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Assessment of fault activity by the ESR dating technique
FUKUCHI, Tatsuro1∗
1

University of Yamanashi

After the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, the definition of active faults, which was described as the faults
having moved after 120-130 ka BP in the Advanced Safety Examination Guideline for Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plant,
was modified. As a result, we must evaluate the activity of faults having moved after 400 ka BP. However, it is not easy to evaluate
the activity in case of the active faults whose tectonic topography is ambiguous or on which there is no sediment available fordating. Thus, we require a new dating technique for directly estimating the absolute dates of fault movements from fault rocks
that preserve the past records of fault movement. The ESR (electron spin resonance) method is a dating technique to estimate theabsolute dates of fault movements using ESR signals in minerals (quartz, clay minerals, etc.) forming fault rocks that have been
once reset by frictional heating or ESR signals intrinsic to the minerals newly generated by faulting (Fukuchi, 2010).
When we apply the ESR technique to active faults, it is the most serious problem whether or not the ESR signals in fault rocks
have been completely reset (Fukuchi, 2004). If the ESR signals have been incompletely reset, the ESR ages obtained from thesignals will be older than the actual age (Ta) since the total dose of natural radiation is overestimated. However, the ESR ages(Te) give the theoretical upper limit of the actual age (Ta ≤ Te). Therefore, if the ESR ages obtained give the young ages showing
the middle Pleistocene to Holocene, we can utilize the young ages for the assessment of fault activity. Moreover, when deep drill
core samples are available for ESR dating, the problem on the complete resetting may be solved. On the other hand, thermallyunstable signals that are bleached by light may decay under higher temperature at deeper sites and consequently may give muchyounger ages even though frictional heat has not been increased. Therefore, caution is necessary in using thermally unstablesignals.
Here, I introduce the case of the Shimotsuburai and Hoozan faults in the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL) Active Fault
System, whose increase of fault activity has been pointed out after the 2011 Earthquake. As a result of ESR dating of black
intrusion veins produced by the latest fault movement of the Shimotsuburai fault, which has moved during the Holocene, the Al
and Ti centers derived from quartz give 1.3±0.2 Ma (Coefficient of determination; R-value is 99.8%) and 2.0±0.3 Ma (R-value is
99.2%), respectively. Although these centers have been incompletely reset by frictional heating, the age (T) of the Shimotsuburai
fault is estimated as T ≤ 1.3±0.2 Ma, from the Al center, the most unstable signal in quartz. On the other hand, as a resultof ESR dating of gray gouge produced by the latest fault movement of the Hoozan fault, whose activity during the Quaternary
period is unknown, the quartet signals derived from montmorillonite and the Al center derived from quartz give 1.4-1.9±0.2 Ma(R-value: 99.2-99.5%) and 1.2±0.2 Ma (R-value: 99.0%), respectively. In addition, the hyperfine structure (hfs: g=2.0187) of
the Al center gives 0.6±0.1 Ma (R-value: 98.8%). Since the whole of the Al center is overlapped with another signal and its ESR
age is overestimated, the age (T) of the Hoozan fault may be estimated as T ≤ 0.6±0.1 Ma, from the hfs of the Al center.
References
T. Fukuchi, 2004, Dating of fault movement by the ESR method- Its principle and practice. Fukadaken Library 63, 45pp.
T. Fukuchi, 2010, Absolute dating of earthquake faults by the ESR technique- Its principle and application limit. Chikyu
Monthly, Vol.32, No.1, p.16-23.
Keywords: ESR, electron spin resonance, thermochronology, FMR signal, fault rock, Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line

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SGL39-02

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Time:May 24 09:15-09:30

What does a ”radiometric age” mean?
KANEOKA, Ichiro1∗
1

Earthquake Research Insitute, University of Tokyo

In recent years, technical developments in dating methods are remarkable and precision in obtained ages and applicable age
range for each method has been much improved.
However, it is not always guaranteed that obtained ages directly correspond to some geological events. To guarantee it, it isnecessary to check whether the requirements for each method are satisfied or not. Furthermore, each dating method is basedon different principles, which often correspond to different geologic event. However, nawadays many researchers are concernedwith the developments in analytical techniques and they do not always pay much attention to check the obtained age values bycomparing their required conditions. In this presentation, I will argue for the significance to check the meaning of obtained
ages based on their required conditions to represent some geological events by showing some examples(eg.,closure temperature,zircon chronology, isochron).
As a conclsion, I stress the significance to check an obtained age by multiple dating methods and to examine the achievementsof conditions required for each dating method.

Keywords: dating, radiometric age, age value, geologic event, required condition, closure temperature

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SGL39-03

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Time:May 24 09:30-09:45

Phengite geochronology of HP-UHP metamorphic rocks: Implication of argon releasemechanism during deformation
ITAYA, Tetsumaru1∗
1

