International Workshop on“Women in Science and Technology”
Network in Asian, 30 September 2006

Activities for Gender Equal
Participation in Physics and S&T- Harvest of Internationaland Asian Networking Eiko Torikai
University of Yamanashi, Japan
Physical Society of Japan (JPS)
1Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Present Situation in Physics
Activity for Gender Equality of JPS, JSAP and EPMEWSEEPMEWSE Survey Results- focused on Physics
Actions for the improvement of the Society
Summer School for High School Girls– for Scientists and Engineers of tomorrow-

6. Childcare Supports during the JPS meeting and the Participation of JPS Committees

7. Symposia (Every March)
8. International Collaboration
9. Political Movements
10. Conclusion

211. Present Situation in Physics• Characteristics of two representative societyin Physics
number of members
women ratio
full student
fullstudent
JPS 16k 2.5k
4.0% 9.4%
JSAP 24k 3.5k
3.6% 6.6%
JPS: Physical Society of Japan 60% academy
JSAP: Japan Society of Applied Physics
60% industry
3Participants of Conferenceson subject of Physics
More than

15% !

4.4%

29 Oct. 04,
9th Asia Pacific Physics
Confefence,

29 Mar. 04,
59th Annual
Meeting of JPS,
Fukuoka, Japan

Hanoi, Vietnam
42Percentage of women in Academia
Women Ratio of Graduates and Facultyin National Universities 2001
50

Percentage of Women

Natural Science40

Physics
28.430

Entrance Barrier
15.3

9.1

8.8

7.2

6.5

30
20

4.2

4.5

1.6

5.2

0

2.1

9.2

8.7

10

3.6

1.4

0.4

100%

10 0%

3（人数）
（人数）

1113

250
80%
8 0%

145

2

3

46
46

17
170
3
108
3103

割合（％）

6 0%
60%

人数

2332
2

18
18
330
251
51

447
736
36

011660
0001
10250

229
29
3

2 0%

65〜60〜6455〜5950〜5445〜49

40〜44

35〜39

30〜34〜24

25〜29

年齢区分（歳）
90

女性教授
女性講師

男性助教授
男性助手

100%

女性助教授
女性助手

070

8
28
3
0
28
30 〜3480%

11

214

239

17 2

214

239

172

0%

50 〜54（人数）

1
1
女性教授
男性助手
38

80%

12

1

割合（％）

人数

30

77

28

1

05
83男性講師
5
81
02
2
00
1
12
1
12
040%

060
60

30
30%

53

20%

7

0%

00%
〜24

25〜29 30〜34 35〜39 40〜44 45〜49 50〜54 55〜59 60〜64

女性教授
女性講師

男性助教授
男性助手

65〜

70

48

70

48

1

00〜24〜24

25〜29 30〜34 35〜39 40〜44 45〜49 50〜54 55〜59 60〜64

男性教授
女性講師

年齢区分（歳）

女性教授
男性助手男性助教授
女性助手

女性助教授

講師
0助手

1
3

150%

1

1040%

Professor

28

助教授

30%

年齢区分（歳）

女性助教授
女性助手

教授

0（人数）

70%

0807
02870
20
000
0
25〜29 30〜34 35〜39 40〜44 45〜49 50〜54 55〜59 60〜64

年齢区分（歳）

男性教授
男性講師

100%

1

28

53
1

1110%

065〜

工学 応用物理学関係 女性

80%

20%

1110

1

年齢区分（歳）

1

1

53

1

1

160%

53

40%

3

090%

1
1

3

1

00000
2 5〜29 30〜34 35〜39 40〜44 45〜49 5 0〜54 55〜5 9 60〜64

150%

20%

022
22

30

0〜24

270

28

7760%

20

6 0〜64

1割合（％）

006 女性助教授1
男性助教授
8
1086
女性助手
10
1002
1002
11
1
11
12

200（人数）男性教授00320 %年齢区分（歳）

60%

40

03

40 %
30 %

108

28
028

4 0〜4470%

50

2
40

10 %

808

38

60

2
3

13

11

1000
年齢区分（歳）〜24 25〜29 30〜34
40〜44 45〜49 男性
50〜54 55〜59 60〜64 65〜
工学 35〜39
応用物理学関係

