Current Status and Issues of Biomass Industrial Heat in Germany
Dr.-Ing. Volker Lenz

International Symposium on Biomass Industrial Heat, Tokyo
13th January 2023

DBFZ – Smart Bioenergy▪ Integrated, free competition and demand-oriented energy supply▪ Combined production of bio-based fuels▪ Development of high efficient and clean technologies▪ Fully comprehensive sustainability monitoring▪ Optimal value chain from biomass
Goal: A carbon-neutral bio-economy based on renewable resources© Fotos: DBFZ, Jan Gutzeit, Pixabay / CC0 Public Domain, DREWAG/Peter SchubertBilder: Stefan Rauchhaus / DBFZ,Michael Moser Images / Schulz undSchulz Architekten GmbH

Research on all issues related to bioenergy.

SEITE 22

We heat the earth!

Quelle: IPCC AG I zum 6. Sachstandsbericht: Klimawandel 2021. Naturwissenschaftliche Grundlagen. Zusammenfassung für die politische Entscheidungsfindung. 2021

3

Our generation is responsible for rapid climatechange!
Temperature increase ofaround 1.1 ˚C so far

Our generation isresponsible for rapidclimate change!!
••••

Quelle: https://www.volker-quaschning.de/datserv/CO2/index.php Zugriff: 10.01.2020

SRU: Climate neutrality
needs to be achieved by2031 -2040.
fully renewable heat
supply by 2040 at thelatest(Ukraine) war
Climate change with flood
disasters, droughts, heat
deaths, hurricanes andforest fires
4

Pressure to act Climate protection worldwide
Achievement
1.5 - 2˚Ctarget.
The faster we act, theeasier it will be!

5Quelle: WBGU 2018

Climate protection decision in Germany 2021
Federal Constitutional Court ruling of March 24, 2021
in conjunction with Climate Protection Act 2019.
• 1.5 - 2 ºC target to be achieved by politicians on a binding basis -> residual GHG emissions budget of 6.7 Gt asof 2020
• Climate protection needs to be weighed up against other fundamental rights (especially civil liberties)
Massive promotion of the use of RE and successivebans on new fossil fuel-fired plants (e.g. BEG, BEW ...)

Wait and see means later operating bans for fossilfired energy converters• The energy transition and especially the heat transition will have to accelerate, including a complete••conversion of the industrial process heat supply!
Bioenergy could quickly make additional contributions alongside and with air-to-water heat pumps.
But: Sustainability of bioenergy no longer includes only quantity balance, but also biodiversity!

6

GHG-emissions of industry and targets
GHG emissions of Germany - history and target values Federal Climate Protection Act
Waste + other

Quelle: FVEE-Jahrestagung 2022

agriculture

trafficbuildings

industryenergy industry

7

Status bioenergy in the heat sector
Biomass in Renewable (~86%)
Heat approx. 50% of final energy consumption
Renewables in heat (~16,5%)

EEV heat by energy source6000

5000

Mineralöl
Fernwärme
Sonstige

Gase
KohlenStrom
Erneuerbare

PJ/a

4000
3000
2000

1000
0
20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019

8

Status of heat supply from biomass inGermany 2021
Final energy consumption of renewable energies for heating and cooling in Germany in 2021

Industrial heat from wood:
11,7%
Tertiary sector (trade,commerce and services)by wood: 10,9%

Usage of wood inhouseholds : 40,7%

9

Global classification of industrial heat
Data based on IEA World Energy Balances Highlights 2021
"Heat" includes electricity used for heating.

Global energy consumption

Global industrial heat consumption
Low temperatureprocesses

Electricity
20 %IndustryHeat

Transportation
30 %

below

Agriculture

Buildings

Mediumtemperatureprocesses

High-temperatureprocesses(aboveQuelle: FVEE-Jahrestagung 202210

Industrial transformation in Germany istransformation of process heat•

19 % of Germany's total final energy
demand (2020) was used for industrial
process heat•of this, only a fraction has so far been
provided from renewable energies orregenerative electricity

11

Achievable temperatures and potential areasof application for renewable heat4-step model for decarbonization

12

Wood utilization in Germany
forest removals (GER)
100908060
504030Quelle: Pilotbericht Bioökonomiemonitoring

Daten: FAO (2021)

