2Introduction to the “Out of Eurasia” Program: Theoretical Perspectives of
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Saburo Sugiyama$UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\2ND\DPD8QLYHUVLW\VXJL\DPD#JPDLOFRPThis introduction to the “Out of Eurasia” program sponsored by the Japan Society for the Promotion
and Science is to reconsider the theories and strategies to better-understand the bio-cultural evolutionary
processes in Mesoamerica. By applying a shared interpretative “niche construction” model, we examinesocial evolutionary processes of hunter-gatherer communities who migrated into the New World andJUDGXDOO\GHYHORSHGVXEVLVWHQFHVWUDWHJLHVQHZLGHRORJLFDOUHDOPVDUWZRUNVWHFKQRORJLHVDQG¿QDOO\FUHDWHGFRPSOLFDWHGVWUDWL¿HGVRFLHWLHVLQGHSHQGHQWO\ZLWKRXWKDYLQJGLUHFWLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWK2OG:RUOG
societies. Some of the bio-cultural features newly created in the New World are similar to those observed
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discuss the implications of the distinctiveness of the New World civilizations.
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without contact with Afro-Eurasian entities. In order to explain the origin of a pristine or autochthonous
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geography (outside factors), our transdisciplinary studies contrastingly explore agents who created cultures
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features (powerful capacity of imagination, memory, collaboration and altruistic action to build solid
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monumentality in terms of ① symbolism, ②IXQFWLRQVDVWHPSOHSODWIRUPDQG VDFUL¿FLDO ULWXDOSODFH
and ③ materializations of rulership, in comparative contexts.
① Most of monuments in Mesoamerica, originally connoted "the sacred mountain," functioning as thespatial axis, a device symbolizing worldviews. The position, the shape, the dimensions, the directionality

15

with the neighboring topography of the monuments apparently incorporated the symbolism of the heavenly
bodies and a complicated calendar system including sacred numbers. We plan to create precise 3D maps
with LiDAR at Teotihuacan, Monte Albán, and Cholula to explore the interrelations among the monuments,
the natural geography, and the heavenly bodies. Comparative analytical studies will contribute to elucidate
ancient cognitive systems and knowledge about astronomy, nature, monumental constructions, and how
the cityscape developed through time.
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rituals were carried out at the bottom, inside, and the summit of the monuments. Other monumental
constructions in the Mexican highlands may have similarly functioned and would have left ritual remains
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and transformation process of social complexity in Mesoamerica.
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a hierarchical polity. Interdisciplinary studies of rituals conducted at the monuments incorporatingarchaeology, iconography, ethnography, evolutionary psychology, and brain sciences will contribute tounderstanding ancient minds and behaviors, and social actions that constituted sacred rulership. Possible
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landscape, cityscape, in relation to the heavenly phenomena in Mesoamerican cities, using advanced
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systems and natural/social environments, fundamental factors that triggered unique bio-cultural evolutionof the Homo sapiens.

Esta introducción al programa, “Afuera de Eurasia” patrocinada por La Sociedad Japonésa para la
Promoción de la Ciencia reconsidera las teorías y estrategias para crear un mejor entendimiento de losprocesos de evolución bio-cultural en Mesoamérica. Al aplicar un modelo interpretativo de “construcciónde nichos”, examinaremos los procesos de evolución social de comunidades de cazadores-recolectores,
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y discutiremos las implicaciones y distinciones de las civilizaciones del Nuevo Mundo.
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o por las costas Bering. Entidades étnicas restringidas y con grupos haplo de ADN bastante homogéneos,
con similitudes físicas, y un reportorio de bacteria salieron de los ambientes fríos creando el primer

