52【スライド 53】

【スライド 57】

【スライド 54】

【スライド 58】

【スライド 55】

【スライド 59】

【スライド 56】

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りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題
ー放射性物質汚染への対応を考えるー

獣医師は、これまで大災害があるたびに、多くの方々の善意に支えられながら被災動物対応を実施してきました。そして、そのたびに、活動のノウハウを集積し、次の活動に役立ててきました。ところが、今回の東日本大

震災は、これまでのノウハウが通用しないほどの、大規

模な激甚災害であり、また、原発事故による放射性物質汚染という新しい敵にも遭遇しました。本シンポジウム

では、今回の動物救護活動の実情について報告するとともに、今回の経験を、今後の対応にどのように役立てるかについて考えていきたいと思います。

《主催》社団法人 日本獣医師会《司会／座長》「東 日 本 大 震 災 に お け る 被 災 動 物 対 応 の 現 状 と 今 後 の伊 藤 伸 彦 氏（ 学 校 法 人 北 里 研 究 所 理 事 ／ 北 里 大 学

課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―」

獣医学部 学部長）《演者》「震災から今日まで…」小動物における動物救護活動に

河又 淳氏（福島県動物救護本部／千葉小動物クリニック

ついて

獣医師）

「東 日 本 大 震 災 に お け る 被 災 動 物 対 応 の 現 状 と 今 後 の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―」佐 藤 利 弘 氏（ 福 島 県 酪 農 業 協 同 組 合 生 産 部 診 療 課

課長）

Workshop VI

ワークショップ Ⅵ“The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affectedby the Great East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses toRadioactive Material Contamination”
Every time a great disaster has struck, our vets have been called to action to handle the victim animals, backed
by the warm support of many people. With every new disaster we have at least gained some valuable newexpertise, skills and insights to guide our activities for the next time. However, the overwhelming scale of thedamage wrought by the Great East Japan Earthquake was so enormous that we could barely make any dent
in the recovery, even with all our collected and combined knowledge resources. Furthermore, we have been
forced to confront a new enemy, the radiation pollution from the nuclear power plant accidents. So, at thisworkshop we would like to report on the current progress of the animal rescue operations and consider how we
can make use of the new experience gained to better serve future efforts.
Organizer: Japan Veterinary Medical Association (JVMA)
MC / Chairperson:“The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake Considering Responses to Radioactive Material Contamination”
Nobuhiko ITO, Director, Kitasato Institute, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
Speakers:“Animal Rescue Operations for Small Animals - since the earthquake up until today”
Jun KAWAMATA, Veterinarian, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster Animal Rescue Task Force, Chiba
Small Animal Clinic, Fukushima City
“The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake Considering Responses to Radioactive Material Contamination”
Toshihiro SATO, Veterinarian, Medical Care Division Head,
Production Department, Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming Association

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012

53

《主催者メッセージ

ORGANIZER MESSAGE》

社団法人 日本獣医師会

Japan Veterinary Medical Association (JVMA)

獣医師は、家庭動物・家畜等の診療のほか、口蹄疫

そのたびに、活動のノウハウを集積し、次の活動に役や鳥インフルエンザ等の伝染病から畜産を守るための立ててきました。ところが、今回の東日本大震災は、こ

家畜衛生、食品等の安全性や人と動物の共通感染症防れまでのノウハウが通用しないほどの、大規模な激甚災

疫に関わる公衆衛生、動物愛護、野生動物保護等の環害であり、また、原発事故による放射性物質汚染という境保全など様々な職域に就業し、社会を支える役割を

新しい敵にも遭遇しました。本シンポジウムでは、今回担っています。

の動物救護活動の実情について報告するとともに、様々

一方、獣医師は、これまで大災害があるたびに、多な立場にある獣医師が社会と連携して行ってきた今回のくの方々の善意に支えられながら被災動物対応を実施

活動における経験を、今後の対応にどのように役立てるしてきました。幅広い職域を持つ獣医師だからこそ、かについて、国民の方々と一緒に考えていきたいと思い

そして、様々な職域にある獣医師が結束したからこそ、ます。

激甚災害の中で、様々な社会貢献をなしえてきたと自負しています。

The role of a veterinarian extends much further than theexamination of pets and farm animals. It involves various
medical categories that help keep society safe relating toboth animal health and public health. The former includes
protecting livestock from infectious diseases (eg. foot-andmouth disease and bird flu), while the latter includes foodsafety and preventing zoonotic infections.
Every time a major disaster has occurred, veterinarians havebeen able to help the affected animals with efforts backed
by the goodwill of a great many people. I believe that weveterinarians can contribute to our society in many different
ways during serious disasters because we can combine toform a collective wisdom acquired from our work in somany varied fields.

54

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

In the past, we have consolidated the new knowhow gained
from our activities and made use of it to help in subsequentdisaster activities. However, in the case of the Great East
Japan Earthquake the scale of disaster was so large that eventhe combined wealth of our expertise was barely able tohelp. We also had to confront a new enemy, the radioactive
contamination caused by the accidents of nuclear energy
plants. So, in this symposium, in addition to reporting about
our actual animal rescue operations, I would like to sharethe experience gained by the various specialty veterinarians
who worked together in collaboration with the public. I
would also like to consider how we can make use of all the
new experience gained to improve future measures with all
the people in our country.

《座長メッセージ

CHAIR MESSAGE》

東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―
The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by theGreat East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses to Radioactive Material
Contamination
学校法人 北里研究所 理事／北里大学 獣医学部 学部長・伊藤 伸彦

Nobuhiko ITO, Director, Kitasato Institute, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University

東日本大震災がこれまでの震災と全く異なるのは、広に至っているが、域内には未だに 1000 頭以上の放れ牛い範囲で放射性物質による汚染が発生したことである。

や多くの野生化した豚などが生き延びている状況である。

そのため、動物の救護活動には 3 つの特殊な問題が加わっ

警戒区域内の動物には放射性物質の体内汚染があり、動た。すなわち、救護活動を行う場所における活動者の放物は制御しにくくなっているため、安全に捕獲すること

射線被ばく、被災動物の放射性物質による体表面と体内がますます難しくなっている。

の汚染、原発から 20km 圏内が警戒区域になったために活動者の立ち入りが制限されたことである。

国の方針に対し、牛の安楽死に同意した農家の方々には無駄に殺されているという思いもあり、さらに国内外

警戒区域内の飼育者たちが居なくなったために起こっから、警戒区域内の動物を助けるか人類に役立つ研究にたことは、動物たちの放射線影響による死ではなくて、使えないかという要望が寄せられていた。これを受けて、飢餓による苦痛と死であった。それでも、故意に逃がし日本獣医師会会長が各方面に働きかけを行い、警戒区域

た動物や飼育檻や鎖から放れた動物の一部は生き延びた。

内の放射能汚染牛を活用した研究が 11 月から開始され犬や猫などについては、日本獣医師会 HP で紹介されたている。また、野生動物の体内放射能汚染の調査によっ“ 動物の身体汚染への対応法について：緊急的暫定措置 ”て、福島県の面積の 7 割を占める森林中の放射能汚染をを指針の一つとして保護活動が続いている。しかし、産評価する研究も提案されており、原発事故の動物への影

業動物に関しては、原子力災害対策本部長から福島県に響の調査は始まったばかりである。

対して、警戒区域内の家畜の安楽死処分が指示され現在

The reason why the Great East Japan Earthquake has produced
a totally different situation from that of any previous major
earthquake is that it has resulted in radioactive contamination
across a wide area. This in turn has created three additional
special problems for those engaged in animal rescue activities.
Firstly, rescue workers have been exposed to radioactivity insome places where they were performing rescue activities;
secondly, affected animals were exposed to both external andinternal contamination by radioactive matter; and thirdly, rescue
workers were not permitted access to the caution zone within a
20km radius of the damaged nuclear power plant.
The fate of many animals left inside the caution zone when theirowners disappeared was not death caused by radiation but painand death from starvation. But even in these circumstances,some of the animals whose owners deliberately released themfrom their cages or chains survived. In the case of dogs, cats,etc., sheltering activities have been continued with reference tothe guideline document, “Methods of coping with radioactive
contamination of animals’ bodies - urgent tentative measures”.
This was introduced on the website of the Japan Veterinary
Medical Association. However, with regard to farm animals,
the chief of the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters

ordered Fukushima Prefecture to euthanize livestock within thecaution zone. Nevertheless, the current situation is that morethan 1,000 runaway cattle and many feral pigs still survive
within the caution zone. Animals within the zone have internal
radioactive contamination and have become difficult to control
so it is becoming harder to capture them safely.
In the face of government policy, those farming households
that agreed to euthanize their cattle now feel that their animals
were destroyed for no purpose. Moreover, there have beenrequests both from within Japan and from overseas to rescue
animals from the caution zone or to use them for research thatcan benefit people. In response, the Chairman of the Japan
Veterinary Medical Association did change his request to theaffected parties, such that research using cattle contaminated byradioactive materials in the caution zone began in November.
A research project has also started in an effort to evaluate theradioactive contamination of the forests that occupy 70% of
the land area in Fukushima Prefecture. This is being doneby surveying the internal radioactive contamination of wild
animals living in the forests. These examples demonstrate that
research into the effects of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
accident on wildlife has just begun.

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201255

「震災から今日まで…」小動物における動物救護活動について
Animal Rescue Operations for Small Animals - since the earthquake up until today
福島県動物救護本部／千葉小動物クリニック 獣医師・河又 淳

Jun KAWAMATA, Veterinarian, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster Animal Rescue Task Force,
Chiba Small Animal Clinic, Fukushima City

世界にも類を見ない東日本大震災により，福島県は宮城，岩手同様に甚大な被害を受けることとなり，それに加え原子力災害により，想像を絶する大惨事となってしまった．
福島県の報告によれば，警戒区域内にはおおよそ 1 万頭にのぼる犬猫が生存しており，結果的にはその 6 ～ 7割が津波，飢餓，衰弱などにより死亡したとみられる．
警戒区域内にはいまだに推定 400 ～ 500 頭前後の犬猫が取り残されており，行政による救護活動が精力的に行われているが，動物が人間に対して警戒を強めていることや放射線の影響で活動しにくいことなどもあり，動物の保護がスムーズに進んでいないのが現状である．
福島県動物救護本部は，震災後 1 カ月後に福島県が本部長となり福島県獣医師会，郡山市，いわき市の 2 中核市，
福島県動物愛護ボランティア会の 5 団体で構成された．
しかしながら当時は国，県，獣医師会は混乱を極めており，

我々県民も不安定な生活を強いられる状況下，これら団体が一枚岩になり動物救護にあたることが困難であった．
県動物救護本部は県内に 2 ヶ所のシェルターを設置し対応しており，緊急災害時動物救援本部からの義援金や全国各地からの支援の上に成り立っているが，未曾有の大災害ということもあり，その維持運営管理資金は膨大な金額が必要なため不足している．それに加え，慢性的なボランティア不足に悩まされており，資金と人の不足がシェルター閉鎖の見通しが立たぬ現状での大きな課題である．
今回の大災害を通じ，県や獣医師会レベルの被災地単独での動物救護活動には多くの問題と限界があり，官民一体となった大規模な組織力の投入が必要であることを痛感した．今後は大災害に備え，より広域での被災動物支援システムの構築と，そのマニュアル作成の必要性があるのではないだろうか．

The Great East Japan Earthquake was one of the most powerfulearthquakes to have occurred anywhere in the world in modern
times. The earthquake and the accompanying tsunami caused
enormous damage in Fukushima Prefecture just as it did in
the nearby prefectures of Miyagi and Iwate. But additionally,in Fukushima, the tsunami triggered a major nuclear disaster
which has greatly compounded the impact of the originalnatural disaster.

prefectural governments and the veterinary association wereoperating in a state of extreme confusion, and in a situationin which we Fukushima residents were also forced to live
precariously day to day, it was difficult for the organizations tocarry out animal rescue activities monolithically.

According to a report from Fukushima Prefecture, prior to thedisaster, approximately 10,000 dogs and cats were living within
the so-called “caution zone”. It is estimated that approximately
60 to 70% of these animals died either in the tsunami or elsefrom subsequent starvation, weakness, etc. At present, around
400 to 500 dogs and cats are estimated to be living in thecaution zone, and the authorities are actively attempting to
rescue these animals. However, in the current situation, thework of protecting these animals is not going smoothly because
they have become more cautious of people and because thepresence of radioactivity makes it difficult to carry out rescue
activities.
Fukushima Animal Rescue Headquarters was set up a monthafter the disaster struck by five organizations as members- namely Fukushima Prefectural Government, Fukushima
Veterinary Medical Association, the governments of the twocore cities of Koriyama and Iwaki, and the animal welfare
volunteer association Fukushima-ken Dobutsu Aigo Volunteer
Kai, with Fukushima Prefecture also playing an overallmanagement role. But at that time, when the national and56

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

The Animal Rescue Headquarters has dealt with the situation
by installing shelters at two locations in Fukushima Prefecture
and its operations are financed from public donations provided
by the Emergency Animal Rescue Headquarters and by support
from people all over Japan. But since the scale of the disasterwas unprecedented, the amount of money required to keep thework going and manage the operation is huge, with the resultthat funds are in short supply. In addition, the Headquarters also
suffers from a chronic shortage of volunteers. In the current
situation, in which the closure of the shelters is nowhere insight, insufficient funds and manpower are the major problems.
Through this massive disaster I have become acutely aware that
if prefectural governments and veterinary associations carryout animal rescue activities by themselves, they are bound tocome up against all kinds of problems and limitations. To work
effectively, it is necessary to install a large-scale organizedauthority in which the government and the people are united.
For the future, in order to prepare in advance for majordisasters, it will be essential to build up a more broadly based
animal support system and also to produce a manual that canserve as a guide to operating such a system.