Okayama University of Science

A systematic K-Ar age mapping along transects perpendicular to metamorphic thermal gradients have been carried out in the
HP schist belts, SW Japan, revealing two contrasting age?T?structure relationships. The Sanbagawa HP schist belt in central
Shikoku exhibits a thermal structure that the highest grade rocks occur in the middle part of the apparent stratigraphy and apositive correlation in age?T relationship that the ages are progressively older with increasing metamorphic temperature. The
similar age-T- structure relation is observed in the Suo HP schist belt of the Ishigaki area. In contrast, the Sanbagawa HP schist
belt in the Kanto Mtns area and the Suo HP schist belt in the Nishiki area, where the thermal structure for the higher grade zone
is in the lower part of the apparent stratigraphic succession, display a negative correlation that younger ages are in higher-grade
metamorphic rocks.
Why do these age?T?structure relationships appear in the HP schist belts, SW Japan? It is difficult to explain the reason
based on the closure temperatures (CT) by the thermally activated diffusion model. CT that has been believed for long time iswrong and must be much higher (ca. 600 C) as revealed by the argon geochronology of the polymetamorphic terrains. Thisshows the metamorhic sequences mentioned above formed in the temperatures lower than the CT. The HP-UHP schists havebeen deformed severely during the exhumation of their host rocks and the phengites have experienced the argon release fromthe phengite crystals by their dynamic recrystallization. The K-Ar ages are related directly to the ductile deformation historyof the matrix phengite during exhumation and cooling of the rocks. This suggests that the argon release cease when the ductile
deformation of phengites stopped and the K-Ar ages are related to the timing of cease of ductile deformation. This means thephengite (without deformation) included in garnet give a timing of peak metamorphism.
The phengite geochronology of HP-UHP metamorphic rocks in western Alps conducts the following conclusions. Each mica
crystal has experienced the different deformation - Ar depletion history during the exhumation of the host rocks and the portions
within a crystal have the different history. This phenomenon may be more distinct in the rocks that have experienced the limited
deformation history. K-Ar ages of the mica separates from the rocks indicate the average values of the ages from each crystal. To
justify this Ar release mechanism requires further investigation using UV laser probe in-situ Ar-Ar analyses of micro-domains inphengite crystal with high sensitive noble gas mass spectrometer.

Keywords: HP-UHP metamorphic rocks, phengite geochronology, deformation, argon release mechanism, closure temperature

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SGL39-04

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Time:May 24 09:45-10:00

Unspiked K-Ar dating for the central part of Kuju volcano, Kyushu, JapanYAMASAKI, Seiko1∗ ; HOSHIZUMI, Hideo1 ; MATSUMOTO, Akikazu1
1

GSJ, AIST

Unspiked K-Ar dating method enables mass fractionation correction of initial 40 Ar/36 Ar ratio, and has been successfully
applied to young lava samples, especially younger than 0.5 Ma. We measured unspiked K-Ar ages for lava samples correctedfrom Ogigahana, Nakadake, Mimatayama volcanoes, the central part of Kuju volcano, Kyushu, Japan. The volcanic bodies incentral Kuju volcano are regarded to have formed after Handa pyrocrastic flow eruption in ca. 54 ka. However, the detailed
geochronological study had not been conducted because their ages are considered to be younger than the measurement limit byconventional K-Ar dating method.
New ages for the lava on south Ogigahana Volcano is 34±3 (1σ) ka, agree with the reported TL ages (34-37 ka; Okuno et al.,2013) and the stratigraphy. The sample from the lower unit yield 65±8 ka, similar age with the TL ages for the summit of the
volcano and adjacent Iwaigodake volcano (60-70 ka; Okuno et al., 2013).
The age for the lava from Inaboshi Yama, a part of Nakadake volcano, is 46±12 ka, showing it formed soon after Handa
pyrocrastic flow eruption.
We measured also the essential rock in Matsunodai Debris Abaranche Deposit, probably originated from Mimatayama volcano.
The obtained age is 36±12 ka, in agreement with the 14 C age of ca. 20ka in its error.
These results show that a several volcanic bodies were formed in ca.54-30 ka in the central part of Kuju volcano.
Keywords: Kuju volcano, K-Ar dating, Unspiked method

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SGL39-05

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Time:May 24 10:00-10:15

Validation of X-ray interference correction methods in EPMA-CHIME dating
KATO, Takenori1∗ ; CHO, Deyng-lyong2 ; JEEN, Mi-jung3
1

Center for Chronological Research, Nagoya University, 2 Geological Mapping Department, Korea Institute of Geoscience andMineral Resources, 3 Center for Resarch Facilities, Pusan National University
The CHIME dating method provides micro-volume non-destructive U-Th-Pb dating based on quantitative electron probe
microanalysis (EPMA). X-ray interference is a significant problem for the accuracy of the EPMA-CHIME dating. X-ray interferences are generally corrected using (1) peak-separation technique, (2) X-ray intensity based method[1], or (2) chemicalcomposition based method[2]. X-ray interferences by Th and Y are validated using synthetic standard materials. X-ray intensity
based correction highly depends on chosen standard materials in the determination of correction factors. On the contrary, thechemical composition based method is less sensitive to chosen standard materials.
[1]Åmli & Griffin, W.L. (1975) Amer. Mineral., 60, 599.
[2] Donovan, J.J., Snyder, D.A. & Rivers, M.L. (1993) Microbeam Anal., 2, 23.
Keywords: CHIME dating, X-ray interference correction, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), quantitative analysis

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SGL39-06

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Time:May 24 10:15-10:30

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating using non-polished zircons: Can we read magma residencetime?
ITO, Hisatoshi1∗
1

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry

It is well-known that in dating zircon by U-Pb method, LA-ICP-MS is inferior to TIMS in precision and to SIMS in spatial
resolution. However, the LA-ICP-MS method usually drills zircons to ˜20 µm in a single analysis (˜2 µm for SIMS). This can be
an advantage over TIMS and SIMS in that it can obtain age information from the surface to the core of zircons. Especially, themethod can elucidate zircon crystallization time from beginning to end by using non-polished zircons. Meanwhile it should be
mentioned that in LA-ICP-MS 206 Pb/238 U ratio increases as analysis time (as zircons are drilled deeper), known as down-holefractionation. Here I took this into consideration and still found that the Fish Canyon Tuff, the largest known silicic eruption on
Earth, has a magma residence time of more than 1 m.y., not less than 0.4 m.y. as assumed in literatures, and demonstrate theusefulness of non-polished zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating.
Keywords: U-Pb dating, zircon, LA-ICP-MS, magma residence time, Fish Canyon Tuff

