IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2022) 13-2

Research article
erd

Agriculture Entrepreneurship on Youth:
A Systematic Literature Review
FADHILLA IZZATY SYAUKAT*
Graduate School of International Food and Agricultural Studies,Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Email: 13821002@nodai.ac.jp

KATSUMORI HATANAKA
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies,Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan

NINA N. SHIMOGUCHI
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies,Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan

RAMADHONA SAVILLE
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies,Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Received 30 January 2022

Accepted 1 August 2022(*Corresponding Author)

Abstract Past studies have found that boosting agriculture entrepreneurship education forthe youth is one of the critical solutions to the aging agricultural population. Agriculture
stakeholders need to provide entrepreneurship training to youth early to develop moreagribusiness opportunities and strengthen their entrepreneurial competencies. This paper
aims to provide an overview of the development of agriculture entrepreneurship research inthe context of youth can become a basis for researchers to conduct future studies on therelated topic. This paper reveals the general trend of the subject studied, objectives,
methodologies, and research finding through an extensive systematic literature review ofpast studies on this topic conducted between 2000 to 2021. Out of the total of 1,492 papers
found using a combination of the words "Agriculture," "Entrepreneurship," and "Youth," 62
articles passed the screening criteria and were analyzed for this research. This study foundthat 27% of the reviewed studies focus on university and college students. More than
32% of the studies' objective was to identify the factors influencing youth inclinationand intention towards agripreneurship. Subjective norms (external factors) were thedetermining factors that affect the intention in agripreneurship. Around 39% of thestudies used Likert scale questionnaires to obtain data, and more than 55% analyzed thedata using qualitative descriptive analysis, 24% used multiple linear regression, and
15% used Theory of Planned Behavior. This paper highlights the need for
agripreneurship studies on young farmers using more variative analysis methods toobtain a broader understanding.
Keywords agripreneurship, youth, agribusiness, systematic literature review (SLR),
youth inclination

INTRODUCTION
Developing entrepreneurship, especially in the agriculture sector, is vital to overcome the aging
agriculture system and increasing youth unemployment. Entrepreneurship is acknowledged as oneof the main drivers of economic development by encouraging growth, innovation, technology
adoption, and poverty reduction (United Nations, 2013). These are also the same factors importantto achieve sustainable agriculture. Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development (Baumol,Ⓒ ISERD

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1968) and is among the four factors of production in addition to land, labor, and capital.
Agriculture entrepreneurship involves creating a product or providing services of value related toagriculture to bring returns on investment and improve livelihoods. Developing agricultural
entrepreneurship is necessary to drive human resource productivity in agriculture.
Agripreneurship is not limited to making a farm enterprise profitable but may involve a wide
range of agricultural related initiatives with a positive and transformative impact on communities(Mukembo, 2017). The agripreneurship vision emphasizes not on young people return to thefarming methods of their parents and grandparents; instead, on the development of value chains,
entrepreneurship, and farming as a business. The term agripreneurship fully recognizes theinnovation, creativity, resilience, and market orientation implicit in the concept of entrepreneurship(Afande et al., 2015). To create and develop more agribusiness opportunities and strengthen
entrepreneurship competencies, entrepreneurship education and training should be applied to the
productive age group commonly known as the youth.
There is no universally agreed definition of the youth. According to the United Nations, youth
are between 15 and 24 years of age. However, the term differs from one country to anotheraccording to the context. In the context of farmers, Indonesia considers farmers aged 19-39 areyoung farmers, while in European United (EU), young farmers are identified as less than 40 yearsof age (ENRD in Hamilton et al., 2015).
Unfortunately, it is unclear which youth group (category) should become the focus ofagripreneurship studies. Moreover, what did past studies find on this topic? These questions are
essential to understand how to increase youth participation in agripreneurship and help determine
what suitable interventions are needed for each specific youth group to obtain higher intention
towards agripreneurship. To attain the answers, this research deployed the Systematic Literature
Review (SLR) methodology and composed the following research questions:
RQ1: Who are the different subjects of research on agripreneurship?
RQ2: What objectives and methods are used to analyze agripreneurship in youth?
RQ3: What factors influence youth inclination, intention, and participation in agriculture?

