A new normal between
humans and biosphere toward
the post pandemic-30 by 30 challenge for nature
conservation
Hiroyuki MATSUDA(Yokohama National University)

Exercise
Please discuss your personal views on the following questions:
If possible, please indicate which answer that you guess is the majority
in your country. ​ (This is not a question with a correct answer)• What is the situations of COVID-19 in your country?（e.g., the numberof infected deaths, what are people’s opinions about infection control
measures, and its impact on the economy).
• In your opinion, which should be prioritized under the pandemic
situation: human life or the economy? Why?
Do you eat wild mammals, livestock or only vegetable?
• Will your top priority be nature conservation or benefit to people?
• Do you think all people should adopt your predictions described above,or do you allow freedom of choice among people? Please share yourreason why you think so.

Overview and Keywords
1. Epidemic control should be included in a major goal of the post
SDGs.
• SDGs – Environment, Economy, Society (inclusiveness)• New normal beyond the SDGs

2. Seek SMART > over-ambitious, unrealistic goals• From nature protection (NP) to comprehensive SDGs
• NP is not an end, but a measure of good QoL

3. Living with COVID-19, Zoonosis, wildlife• Animal welfare is under development; human-wildlife conflict• Ecological distancing > no use of wildlife• Economic benefit and ecological/health risks; antibiotics, plastics

4. Keypoints for Post SDGs –• UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB)• Respect both biodiversity and cultural diversity (Biocultural diversity)3World pandemic of Covid-19
new cases and new infected deaths(Jan. 22 2020 – Aug. 11 2022)
deaths/M world

Please draw thelines of your country

cases/M world

New cases and deaths per population

1000
100
10

1
0.1
0.01
0.001
2020

2020.52021
2021.5Year

2022

2022.5

Source: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-cases

Please draw the lineof your country

Trends in Real GDP Growth15

8Real GDP Growth

Real GDP Growth

7
6
5

real GDP growth (annual %)

5

0

4
3
2
1
0

-1

Ukraine-6-10

Covid-19 crisis

Subprime
mortgage crisis

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

-7

UK

Japan

High income

AUS

2021

RussiaEuro

2020

Pakistan

USA

2018

-5

2017

Myanm.

BGD

2016

India

World

2015

LDC

-4

2014

China

2013

-5

BGD

2012

-3

World

2019

-2

2005

real GDP growth (annual %)10

Covid-19
crisis

Source: World Development Indicators (as of July 2022)
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG

New Normal beyond the SDGs
• The SDGs are targets for 2015-2030, but theSDGs did not fully anticipate the COVID-19
pandemic and no countermeasures were prepared for it.
• The economic and human toll of the COVID-19 pandemic stands to further delay action
beyond the SDGs’ 2030 target date. (Olsen et al. 2021)• The transition to a new normal of hygiene practices, suchas wearing masks, was forced.

• Remote conferences and lectures became common, andopportunities for international travel have decreased.
• Note: it would be progressed even without the pandemic.
• For climate change mitigation, the frequency of air travel
https://www.freepik.com
should be reduced. (Please forgive me this time)/premium-vector/back-school-new-normal-lifestyleconcept_11009194.htm

Overview and Keywords
1. Epidemic control should be included as a major goal of the post
SDGs.
• SDGs – Environment, Economy, Society (inclusiveness)• New normal beyond the SDGs

2. Seek SMART > over-ambitious, unrealistic goals• From nature protection (NP) to comprehensive SDGs
• NP is not an end, but a measure of good QoL

3. Living with COVID-19, Zoonosis, wildlife• Animal welfare is under development; human-wildlife conflict• Ecological distancing > no use of wildlife• Economic benefit and ecological/health risks; antibiotics, plastics

4. Keypoints for Post SDGs –• UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB)• Respect both biodiversity and cultural diversity (Biocultural diversity)7

（１）SDGs（Sustainable Development Goals）
 Adopted at the UN Summit in September 2015(predecessor of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)).
 The SDGs are 17 international goals (169 targets and 232 indicators are defined under the goals) for therealization of a sustainable, diverse, and inclusive society that "leaves no one behind" by the year 2030.

No population control
in major goaIs

No major goal against
the pandemic• SDGs are more integrated
than MDGs (I support!)• I say, SDGs are a bit overambitious.
• I recommend more
realistic goals for post
SDGs
8

Source: Japan Ministry of Economy

https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/economy/sdgs_esg/pdf/001_05_00.pdf

I recommend SMART Goals
Initials

MeaningSpecify and clarify what to accomplish.
Leave no room for misunderstanding.
Measurable/Te Define metrics and indicators to see if the current attainment
stableis in line with the goal.

