STT52-01

Room:102B

Time:May 27 09:00-09:15

A feasibility study for geomagnetic measurements using the High Altitude LOng range
aircraft (HALO)SCHACHTSCHNEIDER, Reyko1∗ ; GEBLER, Alban1 ; LESUR, Vincent1
1Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

In June 2012 the High Altitude LOng range aircraft (HALO), originally acquired for atmospheric studies by the German
Ministry for Research and Education, was used for a geophysical study. On board the aircraft were gravity, GNSSS reflectometry
and geomagnetic instruments. The geomagnetic instrumentation consisted of two identical acquisition chains, each containing
an Overhauser and a fluxgate magnetometer. They were mounted below each wing in under-wing canisters. For the first time,
we were able to collect geomagnetic measurements with such a high and fast flying vehicle, covering a very large area in ashort time period. The study was conducted during four flight days over the Italian peninsula. Due to the mounting of the
instruments very close to the aircraft body, the measurements are strongly contaminated by the aircraft signal. Furthermore, thesensitivity of some of the scientific instruments on board HALO prevented large variations of the plane’s pitch and roll angles
during the calibration flight and thus a proper calibration of the vector magnetometers and the full determination of the aircraftsignal. Nevertheless, we were able to obtain the long-wavelength part of the geomagnetic field in the study area and showed thatgeomagnetic measurements with HALO are possible and promising.
Keywords: aeromagnetics, geomagnetism

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STT52-02

Room:102B

Time:May 27 09:15-09:30

FALCON AGG survey using Helicopter for geothermal exploration
CHIBA, Akihiko1∗ ; CEVALLOS, Carlos2 ; HISATANI, Koichi3 ; KUWAMURA, Junichi41
4Sumiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd., 2 CGG Aviation, 3 Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation,
Fugro Japan Co., Ltd.

Airborne gravity surveys are applied to mineral and hydrocarbon exploration in Australia, Canada and other countries. JOGMEC explored the geothermal potential of Kuju and Kirishima areas in Kyushu Island using FALCONT M AGG (Airborne
Gravity Gradiometry).
There are two airborne gravity methods of measuring gravity and gravity gradient. FALCON was developed from the basic
AGG technique used by the US Navy and is operated at present by CGG Aviation. Gravity gradient maps show more detailed
geological structures than gravity maps. HeliFALCON is the only heliborne gravity gradiometry system.
In the FALCON system, horizontal gravity gradients are measured using two sets of four accelerometers on a rotating disk
mounted in an aircraft. Simultaneously, measurement location and topography is surveyed using GPS and a Laser scanner
mounted on the aircraft. After tie line, terrain and micro-leveling corrections, differential curvature components GN E and GU V
are calculated. Each gridded component is transformed to two-dimensional Fourier domain. In this domain, these components
are integrated into components of the gravity gradient tensor and vertical gravity acceleration. Integrated components in spatial
domain are estimated by using inverse Fourier transformation. Maps of the vertical gravity gradient component GDD and thevertical gravity gD are used to image geological structure. There is another method to estimate GDD and gD : Equivalent Source.
In this method, an equivalent source is inverted from the measured GN E and GU V and then GDD and gD are estimated from it.
The Kuju and Kirishima areas, where geological and ground geophysical surveys around existing geothermal power plants
have been applied were selected as the first stage of airborne geothermal exploration in order to validate the effectiveness of it.
In both areas, data were acquired at line spacing of 250 m by drape flight under 120 m clearance to ground surface. The figure
shows maps of GDD and gD in the infill area around Hatchobaru and Otake power plants in the Kuju area. Line spacing in theinfill area is 125 m. NW-SE lineaments parallel to the dominant geological direction in this area and E-W lineaments crossing
them are clearly delineated in the vertical gravity gradient map. In this project, the shape index representing gravity equipotential
surfaces is estimated from the gravity gradient tensor. The shape index maps show geological boundaries more clearly than thevertical gravity gradient maps. Ground surface gravity had been surveyed with spacing beyond hundreds meters along roads andpaths. The ground gravity data upwarded to the drape flight surface of HeliFALCON was compared with gD resulted from AGG.
The maps of AGG’s gD are comprehensively the same as ground gravity maps, and delineate more detail than them.
The AGG investigates not only inaccessible areas with tough topography and dense vegetation, but also wide areas in detail andefficiently. Because ground gravity maps of wide areas are compiled with gravity datasets surveyed in different years, organizations and precisions, they have small differences among them. Because AGG’s datasets in the same wide areas are surveyed withthe same precision in one project result, they are more reliable than ground gravity datasets. On the other hand, ground gravity
surveys in small areas can be surveyed more precisely, beyond the AGG survey limit. It is suggested that AGG is suitable forgeothermal exploration because the datasets contain no long wave length components generated from deeper structures. AGG is
expected to become widely used for not only geothermal exploration but also fault investigation and so on which gravity surveys
have been applied.

