Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 44(3), pp. 93–113, August 22, 2018

Taxonomic Notes and New Distribution and Host Plant Records for
Sawﬂies and Woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Japan IV
Hideho Hara1 and Akihiko Shinohara2
1

West 4 North 3 4–29, Bibai, Hokkaido 072–0033, Japan
E-mail: harahideho@bell.ocn.ne.jp
2
National Museum of Nature and Science,
4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan
E-mail: shinohar@kahaku.go.jp(Received 29 May 2018; accepted 28 June 2018)

Abstract A key to Japanese species of Arge and Spinarge (Argidae) is provided. One new combination, Nematinus cuneiformis (Togashi, 1990) (Tenthredinidae), and two new synonymies,
Platyxiphydria saitoi Togashi, 2003＝Euxiphydria leucopoda var. nakanishii Takeuchi, 1938(＝Hyperxiphia nakanishii (Takeuchi, 1938)) and Euxiphydria amphybolia Sundukov, in Sundukov and Lelej, 2012＝Xiphydria annulitibia Takeuchi, 1936 (Xiphydriidae), are proposed. Ulmus
davidiana var. japonica (Ulmaceae) is recorded as a host plant of Aproceros mikagei Togashi,
2003 (Argidae) for the ﬁrst time. Alnus ﬁrma (Betulaceae) is newly recorded as a host plant ofPamphilius confusus Shinohara, 2005 (Pamphiliidae), whose larvae are brieﬂy described. New distribution records are Xiphydria kastsheevi Ermolenko, 1979 (Xiphydriidae) from Japan (Hokkaido,
Honshu), Arge rejecta (Kirby, 1882) (Argidae), Aproceros mikagei, Ophrynopus tosensis (Tosawa
and Sugihara, 1934) (Orussidae), Euura ulmicola (Togashi, 1998), Nematus yokohamensis(Konow, 1895), Tenthredo babai Takeuchi, 1936, Tenthredo providens Smith, 1874 and Tenthredorufonotalis Mallach, 1936 (Tenthredinidae) from Hokkaido, and Megaxyela togashii Shinohara,
1992 (Xyelidae) from Nagano Prefecture, Honshu.
Key words: Argidae, Orussidae, Pamphiliidae, Tenthredinidae, Xiphydriidae, Xyelidae, newcombination, new synonymy, distribution, host plant.

Introduction
In a series of papers under the present title, wehave published new ﬁndings or ideas on various
aspects of Japanese sawﬂies and woodwasps(Shinohara and Hara, 2015; Hara and Shinohara,
2017; Hara et al., 2018). This is the fourth paperin the series and deals with six families. For acorrect identiﬁcation of the often closely similar
Japanese species of the argid genera Arge
Schrank, 1802 and Spinarge Wei, 1998, we present a new key based on the information accumulated mainly through our own research over thelast twelve years. Recent taxonomic studies on
the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae and thefamily Xiphydriidae have revealed one new com-bination and two new synonymies. We also
report on new host records for two species of
Argidae and Pamphiliidae and new distribution
records for ten species of Argidae, Orussidae,
Tenthredinidae, Xiphydriidae and Xyelidae.
Material and Methods
The material used in this study is kept in the
National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, unless otherwise indicated. Observationsof morphology were made with a Leica MS5 andan Olympus SZ60 stereo binocular microscopes
and Olympus BH-2 light microscope. Photographs were taken with an Olympus Stylus TG-4
Tough digital camera (Fig. 1A–D, F) and the

94

H. Hara and A. Shinoharasame camera attached to the Olympus SZ60 stereo binocular microscope (Fig. 1E, G–I) and withdigital cameras, Olympus TG-5 (Fig. 2A, B) andSony DSC-RX100 (Fig. 2C–I). The digital

images were processed and arranged with Adobe
Photoshop Elements 8 and 15® software. For themorphological terminology, we generally follow
Viitasaari (2002).

Results and discussion
Argidae
Key to Japanese species of Arge and Spinarge
1
―
2(1)
―
3(2)
―
4(3)
―
5(4)

―

6(5)
―
7(4)

―

8(2)
―
9(8)

―

Fifth abdominal tergum simple. Arge Schrank, 1802. ...............................................................2
Fifth abdominal tergum with dark median line in female, long median process in male (ﬁg. 7
in Hara and Shinohara, 2006). Spinarge Wei, 1998. ................................................................49
Abdomen ventrally orange, with or without dark brown to black areas on ninth tergum andovipositor sheath in female, without dark areas in male. ..........................................................3
Abdomen ventrally with more dark areas. ................................................................................8
Thorax with orange areas. ...............................A. nigronodosa (Motschulsky, 1860), ♀♂ partThorax entirely dark brown to black. ........................................................................................4
Legs entirely brown to black. ....................................................................................................5
Legs widely or partly yellow to orange. ....................................................................................7
Supraclypeal area with median ridge sharply carinate (ﬁg. 1I, J, L in Shinohara and Hara,2009). Female with ovipositor sheath bluish black. Male with valviceps slightly rounded laterally in dorsal view (ﬁgs. 1P, 4A–F in Shinohara and Hara, 2009). [Head and thorax withblue reﬂection.] .....................................................A. indicura Shinohara and Hara, 2009, ♀♂
Supraclypeal area with median ridge rounded or very bluntly carinate as in ﬁg. 2I–K in Shinohara et al. (2008). Female with ovipositor sheath orange. Male with valviceps angularly
convex laterally in ventral view. ................................................................................................6
Head and thorax with blue reﬂection. ......................................A. pagana (Panzer, 1797), ♀♂
Head and thorax with colorless reﬂection. ........................................A. nigronodosa, ♀♂ part
Fore wing with cells C and Sc dark brown. Supraclypeal area with median ridge distinctly
carinate as in ﬁg. 1I, J, L in Shinohara and Hara (2009). Female with ovipositor sheathorange, with narrow medial margin and inner side black. ...........................................................
............................................................................................ A. nipponensis Rohwer, 1910, ♀♂
Fore wing with cells C and Sc yellow. Supraclypeal area with median ridge rounded or very
bluntly carinate (ﬁg. 2I–K in Shinohara et al., 2008). Female with ovipositor sheath black,basally orange. ..........................................................................A. suspicax Konow, 1908, ♀♂
Thorax with orange areas. .........................................................................................................9Thorax entirely dark brown to black. ......................................................................................10
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous or sparsely ciliate (marginal setae
shorter or slightly longer than width of vein M) as in ﬁg. 2S in Shinohara et al. (2009). Supraclypeal area roundly swollen with top narrowly ﬂattened or very shallowly and narrowly furrowed at middle (ﬁg. 2J, O in Shinohara et al., 2009). ......A. captiva (Smith, 1874), ♀♂ partIn both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu densely and distinctly ciliate (marginal setaemuch longer than width of vein M) as in ﬁg. 1M in Shinohara and Hara (2009). Supraclypeal
area medially distinctly carinate as in ﬁg. 1I, J, L in Shinohara and Hara (2009). .....................
.............................................................................................. A. rejecta (Kirby, 1882), ♀♂ part

