Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Application
SUMMARY INFORMATION
Name/Title of the Agricultural Heritage System:
Osaki Kōdo‟s Traditional Water Management System for Sustainable Paddy Agriculture
Requesting Agency:
Osaki Region, Miyagi Prefecture（Osaki City, Shikama Town, Kami Town, Wakuya Town, Misato Town (one city, four towns）
Requesting Organization:
Osaki Region Committee for the Promotion of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
Members of Organization:
Osaki City, Shikama Town, Kami Town, Wakuya Town, Misato Town
Miyagi Prefecture
Furukawa Agricultural Cooperative Association, Kami Yotsuba Agricultural Cooperative Association,
Iwadeyama Agricultural Cooperative Association, Midorino Agricultural Cooperative Association,
Osaki Region Water Management Council
NPO Ecopal Kejonuma, NPO Kabukuri Numakko Club,NPO Society for Shinaimotsugo Conservation , NPO Tambo,
Japanese Association for Wild Geese Protection
Tohoku University, Miyagi University of Education, Miyagi University, Chuo University
Responsible Ministry (for the Government): Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
The geographical coordinates are:
North latitude 38°26’18”～38°55’25”
and east longitude 140°42’2”～141°7’43”

Accessibility of the Site to Capital City of Major Cities○Prefectural Capital: Sendai City (closest station: JR Sendai Station)○Access to Prefectural Capital:
・by rail (Tokyo – Sendai)
JR Tohoku Super Express (Shinkansen): approximately 2 hours※Access to requesting area:
・by rail (closest station: JR Furukawa Station)
JR Tohoku Super Express (Shinkansen): 17 minutes
JR local trains: 1 hour 30 minutes
・by car: approximately 1 hour

Area of Coverage1): approximately 1,524km２ (152,381ha)
agricultural area2): 362km２(36,190ha); forested area1): 837 km２(83,684ha)
Agro-ecological Zones: Paddy agriculture in temperate zone
Topographic Features: Alluvial plain
Climate Type: Humid subtropical climate
Approximate Population3) (Beneficiary 1)):205,925／20,451
Ethnicity/Indigenous population: N/A
Main Source of Livelihoods: agriculture, forestry, industry and commerce
Summary Information of the Agricultural System:
The Osaki region has developed as a paddy agriculture region by using the lowland swamps andwetlands that extend across the basins of Eai River and Naruse River The region frequently
experiences drought, is prone to flooding due to the topographical features of a landscape that rolls
down from precipitous mountain areas to low gradient plains, and suffers cold temperature damage
caused by the yamase, a cold and moist seasonal wind that is unique to the Pacific coast of the Tohoku
region. However, in order to secure food and maintain their livelihoods under such challenging
environmental conditions, farmers of this region have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and usedtheir ingenuity to manage and coordinate water resources. Their tireless efforts to develop a paddy
agriculture system centered on rice production have allowed them to hand down from generation to
generation the fertile land known as “Osaki Kōdo.”Ingenious water management system that supports agriculture
In order to make rice cultivation possible in a challenging natural environment, from medieval
times, the people of Osaki Kōdo have exerted much effort into achieving both water use and flood
prevention. They have built intake weirs, tunnels and drainage tunnels, reservoirs and networks ofirrigation and drainage channels, thus securing the means for irrigating and draining water, without
which agriculture in the Osaki region would not be possible. They have also implemented various
preventive measures against yamase winds, including ingeniously taking advantage of watertemperatures to raise seedlings, applying “deep-water management” (raising paddy water levels), andstopping the irrigation water flow during the daytime. In anticipation of floods, flood control basins
have been created to reduce inundation damage. This ingenious water management system has been
implemented and administered by water users organizations founded upon the keiyakukō, which is along-established local reciprocity-based organization.
1. Rich landscape
The lives of local farmers are supported by the igune, woodlands planted around houses inprotection against floods and winter northwesterly winds. Home to many tree and plant species, theigune are used as a source of daily food. As “forests floating in rice paddies,” they interconnect withsurrounding rice paddies and water channel networks, thus creating a unique landscape that provides
habitatsfor a variety of florae and faunae.
2. Traditional farming culture
Farming practices generated nature-worshiping folk beliefs, including worshiping themountains where water is sourced, agricultural rituals and folk performing arts that are performed inprayer or in appreciation of a bountiful harvest, and the tōji culture of going to the hot springs torecover from the fatigue of hard agricultural labor. Furthermore, a rich and diversified local foodculture was born, including mochi (rice cakes) cuisine, which was enjoyed in between stages of riceproduction; fermented food such as sake, miso (soybean paste) and soy sauce; and loaches andcrucian carps, which are byproducts of fishing in the rice paddies.
3. Agriculture in symbiosis with biodiversity．
Paddy agriculture based on the traditional water management system has contributed to theconservation of greater white-fronted geese and various other living creatures that are dependent on
the wetland ecosystem of rice paddies. It also develops agriculture-oriented symbiotic relationships inwhich indigenous natural enemies such as frogs, spiders and dragonflies control pests. On the other
hand, there are rising concerns that the biodiversity conservation functions that have been supported

by the traditional water management system and paddy agriculture may decline due to stagnant rice
prices, dependency on pesticides and chemical fertilizers, the aging and lack of farmers. In this region,these social risk factors have been addressed by increasing public awareness about the importance offood safety, consumer trust and biodiversity, producing organic and environment-friendly rice throughpest control methods drawing on ecosystem functions, promoting the development of the sixth sector,
building trust through producer-consumer exchange and developing a new distribution system basedon their mutual support.
Therefore, the paddy agriculture of this region has overcome the challenges of a unique andchallenging natural environment frequently exposed to yamase winds, floods and drought. The people
accumulated the wisdom to use water wisely, and preserved an integrated ecosystem of rice paddies
and wetland. It is an agricultural system featuring high resilience and innovation in the face ofagricultural and ecosystem-related risks and change induced by climate change and social factors.

Glossary
Osaki Kōdo

The name of this paddy agricuture region, which was developed from thefloodplains spreading across the basins of two rivers. It developed as a fertile
land as a result of the farsighted agricultural policy of Date Masamune who
settled himself in this region, on Iwadeyama.

yamase wind

A cold and moist seasonal wind that blows from the Okhotsk High during therainy season

Keiyakukō

The keiyakukō is, as keiyaku means “contract and kō means “association,” agroup which faced with harsh natural conditions has formed together tomutually cooperate in agriculture, water management, and the other various
activities of daily life. In order to support the community, the keiyakukō hasestablished rules, commonly written, regarding the various roles andobligations of participating members. Although the basis for the group is ashared territorial bond, because this bond is close to that of a familial or
kinship relationship it can be said that the keiyakukō is the core community
unit of local society.

The figure above indicates the organizational structure and rotational
scheme of the keiyakukō. The keiyakukō is a social organization that usuallycomprises 5-15 households. The head of each household becomes a member
and meets once or twice annually to discuss various matters. The leader, whichchanges every year, is determined by rotation. The wakamono-keiyaku andkodomo-keiyaku foster next-generation leaders.

deep water

A method of water management where the paddy water level is raised to keep

management

the rice plant deeper in the water in protection against cold temperatures

BansuiA block rotation-oriented water control system that is implemented in Osaki
Kōdo either in a wide area or on a more local basis.

nurume-suiro

A channel used to avoid irrgating cold water directly from the stream. In somemountainous areas, entire rice paddies are used as "nurume-ta" to warm up thewater.

The diagram above show three structurally different examples of anurume-suiro. The first diagram shows a case where the nurume-suiro is the
only measure taken. The second example adds a nurume-ta (lukewarm rice
paddy) to the landscape and the third adds a nurume-ike (lukewarm reservoir).
The structure of the nurume-suiro is diversified, all the more in mountainous
areas where the water is warmed in multiple stages.
Igune

Homestead woodlands commonly seen in Osaki Kōdo. Igune have beenplanted so that they protected farmers' houses from floods and northwesterly
winds during the winter. Igune are examples of what the FAO refers to
as ”trees outside forests (TOF)”.

Mochi

Rice cakes made by pounding glutinous rice. There are 46 ways to eat mochi,
in terms of garnishing styles and cooking methods.

fermented foodTraditional food that is made by fermenting local produce. Most fermented
food, such sake, miso, natto and soy sauce, can be preserved.

Contents
Description of the Agricultural Heritage System
1. Significance of the Proposed GIAHS Site・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1a) A traditional and ingenious water management system that fosters agriculture in Osaki Kōdob) A unique landscape of rice paddies, “igune”, water channels and reservoirsc) The blessings of water and the wetland ecosystem fostered by Osaki Kōdod) The blessings of water and a traditional culture fostered by the Osaki Kōdo
Characteristics of the Proposed GIAHS Site・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・6

2.
(1) Food and Livelihood Security

The history of paddy agriculture in Osaki Kōdo supported by traditional and ingenious water
managementb) A history of paddy agriculture centered on overcoming yamase windsc) Integrated agriculture centered on rice productiond) Expansion to related industriesa)(2) Agro-biodiversity・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・12a)Agriculture in symbiosis with the wetland ecosystem of rice paddiesi) A wetland ecosystem fostered by paddy agricultureii) Biodiversity and a symbiotic relationship with agricultureb) Agricultural diversityc) Efforts towards sustainable food supply and guaranteed livelihoodi) Ensuring the continuity of agriculture through partnership among consumers, NPOs and companiesi) - i
Mutually supportive urban-rural exchangei) - ii Producer-consumer partnership through biodiversity conservationi) - iii Paddy agriculture and partnership with companies that support biodiversityi) - iv NPO-farmer partnership through the conservation and restoration of reservoirsii) Efforts to engage citizens in biological monitoringd) A Landscape with flying birds, including geese, preserved through paddy agriculture(3)

Local and Traditional Knowledge Systems・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・22a)Wisdom in paddy agriculture: traditional and ingenious water managementi) Network of traditional water management covering the entire basinii) Flexible water management using flood control basins (Kabukurinuma, Shinainuma and Nabirenuma)iii) Network of farmer –led joint water management based on keiyakukōiv) Joint efforts in conserving irrigation channels, biological field surveys and festivalsv) International cooperation to share water management technologyb) Overcoming yamase winds to make ricei) Exchange of seed and developing cold-resistant varietiesii) Traditional water management in rice paddiesiii) Soil preparation through recycling local resourcesc) Human resource development for the preservation of paddy agriculture knowledge and technology for
future generationsd) Contribution to human welfare and quality of lifee) Creating local, national and global economic and environmental goods and services for local
communities and society as a whole

i) Landscape-based coexistence with the environmentii) Support through collaboration with local administration and welfare(4) Cultures, Value Systems and Social Organizations・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・35a) The keiyakukō, mutual assistance organizations supporting local agricultureb) Preserving agricultural culturei) Agricultural ritualsii) Folk beliefsiii) Folk performing artsc) Food culture fostered in Osaki Kōdoi) Mochi cultureii) Food preservation techniques (fermentation and freeze-drying)iii) Sake brewingiv) Preserving the rich food culture and adding value by developing a sixth sectord) Systems of communication among peoplei) Hot spring healing cultureii) Traditional markets(5)

Landscapes and Seascapes Features・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・42a) “Osaki Kōdo” a landscape created by paddy agricultureb) Value of the landscape from the perspective of agricultural biodiversityc) Various values provided by landscape

Sources and cited literature・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 48
References ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 50
Attachments・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 53
1. District Map（Details）and Land-use Map・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 53
2.

Biodiversity List・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 54

3.

Species and Numbers of the Principal Migratory Birds which Fly into the Osaki Area・・・・・・・・・・74

4. Agricultural Diversity List・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・75
5.

The traditional and ingenious, multi-layered water management system of Osaki Kōdo・・・・・・・・・・86

6.

List of Ingenious Water Management Infrastructure・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・89

7.

List of the Number of Occurrences of Disasters Caused by Cold Weather・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 92

8.

Supplementary Information about Cultures, Value Systems and Social Organizations(Farming Culture)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・93

9.

List of Principal Agricultural Rituals and Folk performing arts・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 98

10.

10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands
Resolution X.31(Enhancing biodiversity in rice paddies as wetland systems)・・・・・・・・・・・・・108

DESCRIPTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEM
1. Significance of the Proposed GIAHS Sitea) A traditional and ingenious water management system that fosters agriculture in Osaki Kōdo
Paddy agriculture developed in the Osaki Kōdo1 region by using noyachi (lowland swamps) andwetlands that extend along Eai River and Naruse River as rice paddies. Osaki Kōdo frequently
experiences drought, is prone to flooding due to the topographical features of a landscape that rolls
down from precipitous mountain areas to low gradient plains, and suffers cold temperature damage
caused by the yamase, a cold and moist seasonal wind that is unique to the Pacific coast of the Tohoku
region. However, since medieval times, the region has performed integrated water management bybuilding intake weirs, irrigation and drainage tunnels and channels, reservoirs, and flood control basinsin over 1,300 locations along the Eai and Naruse Rivers, collaborating from upstream to downstream on
a diversity of water management technologies for irrigation and drainage that each accommodate
different geographic and climatic features as well as climate-related disasters such as floods anddroughts. This integrated approach has allowed the ingenious coordinated control of the water required
for agriculture.
Such water coordination efforts were performed mainly by keiyakukō, local land-based mutual
assistance organization among farmers. In times of drought, the bottom-up water users organization
established schemes based on exchange and agreement between upstream and downstream farmers toenable the sharing of water –for example, by reusing irrigated water or controlling the water flow byblock rotation (“bansui”). Playing an indispensable role in the farmer-led coordination of such
sophisticated joint water management, thekeiyakukō has been continued across thearea river basin. The region‟s efforts tomake improvements in paddy ridges andwater irrigation and drainage channels had
been unprecedented over one hundredyears ago and it has contributed to themaintenance of the rich and diverse Osaki
Kōdo.4)
As with the saying naehansaku(“good seedlings are half the battle”), theregion has fought against cold temperaturedamage caused by the yamase winds by
Figure 1-1 Paddy agriculture based on traditional water management system
1

A widely accepted name that the rich agricultural land of the Osaki area is known by. Honai-dosan-ko (Satomi Fujiemon, 1798) says ”It is called Osaki Kōto (浩蕩), meaning
Vast Osaki, or Kōto (広稲) meaning vast area of rice. There is a particularly large number of paddies and crop fields and the land is very fertile, thereby producing an outstanding
amount of rice that cannot be matched by any other region.” The region was known to be fertile land covered with rice paddies. Koto was later changed to Kōdo (耕土),or tilled
land.

- 1 -

cultivating strong seedlings that are disease and environment-resistant, as well as by applying
diversified agricultural methods that effectively use water like deep-water management (raising paddy
water levels to control water temperature).
Furthermore, agriculture in this region is broadly based on tilling land through the joint work ofcrop farmers and livestock farmers, a tradition continuing from the Edo period (1603-1868) whenhorse-breeding was popular in the region. This has enabled the production of rice that is resistant to cold
temperature damage, such as that caused by yamase winds.
People exchanged seeds at markets or at temples and shrines, consequently sharing genetic
resources that were adaptive to the cool environment. This practice developed into the cultivation(securement and distribution of seeds) of varieties with higher cold weather resistance and higher yield,
led by Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station. These efforts have supported local
agriculture by creating varieties such as “Sasanishiki” and “Hitomebore”, which have become major
Japanese rice varieties today, that support rice production in a region that is constantly hit by yamasewinds.
Furthermore, this comprehensive local water management system has made not only paddy
agriculture possible, but also the production of various agricultural products that support the diet of local
people. From early in history, it has supported the production of soybean, which is made into traditional,
local fermented foods and non-perishables, including miso (soybean paste used as a seasoning), soysauce and natto (fermented beans), as well as traditional local vegetables, such as kozena-daikon (local
variety of Japanese radish), Onikobe-na (a leaf vegetable), Matsuyama-seri (a local variety of Japaneseparsley), and Kamiibano-satoimo (a local variety of eddo), which are pickled or used as non-perishables
to eat during wintertime.
b) A unique landscape of rice paddies, “igune,” water channels and reservoirs
In this region, igune, or more commonly, yashikirin (homestead woodlands) protected farmers‟
houses from floods and northwesterly winds during winter. These woodlands have been conserved fromearly times to support the residential environmentof farmers living amid rice paddies.
In general, yashikirin refers to homesteadwoodlands planted around residences and aresometimes called yashikimori (homestead forests).
The tradition of yashikirin remains in very few
regions in Japan. The igune is literally like a“mountain of treasure” that provides vegetables

Photo 1-1

Osaki Kōdoand various resources necessary for everyday life.
Moreover, the Sendai feudal domain, which encompassed all of present day Miyagi prefecture,laid great importance in maintaining igune,, and its first Lord Date Masamune (1567-1653), allowed the- 2 -cutting down of trees only by permit. People were required to plant saplings to replace the tree that was
cut down in accordance with the size of the original tree. The saplings were grown in a nursery ownedby the domain. Thus, the region had already seen an emergence of the idea of mitigation2.
An igune is composed of a variety of species, including subcanopy trees such as Japanese alders,which can grow in wetlands, cedar, bamboo and hinoki cypress, as well as understory trees. The
complex mixture of trees has supported people‟s lives. This unique landscape embracing rice paddies,igune, channels and reservoirs passed down from the Edo period contributes greatly to the biodiversityof the local paddy field ecosystem where animals including many bird species, frogs, snakes, anddragonflies travel between rice paddies and igune.
The igune of Osaki Kōdo continues to be a part of the local landscape. When the rice paddies arefilled with water during rice-planting season
when the seedlings have yet to grow, they createa distinctive landscape with forest islands
floating within the wet fields.
The diversity of the landscape of Osaki
Kōdo, ranging from the sight of “bōgake”, alocal method of drying rice on vertical poles thatis rooted in local climatic conditions to herons
standing on the paddy ridges, living creatures
including red dragonflies and fireflies, and geese
travelling between rice paddies and wetlands, isFigure 1-2

General image of the landscape of Osaki Kōdo

supported by paddy agriculture.
c) The blessings of water and the wetland ecosystem fostered by Osaki Kōdo
With the maintenance of rice paddies and wetlands through an agricultural system adaptive tosevere natural conditions, the habitats of frogs and spiders and other animals (indigenous natural
enemies) that prey on insect pests are stably maintained, anda symbiotic relationship between rice paddies and living
creatures is thus formed. Such
relationships are also drawn upon in proactive efforts tocontrol disease and pests and to prepare the soil for organicand environment-friendly rice production, which has cometo be widely practiced. These efforts involve deep-water
management and the appropriate sprinkling of rice bran on

Figure 1-3 Pest control scheme using indigenous
natural enemies

the water surface to control the growth of weeds, thus
2

Mitigation: actions to mitigate or compensate for environmental impact caused by human activity. A method developed in the U.S. around 1970 toaddress the rapid reduction of wetlands.

- 3 -reducing the labor required. Organic andenvironment-friendly rice production is currently being performed on 3,679ha, contributing to theconservation of rich biodiversity in rice paddies as well as the restoration of water networks that enableorganisms to go to and from water channels and rice paddies.
The environment provided by Osaki Kōdo has been found to be home to endangered species listedon the Red List published by the Ministry of the Environment including fish such as Pseudorasbora
pumila pumila (Japanese common name: shinaimotsugo) and Acheilognathus typus (Japanese common
name: zenitanago), amphibians such as Pelophylax porosus porosus (Japanese common nametokyodarumagaeru) and insects such as Lethocerus deyrollei (Japanese common name: tagame) anddytiscids.
Furthermore, the local landscape of rice paddies and wetlands supports the wintering of over
100,000 greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) that migrate to the region in pursuit of rice husks,
as there are few remaining habitats for them. The birds in turn supply organic material in the form ofdroppings to the rice paddies, another example of the symbiotic relationship with the rice paddies. The
Winter-flooded Rice Paddy (Fuyu-mizu-tambo) method was launched in 1998 as a pioneering
agricultural method that floods rice paddies during the winter in an effort provide rice paddies as
roosting sites for the greater white-fronted geese and to support organic farming. Following the lead of
Osaki, these efforts have been taken up by other municipalities such as Toyooka City in Hyogo
Prefecture and Sado City in Niigata Prefecture, and have gradually spread throughout Japan. Thismethod has proved not only to effectively control weeds in farming, but also to contribute to theformation of richer habitats for organisms overall. Therefore, the Winter-flooded Rice Paddy method in
combination with production using reduced pesticides and reduced chemical fertilizer and organic
production, supports the biodiversity of rice paddies.
d) The blessings of water and a traditional culture fostered by the Osaki Kōdo
Osaki Kōdo is home to a fermentation-oriented food culture that makes sake, soy sauce and a typeof miso, which is said to be the original form of Sendai Miso, all from local agricultural produce. A
mochi (rice cake)-eating food culture that serves mochi with seasonal foods in accordance with holiday
and ritual events flourished and continues today. The region also has a long cultural history of fishingfor loaches and crucian carp in the rice paddies, as well as eating the locust living there. People continue
to practice agricultural rituals such as “Yanagisawa Yake Hachiman” and participate in folk religion
such as “worshiping Funagatayama Mountain (Funagatayama-shinko”). A tōji (hot spring healing)
culture has also developed, and people continue to spend days at the hot springs during the agriculturaloff-seasons to bathe and recover from the fatigue of hard farm work.
In this way, by overcoming severe natural conditions, the region has successfully continued paddy
agriculture in the fertile land known as Osaki Kōdo while preserving a rich integrated wetland- 4 -ecosystem through a water network connecting channels and reservoirs and the diversified igune
landscape. This local agricultural system is built on the wisdom to wisely use water under uniquechallenging natural conditions including the frequent occurrence of three climate events – yamase winds,
floods and droughts. It is a unique, forward-thinking agricultural system that is globally important for its
high resilience against risks and changes imposed upon agriculture and ecosystems by climate change
and other social factors.

- 5 -2. Characteristics of the Proposed GIAHS Site
(1) Food and Livelihood Security
In Osaki Kōdo, food has been secured by adapting to environmental conditions, including cold
temperature damage induced by yamase winds as well as floods and droughts, which were not always
optimal for rice cultivation, by wisely and ingeniously harnessing local water resources. Addressing cold
temperature damage was most important in order to secure the food required to survive and to guarantee
their livelihoods. Farmers have grown a diversity of crops including soy bean, wheat and vegetables toavoid hunger in times of poor harvest and support their livelihoods through diversified sustenance, notlimited to growing rice. This integrated agricultural system supports the continuation of paddy
agriculture and enables the sustained production and supply of various agricultural produce centered on
rice, which is the staple food of the Japanese and serves as the basis of the Japanese economy andculture.
a) The history of paddy agriculture in Osaki Kōdo supported by traditional and ingenious water
management
The history of rice production in Osaki Kōdo goes back 2300 years, to the Yayoi period (4thcentury BC – 3rd century AD). Stone knives, earthenware with marks of unhulled grains of rice, andcharred rice have been discovered from 65 archaeological sites.
From the Tumulus Period (3rd century–7th century), irrigation
channel remains have been found at the Tomenuma andJizoguruma ruins, and this is believed to mark the beginning ofwater management. In ancient times, rice production spread withthe promotion of the Yamato court‟s (6th century-7th century.)
immigration policy which encouraged people to move from the
Kanto region. Water management schemes are believed to havebeen developed during this period. It has been recorded in

Photo 2-1 Iwadeyama Ozeki Weir
(Meiji period (1868-1912))

historical literature that by medieval times, water was irrigatedfrom rivers, beginning with the Tatemae Ozeki weir (1264).3
The “ingenious water management system” of Osaki Kōdo
originated in the period between the late medieval times to earlymodern times when Lord Date Masamune took up residence
Iwatezawa Castle (currently Iwadeyama, Osaki City) in 1591
and initiated rule.
In the Sendai Domain, the Date family made efforts to turnthe floodplains of noyachi (undeveloped lowland swamps) and3

Photo 2-2 Historical irrigation channel(Uchikawa)

Based on data compiled from excavation reports, histories compiled by local governments, and old local documents by local government staff from
Osaki City and the four towns in charge of cultural assets in the Osaki region.

- 6 -wetlands into rice paddies, and implemented measures to solve irrigation and drainage issues byconstructing intake weirs, irrigation and drainage tunnels, agricultural irrigation and drainage channels
and reservoirs, thus completing a network of rice paddies and channels. Some construction events wererecorded as carvings on stones and in historical literature. Examples include, the excavation of the
Minamihara Anazeki tunnel (1644-1647) by Yusa Heizaemon in the upstream area of the Eai River, andthe excavation of Arakawa-anazeki tunnel (1655) by Okoshi Kiuemon. Yusa Heizaemon‟s plans covered
irrigation and drainage solutions for not only the Eai River but also the entire basin including the NaruseRiver and sought to build the Arakawa-zeki weir and Semizeki weir (1659-1669), Hara-seki weir
(1670-1680) and drainage for Nabirenuma Swamp (1830-1843). Okoshi Kiuemon, who excavatedArakawa-zeki weir, also directed the drainage of Shinainuma Swamp downstream. This presents
evidence that wise and ingenious water management schemes covering the entire Osaki Kōdo had been
acknowledged and devised from early times when there were no detailed maps. In the upstream area,
where many water intake facilities are located, water was taken in from the rivers via the intake weirs
and irrigated to the farmland through tunnels and channels; and in the midstream and downstream areas
with less available water, many reservoirs were constructed in the hills and the “bansui” system (ascheme limiting the hours or locations of water intake by rotation) was adopted. An ingenious water
management scheme was designed in the early Edo period to supply water to the farmland in the basin.
From medieval times to early modern times, water management based on intake weirs andirrigation channels constructed all over Osaki Kōdo creatively protected the local agriculture fromnatural conditions such as the yamase winds and guaranteed farmers their food and livelihood, thereby
supporting the development of local agriculture.
Against the backdrop of such agricultural developments, during the times of the Sendai Domain,
much of the rice consumed in Edo (present day Tokyo) was supplied from this region, thus supporting
the diet of the people in Edo. The “Edo Kaimai-sei4” was introduced and contributed to the stabilizationof the domain‟s finances and life in the dominion. The ingenious water management system embracing
Iwadeyama Ozeki weir (1591) and “Uchikawa” irrigation channel (which not only took water from the
Ozeki weir but also served the purpose of being the outer moat of the castle), which Masamune was
directly involved in constructing, as well as other intake weirs, irrigation and drainage tunnels,
agricultural irrigation and drainage channels and reservoirs built in the Edo period continue to keep therice paddies of Osaki Kōdo filled with water. The “keiyakukō,” outstanding local mutual assistanceorganizations, continues to take the initiative in retaining conventional networks and irrigation functions
through well-managed water distribution and management of channels.

4

Edo Kaimai-sei (Edo rice transportation system): The Sendai clan‟s method of selling rice by purchasing surplus rice from farmers and selling it in Edo.
Under the rule of the Osaki family (1413-1548) the local rice was sent as tribute to the capital in Kyoto as “Kinu-hada-mai (silk skin rice)”. Amounting
to one-third of total consumption in Edo, the rice was called “Hongoku-mai” and used as the index rice for determining rice prices.

