ㄽ  ㄝ
A Philosophy of Intellectual Property (5)Peter DRAHOSᒣ᰿ ᓫ㑥 ヂ ̿┠ ḟ̿
➨㸯❶ ᗎ
➨㸰❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬㸸㉳※࡟㐳ࡗ࡚㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧➨㸱❶ ࣟࢵࢡࠊປാࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧➨㸲❶ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ㸸▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ⢭⚄㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧➨㸳❶ ⏕⏘ⓗ⏕ά࡟࠾ࡅࡿ↓య≀㸸࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢどⅬ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧➨㸴❶ ㈈⏘ࠊᶵ఍ࠊ฼ᕫ୺⩏ᗎ᏶඲➇தࡢྜ⌮ᛶ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㸲ࡘࡢᶵ⬟
ᑓ᭷ᶵ⬟
ㄪᩚᶵ⬟
⮬ᕫ㜵⾨ᶵ⬟ィ⏬ᶵ⬟࣌࢖࢜ࣇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ⚗Ṇᡓ␎▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢὴ㛸⤖ㄽ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧➨㸵❶ ↓య≀ࡢຊ➨㸶❶ ᝟ሗࡢṇ⩏➨㸷❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸸㐨ල୺⩏࡟㈶ᡂࠊ㈈⏘ᶒඃ㉺୺⩏࡟཯ᑐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ➨㸴❶ ㈈⏘ࠊᶵ఍ࠊ฼ᕫ୺⩏ከࡃࡢ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ಙ௮࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ

㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ◚⁛ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ⌧ᐇࡢ༴㝤ᗎࢆෑࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ↓య≀࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡳ࡚㧗౯࡞㈝⏝࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ỉ‽࡟ࡲ࡛ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ ฼ᕫ୺⩏ࡣࠊ⮬ᡃࢆ✺ࡁື࠿ࡍࡶࡢࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᏶඲࡞
࡞⾜ືࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ฼ᕫ୺⩏ࡀಶே࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇㄝ࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ฼ᕫ୺⩏ࡀ⮬ᡃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࢆㄝ࡛᫂

ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡁࡿሙྜࡶ☜࠿࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ♫఍࡟ࡼࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞୺ᙇࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẁไᗘࡢ฼⏝ࢆከ኱࡞㈝⏝ࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࡢไᗘࡢ฼⏝ࢆࡶࡣ㝵ࢆ㎺ࡗ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ᭱ึࡢ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸

ࡸᣑ኱ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺᥎

ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࡯࡝᳨࡚ドࡍࡿࠋᩘከࡃࡢᢈุࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᐇ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈝⏝ࡀ࠸ࡃࡽ࠿

ࡀ➇த࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⢭☜࡞ศᯒୖࡢᐃ⩏࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ኚࢃࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣ౫

࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࢆせࡍࡿ」㞧࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ❶↛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚᝟ሗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃỈ‽ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣ

ࡢ⪃ᐹࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧ᐇࡢ㈝⏝ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿຓࡅ࡟ࡣ඲ࡃ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ

࡞ࡐ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡢฟⓎⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟࡢ⠇ࡼ࠺࡞㈝⏝ࡀ㏻ᖖ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼࡾࡶ㧗㢠࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿぢ࡛ࡣࠊ↓య≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᢸ࠺  ࡘࡢᶵ⬟ࡀ༊ูࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ

ゎࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᑓ᭷ᶵ⬟ࠊㄪᩚᶵ⬟ࠊ⮬ᕫ㜵⾨ᶵ⬟ࠊィ⏬ᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᶵ⬟ࡣࣝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᕷሙࢆᣦྥࡋ࡚๰タࡉࢀࡓᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡾࠊᕷሙ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦ࡢ࣮ࣝኚ᭦ᡓ␎࡜⚗Ṇᡓ␎࡜࠸࠺  ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚୰࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ⬦ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣෆᅾⓗ࡟࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡉ࡟ಶࠎࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡁṧࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢ୍⯡༴㝤࡞ࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑ

ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎ࢆ≉ᐃࡢሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚⾜౑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ₯ᅾࢀ≉᭷ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᶵ఍ࢆసࡾࡔࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗ࡛฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ⓗ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎ࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢᶵ఍ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᙼࡽࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡣ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜౑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢド᫂ࡣࠊ஦▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ♫఍ⓗ฼┈ࢆ↓┈࡞ࡶᐇࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏ❶ࡢ⪃ᐹࡀ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗ㑅ᢥㄽࡢ᱁ゝࡣࠊไᗘࡢᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⨾ᚨࡼࡾࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᣑ኱࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࢆᢞୗࡍࡿ๓࡟ࠊಶู௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ▱ⓗ㈈ࡶ฼ᕫ୺⩏࡟㢗ࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀᏳ඲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࡋࡤࡋ

⏘ᶒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ࡞⾜౑࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺

ࡤࠊไᗘタィࡢゎỴ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ❶ࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᙉຊ࡞ὴ㛸ᐇ㝿ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜฼ᕫ୺⩏࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ᭷┈࡞ຠᯝࡣࠊ

ࡢၥ㢟࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓὴ㛸ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᗈ⠊࡞⾜౑ࢆࡶࡃࢁ





࡞ࡐ᏶඲࡞ㄝ࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊA.K. Sen, ‘Rational



Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory’, 6 Philosophy and㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡣࠊ࠸ࡸ⚾᭷㈈⏘ࡢࡳࡀࠊㄡࡶࡀㄆࡵࡿṇᙜ࡛⤯ᑐⓗ࡞㐨ᚨཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

Public Affairs, 317(1977) ࢆཧ↷ࠋูࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢᢈุ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ.A. Nelson and M.A.

ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡛ࠗ᭱㐺࡞࠘Ⓨᒎᇶ┙࡛࠶ࡿ͐͐࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ
ࠖH. Hoppe, The Economics andࠕḟࡢ┿ᐇࡣ᰿ᮏⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡃࡽ࠸༢⣧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘࡜⚾᭷Ferber (eds.), Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics (Chicago, 1993) ࢆ

Ethics of Private Property (Boston, 1993), 227 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

ཧ↷ࠋ





G. Brennan and J.M. Buchanan, The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy

Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors (a Report of the(Cambridge, 1985).

National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton, 1962), 609 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

K.J. Arrow, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’ in The▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࢇ࡛୓඲ࡢែໃࢆᩚ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ

᱁ࡣྠ୍࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ౛࠼ࡤ౯᱁࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ㐓⬺ࡶࠊ せ⣙㸸ᮏ❶ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞せ᪨ࡣࠊ↓య≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡑࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟ᕷ฼┈ࡢᦆኻ࠿㈍኎ࡢᦆኻࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྲྀᘬ⪅ࡣྜ⌮ሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ᶵ఍ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࢔ࢡ

ⓗ࡞ᴟ኱⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ౯᱁ࡀྜ⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⏘ฟ㔞ࡀ᭱኱࡛࠶ࡿࡇ

ࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㨩ຊ࡜ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⮬ᕫ࡟㒔ྜࡢࡼ࠸ࡼ࠺

࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ㈝⏝ࡀྜ⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᢞධ㔞ࡀ᭱ᑠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍ

࡟⾜౑ࡋ෌タィࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ඲యࡿࠋ᏶඲➇தࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㓄ศࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ኎ࡾᡭࡀ㉸㐣ࡢ฼┈࡜⮬ᕫࡢ฼┈࡜ࡣ⿂ࢆศ࠿ࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

฼₶ࡢ࠶ࡿᕷሙࡢ࡝ࢇ࡞ศ㔝࡟ࡶ⮬⏤࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡲࡓ㈙࠸ᡭ

ࡶ౯᱁ࡀ㧗ࡍࡂࡿ㒊㛛࠿ࡽ⮬⏤࡟㏥ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᏶඲➇தࡢྜ⌮ᛶ ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡣࡑࡢጇᙜ⠊ᅖࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢ୺

ᙇࡣศᯒⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡣᇶ ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢ୰᰾࡜࡞ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚┤ほⓗᮏⓗ࡟୍✀㢮ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡘࡲࡾ㈨※㓄ศࡢຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ࡢࡳ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᏶඲

࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⮬⏤➇தࡣࠊ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ࠸ࢃࡃࠊ༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢಶࠎࡢ➇➇தࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ౯᱁Ỵᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⏕⏘⪅࠿ࡽ୍ᐃࡢᢞ

த⪅ࠊᕷሙࡢ▱㆑ࠊ཯♫఍ⓗ࡞ඹྠㅛ㆟ࡢ⚗Ṇࢆせồࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃ධ㔞࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱኱㝈ࡢ⏘ฟ㔞ࢆᘬࡁࡔࡍࠊ⥭ᐦ࡞ᢞධ࣭⏘ฟࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ

࠼᪉ࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡟⤌ࡳධࢀࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ

ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ⌧ᐇⓗྜ⌮ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉ᐃࡢ⌮ㄽࠊࡘࡲࡾྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ྲྀᘬ⪅ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞௬ᐃࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ᮲௳ୗ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿࡢ࠿࡜

࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣḟࡢࡼ   ༑ศ࡞ᩘࡢ㈙࠸ᡭ࡜኎ࡾᡭࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿಶேࡶ౯᱁࡟ᙳ

࠺࡞ၥ࠸ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊྲྀᘬ⪅ࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡛฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞⪅࡛࠶㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢୗ࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᢞ㈨ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿   ಶேࡣඹㅛⓗ⾜ື࡟ཧຍࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㝿࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡘࡢ᫂ⓑ   ྲྀᘬ⪅ࡣ࡯ࡰ᏶඲࡞᝟ሗࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟ࡣ⏕⏘᪉ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡘࡣࠊྲྀᘬ⪅ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᢞ㈨ࡍࡿ࡜࠸

᝟ሗࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ   ㈨※ࡢ⛣ືᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊಶࠎࡢྲྀᘬ⪅ࡣ㈨※ࢆ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ฼┈⋓ᚓᶵ఍࡟ኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ   ㈨※ࡀ฼┈⋓ᚓᶵ఍࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጉࡆࡿ࠸࠿࡞ࡿཧධ㞀ቨࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ
࠺ྍ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀᢏ⾡ኚ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡿࠋⓎ᫂ࡸ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣಶࠎࡢ㈨ᮏᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞཰┈※࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➇தᅽຊ࡜฼₶㸦ࡸ⏕Ꮡ㸧ࡢ㏣ồࡀࠊ▱㆑๰㐀࡬ࡢ
ᢞ㈨ࢆಶேⓗ࡟ࡶၟᴗⓗ࡟ࡶ୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡃࠎࡢၥ࠸࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡶ࠺  ࡘࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠊ᏶඲➇த♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣇࣜ
࣮ࣛ࢖ࢻࡀ᭱ၿࡢ⟇࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡆༢࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖

ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ୺ほⓗ࡞㟂せࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㟂せ࡟ࡘ࠸ࢲ࣮࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡋ࡟࠶ࡿၟရࡢ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿ⤒῭࡚᏶඲࡞᝟ሗࢆࡶࡘ኱ໃࡢྲྀᘬ⪅⩌࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ㈈ࡢ౪⤥࡟ࡼࡗ࡚‶㊊ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋྛྲྀᘬ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ㈈࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈝⏝࡜౯



᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢṔྐⓗ࡞⪃ᐹ࡜ࡋ࡚ G.J. Stigler, ‘Perfect Competition, Historically㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠ⋡ᛶࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋJ.L. Coleman, Markets, Morals and the Law (Cambridge,

Contemplated’, LXV Journal of Political Economy, 1 (1957) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

New York, 1988), 68 ࢆཧ↷ࠋⓎ᫂ࢆ่⃭ࡍࡿᕷሙࡢ⬟ຊࡣࠊືែⓗຠ⋡ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫ

ᛕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᢕᥱࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

C.A. Tisdell, Microeconomics of Markets (Brisbane, 1982), 182-83.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣ୍⯡࡟ࠊ㈨※㓄ศࡢຠ⋡ᛶࠊࣃ࣮ࣞࢺ᭱㐺ࠊࣃ࣮ࣞࢺඃ఩ࠊ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶၥ㢟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࢃ

ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ၥ㢟ࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤቑ࠼ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ᝟ሗ⏕⏘ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ

ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࡣ᝟ሗࡢᬑཬ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ

ῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊྲྀᘬ⪅࡟᭱ึ࠶ࡿ⤒῭ࡢ₯ᅾⓗ࡞⏕⏘ຊࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ

ࡢᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢ฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ᏶඲➇தࡢ᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛

ࡣࠊ༑ศ࡞㈨※ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑ࡢ๰ฟ࡟඘࡚ࡽࢀࡿࡢࢆ☜ᐇ࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ

ࡶ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⏕⏘ࢆᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ

ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

᏶඲➇தࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱㐺࡞㈨※㓄ศࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔ

ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ▱㆑ࡀබඹ㈈࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿

ࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࣮ࣟ㸦Arrow㸧ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබඹ㈈࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿಶே࡟ࡼࡿ㈈ࡢᾘ㈝ࡀ௚ࡢಶே࡟ࡼࡿᙜヱ㈈ྂ඾࡜࡞ࡗࡓㄽ㏙࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ᕫࡢぢゎࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟せ⣙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ



