21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Focuses of our approach

Potentials of wild edible plants
and traditional food in Africa:
Finding from Tanzania
SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof., Dr.
OHMORI Reiko, Prof. Dr.
MUTO Momoko, Ms.
Utsunomiya University

Lilian Kaale, Dr.

Focus onlack

Uniniversity of Dar es Salaam
Linus Munishi, Prof.

Deficits in food,income, resources,
access to education& health, economic
development &investment, etc.

NM-AIST
Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

Focus ondeprivation
Structure facilitating
inequalities between
countries, societies,
gender, etc.

Focus on what
we have
Utilization ofavailable resources,
knowledges, etc.

Endogenous development

Results from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Project Period (FY): 2018-04-01 – 2022-03-31, 18H03438

3

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa: Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania• Edible wild plants havebeen considered to be
one of the solution for
reducing hunger• Its potential on good
health have been
discussed• Needs further research
Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

BackgroundIn relation to SDGs

Objective of theresearch• It has been considered
to be an affordable,
low cost solution to
reducing hunger

To prevail the possibility of wild edible
plants and traditional meals in East Africa:• “Leaving no one behind”• Also supported by life
on land• Research withpartnership

Mainly through nutrition analysis in
Tanzania

4

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

51

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Research team and collaborators

Todayʼs web symposium• Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko (Utsunomiya University): Principal investigator (PI), Area studies (Tanzania)

Potentials of wild edible plants and traditional food in Africa: Finding from Tanzania• Prof. OHMORI Reiko (Utsunomiya University): Co-investigaro, Nutrition and health• Ms. MUTO Momoko (Utsunomiya University): Food intake data analysis and research collaboration

Sakamoto, Ohmori, Muto,• Dr. Lilian KAAYA (University of Dar es Salaam) for nutrient analysis guidance and research collaboration

Utsunomia University• Mr. Frank M. MBAGO (University of Dar es Salaam): Plant identification, photo, and research collaboration• Mr. HAYASHI Masayuki: Scanned leaves pictures, picture book layout, and research collaboration

Major results andfindings of the“Possibilities ofwild edible plants
and traditional
meals in East
Africa: Throughnutrition analysis
in Tanzania”• Ms. Anna MARO: Research in Lindi• Ms. TSUBAKI Nobuko and Mr. Michael CHIMOSA (Photo): Collection of wild vegetables in Dodoma• OKUI Ayusa: Field Research in Iringa• Mr. TSUDA Katsunori: Edible plant research in Dodoma• Mr. Parinya Khemmarath: Statistical analysis assistance• The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for proximate composition and minerals analysis,
and the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) for β-carotene and vitamin C analysis• Villagers and students for research participation• Villages, Lindi and Dodoma Region, Government of Tanzania for permission

Dr. Lilian Kaale, Universityof Dar es SalaamProf. Linus Munishi,
NM-AIST• Focus area:“Nutrition
analysis of
African leafy wild
vegetables insemi-arid
Tanzania”• Area for futurecollaboration:“Potentials of thebaobab for
improving healthand food
security”• Dr. Anita WAGNER and Dr. Barbara GANDE for sharing the Swahili SF-36• KAKENHI18H03438, 18H00776, 15H05139, JST, and Utsunomiya University for funding

6

7

Basic interest of the research

Research areas
Various environment, Taking stock of PIʼs previous research

HealthQuality of life
DodomaIringaドドマ州

Food,
Wild foodIntake

イリンガ州

リンディ州

Source: Sakamoto 2009, p.104

Lindi

8

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-SakamotoSocial andNaturalenvironment
112

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
1. Preliminary investigations

Research focus and process
1. Preliminary investigation

2. Questionnaire interviews

Aug.-Sept.2018

Aug.-Sept 2019

Sakamoto, Tsuda 2020）• Qualitative household
food diary withpictures in 15
households (Sakamoto
et al. 2021b, c, 2022)

Lindi, Dodoma, Iringa• Questionnaireinterview with 75
questions to 424

Questionnaire interviews

1. Quality of life (QOL)
and social factors•

2. Food intake (Muto et al.

•

3. Wild food and QOL

Food diary(Ohmori et al. 2021)
2021)

people (Sakamoto et al.
2020a; b; 2021a)(Sakamoto et al. 2020d-f;
2021d-f)

Wild food identification
Identification of wild
food in Dodoma and
Lindi

Published/presented original titles

4. Nutrition analysis of
selected wild food
4.2 Dissemination

Original published title

2.Questionnaire interviews • SAKAMOTO Kumiko, OHMORI Reiko, OKUI Ayusa, 2020a,

Chinangali I Village,
Dodoma Region, Aug 2019•

OHMORI Reiko, SAKAMOTO Kumiko, 2020, ”Associations Between
Food Intake and Health-related Quality of Life in East Africa,” Japan
Society of Nutrition and Food Science 73th Annual Meeting

Food diary•

SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Ohmori Reiko, and TSUDA Katsunori, 2022,“Food Intake in 3 areas of Tanzania from Food Diary: Preliminary
Analysis of Food Group Intake, Diversity, and Relation with Origin,”
Journal of the School of International Studies, Utsunomiya University
no.53, pp.15-30.