- 7 -←Minamihara
Anazekitunnel←Minamihara
Anazeki tunnelOzeki,→
Iwadeyama
Uchikawa
Ozeki, Uchigawa→Haraseki weir→
Semizeki weir→Haraseki weir→←Semizeki
weir←Semizeki weir

←Tatemae Ozeki weir

←Kabukurinuma
flood control←Kabukurinuma
basin
flood control basin←Tatemae Ozeki weir

←Nabirenuma
flood control←Nabirenuma
basin

Arakawa-zeki weir→
Arakawa-seki weir→

Shinainuma flood
control basin→

flood control basin

Shinainuma flood
control basin→

Irrigation Channel

Tunnel weir

TunnelFigure 2-1

Nurume-suiro

Major components of the traditional water management in Osaki Kōdob) A history of paddy agriculture centered on overcoming yamase winds
Miyagi Prefecture including Osaki Kōdo, has suffered 117 significant events5 of agricultural cold
temperature damage including those induced by yamase winds, frost, heavy rainfall and early winters,
since the 17th century. This amounts to major crop damage once every four years, or once every three
years including floods, diseases and pests. Therefore, addressing cold temperature damage was thepriority issue in securing the food required for survival and guaranteeing their livelihood.
In Osaki Kōdo efforts continued to proactively preserve and further develop adaptive technologies
for the introduction of cold-resistant rice varieties through the exchange of seeds, variety improvement,
5Compiled based only on data on factors of cold temperature damages extracted by the Secretariat from Miyagi prefecture’ s land improvement history(1600-1988)and “The status of cold temperature damage” in An illustrated introduction to rice production and cold temperature damage in the Tohoku
region.”- 8 -seedling cultivation methods (irrigated rice nurseries, protected semi-irrigated rice nurseries), and water
management methods during rice cultivation (turning off irrigation in the daytime, deep-water
management, installing long channels to give the irrigation water time to warm up). These efforts have
led to the development of high quality varieties including “Sasanishiki” and “Hitomebore”, while
preserving the rich local paddy agriculture.
While the people of Osaki Kōdo employed adaptive water
management technologies to address yamase winds, they also
developed a spiritual culture in which they prayed with reverence
and offered thanks for the blessings bestowed upon them by thenatural forces that stood beyond their control. Traditional culture,including local manners and customs such as events for the Little
New Year (preliminary celebrations), has been preserved andcarried on by local mutual assistance organizations, keiyakukō,

Photo 2-3 Yanagisawa Yake-Hachiman

which plays a core role in the local water management.
c) Integrated agriculture centered on rice production
Local farmers have supported their livelihoods throughintegrated work – a combination of not only rice production but
also growing vegetables for the family and processing produce,
working in the satoyama and satochi, such as forestry andcharcoal-making, silkworm breeding, horse breeding (producing
farm horses to plough the fields and carry lumber down from themountains) and making wooden crafts for daily use.
Approximately 20% of the labor force population5), or 20,451
people, still engage in integrated agricultural practices centered on

Photo 2-4

Family-based farming

rice production today. 7,185 commercial farm households rely on
profits from agricultural produce sales. Moreover, small farm households with under 10ha of farmland
account for 97%6) and family-run farms represent 94%1) of the total. On the other hand, the aging
farming population and lack of successors has led to community-based group farming, where members
cooperatively engage in farming is also rising in popularity. Therefore, we see that diversified forms offarming, with the majority family-based, are presently supporting the local agriculture.
In the case of rice in particular, consumer organizations, such as consumer cooperatives have led
the “Sanchoku” movement since the 1980s. The region was the first in Japan to foster various styles ofsales and distribution through communication and information exchange with consumers and consumer
organizations as well as biological field surveys. This has led to stable sales of rice and otheragricultural produce. The adjustment of irrigation and drainage under a traditional water management
system has enabled the cultivation of various crops other than rice. In addition to soy bean and wheat,- 9 -vegetables such as scallions, tomatoes and Chinese cabbages as well as flowers such as chrysanthemums,
pears and other fruit and traditional vegetables such as the Kozena-daikon, Onikoube-na, Matuyama-seri,and Kamiibano-satoimo, are grown in fields close to the igune (residence). The harvested produce issaved in case of rice failure due to yamase winds, floods or droughts, and as non-perishables to use
during the wintertime when the ground is covered with snow and crops cannot be grown. These
additional crops, along with rice, guarantee local livelihoods.
Comprehensive crop-livestock farming is also popular in this region. The breeding of beef cattle,
dairy cows, pigs and egg-laying hens contribute to stable farm operations. Animal manure are made into
compost and returned to the farmland as an important organic resources that support the fertile soil of
Osaki Kōdo.
Furthermore, in Osaki Kōdo, which is exposed to a strong
northwesterly wind, rice is dried under the sun using a traditional
method called “bōgake” that involves hanging the straw radiallyaround a pole. The “bōgake” method allows the rice to dry slowly,
thus generating benefits in terms of quality, creating few cracked
grains and improving the flavor in the after-ripening process.
Table 2-1

Status of agricultural production

Crop name

Photo 2-5 “Bōgake” method for drying rice7)8)

Area of production

Amount produced

Rice

19,550ha

106,810 tons

Wheat

798 haArea of production

Amount produced

Lettuce

11 ha

151 tons

3,173 tons

Scallions

159 ha2,658 tons

3,807 ha7,157 tons

Onions37 ha

869 tons

Daikon radishes

110 ha2,820 tons

Cucumbers

76 ha

1,657 tons

Carrots

27 ha

316 tons

Eggplants

62 ha

852 tons

Potatoes

112 ha2,323 tons

Tomatoes

43 ha

1,355 tons

Eddo

18 ha

117 tons

Buckwheat

92 ha

12 tons

Chinese cabbages

94 ha2,445 tons

Japanese pears

15 ha

311 tons

Cabbages

50 ha

943 tons

Chrysanthemums

Spinach106 ha1,042 tons

Soy beans

Crop name

1,392

a

3,711 thousandd) Expansion to related industries
During the Edo period, retainers were granted “chigyō” (territory) , or land in various locations ofa region. Castle towns developed around a retainer‟s residence and attracted rice cracker manufacturers,
sake breweries and straw crafts manufacturers, as well as local industries manufacturing miso, soy sauce,
tofu and natto (fermented soy beans), which contributed to the local economy and employment. In
particular, brewing industries, including sake, miso and soy sauce manufacturers, expanded greatly byusing locally grown rice and soy bean, thereby promoting collaboration among the agricultural,- 10 -

commercial and industrial sectors. The region is home to 11 sake breweries, 8 miso manufacturers and 4kōji (rice malt) manufacturers, all contributing to the boosting of value added by processing rice and soybeans.
Furthermore, paddy agriculture has used various byproducts without putting them to waste. The
straw made by drying rice on vertical poles (“bōgake”) was used as cow feed and bedding as well as forvarious daily goods, such as rice bales, ropes, mattresses, Japanese sandals, the backside of tatami mats,ornaments for shrine rituals, and cooking fuel. These products were also sold at local markets to gain
profit. Many have been replaced with chemical products today, but the special skills required to weave
straw crafts and straw ornaments for shrine rituals have been locally preserved by passing them down
within farming households and districts.

Table 2-2

Sendai miso6 manufacturers

Name of company

Year of establishment

Kamata Shoyu

1830

Yoneki Honten
Chubachi Miso
Shoyu-tenNatori Miso Shoyu-ten
Konno Jozo
Kawakei Jozo
Teshirogi Shoyu-ten

1835

Sendai Miso Shoyu

6

Table 2-3 Sake breweries
Name of company

Ichinokura

1868
1873
1903
1909
1910
1919
※Moved factory to Matsuyama(Osaki City) in 1998

Year of establishment
1755*changed company name in1973 due to business merger

Tanaka Shuzo-ten

1789

Hashihei Shuzo-ten

1790

Asakan Shuzo-ten

1819

Niizawa Shuzo-ten

1873

Miyagi
Furusato
Shuzo
Moritami Shuzo-ten

BrandsIchinokura

Manazuru
Tamanoo,Odaebashi
YoimaiAtago-no-matsu,
Hakurakusei

1874

Kosui, Arao

1883

Moriizumi

Kanbai Shuzo
Nakayu Sake
Brewery
Yamawa Shuzo-ten

1918

1893

Miyakanbai
Narusegawa,
Mugen
Washigakuni

Kawakei Shoten

1902

Kogaenezawa

1906

Miso manufactured according to the recipes and standards stipulated in the “Honba Sendai Miso Toitsu Shikomi Yoryo (“Honba Sendai Miso Touitsu
Shikomi Youryoui (Authentic Sendai Miso Manufacturing Standardized Manufacturing Guide)” determined by the Miyagi Prefecture Miso and Soy Sauce
Industry Cooperative Association is called “Sendai Miso (registered brand)”.

- 11 -

(2) Agro-biodiversitya) Agriculture in symbiosis with the wetland ecosystem of rice paddies
The ingenious water management system not only contributes to conserving the genetic resourcesof various crop plants including rice and conserving the diversity of organisms that inhabit the wetland
ecosystems that rice paddies are home to, but also helps promote agricultural practices that are in
symbiosis with nature through the pest-controlling functions of wetland ecosystems.
The river basin of the Eai and Naruse Rivers before the Edo period was a floodplain with noyachi(undeveloped lowland swamps) and wetlands. It is believed to have been home to various aquaticorganisms dependent on the rich wetland ecosystem as well as animals that preyed on them. The paddy
agriculture system of Osaki Kōdo enabled the use of the floodplain as rice paddies, controlling the waterwith human hands. Land use and water use based on the seasonal waterfronts and wetlands created by
paddy agriculture has guaranteed farmers food and livelihood and preserved the biodiversity of thewetland ecosystem.
i) A wetland ecosystem fostered by paddy agriculture
The agricultural system of this region conserves a rich wetland ecosystem through the mosaic
land use of secondary nature – the water-based network of channels and reservoirs along the Eai Riverand Naruse River and igune (homestead woodlands). Major
channels are filled with water every year and this rich water
environment conserves the wetland ecosystem throughout theyear.
Rice production in an environment where yamase winds
frequently cause cold temperature damage is reliant on
adjusting the water level of the rice paddies and channels in

Photo 2-6
paddy

Spider webs covering the rice

Photo 2-7
rice paddy

Egrets pursuing organisms in theorder to adjust the water temperature. This water management
also contributes to creating environments suitable as habitats fororganisms dependent on wetland environments. The channels
are inhabited by Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) and loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and other freshwater fish that
prefer slow water flows. As Figure 2-2 shows, rice paddies arehome to a wide variety of organisms, including numerous
microorganisms living underground, as well as sludge worms,
chironomids, spiders, dragonflies and other insects, frogs andother amphibians, and herons and other birds. Complexly interacting with each other as predators andprey, they form a closely linked ecosystem. The wetland ecosystem centered on rice paddies provides
habitats for valuable living creatures – 12 fish species including the Pseudorasbora pumila pumila(Japanese common name: “Shinaimotsugo”), the Acheilognathus typus (Japanese common name:- 12 -

“Zenitanago”), and Japanese rice fish; four amphibian species including the Pelophylax porosus porosus(Japanese common name: “Tokyodarumagaeru”) and the Hynobius lichenatus (Japanese common name“Tohokusansyouuo”); and insect species such as the Lethocerus deyrollei (Japanese common name:“tagame”) – that are listed as endangered species on the Red List published by the Ministry of theEnvironment.
Furthermore, from autumn to winter, the rice paddies of Osaki Kōdo become feeding grounds forover 100,000 greater white-fronted geese and the bean goose, a subspecies, that fly to the area from
Siberia. This is largely due to the fact that the flood control basins of Kabukurinuma and Kejonuma
provide winter roosting spots and that a vast area of rice paddies, which provide the rice hulls that they
feed on, and has been continued over a long period of time. Also, because the rice harvest in September
through October is followed by a soy bean harvest in November and December, the geese can continue
to find food.

Figure 2-2

Relationship between organisms in the rice paddies of Osaki Kōdo (compiled based on material by NPO Tambo)ⅱ）Biodiversity and a symbiotic relationship with agriculture
The wetland ecosystem of Osaki Kōdo not only provides
good habitats for a wide variety of organisms but also fosters
indigenous natural enemies that could effectively control ricepaddies pests; thus it is closely associated with the local agriculture.
For stable agricultural production, farmers need to apply anappropriate amount of rice bran to the water surface to reducing the- 13 -

Figure 2-3 Pest control scheme using
indigenous natural enemiesamount of farm labor required and properly control pests or reduce the damage suffered. While theapplication of pesticides is becoming mainstream, organic and environment-friendly rice farmers are
spearheading the introduction of pest control harnessing indigenous natural enemies, thus forging a
symbiotic relationship between living creatures
and agriculture.
Various indigenous natural enemies can beeffective in wet rice cultivation, and thus studies
and practice in this region are currently focused onpest control based on coexistence with frogs,
spiders and dragonflies.
As Figure 2-3 shows, indigenous natural
enemies like frogs, which are obvious predators,
have been proven to prey on insects. The slow
water flow of the channel network covering theGraph 2-1 Number of Tetragnatha spiders caught by distancefrom igune (compiled based on Osaki City Report on the Study onrice paddy area, the still water environment7 ofreservoirs, unique cultivation methods adaptive to

Participatory Monitoring Methods9)

yamase winds, and the Satoyama environment ofigune cattered in the landscape like “forests
floating in the rice paddy,” collectively form aunique landscape that fosters distinctive ecosystem
functions that can be applied for pest control. Rice
paddies close to a igune tend to have a large
population of Tetragnatha spiders, natural enemiesof plant bugs; pests to rice crops.9) Frogs anddragonflies, which also prey on pest insects inhabit

Graph 2-2 Comparison of frequency of appearance of natural
enemies around houses with and without an igune

the igune as well. Therefore, the addition of the(compiled based on Osaki City Report on the Study on Participatory
Monitoring Methods9))

igune to a landscape of rice paddies, channels andreservoirs creates an agricultural ecosystem
featuring rich biodiversity.
These pest control methods harness ecosystem
functions to reduce the damage caused by pests andagree with the concept of resurgence, where
overdependence on pesticides reduces useful insects,
which are natural enemies of the target pest, andconsequently increase the number of pests.
Using evidence from investigations of the7

Graph 2-3 Difference in pest populations according tocultivation method(compiled based on a report by Miyagi Prefectural
10)
Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station )A water environment with a flow so slow that the flow is imperceptible to the human eye. Lakes, ponds, marches.

- 14 -

relationship between pest populations and pesticide application10) combined with efforts to restore
water networks that enable organisms to travel between channels and rice paddies, agricultural
cooperatives and NPOs are holding seminars on cultivation and biological field surveys to spreadecosystem-based pest control.
Furthermore, organic cultivation methods that enhance biodiversity increase the sludge worm
population and activity. The floating feces and soil gradually accumulate to form a sludgy layer of soilthat has proved to have weed control effects, thus
supporting organic and environment-friendly riceproduction methods that maintain biodiversity. 8
Furthermore, by harnessing the water-retaining
functions of rice paddies, the “Winter-flooding Water
Paddy (Fuyu-mizu-tambo)” method, a life-friendly
agricultural method enhancing biodiversity and ecosystemservices is practiced over a total area of approximately
30ha. Cooperation among farmers, companies, an NPO
and local government is working to expand this effort.

Graph 2-4 Difference in population of natural enemies
due to cultivation method (Miyagi Prefectural
10)
Agricultural Experiment Station )b) Agricultural diversity
In Osaki Kōdo, efforts have been continued over the long-term to select and cultivate
cold-resistant varieties that could tolerate cold temperature damage induced by yamase winds. Even
today, Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station regularly conducts studies oncultivating varieties for cold regions, including the popular and savory “Sasanishiki” and “Hitomebore.”
Efforts continue to secure varieties that can tolerate even colder climates.
Also, the genetic resources of traditional local vegetables, such as Kozena-daikon, Onikoube-na,
Matsuyama-seri and Kamiibano-satoimo, which match the local climate and support people‟s lives
along with rice have been preserved through continued cultivation and seed gathering. These vegetables
are suitable for preservation as fermented foods or underground storage during snowfall, and have thus
played an important role in securing food to survive the long and severe winters and constitute a part of
the rich local food culture.
Furthermore, since vegetables of the Brassicaceae family such as the Kozena-daikon face a highrisk of intercrossing, farmers and a local seed and nursery company have collaborated to conserve
genetic resources. They have taken effective approaches to preserve for future generations the genetic
resources of traditional vegetables that we may risk losing.

8

The effects of the Winter-flooding Water Paddy method: birds feed on weeds and their seeds, thus effectively controlling weed growth and sharing a
symbiotic relationship with rice production.

- 15 -

Table 2-4

Major traditional vegetables
Name
Description○Cultivation
area: Kozena
Kozena-daikon
district, Onoda, Kami Town

Name
Onikoube-na○Features: a type of Japaneseradish with small roots
Cultivation period: mid-Aug.
– mid-Oct.

Name
Matsuyama-seri○Use: only leaves and stems areused in soups and Japanese
pickles
Description○Cultivation area: Matsuyama,
Osaki City

Name
Kamiibano-satoimo○Features: Unique scent andcrispness
Cultivation period: Sep.-Mar.
○Use: Japanese pickles, soups○Cultivation information:

Description○Cultivation area: Onikoube
district, Naruko Hot Springs,
Osaki City
○Features: a type of Brassica
campestris, similar to theturnip. Cultivation in the
Onikoube district gives it aunique flavor.
Cultivation period: Aug.-Nov.
○Use: Stems, leaves and roots
are all edible pickled in salt
Description○Cultivation area: Kamiibano
district, Sanbongi, Osaki City
○Features: Seed potatoes arepreserved by family. Subject
to replant failures (can only
be grown once in three years
in the same field). Cultivationin this district gives it aunique stickiness.
Cultivation period: Apr.-Oct.
○Use: Can be cooked in various
ways. Can be stored
underground during winter.

c) Efforts towards sustainable food supply and guaranteed livelihood
In recent years, paddy agriculture in this region has struggled with a number of concerns: low rice
prices due to increased surplus rice as a result of increased rice yield and changes in diet, dependency on
pesticides and chemical fertilizers, dwindling farming village communities as a result of declining
village populations due to aging and declining the agricultural population, reduction in paddy
agriculture, and the continuation of the traditional water management system maintained throughcollaboration as well as the symbiotic relationship with wetland ecosystems maintained through riceproduction.
In response to these social risk factors, theregion has raised awareness of the importance offood safety, consumer trust and biodiversity,
practiced organic and environmentally-friendly
rice production with consideration for pest
control methods that enhance symbiotic
relationships with organisms, engaged
consumers in exchange with producers based on
partnership between city residents and NPOs andintroduced biological field surveys. Trust has

Figure 2-4 Biodiversity conservation through partnership among
farmers, city residents and NPOs

- 16 -

been forged through producer-consumer exchange and a new distribution system built on mutual support
has been established. These efforts have been supported by paddy agriculture and the richness of thebiodiversity fostered. They are important examples that demonstrate the direction in which we shouldtake the agricultural system in order to pursue sustainable agriculture.
ⅰ) Ensuring the continuity of agriculture through partnership among consumers, NPOs andcompanies“Winter-flooded Rice Paddy Rice” made using the Winter-flooded Rice Paddy method,“Shinaimotsugo Sato no Mai” produced as a result of activities to conserve the endangered
Pseudorasbora pumila pumila (Japanese common name: “Shinaimotsugo”), and the “Naruko no Kome
Project Yukimusubi” have been made possible through the participation of not only farmers but also
non-farmers, city residents (consumers), companies and civic organizations such as NPOs. Partnerships
have been forged through communication and information exchange to achieve mutual understanding aswell as joint farm work and surveys. Efforts are supported by consumers who understand the meaning ofeach initiative and are thus not influenced by fluctuating market prices but are willing to pay asustainable price.
ⅰ) -ⅰ Mutually supportive urban-rural exchange
Naruko Onsen district, Osaki City, located in thewesternmost part of the region is cold and receives short hours ofsunlight. Therefore, it had been unsuccessful in growing rice
varieties like Sasanishiki, which have been fostered for cultivationon the plains. In order to overcome such circumstances, local
farmers,
non-farmers and Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural
Experiment Station joined forces to launch the “Naruko no Kome
project”.

Photo 2-8 Exchange with consumers in
the Naruko no Kome project

Under this project, a savory rice variety called “Yukimusubi” that grows well in the local climate
was selected, and through forging a mutually visible
producer-consumer relationship and discussions on ideals of agricultural production, the rice waspurchased for a sustainable price. This is an example of CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) that is
supported by consumers, agricultural communities and farmers alike. The project has taken another step
forward to preserve traditional local culture by serving onigiri (rice balls) in wooden bowls made by alocal artisan specializing in making oke (wooden pail) or by dedicating a Kagura (Sacred Shinto dance).
ⅰ) –ⅱ Producer-consumer partnership through biodiversity conservation
Amid increased concerns for food safety and consumer trust led by consumer cooperative, efforts
to directly connect producers and consumers were launched in 1982. This movement is widely known as
the “Sanchoku” movement. Farmers and consumers deepened mutual understanding through- 17 -

communication and information exchange and collaborated to support the cultivation
environment-friendly rice by purchasing such agricultural products for a sustainable price. 11) The“Sanchoku” movement gathered momentum for pesticide and chemical fertilizer-free production andorganic production. Conventional producer-consumer exchange has been expanded to include activities
such as monitoring the biodiversity of rice paddies thorough“Surveys on Lives in Rice paddies and Surrounding
Environments” that promotes understanding of the importance ofthe biodiversity that rice paddy farming supports and thus
promotes paddy agriculture with sustainability perspectives.
These efforts have resulted in the undertaking of wet ricecultivation applying less than half of conventional amounts ofpesticide and chemical fertilizers (including organic production
and pesticide and chemical fertilizer-free production) over an

Photo 2-9 Sanchoku efforts focused oncommunication with consumers. (Survey on
Lives in Rice Paddies and Surrounding
Environment)

area of 3,679ha.
ⅰ) –ⅲ Paddy agriculture and partnership with companies that support biodiversity
Local agriculture and biodiversity is also proactively supported
through partnership with a local company (local sake brewery). A local sake(rice wine) brewery employs traditional fermentation techniques to brew
Japanese sake with Winter-flooded Rice Paddy Rice, a brand of rice locallyand organically grown with the aim of achieving a symbiotic relationshipbetween agriculture and the conservation of migrating birds such as the geesethat migrate to the Osaki region. Furthermore, a portion of the profits fromsake sales is donated to an NPO to explicitly demonstrate the value of
wetland ecosystems found in rice paddies and to support conservation efforts.
Such efforts by local companies not only support local farmers by

Photo 2-10 Winter-flooded Rice
Paddy Sake

purchasing their rice, but also enhance the value of the rice by applying a
traditional and local fermentation technique and further support conservation efforts through the profits.
They form a model that draws on local strengths.
ⅰ) –ⅳ NPO-farmer partnership through the conservation and restoration of reservoirs
The Pseudorasbora pumila pumila (Japanese common name: Shinaimotsugo), discovered in
Shinai-numa swamp (Kashimadai, Osaki City), is a fish species that represents the local fauna and yet it
is listed as an endangered species, since the aging and decline of the farming population have caused
difficulties in managing the reservoirs that are their habitats. Therefore, an NPO and farmers joined
forces to perform management operations such as dredging habitat reservoirs, and thus conserving theirhabitat environment. Furthermore, the NPO is engaged in a rice-branding scheme known as the“Shinaimotsugo Sato no Mai” rice certification program,” which certifies that the water used in
producing the rice comes from reservoirs that are inhabited by a diversity of living creatures, including- 18 -

Pseudorasbora pumila pumila, and that have been
proved to have high water quality. These efforts
represent valuable wisdom that promises toformulate a model that balances biodiversity
conservation and the sustainability of agriculturethat enables reservoir management.

Figure 2-5

NPO-farmer partnership centered on a reservoirⅱ) Efforts to engage citizens in biological monitoring“Surveys on Lives in Rice paddies and Surrounding
Environments” are performed nationwide and have become
an established method to learn about the multidimensional
functions of agriculture, including the safety of agricultural
produce and consumer trust as well as biodiversity
conservation.
In this region, efforts have been made to further
develop biological field surveys proactively led by organicor environment-friendly rice producers, organizations thatreceive payment for activities to enhance
multi-functionality and city residents (consumers) and shift
to collaborative monitoring by citizens and consumers.
Also, to encourage the participation of more local
residents in biological field surveys on the secondary
nature that they are most familiar with - rice paddies,
irrigation channels, reservoirs and forests surrounding
houses such as igune,indicator organisms and a survey

Figure 2-6 Implementing and spreading monitoring byvarious actors

manual unique to the region have been developedreflecting the local wetland ecosystem, based on Indicator Animals of Functional Agrobiodiversity: A
Survey and Evaluation Manual (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). By compiling
historical data from monitoring and adding evaluations conducted by NPOs with expertise, stronger
links will be developed among agricultural systems, the symbiotic relationship between biodiversity andecosystem functions and food safety and consumer trust. Efforts are underway to harness this as basic
data to communicate the value and significance of the agriculture and agricultural produce of Osaki
Kōdo.
- 19 -d) A landscape with flying birds, including geese, preserved through paddy agriculture
The traditionally continued practice of paddy agriculture has allowed rice paddies to play the roleof feeding grounds for migrating Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons), a national naturalmonument, which feed on gramineous plants growing in wetlands. Particularly in this region, an
environment that embraces a combination of the rice paddies of Osaki Kōdo that serve as feeding
grounds and wetlands, including the flood-control basin Kabukurinuma and reservoir Kejonuma, which
support the local agriculture as the basis of traditional water management, paddy agriculture has been
maintained through tireless efforts. These areas have been registered as Ramsar sites9 for theirsignificance as a valuable place that may save migratory Greater White-fronted Geese from extinction,
as their population has once drastically decreased in Asia.
Ramsar COP10 in 2008 adopted Resolution X.31; Enhancing biodiversity in rice paddies as
wetland systems, referring to a Winter-flooded Rice Farming derived from Osaki Kōdo as a good casefocusing on a role of rice paddies contributing to maintain biodiversity. That recognizes values ofagro-biodiversity of rice paddies. (Refer to Attachments 10.)During the Tempo years (1830-1843) of the Edo period, a haiku poet of the region (currently
Wakuya Town), Kudo Roin also composed about birds in his haiku: From my hands, a Black-crowned
Night Heron (Goisagi) flies against the spring moon. Therefore, birds constitute a familiar part of thelocal landscape. The Japanese people are particularly fond of geese, which are commonly seen in theregion, and they have celebrated the sight of flying geese in Japanese poems and paintings as a
traditional feature of the Japanese landscape. Appreciated in tanka in The Tales of Ise, which is believed
to have been written before the Heian period (794-1185), and also appearing in the paintings of Ukiyoe
artist Utagawa Hiroshige of the Edo period, geese are birds that represent the Japanese landscape.
Excerpts from The Tales of Ise:
“Fireflies flying in the sky, if you are flying above the clouds, tell the geese that the autumn wind isblowing.”“Autumn when geese cry and chrysanthemums bloom is wonderful too, but the coast of Sumiyoshi
is indeed a pleasant place to live in springtime.”
The sublime sight of geese flying out in early morning or flying back to roost is breathtaking. The
landscape produced by the local biodiversity has been maintained largely by paddy agriculture, while inother regions such landscapes are disappearing.
Historical channels including Uchikawa, which runs from Oseki weir in Osaki City‟s Iwadeyama
and the outer moat flowing from Semizeki weir in Miyazaki-cho, Kami Town, still inform us today of
the atmosphere of the Edo period.

9

Kabukurinuma (registered as Kabukuri-numa and the surrounding rice paddies) was registered in 2005. Kejo-numa was registered in 2008.

- 20 -

Photo 2-11(above)Moon and geese
Figure 2-7 (left) Ukiyoe: Moon and geese (Utagawa Hiroshige)- 21 -

(3) Local and Traditional Knowledge Systems
The region is exposed to a cold and moist seasonal wind known as the yamase that blows from the
Okhotsk High during the rainy season and has suffered frequent cold temperature damage, counting 117
climate-related crises12) including cold temperature damage since 1600. As Figure 2-8 shows, looking
from the Pacific Ocean, the region is located in between the Kitakami Plateau and Abukuma Mountains,and is thus strongly influenced by this seasonal wind. During the Edo period, drastic drops in yieldcaused by cold temperature damage induced by yamase winds resulted in several periods of famine.
13)14)

Under such severe natural conditions, our ancestors engaged in efforts to adapt to the local climate,utilizing local water resources to grow cold-resistant seedlings, managing the water during the rice
growing phase and securing seeds that would enable even the smallest amount of increased yield in acool climate.
Moreover, by preparing the soil mainly by applying manure, local farmers have grown rice
resistant to yamase winds and have thus stabilized yield.
Furthermore, vegetables and other daily foods that are as indispensable as rice to a farmer‟s life
are grown in fields that are unsuitable for paddies in the igune, woodlands surrounding the house, andpreserved underground or by making pickles in preparation for the winter. The local sustenance andlivelihood has been supported by local and traditional knowledge.

図図2-7（左上、右）「やませ」の発生と地形による季節風の流れ（イメージ）
Figure2-8（left up、右）upper &right）Flowof seasonal winds resulting from topographical features and development of yamase winds
2-7（左上「やませ」の発生と形による季風の流れ（イメージ）
Photo
2-12（left
bottom）skies
yamasePhoto
2-12（left
bottom）a
view
of
the
skies whenyamase winds are developing
Photo 2-12（left bottom）skiesforming
formingyamasea) Wisdom in paddy agriculture: traditional and ingenious water management
As Figure 2-9 indicates, the current paddy agriculture system is an achievement obtained througha combination of improved technologies but also myriad lessons shared among local people since the- 22 -

16th century. The people have practices paddy agriculture by addressing yamase winds and droughts
through elaborated water use and responding to floods by employing flood-control basins throughout theagricultural production cycle.

Figure 2-9 Paddy agriculture based on traditional water management systemⅰ) Network of traditional water management covering the entire basin
By installing infrastructure to take water and distribute it evenly across rice paddies, Osaki Kōdo‟searly water management system dating back to medieval times enabled the use of the area‟s floodplains,
including its wetlands and lowland swamps, as rice paddies. Developments were made through earlymodern times to take water at weirs along the water-abundant Eai River and Naruse River and deliver it
to rice paddies by gravity flow. In the upstream area with relatively easy access to water, and thus many
division facilities, water was taken from the rivers at weirs and delivered to the farm land throughtunnels and channels. In the midstream and downstream areas, where water became less available, many
- 23 -

reservoirs were built in the hills to stock the water from upstream. Using a system of 37 intake weirs, 30
tunnels, channels extending over a total of 6,000km, and 1152 reservoirs, water was stably supplied. On
the other hand, an effective drainage system was managed by both enhancing tunnel-based drainage andharnessing flood control basins.
The region also harnessed the natural gradient in its multilayered water management system fromupstream to midstream and then downstream.
In the upstream mountainous area of Eai River, tunnels were excavated by drilling a hole in themountain manually and excavating tunnels in the mountains to supply irrigation water for mountainous
areas. The cold water is naturally made warmer before it enters a paddy field by employing ingenious
techniques such as “nurume suiro (lukewarm channel: a channel used to avoid irrgating cold water
directly from the stream)” and “nurume ta (lukewarm rice paddy: in some mountainous areas, entire ricepaddies are used to warm up the water.)” that let the water divert around the paddy field. In the
midstream area, weirs are employed to reuse irrigated water, and weirs and reservoirs were used for theelaborated intake of water. In the downstream area, the dual use of tunnels for both irrigation anddrainage enabled the effective water management to use lakes and swamps as rice paddies.
In the upstream area of Naruse River, a combination of careful water intake from reservoirs, water
distribution via tunnels and water reuse harnessing the geographic features of an alluvial fan are
performed. In the midstream hills, mountain channels deliver water to hilly farmland and reservoirs. In
the downstream area, people secured drainage routes by using a network of naturally flowing channels
following the natural gradient served as secure drainage routes, while they also implemented
sophisticated water use, including the reuse of drainage overflows as “hanpukusui” and “bansui” (blockrotation).
In the lowest part of the basin of both rivers where the land is almost flat, flood control has been
performed using both natural flood control basins and rice paddies, which potentially serve as flood
control basins in times of flooding.
Hence, this region has developed a unique water management system that can be used both forirrigation and drainage according to topographic and climatic conditions by utilizing tunnels and thewater channel network covering the basin. This system has helped to continuously preserve paddy
agriculture in Osaki Kōdo.
In addition, afforestation and forest conservation activities upstream in the water source area
contribute to maintaining a rich water supply and providing building material and fuel.

