Conference of the International Journal of Arts & Sciences,
CD-ROM. ISSN: 1943-6114 :: 11(02):1–16 (2018)

A COLD WAR BETWEEN THE GENDERS: INVESTIGATING
ATTITUDES OF JAPANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe
Kyushu Institute of Technology

Researchers in Japan now recognize that shyness and hesitation phenomenon is a sociolinguistic
pandemic, especially where Japanese males and females avoid conversations, interactions, andrelationships. This trend has led to a demographic crisis in which fewer Japanese marry and havechildren. This study will report on the results of a gender attitude survey (and its development) and theresults of a questionnaire. The survey and questionnaire were implemented in 2016. Research questions
focused on positive and negatives viewpoints that participants had of the opposite sex. Results showedthat both genders felt that it was easy to relate to and understand the opposite sex; likewise, they feltthat they showed interest in having discussions with the opposite sex. However, negative attitudes
included issues relating to having to give long and informative replies, difficulty in understanding andmaking points or achieving goals with the opposite sex. Student replies on a questionnaire further
indicated that a majority of students viewed themselves as open to experience. All of the comments,
however, from both genders, showed that during their gendered interactions that the participants weretense and uneasy. The high percentage of comments from females, 78 percent, indicated that most wereantisocial as they found it difficult to interact with males. A gender disparity was found in thepercentage of comments from males who thought that the opposite sex understood and appreciated what
they had to say and those from females: 75 percent and 46 percent respectively. In short, student
morale in both genders is timid, insecure and interactions are often unsatisfying and demoralizing.
Keywords: Gendered interactions, Attitudes, Japanese youth, Hesitation phenomenon, Shyness.

Introduction
One of the first legends of Japan involve one of the gods of Japan Amaterasu who was frightened of her
drunken brother, and shut herself in a cave, isolating herself from the rest of the world. This legend has
particular meaning with many Japanese also isolating themselves from the rest of the world due toshyness. While most people do not consider shyness as an important issue, in Asia (particularly Japan) it
is beginning to have serious consequences for society. One survey showed that 34% of Japanese men are
afraid of female colleagues: Men’s fear was based on the perception that women have a tendency togossip and conspire against others.2 This perception has fueled an antipathy that is now so widespread that
40% of males reported having had no romantic contact or relationships with women. In short, bothgenders are finding it difficult and stressful to initiate discussions with the opposite sex; furthermore, theysee simple discourse as pragmatically challenging. When the genders do communicate with each other,
they often fail to fluently express their ideas effectively, resulting in perceived or actual negative
outcomes. These experiences then reinforce a poor self-esteem and power a reluctance to interact further


1

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A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

