04:30
UT to the sunrise by an all-sky imager at HUS. CNA that generally occurs in the ionosphericD region due to the energetic electron precipitation (E > several tens of keV) was
simultaneously detected with the riometers at both HUS and SYO. In addition, PMWEs werealso observed around 75 km altitude with the PANSY radar at SYO. In the magnetosphere near
the magnetic equator, whistler-mode chorus waves were detected at 04:45-06:45 UT in thefrequency range of 0.3 - 3 kHz at Arase. We discuss possible scenarios to quantitatively explainthese phenomena observed during the substorm in terms of the coupling among solar wind,magnetosphere, ionosphere, and mesosphere.

G07-P03
Periodicity of PsA main pulsation and burst of chorus: a statistical comparison
Yuki Kawamura1*, Keisuke Hosokawa1, Yasunobu Ogawa2, Satoshi Kurita3, Wygant John4, Breneman Aaron4, Bonnell John5
Kletzing Craig A.6
1

UEC, Japan
NIPR, Japan
3
ISEE, Nagoya Univ, Japan4
Univ. of Minnesota, USA
5
UCB, USA
6
Department of Physics and Astronomy, UoI, USA
2

Pulsating aurora (PsA) is a kind of diffuse aurora which switches on and off with a period ranging from a few seconds to a
few tens of seconds by quasi-periodic electron precipitation from the magnetosphere. Previous studies have suggested that thetemporal variation of PsA is caused by the wave-particle interaction between whistler-mode chorus waves and high energy
electrons in the magnetosphere. Especially, it has been indicated that there is one to one correspondence between the amplitude
variation of the chorus waves and the luminosity modulation of PsA. In the past, however, statistical studies on thecorrespondence between the periodicities of the chorus waves and PsA have not yet been conducted due to the lack of hightime resolution satellite/ground-based measurements.
To compare the chorus wave amplitude and the luminosity variation of PsA in the statistical fashion and confirm therelationship between these two phenomena, we perform a statistical analysis of the periodicities of PsA and chorus waves byusing high time resolution ground-based and satellite observations.
For this purpose, we make use of All-skyWATEC Imager (AWI) which has been operative in Tromso, Norway (69.6N, 19.2E)
and EFW/EMFISIS sensors onboard the Van Allen Probes (VAPs) satellites. AWI is composed of small high sensitivity
cameras (WAT-910HX), fish-eye lens, and optical filters which have different transparent wavelengths. All-sky auroral images
are taken with a temporal resolution of 1-2 Hz. The two wave sensors onboard the VAPs provide so-called filter bank data
(FBK data) which has a temporal resolution of 8 Hz. Because of its high time resolution data acquisition, the FBK data enable
us to analyze the periodicity of burst of chorus.
In the statistical analysis, we have employed all-sky images taken from November 2010 to March 2013 in Tromso, and the
EFW/EMFISIS FBK data obtained from June 2014 to January 2015. We computed the average and mode period of the mainpulsation of PsA, and they were estimated to be 15.6 sec and 9.0 sec, respectively. We also derived the distribution of themodulation period which has two peaks at 7.0 - 12.0 s (Peak 1) and 14.0 - 21.0 s (Peak 2). We find that the periodicity of PsA
is not dependent on their shape and luminocity. It was also indicated that the period of Peak 2 becomes slightly longer in thelater MLT sector. Regarding the statistics of chorus burst, we analyzed a few chorus events by using the FBK data, and foundthat the periodicity of the chorus bursts shows good agreement with the periodicity of main pulsation derived by the current
statistics. We will derive the average and mode period of chorus bursts and identify the distribution of periodicity in thestatistical fashion.
In the presentation, we discuss the casual relationship between PsA and chorus burst based on the statistical results.

G07-P04

Electric filed modulations induced by auroral patches
observed with EISCAT and KAIRA radars
T. Takahashi1*, I. Virtanen2, K. Hosokawa3, Y. Ogawa1,4, A. Aikio2, and H. Miyaoka1,4
1

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
University of Oulu, Finland
3
University of Electro-Communications, Japan
4
SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), JapanA pulsating aurora (PsA) is a quasi-periodic modulation of the auroral luminosity witha period from a few seconds to a few tens of seconds. It is well known that the intensity of thePsA is typically excited by the precipitation of electrons in the energy range from a few keV
up to a few tens of keV. The high energy electrons release their energy into the ionosphere bymodulating the ionospheric parameters such as electron density. In a previous study, ion
velocity variations harmonized with PsA were observed by SuperDARN radar. The maincause behind this phenomenon has been considered to be the polarization of the electric field,
which is generated by the enhancement of the ionosphereic conductance inside PsA patches.
A previous EISCAT radar observation has revealed the response of electron density and Hall
conductance to the appearance of the pulsating auroras. However, it is still not clear what isthe exact relationship between the variations of the direction of the electric field, theionosphereic conductance, and the optical pulsation.
On November 9, 2015, the EISCAT Tromsoe UHF and VHF radar operated with the
KAIRA instrument installed at Kilpisjarvi, Finland. This simultaneous observation provided
the electric field, the electron density/temperature, and ion velocity/temperature with atemporal resolution of 5-sec from the E region to F region. Auroral patches were captured by
the all-sky camera at Tromsoe from 02:40 to 03:10 UT. We found that the electron density
increased in the lower E region (below 110 km) inside of these auroral patches. Thus, theedges of the PsA patches seemed to be polarized by the Hall conductance enhancement. The
ion velocity of the northward direction was increased during the PsA patches passed above
Tromsoe. This indicates that the eastward electric also increased at that time. This electricfield modulation was consistent with the polarization of the electric field created by theenhancement of the Hall conductance. In this presentation, we will summarize these results
and explain the generation mechanism of the polarization electric field caused by the Hall
conductance enhancement in the E region.

G07-P05

Comparison of northern and southern polar cap patches:a statistical analysis with all-sky imagers
A. Kagawa1*, K. Hosokawa1, Y.Ogawa2, A. Kadokura2 and Y.Ebihara3
1

The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan
Polar cap patches are defined as region of plasma density enhancements in the polar cap F
region ionosphere. The electron density inside patches is 2 to 10 times larger than the
background level. The production of patches is believed to be caused by intermittent intake ofhigh-density solar EUV plasma on the dayside by the anti-sunward convection. However, we
still do not know if this process is always working and creating patches or not.
In the past, the optical observations of patches were carried out only in the northernhemisphere. This is because it has been difficult to install/operate relatively large andexpensive equipment in the severe environment in Antarctica. In this study, we make use of
so-called WATEC imagers which are inexpensive and handy airglow imagers. The WATEC
imagers have been operative at McMurdo (77.5 S, 166.4 E, -79.9 MLAT) and South Pole
(90.0 S, -74.7 MLAT) stations. By applying several noise reduction processes (e.g., image
integration) to the original raw images, we succeeded in visualizing polar cap patches in thesouthern hemisphere. In this study, we try to reveal statistical properties of Antarctic polar cap
patches and discuss their generation mechanisms by comparing it with the past observationsin the northern hemisphere.

G07-P06

Radiation dose nowcast during the ground level
enhancement on 10 September 2017
Ryuho Kataoka1*, Tatsuhiko Sato2 and Shoko Miyake3
1

National Institute of Polar Research
2
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
3
National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College
Ground level enhancement (GLE) event occurred on 10 September 2017, associatedwith X8.2 solar flare exploded at western limb. We report the initial estimates of the possible
radiation dose at flight altitudes as obtained from the WASAVIES [1]. We succeeded tomanually conduct the nowcast using WASAVIES, and the maximum radiaion dose at 11 km
flight altitude during the polar route was estimated as approximately 2.0 μSv/h, which was
lower than the radiation dose of 6.0 μSv/h due to galactic cosmic rays. The best-fitted powerlaw index of the initial energy spectrum of protons is estimated as -6.0, which is softer than
average. The best-fitted “injection parameter” of WASAVIES is also estimated as 3.0, which
is longer time scale than average. We did not see significant north-south assymetry for thisevent. We discuss potential problems and solutions of the atutomatic forecast using
WASAVIES for future GLE events.
References[1] Kataoka, R., T. Sato, Y. Kubo, D. Shiota, T. Kuwabara, S. Yashiro, and H. Yasuda(2014), Radiation dose forecast of WASAVIES during ground level enhancement, Space
Weather, 12, doi:10.1002/2014SW001053.