- 24 -

Features of water
management①Moutaineous area
securing irrigationwater and using“nurume-suiro”

Eai
River
basin

Traditional and ingenious water management system
Rice crop damaging factors
Wisdom regarding water management
・Securing irrigation water・Adapting to cold
temperature damage

・Using tunnels for water management for
mountainous areas
・Making “nurume-suiro” channels to treat
cold water②Gently inclined areawith a naturally
flowing water channel
network・Adapting to drought
・Securing irrigation in
low-gradient areas
・Adapting to cold
temperature damage③Wetland area using
tunnels for both
irrigation and drainage

・Switching from irrigation todrainage in the event offloods・Adapting to cold

・Establishing a gravity flow-based water
channel network along a gentle slope
・Using “hanpukusui (recycled water),” orreusing ”ochimizu” (drained water)
・Sophisticated water use employing the“bansui” block rotation scheme (limitingwater intake by rotation)
Turning lakes into rice paddies by using
tunnels for both irrigation and drainage※Sending water to Kabukurinuma（Multiple uses, including as the largest- 25 -

⑥Low plain area using
rice paddies as flood
control basins④Alluvial fan area using
weirs, reservoirs andrecycled water

NaruseRiverbasin⑤Hilly area using
irrigation tunnel
networks to supply
water to farmland andreservoirs

temperature damage
・Adapting to floods(low-gradient)・Adapting to cold
temperature damage

・Securing irrigation water in
the alluvial fan area
(managing flow speeds)
・Adapting to drought・Adapting to cold
temperature damage
・Securing irrigation waterfor reservoirs in a small
water catchment area
・Adapting to cold
temperature damage

wintering area for geese in Japan)
・Flood control basins (natural flood control
basins + using rice paddies as flood control
basins)・Using flood control basin for multiple
purposes, including as the largest wintering
area for geese in Japan (Kabukurinuma
flood control basin)
・Elaborate intake of water via weirs andreservoirs
・Harnessing slopes to reuse water・Using tunnels for water distribution

Managing irrigation water to supply water tofarmland and reservoirs in hilly areas (digging
tunnels and channels on the hillside)

Figure 2-10
The traditional and ingenious, multi-layered water management system of Osaki Kōdo
～A basin-wide system based on local characteristics～ (Refer to Attachments 5.)

Kainohori Tunnel
Kamikoya Tunnel

Kainohori Tunnel
Kido-numa
Swamp

Kido-numa
Swamp

Kainohori-numa

Yawata-numa

Yawata-numa

Swamp

Swamp

Kainohori-numa
Swamp

Swamp

Kamikoya Tunnel

Sankoya-numa

Sankoya-numa

Swamp

Swamp

1) Drain the water of Kainohori-numa Swamp via the Kainohori
Tunnel①貝堀沼の水を「貝堀隧道」により排水
2) Use Kainohori-numa Swamp as a rice paddies②貝堀沼を水田として利用
3) Drain the water of Sankoya-numa Swamp via the③三高野沼の水を「上高野隧道」で排水
Kamikoya Tunnel

Figure 2-11

4)

Use the Kamikoya Tunnel as an irrigation channel to ricepaddies in Kainohori-numa Swanp and as a drainage channel
from the rice paddies of Sankoya-numa Swamp

5) Use Sankoya-numa Swamp as rice paddies

Use of wetlands as rice paddies and wisdom to use tunnels for irrigation and drainageii) Flexible water management using flood control basins (Kabukurinuma, Shinainuma andNabirenuma)
Multiple natural rivers run through Osaki Kōdo, with the larger ones being the Eai and NaruseRivers. These rivers provide the water for the paddies. However, as the inclination of the downstreambasin being 0.0004 degrees, the area is geographically inclined to experience massive flooding in
typhoons or concentrated rainfall. Along the Naruse River, 17 major house-damaging floods have
- 26 -

occurred during the 140 years from the Meiji period (1868-1912). In the downstream area, people haveenjoyed the blessings of nature, engaging in agriculture and fishing in rice paddies. When the area is hit
by a major flood, taking advantage of the fact that rice is relatively resistant to flooding, flood control
basins are secured so that the flood water can be guided into some of the rice paddies and save thevillages and other rice paddies from flood damage. Hence, damage is reduced through flexible water
management that draws on the characteristics of rice paddies. The flood control basins of Kabukurinuma,
Shinainuma, and Nabirenuma continue to bear the conventional functions of receiving overflow during
major floods.

Natural flood
control basin

Rice paddy
Rice paddy
Rice paddy

Rice paddy
Rice paddy
Rice paddy

Photo 2-13 Kabukurinuma flood control basin(Osaki City)

Photo 2-14 Shinainuma flood
control basin (Osaki City)

Photo 2-15 Nabirenuma flood
control basin (Misato Town,
Wakuiya Town)

Furthermore, Kabukurinuma comprising both a natural flood control basin and also rice paddies
used as flood control basins, is a registered Ramsar site and is the largest wintering site in Japan for
greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), a national natural monument, requiring both rice paddies
as feeding grounds and wetlands for roosting. It should also be especially noted that together withanother Ramsar site, the Kejonuma, a local reservoir, the rice paddies feed 100,000 greater
white-fronted geese. They represent the multipurpose use of an ingenious water management system.

Photo 2-16 Flood control basin Kabukurinuma, where 100,000
greater white-fronted geese winterPhoto 2-17 The wintering of greater white-fronted geese
supported by the local agricultural systemiii）Network of farmer-led joint water management based on keiyakukō
In Osaki Kōdo a farmer-led water users organization rooted in keiyakukō was established toperform sophisticated water management including balancing the conflicting interests of upstream anddownstream and the distribution of water among villages. Droughts that occur in accordance with- 27 -

annual changes in weather have been addressed through methods including “bansui”, block rotation
shifting from simultaneous and continuous flow to a rotational and intermittent flow pattern, and“hanpukusui,” damming drainage water for reuse as irrigation water. Meticulous water management has
led to a stable water supply. The management cost and labor has been shouldered by farmers
themselves.
These local adjustment functions developed into the Water Management Association and Flood
Prevention Association from around 1890, and have been succeeded by Land Improvement Districts,
which address water management over wider areas. End-use water management is jointly conducted atthe village level based on connections among keiyakukō. This multilayered management scheme
contributes to the stable use of water resources while adapting to changing severe natural conditions.

Figure 2-12

Reusing“hanpukusui” from upstream

Figure 2-14

Figure 2-13

Multilayered water management in Osaki Kōdo

Water management rules upstream and downstream using tubes- 28 -

iv）Joint efforts in conserving irrigation channels, biological field surveys and festivals
In this region, villages engage in proactive efforts toconserve farm land and water-related facilities by weeding
and dredging channels. Other than biological field surveys,
environment-friendly fishways and wooden channels arealso being built. By proactively inviting not only farmers
but local residents to participate in joint work, traditional
undertakings such as festivals and holy rituals are also
being preserved.
Photo 2-18 Joint activities by farmers and local residentsv）International cooperation to share water management technology
The region has successfully made paddy agriculture possible through ingenious water
management based on strong relationships among farmers. It has developed a sustainable water
management system led by farmers that adjusts the water flow in times of flood or drought.
Asian and African countries have built water management facilities with funds from internationalorganizations and assistance from developed countries to support paddy agriculture, but are now
challenged with the development of an organizational structure for continued maintenance of theinfrastructure. As the farmer-led water management system ofthis region is a very informative model for these countries, theregion has welcomed trainees from overseas (China, Malawi,
Afghanistan, Uganda, etc.) and has endeavored to spread its
sustainable water management system and technologies basedon the initiative of local farmers.

Photo 2-19
On-site training of Water
Management Organization from Ugandab) Overcoming yamase winds to make rice
Tireless efforts were made to secure seeds that would adapt to a cold climate and land conditions.
The “Sasanishiki” brand was developed as a rice variety that had the high yield features of“Sasashigure”. Later, “Hitomebore” and “Tohoku 19410” were developed as new varieties with highly
improved cold-resistant features.
Furthermore, slow temperature change and cultivation techniques to prepare the soil using
compost served to adapt crops to cold temperature damages cause by yamase windsⅰ）Exchange of rice seeds and developing cold-resistant varieties
Osaki Kōdo has continued to select and develop cold-resistant rice varieties that can adapt to cold
temperature damage caused by yamase winds.
At Konpo-ji Temple (Wakuya Town), rice seeds were exchanged until the 1970s in association
10

Tohoku 194 is produced as “Sasamusubi (Osaki City, Wakuya Town, Misato Town) and “Sasayutaka” (Shikama Town, Kami Town)- 29 -

with an agricultural ritual. Seeds were empirically selected through growing cold-resistant varieties andtraded at markets, temple and shrines. Furthermore, in order to stably grow and secure varieties that
adapt to cold climate, Miyagi Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station has collected 120 varieties
since 1905, 15)including 67 varieties collected from local farmers and 53 varieties from the Tohoku andHokuriku regions to build a distribution system for new cold-resistant seeds and stock seeds based oncomparative tests16) and pure line selection. Seeds are distributed to farmers, thus supporting stable
agriculture.
Even today, at Miyagi Prefecture Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station, new rice varieties
for cold regions are continually being developed using a cold-water paddy for cold resistance tests. In
addition to major brand varieties such as “Sasanishiki” and “Hitomebore” it has developed 42
non-glutinous varieties, one sake rice, and 4 glutinous varieties. Further efforts are underway to secure
varieties that can tolerate even colder climates.
ⅱ）Traditional water management in rice paddies
With rice growing in Osaki Kōdo, where farmers face the risk of cold temperature damage due toyamase winds, it is said that “good seedlings are half the battle” implying how important it is to growstrong and healthy seedlings. Therefore, up to the 1960s, seedlings were grown in “toshi-nawashiro”(nursery beds used only to grow seedlings and are not used for growing rice afterwards) or“mizunawashiro11” (irrigated nursery beds) in a corner of a rice paddy. Advancements have been seen inassociated technology: heat retention technologies were used to speed up seedling growth, thenprotected semi-irrigated rice nursery technologies12 developed into pool nursery technologies, in whichpools are installed in greenhouses where mature seedlings13 are grown just as they would be in anursery, only in an environment with little temperature change. Pool nurseries expose seedlings to few
diseases, and have come to be widely used as a “pesticide reduction technology” among organic farmers
and farmers using reduced pesticides and chemical fertilizers, thus supporting agricultural ecosystems.

Improvements/ development

Photo 2-20

Toshi-nawashiro

Improvements /development

Photo 2-21 Protectedsemi-irrigated rice nurseries

11

Photo 2-22

Pool nurseries

nursery beds used only to grow seedlings and are not used for growing rice in order to allow the soil capacities to recover and to grow strong seedlings
A seedling-growing method combining irrigated nurseries, non-irrigated nurseries and protected nurseries
13
Leaf age of 4.0 to 5.0.
12- 30 -

Technologies introduced at the rice growing stage include delaying the rice production period,
letting the water taken from the weir divert around the paddy field to avoid cold irrigation water fromdirectly entering the rice paddy (“nurume-suiro” or “mawashi-suiro”), stopping irrigation during thedaytime and irrigating the fields only in the morning and at nightin order to protect the rice from cold temperatures brought by the
yamase wind and cold irrigation water (“hiruma-tome-mizu”) andharnessing water temperatures in deep-water management.
Farmers also popularly soak seeds in a “kadoppa,” awashing place in the irrigation channel close to the house or in the“seed pond” on the premises after the spring equinox, using the
Photo 2-23
Deep-water management
harnessing water temperatureswater temperature to speed up germination.
ⅲ）Soil preparation through recycling local resources
In early modern times when rice growing became popular,
farmers made compost by fermenting a mixture of grass from thelocal woods or grass cutting area, cow and horse manure and straw.
The region has been one of Japan‟s leading horse producers14
since the 16th century and horses were used not only to carry
harvested crops but also for manure. Because livestock breeding
was widely accepted in this region, 1357 livestock businesses1)
mainly breeding milk cows, beef cattle and pigs can be found.

Photo 2-24

Soil preparation using compost

For a long time, rice farmers and livestock farmers have cooperated to effectively use organic material
in soil preparation. In recent cold summers, rice paddies to which compost was applied and soil
preparation was conducted proved to have better yields. 17)
Such soil preparation fosters decomposers and sledge worms, which are at the bottom of the rice
paddy agricultural ecosystem and support the ecosystem pyramid.(see p13, Figure 2-2)c ）Human resource development for the preservation of paddy agriculture knowledge andtechnology for future generations
The agricultural system of this region has been preserved and passed down by farmers and farmerorganizations. Beginning in the 20th century this has also been supported by research activities
conducted by public laboratories and research institutes as well as guidance and promotion activities bypromotional organizations.
The Osaki region has also been focused on fostering next-generation leaders of local agriculture
who will contribute to the preservation,
14

The use of horsepower for farming and putting organic material in agricultural land is referred to in “Bokuchiku M35-0074” (Miyagi Prefectural
Archives)- 31 -

dissemination and development of technologies.
Three agricultural high schools, namely Kami
Agricultural High School (1922), Kogota Agriculture
and Forestry High School (1896) and Nango HighSchool (1940), are located in the area from upstream
to downstream. In addition to general agricultural
education, the schools continue to support thepreservation of the local agricultural system from ahuman development perspective by offering classes
on climate, teaching cultivation techniques effectivein the cold climate of Osaki Kōdo and training

Figure 2-15

Location of agricultural high schools in theOsaki region

instructors of local agriculture and farmers.18)19)20)d）Contribution to human welfare and quality of life
In this region, the local government and 6 NPOs have joined forces to foster children with anawareness of environmental conservation through activities to get better acquainted with the local
environment. Named the “Osaki Ikimono Club”, children not only perform biological field surveys but
also gain a better understanding of how secondary nature is maintained by human activity by learning
about agriculture and the water management system that supports the agricultural system, Satoyama
management and tree thinning in the mountains. It has a curriculum (maximum duration of nine years)
to foster “interpreters” who can communicate this knowledge and enjoys the participation of children
from throughout the region, regardless of whether they are from farming households.

Photo 2-25

Activities of the next-generation education program “Osaki Ikimono Club”

Furthermore, environmental education is being implemented with a wider perspective throughcollaboration with other local governments engaged in “Coexistence with living creatures in the ricepaddies and agriculture” (Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture, Oyama City,
Tochigi Prefecture) and educational institutions including Tokyo University, Tohoku University and
Miyagi University of Education.
These efforts promise to become model programs to foster next generation actors who can- 32 -

preserve and pass on the value of human activities that support agricultural systems and the global
environment.
e ) Creating local, national and global economic and environmental goods and services for local
communities and society as a whole
The reduction of wetland environments, which are important sources of ecosystem services, hasbeen noted as an issue of concern in Environmental White Papers; and wetland conservation and theestablishment of broad networks (ecological networks) are called for. In this region, a land use mosaic
created by a water–oriented network of rice paddies, igune scattered in the rice paddies formed andmaintained by the local agricultural system, channels, and reservoirs continues to provide abundant
ecosystem services.
The world faces the common issues of agriculture-related water resources and soil erosion anddegradation induced by agriculture. This region has traditionally established an ingenious water
management system operated under the initiative of local farmers and farmer organizations with theirroots in the mutual assistance organization, keiyakukōs . In the early days after the Great East Japan
Earthquake occurred, keiyakukō effectively drew upon their reciprocal functions in sharing food and fueland proved their strong disaster response.
Furthermore, the region has maintained and preserved the local agricultural system byconnecting institutional capital, including a water management system that appropriately uses thenatural capital that generates ecosystem services. Such institutional capital can be applied in otherregions of Japan by gaining an understanding of existing local resources and associated management
systems as well human and local relations, reconstructing them in a reorganized form. It is also
important that this is done.
ⅰ）Landscape-based coexistence with the environment
As a result of a traditional water management system that enabled paddy agriculture and themaintenance of livelihoods in a climate with frequent cases of cold temperature damage caused byyamase winds and a region that experiences frequent floods and droughts because of a gradual incline,
Osaki Kōdo has developed a unique landscape that support farmers livelihoods and lives as well as arich ecosystem through mosaic land use embracing channels carrying the blessings of water, ricepaddies and igune scattered in the landscape like forests floating in the rice paddies. The mosaic land
use based on an ingenious water management system contributes to the conservation of rich biodiversity
and provides a habitat for frogs, spiders, dragonflies and other indigenous natural enemies of pests.
Osaki Kōdo has harnessed this symbiotic relationship between agriculture and the ecosystem,
promoting the spread of environment-conserving agriculture. In recent years, Miyagi Prefectural
Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station, Tohoku University and NPOs have encouraged farmers,
through demonstrative research, to employ Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to control- 33 -

pesticide-resistant organisms and to widely accept the concept of “resurgence”21), whereby reducing thenatural enemies of pests in pest control will consequently increase pests in the future; thus, local farmers
have become more and more enlightened. Practicing IPM to further promote agricultural methods
harnessing natural enemies will contribute significantly to balancing both sustainable agriculture andbiodiversity. Furthermore, the functions of the rice paddies in this region were acknowledged by the
Ramsar Convention, and “Kabukurinuma and the surrounding rice paddies” 15 became the first regionof “rice paddies,” as explicitly indicated in its title, to be registered as a Ramsar site. It has played an
important role in communicating to the world that paddy agriculture can help conserve various
ecosystems and provides a diversity of organisms habitats through human activity, as well as being amodel to follow for other sites with rice paddies.
ⅱ）Support through collaboration with local administration and welfare
The region is also a leading example of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES). Noting the
agricultural ecosystem conservation function of the Winter-flooding Rice Paddy method, the local
government supported the extra costs required for irrigation water during winter in what used to be
Tajiri Town. This example became a model case for including “winter-flooding” as an item of direct
payment for the environment 16 , thus contributing to enhancement of the ecosystem conservation
functions of rice paddies.
Collaboration between agriculture and welfare is also being pursued and the local agriculture
sector is proactively hiring the disabled. More farmers are growing environment-friendly rice to produce
value-added products.

15“Kabukurinuma and the surrounding rice paddies” was registered as a Ramsar site at the Ninth Ramsar Convention Conference of the Contracting
Parties in 2005 in Uganda
16
The program also provides grants to wet rice farmers practicing winter-flooding and using reduced pesticides and chemical fertilizer and does not strictly
follow the concept of the winter-flooding rice paddies method that is based on pesticide-free and chemical fertilizer-free farming.

- 34 -

(4) Cultures, Value Systems and Social Organizations
In Osaki Kōdo, paddy agriculture has continued despite challenging environmental conditions
including cold temperature damage induced by winter snowfall and yamase winds and river floodings,
fostering strong social organizations among the local people and developing an agriculture-based cultureof nature-worshiping folk beliefs such as the worship of the Ōu Mountains, as well as agricultural rituals,
folk beliefs and folk performing arts performed to pray and to express thanks for a successful harvest,
and diverse traditional local cuisine, including mochi and fermented foods.
Such local culture has been preserved and passed down from generation to generation, fulfilling
different roles as agriculture and agricultural society evolved from medieval times to present, andcontinue to support the local agricultural system today.
a) The keiyakukō, mutual assistance organizations supporting local agriculture
The keiyakukō is a social organization that
supports the activities of local farming villages.
Strong land-based reciprocity for mutual
assistance in agriculture, replacing roofs,
weddings and funerals written out in contracts andbylaws, the keiyakukō plays an indispensable rolein the bottom-up water management of this region,
which requires sophisticated, coordinated water
management. Although details of how keiyakukōs
developed in this region are unknown, they are
known to have exisited by the middle of the Edo

Photo 2-26 (right) Contract of a keiyakukō (bylaws of a keiyakukōof the Domyo district, Shikama Town)
Photo 2-27 (left) Rokushinko Seiykakucho

period, as the Toriyagasaki Keiyakukō atToriyagasaki district in Kami Town, the oldest
keiyakukō known today was established in 1743.
22)

Today, 760 keiyakukōs23) exist in an area of 563

administrative units17, functioning as locallyrooted social organizations. A traditional ritualthat remains in association with keiyakukōs is“Koizumi no Mizushugi” (Miyazaki, Kami Town),
which has been designated an intangible folklore
cultural asset of Miyagi Prefecture. This ritual is
performed for newlyweds to grant them
Figure2-16 network of 760 keiyakukōs from upstream todownstream

permission to become a member of the local
keiyakukō. When the Great East Japan Earthquake
17

Administrative units refer to neighborhood community associations within cities and towns.

- 35 -

occurred, the reciprocal function of keiyakukōs were effective in the sharing of food and fuel, and theirstrong disaster response has also attracted much attention.
b) Preserving farming culture
Local agricultural culture, including agricultural rituals, folk beliefs and folk performing arts,
strongly remains in Osaki Kōdo.
i) Agricultural rituals
Agricultural rituals are annual events that are closely related to agriculture and are performed in
between every phase of agricultural production to pray for an abundant harvest. The timeline of suchrituals usually takes the course of: preliminary celebration stage => averting hazards/warding off
misfortunes

stage => offering thanks for the harvest stage.24)25)

Examples of agricultural rituals in Osaki Kōdo are provided below. Preliminary celebration rituals
include the New Year rituals of Konpoji Temple (Wakuya Town),“Yanagisawa no Yake-hachiman” (Miyazaki, Kami Town), and“Kirigome no hadaka kasedori” (Miyazaki, Kami Town). Rituals
to ward off impediments such as “Mushiokuri,” which aims toward insect pests away, and kappa (water imp) festivals, arelocally performed everywhere. The “Yonekura Kashima Jinja no
Kensen Gyoji” (Furukawa, Osaki City) is held to express

Photo 2-28 “Oyumi Shinji (divine bow ritual)”a New Year ritual at Konpoji Temple

gratitude for a harvest.
ii) Folk beliefs

Folk beliefs are everyday beliefs held by ordinary people that were established and fostered in a
local community. An example of such folk beliefs rooted in Osaki Kōdo is the “Funagatayama Worship”
that worships the deity of Funagatayama Mountain who is a god of
agriculture and has a “Yamamiya (mountain shrine)” in the mountains and a“Satomiya (village shrine)” at the foot of the mountain. This type of worshipthat consists of “Yamamiya/Satomiya” form of worship is rarely found in
Miyagi Prefecture. Other deities include the “Ujigami” that protects eachhousehold and village, as well as other agriculture-related deities, such as
the “Suijin (water god)”, “Ta-no-kami (god of the rice paddies)”,“Inari-kami (god of agriculture)” and “Yama-no-kami (god of themountains)” often enshrined in local shrines or along paths.

26)

Photo 2-29 Stone representing
the Funagatayama Worshipiii) Folk performing arts
Many folk performing arts have developed in Osaki Kōdo in close association with traditional- 36 -

agriculture. Some examples of folk dances that wish for an abundant harvest or a successful cereal crop
are: the “Yanome Taue Matsuri (Yanome rice planting dance)” (Furukawa, Osaki City), the“Kiyomizu-chiku Taue Odori (Kiyomizu district rice planting dance)” (Shikama Town), the “Onoda
Taue Odori (Onoda rice-planting dance)” (Onoda, Kami Town) designated a cultural property of Miyagi
Prefecture, the “Nonodake Hakusan Honen Odori (Nonodake Hakusan dance for and abundant harvestyear)” (Wakuya Town), and the “Miyabukuro Masutori Mai” (Furukawa,
Osaki City)
Also, in order to pass down the long history of floods and theadaptive technologies which were developed in response to future
generations, efforts are underway to preserve a traditional dam-building
technique known as “monkitsuki” (Kashimadai, Osaki City). In
collaboration with the local educational institution, the technique has beenarranged into a folk performance which has been performed at local
elementary schools. The “Taue Odori (rice planting dance)” is often
Photo 2-30

performed at local festivals to pray for a successful cereal harvest.27)

Monkitsukic) Food culture fostered in Osaki Kōdo
The people of Osaki Kōdo grow a large variety of agricultural products. While continuing theirefforts to adapt to yamase, which induce cold temperature damage, and to floods, they produce the threemajor cereal crops of rice, wheat and soy bean as well as traditional vegetables unique to the region. The
rich ingredients were used to make kōji (rice malt), which is used in miso and sake. The region has
fostered a rich food culture and is one of the largest producers of fermented food products in Miyagi
Prefecture. It should be especially noted that the region traditionally has a mochi (rice cake made frompounding glutinous rice)-eating culture with a diversity of ways to eat mochi.
ⅰ）Mochi culture
A “gochisō” (pronounced “gottsō” in the local dialect), or
feast, in Osaki Kōdo would refer to a meal with mochi. A perusalof all locally observed annual events reveals that the number ofdays that mochi was eaten at the festive meals for festivals,celebrations and the hosting of guests (“Hare no hi”) amounted toa maximum of 67 days a year. Although “dango (sweet rice
dumplings)” and glutinous rice such as “sekihan (sticky rice boiled
with red beans)” were sometimes eaten instead of mochi in thestrict sense of the word, this means that the local people ate mochi

Photo 2-31

“Gottso” mochi of Osaki Kōdo

once every five days. Considering that farmers also spontaneously ate mochi, even on ordinary days(“Ke no hi”), for example on rainy days when field work was not possible or when they took the day off,
- 37 -

they may have eaten mochi over 70 days in a year. This region can be counted among those that
consume the most mochi in Miyagi Prefecture. Osaki Kōdo has 46 ways to eat mochi, in terms ofserving styles and cooking methods.28)“Ebi-mochi (mochi served with shrimp)” and “Fusube-mochi (mochi served with loaches) are
unique to this region. What rice farmers caught from fishing in the rice paddies and irrigation anddrainage channels were important sources of protein and could be referred to as a byproduct of the
traditional water management system.29)30)
ⅱ）Food preservation techniques (fermentation and freeze-drying)
This region is home to a rich food culture based on rice andkōji (rice malt), as well as fermented food and preserved food using
soy beans and vegetables. It was fundamental for people to prepare
rice, miso and pickled foods to survive severe winters. Rice wasstored in a rice granary. Miso was made by mixing boiled soy beans
with salt and kōji (rice malt) and putting the mixture in a miso
storehouse to ferment and mature slowly over a long period of time.
Vegetables were fermented in a paste made from rice bran and salt.

Photo 2-32

Traditionally made miso

The local miso, known as Sendai Miso, has been made from the early modern period (1568-1867). It issaid that, during the period of Toyotomi rule, each daimyo (local feudal lord) brought miso to theprolonged battles, but they all spoiled except for that of the Sendai Domain miso, and thus Sendai Miso
gained high recognition.
Tofu and daikon radishes were freeze-dried in the cold winter wind for long storage. Even today,
processed agricultural products, including miso and pickles, “shimi-dofu (freeze-dried tofu)” and“shimi-daikon (freeze-dried daikon radishes)” are handmade by the female family members of farming
households and sold at local farmers‟ markets, the income from which also support farmers‟ householdincome.
ⅲ）Sake brewing
The sake breweries of this region have long histories.
According to some records, the Natori family of Iwadeyama,
Osaki City presented the Date family with “cooking sake” before
1600 and then in 1661, the Miyamoto family of Iwadeyama wasnamed purveyor of sake to the Iwadeyama Date household. Other
sake breweries were also established in the Edo period, including
the Matsumoto family of Matsuyama, Osaki City established in
1755, the Tanaka family of Nakaniida, Kami Town established in
1789, and the Sasaki family of Furukawa, Osaki City established
Photo 2-33 Traditional sake brewing- 38 -

in 1790. Eleven sake breweries18 currently operate in the region. In 2004, the Naruko Onsen District ofOsaki City was designated a “Doburoku Special District” under the Naruko Onsenkyo Special District
for Tourism and serves at farmhouses an unrefined sake called doburoku (made by adding kōji and water
to steamed rice and letting the mixture ferment) made by local farmers. Another product of local
partnership is a brand of sake made by a local sake brewery from local rice made using theWinter-flooding Rice Paddy method.
Furthermore, in 1997, Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station developed a
new variety of sake rice variety called “Kura-no-Hana” from “Yamada-Nishiki” and “Tohoku 140”.
Since then, “Kura-no-Hana” has been used by many sake breweries in Miyagi Prefecture to make local
brands of sake.
ⅳ）Preserving the rich food culture and adding value by developing a sixth sector
Fermented food and preserved food were traditionally madeusing the abundant local agricultural produce in order to survive thechallenging winters when the fields were covered with snow. Thesefoods are still made and enjoyed today along with a rich foodculture, including rice-based washoku (Japanese cuisine with rice,miso soup, one main dish, and Japanese pickles) and a traditional
eating of mochi with varying seasonal ingredients. The local foodculture continues to be appreciated today not as a means of survival

Photo 2-34 Local farmers’ market supporting
the development of the sixth sector

but with a sense of enjoyment or out of ritual significance.
Another important approach that supports the
agricultural system of Osaki Kōdo is that the diverse
agricultural product is not simply shipped as is but
processed by the producers themselves to add value, withthe aim to sell directly to consumers or to serve in
farmhouse restaurants. In addition to such “sixth sector”19
approaches that combine agricultural production as a
primary industry with secondary and tertiary industries,
local farmers and food processing companies have joined
forces in an agriculture-commerce-industry partnership to

Figure2-17

Local farmers’ market

sell new products.
Japanese pickles and other processed food that were usually consumed at home, are currently
offered to a wide range of customers, to local and visitors alike. Agricultural products, including those
processed, are consumed by around 2.53 million people every year, amounting to sales of approximately
18
19

A list of local sake breweries is provided in 2-(1)-d Table 2-3 herein.
909 management entities are involved in the sixth sector in the Osaki region (2015 Census of Agriculture and Forestry)- 39 -

2.6 billion yen (2015 on-site survey data). A distribution and sales scheme promoting the developmentof the sixth sector enables farmers who support the continuity of the agricultural system to receive ashare of the profits from agricultural production. This contributes to stabilizing farm management and todeveloping the local economy as well as preserving the agricultural system.
【New efforts to promote the development of the sixth sector】○Marketing lunch boxes and opening restaurants sing homegrown rice and vegetables○Developing new products using rice flour and finding new markets for local products throughfarmhouse restaurants○Producing miso and Japanese pickles using rice, soy beans and vegetables for direct sales or Internet
retailing○Producng organic and environment-friendly rice for processing and directl sales○Manufacture and sales of snacks using rice flour○Selling “shiso-maki” made from local shiso leaves, handmade miso and rice flour○Establishing a framework under which local agricultural organizations and local companies cancooperate to foster new industries○Developing and selling bean paste and snacks using ancient rice varieties○Developing and selling rice shochu (a clear distilled liquor) made from local rice in clay vats
employing the technologies used to make Kuma shochu in Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto○Developing and selling microwavable “traditional local soups” using local ingredients and recipe
kits for professional use○Commercializing Western-style cakes that use rice flour and sake lees through collaboration
between local cake shops and a local high school (with students studying to become patisserie)○Offering homemade doburoku in the Naruko Onsen district under the Naruko Onsenkyo Special
District for Tourism (designated in 2004)
Furthermore, approximately 200 homemade and traditional
dishes made from home recipes are brought to the Food Culture
Festival (Kami Town), which is held with the aim of discovering andpreserving traditional food culture and to promote dietary education.
Participants from both within the region and outside gather toexchange information on ingredients and cooking methods as well asshare the wisdom and variety of the farmer‟s kitchen, contributing to
the development of a sixth sector that draws upon traditional foodprocessing techniques.
Support for farmers engaged in the sixth sector movement isprovided through partnership with the Miyagi Prefecture Sixth Sector
Support Center, local governments, local agricultural cooperatives,- 40 -

Photo 2-35 Food culture festival,
exhibiting various processed foods

farmers‟ market groups, and the Liaison Group for Studies on Farming Village Life in the Osaki Region,
which is researching further ways to use local ingredients.
NPO Mirai Sangyo Sozo Osaki with a membership of people engaged in local commerce,industry and agriculture also contributes to the development of a local sixth sector by making new
products and finding new markets, and by providing supportive advice to match local produce with foodprocessing techniques practiced by individual farmers and manufacturers.
Therefore, various actors are proactively involved with the development of the sixth sector fromthe perspectives of production, distribution, sales and communication, thus stabilizing agriculture
operations and preserving and continuing the agricultural system.

d) Systems of communication among peopleⅰ）Hot spring healing culture
The toil of planting and harvesting rice under challenging
natural conditions led people to celebrate the end of rice planting
by making mochi (rice cakes) and drinking sake, and then to wash
away the fatigue they spent an extended break at the hot springs in
Naruko, Osaki City. This led to the development of the local tōji(hot spring healing) culture. The hot springs used for healing was

Photo 2-36 The tōjiba at Naruko Onsen

called tōjiba and was also visited by farmers and fishermen fromduring the Taisho period (1912-1926)

coastal villages. Hence, it functioned not only as a place forrecovery but also as a place for social exchange and trade. Naruko
lacquerware, lightweight wooden tableware coated in lacquer thathave been designated a traditional craft20 and Naruko Kokeshi
wooden dolls for children were traded at the tōjiba, thus boosting
the development of local wooden crafts.

