Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, Suppl. 2, pp. 39–45, March 21, 2008

Careproctus rotundifrons, a New Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes:
Liparidae) from Japan
Hiroshi Sakurai1 and Gento Shinohara2
1

Tokyo Zoological Park Society, 9–83 Ueno Park, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110–0007, Japan
E-mail: hiroshi_sakurai@tzps.or.jp
2
Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 3–23–1
Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–0073, Japan
E-mail: s-gento@kahaku.go.jp

Abstract A new deep-sea liparid species, Careproctus rotundifrons, is described on the basis of
37 specimens collected from Sagami and Suruga bays, and off the Pacific coast of Fukushima
Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan (521–1100 m depth). This species resembles C. aureomarginatusfrom the South Atlantic and C. cypselurus from the North Pacific in general appearance but is distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 47–50; anal-fin rays 41–45;
pectoral-fin rays 34–40; vertebrae 10–1142–4653–56; eye diameter 5.6–7.2% of standard
length (SL); disk length 4.7–7.1% SL; interorbital width 9.9–13.5% SL; outer margin of pectoralfin slightly notched; pectoral radials 4(3+1) lacking notches; ribs 2–3, scapula notch present;
pyloric caeca 15–29; peritoneum dark brown; stomach, oral cavity, and pyloric caeca pale.
Key words : New species, Liparidae, Careproctus, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Fukushima Prefecture.

The snailfishes (family Liparidae) are one of
the most species-rich groups in the Southern
Ocean, Antarctic and North Pacific, with a few
additional deep water species known from theIndian Ocean (Nelson, 2006). Chernova et al.
(2004) listed up the valid species, showing 334
species in 29 genera, but noted that “much work
remains to be done with on the taxonomy andthese numbers will continue to change.”
The deep-sea snailfish genus Careproctus
Krøyer, 1862 includes 113 species at least (Chernova et al., 2004; Chernova, 2005; Stein, 2006;
Duhamel and King, 2007; Orr and Maslenikov,
2007). According to Burke (1930) and Kido
(1988), the genus is diagnosed by the following
characters: disk present, nostril single, pseudobranchiae absent, pectoral fin with fewer rays
than anal fin. Kido (1988) recognized 18 speciesof Careproctus from Japanese waters, but subsequently Kido and Shinohara (1997) reported
Careproctus melanurus Gilbert, 1892 as new toJapan and Imamura and Nobetsu (2002) de-

scribed Careproctus parvidiscus as a new
species. Although a total of 20 species are now
recorded from Japan and adjacent waters, several(e.g., Careproctus homopterus Gilbert andBurke, 1912, Careproctus segaliensis Gilbert andBurke, 1912, Careproctus sinensis Gilbert andBurke, 1912, and Careproctus bathycoetus
Gilbert and Burke, 1912; Fig. 1) are known only
from holotypes and their taxonomic informationis still poor (see Kido, 1988; Nakabo, 2002).
Tokyo Sea Life Park and the Marine Science
Museum, Tokai University (MSM) have been
capturing marine animals using bait traps in
Sagami and Suruga bays since 1990 respectively.
A number of unidentified Careproctus snailfishes
were captured with other marine animals fromboth bays at depths of 730–1100 m. In addition, asingle specimen of the same species was collected by an otter trawl conducted by the R/V
Wakataka-maru at 521–567 m depth off the Pacific coast of Tohoku District, Honshu Island in
2002. These specimens provided the basis for the

40

H. Sakurai and G. ShinoharaFig. 1. Four rare species of Careproctus from Japan and adjacent waters. A: Careproctus bathycoetus (holotype,
USNM 73337, Okhotsk Sea off Sakhalin); B: C. homopterus (holotype, USNM 73342, Okhotsk Sea off
Sakhalin); C: C. segaliensis (holotype, USNM 73336, Okhotsk Sea off Sakhalin); D: C. sinensis (holotype,
USNM 73339, Sea of Japan off Sado Island). Photographed by Gento Shinohara. Bars 10 mm.