with the opposite sex, and so with more isolation, the result is that negative stereotypes remainunchallenged. Some have even described this phenomenon as a “gender war:” It has been a topic that has
been discussed in the popular media, both in Japan and abroad.1 Moreover, there are many Japanese calledhikikomori, who have completely shut themselves off from their surroundings and society. This hesitation
phenomenon is characterized as social anxiety that is marked by emotional discomfort, fear, andapprehension. Individuals also unduly worry about social situations, interactions with others, or being
harshly evaluated or scrutinized by others.
This study will report on the development and the results of a gender attitude survey along with datacollected from of a questionnaire. The aim is to better understand how the factors of communicative
ability, personality traits and morale influence students’ attitudes towards the opposite sex. A second aim
is to make specific recommendations in facilitating gendered interactions that are less threatening toJapanese youth.
Review of Literature
Gender Shyness
Definitions
According to Leary (1986) shyness has been defined in over a dozen ways, so much so that one of theissues in researching the concept of shyness is that the construct is vague and subjective. Pilkonis (1977)
described shyness as the avoidance of social interaction due to timidness or the withdrawal from nature
whereas Leary (1986) defined shyness as an “affective-behavioral syndrome characterized by social
anxiety and interpersonal inhibition that results from the prospect or presence of interpersonal evaluation”(pp. 30). Shyness, which is a label for a broad construct of social withdrawal, is associated with a wide
range of negative adjustment outcomes in childhood and adolescence (Rubin, Coplan & Bowker, 2009).
According to Bohlin, Hagekull, & Andersoon (2005), more empirical evidence links shyness withinternalizing problems such as loneliness, anxiety, depressive symptoms, peer-relationships difficulties(e.g., peer rejection, victimization) and other problems at school (e.g., negative teacher-childrelationships, poorer academic achievement).
Characteristics of shyness
Lewin et. al (1996) examined pauses and verbal dysfluencies as an indication of speaking anxiety. The
authors investigated whether a slower rate of speech or longer period of silence were more prevalent inhigh-speech subjects than in their low-anxiety counterparts. In examining the categories of pauses, pauselength, verbal errors (corrections, distortions, fragments, repetitions) and delaying verbalizations, Lewin
found that the measures of state anxiety immediately before and during the speech task did not correlatewith dysfluencies or pauses.
Shyness and social anxiety is not a new concept; reported that shyness and social anxiety are
relatively common in Japanese culture. In fact, the avoidant personality disorder is reported to be the mostcommon Axis II disorder in Japan (Kondo, 1997). Zimbardo (1977), however, contends that around 10%of individuals in Japan can be characterized as being shy in all situations. In comparison, 48.7% of thepeople in the United States consider themselves shy (Henderson and Zimbardo, 1999), and the mostprevalent disorder is the Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (Grant et al., 2004).
Aizawa and Whatley (2006) found that in some cases, cultural temperaments determine shyness orthat culture is a mediator for shyness. Their conclusion is that social changes may be influencing a shift in
cultural dimensions and as a result social behavior. Social anxiety can be marked by intense negative
emotional reactions; these, in turn, cause the individual to avoid and to escape from interactions withsignificant others. There may also be inappropriate coping strategies that the individual might rely on;Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

nonetheless, severe social anxiety is a debilitating condition that interferes with one’s ability to enjoy ahealthy social life.
Another issue has been that over the past decade, women have become far more independent andoutspoken in most countries throughout the world. While there has been tremendous research on the issueof power and on which gender tends to dominate discourse, a second and more important issue, as
Crawford and Chaffin (1986) note, relates to communication anxiety for both genders. Understanding
which gender is more uncomfortable with the interaction, (even if he or she is dominating the discourse)
and how this leads to more dysfluency is also an issue to study.
Rationale for Study
One of the issues in shyness studies is to specifically examine how participants view their own
conversational competency in a series of gendered interactions.
Research aims
1. On which variables did Japanese participants show a positive outlook about the opposite sex?
2. On which variables did Japanese participants show a negative outlook about the opposite sex?
Survey Development
Item generation
Three previous surveys were used to identify factors and variables: the Five Factor Model (FFM)3, theProfile of Social Moods 2 (POMs) Heuchert, McNair, (2015), and a survey based on PM Leadership
Misumi, (1985) that was adapted for English language teaching Long and Inoue, (2004). For the first
construct of personality traits, five variables were considered: First, openness to experience, which
involved the trait of curiosity, in which asked how eager or interested students were in talking with the
opposite sex. Second, the variable conscientiousness took into account the students’ ability to listen, shareideas, give equal time when talking, and to conclude the discussion in a pleasant manner. For the third
variable, extraversion, which involves the traits of sociability, acceptance, and candidness, questions weredevised concerning how talkative participants were, how they felt when interacting with the opposite sex,
and how easily it was to express emotions and relate to each other.
The fourth variable was that of agreeableness, which was defined as the tendency to becompassionate and cooperative rather than being suspicious or antagonistic towards others. Highagreeableness is often seen as naïve or submissive whereas low agreeableness is associated withcompetitive or challenging people, which might be viewed as untrustworthy. This variable had two traits,
likeability and friendliness with questions that focused on how the opposite sex liked the participant, andhow easy it was to get along with them.
The last variable was that of neuroticism, which was the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions
easily, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. Neuroticism is associated with one’s degree of emotional
stability and impulse control. A high need for stability will be seen in a stable and calm personality, but
this can be interpreted as being uninspiring or unconcerned. This variable has two traits: tension andsocial discomfort, which takes into account any uncomfortable feelings the participants might have and if
there were long pauses and silence when interacting with them.
The second construct, communicative competence, involves the variables of strategic competency,(which incorporates the traits of initiation, facilitation), pragmatism (etiquette), and communicative ability(taking into account fluency, nonverbal behavior, and comprehension).
The third construct is that of morale, which was based on Misumi’s (1985) survey on PM theory. It
focused on performative behavior and motivational behavior and its overall impact on morale. For thissurvey, there are two variables, confidence, which takes into consideration L2 usage, and inhibition while3