Photo 2-37

Traditional crafts: Naruko kokeshi(left); Naruko lacquerware (right)ⅱ）Traditional markets
The markets developed for the local exchange of goods continue to be held today. Opened in 1604,
the Furukawa Yaoya machi (Furukawa, Osaki) has a history of over 400 years. And the Taga Ichi is heldin Kashimadai (Osaki City), Tajiri and Iwadeyama.31) Markets continue to attract many people and still
function as a spot for selling traditional local vegetables and traditional crafts not available at
supermarkets and other large retailers. Moreover, they are a place for communication via
person-to-person sales and a forum for information exchange.

20

Crafts designated by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the Act on the Promotion of Traditional Craft Industries- 41 -

(5) Landscapes and Seascapes Featuresa) “Osaki Kōdo” a landscape created by paddy agriculture
In the early Edo period, the Sendai Domain made ricepaddies and channels, which would guarantee farmers foodand a livelihood. Its climate features the frequent occurrenceof yamase winds and geographically it has a gradual incline,with frequent flood and drought events. It is a uniquelandscape that is built upon the continuity of a traditional
paddy agriculture system supported by farmers‟ efforts andingenious water management.
Rice production under the severe environmental

Photo 2-38 Mosaic land use with rice paddies,channels and igune homestead woodlands

conditions including the frequent occurrence of yamasewinds, flood and droughts, requires that farm work and water management be given careful attention.
Therefore, farmers had little choice but to build houses on slightly elevated land scarcely found in therice paddies, wetlands or noyachi (undeveloped lowland swamps) with several other households(clustered village). On the other hand, living in an open area covered with rice paddies that was
originally a floodplain entailed the risk of exposure to northwesterly winds in winter as well as flood
damage; and therefore, farmers have made efforts to reduce the damage by surrounding their houses
with yashikirin (homestead woodlands) called “igune”. A farmer‟s house surrounded by an igune hasaccess to the water resources necessary for daily life through channels and “kadoppa” and a crop field toharvest vegetables for the family. Igune played an important role in enabling farmers to survive under
severe natural conditions.
In general, yashikirin refers to homestead woodlands and aresometimes called yashikimori (homestead forest). Other than theigune of the Sendai Plain, which includes this region, well-known
yashikirin are the “Egune” of Isawa Plain 21 , the “Kainyo” ofTonami Plain and the “Tsuiji-Matsu” of Izumo Plain. These are also
the only regions that continue to have a wide coverage of yashikirin
today.32)
In Osaki Kōdo, around 40% (24,300 households) 33) of total

Photo 2-39 Igune, a forest of biodiversity inthe rice paddy

local households continue to have an igune today, thus creating aunique landscape. Yashikirins are divided into six categories according to the canopy trees and hedges
contained. The yashikirin of the Osaki region belong to the categories of “Igune” and “Igune-Urayama(cluster villages, scattered houses). An “Igune”-type of yashikirin is a belt-shaped forest covering an
area larger than that of a “Kainyo” and has the appearance of a natural forest, Cedar is the dominant

21

Egune: local name for yashikirin in the Isawa Region of Iwate Prefecture.

- 42 -

species, often with a mixture of Japanese zelkova and chestnut. One of its features is that a large
variation of species is found in an igune.34)
When the rice paddies are filled with water during rice-planting season, and the rice has yet togrow, the igune become a part of a unique landscape of “forests floating in the rice paddies”.
Igune have many functions, one of the most important being protection against strong winds.
Most igune are found on the northwestern side of houses and low shrubs the size of hedges are often
planted on the southern side. Houses are rarely completely enclosed by woodland. This implied that theigune were planted to protect houses from winds and snow blowing from the north or west. Igune were
not planted to the south, presumably to let sunlight come into the house.
The Sendai Domain placed great importance on maintaining the igune. Lord Date Masamune
ordered that as a measure against floods, farmers using the floodplains as rice paddies would only beallowed to cut down trees by permit from the domain. People were required to plant a certain number ofsaplings to replace the original tree, in accordance with size of the trunk of the old tree. 35) He took
nursery beds to 17 locations in the domain to grow saplings to be used for reforestation. 36) The fact thatthe region had already incorporated the concept of mitigation isevidence of outstanding wisdom regarding disaster risk reductionand environmental conservation functions. Given the domain‟sconservation measures, igune spread across a wide area within
Sendai Domain. The “Arakawa-zeki Ezu” drawn in 1858 shows
almost all farm residences with an igune. Even in modern times,
without domain-led conservation measures, igune remain in thelocal landscape because they have continued to be conserved by

Photo 2-40 Arakawa-zeki Ezu (portion)1858 drawn based on measurement

people who understand their importance.
Although igune are planted forests, they are home to numerous species of trees and thus todiverse and complex ecosystems. Major tree species are cedar, bamboos, Neolitsea sericea, hinoki
cypresses, camellia, Japanese spindle, black pine, Japanese persimmon and Japanese alder. The
complexity and diversity has supported local lives. Lower branches and fallen leaves become fuel andcompost, thick branches and tree thinnings are used for wooden crafts and as fuel, and fruit and nuts andplant shoots provide food. Trees like camellia and Japanese nutmeg provide seeds from which oil can beextracted. Also, trees like the Amur cork tree and plants like Thunberg‟s geranium have been valued as
medication for the stomach. Fully grown trees can be used asbuilding material. Also, a “kadoppa,” or a place for washing, ismade in the channels around a igune small fish, such as loaches,and small shrimps from the channels are valuable sources ofnutrition that are enjoyed with mochi as traditional food.
Osaki Kōdo‟s landscape represents mosaic land use,

写真 1-32 生きものの賑わい

including a water network embracing rice paddies, igune scattered- 43 -

Photo 2-41 Rice paddies close to an
igune,full of birds

in the landscape like forests floating in the rice paddies, channels carrying water over a total of 6,000
km, and 1152 reservoirs. It is a unique landscape that fosters farmers‟ livelihoods and lives as well as arich ecosystem with biodiversity-supporting functions.
b) Value of the landscape from the perspective of agricultural biodiversity
The channels, reservoirs, rice paddies, and igune that have become a part of the local landscape asa result of the traditional water management system form a network of space, land and water that
contributes to the conservation of the valuable biodiversity that fosters natural enemies and enhances thebeauty of the landscape when in use. In addition, an igune is composed of Japanese alders, which cangrow in wetlands, cedar, and other various tree species, including subcanopy trees and understory trees.
Birds, frogs, snakes, and dragonflies travel between the rice paddies and igune, which are scattered in
the unique landscape like “forests floating in the water,” a creation of the agriculture of Osaki Kōdo andcontributing to maintaining the diversity of the wetland ecosystem.
Various tree and plant species including medical herbs that people have chosen to grow,subcanopy trees that bear edible fruits and nuts and understory trees can be found in a local igune. (Atotal of 207 tree species, or 502 species of vegetation, including plant species, have been collectively
found in 12 igune covering a total area of 1,300m2-3,900m2 22) Compared with homestead woodlands
in other regions – the “Tsuiji-Matsu” composed mainly of black pines on the Izumo Plain in Shimane
Prefecture and the “Kainyo” on the Tonami Plain in Toyama Prefecture with 142 tree species37) – Osaki
Kōdo is home to greater biodiversity.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Plowing and irrigating

Water level of rice paddies

Jun

Jul

Aug

Deep water
ma nagement(yamase wi nds)

Sep

Oct

Dec

Drainage

Ear emergence

Rice seedling planting

Habitats

中干
mid-season drainage

Rice
paddies

Water level of channels

around Igune
channels

lays eggs in rice paddy

Tokyo daruma pond frog
（when in use as a rice paddy）

overwinters

Schlegel's green tree frog
（when in use as a rice paddy）

overwinterstometamorphosis

metamorphosis

overwinters
moves to irrigation channels

moves to igune or grasslands

overwinters

lays eggs in rice paddy
lays eggs in rice paddy

Autumn darter（when in use as a rice paddy）

overwinters as eggs

Siberian winter damsel（when in use as a rice paddy）

overwinterslarva
hatches from eggs

Jan

Feb

eclosion

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

moves to an igune- 44 -

overwinters

eclosion

Jul

Aug

Sep

Environment provided for organisms by rice paddies, channels and igune

2017 survey on the vegetation of igune in Osaki City.

overwinters as eggs

escapes heat in mountains
imago

larva
lays eggs in rice paddy

Figure 2-18

22

Nov

Harvest

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 2-19

Relationship among rice paddies, channels and igune homestead woodlands from a biodiversity perspective

The diversity of plant and tree species provide an environment suitable for birds of prey, such as
the buteo, as well as foxes and other top predators that prey on Japanese grass vole, Japanesewhite-toothed shrew, and others small mammals that cause water leaks in the ridges between ricepaddies. Seed dispersing brown-eared bulbul and dusky thrush, which have also been observed,
contribute to enhancing the diversity of the vegetation in igune.
Igune provide the medicinal plants and fruit and nuts required to live, and offer frogs, dragonflies
and spiders, the indigenous natural enemies of rice paddy pests, a habitat during winter and in hightemperatures during summer; and enable them to travel to and from rice paddies. Planed forests, igune,
create a symbiotic relationship between paddy agriculture and living creatures, thus maintaining richagricultural biodiversity.

- 45 -

Graph 2-5 Comparison of plant and tree species found in theOsaki Region’s igune and homestead woodlands in other
22,37)
regions

Figure 2-20

Graph 2-6 Number of Tetragnatha spiders caught by distancefrom igune (compiled based on Osaki City Report on the Study on
Participatory Monitoring Methods9))

Ecological network resulting from having igune in a paddy agriculture regionc) Various values provided by the landscape
The landscape of Osaki Kōdo has been preserved by active conservation led by farmers andkeiyakukō have played a central role in this. They have strengthened their group ties through work andpleasure, having all members participate
in the regular maintenance and repairs ofchannels and reservoirs, eating mochi
between tasks, going out together for hot
spring healing, catching fish by swamp
dredging and holding festivals to pray fora successful harvest.

Photo 2-42 Exchange with
consumers supporting agriculture

Such active conservation activities- 46 -

Photo 2-43 Conservation activities
in irrigation channels

had become scarce due to changes in thesocial and economic structure of
agricultural villages, including themodernization of agriculture and a
declining agricultural population.
However, the participation of non-farmers,companies, NPOs, educational institutions

Photo 2-44 Swamp dredging with
Photo 2-45 Tree-planting event in
the full participation of local residents water source forests for city residents

and various other actors who understand the historical background of the local agricultural system andits value has added new value to conservation activities. For example, walking rallies and exchange
between cities and agricultural villages add recreational value, biological field surveys with elementary
school students add educational value and the revival of swamp dredging activities will contribute to theconservation of habitats of indigenous species.
ⅰ）Tours to conserve historical irrigation channels
that support traditional water managementⅱ）Agricultural experiences and biological fieldsurveys based on producer-consumer
communicationⅲ）ESD23 program teaching the value of local
agriculture from a wetland biodiversity
perspectiveⅳ）Green tourism and eco-tourism to attract city

Figure 2-21

Image of the landscape of Osaki Kōdo

residents

23

ESD: Education for Sustainable Development. Education and educational activities that aim to create a sustainable society by addressing the challenges
of modern society as one‟s own and beginning by addressing issues close at hand to generate new values and actions that will lead to the resolution ofsuch challenges. ESD has been implementer in this region since June 2005.

- 47 -

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3) Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2016) 2015 Pouplation Census of Japan
4)Satomi, Fujiemon (1971) Hounai Dosan kou (Souvenirs of the territory). Sendai Sousho Vol.3, Houbundo Shuppan Hanbai,
p.4355) Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2012) 2012 Population Census: Basic Complete
Tabulation on Industries * Labor force participation in the Osaki region was 99,307
6) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2011) 2010 Census on agriculture and forestry *2010 Commercial FarmHousehold data was used to calculate the number of Small-scale Commercial Farm Households with 10ha
7)Wet rice, wheat, soy beans, buck wheat: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2015) Sakumotsu tokeichosa_Norinsuisan kankei shichosonbetsu tokei (2014)(Crop statistics survey: statistics by local governments associatedwith agriculture, forestry and fisheries (2014))
8 )Other crops: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2007) Sakumotsu tokei chosa_Norinsuisan kankei
shichosonbetsu toukei (2006)(Crop statistics survey: statistics by local governments associated with agriculture, forestry andfisheries (2006))
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Participatory Monitoring Methods)10)Koyama, Atsushi, T. Kidokoro, T. Ono (2005) “Suiden no hosokusei tentekirui ni ataeru nouyaku no eikyou (Impacts ofpesticides on predatory natural enemies in the paddy field”, Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station.
Miyagiken Furukawa noushikenjou kenkyu houkoku (Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station
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Publishing22)Miyazaki Town History Editing Committee (1973) Miyazaki Town History, Miyazaki Town
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chousa (Survey on keiyakukō)
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26)Fukuda, Ajio eds. (2000) Nippon minzoku daijiten (Encyclopedia on Japan Folklore) Vol.2. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. p.
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kiroku hozoku (Fiscal 2012 records of traditional and folklore performing arts). Osaki District Culture Association- 48 -

Liaison Committee28)Kurumada, Atsushi (2016) “Osaki Kōdo no mochishoku bunka (Mochi eating culture of Osaki Kōdo)” Tohoku Minzoku
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29)refer to Attachments 4.
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paddy field-related folk technologies into cultural resources), Kanagawa University. p.20
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Attachments
１．District Map（Details）and Land-use Map＜DistrictMap（Detail）＞
The geographical coordinates are:
North latitude 38°26’18”～38°55’25” and east longitude 140°42’2”～141°7’43”
Yuzawa City,
Akita Prefecture

Naruko Onsen
area
Kurihara City

Mogami Town,
Yamagata
Prefecture
Iwadeyama area
Miyazaki area

Tome City

Kami Town
Obanazawa
City,
Yamagata
Prefecture

Nakaniida
area

Osaki City
Furukawa area

Onoda area

Shikama Town

Tajiri area

MisatoTown

WakuyaTown

Kogota area
Sanbongi area

Ohira Village
Taiwa Town

＜Land-use Map＞

－53－

Matsuyama area
Kashimadai
area
Osato
Town

Nango
area

Ishinomaki City

2. Biodiversity List
Overview of biodiversity list
Plants
1,844 species from 163 genera have been identified; of these, 174
species are included in the Red Lists of the Ministry of the Environmentand of Miyagi Prefecture.
The diversity of wetland plants handed down by a landscape madeup of rice paddies, small woods, water channels, and reservoirs, as wellas the small woods known as “igune” which surround farmhouses andPourthiaea villosa (Thunb.)
Decne. : Formerly used as thematerial for sickle handles andnose rings for cows. The redberries are a popular food forsmall birds.

can be justifiably called nearby community woodlands, enrich thebiodiversity of this area. In particular, the igune woods possess a highdegree of biodiversity: trees and plants from 85 genera and 271 species,
including cedars and cypresses, bamboos and bamboo grasses, Amur
cork trees, and alders have been identified as making up these woods. In
addition to the trees planted by humans, plants which grow from seeds
brought by air in the droppings of small birds increase the biodiversity.
Moreover, farmers choose from among these plants which can be used as
the material for agricultural tools, have medicinal properties, or can be

Ixeris japonica (Burm.f.)
Nakai : Preserved by the cuttingof weeds on the levees between
the rice paddies it helps toprevent the levees fromcollapsing.

eaten, leaving them in place (or planting them); this gives rise to a
distinctive diversity. Furthermore, this vegetation not only prevents
strong winds and floods, but also functions as a place of refuge during
the season when there is no water in the rice paddies, to escape from theheat, and to pass the winter for Japanese brown frogs(Rana japonica),
Schlegel’s green tree frogs(Rhacophorus schlegelii), Japanese tree frogs(Hyla japonica), Siberian winter damselflies (Sympecma paedisca),
types of red dragonfly (Sympetrum), and so on. In this way, it also plays
the role of a habitat for the living creatures which eat the insects that
harm the rice crop.

－54－

Insects and spiders
3648 species of insects from 251 genera and 16 species of rice
paddy vicinity spiders from 6 genera have been identified. Of these, 62
species are included in the Red Lists of the Ministry of the Environmentand of Miyagi Prefecture. Biodiversity spanning everything from species
commonly found in the areas surrounding habitation to rare species has
been maintained: species found here include types of red dragonfly
Sympetrum frequens : Rice
paddies are its principal breeding
ground.
Tetragnatha
spider : A
species of
spider whichbuilds webs. It
spins horizontal
webs, preying
on pests andother insects.

(Sympetrum), which breed mainly in rice paddies, and giant water bugs
and diving beetles, which live and breed in rice paddies.
For insects such as Siberian winter damselflies and summer darters(Sympetrum darwinianum), the igune woods play an important role as aplace to spend the winter or escape from the heat, while reservoirs andwater channels provide a refuge when there is no water in the ricepaddies. This diversity of insects and spiders plays the role of supplying
native natural enemies to spotted paddy rice stinkbugs and other pests
which harm the rice crop. In particular, it has been learned that thepresence of both Tetragnatha spiders, which build webs, and wolf
spiders (Lycosidae), which prowl, suppress the proliferation of harmful
insects even further, putting them in a symbiotic relationship with
agriculture.

Fish, shellfish, and crustaceans
60 species of fish from 16 genera, 23 species of shellfish from 13
genera, and 8 species of crustaceans from 6 genera have been identified.
Of these, 29 species are included in the Red Lists of the Ministry of thePseudorasbora pumila pumila:
A rare species whose Japanesename comes from the Osaki
area.

Environment and of Miyagi Prefecture. Fish which breed in the ricepaddies and spend the winters in the gently flowing water channels or
the earth of the rice paddies, such as loaches (Misgurnus
anguillicaudatus) and Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes), inhabit a wide
area. Since the rivers, water channels, and rice paddies are connected,
many varieties of fish live here. By proper management of the reservoirs
through means such as dredging, species of fish representative of thisarea, such as a type of topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora pumila
pumila) and Netted bitterling (Acheilognathus typus), which are native toOryzias latipes: It comes andgoes between the water
channels and rice paddies
breeding in the rice paddies.

eastern Japan but have declined in recent years due to the impact of
nonnative fish, are being conserved. Dredging also provides a favorable－55－

habitat for bivalves of the freshwater mussel genus (Unionidae), and theconservation of freshwater mussels leads to an improved habitat forsmall-scale bitterlings, which spawn in bivalves. In addition, rice paddy
fishing for loaches, freshwater shrimps (Paratya improvisa), and others
is still carried out in the water channels today.
Reptiles and amphibians
13 species of reptiles from 9 genera and 15 species of amphibians
from 6 genera have been identified. Of these, 10 species are included in
the Red Lists of the Ministry of the Environment and of Miyagi
Prefecture. Since this area has a landscape of small igune woods,
reservoirs, and water channels in the vicinity of the rice paddies, speciesof frog which have a small range of suitable habitat, such as Schlegel’s
Pelophylax porosus : It comesand goes between the water
channels and rice paddies

green tree frogs and Japanese brown frogs, can inhabit a wide area evenin the flatlands by coming and going between the rice paddies and thesurrounding environment. Moreover, proper management of the water
channels leads to the conservation of species which are highly dependent
on the waterside, such as the Tokyo Daruma pond frog (Rana porosaporosa). These species of frog are natural enemies in the rice paddies; inparticular, the Japanese tree frog climbs to the tip of the rice stalks toprey on harmful insects and other small animals.

Birds and mammals
271 species of birds from 46 genera and 36 species of mammals
from 13 genera have been identified. Of these, 70 species are included in
the Red Lists of the Ministry of the Environment and of Miyagi
Prefecture. Golden eagles(Aquila chrysaetos japonica) and Japaneseserows (Capricornis crispus) inhabit catchment areas, while
representative species at the top of community woodland ecosystems,
Ardea alba : It preys on
creatures such as loaches, redswamp crayfish, and frogs in
the rice paddies.

such as Japanese Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes japonica) and goshawks(Accipiter gentilis), inhabit the area due to the existence of igune,

secondary woodland close to habitation. Moreover, there are many
waterside birds, such as ducks, geese, swans, and herons, which live inrice paddies and wetlands, and the fact that these make up 43% of total
bird species is distinctive.
Anser albifrons and swans:
They rest in the winter-flooded
rice paddies.

－56－

（１） Plants
EX: Extinct EW: Extinct in the Wild CR: Critically Endangered EN: Endangered VU: Vulnerable NT: Near Threatened DD: Data Deficient LP: Local Population
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

class

familyCharophyceae
Characeae
MarchaNTiopsid Ricciaceaea
Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiaceae
Isoetopsida
Selaginellaceae
Isoetaceae
Equisetopsida
Equisetopsida
Psilotopsida
Pteridopsida
Pteridopsida
Pteridopsida

Equisetaceae
Equisetaceae
Ophioglossaceae
AdiaNTaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteridaceae

Thelypteridaceae
Woodsiaceae

Pinopsida

Polypodiaceae
Marsileaceae
Salviniaceae
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae

Taxodiaceae

Magnoliopsida

Juglandaceae
Salicaceae
Salicaceae
Betulaceae

Fagaceae

Ulmaceae
Moraceae

Urticaceae

Polygonaceae

species
Japanese nameシャジクモ
イチョウウキゴケ
スギラン
クラマゴケ
ミズニラ
ミズニラモドキスギナ(ﾐﾓﾁｽｷﾞﾅ）
トクサ
ヤマハナワラビ
クジャクシダリョウメンシダ
ベニシダ
タニヘゴ
ホソバナライシダ
オクヤマシダキノクニベニシダ
ハシゴシダ
イヌワラビ
オクヤマワラビ
ホソバイヌワラビ
コウヤワラビウスヒメワラビ
イワオモダカデンジソウ
サンショウモ
ヒノキ
サワラ
モミ
アカマツ
クロマツ
スギ
イチイ
イヌガヤ
オニグルミ
ネコヤナギ(ﾋﾛﾊﾈｺﾔﾅｷﾞ）
オオバヤナギユビソヤナギ
ハンノキ
アカシデ
ミズメ
ウダイカンバ
アサダ
クリ
クヌギ
コナラ
ブナ
ナラガシワ
ミズナラ
ケヤキ
エノキ
カナムグラ
ヤマグワ
ヒメコウゾ
ムカゴイラクサ
ミヤマイラクサ
アオミズ
ミズヒキ
サクラタデ
スイバ
ギシギシ
エゾノギシギシ
オオツルイタドリ

category in Red List in Japan
scientific nameChara braunii Gmelin
Ricciocarpos natans (L.) Corda
Lycopodium cryptomerinum
Selaginella remotifolia Spring
Isoetes japonica A. Braun
Isoetes pseudojaponica M.Takamiya, Mitsu.Watan. et K.Ono

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)
VU
NT
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
NT
VU

Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetum hyemale
VU

Botrychium multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. var. multifidum

AdiaNTum pedatum L.
Arachniodes standishii (T.Moore)Ohwi
Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C.Eaton) KuNTze
Dryopteris tokyoensis (Makino) C.Chr.
Leptorumohra miqueliana (Maxim. Ex Franch. Et Sav.) H.Ito

Dryopteris amurensis
Dryopteris kinokuniensis Sa.Kurata
Thelypteris glanduligera
Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance
Athyrium disteNTifolium
Athyrium iseanum
Onoclea sensibilis L.var. iNTerrupta Maxim
Acystopteris japonica (Luerss.) Nakai
Pyrrosia hastata (Houtt.) Ching
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Salvinia natans (L.) All.
Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold. et Zucc.) Endl.
Chamaecyparis pisifera
Abies firma Siebold et Zucc.
Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.
Pinus thunbergii
Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don
Taxus cuspidata
Cephalotaxus harringtonia

VU
VU
VU
CR+EN
NT

VU
VU

CR+EN
VU
EW
NT

VU

NT
VU

Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sachalinensis (Komatsu) Kitam.

Salix gracilistyla Miq.
Salix cardiophylla Trautv. et C.A.Mey. var. urbaniana (Seemen) Kudô

Salix hukaoana Kimura
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold et Zucc.) Blume
Betula grossa Siebold et Zucc.
Betula maximowicziana
Ostrya japonica
Castanea crenata Siebold et Zucc.
Quercus acutissima Carruｔh.
Quercus serrata Murray
Fagus crenata Blume
Quercus aliena Blume
Quercus crispula Blume var. crispula
Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino
Celtis sinensis var. japonica
Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr.
Morus australis Poir.
Broussonetia kazinoki
Laportea bulbifera
Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis
Pilea pumila (L.) A.Gray
Persicaria filiformis （Thunb.) Nakai ex W.T.Lee
Persicaria macraNTha (Meisn.) Haraldson subsp. conspicua (Nakai) Yonek.

Rumex acetosa L.
Rumex japonicus Houtt.
Rumex obtusifolius L.
Fallopia deNTatoalata (F.Schmidt) Holub63

ヤナギヌカボ

Persicaria foliosa var. paludicola

VU

64
65

ナガバノウナギツカミ
イヌタデ

Persicaria hastatosagittata (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria longiseta

NT

66

ヌカボタデ

Persicaria taquetii (H.Lév.) Koidz.

VU

67

ホソバイヌタデ

Persicaria trigonocarpa

NT

68

ノダイオウ

Rumex longifolius DC.

VU

ヤマゴボウ

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.

