Proceedings of an International Conference in Mexico, February 27-28, 2020

Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals
Out of Eurasia
in Bio-Cultural Perspectives
Edited by Naoko Matsumoto, Saburo Sugiyama
and Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriers

Grant-in-Aid for Scientiﬁc Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of Out of Eurasia
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

1

===============================================================================*UDQWLQ$LGIRU6FLHQWL¿F5HVHDUFKRQ,QQRYDWLYH$UHDV ±Integrative Human Historical Science of “Out of Eurasia”
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization===============================================================================

Proceedings of an International Conference in Mexico,
February 27-28, 2020

Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals
Out of Eurasia in Bio-Cultural Perspectives

Edited by
Naoko Matsumoto
Saburo Sugiyama
Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriersi*UDQWLQ$LGIRU6FLHQWL¿F5HVHDUFKRQ,QQRYDWLYH$UHDV ± -3+,QWHJUDWLYH+XPDQ+LVWRULFDO6FLHQFHRI³2XWRI(XUDVLD´
([SORULQJWKH0HFKDQLVPVRIWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI&LYLOL]DWLRQKWWSRXWRIHXUDVLDMSE\WKH,QGLYLGXDO$XWKRUV

,6%1 3ULQWHGLWLRQ 2QOLQHHGLWLRQ
(GLWRUV1DRNR0DWVXPRWR 2ND\DPD8QLYHUVLW\
6DEXUR6XJL\DPD $UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\2ND\DPD8QLYHUVLW\
&ODXGLD*DUFLD'HV/DXULHUV &DOLIRUQLD6WDWH3RO\WHFKQLF8QLYHUVLW\3RPRQD
3XEOLVKLQJ2൶FH
5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRUWKH'\QDPLFVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQV
2ND\DPD8QLYHUVLW\7VXVKLPDQDND.LWDNX2ND\DPD-$3$1
3KRQH  

ii

&217(176&RQIHUHQFH3DUWLFLSDQWVYLL
Figure Listix

0DS/LVW[LY
7DEOH/LVW[LYPart I: The “Out of Eurasia” Project: Objectives and Strategies of Transdisciplinary Studies
Introduction7KH³2XWRI(XUDVLD´3URMHFW2EMHFWLYHVDQG6WUDWHJLHVRI7UDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\6WXGLHV1DRNR0DWVXPRWRDQG6DEXUR6XJL\DPD
2XWOLQHRIWKH2XWRI(XUDVLD3URMHFW
Naoko Matsumoto7,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKH³2XWRI(XUDVLD´3URMHFW7KHRUHWLFDO3HUVSHFWLYHVRI0HVRDPHULFDQ/DQGVFDSH0RQXPHQWDQG 6DFUL¿FLDO 5LWXDO6WXGLHV6DEXUR6XJL\DPD
0RQXPHQWV$UWDQG6RFLDO&KDQJHLQWKH)RUPDWLYH$QGHV&DVH6WXG\LQ7HPEODGHUD5HJLRQ0LGGOH-HTXHWHSHTXH9DOOH\1RUWKHUQ3HUX
(LVHL7VXUXPL
/L'$50DSSLQJRIWKH7VXNXUL\DPD.RIXQ*URXS5HVHDUFK+LVWRU\RI7KUHH'LPHQVLRQDO6XUYH\V
-XQ0LWVXPRWR
9LVXDOL]DWLRQRI$UFKDHRORJLFDO6WUXFWXUH'DWDZLWK$VWURQRPLFDO2EMHFWV.D]XKLUR6HNLJXFKL
7RZDUGD&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\VLVRIWKH)DFLDODQG%RGLO\5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRI$QWKURSRPRUSKLF$UWLIDFWV1DRNR0DWVXPRWR
:DUIDUH$UWDQG0RQXPHQWLQWKH3URFHVVRI6RFLDO&RPSOH[LW\RIWKH3UHKLVWRULF-DSDQHVH$UFKLSHODJR
7DNHKLNR0DWVXJL