Keywords: Airborne Gravity Gradiometry, geothermal exploration, Kuju area

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STT52-02

Room:102B

Time:May 27 09:15-09:30

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STT52-03

Room:102B

Time:May 27 09:30-09:45

Aeromagnetic 3D subsurface imaging of geothermal areas - A case of Akita-Yakeyama
Volcano, northeast JapanOKUMA, Shigeo1∗ ; NAKATSUKA, Tadashi1
1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Akita-Yakeyama Volcano is located at the northwestern edge of the Sengan Geothermal Area, northeast Japan, where many
geothermal features such as fumaroles and hot springs are observed as well as many Quaternary volcanoes. In this area, geothermal explorations had been actively conducted since mid-1970s and four geothermal power plants are being operated now.
Magnetic analyses had been conducted in and around Akita-Yakeyama Volcano to reveal the regional and local subsurface
structures of the area (Okuma, 1998; Okuma and Suto, 1987). A magnetic modeling, with known structural and magnetic parameters, had been conducted to reveal a detail subsurface structure of Akita-Yakeyama Volcano (Okuma, 1998). The magnetic
model is composed of five polygons: three of them correspond to granitic intrusions below the northern flank, while rests of themcorrespond to the buried Old-Tamagawa Welded Tuffs below the southern flank. The northern polygons show the depth extent
of the granitic intrusions or the local Curie isothermal depth. The southern polygons indicate a subsurface convex structure,
implying the existence of a concealed old volcano associated with the Old-Tamagawa Welded Tuffs. These analyses were very
useful to better estimate the subsurface structure related to the geothermal activity of the study area but it took much time to
conduct the modelling.
Recently an aeromagnetic 3D subsurface imaging method has been developed (Nakatsuka and Okuma, 2014) and takes an important role in 3D visualization of subsurface structures especially in active volcanic regions (Okuma et al., 2009). Therefore wehave applied the method to interpret the magnetic anomalies of Akita-Yakeyama Volcano. The resultant magnetization intensities
were superimposed on the same cross-sections of the previous study. In the N-S cross-section crossing the summit of the volcano, magnetization highs are well imaged below the northern flank, corresponding to the granitic intrusions. Whereas, negative
magnetizations lie below the southern flank and are associated with the reversely magnetized the Old-Tamagawa Welded Tuffs.
In the E-W cross-section on the northern flank, magnetization highs are centered below the northwestern flank, suggesting higher
subsurface temperatures than below the northeastern flank. Apparent negative magnetization intensities lie below Mt. Kurasawa
south of Akita-Yakeyama Volcano and correspond to the wide distribution of the reversely magnetized Tamagawa Welded Tuffs(Suto, 1987).

Keywords: aeromagnetic survey, magnetic anomaly, geothermal area, Akita-Yakeyama Volcano, forward modelling, 3D imaging

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STT52-04

Room:102B

Time:May 27 09:45-10:00

Case study of Volcano Survey using the Airborne Electromagnetic survey
SETO, Shuji1∗ ; TAKAHARA, Teruyoshi1 ; KINOSHITA, Atuhiko1 ; SHIMIZU, Yoshikazu1 ;ISHIZUKA, Tadanori1 ; KAWATO, Katsushi2 ; OKUMURA, Minoru2
1

Public Works Research Institute, 2 Nippon engineering consultants co., ltd.

