英語（リーディング）各大問の英文や図表を読み，解答番号

１

〜

４９

にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

第１問 （配点 １０）
Ａ

You are studying English at a language school in the US.

The school isplanning an event. You want to attend, so you are reading the flyer.
The Thorpe English Language School

International Night
Friday, May ２４, ５ p.m.-８ p.m.
Entrance Fee: $５
The Thorpe English Language School（TELS）is organizing an international
exchange event. TELS students don’t need to pay the entrance fee. Pleasepresent your student ID at the reception desk in the Student Lobby.
●

Enjoy foods from various parts of the world
Have you ever tasted hummus from the Middle East? How about tacos
from Mexico? Couscous from North Africa? Try them all!

●Experience different languages and new ways to communicate
Write basic expressions such as “hello” and “thank you” in Arabic, Italian,Japanese, and Spanish. Learn how people from these cultures use facial
expressions and their hands to communicate.

● Watch dance performances
From ７ p.m. watch flamenco, hula, and samba dance showson the stage!

After each dance, performers will teachsome basic steps. Please join in.

Lots of pictures, flags, maps, textiles, crafts, and games will be displayed in
the hall. If you have some pictures or items from your home country which
can be displayed at the event, let a school staff member know by May １７!
― ４ ―（２１１０―４）

問 １ To join the event free of charge, you must!

bring pictures from your home country"

consult a staff member about the display#

fill out a form in the Student Lobby$

show proof that you are a TELS student

問 ２ At the event, you can

２

１

.

.

!

learn about gestures in various cultures"

participate in a dance competition#

read short stories in foreign languages$

try cooking international dishes― ５ ―（２１１０―５）

Ｂ

You are an exchange student in the US and next week your class will go on a
day trip. The teacher has provided some information.

Tours of Yentonville
The Yentonville Tourist Office offers three city tours.
The History TourThe day will begin with a visit to St. Patrick’s Church, which
was built when the city was established in the mid-１８００s.
Opposite the church is the early-２０th-century Mayor’s House.
There will be a tour of the house and its beautiful garden.
Finally, cross the city by public bus and visit the Peace Park. Opened soonafter World War Ⅱ, it was the site of many demonstrations in the １９６０s.
The Arts TourThe morning will be spent in the Yentonville Arts District. We
will begin in the Art Gallery where there are many paintingsfrom Europe and the US. After lunch, enjoy a concert acrossthe street at the Bruton Concert Hall before walking a shortdistance to the Artists’ Avenue. This part of the district wasdeveloped several years ago when new artists’ studios and thenearby Sculpture Park were created. Watch artists at work in their studios
and afterwards wander around the park, finding sculptures among the trees.
The Sports TourFirst thing in the morning, you can watch the Yentonville
Lions football team training at their open-air facility inthe suburbs. In the afternoon, travel by subway to the
Yentonville Hockey Arena, completed last fall.

Spendsome time in its exhibition hall to learn about the arena’s
unique design. Finally, enjoy a professional hockey game in the arena.
Yentonville Tourist Office, January, ２０２４
― ６ ―（２１１０―６）

問 １ Yentonville has

３

.

!

a church built ２５０ years ago when the city was constructed"a unique football training facility in the center of the town#

an art studio where visitors can create original works of art$

an arts area with both an art gallery and a concert hall

問 ２ On all three tours, you will

４

.

!

learn about historic events in the city"see people demonstrate their skills#

spend time both indoors and outdoors$

use public transportation to get around

問 ３ Which is the newest place in Yentonville you can visit on the tours?
５!

The Hockey Arena"

The Mayor’s House#

The Peace Park$The Sculpture Park― ７ ―（２１１０―７）

第２問 （配点 ２０）
Ａ

You are an exchange student at a high school in the UK and find this flyer.

Invitation to the Strategy Game Club

Have you ever wanted to learn strategy games like chess, shogi, or go? They
are actually more than just games.

You can learn skills such as thinking

logically and deeply without distractions.

Plus, these games are really fun!

This club is open to all students of our school. Regardless of skill level, you
are welcome to join.
We play strategy games together and. . .
●learn basic moves from demonstrations by club members●

play online against club friends●

share tips on our club webpage●

learn the history and etiquette of each game●analyse games using computer software●

participate in local and national tournaments

Regular meetings: Wednesday afternoons in Room ３０１, Student Centre

Member Comments―

My mind is clearer, calmer, and more focused in class.

―It’s cool to learn how some games have certain similarities.