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

10(8)
―

11(10)―

12(11)―

13(12)―

14(13)―
15(14)―

16(15)―

95

Mesepisternum with setae brown to black. Hind tibia entirely dark brown to black. Wings distinctly darkened at least on basal two thirds. Flagellum entirely black. .................................11
Mesepisternum with setae white, sometimes yellow or pale brown. Hind tibia basally or
entirely white, yellow or orange (very rarely entirely darkened). Wings clear, yellowish orslightly brownish, at most distinctly darkened below stigma (rarely mostly darkened inmales). Flagellum orange to black. .........................................................................................17
Dorsum of abdomen densely wrinkled with many transverse wrinkles. In female, each ovipositor sheath c-shaped (or reversed c-shaped) with median lobe very long in posterodorsal
view (ﬁg. 9i in Viitasaari, 1990). ..........................................A. berberidis Schrank, 1802, ♀♂
Dorsum of abdomen smooth, weakly rough or sparsely wrinkled; transverse wrinkles absent
or not many. In female, each ovipositor sheath nearly quarter circle or triangular with median
lobe very short in posterodorsal view (ﬁg. 3B, C in Hara and Shinohara, 2008b). ................12
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu densely ciliate as in ﬁg. 1M in Shinohara andHara (2009). Supraclypeal area with longitudinal median carina as in ﬁg. 1I, J, L in Shinohara
and Hara (2009). ......................................................................................................................13
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous or sparsely ciliate (ﬁg. 3P in Haraand Shinohara, 2008b). Supraclypeal area without median carina, rounded or roundly swollen
with nearly ﬂattened top (ﬁg. 3I, J in Hara and Shinohara, 2008b; ﬁg. 2J, O in Shinohara etal., 2009). ................................................................................................................................15
Supraclypeal area and clypeus with inconspicuous punctures. In female, each ovipositor
sheath longer than wide in posterodorsal view. In male, valviceps with very small dorsal convexity at apex. .....................................................................A. gracilicornis (Klug, 1814), ♀♂
Supraclypeal area and clypeus with distinct punctures. In female, each ovipositor sheath
about as long as or shorter than wide in posterodorsal view. In male, valviceps with large dorsal lobe at apex. .......................................................................................................................14
Clypeus distinctly convex, usually rough between puncturess, with brassy, bronze or purple
reﬂection. ....................................................................................................A. rejecta, ♀♂ part
Clypeus slightly convex, smooth between punctures, with blue reﬂection. ................................
....................................................................... A. similis (Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1860), ♀♂
Fore wing gradually becoming paler apically (ﬁg. 2G–M in Shinohara et al., 2009). In bothwings, margin between veins Rs and Cu usually sparsely ciliate as in ﬁg. 2S in Shinohara etal. (2009). Supraclypeal area roundly swollen with top narrowly ﬂattened or very shallowly
and narrowly furrowed at middle (ﬁg. 2J, O in Shinohara et al., 2009). ....................................
.............................................................................................A. captiva (Smith, 1874), ♀♂ part
Fore wing usually abruptly becoming paler beyond stigma (ﬁg. 1A, B, E in Hara and Shinohara, 2008b). In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous (ﬁg. 2P in Hara andShinohara, 2008b). Supraclypeal area medially rounded (ﬁg. 2I, J in Hara and Shinohara,
2008b). .....................................................................................................................................16
Fore wing with crossvein 3r-m usually subparallel or weakly converging anteriorly withcrossvein 2r-m (ﬁg. IV in Fenili, 1981). In female, subanal area mostly brown to dark brown.
Male genitalia with basiparameres widely in contact with each other from base to near apex inventral view; valviceps with large dorsal lobe near apex (ﬁg. XI in Fenili, 1981). ....................
......................................................................................................A. enodis (Linné, 1767), ♀♂
Fore wing with crossvein 3r-m usually diverging anteriorly with crossvein 2r-m (ﬁg. 1A, B, E
in Hara and Shinohara, 2008b). In female, subanal area yellow, rarely narrowly darkened (ﬁg.
1D in Hara and Shinohara, 2008b). Male genitalia with basiparameres narrowly in contact

96

17(10)―
18(17)―
19(17)―
20(19)―

21(19)―
22(21)―
23(22)―
24(23)―
25(24)―
26(25)―

H. Hara and A. Shinohara

with each other at base in ventral view; valviceps without dorsal lobe (ﬁg. 5C–F in Hara andShinohara, 2008b). ................................................................ A. pullata (Zaddach, 1859), ♀♂
Head, thorax and abdomen with coppery reﬂection. ...............................................................18
Head, thorax and abdomen with blue or colorless reﬂection. .................................................19
Abdominal terga densely wrinkled (ﬁg. 5E, F in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Hind tibia yellowish white, apically dark brown; hind tarsus yellow brown, apically black. ..........................
............................................................................... A. impolita Hara and Shinohara, 2014, ♀♂
Abdominal terga smooth (ﬁgs. 1, 2 in Hara and Shinohara, 2008a). Hind tibia and tarsus
orange; hind tibia basally pale yellow. .....................A. aenea Hara and Shinohara, 2008, ♀♂
Hind tibia and tarsus entirely pale yellow to orange, sometimes hind tarsus slightly darkened
apically. [Head, thorax and abdomen with colorless or very faint blue reﬂection. Interantennal
carinae dorsally separated from each other. Flagellum dark brown to black. Fore wing withveins C and Sc entirely yellow; in both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous.] .20
Hind tibia apically darkened (very rarely entirely darkened), and hind tarsus apically or
entirely darkened. ....................................................................................................................21
Interantennal carinae dorsally straight or slightly curved medially and widely separated fromeach other (ﬁgs. 2B, H, 3B, E in Hara and Shinohara, 2014b). In male, apex of valviceps withlarge lateral lobe (ﬁg. 6 in Hara and Shinohara, 2014b). ...... A. dimidiata (Fallén, 1808), ♀♂
Interantennal carinae dorsally distinctly curved medially and narrowly separated from eachother (rarely straight in male) (ﬁg. 2B, E in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). In male, apex ofvalviceps slightly and roundly convex laterally (ﬁg. 6A–C in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). .......
............................................................................. A. solowiyofka (Matsumura, 1911), ♀♂ part
Clypeus marked with pale brown ventrally or ventrolaterally (ﬁg. 1G, H in Shinohara andHara, 2012). [Flagellum orange. Interantennal carinae dorsally separated from each other. In
both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous. In female, hind femur basally white.]................................................................................ A. cerasus Shinohara and Hara, 2012, ♀♂
Clypeus entirely black (very rarely slightly brownish ventrolaterally). ..................................22
Clypeus mostly ﬂattened or nearly so, and black with blue or colorless reﬂection (rarely ventrolaterally brownish). Labrum dark brown to black with purple or brassy reﬂection. [Flagellum orange, rarely dark brown. Interantennal carinae dorsally separated from each other. In
both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous.] ...... A. hakusana Togashi, 1997, ♀♂
Clypeus more or less convex. Coloration of clypeus and labrum not as above. .....................23
Female. ....................................................................................................................................24
Male. ........................................................................................................................................37
Abdomen with white, yellow or orange areas. ........................................................................25
Abdomen without distinct pale areas, at most posterior margins of terga and sterna narrowly
yellow. .....................................................................................................................................27
Abdomen white to yellow on lateral areas of basal terga. ...........................................................
.........................................................................................A. suzukii (Matsumura, 1912), ♀ part
Abdomen yellow to orange on middle segments. ...................................................................26
Head, thorax and abdomen with distinct blue reﬂection. Fore and mid tibiae darkened, sometimes partly whitish. Abdomen orange on middle segments. ......................................................
............................................................................A. longicornis Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1927, ♀
Head, thorax and abdomen with nearly colorless reﬂection. Fore and mid tibiae mostly
creamy white. Abdomen pale yellow to creamy white (rarely orange) on middle segments. .....
......................................................................................................A. mali (Uchiyama, 1906), ♀

