9
Pastoralism of Camelids and the Emergence of Political Power in the Northern
Peruvian Andes: A Discussion Featuring Archeology from the Viewpoint of
Ethnography
Tetsuya Inamura
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The indigenous people of the high plateau south of middle Peru, have been pasturing camelids (alpacasand llamas) for thousands of years. Livestock plays an important role in the region, as it is a source of
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Comparative studies have revealed the unique characteristics of alpaca and llama pastoralism in theCentral Andes, such as sedentarism and no utilization of milk.
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would have been locally bred on northern Peruvian coasts, where climatic and environmental conditions
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Recently, studies on two intensively excavated archaeological sites in the northern Peruvian highland:
Kuntur Wasi and Pacopampa, have found tangible evidences of the emergence of social hierarchy and
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exotic items, such as tropical sea shells and obsidian, obtained from long-distance trade.
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of the Andean civilization in northern Peru.
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of recent research on the domestication of camelids and its spread to northern Peru, and the emergence of
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of the Andean civilization, on the basis of ethnographical data.

95

Based on the studies in Kuntur wasi and Pacopampa, researchers have indicated the relationships
between the rise of political power, the use of llamas for long distance trade, and the practice of letting
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in feasts and hair were used to produce textile. The ethnographic data provide material for discussionof archaeological studies, and include some images of scenes such as llama caravans, llamas grazing
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we know about from archaeological data from coastal and low areas where the climate is very dry andthe remains of animals are well-preserved. These data contribute to anthropological studies of animal
domestication and pastoralism.
After the Spanish invasion, in northern Peru, the raising of camelids was completely replaced withthe husbandry of cows, horses, sheep, and goats brought from Europe. However, in southern Peruvian
highlands, indigenous people have maintained the traditional pastoral practice of keeping camelids,
llamas, and alpacas. Therefore, ethnological studies on pastoralism and archaeological studies would
complement each other and the collaboration would yield deeper insights. Furthermore, the uniquecharacteristics of pastoralism in the Andes play a vital role in the study of animal domestication and
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anthropology would be fruitful.

En la actualidad los camélidos andinos (alpacas y llamas) son criados por grupos indígenas en laregión puna o altiplano andino, hacia el sur desde la zona central del Perú. El ganado andino juega un
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ritual y especialmente las llamas sirven para el transporte de carga.
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de campo en el Himalaya, el Tibet y Mongolia. Resultados de los estudios comparativos han revelado quelas características peculiares del pastoreo de alpacas y llamas en los Andes centrales son el sedentarismo
y la no utilización de leche.
En los Andes centrales las primeras estructuras monumentales de gran envergadura se construyeron
en el norte del Perú. Por otro lado, las alpacas fueron domesticadas por primera vez en la puna central
GHO3HU~DOUHGHGRUGHODxRD&\SRVWHULRUPHQWHODVOODPDVIXHURQGRPHVWLFDGDVHQODV]RQDVdel norte de Argentina así como en Bolivia, según estudios recientes. Con base en datos arqueológicos y
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96sido criados localmente en las costas del norte del Perú, cuyas condiciones climáticas y ambientales erandrásticamente diferentes de las de su hábitat original.
Recientemente, la información obtenida en sitios arqueológicos intensamente excavados como Kuntur
Wasi y Pacopampa, ubicados en la sierra norte del Perú, ha presentado evidencias tangibles en cuanto al
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Formativo Tardío. A modo de evidencia jerárquica se encontraron tumbas especiales con ofrendas
de materiales preciosos como oro y cobre, además de materiales exóticos como conchas tropicales yobsidianas, producto del comercio en zonas distantes.
Las pruebas referentes al inicio de la cría de camélidos durante el mismo período también han sido
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camélidos para la formación de la civilización andina en el norte del Perú.
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panorama general de los estudios recientes sobre la domesticación de camélidos y su expansión hacia elnorte del Perú, así como el surgimiento del poder político en esta región. También se discuten algunos
temas relacionados con la trascendencia del pastoreo para la formación de la civilización andina al
PRVWUDUGDWRVHWQRJUi¿FRVCon base en los estudios de Kuntur Wasi y Pacopampa, investigadores han señalado relaciones
entre el auge del poder político y el uso de llamas para el comercio en zonas distantes, además de la
manutención de estos animales con maíz en terrazas de cultivo después de las cosechas, lo cual aumentó
la productividad del maíz al emplearse estiércol como fertilizante. Asimismo se han utilizado llamas
FRPRRIUHQGDVGHVDFUL¿FLREDQTXHWHHQODVIHVWLYLGDGHV\IXHQWHGH¿EUDHQHOFDPSRGHODWH[WLOHUtD/RV
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de estas en zonas costeras, lo cual se conoce por datos arqueológicos de zonas costeras bajas donde elclima es muy seco y permite que los restos de animales se conserven mejor. Así estos datos contribuyen a
los estudios antropológicos sobre domesticación y pastoreo.
Después de la invasión española en el norte del Perú, la crianza de camélidos fue reemplazada en
su totalidad por la crianza de vacas, caballos, ovejas y cabras traídas de Europa. Por otro lado, en lasierra sur del Perú grupos indígenas han mantenido sus prácticas pastorales tradicionales al cuidar dellamas y alpacas. Desde esta perspectiva, la colaboración que involucra estudios etnológicos sobre elpastoreo junto con los estudios arqueológicos sería más valiosa en el futuro. Además, las característicasúnicas del pastoreo en los Andes serían cruciales para el estudio de la domesticación y pastoreo deanimales en general. Por lo tanto, la cooperación entre investigadores en los campos de la arqueología
y la antropología cultural sería más útil.