―

At tournaments, I like discussing strategies with other participants.

―

Members share Internet videos that explain practical strategies for chess.

―It’s nice to have friends who give good advice about go.

―

I was a complete beginner when I joined, and I had no problem!
― ８ ―（２１１０―８）

問 １ According to the flyer, which is true about the club?

!

Absolute beginners are welcome.

"Members edit computer programs.

#

Professional players give formal demonstrations.

$Students from other schools can join.

６

問 ２ Which of the following is not mentioned as a club activity?

!

Having games with non-club members"

Playing matches against computers#

Sharing game-playing ideas on the Internet$

Studying the backgrounds of strategy games

問 ３ One opinion stated by a member is that!

comparing different games is interesting"

many videos about go are useful#members learn tips at competitions$

regular meetings are held off campus

― ９ ―

８

７

.

（２１１０―９）

問 ４ The club invitation and a member’s comment both mention that!

new members must demonstrate experience"

online support is necessary to be a good player#

shogi is a logical and stimulating game$strategy games help improve one’s concentration

問 ５ This club is most likely suitable for students who want to

１０!

create their own computer strategy games"

improve their skill level of playing strategy games#

learn proper British etiquette through playing strategy games$

spend weekends playing strategy games in the club room

― １０ ―

９.

.

（２１１０―１０）

Ｂ

You are a college student going to study in the US and need travel insurance.
You find this review of an insurance plan written by a female international
student who studied in the US for six months.

There are many things to consider before traveling abroad: pack appropriate
clothes, prepare your travel expenses, and don’t forget medication （ ifnecessary）. Also, you should purchase travel insurance.
When I studied at Fairville University in California, I bought travel insurance
from TravSafer International. I signed up online in less than １５ minutes andwas immediately covered.

They accept any form of payment, usually on amonthly basis. There were three plans. All plans include a one-time healthcheck-up.
The Premium Plan is $１００/month. The plan provides ２４-hour medical support
through a smartphone app and telephone service. Immediate financial support
will be authorized if you need to stay in a hospital.
The Standard Plan worked best for me.

It had the ２４-hour telephone

assistance and included a weekly email with tips for staying healthy in aforeign country. It wasn’t cheap: $７５/month. However, it was nice to get theoptional １５％ discount because I paid for six months of coverage in advance.
If your budget is limited, you can choose the Economy Plan, which is$２５/month. It has the ２４-hour telephone support like the other plans but only
covers emergency care.

Also, they can arrange a taxi to a hospital at a

reduced cost if considered necessary by the support center.
I never got sick or hurt, so I thought it was a waste of money to get insurance.
Then my friend from Brazil broke his leg while playing soccer and had tospend a few days in a hospital.

He had chosen the Premium Plan and it

covered everything! I realized how important insurance is―you know that you
will be supported when you are in trouble.
― １１ ―（２１１０―１１）

問 １ According to the review, which of the following is true?

!

１１

Day and night medical assistance is available with the most expensive
plan.

"

The cheapest plan includes free hospitalization for any reason.

#

The mid-level plan does not include the one-time health check-up.

$

The writer’s plan cost her over $１００ every month.

問 ２ Which is not included in the cheapest option?

!

Email support"

Emergency treatment#

Telephone help desk$

Transport assistance― １２ ―

１２（２１１０―１２）

問 ３ Which is the best combination that describes TravSafer International?
１３

Ａ：They allow monthly payments.
Ｂ：They design scholarship plans for students.
Ｃ：They help you remember your medication.
Ｄ：They offer an Internet-based registration system.
Ｅ：They require a few days to process the application form.

!

Ａ and Ｄ"

Ａ and Ｅ#

Ｂ and Ｄ

$ Ｂ and Ｅ%

Ｃ and Ｄ問 ４ The writer’s opinion of her chosen plan is that

１４.

! it prevented her from being health conscious" she was not satisfied with the telephone assistance# the option for cost reduction was attractive$ the treatment for her broken leg was covered

問 ５ Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude?

１５!

She believes the smartphone app is useful.

"She considers travel preparation to be important.

#

She feels the US medical system is unique in the world.

$

She thinks a different hospital would have been better for her friend.

― １３ ―（２１１０―１３）

第３問 （配点 １５）ＡSusan, your English ALT’s sister, visited your class last month. Now back in
the UK, she wrote on her blog about an event she took part in.

Hi!
I participated in a photo rally forforeign tourists with my friends: See
the rules on the right. As photo rally
beginners, we decided to aim for only
five of the checkpoints.

