J.Mycopathol.Res. 62(2) : 343-356, 2024, ISSN : 0971-3719 (Print), 2583-6315 (Online)© Indian Mycological Society, Department of Botany,
University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, India

10.57023/JMycR.62.2.2024.343

In vivo study on preventive effects of Polyalthia longifolia
bioformulations against Black Scurf Disease of potato
POONAM MEENA*, DEEPALI CHITTORA, PUSHPA GEHLOT, JYOTI YADAV, TRIPTA JAIN
AND KANIKA SHARMA
Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany,Mohanlal Sukhadia University,
Udaipur- 313001, Rajasthan
Received : 10.02.2024

Accepted : 02.05.2024

Published : 24.06.2024

In the present study, bioformulation prepared by combining Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract with elicitors(neem oil cake) and binders (cow dung) were tested for management of black scurf disease of potato
caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Different application methods like seed dipping and soil amendment wereused for in vivo study. The preventive action was studied as a function of decrease in disease severity by
PDI (Percent Disease Index) and PEDC (Percent Efficiency of Disease Control) methods, change in growth
characteristics of host plant such as number of leaves/plant, plant height, number of branches/plant, numberof flower/plant, number of fruit/plant and weight of fruits in control and treated plants. Six treatments T1(formulation no.12 ), T2(formulation no.7 ), T3(formulation no.26 ), T4 (formulation no.17) were applied indifferent combinations and four different control were also maintained. Potato plants were examined for
symptoms infected tuber (sclerotia) were quantitatively assessed after 90 DAS (days after sowing). Resultsof present study indicates that treatment with bioformulation especially T4 treatment not only reduces theinfection but also leads to increased growth, health and vigour of the host plant as compared to untreatedand synthetic fungicide control. Results were subjected to statistical analysis of student t test, one way
ANOVA and post-Hoc comparisons analysis. Significance was measured at p<0.001 and showed highly
significant. Statistical analysis at 1% and 5% CD revealed all the treatment are significant. Results of present
study clearly indicate that treatment with bioformulations appreciably reduces the disease index as compare
to control with significant improvement of growth of host plant. The T4 treatment showed significant inhibitory
activity against Rhizoctonia solani and can help to minimize the economical loss of potato crop.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, bioformulation, plant extract, Polyalthia longifolia, Rhizoctonia solani.

INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) is tuberous cropand belongs to Solanaceae family. India ranks thirdin potato cultivation area and second in productionin the world after China. During 2021-2022 thevolume of potato produced across India wasestimated to be around 53.58 million metric tons
while 2020-21 potato cultivation in India was 22.48
lakh ha and production was 542.3 lakh tons
(Horticulture Statistics Division, 2021).
Majority of the Indian potatoes came from northernstate of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab
and Gujarat.Potato tubers comprise of 79%
moisture, 21% dry matter and 60-80% is starch.
Nutritionally, potato is rich in vitamins (B1, B2 and*Correspondence : meenapoonam296@gmail.com

B6), minerals (potassium, phosphorus andmagnesium), pantothenic acid and riboflavin(Siddique et al.2020). Black scurf disease on
potatoes causes severe damage to plant parts
in different stages of growth.Potato black scurf
disease is one of the most important disease
globally as it has a great economic impact andconsidered as a serious problem in the potato
tuber production system. Major symptoms of thisdisease is damaging stem tissues from thegrown area, def ormation of tubers anddevelopment of black scurf/sclerotia on thesurface of tubers hence decline the quality oftubers (Betancourth et al. 2021). Black scurf ofpotato caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani
Kuhn (TeleomorphThanatephorus cucumeris
Donk) causes severe losses globally, whereas
10-25 % crop loss reported in India (Sharma,2015). Farmers faces economic losses upto 57% due to defacing of the tuber and sclerotia

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Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato

deposition. Infection on potato spread by tubers,soil or the remains of infected plants. The sourceof the primary infection is infected seeds, which
is characterized by the presence of sclerotia
covering the outer crust of the tubers, thedistinguishing signs of infection with black scurf
disease (Ferrucho et al. 2012).
Bavistin and mancozeb are the most commonlyused fungicides to inhibit Rhizoctonia solani either
by destroying their cell membrane or its
permeability or by inhibiting metabolic processes
and hence are extremely effective (Osman and
Al-Rehiayam, 2003). Chemical control methods
possess many harmful eff ects on theenvironment and human health besides causing
pathogen resistance and their non-target effects
disrupts natural biodiversity. Theref ore,
management of black scurf disease on potato isnecessary. In recent years, the biological controlof plant pathogens has been considered as analternative strategy because chemical control
results in the accumulation of harmful chemical
residues, which may lead to serious ecologicalproblems (Madbouly, 2018). The solution to thisproblem is to use alternate method that are bothsustainable and harmless to the environment.