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A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

the variable of satisfaction takes into consideration goal achievement and motivation, see table 1 forschematic and see Appendix A, for the survey.
Table 1. Schematic of gendered survey
Five-Factor Model

Openness to experience, Curiosity
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Communicative competency

Strategic competency
Pragmatism
Communicative ability

MoraleConfidence
Satisfaction

Piloting
To better understand if male and female attitudes are fixed, a longitudinal study was conducted on how
gendered interactions that took place over 18 weeks (Long, 2017). There were three groups of maleparticipants who meet with two female students who had a similar level of proficiency. The males met
with one female each week; the female participant was then switched for the following week along withdifferent conversation topics. Also during the first session, the 12 students filled out the pre-discussion
survey and then after the last session, they filled out the post-discussion survey. The descriptive statistics
are shown below for the pre-survey and post-survey results.
Table 2. Descriptive results for pre- and post-surveys of gendered interactions____________________________________________________________________
Variables_____________
Item

Pre-survey
Post-Survey____________________ ____________________
Average# of No Opinions

Average# of No Opinions

1. Follow up talks
2. Tries not to interrupt

1.75
1.69

1
0

1.66
1.41

1
0

3. Shares ideas
4. Some tension in
discussions
5. Can conclude
Discussions
6. Thinks partner likes
Him/her
7. Feels some rejection
8. Tries hard to ask
questions9. Easy to relate to

1.92

0

1.58

0

1.81

2

2.41

1

1.91

1

1.83

0

2.22
2.75

4
5

2.41
3.00

2
1

2.15
2.69

0
0

2.41
2.25

1
0

Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

10. You were talkative
11. You were friendly
12. You had a goodtime
13. You were not shy
14. Equal time intalking
15. You felt uneasy
16. There were longpauses
17. Easy to start
discussion
18. It was difficult to
Express yourself
19. You paid attention
20. You shared
opinions
21. You smiled andWere attentive
22. Easy to understandParticipant
23. You wereconfident
24. It was difficultin finding common
interests
25. You achieved
your goals
26. You showed someInterests
27. How many women/men do you talkto for 10 minutes
or more eachday?
28. How many
Meaningful
Relationships have
You had with
Women / men
30. How interested are
You in talking with
Women / men?

2.23
2.15

1
0

2.33
2.33

1
2

1.90
2.53

2
0

1.83
2.58

1
0

2.00
2.27

0
2

2.16
2.75

2
1

2.60

3

3.00

2

2.18

2

2.25

1

2.27
1.92

2
0

2.75
1.66

2
0

2.30

0

2.50

1

2.00

1

1.81

1

2.84

0

2.33

0

2.75

1

2.58

0

2..10

3

3.00

2

2.54

2

2.16

1

1.75

1

2.25

2

2.46

3.66

4.38

5.00

7.23

7.58

__________________________________________________________________*Note: General answers 1 = Agree a lot, 4 = Disagree a lot**#29 10+ = a lot, 1 = Not at all