東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―
The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by theGreat East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses to Radioactive Material
Contamination
福島県 酪農業協同組合 生産部診療課 課長／獣医師・佐藤 利弘

Toshihiro SATO, Veterinarian, Medical Care Division Head,
Production Department, Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming Association

今回の震災で直接的な被害を受けた福島県内の牧場は5 月半ばには死屍累々の状況となったと聞きます。５月僅かでしたが、ライフラインの寸断、乳業工場や飼料工に始まった一時帰宅者やボランティアからもたらされた場等の被災、燃料不足による物流の断絶等により、通常

その映像はメディアを通じて世界中の知る所となります。

の生産活動ができず回復までには２週間余りを要し、原その後も作業は遅々として進まず 9 月過ぎまでかかった

発事故による原乳出荷停止は更に追い打ちをかけました。

様に聞きます。これらの事は家畜の所有者や畜産関係者

そして浜地区に出された原発事故の避難指示は、状況がに心の闇を残す結果となりました。

見えない中で同心円状に 20km 圏内の避難指示、30km

一方野生化した牛や豚の存在は、今後自家繁殖あるい圏内の屋内待避指示が 1 ヶ月余り続きます。この間牛のは野生動物との繁殖によるエリア拡大等の新たな問題と所有者達はその地に留まったり、避難先から通ったり、なると考えます。

牛の避難を試みます。組合も行政との協議を経ながら避次に、放射性物質汚染は生活環境としての地域的な汚難先を確保し、一部家畜の移動を試みます。しかし 4 月

染分布だけでなく、時間の経過と共に未知の放射性物質

22 日から 20km 圏内は警戒区域の指定により、事実上の濃縮（地形的、生物的）を実感させました。地元農業

家畜を放置せざるを得ない状態になりました。当初想定を持続させるための課題は多く、生産物モニタリングとされていた殺処分や死体の処理も、作業環境や産業廃棄生産サイクルの検証、検査体勢、リスクコミュニケーショ

物としての処理見通しが立たず、大半の家畜が餓死し、ン、除染技術の開発等多面的な取組が行われています。

In Fukushima Prefecture, only a few livestock farms sustained
direct damage from the recent earthquake. However, due tothe severing of lifelines, damage to dairy factories and otherfacilities, interruptions in distribution due to fuel shortages andother reasons, it took more than two weeks before production
activities returned to normal. Moreover, the dairy industry’s
problems were further compounded when the shipment of raw
milk was halted on account of the nuclear power accident.

of the animals died of starvation. I heard that, by the middleof May, the situation meant that there were heaps of carcasses.
Such images, taken by people returning to their homes
temporarily, and by volunteers, were brought to the world’s
attention by the mass media. Even so, restoration work madelittle progress. I then heard that the situation continued beyond
the end of September and it created a sense of doom andgloom in the minds of livestock owners and people involved instockbreeding.

While the radioactive contamination situation was invisible
to the eye, a nuclear power accident evacuation order was
issued for people in the Hama district within a 20km radiusof the plant, while those living between 20 and 30km of theplant were ordered to remain indoors. These orders remainedin force for over a month. During that time, cattle owners
attempted to evacuate their animals while remaining on theirfarms or commuting to and from their evacuation sites. The
Dairy Farming Association also tried to remove some livestock
to secure locations in consultation with the administration.
However, from April 22, when the area within the 20km radius
was designated as a caution zone, conditions were such thatit became virtually impossible to help the livestock and they
had to be left unattended. In the beginning, slaughtering theanimals and disposing of the carcasses was considered, butthere was nowhere suitable either as a working environment or
as a disposal site for the carcasses as industrial waste, so mostOn the other hand, with other livestock such as cattle and pigs
having been let loose and turning feral in the disaster area, newproblems are expected to emerge in the future. By this I mean
the broadening of the contaminated area due to uncontrolled
breeding or interbreeding with wild animals, etc.
Secondly, we have witnessed not only the distributionof radioactive material contamination in the local living
environment but also the topographic and biologicalconcentration of radioactive materials as time goes on. Many
issues remain to be tackled in order to maintain local farming,
and we also need to take a multifaceted approach that includes
product monitoring, production cycle verification, checking
systems, risk communication, and decontamination technology
development, etc.

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201257

Workshop VI

ワークショップ Ⅵ 記録集

58

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

《座長メッセージ

CHAIR MESSAGE》

東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―
The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by theGreat East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses to Radioactive Material
Contamination
学校法人 北里研究所 理事／北里大学 獣医学部 学部長・伊藤 伸彦

Nobuhiko ITO, Director, Kitasato Institute, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
Good morning everybody. Thank you very much forworking on the problems there. At least, that is how I

taking the trouble to attend this workshop from such

am reconfirming my situation.

an early hour.
Currently I am teaching at Kitasato University in
A little later, under the theme of “The Current Situation

Tokyo, where I serve as the Dean of the School ofConcerning the Handling of Animals Affected by the

Medicine. My specialties include therapeutic radiology

Great East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses

and radiodiagnostics, and for a long time I haveto Radioactive Material Contamination,” two of ouralso researched environmental radiology. As you

speakers will be talking about small animal and farmknow, Aomori Prefecture is the site of a nuclear fuelanimal cases respectively. Even between us, it will be

reprocessing plant. Construction of the plant began

impossible to comprehensively cover such a broad-soon after I started working at Kitasato University and I

based theme so if any of you among the audience would

began to measure environmental background radiation

like to add your opinion, suggestion, or commentseven before it became operational. Ever since, I havebased on your own experience, please do not hesitate tocontinued taking these environmental measurements.

join in. We have allowed for approximately half an hour

Recently, I was told that my work is not an academic

at the end and we’d like to use that time to develop

subject and is of no value to the world. And while I

active discussions.

would prefer that such work never need become usefulI am now having to push myself to face this (radioactive

Please allow me to begin by telling you a little bit

contamination) problem in the closing years of my life.

about myself. I was born in Fukushima Prefecture but
moved to Sendai when I was five years old. Soon afterNow, I would like to introduce today’s lecturers. Ourthat I moved again to Tokyo. Until recently, I was not

first speaker will be Mr. Jun Kawamata a veterinarianvery conscious of where I had spent my earliest days.

who works at the Chiba Small Animal Clinic in

Indeed I had almost completely forgotten. But after

Fukushima City. In addition to being active in numerous

the earthquake and having to make frequent visits toother roles, he is currently serving as Chairman of the

Fukushima, I realized again that my parents’ roots were

Fukushima Veterinary Medical Association’s Great Eastin that prefecture. My mother comes from Aizu andJapan Earthquake Disaster Animal Rescue Task Force,

my father comes from Hara-no-Machi in Minamisoma.

so he is deeply engaged in dealing with this problem. I

I remember that, as a young child, I was often taken

believe he will be talking to us from that perspective.

to Hara-no-Machi to go swimming in the sea. Next
year I will reach retirement age and I feel that Fate

Our second speaker will be Mr. Toshihiro Sato, Head ofis once again drawing me there to grapple with thethe Medical Care Division in the Production Department

terrible problems. I had been expecting to live a quietof Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming Association.

life of retirement but it seems I must actively continue

A graduate of Azabu University, he has worked as a

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201259

veterinarian at the Association for 23 years. For thethe No.3 reactor. The other reactors seem to havefirst ten years his medical practice work centered on

suffered meltdowns, with their fuel rods melting anddairy cattle, and since 1999 he has been involved inradioactive materials being released into the peripheral

making rounds and instructing farming families whileenvironment.

working at the Association’s Headquarters. Since theissue of handling animals affected by he earthquake

This is a photograph of people measuring radioactivity.

disaster not only encompasses relationships between

The Geiger counter shows quite a high reading ofpeople and animals but also touches on a variety of

300 microsieverts per hour. I don’t think anybody is

problems such as food problems, etc., I expect Mr. Satoliving around here but if somebody did stay here for awill also be talking about those topics.

year, I calculate they would receive about 26 sievertsof radiation. So you can see that this is a place where

This is a photograph of some newspapers. I took it inpeople would risk a lot of radiation exposure. Actually,a newsagents inside the evacuation zone when I hadlater on we found many places with higher radiation

permission to enter. I noticed how these undelivered

exposure levels than this. Particularly around thenewspapers were all piled up and took some photos

reactor buildings, there were places where the radiationof them. This is a newspaper dated March 12th, thelevels were pretty high. I imagine cleaning up that messday after the earthquake. There had been the tsunami,

must be very hard work.

of course. These photos show the situation inside theevacuation zone. Even large boats were swept inland

Often we measure the concentration of radioactiveby the tsunami and in many places they had not yet

substances with an instrument called a survey meter,

been removed. The photo at the bottom shows that the

but when we want to measure a sample precisely, wetsunami had passed through the building interior.

use a germanium semiconductor detector. Each type ofradioactive nuclide produces its own characteristic typeThis is the interior of a building close to the station.

of gamma ray emission with a specific energy level. We

I took a shot of the inside from the outside throughcan use this to simultaneously measure radiation both

the glass. I think the room had remained in the same

quantitatively and qualitatively. These are the figures

disordered state since the people who lived here

we measured on April 10th. At that time point, theevacuated on the day after the earthquake.

amount of radioactive contamination adhering to thegrass and trees was greater than the amount in the soil.

Since the damage caused by the tsunami was on such

This is a line-up of spectra from grass, soil and milka large scale, we tend to forget about the earthquake

samples, which were measured at the same time. I wasitself. But as this photo shows, there were lots ofasked to measure milk, pasture grass and fodder forold buildings that suffered either partial (first floor)

cattle by residents of Date City, and we performed thesecollapses or total (first and second floor) collapses.

measurements on April 10th. These spectra are fromthe samples we collected there. Radioactivity was not

This is a newspaper dated March 13th. On the 12th,

detected in the drinking water or milk.

there had been the hydrogen explosion in Fukushima.

60

If this had not occurred, the situation would have been

Among the soil and pasture grass samples, the grassdifferent. I forget which is the No.1 reactor, but the

samples yielded higher radioactivity levels than thereactors here are lined up in order from No.1 to No.4.

soil. The grass subsequently died and fell flat. However,

It seems that the chemical environment inside thewhen the new grass for the next year came up, thereactor buildings made it easy to produce hydrogensituation reversed and the soil now has higher levels

and that this resulted in the explosion. First thereof radioactivity. Once radioactive particles get into thewas an explosion at the No.1 reactor, on March 12th,

soil they remain in place and will hardly wash away

and then the same thing happened on the 14th at

at all. Then eventually farm animals browse on the

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

contaminated pasture, and the radioactivity moves up

decontamination also. From my previous experience

the food chain, eventually reaching people.

with radiation therapy I felt that, essentially, there islittle difference between people and dogs or cats when

I wrote that animals are always victims in theseit comes to the effects of radioactivity. So we posted

situations and this photograph of a dead animal sadly

this on the Japan Veterinary Medical Association’s

illustrates the point. Cats will enter the area so we thenwebsite. Basically, it states in a nuanced way that we

come to a situation in which wild animals and feral

should treat companion animals in the same way as

dogs have eaten the flesh of dead cattle and pigs.

people. Because it was a tentative statement, although
it instructs vets to use a survey meter, it doesn’t

There is a video of some ostriches and watchingspecify which type of survey meter should be used,

it saddens me but I’ll just show a bit of it to you.

or under what conditions it should be used. It justNormally, this is a peaceful landscape with only the

explains how to wash the entire surface of an animal’ssound of birdsong. So the ostriches must be puzzled bybody, etc. At that time, we were considering only bodythe situation. I think they creatures were captured after

surface contamination. Even for people, we had little

the video was taken.

recognition about radioactive particles entering the
body and internal exposure. I will talk more about thisSome house pets were evacuated together with theirpoint later.

owners or keepers, but a lot of people had their hands
totally full with evacuating themselves and had to leave

Regarding farm animals used for food, on May 12th,

their animals behind. Those that were released werePrime Minister Naoto Kan, as the Head of the Nuclear

able to forage and many did survive, but others wereEmergency Response Headquarters, ordered Fukushima

left tied up and died of starvation or thirst. I’m sure thePrefecture to euthanize all living farm animals inside

owners expected to be able to come back soon but werethe evacuation zone after obtaining the agreement of

unable to. Many surviving animals still remain inside

the animals’ respective owners.

the evacuation zone.
The main targets for this order were dairy cows, beef
I took this information partially from the Ministry ofcattle and pigs. Abandoned chickens had already died of

the Environment’s website. The contents show the

starvation or thirst. And yesterday, I heard from Keikoactivities we carried out on May 11th. According toYamazaki of the Companion Animal Study Group “Go”

this, the animal rescue activities started soon afterthat all the animals kept in schools in the evacuation

the earthquake struck, but it proved very difficult tozone were dead. Sadly, many animals left behind in thecapture the animals. Mr. Kawamata will be talking

zone died totally neglected.

about this later on.
However, not all of the farm animals could be
As of April 1st, we posted this statement on the Japaneuthanized and the problem of escaped farm

Veterinary Medical Association’s website. Dr. Masahiro

animals including cows, remains. These animals are

Natsuhori of the Japan Animal Referral Medical Center

gradually turning feral such that the usual humanand I were also involved in its formulation, so I havecontrol methods are ineffective and the animals aresome responsibility there too. Around March 15th,

now becoming dangerous. Another problem is that

we started to talk about what to do. We had to decideunneutered male calves have now grown into bulls andan animal decontamination standard but at the time

begun to impregnate cows. A lot of of new calves havethere was no such standard, not even for people.

been born and the animals have now formed into herds.

However, the National Institute of Radiological Sciences

The bulls’ horns have grown larger for protecting theircame to announce some decontamination guidelines

herds and some of them are dangerous to approach.

which we decided to follow for companion animal

Now, compared to escaped dairy cows, escaped beef

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201261

cattle are now more numerous. Mr. Sato will be talking

this raccoon dog was quite high, it was low in theabout beef cattle later on.

case of other raccoon dogs. So I think these figuresreflect the degree of contamination in the locations

This shows the situation faced by some pigs. The pig

where the individual animals were living. The figures

pens were locked and all the pigs left inside died anddiffer markedly from one individual animal to another.

their decomposing bodies congealed into a sticky

Please note that the figures here are presented using

mess. However, many were also released or escapeda modified scale that omits highly contaminatedfrom farms and subsequently became feral, forming

individuals like the raccoon dog I showed you just now.

themselves into groups. I don’t know whether the

These figures show Japanese serows, badgers, martens,

animals in this photo escaped or were released. Thereand masked palm civets. And this is a raccoon dog thatis a little piglet here, although it is difficult to see. I

had a low degree of contamination.

tried to get close in order to take a better shot of it,
but the mother moved in front to hide it. Next moment

We discussed how much these animals reflect thea boar also came out and threatened us so we quickly

contamination in the locations where they lived. But

retreated. It seems these pigs had broken into a grainwith the Japanese serows, because they range over astorage warehouse and had fed on the rice there. That’s

wide area, we felt that their readings do not necessarily

how they survived.

reflect the contamination situation of a given location.
What we focused on was the overall condition of theI have some photographs of horses that were caught

mountain areas. Contamination adheres firstly to theup in the tsunami and died. As you can imagine, theyleaves and bark of trees, so forests tend to capture

are too miserable to show so I won’t burden you withradioactive particles fairly easily. Once radioactivity

them today. However, many others did survive andadheres to organic materials it is not easily dislodged.

were basically treated in the same way as companion

These organic materials eventually fall to the groundanimals. The injured ones would receive medical

and accumulate in the soil where they decay overtreatment and be taken out of the evacuation zone.

time, eventually becoming covered by fresh material.

But even after all that, there was still another problem.