G07-P07

Temporal and spatial variations of storm-time ionosphericirregularities in high- and mid-latitudes on the basis of GPS
total electron content data analysis
T. Sugiyama1*, Y. Otsuka1, A. Shinbori 1, T. Tsugawa2, M. Nishioka2
1

2

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Japan
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan

It has been well-known that an enhancement of the ionospheric irregularity is caused byauroral particle precipitation and high-speed plasma convection. Recently, Cherniak andZakharenkova [2016] reported strong ionospheric irregularities during a super storm that
occurred on March 17-18, 2015 that were associated with storm-enhanced density (SED)
formation at mid-latitudes and evolution of the SED plume to the polar tongue of ionization(TOI). However, since they did not analyzed the GPS data with high time resolution, detailed
temporal and spatial evolution of the ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms
remains unknown. In this study, we analyze long-term global observation data of Total ElectronContent (TEC) and Rate of TEC Index (ROTI) provided by NICT in order to clarify the
temporal and spatial evolution of storm-time ionospheric irregularities. The ROTI data are often
used to identify small-scale (3-30 km) irregularities of plasma density. The two dimensional
horizontal maps of ROTI and TEC can be obtained from worldwide GPS data every 5 minutes
and 30 seconds respectively. In the present analysis, we used geomagnetic indices (Kp and Dst)
provided by WDC for Geomagnetism, Kyoto University in order to identify several storm
events.
We investigate behavior of ROTI during a large geomagnetic storm that occurred on
March 17, 2015 with the minimum Dst index of -235 nT. This magnetic storm commenced at
05:00 UT on March 17. An intense ROTI enhancement was observed over North America at
07: 45-11: 00 UT on 17th and from 18:00 UT on 17th to 01:00 UT on 18th. At 07:45-11:00 UT,
the enhanced ROTI region extends in the longitudinal direction and equatorward up to 41
degrees (GLAT: geographic latitude). From comparison with the UV data of wavelength 135.6
nm by the DMSP satellite, it is inferred that the ROTI enhancement is caused mainly by particle
precipitations at auroral region. From 18:00 UT on 17th to 01:00 UT on 18th, SED was
observed over North America, and the enhanced ROTI region coincides with the inner and polarsides of SED. We further investigated behavior of ROTI during another geomagnetic storm that
occurred on January 22, 2012. The minimum Dst index of this storm is -70 nT. In this case,although SED appeared from Europe to Iceland at 10:30-14:30 UT, there was no ROTI
enhancement associated with this. In order to clarify a statistical view of storm-time ROTI
behavior, we investigated local time and latitudinal dependence of ROTI on the Kp index. The
average ROTI map for each Kp with 1-hour time interval was obtained using the ROTI datafrom 2012 to 2014. The ROTI enhancement corresponding to particle precipitation was always
found irrespective of Kp index. The equatorial boundary of enhanced ROTI region expands tothe lowest latitude at 00:00 LT (local time) and shrinks to the highest latitude at 12:00 LT.
There were no ROTI enhancement in mid-latitudes. The equatorial boundary tended to expand
to low latitude as the Kp index increases.
References[1] I. Cherniak, I. Zakharekova, High-latitude ionospheric irregularities: differences between
ground- and space-based GPS measurements during the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day storm, Planets
and Space (2016) 68:136

G07-P08

Statistical study of Ionospheric Conductivity (Solar Zenith Angle) Dependence of theSubauroral Polarization Streams using the SuperDARN Hokkaido East HF RadarY. Zhang, N. Nishitani, and T. Hori
We investigate characteristics of the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS), focusing on thesolar zenith angle (SZA) dependence using the Hokkaido East radar and the Buckland Park
radar of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES)
system and Meteorological Operational Satellite Program of Europe (MetOp) system data.
The time span for the present study is from 2008/1/10 to 2016/12/31, which contains over
3180 days, and we limited the time range of the analysis to 3-8 UT (12-17 LT for the fields ofview of the two radars). From the data of the Hokkaido East radar, we found 60 SAPS events
over seasons except for summer, and from the data of the Buckland Park radar, we only found17 events in winter. And for each event we examined the SZA and the peak Line-of-sightvelocity observed in the SAPS, in order to identify the threshold of the possible SZA andilluminated ionospheric altitude for SAPS to be generated. The present work is the firststatistical study addressing SZA dependence of SAPS in detail. As a result of the statistical
study, we find that in northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere, SAPS tend to appear
when the SZA is larger than 98.5 and 90 degrees respectively, and that the minimal thresholdof illuminated ionospheric altitude for SAPS occurrence is about 100 km, which is near thealtitude of the peak of Pedersen conductivity. This result suggests that the Pedersen
conductivity plays an important role in the generation of SAPS in both northern and southernhemispheres. We should take into account the effect of HF propagation geometry, and EUV
absorption in the atmosphere. We are planning to improve the accuracy of SZA in the future,
by applying the Chisham virtual height model [Chisham et al., 2008] on the Hokkaido East
radar, which can locate the position of flows more accurately.
Keywords: solar zenith angle, sub-auroral polarization stream, magnetosphere-ionosphere
coupling, Pedersen conductivity, SuperDARN Hokkaido East radarG07-P09

Ion temperature variations in the D- and E-region polar
ionosphere during stratospheric sudden warming
Y. Ogawa*1, S. Nozawa2, M. Tsutsumi1, Y. Tomikawa1, C. Hall3, and I. Haggstrom4
1

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan
3
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
4
EISCAT Headquarters, Sweden

We analyzed ion temperature and velocity observed by the European Incoherent Scatter(EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromsoe (69.6°N, 19.2°E) during a stratospheric sudden warming(SSW) that occurred in January-February 2017. The zonal ion velocities at 85-100 km height
reversed approximately 8 days earlier than the zonal wind reversal in the upper stratosphereand the ion temperature at 85-95 km decreased simultaneously with the zonal ion velocity
reversal at the same altitude. We found that the time variations of ion temperature in thedaytime are close to those of ambipolar diffusion coefficients derived from the the
Nippon/Norway Tromsoe Meteor Radar (NTMR) data at the same altitude even whengeomagnetic activity is moderate. This suggests that the D- and lower E-region ion
temperature in the daytime is a good proxy for neutral temperature at the same altitude. We
will explain the reliable ion temperature derivation in the D-region and its limitation, and also
discuss relationship between ion temperature and vertical ion velocity variations at 85-95 km
measured with the EISCAT UHF radar.

Figure 1. Ion temperature measured with EISCAT UHF radar above Tromsoe, Norway. The
zonal wind reversal in the upper stratosphere over 69°N occurred on 1 February.

G07-P10

Aurora observations by an optical spectrograph at the
EISCAT radar site, Tromsø, Norway
T. T. Tsuda1*, K. Hosokawa1, T. Kawabata2, S. Nozawa2, and A. Mizuno2
1

The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
Nagoya University, JapanWe developed a compact spectrograph in the University of Electro-Communications.
The spectrograph is capable of measuring optical emission intensity in mainly visible range
with a resolution of ~1.6 nm, and the aperture, i.e. F-number, is ~4. We installed thespectrograph in European incoherent scatter (EISCAT) radar site, Tromsø, Norway (69.6ºN,
19.2ºE), and started unmanned nighttime operation on 4 October 2016. The field-of-view(FOV) of the spectrograph is pointed at magnetic field-aligned direction, and the data
sampling rate is 1 Hz. Since then, aurora observations have been performed continuously
during the last winter. During the period, we succsessfully obtained more than 8,000,000 data,
which include many kinds of aurora, e.g., pulsating aurora. In the presentation, we will
introduce the spectrograph and report initial results from the aurora observations in EISCAT
Tromsø site.

G07-P11

Model calculations on Na layer variation induced by auroralenergetic particles	 K. Takizawa1*, and T. T. Tsuda1
1

The University of Electro-Communications, Japan

Metallic atom and ion layers, such as Na, K, Fe, and Ca+ layers, exist in the mesosphereand lower thermosphere (MLT). The height range of the MLT region corresponds to theionospheric D and E regions, and in the polar region energetic particles precipitating from themagnetosphere can often penetrate into the E region and even into the D region. Therefore,
the influence of energetic particles on the metallic atom and ion layers is of interest regarding
changes in atmospheric composition accompanied by auroral activity or geomagnetic activity.
In this study, we have developed a numerical model to understand importance of the
Na chemical process triggered by ionization, i.e. enhancements of electron and ion densities,
due to energetic particle precipitation. The model describes simply continuity equations
related with Na chemical reactions. To investigate the ionization effects on the Na layer, wehave performed two calculations using the model. One is the case of higher electron and ion
densities, i.e. the case of ionization induced by energetic particle precipitation, and the other isthe case of lower electron and ion densities, i.e. the case of no ionization. Regarding theresults, we found that the calculated Na density in the case of ionization was lower than thatin the case of no ionization. Thus, the enhancements of electron and ion densities can induce
Na density decrease through the Na chemical process. In the presentation, we will introduce
our model and show the results. Furthermore, we will compare the results with previous
observations.