N=1,434
GoogleScholar

N=18
ScopusDatabase

Domain: Title/Absctarct/Keywords
Approach: Thematic
N=1,492

Excluded
N=811

Screening

N=40
Science
DirectDomain: Article Title
Approach: Duplication, grayliterature, conference proceeding,book chapter, & editorial letter
N=681

Excluded
N=474

Eligibility

To answer the research questions, a thoroughreview of past literature is needed. A Systematic
Literature Review (SLR) was selected as the mostsuitable method which helps map and assesses theexisting knowledge and gap on specific issues
towards further developing the knowledge base.
This review was prepared following guidelines
from Petticrew and Roberts (2008). The approachcomprises five steps: 1) identifying the researchquestion; 2) identifying relevant studies; 3) study
selection; 4) extracting and charting the data; and5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results.
This SLR utilized the combination of thewords "Agriculture," "Entrepreneurship," and"Youth" for the search in three electronic databasesources, namely Google Scholar, Scopus Database,and Science Direct. The authors conducted areview in which only English-written journal
articles and conference papers published from2000 to 2021 were included.

Identification

METHODOLOGY

Domain: Abstract & main bodyskim reading
Approach: Exclude articles thatlack entrepreneruship assesment
N=207

Excluded
N=145

Included

Papers Included
N= 62

Fig. 1 Screening process of selected literatureⒸ ISERD

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This period is selected due to the very limited number of studies found in prior years. Grayliterature, conference proceedings, book chapters and editorial letters were excluded.
Articles are then filtered based on abstract reviews match and non-duplication. Then theselected articles were synthesized according to the research question. Figure 1 shows the screening
process of the literatures utilized.
SLR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Information of Respondents of the Selected Studies
The majority of researches conducted on agripreneurship in youth was concentrated in Asia,
consisting of 64% of the 62 papers, particularly in Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. Africa
accounted for 25%, mainly from Nigeria and Kenya. As much as 31.1% of the studies wereconducted in 2020, followed by 2019 and 2018 with 14.8%. The subject of the studies was mostly
university or college students with 27%, followed by youth in general (people aged 18-39 in thetarget area of the reviewed study), young farmers, participants of extension programs or training,and vocational school or high school students. Only ten studies targeted young agripreneurs. Table
1 collates the number of selected studies based on their objectives and the subjects targeted. Papers
using secondary data (5 papers) were not included in Table 1.
Table 1 Common objective of research and the subjects targeted (n = 62)
Subject
Objective

University/ Vocational/
college high school
students
students

Youth ingeneralYoung
farmers

Programparticipants%

Inclination and intention
factors towards
agripreneurship

8

4

4

1

3

32

Factors influence youth tobecome agripreneurs

4

0

3

1

0

13

Influence of training towards
entrepreneurial intention

1

0

0

0

0

2

Characteristics ofagripreneurs

1

0

1

3

0

8

Perception and attitude
towards agripreneurship

3

2

5

2

0

19

Affect or evaluation oftraining

0

0

2

3

6

18

Percentage (%)

27

10

24

16

15

Note: Multiple answers. Papers using secondary data were not included.

The General Objectives and Methodologies Applied by the Selected Studies
As shown in Table 1, 32% of the reviewed studies' objectives are to identify the factors that
influence youth inclination and intention towards agriculture and agripreneurship, followed by theperception and attitude towards agripreneurship. It is frequently stated that young people do notconsider agriculture as an attractive source of income. Youth interest in the agricultural sector isdecreasing year by year (Ridha et al., 2017).
A study in India (Gangwarand and Kameswari, 2016) interviewed 115 youth from four
different villages and confirmed that 85% of its respondents had a neutral attitude towards
agriculture as a means of livelihood, while 13% had a negative attitude. Only 0.9% of respondentsⒸ ISERD

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had a positive attitude towards agriculture as the primary source of income. This condition, whichis common in many other parts of the world, is one of the very reasons why the majority of thesestudies focus on finding an elaborated explanation to factors influencing inclination and intention
towards agripreneurship. Research regarding intention formation is an initial effort towards a
broader understanding of entrepreneurship (Liu et al., 2020). Characteristics of successful
agripreneurs were also observed to help develop better agripreneurs of the future.
Table 2 Methodology of each reviewed paper