女性講師

90%

2

11

108

150

0〜24

割合（％）
100%

男性教授
男性講師

80

5

90 %

70 %

8

10%

0.5

（人数）

50 %

198

198

20%

0%

0.6

2.3

25 0
47

47
4 0%

150

02.2

割合（％）
100 %

60 %

40%

50

3.780 %

1031003.2

理学 物理学関係 女性
21717061

4145200

150

4.9BaBa理学 物理学関係 男性
割合（％）

300

5.8cheroM r
Reas
seteacrh D ocA
ss to r
Asoc
so
iatci
L
at e c eetu
Pr r eof r
es
so
Prr
of
es
sor

cher
orM
Re
as
seter
ac
h D ocA
ss to rAsoc
soiatciLat e c eetu
Pr r eof r
essoPrrofessor

0Applied Physics

promotion11.6
Barrier

8.4

15.2

10Engneering

40

hiring Barrier

20.120Percentage of Women

50

男性講師

10%
65〜65〜01110%

0〜2400000000

25〜29 30〜34 35〜39 40〜44 45〜49 50〜54 55〜59 60〜64

65〜年齢区分（歳）
教授

助教授

講師

助手

Number of Faculty in Physics and Science in 97
National Universities ( JANU Reports)
63Factors necessary to maintain a balance between
work and childcare, carding for sick family members
and for oneself
Common•working atmosphere,•flexible working hours,•
diverse working style
improvement of the leave system•
diversified leave system•system to allow work at home during leave.
Women urged more social support•
increase in daycare services,•less distance between workplace and home•financial support for childcare and elder care•day care services for children who are ill.
Gender gaps•change in mindset regarding gender roles

7

Equal Participation of Men and Womenreason for the small female presence
Common•difficult to maintain family and career•
women’s mindset
More female than male respondents chose;•men’s mindset•
women hired less often than men•difficult to attain managerial positions•
lack of role models
Higher percentage of male respondents (20%) chose;•gender-based differences in aptitude84

2. Activity for Gender Equalityof JPS, JSAP and EPMEWSE
Pre-History:
1985• M. Bando and M. Toya; “ Analysis of the activities and life cycles of thewomen researchers baseed on the national wide survey in 1984 ”• E. Yagi, Informal Meeting “Women Physicists” in JPS since 1987.
• Equal Employment Act
1992
the ChildcareLeave Law
1999• enforcement of “Fundamental Law for Gender Equal Society”• F. Yonezawa, the first women president of JPS
2000 survey of IUPAP-WG “Women in Physics” for female physicists
2001 H. Fukuyama, a member of IUPAP-WG-WIP“letter to the presidents of JPS and JSAP”

9The Gender Equality Promotion Committee ofthe Physical Society of Japan
JPS-GEP• established in 2002 after the IUPAP International
Conference on Women in Physics, Paris 2002
for practice the resolution of the conference.
• The committee involves the twelve gender- balanced
full-members and a group of net commentators.
• Net commentators consisting of emerging physicists
with babies and kids, leaders in physics sub researchand institutions, members of government committee,
take part in on-line discussions by e-mails or the webforum being open for the excusive use of the committee
and occasionally participate in the committee meetingand other events on their convenience.
105

JPS-GEP members
Sep. 2004-Aug. 2006 (partial)

11

Major JPS Activity for Promoting
Gender Equality••
•
•
•
•
•
•

Surveys of JPS members
Recommendations
Joint Activities with EPMEWSE to appeal theGovernment and Society
Promotion Symposia (Every March)
International Collaboration
Girls Science Summer SchoolChildcare Supports during the JPS meeting and theParticipation of JPS Committees
Promotion and Support for applicants to the specified
post doctoral positions return from child care leave(JSPS-RPD)
126