G07-P12

Study on Na layer variation related with auroral activity
using Na lidar data obtained at Syowa, Antarctic
R. Tozu1*, T. T. Tsuda1, T. D. Kawahara2, Y. Tanaka3, M. K. Ejiri3,
T. Nishiyama3, and T. Nakamura3
1

The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
Shinshu University, Japan
3
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

Metallic atom and ion layers, such as Na, K, Fe, and Ca+ layers, exist in the mesosphereand lower thermosphere (MLT). The height range of the MLT region corresponds to theionospheric D and E regions, and in the polar region energetic particles precipitating from themagnetosphere can often penetrate into the E region and even into the D region. Therefore,
the influence of energetic particles on the metallic atom and ion layers is of interest regarding
changes in atmospheric composition accompanied by auroral activity or geomagnetic activity.
In this study, we have performed a statistical investigation on the Na layer variation
related with geomagnetic activity using Na density data, which were obtained by Na lidar
observations from 2000 to 2002 at Syowa Station, Antarctic (69.0°S, 39.6°E). In the analysis,
we categorized the Na density data according to Ap index and then compared the resulting
data sets. Regarding the results, we found a decrease in the Na density at 96-100 km during
higher geomagnetic activity. In the presentation, we will show these results, and discuss the
local-time characteristics of the observed Na density decrease.

G08-P01

Japan’s Official Arctic Policy, which Evolutions andOpportunities for the Japanese Business Companies in the Arctic
Region?

!

J. Babin1*
1Laval University, Canada!

!

Arctic ice is melting at an accelerating pace, but economic, strategic and ecologicalrisks in the Arctic have contributed to its return to regional and international politics. Despite
its long polar tradition, Japan had to wait until 2015 before the government adopted an official
comprehensive Arctic Policy. Moreover, while Antarctica has raised more attention in both
the Japanese research (expeditions and research bases) and political area (whaling) in the past,this attention is progressively and partially shifting towards the Arctic. However, thegeopolitical situation of the Antarctic and the Arctic are very different which forces thegovernment to adapt its actions: Japan does not possess any Arctic territory and hence mustcooperate with Arctic States to be integrated in debates about the Arctic.
As the new Arctic Sea Routes present new business opportunities for Japanesecompanies, the attitude of the Japanese government in official communications was toofficially support companies interested in these opportunities [1-2]. While in the past years
there was little help from the government to encourage the Japanese companies to invest in
Arctic related projects (e.g., the KANUMAS project supported by JOGMEC) the situation has
been slowly evolving. The meeting of President Abe and President Putin in december 2016 in
Tokyo lead to an expansion in the economic cooperation between Japan and Russia withbusiness deals between companies and government bodies from both sides which included theArctic LNG-2 project.
However, when investigating the ongoing or planned projects of Japanese companies
from different sectors for this region, we can observe that those companies are, so far, notvery optimistic in making economical profit should they invest in the Arctic region [3]. The
harsh meteorological conditions, high cost for maintenance and the lack of infrastructures in
the Arctic tend to discourage several companies. Hence, apart from a few exceptions,Japanese companies are adopting an attitude of « wait and see », as they are also waiting forthe government to support them more actively by giving some incentives to invest on Arctic
related projects.!

!

References[1] Shiraishi, K. (2015). Japan’s Ambassador in charge of Arctic Affairs, Arctic Circle Assembly in
Reykjavik, Iceland, october 2015. Available at: https://vimeo.com/143398544 [accessed on
2016/11/02].
[2] Shiraishi, K. (2016). Ambassador in charge of Arctic Affairs. Japanese Arctic Strategy andRussia’s Interests at the Canergie Moscow Center on February 29, 2016. Available at : http://
carnegie.ru/2016/02/29/japanese-arctic-strategy-and-russia-s-interests. accessed on 2016/05/08].
[3] Beveridge, L., Fournier M. Lasserre, F., Huang L. and Têtu P.L. (2016). Interest of Asian shipping
companies in navigating the Arctic. Polar Science, 2016. Doi:10.1016/j.polar.2016.04.004

G08-P02

Chinese soft power in the Arctic
M. Y. Gutenev
South Ural State University (National Research University), Russia
The impact of global warming on the melting of Arctic ice has been widely
discussed in the scientific community and the media. Due to the expected climatechanges dramatically in recent years the number has increased of States andcommercial organizations in the development of the Arctic resources, as well as
possible ways of transportation along the Northern sea route.
The China factor in the Arctic for the last decade has been particularly relevant.
To achieve its geopolitical and economic interests in the Arctic China's government
consistently generates and implements its Arctic policy. One of the most effective
tools for achieving their political objectives in the Arctic is science diplomacy, as akind of soft power.
An important component of the complex interests is the interest in ecology.
China's growing economy and its political power are vulnerable to climate change.
The melting of Arctic ice and its implications actually give China a legitimate right toengage in research activities in the Arctic.
Attempts at scientific study of the Arctic were undertaken by China in the 80-iesof the last century. In 2000-ies begins a new stage of development and the study of
the Arctic – scientific research projects. China actively moved on to the practicalimplementation of their economic and political objectives in the Arctic. In 2004 on theisland of Spitsbergen, "Polar research Institute of China" opened a scientific researchstation "Yellow river".
In the academic environment Chinese researchers have clearly entrenched theconcept, considering China as "almost Arctic" or "Arctic" state. Researchers from
China in their scientific work actively justify the status of the Arctic as an object ofinternational law, at the time, as China itself is building a bilateral format ofcooperation with the Arctic and Arctic countries and actively participates in theinternational Arctic organizations.
Well seen are China's attempts to influence to the countries of Northern Europe
through the scientific community. In particular for this purpose the China-Nordic
research centre was established. CNARC was established in Shanghai on 10th
December 2013 by 10 Member Institutes, four Chinese and six Nordic, which all
have capacities to influence and coordinate Arctic research. CNARC''s purpose is toprovide a platform for academic cooperation to increase awareness, understanding
and knowledge of the Arctic and its global impacts, as well as to promote
cooperation for sustainable development.
Through various research activities, conferences and symposia, China isstrengthening its political position in the Arctic and the legitimacy of their claims onaccess to natural resources in the Arctic. From 80-ies till present, largely due toscientific diplomacy, China has achieved its political goals in the region and becamea member of the Arctic Council.

G08-P03

Arctic Tourist Taxation or Arctic Charity
D.Mishina*
Master of Arts (International Relations), Webster University, Vienna
The purpose of this project is to introduce a new Arctic tourism-approach: Arctic tourist
taxation. In contrast to other studies, I consider whether business (especially expensive Arctic
tourism) can be connected to the direct Arctic development by governmental taxation and/or
charity. Specifically, I focus on the needed changes in the understanding of the Arctic tourism
in general. (Under the "Arctic tourism" I analyze Arctic territories (High-Arctic, Low-Arctic
and sub-Arctic territories).
The Arctic region suffer from the lack of infrastructure, educational facilities for local
habitats, territorial, social, and health development. The results of students interviews in the
Russian Northern Arctic region (Yamal) have shown that teenagers (13-18 years old) showinterest to the Arctic regions (77%). However, there is a lack of information about the Arctic,
its value and perspectives to work and live in the Northern regions. Moreover, respondents areready and want to get knowledge about the Arctic by outdoor seminars and conferences (62%)
or have сompulsory either facultative lessons with invited Arctic specialists (80%) (SeeFigure 1).
Principles and goals of the “Arctic tourist taxation” or “Arctic Charity” are oriented on
help, initiation and promotion of the needed Arctic development by combining business andpleasure. Using qualitative method of analysis, I found the evidence of possibility to manage a“Arctic tourist taxation” as a new program of the Arctic Council or “Arctic Charity” as anindependent NGO. I propose to charge tour operators and tourists by 0.5% of the tour’s pricefor the further development of the Arctic regions. This approach will build a “checkpoint” infront of the gate to the North. The project can be implemented not only for indigenous and nonindigenous people in the Northern regions, but also for Arctic animals’ protection and fornational parks in the Northern regions.
I assume, that “Arctic tourist taxation” will not decrease the number of tourists and evenattract more tourists, experts and scientists from many different countries, and more people
around the world will know more about the Arctic regions. Every Arctic tourist is able to takepart in the further Arctic development personally. The Arctic regions have a bright future, but
the way it will be managed depends on our behavior and responsibilities.