Data gathering method

Methodology applied

Likert scalequestionnaire

Questionnaire &interview

Data analysis method

Focused group
discussion

Reference of publication
Abdullah and Samah, 2014; Afande et al., 2015; Ambad et al., 2021; Baliyan etal., 2020; Das, 2017; Dollisso, 2010; G. Shivacharan et al., 2017; Man, 2012;
Mukembo et al., 2020; Nade & Mattee, 2019; Nurlaela et al., 2020; Nor et al.,2015; Nyabam et al., 2018; Ofodile and Ndelekwute, 2015; Olutegbe and
Ayodele, 2020; Prihatna et al., 2017; Reyes, 2020; Roma et al., 2020; Sa'adiah
et al., 2019; Sazila et al., 2018; Sher et al., 2017; Yu and Wang., 2019; Zain etal., 2020; Zidana et al., 2020
Abdullah et al., 2013; Afande et al., 2015; Ajekwe and Ibiamke, 2020; Ambad
et al., 2021; Aman et al., 2017; Amadi and Nnodim, 2018; Baliyan et al., 2020;
Bednarikova et al., 2020; Dollisso, 2010; Gangwar and Kameswari., 2016;
Hilmi, 2021; Kyalo and Teresia, 2013; Man, 2012; Mat Taib et al., 2019;
Muiruri et al., 2020; Nade and Mattee, 2019; Nyabam et al., 2018; Saptu et al.,2020; Sazila et al., 2018; Singh and Misra., 2021; Olah and Flora, 2015;
Withanage and Damayanthi, 2019; Zain et al., 2020
Musa et al., 2021; Nade and Mattee, 2019

%

39

37

3

Qualitative descriptive
analysis

Abdullah et al., 2013; Adeyanju et al., 2020; Afande et al., 2015; Alabi et al.,2019; Amadi and Nnodim, 2018; Aman et al., 2017; Ambad et al., 2021; Ayu
and Nauly., 2020; Baliyan et al., 2020; Barau et al., 2016; Damayanthi, 2019;
Das, 2017; Dash and Kumar, 2017; Dollisso, 2010; Hilmi, 2021; Kyalo, 2013;
Muiruri et al., 2020; Nade, 2019; Nor et al., 2015; Novanda et al., 2020;
Nyabam et al., 2018; Ommani, 2011; Prihatna et al., 2017; Qureshi et al., 2016;
Roma et al., 2020; Samah et al., 2012; Sher et al., 2017; Suzani et al., 2010;
Sa’adiah et al., 2019; Withanage and Ofodile et al., 2015; Yamaguchi et al.,2020; Yunandar et al., 2019; Zidana et al., 2020; Zain et al., 2020

55

Theory of planned
behavior

Abdullah and Samah, 2014; Mukembo et al., 2020; Musa et al., 2021; Novanda
et al., 2020; Olutegbe and Ayodele, 2020; Reyes, 2020; Ridha et al., 2017;
Suprehatin et al., 2020; Saptu et al., 2020

15

Push and pull theory
Regression & multiple
linear regression
Partial least square(PLS) & structural
equation modelling
Factor analysis
Thematic analysis
SWOT analysis

Prihatna et al., 2017; Zidana et al., 2020
Adeyanju et al., 2020; Ayu and Nauly., 2020; Bednarikova et al., 2020; Das,
2017; M. Kan et al. 2019; Nurlaela et al., 2020; Nor et al., 2015; Ommani,
2011; Prihatna et al., 2017; Samah et al., 2012; Sher et al., 2017; Suzani et al.,2010; Yamaguchi et al., 2020; Yu and Wang, 2019; Zidana et al., 2020;
Ambad et al., 2021; Chen and Liang, 2020; Mat Taib et al., 2019; Novanda etal., 2020; Saptu et al., 2020; Suprehatin et al., 2020; Reyes, 2020; Ridha et al.,2017
Chen and Liang, 2020; Kan et al., 2018; M. Kan et al., 2019; Nade, 2019; Noret al., 2015; Yu and Wang, 2019
Hilmi, 2021; Musa et al., 2021
Regmi and Naharki, 2020

Entrepreneurial event
Olutegbe and Ayodele, 2020
model
Note: Multiple answers. Papers using secondary data were not included.

3

24

13

10
3
2
2

Research methodology is an essential component of any study that provides the framework
based on the whole process. With regard to the study design, almost all the studies reviewed usedboth qualitative and quantitative methods. Agripreneurship has been studied in severalⒸ ISERD