But they are not very deeply buried so other plants

They had been grazing on grass within the evacuation

growing in the soil easily absorb them. It is due to thiszone and had ingested radioactive particles. Radioactive

circulation between plants and soil that radioactive

cesium was detected in their feces and urine. So whencontamination in mountain forests can continue for a

attempts were made to move them to other places, they

very long time.

were not accepted. The result is that they remain andtheir keepers have to ensure they do not eat the local

When rain falls, radioactive cesium does initially flow

grass. This is Minamisoma Baji-Koen Equestrian Park,

through the surface soil layers but after some time

and the horses here seem to be lacking energy too.

has passed the flow becomes less. For this reason itis said that, apart from the physical attenuation due

62

Finally, I’d like to talk about wild animals. When I wasto radioactive decay stemming from the half-life oftaking radiation measurements of wild animals in theradiocesium of about 30 years, the immobilization

early period after the earthquake (around April andprocess will reduce the bioavailability of cesium after aMay), the Fukushima Wildlife Rehabilitation Centeryear or two. I am not absolutely certain, but I suppose

sent us many different items which I measured. As wethat about two-thirds of the Fukushima Prefecture

also had to measure body surface contamination ofarea consists of mountain forests. Accordingly, awild animals we collected road kill and checked theconsiderable part of the prefecture will be in a fairly

levels of cesium 143 and 137, finding similar levels

contaminated situation. That radioactive materials haveof both nuclides present. Please note that, althoughbuilt up in the forests is quite well known, but detailed

the concentration of cesium in the muscle tissue of

research has not yet been undertaken. That’s the

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

current situation regarding the forest environment.

discussed.

It is said that wild boar territories tend to be small.

Now, let us consider radioactive contamination in

These animals live in a certain small area for a certain

muscle tissue. For the muscle as a whole, we obtain fineperiod. They do sometimes move to a new location but

positional information using precise instrumentation

will return to their original area again. When feeding

and then we perform dose-rate conversion. The muscle

they dig down into the soil and eat the things they find.

results show us the air dose rate in the area where theChecking their stomach contents tells us that they also

animal lived. Accordingly, we know that we can grasp

eat leaf mold. So the readings we have obtained fromthe contamination situation in the relatively small

wild boar correlate well with the level of radiation

zone where, for example, an individual boar is caught

contamination in the locations in which they live.

by measuring the levels of radioactivity in the boar’s muscle and organ tissues. We are now applying forThis map shows the 20km and 30km zones surrounding

research funding so that this research can be carried

the nuclear power plant as well as the area outside

out on a continuous basis. However, competition forthem. When nuisance animals in the Minamisoma,

funds is very intense because many researchers not

Soma and Nihonmatsu districts were exterminated we

previously been involved in radioactivity studies are

obtained samples of the local wildlife. This slide shows

now entering the field and taking advantage of thethe contamination situation in these areas. We asked

opportunity provided by the current nuclear situation.

Fukushima Wildlife Rehabilitation Center to send us
some samples, and we measured a variety of things

We have obtained some data from the survey weincluding body surface contamination.

began. For instance, it has been established that when
livestock farmers provide contaminated livestock withAir dose rates are measured at a height of 1m above

clean feed, the previous contamination is excreted andthe ground. We checked the relationship between

the livestock have no subsequent problems. This is a

air dose rates and degree of contamination in animal

study undertaken to see whether the data we gatheredbodies found at specific locations. This shows how theis of use in this context. This photograph was taken

level of radioactivity on the body surface overlaps within the Kodaka district of Minamisoma, which is inside

the concentration of radioactivity in the muscle tissue

the evacuation zone. This is a farmhouse not currently

on which we later performed precision analysis. Thereoccupied because the residents have been evacuated.

seems to be an overall correlation, but some of the body

Our plan was to house some contaminated cattle

surface measurements turned up negative figures. Thison this farm and provide them with clean feed. The

means that it is problematic to evaluate contamination

situation was that dozens of cattle had been captured

inside the body merely by measuring the body surface.

and were waiting to be euthanized. When we visited,
we were told that the cattle would be euthanized overThis slide shows the results of measuring

the course of several days beginning the next day. So

gastrointestinal contents. As to whether ambient air

we asked the handlers to let us use the cattle for ourdose rates and figures obtained from feces correlate

research instead which they agreed to. The cost of thisor not, since what an animal eats is excreted as feces

research was covered by a budget for various researchin a rather short time, one might assume that feces

projects obtained by Dr. Yamane, President of the Japan

contamination levels would reflect air dose rates.

Veterinary Medical Association. So we decided to begin

But in fact we found no strong correlation. However,this research with JVMA cooperation. And because thisgastrointestinal and stomach contents consist of theresearch has several data-gathering goals useful forfood an animal has eaten quite recently, so we know

livestock rearing, we are also joining with researchersthat they must have quite a high correlation coefficient,from several universities.

although this matter has not yet been sufficiently

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201263

At the end of October, the hygiene conditions at theorgans take up not only cesium but also nuclides of

farmhouse were poor, and people were only going there

other elements.

occasionally. The farmhouse owners who had originally
lived there came to help only once every three days. We

After studying everything in greater detail, we expect

visited and worked there every few days but conditions

to be able to complete our data compilation andcan only be described as miserable. The cattle wereannounce our results to the public in May. We will

sometimes eating PVC and their feces was just left toattempt to summarize the data so that it will be useful

fester. Even when there was fresh feed it had just beenin regenerating the local livestock raising industry inrolled in and left on top of the feces, and the cattle

the future.

were left to eat it with no control. Because the place
was being managed in this haphazard way the cattle’That concludes my talk. Next I would like to call on Mr.

s nutrition status was quite poor and we would not be

Kawamata.

able to use them for research in that state. Unless thehygiene in the keeping areas and the cattle’s nutrition
status could be improved, we would not be able tocollect usable data. We would only be making the cattle
suffer for the sake of research. So having been kept
like this, after about six weeks, we began to supply
them with clean food that was imported and measured
and we optimized the nutritional balance by mixing
American and Australian feed. We started our research
while improving the cattle’s nutrition in this way. A
total of ten veterinarians were involved in the work.
From around Christmas time we switched the cattle toordinary feed and, one month after that, at the end ofJanuary, we performed autopsies on some of them andmeasured the extent of radioactive contamination.
Our results indicated that radioactive contamination
attenuated faster than we had expected. Over several
months it had attenuated at a faster rate than theradioactive half lives of the nuclides would lead one
to expect. We have been continuing this researchby dividing the cattle into four groups including one
group to which we administer Prussian blue as adecontamination aid.
As for cesium, we had expected to find it distributed
almost evenly throughout the body in the same
way as potassium, but when we performed theactual measurements we found that radioactivity
concentrations differ significantly between different
muscles. We also found that the distribution results are
reproducible and that there are no differences between
individual animals. In addition, we found that certain

64

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

「震災から今日まで…」小動物における動物救護活動について
Animal Rescue Operations for Small Animals - since the earthquake up until today
福島県動物救護本部／千葉小動物クリニック 獣医師・河又 淳

Jun KAWAMATA, Veterinarian, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster Animal Rescue Task Force,
Chiba Small Animal Clinic, Fukushima City

My name is Jun Kawamata and I am a veterinarian withfrom private homes in the mountains. That’s how wea practice in Fukushima.

were able to continue the clinic’s practice. In daily life,
because of shortages and distribution problems, theI used to know nothing at all about earthquakes andsituation soon developed to the point where people

then suddenly the disaster struck us. Even so, I still

everywhere were running out of water and food.

don’t think I can talk effectively on the subject ofearthquakes but, to begin my talk, I can talk about what

This is the No.1 reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi

actually happened in chronological order.

Nuclear Power Plant. On March 12, the day following
the earthquake, there was an explosion at the No. 1

As Dr. Ito said earlier, I heard that this earthquake,reactor. This was followed on March 14 by an explosion

which measured Magnitude 8.8 and had an intensity

at the No.3 reactor and on March 15 by explosions atof 7 on the Japanese “shindo” scale, was the largest to

the No.2 and No.4 reactors. But surprisingly, people

strike Japan in a very long time. In Fukushima City, theliving in the local area were not officially informed ofintensity was measured as a ‘6 Lower’. Nevertheless, thethese explosions at the time. Locally, we just thought

quake left my animal clinic and home in a total mess.

smoke was rising, but we had no detailed information.

There was literally no place to step, and I was shocked
speechless. Fortunately, the clinic itself was not too

This slide shows the flow of radioactivity from the plant.

badly damaged and we managed to keep our practice

As Dr. Ito explained just now, this line is the border ofoperating in one way or another, as it still does now.

Fukushima Prefecture. My home is about here. The
Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Plants areThis slide shows Minamisoma City on the Pacific Oceana little to the south of where I live. First of all, very highside of Fukushima Prefecture where the tsunami swept

levels of radioactivity went up into the air and thenaway many private houses and other structures. I’ve

began to move southward. From the Fukushima border,

heard that in Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture,

the radioactivity travelled far to the south, flowing into

the tsunami damage was far worse, but the situation in

the northern Kanto region. This was the radioactivity

parts of Fukushima was also very serious.

flow situation in April.

After the tsunami abated, the area it passed overFor my own reference, I studied the distribution of

had been reduced to piles of rubble with hardly any

nuclear power plants around the world. Japan isstanding structures to block the view to the horizon.

difficult to see on this slide, but it is just here. This time,

The roads were cut off, the railways didn’t work, andexplosions occurred at just one nuclear power plant,

almost the entire infrastructure was gone. The waterand the situation became so serious that it is being said

supply was cut off for ten days in Fukushima, andthat the entire world has been contaminated by thesince hospitals need water in order to function, every

radioactivity from that accident. So I think there is a

day we would travel 10 or 20km to obtain well waterneed reconsider the whole issue of nuclear power.

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012

65

The next slide shows the distribution of electrical powerand handling public donations. There was also a

generation plants in Japan. These here are all nuclear

facility called the Relief Headquarters Shelter, whichpower plants. Those marked in red are thermal power

closed down recently. This shelter was independently

plants, and those in blue are hydroelectric power plants.

established by the Relief Headquarters to protect

As you can see, these are the four reactor buildings

animals living inside the so-called evacuation or caution

at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant wherezone, which encompasses the area within 20km of the

explosions occurred. This big one is the No.6 reactor.

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Of course,

Each of the reactors at the Fukushima Daini Nuclear

Fukushima Prefecture is receiving a lot of support.

Power Plant also has a very high power output. Had
explosions occurred at any of these reactors, I believe

In line with the acceptance of this Relief Headquarters,

the situation could have become even more serious.

Fukushima Prefecture also established a Rescue

You can also see thermal power plants located by the

Headquarters, with the prefecture’s Food Sanitation

ocean. There are a lot of these on the Pacific side of the

Department providing the head and Fukushima

country in Tohoku and Kanto.

Veterinary Medical Association providing the assistanthead of the headquarters. Also, volunteer organizations

These figures show the number of people confirmed

are providing various kinds of support including

dead and disappeared due to the earthquake andin Koriyama City and Iwaki City. Altogether, fivetsunami. In Miyagi and Iwate, there were many deadorganizations have come together to set up Fukushimaor disappeared and many evacuees. In Fukushima, asPrefecture Animal Rescue Headquarters. In Iwateof January 22nd, 2012, approximately 1,900 people

and Miyagi the respective prefectural veterinary

had been officially confirmed as dead, although thismedical associations provided the headquarters headnumber may differ from some other announcements.

position and made arrangements with the respective

Still today, 30,000 people evacuated from their homes

Prefectural Governments. But in the case of Fukushima,in Fukushima are living elsewhere inside the prefecture

the Prefectural Government had, in 2007, alreadyand 60,000 are living outside the prefecture. The

produced a disaster preparation manual for dealing

prefecture’s population is about 2 million, which means

with animals based on what had been learned fromthat about 3% of the population are currently living as

the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake. They had asked

evacuees outside the prefecture.

the Fukushima Veterinary Medical Association for its
cooperation with rescue activities. After setting up

The Headquarters for the Relief of Animals In

Fukushima Prefecture Animal Rescue Headquarters

Emergencies began its activities on March 14th. The

on April 15, this organization began collecting public

Japan Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

donations and opened its Fukushima No.1 Shelter(JSPCA), the Japan Animal Welfare Society (JAWS), thewithin the month to take care of animals in need.

Japan Pet Care Association and the Japan Veterinary

However, Fukushima’s Animal Detention Center had

Medical Association (JVMA) also established teams,

been partially destroyed by the tsunami so Fukushima

and there is a Relief Headquarters that provides various

No.1 Shelter carried out the Center’s functions too,kinds of support to people when this kind of disaster

which made operations a little complicated.

strikes.
Fukushima Prefecture issued notices independently and66

A l t h o u g h I d o n’ t k n ow t h e d et a i ls , t h is R e l i e f

Prefectural Government staff performed vaccinations

Headquarters carries out a wide range of activities

and other tasks. But it took the lot of effort for thesuch as collecting information, replenishing supplies,

Prefectural Government to ask for the Veterinary

and forming task forces. They also provide support

Medical Association’s support. This was because thefor animal protection activities when evacuees makePrefectural Government itself was in a mess and its

temporary home visits, visiting evacuation centers,

staff members were performing various additional tasks

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

inside the 20km radius such as recovering bodies ofFukushima Prefectural Government at which thethe dead. Under these circumstances, action for animal-

parties considered a variety of measures for protecting

related issues was delayed.

animals inside the 20km zone additional to the animal
protection measures conducted in conjunction withThis kind of situation came up again and again, as Dr.

temporary home visits.

Yamaguchi - who is with us today - knows only too
well. So we held a long succession of meetings with

Many evacuees gathered in comparatively large cities

the Ministry of the Environment. After that, I attended

such as Fukushima and Koriyama. This is an evacuation

meetings between the Prefectural Government and thecenter located in Azuma Sogo Undokoen Park in

Veterinary Medical Association on several occasions.