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

97

27(24) Hypopygium with posterior margin strongly convex and medially deeply incised (ﬁg. 2I in
Shinohara et al., 2011b). ....................................... A. meliosmae Shinohara and Hara, 2011, ♀
―Hypopygium with posterior margin nearly straight, sometimes medially slightly convex orconcave (ﬁg. 1G, H in Shinohara and Hara, 2013). ................................................................28
28(27) Fore wing with indistinct small dark marking below stigma (ﬁg. 1A, D in Hara and Shinohara, 2013). [Head, thorax and abdomen with blue reﬂection. Flagellum black. Wings clear
hyaline. Supraclypeal area with median ridge rounded, rarely very bluntly carinate. In bothwings, margin between veins Rs and Cu sparsely ciliate.] ..........................................................
.............................................................................. A. takanebara Hara and Shinohara, 2013, ♀
―Fore wing with distinct dark marking below stigma. ..............................................................29
29(28) In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu sparsely or densely ciliate, with marginal glabrous area narrower than width of vein M and/or marginal setae longer than width of vein M(ﬁg. 2P in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a; ﬁg. 2M in Hara and Shinohara, 2012b). Supraclypeal
area with median ridge distinctly carinate (ﬁg. 2C in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a). ..............30―
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous, with marginal glabrous area wider
than width of vein M and/or marginal setae shorter than width of vein M (ﬁg. 3M in Hara etal., 2012). Supraclypeal area with median ridge rounded or bluntly carinate (ﬁg. 3F–H in
Hara et al., 2012). ....................................................................................................................33
30(29) Ovipositor sheath in posterodorsal view about as long as or shorter than wide with apex narrowly rounded (ﬁg. 2C, D in Shinohara and Hara, 2008). [Lancet with middle annuli ventrally
curved anteriorly, and serrulae convex (ﬁgs. 3, 4 in Shinohara and Hara, 2008).] ......................
.........................................................................................................................A. suzukii, ♀ part―
Ovipositor sheath in posterodorsal view longer than wide with apex rounded or pointed. ....31
31(30) Ovipositor sheath in posterodorsal view rounded apically (ﬁg. 3A in Hara and Shinohara,
2012b). [Lancet with middle annuli straight; serrulae convex but posterior serrulae slightly
convex or nearly ﬂat (ﬁg. 3F–K in Hara and Shinohara, 2012b).] ...............................................
................................................................................... A. aruncus Hara and Shinohara, 2012, ♀
―Ovipositor sheath in posterodorsal view pointed apically. ......................................................32
32(31) Ovipositor sheath in lateral view nearly pointed apically (ﬁg. 3D in Hara and Shinohara,
2012a). In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu sparsely ciliate, with marginal setae
slightly longer than width of vein M (ﬁg. 2P in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a). Lancet not serrate on ventral margin, with middle annuli arched and convex anteriorly (ﬁg. 3H in Hara andShinohara, 2012a). ................................................ A. enkianthus Hara and Shinohara, 2012, ♀
―Ovipositor sheath in lateral view narrowly rounded apically (ﬁg. 2O, Q in Shinohara andHara, 2013). In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu distinctly ciliate, with marginal
setae about 2× as long as width of vein M (ﬁg. 2M in Shinohara and Hara, 2013). Lancet distinctly serrate on ventral margin, with middle annuli oblique with ventral ends located apicalto dorsal ends (ﬁg. 3C in Shinohara and Hara, 2013). ................................................................
...................................................................................A. naokoae Shinohara and Hara, 2013, ♀
33(29) Smaller species, length 6.5–9.5 mm. Antenna length 1.0–1.2× head width. Ovipositor sheathin posterodorsal view with basal sunken area large, more than 1/3 as long as ovipositor
sheath, and lateral margin gently rounded (ﬁg. 4A–C in Hara et al., 2012). Fore wing withvein C usually darkened on basal anterior margin. Hind femur sometimes basally white. In
lancet, middle annuli straight and oblique with ventral ends located posterior to dorsal ends
(ﬁg. 5 in Hara et al., 2012). [Head, thorax and abdomen with nearly colorless or faint blue
reﬂection.]...................................................................... A. obesa Hara and Shinohara, 2012, ♀

98―

34(33)―

35(34)―
36(35)―

37(23)―

38(37)―

H. Hara and A. Shinohara

Larger species, length 8.0–13.0 mm. Antenna length 1.4–1.7× head width. Ovipositor sheathin posterodorsal view with basal sunken area usually small, at most 1/3 as long as ovipositor
sheath, if larger, lateral margin straight or slightly concave apically. Fore wing with vein C
entirely yellow. Hind femur entirely black. In lancet, middle annuli not as above. ................34
Head, thorax and abdomen with nearly colorless or very faint blue reﬂection. Ovipositor
sheath in posterodorsal view with lateral margin rounded; each sheath shorter than wide (ﬁg.
3B, D in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). [Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal terga
almost smooth between punctures. Glabrous area around median ocellus wide, about 1/3 aswide as median ocellus (ﬁg. 2B in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). In lancet, middle annuli nearlystraight and slightly oblique with ventral ends located anterior to dorsal ends, sometimes dorsally slightly curved posteriorly (ﬁg. 4 in Hara and Shinohara, 2016).] ......................................
.................................................................................................................A. solowiyofka, ♀ part
Head, thorax and abdomen with conspicuous blue reﬂection. Ovipositor sheath in posterodorsal view with lateral margin straight or slightly concave (ﬁg. 6 in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a);
if lateral margin rounded apically, each sheath about as long as wide or slightly longer thanwide. ........................................................................................................................................35
Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal terga distinctly and densely wrinkled (ﬁg. 5C in
Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). In lancet, middle annuli straight and oblique with ventral ends
located anterior to dorsal ends (ﬁg. 8 in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). [Glabrous area aroundmedian ocellus wide, about 1/3 as wide as median ocellus (ﬁg. 3F in Hara and Shinohara,
2014a); frontal area not or slightly raised anterolaterally.] ..........................................................
................................................................................. A. aciculata Hara and Shinohara, 2014, ♀
Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal terga almost smooth between punctures (ﬁg. 5A
in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). In lancet, middle annuli not straight. ....................................36
Glabrous area around median ocellus narrow, less than 1/3 as wide as median ocellus (ﬁg. 3B
in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Frontal area not or slightly raised anterolaterally. In lancet,
middle annuli dorsally curved posteriorly and ventrally curved anteriorly or straight (ﬁg. 7 inHara and Shinohara, 2014a). ............................................................A. jonasi (Kirby, 1882), ♀
Glabrous area around median ocellus wide, about 1/3 as wide as median ocellus (ﬁg. 2H in
Hara and Shinohara, 2016). Frontal area strongly raised anterolaterally. In lancet, middle
annuli arched and convex anteriorly (ﬁg. 5 in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). ................................
................................................................................................ A. kobayashii Takeuchi, 1931, ♀
Interantennal carinae sharp throughout, fused with each other dorsally (ﬁg. 2G in Shinohara
and Hara, 2013). In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu ciliate. Genitalia in ventral
view with basiparameres in contact with each other only basally; valviceps with or without
setae. ........................................................................................................................................38
Interantennal carinae blunt at least dorsally, fused with or separated from each other dorsally.
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu ciliate or glabrous. Genitalia in ventral view
with basiparameres in contact with each other basally or nearly throughout; valviceps without
setae. ........................................................................................................................................39
Fore wing with obscure dark marking below stigma (ﬁg. 1D in Shinohara and Hara, 2013).
Flagellum black. Valviceps with setae and small dorsal lobe at apex (ﬁg. 5 in Shinohara andHara, 2013). .........................................................................................................A. naokoae, ♂
Fore wing with distinct dark marking below stigma (ﬁg. 1C in Shinohara and Hara, 2008).
Flagellum orange to black. Valviceps without setae, with long dorsal lobe at apex (ﬁg. 5 in
Shinohara and Hara, 2008). ................................................................................... A. suzukii, ♂