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SGL39-07

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Time:May 24 10:30-10:45

Investigation of martian surface history: NanoSIMS analyses of D/H ratios and U-Pb
chronology of martian meteorites
KOIKE, Mizuho1∗ ; SANO, Yuji1 ; TAKAHATA, Naoto1 ; ISHIDA, Akizumi1 ; SUGIURA, Naoji2 ;ANAND, Mahesh3
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate Schoolof Science, University of Tokyo, 3 Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, UK
Introduction: Water is an important volatile for environments of terrestrial planets as well as their habitability. A number ofrecent studies have identified strong evidence for liquid water on past Mars, such as clay minerals and fluvial geomorphologicalfeatures (e.g. [1][2]), whereas a comprehensive history of the martian environment remains complicated. The isotopic compositions of hydrogen (D/H) of present martian atmosphere is highly elevated (˜5 times that of terrestrial water; [3]), which resultsfrom the extensive atmospheric escape. Martian meteorites are useful as they potentially provide valuable records including D/Hof the past surface water and the mantle primitive water (e.g. [4][5][6][7][8]). However, due to their complicated history on
Mars, it is challenging to understand their isotopic records accurately. Phosphates are helpful, for they can preserve both U-Pb
chronology and D/H information. Here, we report D/H ratios and U-Pb ages of phosphates in two martian meteorites; an ancientorthopyroxenite, ALH 84001 (ALH), and a young enriched shergottite, LAR 06319 (LAR). In addition, we have also measured
D/H ratio of melt-inclusion glass (MIs) in LAR.
Analytical methods: For ALH, 3 merrillite grains with known U-Pb ages [9] were selected for D/H analyses. For LAR,
several phosphate grains and MIs were found in a thin section, using a SEM-EDS. Both U-Pb and D/H analyses were carried out
using a NanoSIMS 50 installed at AORI, Univ. of Tokyo. Before SIMS analyses, the samples were baked at ˜100 ℃ in a SIMS
air-lock overnight before/after gold coating to remove adsorbed water. The analytical methods of U-Pb dating were the same as
the previous study [9]. The D/H analyses were conducted on the phosphates in ALH and LAR and MIs in LAR. A Cs+ primary
ion beams with 200pA/1nA was used for phosphates and MIs, respectively. An electron gun was used for charge compensation.
Negative secondary ions of 1 H− , 2 D− , 12 C− and 18 O− were collected. A natural terrestrial apatite from Morocco and NIST
SRM 610 were used as standards. To avoid terrestrial H contamination, most of which are background H in the analysis chamberand hydrocarbon in the sample cracks, careful analytical protocols following a previous study [7] were conducted.
Results & Discussion: The δD values of ALH merrillite varied from -300 to 1970 ‰ (Fig). The obtained highest value issimilar to those of ALH carbonates and maskelynite [4]. The U-Pb age of the same grains, 3990Ma, can be interpreted as an
impact-induced reset age [9]. It is likely that their D/H ratios reflect 3990Ma surface water, incorporated during the impact and/ora later hydrous metamorphism. The high D/H mainly supports a previously proposed two-stage evolution [5]. On the other hand,
phosphates in LAR yielded a total Pb/U age as 167+/-57 Ma. This is consistent with other radiometric ages within uncertainty,
suggesting the U-Pb system in the phosphates has been preserved since crystallization of the host rock. δD values of LAR apatite,
merrillite and MIs were 3340-4380 ‰, 1070-5260 ‰ and 1150-6830 ‰, respectively (Fig). The D/H may have mineral trends:
MIs >merrillite >apatite. A similar trend was reported previously [7]. While apatite possibly recorded the magmatic water at
the timing of crystallization, MIs might have incorporated water from another reservoir with extremely high D/H ratios.
References: [1] Bibring et al. (2006) Science 312, 400-404. [2] Ehlmann et al. (2011) Nature 479, 53-60. [3] Owen et al.
(1988) Science 240, 1767-1770. [4] Sugiura and Hoshino (2000) Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 373-380. [5] Greenwood et al.
(2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. L05203, 1-5. [6] Usui et al. (2012) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 357, 119-129. [7] Hu et al. (2014)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 140, 321-333. [8] Usui et al. (2015) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 410, 140-151. [9] Koike et al. (2014)
Geochem. J. 48, 423-431.
Keywords: martian meteorites, NanoSIMS, D/H ratios, U-Pb dating, phosphates, melt-inclusions

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SGL39-07

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SGL39-08

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Application of oxygen isotopic dendrochronology to Earth Science: Its potentials andchallenges
NAKATSUKA, Takeshi1∗
1