Specific

Ambitious*

Be ambitious but it has to be reasonably achievable. Plans areoften rejected due to over-ambitious goals.

Achievable/
Realistic

Focus on what is achievable and describe the course of action
to realize the goal successfully.

Relevant

Align with values, visions, future strategies, or wider goals thatare essential to various stakeholders.

Time-boundDefine a time frame for achieving the goal.
*modified from https://merakimusings.org/smart-goals/
Modified from Miller 2022 https://crowjack.com/blog/strategy/smart-goals

Overview and Keywords
1. Epidemic control should be included as a major goal of the post
SDGs.
• SDGs – Environment, Economy, Society (inclusiveness)• New normal beyond the SDGs

2. Seek SMART > over-ambitious, unrealistic goals• From nature protection (NP) to comprehensive SDGs
• NP is not an end, but a measure of good QoL

3. Living with COVID-19, Zoonosis, wildlife• Animal welfare is under development; human-wildlife conflict• Ecological distancing > no use of wildlife• Economic benefit and ecological/health risks; antibiotics, plastics

4. Keypoints for Post pandemic –• UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB)• Respect both biodiversity and cultural diversity (Biocultural diversity)
10The Tragedy of the Mitigation Policy in climatechange. How to avoid it?
• Mitigation works globally, but adaptation works locally.
• It is optimal for a nation if it focus on adaptation and the other nations
focus on mitigation.

1.Commons should be divided into private property (It is
impossible for GHG)
2.Forcing global policy (international legally binding instrument )(Kyoto Protocol 1997/2005)
3.Co-management, Bottom-up approach in global commons*
1. CBD, and Paris Agreement in UNFCCC

4.Incentive by Carbon Credit, Cap and Trade,•

Vi = Bi –D(ΣMj, A1) – Mi – Ai + l(ΣMj) (Mi – Micap)*Global commons = resource domains or areas that lie outside of thepolitical reach of any one nation State. (def. by UNEP)

11

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) scheme
National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan
Indirect DFs

Human Well-being•Security•Basic material…
•Health•Good relationship…
•Freedom of choice..

©環境省自然環境局• Demographic• Economic• Sociopolitical• Cultural & Religious• Science &Technology

Japan NBSAP*
Ecosystem S.
•Biodiversity•Supporting S.
•Provisioning S.
•Regulating S.
•Cultural S.

1. Over-use
2. Under-use
3. Disturbance• Climate Change

Direct DFs
A) Habitat changeB) Climate changeC) Invasive species
D) Over-exploitation
E) Pollution*NBSAP = National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan

12

Why do we conserve nature?
Good Quality of Life
Human well-being

Living harmony with nature

Directdrivers

Nature’scontributions
Anthropogenic assets
Nature’scontributions
people(NCP)
totopeople(NCP)
Ecosystem goods
Ecosystem services

Indirect drivers
Globalization
Technology
Population…

Land usechangeOverexploitation
Pollution
Exotic species
Climate change
Naturalsuccession

NatureDiaz (2015)
Diaz (2018)

Biodiversity &Ecosystems
Geology/geography

13

The Changing Global Standard for Biodiversity• From ecosystem services to nature's contributions to people• Ecosystem services are divided into Flow and Stock (United Nations
University Satoyama Sea Assessment 2011)• Nature brings disasters as well as blessings (dis-service concept ofpollinators and animal damage, JBO2, 2016)(Nevertheless, nature is essential for humans)• Dasgupta Report (2021) "The Economics of Biodiversity“• Looking to the future in terms of inclusive wealth (stock)
not in terms of GDP (Flow)• Living in harmony with nature

What is “nature’s detriments to people“?
• “Negative ecosystem services" or “ecosystem disservices”• Natural disasters/ wildfire, tsunami• Human-wildlife conflict:• Pollinosis / allergy in natural foods andmaterials
Nevertheless, nature is indispensable to people.

