MTT41-01

Room:203

Time:May 26 09:00-09:15

Interdisciplinary physical phenomena within multiple spheres in polar regions inferredfrom infrasound and seismic waves
KANAO, Masaki1∗ ; YAMAMOTO, Masa-yuki2 ; ISHIHARA, Yoshiaki3 ; MURAYAMA, Takahiko4 ;KAKINAMI, Yoshihiro2 ; MATSUSHIMA, Takeshi5 ; MATSUMURA, Mitsuru1
1

NIPR, 2 Kochi University of Technology, 3 JAXA, 4 Japan Weather Association, 5 Kyushu University

Several characteristic waves detected by seismographs in Antarctic stations have been recognized as originating from thephysical interaction between the solid-earth and the atmosphere - ocean - cryosphere system surrounding the Antarctic and may
be used as a proxy for characterizing ocean wave climate. A Chaparral type infrasound sensor was installed at Syowa Station(SYO; 39.6E, 69.0S), East Antarctica, in April 2008 during the International Polar Year (IPY2007-2008). Matching data arealso available for this time period from the existing broadband seismic recorder located close by. Continuous infrasound datafor 2008-09 includes background signals (microbaroms) with a broad peak in the wave period between the values of 4 and 10
seconds. Signals with the same period are recorded by the broadband seismograph at SYO (microseisms). This period bandis identified as Double-Frequency Microseisms/baroms (DFM). The DFM has relatively lower amplitudes during winter. We
suggest that this is due to the sea-ice extent around the coast causing a decreased ocean loading effect. In contrast, the Single
Frequency Microseisms/baroms (SFM) with a peak in period between 12 and 30 seconds are observed under storm conditions,particularly in winter. On the infrasound data, stationary signals are identified with harmonic overtones at a few Hz to lowermost
human audible band, which we suggest is due to local effects such as sea-ice cracking and vibration. Microseism measurements
are a useful proxy for characterizing ocean wave climate, complementing other oceanographic and geophysical data. At SYO,
continuous monitoring by both broadband seismograph and infrasound contributes to the Federation of Digital Seismographic
Networks, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in the high southern latitudes, and the Pan-Antarctic Observations System
under the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.
Keywords: infrasound, seismic waves, physical interaction, multi-spheres, polar regions

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MTT41-02

Room:203

Time:May 26 09:15-09:30

Long Term Trend of Infrasound Signals Observed at Syowa Station, East Antarctica
ISHIHARA, Yoshiaki1∗ ; KANAO, Masaki2 ; YAMAMOTO, Masa-yuki3 ; KAKINAMI, Yoshihiro3 ;MURAYAMA, Takahiko4 ; OKADA, Kazumi6 ; TODA, Shigeru6 ; MATSUSHIMA, Takeshi7
1

JAXA, 2 NIPR, 3 Kochi Univ. of Tech., 4 JWA, 5 Hokkaido Univ., 6 Aichi Univ. of Edu., 7 Kyushu Univ.