The distribution of the active volcanos as much as 110 are confirmed by Japan at present. The part of the volcanic collapsed at
Mt. Ontake (1984) and Mt. Kurikoma (2008) in recent years, and large-scale sediment related disasters occurred. Then, serious
damages occurred Mt. Aso (2012) and Izu-oshima (2013) by debris flow which were caused by the simultaneous multiple
surface failure. On the other hand, risk management of low probability and high consequence disasters are the problems after
the Great East Japan Earthquake, and understanding of the slopes tending to cause landslide is required in each volcano. Hence,
the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, has conducted volcano survey using the airborne electromagnetic survey
from fiscal year 2013 at 15 volcanos out of 29 volcanos (Emergency Hazard Mitigation Measures Plan against Sediment Related
Disaster Induced by Volcanic Eruption decision target volcano) where volcanic activity is active, and the social influence isserious.
In this study, we collected the results of volcano survey and extracted the slopes tending to cause landslide based on the
topography, geological information and the structure of specific electrical resistance. Additionally, the sediment volume bylandslides had been estimated.
A case will be introduced by this presentation, which are Mt. Hokkaido Komagatake, Mt. Azuma, Mt. Asama and Mt. Ontake.

Keywords: Airborne Electromagnetic survey, Volcano Survey, specific electrical resistance, topography, geology, active volcano

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STT52-05

Room:102B

Time:May 27 10:00-10:15

Aeromagnetic survey at Shinmoedake volcano by using unmanned helicopter in 2014
KOYAMA, Takao1∗ ; KANEKO, Takayuki1 ; OHMINATO, Takao1 ; WATANABE, Atsushi1 ; TAKEO, Minoru1 ;YANAGISAWA, Takatoshi2 ; HONDA, Yoshiaki3
1

Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2 JAMSTEC, 3 Chiba University

1. Introduction
Shinmoedake volcano is one of the most active volcano in Japan, and had some sub-Plinian eruptions at the beginning of
2011. Now the eruptions cease and any apparent activity cannot be seen, but seismic activity and geodetic change are stillobserved near Shinmoedake volcano. It is important to monitor the volcanic activity for a long term by using various geoscientificmeasurements.
We have conducted surveys continually at Shinmoedake volcano by using unmanned helicopter since May 2011, after the
eruptions. And very recently, our forth aeromagnetic survey was performed on 21st Oct. 2014.
2. Aeromagnetic survey
The aeromagnetic survey was conducted by using the unmanned helicopter YAMAHA RMAX G1. The magnetometer sensor
of the total intensity was installed 4 m apart down from the helicopter in order to avoid the effect of the helicopter magnetism
itself. The helicopter flied in the area of 3 km by 4 km which is western part of the Shinmoedake. The measurement line intervals
were almost kept as 100 m, and also the flight altitudes above the ground were kept as about 100 m. The total measurement
length is about 63 km.
3. Result
Obtained data of the magnetic total intensity shows the geomagnetic anomaly as large as about 1000 nT, which is almost
the same as the previous surveys in general. Comparison of the data with the first survey data of May 2011 shows the notableanomaly around the crater of Shinmoedake volcano. The anomaly shows the dipole-like pattern which are the positive anomaly
in the south and the negative one in the north. It indicates the magnetization occurs in the crater and the cooling down of the lava
accumulating in the crater at the 2011 eruptions was inferred. The average magnetization intensity of the lava is estimated about
4.0 A/m, which is larger than the previous results.
Changes of the average magnetization follow a square root of an elapsing time, and thus the cooling of lava may be gradually
done by the thermal diffusion, and is still going so far.
Keywords: repeated aeromagnetic survey, unmanned helicopter, Shinmoedake