Japan Inter-Society Liaison Association Committee forPromoting Equal Participation of MEn and Women inScience and Engineering

EPMEWSE- established in 2002
in responding a proposal of JSAP, JPS and theChem. Soc.of Jpn.
- 31 academic societies in S&T- now involving 50 academic societies- 4th EPMEWS Annual Symposium on“Emerge Women Researcher!! a New Wave toSupport Women in S&T”
will be held on 6 Oct. 2006 in Univ. of Tokyo
13

Joint Activity with EPMEWSE• EPMEWSE survey research project by 39 academic societiesin 2003
Report on the project “ Diverse Visions of Scientists andEngineers in the 21st Century – For the Promotion ofGender Equality”.
• Recommendations- Recommendation on Childcare supports 2004
- Recommendation on Application to Research Budget by Postdoctors 2004
• Summer School for High School Girls – for Scientists andEngineers of tomorrow - 2005, 2006
147

3. EPMEWSE Survey ResultsFocused on Physics• (1) EPMEWSE nationwide survey in collaboration with
39 academic societies on the present status andawareness on the gender equality and the research
environment of their 100,000 members in total in 2003.
• 19,291 have respond, 84% male, 16% female.
The underrepresentation of women is more serious inhigher-ranked academic positions; in the same year,
there were only 4 (four) women full-professors among
the 999 professors in the physics departments both infaculties of science and engineering in total of 99
national universities.
15

Issues extracted from the survey:
Electronics &Gap in Job Position Physics
Information

Chemical &Materials

Civil Engineering

Life Science

MechanicalEngineering

168

Issues extracted from the survey:
Gap in Job Position

17

Issues extracted from the survey
gender gap in annual R&D Budget
Per cent a g e of r es pondent s ( %)Physics
3530

Disadvantaged
or PDF etc.

25

Average

Well-doing

26,4
23,723,1men

20
15,4womenMen 25%

20,415,4

15

17,2
14,3

Women 12.5%
14,4

Researcher withbudget above 20M
JPN is assigned
as Principal
Investigator (PI) .
3.3% of women
11.1 % of men

PI
9,1

10

5,75,45

2

1,320-50

50<

Need moredetailed analysis.

00<0.5

0.5-1

1-5

5-20

Annual R&D budget (MJPY)

189Issues extracted from the survey:
Number of Children byAffiliation

19

Effect of Child care leave
育児休職取得後の影響
0%

20%

40%

取得前と同じ職務を継続
Returnto the same job

60%

80%

100%

88%

職務が変わった
Return to the differentjob

6%

Return to the different
workplace
部署が変わった

3%

Delay in昇給・昇進が遅れた
promotion

28%

Lost the position
失職した

3%

retired
退職した

3%

No answer
無回答

6%

men
男性
wemen
女性（％）
2010

Factors Necessary for Work/Life
Balancing

21

Factors necessary to maintain a balance between
work and childcare, carding for sick family members
and for oneself
Common•working atmosphere,•
flexible working hours,•
diverse working style•
improvement of the leave system•
diversified leave system•system to allow work at home during leave.
Women urged more social support•
increase in daycare services,•less distance between workplace and home•financial support for childcare and elder care•day care services for children who are ill.
Gender gaps•change in mindset regarding gender roles

2211

Equal Participation of Men and Womenreason for the small female presence
Common•difficult to maintain family and career•
women’s mindset
More female than male respondents chose;•men’s mindset•women hired less often than men•difficult to attain managerial positions•
lack of role models
Higher percentage of male respondents (20%) chose;•gender-based differences in aptitude

23

Mariage and Paranting Status:
issues related to postdoctoral
fellows(PDF)
PDF problem is more serious thangender issue