In threeminutes, we arrived at our firsttarget, the city museum.

In quick

succession, we made the second,
third, and fourth targets.
were going smoothly!

ThingsBut, on theway to the last target, the statue ofa famous samurai from the city, we
got lost. Time was running out andmy feet were hurting from walking
for over two hours. We stopped a man with a pet monkey for help, but neither
our Japanese nor his English were good enough. After he’d explained the way
using gestures, we realised we wouldn’t have enough time to get there andwould have to give up. We took a photo with him and said goodbye. When wegot back to Sakura City Hall, we were surprised to hear that the winning team
had completed １９ checkpoints. One of our photos was selected to be on theevent website（click here）. It reminds me of the man’s warmth and kindness:
our own “gold medal.”― １４ ―（２１１０―１４）

問 １ You click the link in the blog. Which picture appears?

Ǐ

ǐ

Ǒ

ǒ

１６

Photo Rally @ Sakura City

GOAL!

M
さくら市博物館

問 ２ You are asked to comment on Susan’s blog.
appropriate comment to her?

Which would be an

１７!

I want to see a picture of you wearing the gold medal!

"

You did your best. Come back to Japan and try again!

#

You reached １９ checkpoints in three hours? Really? Wow!!

$Your photo is great! Did you upgrade your phone?

― １５ ―（２１１０―１５）

Ｂ

You are going to participate in an English Day. As preparation, you arereading an article in the school newspaper written by Yuzu, who took part in it
last year.

Virtual Field Trip to a South Sea Island
This year, for our English Day, we participated in a virtual science tour. The
winter weather had been terrible, so we were excited to see the tropicalscenery of the volcanic island projected on the screen.
First, we “took a road trip” to learn about the geography of the island, using
navigation software to view the route. We “got into the car,” which our
teacher, Mr Leach, sometimes stopped so we could look out of the window andget a better sense of the rainforest. Afterwards, we asked Mr Leach about
what we’d seen.
Later, we “dived into the ocean” and learnt about the diversity of marine
creatures. We observed a coral reef via a live camera. Mr Leach asked us if
we could count the number of creatures, but there were too many! Then heshowed us an image of the ocean １０ years ago. The reef we’d seen on camera
was dynamic, but in the photo it was even more full of life. It looked so
different after only １０ years! Mr Leach told us human activity was affecting
the ocean and it could be totally ruined if we didn’t act now.
In the evening, we studied astronomy under a“perfect starry sky.” We put up tents in the
gymnasium and created a temporary
planetarium on the ceiling using a projector.
We were fascinated by the sky full of
constellations, shooting stars, and the MilkyWay. Someone pointed out one of the brightest lights and asked Mr Leach if it
was Venus, a planet close to Earth. He nodded and explained that humans
have created so much artificial light that hardly anything is visible in our city’snight sky.
On my way home after school, the weather had improved and the sky was now
cloudless. I looked up at the moonless sky and realised what Mr Leach had
told us was true.
― １６ ―（２１１０―１６）

問 １ Yuzu’s article also included student comments（!〜"）describing theevents in the virtual tour. Put the comments in the order in which the events
happened.
１８

→

１９

→

２０

Ǐ

→

２１

ǐ
I was wondering how dangerous
the island was. I saw beautiful
birds and a huge snake in thejungle.

Ǒ

It was really shocking that
there had been many morecreatures before. We should
protect our beautiful oceans!

ǒ
We were lost for words during
the space show and realised
we often don’t notice things

Setting up a camping site in
the gymnasium was kind of
weird, but great fun! Better
than outside, because weweren’t bitten by bugs!

even though they’re there.

― １７ ―（２１１０―１７）

問 ２ From the tour, Yuzu did not learn about the２２of the south sea

island.

!

marine ecosystem"night-time sky#

seasonal weather$

trees and plants

問 ３ On the way home, Yuzu looked up and most likely saw

２３in thenight sky.

!

a shooting star"

just a few stars#

the full moon$

the Milky Way― １８ ―（２１１０―１８）

第４問 （配点 １６）
Your college English club’s room has several problems and you want to redesignit.

Based on the following article and the results of a questionnaire given tomembers, you make a handout for a group discussion.