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2022, 「⾷事⽇誌からみるみるタン
ザニア3地域における⾷品摂取」『宇都宮⼤学国際学部研究論集』第53号, pp.15-30••

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2021b, 「⾷品群別⼊⼿⽅法⽐較（栽培・購⼊・採取）―タンザニア3地域15家庭⾷事調査から」第58回
⽇本アフリカ学会学術⼤会

SAKAMOTO Kumiko, OHMORI Reiko, and TSUDA Katsunori, 2021b,“Origin by Food Groups: From 15 Household Food Research in 3 sitesof Tanzania” Japan Association for African Studies 58 th Annual
Meeting.

••

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2021c, 「家族の⾷事と個⼈の栄養摂取―タンザニア3地域の家計⾷事⽇誌と個⼈インタビューから―」第22回国際開発学会春季⼤会

SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Ohmori Reiko, and TSUDA Katsunori, 2021c,“Family meals and nutrition intake of individuals: From household
food diary and individual interviews in 3 regions of Tanzania,” JASID
22 nd Spring Meeting.

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 投稿中, 「タンザニア南東部・中部・都市における⾷⽂化―15世帯の⾷事⽇誌調査から―」••

SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Ohmori Reiko, and TSUDA Katsunori, Submitted,“Food Cultures in 3 Areas of Southeast, Central, and Urban Tanzania:
Analysis from 15 Household Food Diary Research”

12• Questionnaire survey to school children

424 Respondents• Iringa region Ifunda (I) and
Bandabichi villages (171 respondents),
agricultural• Dodoma Region Chinangali I (C)Village（81）Gogo, agro-pastoral• Lindi Region inland Malolo (M) Village（88）Mwera, agriculture (hunting)• Lindi Region coast Kijiweni (K) Village（84）Machinga, fishery/agriculture

⼤森玲⼦・阪本公美⼦, 2020, 「東アフリカにおける⾷品摂取状況と健康関連QOLの関連」第73回⽇本栄養・⾷糧学会総会

OHMORI Reiko, SAKAMOTO Kumiko, TSUDA Katsunori, 2020,“Associations Between Food Intake and Health-related Quality of Lifein East Africa: From Pilot Study in Two Regions of Tanzania,” Journalof the Faculty of Regional Design Utsunomiya University, No.7,
pp.35-42. http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012126•(Lilian Kaale)

4.1 Additional research

⼤森玲⼦・阪本公美⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2020, 「東アフリカにおける⾷物摂取状況と健康関連QOLとの関連―タンザニアの2地域における予備的研究から―」『地域デザイン科学』第7号、pp.35-42.
http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012126•“Situation of Women and Children in Southern Tanzania:
From questionnaires in Ifunda, Iringa with focus on foodintake and health”, Journal of the School of International
Studies, Utsunomiya University, no.49, pp.61-78.
http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012115• Sakamoto Kumiko, Ohmori Reiko, Tsuda Katsunori. 2020b.
“Health, Livelihoods, and Food Intake of Children and
Adults in Central Tanzania.” Journal of the Faculty ofRegional Design Utsunomiya University, No.7, pp.43-64.
http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012127• Sakamoto Kumiko, Parinya Khemmarath, Anna C. Maro,
Ohomori Reiko, 2021a, "Health, Livelihoods, and Food
Intake in Inland Southeast Tanzania: From Questionnaire
Interviews in Malolo Village, Lindi Region", Journal of the
School of International Studies, Utsunomiya University,
no.51, pp.15-34. http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012762• Sakamoto Kumiko, Parinya Khemmarath, Ohmori Reiko,Anna C. Maro, 2020c, "Health, Livelihoods, and Food
Intake in Coastal Southeast Tanzania: From Questionnaire
Interviews in Kijiweni Village, Lindi Region", Journal of the
School of International Studies, Utsunomiya University,
no.50, pp.11-29. http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012361
16

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

13“Monthly household food sufficiency” (subjective, food production)
Iringa (I)
100%
90%

Food shortage
食糧不足

Dodoma (C)
100%
23

30
51

80%

18

19

12

12

13

16

19

90%

31

38

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

16
36

14

19
26

30
37

45
56

50%
40%

123

117
107

30%

128

128

138

134

140

131

128
116

108

Respondents• Questionnaireinterview pilot tests
in including on foodintake frequency andhealth QOL （Ohmori,

3. Analysis 2020Statistical analysis

Respondents

Dodoma, Lindi, Dar es
SalaamEnglish titles
Questionnaire interviews

69

68

68

50%
40%
30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

65
45

66

62
55

51
44

36
24

0%

12

13

13

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

0%
Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May

June

Rainy season

Month in 2018

Food sufficient 食糧充足

July

Aug.

Sept.

Dry season

Sufficient

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Rainy season

Insufficent

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Rainy season

Month in 2018

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Dry season

Sufficient

Sept.

Rainy season

Insufficent
173

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania“Monthly household food sufficiency” (subjective, food production)
Inland Lindi (M)Coastal Lindi (K)

100%

5

100%
9

51
63

60%
82
85

87

86

83

79

40%
61

30%

57
37

20%

25

10%
0%

8
Jan

60%

Mar

Rainy season

62
70

3-1. Quality of Life
(SF12)

64
76

50%

81

40%

80

78
69

67

60
30%

10%

22
14

OHMORI Reiko & SAKAMOTO Kumiko,
2021, “Factors Affecting Health-related
Quality of Life in East Africa: Comparative
Survey of Four Regions in Tanzania,”
Japan Society of Nutrition and Food
Science 74th Annual Meeting.

