22
Performance, Politics, and Monuments in the Ancient Maya Plazas of El Palmar
Kenichiro Tsukamoto'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD5LYHUVLGH.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\RI)RUHLJQ6WXGLHV
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In early complex societies, a plaza was a crucial space for community building. Theatrical performances in
the plaza not only acted for political legitimation of rulers to the public but also provided opportunities for people
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research at the site of El Palmar, Campeche, México. The results of excavations and artifactual analyses suggestthat theatrical performances enacted repeatedly in outlying plazas did not merely mimic royal performances but
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En las sociedades complejas incipientes, la plaza era un espacio crucial para la construcción de la comunidad.
Las representaciones teatrales en la plaza no solo sirvieron para la legitimación política de los gobernantes anteel público, sino que también brindaron oportunidades para que personas con diferentes antecedentes pudieran
negociar posiciones sociales y políticas. Este artículo examina cómo las experiencias vividas en la plaza central
por las élites que no pertenecían a la realeza se materializaron en las zonas periféricas de la ciudad. Al hacerlo,
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resultados de las excavaciones y los análisis de artefactos sugieren que las representaciones teatrales presentadas
repetidamente en plazas periféricas no sólo imitaron representaciones reales, sino que tuvieron efectos sustanciales
en la constitución de las circunstancias políticas y los valores culturales en la dinastía El Palmar.

275

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276

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RYHUFHQWXULHV$IWHUWKH³$UULYDO´HYHQWLQ$' 6WXDUWDQGSRO\FKURPHYHVVHOV +RXVWRQ 6WXDUW-DFNVRQ VRXWKHDVWHUQ&DPSHFKH0H[LFRDQGQRUWKHUQ3HWpQ

/DFDGHQD6WXDUW>@ 6RPHRIWKRVH*XDWHPDODEHFDPHDUHQDVRIG\QDVWLFXSKHDYDOV 0DUWLQHOLWHVOLYHGLQWKHFLW\¶VRXWO\LQJDUHDVEXWSOD\HGFULWLFDO*UXEH 7KH$UULYDOHYHQWRSHQHGZLWKDSROLWLFDOUROHVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQDQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRISROLWLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQRI7HRWLKXDFDQD൶OLDWHV6LK\DM.¶DKN¶DQG

RUJDQL]DWLRQDQGLQWHUG\QDVWLFLQWHUDFWLRQV *ROGHQ

6SHDUWKURZHU2ZOLQWKH7LNDOG\QDVW\7KH\UHSODFHG

6FKHUHU0XxR] 9iVTXH]:HEVWHU $W

7LNDO¶VORFDOUXOHUZLWK6SHDUWKURZHU2ZO¶VVRQ,Q$'

(O3DOPDURQHRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJplazuelaJURXSVLVWKH

6LK\DM.¶DKN¶SUHVLGHGRYHU5tR$]XOZKLFKLVORFDWHG*X]PiQ*URXSDQRXWO\LQJJURXSORFDWHGNPQRUWKNPVRXWKRI(O3DOPDUE\UHSODFLQJDORFDOUXOHUZLWKD

RIWKH0DLQ*URXS7KH3$(3LQWHQVLYHO\H[SORUHGWKH

QHZG\QDVWLFOLQH $GDPV 7KHSROLWLFDODOOLDQFH*X]PiQ*URXSGXULQJIRXU¿HOGVHDVRQVEHWZHHQ



Figure 22.1.
Map representing the location of El Palmar and sites

Theatrical performance at El Palmar’s Main Groupmentioned in the text.