[J.Mycopathol.Res :of Rhizoctonia solani in potato. In present study
fungicidal potential of bioformulation was
evaluated by performing an in vivo experiment.
Bioformulations were applied as seed dressing
and soil amendment for management of black
scurf disease of potato. A comparison withsynthetic fungicide has also been done. Innovative
part of the study is that the use of combination ofplant extract with elicitors and binders to develop
protective measure against the black scurf
disease of potato.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Test crop and fungus
Infected tuber with sclerotia were collected fromlocal vegetable market of Udaipur. Sclerotia wassurface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 solution for
1 min and then three time rinsed with sterilewater. Then dried it well and placed on potato
dextrose agar medium in petri plates which wereincubated at 22°C for 4 days. Fresh potato tubers(no sclerotia visible) were collected having same
size and 3-5 eyes were used for in vivo
experiment(Tsror, 2010).
Inoculum development

Thus current scheme for the plant andenvironment protection suggests various
alternative strategies to pesticides in addition towell-known disease management methods suchas crop rotation, use of resistant cultivars,
planting disease free seeds, biological control etc.
for control of fungal diseases (Sharma et al. 2021;
Mehta and Sharma, 2018;

Hada and Sharma, 2017). One of these alternative
strategies is the use of natural formulations
prepared from plants or plant parts/extract.
Since plants possess different secondary
metabolites which are antimicrobial in nature,
plants or their parts/extract can be used to develop
eco-friendly and effective fungicidal formulations.
Therefore, the main objective of this study
includes preparation of bioformulation by
combining Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract withneem oilcake as elicitor and cow dung as binderand also test its efficacy in controlling the infection

Rhizoctonia solani was cultured on potato
dextrose agar (PDA) medium that had beensterilised at 15 psi for 20 minutes and incubatedfor sevendays at 22 °C. Pure culture obtained were
further used for mass culture of Rhizoctonia
solani. Five grams of this mycelial mat was added
to one liter of sterile distilled water and stirred
constantly. The homogenized suspension thus
prepared was used for inoculation at 25ml /gramof soil (Buttneret al.2004).
Preparation of pots and soil
Pots (30 cm dia) were sterilized with 20% copper
sulphate solution whereas soil was autoclaved
and then cooled. Sterile soil was used after 5 to 6
days. Sterile soil was mixed with inoculum andfilled in the pre-sterilized pots. Since autoclavingof soil makes it nutrient deficient hence organic
manure was added to the soil of each pot before
sowing (El-Mougy and Abdel-Kader, 2009).

62(2) June, 2024]

Poonam Meena and others

Preparation of herbal formulations andstandard fungicide
In vivo study of preventive /protective action of
herbal formulation was based on results of in vitro
studies. Herbal formulations were prepared byusing Polyalthia longifolia leaf extracts, Polyalthia
longifolia leaf powder, elicitor like neem oil cake(20 g in 100 ml sterile water) and binder like cow
dung (20 g in 100 ml sterile water) were mixed
with 100% alcoholic crude extract, partially purified
petroleum ether extract and dried leaf powder of
Polyalthia longifolia(Mehta and Sharma, 2018;
Meena and Sharma, 2021). All ingredients ofherbal formulation were used in following
combinations:
100% Crude extract (20gm dried plant leaf
material dissolve in 100ml alcohol) + 20g
elicitor(neem oil cake) dissolve in 100ml sterilewater + 20g binder (cow dung) dissolve in 100
ml sterile water
100% Partially purified extract (40g dried plant leaf
material dissolve in 280ml petroleum ether)+ 20g
elicitor(neem oil cake) dissolve in 100 ml sterilewater + 20 g binder(cow dung) dissolve in 100
ml sterile water
Polyalthia longifolia leaf powder+20g
elicitor(neem oil cake) dissolve in 100ml sterilewater + 20g binder(cow dung) dissolve in 100ml
sterile water
Mancozeb was used as standard antifungal and
10 mg/ml concentration was prepared in sterilewater.
Treatments and Experimental Design
The study was conducted during December, 2021
to March 2022 in the Botanical Garden, University
College of Science, M.L.S. University, Udaipur(Rajasthan). Seed dipping method and soil
treatment were used to study preventive effect ofherbal formulations (Ganietet al. 2013). On thebasis of in vitro screening of 30 herbal formulations(need citation of appropriate references),
following six formulation showed best activity
against test fungi and hence used for in vivo
studies in following combinations:345

