令和 5 年度
Ａ Ｏ 入 試 問 題 集（法学部）

公表期限：2026 年 3 月末
東北大学入試センター※ 以下の(1),(2)の場合を除き，複製，転載，転用することを禁じます。
(1)受験予定者が自主学習のために使用する場合(2)学校その他の教育機関(営利目的で設置されているものを除く。)の教職員が教育の一環として使用する場合"Bussing has become essential because it encourages integration," says
, headmaster of the Michelet school in the city centre which has taken in around 70
children from the suburbs.
Many of the children from the poorer backgrounds do not have stable family structures toencourage them to succeed, he says, but the bussing strategy helps everyone.
"Pupils from both communities learn about each other and different walks of life and help
each other. They work in teams and it's all very positive," the headmaster says.
Education authorities say ('s parents -,Illand, originally from Morocco - live in a flat on one

estate where conversations in Arabic on the streets are more common than French.
They have six children and proudly show me framed certificates of their children's grades:"My son is studying better than ever and mixing with students from other cultures, and this will
improve his life opportunities," says.

For the head o�the Haute Garonne authority, consultation was key. As many as 130 parent­teacher·meetings were held before the bussing project was launched, and schools that acceptedbused-in children received financial incentives.
In all, the project has cost €54m (£46m).
(,N·i, Mr

explained, but from political opponents on the right.

The bussmg experiment is now here to stay as the two failing schools on the estates arebeing replaced by two new schools built away from· their traditional *catchme�t area to ensure
permanent social mixing in the classrooms.
Now �everal other cities and towns across. France encouraged by the results here arelaunching their own bussing initiatives.
(Chris Bockman, "French school bus experiment.bri1,1gs hope to Toµlouse estates," BBC News,Nov 20, 2021-from BBC News at bbc.co.uk/news)（注）*sprawling

無秩序な*predetermined*hoodie（フ ー ド付きの）パ ーカ ー

*catchment area

問1

前もって決定されている管轄地域

下線部(1)に関して以下の問いに答えなさい。

（ア）どのような内容か（イ）そのようなことが行われるようになったきっかけは何か-5-volunteering laggard*． 吋ゞearl eve

cross-national stud of civic en a ement and volunteerinthat has included Jaoan describes its civil societv as "underdevelooed" or "weak" when comoared. This view suggests that "'Civil society', the part of the...rbody politic outside the active Government and power system - is virtually unknown in Japan."
Universally, the weakness in Japan's civil society is attributed to a dominant, omnipresent*
bureaucratic state. One scholar wrote as recently as 1999, "Japan has not yet fully developed into acivil society that can comprehensively be considered an effective counterbalance to the state and its
bureaucracy-dominated system." Often, Japan's centralized state is explained as a result of its "latedevelopment," which has forced Japan's government to focus on "catching up" with the advanced
industrialized countries in Western Europe and North America. Historians have also examined thespecific legal mechanisms through which the government has limited the growth of civil society andco-opted organizations into supporting national agendas.
Yet, this anecdotal evidence suggests that Japan's civil society is far more vibrant than scholars
have credited. The groups responsible for organizing these activities are involved in a number ofimportant aspects of civic life. Much of their time is spent purely socializing, which helps build trustand networks among neighbors and may involve more doing with rather than doing/or other people.
Other aspects of their activities are essentially the provision of services; while firefighters might
enjoy getting together for training, they are also providing protection for their communities. Finally,some of their actions fall squarely into traditional definitions of civic participation, such as contactingpublic officials, working with government to develop policies, and debating public issues.
Civil society is multifaceted, and within it, volunteer organizations play three vital roles: they are
the forum through which citizens meet one another to build trust and networks; they act as a low-costservice provider, supplying necessary social services to meet the needs of community residents; andthey act as a pipeline between society and the state, relaying citizen concerns to public officials andpublic policies to citizens. Although the research presented in this book touches on all threecontributions of volunteer organizations, the emphasis is on their role as mediators between citizens
and government officials.
Although the literature would suggest otherwise, Japan has extensive volunteer participation

when viewed from a cross-national comparative perspective. Japan currently has nearly 1 million

volunteer firefighters and 11 million parent-teacher association (PTA) members; measured on a percapita basis, this is more than twice as many volunteer firefighters and more than four times as many

PTA members as in the United States, a country regularly ranked among the leaders in volunteer

participation. So, although Japan developed late and has a strong, centralized state, it also has avibrant civil society. Comparatively speaking, its volunteer participation is equivalent to, or evenexceeds, that found in other advanced capitalist countries. What accounts for the discrepancy between

Japan's high level of actual volunteer participation and the low levels of civic engagement expected

and reported by academics?

(Reprinted from "Politics and Volunteering in Japan A Global Perspective" by Cambridge University Press.
Copyright © 2007 Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.)- 5 -•JApplying an Equal Standard
There are many flaws and issues with the arguments above. However, one stands out as
particularly problematic: the absence of an equal standard to judge children and adults' rights. The
four arguments presented above against child enfranchisement are not exclusive to children andwould work against the right to vote for an ample part of the adult population as well. Many adults
would most surely prove to not have the capacities required to vote (if the same conditions were to
be imposed on them as on children), they can be as misinformed of (or turn a blind eye to) theircandidates proposals and behaviour, they are as influenced and manipulated by the (social) media,
by singers and movie stars in their political choices, and their uninformed interests can trivialise thedemocratic process with absurd proposals as well (think of Donald Trump's Space Force or Build theWall campaigns).
W hy don't we assess an adult's right to vote with the same strict standards that we impose on
children? I'm sure that if we applied the same ruler to both groups, many of us, adults, would lose
our entitlement, while many of our children would have to be enfranchised. If this is indeed the case,disenfranchisement of children as a group is unjust; it would be (and, I argue, is) a discriminatory
practice based on age-based biases and stereotypes that does not respect children as equal members
1n our society.
If the four arguments above are indeed valid for restricting an individual's right to vote, then theyshould be, at least, applied and assessed equally to every citizen's entitlement. The twentieth century
showed that we could defeat many discriminatory biases in voting rights based on gender or race; thetwenty-first century may be the one in which we overcome those of age.
(Reprinted from "Why Should Children Have the Right to Vote?"by NICOLÁS BRANDO,
Justice Everywhere, © 2019

Task: The following is a discussion between two students based on the text above. Fill in the blanksections with statements that would be consistent with the dialogue. Your answer must be written in
English within the specified number of words for each section.
Student A: What did you think about the text? Was the discussion on the flaws with arguments againstchild enfranchisement persuasive to you?
Student B: I thought the author made good arguments, but I have some rebuttals of my own ina
tmg rlghts to chlldren91。
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Student A: Those are good points. Something else that caught my attention was that some countries
lowered the voting age for local elections. I think there are more reasons to have a low
voting age for local elections compared to national elections.
Student B: What do you mean?
-9-