69

Phytolaccaceae

NT
CR+EN

－57－

Species requiring
attention
VU
Species requiring
attention
NT
Species requiring
attention

No.
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143

class

familyspecies
Japanese namecategory in Red List in Japan
scientific name

Phytolacca americana L.
ヨウシュヤマゴボウPortulaca oleracea L.
スベリヒユ
Cerastium glomeratum Baumg. Subsp. VUlgare (Hartm.)Greuter et Burdet var. angustifolium (Franch.) H.Hara
ミミナグサ
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.
オランダミミナグサ
DiaNThus superbus L. var. longicalycinus (Maxim.) F.N.Williams
カワラナデシコ
Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
ツメクサ
Stellaria uliginosa Murray var. undulata (Thunb.) Fenzl
ノミノフスマStellaria filicaulis Makino
イトハコベ
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album L. var. ceNTrorubrum Makino
アカザ
AchyraNThes bideNTata Blume var. japonica Miq.
AmaraNThaceae Juss. イノコズチ
AmaraNThus blitum L.
イヌビユ
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia kobus DC.
コブシ(ｷﾀｺﾌﾞｼ）
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia obovata Thunb.
ホオノキ
Lauraceae
Lindera umbellata Thunb. Var. membranacea (Maxim.) Momiy. ex H.Hara et M.Mizush.
オオバクロモジ
Neolitsea sericea
シロダモ
Ranunculaceae
Clematis patens C.Morr. et Decne.
カザグルマ
Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino var. major (Miq.) Satake
セリバオウレンPulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et C.Presl
オキナグサ
Ranunculus nipponicus var. major
バイカモ
Anemone flaccida F.Schmidt
ニリンソウ
Anemone hepatica var. japonica f. variegata
スハマソウ
Ranunculus chinensis
コキツネノボタン
シラネアオイGlaucidium palmatum
Berberidaceae
Epimedium koreanum Nakai
キバナイカリソウ
Lardizabalaceae
Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne.
アケビ
Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz.
ミツバアケビMenispermaceae
Cocculus orbiculatus
アオツヅラフジ
Sinomenium acutum
ツヅラフジ
Saururaceae
Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
ドクダミ
Saururus chinensis
ハンゲショウ
ChloraNThaceae
ChloraNThus japonicus
ヒトリシズカTheaceae
Camellia japonica L.
ヤブツバキ
Hypericaceae
Hypericum erectum Thunb.
オトギリソウDroseraceae
Drosera rotundifolia L.
モウセンゴケ
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus L. subsp. asiaticum H.Hara
クサノオウ
Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers.
ムラサキケマンMaackia amurensis var. buergeri
イヌエンジュ
Corydalis pallida var. tenuis
ミヤマキケマンPteridophyllum racemosum
オサバグサ
Brassicaceae
Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.
ワサビ
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern
イヌガラシ
Cardamine lyrata Bunge
ミズタガラシSedum japonicum var. senanense
ミヤママンネングサ
Crassulaceae
Sedum aizoon var. floribundum
キリンソウ
Hylotelephium erythrostictum
ベンケイソウ
Saxifragaceae
Astilbe microphylla Knoll
チダケサシ
Deutzia crenata Siebold. et Zucc. var. crenata
ウツギ
Hydrangea paniculata Siebold
ノリウツギ
PeNThorum chinense
タコノアシ
ダイモンジソウ
Saxifraga fortune i var. incisolobata
Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis
ユキノシタ
Mitella iNTegripetala
エゾノチャルメルソウ
Ribes ambiguum
ヤシャビシャク
Rosaceae
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. var. japonica (Miq.) Nakaki
キンミズヒキAruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. kamtschaticus (Maxim.) H.Hara
ヤマブキショウマ
Cerasus leveilleana (Koehne) H.Ohba
カスミザクラKerria japonica (L.) DC.
ヤマブキ
Padus grayana (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.
ウワミズザクラ
PoteNTilla ceNTigrana Maxim.
ヒメヘビイチゴ
PoteNTilla freyniana Bornm.
ミツバツチグリ
PoteNTilla fruticosa var. rigida
キンロバイ
PoteNTilla hebiichigo Yonek. et H.Ohashi
ヘビイチゴ
PoteNTilla nipponica Th. Wolf
ヒロハノカワラサイコ
カマツカ（ﾜﾀｹﾞｶﾏﾂｶ、ｹｶﾏﾂｶ） Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne.
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
ノイバラ
Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba
ナガボノシロワレモコウ
Spiraea thunbergii Siebold ex Blume
ユキヤナギ
Chaenomeles japonica
クサボケ
Prunus apetala
チョウジザクラPrunus buergeriana
イヌザクラ
Fabaceae
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
ネムノキ
Lespedeza thunbergii
ミヤギノハギ
Lespedeza tomeNTosa
イヌハギ
Lespedeza virgata
マキエハギ

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Portulacaceae
Caryophyllaceae

－58－

VU

CR+EN

NT

VU

VU
EN

CR+EN

VU

NT
VU

DD
VU

VU

CR+EN

VU
VU
VU

NT

NT

CR+EN
VU

VU

CR+EN

VU

NT

VU
CR+EN

VU

NT
NT

No.
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151

class

familyOxalidaceae
Geraniaceae
Euphorbiaceae

152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216

Rutaceae
Polygalaceae
Anacardiaceae

Aceraceae

Hippocastanaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Celastraceae

Rhamnaceae
Vitaceae

Violaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Lythraceae
Trapaceae
Haloragaceae
Cornaceae

Araliaceae

Apiaceae

Diapensiaceae
Clethraceae
Ericaceae
Myrsinaceae
Primulaceae

Ebenaceae

species
Japanese namecategory in Red List in Japan
scientific name

ミヤコグサ
コメツブツメクサ
シロツメクサ
トキリマメ
タヌキマメ
カタバミ
タカネグンナイフウロ
エノキグサ

Lotus corniculatus L. var. japonicus Regel
Trifolium dubium Sibth.
Trifolium repens L.
Rhynchosia acuminatifolia
Crotalaria sessiliflora
Oxalis corniculata L. var. corniculata
Geranium eriostemon var. reinii f. onoei
Acalypha australis L.

ノウルシ

Euphorbia adenochlora C.Morren et Decne.

サンショウ
キハダ
ナルコユリ
ヌルデ
ツタウルシ
ヤマウルシ
ヤマモミジ
イロハモミジ
エンコウカエデ
コハウチワカエデ
オオモミジ
トチノキ
イヌツゲ
ウメモドキ
ツルウメモドキ
ニシキギ
ツルマサキ
マサキ
マユミ
ホナガクマヤナギ
ノブドウ
ヤマブドウ
ヤマシャクヤク
ベニバナヤマシャクヤク
タチツボスミレスミレ
フモトスミレ
エゾノタチツボスミレ
オオタチツボスミレ
アマチャヅル
キカラスウリ
スズメウリ
ミソハギ
ヒメビシ
タチモ
オグラノフサモ
アオキ
ミズキ
ヤマボウシ
ウド
タラノキ
カクレミノ
ヤマウコギ
キヅタ
セントウソウミツバ
オオチドメ
セリ
ヤブニンジン
タニミツバ
ミシマサイコハナウド
オオカサモチシャク
ホタルサイコ
オオイワカガミリョウブ
サラサドウダン
ヤマツツジ
ヤブコウジ
コナスビ
ヤナギトラノオ
サクラソウ
マメガキ

ZaNThoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. (1824)
Phellodendron amurense
Polygonatum falcatum
Rhus ja ｖ anica L. var. chinensis (Mill.) T.Yamaz.
Toxicodendron orieNTale Greene
Toxicodendron trichocarpum (Miq.) KuNTze

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)

NT
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT

Species requiring
attentionDD

Acer amoenum Carrière var. matsumurae (Koidz.) K.Ogata

Acer palmatum
Acer pictum Thunb. subsp. dissectum (Wesm.) H.Ohashi f. dissectum (Wesm.) H. Ohashi

Acer sieboldianum
Acer palmatum var. amoenum
Aesculus turbinata BlumeI ｌ ex crenata Thunb. var. crenata
Ilex serrata Thunb.
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. var. orbiculatus
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold var. alatus
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
Euonymus japonicus
Euonymus sieboldianus Blume var. sieboldianus
Berchemia longeracemosa

VU

Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy.

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch.
Paeonia japonica
Paeonia obovata
Viola grypoceras
Viola mandshurica W.Becker var. mandshurica
Viola pumilio
Viola acuminata
Viola kusanoana Makino
Gynostemma peNTaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino

NT
VU

CR+EN
VU

VU
NT

TrichosaNThes kirilowii Maxim. var. japonica (Miq.) Kitam.

Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) H.Y.Liu
Lythrum anceps （Koehne） Makino
Trapa incisa Siebold et Zucc.
Myriophyllum ussuriense (Regel) Maxim.
Myriophyllum oguraense Miki
Aucuba japonica Thunb. var. japonica

VU
NT
VU

CR+EN
VU
VU

Cornus coNTroversa Hemsl. ex Prain var. coNTroversa

Cornus kousa Buerger ex Hance
Aralia cordata Thunb.
Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.
Dendropanax trifidus (Thunb.) Makino ex H.Hara
Eleutherococcus spinosus (L.f.)S.Y.Hu var. spinosus
Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean
Chamaele decumbens (Thunb.) Makino
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Subsp. Japonica (Hassk.) Hand. -Mazz.

Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim.
OenaNThe javanica (Blume) DC.
Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Rydb. var. aristata
Sium serra
Bupleurum stenophyllum (Nakai) Kitag.
Heracleum nipponicum
Pleurospermum camtschaticum
ANThriscus aemula
Bupleurum longiradiatum f. elatius
Schizocodon soldanelloides var. magnus
Clethra barvinervis Siebold et Zucc.
EnkiaNThus campanulatus
Rhododendoron kaempferi Planch.
Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume
Lysimachia japonica f. subessilis
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.
Primula sieboldii
Diospyros lotus L.

－59－

VU

VU
CR+EN
NT
NT
NT
VU

NT

VU
CR+EN

No.
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252

class

familyStyracaceae

Loganiaceae
GeNTianaceae
MenyaNThaceae

Apocynaceae
Asclepiadaceae

Rubiaceae

ConvolVUlaceae
Boraginaceae
Verbenaceae
Lamiaceae

Solanaceae

Scrophulariaceae

species
Japanese name
カキノキ
エゴノキ
マルバアオダモ
ネズミモチ
イボタノキ
アイナエ
コケリンドウイヌセンブリ
ガガブタ
ヒメシロアサザアサザ
チョウジソウガガイモ
スズサイコ
コカモメヅルヤエムグラ
ヤイトバナ（ﾍｸｿｶｽﾞﾗ）
アカネ
ハナムグラ
オオキヌタソウ
マメダオシ
ルリソウ
コムラサキ
ムラサキシキブ
キランソウ
カキドオシ
オランダハッカ
コショウハッカ
ヤマジソ
タイリンヤマハッカ
クコ
ホオズキ
ヤマホロシ
イヌホオズキマルバノサワトウガラシ
アブノメ

category in Red List in Japan
scientific name

Diospyros kaki
Styrax japonica Siebold et Zucc.
Fraxinus sieboldiana Blume
Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold et Zucc.
Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br.
GeNTiana squarrosa
Swertia tosaensis Makino
Nymphoides indica (L.) KuNTze
Nymphoides coreana
Nymphoides peltata
Amsonia elliptica
Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino
Vincetoxicum pycnostelma Kitag.
Tylophora floribunda
Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. Scandens
Rubia argyi (H.Lév. et Vaniot) H.Hara ex Lauener
Galium tokyoense
Rubia chinensis var. glabrescens
Cuscuta australis R.Br.
Omphalodes krameri
Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch
Callicarpa japonica Thunb.var. japonica
Ajuga decumbens
MeNTha spicata var. crispa
MeNTha x piperita
Mosla japonica
Lycium chinense Mill.
Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino
Solanum japonense
Solanum nigrum
Deinostema adenocaulum (Maxim.) T.Yamaz.
Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch. -Ham. ex BeNTh.
Gratiola japonica Miq.

スズメノトウガラシ
サギゴケ(ﾑﾗｻｷｻｷﾞｺﾞｹ）
トキワハゼ
タチイヌノフグリ
オオイヌノフグリ
ゴマノハグサミヤマシオガマ
キヨスミウツボ
ハマウツボ
ミミカキグサホザキノミミカキグサ
ムラサキミミカキグサ
イヌタヌキモタヌキモ
ハエドクソウ
オオバコ
クロミノウグイスカグラ
スイカズラ
ニワトコ
ガマズミ
ミゾカクシ（ｱｾﾞﾑｼﾛ）
キキョウ
ツルニンジン
ヨモギ
ノコンギク(ｼﾛﾊﾞﾅﾉｺﾝｷﾞｸ）
ヒメジョオン
ハルジオン
アズマギク
ノニガナ
フキ
ハハコグサ
アキノハハコグサ
ノボロギク
アオヤギバナセイヨウタンポポ
オナモミ

Lindernia aNTipoda (L.) Alston
Mazus miquelii Makino
Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis
Veronica arvensis L.
Veronica persica Poir.
Scrophularia buergeriana
Pedicularis apodochila
PhacellaNThus tubiflorus
Orobanche coerulescens
Utricularia bifida L.
Utricularia caerulea
Utricularia uliginosa
Utricularia australis R.Br.

Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Asteraceae

VU
VU

VU

CR+EN
NT

ＣＲ
NT

NT

Isodon umbrosus (Maxim.) H.Hara var. excisinflexus (Nakai) K. Asano

オオアブノメ

Phrymaceae
PlaNTaginaceae
Caprifoliaceae

NT

Glechoma hederacea L. subsp. grandis (A.Gray) H.Hara

254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289

LeNTibulariaceae

VU
NT
VU
NT
NT

CR+EN
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
VU
CR+EN

Galium spurium L. var. echinospermon (Wallr.) Hayek

253

Orobanchaceae

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Utricularia VUlgaris L. var. japonica (Makino) Tamura

VU
NT

VU
VU
VU

VU

VU

NT
NT
NT

VU
VU
Species requiring
attention
NT
NT

VU
VU
VU
NT
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
VU
CR+EN

Phryma leptostachya L. subsp. asiatica (H.Hara) Kitam.

PlaNTago asiatica L.
Lonicera caerulea ssp. edulis var. emphyllocalyx
Lonicera japonica Thunb.

NT

Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. sieboldiana (Miq.) H.Hara

Viburnum dilatatum Thunb.
Lobelia chinensis Lour.
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC
Codonopsis lanceolata

VU

VU

Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii (Nakai) H.Hara
Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. Et Sav. var. ovatus (Franch. et Sav.) Soejima et Mot.Ito

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
Erigeron philadelphicus L.
Erigeron thunbergii A.Gray
Ixeris polycephala

VU
NT

Petasites japonicus (Siebold et Zucc.) Maxim. Subsp. japonicus

Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb.
Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard et B.L.Burtt

Senecio nemorensis L.
Solidago yokusaiana
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.wigg.
XaNThium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder

－60－

EN

VU
VU

VU

VU

No.

class

290
291
292
293
294
295 Liliopsida
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305

speciesfamilyStachyuraceae
Alismataceae

Hydrocharitaceae

Potamogetonaceae

Japanese name
オニタビラコムラサキニガナ（広義）
モミジガサ
オオニガナ
キブシ
アギナシ
マルバオモダカ
サジオモダカコウガイモ
セキショウモ
トチカガミ
ミズオオバコ
コバノヒルムシロ
エゾノヒルムシロ
センニンモ
ホソバミズヒキモ

306

イトモ

307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362

ミズヒキモ
ホソバヒルムシロ
エゾヤナギモササバモ
Najadaceae
ホッスモ
ムサシモ
トリゲモ
オオトリゲモ
Tofieldiaceae
チシマゼキショウ
Liliaceae
コバギボウシヒメヤブランジャノヒゲ
ホウチャクソウ
オモト
ユキザサ
オニユリ
マイヅルソウ
Dioscoreaceae
オニドコロ
ナガイモ
PoNTederiaceae
ミズアオイ
Iridaceae
ヒメシャガ
キショウブ
アヤメ
Commelinaceae
ツユクサ
Poaceae
ハルガヤ
コブナグサ
メヒシバ
オヒシバ
カモジグサ
ウキガヤ
カラフトドジョウツナギ
ネズミムギ(ｴﾀﾞｳﾁﾈｽﾞﾐﾑｷﾞ）
スズメノカタビラ
ヤマルリトラノオ
イネ
ジュズダマ
Araceae
カラスビシャク
マイヅルテンナンショウ
ザゼンソウ
ヒメカイウ
Lemnaceae
キセワタ
Sparganiaceae Hanin ミクリ
オオミクリ
タマミクリ
ナガエミクリ
ヒメミクリ
エゾミクリ
Cyperaceae
ムジナスゲ
ヌマクロボスゲカンスゲ
トネテンツキツルスゲ
オニナルコスゲカワラスガナOrchidaceae
エビネ
サルメンエビネ

category in Red List in Japan
scientific nameNational(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Youngia japonica (L.) DC.
ParaprenaNThes sororia (Miq.) C.Shih

NTParasenecio delphiniifolius (Siebold et Zucc.) H.Koyama

PrenaNThes tanakae
Stachyurus praecox
Sagittaria aginashi Makino
Caldesia parnassiifolia (Bassi. ex L.) Parl.
Alisma plaNTago-aquatica var. orieNTale
Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino
Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara
Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer
Ottelia japonica
Potamogeton cristatus Regel et Maack
Potamogeton heterophyllus
Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn.
Potamogeton octandrus Poir. var. octandrus
Potamogeton pusillus

NT
NT
VU

NT
VU
VU

NT

Potomogeton octandrus .var.miduhikimo (Makino) H.Hara

Potamogeton alpinus
Potamogeton compressus L.
Potamogeton wrightii Morong
Najas graminea Delile
Najas ancistocarpa
Najas minor All.
Najas oguraensis Miki
Tofieldia coccinea

VU

EN
VU

VU
CR+EN
NT
CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
VU
VU
VU
VU
Species requiring
attention
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN
VU

Hosta sieboldii (Paxton) J.W.Ingram var. sieboldii f.spathulata (Miq.)W.G. Schmid

Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino
Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. var. japonicus

Disporum sessile D.Don ex Schult. et Schult.f.
Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) RothSmilacina japonica
Lilium lancifolium
MaiaNThemum dilatatum
Dioscorea tokoro Makino
Dioscorea polystachya
Monochoria korsakowii
Iris gracilipes
Iris pseudacorus L.
Iris sanguinea
Commelina communis L.
ANThoxaNThum odorathum L.
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

NT
NT
NT

Elymus tsukushiensis Honda var. transiens (Hack.) Osada

NT
NT

Glyceria depauperata Ohwi var. infirma (Ohwi) Ohwi

Glyceria lithuanica
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Poa annua L. var. annua

VU

Pseudolysimachion kiusianum ssp. miyabei var. japonica

Oryza sativa L.
Coix lacryma-jobi
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breitenb.
Arisaema heterophyllum
Symplocarpus fotidus var. latissimus
Calla palustris
Leonurus macraNThus
Sparganium erectum L.var.erectum
Sparganium erectum L. var. macrocarpum (Makino) H.Hara
Sparganium glomeratum (Beurl. ex Laest.) L.M.Newman var. glomeratum

Sparganium japonicum Rothert
Sparganium stenophyllum
Sparganium emersum Rehm.
Carex lasiocarpa var. occultans
Carex meyeriana
Carex morrowii

VU
NT
VU
NT
VU
NT
NT
VU

VU

Fimbristylis stauNTonii Debeaux et Franch. var. tonensis (Makino) Ohwi ex T.Koyama

VU

Carex pseudocuraica F.Schmidt
Carex vesicaria
Cyperus sanguinoleNTus Vahl
CalaNThe discolor Lindl.
CalaNThe tricarinata

NT
NT
VU

－61－

CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN
VU
NT
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
VU
CR+EN
VU
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
NT
VU
VU
CR+EN

No.
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384

class

familyspecies
Japanese nameキンラン
エゾスズラン
ヒロハツリシュスラン
ムカゴソウ
ギボウシランフガクスズムシソウ
セイタカスズムシソウ
ジガバチソウ
ミズチドリ
トキソウ
ヤマトキソウ
ヤマサギソウ
マイサギソウ
コアニチドリ
ノビネチドリ
オオミズトンボ
ミズトンボ
ヒナチドリ
キンセイラントケンラン
クマガイソウイチヨウランscientific name
CephalaNThera falcata (Thunb.) Blume
Epipactis papillosa
Goodyera pendula var. brachyphylla
Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) J. VUjik
Liparis auriculata
Liparis fujisanensis
Liparis japonica
Liparis krameri
PlataNThera hologlottis Maxim.
Pogonia japonica Rchb.f.
Pogonia minor (Makino) Makino
PlataNThera mandarinorum var. brachyceNTron
PlataNThera mandarinorum var. neglecta
Amitostigma kinoshitae
Gymnadenia camtschatica
Habenaria linearifolia var. linearifolia
Habenaria sagittifera
Orchis chidori
CalaNThe nipponica
Cremastra unguiculata
Cypripedium japonicum
Dactylostalix ringens－62－

category in Red List in Japan
National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)
VU
VU
NT
EN
CR+EN
EN
VU
EN
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
VU
NT
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
EN
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN

（２） Insects
EX:Extinct EW:Extinct in the Wild CR:Critically Endangered EN:Endangered VU:Vulnerable NT:Near Threatened DD:Data Deficient
LP: Local Population

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

class
InsectafamilyLestidaeAgrionidae

Corduliidae

Aeschnidae

Cordulegastridae
Calopterygidae
Gomphidae

Libellulidae

Platycnemidae
Belostomatidae
Pentatomidae

Notonectidae
Myrmeleontidae
Carabidae

species
Japanese name
オオアオイトトンボ
オツネントンボ
コバネアオイトトンボ
ホソミオツネントンボ
アジアイトトンボ
オオイトトンボ
オオセスジイトトンボ
キイトトンボクロイトトンボ
エゾイトトンボ
オゼイトトンボ
カラカネイトトンボ
セスジイトトンボ
モートンイトトンボ
ルリイトトンボ
アオモンイトトンボ
エゾトンボ
トラフトンボコヤマトンボタカネトンボオオヤマトンボ
ハネビロエゾトンボ
ギンヤンマ
ヤブヤンマ
オオルリボシヤンマ
サラサヤンマミルンヤンマルリボシヤンマ
アオヤンマ
クロスジギンヤンマ
マダラヤンマ
オニヤンマ
ヒガシカワトンボ
ハグロトンボウチワヤンマホンサナエ
コオニヤンマダビドサナエモイワサナエ
ヤマサナエ
コサナエ
アキアカネ
ウスバキトンボ
オオシオカラトンボ
キトンボ
ミヤマアカネ
ヨツボシトンボ
リスアカネ
コシアキトンボ
コフキトンボシオカラトンボ
シオヤトンボショウジョウトンボ
チョウトンボナツアカネ
ノシメトンボハラビロトンボ
ヒメアカネ
マイコアカネ
マユタテアカネモノサシトンボ
コオイムシ
クロマダラナガカメムシ
ホッケミズムシタガメ
キイロマツモムシ
ウスバカゲロウツヤキベリアオゴミムシ
マークオサムシ
アオヘリアオゴミムシ

category in Red List in Japan
scientific nameLestes temporalis
Sympecma paedisca paedisca
Lestes japonicus
Indolestes peregrinus
Ischnura asiatica
Cercion sieboldii
Cercion plagiosum
Ceriagrion melanurum
Cercion calamorum calamorum
Coenagrion lanceolatum
Coenagrion terue
Nehalennia speciosa
Cercion hieroglyphicum
Mortonagrion selenion
Enallagma boreale circulatum
Ischnura senegalensis
Somatochlora viridiaenea
Epitheca marginata
Macromia amphigena amphigena
Somatochlora uchidai
Epophthalmia elegans
Somatochlora clavata
Anax parthenope julius
Polycanthagyna melanictera
Aeschna nigroflava
Oligoaeschna pryeri
Planaeschna milnei
Aeschna juncea
Aeschnophlebia longistigma
Anax nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus
Aeschna mixta
Anotogaster sieboldii
Mnais pruinosa costalis
Calopteryx atrata
Ictinogomphus clavatus
Gomphus postocularis
Sieboldius albardae
Davidius nanus
Davidius moiwanus moiwanus
Asiagomphus melaenops
Trigomphus melampus
Sympetrum frequens
Pantala flavescens
Orthetrum triangulare melania
Sympetrum croceolum
Sympetrum pedemontanum elatum
Libellula quadrimaculata asa ‐ hinai
Sympetrum risi risi
Pseudothemis zonata
Deielia phaon
Orthetrum albistylumspeciosum
Orthetrum japonicum japonicum
Crocothemis servilia
Rhyothemis fuliginosa
Sympetrum darwinianum
Sympetrum infuscatum
Lyriothemis pachygastra
Sympetrum parvulum
Sympetrum kunckeli
Sympetrum eroticum
Copera annulata
Appasus japonicus
Heterogaster urtica
Hesperocorixa distanti hokkensis
Lethocerus deyrolle
Notonecta reuteri
Hagenomyia micans
Chlaenius spoliatus motschulskyi
Apotomopterus maacki aquatilis
Chlaenius praefectus－63－

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)

EN

CR+EN

CR+EN

CR+EN
VU

VU

VU

VU

VU

CR+EN

EN
NT
VU

VU
VU
CR

NT
NT
NT
CR+EN
NT
CR+EN
VU
CR+EN

No.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114

class

familyBrachinidae
Cicindelidae
Dytiscidae

Silphidae
Lucanidae
Scarabaeidae
Lampyridae
Coccinellidae
Cerambycidae
Chrysomelidae
Anthribidae
Pyralidae
Sphingidae
Lymantriidae
Noctuidae

Geometridae
Hesperiidae
Nymphalidae
Lycaenidae

species
Japanese name
アカガネオサムシ
セアカオサムシ
セアカヒラタゴミムシ
チビアオゴミムシ
チョウカイヒメクロオサムシ
オオハンミョウモドキ
アオホソゴミムシ
シラハタキバナガゴミムシ
アオバネホソクビゴミムシ
カワラハンミョウ
ホソハンミョウ
エゾゲンゴロウモドキ
オオイチモンジシマゲンゴロウ
メススジゲンゴロウ
ゲンゴロウ
クロヒラタシデムシ
オオクワガタアカマダラハナムグリ
ゲンジボタル
スジグロボタル
アイヌテントウ
ヨツボシカミキリ
トラフホソバネカミキリ
アカガネネクイハムシ
オオルリハムシ
トビイロヒョウタンゾウムシ
イタクラキノメイガ
ツチイロツトガマツクロスズメ本州亜種
フタホシドクガオオチャバネヨトウ
ガマヨトウ
キスジウスキヨトウ
ツマグロキヨトウ
ヌマベウスキヨトウ
キシタアツバ
イチモジヒメヨトウ
フトスジエダシャク
ホシチャバネセセリ
チャマダラセセリ
ウラギンスジヒョウモン
クロシジミ
ハヤシミドリシジミ
カラスシジミcategory in Red List in Japan
scientific nameNational(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Carabus granulatus telluris
Hemicarabus tuberculosus
Dolichus halensis
Eochlaenius suvorovi
Leptocarabus opaculus shirahatai
Elaphrus japonicus
Drypta ussuriensis
Stomis zaonus
Brachinus aeneicostis
Cicindela laetescripta
Cicindela gracilis
Dytiscus czerskii
Hydaticus pacificus conspersus
Acilius japonicus
Cybister japonicus
Phosphuga atrata
Dorcus hopei
Poecilophilides rusticola
Luciola cruciata
Pristolycus sagulatus
Coccinella ainu
Stenygrinum quadrinotatum
Thranius variegatus variegatus
Donacia hirtihumeralis
Chrysolina virgata
Scepticus uniformis
Uresiphitafusei
Calamotropha doii
Hyloicus morio morio
Euproctis staudingeri
Nonagriapuengeleri
Archanaraaerata
Archanarasparganii
Aletia simplex
Chilodespacifica
Hypena claripennis
Xylomoia fusei
Cleora repulsaria
Aeromachus inachus inachus
Pyrgus maculatus maculatus
Argyronome laodice japonica
Niphanda fusca
Favonius ultramarinus
Strymonidia w-album fentoni

VU
NT
EN

EN
VU
VU
EN
VU
VU
DD

EN
NT
NT

VU
VU
VU
VU
NT
VU
EN
EN
EN
EN

NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
VU
DD
NT
CR+EN
NT
VU
VU
NT
NT
VU
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
CR+EN
NT
NT
NT
NT
DD
DD
DD
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
DD
DD
VU
CR+EN
CR+EN
NT
NT

Sources:"Wild Animals and Plants of Miyagi Prefecture in Danger of Extinction—Red Data Book Miyagi" (Nature Conservation Division, Environmental and Community Affairs
Department, Miyagi Prefecture, 2016)"National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (2nd, 4th, & 5th Surveys) National Environmental Survey Web-GIS""Kamiosawa Dam Environmental Impact Assessment Record" (Miyagi Prefectural Eai River Erosion Control Works Office, 1990)"Environmental Impact Assessment Record for Naruse River Comprehensive Development Project (Tsutsusago Dam)" (Miyagi Prefectural Naruse River Comprehensive
Development Construction Office, 1993)"National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2010 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1996, 2001, 2007 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 1994, 2001, 2010 Surveys""Results of a Monitoring Survey of Kabukuri Marsh and Surrounding Rice Fields (Eastern Miyagi Prefecture Civil Engineering Office, Tome Regional Office)""Kejo Marsh Ramsar Convention Wetland Conservation Action Plan (Osaki City, Miyagi Prefecture)""Survey of the Living Creatures of the Rice Fields (NPO Tanbo [paddy fields])""Insect Fauna Survey: Miyagi Insect Geography Research Society"－64－

（３） Fish species
EX:Extinct EW:Extinct in the Wild CR:Critically Endangered EN:Endangered VU:Vulnerable NT:Near Threatened DD:Data Deficient
LP: Local Population

No.

class

family

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

Actinopterygii

Anguillidae
Osmeridae
Plecoglossidae
Salmonidae

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

Cephalaspidomorphi

Petromyzontidae

Gastropoda

Viviparidae

Cyprinidae

Cobitidae

Balitoridae
Bagridae
Siluridae
Adrianichthyidae
Mugilidae
CottidaeCentrarchidae

Channidae
Gobiidae

Pleuroceridae
Lymnaeidae
PhysidaeFerrissidae
Unionidae

species
Japanese namescientific name

ニホンウナギ
ワカサギ
アユ
ギンザケ
サケ
ニジマス
エゾイワナ
アメマス
ニッコウイワナ
ヤマメ
サクラマス
オイカワ
ハス
アブラハヤ
タカハヤ
ウグイ
ソウギョ
ハクレン
タモロコ
シナイモツゴ
モツゴ
ビワヒガイ
カマツカ
ニゴイ
コイ
キンブナ
ギンブナ
ゲンゴロウブナ
テツギョ
タイリクバラタナゴ
カネヒラ
ゼニタナゴ
タナゴ
ヤリタナゴ
アカヒレタビラ
カラドジョウ
シマドジョウドジョウ
ホトケドジョウ
ギバチ
ギギ
ナマズ
メダカ
ボラ
カジカ
ハナカジカ
オオクチバス
コクチバス
ブルーギル
カムルチー
トウヨシノボリ
シマヨシノボリ
オオヨシノボリ
ジュズカケハゼ
ウキゴリ
ヌマチチブ
アシシロハゼマハゼ
ルリヨシノボリ

Anguilla japonica
Hypomesus nipponensis
Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis
Oncorhynchus kisutsh
Oncorhynchus keta
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis
Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis
Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius
Oncorhynchus masou masou
Oncorhynchus masou masou
Zacco platypus
Opsariichthys uncirostris
Rhynchocypris logowskii steindachneri
Phoxinus oxycephalus jouyi
Tribolodon hakonensis
Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Gnathopogon elongatus
Pseudorasbora pumila pumila
Pseudorasbora parva
Sarcocheilichthys variegatus microoculus
Pseudogobio esocinus
Hemibarbus barbus
Cyprinus carpio
Carassius auratus subsp. 2
Carassius auratus langsdorfii
Carassius cuvieri
Carassius auratus
Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus
Acheilognathus rhombeus
Acheilognathus typus
Acheilognathus melanogaster
Tanakia lanceolata
Acheilognathus tabira erythropterus
Paramisgurnus dabryanus
Cobitis biwae
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Lefua echigonia
Pseudobagrus tokiensis
Pseudobagrus nudiceps
Silurus asotus
Oryzias latipes
Mugil cephalus
Cottus pollux
Cottus nozawae
Micropterus salmoides
Micropterus dolomieu
Lepomis macrochirus
Channa argus
Rhinogobius kurodai
Rhinogobius nagoyae
Rhinogobius sp. LD
Chaenogobius laevis
Gymnogobius urotaenia
Tridentiger brevispinis
Acanthogobius lactipes
Acanthogobius flavimanus
Rhinogobius sp.CO