100 Respondents

120
100

3
20

80
60

93

56

75

40

80

77
34

20
0

20

7

24

Special Arctic Lessons bylessons
invitedteachers

26

21

12

32

62

47

10
Arctic isinteresting

Own Arctic Invited Arctic
ideas
specialists(wish)Yes

Did not think yet

No

Figure 1. Results of students’ interview

Outdoors
seminars(wish)

Online Arctic
lessons(wish)

G08-P04

Demographic Trend in the Russian High North
Tomoko Tabata1*
1

Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, JapanI have analyzed the demographic trend of the Russian High North and showed that there
are significant differences in this trend among these regions [1]. In this paper, I distinguishseveral patterns of demographic developments in these regions, taking account of natural
increase (births minus deaths) and net migration (in-migrants minus out-migrants). I consider
the relationship of these developments and socio-economic characteristics of the regions as
well.
I examine eight regions that are included in the Russian High North (Russian Arcticzone), according to the State Program “Socio-economic development of Russian Arctic zone
until 2020,” adopted by Government Resolution No. 366 dated April 21, 2014. They are
Murmansk Oblast, Arkhangelsk Krai, Nenets Autonomous Okrug (AO), Komi Republic,
Yamalo-Nenets AO, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Sakha Republic and Chukotka AO. For the purpose ofcomparison, I analyze eight regions that are included in the definition of the Far North, decided
by USSR Cabinet Resolution No. 1029 of November 10, 1967, in addition to above-mentioned
eight regions. They are Karelia Republic, Khanty-Mansi AO, Tyva Republic, Irkutsk Oblast,
Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin Oblast, Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai. Among these 16
regions of the Far North, six regions are included in the Far East by the administrative definitionof Russia.
I also examine similarities and differences between High Northern and Far Eastern regionsin terms of demographic trend. In the period from 1990 to 1999, the total population of theseven regions of High North (excluding Komi Republic) decreased by 812 thousand, of which
810 thousand were due to outflow of the population to the other regions of Russia. The decreasein population in this period in the Russian Far East was 1,131 thousand, while outflow of the
population was 1,137 thousand (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Population of Russia, High North and Far East

References[1] S. Tabata and T. Tabata, Economic Development of the Arctic Regions of Russia. In V.
Tynkkynen, S. Tabata, D. Gritsenko and M. Goto, eds., Russia’s Far North: The Contested
Energy Frontier. Routledge (forthcoming).

G08-P05
Cancelled

G08-P06

Development of the Mineral Industry Economy of the Arctic
and Northern Regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
A.A. Larionov1*and S.S. Ammosov2
1Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
2Institute of Finances and Economics, M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University,

RussiaAbstract: At the modern age of development of the extractive economy there are many
opportunities for the development of this industry. First of all, considering the Republic of
Sakha (Yakutia) we mean the industrial extraction of gold (20% of Russia’s gold mining) anddiamonds (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) provides more than 90% of Russia’s diamondproduction and about 25% of the world’s total production), Now underground mining of diamonds and gold by leaching from the ground is possible, this allows increasing production
and make it more profitable.
13 regions of the republic belong to the Arctic and northern regions: Abyisky, Anabarsky, Allaikhovsky, Bulunsky, Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhoyansky, Zhigansky, Momsky,
Nizhnekolymsky, Olenyoksky, Srednekolymsky, Ust-Yansky, Even-Bytantaisky. Of the, 7 are
beyond the line of the Arctic Circle.

Figure 1. Map of the Arctic and northern Regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

References[1] Decree of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) No. 251 of 15 August 2014
on the Complex Program of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) “Social-Economic Developmentof the Arctic and Northern Regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakuita) for 2014-2017 and for
the Period up to 2020” (as amended by the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
No. 142 of 28 April 2017)

S02-P01

Near real-time forecasts using a global nonhydrostatic
model NICAM for the 2017 Mirai Arctic cruise
T. Nasuno1*, M. Ikeda1, J. Inoue2, and K.Sato2
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

In Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Arctic
observations using the research vessel (RV) Mirai has been conducted for many years based on
the recognition that the Arctic region is the key to the understanding and projection of the globalchange (http://arctic-climate.com/; Inoue et al. 2015; Sato et al. 2017). In August-September
2017, the Mirai Arctic cruise (MR17-05C) was executed to obtain atmospheric sounding, ocean
surface, and biochemical data. In order to support field operation and to gain our understandingof the surface wind and weather phenomena associated with moist convection, near real-time
forecasts using Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM, Satoh et al. 2014)
were conducted throughout the observation period. The forecast system has been developed at
JAMSTEC since 2010, and has been used for tropical RV Mirai cruises (e.g., MR10-03, MR1107, MR13-03, MR15-04; Nasuno et al. 2017). This is the first attempt to make use of theforecast system for the Arctic research. Here we report the performance of the current forecast
system (14-km mesh 4-day forecasts with fixed sea ice and prescribed sea surface temperature)and discuss the next step toward the understanding of the relevant physical processes such as
the air-sea interaction and precipitation and their impacts on the model performance andimprovement of the forecast skill in the forthcoming cruises.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Center for Earth Information Science and Technology(CEIST), JAMSTEC as Earth Simulator project.
References[1] J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, J. Ono, K. Dethloff, M. Maturilli, R. Neuber, P. Edwards, and H.
Yamaguchi, Additional Arctic observations improve weather and sea-ice forecasts for the
Northern Sea Route, Scientific Reports, 5, 16868 (2015)[2] K. Sato, J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, J.-H. Kim , M. Maturilli, K. Dethloff, S. R. Hudson, and
M. A. Granskog, Journal of Geophysical Research, 122, 775-787 (2017)[3] M. Satoh and co-authors, The Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model:
Description and Development., Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 1, 18 (2014)[4] T. Nasuno, K. Kikuchi, M. Nakano, Y. Yamada, M. Ikeda, and H. Taniguchi, Evaluationof the Near real-time Forecasts Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model during the
CINDY2011/DYNAMO. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 95, accepted (2017)

S02-P02

How well does ERA-Interim product reproduce the upper
troposphere over the Arctic Ocean ?
J. Inoue1*, K. Sato1 and K. Oshima212National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

Using data sets of frequent radiosonde observations and surface meteorologicalobservations obtained during an Arctic cruise in September 2014, the reproducibility of the
ERA-Interim reanalysis product was evaluated with reference to the upper troposphere.
Relative humidity in the ERA-Interim reanalysis was found overestimated with a positive biasof cloud cover in the upper troposphere, which was attributable partly to the parameterizationof cloud formation. Relative humidity in the lower stratosphere was also higher than observed,
suggesting that a small amount of moisture was transported from the troposphere to thestratosphere via mixing induced by radiative/evaporative cooling at the level of the excessive
upper cloud. Ozone profiles, based on ozonesonde observations, revealed that a positive biasof ozone partial pressure below the tropopause in the ERA-Interim reanalysis could be
attributed to downward transport of ozone from the lower stratosphere into the upper
troposphere via entrainment of a high-ozone air mass. The positive bias of upper cloud in the
ERA-Interim reanalysis also affected downward radiation at the surface for the case of absent
boundary layer clouds.

References[1] J. Inoue, K. Sato, K. Oshima, Excessive upper tropospheric cloud in the ERA-Interim reanalysis
over the Arctic Ocean moistens the lower stratosphere and modifies the surface radiation balance, Okh.
Sea Polar Oceans Res. (submitted).

S02-P03

Measurements of ice-nucleating particles over the Arctic
Ocean, Bering Sea, and western North Pacific on R/V Mirai
in August-October 2016
K. Murata1*, Y. Tobo1, F. Taketani2, T. Miyakawa2, and Y. Kanaya2
1

2

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for ice particle formation in troposphericclouds at temperatures higher than -38°C and hence play an important role in determining
their radiative and microphysical properties. However, quantification of INPs in remote areas,such as ocean and polar regions, is still challenging due to low concentrations in the marine
atmosphere. In this study, measurement of INPs was performed using aerosol samples
collected during a cruise of R/V Mirai across the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and western
North Pacific from August to October 2016. We used the National Institute of Polar Research
Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test (NIPR-CRAFT) device to examine theimmersion freezing efficiency of the collected aerosols in the temperature range of -25°C to
0°C and measured the number concentration of atmospheric INPs as a function oftemperature. The INP concentrations varied over about three orders of magnitude during thecruise. Over the Arctic Ocean (i.e., >70°N), the INPs active at -25°C were <0.08 L-1. Incomparison with the Arctic Ocean, INPs active at -25°C were abundant over the Bering Sea
and western North Pacific; 0.03-5.5 L-1 during the first half leg and 0.3-41 L-1 during thereturning leg. According to on-board measurement of black carbon concentrations and model
simulations, extremely high concentrations of INPs during the returning leg would be
attributed to transport of smoke from fires in Siberia. The difference in INP concentrations
during the cruise indicates that INPs in marine air can vary dramatically in response to longrange transport of continental aerosols, such as smoke, in addition to local emissions from thesea surface. The observed concentrations of INPs were reasonably well expressed by powerlaw fits with the number concentration of fluorescent biological aerosol particles
simultaneously measured with a Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4) during
the cruise, which suggests that biological aerosol particles may play a role in determining INP
populations in the marine air of this case.