iii

³7ULEH´RU³&KLHIGRP´"/RVW3RVVLELOLWLHVRI$LQX6RFLHW\DQG,QÀXHQFHVIURP2XWVLGH:RUOGV+LGH\XNLƿQLVKL
3DVWRUDOLVPRI&DPHOLGVDQGWKH(PHUJHQFHRI3ROLWLFDO3RZHULQWKH1RUWKHUQ3HUXYLDQ$QGHV$'LVFXVVLRQ)HDWXULQJ$UFKHRORJ\IURPWKH9LHZSRLQWRI(WKQRJUDSK\7HWVX\D,QDPXUD
(YROXWLRQRIWKH+XPDQ&RJQLWLYH6\VWHPDQG+XPDQ&LYLOL]DWLRQV9LHZHGDV3KDVH7UDQVLWLRQVRIWKH3ULPDWH%UDLQ¶V1HXURELRORJLFDO0HFKDQLVPV5DIDHO9LHLUD%UHWDV<XPLNR<DPD]DNLDQG$WVXVKL,ULNL
3RWHQWLDO5ROHVRIWKH*XW%UDLQ$[LVLQWKH&RJQLWLYH(YROXWLRQRI3ULPDWHV
<XPLNR<DPD]DNLDQG$WVXVKL,ULNL
'UDZLQJ7HVWVWR(YDOXDWHWKH&RJQLWLYH7UDLWVRI3HRSOHIURP'L൵HUHQW%DFNJURXQGV
$\D6DLWR
$&UDQLRIDFLDODQG3RVWFUDQLDO6XUYH\RI1RUWKDQG6RXWK$PHULFDQ,QKDELWDQWVIURPWKH3HUVSHFWLYH
RI3RVVLEOH2OG:RUOG$QFHVWRUV1RULNR6HJXFKLDQG&RQUDG%4XLQW\Q

Part II: Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals in Bio-Cultural Perspectives in Mesoamerica
Introduction0HVRDPHULFDQ/DQGVFDSH0RQXPHQWVDQG5LWXDOVLQ%LR&XOWXUDO3HUVSHFWLYHV
6DEXUR6XJL\DPDDQG&ODXGLD*DUFtD'HV/DXULHUV
7KH3RVVLELOLW\RI3DFL¿F5LP2ULJLQVIRU1HZ:RUOG$QFHVWUDO3RSXODWLRQV0DWWKHZ'HV/DXULHUV$QWRQLR3RUFD\R0LFKHOLQLDQG/RUHQ*'DYLV 
7KH0HVRDPHULFDQ&RQFHSWLRQRIWKH6DFUHG0RXQWDLQLWV3URMHFWLRQVDQG$UFKLWHFWXUDO0DQLIHVWDWLRQV
$OIUHGR/ySH]$XVWLQ
(DUO\2OPHF/DQGVFDSH8UEDQLVP
$QQ&\SKHUV

iv

0RQXPHQWDOLW\(OLWH7RPEVDQG'RPHVWLF0HPRULHV8QGHUVWDQGLQJ6RFLDO)RUPDWLRQDW0RQWH$OEiQ1HOO\05REOHV*DUFtD
([DPLQLQJWKH6\PEROLF&RQVWUXFWVRI&KROXOD¶V*UHDW3\UDPLG
*DEULHOD8UXxXHOD/DGUyQGH*XHYDUDDQG3DWULFLD3OXQNHW1DJRGD
6SDWLDO7HPSRUDODQG6\PEROLF6LJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH0\WKV5HFUHDWHGLQWKH8QGHUZRUOGDQG
LQWKH6SDFHRIWKH&LWDGHOLQ7HRWLKXDFDQ6HUJLR*yPH]&KDYH]and -XOLH*D]]ROD
5LWXDO3ODFHV3LOJULPDJHDQG5HOLJLRQLQ0HVRDPHULFD
-RHO:3DOND
5HFRQ¿JXULQJ0D\D8UEDQLVPDWWKH7UDQVLWLRQWRWKH3RVWFODVVLF5HLPDJLQLQJ7HRWLKXDFDQDW&KLFKHQ,W]D
7UDYLV:6WDQWRQ.DUO$7DXEH-RVp2VRULR/HyQ)UDQFLVFR3pUH]5Xt]DQG
0DUtD5RFLR*RQ]iOH]GHOD0DWD
3HUIRUPDQFH3ROLWLFVDQG0RQXPHQWVLQWKH$QFLHQW0D\D3OD]DVRI(O3DOPDU
.HQLFKLUR7VXNDPRWR
7KH(PHUJHQFHRI(OLWH7RPEVLQWKH6RXWKHUQ0D\D$UHD
$NLUD,FKLNDZD
&HUUR%HUQDO&KLDSDVDVDQ(PERGLPHQWRID0HVRDPHULFDQ6DFUHG0RXQWDLQ&ODXGLD*DUFLD'HV/DXULHUV
,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQ5LWXDO%RQH7UHDWPHQW
0LJXHO$VWRU$JXLOHUD