T1: (formulation no.12) Combination of 6 ml (100%alcoholic crude extract), 2 ml (neem oil cake) and
2 ml (cow dung).
T2 (formulation no.7) combination of 2 ml (100%alcoholic crude extract), 6ml (neem oil cake) and
2ml (cow dung).
T3 (formulation no.26) combination of 1ml(partially purified petroleum ether extract), 1ml(neem oil cake) and 8ml (cow dung).
T4: (formulation no. 17) combination of 4ml(partially purified petroleum ether extract), 3ml(neem oil cake) and 3ml of (cow dung).
T5: combination of leaf powder (60g): neem oilcake (20g): cow dung (20g)).
T6: combination of leaf powder (40g): neem oilcake (30g): cow dung (30g).
Four different controls were also maintained
respectively. These were as follows:
C1: Mancozeb used for treat to healthy tubers
with 10mg/ml concentration sown in soil
inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani.
C2: Unsterilized and uninoculated soil used forsown untreated healthy tubers.
C3: Untreated healthy tubers sown in sterilized
soil inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani.
C4: Uninoculated soil untreated healthy tubers insterilized
Healthy tubers were treated with all different
formulations. 10 kg of soil inf ected with
Rhizoctonia solani inoculum (25ml/pot) were putin pre-sterilized soil pots and healthy seed tubers
dipped in respective herbal formulations wereplanted in disinfected soil. Three tubers wereplanted per pot at a depth of 5 cm. The pot wereleft for 90 days. 220 g urea was applied twice as
nitrogen fertilizer in each pot after 28 and 42 days
from date of sowing. The tubers were harvested
after 90 days from the date of sowing andobservations were recorded as the number ofleaves/plant, plant height, tuber size, tuber weight/pot and number of tubers/pot. Percent disease
infestation was recorded with the comparative
study of positive controls. Data were subjected
to analysis of CD and CV value. Three replicateswere maintained with each treatment (El-Mougy
and Abdel-Kader 2009; Mirkarimiet al. 2013).

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Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato

Disease Rating and Percentage Disease Index(PDI)
The disease severity was defined as thepercentage of infected area of tubers with black
scurf. The severity was calculated on the basis
following 0-5 rating scale(Muhammad et al.2020)
The Percentage Disease Index (PDI) was
calculated using following formula (Mohammedet
al. 2008)
Percent Disease Index (PDI) =Sum of all individual
disease ratings

X100

The Percent Efficacy of Disease Control (PEDC)
was determined by using formula given by
Mohammed et al. 2008 ( Table 1).
PDI Control- PDI intreatment
PDI in control

treatment T4 (formulation no. 17) prepared frompartially purified petroleum ether extract (4ml):
100% neem oil cake (3ml): 100% cow dung (3ml)
and even treatment T4 exhibited better control thenstandard fungicide. Mancozeb showed wellcontrol of disease incidence then treatment T1,
T2, T3, T5 and T6. Statistical analysis at 1% and
5% CD values reveals that all the treatments are
significant to decrease disease severity in in vivo
pot experiments.
Growth parameters

Total numbers of plants
assessed x maximum rating

Percent Efficacy of
Disease Control PEDC =[J.Mycopathol.Res :X100

Results of effect of bioformulations prepared from
Polyalthia longifolia leaf alcoholic crude extract
and partially purified petroleum ether fraction, driedleaf powder, neem oil cake (elicitors) and cow
dung (binders) on following growth parametersof potato crop are summarized in (Tables 2 to 7).
Data clearly indicate that, treatment with
bioformulations reduces disease index which
results into significant improvement of growth of
host plant.