S02-P04

Role of ikaite precipitation in the sea ice carbon pump
Y. Hu1, 2*, F. Wang2 , D. Barber2 and S. Rysgaard2
1

Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, China
Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Canada

2

Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate that recently has beenfound in sea ice. Although it is suggested that ikaite precipitation may play an important rolein air–sea CO2 flux in ice-covered seas, its relative importance is not known due to scarcity offield measurement. We investigated ikaite precipitation in frost flower, on sea ice surface(two scenarios: flooded by seawater vs non-flooded) and in the sea ice column grown at an
outdoor pool of the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF) in Winnipeg, Canada.
The results show that ikaite is highly enriched in frost flower with a concentration around 350µmol.kg-1. Ikaite is also found on the surface of sea ice, with higher concentrations on flooded
sea ice (~95 µmol.kg-1) than on non-flooded sea ice (~20 µmol.kg-1). However, ikaite isnearly undetectable (<1 µmol.kg-1) below the sea ice surface. Our results suggest that ikaite
precipitation is mainly a surface phenomenon related to the cold temperatures and highsalinities, which is in agreement with thermodynamic modeling by FREZCHEM. The
negligible precipitation of ikaite in the sea ice column suggests its role in the sea ice carbon
pump is likely minor.

S02-P05

ECV-Ice: Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice–SCOR Working Group 152
D. Nomura1*, F. Fripiat2, B. Else3, B. Delille4, M. Fernandez-Méndez5, L. Miller6, I. Peeken7,
J-M. Rintala8, M.A. van Leeuwe9, F. Zhang10, K. Abrahamsson11, J. Bowman12, J. France13, A.
Fransson5, D. Lannuzel14, 15, B. Loose16, K. Meiners14, 15, C.J. Mundy17, H.C. Shin18,
J.-L. Tison19, and M. Vichi20
1

Hokkaido University, Japan
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany
3
University of Calgary, Canada
4
University of Liège, Belgium
5Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway
6
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada
7
Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany
8
University of Helsinki, Finland
9
University of Groningen, the Netherlands
10
Polar Research Institute of China
11
University of Gothenberg, Sweden
12
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA
13
University of East Anglia, UK
14
Australian Antarctic Division, Australia
15
University of Tasmania, Australia
16
University of Rhode Island, USA
17
University of Manitoba, Canada
18
Korean Polar Research Institute, Korea
19
Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
20
University of Cape Town, South Africa
2

Observations over recent decades suggest that sea ice plays a significant role in global
biogeochemical cycles, providing an active biogeochemical interface at the ocean-atmosphereboundary. However, a pressing need exists to perform methodological intercalibration
experiments in order to obtain reliable measurements of basic biogeochemical properties,
including many of the Essential Climate Variables of the Global Climate Observing System.
With newly emerging techniques, and pressed by the rapid changes in sea ice, the time hascome to evaluate and improve our approach to study sea-ice systems. In 2016, the ScientificCommittee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) launched Working Group 152 on Measuring
Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice). This working group will synthesize pastintercalibration exercises and design and coordinate new experiments. Our ultimate goal is toprovide the international community with standardized protocols for processing sea-ice
samples and collecting data for key variables, including CO2 partial pressure, nutrients, algal
biomass and production, and gas exchange. We will also establish the effectiveness of newtechniques to address sea-ice heterogeneity (often referred to as “patchiness”). These tasks
will directly benefit the long-term community goal of understanding the response of polar
marine environments to ongoing climate change.

S02-P06

Bacterial production of organic gas in cold seawater
T. Kataoka1, A. Ooki2, and D. Nomura2*
1

Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan

In order to clarify the bacterial production of organic gas (dibromomethane) in the cold
water, we monitored organic gass production as well as bacterial community compositon in
the methanol- and the bromoform-added seawater during 30-days incubation experiments in a
low-temperature room. An organic gas of dibromomethane was higher in the substrate added
treatments than that in the control where no organic substrate was added. Similarly, bacterial
abundance, which was estimated from 16S rRNA gene copy number using quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR), increased with time for the methanol- and the bromoform-added
treatments. A PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed that bacterial community
comoposition was different in the treatment bottoles, and DNA sequencing analysis of DGGE
bands identified that one of the dominant taxa was close to genus Methylophaga, which is the
methylotroph using methanol and methiammine for the productivity. These result suggest thatorganic gas as dibromomethane was produced by the bacteria using the methanol as an
substrate and resulting the dehalogenation of bromoform. Our present results provide the clue
for the bacterial production of organic gas in the cold water of the polar oceans.

S02-P07

The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study ofArctic Climate (MOSAiC)
M. Rex1, M. Shupe2, K. Dethloff1, B. Rabe1*, and MOSAiC-Team3
1

2

Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, USA
3International TeamMOSAiC is an international initiative under the umbrella of the International Arctic
Science Committee (IASC) designed by an international consortium of leading polar research
institutes.
Rapid changes in the Arctic lead to an urgent need for reliable information about thestate and evolution of the Arctic climate system. This requires more observations andimproved modelling over various spatial and temporal scales, and across a wide variety of
disciplines. Observations of many critical parameters have, to date, not been carried out in thecentral Arctic for a full annual cycle.
MOSAiC will be the first year-around expedition into the central Arctic exploring thecoupled climate system. The research vessel Polarstern will drift with the sea ice across thecentral Arctic during 2019 to 2020. The drift starts in the Siberian sector of the Arctic in latesummer. A distributed regional network of observational sites will be established on the sea
ice in an area of up to 50 km distance from Polarstern, representing a grid cell in climate
models. The ship and the surrounding network will drift with the natural sea ice drift acrossthe polar cap towards the Atlantic.
The focus of MOSAiC lies on in-situ observations of the climate processes that couple
atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, biogeochemistry and ecosystem. These measurements will besupported by weather and sea ice predictions, and remote sensing operations to aid
operational planning and extend the observational results in time and space. The expedition
includes aircraft operations and expeditions by icebreakers from MOSAiC partners. All theseobservations will be used for the main scientific goals of MOSAiC: enhancing theunderstanding of the regional and global consequences of Arctic climate change and sea ice
loss, and improve weather and climate prediction. In particular, the results are needed toadvance the data assimilation for numerical weather prediction models, sea ice forecasts,
climate models and ground truth for satellite remote sensing. Furthermore, the understandingof the energy budget and fluxes through interfaces, sources, sinks and cycles of chemical
species, boundary layer processes, and primary productivity will be investigated during the
expedition. MOSAiC will support safer maritime and offshore operations, and contribute to
an improved scientific future fishery and traffic along the northern sea routes.

S02-P08

A distributed atmosphere-sea ice-ocean observatory in thecentral Arctic Ocean: concept and first results
M. Hoppmann1*, M. Nicolaus1, B. Rabe1, C. Katlein1, F. Wenzhöfer1, D. Scholz1, L. Valcic2,
1

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven,
Germany
2
BRUNCIN Observation Systems, Zagreb, Croatia

To understand the current evolution of the Arctic Ocean towards a less extensive, thinner andyounger sea ice cover is one of the biggest challenges in climate research. Especially the lack ofsimultaneous in-situ observations of sea ice, ocean and atmospheric properties leads to significant
knowledge gaps in their complex interactions, and how the associated processes impact the polar
marine ecosystem.
Here we present a concept for the implementation of a long-term strategy to monitor the mostessential climate- and ecosystem parameters in the central Arctic Ocean, year round andsynchronously.

