Institute forSpace–Earth Environmental Research
Nagoya University

Annual Report

April 2019–March 2020

Foreword2020 was a year during which the entire world faced historical challenges
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the Institute for Space–EarthEnvironmental Research (ISEE), the impact of the pandemic was not
small, and we had to postpone many of the international joint research andinternational workshops conducted by invited researchers from othercountries. However, we maintained our research activities and produced
critical scientific results by holding online research meetings.
For example, we developed the first-ever physics-based model that
accurately predicts giant solar flares and published a paper (Kusano et al.
2020) in Science. This research will significantly contribute to theelucidation of the onset mechanism of solar flares and the improvement of
space weather forecasting.
The Heliospheric Research Division led by Prof. Tokumaru succeeded inmeasuring the plasma density of solar wind in the vicinity of the Sun byobserving the frequency dispersion of radio waves emitted from pulsars in
the Crab Nebula. This new observation will play a major role inunraveling the mystery of how solar wind is accelerated.
The Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS) cooperated with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) topromote the data science of the geospace explorer “Arase (ERG).” This year, Dr. Imajo from CIDAS (currently an
assistant professor at Kyoto University) and his coworkers found that active auroral arcs are powered by electrons accelerated
at altitudes exceeding 30000 km, based on the high-angular resolution electron observations achieved by the Arase satellite in
the magnetosphere and optical observations of the aurora from the THEMIS ground-based all-sky imager (Imajo et al. 2021).
Furthermore, Dr. Yadav from the Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Division succeeded in observing a peculiar
aurora called STEVE for the first time using multi-wavelength spectroscopic imaging (Yadav et al. 2020). STEVE is amysterious luminescence phenomenon that is different from that of a normal aurora. This observation brings new
discoveries, such as confirming that the emission of STEVE is continuous, unlike normal auroras. These studies will
make an important contribution to unraveling the mystery of the auroras that color the night sky.
At this institute, we conduct four interdisciplinary research projects (Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research, Space–EarthEnvironmental Prediction, the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres, and Aerosol and Cloud Formation). This
year, we worked on various topics of interdisciplinary studies: Restoration of the paleo solar–terrestrial environment
using historical literature and analog records, Observative research on atmospheric composition fluctuations due tohigh-energy particle deposition in the polar regions, Estimation of the origin of snowfall in the southeastern pole region
using cosmogenic nuclides (tritium), and Research on food habits and residential areas explored by multi-Sr isotope
analysis of burial bones. The advantageous characteristics of this institute will be used to develop new research areas,
including space, the Earth, and humans.
In addition, we are promoting efforts to utilize basic science in a wide range of societies. For example, CIDAS and theCosmic Ray Research Division collaborated to release a meta-database (RADARC311) for information retrieval ofradiation measurement data related to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. For the measurements made immediately
after the nuclear accident, metadata related to the measured data, measurement location, date and time, and the accesspoint of the data have been stored in a database so that you can search where and what type of data can be found. This
database will be widely used in accident verification and countermeasures in the future.
2

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Every year, our institute awards excellent research activities based on ISEE joint usage and research to develop
space–Earth environmental research, integrate related fields, and develop new fields. In 2020, Professor Ilya Usoskin and
Dr. Stepan Poluianov of the University of Oulu (Finland) were awarded the third ISEE award. Through the ISEEInternational Workshop and ISEE International Joint Research, they undertook a study on extreme solar particle eventsand their environmental and social impacts, and established a new paradigm for space–Earth environmental change
events. The awards ceremony and commemorative lectures were held online on March 11, 2021, with more than 100
scientists worldwide participating. This award will continue to be held in the future, and we will call for recommendations
from international scientific communities.
The ISEE has been certified by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) as a joint
usage/research center for the third medium-term goal/planning period (FY2016–2021) of national universities. Based on
proposals from researchers worldwide, we adopt approximately 200 research projects each year and continue active joint
research activities. We are planning to continue and further strengthen these joint research activities during the fourth
medium-term target and planning period that begins in 2022, and have applied the continuation certification of the Spaceand Global Environmental Research Center to the MEXT. We are deeply grateful to everyone who has supported us in thisprogram.
In this plan, we emphasized the (1) development of international research collaboration, (2) creation of new sciencethrough interdisciplinary studies, and (3) training of young researchers. We aim to add three types of international joint
research support programs for young researchers to the existing 12 types of open-call joint research programs. Therefore,
we have continued the operation of the three research centers (Center for International Collaborative Research, Integrated
Data Science, and Orbital and Suborbital Observations) that promote joint usage and research projects, and established asystem to continuously support their work. In particular, to strengthen the international joint research project, Associate
Professor Martinez-Calderon Claudia, who has a wealth of international experience, joined the Center for International
Collaborative Research. To cultivate new interdisciplinary research, we have started a director leadership project for
researchers inside and outside the institute to collaborate and challenge emerging research issues that cross space scienceand Earth science. Through these new efforts, we aim to continue contributing to the development of related communities
and creating new academic fields.
With the expansion of space development, space will become an active area of humankind in the near future. Private space
exploration and space travel are already becoming a reality. Therefore, we believe that the perspective of this institute will
become even more important. We will consider the Earth, the Sun, and space as one system, and challenge new research tocontribute to the solution of global environmental problems and the development of human society expanding into space.
The COVID-19 virus has spread again at the time of writing this article (May 2021), and I think it will have a major
impact on future scientific research. However, I would like to make efforts to overcome any related difficulties with theingenuity of the staff and the people involved, and fully fulfill the role of the institute as a hub of different scientificcommunities. This annual report provides you with an understanding of the activities of the ISEE, and we appreciate yourcontinued support and cooperation.

Kanya Kusano
Director

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

3

ISEE AwardThe 3rd ISEE Award Ceremony and Commemorative Lecture ware held virtually on Mar. 11, 2021.

The 3rd ISEE Award
Aiming to develop space–Earth environmental research, promote interdisciplinary research, and explore this new researchdiscipline, the ISEE presents an ISEE Award to a prominent research activity based on the ISEE Joint Research Program.

The third ISEE Award was awarded to Professor Ilya Usoskin (University of Oulu, Finland) and Doctor Stepan Poluianov(University of Oulu, Finland) for their great contribution to the space–Earth environmental research through international joint
research on extreme solar particle events and their environmental and social impacts. The award ceremony and commemorative
lecture were held online via ZOOM on the following date and times.
Date: March 11, 2021
ISEE Award Ceremony: 16:00–16:15
Commemorative Lecture: 16:15–17:15

Speakers; Prof. Ilya Usoskin and Dr. Stepan Poluianov
Title; Extreme solar storms: what we know and what we guess

ISEE Award 2020
Winner:Prof. Ilya G. Usoskin (Professor, University of Oulu, Finland）
Dr. Stepan V. Poluianov (Senior Researcher, University of Oulu, Finland）

Title：：Contribution to solar-terrestrial environmental research through international joint
research on extreme solar particle events and their environmental and social impacts

Prof. Ilya Usoskin

Dr. Stepan Poluianov

Citation: Prof. Usoskin and Dr. Poluianov have established a new paradigm for extreme events of space–Earth environmental change that havenot been considered before, through the ISEE International Workshop Program (2018) and the ISEE International Joint Research Program(2019). The award winners are working with the ISEE research team to develop new research fields on extreme solar events and their effects
from space and Earth scientific perspectives. These activities are consistent with the mission of ISEE to explore the space–Earth environment.
Career summary of award winners： Prof. Ilya Usoskin (Professor, Head of Oulu Cosmic Ray Station) received his PhD in astrophysics at theA. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute in 1995. He is an expert in solar activity and the variability of cosmic rays and their atmospheric effects
and is one of the founders of the space climate research field. Dr. Stepan Poluianov (Senior Researcher) received his PhD in space physics at the
University of Oulu in 2016. He is an expert in cosmic rays and their interaction with matter, and has made significant contributions to developinga detailed model of cosmogenic nuclide production.

4 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental ResearchResearch Highlight 2020

Fig.1

Physics-based prediction of large solar flaresProf. Kanya Kusano, the director of ISEE, successfully developed a physics-based model that accurately predicts theoccurrence of large solar flares based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability. This development willcontribute to improving space weather forecasts and understanding of the explosive phenomena occurring in space.

Solar flares are the largest explosion phenomenon in solar systems and pose a potential threat not only to astronauts andartificial satellites, but also to social infrastructures such as communications, positioning, electric power, and aviation.
Therefore, it is necessary to predict their occurrence in advance. However, conventional prediction relies on empiricalmethods, and its accuracy is not sufficient.
Prof. Kanya Kusano, the director of this institute, andhis coworkers developed for the first time a method topredict large solar flares based on a new theory of
MHD instability (double- arc instability). Furthermore,they demonstrated that their method could predict the
precise location of the seven out of nine large flares thathave occurred in the past 10 years. They also found a
new physical quantity “magnetic twist flux density”
Fig. 2that determines the occurrence of giant solar flares.
This research will greatly advance the sophistication of
Fig.1： Images of the large solar flare observed by the SDO satellite on
space weather forecasts and the understanding of
September 1, 2017. Left is the solar disc image in EUV (193Å). Center andexplosion phenomena in space.
right show the magnetic field and the EUV (1600Å) images in the flaring
region, respectively. The predicted point on the polarity inversion line (PIL)

Paper information
Journal： Science, Vol. 369, Issue 6503, pp. 587-591, 2020
Authors： Kusano K, T. Iju Y. Bamba, and S. Inoue
Title： A physics-based method that can predict imminent large
solar flares
DOI： 10.1126/science.aaz2511

denoted by a circle is located at the center of the flare.
Fig.2： A magnetohydrodynamic model that can explain the onset mechanismof solar flares. Left and right show the magnetic field line structures before andafter the onset of a solar flare, respectively. The small-scale magnetic
reconnection between the two magnetic loops triggers the double-arc
instability and a solar flare.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5Research Highlight 2020

Fig.1

Multi-Wavelength Imaging Observations of STEVE
at Athabasca, Canada
Yadav et al. (2021) have reported the first multi-wavelength imaging
observations of strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE), which
is a violet color mysterious aurora-like phenomenon in the upper atmosphere atsubauroral latitudes.

STEVE is distinctly different from traditional aurora and appears as a violet narrow
luminous band extending over thousands of kilometers in the east-west direction.
STEVE displays are often accompanied by narrow “streaks” of green color known as“picket fence” aurora. Using Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imager (OMTI) at
Athabasca, Canada, STEVE emissions were observed for the first time at six specificwavelengths, including nominal background, confirming the continuum nature of
STEVE. These monochromatic images unfold several unprecedented features of
STEVE such as its evolution, detachment from the main auroral oval, ribbon-likemotion, and sharp boundaries. One of its striking features is the presence of darkbands poleward of the picket fence structure, resembling the “black aurora.” The
results contribute to unravelling the mysteries associated with STEVE and theunderlying physical mechanisms.
Paper information
Journal： J. Geophys.Res. Space Physics, Vol. 126, e2020JA028622, 2021
Authors： Yadav, S., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, M. Connors, and J.-P. St Maurice
Title： Multi-wavelength imaging observations of STEVE at Athabasca, Canada
DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028622

Fig.2

.
Fig.3

Fig.1： All-sky images of STEVE at multiple wavelengths on September 6, 2019.
Fig.2： All-sky image depicting “picket fence” structure in the green-line (557.7-nm) on May 2, 2019. The sharp decrease in emission intensity at theimmediate poleward edge of picket fence appears as a “dark-band.”Fig.3： All-sky imager (OMTI) operating at Athabasca, Canada.

6 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental ResearchResearch Highlight 2020

Fig.1

Very high altitude auroral acceleration region
The team at ISEE, led by Dr. S. Imajo, Dr. Y. Miyoshi, and Dr. K. Shiokawa, discovered a very high-altitude auroral
acceleration region beyond ~30000 km above an auroral arc, using comprehensive particle and field observations(including high-angular resolution electron observations by LEPe) with
the Arase satellite and high spatial-temporal resolution auroral
observations with THEMIS ground-based imagers.

