受験番号/Examinee’s No.

令和 2 年度 2020 Academic Year東京大学大学院新領域創成科学研究科
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo--- 国際協力学専攻 --Department of International Studies
修士課程一般入試 入学試験問題
Ordinary Examination for Master Course

専門科目 Specialized Subject
令和 2 年 1 月 21 日（火） January 21 (Tue), 2020
14:00－15:10（70 minutes）
注意事項 Instructions

1.

試験開始の合図があるまで、この問題冊子を開いてはいけません。
Do not open this booklet until you are instructed to do so.

2.

解答には、必ず黒色鉛筆または黒色シャープペンシルを使用しなさい。
Use a black pencil or a black mechanical pencil to write your answers.

3.

解答用紙・草稿用紙はそれぞれ１枚です。破損した場合を除き、解答用紙もしくは草稿用紙を 2 枚以上配布することはできません。
You have been provided 1 answering sheet and 1 drafting sheet. Unless they are damaged, you may not exchange orrequest additional sheets.

4.

解答用紙の所定欄に、受験番号を必ず記入しなさい。また、問題冊子・草稿用紙にも受験番号を記入しなさい。受験番号が記入されていない場合には採点されない場合があります。
In the designated blanks on the answering sheet, fill in your Examinee’s No. Fill in your Examinee’s No. in the designatedblanks on the question booklet and the drafting sheet as well. If those are not filled in properly, your answers may not bescored.

5.

解答用紙に、解答に関係のない文字、記号、符号などを記入してはいけません。
Do not mark or make any irrelevant symbols or writings on your answering sheet.

6.

問題冊子・解答用紙・草稿用紙を持ち帰ってはいけません。
Do not take the question booklet, answering sheet, and drafting sheet out of the room.

7.

試験時間は 70 分です。ただし、試験開始後 30 分を経過した後は、問題冊子・解答用紙・草稿用紙を試験監督に提出したうえで、退出してもかまいません。
The examination time is 70 minutes. You must remain in the room for at least 30 minutes once the examination starts.
When you leave, you must submit your question booklet, answering sheet, and drafting sheet to the proctor.

1このページは空白です。問題は次のページから始まります。
This is a blank page. The test starts from the next page.

2

問題
図 1 は、過去約 30 年間に低所得・中所得国及び地域が、海外から受領したODA、外国直接投資（Foreign Direct Investment; FDI）、個人送金（Remittances）の金額を示すものである。図 2a は、2018 年に最も多くの個人送金額を受領した 10 か国及び地域の受領額である。図 2b は、受領額が GDP に占める割合が最も大きい 10 か国及び地域の GDP 比率を示す。図 3 は、2017 年に最も多くの個人送金額を送った 10 か国及び地域の送金額を示す。表 1 は、図 2a と図 2b の上位 5 か国それぞれに関する主な社会経済統計をまとめたものである。
なお、外国直接投資とは、外国の企業が事業を行う目的で行う投資のことであり、個人送金とは、移民や海外出稼ぎ労働者が母国に送る金額である。
以下の問いに答えなさい。
1) 図 1 から、近年個人送金総額は ODA 総額をはるかに上回っていることが分かるが、個人送金は、受領国の社会経済発展にどのような影響を与えうるか。
図 1～3 および表 1 を参考にしながら、ODA 資金や FDI と比べた際に、(a)個人送金がその国の発展に特に有効に機能すると考えられる面と(b)そうでない面の両面を論じなさい。
2) 今後も増加すると見込まれている個人送金を受領国の広義の発展に結びつけて行くためには、どのような仕組みや方策が考えられるか、あなたの意見を述べ、説明しなさい。

3

ProblemFigure 1 shows the amounts of Official Development Assistance (ODA),
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and Remittances received by low-income
and middle-income countries/regions over the past 30 years.

Figure 2ashows the amounts of Remittances received by the top 10 recipient
countries/regions. Figure 2b shows the shares of Remittances as a percentof GDP for the top 10 countries/regions that received the highest shares in2018.

Figure 3 shows the amounts of Remittances sent by the 10 major

remitting countries/regions in 2017.