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STT52-06

Room:102B

Time:May 27 10:15-10:30

Study on the prediction of the large shallow landslides areas using Airborne Electromagnetic Survey
KINOSHITA, Atsuhiko1∗ ; SETO, Shuji1 ; TAKAHARA, Teruyoshi1 ; SHIMIZU, Yoshikazu1 ;ISHIZUKA, Tadanori1 ; NISHIOKA, Tsuneshi2 ; SAKURAI, Wataru3 ; KAWATO, Katsushi4 ; OKUMURA, Minoru4 ;KAGEURA, Ryota4
1

Public Works Research Institute, 2 Wakayama Prefecture, 3 Kii-Sanchi Sabo Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism, 4 Nippon Engineering Consultants Co.,LTD.
In recent years, the investigations of deep-seated catastrophic landslides and volcano using airborne electromagnetic survey
have been carried out. And, the study on prediction of sediment disasters occurrence areas gradually progresses. On the other
hand, recently, many shallow landslides disasters including Hiroshima in 2014, Izu-Oshima island in 2013 and Nachi river basin
in 2011were occurred. If we can predict the collapse occurrence slopes by using airborne electromagnetic survey, we can easily
decide the priority of the constructions of sabo dams and make the evacuation systems. In this study, we nominated Nachi river
basin where large shallow landslides were occurred in 2011 for an example and examined the difference of the ratio resistancecharacteristics of collapse and non-collapse slopes from the result of the airborne electromagnetic survey.
First, we arranged the relationships between geological features and ratio resistance properties. Because Nachi river basin isparted in the area of Kumano Acidic Rocks (granite porphyry) and the area of Kumano Group (sandstone mudstone alternativerock), we considered whether these were distinguishable by the ratio resistivity distribution. Next, we put the collapse slopeson the map of the distributions of the ratio resistivity and examined the ratio resistance of the collapse slopes. Final, we paid
our attention to the structure of the contour of the ratio resistance and the change rate of the ratio resistance. We examined thedifference of them about collapse and non-collapse slopes of Nachi river basin.
Kumano Acidic Rocks (granite porphyry) had high ratio resistance and Kumano Group (sandstone mudstone alternative rock)
had low ratio resistance. As a result, we can express geological borders very well by airborne electromagnetic survey. In addition, we understood that the most of the collapse slopes were distributed near the geological border. From this, it is thoughtthat collapses were occurred by the difference in geological properties of the plumb direction. About the difference of the collapse and non-collapse slopes, we found that the collapse slopes have vertical contours of the ratio resistance against the slope
directions. And we found that the areas of the big change rates of the ratio resistance are disappeared at the upper parts of thecollapse slopes about the collapse slopes. On the other hand, about the non-collapse slopes, we found that the contours of theratio resistance were parallel with the slope directions and the area of the big change rates of the ratio resistance are continued at
the upper parts of the slopes. The ratio resistance structure shows the structure of geological features. Because the contours of
the ratio resistance of the collapse slopes are vertical, the geological structures of the collapse slopes are vertical and it is thoughtthat Kumano Acidic Rocks (granite porphyry) penetrates Kumano Group (sandstone mudstone alternative rock) vertically. In
addition, when geological structure is vertical, infiltrated water is hard to flow to the slope lower part, and it is thought that waterlevel under the ground is easy to rise and the slope is easy to be collapsed. It is thought that the big change rate areas of theratio resistance expresses water level under the ground. Because the areas of the big change rates of the ratio resistance aredisappeared in the collapse slopes, it is thought that drainage abilities were low. Above all, in the risk evaluation of the shallow
landslides, it is thought that we can evaluate the water levels under the ground and the drainage abilities of the groundwater byusing the airborne electromagnetic survey.