The basis of this strategy is the development and enhancement of a number ofinnovative autonomous observational platforms, such as rugged weather stations, ice massbalance buoys, ice-tethered bio-optical buoys and upper ocean profilers. The deployment of thosecomplementing platforms in a distributed network enables the simultaneous collection of physicaland biogeochemical in-situ data on basin scales and year round, including the largely
undersampled winter periods. A key advantage over other observatory systems is that the data issent via satellite in near-real time, contributing to numerical weather predictions through the Global
Telecommunication Network (GTS) and to the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP).
The first instruments were installed on ice floes in the Eurasian Basin in spring2015 and 2016,

yielding exceptional records of essential climate- and ecosystem-relevant parameters in one of themost inaccessible regions of this planet. Over the next 4 years, and including the observational
periods of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP, 2017-2019) and the Multidisciplinary drifting
Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, 2020), the distributed observatory will
be maintained by deployment of additional instruments in the central Arctic each year, benefittingfrom international logistical efforts.

S02-P09

Improvement of an algorithm to estimate the Arctic sea-ice
thickness based on AMSR2
K. Tateyama1*, J. Inoue2, T. Nakanowatari2, S. Hoshino1 and Y. Tanaka1
1

2

Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, JapanAn algorithm to estimate the Arctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) [1] is applied to a satelliteborne passive microwave radiometer named Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2). Polarization Ratio at 36 GHz (PR36) and the Gradient Ratio between 6 and 36 GHz(GR06-36) which contain the signal of the first-year ice and multi-year ice are used to estimate
the sea-ice draft. The equations are corrected by SIT derived from satellite rader altimeter
SIRAL onboard Cryosat-2 (CS2) and in situ observations obtained from ice mass balance(IMB) buoys during 2012-12013. As the result, the small difference in SIT less than about 0.5m
comparing with IMB thickness appeared in particular during winter. During March to
September, difference in thickness between AMSR2 and IMB shows a siginificant correlation
as shown in Fig.1. For the SIT from March to September, a bias correction was additionallyapplied to the SIT using skin temperature calculated by an atmospheric reanalysis. This
correction reduces the error by 0.5 m in SIT. Figure 2 shows an example of skin temperatureand difference in thicknesses between IMB and AMSR2. The diffrence was decreased during
October to June. However, large errors during melting season remains due to a thick bias when
refreezing of melt ponds dominate
This study has been carried out under the support of ArCS, JAXA 1st Research
Announcement of Earth observation, and JSPS Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (A) Grant
Numbers JP26249133 and Scientific Research (C) Grant Numbers JP26340013.

Figure 1 Relationship between skintemperature provided by ECMWF
difference in thickness between
AMSR2 and IMB during 2012-2013.

Figure 2 Time series of skin temperature,difference in thicknesses between IMB and
AMSR2 and corrected AMSR2 draft with skintemperature for IMB No.2012G.

References[1] Krishfield, R. A., A. Proshutinsky, K. Tateyama, W. J. Williams, E. C. Carmack, F. A.
McLaughlin and M.-L. Timmermans (2014), Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the
Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle, J. Geophys.
Res., 119(2), 1271–1305.

S04-P01

Effect of crustose lichen on soil CO2 efflux in sphagnum
moss regime of tundra, west Alaska
Y. Kim1, S.-J. Park2, R. Suzuki3, and B.-Y.Lee2
1

University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
2

Increasing ambient temperatures across the Arctic have induced changes in plant extent
and phenology, degradation of permafrost, snow depth and covered extent, decomposition ofsoil organic matter, and subsequently, soil carbon emission to the atmosphere. However, there
is fully not understood on the effect of crustose lichen on soil CO2 emission to the atmosphere.
Although the spores of lichen are spread by wind and animals, the crustose lichen is infectedto the only sphagnum moss widely distributed in the Arctic, and is terminally killed the moss.
Here, we report the research findings on the soil CO2 efflux-measurement with forced
diffusion (FD) chamber system that is continuously monitored in sphagnum moss regime ofwest Alaska for the growing season of 2016. The environmental parameters (e.g., soil
temperature and moisture) were measured at intact and infected sphagnum moss regime. The
FD chamber is measured at an interval of 10-min and 30-min, which is not significant
difference between both intervals (R2 = 0.94; n = 1360; RMSE = 0.043; p < 0.001) based on aone-way ANOVA at the 95% confidence level. Mean soil CO2 effluxes (standard deviation)
in June, July, August, and September of 2016 were 0.47(0.22), 0.52(0.21), 0.55(0.31), and0.32(0.54) in infected sphagnum moss, and 0.27(0.47), 0.45(0.17), 0.50(0.22), and 0.31(0.49)
in intact sphagnum moss, respectively. This finding demonstrates that 1) soil CO2 in infectedsphagnum moss is one of atmospheric CO2 source in June and July, and 2) soil CO2 efflux is
not significant difference between both regimes for August and September of 2016.

S04-P02

Quantification of annual soil CO2 emission in unburned andburned black spruce forest of interior Alaska
Y. Kim1, H. Kobayashi2, S. Nagai2, H. Ikawa3, H. Nagano4, D. Risk5 B.-Y. Lee6, J. E. Walsh1,
and R. Suzuki2

1

2

University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
3
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
4
Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
5
St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia, Canada
6
Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea

Estimation of annual soil CO2 emission is not simple due to the winter contribution.
Further, change in the snow-covered period and frequency in measuring winter CO2 efflux
leads to inadequately estimate the annual carbon budget. It is not easy to quantify the annual
soil carbon emission in response to recently drastic changes of climate and environment in
sub-Arctic and Arctic. Here, we report the research findings on the evaluation of wintercarbon emission with 30-minute interval soil CO2 efflux-measurement in unburned andburned black spruce forest of interior Alaska from August 1 2015 to September 30 2016.
‘Warm’ and ‘cold’ seasons are defined by snow-free and snow-covered period monitored by
the time-lapsed camera and growing and non-growing seasons by the soil temperature of 0 °C,
respectively. Also, annual soil CO2 emission estimated from August 1 2015 to July 31 2016
and September 1 2015 to August 31 2016, respectively. As the results, The annual budgets of‘warm’ and ‘cold’ seasons soil CO2 emissions in unburned and burned black spruce soils were
258.8 and 162.2 gC m-2 period-1 during August 1 2015 to July 31 2016, and were 268.2 and
165.2 gC m-2 period-1 during September 1 2015 and August 31 2016, respectively. There are
not significant differences of soil CO2 effluxes between August 1 2015 to July 31 2016 and
September 1 2015 and August 31 2016, based on a one-way ANOVA at the 95 % confidence
level (p < 0.05). Cold season CO2 emissions in unburned and burned black spruce soils were111.5 and 34.2 gC m-2 period-1 by the snow depth, and were 103.8 and 35.6 gC m-2 period-1 by
the soil temperature, respectively. Cold season CO2 emissions in unburned black spruce soils
contributed to 38.7 to 43.1 % of annual CO2 emission; on the other hand, cold season CO2emissions contributed to 20.7 to 21.9 % of annual CO2 emission in burned black spruce soils.
Higher winter carbon contribution to the annual budget in unburned black spruce forest may
be due to much warm winter 2015/16. On the other hand, it is not easy to discriminate wintercarbon emission from burned black spruce forest soil to be higher or not due to changes insoil organic matter and soil microbial community by 2004 wildfire.

S04-P03

Characteristics of stem respiration for four tree species in
the late successional stage, interior Alaska
Yongwon. Kim1, Dong-Ju Kwon2, Seong-Deog Kim2, and Rikie Suzuki23

1

University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Choongnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
3

Boreal forests account for about one third of the carbon sequestered in terrestrial
ecosystems, and the high latitude boreal ecosystem is consequently vulnerable to recent
climate change. This study investigated stem respiration rates of mature, mixed
deciduous-coniferous forests including Alaska paper birch, balsam poplar, white spruce, andblack spruce in the late successional stage after disturbance during mid-July 2007. Stem
respiration rates, temperature of air and soil, and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation)
displayed explicitly diurnal variations for the observation period. Simulated stem respiration,
normalized to air temperature, elucidated 63 % (poplar) - 69 % (black spruce) of measured
stem respiration. Temperature (of air, stem, and soil) is an important parameter in controlling
this stem respiration of the four studied species, suggesting temperature-dependency. Q10
values in the four species ranged from 1.23 to 1.98 for air and stem temperature, and from1.86 to 3.93 for soil temperature. Response of stem respiration to temperature and PAR islikely to associate with the thickness of tree bark, reflecting the different lag time of 0.0-3.5
hours for temperature, and of 4.5-7.5 hours for PAR for the four species. This demonstrates
the fast response of stem respiration in Alaska paper birch (with thinner bark) as well as
slower stem respiration in balsam poplar (with thicker bark), in response to temperature andPAR in the very occasionally mixed mature forest during a late successional stage.