スナヤツメ
マルタニシ
オオタニシ
ヒメタニシ
チリメンカワニナ
カワニナ
ヒメモノアラガイ
モノアラガイ
サカマキガイカワコザラガイ
マツカサガイ

Lethenteron reissneri
Cipangopaludina chinensis laeta
Cipangopaludina japonica
Sinotaia quadrata histrica
Semisulcospira libertina
Semisulcospira libertina
Austropeplea ollula
Limnaea auricularia
Physa acuta
Leavapex nipponica
Inversidena japonensis－65－

category in Red List in Japan
National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)
EN

NT

DD
NT

NT

VU

CR

CR+EN

VU

NT

CR+EN

CR
EN
NT
EN

CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN
CR+EN

DD
EN
VU

NT
NT

VU

NT

NT
LP

CR+EN

NT

VU
NT
VU
NT

DD
DD
NT

NT

NT

No.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

class

familyCyrenidae

Spheridae
Succineidae
Planorbidae

Malacostraca

Bradybaenidae
Limacidae
Philomycidae
Cambaridae
Atyidae
Palaemonidae
Arthropoda
Potamidae
Varunidae

species
Japanese name
イシガイ
タガイ
ヌマガイ
マシジミ
タイワンシジミ
マメシジミ類
ドブシジミ
オカモノアラガイ
ヒラマキミズマイマイ
ヒラマキガイモドキ
ウスカワマイマイ種群
チャコウラナメクジ
ナメクジ
ニッポンヨコエビ
オオエゾヨコエビ
ヌカエビ
テナガエビ
スジエビ
アメリカザリガニ
サワガニ
モクズガニ

scientific namecategory in Red List in Japan
National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Unio douglasiae
Anodonta japonica
Anodonta lauta
Corbicula leana
Corbicula fluminea
Pisidium spp.
Sphaerium japonica
Succinea lauta
Gyraulus chinensis
Polypylis hemisphaerula
Acusta despecta
Limax marginatus
Incilaria bilineata
Gammarus nipponensis
Jesogammarus jesoensis(Schellenberg)
Paratya compressa improvisa
Macrobrachium nipponense
Palaemon paucidens
Scapulicambarus clarkii
Geothelphusa dehaani
Eriocheir japonicus

NT
NT

DD
NT

出典： Sources:"Wild Animals and Plants of Miyagi Prefecture in Danger of Extinction—Red Data Book Miyagi" (Nature Conservation Division, Environmental and Community Affairs
Department, Miyagi Prefecture, 2016)"National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (4th Survey) National Environmental Survey Web-GIS""National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (5th Survey) National Environmental Survey Web-GIS""Kamiosawa Dam Environmental Impact Assessment Record" (Miyagi Prefectural Eai River Erosion Control Works Office, 1990)"Environmental Impact Assessment Record for Naruse River Comprehensive Development Project (Tsutsusago Dam)" (Miyagi Prefectural Naruse River Comprehensive
Development Construction Office, 1993)"National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 1995 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 1996 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2000 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2001 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2005 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2007 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2011 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 2012 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1993 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1998 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1999 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 2003 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 2008 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 2009 Survey""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 2013 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 1994 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 1997 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 2003 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 2006 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 2007 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 2011 Survey""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 2012 Survey""Kejo Marsh Wetland Conservation Action Plan, References, List of Species Identified at Kejo Marsh""NPO Shinaimotsugo Sato no Kai ["Group for the Home of Pseudorasbora Pumila Pumila"], Freshwater Fish which can Inhabit the Reservoirs of Miyagi Prefecture ([1]Kiyotaka Takahashi, Yoshihiko Kadoma, *2 The Rediscovery and Artificial Breeding of Topmouth Gudgeon, Miyagi Prefectural Inland Water Fisheries Experimental
Station, 2, 1-9 (1995)""2012 Fiscal Year Outsourcing Project: Clean-up of the Rivers of Kabukuri Marsh (Miyagi Prefecture)""2008 Fiscal Year Naruse River (First Phase)/Osaki Agricultural Water Utilization Project, Study of Environmental Measures in the Surroundings of Futatsuishi Dam andGandosawa Dam (No. 10), Business Report""Survey of the Living Creatures of the Rice Fields (NPO Tanbo [paddy fields])""Ministry of the Environment Red List 2015""Miyagi Prefecture Red List 2016"－66－

（４） Amphibian, reptile, and mammal species
EX: Extinct EW: Extinct in the Wild CR: Critically Endangered EN: Endangered VU: Vulnerable NT: Near Threatened DD: Data Deficient LP: Local Population

speciesNo.

classfamilyJapanese name1

Amphibia

category in Red List in Japan

Hynobiidae

23

scientific name

トウホクサンショウウオ

Hynobius lichenatusNT

クロサンショウウオ

Hynobius nigrescens

NT

キタオウシュウサンショウウオ

Onychodactylus nipponoborealis

4

Salamandridae

アカハライモリ

Cynops pyrrhogaster5

Bufonidae

アズマヒキガエル

Bufo japonicus formosus

6

Hylidae

ニホンアマガエル

Hyla japonica

7

Ranidae

ウシガエル

Rana catesbeiana8

ニホンアカガエル

Rana japonica

9

ヤマアカガエル

Rana ornativentris

10

タゴガエル

Rana tagoi tagoi

11トウキョウダルマガエル

Rana porosa porosa

12

ツチガエル

Rana rugosa

シュレーゲルアオガエル

Rhacophorus schlegelii

14

モリアオガエル

Rhacophorus arboreus

15

カジカガエルBuergeria buergeri

13

Rhacophoridae

16 Reptilia

Geoemydidae

クサガメ

Chinemys reevesii

17

Emydidaeミシシッピアカミミガメ

Trachemys scripta elegans

18

Trionychidae

ニホンスッポン

Pelodiscus sinensis

19

Scincidae

ヒガシニホントカゲ

Plestiodon finitimus

20

Lacertidae

ニホンカナヘビ

Takydromus tachydromoides

21

Natricidae

ヒバカリ

Amphiesma vibakari vibakari

ヤマカガシ

Rhabdophis tigrinus

シロマダラ

Dinodon orientale

24

アオダイショウ

Elaphe climacophora

25

シマヘビ

Elaphe quadrivirgata

26

ジムグリ

Elaphe conspicillata

22
23

Colubridae

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)NT
LP
Species requiring
attention
NT

LP

NT

NT
NT

DD
DD

DD

DD

27

Viperidae

ニホンマムシ

Gloydius blomhoffii

28

Xenodermatidae

タカチホヘビAchalinus spinalisDD

29 Mammalia

Soricidae

シントウトガリネズミ

Sorex shinto shinto

DD

30

カワネズミ

Chimarrogale himalayica platycephalaDD31

ニホンジネズミ

Crocidura dsinezumi

32

ヒミズ

Urotrichus talpoides

33

ヒメヒミズ

Dymecodon pilirostris34

アズマモグラMogera imaizumii

Talpidae35

Rhinolophidae

キクガシラコウモリ

Rhinolophus ferrumequinim

36

Vespertilionidae

モモジロコウモリ

Myotis macrodactylus37

ヒメホオヒゲコウモリ

Myotis ikonnikovi38

クロホオヒゲコウモリ

Myotis pruinosus

39

カグヤコウモリ

Myotis frater kaguyae

40

イエコウモリ

Pipistrellus abramus

VU
VU
CR+EN

41

ヤマコウモリNyctalus aviator42

ヒナコウモリ

Vespertilio sinensis

VU

43

ウサギコウモリ

Plecotus auritus sacrimontis

VU

44

Cercopithecidae

ニホンザル

Macaca fuscata

45

Canidae

キツネ

Vulpes vulpes

タヌキ

Nyctereutes procyonoides

46
47

Ursidae

ツキノワグマUrsus thibetanus

48

Mustelidae

テン

Martes melampus

49

ニホンイタチMustela itatsi

50

オコジョ

Mustela erminea nippon

51

アナグマ

Meles anakuma

52

Viverridae

ハクビシン

Paguma larvata

53

Bovidae

ニホンカモシカ

Capricornis crispus

54

Sciuridae

タイワンリス

Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis

ニホンリス

Sciurus lis

55

－67－

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)

VU

NT

VU

NT

Species requiring
attention

SP

56

モモンガ

Pteromys momonga

57

ムササビ

Petaurista leucogenys

ハタネズミ

Microtus montebelli

59

ヤチネズミ

Eothenomys andersoni

60

アカネズミ

Apodemus speciosus

61

ヒメネズミ

Apodemus argenteus

62

ハツカネズミMus musculus

63

ドブネズミ

Rattus norvegicus

ノウサギ

Lepus brachyurus

58

64

Muridae

Leporidae

Sources:"Wild Animals and Plants of Miyagi Prefecture in Danger of Extinction—Red Data Book Miyagi" (Nature Conservation Division, Environmental andCommunity Affairs Department, Miyagi Prefecture, 2016)"Wild Mammals of Miyagi Prefecture" (Miyagi Prefecture Wildlife Research Group, 2006)"Amphibians and Reptiles of Miyagi Prefecture" (Miyagi Prefecture Wildlife Research Group, 2000)"National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (2nd, 4th, 5th & 6th Surveys) National Environmental Survey WebGIS""Kamiosawa Dam Environmental Impact Assessment Record" (Miyagi Prefectural Eai River Erosion Control Works Office, 1990)"Environmental Impact Assessment Record for Naruse River Comprehensive Development Project (Tsutsusago Dam)" (Miyagi Prefectural Naruse River
Comprehensive Development Construction Office, 1993)"National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 1995, 2000, 2005 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1997, 2002, 2010 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 1994, 2000, 2007 Surveys""Survey of the Living Creatures of the Rice Fields (NPO Tanbo [paddy fields])""Western Osaki/Eai River Agricultural Water Utilization Project, Business Report on Landscape and Environmental Conservation Measures Study(Tohoku Regional Agricultural Administration Office, Osaki Agricultural Water Utilization Office)""History of Furukawa City"－68－

（５）Bird species
SP: Special Protected Species PS: Protected Species
EX: Extinct

EW: Extinct in the Wild

CR: Critically Endangered

EN: Endangered

VU: Vulnerable

NT: Near Threatened

species
No.

class
Aves

LP: Local Population

category in Red List in JapanfamilyJapanese name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

DD: Data Deficient

カイツブリ
ハジロカイツブリ
ミミカイツブリ
カンムリカイツブリ
Phalacrocoracidae カワウ
ウミウ
Ardeidae
サンカノゴイ
ミゾゴイ
ヨシゴイ
オオヨシゴイゴイサギ
ササゴイ
カラシラサギ
アカガシラサギ
アマサギ
ダイサギ
チュウサギ
コサギ
アオサギ
ムラサキサギCiconiidae
コウノトリ
Podicipedidae

scientific name
Podiceps ruficollis
Podiceps ruficollis
Podiceps auritus
Podiceps cristatus
Phalacrocorax carbo hanedae
Phalacrocorax capillatus
Botaurus stellaris
Gorsachius goisagi
Ixobrychus sinensis
Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Butorides striatus
Egretta eulophotes
Ardeola bacchus
bubulcus ibis
Egretta alba
Egretta intermedia
Egretta garzetta
Ardea cinerea
Ardea purpurea
Ciconia cicconia

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)

EN

NT

NT
CR

NT
CR+EN

NT

NT

CR

ヘラサギ

Platalea leucorodiaDD

シジュウカラガン
コクガン
マガン
カリガネ
ヒシクイ（亜種ヒシクイ）
ヒシクイ（オオヒシクイ）

Branta canadensis
Branta bernicla
Anser albifrons
Anser erythropus
Anser fabalis serrirostris
Anser fabalis middendorffii

CR
VU
NT
EN
VU
NT

29

ハクガン

Anser caerulescens

CR

30

ハイイロガン

Anser anser

31

サカツラガン

Anser cygnoides

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

コブハクチョウ
オオハクチョウ
コハクチョウ
オシドリ
マガモ
カルガモ
シノリガモ
オオヨシガモ
ウミアイサ
コガモ
トモエガモ
ヨシガモ
オカヨシガモヒドリガモ
アメリカヒドリ
オナガガモ
シマアジ
ハシビロガモホシハジロ
オオホシハジロ
スズガモ
キンクロハジロ
ホオジロガモ
ミコアイサ
カワアイサ
ミサゴ
イヌワシ
カタシロワシ
ハチクマ
トビ
オジロワシ
オオワシ
オオタカ

Cygnus olor
Cygnus cygnus
Cygnus columbianus
Aix galericulate
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas poecilorhyncha
Histrionicus histrionicus
Anas falcata
Mergus serrator
Anas crecca
Anas formosa
Anas falcata
Anas strepera
Anas penelope
Anas americana
Anas acuta
Anas querquedula
Anas clypeata
Aythya ferina
Aythya valisineria
Aythya marila
Aythya fuligula
Bucephala clangula
Mergus albellus
Mergus merganser
Pardion haliaetus
Aquila chrysaetos
Aquila heliaca
Pernis apivorus
Milvus migrans
Haliaeetus albicillaHaliaeetus pelagicus
Accipiter gentilis

22

Threskiornithinae

23
24
25
26
27
28

AnatidaeAccipitridae

－69－

DD

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)

SP
Species requiring
attention
CR+EN
VU
NT
NT
NT
NT
Species requiring
attention

PS
PS
PS
PS

Species requiring
attention

DD

VU

NT

NT

NT

VU
VU
NT

VU
VU
NT

PS
PS

species
No.

class

category in Red List in JapanfamilyJapanese namescientific name

ツミ
ハイタカ
ケアシノスリノスリ
サシバ
クマタカ
ハイイロチュウヒ
チュウヒ
ハヤブサ
シロハヤブサAccipiter gularis
Accipiter nisus
Buteo lagopus
Buteo buteo
Butastur indicus
Spizaetus nipalensis
Circus cyaneus
Circus aeruginosus
Falco peregrinus
Falco rusticolus

75

チゴハヤブサFalco subbuteo

76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85

コチョウゲンボウ
チョウゲンボウ
ウズラ
コジュケイ
ヤマドリ
キジ
タンチョウ
カナダヅル
ナベヅル
マナヅル

Falco columbarius
Falco tinnunculus
Coturnix coturnix
Bambusicola thoracica
Phasianus soemmerringii
Phasianus colchicus
Grus japonensis
Grus canadensis
Grus monacha
Grus vipio

86

クイナ

Rallus aquaticus

87

ヒメクイナ

Porzana pusilla

88
89
90

ヒクイナ
シマクイナ
バン

Porzana fusca
Porzana exquisita
Gallinula chloropus

91

オオバン

Fulica atra

65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

Falconidae

Phasianidae

Gruidae

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)
NT

DD
NT

VU
EN

VU
CR+EN

EN
VU

NT
NT
Species requiring
attention

VU

Species requiring
attention
Species requiring
attention
NT
EN

タマシギ

Rostratula benghalensis

VU

93
94
95
96
97

Charadriidae

コチドリ
イカルチドリ
シロチドリ
ムナグロ
ダイゼン

Charadrius dubius
Charadrius placidus
Charadrius alexandrinus
Pluvialis dominica
Pluvialis squatarola

VU

ケリ

Microsarcops cinererus

DD

タゲリ
トウネン
ヒバリシギ
オバシギ
ミユビシギ
アカアシシギ
オジロトウネン
アメリカウズラシギ
ウズラシギ
ハマシギ
サルハマシギエリマキシギ
キリアイ
オオハシシギ
ツルシギ
コアオアシシギ
コキアシシギアオアシシギ
クサシギ
タカブシギ
キアシシギ
イソシギ
ソリハシシギ
オグロシギ
オオソリハシシギ
チュウシャクシギ
ヤマシギ
アオシギ
タシギ
オオジシギ
セイタカシギアカエリヒレアシシギ

Vanellus vanellus
Calidris ruficollis
Calidris minutilla
Calidris tenuirostris
Calidris alba
Tringa totanus
Calidris temminckii
Calidris melanotos
Calidris acuminata
Calidris alpina
Calidris ferruginea
Philomachus pugnax
Limicola falcinellus
Limnodromus scolopeceus
Tringa erythropus
Tringa stagnatilis
Tringa flavipes
Tringa nebularia
Tringa ochropus
Tringa glareola
Tringa brevipes
Tringa hypoleucos
Xenus cinereus
Limosa limosa
Limosa lapponica
Numenius phaeopus
Scolopax rusticola
Gallinago solitaria
Gallinago gallinago
Gallinago hardwickii
Himantopus himantopus
Phalaropus himatopus

Scolopacidae

Recurvirostridae
Phalaropodidae

－70－

SP

VU

Rostratulidae

99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130

CR+EN

VU

92

98

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)

Species requiring
attention
Species requiring
attention

Species requiring
attention

NT

VU

VU

VU

NT
VU

NT

species
No.

class

category in Red List in JapanfamilyJapanese namescientific name

ツバメチドリ
ユリカモメ
オオセグロカモメ
セグロカモメ
カモメ
ウミネコ
ワシカモメ
オニアジサシアジサシ
ハジロクロハラアジサシ
クロハラアジサシ
コアジサシ
キジバト
アオバト
カッコウ
ジュウイチ
ツツドリ
ホトトギス
ヤツガシラ
フクロウ
トラフズク

Glareola maldivarum
Larus ridibundus
Larus schistisagus
Larus argentatus
Larus canus
Larus crassirostria
Larus glaucescens
Hydroprogne caspia
Sterna hirundo
Sterna leucoptera
Sterna hybida
Sterna albifrons
Streptopelia orientalis
Treron sieboldii
Cuculus canorus
Cuculus fugax
Cuculus saturatus
Cuculus poliocephalus
Upupa epops
Strix uralensis
Asio otus

152

コミミズク

Asio flammeus

153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170

コノハズク
オオコノハズク
アオバズク
ヨタカ
ハリオアマツバメ
アマツバメ
ヤマセミ
アカショウビン
カワセミ
アリスイ
コゲラ
オオアカゲラ
アオゲラ
アカゲラ
キバシリ
ヒバリ
ショウドウツバメ
ツバメ

Otus scops
Otus bakkamoena
Ninox scutulata
Caprimulgus indicus
Chaetura caudacuta
Apus pacificus
Ceryle lugubris
Halcyon coromanda
Alcedo atthis
Jynx torquilla
Dendrocopos kizuki
Dendrocopos leucotos
Picus awokera
Dendrocopos major
Certhia familiaris
Alauda arzensis
Riparia riparia
Hirundo rustris

コシアカツバメ

Hirundo daurica

イワツバメ
キセキレイ
ハクセキレイセグロセキレイ
ビンズイ
タヒバリ
サンショウクイ
ヒヨドリ
チゴモズ
モズ
アカモズ
オオモズ
キレンジャク
ヒレンジャクミソサザイ
コマドリ
オガワコマドリコルリ
ノドグロツグミ
ムギマキ
ノゴマ
ルリビタキ
エゾビタキ
サメビタキ
コサメビタキジョウビタキノビタキ
イソヒヨドリ
マミジロ

Delichon urbica
Motacilla cinerea
Motacilla alba
Motacilla grandis
Anthus hodgsoni
Anthus spinoletta
Pericrocotus divaricatus
Hypsipetes amaurotis
Lanius tigrinus
Lanius bucephalus
Lanius cristatus
Lanius sxcubitor
Bombycilla garrulus
Bombycilla japonica
Troglodytes troglodytes
Erithacus akahige
Luscinia svecica
Luscinia cyane
Turdus ruficollis
Ficedula mugimaki
Erithacus calliope
Tarsiger cyanurusMuscicapa griseisticta
Muscicapa sibirica
Muscicapa dauurica
Phoenicurus auroreus
Saxicola torquata
Monticola solitarius
Turdus sibiricus

131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151

Glareolidae
LaridaeColumbidae
Cuculidae

Upupidae
Strigidae

Caprimulgidae
Apodidae
Alcedinidae

Picidae

Certhiidae
Alaudidae
Hirundinidae

171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Motacillidae

Campephagidae
Pycnonotidae
Laniidae

Bombycillidae
Troglodytidae
Muscicapidae－71－

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)
VU

VU

VU

Species requiring
attention

VU
NT

Species requiring
attention

VU

VU

CR

CR+EN

EN

CR+EN

LP

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)species
No.

class

category in Red List in JapanfamilyJapanese namescientific name

クロツグミ
アカハラ
シロハラ
マミチャジナイ
ツグミ
ハシグロヒタキ
トラツグミ
ヤブサメ
ウグイス
シマセンニュウ
マキノセンニュウ
コヨシキリ
オオヨシキリ
メボソムシクイ
エゾムシクイセンダイムシクイ
キクイタダキ
セッカ
オオセッカ
キビタキ
サンコウチョウ
オオルリ
エナガ
コガラ
ヒガラ
シジュウカラヤマガラ
ゴジュウカラ
メジロ
カワガラス
ホオジロ
コジュリン
ホオアカ
コホオアカ
カシラダカ
ミヤマホオジロ
シマアオジ

Turdus cardis
Turdus chrysolaus
Turdus pallidus
Turdus obscurus
Turdus naumanni
Oenanthe oenanthe
Zoothera dauma
Urosphena squameiceps
Cettia diphone
Locustella ochotensis
Locustella lanceolata
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Phylloscopus borealis
Phylloscopus tenellipes
Phylloscopus occipitalis
Regulus regulus
Cisticola juncidis
Megalurus pryei
Ficedula narcissina
Terpsiphone atrocaudata
Cyanoptila cyanomelana
Aegithalos caudatus
Parus montanus
Parus ater
Parus major
Parus varius
Sitta europaea
Zosterops japonica
Cinclus pallasii
Emberiza cioides
Emberiza yessoensis
Emberiza fucata
Emberiza pusilla
Emberiza rustica
Emberiza elegans
Emberiza aureola

238

ノジコ

Emberiza sulphurata

239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271

アオジ
クロジ
シベリアジュリン
オオジュリン
ツメナガホオジロ
イワヒバリ
カヤクグリ
ユキホオジロサバンナシトド
アトリ
カワラヒワ
マヒワ
ベニヒワ
ハギマシコ
ベニマシコ
アカマシコ
オオマシコ
イスカ
ギンザンマシコ
ウソ
シメ
イカル
ニュウナイスズメ
スズメ
コムクドリ
ホシムクドリ
ムクドリ
カケス
オナガ
ホシガラス
コクマルガラス
ミヤマガラス
ハシボソガラス

Emberiza spodocephala
Emberiza variabilis
Emberiza pallasi
Emberiza schoeniclus
Calcarius lapponicus
Prunella collaris
Prunella rubida
Plectrophenax nivalis
Passerculus sandwichensis
Fringilla montifringilla
Carduelis sinica
Carduelis spinus
Acanthis flammea
Leucostiste arctoa
Uragus sibiricus
Carpodacus roseus
Carpodacus roseus
Loxia curvirostra
Pinicola enucleato
Phrrhula pyrrhula
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
Eophona personata
Passer rutilans
Passer montanus
Sturnus philippensis
Sturnus vulgaris
Sturnus cineraceus
Garrulus glandarius
Cyanopica cyana
Nucifraga caryocatactes
Corvus nonedula
Corvus frugilegus
Corvus corone

201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237

Aegithalidae

SittidaeParidaeCinclidae
Emberizidae

Fringillidae

Ploceidae
Sturnidae

Corvidae－72－

National(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)

NT

EN

NT

VU

NT

CR
NT

Species requiring
attention

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)species
No.

class

category in Red List in JapanfamilyJapanese name
ハシブトガラス272

scientific nameNational(MOE) Local(Miyagi pref.)Corvus macrorhynchos

Sources:"Wild Animals and Plants of Miyagi Prefecture in Danger of Extinction—Red Data Book Miyagi" (Nature Conservation Division, Environmental
and Community Affairs Department, Miyagi Prefecture, 2016)"Distribution of Bird Species of Miyagi Prefecture" (Wild Bird Society of Japan, Miyagi Prefecture Branch, 2002)"National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (2nd survey) National Environmental Survey Web-GIS""National Survey on the Natural Environment, Animal and Plant Distribution Survey (3rd survey) National Environmental Survey Web-GIS""6th National Survey on the National Environment, Survey of Species Diversity, Report on Survey of Reproductive Distribution of Bird Species"(Ministry of the Environment, 2004)"Biodiversity Information System—Habitat Survey of Anatidae 2005–2014"
Assessment Record" (Miyagi Prefectural Eai River Erosion Control Works Office, 1990)"Environmental Impact Assessment Record for Naruse River Comprehensive Development Project (Tsutsusago Dam)" (Miyagi Prefectural NaruseRiver Comprehensive Development Construction Office, 1993)"National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Kitakami River, Downstream, 1997, 2003 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (River Edition) Naruse River, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2012 Surveys""National Census on River Environments (Dams and Lakes Edition) Naruko Dam, 1994, 1999, 2000, 2005 Surveys""Results of a Monitoring Survey of Kabukuri Marsh and Surrounding Rice Fields (Eastern Miyagi Prefecture Civil Engineering Office, Tome
Regional Office) 2004–2011""Kejo Marsh Ramsar Convention Wetland Conservation Action Plan (Osaki City, Miyagi Prefecture) 2008–2011"－73－

NaturalMonument(Nationally
Designated)3. Species and Numbers of the Principal Migratory Birds which Fly into the Osaki Area
Genus

Anser

BrantaCygnusSpecies

Ministry of the
Number of birds in
Number of birds
Environment RD
Kabukurinuma/
nationwide
Conservation status
KejonumaGreater White-fronted Goose
Near Threatened
85,240190,503
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Endangered
04(*In a survey by a local NPO, carried out separately from this survey, around 60 birds are identified each year.)Thick-billed BeanGoose
Vulnerable
1,287
20,491
Anser fabalis serrirostris(No distinction between
Middendorf’s Bean Goosethe two subspecies)
Near Threatened
850
Anser fabalis middendorffii
Aleutian Cackling Goose
Critically450
529
Branta hutchinsii leucopareia
Endangered
Whooper Swan
3,381
32,161－

Tundra Swan
1,836
37,154－
Data Sources: the Greater White-fronted Goose, the Joint Survey of Greater White-fronted Goose in main habitatsorganaized
by T.Shimada (February 3, 2016)
Other species, 45th National Waterfowl Survey by Ministy of the Environment, Japan (January 16, 2014).
on by MOE

－74－

4. Agricultural Diversity List

Classification

Rice crop

Item

Nonglutinous rice

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Sasanishiki

ササニシキ

Oryza sativa

Hitomebore

ひとめぼれOryza sativa

Manamusume

まなむすめ

Oryza sativa

東北 194 号（ささ結、ささゆ
Tohoku194

あきたこまちOryza sativa

Tsuyahime

つや姫

Oryza sativa

Toyonishiki

トヨニシキ

Oryza sativa

Genkimaru

げんきまる

Oryza sativa

Yamanoshizuku

やまのしずくOryza sativa

Koshihikari

こしひかり

Oryza sativa

Yukimusubi

ゆきむすびOryza sativa

Takitate

たきたて

Oryza sativa

Kuranohana

蔵の華Oryza sativa

Miyamanishiki

美山錦Oryza sativa

Aikoku愛国Oryza sativa

Toyonishiki

トヨニシキ

Oryza sativa

Hiyoriひより

Oryza sativa

Yamadanishiki

山田錦Oryza sativa

Yamanoshizuku

やまのしずくOryza sativa

Rice for forage

Fukuhibiki

ふくひびき

Oryza sativa

Glutinous rice

Miyakoganemochi

みやこがねもちOryza sativa

Himenomochi

ヒメノモチ

Oryza sativa

Mochimusume

もちむすめ

Oryza sativa

Red rice黒米

Oryza sativa

Black rice

赤米

Oryza sativa

Shiranekomugi

シラネコムギ

Triticum aestivum

Nanbukomugi

ナンブコムギ

Triticum aestivum

Yukichikara

ゆきちからTriticum aestivum

Aobanokoi

あおばの恋Triticum aestivum

Minorimugi

ミノリムギ

Hordeum vulgare

Shunrai

シュンライ

Hordeum vulgare

Mogamiwase

最上早生

Fagopyrum esculentum

Hashikamiwase

階上早生

Fagopyrum esculentum

Caroline

カロライン

Zea mays

Colored grain rice
Wheat

BarleyGrain

Oryza sativa

Akitakomachi

Rice for brew

Berleyた香）

Buckwheat

Corn

－75－

Classification

Legumious

Item

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Gold rush

ゴールドラッシュ

Zea mays

Miyagishirome

ミヤギシロメ

Glycine max

Tanrei

タンレイ

Glycine max

Kinusayaka

きぬさやか

Glycine max

Ayakogane

あやこがね

Glycine max

Suzuhonoka

すずほのか

Glycine max

YR tenku

YR 天空

Brassica oleracea

var. capitata.