Does mitigation/nature conservation pay?
• The cost of mitigation measures is enormous now. The benefitsof global warming mitigation will not be noticeable until morethan half a century from now (← taking into account theeconomic discount rate...)Nordhaus (2010: PNAS 107:11721-)

16

Do the cost of mitigation
measures outweigh benefits?
(Bjørn Lomberg
2020 Technol.
Forecast. Soc.
Change.)2001/2003

PPP＝Purchasing
Price Parity• Fig. 24. Total, discounted climate costs and policy costs for different temperature outcomes by 2100, along with thetotal cost (the sum of climate and policy cost). All use base (4.1°C) discount rates for comparability. DICE-2016R2
from 2017 (Nordhaus 2018a) run on GAMS,. The results for 4.1°C, 3.5°C and 2.3°C are near-identical to the runs17in (Nordhaus 2018b).

Discounting, ethics, and options for maintaining
biodiversity and ecosystem integrity• There are no purely economic guidelines for choosing a discountrate. Responsibility to future generations is a matter of ethics…
• A variety of discount rates, including zero and negative rates,
should be used, depending on the time period involved, the degreeof uncertainty, and the scope of project or policy being evaluated.
• …A 5% discount rate implies that biodiversity loss 50 years fromnow will be valued at only 1/7 of the same amount of biodiversity
loss today.
• The rich and poor differ greatly in their direct dependence on
biodiversity and ecosystem services and bear different
responsibilities for their protection.
Gowdy et al. (2012) https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849775489

18

Mastercard’s 1997 “There are some things money
can’t buy. For everything else, there’s Mastercard.”

the Priceless experienceswww.priceless.com.
19

Bioenergy cropland expansion may offset
positive effects of climate change
mitigation for global vertebrate diversity
Hof et al. (2018：PNAS 115)

松田20211106

Biofuel cropland in Brazil• Biofuel farmland has a significant
negative impact on biodiversity.
BC, Biefuel cropland
CC, Climate ChangeCR, non-biofuel Cropland
PA, Pastures area

20

Biodiversity loss can be halted throughclimate mitigation efforts （Ohashi et al. 2019, Nature Communications）• In order to limit the temperature
increase due to global warming towithin 2 degrees Celsius, measuresthat involve land modification, such as
new afforestation and cultivation ofcrops for biofuels, are necessary.
However, land modification due toglobal warming may deprive wildlife of
their habitats and reduce theirdiversity. This study shows thatkeeping the temperature increase
within 2°C is effective in halting theloss of biodiversity, even when theeffects of land modification are taken
into account.

21

What is 30 by 30?
• 30 by 30 (or 30x30) is a worldwide initiative for governments todesignate 30% of Earth's land and ocean area as protect areas andOECMs (other effective area-based conservation measures) by 2030.
This target was proposed by a 2019 article in Science "A Global Deal
for Nature", highlighting the need for expanded nature conservationeﬀorts to mitigate climate change.
• The 30 by 30 target is a global target, which aims to halt theaccelerating loss of species, and protect vital ecosystems that are thesource of our economic security.
• It is important that all 195 countries adhere to the High Ambition
Coalition by 2025, and that the 30 by 30 initiative be promoted at all
major UN meetings.
• Countries can contribute to achieve 50% of the challenge by
nominating additional sites to UNESCO.

First Draft of the Post-2020 Global
Biodiversity Framework (CBD)• The framework has 21 action-oriented targets forurgent action over the decade to 2030…
• Target 3. Ensure that at least 30 per cent globally ofland areas and of sea areas, especially areas ofparticular importance for biodiversity and its
contributions to people, are conserved througheffectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well-connected systems ofprotected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes. (p.6)
www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020-03-03-en.pdf

23

Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2010-2020• Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial
and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine
areas, especially areas of particular importance forbiodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved
through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well connected systems ofprotected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes.
https://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/about/aichi_targets/index_03.html

24Categories of Portected Areas by IUCN（N.Dudley 2008)
Category of protected areas
Ia Strict nature reserve

Areas managed mainly for
Strict protection

Ib Wilderness area

Strict protection

II National park

Ecosystem conservation and protection

III Natural monument or feature

Conservation of natural features

IV Habitat / species managementarea
V Protected landscape / seascapeConservation through active
management
Landscape / seascape conservation andrecreation

VI Protected Area with sustainable
use of natural resources

Sustainable use of natural resources
25

Definition of PA (Dudley 2008)•“protected area” – An area of land and/or sea
especially dedicated to the protection andmaintenance of biological diversity, and ofnatural and associated cultural resources, andmanaged through legal or other effectivemeans – and six categories:

https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/pag-

26

Kyoto Prefecture's snow crab fishery persuaded the Kyoto
Fisheries Experiment Station to establish a voluntary
permanent no-take zone → First MSC-certified fishery in
Asia