16

embotellamiento en Beringia. Estas poblaciones tempranas se dispersaron por el Nuevo Mundo por
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urbanas sin algún contacto con entidades Afro-Euroasiáticas. Para poder explicar el origen de procesosde la formación social prístina o autóctona en Mesoamérica, en vez de enfocarnos en rasgos culturales
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facultades intelectuales inusuales de las personas que median factores externos y en consecuencia crearon
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compleja.
Aquí me enfoco en formación de ciudades, particularmente construcciones monumentales, para explorar
los aspectos únicos de las personas (la poderosa capacidad de imaginación, memoria, colaboración yacción altruista para construir estructuras sociales solidas). Conectando los procesos transformación
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Teotihuacán, Cholula y Monte Albán), tratare la monumentalidad en términos de su ① simbolismo ②
IXQFLRQHVFRPRSODWDIRUPD\OXJDUGHVDFUL¿FLR\ULWR\③ materialización de gobernación en textos
comparativos.
① Muchos de los monumentos en Mesoamérica, originalmente connotan “la montaña ”, funcionando
como eje espacial, y dispositivo que simboliza cosmovisiones. La posición, la forma, dimensiones,
orientación en relación con la topografía circunvecina de monumentos aparentemente incorpora elsimbolismo de los astros y el sistema complejo calendárico incluyendo numerología . Planeamos crear
mapas tridimensionales usando LiDAR en Teotihuacán, Monte Albán, y Cholula para explorar lasinterrelaciones entre los monumentos, la geografía natural, y los astros. Estudios analíticos comparativos
contribuirán a la elucidación de sistemas cognitivos antiguos, conocimiento de la astronomía, la naturaleza,construcciones monumentales, y como el paisaje urbano fue desarrollado durante el tiempo.
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mismo tiempo. Las investigaciones recientes en las pirámides mayores de Teotihuacán indican que ritos de
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monumentales en el altiplano de México también funcionaron de la misma manera y hubieran dejado
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procesos de formación y transformación de la complejidad social en Mesoamérica.
③ Arquitectura monumental y rituales realizados aparentemente fueron los símbolos sociales queUHÀHMDURQODMHUDUTXtDSROtWLFD(VWXGLRVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULRVGHORVULWXDOHVUHDOL]DGRVHQORVPRQXPHQWRV
incorporan arqueología, iconografía, etnografía, psicología evolucionaria, y ciencias del cerebro ycontribuirán a nuestro conocimiento de las mentes, comportamientos, y acciones sociales que constituyeron
la gobernación . Posibles tumbas reales descubiertas bajo los monumentos de Teotihuacán demuestran la
preocupación de los antiguos con los cuerpos fallecidos, asuntos de estado (soberanía), y los monumentos

17

mismos. La reconstrucción del paisaje antiguo, paisaje urbano en relación de los fenómenos celestiales
en las ciudades Mesoamericanas, usando tecnología avanzada, profundizaran nuestro conocimiento delas interacciones dinámicas entre sistemas cognitivos humanos y ambientes naturales/sociales, y factoresfundamentales que desencadenaron la evolución bio-cultural única del Homo sapiens.

Theories and Strategies for Bio-Cultural Studies in
Mesoamerica

18Intelligent Hunter-Gatherers
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particularly ancient landscaping and monumental

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on monumentality as an index of a long-term bio-cultural$IUR(XUDVLD+XQWHUJDWKHUHUFRPPXQLWLHVUHDFKHGWKH

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for millennia becoming more skillful and intelligent

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Figure 2.1.
General plan of Mexico and Central America with locations of sites mentioned in the text.

19

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Rejecting the Wild vs Domestication Dichotomy

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DQGHSLVWHPRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKH:HVWHUQHUV¶VHQVH

Americas indigenous communities sustained long and

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exploitation by controlling, feeding, or teaming, and

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assimilated American indigenous traditions and cultural

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HWDOLQSUHVV 7KHLVVXHVKRXOGEHUHYLVLWHGUHDQDO\]LQJ

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materials and contextual data from trans-disciplinary

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DQLPDOVDQGSODQWVDUHPRQRSROLVWLFDOO\SURYLGLQJSULPDU\21

Figure 2.2.

GHQVHO\SRSXODWHG$]WHFFDSLWDORI7HQRFKWLWODQ a

Zoo-plant reservation at Ixtapalapa in the Valley of Mexico,&( :KLOHZHREVHUYHJUHDWGLYHUVLW\LQHQYLURQPHQWDO

where the domestication of the whole symbiotic landscape

FRQGLWLRQODQGVFDSLQJPRQXPHQWPRUSKRORJ\RUFLW\can be observed (Florentine Codex).