ࡢᾘ㈝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆᦆ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ಶࠎࡢ㈈ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࠸ࢃ

ࡺࡿࠕ⣧ࠖබඹ㈈㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊᅜ㜵㸧ࡣࠊ㠀᤼㝖ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡘࠕせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣ⮬⏤௻ᴗ⤒῭ࡀⓎ᫂ࡸ◊✲࡟㸦⌮᝿≧ែ࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㸧ࡲࡾࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ௚⪅ࡀࡑࡢ㈈ࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࡢࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㐣ᑡᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ண᝿ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᢞ㈨ࡀࣜࢫ࣮࡛࢟࠶

ࡀ஦ᐇୖᅔ㞴࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ⣧බඹ㈈ࡢ౪⤥ࡀᕷሙ࡟ጤࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡾࠊࡑࡢ〇ရࡣ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⠊ᅖෆ࡛ࡋ࠿ᑓ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ฼⏝ୖࡢࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ㈈ࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ࡣᐃ⩏ୖ⏕⏘㈝⏝࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡞࠸

฼┈ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㐣ᑡᢞ㈨ࡣࡼࡾᇶ♏ⓗ࡞◊✲࡯࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࡽࠊ᭱㐺㔞௨ୗࡢ㈨※ࡀࡑࡢ⏕⏘࡟඘࡚ࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࡝ቑ኱ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㹿㺁᝟ሗࡀࡓࡔ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣཎ౯࡛ᡭ࡟ධࡿ᏶඲➇தࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ฼

₶⋓ᚓᶵ఍ࡣ୍⯡࡟᝟ሗࡢ๰㐀࠿ࡽࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋࢺ࣐ࢺࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡀࠊࡶࡋ ࡇࡢලయⓗ࡞ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆゎỴࡍࡿヨࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢࢫࢱࡑࡢస≀ࡢศࡅ๓ࢆࡓࡔ࡛୚࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡽࠊ⏕⏘ࡢࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡞᪉ἲࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡘࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢᙺ๭ࡢᣑ኱ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺

࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ࠶ࡲࡾ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊ

ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබඹ㈈ࡢ౪⤥ࡣ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࢔࣮ࣟࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿ࡜ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿྛ✀࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ. McMillan, ‘The

Free-Rider Problem: A Survey’, 55 Economic Record, 95 (1979) ࢆཧ↷ࠋᢏ⾡ࡢᬑཬ࡟క࠺౽┈ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊP. Stoneman and P. Diederen, ‘Tech-

nology Diffusion and Public Policy’, 104 The Economic Journal, 918 (1994) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢖ࣀࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢሙྜ࡟ᙼࡢศᯒࡣ࠿࠿ࡿ⤖ㄽ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ◊✲࡟㈨㔠ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᨻᗓࡀබඹ㈈ࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ
ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࢆᇙࡵྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡣࠊ᝟ሗ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タࡋࠊࡇࡢ෌ᘓࡉࢀࡓᕷሙࡀ㓄ศⓗᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶ

ࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲࡢᙺ๭࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫ࡟ᐩࢇࡔ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊC. Arup,ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡢゎỴ⟇ࡶᨻᗓࡢ௓ධ࡟㢗ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠉᪂ᕷሙࡢሙ

Innovation, Policy, and Law (Cambridge, 1993) ࢆཧ↷ࠋྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࢆ᫝ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タ࡞࠸ࡋᣑ኱ࡍ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿேࠎࡣࠊᨻᗓつไࢆᣍ᮶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚බඹ㈈࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᴗ⦼ࡣࠊࢧ࣑࢚ࣗࣝࢯࣥࡢ ᙼࡀ㞟ྜⓗᾘ㈝㈈࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ ᴗ⦼࡛࠶ࡿࠋP.A. Samuelson, ‘The Pure Theory of Public
Expenditure’, 36 The Review of Economics and Statistics, 387 (1954); P.A. Samuelson,

‘Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure’, 37 The Review of Econom-

ics and Statistics, 350 (1955); P.A. Samuelson, ‘Aspects of Public Expenditure Theories’,

Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors (a Report of the

40 The Review of Economics and Statistics, 332 (1958) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡑࢀ௨᮶ࠊබඹ㈈࡟㛵ࡋ

National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton, 1962), 609, 619 ࢆཧ↷ࠋR.R. Nelson,࡚ࡣከᩘࡢ◊✲ࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋR. Cornes and T. Sandler, The Theory of Externali-‘The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research’, 67 Journal of Political Economy,

K.J. Arrow, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’ in The

ties, Public Goods, and Club Goods (Cambridge, New York, 1986); A. de Jasay, Social

297 (1957) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ

Contract, Free Ride: A Study of the Public Goods Problem (Oxford, New York, 1989) ࢆཧ



↷ࠋ

࡛ࡣࠊᨻᗓ௓ධࡢ୍ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋG. Calabresi and A.D. Melamed, ‘Property Rules,࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊᶒ฼ࡢึᮇタᐃ࡟୍ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋⓗỴᐃࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 㛵ࡍࡿᖐ⤖ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ

యⓗ࡟ࡣࠊண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ࡢ᤼㝖࡟క࠺㈝⏝㸦ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮

ኻᩋ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⌮ㄽࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡸ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ๰ฟ࡟₯ᅾࡀ〇ရࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ༑ศ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢ㈝⏝࡟ࡣືែⓗ౽┈ࡢⓗ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᦆኻྍ⬟ᛶࡶྵࡲࢀࡿ㸧ࡸࣞࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࣮࢟ࣥࢢ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡣࢩࣥࣉ࡛ࣝሀᅛ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ

ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ⓗ࡟Ⓨぢྍ⬟࡞㈝⏝ࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ

ࡑࢀࡣ࠶ࡿ▩┪ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣሗ㓘࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ฼⏝ࡢ࿘㎶࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿྛ✀ࡢ཯➇தⓗ័⾜࡜࡞ࡗᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ሗ㓘ࢆᚓࡿᶵ఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢሗ㓘ࡣಶேࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞᝟ሗࢆ

࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ័⾜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⤒῭ෆ࡛ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᅜᐙ

⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋࠊࡶࡋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᝟ሗࡀ௚⪅࡟ᬑཬࡍ⤒῭㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チไᗘࡀከࡃࡢᅜ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍ

ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ♫఍࡟฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᮲௳

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୍ᅜ༢఩࡛ࡣཌ⏕฼ᚓࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ඲య࡛ࡣࢿ

ࡣ‶ࡓࡉࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࠿ࡾ࡟‶ࡓࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㒊ศⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢵࢺࡢཌ⏕ᦆኻࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟ࡣࡑࡢ᝟ሗ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆไ㝈 ᡃࠎࡀࡇࡇࡲ࡛㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ࣮࣋ࢩࢵࢡ࡞࢔࣭ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࡑࡢ᝟ሗࡢ᭱㐺࡞฼⏝ࢆጉఱ࠿࡜ၥ㢟ࢆᏎࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⬺ᵓ⠏୺⩏ⓗࡆࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘ࢆዡບࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊᶒ฼ࡢ

࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀࡶࡘࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟⾜౑ࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿ▱㆑ࡢᬑཬࢆጉࡆࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡢ๰㐀ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࣝᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓഅ↛ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿேࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸࣮ࣝࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ᝟ሗࡢᬑཬ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿㄽ⪅ࡢゝⴥ࡟ࡼࡣࠊ᝟ሗࡀࡎࡗ࡜ከࡃࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ༢࡟⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡸࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࠕᙉຊ࡞⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ᝟ሗ໬♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙺ๭ࡢ⌮ゎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞බඹ㈈࡜ࡋ

ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞ṇᙜ໬ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀྛ✀㈨

※ࢆ᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘࡟㓄ศࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Reinterpretation’, 62 American Economic Review, 422 (1972); W.D. Nordhaus, ‘The Opti-ࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀබ┈࡜⚾┈ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆᅗࡿࡼ

mum Life of a Patent: Reply’, 62 American Economic Review, 428 (1972) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࠺࡟タィࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣋ࢩࢵࢡ࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ๭ࡾᙜ࡚࡞࠸ࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟

W.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, ‘Trademark Law: An Economic Perspective’, 30 Journalof Law and Economics, 265 (1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ≉チࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈝⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿྂ඾ⓗ࡞◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊF. Machlup, An Economic࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢタィࡣ」㞧࡞㈝⏝౽┈ィ⟬ࡢၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜

Review of the Patent System (Study No. 15 of the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks,ࡶ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ≉チࡢ᭱㐺࡞ಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡣࡑࡢ≉チᑐ㇟ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃ

and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 85th Congress, Washington,ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟క࠺㈝⏝ࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡣࠊ⟶⌮࣭ᇳ⾜㈝⏝ࠊලD.C., 1958)ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋF. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance

Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral’, 85 Harvard Law Review,

Intercountry Income Distribution and Transnational Enterprises (Oxford, 1974), 76-79; E.

(2nd ed., Chicago, 1980), chapter 16 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ≉チไᗘࡀᅜ㝿㛵ಀ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆᢈุⓗ࡟ㄽࡌࡓᩥ⊩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊC.V. Vaitos,

1089, 1092 (1972) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

Penrose, ‘International Patenting and the Less-Developed Countries’, 83 Economic Journal,ࡑࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊC. Wolf Jr., ‘Market and Non-Market Failures: Comparison

766 (1973); S. Lall, ‘The Patent System and the Transfer of Technology to Less-developedand Assessment’, 7 Journal of Public Policy, 43(1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋCountries’, 10 Journal of World Trade Law, 1 (1976); A.S. Oddi, ‘The International PatentF.H. Easterbrook, ‘Insider Trading, Secret Agents, Evidentiary Privileges, and the Pro-

System and Third World Development: Reality or Myth?’, Duke Law Journal, 831 (1987)

duction of Information’, The Supreme Court Review, 309, 313 (1981).

ࢆཧ↷ࠋ





ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ㈝⏝౽┈ィ⟬ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋF.M. Scherer, ‘Nordhaus’ Theory of Optimal Patent Life: A Geometric ࡘࡢዲ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ. Boyle, ‘A Theory of Law and Information: Copyright, Spleens,

Blackmail, and Insider Trading’, 80 California Law Review, 1413 (1992) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 

࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿேࡶ࠸ࡿ
࣮ࢆ᏶඲࡟㐽᩿ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࢆ๐ῶࡍࡿ〇㐀㐣⛬ࡢ▱㆑ࢆࡶ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ ࠋᡃࠎࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣ᏶඲➇ࡘ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊႠᴗ⛎ᐦࡢಖㆤ࡟㢗ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡶࡑࡢ᝟ሗࢆಖㆤࡋࠊ

தࣔࢹࣝࢆಶࠎࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᙉᅛ࡟᭱኱໬ࡍࡿྜ⌮ᛶࢆࡶࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢ⌧⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ㧗࠸฼ࡊࡸࢆாཷࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᏶඲➇தࡣࡲᐇⓗྜ⌮ᛶࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᡃࠎࡣ⾜ࡓࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿཧධ㞀ቨࡶᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡣ฼┈ࡀ⏕ࡎࡿ㈈ࡸ

ື࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶ࠺  ࡘࡢ௬ᐃࢆ௜ࡅຍ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡬࡜ࡑࡢ⏕⏘ࢆ⮬⏤࡟ษࡾ᭰࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⌮ㄽࡣࠊᶵ఍୺⩏ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣋࢖ࣥ㸦Bain㸧ࡢᴗ⦼ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ୺せ࡞ཧධ㞀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆࠕᝏࡔࡃࡳࢆࡶࡗࡓ฼ᕫ୺⩏ࡢ㏣ồࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋቨࡢ  ࡘ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇࢀ࡟ࡣბࢆࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࡸ┐ࡴࡇ࡜ࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᝏ⾜ࢆാࡃࡇ࡜ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ే⨨ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢࡇ

ᡃࠎࡢ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣᝏ⪅࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ⭉ᩋࡋࡓ⪅࡛࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ୙᏶඲➇த⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆᚓ

ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞㐠ື㑅ᡭࡣࠊ௰㛫ࡢ➇ᢏ⪅࡟ẘࡿࡓࡵࡢ㔜せ࡞᰿※ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᝟ሗࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

ࢆ┒ࡗࡓࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ➇ᢏ⪅ࡀࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢ࣭ࢢࣛࣥࢻࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᰴᘧᕷሙࡸ࢖ࣥࢧ࢖ࢲ࣮ྲྀᘬࡣࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡢࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᙜヱ➇ᢏ⪅ࢆ୙฼࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡞ᶵ఍

ࡀࠊ᝟ሗࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࡣ⤒῭⏕ά඲య࡟ࡣࡧࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ

୺⩏ࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㈨ᮏᐙࡢྜ⌮࠶ࡽࡺࡿᢞ㈨ᐙࡸ୰㛫ᴗ⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸

ᛶ࡜㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ᛶࡇࡑࡀࠊಶேࢆࡑࡢ᭱኱໬࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡴ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ

ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜⤒῭ⓗ࡞ඃ఩ᛶ࡜ࡢᗈ⠊࡞㛵ಀࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡢၥࡑࡢ᭱኱໬ࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟௚⪅ࢆ୙฼࡞❧ሙ࡟࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆᡓ␎ⓗ࡟㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜┦஫౫⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺௙ྥࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ๓ᥦ࡟␃ពࡋࡘࡘࠊᡃࠎࡣ᏶඲➇Ꮡ㛵ಀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶵ఍ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡿࠋத࡟❧ࡕ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡜୙᏶඲ᕷሙࡣ  ࡘࡢඹ㏻Ⅼࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟┦஫ ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ᏶඲➇தୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚  ࡘࡢ᫂ⓑ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ  ࡘ౫ᏑࡢពᛮỴᐃࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿྲྀᘬ⪅ࡀ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣูࡢྲྀᘬ⪅࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࡟ࡣࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ㈨※ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᇶ┙ࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊࡶ࠺  ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊ୚࠼ࠊࡑࡢỴᐃࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࠊ௚ࡢྲྀᘬ⪅ࡀ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

౯್ࡢᑓ᭷ࡢⓎ⏕ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓య≀࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࡇࢀࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᏶඲➇தࡢ᮲௳ୗ࡛ࡣࠊྲྀᘬ⪅ࡣ᏶඲࡞▱㆑ࢆ᭷ࡋࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ࡘࡢ᪉ἲ࡛᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝ࡜⾪✺ࡍࡿࠋ᏶඲➇தࡣ᏶඲࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡺ࠼࡟ᙼࡽࡢỴᐃࡀỴᐃㄽⓗ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᝟ሗࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥐᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣ඲ဨࡀᕷሙ

┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࢿࢵࢺࡢຠᯝࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࡸ฼₶ࢆ  ࡘࡢ᪉ྥ࡟ࠊࡘ

ᶵ఍ࡸᢏ⾡ⓗ⏕⏘ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᝟ሗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡲࡾ㈨※㓄ศࡢຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ྥࡅ࡚᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍㒊ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㔝ࠊ౛࠼ࡤႠᴗ⛎ᐦࡢಖㆤࡣࠊ᝟ሗࡢࣇࣟ



D.M. Lamberton, ‘Innovation and Intellectual Property’ in M. Dodgson and R. Rothwellࡣࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୙᏶඲⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྲྀᘬ⪅࡟᝟ሗࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿᶵ఍ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋႠᴗ⛎ᐦࡢಖㆤἲࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡟ᩛᑐ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ⪅࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞໬ྜ≀ࡀ᭱ࡶ㡹୔࡞ࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡ〇ࡢ᳔Ꮚࢆసࡾ

(eds.), The Handbook of Industrial Innovation (Cheltenham, UK, 1994), 301; D.M. Lam-ࡔࡍࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⛎ᐦ࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ≉berton, ‘The Economics of Information and Organization’ in M.E. Williams (ed.), Annualチἲࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ࿘㎶࡟≉チࢆ⥙ࡢ┠ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙇࡾᕠࡽࡏࠊ➇த

Review of Information Science and Technology (American Society for Information Science⪅࡟ࡑࡢศ㔝࡛ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࢆᛮ࠸࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ

and Technology, White Plains, New York, 1984), 3 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ




O.E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (New York, London, 1985),

chapter 1.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

J.S. Bain, Barriers to New Competition (Cambridge, Mass., 1956).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊྲྀᘬ⪅࡟᝟ሗࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࢆ๰ฟࡋ⥔ᣢࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ୚࠼࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶒཎࢆ౵ᐖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ✀ࡢᙉຊ࡛࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟

ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊಶࠎࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ㧗࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡶྍ

ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟ࡼࡿࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻᡓ␎ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡑࡢ୍ᅉ

⬟࡟ࡍࡿࠋྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⌮ㄽࡣࠊಶேࡀྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࢆ᭱ᑠ࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ດࡵࡿࡇ࡜

࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘࠊ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⤌⧊㛵ಀࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ࠿ ࢥ࣮ࢫࡀ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡣࠊ᭷య≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶒ฼

࡞ࡾࡢㄝᚓຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜࡢ

ࡢ୰࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᶒ฼ࡣ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉ࡳࣉࣛࢫࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸

␗࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ♫఍ⓗ࡟⏕ࡳࡔࡉࢀࡓேᕤ≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ฼ࡣ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟෌ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ᭱ึ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศ㓄ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢥ࣮ࢫ

タィࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋࡦ࡜ࡓࡧࠊ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸦Coase㸧ࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛࠸ࡲࡸ࿘▱࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㈨※㓄ศࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡣᶒࡀ᫂☜࡞ᡓ␎ⓗ౯್ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᏶඲➇தࡢ⮬⏤ไ㝈ⓗ࡞┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ↓య≀࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡣྲྀᘬ㈝⏝㸦ᇳ⾜ࡸዎ⣙ࡢ⥾

ಀࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⮬ᕫࡢ㐍㊰ࡢ⯦ྲྀࡾࢆ⾜࠺࠺࠼࡛᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇ⤖࡟せࡍࡿ㈝⏝㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈝⏝ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽ㧗ࡃࡘ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡑࢀ⮬యࡸࡑࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ෌タィ࡟㛵ᚰࢆᢪࡃࠋ᭷ᙧ≀ࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ↓య≀ࡣఱࡽ⮬↛ࡢቃ⏺ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓ

ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡵࠊᶒ฼ࡢᐈయࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡢᛶ㉁ࡺ࠼࡟ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭷ࡍࡿ౯್ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࢖ࢻࡢᶵ఍ࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶࡲࡓᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ

ࡘࡢᶵ⬟࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀḟ⠇ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ

↓య≀ࡢሙྜࠊ୍㒊ࡢ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡟ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣ㧗࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࢆࡢᚋ࡛ᡃࠎࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶵ⬟ࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡭ࡁཌ⏕฼ᚓࢆ↓ዲࡴ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ኱つᶍࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡀ┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿഴྥࢆࡶࡘ≉ᐃࡢᡓ␎ࡢᇶ┙ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄽ

ࡶࡓࡽࡍ㧗࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿᑠつᶍࡢ➇ドࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

ྜ௻ᴗࡀ≉チไᗘࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ฼⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀᏑࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔ࠿

ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼ࠊ↓య≀࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶒ

㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㸲ࡘࡢᶵ⬟฼࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㧗࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࢆពᅗⓗ࡟⥔ᣢࡍࡿᡓ␎࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࡜ࠊ኱つᶍࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࡣࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊᑠ

‫ݦ‬ஊೞᏡつᶍࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ኱つᶍࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࢆ┦ᡭྲྀࡗ࡚ッゴࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㐨ලⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㈨※㓄ศࡸ㈨※ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ࡞࡝࡯ࢇࡢ୍ᥱࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓッゴࡀᡂຌࡍࡿ๭ྜ࡜

฼⏝ࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ  ࡘࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀඹྠᡤ᭷ࡼࡾ

࡞ࡿ࡜ࡉࡽ࡟ప࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᑠつᶍࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡶ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࢆዲࡴᇶᮏⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡀಶேࡢᶒཎࢆ≉ᐃࡋಖ


O.E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (New York, London, 1985),ㆤࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡢᶒཎࡣᡤ᭷⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୺ほⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ௚ࡢᶒ฼࡜ྲྀᘬࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘chapter 1.





R.H. Coase, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, 3 Journal of Law and Economics, 1 (1960).ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ࡣࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡀ⮬ᕫ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㇏ᐩ࡞㈨※ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ➇த⪅࡟ฟࡃࢃ(1960).

R.H. Coase, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, 3 Journal of Law and Economics, 1, 44

ࡍሙྜ࡟ࡣၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡇࡢሙྜࡢゎỴ⟇ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞➇த⪅ࡀࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ ௰⿢ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ࡼࡾᏳ౯࡞⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟ྠពࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶

Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral’, 85 Harvard Law

ࡿࠋReview, 1089 (1972); B.A. Ackerman (ed.), Economic Foundations of Property Law (Bos-㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊG. Calabresi and A.D. Melamed, ‘Property ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᶒࡣࠊಶேࡀ౯್ࢆᑓ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ☜ᐇ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᑓ᭷ᶵ⬟㸧ࠋ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢹ࣒ࢮࢵࢶ㸦Demsetz㸧ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽࢆ᫂ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣಶே࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉຊ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆᙧᡂࡍ

☜࡟ᡴࡕࡔࡍ㔜せ࡞ヨㄽࡢ୰࡛ࠊ♫఍ࡀ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣၟᴗάືࢆ่⃭ࡋࡑࡢ㦵⤌ࡳࢆసࡿࡢ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞᭷ᐖ࡞࠸ࡋ᭷┈࡞ຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞

࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡣ♫఍ࡀ⮬⏤࡟౑࠼ࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞㐨ල࡛࠶ࢁࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡇ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞እ㒊ᛶࡢⓎ⏕ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡯

ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜♫఍Ꮫࡀฟ఍࠺ቃ⏺⥺࡬࡜ྥ࠿࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢹ࣒ࢮࢵࢶࡣࠊ

ࡰྠࡌࡶࡢࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ ࠋࠕ㈈⏘ᶒࡀእ㒊ᛶࢆෆ㒊໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟タࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊෆ㒊໬ ࡟ࡼࡿ౽┈ࡀෆ㒊໬࡟࠿࠿ࡿ㈝⏝ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡍ

ᛦૢೞᏡࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣒ࢮࢵࢶࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ㒊᪘㸦ࣔࣥࢱࢢࢿࢫ᪘㸧ࡢẟ⓶㈠᫆ࢆྲྀࡾᢅࡗࡓ࠶ࡿே㢮Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࢆ᥼⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ࿨㢟ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑓ᭷ᶵ⬟ࡣ၏୍ࡢᶵ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㈈⏘࡚࠸ࡿࠋඹ᭷ᆅෆ࡛ࡢ⊁⊟ࡣእ㒊ᛶࡢዲ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⊁⊟ࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺Ỵᐃᶒࡣ฼┈࡜㈇ᢸࢆศ㓄ࡍࡿㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡣ௚ࡢ⊁⊟⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈝⏝࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊඹ᭷ᆅෆ࡛ࡢ⊁⊟⤫ไࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺

ἲ㸦㈈⏘ἲ㸧ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡣࠊ⮬ࡽ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚⪅࡟㈇ࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ≉ᐃࡢಶே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ⪃៖ᢸࢆ㌿᎑ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣἲไᗘࡢୗ࡛ᶵ

࡟ධࢀࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡀാ࠿࡞࠸ࠋၟᴗⓗẟ⓶㈠᫆ࡢ฿᮶ࡀ⊁⬟ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣಶேࡀࠊἲⓗ୺య࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙧᘧⓗ࡞ᖹ➼࡜ዎ⣙ࡢ⮬⏤⊟ࡢ౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠋẟ⓶ࡢ౯್ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍከࡃࡢ⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢆாཷࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ࠋࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋእ㒊ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡀቑ኱ࡋࠊࡘ࠸࡟ࡣẟ⓶㈠᫆ࡢ⾜ࡃᮎࡀࡑࡢື ࡇࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ♫఍ไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᯝࡓࡍᗈ⠊࡞ㄪᩚᶵ⬟ࡣࠊእ㒊ᛶࢆྲྀࡾ≀ࡢ⾜ࡃᮎ࡜࡞ࡿࠊࡘࡲࡾ⤯⁛ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞༴㝤࡜໬ᢅ࠺⤒῭⌮ㄽࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣ᪤࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࡍࡿࠋᅵᆅ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⊁⊟≀ࡢಖ඲ࡢࡣࠊእ㒊ᛶࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ௙᪉࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㆟ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋእ㒊ᛶࡢ⫼ᚋಁ㐍ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᑗ᮶ࡢ⊁⊟ࡢ㈝⏝ࡀಶࠎࡢ㈈⏘ᡤ᭷⪅࡟࠶ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊಶேࡢ࡜ࡿ⾜ືࡀ㸦࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡛࠶ࢀࣉࣛࢫ࡛࠶ࢀ㸧௚⪅࡟ෆ㒊໬ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ௚⪅࡟ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓಶேࡢ⾜ື ࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿពᛮỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭࣓࢝ᐯࠁ᧸ᘓೞᏡ

ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊពᛮỴᐃࡢຠᯝࡀࡑࡢ┦஫࡟స⏝ࡍࡿேࠎ඲ဨ࡟ࡢࡋ࠿࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊእ㒊ᛶࢆෆ㒊 ㈈⏘ᶒࡣእ㒊ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡬ࡢ♫఍ⓗ཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࡣࠊ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ࡶ
ton, 1975); R.A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (4th ed., Boston, 1992) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊM. Lehmann, ‘Property and Intellectual Property㸫Property Rights as Re-ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢฟ⌧ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ᐖࡸ౽┈࡬㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡢ࡟せࡍࡿ㈝⏝࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊୖ㏙ࡢ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ㒊᪘ࡢ౛ࡣࡲࡓࠊ

strictions on Competition in Furtherance of Competition’, 20 International Review of In-㈈⏘ᶒࡢูࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࣔࣥࢱࢢࢿࢫ᪘ࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞

dustrial Property and Copyright Law, 1 (1989) ࢆཧ↷ࠋྲྀỴࡵࡢୗ࡛⊁⊟ࢆ⥆ࡅ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋඹ᭷ᆅࡢኳ↛㈨※ࡀᯤῬࡋ



E.B. Pashukanis, Law and Marxism: A General Theory (C. Arthur ed., B. Einhorn tr.,

London, 1978).