Mio. m3

70

20
100
1991

1996

2001

2006

roundwood w/o fuelwood

2011

fuelwood

2016

Energy from wood

Material wood usage

Material and energy use roughly equal

13Wood potential in Germany
Derb wood felling in Germany:
Comparison of growth (theoreticalbiomass potential) and utilization.
•1993: 49% of the growth used•

2007: 112% of the growth utilized•After 2009: approx. 80% of increment
utilized•

2018-2020: utilization > increment(unplanned utilization)
Biokraft-Project (in progress)

Expansion of wood energy
only possible regionally andonly to a limited extent! 14

Future wood energy potentials in Germany
2020 Timber harvesting is at the level of growth in Germany
approx. 50% goes into direct energetic use

especially for low-temperature applications at end customers or in wood (heating) power plants
Upcoming changes:

Biodiversity goals have been neglected for years -> forest must be converted to climate-resilient
mixed forest + more untouched areas (up to 30%) are planned and more deadwood should remainin the forest!
Climate neutrality 2045 requires negative emissions from agriculture and forestry: Germany
foresees 20 million t for 2030; EU expects 34 million t from Germany => approx. 20-30% of the new
growth must remain in the forest or the forest area must be expanded accordingly (+ 2-3 million ha)
Timber construction strategy and bioeconomy strategy require expansion of felling for material use

In Germany, the energetically usable potential of primary wood without imports will drasticallydecrease (from currently approx. 90 TWh/a to estimated 20 TWh/a).

15

Process heat scenarios Germany KSG45
Industrial development in a greenhouse gas neutral energy system in Germany

Paper

SteelHydrogen

PowerCoalBiogas

Biomass

CementProcess residues

Glass

District heating

Hydrogen and biomass are key energy carriers for the defossilization of German industry
Quelle: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Vortrag FVEE 2022

16

Alternative fuels
Heating value comparison
Compared to wood, alternative
biomass fuels have:− lower specific energydensity− higher ash content− slag more easily− higher risk of corrosion(C-content)− higher NOx emissions− higher PM emissions− more inhomogeneousproperties− often higher price
The energy content of each column corresponds to one liter of fuel oil
Source: TFZ

17

Biomass potential & utilization in Germany

77
Biomasses

5
Sectors

1.113
Calculation elements

Min/Max
Values available

Online Data Repository

MIN

http://webapp.dbfz.de

602 PJ…

MAX

1.037 PJ ...1.471 PJ

Quelle: Brosowski et al. (2016), DOI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.10.017; Brosowski et al. (2019), DOI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105275; Brosowski et al. (2019), https://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/berichte/22019215.pdf

18

Innovative fuel options
Initial situation :Use of primary forest biomass for energy should not increase further (no fundingincentives) - Federal Environment Ministry, environmental associations ...

Possible Solutions:

Waste wood processing into premium fuels
Landscape maintenance materials incl. paludiculture

Florafuel AG plant

Washing,mixing,conditioning,
compacting

19

Torrefaction

Source: https://www.holzkurier.com/uebrige_wirtschaft/2012/08/andritz_mit_geschaeftsentwicklungzufrieden.html

20

Charcoal productionendothermic
endotherm

150 oC
endothermic
endotherm

Raw material
supplyhauptsächlich
Mainly water Wasser

Stove

Hydrolyseund
Hydrolysis andisomerization
Isomerisierungsprocesses(u.
(CO,prozesse
a. CO,CO2,, Essigsäure,acetic acid,CO2
formic acid,…)
Ameisensäure)275 oC
exothermic
exothermGas
outletCoaloutletAcetic acid, methanol,
Essigsäure,acetone, wood tar,
Methanol,hydrogen, Aceton,
methane,Holzteer,ethylene Wasserstoff,Methan, Ethylen

350 oC
exotherm
exothermic

Heavy woodschwerertar
Holzteer

400 oC
Holzkohle
Charcoal
Source: Kaltschmitt

Source: www.bestongroup.com

21

Excursion: Development renewable power
production in Germany• Since 2013 no significant
increase in power from biomass
due to much decreased funding• First wood to power plants wentout of operation.
• Clear political change inposition away from wood topower – not only on German,
but also on European level.
22Scenario comparison of future use of biomassin Germany
bioenergy demand in TWh