What Makes a Good Classroom?
Diana Bashworth, writer at Trends in Education
As many schools work to improve their classrooms, it is important to havesome ideas for making design decisions. SIN, which stands for Stimulation,
Individualization, and Naturalness, is a framework that might be helpful toconsider when designing classrooms.
The first, Stimulation, has two aspects: color and complexity. This has to
do with the ceiling, floor, walls, and interior furnishings.
classroom that lacks colors might be uninteresting.

For example, aOn the other hand, aclassroom should not be too colorful. A bright color could be used on one wall,on the floor, window coverings, or furniture.

In addition, it can be visuallydistracting to have too many things displayed on walls. It is suggested that ２０
to ３０ percent of wall space remain free.
The next item in the framework is Individualization, which includes two
considerations: ownership and flexibility.
classroom feels personalized.

Ownership refers to whether the

Examples of this include having chairs anddesks that are suitable for student sizes and ages, and providing storage space
and areas for displaying student works or projects. Flexibility is about having
a classroom that allows for different kinds of activities.
Naturalness relates to the quality and quantity of light, both natural andartificial, and the temperature of the classroom. Too much natural light may
make screens and boards difficult to see; students may have difficulty reading
or writing if there is a lack of light. In addition, hot summer classrooms do notpromote effective study.

Schools should install systems allowing for the

adjustment of both light and temperature.
While Naturalness is more familiar to us, and therefore often considered
the priority, the other components are equally important.

Hopefully, theseideas can guide your project to a successful end.
― ２０ ―（２１１０―２０）

Results of the Questionnaire

Q1: Choose any items that match your use of the English club‛s room.
Number of club members ＝ 38
Chatting in English
Chatting in Japanese
Checking out English books
Doing English homework
Playing smartphone games
Sleeping
Other

4
30
8
10
18
32
12
0

10

20

30

40
Respondents

Q2: What do you think about the current English club‛s room?
Main comments:
Student１（S１）: I can’t see the projector screen and whiteboard well on a sunnyday. Also, there’s no way to control the temperature.
S２: By the windows, the sunlight makes it hard to read. The other side of theroom doesn’t get enough light.

Also, the books are disorganized and thewalls are covered with posters. It makes me feel uncomfortable.
S３: The chairs don’t really fit me and the desks are hard to move when we
work in small groups. Also, lots of members speak Japanese, even though
it’s an English club.
S４: The pictures of foreign countries on the walls make me want to speak
English. Everyone likes the sofas ― they are so comfortable that we often
use the room for sleeping!
S５: The room is so far away, so I hardly ever go there! Aren’t there otherrooms available?
S６: There’s so much gray in the room. I don’t like it. But it’s good that there
are plenty of everyday English phrases on the walls!
― ２１ ―（２１１０―２１）

Your discussion handout:
Room Improvement Project■ SIN Framework―

What it is:２４―

SIN ＝ Stimulation, Individualization, Naturalness■ Design Recommendations Based on SIN and Questionnaire Results―

Stimulation:
２５

Cover the floor with a colorful rug and―.

Individualization:
Replace room furniture.
（tables with wheels → easy to move around）―

Naturalness:
２６
Ａ．Install blinds on windows.
Ｂ．Make temperature control possible.
Ｃ．Move projector screen away from windows.
Ｄ．Place sofas near walls.
Ｅ．Put floor lamp in darker corner.

■ Other Issues to Discuss―

The majority of members

２７

the room as

２８’s comment

mentioned. How can we solve this?
―Based on both the graph and

２９’s comment, should we set a

language rule in the room to motivate members to speak English more?
―

S５ doesn’t like the location, but we can’t change the room, so let’s think
about how to encourage members to visit more often.
― ２２ ―（２１１０―２２）

問 １ Choose the best option for

２４

.

!

A guide to show which colors are appropriate to use in classrooms"

A method to prioritize the needs of students and teachers in classrooms#

A model to follow when planning classroom environments$Asystemtounderstandhowclassrooms

influenceYou

anstudents’performance

問 ２ Choose the best option for

２５!

move the screen to a better place"

paint each wall a different color#

put books on shelves$

reduce displayed items

問 ３ Youarecheckingthe.

handout.

recommendations under Naturalness.
remove?

!

Ａ

"

Ｂ

#

Ｃ

$

Ｄ

%

Ｅ

notice

error

in

the

Which of the following should you

２６― ２３ ―（２１１０―２３）

問 ４ Choose the best options for

２７

and

２８

.

２７
!

borrow books from"

can’t easily get to#

don’t use Japanese in$feel anxious in%take naps in

２８
!

S１

"

S２

#

S３

$

S４

%

S５

&

S６

問 ５ Choose the best option for

!