97

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7

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Figure 9.1.
Map of Puica district, La Unión county, Arequipa.

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RIWKHHQYLURQPHQWVRWKH\DUHXVXDOO\SDVWXUHGLQDULG

WKHOODPDLQLWVVWUHQJWKZDUPWKDQGWH[WXUH7KHZRROKLJKHUDUHDVVXUURXQGLQJbofedals.

RIDOSDFDVZDVRQFHDQLPSRUWDQWDUWLFOHLQWUDGLQJZLWK
farmers for agricultural products, but as it began to be

Figure 9.2.

H[SRUWHGDEURDGLWFDPHWREHVROGPDLQO\IRUFDVKVWDUWLQJ

Alpacas grazing in a bofedal (wetland).

LQWKHV/ODPDVDUHXVHGIRUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ$PDWXUHOODPDFDQ
FDUU\XSWRDERXWNJVRQLWVEDFNDQGWUDYHODERXW
NPVDGD\$FDUDYDQLVXVXDOO\FRPSRVHGRIRUPRUHOODPDV )LJXUH 
%RWK DOSDFDV DQG OODPDV DUH FRQVXPHG IRU PHDWDOWKRXJKQRWIRUPLON7KLVLVDXQLTXHIHDWXUHRI$QGHDQSDVWRUDOLVPYHU\GL൵HUHQWIURPSDVWRUDOLVPLQ(XUDVLDDQG
$IULFD ,QDPXUD $QRWKHUXQLTXHFKDUDFWHULVWLF
RI$QGHDQSDVWRUDOLVPLVLWVVHGHQWDU\QDWXUH$VH[SODLQHG
LQWKHQH[WWZRVHFWLRQVWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHUHODWHG
WR WKH HFRV\VWHP RI WKH &HQWUDO$QGHV DQG WKH FORVH

Figure 9.3.