Germanperspectives are:• reduced use ofwood for power• much increased
use forindustrial heat• slight increasein heat for SMEtotalenergy

industrysolidtransportation
liquidgaseousprivatehouseholds

smallenterprices

23

Process heat scenarios Germany KSG45

Quelle: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Vortrag FVEE 2022

24

Scenarios of future biomass use in Germany
Robust insights into the long-term, cost-optimal use of biomass across a variety of scenarios
through 2050*.
• Woody residues in hightemperature heat applicationsin industry• Fermentable residues in thelong term as flexible
biomethane in various sectors*DBFZ/ UFZ project SoBio: Strategy for the optimal energetic use of biomass in the future German energy system:that are difficult to decarbonize,
An energy system modeling with the model BenOpt
Assumption: 47 Mt Residuals + 2,3 Mio ha cultivation area
e.g. high-temperature industry,
district heating, buildings• Cultivated biomass for flexibility
in the power sector, as well as
in high-temperature heat
25applications.
DMIndustrial application with BeCCS
Chemicalindustry

Energy generation

CO2 flow
Energy flow
Material flow

Power-to-X (PtX)

CO2Greenhouse/ Algae
production

Atmosphere

CO2Use (CCU)

CO2CO2

Per plant 10-150 kt
CO2 separable.

CO2-capture🌳🌳🌳
BiomassCO2🏭
🏭

EnergyBiochar

CO2Costs: 100–200
US$/tCO2 (Fuss et al. 2018)

Energy & Material generation

Source: Adapted from Global CCS Institute and Biorecro 2010.
https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/global-status-beccs-projects-2010 by
UFZ/DBFZ

Negative emission
Climate goals

Geologicalstorage
26

Negative emissions from biomass energy use• Industrial high-temperature processes with possibly inherent GHG emissions are
suitable for CO2 capture incl. biomass use: e.g. cement production• in many other industrieshydrogen seems to be promising• in the field of small combustion
plants, the increase in theamount of residual coke (C-richash) and its incorporation into
the soil could lead to negativeemissions (+ soil improvement)

Figure: Sarc R, Pomberger R, Lorber KE. Innovative Technical Solutions for Reduction of Waste Fuel Specific
Emissions in Cement Plants. In: Thomé-Kozmiensky KJ, Thiel S, Thomé-Kozmiensky E, Winter F, Juchelková D,editors. Waste Management. Neuruppin, Germany: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky; 2017, 475–49727

Ash recovery versus coal recovery
Heat exchanger

CycloneCombustion
chamber
Secondary air

Removal of ash
Bild: Pyreg https://pyreg.com/de/unsere-technologie/

Fuel feed

Primary air
Quelle: Kaltschmitt

Grate28

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi
ki/File:Prunus_serotina_bark.jpg© Martin Dotzauer (DBFZ)

Energy quantity in EJ© Craig Wyzik© Sven Schaller (DBFZ)

Conclusion: Role of bioenergy in the industry
543

21

Heat >
200°C
Heat up
to 200°C
andcoolingTotalbiomass
forindustrial
Further biomass heatpotentials (partly inuse)
Further bioheat0Industry heatingWärme-Kältebedarf
Biomasseeinsatz
Biomass use forfürder Industrieindustriellecoolingdemandindustrial Wärme
heat+ Building heating
Interim conclusion: Biomass is storable, flexibly applicable and available!
However, quantities are limited and associated with costs!
© KeithWeller© Martin Dotzauer (DBFZ)

Consequence: Use only for selected applications with additional benefits
Heat <200°C

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w
iki/File:Concentrated_solar_power__concentrated_solar_thermal_ico
n.png

Process effects© Ilmari Karonen

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tapping_of _liquid_steel_f rom_BOF.jpg

Biocokefor steelincl.H2
Ash forcement© DBFZ

Hybrid technology© DBFZ+ biogenic silica

CCS + BeCCS
CaCO3 + Bio heat

Bioeconomy

CO2@ José David
Mendoza Terrazas

29

Smart Bioenergy – Innovationen für eine nachhaltige Zukunft
Ansprechpartner
Prof. Dr. mont. Michael Nelles

DBFZ Deutsches
Biomasseforschungszentrum
gemeinnützige GmbH

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Daniela Thrän
Dr. Agr. Peter Kornatz
Dr.-Ing. Volker Lenz
Dr.-Ing. Franziska Müller-Langer
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ingo Hartmann