new Careproctus species described herein.
Counts, measurements, and terminology follow Able and McAllister (1980), Andriashev andStein (1998) and Stein et al. (2001), except thatthe number of fin rays on the pectoral-fin lower
lobe was counted from the anteriormost ray tothe longest ray and the lower lobe length of thepectoral fin was taken as that of the longest rayon the lobe (Kido, 1988). In addition, terminology of the intermuscular bones follows Patterson
and Johnson (1995). Counts of unpaired fin rays,
vertebrae, and accessory bones were based on radiographs. Osteological characters were observedon two specimens cleared and stained with both
Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red S (see Dingerkus
and Uhler, 1977). Standard length (SL) and headlength (HL) are used throughout. Institutional abbreviations follow Leviton et al. (1985).
Careproctus rotundifrons sp. nov.
(New Japanese name: Hime-kon’nyakuuo)(Figs. 2, 3)
Holotype. NSMT-P 76691, male, 97.9 mm SL,
35°13.55N, 139°22.35E (Sagami Bay off Chigasaki,
Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu I., Japan), 730–780 m, 13
Mar. 1996, coll. by H. Sakurai.
Paratypes. 36 specimens, 45.3–107.8 mm SL:
NSMT-P 65560, 102.8 mm SL, 36°56.5N, 141°36.7

E–36°59.9N, 141°39.7E (Pacific coast off Fukushima
Prefecture, Honshu I.), 521–567 m depths, 23 Oct. 2002,
R/V Wakataka-maru, coll. by G. Shinohara; HUMZ
201215, NSMT-P 76692–76693, 3 specimens, 63.1–
91.4 mm SL, 35°12.65N, 139°18.75E (Sagami Bay off
Ninomiya, Kanagawa Prefecture), 980–1100 m, 22 Jan.
1993, coll. by H. Arai; NSMT-P 76695, 76697, 76698,
USNM 392619, 4, 48.4–66.7 mm SL, Sagami Bay off Ninomiya, 800–830 m, 8 Feb. 1995, coll. by H. Sakurai;
HUMZ 201216, NSMT-P 76700, 76702, USNM 392620,
4, 45.3–75.0 mm SL, 35°13.42N, 139°21.01E (Sagami
Bay off Chigasaki), 880–930 m, 21 Sep. 1995, coll. by H.
Sakurai; NSMT-P 76707–76711, 5, 65.5–95.3 mm SL,
35°13.55N, 139°22.35E (Sagami Bay off Chigasaki),730–780 m, 13 Mar. 1996, coll. by H. Sakurai (NSMT-P
76708 is cleared and stained); NSMT-P 76703–76706, 4,
73.5–107.0 mm SL, 35°14.30N, 139°21.40E (Sagami
Bay off Hiratsuka), 730–760 m, 26 July 1996, coll. by H.
Arai; NSMT-P 76712–76713, 2, 67.0–107.8 mm SL, Suruga Bay, 1000 m, 9 Mar. 1990, coll. by Y. Shiobara;
NSMT-P 76715, 95.6 mm SL, Suruga Bay, depth unknown, 19 Dec. 1990, coll. by Y. Shiobara; NSMT-P
76714, 76716 , 2, 97.8–105.4 mm SL, Suruga Bay, depth
unknown, 1990 (date unknown), coll. by Y. Shiobara(NSMT-P 76716 is cleared and stained); NSMT-P
76717–76726, 10, 69.6–104.4 mm SL, Suruga Bay, depth
unknown, Nov. 1990–Mar. 1991, coll. by Y. Shiobara.

Diagnosis. A species of Careproctus withthe following characters: dorsal-fin rays 47–50;
anal-fin rays 41–45; pectoral-fin rays 34–40; vertebrae 10–1142–4653–56; eye diameter 5.6–

New Snailfish from Japan

41

Fig. 2. Careproctus rotundifrons sp. nov. from Sagami Bay (A) and Pacific coast off Fukushima Prefecture (B).
A: holotype, NSMT-P 76691, male, 97.9 mm SL; B: paratype, NSMT-P 65560, male, 102.8 mm SL.