Growth Parameters
Number of leaves/plant
Various growth parameters like number of leaves/plant, plant height, tuber weight/pot, tuber size,
number of tubers /pot have been determinedusing standard methods in healthy, infected, andtreated plants, as reported in the Central Potato
Research Institute’s Technical Bulletin, ICAR,
Shimla: Number of leaves/plant.
RESULTS
Disease severity
Results of effect of bioformulations on disease
severity of black scurf on potato are given in
Table2. Maximum disease index/ incidence wasobserved with control treatment C3 (88.76%)
followed by C2 (58.14%) and C4 (55.14%)
respectively. Amongst all treatments and control
mancozebi.e. control C1 found most effective in
reducing disease index. In case of all treatments
maximum reduction in disease incidence wasobserved with treatment T4 (10.3%) followed by
C1 (16.75%), T3 (20.32%), T1 (28.50%), T2(36.97%), T6 (41.24%), and T5 (45%) treatment. Results of percent disease index werecomparable in control C1 (mancozeb) and

Results of Table3indicates the effects of different
treatments and synthetic fungicides on thenumber of leaves/plant. The data show a slightdecrease in the number of leaves per plant as aresult of infection. However, treatment with herbal
formulations and mancozeb resulted in aconsiderable increase in the number of leaves
per plant. T4 (56.66) increased the number ofleaves per plant the most, followed by C1 (54.66),
T5 (50.33), T6 (49.33), T3 (48), and C4 (46.66).
T1 and T2 results are comparable to C3 results.
At 5% and 1% CD, statistical analysis
demonstrated that all treatments are significant.
Plant height
Results of various treatments’ effects on plantheight has been presented in Table 4. After
receiving herbal formulations, a similar pattern ofgrowth improvement as shown in the number ofleaves was observed for plant height. In
comparison to the control, the treatment withformulations and mancozeb increased plantheight.T4 treatment developed the tallest plants(27.33 cm), followed by T6 (26.33 cm), and T5

Poonam Meena and others

62(2) June, 2024]

347

Table 1: Percentage Disease Index recorded on 1 to 5 Standard Disease Rating Scale for tubers
Disease Severity Grades

Percentage of Disease0

No disease symptoms

1< 1% tuber surface affected2

1 to 10% tuber surface affected3

11 to 20% tuber surface affected

4

21

5

> 50% tuber surface affected- 50% tuber surface affected.

Table 2: Effect of different treatments on PDI and PEDC of Potato
Treatment

PDI (%)

Average ±

SD

PEDC
(%)

R1

R2

R3

T1

30

29

26

28.50±2.09

74.65%

T2

36

35

39

36.97± 2.30

58.34%

T3

20

22

18

20.32 ±1.855

77.10%

T4

11

10

9

10.30± 1.03

88.39%

T5

44

46

44

45.00 ±1.3249.30%

T6

42

41

40

41.24± 1.19

53.53%

C1

16

17

16

16.75± 0.85

81.12%

C2

56

58

60

58.14±2.06

-

C3

85

88

85

88.76±85.29

-

C4

56

55

53

55.14±1.2

-

SE m

+

–

–

–

0.919

-

CD(P=0.05)

–

–

–

2.727

-

CD(P=0.01)

–

–

–

3.966

-

CV (%)

–

–

–

5.169

-

(25.33 cm) given in Fig. 3. Among the applied
treatments, it was discovered that the plant heightfor T3, T1, and T2 was similar to C1. All of thetreatments were discovered to be significant forfield trials at 5% and 1% CD values.
Total tuber weight /pot
Results of the treatment’s effect on average tuber
weight are shown in Table5. Due to infection, asignificant drop in tuber weight was seen (C2, C3,
and C4). In comparison to maintained controls,
the weight of the tubers is dramatically increasedby all treatments. In line with prior observations,T4 treatment was shown to be the most effective

and produced the greatest increase in tuber
weight when compared to the C1 standard andthe other controls (C2, C3, and C4). The C1(201.44 gm) treatment outperformed T5 (191.21gm) and T6 (187.5 gm) among controls. T4(247.45 gm) was shown to be the most effective
treatment, followed by T3 (225.47 gm), T2 (212.26gm), and T1 (203.9 gm). 5% and 1% CD statistical
study showed that all the treatments are
significant.
Tuber size
In case of tuber size,with C3, the smallest tuber
size was noticed. C4 was followed by C2 in terms