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature<Introduction>
Dendrochronology has been mainly used in archaeology, but also applied to Earth Science, such as dating of past earthquakeand volcanic eruption by analyzing of woods excavated from landslide or pyroclastic layers. However, there are several challenges in previous dendrochronology. (1) It is necessary to establish regional standard ring width chronology (master chronology)
as long as possible for dating of woods from various periods. (2) Because climate sensitivity of tree-ring width depends on tree
species, it is necessary to make master chronology for each species separately. (3) To fix accurate years of geological events, itis necessary to analyze buried woods with bark. In this presentation, I will show how oxygen isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose
can solve those challenges for applying dendrochronology to Earth Science.
<Problems in Traditional Dendrochronology>
There are several difficulties in traditional ring width dendrochronology. (1) Although there are some very long ring width
chronologies of more than 10,000 years in the world, they are usually established in cold regions where ice sheet covered inglacial periods, so that it is impossible to extend the chronology beyond last glacial maximum. In Japan, woods can be often
excavated in glacial layers, but ecological disturbance to tree-ring width owing to the high tree density in Japanese forest usually
makes it difficult to cross-date old excavated logs so that longest ring width chronology in Japan is limited to about 3,000 years
made of conifer only. (2) Most wood samples of various hardwoods cannot be dated by traditional dendrochronology in Japanbecause there are not tree-ring width chronologies made of hardwood. (3) Small logs with barks cannot be dated by comparisonof ring width time-series due to less statistical reliability owing to small ring numbers.]<Characteristics of oxygen isotopic dendrochronology>
Recently developed oxygen isotopic dendrochronology has following advantages and disadvantages. One of disadvantages isthat it is much more time-consuming and labor intensive to measure tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios than tree-ring width. Another disadvantage is that it cannot be applied to highly degraded wood which has lost cellulose by microbial decomposition in
sediment. The latter problem limits the applicability of oxygen isotopic dendrochronology to many geological and archaeological samples. On the other hand, there are several merits. Because tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotopic ratio reflects only two
meteorological parameters (precipitation isotope ratios and relative humidity during growing season), its inter-annual time-series
coincides very well with that in different trees of different species. Besides, its inter-annual variation correlates well with summer precipitation, making good paleo-precipitation proxy. Moreover, records on seasonal precipitation can be reconstructed byslicing of year ring and analyzing oxygen isotope ratios.
<Applicability of oxygen isotope dendrochronology to Earth Science>
By utilizing those merits of tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotope ratios, three challenges mentioned above can be solved asfollows. (1) The high correlation of oxygen isotope ratio time-series between different tree individuals makes it possible tocross-date several millennia old excavated logs precisely (now the oxygen isotopic chronology has extended to 4300 years ago inJapan), so that systematic excavation of old logs may establish very long tree-ring chronology over last glacial maximum soon in
Japan. (2) Because of its universality over tree-species, various wood samples in sediment layers, indicating of past earthquake
and/or volcanic events, can be dated by oxygen isotope dendrochronology. (3) In combination with radiocarbon measurement,
small log with bark, which has only 5-10 year rings, can be dated by referring database of intra-ring oxygen isotope ratios in thenear future.

Keywords: tree ring, cellulose, oxygen isotope ratio, dendrochronology

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SGL39-09

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Time:May 24 11:15-11:30

Re-evaluation of ABA treatment for 14C dating of charcoal from the Late Holocene layer
ATSUMI, Shin1∗
1Tokyo university of science, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology

Radiocarbon (14 C) dating has been used in field of geology and archaeology. Especially, in archaeology, high resolution andhigh accuracy dating is required. It had been suspected and had been tried to clarify the effect of the contamination by exterior
organic matter on the 14 C date from the beginning of development of radiocarbon dating. There exists no research with theobjective method for the effect of residual external organic carbon after pretreatment on the 14 C date. Thus, the discussion onwhat is reasonable and reliable sample in the 14 C dating method and the discussion on the most suitable chemical treatment
condition are still left unsettled. Moreover, there exists no reliable chemical method to distinguish external organic matterand humificated charcoal of sample charcoal. But we know empirically that charcoal’s characteristics to resist against NaOH
solution are different by burial and preserved states. Therefore, many researchers are using NaOH solution of low concentration
when charcoal’s characteristics to resist against NaOH are weak. The problem on the conventional ABA method is that what
degree of concentration of NaOH solution is the most effective to the 14 C dating samples. There exists no consensus on the
problem. Here, we require the adequate condition of sample and the adequate pretreatment condition to obtain reliable 14 C dates.
However, as far as we know, there exist few data and researches on conditions of ABA pretreatment. In the present research,
we try 5 steps pretreatment using alkaline solution increasing concentrations stepwise in order to search the optimum conditionof alkaline treatment stage of ABA method. We make comparisons by the 14 C dates among residual charcoal of the individual
pretreatment stages, and compare emission intensity of dissolved organic matter and absorbance of the extracted solutions of
the individual pretreatment steps. Namely, the present research aims to clarify the problem of ABA method and its practicalsolutions. According to results of present research, we recommend 5 step-alkaline treatment by 5 concentrations (0.001, 0.01,
0.1, 1.0, 1.2 mol/L) of NaOH solution for charcoal treatment.This time, we discuss systematically about problems of the 14 C
dating.
Keywords: Radiocarbon dating, Late Holocene, ABA method, Humic acid, 3D-Fluorescence spectroscopy

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SGL39-10

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Time:May 24 11:30-11:45

U-Pb dating of zircons and measurement of organic carbon isotope in the sedimentaryrocks from the BGB
HARADA, Takuya1∗ ; KIYOKAWA, Shoichi1 ; MIKI, Tsubasa1 ; TERAJI, Shuhei1 ; TSUTSUMI, Yukiyasu2 ;IKEHARA, Minoru3
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 2 National Science Museum, 3 Center for Advanced Marine
Core Research, Kochi University
The Swaziland Supergroup comprises three Groups; a lower, the Onverwacht Group; a middle, the Fig Tree Group; andupper, the Moodies Group. The target of this study is the Fig Tree Group which comprises interstratified terrigenous clastic
units and dacitic to rhyodacitic volcanic rocks. These strata seem to have two formation-level units; the Mapepe and Auber
Villiers Formations. The Mapepe formation includes about 700m of shale, chert-grit sandstone, and chert-clast conglomerateinterstratified with fine-grained felsic pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks. It is thought that deposition took plece in alluvial,
fan-delta, and shallow to moderately deep subaqueous environments. This work have conducted the stratigraphy of the Mapepe
formation by making detailed column, measuring magnetic susceptibility, dating U-Pb abundance ratio of zircons, and dating
stable carbon isotope ratios of organic carbon in the sedimentary rocks from the study area. The purpose of this study is toestimate a sedimentation environment of the Mapepe formation through the use of diverse ways.
U-Pb dating of zircon is the most prevailing method of determining the depositional ages from the sedimentary rocks ofArchean-Proterozoic in which the biostratigraphy has not been established. We collected 7 redsandstone samples from the
Mapepe Formation and 5 intrusive ones from the Onverwacht Group, and were able to obtain zircon from only 1 sample each.
U-Pb measurements of Zircons were conducted by LA-ICP-MS installed at the National Science Museum.
We measured two zircons; from the Mapepe Formation redsandstone and the Onverwacht Group intrusive rock. Zircons from
the Mapepe Formation has 29 concordant ages and a peak in age about 2954±9Ma∼3546±13Ma. There are more than a few
zircons younger than this age, and it is considered that there are two possibilities; the zircons reflect the depositional age of thearea, and a possibility of Pb defect. In any case, these data are in contradiction with the previous research (Lowe D. R. et al.,1999), so that has quite a bit of room for improvement such as increasing the number of measured zircons to discuss statistically.
Zircons from the Onverwacht Group has 6 concordant ages and indicates 3270±14Ma. This data is consistent with the previous
research (Lowe D. R. et al., 1999)
Green shale from the Mapepe formation showed at an average of 0.72wt% of amount of organic carbon. Black shale, green
shale, and jasper from the Mapepe formation showed between -30.6˜-20.3 ‰, which suggests a kind of possibility of biologicalactivities.