2IWKHHLJKWSOD]DVWKUHHSOD]DVDUHHVVHQWLDOLQWKLVVWXG\7KHODUJHVWSXEOLFSOD]DLVWKH*UHDW3OD]DZKLFKFRXOGDFFRPPRGDWHDERXWSHRSOHLQDVLQJOHHYHQW
7KHSOD]DLVIRUPHGE\7HPSOH,WKHODUJHVWWHPSOHDW(O
3DOPDUSDUWRIDUR\DOSDODFHDQGRWKHUPLGGOHVL]HGVWUXFWXUHV%HFDXVHWKHVWDLUZD\RI7HPSOH,DSSHDUVQRWWR
IDFHWKH*UHDW3OD]DPRQXPHQWDOVWUXFWXUHV30DQG30
VHWVWDJHVIRUWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFH7KHUHDUHVWHODH
DQGWZRDOWDUVSODFHGLQWKH*UHDW3OD]DDQGWKUHHRIWKH
VWHODHUHSUHVHQWUXOHUV¶WKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFH )LJXUH
 6WHODZKLFKGDWHVWR'HFHPEHUVW$'LV
ORFDWHGDWWKHQRUWKHDVWRIWKHSOD]D,WGHSLFWVDQLPSRUWDQWUXOHURIWKH(O3DOPDUG\QDVW\8SDNDO.¶LQLFKZKRZDVDOVRPHQWLRQHGLQGL൵HUHQWLQVFULSWLRQV6WHODKDGDFDFKHLQZKLFK(ULF7KRPSVRQ  IRXQGWKHPDVWHUSLHFHRIDQWKURSRPRUSKLFHFFHQWULFFKHUWWKDWUHVHPEOHV

Figure 22.2.

WKRVHIRXQGDW&RSDQ$ERXWPVRXWKRI6WHOD¿QGV

Map of El Palmar, showing the location of the Main Group

6WHODZKLFKDOVRUHSUHVHQWV8SDNDO.¶LQLFKZKRFRQGXFWVand Guzmán Group.

DVSULQNOHLQFHQVHULWXDORQ2FWREHUWK$'LQIURQW
RIDFDSWLYHDW\SLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH0D\DNLQJDV
DZDUULRU )LJXUH 7KLVLFRQRJUDSKLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVXJJHVWVWKDWZDUIDUHZDVRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVIRUVSHFWDFOHVDQGNLQJV¶WKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFH'HFDGHVODWHULQ$'6WHODZDVHUHFWHGZLWKWKHVDPHULWXDOSUDFWLFHEXWLWVUXOHU¶VQDPHLVWRRHURGHGWRUHDG7KHVH
VWHODHWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUVWHODHDQGDOWDUVVXJJHVWWKDWWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVWRRNSODFHUHSHDWHGO\LQWKH*UHDW3OD]DDWOHDVWIURP$'WR
3OD]D(WKHVHFRQGODUJHVWSOD]DDWWKH0DLQ*URXSLVDGMDFHQWWRWKH*UHDW3OD]D,ISHRSOHXVHGWKHVHWZRSOD]DVIRUODUJHVSHFWDFOHVWKH\FRXOGDFFRPPRGDWHRYHUSHRSOHPHDQLQJWKDWWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQLQWKHDUHDRINPFRXOGKDYHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQDQGH[SHULHQFHGODUJH

279

Figure 22.3.

VSHFWDFOHVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\7KH$UFKLWHFWXUDO&RPSOH[

Map of Royal Palace with the location of carved

30SURYLGHVDVWDJHIRUWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVDW3OD]Dmonuments.

(6WUDWLJUDSKLFH[FDYDWLRQVGDWHWKH¿UVWFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHVHSOD]DVWRWKH0LGGOH&ODVVLFSHULRG $' $W3OD]D(ZHIRXQGIRXUVWHODHDQG¿YHDOWDUV6WHODUHSUHVHQWVDUXOHUZKRVHQDPHZDVFRPSOHWHO\HURGHGEXWVXUYLYHGJO\SKVGHSLFWWKDWKHLVWKHWKUXOHURIWKH(O
3DOPDUG\QDVW\7KHGDWHZKHQWKHVWHODHUHFWHGLVQRWFOHDUEXWZDVSUREDEO\2FWREHUWK$'  6WHODZKLFKLVORFDWHGDWWKHHDVWHQGRIWKHSOD]DGHSLFWVWKH
PRVWSRZHUIXO6QDNHG\QDVW\¶VNLQJ<XNQRRP&K HHQ,,ZKRSUREDEO\RYHUVDZDUR\DOGDQFHRIDQ(O3DOPDUUXOHULQ3OD]D(EHWZHHQ$' (VSDU]D2OJXtQDQG
7VXNDPRWR 7KHQH[WWR6WHODLV6WHODZKLFKUHFRUGVDVSULQNOHLQFHQVHFHUHPRQ\RQ0D\UG$'
$WWKHZHVWHQGRI3OD]D(LV3OD]D*ZKLFKLVORFDWHGP
DERYH3OD]D(DQGWKDWKDVKLJKO\UHVWULFWHGDFFHVVHV7KH
ZHVWHQGRI3OD]D*ZDVFORVHGE\DPKLJKVWUXFWXUH

Figure 22.4.