Infrasound is sub-audible sound whose frequency range is about 3 mHz to 20 Hz. Because this frequency is common between
atmospheric, oceanic and solid earth vibrations, those waves are interacting with each other and interaction itself generates infrasound. At polar region, cryosphere also play an important role for generation and propagation of infrasound. Last decade, for the
purpose of monitoring nuclear tests, a global infrasound network is constructed by CTBTO. The CTBT-IMS infrasound network
has 47 working stations (as of September 2014) and each station consists at least 4 infrasound sensors (arrayed observation), they
can detect a some-kiloton TNT level atmospheric explosion in range of some 1000 kilometers. The network is almost enoughfor monitoring nuclear tests, but much sparse for detecting and analyzing in detail of natural infrasound phenomena. Especiallyat Antarctica, CTBT-IMS has only two stations and is most insufficient observation area.
The Japanese Antarctic infrasound observation started at April 2008 as one sensor pilot observation. A Chaparral-type infrasound sensor was installed at Syowa Station (SYO) in Lutzow-Holm Bay (LHB) of East Antarctica, as a part of the International
Polar Year (IPY2007-2008). And then, following success of pilot observation, in austral summer in 2013, we extended onesensor observation at SYO to 3-sensor arrayed observations, and installed a few field stations along the coast of the LHB.
In this study, we will show the trend of infrasound signals observed at SYO during whole observation period (2008 - 2014).
Characteristic infrasound waves observed at SYO demonstrate physical interaction involving environmental changes in the
Antarctic region. Continuous recording of infrasound, from April 2008 to present, clearly indicate existence of the backgroundatmospheric vibration generated by ocean-atmosphere interaction (microbaroms) with peaks of 0.1 to 0.25 Hz observed during
entire period. Because larger amount of sea-ice extending around the LHB near SYO suppress ocean wave, the microbaroms
become weak during austral winter. Newly established SYO array clearly detected the propagating directions and frequency
contents of the microbaroms from Southern Ocean.In addition, we found harmonic signals around lowermost human audible
band, however, currently unclear how and what generating hamonic signals. Those signals are recorded under windy condition.
Since our system has no mechanical resonance at those frequency ranges, we speculate that the characteristic harmonic signals
are probably related to local surficial phenomena such as ice sheet vibration generated by katabatic winds.
Infrasound measurement at Antarctica could be a new proxy for monitoring a regional environmental change in high southernlatitude. In such point of view, we will continue and improve the observations at and around SYO, Antarctica.

Keywords: Infrasound, Antarctica

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MTT41-03

Room:203

Time:May 26 09:30-09:45

SWARM observation of small scale field-aligned currents generated by acoustic waves
and their signature on the ground
IYEMORI, Toshihiko1∗ ; NAKANISHI, Kunihito1 ; AOYAMA, Tadashi1 ; LUEHR, Hermann2 ;YOKOYAMA, Yoshihiro1 ; ODAGI, Yoko1 ; IGUCHI, Masato3
1

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 2 GFZ Potsdam, 3 DPRI, Kyoto University

From the SWARM satellite observations during the initial two months after the launch, we could confirm that the small
magnetic fluctuations with apparent period about 10-30 seconds along the orbit observed in middle and low latitudes are the
manifestation of small spatial scale (50-250km) field-aligned currents. We estimated the temporal scale of the variation of the
field-aligned currents to be roughly 200 - 350 seconds or less. That is, the source of the current is suggested to be the acoustic
mode atmospheric waves. In this paper, we show the method of the estimation, its results and a comparison with the groundmagnetic and micro-barometric observations.
Keywords: acoustic gravity wave, ionospheric dynamo, field-aligned current, SWARM satellites, micro-barometric oscillation,
magnetic oscillation

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MTT41-04

Room:203

Time:May 26 09:45-10:00

Radio acoustic sounding of the thermosphere by ionosonde tracking of infrasound wavefronts launched by seismic waves
MARUYAMA, Takashi1∗ ; YUSUPOV, Kamil2 ; AKCHURIN, Adel2
1

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 2 Kazan Federal University

It is well known that atmospheric waves excited by intense earthquakes induce ionospheric disturbances. At remote distances
greater than ∼500 km, Rayleigh waves are the major source of infrasounds that propagate upward in the atmosphere. Acoustic
waves interact with the ionospheric plasma through collision between neutral particles and ions. Ionospheric disturbances causedby Rayleigh waves near the low frequency part of the Airy phase (a period of several minutes) are detected as a change in the
total electron content since the wavelength of induced acoustic waves in the thermosphere is comparable to the ionospheric slab
thickness. On the other hand, Rayleigh waves near the high frequency part of the Airy phase (a period of several tens of seconds)
cause distortion of ionogram traces, which is characterized by a multiple cusp signature (MCS). The vertical separation of theledge corresponding to each cusp is the wavelength of the infrasound in the thermosphere. Thus, the MCS ionogram is considered to be a snapshot of the wave that propagates upward.
We conducted rapid-run operation of ionosonde with a frame rate of 1 min at Kazan, Russia. After the 2010 M8.8 Chile earthquake (epicentral distance was 15,162 km), ionospheric disturbances showing MCSs in ionograms were observed for several tensof minutes. The seismogram obtained at Obninsk near Moscow, Russia (epicentral distance was 14,369 km) recorded Rayleighwaves with a period of ∼17 s responsible for the ionospheric disturbances showing MCS (the seismogram was shifted by thetime corresponding to the difference of epicentral distances between the two locations by assuming a Rayleigh wave speed of
3 km/s). The vertical wavelength of the acoustic wave launched by the Rayleigh waves was 8.5∼12 km in the thermosphere.
The sound speed calculated by a model was 500∼700 m/s at the height of the bottomside ionosphere and wavefronts should
propagate 30∼42 km upward during the intervals of ionograms, which is smaller than the bottomside depth of the ionosphere.
Thus, we could track acoustic wavefronts between consecutive MCS ionograms.
This observation bears an analogy with radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), in which atmospheric perturbation inducedby acoustic sounds is tracked by a radar technique and the sound speed (and corresponding virtual temperature) at high altitudes
is remotely measured. In a like manner, we compared the sound speed estimated by the MCS analysis and that calculated by the
MSIS thermospheric model. The determined sound speed (and corresponding temperature) was slightly higher than the model.
Keywords: ionosonde, multiple cusp signature, 2010 Chile earthquake, Rayleigh waves, infrasounds, thermosphere