Factor Analysis
Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to evaluate whether this three-factor model adequately fit thedata. The rotation was Promax; the chi-square statistic is 451.2 on 250 degrees of freedom, see table 3 for5

6

A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

additional data and table 4 for correlations. In the final three-factor solution, factor 1 included 5 items that
related to communicative competency, whereas factor two had 7 items that were related to personality

traits. The third factor, which was likewise labeled as morale, had 3 items. Accordingly,
factor one was labeled as communitive competency, factor 2 as personality traits, andfactor 3 as morale.
Table 3. Factor Analysis Data_______________________________________________________________
SS. Loadings
Proportion Var.
Cumulative Var.

Factor 1
2.778
0.107
0.107

Factor 2
2.702
0.104
0.211

Factor 3
2.221
0.085
0.296

Table 4. Correlations_____________________________________________________________________
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3

Factor 1

Factor 2

Factor 3

1.00
0.387
-0.562

0.387
1.00
-0.67

-0.562-0.67
1.00

Table 5. Three-factor analysis of gendered attitudes_____________________________________________________________________


Variables

Factor 1
Communicative
Competency

Factor 2
Personality
Traits

Factor 3
Morale_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

Results
The results, (concerning the first research question) see table 6, indicate that both genders felt it was easy
to relate and understand the opposite sex, as seen in items 1, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 14, but also students felt
uneasy about interacting, as seen in items 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10. Students were split in regard to how easy it
was to start a conversation with the opposite sex, as seen in items 9, and how they achieved their goals
with them (item 14). As for the second research questions, students also felt that it was difficult tounderstand the opposite sex, (#12); in particular, negative attitudes included issues relating to having togive long and informative replies, difficulty in understanding and making points or achieving goals withthe opposite sex. A majority of these Japanese participants does report not seeing themselves particularly
extroverted, see table 7, but while some state that they feel some tension with interacting with the
opposite sex, a majority do report feeling uneasy. On the other hand, 56 participants reported being very
curious about the opposite sex. In regard to the factor of communicative ability, most see themselves asexerting efforts in relating with others, but find it difficult to be fluent and to understand the opposite sex.
For the final factor of morale, students reported that they felt were not shy, yet they also felt a lack ofconfidence in expressing their ideas. Thus, their satisfaction level was almost divided.
Table 6. Survey Results_____________________________________________________________________

Question

Agree
A lot

Agree Disagree

1. You try to share your ideas without
hesitation with the opposite sex.
2. You feel some degree of tension intalking with the opposite sex.
3. You often feel some rejection by
the opposite sex.
4. It is easy to relate to and understandthe opposite sex.
5. You are talkative with the opposite sex.
6. You are often friendly with the opposite
sex.

10

33

18

1

2

6

34

20

2

2

1

8

40

8

7

1
6

21
16

31
32

4
5

6
4

2

33

17

5

7

7

35

16

5

1

1

13

41

8

1

3

24

26

5

7

1

7

33

8

15

11

32

11

1

8

0

5

38

11

10

0

5

24

32

3

7. You are not shy in talking with the
opposite sex.
8. You feel uneasy in talking with the
opposite sex.
9. It is easy to start a conversation with the
opposite sex.
10. You always like giving long andInformative replies and sharing opinions.
11. You try to smile, be attentive, making
Occasional eye contact, and gestures, whentalking with the opposite sex.
12. You find it easier to understand the
opposite sex.
13. You are confident about using English
with a woman / man.

DisagreeNoa Lot Opinion

7

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A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

14. You feel that you can always make your
Point and achieve your foals when talking
with the opposite sex.
15. When talking with the opposite sex,
you show some degree of interest.

6

20

25

6

7

14

42

4

1

0

___________________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. Interactions with the Opposite Sex_____________________________________________________________________
Item
16. How many women / men do you talk to,
for ten minutes or more, each day?

Except for your family and relatives, how many
meaningful relationships have you had withwomen / men?