The generation mechanism of electrostatic-field-accelerating auroralelectrons remains unknown. The altitude distribution of the electrostatic
field might provide an important clue for understanding the generation
mechanism. In this study, an unexpected discovery, in which auroralelectrons were already accelerating at a very high altitude exceeding
30000 km, was made by the Arase satellite, which has a unique orbit andhigh-performance comprehensive instrument suite. This challenges a
conventional view believed for over ~50 years in which the auroralelectron is mostly accelerated at altitudes of a few thousand kilometers,
and throws up a new mystery of the auroral particle acceleration.
Paper information
Journal：Scientific Reports, Vol.11, 1610, 2021
Authors ： Imajo, S., Y. Miyoshi, Y. Kazama, K. Asamura, I. Shinohara,
K. Shiokawa et. al.
Title：Active auroral arc powered by accelerated electrons from very highaltitudes
DOI：10.1038/s41598-020-79665-5

Fig.2

Fig.1： Schematic of the very high altitude electron acceleration powering an auroral arc. The accelerated electron from very high altitudes wasobserved by the Arase satellite and then precipitated into the auroral emission region.
Fig.2： Timeseries of the latitudinal distribution of auroral emissions and Arase observations. Characteristics of particles and electric and magnetic
fields agree with the typical characteristics of the acceleration region observed by previous low altitude satellites.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research7Research Highlight 2020

Fig.1

Determination of near-Sun plasma density from
Crab pulsar observations
Tokumaru et al. (2020) measured the frequency dispersion of giant radio pulses from observations of the Crab pulsar in 2018
and determined the distribution of the plasma density near the Sun. The obtained results provide an important clue forunraveling the solar wind acceleration mechanism.

A pulsar is a celestial object that emits radio wave pulses at regular intervals. Whenradio waves from the pulsar are received on Earth, a frequency-dependent delay(frequency dispersion) caused by the plasma along the line of sight is observed. The
plasma density of the propagation medium can be estimated from the magnitude of
the frequency dispersion (dispersion measure, DM). In this study, the DM wasmeasured for the pulsar in the Crab Nebula (Crab pulsar). The line of sight for the
Crab pulsar approaches the Sun every June, and the minimum offset distance isapproximately five solar radii. Therefore, DM measurements for the Crab pulsar inJune enable the determination of the plasma density distribution near the Sun. The
radial distance range between a few and 10 solar radii is a key region for elucidating
solar wind acceleration. However, this region has never been explored in-situ, andits plasma density distribution is not well understood. Crab pulsar sporadicallyradiates very strong radio pulses, which are called giant radio pulses, allowing us tomeasure the DM accurately in a short time. Crab pulsar observations have been
conducted since 2018 using the large radiotelescope at the Toyokawa Observatoryof the ISEE. Mr. Kaito Tawara, a student in the Graduate School of Science at
Nagoya University, made a significant contribution to the data analysis of this study.
Paper information
Journal： Solar Physics, Vol. 295, 80, 2020
Authors： Tokumaru, M., K. Tawara, K. Takefuji, M. Sekido, and T. Terasawa
Title： Radio sounding measurements of the solar corona using giant pulses of the Crab pulsar in 2018
DOI： 10.1007/s11207-020-01644-w
Fig.1： Dynamic spectrum of GRP of Crab pulsar observed at Toyokawa (analyzed by Dr. T. Terasawa).
Fig.2： Schematic illustration of plasma density measurements near the Sun using a pulsar.
Fig.3： Increase in DM observed for the period around the closest approach of Crab pulsar line-of-sight to the Sun.

8 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Fig.2

Fig.3

Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................... 2
ISEE Award ....................................................................................................... 4
Research Highlight........................................................................................... 5
1. History ..............................................................................................................10
2. Organization .................................................................................................... 11
3. Staff ..................................................................................................................12
4. Committee of Other Organizations ................................................................16
5. Joint Research Programs ...............................................................................19
Lists of Accepted Proposals/ Lists of Collaboration Resources/ ISEE Award

6. Governance .....................................................................................................24
Advisory Board/ Collaborative Research Committee/ Joint Research Technical Committee/ Steering
Committee of the Center for International Collaborative Research/ Steering Committee of the Center for
Integrated Data Science/ Steering Committee of the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Research

7. Finance.............................................................................................................29
External Funding and Industry–Academia–Government Collaborations/ Libraries/ Properties

8. Research Topics ..............................................................................................31
8-1 Research Divisions ................................................................................................................................... 32
Division for Integrated Studies/ Division for Cosmic-Ray Research/ Division for Heliospheric Research/
Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research/ Division for Meteorological and AtmosphericResearch/ Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research/ Division for Chronological Research

8-2 Research Centers...................................................................................................................................... 60
Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)/ Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS)/ Center
for Orbital and Suborbital Observations (COSO)

8-3 Interdisciplinary Researches ................................................................................................................... 66
Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research/ Project for Space–Earth Environment Prediction/ Project for
the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres/ Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation

9.

Publications and Presentations .....................................................................74
Papers (in refereed Journals, April 2020–March 2021)/ Books (April 2020–March 2021)/ Publication ofProceedings (April 2020–March 2021)/ Conference Presentations (April 2020–March 2021)/ Awards

10. Education ......................................................................................................... 96
Number of Students supervised by ISEE Staff/ Faculty Members/ Undergraduate Education

11. International Relations .................................................................................... 99
Academic Exchange/ Research Projects/ Visitors from Foreign Institutes/ Online Seminars by Foreign Scientists

12. Outreach ........................................................................................................ 110
Public Lectures, Open Labs, and School Visits1. History

1. History
Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Laboratory

Hydrospheric AtmosphericResearch Center (HyARC)

May, 1949

April, 1957

Research Institute of Atmospherics,
Nagoya University was established.

April, 1958

Cosmic-ray Research Laboratory,
Faculty of Science, Nagoya University
was established.

The Nagoya University Centerfor Chronological Research

The Water Research Laboratory,
Faculty of Science, Nagoya
University was established.

September, 1973

The Water Research Institute (WRI),
Nagoya University was organized.

February, 1981

The Tandetron Accelerator Laboratory
was established in the Radioisotope
Research Center of Nagoya University.

March, 1982

Installation of the Tandetron
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) machine No.1 was completed.

January, 1987

June, 1990

The Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Laboratory (STEL) was established.

April, 1995

The Center for Joint Observations andData Processing was organized.

Inter-University Service of 14C
measurements was started with theTandetron AMS machine No.1.

April, 1993

The Institute for HydrosphericAtmospheric Sciences (IHAS),
Nagoya University was organized.

June, 1990

The Nagoya University Dating andMaterial Research Center was
established.

March, 1997

The Tandetron AMS machine No. 2
was newly introduced.

April, 2001
April, 2003

The Rikubetsu Observatory wasorganized.

The Hydrospheric AtmosphericResearch Center (HyARC), Nagoya
University was established.

April, 2004

April, 2000

The Nagoya University Center for
Chronological Research wasorganized.The CHIME dating system
was transferred from the School of
Science.

The Geospace Research Center was
established.

March, 2006

Laboratory was relocated to the
Higashiyama Campus.

April, 2010

Approved as one of the Joint
Usage/Research Centers.

April, 2010

Approved as one of the Joint
Usage/Research Centers.

October, 2015

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), merging the laboratory
and two centers, was established.
January, 2016ISEE was approved as one of the Joint Usage/Research Centers.

10

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research2. Organization

2. Organization
Research Divisions
Integrated Studies
Advisory
Board

Director

Cosmic-Ray
Research

Faculty Council

Vice
Directors
Collaborative
Research Committee

HeliosphericResearch
Ionospheric andMagnetospheric Research
Meteorological andAtmospheric Research
Land–Ocean
Ecosystem Research
ChronologicalResearchCenter for International
Collaborative Research
Moshiri Observatory
Rikubetsu
Observatory
Fuji Observatory
Kagoshima
Observatory

Center for Integrated Data Science

Center for Orbital and Suborbital
Observations
Technical Support Divisions(Technical Center of Nagoya University)

Libraries
Library, SolarTerrestrial Sciences(ISEE Libary #1)
Library, HydrosphericAtmospheric Sciences(ISEE Library #2)

Administrative Department

Committees

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research113. Staff

3. Staff
Director

Kanya Kusano

Vice Director

Kazuo Shiokawa

Vice Director

Nobuhiro Takahashi

April 1, 2020–March 31, 2021✱: Concurrent post▲: Left the Institute in the 2020 academic year○: Joined the Institute in the 2020 academic year※: Belongs to Institute for Advanced Research Section

Division for Integrated Studies

Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research

Professor

Kanya Kusano

Professor

Masafumi Hirahara

Professor

Yoshizumi Miyoshi (✱)

Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa (✱)

Associate Professor

Satoshi Masuda

Associate Professor

Yuichi Otsuka

Associate Professor

Takayuki Umeda (✱)

Associate Professor

Satonori Nozawa

Lecturer

Shinsuke Imada

Associate Professor

Masahito Nosé

Assistant Professor

Akimasa Ieda

Associate Professor

Nozomu Nishitani (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Yumi Bamba ※Associate Professor

Claudia Martinez-Calderon (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Takafumi Kaneko

Lecturer

Shin-ichiro Oyama

Designated Assistant Professor

Hisashi Hayakawa ○※Designated Assistant Professor

Atsuki Shinbori

Researcher

Hyangpyo Kim ○▲Designated Assistant Professor

Sneha Yadav ○Technical Assistant

Momoko Hattori ○▲Researcher

Sivakandan Mani ○▲Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Nanako Hirata

JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships Audrey Nathalie Ghislaine
for Research in Japan (Short-term) Schillings ▲Division for Cosmic-Ray Research

Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research

Professor

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

Akira Mizuno

Professor

Hiroyasu Tajima (✱)

Professor

Michihiro Mochida

Associate Professor

Yutaka Matsubara

Professor

Nobuhiro Takahashi (✱)

Associate Professor

Fusa Miyake

Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki (✱)

Designated Associate Professor

Masaki Yamashita ○▲Associate Professor

Tomoo Nagahama

Lecturer

Akira Okumura

Associate Professor

Hirohiko Masunaga

Assistant Professor

Hiroaki Menjo

Associate Professor

Taro Shinoda (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Shingo Kazama ※Assistant Professor

Sho Ohata ※Designated Assistant Professor

Kazufumi Sato

Assistant Professor

Taku Nakajima

Technical AssistantKazuhiro Huruta

Researcher

Daichi Tsutsumi ▲Researcher

Fumie Furuzawa

Division for Heliospheric Research
Professor

Munetoshi Tokumaru

Associate Professor

Kazumasa Iwai

Assistant Professor

Ken-ichi Fujiki

12 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships Yunhua Chang ○for Research in Japan (Standard)
Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Kazuji Suzuki ○3. Staff

Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem ResearchCenter for International Collaborative Research

Professor

Joji Ishizaka

Director • Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Tetsuya Hiyama (✱)

Professor

Tetsuya Hiyama

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki

Professor

Akira Mizuno (✱)

Associate Professor

Naoyuki Kurita

Professor

Masayo Minami (✱)

Lecturer

Hatsuki Fujinami

K. D. Leka

Assistant Professor

Yoshihisa Mino

Designated Professor(Cross Appointment)

Lynn Marie Kistler

Researcher

Akiko Mizuno ▲Designated Professor(Cross Appointment)

Researcher

Mengmeng Yang ▲Associate Professor

Nozomu Nishitani

Technical Assistant

Qingyang Song ▲Associate Professor

Claudia Martinez-Calderon

Associate Professor

Naoyuki Kurita (✱)

Associate Professor

Satonori Nozawa (✱)

Lecturer

Hatsuki Fujinami (✱)

Divison for Chronological Research
Professor

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Assistant Professor

Hiroaki Menjo (✱)

Professor

Masayo Minami

Designated Assistant Professor

Masafumi Shoji

Associate Professor

Takenori Kato (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Hirohiko Nagano ○▲Assistant Professor

Hirotaka Oda

Designated Assistant Professor

Sung-Hong Park

Designated Assistant Professor

Masako Yamane

Researcher

Hironari Kanamori

Research Institution Researcher

Yukiko Kozaka ▲Designated Technical Staff

Masami Nishida

Designated Technical Staff

Yuriko Hibi

Technical AssistantYuki Wakasugi ▲Foreign Visiting Research Fellow
January 25 – May 31, 2020

Veenadhari Bhasakarapantula

January 1 – March 31, 2021

Chio Zong Cheng

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research13

3. Staff

Center for Integrated Data Science

Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations

Director • Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Director • Professor

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Joji Ishizaka (✱)

Designated Professor

Hidetaka Tanaka ▲Professor

Kanya Kusano (✱)

Designated Professor

Masataka Murakami

Associate Professor

Takayuki Umeda

Professor

Joji Ishizaka (✱)

Associate Professor

Takenori Kato

Professor

Kazuhisa Tsuboki (✱)

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki (✱)