S１

"

S２

#

S３

$

S４

%

S５

&

S６

２９

.

― ２４ ―（２１１０―２４）

第５問 （配点 １５）
You are in an English discussion group, and it is your turn to introduce a story.
You have found a story in an English language magazine in Japan.

You arepreparing notes for your presentation.

Maki’s Kitchen“Irasshai-mase,” said Maki as two customers entered her restaurant,
Maki’s Kitchen. Maki had joined her family business at the age of １９ when
her father became ill.

After he recovered, Maki decided to continue.

Eventually, Maki’s parents retired and she became the owner. Maki had many
regular customers who came not only for the delicious food, but also to sit at
the counter and talk to her. Although her business was doing very well, Maki
occasionally daydreamed about doing something different.
“Can we sit at the counter?” she heard. It was her old friends, Takuya
and Kasumi. A phone call a few weeks earlier from Kasumi to Takuya had
given them the idea to visit Maki and surprise her.
◆◆◆◆◆
Takuya’s phone vibrated, and he saw a familiar name, Kasumi.
“Kasumi!”“Hi Takuya, I saw you in the newspaper. Congratulations!”“Thanks. Hey, you weren’t at our ２０th high school reunion last month.”“No, I couldn’t make it.

I can’t believe it’s been ２０ years since wegraduated. Actually, I was calling to ask if you’ve seen Maki recently.”◆◆◆◆◆
Takuya’s family had moved to Kawanaka Town shortly before he started
high school. He joined the drama club, where he met Maki and Kasumi. The
three became inseparable. After graduation, Takuya left Kawanaka to become
an actor, while Maki and Kasumi remained. Maki had decided she wanted to
study at university and enrolled in a preparatory school. Kasumi, on the other
hand, started her career. Takuya tried out for various acting roles but wasconstantly rejected; eventually, he quit.
― ２６ ―（２１１０―２６）

Exactly one year after graduation, Takuya returned to Kawanaka with his
dreams destroyed.

He called Maki, who offered her sympathy.

He wassurprised to learn that Maki had abandoned her plan to attend university
because she had to manage her family’s restaurant. Her first day of work had
been the day he called. For some reason, Takuya could not resist giving Maki
some advice.
“Maki, I’ve always thought your family’s restaurant should change thecoffee it serves.

I think people in Kawanaka want a bolder flavor.

I’d behappy to recommend a different brand,” he said.
“Takuya, you really know your coffee.

Hey, I was walking by Café

Kawanaka and saw a help-wanted sign. You should apply!” Maki replied.
Takuya was hired by Café Kawanaka and became fascinated by thescience of coffee making.

On the one-year anniversary of his employment,

Takuya was talking to Maki at her restaurant.
“Maki,” he said, “do you know what my dream is?”
“It must have something to do with coffee.”“That’s right! It’s to have my own coffee business.”“I can’t imagine a better person for it. What are you waiting for?”
Maki’s encouragement inspired Takuya.

He quit his job, purchased a

coffee bean roaster, and began roasting beans.

Maki had a sign in her

restaurant saying, “We proudly serve Takuya’s Coffee,” and this publicity
helped the coffee gain popularity in Kawanaka. Takuya started making goodmoney selling his beans. Eventually, he opened his own café and became asuccessful business owner.
◆◆◆◆◆
Kasumi was reading the newspaper when she saw the headline:
TAKUYA’S CAFÉ ATTRACTING TOURISTS TO KAWANAKA TOWN. “Whowould have thought that Takuya would be so successful?” Kasumi thought toherself as she reflected on her past.
In the high school drama club, Kasumi’s duty was to put make-up on theactors. No one could do it better than her. Maki noticed this and saw that acosmetics company called Beautella was advertising for salespeople.

She

encouraged Kasumi to apply, and, after graduation, she became an employeeof Beautella.
― ２７ ―（２１１０―２７）