348

Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato[J.Mycopathol.Res :Table 3: Effect of various treatments on number of leaves/ plant

Treatment

Number of Leaves/plant

Average ± SD

R1

R2

R3

T1

46

48

46

46.66±1.15

T2

42

44

44

43.33±1.15

T3

48

47

49

48.00±1.00

T4

56

57

57

56.66±0.57

T5

51

49

51

50.33±1.15

T6

50

50

48

49.33±1.15

C1

55

54

55

54.66±0.57

C2

34

36

33

34.33±1.52

C3

45

46

46

45.66±0.57

C4

46

47

47

46.66±0.57

+

SE m

–

–

–

0.546

CD(P=0.05)

–

–

–

1.621

CD(P=0.01)

–

–

–

2.357

CV (%)

–

–

–

2.088

of observing a slight rise in tuber size. The tuber
size was shown to be increased by all treatments
and mancozeb. T4 (6.66 cm) showed the greatest
increase in tuber
size, followed by T3 (6.1 cm), T2 (5.66 cm), andT1 (5.26 cm), in that order. T5 (4.96 cm) and T6(4.76 cm) treatments were found to be lesseffective than C1 (5.16 cm) ( Table 6). All of thetreatments are significant, according to statisticalanalysis at 5% and 1% CD.
Number of tubers/pot
Due to infection (C3 and C4), there was a nearly
50% decrease in the number of tubers. With T4
therapy, 18.33 more tubers were found, which asignificant improvement is. T2 (15.66) and T3(17.66) were the next two most efficient
treatments. The number of tubers/pot observed
for T1 (14.66) was similar to that for C1 (14.66)
and C2 (14.33) among the treatments used. The
treatments T5 (13.66) and T6 (11.66) had thefewest tubers per pot ( Table 7). All of thetreatments were shown to be statisticallysignificant for field trials at 5% and 1% CD values.
A total of 30 bio formulations were assayed for
antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani
among all 30 bio formulations prepared, optimum
activity was observed with formulation no. 7, 12,
17 and 26 and percent mycelia growth inhibition
was 80.47%, 78.51%, 83.98%, 82.03%
respectively as shown in Table 7. The second

Poonam Meena and others

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Table 4: Effect of bioformulations and chemical treatments on plant height

Treatment

Plant Height (cm)Average ± SD

R1

R2

R3

T1

24

26

25

25.00±1.00

T2

25

24

25

24.66±1.00

T3

26

25

24

25.00±1.00

T4

27

27

28

27.33±0.57

T5

24

26

26

25.33±1.15

T6

26

27

26

26.33±0.57

C1

24

22

24

23.33±1.15

C2

24

22

22

22.66±1.15

C3

17

18

19

18.00±1.00

C4

14

16

14

14.66±1.15

+

SE m

–

–

–

0.540

CD(P=0.05)

–

–

–

1.603

CD(P=0.01)

–

–

–

2.331

CV (%)

–

–

–

4.267

350

Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato[J.Mycopathol.Res :Table 5: Effect of bioformulations and chemical treatments total tuber weight
Treatment

Total Tuber Weight (gm.)

Average ± SD

R1

R2

R3

T1

204.10204.40203.20203.9±0.62

T2

212.24211.10213.46212.2667±1.18

T3226.29225.16224.96225.47±0.71

T4248.16247.00247.20247.4533±0.62

T5192.28191.16190.20191.2133±1.04

T6

187.48186.16188.86187.5±1.35

C1202.00201.46200.86201.44±0.57

C2

168.24167.24168.18167.8867±0.56

C3128.00126.00127.49127.16±1.03

C4158.00156.00157.15157.05±1.00

SE m+

–

–

–

0.503

CD(P=0.05)

–

–

–

1.492

CD(P=0.01)

–

–

–

2.170

CV (%)

–

–

–

0.477

highest inhibition was shown by formulation no.
1 (70.31%), 18 (70.04%), 24 (69.92%) 25(68.75%), 5 (66.79 %), 4 (66.79%), 13 (66.40%),
3 (66.00%), 23 (62.10%) given in table no. 8. Water
was used as control in which no bio formulation
was present and all data were compared withwater.
In vivo study of preventive effect of different
treatments like T1, T2, T3, T4,T5 and T6 forcontrol of Rhizoctonia solani(72 days aftersowing) given in Fig.1. Effect of different
bioformulations on potato tuber number and size
given in Fig. 2.