Phase1

Phase2Phase3Phase4

120
100
80
60
40

Seasonal ban (%)(Sited from Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science HP)
200Area of permanent MPA(km2)

67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
年度

図2 京都府沖合海域における各施策の経年変化
Fiscal Year27

M. MakinoLegal restrictions are not the only way to protect areas(Yagi et al.2010）• Japan has 1,161 marine protected areas• Among these, 1055 are (seasonal) no-take zones.
• >30% are not legally defined MPAs but autonomously
regulated by fisheries cooperative associations.
Other Effective Conservation Measures

28

Recent definition of OECM
“other effective area-based conservation measure” means• “a geographically defined area other than a Protected
Area, which is governed and managed in ways that
achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes forthe in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associatedecosystem functions and services and, whereapplicable, cultural, spiritual, socioeconomic, and otherlocally relevant values”;

CBD/SBSTTA/22/L.2 6 July 2018
29

IUCN WCPA Technical Note Series No. 1:
Privately protected areas: international reporting and their relationship with OECMs

3 types of OECMs
1.Ancillary conservation: areas delivering in-situ conservation as aby-product of management, i.e. where biodiversity conservation is not an
objective (e.g. some military training grounds).

2.Secondary conservation: active conservation of an area where
biodiversity outcomes are a secondary management objective (e.g. somewatershed management areas);

3.Primary conservation: areas meeting the IUCN definition of aprotected area, but where the governance authority does not wish the area tobe reported as a protected area. This is likely to be a relatively rare categoryof OECM, and would be used to avoid unintended consequences, such as incountries where government regulations forbid human occupation in a
protected area [religious sanctuary]https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/01_iucn_wcpa_technical_note_series_no._1.pdf

30

• FIG. 5. Reef-fish species
richness (mean number of
species present þ SD). Solidcolumns represent areas
inside MEABRs, and open
columns represent areas
outside MEABRs. Richness
includes:
MEABR = Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources

Idea on the relationship between Protected Area and OECM** LHwN = “Living inharmony withnature” site

LHwN site*

Protected area
Protection

Zoning ofbiosphere
reserve

Core

OECM

Conservation Use with
with useconservation

BufferTransition* OECM = Other
effective areabased conservation
measures松田の整理Candidates of OECM (discussed in Japan)• It is desirable to organize marine areas where sustainable industrial
activities contribute to biodiversity conservation as OECMs, referringto the findings of important marine areas (Ministry of theEnvironment panel*).

• OECMs in marine areas should have a mechanism for monitoring andadaptive management that reflects the evaluation results.
• (Ministry of the Environment Panel*) "It should be noted that offshore
wind power plant could also be considered as an OECM if scientificmonitoring and assessment is conducted after the installation of
power generation facilities and the positive impacts on marine
biodiversity are clarified." (Ocean Policy Society Volunteers 2022.5#)*令和３年度第１回「民間取組等と連携した自然環 境保全（OECM）の在り方に関する検討会」資料3
海域におけるOECM 検討方針 https://www.env.go.jp/nature/oecm/r3-dai-1-kai-kentokai.html# https://www.env.go.jp/council/content/12nature03/000049585.pdf

33

OECM encourages mainstreaming of biodiversity• Biodiversity could be a matter of all stakeholders
who are not primarily concerned with nature
conservation but “care for biodiversity” byaddressing the OECMs in addition to protectedareas.
• Climate change has become a matter of concern
for a very large number of stakeholders affectedby climate change by addressing adaptation
measures in addition to mitigation measures.
34

2 different strategies for mainstreaming of
biodiversity
1. More people will recognize conservation
as a top priority.
2. Explain that there is a positive effect on"biodiversity conservation“ even in theareas, the primary purpose of which is
not the nature conservation. (OECM)

• In addition, zoonotic diseases became one of thebiggest concerns. Ending livestock rearing, whichemits methane gas, may be beneficial in combating
zoonotic diseases and climate change.