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

99

39(37) In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu sparsely or densely ciliate, with marginal glabrous area narrower than width of vein M and/or marginal setae much longer than width ofvein M (ﬁg. 2P in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a; ﬁg. 2M in Hara and Shinohara, 2012b). .......40―
In both wings, margin between veins Rs and Cu glabrous, with marginal glabrous area notnarrower than width of vein M and/or marginal setae shorter than or slightly longer thanwidth of vein M (ﬁg. 3M in Hara et al., 2012). .......................................................................45
40(39) Head, thorax and abdomen with vivid blue reﬂection. Valviceps with very long dorsal lobe
arising near apex and curved anteriorly (ﬁg. 5 in Shinohara et al., 2011b). Wings distinctly
brownish. [Supraclypeal area with median ridge bluntly carinate. Genitalia in ventral view
with basiparameres in contact with each other only basally and each with same width
throughout (ﬁg. 5A, B in Shinohara et al., 2011a).]......................................... A. meliosmae, ♂
―Head, thorax and abdomen with colorless or blue reﬂection. Valviceps with dorsal lobe nearly
erect or without dorsal lobe. Wings clear hyaline, yellowish, or slightly or distinctly brownish.
..................................................................................................................................................41
41(40) Genitalia in ventral view with basiparameres scarcely or very narrowly separated from eachother apically (ﬁg. 5B in Hara and Shinohara, 2013). .............................................................42―
Genitalia in ventral view with basiparameres widely separated from each other apically (ﬁg.
5B–D in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a). ....................................................................................43
42(41) Head, thorax and abdomen with blue reﬂection. In genitalia in dorsal view, harpe widest at
apical 1/3 and longer than wide, and valviceps with large lateral lobe at apex and apex truncate (ﬁg. 5 in Hara and Shinohara, 2013). ......................................................A. takanebara, ♂
―Head, thorax and abdomen with colorless or faint blue reﬂection. In genitalia in dorsal view,
harpe widest near base and about as long as wide, and valviceps gently rounded on lateral
margin, without lateral lobe and with apex pointed. ................................................. A. mali, ♂
43(41) Genitalia in ventral view with harpe about as long as basiparamere; valviceps apically withlong dorsal lobe (ﬁg. 4 in Hara and Shinohara, 2012b). ..................................... A. aruncus, ♂
―Genitalia in ventral view with harpe shorter than basiparamere; valviceps without dorsal lobe.
..................................................................................................................................................44
44(43) Valviceps in dorsal view very narrow in apical half, wide in basal half (ﬁg. 5 in Hara and Shinohara, 2012a). ................................................................................................A. enkianthus, ♂
―Valviceps in dorsal view distinctly roundly convex laterally in apical half (ﬁg. 5 in Shinohara
et al., 2012). ....................................................................................................A. longicornis, ♂
45(39) Antenna length less than 1.8× head width. Subgenital plate in ventral view with posterior
margin apically widely truncate or concave (ﬁg. 6D, N in Hara et al., 2012). Genitalia in ventral view with basiparameres widely separated from each other apically and apex of basiparamere about as wide as base of harpe (ﬁg. 6A–H in Hara et al., 2012). [Head, thorax and abdomen with nearly colorless or faint blue reﬂection. Valviceps with dorsal lobe near apex (ﬁg. 6
in Hara et al., 2012).] ..............................................................................................A. obesa, ♂
―Antenna length usually more than 1.8× head width. Subgenital plate in ventral view withposterior margin apically rounded or narrowly truncate (ﬁg. 6A, E in Hara and Shinohara,2016) (very rarely concave). Genitalia in ventral view with basiparameres scarcely or very
narrowly separated from each other apically and apex of basiparamere wider than base of
harpe (ﬁg. 6A, E in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). .....................................................................46
46(45) Head, thorax and abdomen with nearly colorless or very faint blue reﬂection. Genitalia inventral view with harpe pointed apically and much narrower than basiparamere (ﬁg. 6A in
Hara and Shinohara, 2016). [Antenna more than twice as long as head width. Glabrous area

100

―

47(46)―

48(47)―

49(1)―50(49)―
51(50)―
52(51)―
53(52)―
54(53)―

H. Hara and A. Shinohara

around median ocellus more than 1/3 as wide as median ocellus. Valviceps in dorsal view
weakly convex laterally at apex (ﬁg. 6A in Hara and Shinohara, 2016).] ...................................
.................................................................................................................A. solowiyofka, ♂ part
Head, thorax and abdomen with distinct blue reﬂection. Genitalia in ventral view with harperounded or bluntly pointed apically and narrower than or as wide as basiparamere (ﬁg. 10 inHara and Shinohara, 2014a; ﬁg. 6E in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). .......................................47
Antenna more than twice as long as head width. In genitalia, harpe widest around middle inventral view; valviceps with large lateral lobe at apex and apex nearly truncate in dorsal view(ﬁg. 6E in Hara and Shinohara, 2016). [Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal tergasmooth between punctures. Glabrous area around median ocellus more than 1/3 as wide as
median ocellus. Wings nearly clear hyaline.] ...................................................A. kobayashii, ♂
Antenna at most twice as long as head width. In genitalia, harpe widest around basal third ornear base in ventral view; valviceps with dorsal extension at apical third and apex pointed in
dorsal view (ﬁg. 10 in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). ...............................................................48
Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal terga distinctly and densely wrinkled (ﬁg. 5D in
Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Glabrous area around median ocellus more than 1/3 as wide as
median ocellus (ﬁg. 3H in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Wings nearly clear hyaline. ................
............................................................................................................................ A. aciculata, ♂
Dorsal surfaces of ﬁfth to seventh abdominal terga mostly smooth between punctures (ﬁg. 5B
in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Glabrous area around median ocellus less than 1/3 as wide as
median ocellus (ﬁg. 3D in Hara and Shinohara, 2014a). Wings distinctly brownish or yellowish. .......................................................................................................................... A. jonasi, ♂
Fore wing with cells C and Sc black. Flagellum black. Legs entirely black. ..............................
........................................................................... S. nigricornis Hara and Shinohara, 2006, ♀♂
Fore wing with cells C and Sc clear or yellowish. Flagellum orange, rarely dark brown. Legs
white to yellow at least on basal part of hind tibia. .................................................................50
Interantennal carinae dorsally separated from each other (ﬁg. 4f, h in Hara and Shinohara,2006). Setae on vein C of forewing yellow. ....S. ﬂavicostalis Hara and Shinohara, 2006, ♀♂
Interantennal carinae dorsally fused with each other (ﬁg. 3 in Hara and Shinohara, 2006) ornearly so, rarely separated from each other. Setae on vein C of fore wing black. ..................51
Female. ....................................................................................................................................52
Male. .................................................................................................species not distinguishable
Lancet not serrate on ventral margin (ﬁg. 9D in Hara and Shinohara, 2006). ............................
......................................................................................S. pumila Hara and Shinohara, 2006, ♀
Lancet distinctly serrate on ventral margin (ﬁg. 9A–C in Hara and Shinohara, 2006). ..........53
Lancet with serrulae apically rounded (ﬁg. 9B in Hara and Shinohara, 2006). ..........................
.................................................................................S. prunivora Hara and Shinohara, 2006, ♀
Lancet with serrulae apically angulated (ﬁg. 9A, C in Hara and Shinohara, 2006). ...............54
Lancet with aulax (dark line along dorsal margin) straight at middle and apical parts, sometimes slightly curved down apically. Serrulae relatively low (ﬁg. 9C in Hara and Shinohara,
2006; ﬁg. 4 in Shinohara and Hara, 2010). .................. S. afﬁnis Hara and Shinohara, 2006, ♀
Lancet with aulax slightly arched and convex dorsally at middle and apical parts. Serrulae relatively high (ﬁg. 9A in Hara and Shinohara, 2006; ﬁg. 5 in Shinohara and Hara, 2010). ..........
............................................................................................... S. fulvicornis (Mocsáry, 1909), ♀