v

vi

3URFHHGLQJVRIDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHLQ0H[LFR)HEUXDU\±
/DQGVFDSH0RQXPHQWV$UWVDQG5LWXDOV2XWRI(XUDVLDLQ%LR&XOWXUDO3HUVSHFWLYHV
List of Participants
Miguel Astor-Aguilera

SHPRS Religious Studies Faculty, Arizona State University<XWD&KLEDCultural Symbiosis Research Institute, Aichi Prefectural University$QQ&\SKHUVUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México
0DWWKHZ'HV/DXULHUV Department of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino
Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriers

Department of Geography and Anthropology, California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona-XOLH*D]]RODDirección de Estudios Arqueológicos, Instituto Nacional deAntropología e Historia
6HUJLR*yPH]&KiYH] Zona arqueológica de Teotihuacán, Instituto Nacional deAntropología e Historia$NLUD,FKLNDZD Research Center for Cultural Heritage and Texts, Nagoya University
1DRWRVKL,FKLNL Faculty of Letters, Ritsumeikan University
7HWVX\D,QDPXUD Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan
6KLQVDNX,QRPDWDInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University<XNLWDND,QRXH2NXER School of International Communication, Senshu University$WVXVKL,ULNLRIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)
7DNXPL,VKLLNational Museum of Japanese History$ODQ-DLPH Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies, Nanzan University<XPL.LPXUD

Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University.HL.RPDFKL\DFaculty of Art, Sapporo Otani University$OIUHGR/ySH]$XVWLQUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México
7DNHKLNR0DWVXJL National Museum of Japanese History
Naoko MatsumotoResearch Institute for the Dynamics of Civilizations, Okayama University-XQ0LWVXPRWR Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okayama University+LGH\XNLƿQLVKLDepartment of Social System Studies, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
.D\R2QR]XNDInstitute of Philosophy and Human Values, Kyoto University of the Arts
-RHO:3DONDSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change (SHESC), Arizona State University
Patricia Plunket

Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (Retired)

5RJHOLR5LYHUR&KRQJZona Arqueológica de Teotihuacan, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
1HOO\05REOHV*DUFtDCentro Oaxaca, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
Aya Saito

Institute of Philosophy and Human Values, Kyoto University of the Arts

vii

.HQ LFKL6DVDNL School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University
Etsuo Sato

Faculty of Contemporary Society, Toyama University of International Studies

1RULNR6HJXFKL Department of Environmental Changes, Kyushu University.D]XKLUR6HNLJXFKL National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Astronomy & Astrophysics
7UDYLV:6WDQWRQDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside
Saburo Sugiyama

SHESC, Arizona State University / RIDC, Okayama University.HQLFKLUR7VXNDPRWRDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside / Kyoto Universityof Foreign Studies / RIDC, Okayama University$VDPL7VXNXGDDepartment of Social System Studies, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
(LVHL7VXUXPL University Museum, The University of Tokyo<RVKLIXPL8HQR National Museum of Japanese History, Japanese Archaeology*DEULHOD8UXxXHOD Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (Retired)
7DUR<DPDPRWR Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University<XPLNR<DPD]DNL RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)viii

Figures
3DUW,Group Photo of participants. 
3DUW,Flyer of “Foro de Arqueología Cognitiva: Monumentos, Arte, y Cuerpo Humano, afuera de Eurasia.
Monumentos y tumbas como lugar de memoria social”.

Map showing the regions to be studied with our research questions.

Model of the mutual permeation of matter and mind as mediated by the body.

 General plan of Mexico and Central America with locations of sites mentioned in the text.

Zoo-plant reservation at Ixtapalapa in the Valley of Mexico (Florentine Codex).

22 Central Plaza of Monte Albán, viewed from the North Platform toward the south.

 View of the Moon Pyramid from the central axis of the Avenue of the Dead toward
the north at Teotihuacan.

 LiDAR map of the central section of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico.