40

37

20%

6
Fab

44

47

70%

20
8

0%
Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct

Dry season

Sufficient

Nov DecRainyseasonInsufficientFoodshortage
食糧不足
Foodshortage
食糧不足

Jan Fab Mar

Apr May Jun

Jul

Rainy season

Sufficient

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Dry season

Food sufficient 食糧充足

Components analyzed• 分析対象項⽬

Objective

⽬的変数

Health QOL and its contributing factors have been analyzed.
Health QOL, subjective health: Swahili version of the
globally used SF (Short Form)-12 expressed as 8 Subjective
evaluation.
Extracted from SF-36 Swahili version tested in Tanzania(Wyss et al. 1999)
Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component
Summary (MCS) has been calculated.

10 Potential contributing factors
Food intake frequency (0 to 4 points) of 12 food groups
have been calculated as total points for the dry season andrainy season (total 48 points)
Secondary education, utilization of wild food in time of foodshortage, relative wealth/poverty within the village, foodand monetary assistance (receipt, provision), mutual
assistanceRainy season

Insufficient
19

20

8 Subjective evaluation of SF-12• 主観的健康状態 (健康関連QOL)︓スワ
ヒリ語版SF‐12を⽤い、⾝体的健康度(PCS)、精神的健康度(MCS)を算出

説明変数• ⾷事摂取頻度︓タンザニアで摂取されることの多い12品⽬について、最も多い頻度4点〜⾷べない0点を配点し、乾季と⾬季の⾷物摂取頻度得点(48点満点)を算
出• 学歴(Secondary)、• ⾷糧不⾜時の野⽣植物利⽤、• 相対的貧富状況、• ⾷物⽀援(⾃分or他者)、• ⾦銭⽀援(⾃分or他者)、• 相互扶助以上、10項⽬とした。

Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

Physical Component
Summary (PCS)

84

80%

Mental Component
Summary (MCS)

80

Percentage of respomdents

Percentage of respondents

31

70%
50%

14

17

24

27

80%

6

90%

90%

21

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

ScalesPF Physical
Functioning

身体機能

Questions•

Moderate activities (carrying water, washingclothes, carrying children)
Heavy activities (to climb a steep mountain)

RP Role Physical

日常役割機能（身体）••

Accomplished less work due to physical problems
Were limited in kinds of activities•

BP Body Pain

体の痛み

•

Pain interfere with work

GH General Health

全般的健康観•Present health situation

VT Vitality

活力•

Have a lot of energy

SF Social
Functioning
RE Role Emotional

社会生活機能•Health interference with social activities

日常役割機能（精神）• Accomplished less due to emotional problems• Less careful than usual

MH Mental Health

こころの健康••Felt calm and peacefulFelt down hearted

224

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
8 Subjective evaluation of SF-12 (Swahili, Wyss et al. 1999)
Mwihili: Physical Component
Summary (PCS)

ScalesPF Physical
Functioning

Conclusion

QuestionsKazi ya mwilini••

Kazi za kawaida (kuchota maji, kufua nguo, kubeba
mtoto)
Kazi nzito (kupanda mlimani)

Moyo: Mental Component
Summary (MCS)RP Role PhysicalShughuli（Mwilini）•

Tekeleza mchache kuliko ulivotarajia matokeo ya
matatizo ya afya
Umeshindwa kufuanya daadhi ya kazi au shughuli

BP Body Pain

Umivu

•

Maumivu yakiluzuika kufianya kazi

GH General Health

Hali

•

Hali ya kiafya

VT Vitality

Nguvu

•

Kuna na nguvu nyingi•

Shughuli zako kijamii (kutembelana na marafiki
ndugu na jamii nk)

RE Role Emotional

Shughuli（Mawazo） ••Tekeleza mchache kuliko ulivotarajia matokeo ya
mawazoHakufanya shughuli kwa uangalifu kama kawaida

MH Mental Health

Moyo

•
•

Mtulivu na wenye amani
Jisikia kusoneneka

SF Social Functioning Shuguli kijamii•• In the 4 research sites,
subjective health evaluation(health QOL), specifically PCS
was related tosubjective/relative
wealth/poverty within thevillage and mutual relations.
• Further research on double
burden of malnutrition, andthe relationship between
health and social capital is
expected.

結語• タンザニアの４地域における主観的健康状態(健康関連QOL)について、
特にPCSに対して貧富状況や相互扶助との関連が⽰唆された。
• 今後、タンザニアにおける「農村部および都⼼部の栄養不良の⼆重負荷の状況」や「健康と社会関係資本」に関わる課題についても検討されることが期待される。

23

32

Statistical method of analysis
Food groups intake frequency were compared• between 4 research sites using Kruskal‐Wallis test, and• between seasons using Wilcoxon signed rank test.