Professor

Masafumi Hirahara (✱)

Associate Professor

Satoshi Masuda (✱)

Associate Professor

Taro Shinoda

Associate Professor

Hirohiko Masunaga (✱)

Associate Professor

Hidenori Aiki (✱)

Designated Associate Professor

Tomoaki Hori

Designated Associate Professor Kazutaka Yamaoka

Lecturer

Shinsuke Imada (✱)

Assistant Professor

Sho Ohata (✱)※

Assistant Professor

Akimasa Ieda (✱)

Designated Assistant Professor

Hiroyuki Tomita ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Haruhisa Iijima

Designated Assistant Professor

Mayumi Yoshioka ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Shun Imajo ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Youko Yoshizumi

Designated Assistant Professor

Sachie Kanada

Research Institution Researcher

Takeharu Kouketsu

Designated Assistant Professor

Masahiro Kitahara ○Research Institution Researcher

Ji Hyun Park ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Satoko Nakamura

Technical Assistant

Tomoko Tanaka ▲Designated Assistant Professor

Chae-Woo Jun

Designated Assistant Professor

YunHee Kang

Researcher

Norio Umemura ▲Researcher

Masaya Kato

Researcher

Yoshiki Fukutomi

Researcher

Yutaka Matsumi ▲Researcher

Sandeep Kumar

Designated Technical Staff

Mariko Kayaba

Designated Technical Staff

Asayo Maeda

Designated Technical Staff

Kinji Morikawa

Technical Assistant

Luteru Agaalii Tauvale ○▲Visiting Academic Staff/Visiting Faculty Members
Visiting Professor

Yoshiya Kasahara

Visiting Professor

Tomo'omi Kumagai

Visiting Professor

Yoshikatsu Kuroda

Visiting Professor

Yoko Kokubu

Visiting Professor

Hiroyuki Shinagawa

Visiting Professor

Nobuo Sugimoto

Visiting Professor

Kanako Seki

Visiting Professor

Hotaek Park

Visiting Associate Professor

Fumio Abe ○Visiting Associate Professor

Christian Leipe

Visiting Associate Professor

Yasunobu Ogawa

Visiting Associate Professor

Shinji Saito

Visiting Associate Professor

Daikou Shiota

Visiting Associate Professor

Iku Shinohara

Visiting Associate Professor

Toru Tamura ○Visiting Associate Professor

Yasutaka Narusawa

Visiting Associate Professor

Hiroki Mizuochi ○(Emeritus Professor)

Toshio Nakamura
Shun Ohishi ○14

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research3. Staff

Technical Center of Nagoya University
Senior Technician

Akiko Ikeda

Senior Technician

Yasusuke Kojima

Senior Technician

Haruya Minda

Technician

Wataru Okamoto

Technician

Tetsuya Kawabata

Technician

Tomonori Segawa

Technician

Yoshiyuki Hamaguchi

Technician

Ryuji Fujimori

Technician

Yasushi Maruyama

Technician

Takayuki Yamasaki

Technician

Yuka Yamamoto

Assistant Technician

Takumi Adachi

Assistant Technician

Moeto Kyushima

Cooperating Research Fellow

Administration Department
Director,
Administration Department

Takashi Murate ▲General Affairs Division
Manager,
General Affairs Division

Mitsuyuki Hirokawa

Specialist,
General Affairs Section

Hideaki Yano

Section Head,General Affairs Section

Kazuhiro Yokoyama ▲Section Head,General Affairs Section
Section Head,General Affairs Section
Section Head,
Personnel Affairs Section
Section Head,
Budget Planning Section

Shoji Asano ▲Administrator

Yuka Ito ▲Administrator

Junpei Okada ○Administrator

Asana Goto

Administrator

Megumi Goto ○Administrator

Hisako Watabe

Designated Supervisor

Tadashi Tsuboi

Tomoko Mizutani ○Munetika Mizuno ▲Mirei Miyao

Satoshi Inoue ○▲Hiroatsu Sato ○▲Toyokawa Branch
Foreign Visiting Cooperation Researcher
Jun 5, 2019 – May 29, 2020

Sneha Yadav

Designated Technical Staff

Kayoko Asano

Technical Assistant(Research Support Facilitator)

Yasuo Kato

August 5, 2019 – August 4, 2020 Xia Yuan
September 16, 2019 – August 31,
2020

Hyangpyo Kim

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

15

4.Committee of Other Organizations

4. Committee of Other Organizations
Committee of Other Organizations
Contact Post

Job Title

Organizations

Name of Committee / Title

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

North Pacific Marine Science Organization Co-Chair of Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES(PICES)
Program in East Asian Marginal Seas

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

North Pacific Marine Science Organization Member of Working Group 35: Third North Pacific(PICES)
Ecosystem Report

Joji Ishizaka

Professor

Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP)

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

International Union of Pure and Applied
Commission C4 member
Physics

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies,
J-Parc Program Advisory Committee member
KEK

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

International Symposium for Very HighInternational Advisory Committee member
Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions

Yoshitaka Itow

Professor

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Conference

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Professor

International Continental Scientific Drilling
Program (ICDP), Dead Sea Deep Sea Principal Investigator
Drilling Project (DSDDP)

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Professor

Geosciences

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial
President
Physics (SCOSTEP)

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)

Kazuo Shiokawa

Professor

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial
Chief guest editor for VarSITI/STP-14 Special Issue
Physics

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies,
B-factory Programme Advisory Committee member
KEK

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental
EditorPhysics

Hiroyasu Tajima

Professor

The Scientific World Journal

Tetsuya Hiyama

Professor

International Arctic Science Committee
Terrestrial Working Group (TWG) member(IASC)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

EISCAT Scientific Association

16

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Focal Point of Center for Special Monitoring and Coastal
Environmental Assessment Regional Active Center(CEARAC)International Advisory Committee member

EditorandSpace

Chair of the COSPAR Sub-Commission C1 (The Earth’s
Upper Atmosphere and Ionosphere)

ACCP Science Assessment Team (SIT-CCP) member

Editorial Board member

Strategy Group on the Future of EISCAT member

4. Committee of Other Organizations

Contact Post

Job Title

Organizations

Name of Committee / Title
Chair of Panel on Radiation Belt Environment Modeling

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial
Bureau member
Physics (SCOSTEP)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

National Science Foundation/ Geospace
Steering Committee member
Environment Modeling (NSF/GEM)

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

EU-Horizon 2020: SafeSpace

Advisory Panel

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Annales Geophysicae

EditorYoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Earth and Planetary Physics

EditorYoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Guest editor for the special issue of “Solar-Terrestrial
Environment Prediction: Toward the Synergy of Scienceand Forecasting Operation of Space Weather and Space
Climate”

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Professor

Polar Research

Guest editor

Michihiro Mochida

Professor

International Commission on AtmosphericCommission member
Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP)

Michihiro Mochida

Professor

Atmospheric Environment

Editorial Advisory Board member

Yuichi Otsuka

Associate
Professor

Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences

EditorYuichi Otsuka

Associate
Professor

Earth and Planetary Physics

Guest editor for the special issue of “Recent Advances inEquatorial Plasma Bubble and Ionospheric Scintillation”

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Vice editors-in-chief

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Super Dual Auroral(SuperDARN)

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Polar Science

Guest editor for the special issue of “SuperDARN / Studiesof Geospace Dynamics – Today and Future”

Nozomu Nishitani

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Guest editor for the special issue of 20th Anniversary Issue:
Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences in the Next DecadeSatonori Nozawa

Associate
Professor

EISCAT Scientific Association

Council member

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

International Association of Geomagnetism
Division V Chair
and Aeronomy (IAGA)

Radar

Network

Vice chair of Executive Council

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research174. Committee of Other Organizations

Contact Post

Job Title

Organizations

Name of Committee / Title

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Editor（～December 31, 2020）
Vice editors-in-chief（January 1, 2021～）

Masahito Nosé

Associate
Professor

Earth, Planets and Space (EPS)

Guest editor for the special issue of “ International
Geomagnetic Reference Field - The Thirteenth Generation”

Hirohiko Masunaga

Associate
Professor

National
Aeronautics
Administration (NASA)

Hirohiko Masunaga

Associate
Professor

World Climate Research Programme(WCRP) Global Energy and Water cycle GEWEX Data and Analysis Panel (GDAP) member
Exchanges (GEWEX)

Toshio Nakamura

Visiting
Faculty

Radiocarbon

18

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

and

Space

ACCP Science Community Cohort

Editorial Board member

5. Joint Research Programs

5. Joint Research Programs
One of the major functions of ISEE is to promote and conduct collaborative research on Space–Earth Environmental
Science together with researchers from universities and institutes outside the ISEE. On January 14, 2016, ISEE was certified
as a core research institution of Space–Earth Environmental Science, a “Joint Usage/Research Center,” as defined by the
MEXT of Japan. We prepared application forms for joint research programs focusing on the following two research issues: the“Study of the coupling processes in the solar–terrestrial system using ground-based observation networks” and the“Establishment of an international collaborative research hub to solve research issues in the global (terrestrial) environmentand space applications based on comprehensive studies of the space–Sun–Earth system.” The former focuses on coupling
processes in the solar–terrestrial system and the interactions of neutral and plasma components in the Earth’s atmosphere byestablishing an international ground-based observation network ranging from low- to high-latitude regions, especially in Asia
and Africa. The latter aims to establish an international collaborative research hub for comprehensive studies of the space–
Sun–Earth system, space applications, space weather forecasting, and environmental problems such as global warming. The
following 11 research programs, including the SCOSTEP Visiting Scholar program that was incorporated into joint use andresearch from FY2020, were prepared for application during the 2020 Japanese fiscal year. The ISEE symposium became an
independent category from the ISEE/Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR) International Workshop, and theannouncement for the ISEE symposium was made three months prior to other programs. In addition, we switched the
proposed application process from an email-based to a web-based system with support from the Research Organization ofInformation and Systems. The new system was introduced for the FY2020 program applications.
01) Joint Research Program (International)
02) ISEE International Joint Research Program (*)03) ISEE/CICR International Workshop
04) Joint Research Program (General)05) Joint Research Program (Student Encouragement)
06) Joint Research Program (Symposium)07) Joint Research Program (Computing Infrastructure)08) Joint Research Program (Database Management)09) Joint Research Program (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Analysis)10) Carbon 14 Analysis Service11) SCOSTEP Visiting Scholar (SVS) Program (*)(*) Applicable only to foreign researchers

These collaborative research programs will be executed using the instruments, software/databases, and facilities of
ISEE. Joint research programs 01) to 03), described above, will be managed by the CICR, 07) and 08) will be managed by
CIDAS, and 09) and 10) will be managed by the Division for Chronological Research.
In 2020, the third ISEE symposium was held online from March 8 to 12, 2021, entitled “International conference andschool on dynamic variation of particles and waves in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere using satellite andground-network observations and modeling (PWING-ERG conference and school),” led by Professor Kazuo Shiokawa
who is the vice director of ISEE. The third ISEE Award was awarded to Prof. Ilya G. Usoskin and Dr. Stepan V. Poluianovof the University of Oulu, Finland, for their great contribution to space–Earth environmental research throughinternational joint research on extreme solar particle events and their environmental and social impacts. The award
ceremony and memorial lectures were held online on March 11, 2021.
Due to the influence of COVID-19, the international joint research programs and international workshops of thisfiscal year were canceled or postponed for the next year or implemented by changing the scope. Most symposiums andresearch meetings were conducted online.
In October, the community meeting that aims to share information about the ISEE’s joint research program acrossthe field of study and discuss the future joint research program was held online with the participation of the joint
research program participants.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research195. Joint Research Programs

Lists of Accepted Proposals
 ISEE International Joint Research Program
Proposer

Kariyappa, RangaiahChen, Xingyao

Abadi, Prayitno

Affiliation*
Indian Institute of
Astrophysics

Job title*

Former Professor

National Astronomical
Observatories, Chinese
Research AssistantAcademy of Sciences
Indonesian National
Institute of Aeronautics and Researcher
Space

Corresponding
ISEE researcher

Title of the research program

Imada, S.

Understand the EUV and UV (PROBA2/LYRA) and
X-ray (GOES 1-8 A) irradiance variability fromspatially resolved images of SDO/AIA/HMI &PROBA2/SWAP and Hinode/XRT instruments

Masuda, S.

Quasi-periodic Pulsations from solar radio andmicrowave observations

Otsuka, Y.