Fukushima City. At one time, 2,500 evacuees wereThings have not gone very smoothly because theaccommodated here.

disaster was on such a huge scale. It is so difficult todecide how to proceed and steer a clear course throughI can’t show you an overall view of the entire placemeetings of this kind.

because it is simply too wide. Fukushima Prefecture
didn’t recommend animal-accompanied evacuation. But

Apart from the Rescue Headquarters, Fukushimaeven so, many pet-lovers took their animal along with

Veterinary Medical Association set up a so-called ‘Pet

them during the evacuation. However, it was officially

Rescue Support Center’. The Association is divided into

decided that pets would not be allowed inside theseven branches, and we gave much consideration toevacuation centers. So, together with President Yamane

what each branch could do independently for animalsof the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, we triedevacuated together with their owners. The Fukushima

to find a building or other place to keep and protect

and Koriyama District Branches set up animal shelters

evacuated pets at the evacuation center. However theand took care of the rescued animals there. They also

facility operators refused to provide a place. They told

made rounds to provide animal health counseling.

us that this was no time for that sort of thing because

Moreover, each animal hospital was temporarily

they were already desperately trying to handle all

keeping animals that had been evacuated with their

the human evacuees. At that time, the situation wasowners and providing treatment support. Originally, we

indeed very severe, with a great many people crowded

were doing these things independently but the financial

together in a space without partitions and only able tosituation eventually became too severe so we turned toeat maybe one rice ball and piece of candy a day, etc. So

the Relief Headquarters for support. From May 18th,in such circumstances, when trying to raise the subject

we had to rely on the Relief Headquarters for treatmentof the animals, we were scolded by the facility manager:

aid. This allowed us to expand treatment for animals“What on earth are you saying? We have no time to bewhose owners were unknown. However, the aid had todealing with animals now.” That was how severe thebe terminated in October 2011 due to lack of funds. So

situation was for the administration. They were utterly

now we are providing health management for animals

incapable of considering the animal needs.

kept in shelters. Some veterinarians have applied to
the Ministry of the Environment for support and areThis next photograph shows the distribution ofassisting with activities inside the 20km zone.

food. Every day, volunteers would visit the placeand distribute food in this way. The evacuees would

These photographs depict the scenes at several different

cue for up to an hour at a time, three times a day, tomeetings. This first one was a meeting attended byreceive food. Everybody would stand in line holding a

Dr. Yamaguchi to set up Fukushima Prefecture Animalcorrugated cardboard box. If you had a three-member

Rescue Headquarters. This one was a meeting involving

family, you would be given food for three people. This

the on-site head of the Nuclear Emergency Response

procedure was repeated at every mealtime. WheneverHeadquarters, the Ministry of the Environment, anda person went outside, as soon as they returned inside

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201267

the site they were measured for radiation. This was nothave two 5-meter-long tents and several cages. But asa form of discrimination but observing the situation

it was still cold at the time we didn’t think it would befirst hand made me feel uneasy all the same.

a very good idea to keep the animals in tents. So wethought about the problem some more and turned ourFrom late March, staff from my clinic began visiting

attention towards the bicycle parking space at Azuma

the evacuation center periodically. We asked theSogo Undokoen Park. A third of the area was normallyadministrators to prepare a table as shown here soused for bicycle parking and the other two thirds

that animal owners could come and consult with us if

for storage space for people working at a national

they were having problems. But some had taken theirathletics meeting held at the park. While our request

pets with them into the evacuation center against

was rejected initially, after some negotiations, it was

the instructions of the authorities. Even if they were

decided that we could use the central one-third of the

keeping their pet in their car, they hesitated to talkspace. As you can see, partitions were put up and thewith us. They had received confusing information

area floored and painted. We didn’t perform this work

including a rumor that if they admitted to having a pet

ourselves. There is an organization called Higashinihonwith them, it would be taken away by the Public Health

Pet Kinkyu Kyuenn Team (East Japan Pet Emergency

Department and euthanized. So, many people who had

Rescue Team: EJ- Pert). They were initially working inbrought their pets with them remained silent.

Ishinomaki but said they could come to Fukushima anddo this kind of work. So we left it entirely up to them.

On the surface this is an idyllic photograph. On this dayof fine weather, a pet owner has allowed their dog toThis photo was taken in June when the shelter was

sunbathe in a parking lot where there is ample space.

finally complete and open for use. It was decided that

Actually, the conditions were far from idyllic and theowners putting their pets into this shelter should form

reality behind the scene was pitiful.

a committee to manage its operation. This person here
became the chairman of the committee. He was also

I came upon this next scene unexpectedly. A mobile

an evacuee who evacuated together with his pet cat.

trimming group from Tokyo visited the place andAs it was difficult to take an animal into the evacuation

provided shampooing free of charge. Their services

center, he was staying with the animal in his car.

were very much appreciated.

However, he developed economy-class syndrome bydoing so. Fortunately, he recovered and then offered

As this photo shows, Azuma Sogo Undokoen Park had

to oversee the management of these pets. The photos

a makeshift pet corner where Prefectural Government

show an explanatory meeting where rules for keeping

staff and various volunteers posted notices about free

animals at the shelter are being spelled out. This is thepet food or pet sheets, and about keeping pets, etc.

person in charge of the facility.

However, according to the facility people, when they
put out large amounts of pet food it would disappear

This rather smart looking facility is the ‘dog village’in no time. All kinds of people would take it away. Thislocated in the bicycle parking area I mentioned before.

demonstrates that action taken to ameliorate a given

This is a trimming room space and, since there issituation can end up creating fresh problems.

hot water on tap, dogs can also be shampooed here.
Originally this place was just a bare concrete facility

We wanted to set up a facility where those pets being

but by adding air conditioners here and there, what was

kept in cars could be kept in a more relaxed anda former bicycle lot became a reasonably comfortablecomfortable environment. We asked the people runningplace..

Azuma Sogo Undokoen Park about this many times

68

but could not get a favorable response. Actually, weThis is a photograph taken when the shelter was

first asked Fukushima Prefecture who told us we could

completed. The team staff and the director of Azuma

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

Sogo Undokoen Park said he had appreciated all the

ask the vets about various problems. This scene shows

hard work that so many people had put into making the

Koriyama City officials talking with staff from the

shelter. After the completion he was very cooperative

evacuees’ municipalities to see how things might be

and helpful to us.

improved at the facility because people would not beable to continue living in tents forever.

This is a radioactivity measurement I took while driving.
I was so shocked to see this figure that I turned off theThis is Dr. Watanabe. Both he and his wife arecounter from then onwards.

veterinarians. Their home is about 9km from the
Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant in Tomioka, andThis is one of EJ-Pert’s vans. Some of their staff were

they had to evacuate after the earthquake. Dr. Watanabe

staying in it.

had animal patients in his care and he brought themwith him to Koriyama where his wife’s family home is

The following day we were conducting health checks onlocated. He rents a barn nearby to accommodate these

the animals just before letting them into the shelter. We

animals and is operating this facility independently.

were administering vaccinations, parasiticides and flea

Despite being a victim of the disaster himself, he works

larvicides, but so many reporters from the mass media

hard to obtain food and drugs for the animals and toflooded us that we became unable to do our work.

keep running this facility.

This is a different evacuation center located at a

As this photo shows, a dog has given birth to someconvention center in Koriyama City called Big Palette

puppies. And there are also large dogs at the facility.

Fukushima. This evacuation center was even larger
than the one at Azuma Sogo Undokoen Park that weThis is the No.1 Shelter at Iino on the outskirts ofhave just been looking at. At its peak, the center held

Fukushima City. The shelter was started up in a rented

2,700 evacuees. Even the walkways were crowded withwarehouse. Its general appearance is poor, and thepeople taking shelter. Inside the building the situation

management unlikely to win much praise but, under

was also terrible, although things might have been

the circumstances, things had to be done this way. The

worse if there had not been partitions.

facility housed over 200 dogs at the peak of operations.
The operators did their best to manage things despite

So as to create a facility for keeping animals, Koriyamaa shortage of manpower. They received criticism from

City borrowed tents from nearby municipalities. Threevarious quarters but circumstances were forced upontents were set up: one for large dogs, one for smallthem in that Fukushima Prefecture took control. Thisdogs, and one for cats.

meant that there was little room for flexibility. We at
the Veterinary Medical Association were in a dilemmaThis next photo is not concerned with animals but

because we could have done something more but,with bathing. The Special Defense Forces prepared hot

ultimately, Fukushima Prefecture was making thewater. There is a front room for changing clothes anddecisions.

behind that is a bath for women. From the small sizeof the bath, one can imagine how serious the situation

As I explained before, the Association received a request

was.

for support from this place in the middle of May but
we were unable to visit at that time. These photos were

When I was visiting Big Palette Fukushima, Koriyama

taken when we made our first visit in June. In such a

Veterinary Medical Association happened to besituation, we can’t say that the environment was good.

holding a health course session which had attracted

The place has three buildings: this is the building wherean enthusiastic attendance. A huge number of people

the dogs are kept, there is another building for the cats,

had formed a queue to get their pets vaccinated or toand a third building serving as a warehouse. The dog

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201269

in this photo is not weak but he is frantic. This one is

We hardly saw any officers of Fukushima Prefecturaldehydrated and in very poor condition.

Police Department because they had been dispersed
here and there. To help maintain order, SDF personnel

This is the inside of the warehouse. We received aand police from other prefectural departments came to

lot of support from all over the nation and from the

Fukushima from all over Japan. That situation remains

Rescue Headquarters. I’m not saying there was noeven now. Officially, people cannot enter the 20km zone

shortage of supplies, but the distribution of goods was

but various volunteers nevertheless do enter in ordercomparatively smooth.

to capture or feed animals by either coming over themountains or from the sea. These volunteers continue

This is the cat facility. The space is narrow and theto defy security personnel even now.

building had problems such as a leaking roof.
To officially enter the 20km zone, permission is needed
As an office, this place is rather shabby - the staff also

from the head of the local municipality. But suchtake rest breaks in here - but even in such an untidy

permission is hardly ever granted. After the earthquake

place, Dr. Aki Tanaka, who visited from UC Davis, gave

struck, security was initially very poor. When I entereda lecture on shelter medicine and how to conduct

the zone, I saw that the doors of all the private homes

veterinary management under shelter conditions. After

had been forced open so that the living rooms were left

this visit, she made a further four visits to Fukushima toin full view from the road. Every private home had been

give advice.

burgled.

I can’t say much regarding the current situation within

This place had taken in all the neighboring farmers’

the 20km zone because I have only entered the area

cows. The animals at the back were all dead, but after

once. So I will just tell you what I saw and felt there,

obtaining permission, we periodically visited to feed thevisiting as a layman.

surviving animals.

According to a report by Fukushima Prefectural

This next photo taken around April is one that I have

Government issued in August 2011, there wereborrowed. As we had expected, the animals abandoned

approximately 10,000 cats and dogs living in the so-in enclosed environments such as cowsheds werecalled evacuation zone prior to the disaster, including

already dead. I don’t know how things are now but, atboth registered and unregistered animals. Of these,that time, the animals could not be buried without firstjust over a quarter of them perished in the tsunami.

obtaining permission.

The head count of evacuees accompanied by animals
was small. The figures given here are basically guesses.

As you can see from these photos, the roads were

Volunteers subsequently rescued about 2,000 animals.

blocked or totally destroyed almost everywhere so weOf the remaining 5,000 or so, about 80% have since

couldn’t travel by car. We had no choice but to walk.

died of starvation or debility. Animals left in enclosed

At first glance this may look like an ordinary road but

places would have died within about a month. As athe surface has in fact turned into an undulating series

result, it seems that approximately 400 pet animals areof ridges and troughs making it impossible for cars tostill surviving inside the zone.

drive on. These houses also look OK on first glance but
in fact they have partially collapsed.

This photo shows us on a visit into the 20km zone,
making plans at the Bajikoen equestrian park.

This is a chicken farm in Okuma. Of course, all thechickens were dead.

I don’t know what the situation is like now, but in Junethe inspection process at the checkpoint was very strict.

70

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

This is a scene we witnessed often. This dog is wearing

a collar, so it was somebody’s pet. As you can see, it has

Although the cows in the cowsheds were all dead, thebeen dead for quite a long time.

released cows were doing very well. When this photo
was taken, it was still June so grass and water wereThese photos were taken in Tomioka, at a location moreabundant. The cows were not at all thin. In fact theyor less 10km north of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear

were sleek and running around energetically, althoughPower Plant. These were animals that had been kept

I don’t know how they are doing now. Perhaps Dr. Satoat a school. Of course, they had all died. There would

will tell us about that later.

be no end if we started considering all possibilities,
but I think we had better start to think about what canThis is the entrance to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear

be done to save animals kept in schools when major

Power Plant. By this point in time, the radiation leveldisasters occur.

had already reached approx. 50 microsieverts, even if
you are inside a car.

A farmer who had been evacuated asked us to check on
his animals inside the 20km zone and to feed them if

When we were driving along the national highways,

they were still alive, so we visited that farm and foundhere and there dogs would come out from the side ofsome animals alive. We wanted to take this cat backthe road. When they saw the car they would come up

with us but as she had kittens and we couldn’t findquite close but then keep a distance of 5 to 10 meters.

them, we decided to leave her behind but we gave her

They would never come any closer than that. These

plenty of food and water and returned again later. Thisbags containing food had been scattered by the staff

farmer had been raising small cattle. This picture showsof the nuclear power plant and the police department.

a blue sheet covering a dead cow.

On first glance, they may look sealed but they had been
partly opened so that the animals could eat while theThis is a pig farm located about 3km from the nuclear

bulk of the food inside doesn’t get wet when it rains.

power plant. Looking closely, you can see that here are
the back legs, and here is the waist and the backbone

This photo was taken very close to Namie Station.

of an animal. There are signs that this had once been a

Namie is not a very big town, but here, just 50 meters

living creature. This was the scene before we enteredfrom the railway station, we found a pig having a goodthe barn. I was prepared for the possibility of far worse

time wallowing in a puddle. When we came closer, theinside. Indeed, these photos depict the situation within.

animal and its companion adeptly disappeared down

Pigs were laying dead one on top of the other. This wasan alley, and we later found that they were living ina very large pig farm, but basically all pig farms werea private home on a wooden floor. They could by nolike this. In enclosed piggeries, all the pigs were dead.

stretch of the imagination be described as thin. All in

The white substance here is hydrated lime. I don’t know

all, it seems that released or escaped animals such as

how significant that is, as hydrated lime is routinely

pigs and also ostriches have done comparatively well inscattered in such places as a bactericide.

the wild.

It seems that these piglets were able to get out of the

Incidentally, we captured several dogs here toobuilding but they then fell into this tank and drowned

and took them back with us. However, due to thewhile trying to drink the water. When we were getting

regulations in force, these dogs were not allowed into

ready to go back, about five living pigs appeared. We

the Fukushima No.1 Shelter. I will explain about this awere astonished. This piglet had grown very thin andlittle later on.

was badly in need of a drink, so we gathered the waterfrom our bottles and gave it to the piglet which drank

Although evacuees can return temporarily to theirit down voraciously. Unfortunately, while we felt great

homes by car now, between May and August 2011,

sorrow, we could not take it back with us.

they were only allowed to collect a limited number of

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201271

items from their homes by putting them into the plastic

could do something more than just temporary visits

bags shown here. It was a very miserable situation.

into the 20km zone and we conducted a couple ofoperations. However, regulations led to a decisionThis may have been indiscreet, but we couldn’t resist

under which all civilians, even veterinarians, would

taking a snap of what now seems to be such an irony -not be allowed into the zone. So the trial plan ended

a signboard which says: “Nuclear Power, Bright Futurewith those two operations. It was decided that animal

Energy”. So our team used it as the backdrop for a

rescue activities inside the evacuation zone would becommemorative photograph.

conducted by the Ministry of the Environment andFukushima Prefectural Government, and that civilians

While we were in Minamisoma, we got a call from theshould not enter the zone.