Plan of Burial 6 found tri-dimensionally near the center of Building 4.

27 The Great Temple with twin temple and a platform with rack for decapitated heads.

287KH¿UVWSODWIRUPRIWKHIDoDGHRIWKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW3\UDPLGDW7HRWLKXDFDQ
 AutoCAD drawing of the Sun Pyramid, Teotihuacan, with location of straight research tunnels.
and undulating ancient tunnel discovered under the Sun Pyramid.

The Central Andes and the Research Area.

Civic-ceremonial center sites of the Initial Period in the Middle Jequetepeque Valley, Peru.

 Monumental buildings of the Initial Period in Hamacas Plain and Mosquito Plain.

Bird's-eye view of Tsukuriyama Kofun.

 Map of the area surrounding the Tsukuriyama Kofun Group.

Reconstruction of the surrounding moat of Tsukuriyama Kofun.

 Screenshot of StellaNavigator.

 Screenshot of Mitaka.

Screenshot of Stellarium.

 Screenshot of a sample Stellarium simulation.



Anthropomorphic artifact at the nexus of two cognitive domains.



7KHUHVXOWRIPDVFXOLQHIHPLQLQHDQGKXPDQQRQKXPDQLPSUHVVLRQVRIWKH-ǀPRQ¿JXULQHIDFHV
)LJXULQHIURP$LGDQLNXPDKDUDVLWH6KLJD3UHIHFWXUH,QFLSLHQW-ǀPRQ3HULRG FFDO%& 
$QH[DPSOHRIKLJKO\VW\OL]HG-ǀPRQ¿JXULQHIURPWKH+LURKDWDVKHOOPLGGHQ,EDUDNL3UHIHFWXUH
Illustration of pottery from Sasayama site, Niigata prefecture.

&ODVVL¿FDWLRQPDWUL[RIPRQXPHQWV
 Transformation of burial mounds from the Late Yayoi to Early Kofun period.

/DUJHQXPEHURIDUPRUDQGZHDSRQVRৼHUHGLQDQHOLWHEXULDO1RQDNDPRXQGHGWRPE2VDND3UHIHFWXUH78ixOriginal settlement areas of the Ainu.

82Territory and resource management in Ainu society.





Diagram representing a river valley as the territory of a river group and it ecological zones.

 Ainu subsistence activities and resource management of wide-ranging land.

6ǀGDLVKǀDQGWKHLUVSKHUHRILQÀXHQFHLQ6KDNXVKDLQ¶VUHYROW
7KHIRXUVWDJHVRIVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDVGH¿QHGE\(OPDQ6HUYLFH 87 Map of Puica district, La Unión county, Arequipa.
 Alpacas grazing in a bofedal (wetland).




/ODPDFDUDYDQ$FDUJXHUR OHHGHUOODPD JRHV¿UVWDQGDKHUGHULVJRLQJEHKLQG
Map of an estancia.
(Figure.4A

Main comicile of the estancia Figure.4B Sub domicile of the estancia).

/ODPDVRQDWHUUDFHG¿HOGSDVWXULQJPDL]DIWHUKDUYHVWLQJGXULQJWKHKHUGHUVDUHVWD\LQJ
in Puica village for the transportation of crops.

The ritual of Puqllay, blessing three new born alpacas with uña llamita and heart of an alpaca
VDFUL¿FHGLQDFOD\ZDUH
Cranial capacity of hominids and lithic technology.


Evolution of the nervous system.



 Triadic niche construction feedback loop.

Phase transitions of neuro-/brain capacity.

 Foraging is the Key Behavior at the Interface between the Host and the Environment.

Results of Several Treatments for Chronic Diarrhoea.

Individual Distribution of Microbiota Similarity in our Colony Using the Bray-Curtis Index.

Drawing Task Using Incomplete Facial Stimuli in Chimpanzees and Human Children.







Inverted face drawn by a child.

([DPSOHVRIWKHGUDZLQJRIFKLOGUHQ EODFN RQWKHURWDWHGFRQÀLFWVWLPXOL
A typical face drawing.

 “Tadpole man”.

&UDQLRPHWULFDQDO\VLV3UHKLVWRULF(DVW$VLDQVDPSOHV<D\RLDJULFXOWXUDOLVWVRI-DSDQDQG-ǀPRQ
of Japan including the Paleoamerican of Lagoa Santa and Archaic New World series.