Empirical Model of Equatorial Plasma Bubble
Occurrence Rate in Southeast Asia deduced from GPS
Receivers
Winter sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) impact
on mesosphere sodium layer observed at middle andhigh latitudes

Yuan, Xia

Nanjing Xiaozhuang
University

Lecturer

Nozawa, S.

Opgenoorth, Hermann

University of Umea

Professor Emeritus

Nishitani, N.

Study of sub-auroral storm time magnetic andconvection disturbances

Shreedevi, Porunkatu
Radhakrichna

Beihang University

Postdoctoral
Researcher

Miyoshi, Y.

Understanding the role of EMIC wave scattering in
causing ion precipitation into the ionosphere:
Comparison of SWMF simulations with Arase and
PWING observations

Lazzara, Matthew

University of
Wisconsin-Madison

Senior Scientist

Kurita, N.

Creation of a new high-quality dataset of East
Antarctic meteorological observations

Gordovskyy, Mykola

University of Manchester

Research
Associate

Kusano, K.

Braga, Carlos Roberto

George Mason University

Senior Research
Scientist

Kusano, K.

Azizi, Hajihossein

University of Kurdistan

Professor

Minami, M.

Min, Kyungguk

Chungnam National
University

Assistant Professor

Miyoshi, Y.

Ren, Jie

Peking University

Assistant
Researcher

Miyoshi, Y.

ULF Waves’ Interaction with the Charged Particles
and the Effects on the Whistler Mode Waves

Chen, Linjie

National Astronomical
Observatories, Chinese
Academy of Sciences

Associate
Researcher/
Professor

Iwai. K.

Studying the solar wind with the multi-station
Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) Telescope

Krucker, Samuel

Fachhochschule
Nordwestschweiz

Professor

Masuda, S.

The NoRH/RHESSI flare catalogue: time-dependent
analysis

Mouikis, Christoforos

University of New
Hampshire

Research Scientist

Miyoshi, Y.

Langematz, Ulrike

Freie Universität Berlin

Professor

Miyake, F.

Fluid-kinetic modelling of magnetic reconnection insolar flares and solar energetic particle escape into theheliosphere
Predicting coronal mass ejections Time-of-arrival andmagnetic field orientation in the Earth’s vicinity using
observations and MHD propagation
Beryllium-10 (10Be)-Nd isotope analysis to investigate
magma source of the Quaternary volcanoes innorthwest IranUnderstanding the Generation Process of Fast
Magnetosonic Waves by Combining ERG
Observations and PIC Simulations

The impact of storm-time ion composition changes in
the near-earth plasma sheet on the ring current
pressure development
Modeling the transport and deposition of cosmogenic
isotopes of historical MIYAKE Events and recent
decades* Proposer’s affiliation and job title are as of the proposal submission date.

20

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5. Joint Research Programs

 ISEE/CICR International Workshop
ProposerAffiliation*

Job title*

Gopalswamy, Nat

Goddard Space Flight
CenterAstrophysicist

Corresponding
ISEE researcher
Masuda, S.

Title of the research program
Origin of High-Energy Protons Responsible forLate-Phase Pion-Decay Gamma-Ray Continuum fromthe Sun* Proposer’s affiliation and job title are as of the proposal submission date.

List of Collaboration Resources
 Instruments
NameContact Person

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer for Atmospheric Composition Measurement (Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers

K. Shiokawa

ISEE Magnetometer Network

K. Shiokawa

ELF/VLF Network

K. Shiokawa

Sodium LIDAR (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

MF Radar (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

Meteor Radar (Alta)

S. Nozawa

Solar Neutron Telescope (Norikura Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo)

Y. Matsubara

Low-Background Beta-Ray Counter

N. Kurita

Multi-Station IPS Solar Wind Observation System (Toyokawa, Fuji, and Kiso)

M. Tokumaru

Multi-Directional Cosmic Ray Muon Telescope (Nagoya)Y. Matsubara

SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) Radars (Rikubetsu)

N. Nishitani

Upper Air Sounding Systems (two sets)

K. Tsuboki

Polarimetric Radar Systems (two sets)

K. Tsuboki

Ka-Band Polarimetric Radar

K. Tsuboki

Hydrometeor Video Sonde (HYVIS) System

K. Tsuboki

ISEE Riometer Network

K. Shiokawa

Sea Spray Aerosol Optical Particle Counter

H. AikiFive-Wavelength Photometer (Tromsø)

S. Nozawa

Water Isotope Analyzer (Picarro L2130-i)

N. Kurita Software/Databases
NameContact Person

Atmospheric Composition Data by FT-IR Measurements (Moshiri and Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

NO2 and O3 Data by UV/Visible Spectrometer Measurements (Moshiri and Rikubetsu)

T. Nagahama

Coordinated Magnetic Data Along 210° Magnetic Meridian(Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Kagoshima, and Overseas MM Stations)K. Shiokawa

All-Sky Auroral Data (Canada, Alaska, and Siberia)

K. Shiokawa, Y. Miyoshi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research21

5. Joint Research Programs

Name

Contact Person

Database of the Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers

K. Shiokawa

VHF Radar/GPS Scintillation (Indonesia)

Y. Otsuka

EISCAT Database

S. Nozawa, S. Oyama

ELF/VLF Wave Data

K. Shiokawa

Interplanetary Scintillation Data

M. Tokumaru

Solar Wind Speed Data

M. Tokumaru

Cosmic Ray Intensity Database

Y. Matsubara

MHD Simulation on the Magnetospheric Environment

T. Umeda

Hinode Science Center, Nagoya University

K. Kusano

ERG Science Center

Y. Miyoshi

QL Plot Archive of Satellite Data for Integrated Studies

Y. Miyoshi

Remei Satellite Observation Database

M. Hirahara

SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) Radars Database

N. Nishitani

Numerical Simulation Codes for Plasma Kinetics

T. Umeda

Cloud Resolving Strom Simulator (CReSS)

K. Tsuboki

Satellite Data Simulator Unit (SDSU)

H. Masunaga

ISEE Riometer Network Database

K. Shiokawa

Energy Flux Diagnosis Code for Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves

H. Aiki Facilities
Name

Contact Person

Computer System for Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Research (Supercomputer System)

T. Umeda

CHN Analyzer, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer

Y. MinoTandetron Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

H. Kitagawa, M. Minami

Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA)

T. KatoIon/Electron Beamline and Calibration Facility

M. Hirahara

Clean Room Facility for Instrument Development

M. Hirahara

CIDAS System

S. Masuda, T. Umeda,
Y. Miyoshi

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF)

T. KatoX-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)

T. KatoFacilities at Moshiri Observatory

A. Mizuno

Facilities at Rikubetsu Observatory

A. Mizuno

Facilities at Kiso Station

M. Tokumaru

Facilities at Fuji Observatory

M. Tokumaru

Facilities at Kagoshima Observatory

K. Shiokawa

22

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research5. Joint Research Programs

ISEE Award
WinnerIlya G. Usoskin (Professor, University of Oulu, Finland）
Stepan Poluianov (Senior Researcher, University of Oulu,
Finland）

Title

Date of Award CeremonyContribution to solar-terrestrial environmental
research through international joint research on
March 11, 2021
extreme solar particle events and their environmental
and social impacts

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research23

6. Governance

6. Governance
As of March 31, 2021

Advisory Board
Mamoru Ishii

Space Environment Laboratory, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information
and Communications Technology

Takaaki Kajita

Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo

Takeshi Kawano

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Nobuko Saigusa

Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies

Yukari N. Takayabu

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo

Tsuneto Nagatomo

Nara University of Education

Takuji Nakamura

National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems

Tohru Hada

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

Hironobu Hyodo

Research Institute of Frontier Science and Technology, Okayama University of Science

Masahiro Hoshino

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Kazuhisa Mitsuda

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Tetsuzo Yasunari

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, National Institutes for the Humanities

Mamoru Yamamoto

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University

Junichi Watanabe

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Hiroshi Ikuta

Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University

Yasushi Yamaguchi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Tomohiko Watanabe

Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University

Joji Ishizaka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshitaka Itow

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Masafumi Hirahara

24

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research6. GovernanceCollaborative Research Committee
Akira Kadokura

Polar Environment Data Science Center, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research
Organization of Information and Systems

Kazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Yuki Kubo

Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology

Yoko S. Kokubu

Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Akinori Saitou

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Takeshi Sakanoi

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Iku Shinohara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Shoichi Shibata

College of Engineering, Chubu University

Kanako Seki

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Atsushi Higuchi

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Hiroyuki Matsuzaki

The University Museum, The University of Tokyo

Takashi Minoshima

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Hiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Yuichi Otsuka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Naoyuki Kurita

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Taro Shinoda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Nozomu Nishitani

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masahito NoséInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satoshi Masuda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hirohiko Masunaga

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yutaka Matsubara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masayo Minami

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research25

6. Governance

Joint Research Technical Committee
Integrated Studies Technical Committee
Ayumi Asai

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Yuto Katoh

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Iku Shinohara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Kanako Seki

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Hirohisa Hara

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Akimasa Yoshikawa

Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University

Takayuki Umeda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satoshi Masuda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Heliospheric and Cosmic-Ray Research Technical Committee
Chihiro Kato

Faculty of Science, Shinshu University

Shoichi Shibata

College of Engineering, Chubu University

Tomoko Nakagawa

Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology

Yasuhiro Nariyuki

University of Toyama

Tohru Hada

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Yoshitaka Itow

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazumasa Iwai

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Munetoshi Tokumaru Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Yutaka Matsubara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Technical Committee

26

Takumi Abe

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Yoshiya Kasahara

Information Media Center, Kanazawa University

Akinori Saito

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Shin Suzuki

Faculty of Regional Policy, Aichi University

Yuichi Otsuka

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Satonori Nozawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masahito NoséInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research6. GovernanceMeteorological, Atmospheric and Land-Ocean Ecosystem Research Technical Committee
Yoshizumi Kajii

Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

Kenshi Takahashi

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University

Atsushi Higuchi

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Masafumi Hirose

Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo
University

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Naoyuki Kurita

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Tomoo Nagahama

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hirohiko Masunaga

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Akira Mizuno

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Chronological Research Technical Committee
Yoko S. Kokubu

Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Motohiro Tsuboi

Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei
Gakuin University

Hiroyuki Matsuzaki

The University Museum, The University of Tokyo

Katsuyoshi
Michibayashi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Hiromi Yamazawa

Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University

Naoto Yamamoto

Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masayo Minami

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Fusa Miyake

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Airplane Usage Technical Committee
Seiho Uratsuka

Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology

Kazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Makoto Koike

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Akihiko Kondo

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Hiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Taro Shinoda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyasu Tajima

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research27

6. GovernanceSteering Committee of the Center for International Collaborative Research
Yusuke Ebihara

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University

Wallis Simon

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Yoichiro Hanaoka

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Akihiko Morimoto

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University

Kazuo Shiokawa

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Nozomu Nishitani

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Tetsuya Hiyama

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Steering Committee of the Center for Integrated Data Science
Shin-ichiro Shima

Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo

Tohru Hada

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

Masahiro Hoshino

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Kazuhisa Mitsuda

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Katsuyoshi
Michibayashi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Junichi Watanabe

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Takayuki Umeda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Takenori Kato

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kanya Kusano

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Steering Committee of the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Research

28

Riko Oki

Earth Observation Research Center, Space Technology Directorate I, Japan Aerospace Exploration
AgencyKazuyuki Kita

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Masato Nakamura

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Hiroyuki Yamada

Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Hiroyasu Tajima

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Masafumi Hirahara

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research7. Finance

7. Finance
External Funding and Industry–Academia–Government Collaborations
Researches of ISEE members as principal investigator were supported by the following external funds.
Kakenhi category

Number of subjects

Total amount (JPY)

Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research

158,890,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas

5

31,590,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)3117,780,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)320,020,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)1484,370,000

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)34,290,000

Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)

10

30,160,000

Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists

3

3,380,000

Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up

1

1,430,000

Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint
International Research (B)415,860,000

Total

47

367,770,000

・Forty-seven research subjects listed in the table were supported by the JSPS Kakenhi.
・Thirty-one research subjects received total 128,603,299 JPY from governmental funds except KAKENHI, and fromother universities and companies. Thirteen of them were collaborative researches between ISEE and companies, or
national institutes.
・Three research subjects received total 5,500,000 JPY of donation.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research29

7. Finance

Libraries
 Library, Solar-Terrestrial Sciences(ISEE Libary #1)

 Library, Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences (ISEE Library #2)