S04-P04

Assessment of the Present and Future Impact of Arctic
Warming on the Status and Carbon Cycle of Northern
Terrestrial Ecosystems
T. Diehl*, F. Cresto Aleina, L. Garcia San Martin, and A. Cescatti
Joint Research Center of the European Commission, Bio-Economy Unit, Ispra, Italy
The Arctic has undergone dramatic changes during the past 30 years and the current
warming trend can have multiple impacts on different components of the climate system. To
properly study such large-scale impacts and to predict future changes, contributions fromglobal land surface models are needed. These large scale mechanistic models, in turn, need to
be properly evaluated against state-of-the-art datasets, in order to reduce uncertainty in future
predictions.
We simulated the past 35 years of biogeochemical and biophysical fluxes with theCommunity Land Model (CLM4.5), and used a unique combination of multiple datasets toevaluate land surface fluxes. The datasets consist of surface and satellite observations as wellas output from atmospheric inverse modeling. We will present results from comparing net
biome productivity (NBP) during the period 1980-2015 between simulations and results frominverse modeling. We have identified 4 potential drivers (climate, atmospheric CO2
concentration, nitrogen deposition, and land use and land cover change) and we isolated theireffects. To that end, we performed multiple historical simulations in different configurations,in order to identify the weight and the importance of the different processes at play. In the
different experiments we kept one of the processes constant, as a proxy for a global sensitivity
analysis.
We will also present results from a run simulating the period up to 2100, which was
conducted to quantify - within the framework of the FP7 ICE-ARC project - the expected
future changes in ecosystem productivity and the carbon budget in response to climate change.
To achieve this goal, we performed a CLM offline run with a horizontal resolution of about
1x1 degrees, forced by atmospheric data from a coupled CESM simulation for the
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenario RCP2.6 as the target scenario of theParis agreement. In our presentation, we will focus on the analysis of the change of CO2 andCH4 flux variability with temperature and precipitation over time, and the change of the ratioof CO2 to CH4 fluxes.

S04-P05

Comparison of biogenic sulfur between cold andwarm years during summer in the Bering Sea andsome implications for the climate
Cheng-Xuan Li*, Bao-Dong Wang, Zi-Cheng Wang, Fu Guo and Yang Lv
Research Center for Marine Ecology, the First Institute of Oceanography, SOA,
Qingdao, China

The interannual variations of anti-greenhouse gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its
precursors dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were discussed on the basis of fieldobservations in the surface waters of the Bering Sea during summer of cold (2012) andwarm (2014 & 2016) years. The spatial distribution of dimethylated-sulphur presented
a declining trend from basin to continental shelf, while the high values occurred in the
Bering Slope Current influenced regions. From 2012 to 2016, the Bering Sea, which ishighly sensitive to climate changes on decadal and longer time scales, has undergone a
warming of 2.7 °C that is closely associated with a marked decrease of sea ice over thearea and could have profound influences on the ecosystem of the Bering Sea. Between
the cold and warm years, phytoplankton abundance and Chl a elevated obviously by
3.71 and 2.41 fold, respectively, which can be attributed to increasing trends of silicate
concentration and SiO32-/DIN ratio in this diatom-dominated region. Meanwhile,bacterial abundance showed a 1.31 times rise, thereby enhancing the conversion of
DMSP to DMS and DMS accumulation. As a consequence, more biogenic
dimethylated-sulphur were produced in warm years, which were 1-3 fold higher thanthose in cold year. Sea-to-air DMS fluxes also showed a 4 times rise in summer from2012 to 2016. During warm years, the relative biogenic sulfur contributions to the total
nss-SO42- were estimated to be in the range of 56.7%-95.6%, implying that oceanic
biogenic DMS emission had a dominant contribution to the sulfur budget over the
Bering Sea.

S04-P06

Potential impact of permafrost thaw on carbon dynamics inforest soils projected by a vertically stratified processbased model
Y. Miyamoto 1*, H. Sato 2 A. Kononov 3,4 T. Maximov 3,4 and A. Sugimoto 1
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
3
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone Siberian Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
4
M.K.Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
2

Forest soils store a large amount of organic matters, which can be a significant sourceof carbon dioxide emissions when decomposition is accelerated by increasing temperatures.
Understanding carbon release from the soils is particularly critical in high latitude forests wheremore organic carbon would be available for microbial decomposition when soil temperaturerises and permafrost thaws. The goal of this study is to estimate the amount of soil carbon andto predict carbon emissions under future climate change in the permafrost regions ofnortheastern Siberia. We use a model simulation and field observations to project carbon
dynamics in the forest soils in this region. We are developing a simulation model on soil carbon
dynamic by incorporating soil physical and biological processes such as soil temperature,moisture, decomposition by microbes, and vertical movements of organic materials. Organic
litter inputs that are computed daily from an existing vegetation model are divided into threepools with different decomposability and allocated vertically at 10 cm intervals. Decomposition
rates for the three organic parts are computed as a function of soil temperature and moisture
content of each soil layer. Remaining soil organic materials are subsequently relocatedvertically through cryoturbation, which is the movement of organic materials in the soil layers
caused by freeze-thaw actions. Simulation was conducted using 158-years of historical climate
records and 95-years of future climate under RCP8.5 scenarios. Simulations were conducted in
the Spasskaya-Pad Scientific Forest Station in Yakutsk, Russia, where time series observed data
are available. Results show that slowly decomposable materials tend to accumulate and move
downward into deeper soil layers, while the amounts of easily and intermediately decomposable
parts quickly reach equilibrium over time and mostly stay in shallower soil layers.
Approximately 10-12 kgC m-2 of soil organic matter was estimated to be stored at that site,which is within the range of observed soil carbon stock in eastern Siberia regions obtained fromobservation-based global soil databases. Regional-scale distribution patterns of carbon stock
were compared between the simulation results and global databases of soil properties.

S04-P07

Elevational gradient as a potential uncertainty factor formethane up-scaling by landscape structure and vegetation
distribution in Taiga-Tundra boundary, Indigirka lowland,
NE Siberia
T. Morozumi1*, R. Shingubara12, S. Tei2, S. Takano1, R. Fan1, H. Kobayashi3, R. Suzuki3, T.
C. Maximov4 and A. Sugimoto2
1

Graduate school of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
4
Institute for Biological Problems in Cryolithozone SB RAS, Russia

Vegetation cover is essential information for biogeochemical cycles, such as up-scalingof regional methane (CH4) emission, which requires wetland extent where biogenic CH4 ismainly released [1]. Taiga-Tundra boundary ecosystem consists of dwarf shrub tundra, sparselarch forest and polygonal wetlands which are thought to be affected by climate change. Despite
the importance of these structure of the ecosystem, it is not easy to know the structure ofheterogeneous landscape. As the vegetation classes have different reflectance signatures,
spectral unmixing method has been applied to obtain fractions of small vegetation patches withrelatively coarse resolution satellite images [2]. Additionally, digital elevation model can beused to understand the distribution of each vegetation with topographical gradient on regional
scale. In this study, we combined field observation, satellite images and digital elevation models
to clarify the topographical zonation of regional vegetation cover in Taiga-Tundra boundary
ecosystem. ALOS AVNIR2 (JAXA) reflectance image (70 x 70 km) was used for classificationof landscape unit, and then subpixel vegetation cover was estimated by linear spectral unmixing
method in Indigirka lowland eastern Siberia (70oN, 148oE) in July summer.
AVNIR2 image was classified into 15 landscape units (LU), and each LU corresponded
to terrains such as lakesides, polygons and terraces. Then, each LU was separated into 2 to 4
dominated vegetation classes based on vegetation map with 0.5 m resolution, and subpixel
vegetation cover was estimated. Comparing to digital surface model (AW3D30 DSM, JAXA),
subpixel vegetation map revealed landscape-scale distribution and zonation of vegetation coveramong 0-300 m elevational differences in Taiga-Tundra boundary. Additionally, historicalsurface reflectance images (Landsat5 and Landsat8, USGS/NASA) were analyzed to detect
year-to-year variation of vegetation in each LU. We have investigated CH4 flux of eachvegetation and land cover type there. Finally, CH4 emission were scaled to region, andelevational gradient of CH4-source-vegetation were assessed. This subpixel vegetation data
allows us to describe regional impact of observed CH4 emission, and expected to contributeresearch progression for vegetation dynamics and CH4 emission in circumarctic region.
References[1] J. van Huissteden, T.C. Maximov, and A. J. Dolman, High methane flux from an arctic
floodplain (Indigirka lowlands, eastern Siberia), Journal of Geophysical ResearchBiogeosciences, 10 (2005)[2] W. Takeuchi, M. Tamura, and Y. Yasuoka, Estimation of methane emission from West
Siberian wetland by scaling technique between NOAA AVHRR and SPOT HRV, Remote
Sensing of Environment, 85 (2003)