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MTT41-05

Room:203

Time:May 26 10:00-10:15

Surface pressure variation excited by cumulus convection
NAKAJIMA, Kensuke1∗
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University

It has been established that the free oscillations of solid earth are always excited with a small amplitude by some sources
other than earthquakes(Nakajima and Notsuhara, 2001; Shimazaki and Nakajima, 2008). One of the candidate for excitation isacoustic waves excited by cumulus convection in the atmosphere. To examine this scenario, a numerical model that can simulate
all kinds of atmospheric waves including acoastic waves is required. Tashima and Nakajima (2007) developed a numerical cloudmodel with full-compressible system of equation, and simulate the development of convective cloud and its ability to excite
acoustic waves. The model, whose spatial resolution is 167m, covers 20km in the horizontal direction and extends up to 120km
in the vertical direction to represent the 3.7mHz acoustic mode without severe distortion. Standard three category cloud physicalparameterization is included. They also employed a linearlized one-dimensional model, which is used as a diagnostic tool toidentify which of various cloud processes are responsible for the excitation of acoustic waves possibly related to the earth’s freeoscillation. In this presentation, short wavelength components, which would correspond to the pressure variations observed by
networks of high precision barometers, will be examined.
Numerical experiment reproduced a typical life cycle of convective cloud. We examine the temporal evolution of the horizontal
average of surface pressure, whose horizontal wavenumber (zero) is the nearest to the wavenumber of the earth’s free oscillation( O(1/1000km)) in all of the waves in the model. The result shows that the temporal variation of surface pressure contains both aslow variation corresponding to the development of cloud as a whole and much faster variation, whose frequency corresponds tothat of the enhancement of the earth’s free oscillation.
The pressure variation is compared with the runs of the linearlized one-dimensional model driven by the horizontal averages ofvarious non-linear or diabatic terms sampled in the full model. The result shows that the slow variation is mainly excited by thesink of water vapor due to condensation and the drag force of liquid water, whereas the fast component is excited by the latentheating of condensation.
On the other hand, non-averaged pressure time series contains much higher frequency components. The details will be examined in the presentation.

Keywords: cumulus convection, microbaroms, free oscillation, infrasound

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MTT41-06

Room:203

Time:May 26 10:15-10:30

Severe weather phenomenon detected by pressure sensors -thunderstormARAI, Nobuo1 ; MURAYAMA, Takahiko2∗ ; IWAKUNI, Makiko2 ; MOTOHASHI, Masashi2 ; YOSHIKAI, Tomohiro2 ;MOGAMI, Mami2
1

Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Nagoya University, 2 Japan Weather Association