348 (1967).

R. Cornes and T. Sandler, The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods(Cambridge, New York, 1986), 29-30.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  H. Demsetz, ‘Toward a Theory of Property Rights’, 57 American Economic Review, 347,
Id., 350.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣࡇࢀࡀ᭱ึ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ  ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚Ḟࡃࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃ

ࡢጇᙜ࡞᥎ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡀࡑࡢᡤ᭷ᆅෆ࡛ࡢ⏕άᵝᘧࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟≉࡟ࡕࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣィ⏬࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୙ྍḞ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔㛵ᚰࡀᙉࡃࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺㐨ලࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┠ⓗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㐺ࡋࡓᡭẁ࡛ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓィ⏬ࡣࡼ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡶᝏ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡶࠊ㛗ᮇ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ỵᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡶ▷ᮇⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡶࠊࡼࡃ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡟ࡶࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢ

ࡣࠊእ㒊ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡀ⬣࠿ࡍ័⩦ࡸఏ⤫࡬ࡢឤ᝟ⓗ࡞ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ

࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓィ⏬ࡢ⠊ᅖࡸ౯್ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࠊࡑ

࡚ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࡢ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ㞟ᅋࡀᚲṚ࡛⮬ศࢀࡽࡢィ⏬ࡣ♫఍ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗ⏕άࡢ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸୍㒊࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋィ⏬ࡣࠊࡓࡕࡢ⏕άᵝᘧࢆᏲࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ୍✀ࡢ⮬ᕫ㜵⾨࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋᑗ᮶࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡓ⌧ᅾࡢάື࡛࠶ࡿࠋつ⠊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ  ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶ᫂☜࡟⌮ᛶࡸ฼ᕫᚰ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓ

ᶵ⬟୺⩏⪅ࡣࠊつ⠊ࢆ௚⪅ࡢᮇᚅࢆㄞࡳ࡜ࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠋ

ࡵࠊᡃࠎࡣࡑࡢឤ᝟࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆ┳㐣ࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡥࡽእ㒊ᛶࡢィ⏬ࡣつ⠊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊつ⠊ࡣࠊࡶࡋィ⏬࡟ᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ

ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࣔࣥࢱࢢࢿࢫ᪘ࡢⱞቃ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢ≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸ᙺ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ᫬ࢆ㉸࠼࡚Ᏻᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡚㠀⤒῭ⓗ࡞ືᶵࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㍍どࡋࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࢔ࢡࡇࢀࡣไᗘࡢᙺ๭ࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶዎ⣙࠾ࡼࡧ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙺ๭࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞㜵⾨ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆぢ㏨ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ ࿘▱ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊࣃ࣮ࢯࣥࢬ㸦Parsons㸧࡜࣮࣐ࣝࣥ㸦Luhmann㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ

ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ

ἲࡣᮇᚅᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓἲࡀ᫬ࢆ㉸࠼࡚స⏝ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀࠊィ ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ㜵⾨࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿูࡢ౛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡢṔྐ࠿ࡽᚓ⏬ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿࠋἲࡣࠊಶேࡢᚰࡢ୰࡟ࠊᑗ᮶ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟࠾ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ༳ๅᶵࡢⓎ᫂ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⴭస

࠸࡚㐣ཤ࠾ࡼࡧ⌧ᅾࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙼࡽࡢ⌧ᅾࡢࡣ࠿࡞࠸ᮇᚅࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ

ᶒࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞่⃭࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ༳ๅ≉ᶒࡢ๰ฟ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢㄝ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐣ᗘ࡟⿬ษࡽࢀࡓࡾኻᮃࡉࡏࡽࢀࡓࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜

᫂ࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡣṇࡢእ㒊ᛶࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᐃホࡢ࠶ࡿฟ∧♫ࡢດຊ࡬ࡢࣇ࣮ࣜ

࠸࠺ಙᛕࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㈈⏘ἲࡀࠊィ⏬ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ᫬ࢆ㉸ࣛ࢖ࢻ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀእ㒊࠼࡚ᮇᚅࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᯝࡓࡍ࡭ࡁᙺ๭ࡣ⏒኱࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾ࡢᐙ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

ᛶࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺᫂ᛌ࡞ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿

⚾ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ༢࡟⌧ᅾ⚾ࡀ௚⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿᮇᚅࡢࢩࢢࢼ

ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ༳ๅࡢ≉ᶒࡀࡇࡢሙྜ࡟⮬ᕫ㜵⾨ࡢ୍ᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚

࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᑗ᮶ࡑ࠺࠶ࡗ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡜⚾ࡀ⪃࠼ࠊᕼᮃࡍࡿ௚⪅࡬ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋⱥᅜࡢᅜ⋤ࡀ༳ๅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉ᶒࡢ࿨௧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓィ⏬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ἲࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢆ๰ࡾࡔࡋࡓ୺せ࡞ືᶵࡣࠊ␗ᩍᚐࡢᛮ᝿ࡸᡪືⓗ࡞ᛮ᝿ࡀᬑཬࡍࡿࡢࢆ

୺ᙇࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࠋࡑࡇ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ

㜼Ṇࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ⬣ጾࡣᅜ⋤࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ୺࡟

ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊୡࡢ୰࡟࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ࡢ☜❧࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞⮬ᕫಖᏑࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ

ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡲࡸᡃࠎࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ᫬ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ே࡜ࡶṔྐࡢࡇࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊእ㒊ᛶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ⓗ࡞㈝⏝ࡼࡾࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡢ≉ᶒࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓせᅉࡢㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚㐺ྜⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ
ࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࣃ࣮ࢯࣥࢬࡸ௚ࡢㄽ⪅ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡣᮇᚅ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮇᚅ the expecta-

tions of expectations ࡜࡞ࡿࠋT. Parsons and E.A. Shils (eds.), Toward a General Theoryof Action (New York, 1951) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

ᚘဒೞᏡ





London, 1985).ࣃ࣮ࢯࣥࢬࡢලయⓗ࡞ἲほᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊT. Parsons, ‘Law as an ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡢᶵ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᑓ᭷ࠊ
ㄪᩚࠊ㜵⾨࡜࠸࠺  ࡘࢆ≉ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟➨  ࡢほⅬ࡟࠾ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

N. Luhmann, A Sociological Theory of Law (M. Albrow ed., E. King and M. Albrow trs.,

Intellectual Stepchild’ in H.M. Johnson (ed.), Social System and Legal Process (San Francisco and London, 1978), 11 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᱁ࢆΏ⯟ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᡃࠎࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊಶู௻ᴗࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽၥ㢟ࡢᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᪉ἲ࡛ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ィ⏬⪅࡟ᩆ࠸ࡢᡭࢆᕪࡋఙ࡭ࡿࡀࠊ

࠶ࡾࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ➇தᕷሙࡀⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢ᭱㐺㓄ศࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡑࢀࡣ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡸࡑࡢ≧ἣ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊᕷሙࡢᩥ⬦࡟ࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑟධࡀ᪤࡟ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣୗ࡟࠾࠿ࢀࡓ

࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁ  ࡘࡢၥ࠸ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡘಶู௻ᴗࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽၥ࠸ࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗࡣࠊ⌧௦ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ィ⏬ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆᖏࡧࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛࠶

࡞ィ⏬⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟࠺ࡲࡃᑐᛂࡍࡿ⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࠿࠿ࡿ௻ᴗࡣࠊ

ࡿࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ไᗘⓗ࡞㐨ලࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ⮬ᕫࡢពࡢࡲࡲ࡟౑⏝ࡋ࡚୙☜⮬ᕫࡢィ⏬ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ඘㊊࡟ᙺ❧࡚ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ

ᐇᛶ࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡟ᙺ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛

࣑ࢫࡢⴭ᭩ࠗᅜᐩㄽ࠘㸦Wealth of Nations㸧ࡢ᭷ྡ࡞୍⠇ࡣ➨  ࡢၥ࠸࡬ࡢ

ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡣ୍య࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏝㏵࡛ࡇࡢ㐨ලࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ゎ⟅ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕྠᴗ⪅ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ᴦࡋࡳ࡜Ẽᬕࡽࡋࡢࡓࡵ࡛

ᡃࠎࡀࡳ࡚ࡁࡓࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡞ゎ⟅ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࡢᑓ᭷ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⁛ከ࡟㞟ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡀࠊ࠸ࡊ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚ྠᴗ⪅ࡀゝⴥࢆ஺㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⏝㏵ࡢከᵝ࡞ྍࢃࡏࡤࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࡣ♫఍࡟ᑐࡍࡿඹྠㅛ㆟ࠊࡘࡲࡾ౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ⟇␎ࡢ⬟ᛶࡣࡇࢀ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ヰ࡟࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࠊᕷሙࡢཧຍ⪅ࡣ཯ᕷሙⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚ ᝟ሗࡢ๰㐀࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⪃៖ࡍ࡭ࡁ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ᰿※࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟  ࡘࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂░࡟ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᕷሙཧຍ⪅ࡀᕷሙࡢຊ࡟ᢠࡋ࡚

ࡢࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡘࡣࠊ⮬↛≧ែࡑࢀ⮬య࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛉Ꮫⓗၥ㢟ࢆㄪᰝィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊ࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫ㸦Galbraith㸧ࡀ㏣✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡀゎỴࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⏘ᴗไᗘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧௦ⓗ⏕⏘ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗၥ㢟ࡢ」㞧ᛶࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ⛉ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀࠊᾘ㈝⪅୺ᑟࡢ➇தᕷሙ⤒῭ࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡓࡵ

Ꮫⓗၥ㢟࡬ࡢ㈨※ࡢ㏣ຍⓗ࡞ᢞධࢆಁࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡑࡢၥ

࡟ࠊィ⏬ࢆせồࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ⌧௦ࡢ⏘ᴗไᗘࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ኱つᶍ࡞௻ᴗ㢟ࡢゎỴ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ➨  ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ᰿※ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡀᕷሙཧຍ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋࠊᙼࡽࡀ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ኱㔞ࡢ㈨ᮏࢆᢞୗࡋᾘ㈝ไᗘࡢ」㞧࡞ᛶ㉁࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋ୍యㄡࡀࠊ௒࠿ࡽᖺ࡞࠸ࡋᖺᚋ࡟ᕷሙ

ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ཧຍ⪅ࡣࣜࢫࢡ࡜୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡸᨻᗓࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࢃ࠿ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ㸦Keynes㸧࡟ᢚ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ດࡵࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᭱ᑠ໬ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ࠿

ࡀᙉㄪࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦᯶࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ⵹↛ᛶࢆᙧᡂࡍ

࡞ࡾࡢ᫬㛫ࢆᕷሙࡀᙼࡽ࡟㈇ࢃࡍ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢィࡿ࡟㊊ࡾࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞᰿ᣐࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡣ༢⣧࡟ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶

⏬ࡢసᡂ࡟㈝ࡸࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡿ㹿㺁▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡇࡢ✀ࡢ୙☜࠿࡞▱㆑࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㈉ ➨  ࡢၥ࠸ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ⌧௦ࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢィ⊩ࢆᯝࡓࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊ㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃࢮࣟ࡟㏆࠸ࠋ

⏬ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢᐇ⌧࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲ
ࡉ࡟ᡃࠎࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡢᚲせᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᗈ⠊࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊどⅬࡢ㌿᥮ࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱㐺࡞㈨※㓄ศࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢔࣮ࣟࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢᥦ㉳ࡀ➇தᕷሙࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ


ࡶࡋ◊✲ࢆ⁺ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢሙᡤ࡛

⁺ࢆࡍࡿ⁺ᖌࡢᩘࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤቑ࠼ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ㨶ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ⁺ᖌ࡟ᑐࡋ≉ᐃࡢሙ
ᡤ࡛⁺ࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋG. Wyatt, The Economics

of Invention (Brighton, 1986), 122-123 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776; Glas-J.M. Keynes, ‘The General Theory of Employment’, 51 The Quarterly Journal of Eco-gow ed., Indianapolis, 1981), 145.

nomics, 209, 214 (1937).