Keywords: U-Pb Dating of Zircons, Measurement of Organic Carbon Isotope, Barberton Greenstone Belt

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SGL39-11

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Time:May 24 11:45-12:00

D/H and Sr isotopic ratios of apatite inclusions from Archaean zircons to study Earth’s
evolution
ISHIDA, Akizumi1∗ ; TAKAHATA, Naoto1 ; SANO, Yuji1 ; DAVID, Jean2 ; PINTI, Daniele2
1

AORI Univ. Tokyo, 2 Universite du Quebec a Montreal

Isotopes of volatile elements H and S, and those of incompatible element Sr, presented in Archaean rocks can give uniqueinformation to understand the evolution of the Earth’s interior and the state of its surface. Apatite or glass inclusions containhydrogen, halogen, and strontium as major or minor element. When they are encapsulated in metamorphic-resistant zircon
crystals, it is expected that the pristine isotopic information of these elements might be preserved. However, apatite inclusions
are usually less than a hundred micrometers in diameter, which require the use of high-sensitive and high-resolution analyticalmethods for measuring isotopic abundances. Furthermore, discriminating between pristine compositions and later alteration is
problematic. We are trying to approach these issues by using a NanoSIMS50 at University of Tokyo.
U-Pb dating using NanoSIMS50 has been carried out on zircon crystals separated from tonalitic gneisses of the Eoarchaean
Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt, Superior province, Canada. The estimated age, 3638±19Ma, using NanoSIMS50 is consistent
with previous reported age of 3661±4Ma, using LA-MC-ICP-MS. Some zircons show discordant ages suggesting that a certain
amount of Pb was lost by a thermal alteration event at 980±330Ma. We excluded such discordant zircon crystals because theisotopic composition of H and Sr could have been also altered by this thermal event.
Measurements have been made by peak jumping analysis using single collector with Cs+ primary ion beam. H and D werecollected for hydrogen isotopic analyses, and 86 Sr, 87 Sr, and 88 Sr were collected for strontium isotopic analyses.
Obtained D/H ratios from 7 apatites suggest that δD values range from -223 to +54 ‰ (vs. SMOW). Considering the correlation
between measured D/H and O/H ratios, it turned out that these values were affected by contamination with a D-poor, H-richcomponent. As a result, +17±40 ‰ was estimated as the D/H true value for these apatite inclusions. This value is heavier thanthat of reported one by Pope et al (2012) which estimated the hydrogen isotopic ratio of Archaean sea water as -25 ‰ targetinghydrogen contained in serpentine from ca. 3700 Ma Isua supra crustal belt.
Keywords: apatite, U-Pb dating, hydrogen isotopic ratio, strontium isotopic ratio, Archaean

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SGL39-12

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Time:May 24 12:00-12:15

Geodynamic cycles of sulfur, carbon and nitrogen
KAGOSHIMA, Takanori1∗ ; SANO, Yuji1
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Sulfur has important roles not only in biological activities but in industry and medicine. However, its geochemical cycle
between the mantle and the surface environments has not been well quantified. 3 He, one of the primordial noble gas isotopes,
is useful to investigate to evaluate S cycles. 3 He fluxes from the mantle to atmosphere and ocean are well constrained, whichenables us to use this isotope to estimate other volatile fluxes. The recent study reported S and C fluxes from the mantle to thesurface environments based on He, S, and C isotopic compositions in MORB, hydrothermal fluids, and volcanic gases [1]. The
fluxes were estimated with the recently reported 3 He flux at ridges, 530 mol/y [2]. The S/3 He ratio at MOR was calculated tobe 1.9x108 as an average of S/3 He ratios in six MORB vesicles (13N, 17S on EPR; 15N, 37N on MAR; 24S-25S on CIR) and10 high temperature (>200 ℃) hydrothermal fluids (11N-47N, 17S-19S on EPR; 23N-38N on MAR). Multiplying this ratio
and the 3 He flux together, S flux at ridges was estimated to be 100 Gmol/y. An average S/3 He ratio of 15 high temperature(>200 ℃) volcanic gases collected from circum-Pacific regions was calculated to be 6.5x109 , providing S flux of 720 Gmol/yfrom arc volcanoes calibrating against 3 He flux of 110 mol/y determined by its MOR flux. This flux is higher than that fromridges. However, S in volcanic gases does not originate only from the mantle. S/3 He ratios and δ 34 S values in volcanic gases
can be explained by mixing of three components: the upper mantle; subducted sedimentary pyrite; and subducted sulphate. The
S contribution from the upper mantle was calculated to be 2.9% in volcanic gases, providing 21 Gmol/y from the mantle at arcs,
which is lower than the S flux at ridges. Carbon flux at ridges was calculated to be 1200 Gmol/y using the CO2 /3 He ratio of
2.2x109 [3] based on compositions of MORB and hydrothermal fluids. An average CO2 /3 He ratio of 24 high temperature (>200℃) volcanic gases collected from circum-Pacific regions was calculated to be 2.0x1010 , providing C flux of 2200 Gmol/y fromarc volcanoes. CO2 /3 He ratios and δ 13 C values in volcanic gases can be explained by mixing of three components: the upper
mantle; subducted organic sediments; and subducted limestone with slab [4]. The C contribution from the upper mantle wascalculated to be 11% in volcanic gases, providing 240 Gmol/y from the mantle at arcs. The S and C fluxes from the mantle
to atmosphere and ocean are 121 Gmol/y and 1440 Gmol/y, respectively. The C/S flux ratio was calculated to be 12, which iscomparable to the surface inventory ratio of 13 [5]. This suggests that the main source of surface S and C is the upper mantle.
Assuming steady-state surface environments, subducted amounts of S and C become 820 Gmol/y and 3400 Gmol/y, respectively.
Then 15% of subducted S and 42% of subducted C do not return to the surface environments and recycle back into the depth.
Nitrogen cycles will also be quantified and discussed in the current study.
Reference: [1] Kagoshima et al. (2015) Sci. Rep. 5, 8330. [2] Bianchi et al. (2010) EPSL 297, 379-386. [3] Marty &Tolstikhin (1998) Chem. Geol. 145, 233-248. [4] Sano & Marty (1995) Chem. Geol. 119, 265-274. [5] Hilton et al. (2002)
RiMG 47, 319-370.
Keywords: sulfur flux, carbon flux, nitrogen flux, mid-ocean ridge basalt, hydrothermal fluid, volcanic gas