The NJ tree based on craniofacial metric analysis.
7KHSUHKLVWRULF-ǀPRQRI-DSDQDQGWKHOLYLQJ$LQXFOHDUO\UHVHPEOHWKH1HZ:RUOGSRSXODWLRQV
7KH1-WUHHEDVHGRQFUDQLRPHWULFDQDO\VLV %UDFHHWDO LQFOXGLQJWKH-ǀPRQ
3DOHRDPHULFDQV\HDUVROG.HQQHZLFNDQG\HDUVROG/DJRD6DQWD
 Boxplots of Z scores of all regional variation in brachial index, crural index,x

the ratio of FHB to FemL, the ratio of FHB to lower limb length, and body mass.

Principal components plot of limb proportions, body proportions, and body mass.

3DUW,,Ancient Mesoamerican Centers Cited.



2QHRIWKHPRVWZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKHOO¿VKKRRNVIURP,VOD&HGURV%DMD&DOLIRUQLD
Common projectile point forms from Terminal Pleistocene sites on Isla Cedros, Baja California.

Diagnostic unifacial tool (in early use-life stage) from Terminal Pleistocene sites on Isla Cedros.

7\SLFDOÀDNHGVKHOOWRROIURP7HUPLQDO3OHLVWRFHQHFRQWH[WVRQ,VOD&HGURV
 Map of Mesoamerica.

Schematic of the Sacred Mountain.

The representations of Malinalli.



Quincunx.

2OPHF¿JXUHVRQULWXDOFHOWVZLWKVDFUHGPRXQWDLQPRWLIV
Three Classic Maya examples and one from Postclassic Central Mexico representing
the sacred tree as a cruciform maize plant. 
 Representaions of the lower maw of the sacred mountain cave.



Maya sculpture of Altún Ha, Belize.



Detail of Tepantitla mural, Teotihuacan.

 Two anthropomorphic representations from the Codex Cospi.

Tlaloc and Sacred Mountain . Codex Vaticano Latino 3738, fol. 48v.



 Images of the god Tepeyólotl.

Schematic projection of the cosmic tree of the four corners forming the columns that sustain the sky.

 Map of the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico.



The San Lorenzo Island.



Seasonal base camps.



The Great Plateau was the highest sector of the San Lorenzo Island.

0RQXPHQWIURP6DQ/RUHQ]R
0RQXPHQWIURP6DQ/RUHQ]R
 Altar 4 from La Venta.

Map of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Location of Atzompa in relation to Monte Albán.

Topographic map of the Great Plaza at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Monte Albán archaeological map.

 Architectural plans of Residences Casa del Sur and Casa de los Altares at Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico.

207The Great Plaza at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. View from South to North.

208(৽J\YHVVHORI&RFLMRWKH0RQWH$OEiQ¶V5DLQ*RGH[FDYDWHGDW$W]RPSD2D[DFD0H[LFR 2080RQXPHQWDO-DJXDUH৽J\$FHUDPLFPDVWHUSLHFHIURP0RQWH$OEiQ2D[DFD0H[LFR


The Bat God, a jade and sea-shell assembled piece from Monte Albán, Oaxaca. México.

$$UFKLWHFWXUDOSUR¿OHRIWKH7RPEPRXQGDQGLQWHULRUFKDPEHUVIURP$W]RPSD2D[DFD0p[LFR
% The 242 funerary mound in relation to the residence Casa de los Altares at Atzompa, Oaxaca, México.



xi

$,QWHULRURIWKH7RPE&KDPEHUVWRQHFRQVWUXFWHGZDOOVDQGYDXOWHGURRI$W]RPSD
Oaxaca, Mexico.

% Interior of the Tomb 242. Chamber 2 mural paintings on ballgame motifs.
Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico.

-DJXDU6HUSHQW(DJOHH৽J\YHVVHOIURP$W]RPSD2D[DFD0H[LFR
7KHIXQHUDU\(LJKW(DUWKTXDNHH৽J\YHVVHOH[FDYDWHGDW&KDPEHU
Tomb 242, from Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico.



Location of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico.



Aerial view from the south of the Tlachihualtépetl.



,VRPHWULFQRUWKZHVWYLHZRIWKHFHQWUDOPRGXOH¶VVHTXHQFH
Los Chapulines.