DISCUSSION
Potato is most important protective food crops ofIndia. Black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia
solani inflicts serious damage to these crops by
reducing the quantity and quality of tuber yield ofpotato (Bakali and Martín, 2006;Ghadsingh andMandge, 2012). Rhizoctonia solani is a very
harmful fungus for potato crops, however with theuse of cutting-edge technology, it is now simpler
to manage this global fungus. Fungicides are oneof the most often utilized techniques. In order tomanage various plant infections, some plant

Poonam Meena and others

62(2) June, 2024]

351

Table 6 : Tuber Size of potatoes affected by bioformulations and chemical treatments
Treatment

Tuber Size (cm)Average ± SD

R1

R2

R3

T1

5.3

5.2

5.3

5.26±0.05

T2

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.66±0.05

T3

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.1±0.1

T4

6.7

6.6

6.7

6.66±0.05

T5

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.96±0.05

T6

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.76±0.05

C1

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.16±0.05

C2

4.7

4.6

4.7

4.76±0.05

C3

3.0

2.9

3.0

2.96±0.05

C4

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.03±0.05

+

SE m

–

–

–

0.036

CD(P=0.05)

–

–

–

0.106

CD(P=0.01)

–

–

–

0.154

CV (%)

–

–

–

1.273

extracts have been shown to exhibit fungicidal
action (Ashraf , 2011; Rajamanickam et al. 2013),
yet these fungicides pose major risks to humanhealth as well as environmental contamination.
Because they are more practical, eco-friendly,and secure, different disease management
techniques such as breeding disease-free plants,changing agronomic procedures, using plant andnatural products, and bioformulation are currently
receiving more attention.
In present study comparative effect bioformulation
as well as chemical fungicide (mancozeb) tocontrol black scurf disease of potato were
evaluated by in vivo pot experiments. In soil
containing mycelial suspension of Rhizoctonia
solani, potato tuber buds treated with
bioformulations and mancozeb were planted.

Untreated tuber seeds planted in the same soil
served as a positive control. The T4 treatment,or formulation no. 17 (partially purified petroleum
ether extract (4ml): 100% neem oil cake (3ml):
100% cow dung (3ml), significantly lowers thepercent disease index and also improves all
growth parameters when compared to control,
according to a comparative study of the effectsof all bioformulation treatments on potatoes. The
results of the comparison study between thepreventive effects of bioformulations and synthetic
fungicide show that treatment no. 4 provided
better protection than mancozeb, a common
fungicide. The T4 treatment considerably lowers
R. solani infection as compared to other forms oftreatment. Preventive effect of bioformulation ondisease severity might be due to presence of
antifungal secondary metabolites or compounds

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Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato[J.Mycopathol.Res :Table 7: Number of Tubers after treatment with bioformulations and chemical treatments
Treatment

Number of Tubers

Average ± SD

R1

R2

R3

T1

15

15

14

T2

16

16

15

T3

18

18

17

T4

19

20

19

T5

14

13

14

13.66±0.57

T6

12

12

11

11.66 ±0.57

C1

15

14

15

14.66±0.57

C2

14

15

14

14.33±0.57

C3

14

14

13

13.66±0.57

C4

11

11

10

SE m+
CD(P=0.05)
CD(P=0.01)
CV (%)