Remarks. The above key contains all the spe-

cies of Arge (30 species) and Spinarge (six spe-

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IVcies) which we have recognized in Japan throughour revisionary works since 2006. It does notinclude two species of Arge recorded from southern Kuril Islands by Sundukov (2015), A. fuscipes fuscipes (Fallén, 1808) from Shikotan and A.
ustulata Linné, 1758 from Kunashiri (for therecord of the latter species from Japan, see also
Hara and Shinohara, 2017). In the above key, A.
fuscipes fuscipes runs to the couplet 33 in thefemale and to A. kobayashii in the male, but thefemale of A. fuscipes fuscipes is distinguishedfrom the females of the other species containedin the couplets 33–36 by the combination of the
distinct blue reﬂection on the head, thorax andabdomen, the antenna with the length 1.4–1.7×
the head width, the clear wings with a conspicuous dark spot below the stigma, the black vein Cof the fore wing, and the small basal sunken areaof the ovipositor sheath, and the male of A. fuscipes fuscipes is distinguished from the male of A.
kobayashii by the black vein C of the fore wing.
Arge fuscipes fuscipes is quite similar to A.
kobayashii and they are separated only by thecolor of the vein C (see also Hara and Shinohara,2016). Arge ustulata goes to the couplet 19 but
does not perfectly agree with both halves. Arge
ustulata has the hind tibia yellow and apicallyorange and the hind tarsus yellow and apicallyorange to black, and the head, thorax and abdomen with distinct blue reﬂection. It is also characterized by the yellow stigma with its basal
fourth to three fourths brown and the yellow tobrown wing veins.
As discussed by Shinohara and Hara (2007),
A. simillima (Smith, 1874) is very closely similar
to A. berberidis Schrank, 1802. We are not able
to separate the two species clearly and A. simillima is not included in the key above.
We consider that the following three species
described from Japan are invalid: A. compar
Konow, 1900, A. disparilis (Kirby, 1882) and A.
imitator Takeuchi, 1939.
Arge compar Konow, 1900 was describedfrom Japan (“Yokohama”) and China. Konow(1900) stated for this species that “Der A. similis
Vollenh. sehr ähnlich und bisher offenbar damit

101

verwechselt”. Takeuchi (1932, 1939) regarded it
as a junior synonym of A. similis without seeing
the type material. On the other hand, Gussakovskij (1935), Wei et al. (2006) and Taeger etal. (2010) treated A. compar as a valid species.
We here follow Takeuchiʼs synonymy, because
the speciﬁc characters of A. compar stated by
Konow (1900) and Gussakovskij (1935) fallunder the intraspeciﬁc variations of A. similis. A
detailed study on the type material, however, will
be needed to verify the synonymy.
Arge disparilis (Kirby, 1882) is a replacement
name for Hylotoma humeralis Smith, 1874,
described from “Hiogo, Japan”. Takeuchi (1932,
1939) synonymized this species with A. nigronodosa (Motschulsky, 1860) described from Russian Far East. On the other hand, Gussakovskij(1935), Lelej and Taeger (2007), Taeger et al.
(2010) and Sundukov and Lelej (2012) treated it
as a valid species. Shinohara and Hara (2007)
examined the lectotype of H. humeralis, andaccepted the synonymy of these two species.
Arge nigronodosa shows a very wide intraspeciﬁc variation in the coloration of thorax asstated by Takeuchi (1932, 1939). Naito (1983)
studied the genetic basis for this large color variation.
Wei et al. (1998), Wei et al. (2006) and Taeger
et al. (2010) regarded A. rejecta var. imitator
Takeuchi, 1939 described from Japan as a distinct species, A. imitator. However, A. rejecta
var. imitator is conspeciﬁc with A. rejecta (Kirby,1882) (see also under Arge rejecta below).
There are the records of “Arge metallica(Klug, 1834)” [＝Spinarge metallica] and A.
hasegawae Takeuchi, 1927 from Japan, but those
have been excluded from Japanese fauna by Haraand Shinohara (2006) and Shinohara et al.
(2011a) respectively.
Arge rejecta (Kirby, 1882)
Hylotoma humeralis Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1860: 129.
A junior primary homonym of Hylotoma humeralis
Palisot de Beauvois, 1809.
Hylotoma ephippiata Smith, 1874: 375. A junior primaryhomonym of Hylotoma ephippiata Klug, 1834.

102

H. Hara and A. Shinohara

Hylotoma rejecta Kirby, 1882: 62. A replacement namefor Hylotoma ephippiata Smith, 1874 (not Klug,
1834).
Arge simillima: Takeuchi, 1932: 33 (part); Taeger et al.,
2010: 139 (part). Not Smith, 1874.
Arge simillima var. rejecta: Takeuchi, 1932: 33.
Arge simillima var. asahi Takeuchi, 1932: 34.
Arge rejecta: Takeuchi, 1939: 405; Naito et al., 2004: 12;
Shinohara and Hara, 2007: 128, 130, 131.
Arge rejecta var. asahi: Takeuchi, 1939: 406; Abe andTogashi, 1989: 543.
Arge rejecta var. imitator Takeuchi, 1939: 406; Abe andTogashi, 1989: 543.
?Arge imitator: Wei et al., 1998: 313; Wei and Wen, 2002:
423; Wei et al., 2006: 514; Taeger et al., 2010: 131.

Material examined. Syntype of Hylotoma
ephippiata Smith, 1874: ♀, “Type H. T.”“B.M.TYPE, HYM. 1.70” “H. rejecta Type” “H.
rejecta Kb. 1882＝ephippiata Smith nec Klug,
1834” “Hiogo, Japan” “T 4/16” “Hylotoma ephippiata, Type / Smith”, kept in the Natural History
Museum, London (see also Shinohara and Hara,
2007). Holotype of Arge rejecta var. imitator
Takeuchi, 1939: ♀, “30, v, 1915 Minomo Takeuchi” “HOLOTYPE Arge simillima imitator
Takeuchi D. R. Smith”.
HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀, Tokachi, Shintoku, Shintoku, 5. VII. 2012, H. Hara; 1 ♂, Bibai, Koshunai, coll. larva on Rubus parvifolius 10. VII.
2004, coc. 28. VII., em. 5. IV. 2005, H. Hara;
1 ♀, “5. 22 Sapporo Matsum”, kept in Hokkaido
University, Sapporo; 1 ♀, Iburi, Hobetsu, 1.
VIII. 1983; 1 ♀ (HH070709E), Iburi, Hobetsu,
Fukuyama, 9. VII. 2007, laid egg on Rubus crataegifolius in cage, H. Hara; 1 ♀, offspring of
HH070709E; 1 ♀, Oshima, Kikonai, 12. VII.
1976, T. Kumata, kept in Hokkaido University,
Sapporo.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Smith, 1874), Sadogashima Is. (Okutani,1973), Awajishima Is. (Naito et al., 2004), Shikoku (Takeuchi, 1939), Kyushu (Takeuchi, 1932),
Tsushima Is. (Okutani, 1974), Tanegashima Is.
(Nagase, 2012), Yakushima Is. (Takeuchi, 1932).
?China: Henan (Wei et al., 1998).
Remarks. Arge rejecta var. imitator Takeuchi, 1939 was described from Honshu, Shikoku

and Kyushu, Japan. The original description does
not unambiguously reveal that the name imitator
was proposed for an infrasubspeciﬁc entity, andaccordingly the name is regarded as subspeciﬁc(Article 45.6.4, ICZN, 1999).
Wei et al. (1998) is probably the ﬁrst paper
which treated imitator as a full species. Theylisted this taxon as “Arge imitator Takeuchi”
without any comments and this was the ﬁrst
record of “A. imitator” from China. Wei and Wen(2002), Wei et al. (2006) and Taeger et al. (2010)
followed their treatment. We consider these two
taxa conspeciﬁc after examining a syntype ofHylotoma ephippiata Smith, 1874 [＝Arge
rejecta] and the holotype of Arge rejecta var. imitator. Identity of the Chinese specimens of “A.
imitator” (Wei et al., 1998; Wei and Wen, 2002)
should be conﬁrmed by further studies.
This species is here recorded from Hokkaido
for the ﬁrst time.
Aproceros mikagei Togashi, 2003
Aproceros mikagei Togashi, 2003b: 59; Taeger et al.,
2010: 160.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♂,Fukagawa, Takadomari, coll. larva on Ulmus
davidiana var. japonica 2. VII. 2012, em. 10.
VII. 2012, H. Hara; 1 ♀, Nopporo, coll. pupa on
Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 29. VI. 1994, em.
6. VIII., S. Suzuki. HONSHU: 1 ♀1 ♂, Tochigi
Pref., Nakagawa, Koisago, coll. cocoons on
Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 31. V. 2012, em.
31. V. – 1. VI., S. Ibuki.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Togashi, 2003b).
Bionomics. Host plants: Ulmaceae: Ulmus
davidiana Planch. var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai(new record).
This sawﬂy is multivoltine. The larva is a solitary leaf feeder, and spins a netted cocoon on aleaf. The netted cocoon is probably a summer
cocoon as in the related A. leucopoda Takeuchi,
1939 (cf. Blank et al., 2010).
Remarks. This species was described from asinglefemalecollected
in“Noshito,