 Detail of the Bebedores Mural.



2UQDPHQWDWLRQRQWKHEXLOGLQJVRIWKHS\UDPLGDOFRPSOH[¶VVRXWKVLGH
 The Great Pyramid according to Bandelier.



South side of the Tlachihualtépetl, with corresponding plan of the Patio of the Altars.



Plumed serpents at the Tlachihualtépetl.

228The Tlachihualtépetl crowned by the catholic temple of the “Virgen de los Remedios”.

228View of the Citadel Complex.

View of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid.

View of the southeast corner of what we supose is a ballcourt. Photo S. Gómez.

9LHZLQVLWXRIWKHWZRJUHHQVFXOSWXUHV2ৼHULQJ
9LHZRIWKHÀRRGHG&LWDGHOVTXDUH3KRWR-*D]]ROD
 Map of Mesoamerica and some sites mentioned in the text.

Cave and sink hole (cenote) entrance near a shrine at the San Gervasio site, Cozumel, Mexico.

Pyramid of the Moon and shrines at the end of the Way of the Dead at Teotihuacan, Mexico.

 Plaza and main pyramid with a Catholic church on the summit at Cholula, Mexico.

Lacandon Maya man rowing to a mountain shrine at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico.

The Mirador Mountain shrine at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico.

Map of the terraces, shrines, and temple complex near a vertical cave entrance.
on the summit of the Mirador Mountain at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico.



+LOOWRSWHPSOHDGMDFHQWWRWKHFOLৼRIDVLQNKROHWKH%OXH&HQRWH ULJKW DW&KLQNXOWLF&KLDSDV
DEM/Hillshade image of Chichen Itza.

 DEM/Hillshade image of the Great Terrace of Chichen Itza.

3KRWRVRIWKHSRVVLEOHÀRUDODURXQGEHWZHHQWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVDQG
the Upper Temple of the Jaguars.
Line drawing of the Ciudadela at Teotihuacan.

xii




Line drawing of a monument fragment. 
Map representing the location of El Palmar and sites mentioned in the text.

Map of El Palmar, showing the location of the Main Group and Guzmán Group.

Map of Royal Palace with the location of carved monuments.

280Stela 8, El Palmar.

280Map of Southern Maya Area.

287

Burial samples.

288Diachronic change of size of grave.

Correlation between grave form and limited access goods in Southern Maya Area.

Quantity of kinds of grave goods in the Maya Lowlands sites.

 Map of Los Horcones, Chiapas.

 Photo of Cerro Bernal as seen from La Polka, Chiapas.

 Stele 3, Los Horcones.



Photo of waterfall, Cerro Bernal, Chiapas.

Laud Codex [44]: Human Vital Essences.

%RWXULQL&RGH[>@&RPPXQLFDWLQJ+XLW]LORSRFKWOL%XQGOH
Tikal Altar 5: Exhumed Skull and Long Bones.

 Zouche-Nuttall Codex [44]: Lady Nine-Grass Skeletal Bundle.

Quintana Roo Maya Human Bone Exhumation. Photograph by the Author.

Maya Burned Skeleton Bundle. Photograph by the Author.



Coixtlahuaca, Mexico, Bundle. Photograph by the Author.



Monte Albán “Danzante”. Photograph by the Author.

Zouche-Nuttall Codex [82]: Cremation Ritual.

 Piled-Up Maya Femurs and Skulls. Photograph by the Author.



xiii

Maps
0DSSome of the archaeological sites or geographic locations mentioned in the text. 
  5\XN\X$UFKLSHODJR-DSDQ  (DVW7LPRUVLWHV  1HZ,UHODQG  ,VOD&HGURV%DMD&DOLIRUQLD0p[LFR  /D3D]UHJLRQVLWHV0p[LFR  0RUUR&RORUDGR&KLOH  &RRSHU¶V)HUU\,GDKR86$  0RQWH9HUGH&KLOH
0DS Isla Cedros, Baja California, México.



0DS7KH1RUWKHDVWHUQ3DFL¿F5LPDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\&DO%3

Tables7DEOH'LJLWDOPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH7VXNXUL\DPD.RIXQ*URXS IURP¿VFDOWR¿VFDO 
7DEOHBurial samples in this study.



7DEOHCorrelations between grave form and kinds of graves furniture. 

xiv