Director-General of the Nuclear Emergency Response
Headquarters, who requested us to come to the

We conducted a survey to find out what was going

Prefectural Government Office immediately. So weon in the zone with regard to animal rescue activities,

set off from Bajikoen for the Prefectural Government

although this was only for a short while in April and

Office, where we met him. He is also a parliamentary

May. Also, we carried out animal rescue activities

secretary of the Ministry of Economy, Trade andtogether with the evacuees’ temporary home visits

Industry and told us that the National Government

from May 10th to August 26th. The animals rescued

had received a variety of requests about pets. Could

from the zone are kept in shelters managed by thethe Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters do

Rescue Headquarters which is operated jointly by the

anything about pets in the evacuation zone apart from

Prefecture and the Veterinary Medical Association.

making temporary visits? So the Headquarters wanted

At present there are two shelters. The Prefecture wasto perform some additional activities aside from thoseplanning to open a third shelter, but this probably won’t

that the Ministry of the Environment was carrying out.

be realized. So we are now considering how to continue

This is from a blog entry that he posted at that time.

keeping rescued animals with only the current two
shelters.

We were now going into the 20km zone regularly andso we told the people at that meeting what the situation

This shows the situation when we entered theinside the zone was like. There were about 20 officials

20km zone for the first time. The head count wasn’present from the Ministry of Economy, Trade andt very high. The Prefecture and the Ministry of theIndustry and the Ministry of the Environment, and we

Environment measured the animals’ external exposure

discussed with them what we could do.

to radioactivity. The readings were up to 71,000cpm
at the maximum time. Decontamination is considered

A few days later, we had another meeting with thenecessary for anything over 100,000cpm but as most

Director-General of the Nuclear Emergency Responseof the levels measured were much lower the animals

Headquarters and these three people from the Ministrywere considered not to have any internal exposureof Economy, Trade and Industry. This person is the Headproblems. These days, people are questioning theirof Fukushima Prefecture’s Food Sanitation Department

animals’ exposure, but I think this is an issue for thein addition to acting as the Head of Fukushima

future.

Prefecture Animal Rescue Headquarters. This individual72

is from the Ministry of the Environment, this is Dr.

Continuing on the subject of this survey, in May, pet

Baba and here are members of Fukushima Veterinary

owners tentatively visited their homes. They foundMedical Association. Despite a situation in which there

their pets, put them into cages or tied them up outsidewere delicate differences in thinking between the twofor subsequent collection. In this way, we rescued many

ministries, we pushed ahead with a plan by whichanimals. After we went in, private organizations were

Fukushima Veterinary Medical Association members

allowed into the zone for the first time towards the end

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

of the year. They captured animals under the condition
that they would take full responsibility for the care of

In April of last year, a conference with a very long

the animals they captured.

name was held and various people throughout Japan
including college teachers linked their names to it.

This shows details about animals rescued between May

The conference was aimed not at helping animals per

and August during the course of temporary owner visitsse, but at helping the veterinarians affected by theto their homes. The head count of animals rescued

disaster. Although no veterinarians died in the disaster,in this way was 300 dogs and 191 cats. In addition,

a number of them did lose their hospitals. In Fukushima

many animals were found to have died of dehydration,

there are some who can’t return to their homes oretc. It was summertime, and even among the rescued

hospitals as their locality remains contaminated byanimals, a great many were half dead. The number ofradioactivity. This conference was set up in order to bepets returned to their owners was unexpectedly small.

of some small assistance to these veterinarians.

Since this rescue activity was carried out together withthe temporary visits, pet owner identities were clear in

Under the title of ‘Disaster Area Backup Seminar fromalmost all cases. But even so, many owners were still

Hokkaido’, some university professors and private

living in evacuation centers and not yet in a position

tutors are holding periodic seminars to cheer on theto take back their pets immediately. Even now, about

veterinarians in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima.

three-quarters of the animals living in the shelters
have not been transferred because their owners have

The Japanese Board of Veterinary Practitioners

not given up their ownership. So for how long these

held this forum in September. Here too, there wasshelters should continue to be operated is a major issue

an earthquake disaster corner, and our association,

for the future.

including several veterinarians affected by the disaster,
made presentations.

In the wake of the disaster, many Prefectural
Government staff from all over Japan came to give us

This is the Animal Clinical Research Foundation, which

their help or to otherwise support us in our various

is under the directorship of Dr. Yoshihisa Yamane,activities, and this help is still continuing today.

President of the JVMA. We have obtained enormous
support from this organization including raising a large

Members of the Task Force including myself are trying

amount of relief money for Fukushima and the disasterto explain to people across the county the actualarea, and their help in putting up posters, etc.

conditions in Tohoku through talks at academic societies
and elsewhere. Last June, two of our members, bothThis is the No.2 Shelter which was finally completed

veterinarians affected personally by the disaster, talked

in October 2011. The construction was delayed due

about the reality of the situation in the disaster area at

to many problems including the failure to achieve

an academic society called the West Japan Veterinaryconsensus (despite holding many meetings), andForum (WJVF).

financing problems. On first impression the facility hasa somewhat gaudy design. This is because we borrowed

This is an organization called ‘Dobutsu Kazoku no Kai’and converted a building that was originally a pachinko(the Animal Family Society). At this meeting last July,

parlor. The land area is very spacious with mountains

we talked about a variety of subjects. The society set

on this side and private homes over that way. Here you

about sending a 40-foot trailer and a 20-foot trailer

can see a wide parking area. It looks as if it could be ato the disaster area. This photo shows people writing

roof playing field, but it is actually a holding area. This

words of encouragement on the side of a trailer afteris where the animals are kept. Two trailers presented

the meeting finished. Dr. Ishida is one of the people

by Dobutsu Kazoku no Kai are parked outside of thiswriting.

area. The smaller one originally went to Ishinomaki but

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201273

after their shelter closed down it was moved here.

more and more. At present it only amounts to half ofwhat we request so in reality the money isn’t coming in

Although I only have a few photos of this facility, this is

as much as we had expected which is a big problem.

the dog room and this is the cat room. In both the No.1
and the No.2 Shelters, veterinarians affected by the

In future, we will need at least 5 million yen per monthdisaster are in residence as shelter management vets.

to keep the two shelters operating. Now we are in thecold season, so will need several hundred thousand

This chart shows the shelter’s basic operating system.

yen extra to cover the additional heating and electricity

In principle, Fukushima Prefecture’s Animal Relief

costs. Added to this problem, Fukushima Prefecture

Headquarters is in control. However, for this facility, therecently told us it would no longer provide public

Chairman of Fukushima Veterinary Medical Association

funding for medical expenses. So we are now trying

is the responsible official. The facility is divided into

to get by on only the public funding and donations

three departments, namely, the Clerical Department,

coming in to the Veterinary Medical Association. For

Medical Department, and Rearing Management

the future, we have several expensive items on the

Department. Each department has its own chief andwaiting list. For example, when we return the pachinko

sub-chief.

parlor to its owners, we will have to restore it to its
former condition. Even closing the shelter will cost a lot

As of January 15th, 2012, the head count of animals

of money.

kept in the No.2 Shelter was 540 dogs and 212 cats.
Recently, the figures have changed because animals are

There are a great many problems. One issue for thegradually being transferred from No.1 Shelter to No.2

future is that Fukushima Prefecture and Fukushima

Shelter.

Veterinary Medical Association don’t have the ability to
produce a manual on how to rescue animals in times ofThis is an animal facility in a temporary housing area.

major disaster. The thing I wish to emphasize most of

Fukushima Prefecture and each of the municipalities

all is that we want the Central Government to take thedevastated by the disaster requested public funds

initiative in producing a concrete manual. Also, how wefor such facilities, but all were turned down. This is acollect money and how we use it are both important.

facility in Koriyama, which was made by the privatesector team I introduced earlier.

It is also important to make the “way out” of the shelters
as smooth as possible for the animals. If owners of the

As for public relief funds, Fukushima Prefecture

pets being kept in the shelters would agree to give up

discussed a variety of projects with us and we received

their ownership, we can take various measures such asa total of about 160 million yen. Of this, the allocationtransferring them, etc. But currently, up to 70 to 80% of

for the Rescue Headquarters was 93 million yen.

owners are not prepared to relinquish their ownership,

We have used these funds for the various activities

so we don’t know what we can do. The Prefecture of

I have introduced, and we currently have 60 million

the Central Government will try to persuade pet owners

yen in operating funds for the two shelters. We needto give up ownership, but the efforts may only lead to

between 5 and 6 million yen per month to cover shelter

additional psychological distress for owners. Obviously

operating expenses so, even with 60 million yen left,

the appeals cannot be made too forcefully.

we only have enough to keep the two shelters going forten more months.

Animal accompanied evacuation also requires largescale organization and we believe there should be

74

We have continued applying for public funding. In

a manual covering this. Otherwise, even though wethe beginning, we were able to get 100% of what werecommend animal accompanied evacuation, a variety

requested, but over time funding has been cut backof problems will continue to occur such as evacuation

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

centers refusing to accept animals. We certainly wantsomething to be done about this.
There are also problems relating to publicity. For
example, because of the radioactive contamination
situation, not many volunteers are prepared to come to
Fukushima. We would like to ask you all what we cando about this.
Yet another issue concerns the No.2 Shelter I have beentalking about. It would be best if Fukushima Prefecture
could operate the facility but, if that proves impossible,w e w o u l d l i k e F u k u s h i m a Ve t e r i n a r y M e d i c a l
Association or an NPO to keep it running so that it canstay in operation one way or another. By doing this we
can at least leave a positive legacy for the future aboutanimal rescue efforts in Fukushima.
In addition, I feel strongly that we must popularize
continuous disaster preparedness training as well as
discipline training and microchipping for pets, etc.
Thank you very much for listening.

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りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

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2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201289

東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―
The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by theGreat East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses to Radioactive Material
Contamination
福島県 酪農業協同組合 生産部診療課 課長／獣医師・佐藤 利弘

Toshihiro SATO, Veterinarian, Medical Care Division Head,
Production Department, Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming Association

Unlike the previous speaker, who talked about small

extent unique. There were fewer deaths due to theanimals, my main focus will relate to industrial animals.

earthquake and tsunami in Fukushima than in the

I will of course also speak about the situation inside

prefectures further north but it is unique in that it

the evacuation zone but I should mention from thealso suffered a major nuclear accident on top of thestart that I have not been inside the zone myself.

earthquake disaster.

Nevertheless, as an industrial official of sorts, I have
handled a variety of information resources includingThis is a photograph taken using a mobile phone onstories and reports made by colleagues from myMarch 11th, the day of the earthquake, just after the

Association who did make temporary visits into thequake hit. Immediately after the shaking died down,

evacuation zone. From such sources I have produced

I could see cracks in the ground here and there and I

the materials I am going to share with you today.

thought it would be a good idea to photograph them.
However, I don’t have any of the photos I took afterAs I am connected with Fukushima Prefecture Dairy

this one so when I later show you photos of my office

Farming Association, I will be centering today’s talkand other places, I will use photos taken by otheron dairy cattle. As an overview, I am first going tostaff members. This photo shows the scene of thetalk about the events that happened in Fukushima

earthquake. I heard that the force of the tremor here

Prefecture approximately one year ago.

was measured as 6 upper. The side of this cattle shed
has been crushed and the cows gathered here are

At present, I live in Koriyama City in Fukushima

almost in panic trying to get out. Here is my mobile

Prefecture. This is the newspaper delivered to my homehealth clinic and below this place is an embankment

on March 12th, the day after the earthquake. You saw

that was created by leveling a mountain. When I looka picture of the same newspaper in a slide shown byback now, because the ground had been so weakened

Dr. Ito earlier. I saved this copy, keeping it in a bag for

it would have buried the road below if it had collapsed

more than half a year.

and I would have been unable to get back. Inside thisbuilding is a processing room where the refrigerator

I remember that the March 13th edition of thehas slid to one side and the roof has come down. This

newspaper didn’t arrive, and I thought that thewas the only actual photo I took under these conditions.

newspaper shown in Dr. Ito’s slide must have been
this particular edition. The news about the earthquake

Here is a map of Fukushima Prefecture. At the timewithin the prefecture was like this. As you can see, theof the earthquake I was here, in Shirakawa City. I

tsunami was reported in many places.

have homes in Shirakawa and in Koriyama, and theoffice where I work is in Motomiya City. The distance90

Regarding the disaster situation, as Dr. Kawamata was

between Shirakawa and Koriyama is just undersaying just now, Fukushima’s situation was to some

50km. When driving between them I usually take the

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

expressway but even when I use the ordinary road thejourney only takes about an hour. After the earthquake

As for traffic, I placed marks to indicate places where

the expressway was obviously closed and, along thethe roads had collapsed to a serious extent and where

ordinary road, there were landslides or subsidence

the possibility for restoration were poor. This situation

points in many places. Because such falls had narrowed

continued for a while. Also, most telecommunication

the navigable road width, only one lane was available.

links were completely severed. Even mobile phone

This meant that both traffic directions had to alternate

connections were difficult to maintain and we had toand congestion was inevitable. Because National

dial several times to get through. So we had a lot ofHighway 4 was jammed with traffic I was unable to go

trouble contacting with other people at that time.

directly home and I had to take an alternative road. But
even taking advantage of this indirect route I remember

As for food, just after the earthquake I remember

how it took me about five hours to make the usual one-buying about twice as much bread, etc., as usual from ahour journey from Shirakawa to Koriyama. Once there I

convenience store on my way home but, after that food

was able to confirm that my wife and children were safe

had virtually disappeared from all the shops.

and then checked on the situation at my work place.
I also found out about my parents and their situation.

Then, gradually, fuel shortage became the big problem.

They were at our old family home in Tamura City. All

Immediately after the earthquake things were not sothese checking activities filled the rest of the day. I wasbad but the situation grew worse little by little. On theable to return home by 11pm but around 2am there

evening of the earthquake day I filled up my car on mywas an after-shock so I hardly slept that night. That’s

way to my parents’ home in Tamura City. This was out

my recollection of the day of the earthquake.

in the countryside and the gas station was still open.
On the morning of the next day, I saw lines of vehicles

This is a photograph of my office building in Motomiya

including private cars filling up at gas stations. After

City. As Dr. Kawamata said earlier, the situation differedthat, supplies were cut off completely and there wasfrom place to place but I heard that the extent of

absolutely no prospect of refueling. In addition, because

damage to the buildings themselves was not so great.

of the nuclear accident, everybody began thinking that

Dairy farmers reported no direct damage to cattle

they would need to find a way to evacuate to a far-off

sheds, although processing room equipment units werelocation. Obviously they needed to prepare enougha complete mess, of course.

gasoline to be able to travel distances beyond 100km
when the time came.