Mariage Status
母数３

80%
60%

Respo nde n ts with ch ildre n

20%
0%
25-29
PDF Female

30-34
全体 Female

35-39
PDF Male

全体 MaleRespondents with children

40%

Number of sample ２60%

ＰＤＦ Female
Total Female
ＰＤＦ Male
Total Male

40%

20%0%
25-29

30-34
Age group

35-39

2412

Summary of the Survey
Analysis(1)• Wide gender gap in the field of S&T in Japan– Delay in Promotion (especially, in universities)– Wider Gap in R&D Resource Allocations• Gender gap as a consequence of long-standing
fixed gender role in Japanese society• We proposed actions on R&D funding and support
for childbrearing based on the survey data.
25

Summary of the Survey
Analysis(2)• Encouragement• supportive atmosphere• a little support that can be flexibly adapted byeach research and life style
will be necessary to keep the women scientists
on their carrier path.
2613

Summary of the SurveyAnalysis(3)• Wide gender gap in the field of S&T in Japan– Delay in Promotion (especially, in universities)– Wider Gap in R&D Resource Allocations• Gender gap as a consequence of long-standing
fixed gender role in Japanese society• We proposed actions on R&D funding and support
for childbrearing based on the survey data.
27

4. Actions for the improvement and change in thesociety (4)Recommendation to the Organization of the ResearchGrant to Remove the Restriction for Applicantsby JPS in August 2003 and by EPMEWSE in Oct. 2004
1. As for the existing all of the Research Grants, application
should be accepted by the researcher without any restrictionsof he or she being permanent staff or not.
2. There should be new research grant system which canpromote significant research activities among the nonpermanent researchers
3. Among the members of the selection committees forresearch grant or staff, there should be female members.
28

14

4. Actions of by EPMEWSE for the improvement andchange in the society(5)• Requirement for the government on the Science andTechnology Basic Plan
- Support the PDF with children- Support for research groups which include
high women percentage- Show numerical goal and time table on the womenpercentage in S&T.
• Requirement for the Science Council of Japan- Increase the women percentage
towards 30% in total area.
29

5. Summer School for High School Girls– for Scientists and Engineers of tomorrow• To attract girls into science and engineering, the JPS hasorganized the Girls Science Summer School in August 2005 incollaboration with the National Women Education Center and theEPMEWSE.
• Purpose: providing an opportunity to> interact with actual women scientists and engineers to know
how they are enjoying their jobs and lives as well> support networking of girls who are interested in S&T• 56 girls have enjoyed 2 days camp; lectures by sciemtists andengineers, overnight discussions with each other and tutors ofwomen graduate as well as undergraduate students.
• 20 women graduate and undergraduate students assist theprogram.
3015

Lectures: Pleasant world of S&T

Challenge the Scientific Puzzles by women students

Networking of girls concerned on S&TInteraction with scientists and students of S&T312-nd Summer School for Highschool Girls– for Scientists and Engineers of tomorrow• In 2006, the 2-nd summer school is organized as a MEXT commissioned
project
joint organizer: MEXT, NWEC, SCJ- 111 high school girls enjoyed the program:lectures, experiments, discussions, scientific puzzles- 7 talks by scientists, engineers, technicians, and students- 7 experiments by academic societies- 29 booth of career counseling by academic societies- 30 women graduate and undergraduate students assist the program.
The small stone creates ripples in the society
MEXT is going to support more local events for encouraging middle high schooland high school girls into Science and Engineering : now competicion.
32

166. Childcare Supports during the JPS meetingand the Participation of JPS Committees
Daycare during the JPS biannual meeting:- since March 2000,- was realized on request of the Informal Meetingon Childcare during the JPS meeting
established in 1997.
Partial support of sitter expenses for the JPS
committees:- since 2003,- is available for both women and men who needa baby sitter or an extra-charge for daycare
during their participation.