3-2. Food Intake
MUTO Momoko, SAKAMOTO Kumiko,
OHMORI Reiko, 2021, “Regional andSeasonal Comparison of Food Intake
Frequency in Tanzania,” Japan Society of
Nutrition and Food Science 74th Annual
Meeting.
Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

33

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

345

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Results & conclusions
Area

Regional comparison
Note 1

Seasonal comparison
Dry season

Iringa (I)High staple,
sugar

Dodoma (C)High staple,
vegetable

Low
More meat
protein

Lindi inland (M)Variety,Low sugar

More staple,
beans

Lindi coast (K)High fish

Note 2Rainy season

Note 3More milk, beans, seeds
Low
diversity

More milk, beans, fruits, wild
food
More vegetables, fruits
Low sugar

Lowdiversity

More vegetable, beans, fruits,
wild food

1. Generally low protein except Lindi coast
2. Low diversity in the dry season,
3. High diversity in the rainy season
We tend to focus on the staple food deficit in the rainy season,
but in fact food diversity increases in the rainy season.

Publications and presentations

3-3. Wild food intake
and QOL

DiverseSAKAMOTO Kumiko

41

Relationship between wild food intake and health

English titles

Published/presented original titles • SAKAMOTO Kumiko, OHMORI Reiko, TSUDA•

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2021d, 「タンザニア3地域における
野⽣⾷物摂取と成⼈の主観的健康の関係―中部半乾燥地、南東部内
陸・海岸沿いの事例に基づく考察」『国際開発研究』第30巻, 第2号,
pp.93-112.

•

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2020d, 「野⽣植物を⾷べると健康になる︖タンザニア中部ドドマ州Chinangali I村における質問票インタ
ビュー調査より」⽇本アフリカ学会第57回学術⼤会。

•

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2020e, 「野⽣⾷⽤植物の摂取頻度と健康の関係―タンザニアにおける地域⽐較―」国際開発学会第21回
春季⼤会。

•

阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・津⽥勝憲, 2020f, 「タンザニアにおける野⽣⾷
物の摂取頻度と健康の関係―年齢も加味した4地域⽐較分析―」国際開発学会第31回全国⼤会• SAKAMOTO Kumiko, 2021e, “Relationship between
Intake of Wild Food and Health: Comparison of
Semi-Arid Central and Inland/Coastal Southeast of
Tanzania,” 40 th Resilience Seminar, Kyoto University• SAKAMOTO Kumiko, 2021f, “Potentials of African
Indigenous Knowledge and Resources for
SDGs,“ Global Management, Utsunomiya University

Katsunori, 2021b, “Correlation between Intake ofWild Food in 4[3] Areas of Tanzania: Analysis from
Semi-Arid Central and Inland/Coastal Southeast,”
Journal of International Development Studies,vol.30, no.2, pp.93-112.

Intake of wild food: At times of food deficit,
Frequency during the dry & rainy season• SAKAMOTO Kumiko, OHMORI Reiko, TSUDA
Katsunori, 2020d, “Does eating wild edible plants
improve health condition? From questionnaireinterviews in Chinangali II, Dodoma, CentralthTanzania,” Japan Association for African Studies 57
Annual Meeting.
• Sakamoto Kumiko, Ohmori Reiko, Tsuda Katsunori,
2020e, “Association between Frequency of Wild
Food Intake and Health: Regional comparison in
Tanzania,” JASID 21st Spring Meeting.
• SAKAMOTO Kumiko, OHMORI Reiko, TSUDA
Katsunori, 2020f, “Association between intake ofwild food and health in Tanzania: Comparative
analysis of 4 regions with consideration to age,”
JASID 31st Annual Meeting

OTHER FACTORS:
Low intake of food
Food shortage
PovertyAge
Sex …
Subjective health evaluation of adults
Physical Health（PF, BP, RP, GH）
Mental Health（VT, SF, RE, MH）

43

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

42

Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係

野生食物の摂取：食糧不足の際、乾季・雨季の頻度

その他の要因：
食事摂取
食糧不足
貧困
年齢
性別…

成人の主観的健康評価
身体的健康度（PF, BP, RP, GH）
精神的健康度（VT, SF, RE, MH）

44

6

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Correlation (Spearman) between wild food intake and health: Dry season
調査地における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康状態の相関関係︓乾季

Methodology for the Analysis• Correlation (Spearman)• Between wild food intake and subjective
health evaluation (SF-12)• For those indicators that had statisticallysignificant correlations (p<0.05),
additional correlation analysis:• Between wild food intake and otherfactors• Between subjective health and otherfactors• Logistic regression• Dependent variable: Subjective healthevaluation• Independent variables: Wild food intake• Other factors• Cross tabulation• SPSS (Version 25)（Note)*Bold: Correlation
is significant at
the 0.05 level (2tailed).

• 統計分析

• Statistical analysis• 相関関係 (Spearman)• 野⽣⾷物摂取と主観的健康評価 (SF-12)• 統計的に有意な相関関係にあった指標について• 野⽣⾷物摂取と他の要因• 主観的健康評価と他の要因**Bold: Correlation
is significant at
the 0.01 level (2tailed).
Blue: Possibility ofpositive impactof wild foodintake on health• ロジスティック回帰分析• 従属変数︓主観的健康評価• 独⽴変数︓野⽣⾷物摂取、他

Red (minus):
Possibility ofnegative impactof wild foodintake on health• クロス分析• SPSS（25ヴァージョン）

However, it is necessary to note that these statistical analysis
indicated relationship but to cause‐results relationship.