The main immediate problem was not so much thedestruction of buildings but the problem of broken

News was reported on a piecemeal basis, and there“lifelines” for electricity, gas and water supplies. In

was little information about the actual nuclear accident

the case of livestock farming, and dairy farming insituation. People were saying, “I saw smoke coming out

particular, it is impossible to operate on a daily basisof the power station on TV, but what’s going on?” There

without electricity or water. In the northern area of

was little from the media in terms of specific evacuation

Fukushima Prefecture, the lifeline situation was severe.

information.

Many farms were using subterranean water obtainedby boring wells, but with no electricity to power the

At work, I first checked on the safety of other staff

pumps, the water stopped flowing. I believe Fukushimamembers. When I got to my office I confirmed theCity also experienced many power cuts. Due to pastdamage status to our related facilities and buildings,

incidents, some farmers did have off-grid power

discussed what we should do next, and tried hard togenerators but because most of these units had notevaluate what we would need to do and prospects forbeen run on a regular basis their engines were not in

the future. This work took about two or three days.

perfect running order and they proved unreliable.

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201291This is a communications record table from that time.

supplies and other distribution-related items had

If we were having trouble making contact with people,

been cut off. The milk processing plant itself was also

when I was able to reach them, I tried to keep a record

damaged. Of course, we were also unable to continueof each instance like this. This is a photograph taken

to supply feed. Although farmers continued their milkin the office. First of all, we systematically worked

production, the milk was not in a fit condition to be

to confirm safety, fuel quantities, and staff member

shipped. Conveying information of this kind to farmers

movements.

was one of the association’s first priorities.

The next slide shows the congestion as vehicles waited

I was overseeing medical care services and, due tofor refueling at a gas station after the earthquake. The

the earthquake situation, we could only respond tostation was actually closed but a rumor had spread thatemergency cases. I instructed staff “to minimize theit might be possible to obtain gasoline there which led

distance travelled by our ambulances to provide

to this queue of vehicles forming in front of the station.

medical care efficiently each and every time we go out.”

My impression is that, as time passed and information

As for breeding dairy cattle and trading calves, thetools such as Twitter and Mixi began to be used

usual auctions could not be held because of damage tomore effectively, people became more aware of thethe livestock auction marketplace. The slaughterhouses

opportunities that came along to obtain fuel.

and related facilities to which beef cattle are usuallyshipped were also damaged and there was no prospect

However, the situation for refueling service vehiclesof them reopening in the foreseeable future.

remained severe. ‘Emergency vehicle’ designation asshown in this photograph became necessary. With such

In the light of this situation, the Ministry of Agriculture,a designation certificate, drivers of hospital-related

Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Nationaland other emergency vehicles could obtain limited

Federat ion of Dairy Co-operat ive Asso ciat ionsamounts of fuel at gas stations involved in the scheme.

(Zenrakuren) issued written notices concerning cattle

However, because counterfeit documents also beganrearing management. They asked farmers, for example,

to proliferate in Fukushima and Koriyama cities, local

to nurse calves on whole milk in order to reduce theofficials restricted the number of permits issued. Even

amount of milk having to be discarded. I will talk morewith a designation certificate, separate identification

about this later, but the MAFF sent us documents

documents became necessary. I heard that someon livestock feed management following the nuclear

people who already had emergency vehicle designation

accident, and we notified the association’s members

certificates resorted to driving onto the expressways

accordingly.

just to obtain fuel at service area gas stations.
Our thinking with respect to the emergency was that,
This photograph was taken in front of a supermarket.

in the case of dairy farming, it would be difficult to

No rationing system had been introduced and a queue

suddenly stop milking the cows and, of course, in

had already formed in front of the store before it

order to produce a lot of milk cows usually consume

opened. A system of letting customers enter in groups

a lot of feed. So under a situation in which feedstuffof 20 at a time was operated. Supplies in the store were

supplies are interrupted we set out to manage things sorunning low, and naturally there were no natto or milkthat the cattle would get by on the available feed andproducts available.

live longer, even if leaner. But managing this plan inpractice proved to be a problem. Reducing the amountOn the work front, we had to inform association

fed to the cows did reduce the volume of milk theymembers and other farmers about the association’s own

produced but, as the practice continued, the animals

damage and our milk collection capability. Basically,began to develop a variety of different illnesses.

milk collection could not be carried out because fuel92

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

Based on the above situation, we produced andfrightened. This is a photograph of a cypress plantation

distributed notices informing farmers about certain

where the trees along the fault line have fallen and arepoints of caution and advising “in such and such a case,standing at an angle. This continues for about 2km

please take the following course of action.” Also, withthrough the plantation. Witnessing this with my own

regard to anticipated illnesses, I remember we sent out

eyes made a very powerful impression on me.

advice notices saying, “In this situation, please note thatsuch and such a disease can easily occur.”

The industrial animals or livestock field can be broken
down into a rough classification as shown here.

A c t u a l l y, w e l l b e f o r e t h e e a r t h q u a k e , w e h a d

Industrial animals include, first of all, cattle, which

experienced some similar situations. For instance, inare sub-divided into dairy cattle, commercial cattle,

1980, Fukushima Prefecture suffered heavy snow

and beef cattle. Other cattle classifications include

which caused a breakdown in the distribution system.

breeding wagyu (Japanese cattle), so called stock

In 1998, heavy flooding had also affected the prefecture

cattle, and wagyu veal calves. Next come pigs, which

which resulted in similar distribution problems. But

include breeding pigs and meat pigs. As for chickens,such past problems had been confined to limited areas

there are broilers and layers, while horses are divided

whereas this time the situation affected the entire

into breeding horses, commercial horses and tourism

prefecture. So while we were able to apply know-how

horses. Fukushima is well known for the Soma-Nomai

gained from past breakdown experiences it was still

Festival (in which participants dress as Samurai onvery difficult to gauge future recovery prospects forhorseback) and horses are kept specifically for thissuch a prefecture-wide problem.

purpose.

For dairy farmers, throwing away good milk isThis data is also from somebody related to the

obviously a hard thing to do both psychologically andprefectural government. These figures show thefrom a business standpoint. To try and lessen thisnumbers of animals being raised about a year before

problem, I remember issuing guidance notices to ask

the earthquake. Actually, this data is for the Soso

farmers to pay attention to feeding details. For example

District, a costal jurisdiction with approximately

I suggested they feed cows on grass only in order to

2,700 dairy cattle, 10,000 beef cattle, 400 horses,

reduce the amount of milk produced, etc.

40,000 pigs, as well as the figures for sheep, goats andchickens. Of these, the figures for animals being raised

Changing the subject to address damage to buildings,

inside the evacuation zone were 1,400 dairy cows,

the March 11th earthquake caused little damage to5,500 beef cows, 127 horses, and 34,000 pigs.

buildings in Shirakawa. But one month later, on April
11th, there was an aftershock measuring above 5 on

Let me repeat that the earthquake or the tsunami of

the Japanese earthquake intensity scale. I heard fromMarch 11th, 2011 caused almost no direct damage tomany people that this tremor caused considerable

livestock in this region. I heard of only one farm being

damage to farm houses and other buildings.

damaged, and that was no longer operating. An empty
cattle shed was washed away in the tsunami. However,

The April 11th earthquake had its epicenter near

there were no reports of livestock having been taken by

Iwaki (about 30km south of the Fukushima Daichi

the tsunami.

Nuclear Power Plant). This photograph shows wherea seismic fault slipped during the quake. At that time

The southern part of Fukushima Prefecture suffered

I was visiting farms in Iwaki as part of my work, andlittle direct damage from the earthquake. Lifelines

I took this photograph during my journey. The fault

such as electricity, gas and water supplies were not

jumped by about two meters. It was the first time I had

affected in most places, and there were no problems

ever seen a fault slip with my own eyes and I was very

with buildings or facilities. What was different after the

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201293

earthquake was that feedstuff was no longer delivered

production cycle, including the disposal of manure. In

and milk-collecting trucks stopped coming to farms.

particular, because the livestock industry operates on

Apart from that the situation on most farms wasa production cycle including the handling of feces andnormal.

urine (as well as animal feed) radioactive contamination
had become a big problem. Simply throwing away feces

There was an animal feed manufacturing plant inand urine would create enormous problems within a

Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture, but it was badly

production cycle for producing products using raw

damaged by the disaster, and it proved very difficult

materials. And naturally, this also touches directly on

to make it operational again. So for feed supplies wethe “food safety issue”.

had to turn to a plant in Kashima in Ibaraki Prefecture.
The feed makers had a hard time, but they were able to

Earlier I mentioned the initial evacuation instructions

respond to the emergency demand.

given to people living in the 20km and 30km zones
following the nuclear accident, which had a negative

The milk from these farms is usually shipped to theimpact on livestock management. A major turning point

dairy plant at Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming

came with the zoning designation that came into effect

Association, where I work. Naturally, the earthquake

on April 22nd. Up until that time, even though farmers

caused damage to the plant and, while we tried as hard

had evacuated from their homes, they were still able toas we could to effect repairs, it took almost two weeks

keep their cows by commuting back and forth between

before we were able to resume operations.

their temporary homes and their farms. There were also
some farmers who ignored the evacuation instructions

After that, the number-one issue was physicaland remained home while continuing to tend theirdistribution. Along with the fuel supply problem, thisanimals. I have no way of confirming the story, but I

was an extremely severe problem.

did hear from a reliable source about an elderly couple
living 3km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear PowerIn addition, we had the nuclear accident to deal with.

Plant who did not evacuate but instead continued toFarmers living inside the evacuation zone, including

tend their cows.

those who kept animals, were ordered to evacuate.
Of course, some people in designated areas were

Next we come to the topic of livestock evacuation. I

told to evacuate immediately after the earthquake,heard that, immediately after the earthquake, somebut most were instructed to evacuate afterwards asfarmers requested livestock dealers to completely

the nuclear accident unfolded. One problem was that

evacuate their livestock. But despite these measures,the instructions given were changed. For instance,

the actual situation was that animals taken out ofthese instructions were finalized when the previous

Fukushima by dealers could not be sold. In the end,

designated area was changed on April 22nd. Initially,

there was no alternative but to return them to theirdesignated 20km and 30km zones were established andplaces of origin.

the general agreement of all was requested. But later,
after this was changed to a systematic evacuation zone,

During this time, farmers considered various ways toa considerable number of farmers found themselves on

evacuate their animals, such as putting cattle with thethe borderlines. They faced a tough situation in which

best pedigrees into the care of acquaintances living

they had to evacuate.

outside the evacuation zone. Some farmers inside the
20~30km zone (where residents were instructed to

As all this was going on, the feeding environment also

remain indoors) also attempted to temporarily movechanged. Surveys revealed that in the latter half of

their animals.

2011 the situation had reached a point where many
farmers were unable to use feed or maintain the94

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

This was a problem. As was shown in the slide a little

earlier, first of all, the evacuation zone was designated.

now. For almost two months following the earthquake

The livestock were then tethered and left, or else put

up until early May, the situation was that no milkout to pasture. This remains the case even now because

could be shipped to market throughout Fukushimaclaims for compensation are involved. Many farmers

Prefecture. However, although there were still various

are in a situation in which their livestock are being kept

debates ongoing, milk processing factories began

in this way while their dairy business is temporarily

operating two weeks after the earthquake. Because

closed, or else they have gone out of businesslocal raw milk could not be used the business owners

altogether.

brought in raw milk from Iwate Prefecture.

As for the planned evacuation zone, in the beginning,

The restoration of facilities such as the auction market

according to the government ordinance, livestock were

and the slaughterhouses took between two or three

to be left in the same way as in the earlier evacuation

weeks. Although beef cattle distribution, including tozone. However, the new zone covered a very wide area,

the slaughterhouses, did restart we then had a riceand on top of that, it would be hard for the industry

straw problem in July and radioactive cesium was

if so many production resources were lost. So after

detected in beef. So beef cattle shipments stopped again

discussing with Fukushima Prefecture about thefrom July until the middle of August.

method and procedure for transferring livestock, we
decided on some rules including the issue of external

The general public was not informed about it but weradioactivity screenings. Then we transferred livestock

also had a dead cattle problem. Any cattle that died on

to other areas within the prefecture on a temporary

family farms had to be examined for BSE. Procedures

basis. It was decided that the transfers would be carried

dictated that such livestock carcasses were sent toout during May, which was the time limit for thethe Livestock Hygiene Service Center to be examinedplanned human evacuation. They went ahead in line

for BSE, and then sent to Aomori Prefecture wherewith the procedures decided.

they were handed over to industrial waste disposal
operators for rendering. However, because radioactive

Regarding the area designated as the emergency

contamination was detected in the meat and bone

evacuation preparation area, following the designation,of some carcasses after disposal, the transport ofmilk shipment controls etc., were put into effect for the

livestock carcasses into Aomori was temporarily

period until the end of June. After this period, normal

prohibited. Accordingly, a special measure was put

production and shipments were resumed.

into effect in Fukushima, under which farm households
were instructed to bury any cattle that died on their

Many radioactive hot spots were found in Fukushimapremises. Before doing so they were required to obtain

City. This problem affected farmers more than otherthe permission of not only the Ministry of Agriculture,

residents. Some farmers were found to have hot

Forestry and Fisheries, but also of the local Public

spots on their land, others were declared to be OK

Health Department. The latter would issue orders thatafter individual examinations were made and a third

the burial must not take place anywhere near watergroup had to close their businesses due to radioactive

sources and must be performed to a depth of so many

contamination.

meters. This order was related to the Rendering Plant
Control Act. Later on, similar stories came out from

When the earthquake struck, this place sufferedinside the evacuation zone. In any case, with thisdirect damage and it took about two weeks before a

special measure, the disposal of livestock carcasses

recovery was achieved. Then there was an order to stop

was speeded up. Early on, the carcasses were kept

shipments because radioactivity was detected in raw

refrigerated at the Livestock Hygiene Service Center.

milk. Indeed, except in the Aizu district, the production

But it was when the center became full that theand shipment of milk has remained suspended until

rendering plant was unable to process carcasses. Even

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012

95

after the rendering plant restarted operation, within

exceed the 50 becquerel standard, the other cattle

less than a week, processing halted again becausefrom the same farm could be shipped outside of theradioactive material was detected in meat and bone.

prefecture. Even so, in reality, the cattle that were soldThis situation continued until June.

outside the prefecture did not sell at the subsequent
December auction market and had to be returned toWhen evacuees began to make temporary visits to their

Fukushima.

homes inside the evacuation zone, livestock carcasses
were covered with blue sheets and sterilization carried

Later, I will be showing some slides of livestockout using hydrated lime. There was a suggestion to

inside the evacuation zone. Problems such as thedispose of carcasses in advance of the visits in view ofabandonment of livestock carcasses and so-called

public hygiene issues and the potential psychological‘runaway’ animals are happening even now. Also, thedamage to evacuees.

situation with pig and chicken farming is just as theprevious speaker reported.