33

7. Symposia (Every March)• The JPS organized symposia on subjects relating topromote the gender equality in the JPS annual meetings,
since 2002.
• 1. “Women in Physics: Survey Results of JPS Members
and Report on the Paris Conference”, 2002.
• 2. “Promotion of the Gender Equality: Balancing Childcare
and Physics “, 2003.
• 3. “Evaluation of Researchers”, 2004.
organized by the Survey Analysis Committee.
• 4. “Promotion of the Gender Equality: on the Occasion ofthe revision of the Basic Plan for Science and Engineering”,
2005. main subject was post doctoral issue• 5. “Action under the Supporting Policies of Government justgetting started”, 2006.
3417

8. International Collaboration• IUPAP International Conference on Women inPhysics, in Paris 2002 and in Rio de Janeiro in2005.
• Asian Women in Physics Networkingin Pohang, Korea Oct. 2005

35

9. Political Movements• The 3rd Science and Technology BasicPlan (FY2006-FY2010)• Promotion of womenin science and technology
Enforced Financial Support in 2006

3618

The 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan(FY2006(FY2006-FY2010)

1/3(v) Promoting the activities of female researchers-funding agencies are expected to take:measures for balancing of research and child birth/rearing
by acknowledging a fixed period of respite or postponement
following child birth/ rearing in receiving competitive funds-universities and public research institutions are expected:
general improvements, activities including consciousness reform byproviding support for the balancing of research and child birth/ rearing in
the action plan to be formulated and implemented based on the Law for
Measures to Support the Development of the Next Generation.
-the government will provide:support for research institutions that are implementing efforts
that others should follow (positive models with good practices)<By the courtesy of Ms. Noriko Shiomitsu>

The 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan
(FY2006(FY2006-FY2010)

37

2/3

-For the diversity,
universities and public research institutions are required:fair recruitment after openly seeking female researchers andcandidates; promoting female researchers for advancement andparticipation in policy-making bodies-Concerning the percentage of female researchers,
hoping the efforts to promote the active recruitment of female researchers byeach organization by: setting a numerical target for the recruitment ofwomen, making efforts to achieving that target, disclosing the statusof achievement, while taking into account the percentage of women in the doctorate
courses of the relevant fields-Judging from the percentage of women in doctorate courses now, theprospective recruitment target of female researchers for natural sciences as a wholeis 25 percent (science: 20 percent, engineering: 15 percent, agronomics: 30percent, healthcare: 30 percent)38<By the courtesy of Ms. Noriko Shiomitsu>

19

The 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan
(FY2006(FY2006-FY2010)

3/3-the government will grasp and disclose the status of thoseefforts on the numerical targets for recruitment by the universities and publicresearch institutions, and the percentage of female researchers by jobclassification (promotion)-with the efforts to increase children who like science andmathematics, the government will promote the provision of informationsuch as familiar examples (positive role models) to encourage girls
into the S&T fields

39

By the Courtesy of Ms. Noriko Shiomitsu

Promotion of womenin science and technology
Supportfor
Women’
Women’sCareers

FY 2006 Budget¥666 Million（new）+

Supporting grants for universities etc.
(¥500million, new, SCF)
Information
Informationsharing
sharingon
onrolerolemodels
models(¥35million,new,MEXT)(¥35million, new, MEXT)

Career-advancement
Researchers, engineers, etc.

Working
Graduate students,
Post-doctoral fellows

Graduate courses
Undergraduate students

Support forCompatibility

Universities, Colleges
Junior high school students
High school students

Support fellowship for comeback(¥130 million, new, JSPS)<By the Courtesy of Ms. Noriko Shiomitsu>

4020

10. Conclusion• What were changed/unchanged after the data.
• Evidence-Based (Scientific Data, PersonalExperience) Advocacy Changes the Policies.
• International as well Asian Networking of Womenin Physics has triggered these movements.

4121