4547（注）*太字は、相関係数は5%⽔準で有意（両側）**太字は、相関係数は1%⽔準で有意（両側）⻘字は健康状況に好影響が考えられ場合。 ⾚字は健康状況に悪影響が考えられる場合。

Correlation (Spearman) between wild food intake and health: Rainy season
調査地における野⽣植物摂取と健康状態の相関関係︓⾬季

Multiple regression

重回帰分析（Note)*Bold: Correlation
is significant at
the 0.05 level (2tailed).
**Bold: Correlation
is significant at
the 0.01 level (2tailed).
Blue: Possibility ofpositive impactof wild foodintake on health

Meaning of theseanalysis will beelaborated in thenext section

Red (minus):
Possibility ofnegative impactof wild foodintake on health（注）*太字は、相関係数は5%⽔準で有意（両側）**太字は、相関係数は1%⽔準で有意（両側）⻘字は健康状況に好影響が考えられ場合。 ⾚字は健康状況に悪影響が考えられる場合。

48

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

497

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Relationship between wild food and health in Chinangali, Dodoma,
C村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係
Intake of wild food:Frequency during the rainy season

野生食物の摂取：雨季の頻度⊕

Wild food intake and General Health (GH) in Chinagali, Dodoma
ドドマ州Chinangali村で⾬季の野⽣⾷物の摂取頻度と全般的健康⊕
Respondents with highwild food intake havegood to excellent
health

主観的貧困⊖

Subjective poverty⊖

Age

雨季の野生食物の摂取頻度が高い回答者は、
現在の健康状態は良い～
素晴らしい

年齢
Results basedon multiple
regression

Younger,better health

Physical Health（GH: General Health）

若い方
が健康

身体的健康度（GH：全般的健康観）

However, it is necessary to note that these statistical analysis indicated relationship but to cause‐results relationship.

More respondents with no wild food intake have badhealth. 野生食物を食べていない回答者の方が、悪い
健康状態の場合が多い。

51

Examples of wild edible plants and its seasons in Chinangali Village,
Dodoma Region 野⽣植物例とその季節

However, it is necessary to note thatthese statistical analysis indicatedrelationship but to cause‐results
relationship.

52

Relationship between wild food and health in Malolo
Lindi, M村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係

What are the wild foods in the rainy season that may be benefiting peoples health?
どのような雨季の野生食物が人びとの健康に良い影響を与えている可能性があるか？

Intake of wild food:Frequency during the dry & rainy season⊕

Results basedon correlation
Foodavailability

High intake
of staple
food in thedry season

野生食物の摂取：乾季・雨季の頻度⊕

Low intake of staple foodin the rainy season⊖

Physical Health（PF: Physical Functioning）(Source) Based on field research (questionnaire interview, sampling and identification in Aug 2019 and sampling, interview,observation, and identification in March 2020). Identification is by Frank M. Mbago, University of Dar es Salaam Herbarium.

53

年齢・

Age & Subjective
poverty

雨季の炭水化
物摂取頻度

食糧充足

乾季の炭
水化物摂
取頻度

主観的貧困

⊖

身体的健康度（PF：身体機能）58

2019年8月（質問票調査、採取・同定）、2020年3月調査（採取・聞き取り・観察・同定）による。同定は、ダルエスサラーム大学ハーバリウムFrank M. Mbago氏による。

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

8

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Dry season wild food in take and physical function (PF) in Malolo, Lindi
リンディ州Malolo村の野⽣⾷物摂取 (乾季) と⾝体機能Rainy season wild food in take and physical function (PF) in Malolo, Lindi
リンディ州Malolo村の野⽣⾷物摂取 (⾬季) と⾝体機能Respondents withhigh wild foodintake have no or
only a little
limitation in PF

More respondents
with high wild foodintake have lesslimitation in PF
乾季の野生食物の摂取頻度が高い回答者の方が、身体機能委の制限が少ない。

乾季の野生食物の摂取頻度が高い回答者は、
身体機能委の制限がな
い、もしくは少ししかない。

More respondents with no wild food intake have limitation in PF.
野生食物を食べていない回答者の方が、身体機能に制限がある。

21 Jan 2022

59

More respondents with no wild food intake have limitation in PF.
野生食物を食べていない回答者の方が、身体機能に制限がある。

60

Wild food plants
indicated in thequestionnaireinterview
リンディMalolo村の質問票調査で⾔及のあった野⽣⾷⽤植物

Wild edible plants and its season in Malolo, Lindi
リンディ州Malolo村の主な野⽣⾷⽤植物とその季節

5 Tubers, 20 Fruits,
Beans, Mushroom,and Leaves
根菜類5種、果物20種、豆、キノコ、葉Variety was diversein comparison toother research villages.
その多様性は、他の村より明らか
61

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

62921 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Wild edible animals indicated in the questionnaire interview
リンディMalolo村の質問票調査で⾔及のあった野⽣⾷⽤動物

Relationship between wild food and health in Malolo Lindi,
M村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係
Intake of wild food:⊖Frequency during the rainy season& Months
without food

16 typesofanimals
and aninsect野生食物の摂取：雨季の頻度 ⊖
＆食糧不足
の月数

Low intake of

年齢雨季の炭水化物摂取頻度

Age & staple food in the

動物16
種
虫

⊖

rainy season⊖
Mental Health（MH: Mental Health）

精神的健康度（MH：心の健康）

66

Rainy season wild food in take and mental health (MH) in Malolo, Lindi
リンディ州Malolo村の野⽣⾷物摂取 (⾬季) と⼼の健康

69

Relationship between wild food and health in Kijiweni Lindi,
K村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係

Not having enoughfood, and having noother choice but toeat wild food may
have a negative
influence on how
they feel.
Negative subjective
impression on wild
food?