The reason why carcasses could not be buried and why
they had to be covered with blue sheets and sterilized

I suppose many of you find it difficult to imagine thewith lime was because suitable instructions forshape of the map of Fukushima Prefecture. Actually, it

processing matter contaminated with radioactivity was

has a shape a little like that of Australia basically. Lake

not specified in the Act on Special Measures Concerning

Inawashiro is located in the center; the Aizu district is

Nuclear Emergency Preparedness.

on the west side; Nakadori, with the cities of Fukushima,
Koriyama and Shirakawa, occupies the central area; andWith regard to the treatment of feeding livestock in

Hamadori, with cities such as Iwaki and Soma, is on thethe designated area, until April 22nd, farmers wereeast side. Here are the Abukuma Mountains. There is aallowed to move such animals independently. Up until

concentration of livestock farmers around here. There

that date, although there were gates in place, people

is a nuclear power plant here, and here is Iitate Village.

were still allowed to enter and leave the evacuation

From Iitate to the nuclear power plant flows the Ukedo

zone. But from April 22nd onwards, solid barricades

River. This river supports salmon, which swim slowly

were set up and people were ordered to remain outside,

upstream through this gorge.

with the result that farmers simply had to leave theirlivestock behind in the evacuation zone. As far as

Regarding the evacuation zone, as decided after the

possible, some livestock in the planned evacuation zone

earthquake, at first an order was given for people

were transferred to other locations within Fukushima

living between 20 and 30km from the Fukushima

Prefecture.

Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to remain indoors. Among
livestock farmers, there were those who wanted to96

Eventually, in a so-called “mobile sellout”, farmers

continue operating their dairy businesses and others

elsewhere in the prefecture were asked to purchase as

who took the disaster as an opportunity to stop dairy

many cattle as possible at a temporary auction market,

farming. (Eventually, some of them moved to otherand in this way a significant number of cattle wereplaces and reestablished their dairy businesses there).

transferred out of the zone. There were also some cases

At first, dairy farmers naturally complied with thewhere farmers were able to sell their cattle outside ofevacuation orders for the 20km and 30km zones. But,

the prefecture. At that time, the prefectural government

later, when the designated areas order was issued,

made a regulation under which the external exposure

while some farmers were delighted (because it meantcondition of cattle was to be checked prior to transfer,they were still all right), there were others who felt, “I’with one cow or bull per family farm to be examined asve already made my decisions, so it’s too late now.”a monitoring animal. This animal was to be slaughteredAlso, as I mentioned earlier, with the detection of hot

and, provided that its meat contamination did not

spots, two family farms were identified in zones where

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

hot spots were discovered and, following a second

200 tons of milk this way.

survey, one household had to close down its business.
Concerning the resumption of milk shipments, several
As Dr. Ito mentioned, notices such as “Don’t feed cows

procedures have had to be followed. The basic rule ison grass” and “Don’t put cows out to pasture” were sentthat the raw milk must be examined every week. If theout to give guidance with feeding management.

radioactivity level is found to be below 100 becquerels
for three successive weeks, the milk can be shipped.

As I mentioned during my outline explanation there

Raw milk shipments were resumed under this rule.

was a period after the earthquake when raw milk

Eventually, the monitoring examinations were carried

shipment was impossible. A ban on the raw milkout weekly in the cooler station units at the dairy

shipment was imposed which was later replaced byplants. These examinations are continuing even now.

the present raw milk shipment stop order. So, after theearthquake, Fukushima Prefecture made sure that no

There have been no cases of milk found to have a

local milk circulated in the market at all and, when thehigher reading than the standard level since shipments

milk processing plants did start up two weeks later, thewere resumed. Basically, raw milk collection was

raw milk used was produced in Iwate Prefecture.

restarted on April 18th and milk shipments resumed on
May 3rd apart from in the designated areas.

I’m afraid this slide is somewhat detailed and hard tosee. Monitor surveys uncovered about 15 samples with

However raw milk collection has not been resumed

readings above the standard levels. In the beginning, it

within the evacuation zone or the planned evacuation

was radioactive iodine that was detected. I heard thatzone. Some of the dairy cows remain there but others

the highest levels recorded were approximately 50,000

have been transferred according to a set of procedures.

becquerels. These days the highest levels are for cesium
at about 5,200 becquerels.

Regarding dead cattle, because radiation was detectedfrom carcasses as well as from meat and bone,

These black circles are dairy processing plants. There

carcasses could not be rendered “up-stream”. So,

are two places in the Fukushima City area and one eachinstead, the method of burying carcasses was employed.

in Motomiya, Koriyama and Aizu. I don’t believe theNow, however, we have changed rendering operatorsplant in Aizu was subject to any shipment controls.

and carcass rendering is proceeding as normal.

It is a very tough job for farmers to dispose of raw

We had cattle at many stages of life, including calves,

milk on their own. One method is to sprinkle the milk

newly pregnant heifers, etc., Until April 21st, theonto fields or grassland, but this cannot be carried out

decision to transfer these animals was left up to therepeatedly in the same place. This is because, in small

judgment of their owners. But after that, designatedamounts the milk can be a fertilizer, but if too much isarea movement restrictions were imposed.

spread on the ground rancid milk prevents grasslandfrom being used. At one farm I visit, their shipment

Regarding the planned evacuation zone, under thevolume is 4 to 5 tons per day which is far too large asituation at the time, it was impossible for individual

quantity to sprinkle on grassland. So they have dug

farmers to sell all their animals and transfer them,

deep holes and pour the milk into them. In the holeso the Dairy Farming Association secured temporary

shown here, about 50 tons of milk has been thrownplaces to hold them. We renovated closed-down oraway. With the passing of time, the milk has evaporated

empty cattle sheds and moved the animals in groups.

and the volume reduced, but the milk surface has

At first, during discussions on what to do about the

become so hard that a cat can walk on it. The farmer

evacuation zone, Fukushima Prefecture considered

has dug such holes in four places and disposed of about

leaving or transferring all livestock, including those

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201297

that were in the planned evacuation zone. The local

Regarding transfer of the cattle living in the planned

authorities and the organizations involved held

evacuation zone, there are various rules to follow as

discussions and came to a decision about how towell. One is that we must carry out radiation exposure

proceed. Consequently, the Dairy Farming Association

screening tests before cattle transfers. The same

secured temporary evacuation places and transferred

applies when shipping cattle to auction markets or tothe cattle from the planned evacuation zone to theseslaughterhouses.

facilities.
According to a veterinarian working for the Prefectural
This photo shows one of the empty cattle sheds

Government, the very highest readings obtained fromwe restored. In moving the cows, we faced a lot ofthese tests were about 12,000cpm. Decontamination islimitations. In keeping with the Act on Domestic Animal

required in cases where the rate exceeds 100,000cpm.

Infectious Diseases Control, we had to check thatthe animals were not infected with diseases such as

Even after cattle have been transferred from theJohne’s Disease (which would mean they could not bedesignated evacuation area, farmers are not necessarilytransferred). And we had to follow procedures underallowed to transfer or resell their animals withoutthe ‘livestock friendly insurance system’. If, in the event

specific permission. Once resold, the cattle areof an accident during transfer, there were any reports

presumed to be “for human consumption” so there aremishandled when applying for insurance payments,

rules. For this reason, evacuated cattle destined for

insurances would not be paid. Moreover, since cattle

sale have to undergo a monitoring examination first. In

were gathered from various stock farms, we had tothe case of slaughterhouse shipments, the first animal

perform a certain degree of preventative sanitation. So

in every group will be subject to animal productwe carried out the minimum necessary vaccinations,monitoring tests without fail.

dermatological measures, tick treatments, etc.
In the case of Fukushima Prefecture, there is only
In particular, cattle sheds that have been left empty

one slaughterhouse having a processing capacity ofare prone to harbor ticks due to the likelihood of wild

only 36 animals per day, in Koriyama City. Given its

animals having used or visited them. There is also likely

small scale, it is impossible for this facility alone toto be mold growing in such places.

deal with general shipments from the prefecture’scommercial cattle farms. So after their monitoring tests

Following the earthquake, a variety of concerned

are done, farmers have to use slaughterhouses outsideorganizations sent aid supplies and donations to theof Fukushima Prefecture. The procedures are needed

disaster site and to organizations working on the

because of this. The same also applies to raw milk. The

front lines. The largest donation came from Hokkaido,

produce from the first cow is subject to a monitoring

consisting of several consignments of wrapped roll-

examination. In the case of meat, a certificate is issued

bale silage. In particular, there are many farmers infor products where radioactivity levels of less than 50

Hokkaido’s Ashoro district who originally came frombecquerels are recorded, allowing them to be shipped

Fukushima. Centered on an association formed byoutside of Fukushima Prefecture. At present, many

these people, JR Ashoro launched its own disaster siteof the animals are shipped to a slaughterhouse insupport activities, including a periodic provision of aid

Yuki City, Ibaraki Prefecture. The governors of bothsupplies in April, May and June. Just the other day,prefectures discussed and agreed to introducing thesimilar aid supplies were delivered to the Dairy Farming

examination system I just outlined.

Association, and a portion was used as feed for animals
kept in the temporary evacuation cattle sheds. The rest

Moreover, it has been decided to set the validity period

was distributed among the members of our Association.

of these certificates at three months and make thecertificates subject to renewal. So in cases when the98

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

period between testing and shipment is extended,government has tried to deal with all dead animals

the animals in question have to receive additionalin the same way. However, due to problems in themonitoring inspections in Fukushima before they begin

working environment such as the air radiation dosages,

to be shipped outside the prefecture. This regulation

etc., while there were some places accessible to people,

is still in effect. The same procedures apply to beefsome other places were too dangerous to enter. So not

cattle, dairy cattle and to shipments of raw milk fromall dead animals could be treated.

primiparous cows.
Animals are still having to be destroyed inside theRegarding external radioactive exposure, there is a ruleevacuation zone. The animal is first captured andthat animals found to have readings above the standard

its individual identification established. This allows

10,000cpm should be decontaminated.

the owner to be identified. Then, with the owner’s
consent, the animal is destroyed. (Without the owner’

Changing the subject, I will next talk about thes agreement, the animal cannot be destroyed). The

restarting of dairy businesses by evacuated farming

procedure used to destroy the animal is to use ahouseholds. Naturally, everybody living within thesedative, followed by an anesthetic and lastly a muscle

evacuation zone was evacuated leaving their cows

relaxant. Then the death of the animal is confirmed,

behind so the number of farmers who have restarted

the individual information recorded and the external

their operations inside the zone is zero. These people

radioactivity exposure dosage measured. Finally theare living in temporary accommodation and haveanimal is buried.

suspended their operations. For the farmers in theplanned evacuation zone, the situation was a little

According to a report, as of the end of January 2012,

different because they had a period of preparation.

a total of 1,142 cattle had been destroyed, as well as

Invitations came from Yamagata, Hokkaido andabout the same number of pigs and 80,000 chickens.

elsewhere for Fukushima dairy farmers to move to a

The veterinarian working for Fukushima Prefecture also

new prefecture and restart their farming operations

made this report. Actually, the prefectural government

there. However, diary farmers usually have strong

funded all the procedures carried out in the evacuation

attachments to their land and find it difficult to decidearea, and there was no support from the central

to move. Nevertheless, two dairy farming families fromgovernment at all.

within the planned evacuation zone did find vacant,closed-down, dairy farming facilities elsewhere andAt first, the biggest problem was that burying the

moved their own cows in to restart operations, after

carcasses of destroyed livestock was not permitted.

milk shipments from their original farms were no

Carcass disposals were restricted under the Basic Act

longer possible. Also, one dairy farmer voluntarily

on Nuclear Energy Measures although, from July 8th,

closed down due to a hot spot being found on his land.

it became possible to temporarily bury carcasses with

Some dairy farmers in the designated area discontinued

measured radioactivity levels below 8,000 becquerels.

their businesses by taking the crisis as an opportunity.

Because such burying was not generally allowed, there

Business discontinuation rates of diary farmers

were severe problems from the decay and stench ofoutside the designated area and outside of Fukushima

rotting carcasses and from maggots and flies. While

Prefecture have risen since the time of the disaster.

hydrated lime was spread as a countermeasure, at thetime, it was said to be only of limited effectiveness.

Let me go back now to the sprinkling of hydrated
lime on the carcasses of dead animals, the emergency

When we came to ask owners for their agreement toeuthanasia of dying animals and the emergency

destroy carcasses, many of them wanted confirmation

measures for runaway cattle. Since temporary visitsthat they would be compensated for their losses.

resumed at the beginning of May, the prefectural

However, at that time, compensation for individual

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201299

animals having to be destroyed had not yet been

for the future.

decided. My understanding is that the administration’s standpoint was that they could not pay such

Although it is widely surmised that no livestock werecompensation. Eventually, claims for compensation

evacuated from the evacuation zone, in fact this waswere made to TEPCO. But, in the event, I have heard

not the case. For instance, Fukushima Prefecturethat obtaining agreement to destroy livestock wasapproved the transfer of 31 horses kept for the Soma-difficult.

Nomaoi festival. These animals were approved as theresult of an examination performed by Dr. Ito. Also, 26

I also heard that it was a huge task looking for cattle

pigs were approved for transfer to Tokyo University forcarcasses because the remains were badly spoiled byexamination purposes. Their movement was approved

runaway pigs, etc. Even when traps were set to capture

under the condition that their meat would not be used

cows in some cases the animals were later released. So

for food.

the task of capturing them was a tough one.
I must warn you in advance that the next photos depict
Early on, Tomioka Town was against taking actionsome very unpleasant things. They are actual scenes

against this problem. But when the number of runaway

from inside the evacuation zone. This photographanimals increased and the amount of damage theyshows mostly dead cows but some are still alive here

caused became greater, the town changed its policy

too. Basically, about 90% of these Holstein cows diedand encouraged people to capture and destroy such

while the other 10% became runaways.

animals. But there are some livestock farmers who lived
in the evacuation zone who still wish to continue theirI’ve heard from people who paid temporary visits tooperations, and the administration has had difficulties

the evacuation zone that Holstein cows somehow move

dealing with them.

around as if they have a type of homing instinct. They
are always found hanging around cattle sheds even

Another problem concerned handling cattle that did notthough they would be better off roaming far away tohave individual identification earmarks. In principle,

where there is plenty of vegetation for foraging. On the

all cattle should have earmarks. But in quite a few

other hand, in the case of Japanese Black cattle, aboutcases the tags had dropped off. Also, those cattle later

90% became runaways and only 10% stayed behindborn in the wild naturally do not have an earmark. As

and starved to death.