Books

Books

Japanese

2,999Japanese

4,534

Foreign

11,140Foreign

8,858

Journals

Journals

Japanese

47

Japanese273

Foreign

207

Foreign249

Properties

30

Site (m2)

Bulidings (m2)Location

Higashiyama Campus(Main campus of Nagoya University)

-

8,442

NagoyaToyokawa Campus

94,212

1,461

Toyokawa

Moshiri Observatory

110,534

325

Hokkaido

Rikubetsu Observatory

24,580167

Hokkaido

Kagoshima Observatory

13,449287

Kagoshima

Fuji Observatory

19,926

174

Yamanashi

Sugadaira Station

3,300

0

NaganoKiso Station

6,240

66

NaganoTotal

272,241

10,922

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8. Research Topics

8. Research Topics
The mission of the ISEE is to understand the mechanisms and interactions of diverse processes occurring in the integrated
space–Sun–Earth system to deal with global environmental problems and to contribute to human society in the space age. To
develop this new research field, four Projects of Interdisciplinary Research are being studied with seven Research Divisions(Divisions for Integrated Studies, Cosmic Ray Research, Heliospheric Research, Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research,
Meteorological and Atmospheric Research, Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research, and Chronological Research). The “Project forSpace–Earth Environmental Prediction” aims to develop our understanding and predictive capabilities of the influences of solar
dynamics and atmosphere–ocean activities on the global environment. The “Project for the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma
Atmospheres” aims to improve our understanding of the relation between the Earth’s atmosphere and space using a global
observation network of interactions between the upper plasma and middle atmosphere. The “Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate
Research” aims to observe the long-term variability in the solar activity over more than several thousands of years throughradioisotopes and to examine the influences of the solar activity on the atmosphere using observations and models to understand theinfluence of solar activity on global climate variability. The “Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation” aims to understand theprocesses that form cloud and precipitation particles from aerosol particles considering the influence of cosmic rays and theprocesses of scattering and absorption of radiation by clouds and aerosol particles using experiments, field observations, andsimulations.

ISEE has also three Research Centers to contribute to national and international research development of the relevant
disciplines in cooperation with the Research Divisions. The Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)
conducts extensive observations with four domestic observatories (Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Fuji, and Kagoshima) and a global
observation network and enhances collaboration and joint research with domestic and international researchers andinstitutions. The Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS) conducts infrastructure and research development of intensive
studies of the space–Sun–Earth system through the analysis of big data and advanced computer simulations. The Center for
Orbital and Suborbital Observation (COSO) conducts planning and technological development of research using orbital andsuborbital observation vehicles, such as aircraft, balloons, rockets, and satellites, with national and international networks.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research318-1. Research Divisions

Division for Integrated Studies
 Solar flare · CME
 Inner magnetosphere · Radiation belt Aurora substorm
 Space weather · Space storm
 Space climate · Long-term variations of the Sun Space plasma Computer simulation
 Data assimilation

In the Division for Integrated Studies, we conduct scientific research aimed at the comprehensive understanding
and prediction of various phenomena in the solar–terrestrial system based on advanced computer simulations and data
analyses. In particular, we promote studies to elucidate various phenomena, such as solar cycles, solar flares, coronalmass ejections (CMEs), geomagnetic storms, and aurora, where the nonlinear interaction and intercoupling between
different systems play an important role. We also promote scientific projects of satellite missions (Hinode and ERG
satellites) by observing the Sun and geospace in cooperation with the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science(ISAS)/JAXA, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The faculty members of this division are
responsible for education in the Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering at Nagoya University.

Main Activities in FY2020
The first physics-based method for predicting large solar flares
Because large solar flares can cause severe space weather disturbances affecting the Earth, their occurrence must
be predicted to mitigate their impact. The research team led by Professor Kanya Kusano succeeded in developing thefirst physics-based model to accurately predict imminent large solar flares. The predictive model was tested on active
regions during solar cycle 24 from 2008 to 2019. With few exceptions, the new model predicted the most imminent
solar flares and the precise location from which they will emerge. The researchers also discovered that a new parameter– the “magnetic twist flux density” close to a magnetic polarity inversion line on the solar surface – determines when
and where solar flares probably occur and how large they are likely to be. This research was published in the journal
Science on July 31, 2020 (Kusano et al., Science, 2020).

Exploring the HSP in solar cycle 24
Over the past decades, extensive solar observations have revealed that left-handed/right-handed helical structuresappear more frequently in the northern/southern hemisphere of the Sun, independent of the solar cycle. This is theso-called hemispheric sign preference (HSP) of helicity. By analyzing the magnetic helicity flux in solar active regions(ARs), we found that 63% and 65% of the investigated AR samples in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively,
followed the HSP. The HSP gradually increases from 50%–60% up to 70%–80% for AR samples, which (1) appear at theearlier rising phase of solar cycle 24 or higher latitudes, and (2) have larger values of the total unsigned magnetic flux andthe average plasma flow speed. Our observations support the enhancement of the HSP mainly by the Coriolis force
acting on an expanding flux tube through the convection zone, and the differential rotation on the solar surface andalpha effect at the base of the convection zone. Future research should employ advanced solar convective dynamo
simulations to investigate the HSP trends found in this study and use them for model validation (Park et al., ApJ, 2020).

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8-1. Research Divisions

Data-driven MHD simulation of successive solar plasma eruption
To predict solar flares and plasma eruptions with a physical understanding, the magnetic field information from thephotosphere (the surface of the Sun) to the corona (the upper plasma atmosphere) is necessary. The photospheric vector
magnetic fields were observed in detail, whereas the coronal magnetic fields can not be measured. Many numericalmethodologies for inferring coronal magnetic fields have been developed together with an increase in the quality ofphotospheric magnetic data for decades. In this study, we developed a method of data-driven magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) simulation in which time-series observational data of the photospheric magnetic fields were incorporated in thebottom boundary condition of the MHD simulation. Using this method, the response of the coronal magnetic fields tothe temporal evolution of the photospheric magnetic fields was reproduced. We demonstrated the feasibility of the
newly developed data-driven method by reproducing successive solar plasma eruptions during an observation(Kaneko et al., ApJ, 2021).

Solar cycle-related variation in solar differential rotation and meridional flow in solar cycle 24
Predicting the next solar cycle is crucial for space weather studies. So far, we have developed the suface flux
transport (SFT) code to predict solar cycle activity and improve the accuracy of the parameters necessary for SFT
calculation. We concentrated on obtaining the velocity field, which is a necessary parameter for this model calculation,using satellite observations, and found that the flow in the meridional plane in solar cycle 24 was faster than that incycle 23 (Imada et al., Earth, Planets and Space, 2020).

Reconstructions of the past solar–terrestrial environments with historical documents andanalog records
To assess the long-term variability of solar–terrestrial environments, historical documents and analog records allow
us to chronologically extend the insights of modern observations. Therefore, we are working on the quantitative
reconstructions of short-term space weather events and long-term solar variability by analyzing their relevant historical
records. During this fiscal year, we analyzed the extreme space weather events in October/November 1903 (Hayakawa
et al., ApJL, 2020c), January 1938 (Hayakawa et al., ApJ, 2021b), February/March 1941 (Hayakawa et al., ApJ, 2021a),and March 1946 (Hayakawa et al., MNRAS, 2020d) to reconstruct their solar surface and temporal evolution andquantitatively evaluated the magnitude of the geomagnetic disturbances. We also analyzed the sunspot group number
and solar coronal structure for long-term solar variability and contrasted the Maunder Minimum and Dalton Minimum(Hayakawa et al., ApJ, 2020b; Hayakawa et al., ApJ, 2020e; Hayakawa et al., MNRAS, 2020f; Silverman and Hayakawa,
JSWSC, 2021).

Relativistic electron microbursts as high-energy tail of PsA electrons
We showed that subrelativistic/relativistic electron microbursts form the high-energy tail of a pulsating aurora(PsA). Whistler-mode chorus waves that propagate along the magnetic field lines at high latitudes cause precipitation
bursts of electrons with a wide energy range from a few keV to several MeV (relativistic microbursts). The rising
tone elements of chorus waves cause individual microbursts of subrelativistic/relativistic electrons and PsA internal
modulation at a frequency of a few hertz. The chorus bursts for a few seconds, causing the microburst trains ofsubrelativistic/relativistic electrons and the main PsA pulsations. Our simulation studies demonstrated that both PsA
and relativistic electron microbursts originated simultaneously from pitch angle scattering by chorus wave–particle
interactions along the field line (Miyoshi et al., GRL, 2020).

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research338-1. Research Divisions.
Very high altitude auroral acceleration region captured by Arase-THEMIS/ASI conjugate
observation
We found a very high altitude auroral acceleration region extending beyond 30000 km altitude using
comprehensive particle and field observations (including a high-angular resolution electron detector LEP-e) with theArase satellite and a THEMIS ground-based imager. This finding challenges the conventional view in which the auroralelectron is mostly accelerated at altitudes of a few thousand kilometers, and brings new mysteries of auroral emission
mechanisms. Understanding the detailed properties of the very high altitude auroral acceleration region is crucial forfollowing the processes of discrete auroral emission on other planets and electron acceleration on extraterrestrial
magnetospheres such as pulsars (Imajo et al., Scientific reports, 2021).

Effects of the IMF By on ring current asymmetry under southward IMF Bz conditions observed at
ground magnetic stations: Case studies
The ring current is asymmetric during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. In this study, we evaluated the roleof the IMF By on the asymmetry of the ring current during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. To evaluate the ring
current asymmetry, the mean H variations were calculated using 31 ground magnetic stations over magnetic latitudes of
9–45°. Further, the magnetic local time (MLT) variations in the H-component at these stations regarding the mean H
were investigated for three cases of geomagnetic storms with varying southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz
and IMF By conditions. The primary role of IMF Bz on the asymmetry of the ring current was observed. For the firsttime, this study examined the additional role of IMF By in influencing the MLT distribution of the ring current at
ground magnetic stations. Under southward IMF Bz conditions, based on the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network(SuperDARN) and the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE)
observations, IMF By altered the MLT distribution of the ring current under suitable conditions. The timescales of the
IMF By also play a very important role in determining the asymmetry of the ring current. Under a steady convection
state, the IMF By could rotate the convection cells based on its polarity, which changed the MLT distribution of the ring
current observed at low-latitude ground stations. Thus, this study highlights the important role of IMF By on theasymmetric MLT distribution of the ring current under the southward IMF Bz (Kumar et al., JGR, 2020).

Tracking the source of the near-Earth plasma sheet
Recent research has used Arase data to determine how the composition of the plasma sheet changes during a storm.
The contributions of ionospheric and solar wind to the magnetosphere can be determined by their composition. Whileboth sources contain significant H+ ions, the heavy ion species from the ionospheric source are generally singly ionized,
whereas the solar wind heavy ions are highly ionized. Using composition data from multiple satellites, we tracked how
the source of the plasma sheet changed during a storm. An initial study using Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer
Explorers (AMPTE)/Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer (CHEM) data, a dataset that included the full charge state
distributions of major species, showed that the transition could occur quite sharply during storms, with the ionosphericcontribution becoming dominant during the main storm phase (Kistler, 2020). However, during the AMPTE period,
there were no continuous measurements of the upstream solar wind, and thus both the simultaneous solar windcomposition and the driving solar wind and IMF parameters were not known. Using the LEPi and MEPi instruments on
Arase, we used the He++/H+ ratio compared to that in the solar wind to determine the solar wind contribution. This
allowed the determination of the ionospheric contribution to the H+ population to measure the full ionosphericcontribution. When the IMF turned southward during the main storm phase, the dominant source of the hot plasma
sheet became ionospheric. This composition change explained why the storm-time ring current also had a highionospheric contribution (Kistler, GRL, 2020).

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8-1. Research Divisions

Atomic oxygen ion-neutral collision frequency in the F-region ionosphere
The collision between atomic oxygen and its first positive ion plays a major role in the ionosphere of the Earth’s
F-region. An accurate corresponding collision frequency model is required to quantitatively understand the ionosphere.
However, the widely used classic Banks theoretical model typically provides a collision frequency that is 30% lower
than the expectation from ionospheric observations. Accordingly, the classic collision frequency is often adjusted bymultiplying it by a constant known as the Burnside factor. This correction-factor model adopted the classic model as its
basis because of the misunderstanding that the classic model was based on a laboratory experiment; that is, thecorrection factor was originally meant to compensate for laboratory contamination. In this study, a collision frequency
model was constructed based on a laboratory experiment, and the resultant laboratory-based model was found to beconsistent with ionospheric observations. In this construction, the impact of laboratory contaminations was determined
to be small (7%) and was mostly canceled by misinterpreting conventional definitions of energy. Thus, the 30%
difference was mainly caused by a theoretical error in the classic model. This error was energy-dependent and correctedusing a later wide-energy theoretical model. Thus, the classic model could not be corrected by atemperature-independent constant and should be replaced by a later model (Ieda, JGR, 2021).