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

Tateiwamura, Fukushima Pref.”, Honshu, and thehost plant was unknown (Togashi, 2003b). The
occurrence in Hokkaido and the host plant arerecorded for the ﬁrst time.
Orussidae
Ophrynopus tosensis(Tosawa and Sugihara, 1934)
Oryssus [sic] tosensis Tosawa and Sugihara, 1934: 1.
Ophrynopus tosensis: Guiglia, 1937: 423; Vilhelmsen etal., 2013: 469.
Orussus tosensis: Takeuchi, 1938: 177.
Stiricorsia [sic] tosensis: Benson, 1938: 8; Tsuneki, 1963:
2; Okutani, 1965: 464; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 560.
Stirocorsia tosensis: Togashi, 2003c: 71; Makihara et al.,2005: 38; Taeger et al., 2010: 62; Choi and Suh, 2011:
268; Nagase, 2012: 74.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀,Kitahiyama, Hiyama, 19. VII. 2000, H. Hara;
1 ♀, Sapporo-shi, Maruyama, 29. VII. 2009, K.
Watanabe.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Tsuneki, 1963), Miyake-jima Is. (Makihara et al., 2005), Shikoku (Tosawa and Sugihara, 1934), Kyushu (Yamagishi, 1980), Yakushima Is. (Togashi, 2003c), Tanega-shima Is.
(Nagase, 2012). Korea (Choi and Shu, 2011).
Remarks. Okutani (1965) referred to theoccurrence of this species in Hokkaido (possibly
erroneously) without publishing any collection
records. The collection records given above represent the ﬁrst deﬁnite distribution records of O.
tosensis from Hokkaido.
Pamphiliidae
Pamphilius confusus Shinohara, 2005
(Fig. 1)

Pamphilius confusus Shinohara, 2005b: 69.
See Shinohara (2005b) for more references.

Bionomics. Host plants: Betulaceae: Alnus
ﬁrma Siebold et Zucc. (new record), A. viridis(Chaix) Lam. et DC. subsp. maximowiczii (Callier) D.Löve (Shinohara, 2005b).

103

Observations on life history: In May, 2018,
Shinohara found one egg (on May 6) and sevenvery small to large larval leaf-rolls (on May 6
and 12), each one on separate leaves of Alnusﬁrma, in Sichiri (about 480 m), Nikko city, Tochigi Prefecture, central Honshu. All the egg,
remains of the egg shells and the larval leaf-rolls
were situated on the upper surface of the leaf
(Fig. 1A–D). Of the seven egg and remains of
the egg shells found, two were located on thesecond side vein from the base of the leaf, threewere on the third side vein (two of them shownin Fig. 1A–C and D, respectively) and two wereon the fourth side vein, all in the basal part of theleaf. On May 8, the egg hatched, and on May 15,
one larva, which was collected in its middle
instar on May 6, reached maturity (Fig. 1I). On
May 15, all the others were still in the feeding
stage (ﬁxed in ethanol on May 18).
Description of the larva. Middle instar (Fig.
1E, F): Head black, with obscure whitish spotnear antenna; antenna creamy white; trunk
creamy white, slightly yellowish, with dorsal andlateral prothoracic ﬁelds, cervical sclerite, baseof coxa and elongate spot just above it, three
spots on dorsum of anal segment, suranal hook,and large spot on venter of anal segment black.
Late instar and mature larva (Fig. 1G–I): Headblack; antenna pale, sclerotized areas blackish
brown; trunk greenish white, with dorsal and lateral prothoracic ﬁelds, cervical sclerite, elongate
spots above legs, and suranal hook dark brown to
black.
Remarks. The Alnus ﬁrma-feeding larvae
from Nikko were identiﬁed with P. confusus
because of their characteristic oviposition andleaf-rolling habits and the host plant. The only
other species known to feed on Alnus ovipositing
and making a leaf-roll on the upper surface of theleaf in Honshu is P. ﬂavipectus Shinohara, 2005
(Shinohara and Kojima, 2006). The late instar
larva of P. ﬂavipectus has a large black spot on
the venter of the anal segment (ﬁg. 1B in Shinohara and Kojima, 2006), which is entirely greenish white in P. confusus (Fig. 1G, H). The two
known host plants of P. ﬂavipectus, A. hirsuta

104

H. Hara and A. ShinoharaFig. 1. Pamphilius confusus. A, Leaf of Alnus ﬁrma with remains of egg shell (left arrow) and very small larva
beginning to make a leaf-roll (right arrow), May 6; B, same leaf with a leaf-roll, May 10; C, same leaf with alarge leaf-roll, May 12; D, another leaf with remains of egg shell and a small leaf-roll, May 12; E, middle
instar larva, May 18; F, another middle instar larva, May 17; G, H, last instar larva, May 18; I, mature larva,
May 18. Photographed by A. Shinohara.

Turcz. and A. matsumurae Call., both belong to
the subgenus Alnus of the genus Alnus. The previously known host plant of P. confusus, A. viri-

dis subsp. maximowiczii, and A. ﬁrma belong to
the subgenus Alnaster of the genus Alnus.
Pamphilius confusus occurs in Hokkaido,

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

Honshu and Shikoku, and the larvae were known
to feed on A. viridis subsp. maximowiczii (Shinohara, 2005b). In Honshu, it has been collected
mostly at the higher altitudes over 1500 meters,
but some adult specimens were found at thelower altitudes (e.g., collection records from
Nippara [lower than 600 m, in Tokyo met.],Asagai [about 950 m in Niigata pref.]) in Honshu
and on Mt. Tsurugisan in Shikoku (Shinohara,
2005b), where A. viridis subsp. maximowiczii
does not occur. Shinohara (2005b) noted “Pamphilius confusus should also feed on another species of Alnus (possibly another species of Alnaster), because Alnus maximowiczii [sic] does notoccur in Shikoku (Ito, 1989), where P. confusus
has been collected” (p. 77).
Tenthredinidae
Euura ulmicola (Togashi, 1998)
Nematus (Pteronidea) ulmicola Togashi, 1998: 21; Taeger
et al., 2010: 427.
Euura ulmicola: Shinohara and Hara, 2015: 176.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 2 ♀1 ♂,Hakodate, Kikyo, coll. 13 gregarious larvae on
Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (HH090810A)
10. VIII. 2009, made cocoon 14–17. VIII., em.
29–30. VIII. 2009, H. Hara.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Togashi, 1998).
Bionomics. Host plant: Ulmaceae: Ulmus
davidiana Planch. var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai(Togashi, 1998, as U. japonica Sargent).
This sawﬂy is probably multivoltine. The larvae feed gregariously on leaves, leaving the petioles.
Remarks. This species was known only fromthe type locality, “Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, Honshu”. It is here recorded from Hokkaido
for the ﬁrst time.

105

Nematinus cuneiformis (Togashi, 1990),
new combination(Fig. 2)

Dineura cuneiformis Togashi, 1990: 107; Taeger et al.,
2010: 400.