Intake of wild food:Frequency during the rainy season

野生食物の摂取：雨季の頻度⊖⊖
Age group (younger
age group with more
frequency)

Subjective
poverty

主観的貧困

Low intake ofstaple food in therainy season

Age &雨季の炭水化物
摂取頻度

年齢

Younger,better health

Physical Health（RP: Role Physical）
70

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

身体的健康度（RP：日常的枠割機能<身体>）
72

10

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Relationship between wild food and health in Kijiweni Lindi,
K村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係

Rainy season wild food intake and Role Physical (RP) in Kijiweni, Lindi
リンディ州Kijiweni村で野⽣⾷物摂取(⾬季)と⽇常的役割機能 (⾝体)Intake of wild food:Frequency during the dry season

Those with high ormoderate wild food intake
in the rainy season haverelatively more limitation totheir roles or activities dueto physical problems (RP).

野生食物の摂取：乾季の頻度 ⊖⊖食糧充足月数Months of foodsufficiency

乾季の野生食物摂取の頻度が高い方が、身体の日常的役割機能の制限が多い傾向がある。

年齢・性別

Age & Sex
Younger,better health

Women havelower healthevaluation

若い方
が健康

Mental Health（RP: Role Emotional）

女性の
方が健
康状態
がよく
ない

精神的健康度（RP: 日常的枠割機能<精神>）73

74

Relationship between wild food and health in Kijiweni Lindi,
K村における野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の関係

Dry season wild food intake and Role Emotional (RE) in Kijiweni, Lindi
リンディ州Kijiweni村で野⽣⾷物摂取(乾季)と⽇常的役割機能 (精神)However, the tendency is
NOT clear‐cut.
Those with high or moderate wild food intake inthe dry season have relatively more limitation totheir roles or activities due to emotional problems(RE).

Intake of wild food:Frequency during the rainy season
Age group (younger
age group with more
frequency)

乾季の野生食物摂取の頻度が高い方が、精神の日常的役割機能の制限が多い傾向がある。

Those with low (once a week) wild food intake
are in diverse situation from extreme to none.
野生食物低摂取頻度（週1) の対象者の状況は、阻害が非常にある～ないまで多様である。

Those who do not eat wild food intake in thedry season are also limited in RE in comparison
to those who have low intake.
ただし、乾季の野生食物摂取の頻度がない方が、低摂取よりも精神による日常的役割機能の制限が多い傾向がある。

野生食物の摂取：雨季の頻度 ⊖⊖年齢層 (若い方が摂取頻度が高い)
Subjective
poverty

Women havelower healthevaluation

Mental Health（VT: Vitality）
75

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

雨季の炭水化
物摂取頻度

年齢 性別

Age Sex
Younger,better health

主観的貧困

Low intake ofstaple food in therainy season

若い方
が健康

女性の
方が健
康状態
がよく
ない

精神的健康度（VT：活力）
7611

21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Wild edible plants and their season in Kijiweni, Lindi
リンディ州Kijiweni村の野⽣⾷⽤植物とその季節

Dry season wild food intake and vitality (VT) in Kijiweni, Lindi
リンディ州Kijiweni村の野⽣⾷物摂取(⾬季)と活⼒
However, the tendency is
NOT clear‐cut.

Those with high, moderate, and nowild food intake have less vitality.
野生食物摂取頻度が高いほど、社会的機能が阻害されていることが多い。

Those with low (once a week) wild
food intake have more vitality.
野生食物低摂取頻度（週1) の対象者は、社会的機能が阻害されていることが少ない。

77

Points for Consideration:
Location of wild food in near the residential area:• Those who are not physically fit can also obtain wild food unlike Malolo• Contamination or pesticides from the residential area?

78

Negative relation between wild food intake and health
野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の否定的な関係

Positive relations between wild food intake and health
野⽣⾷物摂取と健康の肯定的な関係• In a coastal village of Lindi,• ⺠家近くで野⽣⾷物を獲得できるリン
respondents with higher intake of
ディ州K村では、野⽣⾷物摂取頻度
wild food had poorer health: Roleが⾼いほど、成⼈の複数の精神的健Emotion (RE) in the dry season;
Role Physical (RP) and Vitality
康度や役割が低くなっている傾向は、(VT) in the rainy season.
有毒植物もしくは環境汚染の有害性• While the location of the wild foodも含めて確認していく必要がある。
in the residential area may haveinfluenced, various reasonings• 内陸M村では、⾷料不⾜を野⽣⾷物
need to be further investigated.
で補っているが、それだけでは⼗分では• In an inland village of Lindi, lack of
なく、ストレスとなっている可能性がある。
food is supplemented with wild
food, but this may have not been
sufficient, and added mental
81
stress.

• In inland village of Lindi, respondents
with high intake of wild food in bothseasons had high evaluation of
Physical Function (PF). The diverse
variety of wild food may havecontributed to their health, but there
is also a possibility that their highphysical function may have allowed
them to collect wild food.