Dr. Ito mentioned earlier, after discussions with legal
professionals, it was decided to treat these animals as

This next photograph shows some runaway cattle. Even

being ownerless.

some Holstein cows and calves became runaways.

In addition, there was the problem of securing land for

At the 33rd annual meeting of the Japanese Society

the burial of carcasses. Burial became permissible onof Clinical Veterinary Medicine, President Yamane

July 8th. But in the same order it was stated the owners

expressed his concern that the processing of carcassesof the carcasses had the right to appoint the plannedin Fukushima was not progressing. Since then, thesites for the burials. I have heard that there weresituation has gradually moved from burying heaps ofmany cases in which agreement could not be reachedcarcasses to tidying up. But despite this progress, I havebecause the administration had to ask the owner, “where

heard that the work remained unfinished even intois the land you are appointing as the burial site?”2012.

This resulted in strong feelings among many owners.

100

Moreover, as this burial would only be temporary, theI also heard that people have attempted to catchquestion of how to later proceed with intermediate

runaway animals by making trap-like fences, but

processing and final disposal of the carcasses remained

it is actually very difficult to capture livestock that

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

have turned feral. Moreover, population proliferation

standard value being established for animal feed. The

due to mating between runaway farm animals or

tentative value was 300 becquerels. For compost, thebetween livestock and wild animals is a very serious

tentative value was 400 becquerels. The feed grown by

development from the perspective of containing

dairy farmers themselves is examined while the grass iscommon infectious diseases between animals. This also

still growing, but further tests become problematic after

relates to the issue of abandoned cultivated land andthe grass is cut and made into hay. During this process,to the “satoyama” problem (i.e., common land between

the hay is turned over and becomes dusted with soil.

areas of human-habitation and the wild) including

So if the soil is contaminated, the hay will be affectedthat of destructive wild animals such as boar and deer.

and cannot be used as feed. The three organizations

Abandoned cultivated land has been a problem fordiscussed this problem and decided not to use the first,

many years. With the nuclear power plant accident, it issecond and third crops of cut grass for feed.

very important for the livestock industry that livestock
farmers are able to produce their own animal feed, andOn the other hand, the use of dent corn as a feed crop

this year will be a turning point in seeing whether thiswas not a problem. Because the corn is cut up andis practical. If they can’t produce their own feed, they

carried away by a harvester there is no contamination

will not be able to claim compensation, but on the otherfrom the soil. So it was decided that dent corn could be

hand, they are asking the question, “If I can’t feed myused as feed.

livestock, how can I raise them?”
Regarding the dos and don’ts of feeding, one
The situation is that the number of dairy farmers inparticularly troubling problem is that different cities,

Fukushima has been reduced by 22~23% in the waketowns and villages within Fukushima Prefecture haveof this disaster. There are three dairy organizations indrawn between what can and what cannot be used as

the prefecture, and the overall volume of dairy produce

livestock feed. This may be OK from the standpoint

they handle has fallen to 80% of the pre-disaster level.

of judging final products but, in the case of animal

These are the figures for number of cows and the

produce, it is very difficult to make judgments about

volume of milk produced in the designated area, andusing grass from here and not using grass from overthis amount has been lost.

there. This is because the animals may be fed on hay
made from grass grown in neighboring municipalities.

Just after the earthquake, raw milk production volumes

That is why the three organizations felt the need towere down to 30% compared to the year before, butmake an overall decision.

then they recovered to about 70%. However, due to the
exceptionally hot summer, milk shortages continued

You are probably aware of the rice straw problem, as

through to the end of the year. Even moving into

this has been reported in the media. Radioactivity was

January of this year, production volumes have only

detected in meat from cattle in Fukushima fed on rice

recovered to 80% of the previous January’s level.

straw that had been harvested after the earthquake.
Regarding this meat, since beef from cattle shipped

This is a report on the monitoring examinations

from Minamisoma City and Asakawa Town exceeded

conducted by Fukushima Prefecture. According to thisthe standard value, beef cattle producers in Fukushimareport, high levels of radioactive contamination were

were initially requested to implement a voluntary

detected in the meat of wild boar, although not so highban on shipments of beef. This was then followed bythat the meat could not be used as food. However, evenshipment restrictions which meant that the producers

after the hunting season began, these animals were notbecame unable to slaughter their animals.

used for food.
These restrictions were lifted at the end of August and
The nuclear power plant accident led to an allowed

replaced by a set of procedures that had to be followed

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012101

before shipments could restart. Under these procedures,storage.

the first animal of each farmer’s shipment has to betested. The slaughtered animal’s meat must have aThis is an outline of the present problems. A new

radioactive contamination level below 40 becquerels.

standard has been decided for feed and farmers have

If the meat passes the examination, the rest of the

begun to adjust to it. Under the present temporary

animals in the shipment can be transferred outside ofstandard, if cows are fed on feed with a radioactivity

Fukushima Prefecture. But the situation has been madelevel of less than 300 becquerels, their milk can beserious due to the fact that, even before the earthquake,shipped, as can their calves. These calves will go on tothere was a serious shortage of slaughterhouse

become fattening cattle and people will consume theirfacilities in Fukushima Prefecture. Most cattle produced

meat. The milk will also be for human consumption. In

in Fukushima have long had to be slaughtered outside

the case of breeding wagyu cows, the calves are sold atof the prefecture at facilities in Ibaraki and Saitama

auction, and then fattened to produce beef.

Prefectures. Also, nowadays, all meat from slaughteredanimals raised in Fukushima is examined in Shibaura.

Breeding dairy cows and breeding wagyu cows are

Initial cattle monitoring examination results have aallowed to feed on materials with radioactivity levels

three-month limit, so if another slaughter takes place,

below 3,000 becquerels. At these levels there are no

the figures can be renewed based on the newer meat

problems when their calves become fattening cattle

examination results, eliminating the need for follow-up

and are turned into meat. However, after the cows havemonitoring of livestock in Fukushima Prefecture.

delivered five or six calves and are sent for slaughteras retired breeding cows, a problem occurs. The meat

Another difficulty in livestock farming has been thefrom these cows can’t be shipped. As a result, theircompost problem. For fattening cattle and dairy cattle,

carcasses have been accumulating in great numbers

the standard radioactive contamination limit for feed

and this is now a major problem. This is why we hearis 300 becquerels. On the other hand, for breeding

questions such as, “since they can’t be used as meat,

wagyu cattle that are not due to be shipped for somewhy can’t they be euthanized?” or “Can’t they be used

time, it has been decided that feed with levels below

for testing?” I think this problem foreshadows what

3,000 becquerels is OK. However, if farmers feed

Dr. Ito said about the desire to check on the internal

their cattle materials with high concentrations of

exposure condition of cattle.

radioactivity, then contamination levels in the animals’manure also becomes high. This compost problem is

Next, I would like to talk a little about the present

an ongoing issue right now. At present, the permitted

business situation of diary farmers in Fukushima

limit for fertilizer such as compost is a value below 400

Prefecture. Those who were evacuated from thebecquerels, but in actuality, according to individual

designated area are receiving compensation fromtest results, more than three-quarters of specimens

TEPCO under the assumption that they have

have radioactivity levels exceeding the limit. Because

temporarily suspended their operations, not that

this radioactive material was allowed into the animals’

they have closed down their business. (If a farmer

feed, a serious situation has developed. It is now

closes down his business, this compensation will noquestionable whether setting that regulation value was

longer be paid). Another issue concerns for how longa wise decision.

this compensation will be paid. This uncertainty isextremely demanding on the farmers mentally, a factor

When radioactivity in compost exceeds 400 becquerels

which itself has become a barrier to them restarting

it cannot be sold to the public but farmers are

their businesses.

allowed to re-use their own compost. However, if

102

the radioactivity exceeds 8,000 becquerels, it must

The present business environment is also a problem

be treated as nuclear waste and put into temporary

for the disaster victims. Within the livestock industry,

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

which includes compost, the need now exists for thecompost, feed crops, etc. Sodium iodide scintillators

environmental cycling of production which makes thehave been introduced by each agricultural cooperative

business situation severe. Even if dairy farmers re-start

for testing rice but, in order to test other items, atheir operations, this problem will remain from now

difficult adjustment procedure is needed to correct foron. Furthermore, working farmers who evacuated fromthe background. In particular, for testing rice straw, athe evacuation zone or designated area now have tovery fine adjustment is needed which requires great

commute in from their temporary housing. This is notcare.

a situation they will be able to cope with over the longterm.

Two days ago, at a meeting of Fukushima Veterinary
Medical Association’s Farm Animal Group, the following

Already almost a year has passed since the earthquake

point was brought up. “Although monitoring information

struck and they are struggling to maintain theiris announced on the prefectural website, who is actually

motivation for their business. There are also many

looking at it?” Regarding product safety awareness,

cases in which the wife or other members of thethere is huge discrimination against Fukushima

farmer’s family have evacuated to places outside

products. Although the prefectural government has

Fukushima Prefecture. As the designated areas become

been publicizing their countermeasures, many question

reconfigured, the time is drawing near when theseif this is enough and the subject remains a major issue.

people - including farmers who have temporarily

At first, a descriptive term “ND” (No Detection) was usedsuspended their operations - will have to decide what toin the announcements but, since around November,do for the future.

the notation system has changed to read “ND” and“Detection Limit Value”.

This is the actual air dose situation. Our association
has a branch office in Kodaka in Minamisoma City,

It is good to display the figures but the most important

approximately 13km from the Fukushima Daiichi

thing is to change the public’s zero-risk-oriented

Nuclear Power Plant. The air dose in this building is 6

attitudes. Since this new notation system started, “ND”

microsieverts per hour. This is the office in Motomiya

readings have continued. It is the same with beef,

City where I work. It has a comparatively high air dose

where occasional low radiation readings such as 13

figure. Earlier Dr. Kawamata said that he had to stopbecquerels are being detected. But as I mentioned

working because the accumulated dose he received wasearlier, all beef shipments are examined, and most ofhigh. I personally have been exposed to a cumulative

them are classified as “ND”.

dose of about 1.8 milisieverts.
A shipment embargo remains on mushrooms and
Seminars such as the one shown here are being held in

vegetables, but monitoring examinations are still

Fukushima Prefecture.

carried out on these products and results announced.

In the prefecture, radioactivity tests are conducted

Concerning monitoring examinations, the existing

using germanium-testing equipment, but these tests aretemporary standard will be replaced by a new standard

expensive and take a considerable amount of time tofrom next April. However, I am concerned that instead

carry out. So some organizations are performing theirof making consumers feel more safe this change may

tests using a sodium iodide scintillator. Our association

result in their zero-risk orientation becoming stronger.

already has two of these devices and we will obtain
another one soon. But even then, we will have nowhere

Compared with beef, for which all shipments arenear enough capacity to meet all the demands for

examined, raw milk monitoring tests, which are

testing. In addition to milk, which naturally has to be

performed on mixed milk in CS units and factory units,tested in Fukushima, we are called upon to test feed,

are subject to random inspections. For this reason,

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012103

there have been requests for raw milk to be examined

But in reality, even if such decontamination is carriedin each farmer’s bulk unit. But if this were actuallyout, the soil can still show higher levels of radioactivity

carried out there would be so many samples that itlater.

might not be physically possible to examine them all. It
would be very difficult in practice.

This is a demonstration video made by Fukushima
Prefecture. It shows the process of removing theOnce a product’s standard value has been decided,

surface layer from a meadow. This image shows athe standard value for the feed is also determined byplough turning over the land to reduce the amountmeans of a transfer coefficient, etc. This itself raisesof radioactivity measured. But although the levels do

another problem; whether it is OK to simply to cut

decline temporarily when the soil is turned over, it will

feed and examine it by unit acreage sampling or not.

still require further decontamination at a later date.

Yet another problem is that the detection limit differs

So even after decontamination is carried out, the basic

according to the type of detector used. In the case ofproblem remains. Also, when radioactive particles

the NAI scintillator, when it detects a figure of 10 or 20

are blown or washed down from the mountains, thebecquerels, these figures fall within the device’s error

radioactivity levels within the hydrological system (suchrange of plus or minus 30. So it is difficult to decide if

as freshwater springs and mountain runoff) rise again.

such a reading is OK or not.
Because of these increasing biological concentrations
Under the new set of standards that will start inof radioactive contamination, a number of tasks still

April, for milk, the cesium level tolerance will changeremain within the livestock industry related to thefrom the present 200 becquerels to 50 becquerels.

feeding of raw materials to livestock, animal productIn the case of meat, it will change from the present

distribution control, and risk analysis.

500 becquerels to 100 becquerels. Consequently,
for feed, the tolerance will change from the present

Because the government’s initial reaction to the

300 becquerels to 100 becquerels. Whether or not a

nuclear accident was so poor, the people have little

given feed crop is considered acceptable to use will be

trust in them. That lack of trust is resulting in many

determined according to the new standards and, on the

problems in many areas including food safety. Cattle

farms, this issue is considered to be a crucial point thisfarmers in particular are facing a severe situation in

year.

which they are, in many cases, being asked to agree tothe destruction of their own cattle and they have had

On the front lines in Fukushima Prefecture we are

restrictions imposed on the movement of these animals.

carrying out a variety of examinations based on these
conditions. For example, in the case of meat, radioactive

Regarding food safety, unless validation and proof ofcontamination is tested for by performing antemortem

safety can be established with greater assurance, it will

inspections. But I would ask, instead of this type ofbe difficult for producers in Fukushima to regain theinspection, could we not check meat prior to shipment

consumer confidence. At the end of the day, essentially,

by taking and examining blood samples or carrying out“trust” is the most important consideration.

a decontamination test? In this context, we have held aresearch results meeting to discuss possible methods ofFinally, I believe there needs to be a general review

decontamination.

of how to respond to nuclear accidents from now on.
It will not be easy to regain the public’s confidence in

104

As Dr. Kawamata also mentioned earlier, how tofood safety unless some such process is undertaken.

decontaminate soil is yet another problem. What isHowever, the effectiveness of the information released

being recommended is to remove the surface layer ofis impacted by problems on the information issuing

the soil and turn the remaining soil over with a plough.

side. Plus there is the quality of the information itself

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

and the receiving side’s level of knowledge. So for the
dairy industry, the biggest and most important item on
our agenda is food risk management.
Thank you very much for listening.

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