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKHUGHUVRQWKHKLJKSODWHDXVDQG

/ODPDFDUDYDQ$FDUJXHUR OHHGHUOODPD JRHV¿UVWDQG

IDUPHUVLQWKHYDOOH\Va herder is going behind.
2-2 Composition of an estancia and sedentary pastoralism
LQYROYLQJ³PLFURVFDOHVHDVRQDOPRYHPHQW´LQVLGHDQ
estancia
,Q3XLFDDOWKRXJKIDUPHUVXVXDOO\OLYHLQQXFOHDUIDPLOLHVKHUGHUVRIpunaWHQGWRIRUPH[WHQGHGIDPLOLHV
$QH[WHQGHGIDPLO\LVFRPSRVHGRIWZRRUPRUHPDUULHGEURWKHUVZLWKWKHLUZLYHVDQGFKLOGUHQ
In puna,HDFKSDVWRUDOIDPLO\ H[WHQGHGIDPLO\ UDLVHV

100

7KH KRXVHKROG WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH VXUURXQGLQJSDVWXUHODQGRIDKHUGHU¶VH[WHQGHGIDPLO\LVFDOOHGestancia.

Figure 9.4.

7KHDYHUDJHVL]HRIHDFKestancia is approximately 20

Map of an estancia (drawn by Inamura).

km LQ3XLFD+HUGHUVOLYLQJVLGHE\VLGHUHFRJQL]HWKH
2

boundaries of estanciasEDVHGRQQDWXUDOIHDWXUHVVXFKDVULYHUVULYXOHWVULGJHVDQGELJURFNV7KHUHDVRQKHUGHUVKDYHH[WHQGHGIDPLOLHVLVWRDYRLGGLYLGLQJWKHLUestancias
LQWRVPDOOHUSDUWV,GUHZDVXUYH\PDSRIDQestancia situated aroundPDERYHVHDOHYHO )LJXUH,QDPXUD $H[WHQGHGIDPLO\RIKHUGHUVXVXDOO\KDVWZRGRPLFLOHVZLWKLQLWVestanciaWKHPDLQGRPLFLOHFDOOHGqatun wasi
FDVDJUDQGH DQGDVXEGRPLFLOHFDOOHGasatana7KH
PDLQGRPLFLOHLVORFDWHGQHDUDULYXOHWZKLFKÀRZVIURPWKHVORSHVRIWKH8VKDSHGYDOOH\VRLWLVHDV\WRREWDLQ

Figure 9.4A.

ZDWHUIRUGDLO\OLIH7KHULYXOHWVXVWDLQVWKHDOSLQHPRRUMain comicile of the estancia.

SODQWFRPPXQLW\WKURXJKRXWWKH\HDUPDNLQJWKHDUHD
suitable for raising alpacas8$WWKHPDLQGRPLFLOHWKHUH
DUHVL[VWRQHKRXVHVLQFOXGLQJGHSRVLWVRIIRRGZLWKVRPHODUJHDQGVPDOOVWRQHFRUUDOVIRUOLYHVWRFN )LJXUH$ /LYHVWRFNVOHHSLQELJFRUUDOVFDOOHGwaransDWQLJKWSmall corrals, called rutuna cancha FRUUDOIRUFXWWLQJ 
DUHXVHGIRUFXWWLQJDOSDFDZRROORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJWKHIUHLJKWRIWKHOODPDFDUDYDQVRUIRUULWXDOVLQYROYLQJOLYHVWRFN7KHVHFRUUDOVDUHVPDOOVRWKDWWKHKHUGHUVFDQ
FRQWUROWKHPRYHPHQWRIWKHGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVLQVLGHRI\

WKHP

Figure 9.4B.

)RRGDQGGDLO\QHFHVVLWLHVDUHNHSWLQWKHPDLQGRPLFLOH

Sub domicile of the estancia.

DQGVRPHRIWKHIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGDOORIWKHOLYHVWRFNPRYHVHDVRQDOO\EHWZHHQWKHWZRGRPLFLOHV'XULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQIURP0D\WR2FWREHUWKH\PRYHDERXWHYHU\PRQWKIRUJUDVVURWDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRGRPLFLOHV'XULQJWKLVVHDVRQWKHGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVVOHHSLQVLGHDKDOIRSHQHG
waran'XULQJWKHZHWVHDVRQIURP1RYHPEHUWR$SULOVRPH
RIWKHIDPLO\PHPEHUVZLWKOLYHVWRFNVWD\DWWKHVXE
GRPLFLOHORFDWHGRQDZHOOGUDLQHGJHQWO\ULVLQJKLOO7KH

101

VXEGRPLFLOHKDVRQO\RQHKRXVHDQGPDQ\ODUJHDQGVPDOOKDUGO\DQ\GL൵HUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDOWLWXGHVRIWKHVHSODFHVFRUUDOVIRUOLYHVWRFN )LJXUH%,QDPXUD 

7KHUHIRUHZHFDQFRQVLGHU$QGHDQSDVWRUDOLVPRIWKLVW\SH

7KH\XVHWKHFRUUDOVLQURWDWLRQIRUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV

DVVHGHQWDU\7KHZHWVHDVRQLVWKHWLPHRIODPELQJIRUGRPHVWLF
DQLPDOV7RSURWHFWQHZERUQDQLPDOVIURPIR[HVDQG

/DFNRIPLONLQJDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIOODPDVIRUFRQGRUVOLYHVWRFNDUHNHSWLQVLGHDODUJHQHDWO\FORVHG

obtaining agricultural products

corral chaupi cancha FHQWUDOFRUUDO DWQLJKW2QWKHRWKHUKDQG$QGHDQFDPHOLGVKDYHDKDELWRIOHDYLQJWKHLUGXQJ$QGHDQSDVWRUDOLVPDOVRKDVWKHXQLTXHIHDWXUHRI

LQRQHDUHD,QWKHZHWVHDVRQWKHJURXQGRIWKHFRUUDOQRWXWLOL]LQJPLON(YHQWKRXJKVRPHKHUGHUVHQJDJHLQ

JHWVPXGG\ZLWKDPL[WXUHRIGXQJDQGZDWHUFDXVLQJWKH

FRPSOLPHQWDU\DJULFXOWXUHSRVVHVVLQJIDUPODQGGHULYHG

ULVNRISROOXWLRQZLWKFRQWDJLRXVEDFWHULD7KHUHIRUHLWLV

IURPLQWHUPDUULDJHVEHWZHHQIDUPHUVDODUJHQXPEHURILPSRUWDQWWRPDLQWDLQFOHDQFRUUDOVLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKH

KHUGHUVDUHVSHFL¿FSDVWRUDOLVWV ZLWKRXWIDUPODQG LQGHDWKUDWHRIQHZERUQDQLPDOV7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQZK\WKH

3XLFD(YHQWKRXJKWKH\KDYHPDQ\DQLPDOVWKH\FDQQRWVXEGRPLFLOHLVORFDWHGRQDZHOOGUDLQHGVLWHDQGKDVPDQ\FRQVXPHPHDWDVWKHLUPDLQGLHWEHFDXVHLIWKH\FRQVWDQWO\FRUUDOVIRUURWDWLRQ7KHKHUGHUVURWDWHchaupi cancha, or

VODXJKWHUWKHLUOLYHVWRFNWKH\FDQQRWEHPDLQWDLQHG7KXVELJFRUUDOV  DVZHOODVrutuna cancha, or small

WKHLUPDLQGLHWLVDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVVXFKDVSRWDWRHVDQG

FRUUDOV $%&  )LJ% PDL]HREWDLQHGIURPIDUPHUV7KHUHDUHWZRWUDGLWLRQDO

7KHVHDVRQDOPRYHPHQWRIWKHKHUGHUVRFFXUVRQD

ZD\VWRDFTXLUHDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV2QHLVWRJHWWKHPPLFURVFDOHOLPLWHGWRWKHDUHDRIRQHestancia, and its