14.66±0.57
15.66±0.57
17.66±0.57
19.33±0.57

10.66±0.57

–

–

–

0.333

–

–

–

0.990

–

–

–

1.439

–

–

–

4.065

present in plant extract, elicitor and binder.
Polyalthia longifolia contain several secondary
metabolite like terpenoid, flavonoids, volatile oil,alkaloids, saponin, phytosterols, and tannins.
(Gershenzon and Natalia, 2007; Parveen andSharma, 2015; Mehta and Sharma, 2018; Kauret al. 2022; Karak, 2019; Salvatore et al. 2020;
Meena et al.2021). The antifungal activity of plant
extracts, various elicitor (ground nut oil cake,mustard oil cake, cotton oil cake, clove bud oil
cake, coconut oil cake, neem oil cake andsesame oil cake) and binders (guar gum, gum
acacia and cow dung) separately or individually(Mandal et al.2022; Rajeswari et al. 2021; Modi etal. 2022; Meena et al. 2021), have been worked
out previously. Neem oilcake and cow dung areused as elicitors and binders to enhance theantimicrobial activity of bioformulation.
Combination of 100% cow dung and urine with
Vincarosea, Piper betle and Azadirachta indica
extract is reported to inhibit the conidial
germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana which cause
leaf blight in wheat (Jin and Jin, 2021).

According to the study’s findings, treatment with
bioformulation, particularly T4, not only reduces
R. solani infection but also signif icantly
outperforms synthetic fungicide treatment interms of the host plant’s growth, health, andvigour.
CONCLUSION
The reduction in percent disease index after
treatment with bioformulations was found to becomparable to that of a synthetic fungicide(Mencozeb) in the present study. Hence these
bioformulations can be used as an eco-friendly
alternative for management of black scurf diseaseof potato. Among various treatments, T4
treatment (Formulation no.17) was found to be
most effective against Rhizoctonia solani. This
treatment was found to not only reduce disease
incidence but also to improve all of the host plant’s
growth parameters. Effective bioformulations will
be subjected to further field trials for control ofPoonam Meena and others

62(2) June, 2024]

353

Table 8: Antifungal activity of different formulations against Rhizoctonia solani
Formulation

Ratio(ml)Growth Diameter after
7 days(mm)±SD% Mycelial Growth
Inhibition

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

1:1:8

25.33±0.57

70.31%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

2:2:6

35.33±0.57

58.59%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

3:3:4

29.00±1.00

66.00%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

4:4:2

28.33±0.57

66.79%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

5:3:2

28.33±1.1566.79%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

8:1:1

32.66±0.57

61.72%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

2:6:2

16.66±0.57

80.47%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

4:3:3

34.66±0.57

59.37%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

2:4:4

31.33±0.57

63.27%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

2:5:3

37.66±1.1555.86%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

1:8:1

31.00±1.00

63.66%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

6:2:2

18.33±0.57

78.51%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

3:4:3

28.66±0.57

66.40%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

4:2:4

35.66±0.57

58.20%

100% alcoholic crude extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

3:2:5

34.33±0.57

59.76%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

5:4:1

35.33±0.57

58.59%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

4:3:3

13.66±0.57

83.98%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

4:4:2

27.66±0.57

70.04%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

4:2:4

33.66±0.57

60.54%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

4:3:3

31.66±0.57

62.89%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

1:4:5

33.66±1.1560.54%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

3:1:6

34.66±0.57

59.37%

354

Polyalthia longifolia bioformulations for control of Black Scurf Disease of Potato[J.Mycopathol.Res :(Contd. Part Table 8)

Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

7:2:1

32.33±0.5762.10%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

2:2:6

25.66±0.57

69.92%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

2:1:7

26.66±0.57

68.75%Petroleum ether extract:neem oil cake: cow dung

8:1:1

15.33±0.57

82.03%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

1:1:8

33.66±0.57

60.54%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

2:7:1

34.66±0.57

59.37%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

1:8:1

36.33±0.57

57.41%Petroleum ether extract: neemoil cake: cow dung

6:2:2

38.33±0.57

55.07%

Control

80.32±0.57

Fig. 2: Effect of Different Bioformulations on Potato Tuber Number and Size

Fig.1: In vivo Study of Preventive Eff ec t of Diff erent
Bioformulationsagainst Rhizoctonia solani(72 Days after sowing)

black scurf disease of potato to incredulous the
problem of poisonous and harmful fungicides.
These bioformulations can be produced at large
scale and can be supplied to the farmers either
in the form of powder or solutions for application.

62(2) June, 2024]

Poonam Meena and others

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the Department of Botany,
Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur for
extended facilities.
DECLARATIONSConflict of Interest: Authors declare no conflict ofinterest
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