S5-P01

Spatial distribution of dissolved methane and its source inthe summertime western Arctic Ocean
K. Kudo1*, K. Yamada2, S. Toyoda2, N. Yoshida1, 2, 3, D. Sasano4, N. Kosugi5, M. Ishii5, H.
Yoshikawa6, A. Murata7, H. Uchida7, and S. Nishino7
1Department of Environment Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Japan
2
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
3
Earth-life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
4
Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
5
Meterological Research Institute, Japan
6
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
7
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Recent Arctic warming and decreasing sea-ice can promote the release of thegreenhouse gas methane (CH4) from the Arctic Ocean, and can provide a strong climate
feedback [1]. However, the dynamics of dissolved CH4 in the Arctic Ocean remain uncertain,
especially in the western part.
We present the horizontal and vertical distributions of concentration and stable carbon
isotope ratio (δ13C value) of CH4 in the western Arctic Ocean.
All of the surface layer samples were supersaturated with CH4 in comparison to theatmosphere. Especially high CH4 concentrations (up to 10.3 nmol kg-1) were observed atstations in the continental shelf area. In the bottom layer of the shallow stations, the CH4
concentration was higher (up to 55.9 nmol kg-1). Its δ13C value was lower (down to -63.8‰)
than in the surface layer, which suggests that CH4 in the shelf water is produced mainly bymethanogens in seafloor sediments. At deeper stations in the Canada Basin, the maxima of
CH4 concentration were detected at depths of 10–50 m and 100–200 m, although δ13C values
showed only a single minimum at 50 m depth. The shallower CH4 maximum coincided with
the DO maximum, suggesting CH4 production by plankton activity or sinking particles. The
deeper CH4 maximum corresponded to nutrients maximum, suggesting horizontal advectionof shelf water from the coastal shelf area. These results suggest that the western Arctic Ocean
is an important potential CH4 source.

References[1] A. D. McGuire, L. G. Anderson, T. R. Christensen, S. Dallimore, L. Guo, D. J. Hayes, M.
Heimann, T. D. Lorenson, R. W. Macdonald, and N. Roulet, Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in
the Arctic to climate change, Ecological Monograph 79(4) (2009)

S5-P02

Subsurface pCO2 minimum below halocline in the Canada
Basin
N. Kosugi1*, M. Ishii1, D. Sasano2, S. Nishino3, Y. Uchida3 and H. Y. Inoue4
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan; 2Japan Meteorological Agency
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
4
Hokkaio University, Japan

Changes in the air-sea CO2 flux and the advance of ocean acidification are major
concerns for the biogeochemistry in the Arctic Ocean. Comprehensive measurements ofcarbonate chemistry in surface layers and in the upper water columns were conducted onboard
R/V Mirai in the western Arctic Ocean in late summer of 2013. In the Chukchi Sea, surface
water pCO2 was low (< 200 μatm) as a result of the enhanced biological production. In the
Canada Basin, on the contrary, pCO2 was relatively high (up to 370 μatm) and nearly inequilibrium with the CO2 in the atmosphere. The salinity here was notably low (~26).
Fractions of two source freshwaters, i.e., sea-ice melt and riverine outflow that mixed into the
Canada Basin water were determined by the mass balance equation of salinity and total
alkalinity. Surface water in the Canada Basin contained significant fraction of sea-ice melt(~16%) and riverine water (~10%). Here, surface water pCO2 rapidly got close to that in theatmosphere since surface mixed layer was thin (~ 20 m). Additionally, biological production
was limited due to large input of sea-ice melt that contains very low level of nutrients.
A strong halocline had been formed at around 20 m depth along with the downward
decrease in the sea ice melt fraction in the Canada Basin. Subsurface pCO2 minimum (< 300μatm) and oxygen supersaturation were also clearly observed below the halocline (Fig. 1).
The water in this layer is considered to have advected from the Chukchi Sea and subducted
below Canada Basin-origin water owing to its higher density. If this pCO2 minimum layer
surfaced by wind mixing, this region will turn to act as additional CO2 sink. However, this isunlikely because intensified stratification by sea-ice melt inhibits mixing across the halocline.

Fig. 1. (a) pCO2 in discrete bottle samples and (b) apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) from
CTD cast data against salinity in entire water column in the Canada Basin. Border between
Canada Basin-origin water and Pacific-origin water (S = 29.3) and between Pacific-origin
water and Atlantic-origin water (S = 33.1) were indicated as broken lines. pCO2 was
calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and dissociation constants ofcarbonic acid by [1] Lueker et al., (2000). Oxygen solubility was calculated using equation
given by [2] Garcia and Gordon (1992).
References[1] T. J. Lueker, A. G. Dickson, and C. D. Keeling, Mar. Chem., 70, (2000).
[2] H. E. Garcia and L. I. Gordon, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, (1992).

S14-P01

The Importance of Alas to Horse Herding in Churapcha
District, Central Sakha
A. Nakada1 and S. Grigorev2
1
2

Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples, Japan

Institute of the Humanities and the Indigenous Peoples of the North of the Siberian Branchof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

In this presentation, I focus on the significance of the alas ecosystem to horse herding in
Churapcha District in the central part of Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Specifically, I consider theeffects environmental changes may have on the alas ecosystem and horse herding. Alas is akind of thermokarst, open grassland that has its own freshwater lake. The research was
conducted in Khaiakhsyt area in the south-western part of Churapcha District. Typically, horse
breeding is practiced in and around the alases scattered in the taiga zone in the central part of
Sakha.
The research revealed that horses are managed in herds (for instance 1 stallion, 10
mares, and their foals) and pastured in and around alases remote from a village center,throughout the year. In Churapcha, foals are born in spring, hay is made in the summer, andfoals are slaughtered in autumn. Horses are fed hay and oats in the winter. Herders build theircabins in the alases to manage their horses, and they shuttle between their cabins and theirhomes, which are typically located in the villages.
Moreover, horse herders make hay on alasses, which is an essential food for horses in
the winter. Fine weather is crucial for haymaking, and herders have to work intensely in Julyand August. To secure enough hay for the winter, herders occasionally rent alases from others,in addition to the hay they make on their own alases.
In conclusion, the alas ecosystem in Churapcha is significant to horse herding not only
as a grazing land, but also as a hay field. At present, the alases in Churapcha seem to beexperiencing minor environmental changes. Horse herding may be adversely affected if thealas ecosystem undergoes major environmental changes. For instance, when heavy rainfall
occurs, muddy roads are known to obstruct herders, and hayfields shrink as the lakes expand.
High frequency of rainfall would lower efficiency of haymaking and deteriorate in the qualityof hay.

Additional
G9-O08
Cultural heritage as an illustration ofclimate change
S. Barr
President, International Arctic Science Committee (IASC)
Previously Theme Director for Polar Matters, Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage
Although the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) focusses its scientificactivities through five Working Groups which cover Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Marine, Socialand Human, and Terrestrial themes, we also strongly encourage multi-disciplinary, crosscutting projects involving two or more of these disciplinary groups. The social sciences havereceived much greater and well-deserved attention during and after the last IPY 2007-08(9),while it seems to be more difficult to integrate humanities disciplines.
It will be argued here that such disciplines as archaeology, history and material culture
studies have much to offer in partnership with natural sciences, not least with respect to climatechange, adaptation and mitigation studies. These disciplines can give evidence of previous
climatic conditions, human adaptation and mitigation in the face of natural short- and long-term
impacts, historical ecology and human impacts on species populations, comparisons ofhistorical local natural conditions with the present time, historical land use, and more.
Examples include how archaeological excavations in north Svalbard in 1980 and 2015/16
have shown the change in permafrost level related to the condition of organic material in 17/18th
century whalers’ graves, how studies of historical photographs can date the retreat or forward
movement of glacier faces, how cultural heritage sites can serve as markers for shoreline
erosion, and what studies of historical rubbish dumps can tell us about the flora and fauna of
the time.
Archaeologists, historians and other humanities scientists already cooperate in many
ways with the natural sciences to gain more insight regarding such studies as these examples
illustrate. Interaction is less obvious the other way and natural scientists are to be encouraged
to consider more integrated scientific projects spanning across both the natural sciences and thehumanities.

Fig: Whalers’ clothing from 17/18th century graves in Svalbard in 1980 (S. Barr)