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SGL39-13

Room:A03

Time:May 24 12:15-12:30

Petrology, Structure and Chemostratigraphic Correlation of Chehmit inlier, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
TESEMA HUNDESSA, Tadele1∗ ; ALENE, Mulugeta1 ; SWANSON HYSELL, Nicholas2 ; MALOOF, Adam3
1

Addis Ababa University, 2 university of california, Berkley, 3 princeton university

Chehmit area is one of the four exposed Neoproterozoic inliers in northern Ethiopia, which consists of both Tsaliet and Tambien Group rocks. The metavolcanics, metavolcanoclastics and phyllite rocks exposed in the area represent the Tsaliet Group
whereas the mixed clastic-carbonate metasedimentary rocks constitute the Tambien Group deposited ∼800-740Ma ago. An
integrated structural, petrological and carbon and oxygen isotope study has been carried out to understand the deformation,
metamorphic and Neoproterozoic history of the area. Field structural data demonstrate that there are at least three phases ofdeformations. Earliest deformation produced minor, steep tight folds and N-S trending, pervasive regional foliation; followedby the formation of major upright folds, and latest brittle structures. Petrographic study of rock samples from the area shows
predominantly lower green schist facies metamorphism coeval with the earliest phase of deformation. Stable C and O isotope
analysis of the carbonates is also carried out to evaluate chemostratigraphy. The limestone unit contains anomalous C-isotope
depositional signature which, together with lithological features, enabled local and global correlations with other Neoproterozoic
formations. The δ 13 C values of the limestone in Chehmit range from -5.79 ‰ to -1.99 ‰ with an average value of -3.80 ‰whereas the value of δ 18 O ranges from -7.119 ‰ to -14.164 ‰ with an average value of -11.300 ‰. Although negative carbon
isotope excursion in Neoproterozoic era is often related to snowball earth conditions, no glaciation features and erosion surfaces
are observed in this unit. Thus the negative C-isotope excursion is, instead, correlated with the Bitter Springs Stage anomaly(found in Australia and Svalbard) which is considered to be the result of inertial interchange true polar wandering. The δ 13 C
values obtained from the Chehmit limestone indicate a match with the top most excursion of the Bitter Springs anomaly. Radiometric dating and paleomagnetic studies of the rocks of the Chehmit area can be useful to further support this hypothesis
Keywords: Tambien Group, chehmit area, carbonates, Neoproterozoic, Bitter spring stage, True polar wondering

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SGL39-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

Observation of alpha recoil tracks in zircon: An attempt
HASEBE, Noriko1∗ ; KOZAKA, Ayumi1 ; ITO, Kentaro1 ; FUKUMA, Takeshi1 ; MATSUKI, Atsushi1
1

Kanazawa University

The decay of heavy nuclrei leaves damage in crystal; fission tracks (FT) or alpha recoil tracks (ART). ART is smaller in size
compare to FT, thus only applied to layered silicates. If ART can be ovserved in zircon, which in general has higher uranium
concentration than layered silicate, we can date samples whose ages are in order of thousand years old or older.
When zircon with high track density (e.g., >30 tracks/10−6 cm2 ) was observed, many small pits with the depth less than 20
nm were found together with fission tracks. Fission tracks show deeper depths of ˜50nm when the sample was readily etchedand can be reasonably distinguished from other topographic lows. In the observation of young zircons collected from modern
volcanic product, dynamic range of surface topography is less than 5 nm after the etching of 10 hrs. Many surface shallow etchpits with the depth of ˜20 nm found in old zircons do not exit. Occasionally a hole with the depth of ca. 10 nm was found on thesmooth surface. Because these zircons are from modern volcano and existence of a fission track is less plausible, these countable
holes may be alpha recoil tracks. The depth of these holes is concordant with the shallow pits found in old zircon. Therefore,
these shallow pits may also be alpha recoil tracks.
To see the behavior of shallow pits in old zircon, zircon was annealed at 600 degrees C or 1000 degrees C and observed. The
surface topography have not changed much and 10˜15nm pits were still preserved in the sample after 600 degrees C annealing.
After 1000 degrees C annealing, the surface topography become a little flat, and as smooth as modern zircon.