The work was tough; Kasumi went door to door selling cosmetics. On bad
days, she would call Maki, who would lift her spirits. One day, Maki had anidea, “Doesn’t Beautella do make-up workshops? I think you are more suitedfor that. You can show people how to use the make-up. They’ll love the way
they look and buy lots of cosmetics!”
Kasumi’s company agreed to let her do workshops, and they were a hit!
Kasumi’s sales were so good that eight months out of high school, she had
been promoted, moving to the big city of Ishijima. Since then, she had steadilyclimbed her way up the company ladder until she had been named vicepresident of Beautella this year.
“I wouldn’t be vice-president now without Maki,” she thought, “she helped
me when I was struggling, but I was too absorbed with my work in Ishijima togive her support when she had to quit her preparatory school.” Glancing backto the article, she decided to call Takuya.
◆◆◆◆◆“Maki wasn’t at the reunion. I haven’t seen her in ages,” said Takuya.
“Same here. It’s a pity. Where would we be without her?” asked Kasumi.
The conversation became silent, as they wordlessly communicated their
guilt. Then, Kasumi had an idea.
◆◆◆◆◆
The three friends were talking and laughing when Maki asked, “By theway, I’m really happy to see you two, but what brings you here?”“Payback,” said Takuya.
“Have I done something wrong?” asked Maki.
“No.

The opposite.

You understand people incredibly well.

You canidentify others’ strengths and show them how to make use of them. We’re
proof of this. You made us aware of our gifts,” said Takuya.
“The irony is that you couldn’t do the same for yourself,” added Kasumi.
“I think Ishijima University would be ideal for you.

It offers a degree

program in counseling that’s designed for people with jobs,” said Takuya.
“You’d have to go there a few times a month, but you could stay with me.
Also, Takuya can help you find staff for your restaurant,” said Kasumi.
Maki closed her eyes and imagined Kawanaka having both “Maki’s
Kitchen” and “Maki’s Counseling.” She liked that idea.
― ２８ ―（２１１０―２８）

Your notes:
Maki ’s Kitchen
Story outline
Maki, Takuya, and Kasumi graduate from high school.
30
31
32
33
Maki begins to think about a second career.
About Maki
Age:

34

Occupation: restaurant owner
How she supported her friends:
Provided Takuya with encouragement andKasumi

and

35

.

36

.

Interpretation of key moments
Kasumi and Takuya experience an uncomfortable silence on thephone because they37.

In the final scene, Kasumi uses the word “irony” with Maki. The
irony is that Maki does not38.

― ２９ ―（２１１０―２９）

問 １ Choose four out of the five events（!〜%）and rearrange them in theorder they happened.

３０

→

３１

→

３２

!

Kasumi becomes vice-president of her company.

"

Kasumi gets in touch with Takuya.

#

Maki gets her university degree.

$

Maki starts working in her family business.

%

Takuya is inspired to start his own business.

問 ２ Choose the best option for!

early ３０s"late ３０s#

early ４０s$late ４０s

問 ３ Choose the best options for

３４

→

３３

.

３５

and

!

made the product known to people"

proposed a successful business idea#purchased equipment for the business$suggested moving to a bigger city%taught the necessary skills for success― ３０ ―

３６.

（２１１０―３０）

問 ４ Choose the best option for

３７

.

!

do not want to discuss their success"have not spoken in a long time#regret not appreciating their friend more$think Maki was envious of their achievements

問 ５ Choose the best option for

３８!

like to try different things"

recognize her own talent#

understand the ability she lacks$

want to pursue her dreams.

― ３１ ―（２１１０―３１）

第６問 （配点 ２４）
ＡYour English teacher has assigned this article to you. You need to prepare
notes to give a short talk.

Perceptions of Time

When you hear the word “time,” it is probably hours, minutes, and seconds
that immediately come to mind. In the late １９th century, however, philosopher
Henri Bergson described how people usually do not experience time as it ismeasured by clocks（clock time）. Humans do not have a known biologicalmechanism to measure clock time, so they use mental processes instead. Thisis called psychological time, which everyone perceives differently.
If you were asked how long it had taken to finish your homework, youprobably would not know exactly.
estimate.

You would think back and make an

In a １９７５ experiment, participants were shown either simple orcomplex shapes for a fixed amount of time and asked to memorize them.
Afterwards, they were asked how long they had looked at the shapes.

Toanswer, they used a mental process called retrospective timing, which isestimating time based on the information retrieved from memory. Participants
who were shown the complex shapes felt the time was longer, while the people
who saw the simple shapes experienced the opposite.
Another process to measure psychological time is called prospective
timing. It is used when you are actively keeping track of time while doing
something. Instead of using the amount of information recalled, the level ofattention given to time while doing the activity is used. In several studies, theparticipants performed tasks while estimating the time needed to completethem.

Time seemed shorter for the people doing more challenging mental

activities which required them to place more focus on the task than on time.
― ３２ ―（２１１０―３２）

Time felt longer for the participants who did simpler tasks and the longest for
those who were waiting or doing nothing.
Your emotional state can influence your awareness of time, too.