• M村においては、年中多様な野⽣⾷物が活⽤できる環境にあり、そのことが成⼈の⾝体機能に寄与している可能性がある。但し、健康であるがゆえ野
⽣⾷物がアクセスできる可能性も否定できない。

• In a semi-arid village of Dodoma withgenerally low intake of wild food,
respondents with higher intake ofwild food in the rainy season had
good evaluation of General Health(GH). The utilization of leafy
vegetables in the Rainy season may
positively influenced their health.

• C村では、⾬季における葉物野菜の摂取が、⾷糧不⾜の時期に栄養素を補⾜し、摂取頻度が⾼い成⼈の健康に寄与している可能性がある。

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

8212

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Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania

Conclusion & Limitations

結論と限界• The research highlighted different
correlations between villages• 異なる地域における相互関係• Positive influence of wild food intake canfurther be investigated for promotion in
low consumption areas for healthbenefits.
• Negative influence, mainly mental androle, need to be investigated further for
risks. Could also be image of wild food.

• Limitation of the research• Questionnaire interview only in the dry
season• SF-12: 1 month prior• Frequency intake: 1 week each season→further research is needed to understandfully the influence of wild food on health• 肯定的な関係＝摂取頻度が低い→奨励• 他の地域と⽐較して野⽣⾷物摂取頻度はむしろ低い。
今後、その潜在⼒をさらに確認した上で、奨励することによって、⼈々の健康に貢献できる可能性がある。

• 否定的な関係︓原因究明• 研究の限界• インタビューは乾季のみ

3-4. Nutrition
analysis of African
leafy vegetables insemi-Arid Tanzania
Lilian Kaale, Kumiko Sakamoto, Reiko
Ohmori, Submitted, “Nutrient content of
seven African wild leafy vegetables insemi-arid Tanzania”• SF-12: 1か⽉• 摂取頻度︓1週間/季節ごと• 野⽣⾷物の健康への影響を解明するにはｋさらなる研究が必要83

African leafy vegetables• African indigenous vegetables play a highly significant
role in food security of the underprivileged in bothurban and rural settings.
• They can serve as primary foods or secondary
condiments to dishes prepared from domesticatedvarieties. They are also valuable sources of energy
and micronutrients in the diets of isolated
communities• Further, they may serve as income sources and may bemarketedortradedlocally,regionally,eveninternationally.

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

African leafy vegetables cont…
• Tanzania is blessed with good agro-biodiversity that consists ofdifferent types of indigenous leafy vegetables with health benefits
and rich source of nutrients.
• Half of vitamin A and one-third of iron requirements (Gowele
et al., 2019) in rural Tanzanian households are obtained throughthe consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables• Unfortunately, the use of these vegetables is declining at an
alarming rate due to various reasons such as lack of appropriate
cultivation practices to improve yield, quality and adaptabilityof valuable species, lack of awareness and education on the
nutritious foods, difficulties in preparation, low palatability,and negative image to consumers; introduction of exotic
species of vegetables etc.

13

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Malnutrition

Regional nutrition and Health related indicators
対象州の栄養・健康関連指標
Indicators

RegionUnder 5 Chronic malnutrition (Stunting, Height per age）(%)

DodomaLindi

National

37

24

31.8

Under 5 Underweight（Weight per age）(%)

18

7

14.6

Under 5 Acute malnutrition（Height per weight）(%)
Under 5 Mortality（per 1000）
Anemia of women 15‐49（not pregnant） (%)

3.7
58
24

2.3
65
33

3.5
67
28.8

• Indigenous and traditional vegetables (AITVs) holdexcellent potential to improve nutrition and increase
dietary diversity in Tanzania. Yet the malnutrition
remains a problem with stunting affecting 42% of
under-five-year old children; anemia affecting 53% ofpregnant women, 60% of under-five children and 81%
of 9- 11 month-old infants (Lotter et al., 2014).
• In addition, vitamin A deficiency affects 33% ofchildren and 37% of all women.

（Source）Tanzania 2018, p.86
指標

州

ドドマ州

5歳未満児慢性的栄養不良

発育障害（年齢別⾝⻑）(%)

5歳未満児⼦ども低体重（年齢別体重）(%)

イリンガ州

5歳未満児急性的栄養不良

消耗症（⾝⻑別体重）(%)

5歳未満児死亡率（1000⼈当たり）
リンディ州
15‐49歳⼥性（妊婦ではない）の貧⾎ (%)

ドドマ州

リンディ州

全国平均

37
18
3.7
58
24

24
7
2.3
65
33

31.8
14.6
3.5
67
28.8

21 Jan 2022

88

African leafy vegetables - Cleome gynandra

Recommended daily allowances (RDA) of vitamin C
per day• Throughout Africa, the tender leaves or young shoots, and often theflowers, are boiled and consumed as a potherb, tasty relish, stew or sidedish.
• Fresh leaves are used as ingredients in other mashed foods, and driedleaves are ground and incorporated in weaning foods.
• The vegetable is a rich source of nutrients, especially vitamins (A and
Gowele et al., 2019 reported that the Cleome hirta and Cleome
gynandra had high ascorbic acid contents (>15 mg/100 g, 34–35%
of Recommended Nutrients Intake) and minerals (Calcium and Iron).
• β-carotene 3176 μg/100g (creating Vitamin A) (IITA&TBS; Msuya et al.
2009)• Unfortunately, preparation of the leaves such as boiling may reduce
vitamin C content by up to 81%, while drying reduces the vitamincontent by 95% (Heever and Venter, 2007)

91

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, Pharm.D. — Written by Joseph Nordqvist —Updated on January 4, 2021: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219352

92

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Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Summary

Summary Cont…

• Vitamins are organic compounds and vital nutrients that cannot be
synthesized and thus must be obtained through the diet.