Keywords: radiation damage, atomic force microscope, alpha recoil track, fission track, zircon

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SGL39-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

Attempts to date slip event of crush zones associated with plastic deformations of biotite
based on FT thermochronology
SUEOKA, Shigeru1∗ ; SHIMADA, Koji1 ; ISHIMARU, Tsuneari1 ; NIWA, Masakazu1 ; YASUE, Ken-ichi1 ;UMEDA, Koji1 ; DANHARA, Tohru2 ; IWANO, Hideki2
1

Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2 Kyoto Fission-Track Co., Ltd.

Timings of fault slips are generally constrained by dating displaced geomorphic markers, e.g., terrace surfaces, alluvial deposits, and artificial structures. However, these markers are not always available. Therefore, direct dating of fault materials havebeen also attempted to determine ages of faulting events; for instance, detecting chronological anomalies derived from frictional
heating or crushing (e.g., Ikeya et al., 1982, Science; Murakami and Tagami, 2004, GRL; Yamada et al., 2013, JAES; Ganzawa
et al., 2013, JGSJ) and dating hydrothermal veins or clay minerals formed after faulting (e.g., Zwingmann et al., 2004, JSG;
Watanabe et al., 2008, Geochem .J.; Siebel et al., 2009, IJES; Yamasaki et al., 2013, Chem. Geol.) were performed (Tagami,
2012, Tectonophys.). However, definitive procedures to determine faulting ages based on such geochronological methods havenot been established because thermogenesis and mass transport along fault zones are not simple. More fundamental and casestudies are desirable to improve these methods.
We introduce an attempt to date a crush zone associated with plastic deformation of biotite on the basis of fission-track thermochronology. The crash zone is observed in granitic basement rocks and is distributed in the Monju prototype fast breeder
reactor site, northwestern part of the Tsuruga peninsula, southwest Japan. The original topography and covering layers wereexcavated and removed during the construction of the Monju. Crush zones observed in the site are generally shorter than several
tens meters and the width is less than several centimeters, producing net-work structures associated with ductile deformations.
Along the crush zones, plastically deformed biotite grains are generally observed, which implies the crush zones were slipped under the temperature higher than 150-250 deg. C (e.g., Lin et al., 1999, Tectonophys.; Passchier & Trouw, 2005, ” Microtectonics
2nd ed” ). The Tsuruga body of the Kōjaku Granite, host rock of the crush zones, intruded at the end of the Cretaceous, cooled
down to the ambient temperature within a few million years, and has been free from regional scale secondary heating (Sueoka
et al., submitting). By contrast, local heating, such as basaltic intrusions at ˜19 Ma, may have occurred around the crush zones.
In this study, we are performing fission-track thermochronometric studies for the crush zones, aiming to determine the timing offault slips occurred at >150-250 deg. C. Although it is generally known that apatite fission-tracks are annealed at 90-120 deg. C
for 106 -107 years, even shorter-term heating, e.g., for several hours to several years of heating, can anneal apatite fission-tracks
at >200 deg. C (e.g., Laslett et al., 1987, Chem. Geol.). This temperature range agrees with the temperature at which biotite isplastically deformed. In this presentation, we are going to report the preliminary results of fission-track analyses.
Keywords: fission-track thermochronology, dating of crush zones, plastic deformation of biotite, Kojaku Granite

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SGL39-P03

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

Effects of physical aging degradation on OSL properties of quartz
OSADA, Akira1∗ ; YAMANAKA, Chihiro1 ; TAKADA, Masashi2
1

Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 2 Department of History, Sociology and Geography, Faculty of
Letters, Nara Women’s University
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) using radiation-induced centers has been used for the dating of Quaternary samples.
Although the principle is quite similar to that of ESR dating, clear difference exists between them. In OSL dating, luminescencecenters easily bleached by light are investigated. Therefore, OSL is used to determine buried ages of samples after resetting OSL
signal by exposure to the sunlight. In ESR dating, on the other hand, radiation centers with unpaired electrons are considered.
For the ESR centers, usual light bleaching does not affect much but thermal annealing at several hundreds degree in Celsius
affects to the centers in spite of higher stimulating energy of photon than temperature.
Usually, intensity of OSL from a natural sample shows sample-dependence between particles or aliquots. Therefore, a signal
regenerating method for the same sample is widely used, which means repeated OSL measurements to the same sample withgiving a different dose of γ or β irradiation. Such sample dependence would be attributed to the imperceptible difference of
impurities or defects of crystals, but are not fully understood. It is known that quartz from old sediment or from a geological fault
shows an intense OSL and specifically shows a quick response for weaker stimulating light known as ’the fast component’ of
OSL. However, quartz from igneous rocks does not show such fast component OSL[1]. Considering these facts, we can assume
weathering of materials causes such enhancement of OSL sensitivity.
In this study, we have performed mechanical crushing and α-irradiation on quartz of reagent grade in order to simulate theeffects of weathering on the OSL properties. Quartz powder with the grain size of 149-250 µm obtained after the ball-milloperation of 0.5 to 2 hours were used for OSL measurements. Also, α-irradiation at 1.3, 5.5, and 63kGy for powdered quartz
was performed at the energy of 1.8MeV. OSL was measured with Risø TL/OSL reader DA-20 at β-irradiation of 50 Gy.
Also, we have performed annealing on quartz samples from Ayers Rock and Thar Desert for the purpose of knowing OSL
characteristic of natural samples that are sensitive, and reagent quartz doped 0.01mol% lithium in addition to the above reagent
samples. These samples were annealed 300∼800 ℃ for an hour in steps of 100 ℃.
As a result, the OSL intensity increased with the crushing time. It is considerable that mechanical crushing leads the precursorsof OSL centers, although we did not observe the fast component of OSL through this experiment. It is interesting that the αirradiated quartz samples indicated crucially higher intensity. Considering the range of α-particles, defects near the surface ofsample should contribute to the increase of the OSL Intensity.
Reagent samples that annealed from 500 ℃ to 800 ℃ showed an increase of OSL intensity up to ten times of non-annealed
samples, and the trend is more remarkable for ball-milled and α-ray irradiated samples. However, the reagent sample dopedwith lithium showed a decrease of OSL intensity. The Ayers Rock sample didn’t showed any clear change of OSL intensity,
but Thar-Desert sample showed twenty times of increase of OSL intensity. In addition, we have observed five times of increase
for natural samples in the fraction of the fast component to the total intensity. These results indicate that the electrons that are
detrapped by annealing are strongly related to OSL mechanism, and the thermal stability is different among the centers related
to the fast component, the slow component and the centers that quench OSL.
Reference[1]Tokuyasu K., Tanaka K., Tsukamoto S., and Murray A., ’The characteristics of OSL signal from quartz grains extracted
from modern sediments in Japan’, Geochronometria 2010, vol.37, pp13-19.
Keywords: Luminescence dating, Optically Stimulated Luminescence, Quartz