For

example, you can be enjoying a concert so much that you forget about time.
Afterwards, you are shocked that hours have passed by in what seemed to be
the blink of an eye. To explain this, we often say, “Time flies when you’rehaving fun.”The opposite occurs when you are bored.

Instead of being

focused on an activity, you notice the time. It seems to go very slowly as you
cannot wait for your boredom to end. Fear also affects our perception of time.
In a ２００６ study, more than ６０ people experienced skydiving for the first time.
Participants with high levels of unpleasant emotions perceived the time spentskydiving to be much longer than it was in reality.
Psychological time also seems to move differently during life stages.
Children constantly encounter new information and have new experiences,which makes each day memorable and seem longer when recalled. Also, time
creeps by for them as they anticipate upcoming events such as birthdays andtrips. For most adults, unknown information is rarely encountered and newexperiences become less frequent, so less mental focus is required and eachday becomes less memorable.

However, this is not always the case.

Daily routines are shaken up when drastic changes occur, such as changing
jobs or relocating to a new city. In such cases, the passage of time for thosepeople is similar to that for children. But generally speaking, time seems toaccelerate as we mature.
Knowledge of psychological time can be helpful in our daily lives, as it
may help us deal with boredom. Because time passes slowly when we are notmentally focused and thinking about time, changing to a more engaging
activity, such as reading a book, will help ease our boredom and speed up thetime. The next occasion that you hear “Time flies when you’re having fun,”you will be reminded of this.
― ３３ ―（２１１０―３３）

Your notes:
Perceptions of Time
Outline by paragraph
1.

39

2. Retrospective timing
3. Prospective timing
4.

40
Skydiving

5. Effects of age
Time speeds up as we mature, but a.

41

6. Practical tips
My original examples to help the audience
A. Retrospective timing
Example:42

B. Prospective timing
Example:43

問 １ Choose the best options for!

Biological mechanisms"

Effects of our feelings#

Kinds of memory$

Life stages%

Ongoing research&Types of time３９

― ３４ ―

and４０.

（２１１０―３４）

問 ２ Choose the best option for

４１

.

!

major lifestyle change at any age will likely make time slow down"

major lifestyle change regardless of age will likely make time speed up#minor lifestyle change for adults will likely make time slow down$minor lifestyle change for children will likely make time speed up

問 ３ Choose the best option for

４２

.

!

anticipating a message from a classmate"

memorizing your mother’s cellphone number#

reflecting on how many hours you worked today$

remembering that you have a meeting tomorrow

問 ４ Choose the best option for

４３

.

!

guessing how long you’ve been jogging so far"

making a schedule for the basketball team summer camp#running into your tennis coach at the railway station$

thinking about your last family vacation to a hot spring― ３５ ―（２１１０―３５）

Ｂ

You are preparing a presentation for your science club, using the following
passage from a science website.

Chili Peppers: The Spice of Life
Tiny pieces of red spice in chili chicken add a nice touch of color, but
biting into even a small piece can make a person’s mouth burn as if it were on
fire. While some people love this, others want to avoid the painful sensation.
At the same time, though, they can eat sashimi with wasabi. This might lead
one to wonder what spiciness actually is and to ask where the difference
between chili and wasabi comes from.
Unlike sweetness, saltiness, and sourness, spiciness is not a taste. In fact,
we do not actually taste heat, or spiciness, when we eat spicy foods. The bitewe feel from eating chili peppers and wasabi is derived from different types ofcompounds. Chili peppers get their heat from a heavier, oil-like element calledcapsaicin.

Capsaicin leaves a lingering, fire-like sensation in our mouths

because it triggers a receptor called TRPV１. TRPV１ induces stress and tells
us when something is burning our mouths. Interestingly, there is a wide rangeof heat across the different varieties of chili peppers, and the level depends on
the amount of capsaicin they contain.

This is measured using the Scoville

Scale, which is also called Scoville Heat Units（SHU）. SHUs range from thesweet and mild shishito pepper at ５０-２００ SHUs to the Carolina Reaper pepper,
２ million.
which can reach up to ２．
Wasabi is considered a root, not a pepper, and does not contain capsaicin.
Thus, wasabi is not ranked on the Scoville Scale.

