17
Monumentality, Elite Tombs, and Domestic Memories:
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We will discuss concepts of scale, monumentality, city and elite tombs and their paraphanelia, as well as, theGLYHUVHGLVFRYHULHVRIWKHIRUPDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIUHVLGHQFHVVXFKDVWKHSULQFLSDOLQGLFDWRUVRIVRFLDOGLৼHUHQFHVamong the inhabitants of the capital city of the Zapotec. These tangible materials have allowed us to advance our
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life in the social pyramid and profuse rituality that was practiced in the city.
On the basis of carefully excavated contexts at Atzompa recently, we are able to reconstruct ritual life, andwe propose elements for diferentiating public ceremonies done in the center of the city and its plazas, from thosedone in private, at the family level, which took place in the family temples. These are formal architectural elements
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most important deities in Zapotec cosmogeny.
The recent archaeological discoveries in an elite barrio at Atzompa allows us present new elements andarguements to contrast to what we currently know of Monte Albán, in such a manner that we present an extention of
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that Atzompa showed towards the capital, or if possible, we can discuss some autonomy of the barrios implicit in
the urban proposition.
En este trabajo se presentan los elementos que nos permiten interpretar la diferenciación social en Monte$OEiQFRPRUHÀHMRGHXQDVRFLHGDGDYDQ]DGD\XQDGHODVFLYLOL]DFLRQHVPiVVR¿VWLFDGDVGH$PpULFDFRPROR
fue la Zapoteca. Se discuten conceptos de Escala, Monumentalidad, Ciudad y Tumbas de élite y su parafernalia,
así como los diversos hallazgos de la composición formal de las residencias, como los principales indicadores delas diferencias sociales entre los habitantes de la ciudad-capital Zapoteca. Estos rasgos tangibles han permitido
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En base a los contextos cuidadosamente excavados en Atzompa recientemente, se llega a escudriñar la vida
ritual y se proponen elementos para diferenciar los ceremoniales públicos realizados en el centro de la cuidad ylas plazas, de aquellos privados, de nivel familiar, que se llevaron a cabo en los Templos Familiares, componentes

203formales de la arquitectura de las residencias de los diferentes niveles sociales. Aún más, se propone que los dioses
Cocijo (lluvia), Murciélago y Jaguar hayan sido los más importantes dentro de la cosmogonía zapoteca.
Los recientes descubrimientos arqueológicos en el Barrio de élite de Atzompa nos permiten presentar nuevos
elementos y argumentos para contrastar lo que hasta ahora se conocía de Monte Albán, de tal manera que, sepresenta una imagen extendida de dos áreas de élite en la misma ciudad, mismas que, aunque similares, no dejan
de ofrecer diferencias importantes para determinar el grado de dependencia que Atzompa tuvo de la capital, o si
es posible hablar de cierta autonomía de los barrios implícita en la propuesta urbana.

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204

The city

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Figure 17.1.

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Map of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Location

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of Atzompa in relation to Monte Albán. (Atzompa

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Archaeological Project Archive. INAH).

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Figure 17.2.
Topographic map of the Great Plaza at Monte Albán,
Oaxaca, Mexico. (Atzompa Archaeological Project
Archive.

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205

Figure 17.3.
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Pyramidal monuments
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or read separately but as a group or groups of “mountains”

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perfectly aligned, combining “mountains” and empty areas

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Figure 17.4.
Architectural plans of Residences Casa de Oriente and Casa de los Altare at Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. (Atzompa
Archaeological Project Archive).

Edificio 16

Juego de Pelota II

Acceso 1

Anexo 1
(Horno)Casa deOrienteJuego dePelota III
Casa delos Altares
UnidadSur 1

Edificio 6
P.E.6

Unidad Sur 2

207

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VTXDUHPHWHUVDYHU\JHQHURXVDUHDWKDWHDVLO\FRXOGKROGDERXWWZHQW\WKRXVDQGSHRSOHLQRFFDVLRQDOPDVVLYH
FHUHPRQLHVIRUORFDODQGYLVLWLQJSDUWLFLSDQWV+RZHYHU

Figure 17.6.