• Vitamin A is best known for its vital role in maintaining vision. Itʼs alsoessential for body growth, immune function, and reproductive health.

• These vitamins include β-carotene (provitamin A), ascorbic acid, E andand K• The body needs vitamin K to produce prothrombin, a protein andclotting factor that is important in blood clotting and bonemetabolism. Women aged 19 years and over should consume 90
micrograms (µg) a day, and men should have 120 micrograms (µg).

• Vitamins A and E are fat-soluble vitamins – stored in our bodyʼs fat
cells and they need to be topped up regularly.

• Ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol have anti-aging and redox state
regulation effects as powerful antioxidants , a-tocopherol and βcarotene could be synergistic antioxidants and may prevent several
cancers , and vitamin K intake is associated with reduced cardiovasculardisease and vascular calciﬁcation.

• Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin and our bodies store all watersoluble vitamins except for vitamin B12 for only several weeks tomonths and then gets rid of them through the urine. This is why
we are advised to take water-soluble vitamins daily.
10
0

10
1

Scan by HAYASHi Masayuki

Summary Cont…
• The dietary fibre recommended intake is 14 g/1000 kcal or 23–38 g/day Dietary fibre prevent
constipation, colon cancer, obesity and diabetes.

4. Next steps
1. Questionnaire to school
children
2. Dissemination of Results• Tailor-made feed back in
research areas• Plant book on edible plants
3. Enquiry of other wild food:baobab10
2

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto

10
3

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21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
4-2. Dissemination of information for further use

4.1 Questionnaire to school children

Picture Book of Wild Edible Plants in Tanzania
by SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Frank MBAGO, and HAYASHI Masayuki

Publications, presentations

Process and findings• SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Parinya KHEMMARATH,OHMORI Reiko, Anna C. MARO, 2021, "Food
Intake and Health of School Children in
Southeast Tanzania: Preliminary
Questionnaire in Raha Leo Elementary School,
Lindi Municipal," Journal of the School ofInternational Studies, Utsunomiya University,
no.52. pp.27-38.
http://hdl.handle.net/10241/00012958• Questionnaire collected from 96 Students in a
primary school Lindi municipal by Anna Maro

• 阪本公美⼦・⼤森玲⼦・Parinya Khemmarath,2021, 「タンザニアの⼩学⽣の⾷品群・野⽣⾷物摂取と健康―南東部リンディ市におけるパイロット質問票調査―
国際開発学会全国⼤会」国際開発学会第32回全国⼤会。Presented in the 32nd JASID Annual
Meeting.

• Results:•••

Many students eat wild food although the school
is in town.
Demarcation between wild food and cultivatedfood is not too clear.
Beans (Maharage, kidney beans) may have anegative effect on health. Further research isnecessary.

• More questionnaires were collected from Dar
es Salaam and Coast by a team lead by Prof.
Eugenia Kafanabo, University of Dar es
Salaam.
•Now in the process of inserting.

Identification ofplantsAvailable region

Edible parts

Nutrients

Available

It indicates whichparts are eaten:
Fruits, nuts, leaves,tuber, etc.

Nutrients areindicated based on
available previous
research or our
nutrition analysis

Available season of
the edible part in theobservation point isindicatedseasonIdentified edible
It indicates whereplants is displayed so the plants is available
that the plant can be in Tanzania based on
identified by thethe Flora of East
readerAfrica andobservation

104

Grewia flavescens

Potentials of wild edible
plants10
5

Basic interest of the research

FruitsCan be rich in vitamins andminerals

HealthNuts
Can be source of energy andvitamins

Ximenia caffra
Cleome hirta

Dioscorea hirtflora

Quality of life

LeavesCan be rich in vitamins andminerals (iron, calcium)

Food,
Tuber

Wild foodIntakeCan be a source ofcarbohydrate and energy

106Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-SakamotoSocial andNaturalenvironment• I hope this symposium served
as a general dissemination of
our research results,• And also stimulated you tolook into what you have inyour environment that could
benefit people’s heath andquality of life.

• Focus onwhat isavailable

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21 Jan 2022

Possibilities of wild edible plants and traditional meals in East Africa:
Through nutrition analysis in Tanzania
Major references•••

Asanteni sana
Kumiko SAKAMOTO, Prof., Dr.

•••

Utsunomiya University, School of International Studies

ksaka@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp•

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto••

Prof. SAKAMOTO Kumiko, Prof. OHMORI Reiko, Dr. Lilian KAALE, and Ms. MUTO Momoko
Utsunomiya University and University of Dar es Salaam
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumiko-Sakamoto•

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B. Krawinkel (2011) “Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Health of
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Powell, B., Patrick Maundu, Harriet V. Kuhnlein, and Timothy Johns. 2013.
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