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SGL39-P04

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

High precision and high sensitive stable isotopic analysis by using original CF/DI-IRMS
system for IsoPrime100
NAKANE, Masaharu1 ; TANAKA, Takashi1 ; TETSU, Tomomi1 ; TAKAGI, Haruka2 ; ISHIMURA, Toyoho1∗1National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, 2 Waseda University

The stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ 13 C and δ 18 O) of calcium carbonate, especially biogenic calcite, areused for environmental analysis (e.g. reconstruction of paleo-seawater temperature). The measurement of δ 13 C and δ 18 O of
calcium carbonate is performed based on the comparison between the δ 13 C and δ 18 O of international standard calcite. Throughthe analysis, the isotopic values of samples should be determined precisely in order to compare and discuss with the analyticalresults reported in previous studies. In this study, we have developed a sample preparation system for IRMS (isotope ratio mass
spectrometer) for high precision and high sensitive analysis. As a result, analytical results of NBS-19 (international standard
calcite) using the developed system with dual-inlet IsoPrime100 (IRMS) showed δ 13 C= +1.95 +/-0.026 ‰ and δ 18 O= -2.20 +/0.056 ‰ in long-term external analytical precision (n=36). Moreover, we found that short-term external precision (within a day)for this system have achieved around +/-0.01 ‰. By using the developed system with continuous-flow IsoPrime100 (IRMS),
we can determine δ 13 C and δ 18 O of calcite and seawater (as low as 0.1 microgram of CaCO3 ; 1 nmol of CO2 ) with standard
deviations of +/-0.1 ‰.
Keywords: High precision, stable isotopic analysis, carbon and oxygen isotope, carbonate, development

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SGL39-P05

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

High-resolution stable isotopic analysis of CaCO3 to clarify the life history recorded infish otolith
TETSU, Tomomi1 ; ISHIMURA, Toyoho1∗ ; ODA, Masanori2 ; SAKAI, Saburo3
1

National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, 2 Tottori Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 3 JAMSTEC

Japanese sardine is one of the important fish resources in Japan because they are utilized in our food, and used as fish meal. To
keep these natural fish resources, we need to understand the life cycle of fishes. In recent years, previous studies reported that thestable isotopic records in otolith of fish reflect the ecology of their live. In this study, we analyze the stable isotopic compositionof otolith of Japanese sardine in high resolution (=microscale: <100micrometer) to detect the environmental changes recordedin each growth stage of otolith. To realize the high-resolution microscale-analysis, we employed Geomill326 to mill otolith inmicroscale, and the microscale isotopic analytical system (MICAL3c) to determine isotopic compositions of small amounts ofmilled samples. As a result, we found that the stable isotopic composition in the center of otolith has different isotopic value
with the outer edge of otolith. Especially, the seawater temperature calculated from stable oxygen isotope ratio in the outer edgeof otolith is comparable with the water temperature at the time they captured. In addition, we successfully detect the life historyof fish for each growth stages in high resolution. This demonstrated work is the first collaboration between Geomill326 andMICAL3c.
Keywords: otolith, stable isotope, microscale analysis, high resolution, environmental proxy, carbonate

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SGL39-P06

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 24 18:15-19:30

An attempt to obtain earthquake-related events from stalactite
KAWABATA, Kuniyo1∗ ; KUBOTA, Yoshimi2 ; TANAKA, Hidemi3 ; TSUNOMORI, Fumiaki4
1
4

The Kagoshima University Museum, 2 National museum of nature and science, 3 School of Science, The University of Tokyo,
GeochemicaResearch Center, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo

Dripstones in limestone cave such as stalactites and stalagmites showing colored banding are thought to record some kind ofchange in the process of their growth. In many cases, dripstones have been studied for the purpose of revealing paleoenvironmental change. Their growth is directly affected by groundwater recharge passing through cracks. The open states of the cracks areeasily modified by tectonic deformation such as earthquake. Growing dripstones, therefore, record not only paleoenvironmental
change, but possibly also tectonic event. Here we try to detect an event caused by tectonic deformation by analyzing stalactite
having banding texture.
We got stalactites from Kuzuu district in Tochigi prefecture and stalagmites from Ishigaki Island in Okinawa prefecture. We
observed banding texture under microscope, analyzed chemical composition by ICP-MS and EPMA and carried out radioactive
carbon dating.
The result shows that Si, Al, Mg and Fe are concentrated on dark bands, which implies emplacement of clay minerals on thesurface of the Kuzuu stalactite and Ishigaki stalagmite. The AMS14 C dating result displays that carbonate of Kuzuu stalactite
grew from 37,000 to 33,000 (14 C age). We recognized a growth rate anomaly around the middle of the stalactite. In this presentation we discuss possible environmental factor and tectonic event to form banding textures on Kuzuu stalactite and Ishigaki
stalagmite.

Keywords: stalactite, stalagmite

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