Okina

おきな

Brassica oleracea

var. capitata

Speed bowl2

スピードボール 2 号

Brassica oleracea

var. capitata

FuyutoriB

冬獲Ｂ号

Brassica oleracea

var. capitata

Purple cabbage

紫キャベツ

Brassica oleracea

var. capitata

Brussels sp.routs

Wasekomochi

早生子持Brassica oleracea

Chinese cabbage

Daifuku

大福

Brassica rapa var. glabra

Menkoi

めんこい

Brassica rapa var. glabra

Asagiri

朝霧Sp.inacia oleracea

Baltic7

バルチック７Sp.inacia oleracea

Summer victory

サマービクトリー

Sp.inacia oleracea

Super tonic

スーパートニックSp.inacia oleracea

Salad sp.inach

サラダほうれん草

Sp.inacia oleracea

Komatsuna

小松菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Kahokuna

河北菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Nozawana

野沢菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Bitaminna

ビタミン菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Chizimina

ちぢみ菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Benrina

ベンリ菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Chirimenna

ちりめん菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Kakinaかき菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Takana高菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Seina

清菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Tsumina

つみ菜

Brassica rapa var. perviridis

Qing geng cai

青梗菜Brassica rapa var. chinensis

Mini qing geng cai

ミニチンゲンサイ

Brassica rapa var. chinensis

Yukinaゆき菜

Brassica rapa var. chinensis

Tasai

ターサイ

Brassica rapa var. chinensis

Kyona

京菜

Brassica rapa var. nipposinica

Soybean

Leaf stalk
Cabbagevegetable

Sp.inachGreens for
pickling

Qing geng cai

Potherb Mustard－76－Classification

Item

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Kyomizore

京みぞれBrassica rapa var. nipposinica

MibunaMibunaみぶな

Brassica rapa var. nipposinica

Mustard greens

Karasina

からし菜Brassica juncea

Wasabina

わさび菜

Brassica juncea

Petit vert

Petit vert

プチベール

Brassica oleracea cultivar

Lettuce

Ball lettuce

玉レタス

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Red leaf lettuce

サニーレタス

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Yamakurage

山くらげLactuca sativa var. crispa

Semi-head lettuce

半結球レタス

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Saladana

サラダ菜

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Leaf lettuce

リーフレタス

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Celtuceサンチュ

Lactuca sativa var. crispa

Swamp cabbage

空芯菜

Ipomoea aquatica

Pariparinatsuna

パリパリ夏菜Ipomoea aquatica

Obasyungiku

大葉春菊

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Nabebugyo

なべ奉行

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Kikuzo菊蔵

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Stick crown daisy

スティック春菊

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Powerful greenbelt

パワフルグリーンベルト

Allium tuberosum

Wonder greenbelt

ワンダーグリーンベルト

Allium tuberosum

Thunder greenbelt

サンダーグリーンベルト

Allium tuberosum

Greenroad

グリーンロード

Allium tuberosum

Kainan海南

Allium tuberosum

Dairen大連

Allium tuberosum

Niranome

ニラの芽

Allium tuberosum

Green perilla

青シソ

Perilla frutescens var. crispa

Red perilla

赤シソ

Perilla frutescens var. crispa

Fruit of Perilla

シソの実

Perilla frutescens var. crispa

Egoma

えごま（じゅうねん）

Perilla frutescens var. crispa

Mitsuba

ミツバ

Cryptotaenia japonica

Hanawasabi

花わさび

Cryptotaenia japonica

モロヘイヤ

Corchorus olitorius

Tsurumurasaki

つるむらさきBasella alba

Tsuruna

つるな

Basella alba

Orange Daylily

Nokanzou野萱草

Hemerocallis fulva

Watercress

Watercress

クレソン

Nasturtium officinale

Swamp cabbage

Crown daisy

Oriental garlic

PerillaJapanesehoneywort

Nalta jute
Indian sp.inach－77－

Classification

Item

Water dropwort

Variety Name

Water dropwort
Matsuyama water

In Japanese

せり

Scientific Name

Oenanthe javanica

松山セリ

dropwortceleryceleryセロリ

Apium graveolens

Onion

Onion

玉ねぎ

Allium cepa

Red onion

赤玉ねぎ

Allium cepa

Leaf onion

葉玉ねぎ

Allium cepa

White star

ホワイトスター

Allium fistulosum

White summer

ホワイトサマーAllium fistulosum

Shirotae

白妙

Allium fistulosum

Shiraya

白矢

Allium fistulosum

White tiger

ホワイトタイガー

Allium fistulosum

Shirabayashi

白林Allium fistulosum

Huyuo2冬扇 2 号

Allium fistulosum

Natsuo4

夏扇４号

Allium fistulosum

Syuitsu

秀逸

Allium fistulosum

Choho

長宝

Allium fistulosum

Motokura

元蔵

Allium fistulosum

Asatsuki

あさつきAllium fistulosum

Bannonegi

万能ねぎAllium fistulosum

Asparagus

Asparagus

アスパラガス

Asparagus spp.

Garlic

Garlic

ニンニク

Allium sativum

Niranome

ニラの芽

Allium sativum

Alpine leek

行者にんにくAllium sativum

Kosaitai紅菜苔Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Harutachina

春立ち菜

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Asuparana

アスパラ菜

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Santona

サント菜

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Heranaヘラ菜

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Sanrikuｔsubomina

三陸つぼみ菜Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Nabana菜花

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Norin20

農林 20 号

Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

Kizakinonatane

キザキの菜種Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai

ParsleyParsley

パセリ

Petroselinum crispum

Curled mallow

Okanori

おかのり

Malva verticillata

Common ice plant

アイスプラント

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Welsh onion

Turnip rape

Common ice
plant

－78－

Classification

Item

Variety Name

FlowerIn Japanese

Scientific Name

Cauliflower

Cauliflower

カリフラワー

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

Broccoli

Pixel

ピクセル

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Subaruすばる

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Fighter

ファイター

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Forest

フォレスト

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Stik ｂroccoli

スティックブロッコリー

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Myoga

Myoga

みょうが

Zingiber mioga

Florists' daisy

Shokuyogiku

食用菊

Chrysanthemum × morifolium syn

Strawberry

Tochiotome

とちおとめ

Fragaria ×ananassa

Mouikko

もういっこFragaria ×ananassa

Tokun

桃薫

Fragaria ×ananassa

Bitter melon

ニガウリ

Cucurbitaceae Juss

Winter melon

冬瓜

Cucurbitaceae Juss

Chayoteハヤトウリ

Cucurbitaceae Juss

Andes

アンデス

Cucumis melo

Princeプリンス

Cucumis melo

Nihonichi

日本一

Cucumis melo

Mini melon

ミニメロン

Cucumis melo

Kanromakuwa

甘露まくわ

Cucumis melo var. makuwa

Ginkaku

銀閣

Cucumis melo var. makuwa

Benikagura

紅神楽

Citrullus lanatus

Paisley

ペイズリー

Citrullus lanatus

Gosp.el

ゴスペル

Citrullus lanatus

Aihimeあい姫

Citrullus lanatus

Benikodama

紅こだま

Citrullus lanatus

黄ひかりこだまCitrullus lanatus

Excellent essey353

エクセレント節成３５３号

Cucumis sativus

Excellent620

エクセレント 620

Cucumis sativus

Subaru

すばる

Cucumis sativus

Status summer３

ステータス夏３

Cucumis sativus

KahoEX

香峰 EX

Cucumis sativus

V summer

V サマー

Cucumis sativus

Shisen四川

Cucumis sativus

Shisen2

四川 2 号

Cucumis sativus

vegetable

Fruit and
Vegetable

Cucurbitaceae

Melon

Oriental Melon

Watermeron

Yellow
hikarikodama
Cucumber－79－

Classification

Item

PumpkinPimentPaprika

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Nankyoku1

南極 1 号

Cucumis sativus

Natsugenki

夏元気

Cucumis sativus

Bihaku美白

Cucumis sativus

Kotobuki

ことぶき

Cucumis sativus

Yumi637

ゆうみ 637

Cucumis sativus

Sensyu2

千秀２号

Cucumis sativus

Kojin1

光神１号

Cucumis sativus

Kojin2

光神２号

Cucumis sativus

Magical1

マジカル１号

Cucumis sativus

Tokiwa888

ときわ 888

Cucumis sativus

kuriaji

栗あじ

Cucurbita moschata

Dark horse

ダークホースCucurbita moschata

Nagachan

ながちゃん

Cucurbita moschata

Hakusyaku

伯爵

Cucurbita moschata

Naguri

名栗

Cucurbita moschata

Kuriebisu

栗えびす

Cucurbita moschata

Miyakoみやこ

Cucurbita moschata

Pucchini

プッチーニ

Cucurbita moschata

Bocchan

坊ちゃん

Cucurbita moschata

Hottokekuritan

ほっとけ栗たん

Cucurbita moschata

Meruhen

メルヘン

Cucurbita moschata

Roron

ロロン

Cucurbita moschata

Mini pumpkin

ミニかぼちゃCucurbita moschata

Nakatama pumpkin

中玉かぼちゃCucurbita moschata

Totteoki

とっておきCucurbita moschata

Korinki

コリンキー

Cucurbita moschata

Kanryu甘龍

Cucurbita moschata

Somen pumpkin

そうめんかぼちゃ

Cucurbita moschata

Zucchini

ズッキーニ

Cucurbita moschata

Kyoyutaka

京ゆたか

Capsicum annuum var. grossum

Banana piment

バナナピーマンCapsicum annuum var. grossumSpecial(Red)スペシャル(赤)Capsicum annuum 'grossum'

Fairway(Yellow)

フェアウェイ（黄）Capsicum annuum 'grossum'

Furupi redEX

フルーピーレッド EX

Capsicum annuum 'grossum'

Furupi Yellow

フルーピーイエローCapsicum annuum 'grossum'－80－Classification

Item

Sweetpepper

Chile papper

Eggplant

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Aoisisito

葵ししとうCapsicum annuum var. grossum

Amatobijin

甘とう美人Capsicum annuum var. grossum

Tsubaki green

つばきグリーン

Capsicum annuum var. grossum

Nikkoonaga

日光大長Capsicum annuum var. grossum

Umakara

うまから

Capsicum annuum var. grossum

Takanotsume

鷹の爪

Capsicum annuum

Gekikara

げきからCapsicum annuum

Naganasu

長ナス

Solanum melongena

Syoyadainaganasu

庄屋大長ナス

Solanum melongena

Beinasu

米ナス

Solanum melongena

Binan

美男

Solanum melongena

Kurobeくろべえ

Solanum melongena

Shinsentyunaganasu

真仙中長なすSolanum melongena

Sendainaganasu

仙台長なすSolanum melongena

紫紺仙台長なす

Solanum melongena

Shikibu

式部

Solanum melongena

Senryo千両

Solanum melongena

Anominori

あのみのり

Solanum melongena

Chikuyo

筑陽

Solanum melongena

Kokuyo黒陽

Solanum melongena

Shinsen

真仙

Solanum melongena

Kogoro小五郎

Solanum melongena

Kurowashi

くろわしSolanum melongena

Aomorimidori

青森みどり

Glycine max

Kuromame

黒豆

Glycine max

Sakenotomo

酒の友

Glycine max

Chamame

茶豆

Glycine max

Hayaiccha

はやいっ茶

Glycine max

Ichibancha

イチバン茶

Glycine max

Echigo honey

越後ハニー

Glycine max

Hiden

秘伝

Glycine max

Yuagarimusume

湯上り娘

Glycine max

Kinusayaendo

絹さやエンドウ

Pisum sativum

Snap pea

スナップエンドウ

Pisum sativum

Shikonsenndainaganasu

Green soybeans

Podded pea－81－Classification

Item

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Sasageササゲ

Pisum sativum

Super stayer

スーパーステイヤー

Phaseolus vulgaris

Romanoロマノ

Phaseolus vulgaris

Moroccoモロッコ

Phaseolus vulgaris

Satsukimidori

さつきみどりPhaseolus vulgaris

Okra

Gokaku okra

五角オクラ

Abelmoschus esculentus

TomatoDelicious junior

デリシャスジュニア

Solanum lycopersicum

Delicious tomato

デリシャストマト

Solanum lycopersicum

Rinca409

りんか 409

Solanum lycopersicum

Hukken福建Solanum lycopersicum

Momotaro gurande

桃太郎グランデ

Solanum lycopersicum

Momotaro

桃太郎

Solanum lycopersicum

Momotaro gift

桃太郎ギフトSolanum lycopersicum

Momotaro sanny

桃太郎サニー

Solanum lycopersicum

House momotaro

ハウス桃太郎Solanum lycopersicum

CF house Momotaro

CF ハウス桃太郎

Solanum lycopersicum

CF 桃太郎はるか

Solanum lycopersicum

Momotaro select桃太郎セレクト

Solanum lycopersicum

Momotaro gold

桃太郎ゴールド

Solanum lycopersicum

Yubi

優美

Solanum lycopersicum

Reika

麗夏

Solanum lycopersicum

Red olle

レッドオーレ

Solanum lycopersicum

Orange olle

オレンジオーレ

Solanum lycopersicum

Shindy sweet

シンディースイート

Solanum lycopersicum

Mini tomato

ミニトマト

Lycopersicon esculentum

Aiko

アイコ

Lycopersicon esculentum

Yellow aiko

イエローアイコ

Lycopersicon esculentum

Chika

千果

Lycopersicon esculentum

Sweet ruby

スイートルビー

Lycopersicon esculentum

Komomo小桃

Lycopersicon esculentum

Pinky

ピンキー

Lycopersicon esculentum

Mr.浅野のけっさく

Lycopersicon esculentum

Petit puyo

プチぷよ

Lycopersicon esculentum

Orange paruche

オレンジパルチェ

Lycopersicon esculentum

Edible burdock

ごぼう

Arctium lappa

Common bean

CF momotaro
HarukaMini tomato

Mr.Asano no
kessaku

Root crop

Edible burdock－82－

Classification

Item

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Takagi burdock

高城ごぼう

Arctium lappa

CarrotCarrotにんじん

Daucus carota subsp. sativus

Japaneseradish

Natsunotsubasa

夏のつばさ

Raphanus sativus

Natsutsukasa

夏つかさ

Raphanus sativus

YR kurama

ＹＲくらま

Raphanus sativus

Kenka37

献夏 37

Raphanus sativus

Hatsukadaikon

二十日大根

Raphanus sativus

Wakamiya2

若宮 2 号

Raphanus sativus

Wasabidaikon

わさび大根

Raphanus sativus

Hadaikon

葉大根

Raphanus sativus

Kozena小瀬菜

Raphanus sativus

Turnipカブ

Brassica rapa var. rapa

Small turnip

小カブBrassica rapa var. rapa

Large turnip

大カブ

Brassica rapa var. rapa

Red turnip

赤カブ

Brassica rapa var. rapa

White turnip

白カブ

Brassica rapa var. rapa

Suzunaすずな

Brassica rapa var. rapa

GingerGinger

生姜

Zingiber officinale

Lotus

Lotus

蓮根

Nelumbo nucifera

RakkyoRakkyoらっきょう

Allium chinense

PotatoPotatoジャガイモ

Solanum tuberosum

Kita akari

北あかり

Solanum tuberosum

Dansyaku

男爵

Solanum tuberosum

Toya

とうや

Solanum tuberosum

May Queen

メークイン

Solanum tuberosum

Sweet potato

Sweet potato

さつまいも

Ipomoea batatas

Eddoe

Eddoe

さといも

Colocasia esculenta SchottKamiibanoimo

上伊場のいもColocasia esculenta Schott

Zinenjo自然薯Dioscorea japonica

Mukagoむかご

Dioscorea japonica

Chinese yam

Chinese yam

長芋Dioscorea polystachya

Yacon

Yacon

ヤーコン

Smallanthus sonchifolius

Jarusalem artichoke

きくいもHeliantus tuberosus

Plantain lily

うるい

Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch

Saltwort

おかひじき

Salsola komarovii Iljin

TurnipPotatoVariety NameJapanese yam

Jerusalem
artichoke
Edible wild
Edible wild plants
plant

－83－

Classification

Item

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Ostrich fem

こごみ

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Koshiabura

コシアブラ

Eleutherococcus sciadophylloides

Sawaseri

沢せり

Sium suave subsp. nipponicum

Shidoke

しどけParasenecio delphiniifolius

Sobanaそば菜

Adenophora remotiflora

Bamboo shoot

タケノコ

Phyllostachys pubescens

Taranome

タラの芽

Aralia elata

Fuki

フキ

Petasites japonicus (Siebold et Zucc.)
Maxim.

Mushroom

Mushroom

Fruit tree

Grape

Fukinotou

フキノトウ

Petasites japonica Miq

Mizu

みず

Elatostema umbellatum var. majus

Yamaudo山ウド

Aralia cordata

Yomogi

よもぎ

Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii

Warabi

わらび

Pteridium aquilinum

Shiitake

しいたけ

Lentinula edodes

Shimeji

しめじ

Hypsizygus marmoreus

Nama kikurage

生きくらげ

Auricularia auricula-judae

Namekoなめこ

Pholiota microspora

Hiratake

ひらたけ

Pleurotus ostreatus

Sheep's head舞茸

Grifola frondosa Fries.

Makomodake

マコモダケ

Zizania latifolia

Passion fruit

パッションフルーツ

Passiflora edulis Sims

Akwbi

あけび

Akebia quinata

Fig tree

イチジク

Ficus carica

Japanese apricot

梅Prunus mume

Shibugaki

渋柿

Diospyros kaki Thunberg

Amagaki

甘柿

Diospyros kaki Thunberg

kiwifruit

キウイフルーツ

Actinidia deliciosa

Japanese chestnut

栗Castanea crenata

Black walnut

くるみ

Juglans spp.

Japanese plum

すももPrunus salicina

Pawpaw

ポポー

Asimina triloba

Peach

桃

Amygdalus persica

Apple

りんご

Malus pumila

Vitis spp.

巨峰

Vitis spp.

Aki queen

安芸クイーン

Vitis spp.

Kaiji

甲斐路

Vitis spp.

－84－

Classification

Item

Blueberry

Other vegetable

Herb

Variety Name

In Japanese

Scientific Name

Tensyu天秀

Vitis spp.

Naiagara

ナイアガラ

Vitis spp.

Fujiminori

藤稔

Vitis spp.

Benizu紅伊豆

Vitis spp.

Muscat

マスカット

Vitis spp.

Rabbit eye

ラビットアイ

Vaccinium corymbosum

Huckle berry

ハックルベリーVaccinium corymbosum

thyme

タイム

Thymus spp.

Sources: Sales lists of agricultural produce from agricultural cooperative associations and direct sales stores within the area, etc.

－85－

5. The Traditional and Ingenious, Multi-layered Water Management System of Osaki Kōdo

－86－

－87－

－88－

6. List of Ingenious Water Management Infrastructure(1) Intake sluices (including sluice gates and lock gates)No.
1
2

Name, etc.
Tatemae Great Sluice
Shida Sluice (Kamikawara
Sluice, Tagawa Sluice)3

Arakawa Sluice

45

Ko-orie Sluice
Ukyoe Sluice, Eai River Course
Eai River Meiji Sluice Gate
completed
Construction begun on
Chiyokubo Sluice Gate

6
7
8

Ogawa Lock Gate completed

9
10
11

Karasaki Sluice Gate
Hirayanagi Sluice Gate
Semi Sluice (Miyazaki Sluice)

12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Hara Sluice
Hakkamura Sluice (Koze Sluice)
Ashimizu Sluice
Hakidame Sluice (Great Sluice)
Kimigafukuro Sluice
Yachimori Sluice
Karasu River Sluice

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Municipality in which
located, etc.
Kami District
Bunei era (1264–1274)
Kami District

Period1640

Shikama Town;
Sanbongi/Matsuyama, 1655
Osaki City
Sanbongi, Osaki City 1711
Furukawa, Osaki City 1771
Wakuya Town

1890

Toda District

1900

Kashimadai, Osaki
City
Wakuya Town
Tajiri, Osaki City
Kami Town

Kami Town
Kami Town
Kami Town
Kami Town
Kami Town
Kami Town
Kami Town
Naruko Onsen, Osaki
Minamihara Hole SluiceCity
Toda Irrigation Sluice
Toda District
Terui Sluice
Kami Town
Kotakari Sluice
Kami Town
Myozen Sluice
Kami Town
Tateshita Sluice (Fumoto Sluice) Kami Town
Masaka Sluice
Kami Town
Tsukizaki Sluice (Moniwa
Kami Town
Sluice)Futatsuishi Sluice
Kami Town
Kawakubo Sluice
Kami Town
Ochiai Sluice
Kami Town
Koizumi Sluice
Kami Town
Sainokami Sluice
Kami Town
Sabusawa Sluice
Kami Town
Igarashi Sluice
Kami Town
Kawazokosawa Sluice
Kami Town
Sakashita Sluice
Kami Town
Yukizawa Sluice
Kami Town
Iriai Sluice
Kami Town

1907
1922
1924
1659–1669
1670–1680
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Around 1897
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
1644–47
1727
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Around 1897
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Around 1659
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)
Middle ages–early modern period (exact year unknown)－89－

(2) Tunnels
No.
1Name, etc.

Municipality in which located, etc.

Gotoe Tunnel

Furukawa, Osaki City

Toyasaka Tunnel and 2

Nango, Kami Town; Higashi-MatsushimaothersCity

Mitsuya Tunnel

Nango, Kami Town; Higashi-Matsushima
City

1665

Kashimadai, Osaki City

1693–1698 and other dates

Kashimadai, Osaki City

1693–1698 and other dates

2
3
4
5

1596–1610
1665

Shinainuma Kuratsubo
TunnelShinainuma Genroku
Tunnel

6

Kayakari Tunnel

Furukawa, Osaki City

7

Kuratsubo Tunnel
Former Sanbyakken
TunnelToda District

9

New Sanbyakken Tunnel

Kami Town

10

Naganuma Tunnel

Kami Town

11

Torishima Tunnel

Kami Town

12

Hara Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

13

Hyakken Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

14

Ranto Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

15

Kyushiro Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

16

Yamanokami Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

17

Aoyama Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

18

Kannonsawa Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

19

Kojirosawa Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

20

Nakanosawa Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

21

Haji Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

22

Kaido Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

23

Takoda Tunnel

Sanbongi, Osaki City

24

Haguro Tunnel

Furukawa, Osaki City

25

Baiko Tunnel

Furukawa, Osaki City

26

Suga Tunnel

Furukawa, Osaki City

27

Hachiman Tunnel

Tajiri, Osaki City

8

PeriodKami Town－90－

Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
1688
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)

28

Kido Hole

Tajiri, Osaki City

29

Kamigoya Tunnel

Tajiri, Osaki City

30

Kainohori Tunnel

Tajiri, Osaki City

Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)
Early modern period (exact year
unknown)(3) Water channels
No.

Name, etc.

Municipality in which located, etc.

Period1

Iwadeyama Great Sluice Water Channel, Uchi River

Iwadeyama, Osaki City

1591

2

Channel Merging the Eai and Kitakami Rivers

Wakuya Town

1616

3

Amida Bay Water Channel

Kashimadai, Osaki City

1766

4

Aokisawa Open Cut

Toda District

1832

5

Kamata Ditch

Shida District

1851*Refer to the history of each municipality
Literature referenced: Kiyoshi Takakura, “The Tunnels of Sendai Province,” Konno Printing Co., Ltd., 2002
Tohoku Regional Agricultural Administration Office, “Historical Chronology of Water andLand Maintenance”
Website referenced: Agricultural and Rural Development Information Center, “The Foundations of Water andLand”
http://suido-ishizue.jp/history/tohoku/miyagi.htm－91－

7. List of the Number of Occurrences of Disasters Caused by Cold Weather
Type ofweather
disasterColdweatherdamageFrost

Sustained
rain

Early
cold

Early
frost

Heavy
rain

Number ofoccurrences

52

3

37

10

7

1

Total of causes
Unseasonableof cold weather
weatherdamage7

117

Source: Miyagi Prefecture Agricultural Civil Engineering History (1600–1988)
Diagram: Rice Crops and Cold Weather Damage in Tohoku “The State of Occurrences of Cold Weather
Damage” (1972–2003)－92－

8. Supplementary Information about Cultures, Value Systems and Social Organizations(Farming Culture)(1) Details of agricultural rituals
Agricultural rituals refer to those among the various events held throughout the year which are
deeply connected to agricultural life and are held at the transition points between each stage of
agricultural production in order to pray for a fruitful harvest. It can be considered that the progression forsuch rituals usually takes the following course: Preliminary celebration stage (preparation for farming)→ averting hazards/warding off misfortune stage (tending & protecting the field) → offering thanks
stage (harvest). The principal agricultural rituals of Osaki Kōdo are described here following the outline
given above.
a) Rituals of preliminary celebrationi)“New Year’s Ritual at Konpoji Temple” (Miyagi Prefecture Designated Cultural Property)
Wakuya Town Nonodake Hakusan Festival: In January of each year, the Hakusan Shinto
Ritual, central to the belief in agricultural gods in the Wakuya area, is held at Hakusan Shrine.
Child participants shoot arrows in a ritual to foretell whether the year’s harvest will be rich orpoor.

ii) “Yanagisawa Yakehachiman” (Miyagi Prefecture Designated Cultural Property)
An event to mark the Little New Year, held in Yanagisawa, Miyazaki, Kami Town fromJanuary 14 to the early morning of January 15. An object known as a “tōrō ,” made from 12
bundles of straw tied together, is burned in front of Hachiman Shrine to foretell the year’s
harvest, as well as to pray to avert fires and for an abundant crop and the wellbeing of one’s
family.
iii) “Kirigome no hadaka kasedori (Kirigome Naked Kasedori)” (Miyagi Prefecture DesignatedCultural Property)
An event held in Kirigome, Miyazaki, Kami Town on the evening of January 15 under theold lunar calendar. One boy aged 15 or over from each of the houses in the village takes part,and all the participants, who are naked, visit every house in the village as a group. At this time,
Kasedori mochi (mochi) are distributed.
b) Rituals to avert hazards/ward off misfortunei)

Mukeno First of the Month
On June 1, mugwort leaves which were picked on the day of the May seasonal festival inorder to avert fire and illness are placed on a wooden dish known as “zakki,” which is set alightand rubbed over the threshold of the entrance as a charm against fire. In addition, participants
rub it over the entirety of their bodies as a spell for good health. Dried mochi from the New－93－

Year celebration are eaten, as it is said that these harden the teeth, and new mochi are pounded
to celebrate the festival. (Furukawa, Tajiri, Sanbongi, Matsuyama, Iwadeyama, and Naruko in
Osaki City; Kogota in Misato Town; Shikama Town)ii) Flea BoatsOn June 1, the seeds of wild Reynoutria sachalinensis (a type of Japanese knotweed) andsorrel are threshed and spread out on the floor of the main rooms of houses for fleas to use as
boats in this magical rite. (Iwadeyama in Osaki City; Onoda and Miyazaki in Kami Town;
Shikama Town)iii) Mushiokuri (Sending-off of Insects/Memorial Service for Insects), Kappa (Okappasama)
On June 15, rice is boiled with red beans, then wrapped in bamboo leaves or a straw
wrapper and placed on the roadside. There was also a custom of striking gongs and drums todrive insects out of the village. In addition, on the days of the festivals of the Heavenly King(the Gozu Emperor) and of Okappasama (the river spirit), cucumbers are not to be eaten before
offering them to Okappasama. Cucumbers are floated down the river. (Furukawa, Tajiri,
Sanbongi, Iwadeyama, and Naruko in Osaki City; Kogota in Misato Town; Miyazaki in Kami
Town; Shikama Town)iv) Sending-off of the Bō god
On June 20, people put dumplings into straw bundles and hang them in doorways, saying“Sending off the Bō god, the Hayari god, the God of 404 Diseases.” Dumplings are also rituallyoffered at crossroads and junctions of three roads to send off the God of Disease. (Shikama
Town)v) Summer Purification Rites
Also known as the “Passing of Summer Seasonal Festival,” it is a day of abstinence heldon June 30 in order to begin a new season. It was believed that the Kappa (water god) came
down from the mountains on this day, and people, horses and cattle were bathed in a ritual
purification. (Furukawa, Tajiri, Sanbongi, and Naruko in Osaki City)c) Rituals to give thanks for the harvest: “Yonekura Kashima Jinja no Kensen Gyoji (Yonekura
Kashima Shrine Food Offering Ritual)” (Miyagi Prefecture Designated Cultural Property)
Held each year on September 9 at Yonekura Kashima Shrine, Furukawa, Osaki City, which issaid to have been constructed in 1535. The food offering ritual is a nighttime festival in which the
new crop is presented to the patron deity during a communal meal between gods and humans. It is
ranked as a festival for the ceremonial offering of newly-harvested rice.
(2) Folk beliefs
Folk beliefs indicate the everyday beliefs held by ordinary people, which came about and－94－

developed among the general populace within local communities as they went about the routine of theireveryday lives. The folk beliefs which have taken root in Osaki Kōdo are described here.
a) Hayama Belief at the foot of Funagatayama Mountain
Many shrines have been constructed around the eastern base of Funagatayama Mountain(1,500 m), a high peak in the Ou mountain range, from ancient times. In rites held at Yakurai Shrinein Kami Town’s Onoda district, Funagata Shrine and Funagatayama Shrine in Shikama Town, theBuddhist deity of healing, Yakushi Nyorai, is taken to be the original Buddhist identity of a Shinto
deity. The shrines are divided into the satomiya (village shrine) and yamamiya (mountain shrine)buildings, and the god is summoned on the mountaintop. The date of the rites is April 8 under theold lunar calendar at all three shrines. From this summoning on the mountain the link to an
agricultural deity’s festival is strong, so it is considered that the Hayama Belief is one variation in
the worship of the God of Agriculture.
Features characteristic of the God of Agriculture are seen in the Bondenbayai ritual of
Funagatayama Shrine, the Satsukimairi ritual of Funagata Shrine, and the Oyamanobori ritual of
Yakurai Shrine. The Hayama Belief became widely established in Osaki Kōdo, at the base of
Funagatayama Mountain, from the medieval period onwards. It is thought to have a deep connection
to the ascetic mountain monks of the Haguro sect, such as the “Five Male Gods of Kami District”
set up together by Lord Osaki. The vestiges of the Hayama Belief which have been passed down tothis day can be found in the stone monuments connected to the Funagatayama faith in Nishiarai(1819) and Nagaokahari (1894), Furukawa, Osaki City, and in Numabe Sakurada, Tajiri, in the samecity (1861).
b) Ta-no-kami (God of the rice paddies)
There is a belief which involves praying to the God of the rice paddies,
who brings the rice harvest, and giving thanks for a bountiful crop. This belief
has been handed down in the following ways.
Before the rice seedlings are planted, sake for the gods is poured over therice paddies, hands are placed together in prayer, and a stick decorated withwhite colored paper is erected at the point where the water enters the field. Photo: Seedlings areoffered at the household

Then seedlings are offered at the household shrine to the God of Harvests in shrine to pray for a richorder to pray for a bountiful harvest. (Furukawa, Osaki City)

harvest.

c) Suijin (Water God)
The agriculture of Osaki Kōdo is supported by the gift of water obtained from rivers large andsmall, such as the Eai River and Naruse River. Prayers are offered for plentiful water from the Eai－95－

River, one of the principal rivers supporting rich harvests in theOsaki area, and for flood control. The god who rules the source of
the Arao River, the headwaters of the Eai River, has been
worshipped from ancient times, and even now, a ritual is held every
year.
Photo: The Water God Belief,
which has survived completely
unchangedd) God of the Hearth

In the area of the former Sendai domain extending from the center and northof Miyagi Prefecture to the south of Iwate Prefecture, which includes Osaki Kōdo,
there is a belief which involves worshipping the mysterious power of fire,
indispensable to daily life, and praying to the god of fire, known as the God of
the Hearth, for the safety and prosperity of one’s family. The object of worship isthe mask of a stern-looking demon-god, enshrined in the kitchen above thecooking fire or at the top of the central pillar of the house. In the Furukawa area,

Photo: The Godof the Hearth

it is also being utilized for local revitalization.
(3) Mochi (rice cake) food culture (the principal mochi dishes of Osaki Kōdo)
CookedMochi with mashed green soybeans, mochi with seaweed, deep fried mochi, mochiwith fermented soy beans, mochi with ground walnuts, mochi with red bean paste,mochi with sweetened soy flour, boiled mochi, mochi in soup, toasted mochi withsweetened soy flour, Sato mochi, mochi with rice syrup, sweetened vinegar mochi,
Fusube mochi, mochi with ginger, Nanban mochi, mochi with wasabi, mochi withsesame, freeze-dried mochi, mochi with shrimp, Kaniko mochi, mochi with oilseed
perilla, mochi with soy sauce, rice porridge with seven spring herbs, rice porridgewith red beans, milk mochi, tuna mochi
GarnishedMochi with mugwort, mochi with arrowroot, mochi with burdock leaves, mochi withsweet chestnut, mochi with horse chestnut, white mochi, mochi with millet, mochiwith miso, frozen mochi, mochi with black beans and soy beans, mochi made withflour from the new crop, mochi covered with bean paste, Ma mochi, dimpled mochi,
mochi grilled with sweet miso paste, Aka-aka mochi, mochi with bracken starch,sliced and dried mochi, Hako mochi(4) Local cuisine
There is also a food culture that emerged as a substitute for rice when the rice crop has failed. For
example, the wheat flour dish known as “hatto,” “hittsumi,” or “tottenage,” made by adding water towheat flour, kneading it well, letting it ripen, and boiling the thinly-rolled dough, as well as soups madeby adding vegetables and other ingredients to this confection. These include “Suppoko soup” from
－96－

Kogota, Misato Town, and “Water chestnut rice” from
Kashimadai, Osaki City, in which water chestnuts picked in thewetlands such as Shinai Marsh are mixed with rice. The
cultivation of water chestnuts is being revived alongside efforts
to conserve the endangered species of fish Pseudorasbora
pumila pumila.
Photo: Local cuisine “Suppoko soup”(5) Fishing in the rice paddies
The rice paddies have also been used as a place to fish.
The living creatures of the rice paddies, such as loaches,
opossum shrimps, and pond snails, are a valuable source ofprotein, and fishing can be observed in the agriculturaldrainage ditches after the harvest. Separately from this, inreservoirs constructed in mountain valleys, which were notblessed with water supplies from rivers, fishing for crucians
and carp was carried out with the simultaneous purpose of

Photo (L): Fishing in an agricultural drainage
ditch
Photo (R): Removing the slime from loaches

dredging the mud.
Although the use of the catch from paddy field fishing is
diminishing, due to the introduction of nonnative species andchanges to dietary habits in recent years, a culture of eating loaches deep-fried or in soup, and of eating
crucians, bitterlings, Japanese rice fish, etc. sweetened and boiled persists in each area of this region.