7.2% SL; disk length 4.6–7.1% SL; interorbital
width 9.9–13.5% SL; outer margin of pectoral fin
slightly notched; pectoral radials 4 (31) lacking
notches; ribs 2–3; scapula notch present; pyloric
caeca 15–29; peritoneum dark brown; stomach,oral cavity, and pyloric caeca pale.
Description. Holotype condition is shown
first, followed by paratype condition in parentheses if different.
Dorsal-fin rays 48 (47–50), anal-fin rays 42 (41–45), pectoral-fin rays 37 on both sides (35–40 on
left/34–39 on right), caudal-fin rays 15/51
12 (125/5112–13), vertebrae 104353(10–1142–4653–56), ribs 3(2–3), gill rakers
9 (8–10), pyloric caeca 18 (15–28), epural 1 (absent in NSMT-P 76714, probably abnormal condition).
Proportional measurements (%SL): head length25.9 (24.2–30.1), head width 21.5 (13.8–24.7),
body depth 24.0 (16.6–25.9), predorsal length32.2 (29.1–37.0), preanal length 35.0 (34.7–43.1), snout length 10.1 (8.9–11.6), eye diameter
6.4 (5.6–7.2), interorbital width 11.7 (9.9–13.5),

upper jaw length 10.5 (10.4–13.6), lower jaw
length 10.2 (9.9–12.5), length of longest pectoral-fin ray in upper lobe 19.3 (16.7–21.7),
length of longest pectoral-fin ray in lower lobe
14.0 (10.3–15.9), gill opening length 6.7 (6.1–
7.5), distance between snout and disk 11.6
(10.8–15.1), distance between snout and anus
17.1 (17.1–22.7), distance between mandible anddisk 9.4 (8.5–13.9), distance between mandible
and anus 14.5 (14.5–20.6), distance between disk
and anus 0.5 (0–3.6), disk length 4.9 (4.7–7.1),
disk width 6.0 (5.2–7.0).
Head large, slightly compressed; its front
rounded. Snout rounded. Mouth subterminal.
Upper jaw reaching to below anterior margin of
pupil. Lower jaw position terminal (sensu Steinet al., 2001). Teeth in both jaws small, conical,
arranged in about 25 oblique rows in upper jaw(Fig. 3A: drawing); inner most teeth weakly
trilobed (Fig. 3A: upper photo). Eye relatively
large, pupil widely opened. Nostril short, tubular,
located anterior to eye. Cephalic pores well developed; cephalic pore formula 2-6-7-2. Two

42

H. Sakurai and G. ShinoharaFig. 3. Premaxillary teeth (A, ventral view), mandible and disk (B, ventral view), and pectoral girdle (C, lateralview) of Careproctus rotundifrons sp. nov. A and C: paratype, NSMT-P 76716, 97.8 mm SL; B: holotype,
NSMT-P 76691, 97.9 mm SL. Bars 0.5 mm in A and 5 mm in B and C. Square on drawing in A
indicates position of photograph.

chin pores present on ventral surface of lower
jaw, opening directly on the skin surface, interspace of the 2 pores clearly exceeding the pore
diameter (Fig. 3B). Gill opening above pectoralfin base. Opercular flap weak, rounded. Gill rakers short, triangular, covered with fine spines.
Pectoral fin slightly notched posteroventrally,reaching to above anal-fin origin; rays shortened
ventrally in lower lobe, the lowest one shortest,
tiny, located below posterior end of eye.
Trunk compressed, tapering gradually to caudal fin. Dorsal-fin origin above gill opening. Interneural of dorsal ray 1 between neural spines 4
and 5 [rarely between 5 and 6 (NSMT-P 76692)].
A single free interneural present between neuralspines 3 and 4 (present or absent). Disk small, al-most rounded, its anterior margin just below
pupil. Anus close to disk. A small genital papillapresent posteriorlly to the anus (Fig. 3B) (females frequently having a minute genital papillalike process). Ribs 3, on abdominal vertebrae
8–10 (2–3; 8–9, 7–9, or 8–10). Epineurals on abdominal vertebrae 3–16 (from 3–9 to 3–22).
Anal-fin origin below vertebra 14 (13–14). Anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins buried in gelatinous subcutaneous layer. Caudal fin narrow, truncated, continuous with dorsal and anal fins anteriorly. Hypurals and parhypural fused in to a platewith a slit posteriorly.
Body without prickles. Gelatinous tissue layer
beneath skin thin. Two free neuromasts (rudimentary pores sensu Burke, 1930) anterior