LQH[FKDQJHIRUIUHVKPHDWGULHGPHDWDQGRWKHUREMHFWV

PRVWLPSRUWDQWREMHFWLYHLVWRVHFXUHEHWWHUFRQGLWLRQVVXFKDVURFNVDOWGU\IUXLWVDQGSRWWHU\WKDWDUHFDUULHG

IRUWKHFRUUDOVLQWKHZHWVHDVRQ7KLVVHDVRQDOPLJUDWLRQ

IURPRWKHUSODFHVE\OODPDV7KHRWKHULVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLVIDUGL൵HUHQWIURPWKHSDVWRUDOWUDQVKXPDQFHSUDFWLFHG

VHUYLFHVXVLQJOODPDVDVIROORZV

E\+LPDOD\DQ\DNKHUGHUV7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKH

,QWKHYDOOH\WKHIDUPHUVKDUYHVWSRWDWRHVDQGRWKHUGRPLFLOHVLVRQO\VOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQNPDQGWKHUHLV

WXEHUVLQ$SULODQGPDL]HLQ0D\DQG-XQH$WHDFKKDUYHVW
WLPHWKHKHUGHUVJRGRZQWRWKHYLOODJHDQGVWD\DWWKH

Figure 9.5.

KRXVHRIDFORVHIDUPHUIRUDURXQGRQHPRQWK$QVZHULQJ/ODPDVRQDWHUUDFHG¿HOGSDVWXULQJPDL]DIWHUKDUYHVWLQJWKHUHTXHVWVRIVRPHIDUPHUVWKH\HQJDJHLQFDUU\LQJ

during the herders are staying in Puica village for the

FURSVRQWKHEDFNVRIWKHLUOODPDVGXULQJWKHLUWLPHLQtransportation of crops.

WKHYLOODJH,IWKHKHUGHUVFDUU\VDFNVRIFURSVIURPD
IDUPHU¶VWHUUDFHG¿HOGVWRKLVKRXVHJHQHUDOO\VDFNIURPWKHIDUPHULVJLIWHG7KXVE\SURYLGLQJWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVWRVHYHUDOIDUPHUVFRQVLGHUDEOHTXDQWLWLHVRISURGXFHFDQ
EHDFTXLUHG'XULQJWKHLUVWD\LQWKHYLOODJHWKHKHUGHUVOHDGWKHLUOODPDVWRWKHWHUUDFHG¿HOGVDIWHUDKDUYHVWWRIHHG
WKHPOHIWRYHUPDL]HFDQH )LJXUH 1025LWXDOVLQYROYLQJGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVLQWKH$QGHVSXOOHGWKHDOSDFDGRZQZLWKLWVULJKWVLGHXSDQGWLHGLWV
OHJV7KHKHDGRIWKHFRPSRQHQWIDPLO\FXWLWVVLGHDQG

+HUGHUVSUDFWLFHULWXDOVRQYDULRXVRFFDVLRQVUHODWHG

LQVHUWHGDKDQGWRFXWDEORRGYHVVHO+HWKHQSXOOHGRXW

WRLPSRUWDQWSDVWRUDODFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVWKHGHSDUWXUH

WKHKHDUWRIWKHDOSDFDDQGSXWDSDGGOHRIEORRGLQWRWKH

DQGDUULYDORIWKHFDUDYDQIRUEDUWHULQJSURGXFWVIRU

LQWHVWLQHWDNHQIURPWKHERG\RIWKHDOSDFD1H[WWKH\participation as carguyoqIRUWKHFDWKROLFIHDVWVKHOGLQ

SODFHGWKHKHDUWLQDFHUDPLFEDVLQ7KH\WKHQSRXUHGWKH

IDUPHUV¶YLOODJHV ZKLFK,H[SODLQLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ 

EORRGIURPWKHLQWHVWLQHRQWRWKHFHQWHURIWKHFRUUDOZKHUH

IRUVKHDULQJWKHZRRORIDOSDFDVIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRIVNLQWKH\SHUIRUPHGWKHULWXDOGLVHDVHVDPRQJOLYHVWRFN7KHULWXDOVDUHFRPSRVHGRI