－97－

9. List of Principal Agricultural Rituals and Folk performing arts

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Classification

1

Wakamiya
Hachiman Shrine
Boiling Water
RitualAgriculturalritual

2

Yonekura Kashima
Jinja no Kensen
Gyoji(Yonekura
Kashima Shrine
Food Offering
Ritual)Agriculturalritual3

Niida Komatsu
Shrine Festival[Niida Komatsu
Shrine Festival
Preservation
Society]

Agriculturalritual4

Oyumi Shinji(Archery Ritual)

Agriculturalritual5

Yanagisawa
Yakehachiman[Yanagisawa
Young People’s
Association]

Agriculturalritual6

Atago Devotional
Gathering

AgriculturalritualArea

Overview

A mystical ascetic practice to prayfor good health and a bountiful
Wakamiya
harvest, in which the shrine priest
district, Sanbongi,
uses bamboo leaves to beat his
Osaki City
body with water boiled in a large*Osaki City
cauldron, while chanting spells.
DesignatedThis boiling water ritual has been
Intangible Folk
carried out since 1189, andCultural Property
Wakamiya Hachiman is the only
shrine at which it takes place.
Yonekura district,
A serene nighttime festival to give
Furukawa, Osaki
thanks for the grain harvest, heldCityeach year in September since*Miyagi
1598. It begins with the offering
Prefectureof the first rice, and ends the next
Designated
day when the portable shrines are
Intangible Folk
carried in procession.
Cultural Property
On the first Sunday in June,around the time the rice planting
finishes, the Komatsu Shrine Rice
Niida district,Seedling Performance is held to
Furukawa, Osaki
pray for the steady growth of theCityseedlings. It is now listed as oneof Miyagi Prefecture’s rare
festivals.
Nonodake district,
Wakuya Town
Held in January each year, child*Miyagi
participants shoot arrows toPrefecture
foretell the year’s weather and
Designatedpray for a bountiful harvest.
Intangible Folk
Cultural Property
A rare event with a 600-year
Yanagisawa
tradition, held each year from
district, Miyazaki,
January 14 to 15 to pray to avert
Kami Town
fires and for an abundant crop and*Miyagi
the wellbeing of one’s family. A
Prefecture
hut made of bamboo and straw is
Designatedset alight, and the direction of theIntangible Folk
smoke is interpreted to foretell the
Cultural Property
prospects for the year’s crop.
This ritual began in 1861, and has
a 150-year history. The god of
Nakaniida, Kami
Atago is in charge of protection
Townfrom fire, and as the War God of*Kami Town
safeguarding warriors’ horses.
DesignatedFrom the start of the Meiji Period,
Intangible Folk
the god has also been the
Cultural Property
protector of horses used inagricultural work.

－98－

Photograph

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

7

Koizumi no
Mizusyugi(Koizumi Water
Celebration)[Koizumi
Contractual
Association]

Classification

Area

Overview

AgriculturalritualKoizumi district,Miyazaki, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Held to welcome newly married
couples, as well as to pray for theprotection of each household fromfire. This Water Celebration is anextremely rare event even on anational level.

8

Kirigome no
hadaka kasedori(Kirigome Naked
Kasedori)[Kirigome
Association for
Harmony]

AgriculturalritualKirigome district,Miyazaki, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

9

Hoyanagi ShintoMusic[Hoyanagi Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart

Hoyanagi district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

10

Nambu School
Nagase Shinto
Music[Nambu School
Nagase Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Fukunuma
district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

11

Kawakuma Shinto
Music[Kawakuma Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Kawakuma
district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

This event is to avert fire andward off the misfortune
associated with particular ages. It
is also known as “Kirigome
Sumitsuke.” When this festival
was abandoned for a time, thearea suffered from seven fires in
one year, and so the festival was
revived to avert fire and has
continued to this day.
The story tells that this tradition
began 450 years ago, when thelord of Hoyanagi Castle had the
populace dance. It draws
principally on the Nambu Shinto
music tradition, but also
incorporates Sako Shinto musicelements in part, and the dynamic
dance is also accompanied by asomewhat melancholy
atmosphere. The dance has beenoffered to the local deity of
Kumano Shrine since long ago topray for a bountiful harvest.
The Nagase (now Fukunuma)
district prospered greatly as anarea for the shipment of the local“Honkoku” rice from the feudal
era. This tradition began at thestart of the Meiji Period(1868-1912), when a master sakebrewer who came from the
Nambu region to work taught
Nambu Shinto music to the young
people of Nagase. The “Dance of
the Great Water God” and “Danceof the Five Great Dragon Kings”
are extremely flamboyant.
This draws on the tradition ofNagase Shinto Music which wastransmitted at the start of the
Meiji Period. The ritual lapsed fora time, but in 1982, a preservationsociety was established topreserve and hand down thisShinto music with its tradition ofpraying for a bountiful harvest as
a local performing art. It is now
being passed down as Shinto
music firmly established in the
district.

－99－

Photograph

No.

12

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Yanome Rice
Planting Dance[Yanome Rice
Planting Dance
Preservation
Society]Classification

Folk
performing
art

Area

Overview

Yanome district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

This rice planting dance, danced
each New Years to celebrate theyear’s abundant harvest inadvance, was brought to the
Yanome district in the earlyShowa Period. Amidst a rapid
modernization of agriculture, thisis being preserved and handed
down as one of the typical dancesof Osaki City.

13

Tokeiinari
Drumming

Folk
performingart

Araya district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

14

ObarayaDrumming

Folk
performing
art

Furukawa, Osaki
City

15

Miyabukuro
Masutori Mai(Miyabukuro
Picking Up Boxes Folk
Dance)
performing[Miyabukuro
art
Picking Up Boxes
Dance Preservation
Society]

Miyabukuro
district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

16

Inaba Procession of
a Feudal Lord’s
Vanguard
Folk[Inaba Procession
performingof a Feudal Lord’s
art
Vanguard
Preservation
Society]Inaba district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

The drums which are enshrined in
the front hall of Tokeiinari Shrine
are placed on a large two-wheeled
hand-drawn cart and pulledaround the town on foot as they
are beaten to commemorate anabundant harvest. The flutes anddrums of the Tokei Festival,
expressing people’s reverence andadoration of the great Tokeiinari
god and prayer for an abundant
harvest in the form of playing
joyfully with the god, produce a
lively piece of music.
In the middle of the Edo Period,
after the harvests failed for three
years in succession, the farming
folk danced wildly, leaping likegrasshoppers as they went toworship at the shrine. As a result,they were blessed with anabundant harvest that year. Ever
since, this has been danced inorder to pray for a good harvest,
and continues until this day.
Brought to Miyabukuro around1942 as a rustic dance praying for
an abundant harvest and giving
thanks for the harvest. The God of
the Rice Paddies (a clown) joins
the dance halfway through anddances with the others, and after
the dance has finished, red andwhite mochi are scattered into thecrowd to pray for or celebrate abumper harvest that year.
This event with a long pedigree,which was brought to Gion
Yasaka Shrine in the Tokugawa
Period, is held only on
congratulatory occasions such as
the festival giving thanks for therice harvest.

－100－

Photograph

No.

17

18

Name
[Preserving
organization]
Nakazato
Procession of a
Feudal Lord’s
Rearguard[Nakazato
Procession of a
Feudal Lord’s
Rearguard
Preservation
Society]

Furukawa Demon
Drumming[Furukawa
Mizumo Society]

Classification

Folk
performing
art

Folk
performing
art

Area

Overview

Nakazato district,
Furukawa, Osaki
City

It was originally a procession of
the vanguard and rearguard, but at
the time of the procession of theportable shrine during the Gion
Shrine festival in 1702, it was
decided that Inaba Village would
be the “vanguard” and Nakazato
Village would be the “rearguard.”

Furukawa, Osaki
City

In order to save their lives andprotect the harvest of the fertile
Osaki Kōdo from the attacks of ademon god, Otakemaru, who had
caused repeated damage, thepeople put on demon masks, lit a
bonfire, and beat drums fiercely.
Each year, drums continue to beplayed to pray for the year’s
harvest.

19

Tsugihashi Shinto
Music[Tsugihashi Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart

Tsugihashi
district,Matsuyama,
Osaki City
*Osaki City
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

20

Kanazu School
Matsuyama Lion
Dog Dance[Kanazu School
Matsuyama Lion
Dog Dance
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Matsuyama,
Osaki City

21

ObasamaMonkitsuki[Obasama
Monkitsuki
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart

Obasama district,Kashimadai,
Osaki City

Tsugihashi Shinto music, whichdraws on the tradition of Nambu
Shinto music, was introduced by afamous drummer from the Nambu
region at the beginning of the
Meiji Period. The tradition
overcame a crisis when theyounger generation of the districtleft agriculture for other industries
during the period of rapid
economic growth, and has been
handed down to the present day.
Performed by dancers who wear
ornamental plumes called“sasara” on their backs and donlion dog heads while singing
accompanied by drums. It wasdanced in the Matsuyama district
until modern times, and revived in
1993 after a period in which it
was not performed. It is a prayer
for the repose of the souls of theancestors, the expulsion of evil
spirits, and a bountiful harvest,
and is being handed down as areligious performance offered at
the festival of the local shrine.
“Monkitsuki” is a construction
method which involves driving inpiles by hand. From the Genroku
Period (late seventeenth century)
until the Showa Period (twentiethcentury), land reclamation
projects were carried out in Shinai
Marsh, a marsh which once
stretched over 18 km2 in Obasama
district, and the Monkitsuki
construction method played an－101－

Photograph

No.

22

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Kashimadai
Drumming[Kashimadai
Drumming
Rokusyoukai
Association]

23

Fukuya Shinto
Music

24

Iwadeyama Okura
School Noh Songs[Iwadeyama Okura
School Noh Songs
Preservation
Society]

25

Mayama Shinto
Music[Mayama Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]26

Fir Tree Shinto
Music[Fir Tree Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]Classification

Area

Overview

Folk
performingart

Kashimadai,
Osaki City

Folk
performing
art

Fukuya district,Kashimadai,
Osaki City
*Osaki City
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Folk
performing
art

Iwadeyama,
Osaki City
*Osaki City
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Folk
performing
art

Iwadeyama,
Osaki City
*Osaki City
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Folk
performing
art

Iwadeyama,
Osaki City
*Osaki City
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

important role in reinforcing thesoft ground.
At the “Straw Sandals Festival,”
which honors the venerable
Sannosuke Kamada, a great
pioneer of the development of
Kashimadai, drums areindispensable instruments.
Kashimadai drumming involves
the singing of the ancient,medieval, modern, contemporary,
and future history of Kashimadai
to the rhythm of the drums.
This tradition began with theintroduction of Hoin Shinto musicin the Kanei Period (first half ofthe seventeenth century), andFukuya Shinto music proper wasborn in 1925. It was first offeredto the gods in the harvest season,and has since been handed downin gratitude for favorable weather
and as a central aspect of theannual festival.
Mr. Yumura, the head of the
Okura School in Iwadeyama
district, went to Kyoto andstudied Noh songs of the Okura
School. After his return from
Kyoto, he was treated very
generously by the Date clan as ateacher of Noh songs. The songs
spread among the ordinary
people, and Okura School songs
came to be performed widely.
Introduced in 1883 by a direct
successor of Takkotai Shinto
music from Haguro, Ichinoseki
City, Iwate Prefecture. In 1983,
the dancers were taught the
Chicken Dance, which prays forthe repose of the souls of theancestors and a bountiful harvest,
and this was taught to elementary
school students from thefollowing year. The activities of
the Preservation Society havebeen archived by the Agency for
Cultural Affairs.
Formerly known as “Nambu
Shinto Music,” it has been
performed since before the Meiji
Restoration. The repertoire iscomposed of 28 different items,
such as the “Sanbaso,” whichprays for a good harvest.

－102－

Photograph

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Classification

Area

Overview

27

Onikobe Shinto
Music[Onikobe Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Naruko Onsen
district, Osaki
City

28

Kawatabi Seven
Gods of Good
Fortune (Daikoku
Dance)[Kawatabi Seven
Gods of Good
FortunePreservation
Society (Daikoku
Dance)]

Folk
performing
art

Kawatabi district,
Naruko, Osaki
City

29

Naruko Gion Lion
Dog Dance[Naruko Gion Lion
Dog Dance
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Naruko, Osaki
City

30

Shundo School
Noh Songs[Shundo School
Noh Songs
Preservation
Society “Potted
Tree Society”]

Folk
performingart

Onuki district,Tajiri, Osaki City

31

Takagi Lion Dog
Dance
Folk
[Takagi Lion Dog
performing
Dance Preservation art
Society]

Takagi district,
Shikama Town

Its origins are unclear, but it issaid that it was performed when
warriors from Kyoto, Kansai, orKanto came to the Ou district,transmitted to Iwate Prefecture
and to Kurihara City, and thenalso to the Onikobe district. The
dancers perform content rich inemotion.
330 years ago, in the time of
Munechika Date, the third
castellan of Iwadeyama, a dancein the costumes of the Seven
Gods of Good Fortune was first
performed. The “Daikoku Dance”
is said to bring good fortune. The“Dance of the Seven Gods ofGood Fortune,” danced by
performers dressed as the various
gods, also continues to be passed
down.
It is said that this tradition beganon the occasion when Minamoto
no Yoritomo advanced his troops
to Naruko for the subjugation of
Yoshitsune, his younger brother,and the Fujiwara in Hiraizumi,
and brought the Lion Dog Shinto
Music of Kamakura’s Tsurugaoka
Hachimangu Shrine to Naruko
Onsen Shrine to pray for victory,
giving it an 800-year history. It isa cheerful dance accompanied byflutes and drums.
As one of the schools popular in
the Edo Period, the Sendai
Domain Boisterous Dance
Method was introduced, andbecame established and handed
down within the Wakudani-Datefamily’s village of Onuki
Nittanome. The “Potted Tree
Society” is the only group in
Japan which has inherited the
tradition of the Shundo School.
With the fertile land as a stage,
the dancers go from house tohouse to pray for a bountiful
harvest and drive out evil spirits
and disease. The lion dogs anddeity of the mountain dance a
lively dance to theaccompaniment of drums andflutes.

－103－

Photograph

No.

32

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Kiyomizu Shinto
Music[Kiyomizu Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]Classification

Area

Overview

Folk
performing
art

Kiyomizu district,
Shikama Town
*Shikama Town
DesignatedIntangible
Cultural Property

Kiyomizu Shinto music is awordless form of “village Shinto
music” without lines. Drawing on
the Nambu Shinto music tradition,
it is composed of about 20 pieces
of music. In Kiyomizu Kannon
Temple, there is a votive plaqueoffered in 1900 showing theteaching of Shinto music, telling
us about its appearance at that
time.
Offered at Kiyomizu Kannon
Temple to pray for a bountiful
harvest. It died out for a time after
the War, but was revived in 1980.
It is now being handed down by
the local children.

33

Kiyomizu Rice
Planting Dance

Folk
performing
art

Kiyomizu district,
Shikama Town
*Shikama Town
DesignatedIntangible
Cultural Property

34

Senboku Wheat
Hulling Dance

Folk
performing
art

Shimokurosawa
district, Shikama
Town

A dance to pray for a bountiful
wheat harvest. It was revived
around the late 1970s and has
continued ever since.

Folk
performing
artNakaniida, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

This tradition began 650 years
ago in Nakaniida, where there
were many major fires caused byseasonal winds, when a tiger
dance was offered at the First
Horse Day festival of the great
Inari god, borrowing the might of
the tiger to still the wind and pray
for the prevention of fire. Eachyear on the First Horse Day
festival, prayers are made for abountiful harvest, prosperity incommerce, good fortune, and thewellbeing of one’s family.

Folk
performing
art

Yokkaichiba
district,Nakaniida, Kami
Town
*Kami Town
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

The end of the left bank of the
Naruse River is a place called
Yokkaichiba Original Lodging
Area, where this lively dance
originated. The atmosphere of theactive pursuit of exchanges anddistribution of goods at
Yokkaichiba, which prospered as
one of the largest rice depots, hasbeen handed down in this song.

35

36

Nakaniida Tiger
Dance [Nakaniida
Fire Protection
Tiger Dance
Preservation
Society]

Yokkaichiba
Lively Dance[Yokkaichiba
Lively Dance
Preservation
Society]－104－

Photograph

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Classification

Area

Overview

Folk
performing
art

Nakajima district,
Onoda, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Folk
performingart

Tsukizaki district,
Onoda, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Folk
performing
art

Onoda, Kami
Town
*Miyagi
Prefecture
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Rice planting dances became
dances of the ordinary people asceremonies to pray for a bountiful
harvest associated with arice-growing culture. Nakajima
Rice Planting Dance originated
370 years ago. The “God of the
Rice Paddies,” the harvest god,
makes an appearance, and thisdance includes the aspect of an
offering to the god.
A rice planting dance was brought
here 700 years ago, and it is morethan 350 years since the present
dance became established. The
dance depicts in an interestingmanner how people long ago
worked hard from the New Year’scelebrations to an abundant
harvest to create incredibly
beautiful rice paddies and finallywere able to build golden
mountains of grain.
This music is a direct descendantof Hoin Shinto music, but within
Miyagi Prefecture there are no
identical or similar forms of
Shinto music, making this a rare
item of culture. Lion dogs with afierce appearance, who intimidate
everyone, drive away evil spirits
and pray for a bountiful harvest.

37

Nakajima Rice
Planting Dance[Nakajima Rice
Planting Dance
Preservation
Society]38

Tsukizaki Rice
Planting Dance[Tsukizaki Rice
Planting Dance
Preservation
Society]

39

Yakurai Shrine
Miwa School
Shinto Music[Yakurai Shrine
Miwa School
Shinto Music
Preservation
Society]40

Onoda Lively
Dance
Folk
[Onoda Lively
performing
Dance Preservation art
Society]

Onoda, Kami
Town

It is said that the original song is
one from the Soma region of
Fukushima Prefecture. Composedof a song and a dance, the Onoda
Lively Dance is thought to be arain dance praying to the gods forrain to fall.

41

Miyazaki Lion Dog
Dance
Folk
[Miyazaki Lion
performing
Dog Dance
art
Preservation
Society]Miyazaki, Kami
Town
*Kami Town
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

For the festival of Kumano
Shrine, as well as accompanying
the portable shrine, dances were
offered at important locations. It
is being passed down as arepresentative folk performing art,
heroic and rich in local lore.

42

Toriyagasaki
Hachiman Shrine
Lion Dog Dance[Toriyagasaki
Hachiman Shrine
Lion Dog Dance
Preservation
Society]Toriyagasaki
district, Miyazaki,
Kami Town*Kami Town
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

Tradition tells that the
Toriyagasaki Lion Dog Danceexisted in the Edo Period. Its main
aim is to drive away evil spirits,
and the dancers make their way
around the neighborhood once
every four years.

Folk
performing
art

－105－

Photograph

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Classification

Area

Overview

43

Komeizumi Lion
Dog Dance[Komeizumi Lion
Dog Dance
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart

The surroundingsof Komeizumi
district, Miyazaki,
Kami Town*Kami Town
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

44

Kitakawauchi
Shinto Music[Kitakawauchi
Shinto Music
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart45

Nonodake Hakusan
Abundant Harvest
Dance
Folk
[Nonodake
performing
Hakusan Abundantart
Harvest Dance
Preservation
Society]46

Wakuya Town
Traditional-style
Lion Dog Dance[Wakuya Town
Traditional-style
Lion Dog Dance
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performingart47

Wakuya Teahouse
Tune Dance[Wakuya Teahouse
Tune Dance
Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art48

Fudodo Shinto
Music[Fudodo Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
artThis lion dog dance has existed
since the early Meiji Period, when
it was performed every year inorder to drive out evil spirits atthe same time as the portableshrine was carried in procession.
The lion dog dance now
progresses around Komeizumi,
Takada, and Higashi-komeizumi
districts every five years.
This Shimatai Shinto music,
which draws on the tradition of
Kitakawauchi
Nambu Shinto music brought todistrict, Miyazaki, Nagasaki district, Kurihara City,
Kami Town
began around 1887. In order to*Kami Town
pray for a bountiful harvest, it is
Designatedperformed at the festival of theIntangible Folk
local guardian deity, Obon, New
Cultural Property Years, and other holidays toprovide rest and recreation for the
farmers.
A dance formerly known as“Seed-Planting Shinto Music,”
offered at a festival at which
Nonodake district, many people gathered from eachWakuya Town
area of Tohoku to exchange seed
rice, it has since been revived. It
is danced to pray for an abundant
rice crop.
Oral tradition tells that this dance
was brought from Kyoto in 1552,
Wakuya Town
along with a branch shrine of*Wakuya Town
Atago Shrine. It has maintained
Designatedthe syncretism of Shinto andIntangible Folk
Buddhism of long ago, and is one
Cultural Property of only a few examples of grandShinto music in the prefecture,making it extremely rare.
This teahouse tune has been sungas Wakuya’s celebratory song on
the site of a well-loved mansion
once known as the “Teahouse”
Wakuya Town
since the time of the Date feudallords 300 years ago. A dance wasadded to a song originally sung to
the clapping of hands, and has
been passed down ever since.
Fudodo Shinto music, which has
Fudodo district,its roots in the Nambu Shinto
Kogota, Misato
music tradition, was brought hereTownaround 1899. Its unique*Misato Townflamboyance, with its rich
Designatedrepertoire, vigorous movement,
Intangible Folk
and stirring rhythm of drums andCultural Property voices has been thoroughlypreserved.

－106－

Photograph

No.

Name
[Preserving
organization]

Classification

Area

Overview

49

Sekine Shinto
Music[Sekine Shinto
Music Preservation
Society]

Folk
performing
art

Sekine district,
Kogota, Misato
Town*Misato Town
DesignatedIntangible Folk
Cultural Property

50

Oyanagi Lion Dog
Dance[Society of Friendsof the Oyanagi
Lion Dog Dance]

Folk
performingart

Oyanagi district,Nango, Misato
Town

This tradition began when Nambu
Shinto music was brought herearound 150 years ago. In the
feudal era, the Sekine district
prospered as a landing place forboats on the Eai River, which
played an important role in the
distribution of goods. A
Hachiman dance to pray for therepose of the souls of theancestors and for a bountiful
harvest is now being passed
down.
The dancers progress around theneighborhood on foot, together
with the portable shrine, to pray
for a bountiful harvest and bitechildren’s heads on the thresholdof each house in order to pray forgood health. The current dance
expresses gratitude for the
blessings of nature in arhythmical, joyful manner.

Source: “2012 Fiscal Year Archive of Traditional and Heritage Performing Arts of the Osaki District”－107－

Photograph10. 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands
Resolution X.31(Enhancing biodiversity in rice paddies as wetland systems)
10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to theConvention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)“Healthy wetlands, healthy people”
Changwon, Republic of Korea,
28 October-4 November 2008

Resolution X.31
Enhancing biodiversity in rice paddies as wetland systems
1.

RECOGNIZING that rice is grown in at least 114 countries worldwide and, as the staple
diet for over half the world’s population, has contributed to about 20% of the total calorie
supply in the world;

2.

AWARE of recent concern over global food supplies and costs and the need for increasing
food production, and ALSO AWARE that Resolution X.23 on Wetlands and human healthand well-being highlights the interdependencies between human health, food security,
poverty reduction and sustainable wetland management and calls for Contracting Parties to“strengthen collaboration and seek new partnerships between the sectors concerned withwetland conservation, water, health, food security and poverty reduction”;

3.

RECOGNIZING that rice paddies (flooded and irrigated fields in which rice is grown), a
typical agricultural landscape for a significant proportion of world rice cultivation, haveprovided large areas of open water for centuries in regions with a variety of rice-growing
cultures, and, in addition to producing rice, also provide other animal and/or plant foodsources and medicinal plants, thus acting as wetland systems and helping to sustain
livelihoods and human well-being in these regions;

4.

NOTING that rice paddies in many parts of the world support important wetland
biodiversity, such as reptiles, amphibians, fish, crustaceans, insects and molluscs, and play asignificant role in waterbird flyways and the conservation of waterbird populations;

5.

FURTHER RECOGNIZING that aquatic biodiversity associated with rice paddies canmake an important contribution to the nutrition, health and well-being of rural
populations;

6.

RECOGNIZING ALSO that in some particular regions, it is important that irrigated ricepaddies remain connected to surrounding natural/semi-natural habitat, in particular towetlands, for the sake of biodiversity;

7.

RECALLING that “rice fields” are included in the Ramsar Classification System for
Wetland Type as a human-made wetland (“Type 3 Irrigated land; includes irrigation
channels and rice fields”) and thus, where appropriate, may be designated as, or included
in, Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites), and that at least 100 designatedRamsar sites around the world include rice field habitats that play important ecological－108－

Ramsar COP10 Resolution X.31, page 2

roles and support a range of biodiversity, including supporting internationally important
populations of breeding and non-breeding resident and migratory waterbirds;
8.

NOTING that some sites associated with rice paddies are or could be included in the
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Programme, which was
initiated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) andpromotes the dynamic conservation of areas important for indigenous techniques andcultural and biodiversity values, and RECOGNIZING that such sites could provide
examples of wetland wise use;

9.

CONCERNED about current and potential threats to the role of rice paddies assustainable wetland systems, as well as about the potential and current impacts to thesurrounding environment, caused by factors such as inappropriate agricultural practices
relating to water management and change of natural flow, as well as introduction of new
taxa, including invasive alien species, use of high levels of harmful agricultural chemicals,
and the impact of inappropriate conversion of rice paddies to other land uses;

10.

NOTING that some water management approaches, such as flooding of rice paddies
when they are not in use for rice production, have been adopted in order to provide
suitable habitat for some fauna, including migratory waterbirds, and to control weeds andpest insects;

11.

ALSO CONCERNED that inappropriate conversion of wetland to paddy field may havepotential negative impacts on local biodiversity and related ecosystem services, and
AFFIRMING that this Resolution is not to be used to justify conversion of existing natural
wetlands into human-made wetlands, nor to justify inappropriate conversion of land tohuman-made wetlands;

12.

ALSO AFFIRMING that the focus of this Resolution is specifically on the maintenanceand enhancement of the ecological and cultural role and value of appropriate rice paddies
as wetland systems, consistent and in harmony with the Convention, internationally agreed
development goals, and other relevant international obligations;

13.

RECALLING that Resolution VIII.34 (2002) highlighted, inter alia, the importance ofensuring that agricultural practices are compatible with wetland conservation objectives
and that sustainable agriculture supports some important wetland ecosystems, and
AWARE of the work currently being undertaken in response to Resolution VIII.34 by the
Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) and the Guidance on Agriculture-Wetlands
Interactions (GAWI) initiative with the FAO, Wageningen University and Research Centre,
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Wetland Action, and Wetlands
International, including the preparation of a framework for guidance related to interactions
between wetlands and agriculture; and14.

NOTING that information and products related to rice paddy farming are available
through the work and publications of the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) on agriculture and biodiversity, including agri-biodiversity
indicators; that information on wetland, water and rice farming is available in theComprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (CA); and that theanalyses of distribution and representativeness of Ramsar wetland types, currently being－109－