HDFKFHUHPRQLDOEXLOGLQJLQFOXGHVDGH¿QHGVSDFHWKDW(৽J\YHVVHORI&RFLMRWKH0RQWH$OEiQ¶V5DLQ*RGFRXOGVHUYHIRUDSXEOLFEXWYHU\VHOHFWDWWHQGDQFH(DFKRI

excavated at Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. (Atzompa

WKHPFRXOGKROGDJDWKHULQJRIDWOHDVWRQHWKRXVDQGSHRSOH

Archaeological Project Archive).

IRUWKHLUFXOWJRRGH[DPSOHVRIWKRVHDUHWKH&RPSOH[,9
DQG&RPSOH[0ZLWKWKHLURZQFRQ¿QHG\DUGVDQGVWDLUVWKDWFRXOGUHFHLYHDVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURISHRSOH
Figure 17.5.
The Great Plaza at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. View
from South to North. (Atzompa Archaeological Project
Archive).

208

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7KH %DW LV DQ HDUO\ JRG OLQNHG WR GDUNQHVV DQGSHUPHDWHERWKULWXDODQGGDLO\=DSRWHFOLIH,WKDVEHHQNQRZOHGJH7KHPRVWIDPRXVRILWVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHFLW\ZDVRULJLQDOO\QDPHGWKH-DJXDUVJUHHQMDGHPRVDLFRIDUWLFXODWHGSLHFHVUHSUHVHQWLQJ

+LOOWKDWKRZHYHUKDVQRWEHHQSURYHQ7KHLPSRUWDQFH

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RIWKH-DJXDUDPRQJWKH=DSRWHFVLVUHÀHFWHGLQWKHPDQ\FHQWUDODGRUDWRU\QHDU0RXQG,, $FRVWD  )LJXUHIHOLQHWUDLWVWKDWDSSHDULQWKHRULJLQDODUWDVHDUO\DV0RQWH

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Figure 17.8.
Figure 17.7.

The Bat God, a jade and sea-shell assembled piece from0RQXPHQWDO-DJXDUH৽J\$FHUDPLFPDVWHUSLHFHIURPMonte Albán, Oaxaca. México. (National Museum ofMonte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. (National Museum of

Anthropology, INAH).

Anthropology, INAH).

209

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classes, mortuary rituals, gendered treatments, associated&ODVVLFRU0RQWH$OEiQ,,,E,9 $' SURYLGLQJWHFKQRORJLHVDQGSDUDSKHUQDOLDEHVLGHVPDQ\RWKHUDVSHFWVXQLTXHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRH[DPLQHWKHYLVLEOHSDWWHUQRIHOLWH

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210

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DEVWUDFWPRWLIVUHIHUWRWKH(DUWK0RQVWHUDQGHYRNHWKH

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EDOOFRXUWVSODQ*UHDWPRRQFLUFOHVDUHWKHFHQWUDOPRWLIV&ODVVLF $' LVWKHEHVWNQRZQSHULRGIRUEXULDOVDFFRPSDQLHGE\ZKDWFRXOGEHDMDJXDUVSDZSULQWVFigure 17.9A.
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Archaeological Project Archive).

PLAZA B

Figure 17.9B
The 242 funerary mound in relation to the residence Casa de los Altares at Atzompa, Oaxaca, México. (Atzompa
Archaeological Project Archive).

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Figure 17.10B.

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Interior of the Tomb 242. Chamber 2 mural paintings on

GHSLFWLRQVRIFDOHQGDUQDPHVRQWKHEDFNZDOOWKDWZHUH

ballgame motifs. Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. (Atzompa

LQWHQWLRQDOO\HUDVHGLQODWHUWLPHV7KHWRPEZDVHPSWLHG

Archaeological Project Archive).

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Figure 17.10A.
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VLGHQLFKHVIURPWKHIDoDGHWKHUHDUHWKHWZRMDPEVEXW

walls and vaulted roof. Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico.