How interested are you in talking with women /
men?

Scale

Frequency

10+
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1
0
0
0
3
3
0
4
12
9
32

10+
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

4
0
1
0
0
12
4
14
9
9
11

10+
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

4
2
7
9
5
13
9
5
4
3
3

_____________________________________________________________________
Note: Directions were as follows for this section of the survey. “If you are a male, the question refers to ‘women’that you might meet or talk to. If you are a female, then question then concerns ‘men.”’Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

Table 7. Factor / Variable breakdown_____________________________________________________________________
Factors
1. Personality Traits_________________
Extraversion

Variables

Agree
Ave.

DisagreeAve.

_______________________
It is easy to start a
Conversation with
Opposite sex______________

27

31

You often feel some
Rejection by the
opposite sex

948

You are talkative with
The opposite sex

2237

It is easy to relate to
And understand the
opposite sex

2235

You are friendly with
The opposite sex

2237

You feel some tension when
Talking with the opposite
Sex

40

22

You feel uneasy in talking
With the opposite sex

1449

When talking with the
opposite sex, you show
some degree of interest

56

5

You try to smile and be
attentive

43

12

You always like giving long andInformative replies and sharing
Opinions

8

41

You will find it easier toUnderstand the opposite sex

549

Neuroticism

Curiosity

2. Communicative Ability_____________________
Ability (nonverbal ability)

FluencyComprehension

3. Morale_____________________

9

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A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

Confidence (L2 usage)

Inhibition

Satisfaction

You are confident about using
English with a woman / man

556

You are not shy in talking with
The opposite sex

42

21

You feel that you can always makeYour point and achieve your goals
When talking with the opposite sex

2631_____________________________________________________________________

Participants’ replies on a questionnaire further indicated that a majority of students viewed
themselves as open to experience. All of the comments, however, from both genders, showed that during
their gendered interactions that the participants were tense and uneasy. The high percentage of commentsfrom females, 78 percent, indicated that most were antisocial as they found it difficult to interact withmales. A gender disparity was found in the percentage of comments from males who thought that the
opposite sex understood and appreciated what they had to say and those from females: 75 percent and 46
percent respectively.
Questionnaire Data Reduction
As for issue involving interacting with the opposite sex (#1, #2 and #4), the percentage of comments,from males, who are antisocial and find it difficult interact with females was 83%. There were still nomales who saw themselves as being social but found it easy to interact with females. Females, on theother hand, who deemed themselves as being antisocial was 78%. Despite these rather high averages, thepercentage of comments from males who found conversations with the opposite sex satisfying was 67
whereas for comments from females who found conversations with the opposite sex satisfying thepercentage was 43%.
For the issues involving personality and outcomes (#3, #5, and #6), the percentage of commentsfrom males who rated their personality as sociable was 67%; this differed for comments from males who
rated their personality as shy (17%).
On the other hand, the percentage of comments from females who rated their personality as sociable
was high (91%) and as for comments from females who rated their personality as shy, the percentage was41%. The gender divide was also more evident when it came to the question of how the opposite sex
understands and appreciated what you had to say: For men, it was 75% while for women it was 46%.
Likewise, concerning the tension felt while talking to the opposite sex, 100% of males felt so, while
none of the females reported any uneasiness.
Questionnaire Synthesis
Thus, in regard to the five factors of personality traits, the following synthesis can be presented. In regard
to being open to experience, the majority of students viewed themselves as open to experience, as
indicated by the data that percentage of comments from males who rated their personality as sociable(67%) which differed from females (91%). This shows that females considered themselves to be moresociable, confirming the general view that females are much better talkers than males. Around 30 % ofmales could not view themselves as open to experience, which also confirmed the real-life situation inwhich 3 out of 10 males are not open to interaction.

Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

11

In regard to conscientiousness, there were no males who described themselves as social and found it
easy to interact with females while for females; 78% reported it was difficult to interact with males, andthey saw themselves as being antisocial.
Thus, the data suggests that males found themselves in the hopeless situation where they haveserious difficulty communicating with females. Still more surprising is the fact that the majority offemales were also antisocial having difficulty interacting with the opposite sex.
With the variable of extraversion, the percentage of males who reported being extraverted was 67%
compared to females (17%) indicating that from both genders’ point of view was based on their ideal
image. The data for agreeableness, also indicated a gender divide, with males thinking that females
appreciated what they had to say (75%) while for females, the percentage was only 46%. This indicatesthat females could not express themselves satisfactorily, and likewise felt that their counterparts did not
appreciate what they had to say. The end result of this is apparent miscommunication between with thegenders leading to a breakdown of interactions.
For the last variable of neuroticism, all males reported being tense and uneasy while talking withfemales, but only 20% females reported being relaxed when talking with males. Both genders were
uneasy when talking with the opposite sex. Therefore, both genders can be regarded even as neurotic.
However, negative attitudes included issues relating to having to give long and informative replies,difficulty in understanding and making points or achieving goals with the opposite sex. A majority ofstudents viewed themselves as open to experience. All of the comments, however, from both genders,
showed that during their gendered interactions that the participants were tense and uneasy. In sum,
student morale in both genders is timid, insecure and interactions are often seen as unsatisfying anddemoralizing.
Discussion
Considering the current trend of population decrease in Japan, this study indicates that the attitudes andvalues behind the population decline are serious and need to be addressed. National educational policies
need drastic reforms that include the abolition of men’s and women’s schools nationwide and the single
gender schools to be consolidated into all co-ed schools to increase the opportunity of gender interactions.
Class work must include interactions between different genders, and this needs to be made as a national
school policy. Other extra-curricular activities should be devised to accommodate more genderinteractions. At home, for those who have no siblings of the opposite sex, interactions with individuals ofdifferent genders need to be encouraged and promoted as a part of national educational policies.
Conclusion
Results showed that both genders felt that it was easy to relate to and understand the opposite sex;
likewise, they felt that they showed interest in having discussions with the opposite sex. However,negative attitudes included issues relating to having to give long and informative replies, difficulty inunderstanding and making points or achieving goals with the opposite sex. Student replies on aquestionnaire further indicated that a majority of students viewed themselves as open to experience. All of
the comments, however, from both genders, showed that during their gendered interactions that theparticipants were tense and uneasy. The high percentage of comments from females, 78 percent, indicatedthat most were antisocial as they found it difficult to interact with males. A gender disparity was found in
the percentage of comments from males who thought that the opposite sex understood and appreciatedwhat they had to say and those from females: 75 percent and 46 percent respectively. In short, student
morale in both genders is timid, insecure and interactions are often unsatisfying and demoralizing. Thus,
society needs to take serious measures to address this issue to avoid further problems in education, theworkplace and in the home.

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A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

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Henderson, L. & Zimbardo, P. (1999). Overcoming chronic shyness and social phobia: A cognitive-behavioral
protocol for the treatment of shyness and social phobia. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
Kondo, N. (1997) Hiseishinbyousei hikikomori no genzai (The present conditions of non- psychotic pyschosocial withdrawal cases). Rinshou Seishin Igaku (Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry), 26(9), 1159–1167.
Leary, M. (1986). Affective and behavioral components of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, andresearch. In W. Jones, J. Cheek, & S. Briggs, (Eds.). Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment. New
York: Plenum.
Lewin, M., McNeil D., Lipson J. (1996). Enduring without avoiding: Pauses and verbal dysfluencies in public
speaking fear. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 18, pp. 387-402
Long, R. & Inoue, H. (2004). Exploring teacher’s leadership behavior and moral through student attitudes.
Kyushu Institute of Technology Research Bulletin, 52, 1-20.
Long (2017). Exploring Japanese Student Attitude Change to Gendered Interactions. Paper given for theInternational Conference on Language, Media, and Culture (ICLMC, 2017), International Economics
Development and Research Center, 2017, Kyoto, March 25 - 27.
Misumi, J. (1985). The behavioral science of leadership. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI.
Pilkonis, P. (1977). The behavioral consequences of shyness. Journal of Personality, 45, 596-611.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of
Psychology, 60, 141–171.
Zimbardo, P. (1977), Shyness: what it is, what to do about it. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Appendix A. Gender Fluency Survey
Name (Romaji)______________________