Material examined. Holotype: ♀, “Takanegahara, Mt. Taisetsu, Hokkaido, 12. VII. 1985” “Dineura cuneiformis Togashi, n. sp., det. Togashi,
1990” “NEM-10” “HOLOTYPE” “NSMT-I-Hym
No. 23012”.
Remarks. In the key by Prous et al. (2014),
this species does not go to Dineura and only up
to the couplet 26. It has the clypeus 2.6 times aswide as long (Fig. 2C) as in the ﬁrst half of couplet 26, while it has the labrum apically rounded(Fig. 2C) and the antenna about 2.8 times as longas the head width (Fig. 2A) as in the second half.
This species has the malar space 2.0 times aswide as the median ocellus, the clypeus 1.0 times
as long as the torulus, each mandible widely ﬂattened laterobasally, the left mandible tapered
gradually and constantly (Fig. 2D), the inner apical fore tibial spur with a velum (＝ transparent
lamella) (Fig. 2E), the tarsal claw with the inner
tooth shorter than the apical tooth (Fig. 2F), thefore wing with the vein Sc situated before thejoint of veins R and M (Fig. 2A), the female
abdomen with the ninth tergum very large, 3.0
times as long as the eighth tergum at the level ofthe longest part of the ninth tergum (Fig. 2H), theovipositor sheath distinctly widened basally (Fig.
2G), 2.9 times as wide as the apex of the hindtibia, and the lancet stout without ctenidial teeth(Fig. 2H, I). These character states, especially thevery large ninth abdominal tergum and the stout
lancet, show that this species belongs to Nematinus, not to Dineura. Prous et al. (2014) regarded
the large anterior depressed section of metepisternum as a character of Nematinus. The holotype of Dineura cuneiformis has this part widely
covered by the mesopleuron, and therefore its
condition is unknown.
This species is easily separated from othermembers of Nematinus by the presence of acrossvein 2r-rs. However, the venation of the

106

H. Hara and A. ShinoharaFig. 2. Nematinus cuneiformis, holotype, female. A, B, Dorsal and ventral views; C, head, anterior view; D, mandibles, ventral view (above anterior); E, inner apical fore tibial spur; F. tarsal claw; G, H, apex of abdomen,
dorsal and lateral views; I, apex of lancet.

holotype is somewhat abnormal (Fig. 2A). The
presence of a crossvein 2r-rs may possibly be an
unusual condition in this species. If a crossvein
2r-rs is absent, this species runs to N. bensoni
Togashi, 1964 known from Honshu, Japan in the
key to Japanese congeners by Togashi (1991),
but will be distinguished from N. bensoni by thelancet with relatively long serrulae and narrowannuli (compare Fig. 2I with ﬁg. 21 in Togashi,1964).
Nematus yokohamensis (Konow, 1895)
Holcocneme Yokohamensis [sic] Konow, 1895: 54, 56.
Holcocneme yokohamensis: Takeuchi, 1936b: 162.
Nematus yokohamensis: Takeuchi, 1952: 68; Okutani,
1954: 80; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 552; Naito et al.,
2004: 27; Yoshida, 2006: 54.
Nematus yokohamensis yokohamensis: Vikberg, 1972: 30.
Nematus (Paranematus) yokohamensis: Taeger et al.,
2010: 420; Sundukov and Lelej, 2012: 85.

Material examined. Holotype: ♀, “Yokohama” “Coll. Konow” “Holcocneme Yokohamensis Knw. Japonia” “Nematus wahlbergi Th. f.
geogr. yokohamensis Knw. O. Conde det, 1939
Type.” “HOLOTYPUS Nematus y. yokohamensis det. V. Vikberg, 1971 (Konow)” “PR. 308(W)”“Dtsch. Ent. Inst. Eberswalde” “GBIF-GISHym3869” deposited in the Senckenberg Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg.
HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀, Tokachi, Shikaoi, Lake
Shikaribetsu-ko, 25. VII. 1939, K. Takeuchi.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Konow, 1895; Vikberg, 1972), Sadogashima Is. (Takeuchi, 1936b). Korea, Russia(Sakhalin, Russian Far East, Siberia), China, Finland (Sundukov and Lelej, 2012).
Remarks. This species is here recorded from
Hokkaido for the ﬁrst time. The Hokkaido
female is almost identical with the holotype (seeVikberg, 1972 for the distinguishing characters

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

from the related species), although vein C ismostly dark yellow (that of the holotype is darkbrown).
Tenthredo babai Takeuchi, 1936
Tenthredo babai Takeuchi, 1936b: 151; Ishii, 1955: 11;
Seiyama and Tachikawa, 1983: 181; Abe and Togashi,
1989: 556; Shinohara, 2005a: 187.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀, Shimizu, Tokachi, 29. V. 2012, H. Hara.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Ishii, 1955), Sado Is. (Takeuchi, 1936),
Shikoku (Seiyama and Tachikawa, 1983),
Kyushu (Shinohara, 2005a).
Remarks. This species is here recorded from
Hokkaido for the ﬁrst time.
Tenthredo providens Smith, 1874
Tenthredo providens Smith, 1874: 382; Abe and Togashi,
1989: 557; Lee et al., 2000: 148; Hayashi et al., 2013:25.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♂,Shintoku, Tokachi, 7. VI. 2012, H. Hara; 1 ♀,Shintoku, Tokachi, 12. VI. 2012, H. Hara.
Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu, Sadogashima Is., Awashima Is., Shikoku, Kyushu (Abe and Togashi, 1989). Oki
Nishinoshima Is. (Hayashi et al., 2013). Korea(Lee et al., 2000).
Remarks. This species was described from
“North Japan” (Smith, 1874) but has not beenrecorded from Hokkaido. This is the ﬁrst record
from Hokkaido.
Tenthredo rufonotalis Mallach, 1936
Dipteromorpha ussuriensis Malaise, 1931: 103. Preoccupied in Tenthredo by Allantus ussuriensis Mocsáry,
1909 [＝ Tenthredo ussuriensis (Mocsáry, 1909)].
Tenthredo rufonotalis Mallach, 1936: 219.
Propodea ussuriensis: Malaise, 1945: 181; Togashi and
Murota, 1984: 4; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 555.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO:
Bibai, 27. VIII. 1996, H. Hara.

1 ♀,

107

Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (new record),
Honshu (Togashi and Murota, 1984). Russia (Primorskij kraj) (Malaise, 1931), China (Mallach,1936).
Remarks. In Japan, this species was known
to occur only in Honshu (Togashi and Murota,
1984) and this is the ﬁrst distribution record from
Hokkaido.
Xiphydriidae
Hyperxiphia nakanishii (Takeuchi, 1938)
Euxiphydria leucopoda var. nakanishii Takeuchi, 1938:
185.
Hyperxiphia nakanishii: Maa, 1949: 40; Abe and Togashi,
1989: 559; Taeger et al., 2010: 114; Smith and Shinohara, 2011: 7.
Platyxiphydria saitoi Togashi, 2003a: 55; Taeger et al.,
2010: 119. New synonymy.

Material examined. Holotype of Platyxiphydria saitoi Togashi, 2003: ♀, “Happogahara,
Yaita-shi [Tochigi Pref.], 20. VI. 1976, T. Saito”“Holotype Platyxiphydria saitoi new species”.
HONSHU: 1 ♀, Dodaira [ca. 1200 m, Tanzawa Mts., Kanagawa Pref.], 18. VII. 1993, T.
Kinoshita; 1 ♀, Kamikochi [ca. 1500 m, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano Pref.], 27. VII. 1953, O. Sato.
Distribution. Japan (Honshu).
Remarks. Platyxiphydria
saitoiwasdescribed from one female collected in Tochigi
Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. The holotype
does not belong to the genus Platyxiphydria,
because the upper part of the head is mostly
smooth and the hindwing has a closed middle
cell Rs. Further study has shown that the specimen is not distinguishable from the holotype of
Euxiphydria leucopoda var. nakanishii Takeuchi,
1938, which is now treated as a good species in
the genus Hyperxiphia (Maa, 1949; Smith andShinohara, 2011). Here we propose to treat
Platyxiphydria saitoi Togashi, 2003 as a juniorsynonym of Euxiphydria leucopoda var. nakanishii Takeuchi, 1938 (see ﬁgs. 7–12 in Smith andShinohara, 2011, for images of the holotype).