However, people have

０００ SHUs, which is oncompared the level of spice in it to chilis with around １，
the lower end of the scale. The reason some people cannot tolerate chili spice
but can eat foods flavored with wasabi is that the spice compounds in it are
low in density. The compounds in wasabi vaporize easily, delivering a blast of
spiciness to our nose when we eat it.
Consuming chili peppers can have positive effects on our health, and muchresearch has been conducted into the benefits of capsaicin. When capsaicin
activates the TRPV１ receptor in a person’s body, it is similar to what happens
when they experience stress or pain from an injury. Strangely, capsaicin can― ３６ ―（２１１０―３６）also make pain go away. Scientists found that TRPV１ ceases to be turned onafter long-term exposure to chili peppers, temporarily easing painful
sensations. Thus, skin creams containing capsaicin might be useful for people
who experience muscle aches.
Another benefit of eating chili peppers is that they accelerate themetabolism. A group of researchers analyzed ９０ studies on capsaicin and bodyweight and found that people had a reduced appetite when they ate spicy
foods. This is because spicy foods increase the heart rate, send more energy
to the muscles, and convert fat into energy.

Recently, scientists at the

University of Wyoming have created a weight-loss drug with capsaicin as amain ingredient.
It is also believed that chili peppers are connected with food safety, whichmight lead to a healthier life.

When food is left outside of a refrigerated

environment, microorganisms multiply on it, which may cause sickness if
eaten. Studies have shown that capsaicin and other chemicals found in chili
peppers have antibacterial properties that can slow down or even stop
microorganism growth.
food-borne illnesses.

As a result, food lasts longer and there are fewer

This may explain why people in hot climates have atendency to use more chili peppers, and therefore, be more tolerant of spicier
foods due to repeated exposure.

Also, in the past, before there wererefrigerators, they were less likely to have food poisoning than people in cooler
climates.
Chili peppers seem to have health benefits, but can they also be bad forour health?

Peppers that are high on the Scoville Scale can cause physicaldiscomfort when eaten in large quantities. People who have eaten several of
the world’s hottest chilis in a short time have reported experiencing upset
stomachs, diarrhea, numb hands, and symptoms similar to a heart attack.
Ghost peppers, which contain one million SHUs, can even burn a person’s skinif they are touched.
Luckily the discomfort some people feel after eating spicy foods tends togo away soon―usually within a few hours. Despite some negative side effects,
spicy foods remain popular around the world and add a flavorful touch to thetable. Remember, it is safe to consume spicy foods, but you might want to becareful about the amount of peppers you put in your dishes.
― ３７ ―（２１１０―３７）

Presentation slides:
Characteristics

Chili Peppers:chili peppers

The Spice of Life・oil-like elements

wasabi・

４４・triggering TRPV１・changing to vapor
・persistent feeling ・spicy rush!

"

Positive Effects

Negative Effects
４５

Capsaicin can...

When eating too many strong chili

Ａ．reduce pain.

peppers in a short time,

Ｂ．give you more energy.
Ｃ．speed up your metabolism.
Ｄ．make you feel less stress.

・

４６

・

４７

Ｅ．decrease food poisoning.
#$

Spice Tolerance

Closing Remark

４８

４９

%
― ３８ ―&（２１１０―３８）

問 １ What is the first characteristic of wasabi on Slide２?

!

burning taste"

fire-like sensation#

lasting feeling$light compounds

問 ２ Which is an error you found on Slide３?

!

Ａ

"

Ｂ

#

Ｃ

$

Ｄ

%

Ｅ

４４

４５

問 ３ Choose two options for Slide４. （The order does not matter.）
４６

・

４７

!

you might activate harmful bacteria.

"

you might experience stomach pain.

#

you might lose feeling in your hands.

$

your fingers might feel like they are on fire.

%your nose might start hurting.

― ３９ ―（２１１０―３９）

問 ４ What can be inferred about tolerance for spices for Slide ５?

!

４８People with a high tolerance to chili peppers pay attention to the spices
used in their food.

"

People with a high tolerance to wasabi are scared of chili peppers’
negative effects.

#

People with a low tolerance to chili peppers can get used to their heat.

$

People with a low tolerance to wasabi cannot endure high SHU levels.

問 ５ Choose the most appropriate remark for Slide ６.

４９!

Don’t be afraid. Eating spicy foods will boost your confidence.

"

Next time you eat chili chicken, remember its punch only stays for asecond.

#Personality plays a big role in our spice preference, so don’t worry.

$

Unfortunately, there are no cures for a low wasabi tolerance.

%

When someone offers you some spicy food, remember it has somebenefits.

― ４０ ―（２１１０―４０）