Ionospheric plasma density oscillation related to EMIC Pc1 wave
Based on the Swarm satellite observations, Kim et al. presented the first observational evidence of ionosphericplasma density oscillations coherent with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) Pc1 waves. They compared theamplitudes of the density and magnetic field oscillations based on the MHD theory and found that the density power
was much larger than the magnetic field power (Kim et al., GRL, 2020).

A novel calibration method for waveform signals and its application to Arase/PWE
observations
Waveform data passing through a system comprising sensors, amplifiers, and filters should be calibrated in thefrequency domain for use as scientific data. However, waveform data calibrated by conventional methods are
distorted in the time domain when using a short-time window. To perform an accurate calibration with a short-time
window, we proposed a novel calibration method to estimate the phase shifts of a window function from the gradientof a transfer function and remove the distortion by dividing the data by the shifted window functions at eachfrequency in the time domain. We applied this method to actual electric field data detected using plasma wave
experiment (PWE)/waveform capture (WFC). Consequently, the proposed method reproduced seamless waveforms
with 1% errors of the wave amplitude. We are currently applying for a patent using this novel calibration method(Japanese patent application number: P2020-206843).

In addition to the above topics, the following studies were conducted in FY 2020
・Statistical analysis of ion heating by EMIC waves via the wave–particle interaction method: Arase observation
・Characteristics of EMIC waves in the magnetosphere based on Van Allen Probes and Arase observations
・ Spatio-temporal evolution of energetic electron injection in the inner magnetosphere observed by Arase and Van
Allen Probes satellites
・Analyses of drift echo holes using the Arase satellite and ground-based observations

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research358-1. Research Divisions

Division for Cosmic-Ray Research Acceleration and propagation of CRs– Cosmic gamma-ray observations– Solar neutron observations
 CR interactions with the Earth’s atmosphere– Hadron interactions of very-high-energy CRs– Past solar activities probed by cosmogenic nuclides
 Particle astrophysics and non-accelerator physics– Dark matter and neutrino physics
 Widefield transient survey using an optical telescope

Cosmic rays (CRs), which are mostly protons with small amounts of charged particles such as electrons or nuclei, andneutral particles, such as gamma rays or neutrinos, are produced in space and propagate through interstellar and IMFs
before reaching the Earth. The Division for Cosmic Ray Research performs cosmic gamma-ray observations using the
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi satellite) and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), and high-altitude solar
neutron observations, to reveal the CR acceleration mechanisms as common space plasma phenomena.
CRs also provide hints for ultra-high-energy phenomena and unknown particles that cannot be explored in alaboratory. We conducted large hadron collider forward (LHCf) and relativistic heavy ion collider forward (RHICf)
experiments to study the hadronic interactions of ultra-high-energy CRs using accelerators such as the LHC or RHIC. Thisdivision also conducted neutrino physics research with the Super-Kamiokande experiment and promoted theHyper-Kamiokande project as a future prospect. The group intensively worked on direct dark matter searches in the
XMASS liquid xenon experiment at the Kamioka Observatory and has recently started a new commitment to the
XENONnT experiment in Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) in Italy.
CRs deeply penetrate the atmosphere, producing ionization and cosmogenic nuclides. Our division studies past solar
activities and sudden changes in CR fluxes recorded in the carbon-14 (14C) fractions of ancient tree rings and othercosmogenic nuclides from Antarctic ice cores.

Main Activities in FY2020
Search for dark matter and research on the origin of CRs using gamma-ray observations
Cosmic gamma rays are produced through the interactions of dark matter, CRs, and the interstellar medium.
Therefore, gamma rays are a useful probe to search for dark matter and investigate the properties and distribution of
CRs and the interstellar medium.
We are developing a next-generation gamma-ray observatory, the CTA, to observe cosmic gamma rays in anenergy range from well below 100 GeV to above 100 TeV. We oversee the development, procurement, and calibrationof silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for the small-sized telescope in the CTA. One of the problems with the operation of
the SiPM is optical crosstalk, which produces additional signals to the incident photon signal. In the past, we
successfully reduced the optical crosstalk by more than an order of magnitude. To understand the origin of theremaining optical crosstalk, we studied delayed crosstalk, which is produced by a different mechanism from normal
optical crosstalk. (Normal optical crosstalk coincides with the original signal, whereas the delayed crosstalk occurs
approximately 10 ns later.) Precise measurements of the delay time distribution of the delayed crosstalk revealed thatearly delayed crosstalk was misidentified as normal crosstalk because the delay was too short to resolve the delayed
signal from the original signal. We found that the misidentified delayed crosstalk rate accounted for almost all theremaining crosstalk. We are now discussing measures to reduce the delayed crosstalk with a manufacturer. We also
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8-1. Research Divisions

studied the increase in the optical crosstalk in neighboring SiPM sensors due to reflection by the protection glass
window of the camera. We found that the optical crosstalk increased by a factor of four or more owing to the presenceof the protection window. We are currently investigating the effects of this crosstalk.

Acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles
We studied the acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles by observing solar neutrons with energies
greater than 100 MeV on the ground. Solar energetic particles are accelerated in association with energetic solar flares.
These accelerated ions produce neutrons through interactions with the solar atmosphere. It is expected that observing
neutrons is better for understanding the acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles than observing accelerated
ions directly because neutrons are not reflected by the interplanetary magnetic field. Neutrons are attenuated in Earth’s
atmosphere. Therefore, the ISEE has developed a worldwide network of solar neutron detectors at high mountains indifferent longitudes.
Thus far, more than 10 solar neutron events have been obtained. The energy spectra of neutrons at the solar surface
are obtained if we assume that neutrons are produced at the same time as electromagnetic waves produced inassociation with the same solar flares. The obtained spectra indicate that stochastic acceleration occurs when energetic
neutrons are produced on the Sun. To derive a conclusive understanding of the acceleration mechanism, we need toobserve a solar neutron event in which the energy spectrum of the neutrons can be determined without assuming the
production time of the neutrons. The sensitivity to neutrons and energy resolution of the solar neutron detectors used in
the worldwide network is not sufficient to conclude the acceleration mechanism of solar energetic particles.
A new solar neutron telescope was installed at the top of Sierra Negra (4580 m above sea level) in Mexico. The
new detector is called the SciBar Cosmic Ray Telescope (SciCRT). SciBar was used in the accelerator experiments, andthis installation was realized with support from Kyoto University, the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization,
the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and the National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics in
Mexico. SciCRT uses 15000 scintillator bars to measure particle tracks, providing much better sensitivity to neutrons,better energy resolution, and particle discrimination. The performance of SciCRT was investigated using Monte Carlosimulation, and we can discriminate the production time of neutrons, whether it is instantaneous or continues for morethan 5 min, while discriminating between shock and stochastic acceleration.
The activity of the solar cycle shifted from cycle 24 to cycle 25 in 2020. The data obtained by SciCRT amounted toapproximately 1 Terra Byte per month. Researchers in Mexico City pick up data at Sierra Negra and carry the data to
Mexico City every two to three months. In the fiscal year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic occurred worldwide. People
in Mexico City could not visit Sierra Negra for a long time, and the operation of SciCRT had to stop for approximately
six months because the hard disk at the mountain was full. Finally, it became possible to visit Sierra Negra in February
2021. SciCRT has been continuously operated since then. Fortunately, the Sun was inactive during the fiscal year 2020,and no energetic solar flare occurred.
This study was performed in collaboration with Chubu University, Shinshu University, the Institute for Cosmic Ray
Research of the University of Tokyo, ISAS/JAXA, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the National Defense Academy, theAichi Institute of Technology, and many other institutions worldwide.

Study of neutrinos and dark matter in underground experiments
Neutrinos are neutral elementary particles that interact with matter only through weak interactions. The neutrino
oscillations caused by the mixing of the three flavor states of neutrino can be useful tools to investigate their properties,
such as their masses. The Cosmic Ray Research Division conducts neutrino research in Super-Kamiokande at the
Kamioka Underground Observatory, and is also promoting the future Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, which has an
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research378-1. Research Divisions.
eight times larger effective mass.
This year, the results of the search for neutrino-nonstandard interactions using atmospheric neutrino oscillations
have finally been produced as a Ph.D. thesis for the joint degree program at the University of Edinburgh. We have also
made efforts to upgrade the existing Honda flux, the atmospheric neutrino production model, using hadronic interaction
data obtained from various accelerator-based experiments, and comparing their central values and systematic
uncertainties.
Dark matter in the universe is considered as yet-undiscovered particles,
which are heavy neutral particles that are difficult to observe owing to their
weak interactions. Many experiments are underway globally to detect theseparticles. We directly searched for dark matter in the XENONnT experimentusing a double-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) at the Gran
Sasso underground laboratory in Italy. This year, the construction of thedetector at the site was completed, and commissioning was successfully
undertaken despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Although trips to the site were
inhibited, we engaged in remote monitoring shifts of liquid xenon
introduction and analysis of the commissioning data of the TPC and neutron
veto detectors. We are also conducting various research and development
studies for the future DARWIN project, which is planned to build a 40-ton
double-phase xenon TPC. We have developed an electrode made of a quartz
plate coated with a thin layer of high-resistivity transparent material. We
successfully demonstrated electron drift using a small drift tube as a drift
electrode. We also evaluated the performance of the SiPM photodetector at
the liquid xenon temperature and developed a new hybrid photomultipliertube using SiPM for photoelectron amplification.

Developing an electrode with a quartz plateusing a thin layer of high-resistivity
transparent material.

CR interaction-focused accelerator experiments
Where and how are CR particles accelerated to high energies? To answer this question, many observations andstudies of CRs have been performed worldwide. CRs are observed using the air-shower technique, which involves
observing particle cascades caused by interactions between CRs and atmospheric atomic nuclei using particle detectors
or fluorescence telescopes. A precise understanding of the hadronic interactions between CR particles and theatmosphere is key to estimating the primary CR information from the observed air showers. The interpretation ofchemical composition observables is strongly dependent on the hadronic interaction model used in the air-shower
simulation. Therefore, we studied high-energy interactions of large particle colliders, LHC and RHIC, located at theEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research and the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
We performed LHCf and RHICf experiments to observe energetic photons and neutrons produced in the very
forward region of proton-proton collisions in the LHC and RHIC. Both experiments have been undertakeninternationally. This year, we continued our analyses of the data obtained from these LHC and RHIC operations andaccelerated preparation for our future operations. One of the data analyses, a combined analysis of LHCf with ATLAS,
progressed well this year. The contribution of forward photon production to diffractive collisions was measured by
selecting forward photon events without particle production in the central region. The result was largely inconsistent
with some of the model predictions, and model improvement by fine-tuning it with our results is expected in the future.
For future operations, we are upgrading a new readout system with the Italian group in LHCf, and we started thedesign of a new detector using silicon pixels and pads for the next RHICf operation. COVID-19 has had an unavoidable
impact on the schedules; however, we are trying to minimize this and accelerate the preparation of future research.
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8-1. Research Divisions

Historic CR intensity variation with cosmogenic radioisotopes
CRs falling on Earth interact with the atmosphere and produce various secondary particles. Among them, long-lived
cosmogenic nuclides, such as 14C and 10Be, have been used as excellent proxies for CR intensities in the past. We measured
C concentrations in tree rings and 10Be and 36Cl concentrations in ice cores to investigate past CR variations. From such