108

H. Hara and A. Shinohara

Xiphydria annulitibia Takeuchi, 1936
Xiphydria annulitibia Takeuchi, 1936a: 55; Takeuchi,
1938: 182; Miyatake, 1950: 38; Watanabe, 1956: 9;
Abe and Togashi, 1989: 559; Taeger et al., 2010: 119;
Sundukov and Lelej, 2012: 114; Sundukov, 2015: 253.
Euxiphydria amphybolia Sundukov, in Sundukov and Lelej,
2012: 115; Sundukov, 2015: 252. New synonymy.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀, Sapporo-shi, Moiwa, 31. VII. 2000, T. Nambu; 1 ♀,Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido University, 7. VII. 2007,
on Ulmus pumila, H. Hara; 1 ♀, Sapporo-shi,
Chuo-ku, Mt. Maruyama, 2. VIII. 2016, K.
Kuroda; 1 ♀, Sapporo-shi, Kita-ku, Hokkaido
University, 30. VII. 2016, K. Kuroda. HONSHU:
Saitama Pref.: 1 ♀, Kenritsu Green School,
Ootaki, Chichibu, 13–14. VII. 2002, YPT, T.
Nambu. Tokyo Met.: 1 ♀, Imperial Palace, Chiyoda-ku, 22. V.–18. VI. 1997, in pheromone trap,
A. Saito; 1 ♀, Kajuen, Fukiage-gyoen, Imperial
Palace, Chiyoda, 9–16. VI. 2009, Malaise trap;
1 ♀, Institute for Nature Study, Minato-ku, 11.
VI. 1999, Y. Arita & U. Jinbo. Kanagawa Pref.:2 ♀, Higashiikuta, Kawasaki, 5–18. VI. 2003,
pheromone trap; 3 ♀, same data, kept in
Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara; 1 ♀, Hadano city, Mt. Koubouyama (40–211 m), N35.22/E139.14, 28. V. 2016,
K. Watanabe; 1 ♀, “No” (＝Nokendai), Yuguhiroba, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 25. V. 1995,
K. Kubo. Nagano Pref.: 1 ♀, Minoto, 1750–
2000 m, 35.59N 138.20E, Yatsugatake Mts., 31.
VII.–1. VIII. 2005, A. Shinohara. Hyogo Pref.:2 ♀, Akazai, 25. VI. 1978, M. Toyama. Tottori
Pref.: 1 ♀, Daisen, Hoki, 1. VII. 1931, M. Tokunaga.
Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, KunashiriIs., Honshu, Shikoku). Russia (Sakhalin, Primorskij kraj).
Remarks. This species was described from
Sakhalin, Russia (Takeuchi, 1936a). It was later
recorded from Honshu (Takeuchi, 1938), Shikoku (Miyatake, 1950), and Hokkaido (Watanabe, 1956), Japan.
Euxiphydria amphybolia Sundukov, in Sundukov & Lelej, 2012, was described from Primorskij kraj (Lazo) and Sakhalin, Russia. The origi-

nal description of E. amphybolia agrees wellwith X. annulitibia, including the features of thelabial and maxillary palpi. One apparent discrepancy may be that the dark part of the tibia is“ryzhiye” (Sundukov and Lelej, 2012, p. 115,
meaning “red” or “ginger”) in E. amphybolia,
while it is “pale brown” (Takeuchi, 1936a, p. 55)
in the holotype of X. annulitibia from Sakhalin.
In Japanese specimens examined, the dark part of
the tibia is brown to black. Here we treat the two
taxa as synonyms.
Xiphydria kastsheevi Ermolenko, 1979
Xiphydria kastsheevi Ermolenko, 1979: 129; Taeger et al.,
2010: 119; Sundukov and Lelej, 2012: 114.

Material examined. HOKKAIDO: 1 ♀, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Malaise trap, 27. VIII.–3.
IX. 2003, K. Konishi; 1 ♀, Bibai, Koshunai, 13.
IX. 2013, H. Hara. HONSHU: 1 ♀, Take, foot of
Mt. Hayachine, Iwate Prefecture, 8. VII. 1967, R.
Ishikawa.
Distribution. Japan (new record): Hokkaido,
Honshu. Russia (Primorsky Krai).
Remarks. Xiphydria
kastsheevi
wasdescribed from one female collected in Chuguevsky District of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The
three Japanese specimens examined generally
agree with the original description and the ﬁgures given by Ermolenko (1979). However, theJapanese specimens have the ventral part offrons, the median part of clypeus and the lateralparts of 2nd and 3rd abdominal terga also
marked with creamy white, and the antennae
with 15–17 antennomeres. The color of the ventral part of frons and the median part of clypeus
in the holotype was not clearly mentioned in theoriginal description. The 2nd and 3rd abdominal
terga have no pale areas laterally and the antennae have 15 antennomeres in the holotype. These
differences are considered within a range of individual or geographical variations.
Xiphydria kastsheevi, thus understood here,
resembles X. annulitibia Takeuchi, 1938, among
the Japanese congeners, but is separated from thelatter as follows (character states in X. annu-

Taxonomic Notes and New Records in Japanese Symphyta IV

litibia in brackets): clypeus, supraclypeal area,malar space, and lower part (often most) of gena
whitish [all black]; wings heavily infuscated,with apical 1/3 of forewing hyaline [all hyaline];vein Rs in hindwing (and in forewing) always
connected with vein R at apex, thus cell R
always closed [vein Rs usually atrophied justbefore apex, not connected with vein R, thus cell
R narrowly open at apex]. The length without
ovipositor varies from 9 to 10 mm (the holotype
is 10.5 mm with ovipositor) in X. kastsheevi,
whereas it ranges from 8 to 14.5 mm (usually
11–12 mm) in X. annulitibia.
XyelidaeMegaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992
Megaxyela gigantea: Takeuchi, 1937: 25; Takeuchi, 1938:
205; Togashi, 1965: 235. Not Mocsáry, 1909, in part.
Megaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992: 789; Shinohara etal., 2017: 220; Blank et al., 2017: 30.

Material examined. HONSHU: 1 ♀1 ♂,Kamikusukawa, 910 m, 36-43-28N 138-3-44E,
Togakushi, Nagano, 24. V. 2017, A. Shinohara;
1 ♀, Hirao, 900 m, 36-42-54N, 138-27-16E,
Yamanouchi, Nagano, 27. V. 2017, A. Shinohara.
Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku).
Remarks. This is a rare sawﬂy known fromone or a few specimens each collected in Hokkaido, Aomori, Ishikawa, Hyogo, Okayama,
Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi prefectures in Honshu and Ehime Prefecture in Shikoku (Blank etal., 2017; Shinohara et al., 2017). Most of thespecimens were obtained in western Honshu(from Yamaguchi to Hyogo prefectures) and only
one specimen each has been collected in central
Honshu (Ishikawa Prefecture) and eastern Honshu (Aomori Prefecture). Considering the very
common occurrence of the host plant, Juglans
ailanthifolia Carrière, throughout Honshu, this is
an inexplicable distribution pattern, which is atleast partly due to insufﬁcient sampling in central
and eastern Honshu.
The three specimens listed above represent theﬁrst distribution record of M. togashii from109

Nagano Prefecture in central Honshu. The newly
found localities in Nagano Prefecture are about
120 km southeast of the collecting site in
Ishikawa Prefecture and about 560 km southwestof the collecting site in Aomori Prefecture.
Extensive sampling should be made particularlyin the vast areas between Aomori and Nagano
prefectures.
Acknowledgements
We thank Shinichi Ibuki (Nakagawa) for offering reared material of Aproceros mikagei,
Andrew Liston (Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg) for his comments on the generic position of Nematinus
cuneiformis, Haruyoshi Kojima (Nagano) andNaoko Shinohara (Tokyo) for their assistanceduring ﬁeld work, Masahiro Ohara (Hokkaido
University, Sapporo), Suzanne Ryder (Natural
History Museum, London), Andreas Taeger(Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg) and Kyohei Watanabe(Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara) for allowing study of the material
under their charge, and Hiroshi Yoshida (Kobe)
for providing literature. We also thank David R.
Smith (United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.) for his careful review of themanuscript.
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