Keywords: airborne electromagnetic survey, shallow landslide

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STT52-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Aeromagnetic constraints on the subsurface structure of the Ishikari Depression, Hokkaido
Japan
OKUMA, Shigeo1∗ ; NAKATSUKA, Tadashi1
1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

An aeromagnetic map of the Ishikari Depression and its surrounding area (total magnetic intensity, 1:200,000) (Okuma and
Nakatsuka, 2014) has been made as a compilation of the Digital Geoscience Map of the area (GSJ, 2014). The total magnetic
intensity anomalies within the area have been extracted from the aeromagnetic anomaly database (Nakatsuka and Okuma, 2009)
on a smoothed surface 1,500 m above terrain. The reduced to the pole anomalies have been also calculated from the total magnetic intensity anomalies on the surface and compared to the geology (Ozaki and Komatsubara, 2014) of the area.
An obvious magnetic high chain, called as the Kitakami-Ishikari magnetic belt is dominant in Ishikari Depression. By comparing with the lithology of core samples from oil exploration wells, granitic rocks as well as mafic igneous rocks can accountfor the magnetic belt but the details remain unknown.
3D imaging (Nakatsuka and Okuma, 2013) was applied to the magnetic anomalies to better understand the subsurface structureof the area. A chain of deep seated magnetic sources was imaged in the Ishikari Depression, corresponding to the KitakamiIshikari Magnetic Belt. Depths of the magnetic sources range from ˜5km (north) to ˜10km (south) below ground, whereas theirwidths range from 10km (north) to 25km (south). Their magnetization intensities (˜1 A/m) imply that they are composed mainlyof granitic rocks which were confirmed by drilling at a depth of 4,600m in the Tomakomai area.
A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey has been also conducted to better understand the subsurface structure of the Tomakomai area. Two regional magnetic highs occupy offshore Tomakomai and the eastern one is edged by a NNW-SSE trending marine
topographic step, suggesting that this step might have worked as a dam to trap sediments which contain magnetic minerals.
Keywords: aeromagnetic survey, magnetic anomaly, Kitakami-Ishikari Magnetic Belt, Ishikari Depression, Tomakomai, 3D
imaging

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STT52-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Study of Extraction Method of the Slope tending to Cause Deep-seated landslide using
Airborne Electromagnetic method
TAKAHARA, Teruyoshi1∗ ; SETO, Shuji1 ; NOIKE, Kohei1 ; KINOSHITA, Atsuhiko1 ; SHIMIZU, Yoshikazu1 ;ISHIZUKA, Tadanori1 ; KAWATO, Katsushi2 ; OKUMURA, Minoru2 ; KAGEURA, Ryota2
1

Public Works Research Institute, 2 Nippon Engineering Consultants Co.,LTD.

Kind of landslide is mainly shallow landslide and deep-seated landslide, etc. Shallow landslide is a phenomenon that top
soil layer collapse. On the other hand, deep-seated landslide is the relatively large scale collapse phenomena among the slope
failures such as rock falls, slope failures, etc.; in which the slide plane arises in the deeper section than that in the case of thesurface collapse; then not only the top soil layer but also the soil at deep layer becomes the colluvial clods. Although deepseated landslide occurs less frequently than shallow landslide, sediment amount of deep-seated landslide are huge than shallow
landslide’s and it might occur serious sediment disaster. In September 2011, multiple of deep-seated landslides occurred byheavy rains associated with Typhoon Talas in Kii Penisula.
It is considered that occurrence of deep-seated landslide is linked to strength and groundwater movement of bedrock. Hence, inorder to estimate occurrence of deep-seated landslide, it is important to obtain information of bedrocks at wide area. Therefore, inthis study, we focused on airborne electromagnetic method. This method can get obtain information of geology and groundwaterat wide area. Then, we studied about extraction method of the slopes tending to cause deep-seated landslide.
Studies areas were Hayakawa River basin (Yamanashi Prefecture) and Byutanogawa River basin (Miyazaki Prefecture). Then,
we focused on slopes of the past of deep-seated landslide and the specific resistance patterns of vertical directions of bedrock
creeps in these basins.
In this study, we confirmed two-layer structure of specific resistance pattern that a shallow portion is high resistance and a
deep portion is low resistance. However, in the slope that contains a lot of muddy, we confirmed two-layer structure of specificresistance pattern that a shallow portion is low resistance and a deep portion is high resistance. Moreover, we confirmed threelayer structure of specific resistance pattern. These are future tasks.
Keywords: Airborne Electromagnetic Method, Deep-seated landslide, Specific Electrical Resistance