14

analyses of cosmogenic nuclides, we found increased CR events in 774/775 CE, 993/994 CE, and ~660 BCE. Possible
causes of these CR events include solar energetic particle (SEP) events, and the scale of these SEP events is estimated to betens of times larger than the largest event on record. However, intermediate-scale SEP events, which occur between
extreme events found in cosmogenic nuclides and the largest events on record, have not yet been detected. To detect suchan intermediate-scale SEP event using cosmogenic nuclides, improving the measurement uncertainty and isolating thenuclide variation due to other factors is essential. We aim to clarify the frequency of extreme SEP events by searching forother CR events and detecting such intermediate-scale SEP events.
This year, to detect such intermediate-scale SEP events, we succeeded in measuring 14C concentrations in tree rings
with 1/3-year resolution by adopting intra-annual separating methods for tree rings (microtome and plate-state cellulose
extract methods). In addition, we performed a high-precision 14C measurement around the Carrington event (1859) as a
candidate for an intermediate-scale SEP event.
We also performed quasi-annual analyses of 10Be and 36Cl concentrations using the Antarctic Dome Fuji ice corefor ~100 years at approximately 5480 BCE. We discussed the causes of the CR increase event reported around 5480
BCE by comparing the results with the 10Be and 36Cl variations around the 775 CE event.
We provided some of the annual 14C data previously obtained by our research group on the age calibration curve
IntCal20, which is used as the world standard value for 14C (Reimer et al. 2020). The annual increase in 14C, such as the
775 CE event, can be applied to ultra-high-precision dating as a time marker. IntCal20 focuses on 14C events and annual
resolution 14C data. Our annual 14C data for the SEP event search contributed significantly to the fields of dating andstratigraphy.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research398-1. Research Divisions

Division for Heliospheric Research

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Solar wind and heliosphere
Interplanetary scintillation (IPS)Coronal mass ejection (CME)
Long-term variation of the heliosphere
Space weather forecast
Radio astronomy
Development of telescopes and instruments
PulsarA supersonic (with a speed of 300–800 km/s) plasma flow, known as the solar wind, emanates from the Sun andpermanently engulfs the Earth. While the magnetic field of the Earth acts as a barrier to protect the atmosphere from a
direct interaction with the solar wind, a considerable fraction of its vast energy enters the near-surface layer via various
processes. Thus, the solar wind acts as a carrier to transfer the Sun’s energy to the Earth.
The solar wind varies dramatically with solar activity. In association with eruptive phenomena on the Sun’s surface,a high-speed stream of the solar wind sometimes arrives at the Earth and generates intense disturbances in the geospace
and the upper atmosphere. Space environmental conditions that significantly change with solar activity are known as“space weather,” and are currently a topic of significant interest. An accurate understanding of the solar wind is required
to make reliable predictions of space weather disturbances.
We have observed solar wind velocity and density irregularities for several decades using three large antennas toinvestigate unsolved important issues such as acceleration and propagation mechanisms of the solar wind, space
weather forecasting, global structure of the heliosphere, and its variation. In addition, laboratory and fieldwork
experiments were performed to improve the data quality and upgrade the instruments.

Main Activities in FY2020
Solar wind observations using the IPS system
We have been performing remote-sensing observations of the solar wind since the 1980s using a multi-stationinterplanetary scintillation (IPS) system. Tomographic analysis of IPS observations enables accurate determination of the
global distribution of solar wind speed and density fluctuations. IPS observations provide valuable information,
particularly for high-latitude solar winds, where in-situ observations are currently unavailable. The IPS system currently
consists of three large antennas in Toyokawa, Fuji, and Kiso. The Toyokawa antenna (called the Solar Wind Imaging
Facility Telescope: SWIFT) has the largest aperture and highest sensitivity among the three antennas and started daily
observations in 2008. The Fuji and Kiso antennas were upgraded in 2013–2014 by installing new receivers, whichsignificantly improved their sensitivity. These two antennas are in mountainous areas and are not used for observations
during winter owing to heavy snowfall. Hence, the solar wind speed data from three-station observations were unavailable
during winter. Instead, the solar wind density fluctuations were derived from the Toyokawa IPS observations, which were
measured throughout the year. The IPS data were made available to the public in real time via an ftp server and used forvarious international collaborations, as described below. In this FY, three-station IPS observations were conducted between
early April and early December using the Toyokawa, Fuji, and Kiso antennas. When restoration of the Kiso antenna wasundertaken before starting IPS observations (on March 26, 2020), withered grass near the antenna caught fire from welding
sparks and the surrounding area of 23100 m2 burned. Fortunately, there was no serious damage to the observation facility
owing to quick extinction by local firefighting services. Furthermore, the pillow block problem of the Kiso antenna was
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fixed on July 20–22. After stopping IPS observations at Kiso in December, we found that the pillow block was damaged,
and we will restore it before starting IPS observations in the next FY. We noticed a breakdown of the reduction gear of theFiji antenna on September 3, and restored it on September 7–8. For the Toyokawa antenna, we repaired the weed control
sheet beneath the parabolic reflector and performed a calibration experiment on the receiver.

International collaboration for space weather forecast
We have performed collaborative research with Dr. B. V. Jackson and his colleagues at the University of California,
San Diego (UCSD) since 1996 on the 3-dimensional reconstruction of the time-varying heliosphere using tomographic
analysis of IPS observations. A time-dependent tomographic program was developed through this collaborative study.
Furthermore, a combined analysis system using IPS observations and the ENLIL solar wind model was developed to
improve space weather forecasting through collaborative research. These programs are now available on the NASA
Community Coordinated Modeling Center web server and are running in real time at the Korean Space Weather Center(KSWC) to predict the solar wind reaching the Earth. ISEE had a research exchange and cooperation agreement with
KSWC to promote research on space weather forecasting using IPS data. Since this agreement will be terminated during
this FY, a researcher at KSWC visited ISEE to discuss future actions. At the Met Office, which is a space weather
forecast agency of the UK, a proposal for installing the IPS data analysis programs of UCSD was discussed for this FY.
With the growing awareness of the utility of IPS observations for space
weather forecasting, an increasing number of IPS observations have been
conducted globally. In addition to Japan, Russia, and India, where IPS
observations have been conducted for a long time, new dedicated antennas for
IPS observations were constructed in Mexico and Korea, and IPS observations
using low-frequency large radio array systems, such as the low-frequency array(EU) and the Murchison Widefield Array (Australia), were conducted on a
campaign basis. A construction project with a large-aperture antenna dedicated to
IPS observations is in progress in China. The integrated analysis of IPS data fromthese stations enables higher-resolution 3-dimensional reconstructions of the solar
wind, which varies rapidly with solar activity. Therefore, the establishment of aninternational IPS observation network called the World IPS Station was proposed.
To promote this project, we conducted a comparison study of solar wind speeds
derived from IPS observations in Russia and ISEE during this FY. As a result, wefound that they were in general agreement.

Mr. Sejin Park (right) from KSWC, who
visited ISEE on November 5, 2020.

Comparison with PSP observations
To elucidate the solar wind acceleration mechanism, Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was launched in August 2018. The PSP
has a heliocentric orbit, whose perihelion gradually approaches the Sun and eventually reaches the radial distance ofapproximately 9.86 solar radii (Rs). Research on solar wind acceleration is expected to progress significantly, owing toobservations with PSP. The key point is to distinguish between radial and horizontal (latitude/longitude) solar windvariations. Although it is difficult to achieve this only from PSP observations, it becomes possible by combining global
observations by IPS. In this FY, we compared the IPS and PSP observations for Orbits 1 and 2, which occurred in
November–December 2018 and March–April 2019, respectively. The former period corresponds to just before thethree-station IPS observations ended, and the latter corresponds to when the IPS observations started. Therefore, theamount of IPS data was relatively small, and a meaningful comparison between PSP and IPS observations was limited to
Orbit 1. The minimum distance of IPS observations for this period was approximately 36 Rs and the solar windInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research418-1. Research Divisions.
acceleration was considered to be completed by this distance.
Therefore, the solar wind speeds measured by the PSP should
agree with those measured by the IPS. We compared the solar
wind speeds measured by PSP and IPS, considering PSP latitude
and longitude time variations, and found that they were in good
agreement (correlation coefficient 0.68). Further, we determinedthe distributions of speed, density, and temperature in the innerheliosphere from IPS observations using the 1-dimensionalhydrodynamic code and compared them with the PSP
observations. We found that the data derived by the IPS weregenerally consistent with those measured by the PSP. These
results are meaningful for further extensive comparisons of PSP
and IPS observations.

Toward a comparative study of in-situ and IPS
observations of the inner heliosphere

Distribution of the solar wind speed derived from IPS
observations using the 1-dimensional hydrodynamic code in
the heliographic equation for Carrington rotation (CR) 2210:
Orbit 1. Solid and dashed lines indicate the orbits of PSP and
the Earth, respectively.

A coronal hole is a low-density region where the magnetic field lines are open to the interplanetary space. Thisregion is the main source of high-speed solar wind and the main driver of geomagnetic activity.
The PSP is currently observing the solar wind in its orbit, which is gradually approaching the closest perihelion(several solar radii), so that in-situ observations of the solar wind acceleration mechanism are being realized. Because
our IPS observations do not cover the solar wind acceleration region, it is difficult to directly compare with PSP.
Therefore, as a preparatory study, we began a numerical simulation of the solar wind acceleration along the open
magnetic flux tube, which is compared to PSP measurements in collaboration with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics. Simulations were performed using the reduced-MHD simulation (RMHD) code recently developed byour collaborators at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the coronal hole observed on November 1,
2018 and the solar wind structure within 20 Rs were calculated. In the future, we will expand the computational domainof this simulation to 30–40 Rs to perform a comparative study between PSP and IPS observations and elucidate thesolar wind acceleration mechanism.

Estimating the solar wind density structure using Crab pulsar observations
Frequency dispersion can be seen when observing pulsar radio waves on Earth. The magnitude of the frequency
dispersion is called the dispersion measure (DM), which represents the integral amount of electron density in the line ofsight from the pulsar to the Earth. We measured the plasma density of the solar corona from the DM of the pulsar using theradio telescope SWIFT in Toyokawa. The solar wind density has significantly decreased in response to declining solar
activity for some years. Therefore, a remarkable change has likely occurred in the solar corona, which is the source regionof the solar wind. The target of our observations was the Crab pulsar. The Crab pulsar’s line of sight approaches the Sun
every June at a distance of approximately 5 Rs, so it is possible to examine the electron density near the Sun. In addition,
the Crab pulsar has a giant pulse that can be used to determine the DM based on short-term observations. Since June 2018,
we have been investigating the electron density of the solar corona using DM, and the same observations were made in2019 and 2020. In June 2020, we could not obtain high-precision DM measurements; however, 2019 showed the same
trend as 2018, with DM increasing as the Crab pulsar’s line of sight approached the Sun. This analysis changed the criteria
for selecting the pulses used to estimate and analyze the background effects of the interstellar medium, which was obtained
from observations from September to March, when the Sun’s elongation was large. This increased the amount of data used

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to determine the background effect. There was a tendency for the pulses to decrease with the approach of the Sun
throughout the three years. Therefore, the decrease in the number of observations was compensated for by lowering theselection criteria for the pulses. It was expected that the accuracy of DM would decrease when the selection criteria werelowered; however, the accuracy of DM improved due to the increase in the number of analyses, and the expected decreasein accuracy was not observed. From the increased DM obtained, we fitted a spherically symmetric density model toinvestigate the plasma distribution of the solar corona. The 2019 fit
results were consistent with the solar minimum characteristics
observed in previous studies. Looking at the Large Angle andSpectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO) coronagraphdata, this is expected to be due to the typical minimum period ofsolar activity continuing from 2018. The estimation error was
reduced to approximately one-third of the 2018 result, showing an
improvement in the accuracy of the fit results because the DM
accuracy was improved by lowering the selection criteria for thepulses to be analyzed. Therefore, it is desirable to use the year’s
criteria for future analysis. We will continue to undertake pulsar
observations to measure the plasma density of the solar corona,aiming to improve the accuracy of density measurement by
capturing large changes when approaching.

It shows the increase in DM with the approach of the Sun.
The black dots represent the increase in DM from thebackground effect of the interstellar medium, and the solidline shows the fitted corona density model.

Space weather forecasting system using IPS data
We developed a 3-dimensional MHD simulation based on IPS observations to predict the arrival of CMEs andvalidated their accuracy using 12 halo CME events. The average absolute arrival-time error of the IPS-based MHD
forecast is approximately 5.0 h, which is one of the most accurate predictions that has been validated, whereas that of
MHD simulations without IPS data, in which the initial CME speed is derived from white-light coronagraph images, isapproximately 6.7 h. Therefore, the assimilation of IPS data into MHD simulations can improve the accuracy of CME
arrival-time forecasts. This result was published by Earth, Planets and Space. The press release of this result has beenreported in several newspapers and online media.