Torgauer Straße 116
D-04347 Leipzig
Tel.: +49 (0)341 2434-112
E-Mail: info@dbfz.de
www.dbfz.de
Fotos: DBFZ, Jan Gutzeit, DREWAG/Peter Schubert (Titelfolie, rechts), Pixabay / CC0 Public Domain

Wood qualities
debarkable

construction wood andfurnitureuse forwood chips
for pulp anduse in wood industry for products or paper orwood export
chipboard or
Quelle: Küthe, 2001, adopted
energybrunches and leaves + roots
sorting for compost(Biomeiler) and energy chips

31

32

Energy carrier-specific properties
Woody biomassHerbaceous biomass

UnitWoodpellets1

Sprucewood withbark2

Miscanthus3

Wheatstraw3

Reed4

ReedGlossy
Grass4Water
content[Gew.-%(roh)]< 10138,3

119,513

Calorific
value,Hu

MJ/kg
(wf)]

> 18,0

18,8

17,7

17,0

17,2

16,2

Ash
content[Gew.-%(wf)]< 0,500,63,2

6,4

4,0

8,5

Parameter

Quelle: Leitfaden Bioenergie1; DINplus2; interne Analysen DBFZ3; Endbericht der FH Strahlsund zum Teilprojekt „Charakterisierung und Analyse derBiobrennstoffe „Schilfrohr“ und „Rohrglanzgras“ und Verbrennungstests, Stand: 30.06.20084

33

Charcoal properties
Composition

Quelle: Kaltschmitt

C in%
H in %
O in
Zusammensetzung

Yield
Ausbeute
in % ofwood
inderHTSdry matter

Temperatur
Temperatureinin °C°C

C in %%%
H inO in %

200

52,3

6,3

41,4

91,8

250

70,6

5,2

24,2

65,2

300

73,2

4,9

21,9

51,4

400

77,6

4,4

18,0

40,6

500

89,2

3,1

7,7

31,0

600

92,2

2,6

5,2

29,1

800

95,4

1,1

3,5

26,7

1 000

96,6

0,5

2,926,534

Fuel properties - overview and influence
Emissionen, Abbrandverhalten, Korrosionen,emissions, Ascheschmelzverhalten,
combustion behavior, corrosion, ash melting
behavior, ash composition
Aschezusammensetzung
Nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, alkalis, heavy metals

Chemical

Fuelproperties

Dimension, fines content, bulk density,
raw density, abrasion resistance

Lagerund andTransportfähigkeit,
Storagetransportability
Staubentwicklung

Water content, calorific value, ash content,
ash melting behavior

Energy content,
plant design,
Energieinhalt,
Anlagenauslegung,combustion behavior,particulate
Abbrandverhalten,
Staubemissionen,
35matter emissions,slag
formation
SchlackebildunglongKomplex biorefinery

mediumBtL
Bioethanol
Biomethane from(Lig.)
Bio-SNG
Gasification –Gasification - GTgas motor

Micro-GT, Stirling

Biorefinery

shortTechnology availability - term

Technology Overview

Biomethanefrom biogas
Bioethanol (Corn)

Heat
Electricity /CHP
Basicchemicals
Biofuels

Heat plant
Heat unit

111010

CHP plant - DT
Biogas-CHP

100100

1,000
1.000

Biodiesel

10,00010.000100,000
100.000

1,000,000
10,000,000
1.000.000 10.000.000

Biomass demand in t/a

Demand on capital investment
Regional development© IE-Leipzig, 200736

Simulation of biomass use in the heatingmarket (BioPlanW)

Quelle: Mathias Jordan, UFZ

52 Supply scenarios forheat supply from biomass
and other renewableenergies

Solution space for bioenergy
technologies under
uncertain developments
37

95% EE-Szenario - Bioenergy Perspectives

Quelle: TatBio Report (auf der BMWi oder DBFZ Webseite zu finden)

38

Achievable temperatures from renewable
heat sources

Quelle: FVEE-Jahrestagung 202239

10-20 €/GJ
4-7 €/GJ
5-10 €/GJ

ca. 1,3 Mio. tTM

Prices until 202040

▪ price only slightly cheaper thanroundwood;▪ Discussion about forest
protection▪ possibly for fire protection
reasons and calamities
favorable offers