HM: must classify:○ Pets○ livestock○ Peri-domestic/pest○ Wild animals

https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-

How do germs spread between
animals and people?
https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html

Be aware of thecommon ways people can get infected with germs that can cause zoonotic diseases.
人獣共通感染症の原因となる細菌に感染する一般的な方法について知っておきま
These can include:
しょう。以下のようなものがあります。
直接の接触：感染した動物の唾液、血液、尿、粘液、排泄物、その他の体液に接• Direct contact:with the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids of an infectedanimal… 触すること。
間接的な接触。 動物が住んでいる場所や歩き回る場所、あるいは細菌で汚染され• Indirect contact:with areas where animals live and roam, or objects or surfaces that have been
た物や表面に接触すること。例えば、水槽の水、ペットの生息地、鶏舎、納屋、植物、土、ペットの餌や水用の食器などが挙げられます。
contaminatedwith germs…
媒介性：マダニ、蚊やノミなどの昆虫に刺されること。
• Vector-borne:
Being bitten by a tick, or an insect like a mosquito or a flea.
食中毒。 毎年、アメリカ人の6人に1人が、汚染された食品を食べることで病気に• Foodborne:なっています。汚染された食品は、人やペットなどの動物に病気を引き起こす可Each year, 1 in 6 Americans get sick from eating contaminated food. Eating or drinking
something 能性があります。
unsafe.... Conta-minated food can cause illness in people and animals, including
水系。 感染した動物の糞便で汚染された水を飲んだり、その水に触れたりするこ
pets.
と。
• Waterborne: Drinking or coming in contact with water that has been
contaminated with feces
HM: We should consider the relationshipfrom an infected animal.
between the benefits and risks of using animals.
Pesticides and antibiotics also have health risks.

Planetary Health Diet
EAT-Lancet Commission 2019

HM: Why Beef?
Breeding cattle emits GHG,
Harvesting wild deer
reduces GHG emission• Transformation to healthy diets by
2050年までに健康的な食生活に転換
2050 will require substantial dietary
するには、食生活の大幅な見直しがshifts. Global consumption of fruits,
必要です。果物、野菜、ナッツ類、
vegetables, nuts and legumes will
have to double, and consumption of
豆類の世界的な消費量は倍増し、赤foods such as red meat and sugar will
肉や砂糖などの食品の消費量は50％
have to be reduced by more than 50%.
以上減らさなければならない。動物
A diet rich in plant-based foods and性食品を減らし、植物性食品を多くwith fewer animal source foods
含む食事は、健康増進と環境保全のconfers both improved health and
両方のメリットをもたらします。
environmental benefits.
https://eatforum.org/content/uploads/2019/07/EAT-Lancet_Commission_Summary_Report.pdf

“Cat wars” controversy• [Europe and USA] There is a serious conflict between bird-watchersand cat-lovers because wild and free-ranging (pet) cat prey on wild
birds.
• The domestic cat is an alien predator in the “World’s 100 Worst
Invasive Alien Species”. Predation of cats has become a major cause (Marra & Santella 2019)or cause of the extinction of 33 of the 238 extinct reptiles, birds andmammals in the world. Toxoplasma, a zoonotic disease transmitted
by cats, poses a significant risk to the fetus if a woman is first
infected during pregnancy. Prevalence of women of childbearing age= 63% in Germany and 4% in South Korea.
• Nature protection differs from animal welfare. The lack of agree-ment on how
to treat free-ranging cats is a big problem. [The theory of nature conservationis still developing].
Among of 87 women of age 15-45, 25% were seropositive for T. gondii IgG and IgM
antibodies in Mymensingh and Rangpur, Bangladesh (Margia et al. 2017)39https://www.city.sapporo.jp/kurashi/animal/choju/kuma/syutsubotsu/

Map of brown bearappearance in Sapporo city
residential areas. Killing
nuisance bears is strongly
protested by citizens outside
Hokkaido island.

Domestic airport

South limit ofOlympic 2021
MarathoncourseSubway Terminal• Unlike deer, bear may kill people, and appearance of bears in thecity area limits children going to school and stopping marathon
events.
• Sapporo City wrote, "Before gathering information on brown bearfrom the websites and stay away from their home range to avoid
encountering brown bears”, even where in residential urban areas.
40

Bear Attacked a Man in an urban area of Sapporo City,
Near Okadama Domestic Airport

Sapporo TV News April 21, 2022
https://youtu.be/aTBrEeahAfI?t=75

The relationship between
people and nature• People stands external to nature.
• People are embedded in naturePreservation (Protection) vs. conservation

by Gary Larson (1989)