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STT52-P03

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Semi-automatic interpretation methods using gravity gradient tensor data obtained by airborne gravity gradient survey
KUSUMOTO, Shigekazu1∗
1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Science), University of Toyama

The importance and usefulness of gravity gradient tensor for the estimation of subsurface structures, especially to find structural boundaries, have been pointed out since the latter half of the 1930’s. Presently, not only the classical methods, such as
horizontal first derivative, vertical first derivative and vertical second derivative, are being used, but more advanced and complex
techniques designed by combining the classical methods are being discussed and analyzed. These techniques reveal structural
boundaries through a differential in the space domain of gravity anomalies caused by variations in subsurface structures; they area kind of high-pass filters that emphasize the short wave length signals of gravity anomalies.
In general, the techniques that estimate subsurface structures from gravity anomaly without geological and geophysical constraint conditions are called semi-automatic interpretation methods. These methods not only employ high-pass filtering but also
estimate causative sources by using eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors of gravity gradient tensor.
In this presentation, we will first review the filtering and semi-automatic interpretation methods that use gravity gradient tensor.
Then, we will report the results obtained by applying these methods to the gravity gradient data acquired for the Kuju geothermal area of Kyushu district through FALCON (R) AGG. We will also discuss the characteristic features of these methods andimprovements in their practical application.
The results presented here were obtained from the project ‘Investigations on applications of airborne gravity surveys to geothermal resources surveys’ by JOGMEC. We are most grateful to JOGMEC for making the data available to us.

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STT52-P04

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Three-dimensional resistivity modelling of GREATEM survey data from the Nojima Fault,
Awaji Island, south-east Japan.
ABD ALLAH, Sabry1∗ ; MOGI, Toru1 ; ITO, Hisatoshi2 ; JOMORI, Akira3 ; YUUKI, Youichi4 ;FOMENKO, Elena5 ; KIHO, Kenzo2 ; KAIEDA, Hideshi2 ; SUZUKI, Koichi2 ; TSUKUDA, Kazuhiro2
1

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University, 2 Civil Engineering Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry, 3 NeoScience Co., 5-11-22 Osato, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0526, Japan, 4 Geotechnical Center, Oyo
Co., 2-61-5 Toro, Saitama, 331-8688, Japan., 5 Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow
An airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey using the grounded electrical-source airborne transient electromagnetic (GREATEM)
system was conducted over the Nojima Fault on Awaji Island, south-east Japan, to assess GREATEM survey applicability forstudying coastal areas with complex topographic features. To obtain high-quality data with an optimised signal-to-noise ratio, aseries of data processing techniques was used to acquire the final transient response curves from the field survey data.
The 1D inversion results were feasible in that the horizontal resistivity contrast was not much higher than the true contrast, butthey were not reasonable in that the horizontal resistivity values were greatly changed. To circumvent this problem, we performed
numerical forward modelling using a finite-difference staggered-grid method (Fomenko and Mogi, 2002) adding a finite-length
electrical dipole source routine to generate a three-dimensional (3D) resistivity structure model from GREATEM survey data of
the Nojima Fault area. The 3D model was based on an initial model consisting of two adjacent onshore and offshore layers ofdifferent conductivity such that, a highly conductive sea of depth (10?40 m) is placed on top of a uniform half-space, assuming
the presence of topographic features on the inland side. We examined the fit of the magnetic transient responses between fielddata and 3D forward-model computed data, the latter were convolved with the measured system response of the corresponding
dataset. The inverted 3D resistivity structures showed that the GREATEM system has the capability to map underground resistivity structures as deep as 500 m onshore and offshore. The GREATEM survey delineated how seawater intrudes on the landside of the fault and indicated that the fault is a barrier to seawater invasion.

Keywords: 3D EM forward modeling, GREATEM, Numerical approximations, Airborne Electromagnetic, Fault zone survey

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