Student Number__________________

Gender: (Male) (Female) (Other)
Gender Fluency Inventory
Directions: Mark the box with a “0” to show your views. If you are a male, the question refers to“women” that you might meet or talk to. If you are a female, then question then concerns “men.”

Pre-survey

Agree
A Lot

Agree

DisagreeDisagreea Lot

NoOpinion

1. You try to share your ideas without hesitation withthe opposite sex.

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2. You feel some degree of tension in talking with the
opposite sex.
3. You often feel some rejection by the opposite sex.

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Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

4. It is easy to relate to and understand the opposite
sex.

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





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



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

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5. You are talkative with the opposite sex.
6. You are often friendly with the opposite sex.
7. You are not shy in talking with the opposite sex.

13

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



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9. It is easy to start a conversation with the opposite
sex.

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10. You always like giving long and informative
replies and sharing opinions when talking to the
opposite sex.

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8. You feel uneasy in talking with the opposite sex.

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11. You try to smile, be attentive, making occasionaleye contact, and gestures, when talking with the
opposite sex.

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12. You find it easier to understand the opposite sex.

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13. You are confident about using English with awoman / man.
14. You feel that you can always make your point andachieve your goals when talking with the opposite sex.
15. When talking with the opposite sex, you show
some degree of interest.

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Directions: If you are a male, the question refers to “women” that you might meet or talk to. If you are afemale, then question then concerns “men.”
16. How many women / men do you
talk to, for ten minutes or more, eachday?

10+, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

17. Except for your family andrelatives, how many meaningful
relationships have you had withwomen / men?

10+, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

18. How interested are you in talking
with women / men?

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(A Lot) 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 (Not at all)

14

A Cold War Between the Genders: Investigating Attitudes...

Appendix B. Questionnaireྡ๓㸦࣮࣐ࣟᏐ㸧______________________ Ꮫ⡠␒ྕ_____________________
ᛶู㸸㸦⏨ᛶ㸧㸦ዪᛶ㸧㸦ࡑࡢ௚㸧࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺグධࡢ௙᪉ǣ௨ୗࡢ㉁ၥ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅṇ┤࡟⟅࠼࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ
ͳǤ␗ᛶ࡜ヰࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿㸽ࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡞ࡽࠊ⌮⏤ࢆグධࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ʹǤྠᛶࡢே࡜ヰࡍࡢ࡜ࠊ␗ᛶࡢே࡜ヰࡍࡢ࡟ࡣ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿㸽̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
͵Ǥ⮬ศࡢᛶ᱁ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ホ౯ࡋࡲࡍ࠿㸽࠶࡞ࡓࡣ♫஺ⓗ࡛እ஺ⓗ࡛ࡍ࠿㸽ࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ᜝ࡎ࠿ࡋࡀࡾᒇ࡛ࡍ࠿㸽̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ͶǤ␗ᛶ࡜ࡢ఍ヰࡣ‶㊊ࡢ࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿㸽ࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ኱ኚ࡛ࡍ࠿ǫ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Robert W. Long and Hiroaki Watanabe

15ͷǤ࠶࡞ࡓࡀゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ␗ᛶࡣ⌮ゎࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿㸽̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
͸Ǥ␗ᛶ࡜ヰࡍ᫬ࠊ⥭ᙇࡋ࡚୙Ᏻ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡀᬑ㏻࡛ࡍ࠿㸽ࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡞ࡽࠊ࡞ࡐ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺
࠿㸽̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
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