43

Dasgupta Report (2021)“Correct economic reasoning is entangledwith our values. Biodiversity does not only
have instrumental value, it also has intrinsic
worth – perhaps even moral worth. Each ofthese senses is enriched when we recognisethat we are embedded in Nature. To detach
Nature from economic reasoning is to imply
that we consider ourselves to be external to
Nature. The fault is not in economics; it liesin the way we have chosen to practise it.”
Living in Harmony with Nature(P. Dasgupta, 2021)
UNESCO MAB Programme
和訳

https://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/data/20210630biodiversity01.pdf

P75

44

A new deal for Nature (21 May 2019)
In 2020, world leaders will meet in China to agree on a new set of commitments to conserve nature. They will also review progress
towards targets set in 2010; but the news is not all good. Only a quarter of land on Earth is substantively free of the impacts of human
2020年、世界の指導者たちは中国に集まり、自然保護に関する新たな約束に合意する予定です。
activities.
This is projected to decline to just one-tenth by 2050.The implications of such drastic changes in nature for human health, wellbeing,
security and economic development are staggering.
また、2010年に設定された目標に対する進捗状況も確認される予定ですが、良いニュースばかり

ではありません。地球上の土地のうち、人間活動の影響から実質的に解放されているのは、わずBecauseour current pathway is unsustainable,
か10分の1です。このような自然の急激な変化が、人間の健康、幸福、安全、経済発展に及ぼす影響は計り知れないものがあります。
humansand nature alike need a new deal - a new way to coexist and thrive.
このような自然の急激な変化が、人間の健康、幸福、安全、経済発展に及ぼす影響は計り知れまTransformed
political approaches, bold visions and effective leadership are essential to address
せん。現在のやり方は持続不可能であるため、人間も自然も同様に新しい取引、つまり共存し繁HM don’tsuspects:
The people
do notlive withFivetransformations
ourcomplexchallenges and to start making better decisions thatimperilthe whofuture.
We
wildlife
pay money
to the peopleand
who live with
栄するための新しい方法を必要としています。私たちの複雑な課題に対処し、未来を危険にさらmusttake concerted actions across the whole of society, including
citizens,
corporates
and bear the cost of wildlife
1.
Account
for the True Value of Nature
すことなく、より良い決定を下すためには、変革された政治的アプローチ、大胆なビジョン、効
countries,
to deliver an ambitious agenda for action. By working with, rather than against nature,
果的なリーダーシップが不可欠です。私たちは、市民、企業、国を含む社会全体で協調して行動
wemeet thethe
Sustainable
Development
Goals.
2. canChangeWay WeProduceand Consume Food
し、野心的な行動指針を実現しなければなりません。自然に対してではなく、自然と共に行動することで、私たちは持続可能な開発目標を達成することができるのです。
3. Conserve
andenvironment
Wild Spaces
UNEP’smandate toWildlife
set the global
agenda and drive collaborative action, means we
UNEPは、地球環境のアジェンダを設定し、共同行動を推進するという任務を負っています。つarecallingfor fivetransformations
to recalibratehumanity’s
relationshipnature,and• Enhanced
investment
in robust
biodiversity-based
economies
that withincrease
benefit
まり、私たちは、人類と自然との関係を再調整し、気候変動に対して自然に基づく解決策を活用
harnessnatureｰbased
solutionsfor climatechange.
flows
to the people
living withand bearing
the costs of wildlife.
するために、5つの変革を呼びかけているのです。

4.
Restore the Degraded Planet
Translated with DeepL
5. Promote a Better Built Environment

Biosphere consists of nature and people,[with “ecological distancing”]

Chapter 14: Managementof Human–Bear Conflict.
by H. Matsuda, U. Ohta, M.
Jusup• “If farming is to coexists with wild
birds and beasts, … the human–
wildlife conflict is inevitable inagriculture, forestry and fisheries.”• People are inseparable fromthe biosphere, and thus not
only use wildlife but are
sometimes being used bywildlife too.
46

Exercise (no single correct answer for each)
How do you predict the future life of your country?
1. Should we suppress coronavirus or accept infection? (and why)
2. Will the number of international flights recover or decline (in the
future)? (and why)
3. Will people and wildlife cohabit or separated? (and why)
4. Will we eat bushmeat, livestock or only vegetable? (and why)
5. Are we outside of nature or embedded within it? (and why)
6. 1. Will your top priority be nature conservation or benefit topeople?
6.2. Do you think all people should adopt your predictions describedabove, or do