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methodological perspectives based on research type, analytical method, and data collection method.
The methodology used to analyze the subjects in each paper is listed in Table 2. There were 24
papers that adopted Likert scale questionnaire to obtain data, sharing 38.7% The Likert scale that
was applied varied from 3-point, 4-point, and 5-point Likert scales. Regression, Partial Least
Square (PLS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), and Factor Analysis were common
methods ulitized to analyze the Likert scale type questionnaires with 24%, 13%, and 10%,respectively.
Factors Affecting Youth Inclination, Intention, and Participation in Agriculture
Entrepreneurial intention is closely related to individual competencies that refer to a willingness to
conduct a particular behavior. The intention is an acceptance of a representative relationshipbetween cognitive and conative behavior of individuals to perform a certain act. In comparison,
inclination is a habitual attraction to some activity or thing. Intention and inclination aresemantically related.
As mentioned earlier, TPB is widely used as the basis to analyze entrepreneurial intentions.
Suprehatin et al. (2020) found that in the case of agricultural students, they intend to be
agripreneurs only as their secondary job or hobby. However, entrepreneurial activity among
agricultural graduates' can be increased if the students are provided with business wisdom,
inspiration, and motivation, either through mentorship by entrepreneurs and experts or byemphasizing the importance of business opportunities in the curriculum (Sher et al., 2017).
Suprehatin et al. (2020) found that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, andpersonal characteristics positively influence students' intention to be agripreneurs. Abdullah et al.
(2014), who studied agriculture university students' inclination towards agripreneurship in
Malaysia, also noted a high score level of behavioral attitude and subjective norm, along withsocial valuation, in inclination toward agripreneurship. A similar study conducted in Indonesia by
Arisandi (2016) cited in Ridha et al. (2016) also suggested that subjective norm factors influenceagripreneurial intentions of agricultural university graduates. Ridha et al. (2016), in their study
targeting on participants of the Agricultural Young Entrepreneurship Growing Program, also statedthat subjective norm or external factor determines the intention in agripreneurship. Subjective norm
or external factor refers to the social pressure felt by a person and is highly associated with the
expectations of parents, family, teacher/lecturer, and friends. In order to increase the youth's
intention towards agripreneurship, society's perception of agriculture itself must also be positively
promoted.
In the case of youth in general (not primarily focusing on students), Saptu et al. (2020)
acknowledged that attitude towards agripreneurship has the strongest relationship with and effecton agripreneurship intention. Subjective norms did not influence the youths' intention towards
agripreneurship. Implying that youths have a personal stance regarding career choice.
This study found similarities among the findings of each research, underlining the importanceof perception and external factors that influence the youths’ decision to become agripreneurs.
However, a broader understanding involving all the stakeholders in developing agripreneurship isneeded. Future studies are suggested to incorporate not only qualitative but also quantitative
analysis towards as many stakeholders as possible in the chain for agripreneurship development.
CONCLUSION
This study has clarified the three research questions by extracting 62 papers using the SLR method.
It is known that agripreneurship, especially among youth, has become a popular topic in the past
five years, particularly in Asia, followed by Africa. Past studies mainly focus on highly educatedyouth, like university and college students, while the youth who needs more attention is the young
farmers. This study highlights the need for more research on agripreneurship targeting young
farmers to understand what is really needed to help them manage their agribusiness effectively. The
common objectives of the selected studies are to identify the factors that influence youth inclinationⒸ ISERD

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and intention towards agriculture and agripreneurship. Subjective norms (external factors), alongwith attitude, are determining factors that affect the intention in agripreneurship. In order for the
youth to have a higher intention towards agripreneurship, the perception and attitude of agricultureof their environment; parents, family, teacher/lecturer, and friends, should also be positively
promoted. By realizing this fact, the government, extension workers, schools, universities, andother related institutions can provide more appropriate ways to promote agripreneurship for eachspecific youth group.
It is known that 24 papers, sharing 38.7% of the studies extracted, incorporated Likert scalequestionnaires and interviews to obtain data and analyzed it using qualitative descriptive analysis(55%), regression (24%), and TPB (15%). This study underlines the need for a more variative useof analytical methods to achieve a broader understanding of agripreneurship among youth. Past
studies mainly focus on qualitative data, which is limited to describing perception but lacks inrevealing the facts and reality faced by each stakeholder involved in the development ofagripreneurship. Future studies need to utilize both quantitative and qualitative data to achieve amore detailed result. When a broad understanding is reached, it is more feasible to provide theproper intervention needed to increase youth participation in agriculture. The currently available
training should also be evaluated to ensure its effectiveness. Securing more youth inagripreneurship will lead to more sustainable agriculture in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to acknowledge the support from Japan Science and Technology (JST)SPRING, Grant Number JPMJSP2122, in addition to the tremendous support from the committeeof the Tokyo University of Agriculture’s "Comprehensive Project for Fostering Advanced Human
Resources."
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