J.K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Harmondsworth, 1967), chapter 3 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃࢮࣟ࡟㏆࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟୍ᐃࡢ␃ಖࢆ௜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢ✀㢮ࡢ㔜せ࡞ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ➨  ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ᰿※ࡣࠊ➇த᮲௳ࡢୗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟ሗࡢ๰㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࡟㊊ࡾࡿ☜ᅛࡓࡿ᰿ᣐࡶఱࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㺁ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ➇த⪅ࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡢ⏕⏘ࡀ➇த᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ ࢚ࣝࢫࢱ࣮ࡢぢ❧࡚ࡣṇࡋ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ➇த⪅ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛୙☜ᐇᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ➇த⪅࢚ࣝࢫࢱ࣮ࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜᝿ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡓ࡜࠼࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀࡇࡢ≧ἣࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ

ࡣࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡇࡢࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻၥ㢟࡟ࡓሙྜ࡟ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞☜ಙ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᙼࡽࡣࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ

ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ  ࡘࡢ᪉⟇࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠿ࡾ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡇࡢࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻၥ㢟ࢆ࡞࠾஦ែࢆᡴ㛤ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡓ␎ࢆ❧࡚ጞࡵࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ኱㞧ᢕ࡞⤒㦂ゎỴࡍࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡶ㸦ࡇࢀࡣ␲ࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸧ࠊ➇த⪅ࡣ௚ࡢ᪉ⓗ஦ᐇ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ௻ᴗࡣ☜࠿࡟◊✲ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࢆᥦἲ࡟ࡼࡾ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࠋ➇த⪅ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ᭱ึࡢ⪅࡟౪ࡍࡿ⵹↛ᛶࢆకࡗࡓ▱㆑ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ௻ᴗࡣࡸࡣࡾࠊᢞ㈨ࡢ୙

࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ≉チไᗘࡣࠕඛ╔㡰ࠖࡢཎ๎࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢఱࡽ࠿ࡢᡴ㛤⟇࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋྜ⌮ᛶ

᭱ึ࡟Ⓨ᫂㸦࡞࠸ࡋⓏ㘓㸧ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢሗ㓘ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ࢚ࣝࢫࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣேࢆࡋ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࢧ࣮ࢡࣝࡢ୰࡬

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࡍࡄ࡟ࢃ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ╔ᡭࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ㔞࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ỵ࡜ᑟࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࡢྜ⌮ᛶࡀࠊேࢆࡋ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࢧ࣮ࢡ

ᐃࢆୗࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸௻ᴗࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ≉チᶒࡢᜠᜨ࡟୚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ

ࣝࡢእ࡬ᑟࡃࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀḟ⠇᳨࡛ウࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ࣮ࣝࢺࡣࠊ

ࡢࡣࡈࡃ୍㒊ࡢࡶࡢ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࣝࢫࢱ࣮ Elster ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࢧ࣮ࢡࣝ࠿ࡽᢤࡅࡔࡍ࣮ࣝࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ಶู௻ᴗࡀࡉࡽ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂☜࡞ീࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡑࢀࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ၏୍ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋูࡢゎỴ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௚ࡢ௻ᴗࢆ㏣࠸

࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡀᢞ㈨ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ㔞ࡣࠊᡂຌࡍࡿ⵹↛ᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᡶ࠺ࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡣ࣐ࣇ࢕࢔ࢆ㞠࠺࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊḟࡲࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼➇த⪅ࡀ࠸࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟୙☜࠿࡞ࡶࡢ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ࣐ࣇ࢕࢔ࢆ㞠࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➇த⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣࡉࡽ࡟ቑ኱ࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋಶู௻ᚲせࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ᴗࡀከ㢠ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ௻ᴗࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚≉チ࣮ࣞࢫ࡟ᩋࢀࠊ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᦆࢆࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ➇த⪅ࡀ኱つᶍ࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍ

࣌࢖࢜ࣇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ௻ᴗࡣከ㢠ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆࡋ࡚ࡶᕪࡋᨭ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᚠ⎔ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᑓ᭷ᶵ⬟࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡣከᩘࡢ௻ᴗࡀᢞ㈨ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ỵᐃࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢಶู௻ᴗ࡟

ࡉࡽ࡟ㄪᩚᶵ⬟ࠊ⮬ᕫ㜵⾨ᶵ⬟ࠊィ⏬ᶵ⬟࡜࠸࠺  ࡘࡢᶵ⬟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᢞ㈨ࡋ࡞࠸࡯࠺ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀࡇ࠺ࡋ

࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶵ⬟ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࡗ࡚ࠊ

ࡓಶูィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢಶู௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᢞ㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ಶࠎࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑๰㐀࡟క࠺୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐฎࡍ

ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ࢚ࣝࢫࢱ࣮ࡀ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕࡇࡇ࡟

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ࡣྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡟㊊ࡾࡿ᰿ᣐࡣఱࡽᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⾜ື ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ┦஫࡟స⏝ࡋྜ࠺ேࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟Ḟࡃࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ


᝟ሗࡀᡤ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊไᗘⓗ࡟≉ᐃࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡟⮳ࡾ࠺ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࠊ୍ᐃࡢ⵹↛ᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚ண

ࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ

࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠊࡑࡢ  ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢ௻ᴗࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚➇தࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ


ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チไᗘࡀ㑇ఏ㈨※

Id., 34.

ࡢࣉ࣮ࣝࢆࡍ࡭࡚ᅖ࠸㎸ࡴࡓࡵ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ

ࡇࡇ࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏝ㄒࡣࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࡣࠊ࠺ࠋྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡢୗ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ỵᐃࢆୗࡍࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋR.D. Luce and H. Raiffa, Games and Decisions (New York, 1958) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

J. Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge, 1989), 33-34.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ୧⪅ࡣྠࡌ㈝⏝࡜฼₶ᵓ㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢሙྜ࡟ࠊ

ࡿࠋ཮᪉ࡢ௻ᴗ࡜ࡶ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ཰┈ࡣ➼ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ୍

཮᪉ࡢ௻ᴗ࡜ࡶ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈝⏝ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ௚᪉

᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡢࡳࡀ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ௚᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡣ཰┈ࡀࢮࣟ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᭱

ࡢ௻ᴗࡀࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀᶆ‽ⓗ࡞ࣇࣜࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡀኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕࡼࡾᙉຊ࡞ࠖ

࣮ࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᝿ᐃࡢୗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡣࠊ཮᪉ࡢ௻

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗࡢ≧ἣࡣᴗ࡜ࡶ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ୧⪅ࡣྠࡌ཰┈ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊྛ௻

ࡉࡽ࡟Ⰻ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡀࠊ

ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࣋ࢫࢺࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡣࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ௚᪉ࡢ

࠸ࡗࡓࢇ୍᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡀ㸦≉チࢆ㸧ྲྀᚓࡍࡿ࡜௚᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡣࡑࡢ◊✲ࢆ⊂⮬௻ᴗࡀ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠊ௻ᴗࡣ⊂⮬࡟◊✲ࢆ⾜࡟ၟᴗⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ◊✲ࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊ඲ࡃ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜࡼࡾࡶࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚⾜࠺௻ᴗࡀࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ཰┈ࢆᚓࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸௻ᴗࡸ  ␒ᡭⰋ໬ࡍࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᛮ៖῝࠸௻ᴗࡣ⊂⮬࡟◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸◊✲㛤Ⓨ௻ᴗࡣ཰┈ࡀࢮࣟ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ౛ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢ௻ᴗࡢ㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᏑᅾ࡜ෆᐜࡀ ࡇࢀࡣࢸࣝࢧ࣮㸦Telser㸧ࡀ♧ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚

࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ㞃ࢀࡓ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢱ࣮࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊ

ࡢண⟬ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸஧ᅜ㛫࡟ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

௻ᴗࡀ⮬ࡽ㈍኎ࡍࡿၟရࡢ฼┈ࢆᑓ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿ㏻ᖖࡢ㈈⏘ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶ࠺  ࡘࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝␗ㄽࢆᕪࡋᣳࡴࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ

ᶒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟␲࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊ◊✲⤖ᯝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᇳ⾜ྍ⬟࡞㞴ࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ୺ᙇࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᦠࢃࡿ௻ᴗ࡛࠶

㈈⏘ᶒࡣఱࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡣࠊࡑ

ࢀࡤࠊ⮬ᕫ࡟᭱ࡶ᭷฼࡞࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿ࡜᥎ࡇ࡟࿊♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᙧ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࠊᘬࡁ⥆ࡁࠊ⌧ᅾᨭ㓄ⓗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸

㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐃ⩏ࡇࡑࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡢᙧࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋつ⠊ࢆ෌஺΅ࡋࡓࡾ෌ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ⤯࠼ࡎ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜ண ௻ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢດຊࡀࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᑓ᭷࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜᝿ീ

᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ⚾ேࡀ▱㆑ࢆ⚾ⓗ㈈࡬࡜ኚ࠼ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ㝈ᐃࡘࡁࡢ㈈⏘ࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡣኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡢ௻ᴗࡶ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟

ᶒࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ ࡘࡢᴟࡵ࡚ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟

ࡣࠊ཮᪉࡟࡜ࡗ࡚཰┈ࡣࢮࣟࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡀ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ᭷฼࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ࡇࢀࡽࡢᶒ฼ࡢ෌ᵓ⠏࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ࢆࡼ࡟ࡣࠊ௚᪉ࡢ௻ᴗࡣࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ◊✲ࡾᢳ㇟໬ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㈈⏘ἲࡀ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ཰┈ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ཰┈ࡢつᶍࡸࡀ࡚ࡣኚ᭦ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡣ෌ࡧ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࠋ㈈⏘࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵ

ᶒࡣ௚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊྠࡌ

ࢡຠᯝࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣⓎ᫂ᛶ࡜๰㐀ᛶࡢ౪⤥࡟࠾ࡅ◊✲ࢆ⊂⮬࡟Ⓨぢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⚗Ṇࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸦ⴭసᶒࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺

ࡿಶேࡢ฼┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟๰タࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈࡞ᶒ฼ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔௻ᴗࡣ⊂⮬࡟ྠࡌࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢆタィ⏘ᶒࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘಶேࡢ฼┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࡼࡃࢃ

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁ

࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ  ࡘࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ࡞ࡍࡢࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡿ㸧ࠋ ␒ᡭࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚  ␒ᡭࡢ௻ᴗࡢᚋ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡃ࡯

ࡑࢀࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡑࢀ⮬య࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ࠿࡞ࡃࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ຾࡚ࡿぢ㎸ࡳࡢ࡞࠸౯᱁➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞





ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊL.G. Telser, A Theory of Efficient Cooperation and࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊN. Luhmann, A Sociological Theory of Law (M. Albrow ed., E.

Competition (Cambridge, New York, 1987), 205-210 ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

King and M. Albrow trs., London, 1985), 159-166 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡇࢀࡣࠊἲ୍⯡࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈈⏘ἲ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ่⃭ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡦ࡜ࡓࡧࠊ

ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡣ஫࠸࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ」ᩘࡢᡓ␎

࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ୙฼࡞ไ⣙ࢆࠊ⮬ࡽ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ෌ᐃ⩏㛫࡛㑅ᢥࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ㛫ࡢ㑅ᢥࡢ⤌ྜࡏࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ⮬యࢆ෌ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ௚

ᙧែࡢሗ㓘ࢆᚓࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡜㠀༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡣ࠸

ࡢࡼࡾ᭷฼࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ษࡾ᭰࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᅇ㑊ࡋ࠺ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸ࡎࢀࡶ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡓᬡ࡟ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᛴ⃭࡟㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ྜ⌮ ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᅛᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ⓗ࡞࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣࠊࡼࡾ᫂☜࡟ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ᝿ീ

࡚ጞࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࢤ࣮࣒࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜

᭦ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏊ౪࡜኱ேࡣࡼࡃ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀྍ

ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࢆᣦࡍࠋࡑࡢព࿡ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊ༢࡟ࠊࢤ࣮࣒࡜࠸࠺

⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡟⯆ࡌࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ୍ே㸦㏻ᖖࡣᏊ౪࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜

ࡶࡢࡀ୍ᐃࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡋ࠿ࡶࡑࢀࡽࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ₯ᅾⓗࡀከ࠸㸧ࡀ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᗂ࠸Ꮚ౪ࡀ࣮ࣝࣝ

࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊ஦๓࡟Ꮫࡪᶵ఍ࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ

࡟ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡢୗ࡛ࡣࢤ࣮࣒࡟຾ࡕࡑ࠺

ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᙜヱࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ≧ἣࡢୗ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜Ⅽࡀチ࡟࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡣ࣮ࣝࣝࢆኚ࠼ࡿ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒࡟຾ࡘᶵ఍ࢆᮇᚅ࡛

ᐜࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ࢛࣭ࣥࣀ࢖࣐ࣥ㸦vonࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱ேࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࢆチᐜࡍࡿሙྜ

Neumann㸧࡜ࣔࣝࢤࣥࢩࣗࢸࣝࣥ㸦Morgenstern㸧ࡀࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࢤ࣮࣒⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ኱ேࡣᏊ౪࡟⮬ಙࢆࡶࡓࡏࡓ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᏊ౪ࢆࣁࢵࣆ

ㄽࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࢀࠊࡑࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ

࣮࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᏊ౪ࡀ୙ᶵ᎘࡟࡞ࡿࡢࢆ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋ

ࡣᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࡲࡲኚືࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦࡢୗ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢀ࡞࠸➼ࠎࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡣࠊ຾฼ࢆ⋓ᚓ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡣᡓ␎ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡀࠊࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㐣⛬࡛࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚฼⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸  ࡘࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡢಟ

࡜ࡍࡿࢤ࣮࣒࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁࡣࠊྲྀᘬࠊ஺΅࠿ṇࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶࠕ⤯ᑐࡽ┦ᡭ᪉࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙉไࡲ࡛Ⰽࠎ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡜

ᗙᶆᣦ௧ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ

࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ᐇ࡟ᡃࠎࡢ㛵ᚰࢆྥࡅࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑ

◚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᐃ⩏ୖࠊࡑࡢ⪅ࡣࡶࡣࡸྠࡌࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸

ࢀࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡸ㑅ᢥྍ⬟࡞ᡭ␒ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ

࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚๰ጞࡉࢀ࡚௨᮶ࠊࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿ୍㐃ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡢୗ࡛⮬ᕫࡀ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢜

࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡜㠀༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ័౛࡜࡞ࡗ࡚

ࣉࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᡓ␎ⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡔ

࠸ࡿ ࠋ༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡣ஺΅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸᣊ᮰ຊ

࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊᙼࡽࡣࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞せ⣲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᡓ␎ⓗࡢ࠶ࡿ༠ᐃࢆ⤖ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㠀༠ຊࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

࡟⪃࠼ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢ᫬Ⅼࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᡃࠎ




ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊJ. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Eco-ࡣࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࡢከᵝ࡛┦஫౫Ꮡⓗ࡞Ỵᐃࡀࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍᖐ⤖ࡢ࠸ࢃࡤศᯒⓗ࡞ࢫࢼࢵࣉࢩࣙࢵࢺࢆ

nomic Behaviour (3rd ed., Princeton, 1953), 49 ࡟ࡼࡿ༢⣧໬ࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒ᴫᛕ࡟㛵ࡍᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡋࡓ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ➇࠸ྜ࠺  ࡘࡢ௻ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࠋᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࡇࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕ

ࡣࠊࢤ࣮࣒⮬యࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࡑࡢእ࠿ࡽࠊᙜヱࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡟ㄢࡍࡉࡲࡊ

J.C. Harsanyi, ‘A New General Solutions Concept for Both Cooperative andNon-cooperative Games’, in J.C. Harsanyi, Papers in Game Theory (Dordrecht, Holland,1982), 211-212 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡲ࡞ไ⣙ࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿᡓ␎ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⤒῭ⓗ࡞⏕άࡢ኱㒊ศࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒࡜࣮ࣝࣝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢኚ᭦ྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡀ」㞧࡟ΰࡌࡾྜࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࢡ

࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜

ࢱ࣮ࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ไ⣙ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ฼⏝࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢡࣛࣈࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⌮⏤࡛ධ఍࡛ࡁࡿᶵ఍ࢆቑࡸࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᇶ

ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢸࢽࢫࢡࣛࣈࡣே✀ࡸ᐀ᩍࠊࢻࣞࢫࢥ࣮ࢻࢆ⌮⏤ᮏⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

࡟࠶ࡿேࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡓேࠎࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓ

ࢸࢽࢫࢆࣉ࣮ࣞࡍࡿάືࢆ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡶࡋ࡝ࡇ࠿࡯࠿࡟ࣉ

ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ୺ࡓࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋᡃࠎࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡬ࡢᢞ࣮ࣞࡢ࡛ࡁࡿሙᡤࢆࡳࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᙼࡽࡣࡑࡢάືࢆ࡞㈨ࢆ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ  ࡘࡢࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋㄡ࠿ࢆ≉ᐃࡢάື࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊࡑࡢ

᫂☜࡞ᶵ⬟ࡣࡑࡢ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆ☜ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡲࡓࠊ

ேࡀྠ୍ࡢάືࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶

࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡟

ࡿࠋ᤼㝖ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ㜼Ṇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ༊ู࠿ࡽ₇⧢ࡉࢀࡿᖐ⤖ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ

ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡣ࠶ࡿ✀㢮ࡢ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡢୗ࡛᝟ሗࢆ᥈ࡋጞࡵࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊᙼ

ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡽࡀ⯆ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ ᤼㝖࡜ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ከࡃࡢሙྜࠊᡤ᭷㛵ಀࡢ㔜せ࡞ᚩ⾲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡼࡾ᭷฼࡞࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᤼㝖ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡑࡀ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆỴࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞ࣇ࢓ࢡࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࡝

࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ᤼㝖࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᝟ሗࡢᑓ᭷⾜Ⅽࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᤼㝖ࠊࡇ࡛࠶ࢀ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୪⾜ⓗ࡟㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⮬↛࡛ࣃᑓ᭷ࠊᕷሙࠊ➇தࡣⓙࠊᙉࡃ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚஫࠸࡟➇ࣛࣞࣝ࡞ᡓ␎ࡣࠊࡼࡾ᭷฼࡞࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᡭẁத㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿಶேࡣࠊᢚไ࡜ᆒ⾮ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ

㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊッゴࡸࣟࣅ࢖ࣥࢢ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊಶேⓗ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤌⧊ࡢ୍ဨࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿಶேࡶ౯᱁ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ᏶඲࡞ຊࢆ

࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐃ⩏ࡢぢ┤ࡋࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ✀ࡢᡓ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠃ⓑࡃ࡞࠸ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭ

␎ⓗ࡞฼⏝ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ⤒ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀಶே࡟ᑐࡋಶேᢞ㈨ࡢᡂᯝࢆᑓ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜㦂ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍㒊ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㏣ồ࡟್ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳࡔࡉࢀࡿࠋᑓ᭷ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ᤼㝖࡟ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡍࡿ⮬↛࡞ᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ☜࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㈈⏘ᶒほ࡜ᕦࡳ࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡣࡶ࠺  ࡘ୺せ࡞ᚩ⾲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ⚗Ṇ࡜࠸࠺ᚩ⾲࡛࠶⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࡿࠋ⚗Ṇࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉࡟㏣ຍࡉࢀࡓḟඖࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟࡢ౛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ୺ᙇࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ ࢚࣮࣮࢝ ๓⠇ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃ࡢᑐࡢ㎰ᆅ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷ㈍⏝࡟ࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰࡢ᱂ᇵࢆႠࡴ࠶ࡿ㎰ᐙࢆ᝿ീࡋ࡚ࡳ

㇟࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࢆㄽࡌࡓࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ㎰ᐙࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ㎰ᆅࡸࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࡘ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬࠺ࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡣ௚ேࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࡜యࠊ௚⪅ࡀྠᵝࡢ㎰ᆅࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࡾࠊࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰࢆ᱂ᇵࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ

࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣ᤼

⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ➇த࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ฼┈ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࡯࠿ࡢࡍ࡭࡚

㝖ຠ࡜⚗Ṇຠ࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᤼㝖㸦exclusion㸧࡜⚗Ṇ㸦prevention㸧ࡢ᮲௳ࡀ➼ࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰ㎰ᐙࡣ➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

࡜ࡣࠊྠࡌࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⚾ࡀ་⒪ᴗົࡢάື㈨᱁ࢆ๤ዣࡉ

ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௚⪅ࡀᕷሙ࡟ཧධࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡇࡢ౛࡟࠾

ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⚾ࡣ་⒪ᴗົ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽබᘧ࡟᤼㝖࠸࡚ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡞ᙧ࡛ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰࡀ㑇ఏⓗࡉࢀࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ⚾ࡣἲᚊࢆ↓どࡍࡿ࡟᧯సࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ኱ࡁࡃࠊࡼࡾ࠾࠸ࡋࡃࠊࡼࡾ㉥ࡃ࡞ࡿຠᯝࢆࡶࡕࠊࡋ

ࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⚾ࡀ࠶ࡿάື࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㎰ᐙࡀ≉チᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࢆ᝿ീࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡇ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ➇தࡢ⤊↉ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶࡋᡃࠎࡀᯝ≀ᕷሙࢆࡉࡃࡽ ➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿᕷሙཧຍ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⚗Ṇᶵ⬟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢇࡰࡢ㛵㐃ᕷሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࡞࠾➇தࡀᏑ⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞

㨩ຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ➇த࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀཧຍ⪅ࡀᦆᐖࡿࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡇࡇ࡛≉チᶒࡀ  ࡘ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡞ຠᯝࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ

ࢆ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆకࡗࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚஧ேࡢ⿢ุ

㎰ᐙࡀࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ௚⪅ࡣࡑࡢ㎰ᐙࡀ࡞ࡍࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺

ᐁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ➇தࡣࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊ

࡟άືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚⪅ࡣᕷሙ࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁࡃࠊࡼࡾ㉥ィ⏬ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᝟ࡅᐜ㉧ࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➇த⪅ࡣ኎ୖࢆᚓࡼ࠺

ࡃࠊࡼࡾ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰࢆ౪⤥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ

࡜⏬⟇ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ඃࡿ➇த⪅ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ຎࡿ➇த⪅ࡢ኎ୖࢆዣ࠺

ࢆ᭱ึࡢ౛࡜ᑐẚࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ᭱ึࡢ౛࡛ࡣࠊ㎰ᐙࡣ᭷య≀㸦ᅵᆅࡸࡉࡃ

ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ┦ᡭࢆᐖࡋࢲ࣓࣮ࢪࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊᖖ࡟➇தࡽࢇࡰ㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ↓య≀㸦ࡉࡃࡽࢇࡰࡢDNAࢥ⪅ࡣ┦஫࡟௚⪅ࢆࠗᐖࡍࡿ࠘ࡇ࡜ࢆ௻ᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ࣮ࢻ㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡣࡑࡢ㎰ᐙࢆᶍೌ ➇தࡣࠊ༢࡟ᦆᐖࢆ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆక࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ➇தࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡍࡿࠊࡘࡲࡾ㎰ᐙࡀ࡞ࡍࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟άືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡣᶍೌࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ➇த⪅ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬௚ࡢ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅ

ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ ␒┠ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀ⮬⏤࡟ࡑࡢ㎰ᐙࢆᶍೌࡋࡓࡾࡍ

ࢫࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ດࡵࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊྠ✀ࡢ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶍೌࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㎰ᐙࡀᙼ࡜࡟ࡶྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➇த࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀㄡ࠿ࡢࡼ࠸࢔ࡽ࡟チㅙࢆ୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆᶍೌࡋጞࡵࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟⏕ࡌࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣆࢨࡢ㟁ヰᏯᴫᛕⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ᤼㝖ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁ⚗Ṇ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜

㓄ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ᭱ึ࡟ᛮ࠸ࡘ࠸ࡓேࡣࠊࡍࡄ࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠸࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡟㣕ࡧࡘࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣⓙࠊ௚⪅ࡢᶍೌ⾜Ⅽࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡃከᩘࡢᶍೌ⪅ࢆᣍ᮶ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ␲࠸ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᙼࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶍೌ

࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ࡜ၟᶆᶒࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ௚⪅ࢆ᭷య≀࠿ࡽ᤼ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᡭẁࡀ࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡍࡄ࡟࡛ࡶࡑࢀࢆᡭ࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡇ࡜

㝖ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚⪅ࡢᶍೌⓗ⾜ືࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋ௚⪅࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ➇தᕷሙࡀࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙཧຍ⪅ࡀ┦஫࡟ᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዡບ

ࢆ᭷య≀࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀ↓య≀ࢆ෌⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡶࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᶍೌࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ௚⪅ࡀᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟௜ࡅຍ

ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋᶍೌࢆዡບࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ḧồ࡜ࠊᶍೌࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㢪࠼ࡽࢀࡓ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ᤼㝖ᶵ⬟࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡟ᣠ࠸ୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ

ᮃ࡜ࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᕷሙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞⥭ᙇ㛵࡞࠸≉ᚩ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ಀࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ





ᕷሙࡢᐃ⩏ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ➇தἲୖࡢ୺せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋM. Brunt, ‘“Market Definition”

Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd. v. BHP Ltd. (1988-89) 167 C.L.R.,177, 191 per

Issues in Australian and New Zealand Trade Practices Litigation’, 18 Australian Business

Mason CJ and Wilson J.