Recently, meteorological disturbances and localized concentrated heavy rainfall drastically developed thunderclouds, which
can be attributed to global warming, cause disasters like debris. In order to detect such a localized concentrated heavy rainfall,
X-band polarimetric radar information network system (XRAIN) is gradually deployed and operated in Japan. The radar system
can detect regional scale distribution of cloud water and growing process of localized concentrated heavy rainfall. However,
spacial scale of thunder and tornado is smaller than the resolution of the radar system.
Infrasound signal is generated by rapid compress atmospheric such as thunder and vortex rotation by wind. Infrasound arraysystem can detect arrival direction, but it is difficult to estimate the distance from source to observation point only one Infrasoundarray system.
Many meteorological disturbance in combination with thunder occurred on the Kanto region in the summer of 2014. In orderto evaluate meteorological disturbance more accurately, we set up new Infrasound array system in Saitama Prefecture in addition
to the existing in Chiba Prefecture.
The back azimuth of signals at two Infrasound array system intersect, and the place was high precipitation intensity on XRAIN
image.

Keywords: Infrasound, severe weather phenomenon, XRAIN, thunderstorm

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MTT41-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Numerical modeling of acoustic radiation from oceanic swell using CIP-CUP scheme
MATSUMURA, Mitsuru1∗ ; KANAO, Masaki1
1

National Institute of Polar Research

Oceanic surface gravity waves called as swells with period of several seconds radiate atmospheric acoustic waves called as
microbaroms with half the period. The radiated microbaroms are continuously observed with microbarometers on the groundnear the coast. From the observed microbaroms we could estimate the amplitude of oceanic swells and the temperature and windof atmosphere because the amplitude of microbaroms depends on that of swells, and the propagation velocity of microbaroms
depends on the temperature and wind. For the estimation we develop a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. General coupling
models consist of independent parts of ocean and atmosphere coupled by complicated boundary conditions. Instead we model
ocean and atmosphere as a unified fluid to exclude the boundary condition, using CIP-CUP (Constrained Interpolation Profile Combined and Unified Procedure) method. This method make it possible to precisely compute the advection part and to stably
compute the ocean-atmosphere boundary, which has a considerable density gap of three order of magnitude. In this presentation,
we compare the computed microbaroms radiation with an analytical model to discuss the validity of our model.

Keywords: microbarom, infrasound, atmospheric acoustic wave, swell, oceanic surface gravity wave, CIP-CUP method

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MTT41-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

High resolution barometer array and broadband seismic observation in Palau
ISHIHARA, Yasushi1∗ ; SHITO, Azusa2 ; SHIROOKA, Ryuichi1 ; FUKAO, Yoshio1
1

JAMSTEC, 2 Kyoto Univ.

We are operating high resolution barometer array in Palau and reported atmospheric gravity wave and performance of array
analysis in this project (Ishihara et. al., JpGU, 2014). Palau locates in tropical zone and weather condition almost stable everyday. This array has good condition to detect event-like signal in stable ambient condition. And broadband seismic stations,weather radar station and NOAA station are operated in Palau. For interpretation of event-like signal, we can use integrated datawith some observation data in convenient research field. We are operating two seismic stations. However vertical componentof STS-1 sensor had severe problem in its measurement. Last we repaired the component. We started full spec observation as
original plan and they are under operation smoothly now.
Over 100 sec in period, atmospheric gravity waves recorded frequently in barometer array. Theoretically signal intensity ofgravity wave is decreased in some ten seconds in period. In recent measurement, remarkable some ten seconds pressure variation
is detected and propagated in this barometer array. Apparent velocity is also similar with gravity wave and accompany withlonger period signal. It is interpreted as one of gravity wave.
In seismic signal, horizontal components detect similar signal and initiate just same time with pressure data. Vertical component doesn’t show remarkable signal, so that ground tilt is occurred by pressure variation. Rail fall is also one of sourcesof ground tilting. However NOAA weather station that is close to a seismic and barometer station does not report heavy rainfall and small shower in each region. Both phases of seismic and barometer is quite synchronized. Filtered barometer signal
shows many high-frequency event-like signals covering all stations. Most cases associate with ground tilting recorded in seismic
data. It means that horizontal components include ground tilting as noise until some ten seconds. We will evaluate coefficientof conversion from pressure variation to ground tilting and possibility of reduction of the component. And we will report thecharacteristics of wide frequency range propagating barometer signal.