WKDWZDVSUREDEO\DUR\DOUHVLGHQFHDOWKRXJKLWUHPDLQVStela 8, El Palmar.

XQGHUH[SORUHG7KXVWKH0DLQ*URXSKDVERWKSXEOLFDQG
SULYDWHSOD]DVIRUWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVWKDWWRRNSODFHGXULQJWKH0LGGOHDQG/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRGV $' 
7KHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHDW(O3DOPDU¶V*X]PiQ*URXS
7KH*X]PiQ*URXSKDVDVPDOOSOD]DIRUPHGE\D
WHPSOH 6WUXFWXUH*= DQGVL[UHFWDQJXODUVWUXFWXUHV6WUXFWXUHV*=  VHH)LJXUH 7KHH[FDYDWLRQRI 6WUXFWXUH *= GHWHFWHG D VWDLUZD\ ZLWK H[WHQVLYH
LQVFULSWLRQV WKDW GHSLFW D KLVWRU\ RI QRQUR\DO HOLWHV
7VXNDPRWR&DPDFKR9DOHQ]XHOD.RWHJDZD 2OJXtQ7VXNDPRWRDQG(VSDU]D2OJXtQ 7KHVWDLUZD\ZDVGHVLJQHGIRUWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHE\DPSOLI\LQJ
WKHGHSWKRIHDFKVWHSPRUHWKDQIXQFWLRQDOSXUSRVHV
7VXNDPRWR 7KHLQVFULSWLRQVVXJJHVWWKDWVWDQGDUG
EHDUHUVOLYHGLQWKH*X]PiQ*URXSRYHUJHQHUDWLRQVDQG
WKHLUSURWDJRQLVWVHUYHGDVDQDPEDVVDGRUIRUDOOLDQFHV280

EHWZHHQ(O3DOPDU&DODNPXODQG&RSiQLQ$'

DOVRKDVDUHVWULFWHGSDWLRIRUPHGE\DGRPLQDQWVWUXFWXUH

7VXNDPRWRDQG(VSDU]D2OJXtQ 6XUSULVLQJO\WKH

6WUXFWXUH*=D LQLWVHDVWHQGDQGRWKHUUHFWDQJXODU

WH[WVHPSKDVL]HWKHFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHIRUHLJQG\QDVW\RIVWUXFWXUHV 6WUXFWXUH*=EDQGF VXUURXQGLQJWKHSDWLR

&RSiQOHDYLQJ(O3DOPDU¶VUXOHUDVLGH7KHVSDWLDOVHWWLQJ

5HFHQWH[FDYDWLRQVDW6WUXFWXUH*=VXJJHVWWKDWWKLV

DOVRDWWHVWVWRWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH6QDNHG\QDVW\IRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJZDVRFFXSLHGE\OHDGHUVRIVWDQGDUG

VWDQGDUGEHDUHUVEHFDXVHRIWKHWHPSOH¶VHQWUDQFHDVZHOODVEHDUHUV ODNDPRE ZKREXLOWLWEHWZHHQ$'DQG

WKHVWDLUZD\WKDWSRLQWQRWWRWKH0DLQ*URXSRI(O3DOPDU,WFRQVLVWVRIVL[URRPVWKUHHRIZKLFKFRQWDLQHGPDVRQU\

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EHQFKHV$EHQFKORFDWHGDWWKHFHQWUDOURRPRIWKHVWUXFWXUH

HPEOHPJO\SKRIWKH6QDNHG\QDVW\ZKLFKLVÀDQNHGE\

LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DWKURQHZLWKEDFNUHVW,VXVSHFWWKDWWKH