OD\RXWLQDGGLWLRQWRHWKQLFDQGOLQJXLVWLFYDULDWLRQLQWKLVDUHDZHH[SORUHPDQ\FRPPRQO\VKDUHGVRFLRFXOWXUDOHVSHFLDOO\LGHRORJLFDOIDFWRUV,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHVDOLHQW
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FDQEHH[DPLQHGLQ0HVRDPHULFD① cosmic symbolism
of monuments, ②IXQFWLRQVRIPRQXPHQWVDVWKHRUHWLFDOVWDJHVIRU VDFUL¿FLDO ULWXDOVDQG③FKDQJLQJVRFLRSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRUUXOHUVKLSSURFODLPHGDWPRQXPHQWV
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22

2. Evolutionary Perspectives of Mesoamerican

FHQWXU\&(DQGEHFDPHRQHRIWKHODUJHVW3UH&ROXPELDQMonuments

XUEDQFHQWHUVLQWKH$PHULFDVLQWHUPVRIWKHPHWURSROLWDQ

7RUHHYDOXDWHKRZH[FHSWLRQDOKXPDQDELOLWLHV HJ

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Figure 2.3.

2XWRI(XUDVLDSURJUDP

Central Plaza of Monte Albán, viewed from the North Pla
tform toward the south (photo by author).

Monuments Symbolizing Sacred Mountain andCosmology$V /ySH] FRQYLQFLQJO\ H[SODLQV LQ WKLV YROXPH
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meticulously and precisely calculated complicated

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Figure 2.4.
View of the Moon Pyramid from the central axis of the Avenue of the Dead toward the north at Teotihuacan. Notice thatthe top of the Moon Pyramid exactly coincides with the top of the highest mountain of the Teotihuacan Valley, Cerro
Gordo, which is often covered with cloud especially during the rainy season, as if the mountain is seen as a water resource
connected to the north.

24

Figure 2.5.
LiDAR map of the central section of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. We believe that systematic analysis of
topographic features detected by the map will reveal an indigenous perception of time and space.

integrated produced numerals symbolically into

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SURYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRH[SORUHQXPHURORJLFDOV\PEROVsymbolic monuments became a religious, intellectual,

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25

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stage for public ritual display, not as a platform to sustain

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including examination of ancient cooperation or altruism

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Mesoamerican monuments--social stratification and

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Figure 2.6.
Plan of Burial 6 found tri-dimensionally near the center of Building 4. Twelve individuals with canids, felines, eagles, and
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8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV%HHNPDQ & 6 DQG & 0F(ZDQ   Waves ofInfluence: Revisiting Coastal Connections
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between 3UH&ROXPELDQ1RUWKZHVW6RXWK$PHULFDDQFHVWRUVE\7HRWLKXDFDQGHVFHQGDQWVDVVRFLDOPHPRULHV

DQG 0HVRDPHULFD 3UH&ROXPELDQ 6WXGLHVPD\PDNHLWGL൶FXOWWRSUHFLVHO\LGHQWLI\WKHRULJLQDO

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%RRQH ( + (G    Ritual Human Sacrifice

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in Mesoamerica 'XPEDUWRQ 2DNV 5HVHDUFKPD[LPDOSROLWLFDODQGPLOLWDU\IRUFHVRIWKH7HRWLKXDFDQ/LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQVJRYHUQPHQWV\PEROLFDOO\DQGSK\VLFDOO\HPEHGGHGLQWKH
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Mesoamerica 2  SSXSSHUZRUOGDQGXQGHUZRUOG DQGWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQ30%RRQH ( + (G    The Aztec Templo&DUEDOOR'0  Urbanization and Religion in

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Ancient Central Mexico2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVFUHDWHSUHFLVH/L'$5PDSVRIDQFLHQWFLW\VFDSHZLWK&DUOVRQ - %   Venus-regulated Warfare

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