Keywords: atmospheric gravity wave, broad band sesimic record, ground tilting

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MTT41-P03

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Detection of microbaroms on icebreaker SHIRASE
KAKINAMI, Yoshihiro1∗ ; MURAYAMA, Takahiko2 ; NAKAMOTO, Manami4 ; MIYAMACHI, Hiroki5 ;OKADA, Kazumi5 ; YAMAMOTO, Masa-yuki1 ; KANAO, Masaki6
1

Kochi University of Technology, 2 Japan Weather Association, 3 Kyushu University, 4 Kagoshima University, 5 Hokkaido University, 6 National Institute of Polar Research
Microbaroms with about 0.2 Hz caused by oceanic wave are often observed as infrasound wave. We installed infrasoundsensor and have observed small pressure variation since 2008 at the Showa station in Antarctica. The results show continues
wave with about 0.2 Hz arrives from ocean area. Therefore, the wave is concluded with microbaroms excited at the Antarctic
Ocean. However, the excitation mechanism of microbaroms has been still unknown enough because of lack of observation.
To understand it, the infrasound sensor was installed on icebreaker SHIRASE and infrasound was observed from Fremantle,
Australia during JARE-54 (54th Japan Antarctic Research Expedition) in 2012 and JARE-55 in 2013, and Harumi, Japan during
JARE-56 in 2015 to offshore of the Syowa station. Although waves with similar frequency band of microbaroms was observedon the ship, pitch angle variation of the ship also had similar frequency. The pitch angle motion of the ship results vertical motionof the sensor, namely, pressure change. Rough estimation of vertical motion indicates that more than 50% of pressure change
in microbaroms-band arises from vertical motion of the ship. In order to eliminate pressure change coming from microbaroms,
accurate estimation of vertical motion of the ship is key issue. In this paper, we show attempt to detect microbaroms on the ship
and preliminary results.
Keywords: infrasound, microbaroms, ocean wave, the Antarctic Ocean

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MTT41-P04

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 26 18:15-19:30

Recent progress of infrasound studies and sensor developing activities
YAMAMOTO, Masa-yuki1∗ ; YOKOTA, Akihiro2
1

Kochi University of Technology, 2 SESONA ALES

Infrasound is one of the most important open fields to study the missing link from troposphere to upper atmosphere. In thisdecade, observation of the infrasound has been gradually improved with the progress of constructing the sensor network in allover the world for watching the nuclear explosions. On the other hand, many kinds of remote-sensing observing methods havebeen developed by many scientists for ionspheric plasma observation like the GPS-TEC mapping method to clarify the wide field
disturbances like TID (Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance), indicating the importance of vertically propagating large wavelengthwaves to be projected and seen on the mapping results. Seismic, volcanic, atmospheric and oceanic observation regions are also
deeply concerning with the infrasound studies.
Hence, not only the electromagnetic coupling processes but also neutral atmospheric pressure waves like the audible sound andinfrasound should be studied. However, the observation of infrasound is currently less sufficient rather than the seismic and GPS
sensor networks. As for the event studies, it has been reported that huge earthquakes like Smatra (2004) or Tohoku-oki (2011)
as well as their induced tsunami waves became clear wave sources of these kinds of pressure waves, suggesting the infrasoundwhose propagating velocity is faster than that of tsunami waves on the sea is important for the disaster prevention. Even therelatively small scale geophysical phenomena like volcanic eruptions, meteorite entries, land or snow slides, or thunders also
creates clear N type infrasound signal at a time of arrival of the shock waves generated at the source region, possibly depending
on its size and moving distance.
In order to measure such pressure waves in a few to several 100 km scale, arrayed sensors network is required, thus the cost ofeach pressure sensor is important to built. We recently developed a new infrasound sensor that include some weather monitoring
sensors and seismometers, enables us to integrate several parameters information to create an independent emergency alert
system by one sensor complex for any geophysical events just after the arrival of the sonic waves. In this paper, we will show
the most recent progress of the infrasound studies as well as the development of infrasound sensors. Collaboration of scienceand engineering researches, manufacturing companies with their engineers and infrastructure management officers in regional
governments are very important to open the new era of the infrasound applications useful into the society.

Keywords: Infrasound, Multsites observation, Sensor development, Hazard prevention, Polar region observation, Collaborationof science and engineering

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