41Competition with co-incinerationin coal-fired power plants;
In the future, possibly specialmono-incineration (phosphorus).
42

Biomass energy use in Germany 2020
Wärme

BiogeneFestbrennstoffea:
nur Wärme
KWK-Wärme
Biogas (vorrangig KWKWärme)Flüssige
Bioenergieträger
Summe
StromErzeugung in PJ Erzeugung in PJ PrimärenergiePrimärenergie(Stand 2020)(Ausblick 2023) äquivalent in PJ äquivalent in PJ(Stand 2020)(Ausblick 2023)

a inklusive biogener Anteil des Abfalls b das Biomasse-Primärenergieäquivalent bei den Biogas- und PflanzenölBHKW ist bei der Stromerzeugung berücksichtigt, c365
10869394 bis 397
103 bis 114
66 bis 69

464 I
59
4,4b,III,VII,VIII

10,8b

12,6 bis 14,4 b

11,7 b, II

501 bis 505I
56 bis 63
4,8bis5,4b,III,VII,VIII
14 bis 16b, II553
576 bis 594
539
576 bis 589
Erzeugung in PJ Erzeugung in PJ PrimärenergiePrimärenergie(Stand 2020)(Ausblick 2023) äquivalent in PJ äquivalent in PJ(Stand 2020)(Ausblick 2023)

BiogeneFestbrennstoffe:
Biomasse
41Abfälle
21
BiogasKWK-Prozess
110
Biomethan
9Flüssige
1,1
Bioenergieträger
Summe
182
Quelle: BWK Stand erneuerbare Energien 2020

37 bis 43
20 bis 22165 IV
37 V

151 bis 175 IV
36 bis 38 V

104 bis 108
9 bis 10
1,1 bis 1,4445 VI;VII40VII;VIII;IX
3VI, X421 bis 436 VI;VII
38 bis 41VII;VIII;IX
3 bis 4VI,X

171 bis 184

690

649 bis 694

einschließlich der KWK- Wärme; I Nutzungsgrad derUmwandlung fester Biomasse in Feuerungsanlagen in Wärme
ein Einzelraumfeuerungen 75 und Kesseln 80 %; IINutzungsgrad Umwandlung flüssige Bioenergieträger inFeuerungsanlagen in Wärme etwa 80%; III Nutzungsgrad derUmwandlung von Biomethan in Wärme 90%; IV
Stromwirkungsgrad zur Verstromung fester Biomasse ohneWärme 31 %, mit teilweiser KWK 25 % bei HolzvergaserBHKW in KWK 35%; V Stromwirkungsgrad zur
Verstromung fester organischer Abfälle mit teilweiser KWK
20 %, Wärmegutschrift i.V. zu Biomassekessel 80%; VIelektrischer Nutzungsgrad der Verstromung von Biogas in
BHKW mit KWK 38 % und Pflanzenöl-BHKW 40%; VIIAbbaugrad der Biomasse im Fermenter 65 % (nur derBiomasseinhalt im Biogassubstrat wird berücksichtigt); VIII
Konversionseffizienz Biomethanaufbereitung 90% ; IX
Wirkungsgrad der Umwandlung von Biomethan im BHKW
zu Strom 40% ; X da die Rückstände der
Biotreibstoffherstellung als Futtermittel oder energetischgenutzt werden, wird nur der Energiegehalt des Produkts alserneuerbarer Primärenergieaufwand angesetzt.

43

Heating and cooling demand compared tobiomass use (2015-2018 data)
WorldEU

Germany

Total demand for heating and cooling a)

200 EJ

22.0 EJ

4.3 EJ

Industrial process heat demand (>200°C) a)

῀50 EJ

4.1 EJ

1.2 EJ

Biomass potential

56-160 EJ

33 EJa)

1 EJ

Biomass used for heating purposes

41.7 EJ

3.7 EJ

0.5 EJ

Biomass used for industrial process heat (all)῀3.5 EJ

῀1 EJ

0.1 EJ

Quelle: Volker Lenz, Nora Szarka, Matthias Jordan, Daniela Thrän: Status and Perspectives of Biomass Use for Industrial Process Heat for Industrialized Countries, 2020,
DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000077a) including Eurasia

44