WKHUR\DOWLWOHVRI&RSDQDQG(O3DOPDUPDLQVWUXFWXUHWKDWFORVHVWKHHDVWHQGRI3OD]D*DWWKH

+RUL]RQWDODQGVWUDWLJUDSKLFH[FDYDWLRQVUHYHDOHGWKDW

0DLQ*URXSDOVRFRQWDLQVDVLPLODUWKURQH$VZLWKWKH

WKH*X]PiQSOD]DZDVIRUPHGDURXQGWKHWLPHZKHQWKH

PDLQWHPSOHRIWKH*X]PiQ*URXSDFUXFLDOVSDWLDOVHWWLQJKLHURJO\SKLFVWDLUZD\ZDVDWWDFKHGWRWKHWHPSOH%HIRUH

LVWKDW6WUXFWXUH*=VSRLQWVQRWWRWKH0DLQ*URXSRI(O

WKHSOD]DFRQVWUXFWLRQVRPHPRGHVWKRXVHVZLWKchultunob,

3DOPDUEXWWR&DODNPXOERWWOHVKDSHGXQGHUJURXQGFKDPEHUVXVHGSUREDEO\IRUZDWHUFDWFKPHQWRUVWRUDJHZHUHUDQGRPO\VFDWWHUHGRQWKH

Discussion

SOD]D7KHH[FDYDWLRQVRIDVWUXFWXUHZKLFKFORVHVWKHQRUWK

3HULRGLFWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVDQGGDLO\SUDFWLFHVHQGRIWKHSOD]DUHFRYHUHGDQDQWKURSRPRUSKLFHFFHQWULF

SUHVHQWHGLQDQGDURXQGWKH*X]PiQSOD]DSURYLGHFOXHVDVFKHUWWKDWLQGLFDWHVDVKDUHGSUDFWLFHEHWZHHQWKH0DLQWRKRZVWDQGDUGEHDUHUVHYDOXDWHGFRQVXPHGFRQWHVWHG*URXSDQG*X]PiQ*URXS7KRPSVRQ¶VHFFHQWULFZDVDQGUHPHPEHUHGODUJHVSHFWDFOHVWKDWWRRNSODFHLQWKH

GHSRVLWHGLQ$'ZKLOHWKDWRIWKH*X]PiQ*URXSZDVSOD]DVRIWKH0DLQ*URXS5DSLGXUEDQJURZWKZLWKWKH

SDUWRIWHUPLQDWLRQGHSRVLWVWKDWWRRNSODFHDURXQG$'

FRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH*UHDW3OD]D3OD]D(DQG3OD]D*DWWKH

(OVHZKHUH,QRWHGWKDWWKH*X]PiQ3OD]DDQG3OD]D*

0DLQ*URXSVORZO\FKDQJHGH[SHULHQFHVDQGSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKH0DLQ*URXSKDGDERXWWKHVDPHDFFRPPRGDWLRQVL]HRIULWXDOSDUWLFLSDQWVZKROLYHGLQLWVRXWO\LQJDUHDV'XULQJmost likely designed for accommodating elite population

WKLVSHULRGDWWKH*X]PiQ*URXSGDLO\SUDFWLFHVDQG

7VXNDPRWR 7KHH[FDYDWLRQVDQGFKHPLFDOUHVLGXH

periodic rituals of standard-bearers did not take place in a

DQDO\VHVRISOD]DÀRRUVDWWKH*X]PiQ*URXSDOVRUHYHDOHG

IRUPDOSOD]DEXWLQDQGDURXQGVFDWWHUHGKRXVHV$OWKRXJKWKDWIHDVWLQJWRRNSODFHUHSHDWHGO\GXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFWKRVHDFWLYLWLHVPLJKWKDYHEHHQSDUWLDOO\VKDUHGDPRQJ

7VXNDPRWR %XULDOVIDFLQJWKHSOD]DWHQGWRFRQWDLQVWDQGDUGEHDUHUVWKH\ZHUHQRWDWWDFKHGWRWKHSOD]DDVODUJHVHUYLQJSODWHVDQGERZOVSUREDEO\XVHGIRUIHDVWLQJZLWKWKRVHRIWKH0DLQ*URXS$FULWLFDOWLPHZDVZKHQLQWKHSOD]D&KHPLFDOUHVLGXHDQDO\VHVRIÀRRUVUHFRYHUHG

WKH6QDNHG\QDVW\UHORFDWHGLWVFDSLWDOWR&DODNPXOLQ$'

IURPWKH*X]PiQSOD]DDQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJVWUXFWXUHVDQGLWVSRZHUIXOUXOHU<XNQRRP&K HHQDVFHQGHGWKH

LQGLFDWHWKDWIHDVWLQJZDVSDUWRIWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHWKURQHLQ$' +HOPNH $ZH $VGHSLFWHGRQ

6WUXFWXUH*=ZKLFKLVORFDWHGQRUWKZHVWRIWKH*X]PiQ

6WHODWKHUR\DOGDQFHRIDQXQNQRZQ(O3DOPDUUXOHUSOD]DUHVHPEOHVWKH$UFKLWHFWXUDO&RPSOH[30RIWKH

ZDVVXSHUYLVHGE\<XNQRRP&K HHQWKHHYHQWWKDWZDV

0DLQ*URXSLQWHUPVRIVSDWLDOOD\RXW6WUXFWXUH*=

PRVWOLNHO\ZLWQHVVHGE\(O3DOPDU¶VHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQ

281

LQFOXGLQJ VWDQGDUGEHDUHUV 7KURXJK WKLV WKHDWULFDOWKHVSDWLDOVHWWLQJVEHWZHHQWKH0DLQ*URXSDQG*X]PiQSHUIRUPDQFHWKHDXGLHQFHZRXOGKDYHUHDOL]HGWKDWWKHLU*URXSEXWWKHODWWHUVSDWLDOOD\RXWZDVGHVLJQHGIRUWKHG\QDVW\ZDVXQGHUWKHXPEUHOODRI<XNQRRP&K HHQZKRUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI&DODNPXODQG&RSDQ&DUYHGPRQXPHQWVLQWHUYHQHGRWKHU0D\DG\QDVWLHV6WDQGDUGEHDUHUVEXLOWDWERWKWKH0DLQ*URXSDQG*X]PiQ*URXSGHSLFW(O

WKHVXEVWUXFWXUHRIWKHPDLQWHPSOHWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHU

3DOPDU¶VG\QDVWLFOLQHVEXWWKHLUSROLWLFDOPHDQLQJVDSSHDUUHVLGHQWLDOVWUXFWXUHVDWWKH*X]PiQ*URXSDURXQGWKLVGL൵HUHQW:KLOH6WHODRIWKH0DLQ*URXSHPSKDVL]HVWKH

WLPH7KHGHIHDWRIWKH6QDNHG\QDVW\DJDLQVW7LNDOLQ$'

(O3DOPDUG\QDVW\WKHKLHURJO\SKLFVWDLUZD\KLJKOLJKWVSURYLGHGDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRU(O3DOPDUWREHDFHQWUDO&DODNPXODQG&RSDQLQDGGLWLRQWRVWDQGDUGEHDUHUVSOD\HURIG\QDVWLFLQWHUDFWLRQV(O3DOPDUUXOHU8SDNDO(YHQWKRXJK(O3DOPDUUXOHUVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKHLULPDJHV.¶LQLFKVSRQVRUHGWRHUHFWWZRVWHODHDWWKH0DLQ*URXS+H

DVZDUULRUVRUVXSUHPHSULHVWVVWDQGDUGEHDUHUVYLHZHGZDVDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHQHJRWLDWLRQRIDOOLDQFHVEHWZHHQ

WKHZRUOGZKLFKWKH6QDNHG\QDVW\RUGHUHGOHDYLQJ(O&DODNPXO&RSDQDQG(O3DOPDUDVKLVQDPHLVGHSLFWHG

3DOPDUUXOHUVDVLGHRQ'UDZLQJRIWKH1DM7XQLFKFDYHZKLFKLVORFDWHG
EHWZHHQ(O3DOPDUDQG&RSDQ7KHHFFHQWULFÀLQWIRXQG

Conclusion

LQIURQWRI6WHODVXJJHVWVWKDW8SDNDO.¶LQLFKZHQWWR

7KLVSDSHUH[DPLQHGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHV&RSDQDQGUHFHLYHGWKLVIURP&RSDQ¶VNLQJDVHYLGHQFH

DQGSROLWLFDOUHDOLWLHVWKURXJKWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVLQ

RIKLVYLVLWWKHSOD]D$QLPSRUWDQWVWXG\UHPDLQHGXQGHUGHYHORSHG

Standard-bearers consciously and unconsciously

ZDVWRDGGUHVVWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWKHDXGLHQFHHYDOXDWHG

UHFRJQL]HGWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHDWULFDOSHUIRUPDQFHLQ

FRQVXPHGFRQWHVWHGDQGUHPHPEHUHGODUJHVSHFWDFOHV,

WKH0DQ*URXS¶VSOD]DV7KH\FUHDWHGDSOD]DLQWKHLU

H[DPLQHGWKLVTXHVWLRQWKURXJKDFWLYLWLHVRFFXUULQJLQWKH

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*UXEH 1   0RQXPHQWRV HVFXOSLGRV%HOO &   Ritual Theory and Ritual Practice.

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