New Snailfish from Japanto eye. Three free neuromast rows on body:first between eye and dorsal-fin origin; second
originating from immediately above the anterior
suprabranchial pore and extending posteriorly,
its length one fourth of SL; and third originatingfrom immediately behind the posterior
suprabranchial pore and extending posteriorly, its
length half of SL (Fig. 2A). Pyloric caeca slender, pointed, on left side of body with stomach.
Osteology (based on NSMT-P 76708 and
76716). Basal cartilaginous lamina of pectoral
girdle widest at dorsal one-third, narrowing ventrally (Fig. 3C). Pectoral radials 4 (3 dorsal1
ventral), lacking notches; 3 dorsal radials round,ventral one small, squarish; 1 fenestra between
scapula and radial. Scapula notched ventrally,
with strong helve. Coracoid triangular with broadlamina.
Color when fresh. Head and body pale (paleto reddish). Margins of vertical and pectoral finsdusky. Dots, spots and bands absent on body.
Stomach, pyloric caeca, and orobranchial cavity
pale. Peritoneum dark brown.
Color in alcohol. Head and body uniformly
pale (uniformly pale to reddish).
Maximum size of specimens. 107.8 mm SL(male) and 104.4 mm SL (female).
Distribution. Known from the continental
slope off the Pacific coast of Fukushima Prefecture (521–567 m), Sagami Bay (730–1100 m),
and Suruga Bay (1000 m).
Biological note. Both mature and immature
specimens were captured by bait traps on the sea
floor. Because individuals on display at Tokyo
Sea Life Park were observed to swim searchingfor food fallen on the bottom and frequently tostay on the acrylic glass or walls of a tank using
the ventral disk, the species is apparently benthic.
A holosaurid (Aldrovandia affinis Günther,
1877), a psychrolutid (Ebinania vermiculata
Sakamoto, 1932), and 2 zoarcids [Ericandersonia sagamia Shinohara and Sakurai, 2006 andJaponolycodes abei (Matsubara, 1936)] were
captured together with this species in the sametraps in Sagami Bay, indicating the likelihood of
their sharing similar habitat.

43

Fig. 4. Holotype of Careproctus aureomarginatus
Andriashev, 1991, ZIN 49587, from Atlantic
Ocean near Falkland Islands. Photographed by
Hsuan-Ching Ho.

Females have an ovipositor in the abdominal
cavity and it is everted to outside the body when
the abdominal cavity is pressed.
Etymology. The name rotundifrons is derived from Latin rotund (rounded)frons (front)
in reference to the rounded forehead.
Comparison. This species resembles Careproctus aureomarginatus Andriashev, 1991 known
only from the holotype (Fig. 4), taken fromslightly south of the Falkland Islands, at 1660–
1665 m depth. Counts of the dorsal-, anal-, andcaudal-fin rays, vertebrae, ribs, and pectoral girdle radials of C. aureomarginatus are within theranges of those of C. rotundifrons. Both species
are similarly colored on the peritoneum (darkbrown) and stomach (pale), and have a similar
tooth pattern and shape (see Andriashev, 1991).
However, C. rotundifrons is distinguished from
C. aureomarginatus by the following characters:
larger numbers of pyloric caeca (15–29 in C.
rotundifrons vs. 10 in C. aureomarginatus) andgill rakers (8–10 vs. 7), fewer principal caudal-fin
rays (5/5 vs. 5/6), shorter eye diameter [21.4–
26.9% HL (5.6–7.2% SL) vs. 41.2% HL (13.2%SL)], shorter disk length [18.2–26.9% HL (4.6–
7.1% SL) vs. 31.3% HL (10.0% SL)], andgreater interorbital width [37.9–54.1% HL (9.9–
13.5% SL) vs. 19.4% HL (6.2% SL)], the pectoral-fin outer margin is slightly notched in
C. rotundifrons (vs. distinctly notched), a scapula
notch is present (absent), and 2 chin pores separated, interspace clearly exceeding the pore diam-44