7KHIROORZLQJPRUQLQJWKH\JDWKHUHGLQWKHFRUUDO

W¶LQND R൵HULQJchicha RUOLTXRUPDGHRIFRUQWKHDFWLRQRI

bringing a PHVDT¶HSLDQGVWDUWHGD¿UHLQWKHFHQWHUSRXULQJLW T¶RPSR EXUQLQJLQFHQVH DQGmesa. Mesa is a

ZKLFKWKH\FDOOHGqonu pachaPHDQLQJDKRWSODFH RIULWXDOSHUIRUPHGRQDWDEOH mesa LQ6SDQLVK PDGHRIVWRQH

Pachamama $IWHUT¶RPSR andW¶LQNDWKH\SHUIRUPHG

SODFHGLQVLGHDFRUUDO2QWKHÀDWVWRQHWKH\VSUHDGDmesa

mesa7KH\SUHSDUHGR൵HULQJVFRQVLVWLQJRIPDQ\SODWHV

T¶HSL SDFNDJHZUDSSHGE\DFORWK DQGVHWZRRGHQSODWHV

IRUWKHYDULRXVVSLULWVDQGPXOWLSOHOODPDVDQGDOSDFDVDQG

DQGVKHOOVRQZKLFKWKH\DUUDQJHPDL]HJUDLQVLQFHQVH

R൵HUHGWKHPWRqonu pachaDIWHUFKDQWLQJÀRZHUSHWDOVDOSDFDDQGOODPDIDWFRFDOHDYHVllampu,QWKHDIWHUQRRQWKH\JULOOHGWKHPHDWDQGLQWHVWLQHVRIFRUQÀRXU DQGWKHSRZGHURIGL൵HUHQWNLQGVRIRUH7KHVH

WKHVDFUL¿FHGDOSDFDDQGDWHWKHPWRJHWKHUZLWKDVSHFLDODUHWKHR൵HULQJVWRVSLULWVVXFKDVPachamama JRGGHVVRI

food called sanku FRUQGXPSOLQJ 7KLVKRO\PHDOLVFDOOHG

WKHHDUWK VDFUHGPRXQWDLQVHWF3DUWLFLSDQWVEULQJWKHVH

samekuy$IWHUWKHPHDOWKH\GURYHDJURXSRIIHPDOH

R൵HULQJVQHDUWKHLUPRXWKVDQGFKDQWWKHQDPHVRIWKH

OODPDVLQWRWKHFRUUDOZKHUHWKHZRPHQSXUL¿HGWKHPE\

VSLULWVVXFFHVVLYHO\7KH\WKHQFDVWWKHR൵HULQJVLQWRD¿UH

performing T¶RPSR and scattering llampu FRUQÀRXU RYHUEXUQLQJLQDQLFKHLQWKHVWRQHZDOORIWKHFRUUDOWKHOODPDV

7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWULWXDOIRUWKHKHUGHUVLVpuqllay

7KHUHDIWHUWKH\SXOOHGGRZQWKUHHLQIDQWOODPDVDWWKH

PHDQLQJSOD\RUUHFUHDWLRQ SHUIRUPHGDVDSUD\HUIRU

FHQWHURIWKHFRUUDOZKHUHWKH\ZHUHUXEEHGZLWKDSDVWHRIWKHKHDOWK\JURZWKRIOLYHVWRFN,SDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLVULWXDO

ground corn, chicha OLTXRUPDGHIURPFRUQ DQGwera IDWLQ)HEUXDU\DWDQestanciaRQWKHpuna2FRUXUXLQ

IURPFDPHOLGV DQGFRFDOHDYHVZHUHSODFHGRQWKHLUKHDGV

WKH3XLFD'LVWULFW7KHH[WHQGHGIDPLO\RFFXS\LQJWKLV

7KHFKLHIRIWKHFRPSRQHQWIDPLO\WKHQSUD\HGE\UDLVLQJ

estanciaZDVFRPSRVHGRIWKUHHFRPSRQHQWIDPLOLHVWKDWWKHEDVLQFRQWDLQLQJWKHKHDUWRIWKHVDFUL¿FHGDOSDFDDQG

LQGHSHQGHQWO\RZQHGWKHLUOLYHVWRFNDQLPDOVDOWKRXJKDOO

uña llamita FRDWRIDQDOSDFDIHWXV  )LJXUH 7KHROGHVW

WKHH[WHQGHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVMRLQWO\UDLVHGWKHLUDQLPDOVPDQRIWKHH[WHQGHGIDPLO\SUHVVHGDQDSSOHDJDLQVWWKH