Law Review, 86 (1990) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ ᮏ᭩࡛࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⚗Ṇⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ࡞ࡍࡢ࠿

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆዡບࡋ⤒῭ࡢືែⓗຠ⋡ᛶࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞౛ࡀࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡛㉳ࡁࡓDavis v. The࡜ࢆ⌮⏤࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ➇தಁ㐍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊOECD, Competition

Commonwealth (1988) 166 C.L.R. 79 ࡜࠸࠺஦௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫ

Policy and Intellectual Property Rights (Paris, 1989), 11-12 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ぢゎࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢぢゎࡣࠊࢺࣛࣜ࢔ᘓᅜᖺ⚍஦ົᒁ Australian Bicentennial Authority ࡣࠊࠕᖺࠖࠕᖺ

ぢゎࡣㄗゎࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ┿࡟࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⏕⚍ࠖࠕᘓᅜࠖࠕࢩࢻࢽ࣮ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࡢ฼⏝ࢆつไࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇ

ࡳࡔࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࠿ࡽཌ⏕฼ᚓࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊᖺ࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࡓ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ᘓᅜᖺ⚍஦ົᒁἲ᱌

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ཌ⏕฼ᚓࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ௦ൾࡀ➇தࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡬ࡢᖸ΅࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈Australian Bicentennial Authority Act 1980 ࡣࠕ⾲⌧ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆⴭࡋࡃ౵ᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ

⏘ᶒ࡜ࡣᶍೌ⾜Ⅽࡢ⚗Ṇ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➇த࡜ࡣᶍೌ⾜Ⅽࡢᐇ᪋ࢆチᐜࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ at 100 ࠊ༢⣧࡟ᗘࢆ㉺ࡋࡓἲ᱌࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ

ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ௨ୖࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣ୙ྍ㑊ⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡛฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᕷሙཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ࡍࡿ㨩ຊ࡜࢖ࣉࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ஺΅ࡢྲྀᘬᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࠊ࡯࠿ࡢཧຍ⪅࡟࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡸࡼࡾ᫂░࡟┳ྲྀࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡶࡋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㑅ᢥࡋ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇࡉࡏࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡣᑓ᭷ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཧຍ⪅ࡣࡲࡓࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡿࠋ➨  ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᡓ␎ࠊࡘࡲࡾᶒ฼ᣑ኱ᡓ␎ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࠊ↓య≀ࡀ᫂⮬ᕫࢆ➇தࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠿ࡽᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊಶࠎࡢཧຍ

☜࡞ቃ⏺ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ᭷య≀࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ᫂☜࡞ቃ⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬ᕫࡢ฼┈ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵ࡟⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿྍ⬟⏺ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡀᴟࡵ࡚ᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

ᛶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞✀㢮ࡢ⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࢆ⏕ࡌ࡜ࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀࠊ᭷య≀࡜᭷య≀ࡢ㛫ࡢᆒ➼ࠊྠᙧࡉࡏࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ

ᛶࠊྠ୍ᛶࠊ㢮ఝᛶࠊ㓞ఝᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㛵ಀࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ↓㈝⏝࡜౽┈ࡢၥ㢟ࡶࡲࡓྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࠊᡃࠎࡣ⚗Ṇ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒయ≀ࡢቃ⏺ࡢᣑ኱ࢆ௻࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࡜ࡢᴫᛕⓗ࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀ௨ୖࠊࡑࡢၥ

ቃ⏺ࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿᶵ఍࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ␲࠸࡞ࡃࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⚾ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ㢟ࡢᏊ⣽ࢆ㏣✲ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅ࡀ㏣࠸ồࡵࡿ࡛࣮ࡀ┿๢࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿ࢜ࣉࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡢቃ࠶ࢁ࠺⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ⱝᖸࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⚗Ṇᡓ␎⏺ࡢኚ᭦ࡀࠊ௚⪅ࡀ┤᥋ࡢ➇த⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ

࡟ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ➨  ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡣࠊᡃࠎ

ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢ⠊ᅖࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊࡑ

ࡀᶒ฼ᣑ኱ᡓ␎࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᣑ኱࠺ࡋࡓ↓య≀ࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚➇த⪅ࡀᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿ௦᭰≀ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆไ㝈ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿሙྜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿሙྜ㸦౛࠼ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊチᐜࡉࢀࡿᶍೌࡢ⛬ᗘࡀࡤࠊ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࠊ᳜≀᪂ရ✀࡟ᑐࡍࡿsui generis ࡟ࡼࡿపῶࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋಖㆤ ࠿ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢᶒ฼ࡢᐃ⩏ࢆぢ┤ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿሙྜ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ ᡃࠎࡀゝཬࡋࡓ➨  ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢆⴭసᶒἲࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟࡟ྵࡵࡿࡇ࡜ ࠊ↓ពᱳᏊ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᡓ␎ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ

㆑ࡢ౫ᣐࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞」〇ࡢᵓᡂせ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚↓㝈࡚ࡃࢀࡿ㇏ᐩ࡞※Ἠࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡜➇தἲ࡜ࡢ஺㘒㡿ᇦ࡟ᐃㄝࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜࡛」〇ࡢព࿡ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ 㸧ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨  ࡢࢱ


sui generis❧ἲࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊSemiconductor Chip Protection Act 1984 (US); Euro-ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡣᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࡯࠿ࡢㄡ࠿࡟ࡑࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆㄆࡵࡿ᮲௳ࡘࡁࡢチㅙ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜➇த࡟㛵ࡍࡿไᐃἲࢆ᭷ࡍࡿἲᇦࡣࠊ▱pean Commission, Amended Proposal for a Council Directive on the Legal Protection ofⓗ㈈⏘ࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟ࡑࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⊂༨ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ

Databases, OJ 1993 C308/1 15 November 1993; Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 (Aus.) ➼࡜ࢆチᐜࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ➇தᨻ⟇ୖࡢ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࡑࡢ㝈⏺⥺ࢆタᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ

ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᮏ❶ࡢศᯒⓗ࡞⏝ㄒ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ➇தᨻ⟇ࡣࠊチࡉࢀࡿ⚗Ṇᡓ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢⴭసᶒἲ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡣࠊࠕᖺࡢⴭసᶒἲᨵṇࡢᚋ࡟☜❧ࡋࡓࠋ
ࠖWilliams Electronics, Inc. v. Artic Intern., Inc., 685 F.2d

870, 875 (3d Cir. 1982) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡛ࡣࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲࡀᖺ࡟ᨵ

ṇࡉࢀࠊᩥᏛⓗⴭస≀ࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ୰࡟ࠕࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠖࡀ㏣ຍࡉࢀࡓࠋ

Trade Practices Act 1974 ࡢ᮲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᚊࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧ᨻ⟇ศ㔝ࡢ㛫࡛࡜ࡽࢀ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜➇த࡜ࡢ஺㘒ࡣᖺྲྀᘬ័⾜ἲ theFrancis Day & Hunter Ltd. v. Bron [1963] Ch 587 (United Kingdom Court of Appeal).ࡿ࡭ࡁࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿྲྀᘬ័⾜ጤဨ఍ࡢぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTrade Practices Commission,౛࠼ࡤࠊFrank M Winstone (Merchants) Ltd. v. Plix Products Ltd. (1985) 5 IPR 156

Application of the Trade Practices Act to Intellectual Property (Commonwealth of Australia,(Court of Appeal of New Zealand) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞」〇ࡢព࿡ࡢ㐺ษ࡞㝈ᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ

July 1991) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ⤒῭ඹྠయ᮲⣙ ࣮࣐ࣟ᮲⣙̿

㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊBritish Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd. v. Armstrong Patents Company Ltd.

ᖺ࡟Ḣᕞඹྠయ᮲⣙࡟ྡ⛠ࢆኚ᭦ࡋࡓ ࡀ➇த࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ 㹼᮲ ࡜ၟရ[1986] 1 All E.R. 850, 876-884 (House of Lords) ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢢࣜࣇ࢕ࢫཀࡢពぢࢆཧ↷ࠋࡢ⮬⏤࡞ὶ㏻࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ 㹼᮲ ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲㡯ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ␎࡜チࡉࢀ࡞࠸⚗Ṇᡓ␎࡜ࢆ༊ูࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸࡚ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊᡃࠎࡣࡇࡇ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ᡃࠎࡀ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ฼ᕫ୺

ࡲ࡛ࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⏝࠸࡚཯ᕷሙⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚ࡿ࠿⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟୍ᐃࡢᡓ␎ⓗྍ⬟ᛶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈈⏘ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡃࠎࡀࡉࡽ

ᶒࡢㄪᩚࠊ㜵⾨ࠊィ⏬ᶵ⬟ࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ⓗྍ⬟ᛶࡢᇶ┙ࢆ࡞ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

࡟㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛♧၀ࡋࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ཯ᕷሙⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࡢ❧᱌ࡀᙉຊ࡞

࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠿࠿ࡿᡓ␎ⓗྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆ⮬ᕫ࡟ὴ㛸࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠕὴ

㒔ྜࡢ࠸࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࢆ❧࡚࡚⮬ᕫࡢ➇த⪅ࢆᕷሙ࡟㛸ࠖ㸦faction㸧࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆࠊࠗࢨ࣭ࣇ࢙ࢹࣛࣜࢫࢺ࠘
㸦The Federalist Papers㸧࠾࠸࡚㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿ

࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢹ࢕ࢯࣥ㸦Madison㸧ࡢ⏝ἲ࡟࡞ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕ௚ࡢᕷẸࡢᶒ฼࡟཯

ከᵝ࡞ᡓ␎ⓗྍ⬟ᛶࢆㄒࡾᑾࡃࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᮏࡍࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣඹྠ♫఍ࡢỌ⥆ⓗ࣭඲⯡ⓗ฼┈࡟཯ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞㺁ࠊ࠶ࡿඹ

᮶ዊ௙ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㞟ᅋⓗ฼┈ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚↓┈࡞ࡶࡢ㏻ࡢ฼┈࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓಶேࡢ㞟ᅋ࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࢆఏ࠼ࡿゝⴥ࡜ࡋ࡜໬ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ⏝౛ࢆ♧ࡍ࡟ࡣ༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣ㆟ㄽࢆࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ὴ㛸ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ᰿※࡛࠶฼⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ⓗ฼⏝ࡀ⌧ฟࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ⓗࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢹ࢕ࢯࣥࡢ୺ᙇ࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿࠋ

࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟ⠇࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡃࠎࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀෆᅾⓗ࡟༴㝤࡞ࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᡃࠎࡢ୺ᙇࢆㄽドࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠕࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊὴ㛸ࡢ⏕ࡎࡿࠊ᭱ࡶᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛Ọ⥆ⓗ࡞せᅉࡣࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ✀㢮ࡀከᵝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ୙ᖹ➼࡟㓄ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢὴ㛸ᣢࡘ⪅࡜ᣢࡓ࡞࠸⪅ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶᖖ࡟ࠊ♫఍ࡢ᫂☜࡟␗࡞ࡗࡓ฼┈⩌ࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋമᶒ⪅࡛࠶ࡿேࠎ࡜മົ⪅࡛࠶ࡿேࠎࡶࡲࡓࠊ┦ᑐ❧ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀෆᅾⓗ࡟༴㝤࡞ࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᮏ᭩࡟࠾

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅵᆅᡤ᭷⪅ࡢ฼┈ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢ฼┈ࠊၟேࡢ฼┈ࠊࡑࢀ࡟㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡢ฼┈ࡣࠊࡑࡢ௚ከࡃࡢ⩌ᑠ฼┈⩌࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᩥ᫂ㅖᅜ࡟ᚲ↛ⓗ

࡟⏕ࡎࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊேࠎࢆ┦␗࡞ࡿឤ᝟࡜ぢゎ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ືࡃ┦␗࡞⏘ᶒ࡜➇தᨻ⟇࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃุ౛ࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋࡿ㝵ᒙ࡬࡜ศ࠿ࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 

࡚ࠊV. Rose (ed.), Bellamy and Child, Common Market Law of Competition (4th ed.,



London, 1993), chapter 8 ࢆཧ↷ࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡀ ᖺࢩ࣮࣐ࣕ
ࣥἲ࠾ࡼࡧᖺࢡࣞ࢖ࢺࣥἲࢆ㉳※࡜ࡍࡿ ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡢゎ㔘ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ➇த࣐ࢹ࢕ࢯࣥࡢ୺ᙇࡣṔྐ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ୍⯡໬࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣㄝᚓⓗ࡞ࡶࡢᨻ⟇࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡢඹᏑཎ๎ࢆసࡾୖࡆࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊA.D.

࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㛫ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘฼┈ࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍ

Neale and D.G. Goyder, The Antitrust Laws of the USA (3rd ed., Cambridge, 1980) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡿሙྜࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊያ㞔ࡢゎᨺࡸ㪒ࡢಖㆤࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶࠊ⤌⧊໬ࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊS.W. Waller and N.J. Byrne, ‘Changing View of Intellectual Property andCompetition Law in the European Community and the United States of America’, XX
Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 1 (1993) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚⿢ุᡤࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡴ࡯࡝ࡢၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࡢ୍౛ࡣࠊ

ࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⤒῭ⓗ࡞฼┈ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ
ே㛫ࡢ⾜ືࡢᙉຊ࡞ືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊᡃࠎ
ࡀෑ㢌࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊືᶵࡸே㛫ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ༢࡟ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡔ

ࣃࢸࣥࢺ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣝࡢ័⾜ 㺀ࡶࡋᙼࡽࢆᡴࡕ㈇࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ௰㛫

࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀᏳ඲ࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ஧௨ୖࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ≉チࢆࢡࣟࢫࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ ࣉ࣮ࣝ໬ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྠពࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࢃࡿࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗ123.

ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⊂༨ຊࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠶ࡿࠋUnited States v. Krasnov, 143 F. Supp

184 (E.D. Pa. 1956), aff’d per curiam, 355 U.S. 5 (1957) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࢫࢺ࠘ ᒾἼᩥᗜࠊᖺ 㡫ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓࠋࠞ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

The Federalist Papers (1788 ed., I. Kramnick ed., Harmondsworth, 1987), Number X,
Id., 124.ࠝᘬ⏝⟠ᡤࡢヂฟ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᩧ⸨┾㸻୰㔝຾㑻ヂࠗࢨ࣭ࣇ࢙ࢹࣛࣜ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡶࠊࠗࢨ࣭ࣇ

ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ኱㞟ᅋࡣ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

࢙ࢹࣛࣜࢫࢺ࡛࠘ࡣࠊே㛫ࡢືᶵ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫ࡟ᐩࢇࡔ࢖࣓࣮

኱㞟ᅋࡣ⌧࡟⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊປാ⤌ྜࡸ⎔ቃಖㆤᅋయࡀࡑࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢪࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡢ┠ⓗࡣࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ

࢜ࣝࢯࣥࡀ≉ᐃࡍࡿࣟࢪࢵࢡࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ኱ࡁ࡞㞟ᅋࡣ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀࡿ

ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞฼ᕫᚰࡀ⾜ືࡢᙉຊ࡞ືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡑ

ྍ⬟ᛶࡀࡼࡾᑠࡉ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ⌮⏤ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢀࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡋ࡚♫఍ࡀ㐣ᗘ࡟ᗈ⠊࡟㢗ࡿࡢࡣ༴㝤࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ไ 㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡀ᭱ࡶᙉຊ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᑠࡉ࡞㞟ᅋࡢ฼┈ࡀ⤒ᗘ࡬࡜ኚᐜࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ῭ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ་⸆ရࡢ≉チࢆ㏣࠸ồࡵࡿ〇⸆఍ ᡃࠎࡢၥ࠸ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍య࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡣ⤌♫ࡣⓙࠊඹ㏻ࡢ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㛤Ⓨ㈝⏝ࢆᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⮬♫ࡀྲྀᚓ⧊໬ࡋ࡚ὴ㛸ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࡢ᫂ⓑ࡞⟅࠼ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡀ⤌⧊໬ࡍࡿࡢࡣ

ࡍࡿ་⸆ရࡢ≉チࡀᇳ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ≉チࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࡀ࡛⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ฼┈ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࢹ࢕ࢯࣥࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼࡁࡿ㝈ࡾ㛗ᮇࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇⸆఍♫ࡀ౵ᐖ⪅ࢆᡂຌ࠺࡟ࠊே㛫ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢ฼┈ࡸឤ᝟࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ㅖὴ㛸࡟ศ࠿ࢀࡿሙྜࡢ࡯࠺ࡀࠊ

⿬࡟ッ࠼ࡿሙྜࡸࠊ〇⸆ࣟࣅ࣮ᅋయࡀࡲࢇࡲ࡜≉チࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡼබඹၿࡢࡓࡵ࡟༠ാࡍࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶࠊഴྥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᙉ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ࡾ᭷฼࡞ྲྀᘬࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ〇⸆఍♫࡞࠸ࡋ〇⸆ࣟࣅ࣮ᅋయࡣࡑ

࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࡇࢀࡣ୙᏶඲࡞ゎ⟅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ

ࡢ㞟ᅋࡢᵓᡂဨ࡟බඹ㈈ࢆ౪⤥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ〇⸆ᕷሙࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞

㞟ᅋࡀ⤌⧊໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᡤ᭷ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊఱ༑൨ࢻࣝࡶࡢ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡣಶู

⪅ࡀ⤌⧊໬ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᡃࠎࡀ⪃࠼ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ࡝ࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑ

࡟⮬ᕫࡢ฼┈ࢆᏲࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⤌⧊ⓗ࡟ᅋ⤖ࡍࡿⳘ኱࡞⤒῭ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ

ࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠊ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟࠶ࡿ ࠋ࢕ࣦࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞㞟ᅋࡢᣑᩓࡋࡓ฼┈ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢୡ 㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢜ࣝࢯࣥ㸦Olson㸧ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ⣮ࢀࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⤌⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ♫఍ࡢᵓᡂဨࡢ඲ဨࡀࠊᮏ᭩ࡢࣟࢵࢡࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ㄝ⧊ࡣࡑࢀࡀ௦⾲ࡍࡿ㞟ᅋࡢඹ㏻ࡢ฼┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶

᫂ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ໟᣓⓗ࡞▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᏑᅾ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜

ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡿࠋ㞟ᅋࡀඹ㏻ࡢ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ⤌࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⥔ᣢࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⤌⧊ࡣࠊ࢜⧊ࡣຠᯝⓗ࡟ࡑࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚බඹ㈈࡞࠸ࡋ㞟ྜ㈈ࢆ౪⤥ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࣝࢯࣥࡀㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽ౪⤥୙㊊࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ

ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇ࡜බඹ㈈ࡢ౪⤥࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㞟ᅋࡀྠᵝ࡟⾜ືࡍࡿࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋㅖせᅉࡢ୰࡛ࡶ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱つᶍ࡞↓ᐃᆺࡢ㞟ᅋࢆࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᑠࡉ࡞㞟ᅋࡣࠊࡑࡢᵓᡂဨ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ㞟ྜ㈈ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡓ⤌⧊ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ⏒኱࡞ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡵ࡟ࠊᙉไࡸ≉ู࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟㢗ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊᑡ࡞ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ᡃࠎࡀ♧၀ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅ࡀὴ㛸ࢆᙧࡃ࡜ࡶᑠࡉ࡞㞟ᅋࡢᵓᡂဨࡢ୍㒊࡟ࠊබඹ㈈ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛Ⰻ໬ࡍࡿ⪅ᡂࡋࡀࡕ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣᡃࠎ࡟  ࡘࡢ⌮ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ౪⤥࡟࠿࠿ࡿ㈝⏝ࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ⏝ពࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡀᏑ⏤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ᅛ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࢹ࢕ࢯࣥࡢ

ᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞㞟ᅋࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ⤌⧊ぢゎࡣࠊὴ㛸ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿせᅉࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ᭱ࡶᙉᅛ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

໬࡟࠿࠿ࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿಶேࡢ౽┈ࢆࡶୖᅇࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ

࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢྵព࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿᖐ⤖ࡢ  ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡑࡢ୰࡟ὴ㛸୺⩏ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ≉᭷ࡢෆᅾⓗ࡞ࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ᭷ࡍ



ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ  ࡘࡢ᪉⟇ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊM. White, Philosophy, the Federalist, and the Constitu-ࡀࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㈈⏘ᶒࡀಶேࡢᶵ఍㞟ྜࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࢆ᳨

tion (New York, Oxford, 1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶵ఍㞟ྜ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊ࠶ࡿಶேࡀࡑࡢ୰࠿ࡽᐇ㝿࡟



M. Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1965).



Id., chapter 1.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊId., chapter 6 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺୍㐃ࡢ⾜ືࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋಶேࡀ࡞ࡋ࠺ࡿ㑅ᢥࡣࠊ⛬ࡶࡋᡃࠎࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢໃຊࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍᙉຊ࡞ὴ㛸ࢆ࿘ᗘࡢᕪࡣ࠶ࢀࠊไ⣙ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ᏶඲࡟ไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿࡶࡢࡲ࡛ࡉࡲ

ᅖ࡟ࡣࡧࡇࡽࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡊࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢไ⣙ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

㈈⏘ᶒࡣ༢࡟㑅ᢥࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊไ⣙ࢆ㌿᎑ࡍࡿᡭẁ⤖  ㄽ

࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡑࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟㈨※ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ

ᶵ఍ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍࡓࡵ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࠊ࡞ࡐ㈈⏘ᶒࠊᶵ఍ࠊ฼ᕫᚰࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࡗ࡚᭷┈࡞ᶵ఍ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶస⏝ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡀไ⣙ࢆ㌿᎑ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ

♫఍ⓗᡂᯝࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡢ࠿ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡢぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࡢ

ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㌿᎑ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊ௚ࡢಶேࡢᶵ఍㞟ྜࡢῶᑡࢆ≛≅࡟ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡸᕷሙ࡟㢗ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᙉຊ࡞⌮⏤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ

ࢀࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᕷሙࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄢࡍไ⣙ࡇࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᐇຠᛶࡣࠊ᫂☜࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᏑᅾ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋࡀࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᥮ゝࡍᮏ❶࡛≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ  ࡘࡢᶵ⬟ࡀࡍ࡭࡚ಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࢀࡤࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ᭷ࡍࡿไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚௚⪅࡟ไ⣙ࡑࡢಖ᭷⪅࡟㈈ࡢᡤ᭷࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᏳ඲ᛶࡢᮇᚅࢆ୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿

ࢆㄢࡍ࡯࡝ࡢ᏶඲࡞ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿಶேࡀ⌧ࢀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ㞟ᅋࡢ฼┈࡟࡞ࡿࡼࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ↓య≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≉ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ᙧࢆ࡜ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊぢ࠼ࡊ࠺࡟స⏝ࡍࡿࠋไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍຊ⮬యࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟క࠺ᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿᡭࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣࡶࡣࡸ㞟ྜ㈈࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㢗ࡾ࡟࡞ࡿ࢞࢖ࢻ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞

ࡿࠋ㸦ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ၏୍ࡢຊࡢῡ※࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព

ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡓࡕࡣ຾ࡘࡇ࡜࡟ἐ㢌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྜ

࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ㸧ࡇࢀࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍྍ⬟⌮ⓗ࡛ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡣ຾ࡘࡓࡵࡢ᪉⟇ࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵ࡚ᛶࡀ๻ⓗ࡟ቑ኱ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊ↓య≀࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ≉ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࣌࢖࢜ࣇࢆኚ࠼ࡿ

ఱࡽ⮬↛ⓗ࡞ቃ⏺ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸୰࡛స⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᡃࠎ

ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⚗Ṇᶵ⬟ࡶࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࡀ➨  ❶࡛⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊಶே࡟ᑐࡋⳘ኱࡞ᶒຊࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿࠋᙉຊ࡞ὴ㛸ࡣࡑࢀ࡟ࡶቑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࢆ

࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ࠸ࡲࡸࠊࡈࡃ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᩘࡢ⪅ࡀࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞౫Ꮡࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ㈨ಁ㐍ࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ♧၀ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ཯ᕷ

ᮏࡢᙧែࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓య≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ሙⓗ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㝶కࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡢ୍㒊࡜࡞ࡿࠋᶒࡀぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࢆᢲࡋࡢࡅࠊ฼ᕫᚰࡀ௚⪅ࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ែ

ࡑࢀࡣࠊࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢḟඖࡀࡲࡔ᏶඲࡟ࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᵝ࡛ゎᨺࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡑࢀࡣࡲࡓࠊ௒ᚋࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍከࡃࡢ⤒῭⏕άࡢࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㒊ศࡀ↓య≀࡟ ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ὴ㛸ࡀࡇࢇ࡞࡟ࡶ⥭ᐦ࡞㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᑐࡍࡿ≉ᶒ࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊቑ኱ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ

㈈⏘ᶒࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ไ⣙ࢆ㌿᎑ࡍࡿຊࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ

㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ࠸ࡃࡪࢇ⓶⫗࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡇࡢ✀ࡢຊࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ேࡀࡶࡕ࠺ࡿຊࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶᙉຊ࡞ᙧែ࡛࠶

⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᡤ᭷ࡢ☜ಖຊࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ

ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋὴ㛸ࡀ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࿘㎶࡟ࡦ࡜ࡾ࡛࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡣࠊ

࡞ࡽࠊᡃࠎࡀ➨  ❶࡛㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ↓య≀ࡢᡤ᭷ࡀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ከࡃࡢ᭷

㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡑࡢຊࡸ⏕άᵝᘧࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᙧ≀ࢆࡑࡢᑕ⛬࡟཰ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᶒࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉຊ࡞᪉ἲ࡛⚗Ṇᡓ␎ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ ᡃࠎࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫࡀཷᐜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබ



ⓗ࡞⤫἞⪅ࡀᕷሙ࡟௓ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᎘ࡗࡓࢫ࣑ࢫࡀࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞⤫἞⪅ࡀᕷሙ࡟௓ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ዲពࢆ♧ࡍ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼㞴࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ❶ࡢ᭱⤊

A.K. Dragun, ‘Externalities, Property Rights, and Power’, XVII Journal of Economic

Issues, 667, 668 (1983); Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge,1989), 13 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ⠇࡛♧၀ࡋࡓᶒຊ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀࠊḟ❶ࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡜࡞ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ>ヂ⪅௜グ@ ᮏ✏㸦➨  ❶㸧ࡢ⩻ヂࡣࠊ᫂἞኱Ꮫᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬⚾❧኱Ꮫᡓ␎ⓗ◊✲ᇶ┙ᙧᡂᨭ᥼஦ᴗ㸦ᖹᡂᖺᗘ㹼ᖹᡂᖺᗘ㸧ࠕ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢከඖⓗ౯್࡜ࠊ๰స࣭฼⏝୺యࡢᙺ๭
ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲయ⣔ࡢ෌ᵓ⠏ࠖࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

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