WKHUHVWZDVLQWHQWLRQDOO\GHVWUR\HG,IWKHFKDPEHUZDV

(Atzompa Archaeological Project Archive).

HYHUXVHGLVXQNQRZQDVLQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWH[W
WKHUHZHUHRQO\PLQRUYHVWLJHV+RZHYHULQWHUPVRIWKH
IXQHUDU\WUDGLWLRQVWKH7RPELQ$W]RPSDUHSUHVHQWVD
QHZFRQFHSWERWKLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGPRUWXDU\V\VWHPVIRU
WKHFLW\,WLVWKH¿UVWH[DPSOHRIDIRUPDOS\UDPLGVKDSHEDVHPHQWDQGWHPSOHGHYRWHGWRWKHIXQHUDU\DVSHFWRIDIDPLO\RUOLQHDJHWKDWZDVVWLOORFFXS\LQJWKHSURSHUKRXVH
RIWKH&DVDGHORV$OWDUHVUHVLGHQFH
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E\$OIRQVR&DVRDQG%HUQDODVHDUO\DVIURPKLV212

ZRUNVERWKLQFHUDPLFVDQGVSHFL¿FDOO\LQXUQVZHNQRZ

Figure 17.11.

DERXWWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRUQDPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV8UQV-DJXDU6HUSHQW(DJOHH৽J\YHVVHOIURP$W]RPSD2D[DFDZHUHEDVLFDOO\FRQWDLQHUVIRUOLTXLGVRUVRPHWLPHVIRRGRU

Mexico. (Atzompa Archaeological Project Archive).

EXUQHGR൵HULQJVDVWKH\PHDQWWRDFFRPSDQ\WKHGHFHDVHG
7KH\ZHUHKHDYLO\RUQDPHQWHGZLWKH൶JLHVDQGJRGV¶WUDLWV6RPHWLPHVWKH\UHSUHVHQWSHUVRQVZLWKRUQDPHQWVFORWKLQJDQGDERYHDOOLGHQWLI\LQJLFRQRJUDSKLFWUDLWV3HUKDSVGXULQJWKHSHULRG,,,E,9$W]RPSDZDVDVLWHRIWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHVHH[TXLVLWHREMHFWVDVZHIRXQG
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FKDOOHQJLQJLFRQRJUDSK\RIWKHREMHFWVKRZVWKHLPSOLFLW
need of mixing deities in protecting supernatural beings

Figure 17.12.

LQRUGHUWRJHWWKHPRVWVHFXULW\LQWKHDIWHUZRUOG,QWKLV

7KHIXQHUDU\(LJKW(DUWKTXDNHH৽J\YHVVHOH[FDYDWHGDW

VHQVH$W]RPSDLVVWLOODWUHPHQGRXVVRXUFHRILFRQRJUDSKLF

Chamber 3, Tomb 242, from Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico.

NQRZOHGJHDQGDOLYLQJFHQWHURIDQFLHQWSRWWHU\WHFKQLTXHV

(Atzompa Archaeological Project Archive).

Residences.
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WKHVDPHFRPSRXQG VHUYLFHKRXVHV WKHFOHDUDWWDFKPHQW
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References

RSSRVHGWRWKHSXEOLFFHUHPRQLHVSHUIRUPHGLQWKHRSHQ$FRVWD-5  (O3HFWRUDOGH0RQWH$OEiQAnales de

DUHDVWHPSOHV7KHVHWZRPDLQUHVLGHQFHVDQG&DVDGHO6XUFXUUHQWO\XQGHUH[FDYDWLRQKDYHVKRZQWKHLUXQGHQLDEOHUHODWLRQVKLSAntropología(SRFDWSS,1$+6(3%HUQDO ,   Historia de la Arqueología en
México(GLWRULDO3RUU~DZLWKEDOOFRXUWVSHUKDSVIRUSULYDWHULWXDOVDQGRUWUDLQLQJ

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