WRJHWKHU7KHULWXDOVFRQWLQXHGIRUGD\VDVWKH\ZHUHSHRSOHKROGLQJGRZQWKHOODPDVDQGDJDLQVWWKHOODPDVSHUIRUPHGIRUDOORIWKHDQLPDOVEHORQJLQJWRWKHFRPSRQHQWWKHPVHOYHVVD\LQJ³Samerikusun kallpan kananpaq /HWIDPLOLHV,ZLOOSUHVHQWDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWXVUHQHZ ´

SDUWVRIWKHULWXDOVKHOGIRUDJURXSRIIHPDOHOODPDVRIDFRPSRQHQWIDPLO\2QWKH¿UVWGD\WKH\VDFUL¿FHGDPDOHDOSDFD7KH\

6XFKULWXDOVDUHKHOGIRUDOOWKHGL൵HUHQWJURXSVRIERWKVH[HVRIOODPDVDQGDOSDFDVEHORQJLQJWRGL൵HUHQWFRPSRQHQWIDPLOLHV

103

Figure 9.6.

WKHPHDWRIDQDOSDFDIURPKLVestanciaSUHSDUHHQRXJKThe ritual of Puqllay, blessing three new born alpacas withfood and chicha DOFRKROPDGHIURPFRUQ LQFROODERUDWLRQXxDOODPLWDDQGKHDUWRIDQDOSDFDVDFUL¿FHGLQDFOD\ZDUHZLWKKLVcompadresDQGRWKHUFORVHIDUPHUVDQGR൵HUPXVLFLQYLWLQJPXVLFLDQVWRSOD\WKHLQGLJHQRXVKDUSDQG
YLROLQ
7KHUHDUHIRXUPDLQcargos arranged in order and
UDQNLQJ7KHV\VWHPRIcargosLVUHODWLYHWR³UHGLVWULEXWLRQ´
A carguyoqGRHVQRWUHFHLYHDQ\UHPXQHUDWLRQUDWKHUKH
VKRXOGVSHQGDORWRQWKHEDQTXHWIRUWKHIHDVW,QUHWXUQKH
ZLOOJDLQSUHVWLJHLQWKHFRPPXQLW\, and by completing
DOOWKHcargos LQKLVOLIHWLPHKHEHFRPHVDQHOGHURIWKH
FRPPXQLW\DQGJDLQVUHVSHFWDQGLQÀXHQFH,QGLJHQL]DWLRQRI&DWKROLFWUDGLWLRQUHFLSURFLW\DQG

6LJQL¿FDQFHRI/ODPDVWRWKH)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO

redistribution

3RZHULQWKH$QGHDQ&LYLOL]DWLRQ

7KHIHDVWVRI&DWKROLFVDLQWVDUHLPSRUWDQWHYHQWVWR

'RPHVWLFDWLRQRIFDPHOLGVLQWKH$QGHVVWUHQJWKHQWKHWLHVRIPHPEHUVRIDFRPPXQLW\)DUPHUVDV

104

ZHOODVKHUGHUVSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHIHDVWVKHOGLQWKHYLOODJH:KHHOHU  FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHGRPHVWLFDWLRQ

RI3XLFDVRWKHIHDVWVZRUNWRUHLQIRUFHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIDOSDFDVEHJDQLQWKH&HQWUDO3HUXYLDQKLJKODQGVLQDERXWEHWZHHQWKHP7KH\QRPLQDWHSHRSOHFDOOHGcarguyoq

±%&EDVHGRQGDWDIURPWKHH[FDYDWLRQRI

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