Table 1 summarizes the main socio-

economic statistics for the top 5 countries/regions in Figures 2a and 2b.
Note: FDI is the capital investment made by companies in one country intobusiness interests located in another country whereas Remittances are themoney sent by immigrants or migrant workers to their mother countries.
Answer the following questions.
1) Figure 1 shows that in recent years, the total amount of Remittances has
surpassed that of ODA. Consider how Remittances could affect the socioeconomic development of recipient countries. Referring to Figures 1 to 3
and Table 1, discuss the following two aspects; (a) how Remittances may
work more effectively for the development of the recipient country relative
to ODA and FDI and (b) how Remittances may work less effectively relative
to ODA and FDI.
2) Given the increasing trend of Remittances, propose and explain possible
mechanisms or methods that, if put in place, could enhance Remittance’s
impact on the development of the recipient country in a broader sense.

4図 1/Figure 1: Remittance flows to Low- and Middle-Income countries (excluding China) are
now larger than FDI and Development AssistanceSource) Barne, D. and Pirlea, F. 2019. Data Blog “Money sent home by workers now largest
source of external financing in low- and middle-income countries (excluding China),” The
World Bank Group.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/money-sent-home-workers-now-largest-sourceexternal-financing-low-and-middle-income

図 2a/ Figure 2a: Top Remittance Recipients in 2018 ($ billion)
図 2b/ Figure 2b: Top Remittance Recipients in 2018 (Percentage of GDP)
Source) Figure 1.2 on page 2 in “Migration and Remittances - Recent Developments andOutlook (2019) by The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development, The
World Bank Group.
https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/Migrationanddevelopmentbrief31.pdf

図 3/Figure 3: Outward Remittances from Major Sending Countries, 2017
Source) Figure 1.3 on page 4 in “Migration and Remittances - Recent Developments andOutlook (2019) by The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development, The
World Bank Group.
https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/Migrationanddevelopmentbrief31.pdf

表 1/ Table 1
Population

GDP percapita

Imports ofgoods &services

Exports ofgoods &services

Agriculture,
forestry, &fishing,value added

Manufacturing,value added

Services,valueadded

FDI netinflows

Net ODA
received

Net ODA
received
per capita

Incomeshare heldby lowest
20%

Povertyhead-countratio a)Mortality
rate,
under 5 b)Primary
completion
rate c)1,000
personsCurrent
USD% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% ofGDP% ofGDP% of GNI

Current
USD%% ofpopulation

Per 1,000
live births% ofrelevant
age group

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

A: Top 5 Remittance Recipients (by the amount)India

1,338,659

1981.5

22.0

18.8

15.6

14.9

48.5

1.5

0.1

2.3

8.1

21.2

38.7

94.4

China

1,386,395

8759.0

18.2

20.0

7.6

29.3

51.9

1.4

0.0

-0.8

6.4

0.7

9.2

98.3

Mexico124,7779281.1

39.4

37.6

3.4

17.2

60.4

2.8

0.1

5.9

4.9

2.2

13.4

104.1

Philippines
Egypt, Arab
Rep.

105,1732981.9

40.9

31.0

9.7

19.5

59.9

3.3

0.0

1.5

5.7

6.1

29.1

108.7

96,4432440.5

29.3

15.8

11.5

16.4

53.0

3.1

0.0

-1.2

9.1

1.3

21.9

97.2

B: Top 5 Remittance Recipients (by % of GDP)
Tonga
KyrgyzRepublic
Tajikistan

1024217.5

73.4

21.5

17.2

6.2

--1.3

18.4

787.6

6.8

1.0

16.1

116.1

6,198

1242.8

66.4

34.3

12.5

15.0

49.9

-1.46.3

74.3

9.9

1.5

20.0

101.6

8,880806.0

40.9

15.7

21.2

10.0

41.4

2.6

3.7

34.2

7.4

4.8

35.9

94.9

Haiti

10,982765.6

56.5

18.8

17.7

6.6

24.8

4.5

11.6

89.3

5.5

25.0

66.7

-Nepal
27,627
900.6
42.9
9.1
26.2
5.1
51.6
0.8
5.0
45.5
8.3
15.0
33.4
121.7
Source) World Bank Data BaseNote) All information is for 2017 except for the followings. Columns (5) & (6): Tonga-2016, Haiti-2012; Column (7): Haiti-2012; Columns (11) & (12): India-2011, China-2015, Mexico-2016,Philippines-2015, Egypt-2015, Tonga-2015, Tajikistan-2015, Haiti-2012, Nepal-2010; Column (14): China-2009, Tonga-2013.
a) % of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices.
b) the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five.
c) the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade ofprimary education.