H. Sakurai and G. Shinoharaeter (closely spaced, not exceeding one-half ofthe pore diameter) (see Andriashev, 1992). Eyediameter, disk length, and interorbital width are
all significantly different (Fig. 5). Among speciesof Careproctus known from the North Pacific, C.
rotundifrons resembles Careproctus cypselurus
Jordan and Gilbert in Jordan and Evermann,
1898 in having a slightly notched pectoral fin,similar pectoral-fin ray counts (34–40 in C.
rotundifrons vs. 32–40 in C. cypselurus), the gill
opening wholly above the pectoral fin, the anusclosely behind the disk, similar body color patterns in fresh specimens, a dark peritoneum, andpale stomach and pyloric caeca (Kido, 1988;
Mecklenburg et al., 2002). However C. rotundifrons is distinguished from C. cypselurus by
the following characters: fewer dorsal- and analfin rays and vertebrae counts (47–50, 41–45, and
53–56 in C. rotundifrons vs. 58–64, 52–58, and
64–70 in C. cypselurus, respectively) (see Mecklenburg et al., 2002), the disk rounded (vs. triangular), inner teeth trilobed (vs. all conical), uppermost fin ray of pectoral-fin level with lower
margin of eye (vs. level with posterior corner ofmaxillary), lower lobe of pectoral fin reaching
behind gill opening (vs. below gill opening), caudal fin truncated (vs. deeply forked), body varying from pale to reddish brown when fresh (vs.
purplish-indigo), no additional pigmentation evident in alcohol (vs. scattered dark pigment), andthe oral and branchial cavities pale (vs. dusky)(see Kido, 1988).
Comparative materials. Careproctus aureomarginatus, ZIN 49587, holotype, (only digital image taken by
Hsuan-Ching Ho); C. cypselurus: NSMT-P 68796. 4 specimens, 300–320 mm SL, Sea of Okhotsk off eastern
Hokkaido, Japan, 44°46.6N, 144°20.4E–44°43.1N,
144°18.7E, 450–477 m depth, 5 Nov. 2003, R/V Hokkomaru.

Acknowledgments
We express our sincere thanks to Kaoru Kido
(Ohma Town Office, Aomori, Japan) for criticalcomments and reading on the early draft manuscript, and David Stein (Oregon, USA) for providing various advice and information. Hiroshi

Fig. 5. Relationships of eye diameter, disk
length, and interorbital width with standard
length in Careproctus rotundifrons sp. nov.
(circles) and C. aureomarginatus (square).
Solid, holotype; open, paratypes.

Arai (Inokashira Park Zoo, Tokyo) provided
much wholehearted support. Hsuan-Ching Ho(Academia Sinica, Taiwan) prepared the original
photograph for Figure 4, and Koichi Shibukawa(Nagao Natural Environment Foundation,
Tokyo), for the radiographs. Our thanks go to thehusbandry staff of Tokyo Sea Life Park, Hideyuki Okada (Fisheries & Aquaculture International Co. Ltd., Tokyo), and Yoshihisa Shiobara
and Fumitaka Noguchi (MSM) for collecting
specimens. Graham S. Hardy (Ngunguru, New
Zealand) helped with English language corrections to the draft manuscript. This study waspartly supported by a research project entitled“Deep-sea Fauna and Pollutants in Tohoku District” (National Museum of Nature and Science,
Tokyo, 2005–2008).

New Snailfish from Japan

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Associate editor: S. Kimura.