Next-generation IPS observation system
We investigated the scientific requirements and design of next-generation IPS observation instruments. The main scopeof the next system is to elucidate the acceleration mechanisms of the solar wind. To achieve this, we considered a flat
phased-array antenna system consisting of multiple dipole antennas with digitalphased-array devices to obtain solar wind data 10 times that of conventional
radio instruments. We also developed a prototype of a digital backend. We
added an automated calibration sequence to the Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) of the digital backend to quickly calibrate the amplitude and phasedifferences of the antennas and receivers. In the laboratory experiments, we
confirmed that the calibration system worked as expected. Based on theseresults, we submitted a proposal of the next-generation IPS observation system
to the Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research.

Prototype of a digital backend for the next
generation IPS observation system.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research438-1. Research Divisions

Division for Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Research Energy transfer from the solar wind to themagnetosphere and ionosphere Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupledsystem Ground-based and network observation
 Space and planetary exploration

The plasma and energy carried by the solar wind to the Earth and other planets exert physical effects on themagnetosphere and ionosphere, known as the geospace. We studied these effects and associated phenomena withinternational cooperation, primarily through various observational approaches using ground-based instruments, such as
European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars, high frequency (HF)/very high frequency (VHF) radars, global navigation
satellite system (GNSS) receivers, high-sensitivity passive/active optical instruments, magnetometers, and instruments
onboard satellites/spacecraft, which were developed in our division. We also led the way to future space exploration
missions based on our expertise.

Main Activities in FY2020
Measurements of aurora and electromagnetic waves at sub-auroral latitudes (PWING project)
Aurora/airglow imagers and electromagnetic wave receivers have been involved in the PWING project at eightstations around the North Pole, at MLATs of approximately 60° (in Canada, Russia, Alaska, Finland, and Iceland) since2016. They were used to investigate the plasma and wave dynamics in the inner magnetosphere. New results wereobtained in FY2020. For example, the plasma and field characteristics of discrete and diffuse auroras in the innermagnetosphere were revealed based on a conjugate measurement by the Arase satellite and at Nain, Canada. Thisobservation also showed that the field-aligned potential difference that creates discrete auroral arcs extended at altitudes
more than 30000 km. Another four conjugate ground–satellite measurements revealed that the source mechanism of thestable auroral red arcs was mainly Coulomb collisions between ring current ions and plasmaspheric electrons.

Upper atmosphere imaging using the OMTIs
The optical mesosphere thermosphere imagers (OMTIs) consist of five sky-scanning Fabry-Perot
interferometers, 21 all-sky charge-coupled device imagers, three tilting photometers, and three airglow temperature
photometers, which are used to investigate the dynamics of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere. New
results were obtained from OMTI measurements in FY2020. For example, we reported the first multi-wavelength
images of STEVE auroras at sub-auroral latitudes. The images showed that the STEVE auroras contain ordinary
auroral green and red emissions, and background continuum emissions in almost the same arc shape in the images.

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Ionospheric disturbances using GNSS receiver network
We developed a database that provides global 2-dimensional maps of thetotal electron content (TEC) with high temporal and spatial resolutions. The TEC
data were obtained from more than 9000 GNSS receivers worldwide. Using the
TEC database, we studied the generation mechanism of storm-enhanced density(SED) and found that the major cause of the midlatitude broad SED is the
upward motion of the ionosphere by the enhanced convection electric field. The
TEC maps also revealed that plasma bubbles over Japan survived until theafternoon during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm, although plasma
bubbles usually disappeared at sunrise.

Map of TEC over Japan during a
geomagnetic storm. Plasma bubbles can beseen as TEC depletions.

SuperDARN Hokkaido HF radars
Using the SuperDARN Hokkaido HF East and West radars at
Rikubetsu, Hokkaido, and other SuperDARN radars, we studied thestatistical occurrence characteristics of sub-auroral polarization
streams, and found that the sub-auroral polarization stream occurrence
rate depends not only on the season, magnetic latitude/local time, andgeomagnetic activity, but also on the geographical longitude. In
addition, we installed a 4-ch subset imaging receiver system at the
Hokkaido East radar site and obtained some initial scientific results.
The results of the operation of the HF radar remote receiver at Nagoya
University’s main campus were accepted for publication.

Sample plots of the SuperDARN Hokkaido East radar
remote receiver data (Nagoya University main campus).

Promotion of FACTORS as the next space exploration mission realizing in-situ
observations by formation flight in the space–Earth coupling system
The new space exploration mission, FACTORS, which is next to the ERG (Arase) satellite mission led by our
institute for terrestrial radiation belt exploration, is being promoted for simultaneous multi-point in-situ observations bymulti-satellite formation flight in the near-Earth space and terrestrial upper atmosphere. During this fiscal year, tomaintain satellite distances of 1–50 km in the polar orbit at altitudes ranging from 400 to 4000 km, we numericallysimulated two types of formation flight operations using the conventional thruster method with propellant and a newly
proposed aerodynamics method with precise satellite attitude controls near the perigee. The results indicated that the
aerodynamics method was more applicable because the required high-level accuracy could be achieved better with asmall and stable atmospheric reaction, rather than the thruster operation, whose main purpose is large orbital control.

Improvement of charged particle beamline system used in a calibration experiment ofanalyzers mounted on space exploration satellites
In the clean room of our institute, we modified the charged particle beamline system required for the calibration
experiment in the development processes of particle analyzers for future space exploration. The filament from which
the electron emissions produce the ions and electrons in the neutral gas source was changed from a tungsten to ahigh-emission type of iridium filament coated by Y2O3, and thus the beamline could be operated with lower power(1.7 A/1.65 V/2.8 W) than before (4.71 A/2.55 V/12 W). The ion beam mass discrimination profile of the 90-degree
course line was also improved by adjusting the electromagnet position and changing the magnetic field strength.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research458-1. Research Divisions.
Floating-mode APD experiments using 10s-keV electrons and 241Am
To lower the lowest limit of the energy range of electron energy analyses using avalanche photodiodes (APDs) as
alternative space-qualified detectors of microchannel plates, we applied a floating voltage to the APD to accelerate
electrons by the electric field generated around it, and then analyzed the electron energies. First, we performedexperimental tests to confirm the basic features of APD with alpha particles and gamma rays radiated by 241Am; thus,
we removed the noise originating from the floating voltage with a low-pass filter and analyzed the energies of theaccelerated electrons. The next step was to perform energy analyses of electrons whose original energies were muchless than 5 keV before the APD acceleration after significantly reducing the background noise level by modifying theelectrical circuit.

Promotion of EISCAT and EISCAT_3D projects
We proceeded with the EISCAT project in collaboration with National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) andundertook the following: (1) Seven EISCAT Special Program experiments for Japanese colleagues; (2) EISCAT_3D
project; and (3) a special session for the Master Plan 2020 in JpGU2020. We have also operated a photometer, an MF
radar, and a meteor radar in northern Scandinavia, and have collaborated with Japanese and foreign colleagues instudies on atmospheric stability, gravity waves, sporadic sodium layers, and vertical winds. We conducted statisticalstudies of the lower thermosphere wind and the atmospheric stability of the polar winter mesopause region.

Oxygen density enhancement and EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere
The O+ density is sometimes enhanced in a limited range of altitudes in the deep inner magnetosphere and isreferred to as the oxygen torus. We investigated the longitudinal structure of the oxygen torus using simultaneous
observations from the Arase and Van Allen Probes satellites. We found that the oxygen torus was localized to the dawn
sector, indicating a crescent-shaped torus. It was newly found that an EMIC wave in the H+ band coincided with theoxygen torus. The linearized dispersion relation of EMIC waves showed that the growth rate was higher in the oxygen
torus than in the adjacent regions in the plasma trough and plasmasphere. We concluded that the oxygen torus in the
inner magnetosphere might play an important role in the excitation of EMIC waves. These results were published in
Earth Planets and Space (Nosé et al., 2020).

Development of a low-cost magnetometer using a MI sensor
The magneto-impedance (MI) effect was discovered approximately 25 years ago, and a micro-sized magnetic
sensor that utilizes this effect has now become commercially available. We made some modifications to thecommercially available MI sensors, as they cover the range of the geomagnetic field (±70000 nT). We developed an
instrument for ground measurements including MI sensors, a Raspberry Pi-based data logger, and an A/D converter,
which is only ~1/10 of the usual cost of a fluxgate magnetometer. Experimental observations showed that the MI
sensors could detect geomagnetic variations such as Sq variations, geomagnetic storms, and geomagnetic pulsations.
This instrument could be used for continuous field measurements over a few months. We are also developing an
onboard instrument for future sounding rockets.

Japan-Russia bilateral project
Several universities and institutes in Japan, including ISEE, Nagoya University have deployed optical and radio wave
instruments in northern Scandinavia to collaborate with magnetospheric satellites such as the Arase satellite. We promoted
a Japan-Russia bilateral project with the Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) in Apatity (Murmansk, Russia) to expand the46

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collaborative observation region and encourage cooperation with Magnetosphere-Ionosphere researchers in Russia using
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science budget. The bilateral project extended the ground-based observation
network to further eastward of Scandinavia and met with many conjunctions with the Arase satellite. Thirteen researchers
from Japan, including students and 10 researchers from Russia participated in the project. Remote workshops (September
2020 and March 2021) were held, and we published several papers based on discussions during the workshops. For
example, we studied the ionospheric trough and auroral activity, which appeared during an interval between two
high-speed solar wind events, analyzing measurements from all-sky cameras deployed in Scandinavia and Russia, andsatellites crossing over the cameras. An auroral arc emerged for only 7 min immediately after the substorm onset, but in theionospheric trough, which appeared at higher latitudes than usual. This finding on a possible moment of the stable auroral
red (SAR) arc birth was published in the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics (Oyama et al., 2020).

SDI-3D project
The scanning doppler imager (SDI) is aground-based

Fabry-Perot

Doppler

spectrometer

operating in an all-sky imaging mode with aseparation scanned etalon to resolve Doppler spectra atheights of 90–400 km. A single station can estimate
the horizontal wind vector and temperature on thehorizontal plane with a diameter of 1000 km. We
established an international team in 2018 withresearchers from Japan, Scandinavian countries, andthe US. This team commenced the “SDI-3D” project
to deploy three SDIs in the same area as the
EISCAT_3D, which might begin operation in 2023. To
progress this project, in 2018, an international
exchange program (or a cross-appointment system)

Schematic drawing of the SDI-3D project. The three SDIs will begin operation in fall
2023 and perform collaborative experiments with the EISCAT_3D radar, optical
instruments and radio wave receivers that are deployed in the same area. This
project aims at wide and high-resolution measurements of the ionosphere andthermosphere in association with intensive inputs of energy and particles into thepolar region during periods of geomagnetic activity.

was concluded between Nagoya University and the University of Oulu (Finland) as the first case in Nagoya University,and a faculty member stayed in Oulu for one month in 2020. A proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation in
the USA was awarded in 2020, and the development of optical and radio wave instruments, including three SDIs, began.
We officially participated in administrative-level meetings with the Memorandum of Understanding, integrating the
ground-based observation network in Finland, Norway, and Sweden.

Data archives
The following data archives are available to the public:
Database

Web site

OMTIs
GPS scintillation
VHF (30.8 MHz) radar
SuperDARN Hokkaido radar
210-mm magnetic field data
ISEE magnetometer network
ISEE VLF/ELF data
EISCAT radar, Sodium lidar, MF/Meteor radar, Optics
Reimei satellite data

https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/omti/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/QL-S4/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/vhfr/
https://cicr.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/hokkaido/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/mm210/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/magne/
https://stdb2.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/vlf/
https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~eiscat/data/EISCAT.html
http://reimei.stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ (past)
http://reimei.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ (present)
https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~nose.masahito/s-cubed/

Wp geomagnetic index

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research478-1. Research Divisions

Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research Precipitation measurements by advanced
polarimetric radars and hydrometeor videosondes
 Development of new instrumental technology
 Clouds and precipitation observed by multiple
satellites
 Millimeter-wave/infrared spectroscopy of green
house gases and ozone-depleting substances Measurements and analyses of properties andbehaviors of aerosols using advanced techniques

Ongoing global warming caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations and other greenhouse gases willcause gradual climate change and intensification of weather extremes and ecological catastrophes. Among the mosturgent tasks for confronting global environmental problems more effectively is closely monitoring the atmosphere using
different observation methods and gaining a better understanding of the atmosphere via theoretical insights andnumerical modeling. To address these issues, the Division for Meteorological and Atmospheric Research is dedicated toseveral research projects to explore the atmosphere from various angles.

Main Activities in FY2020
New understanding of precipitation from MP-PAWR observations
Analytical research using a multi-parameter phased array weather radar (MP-PAWR) was conducted by taking
advantage of MP-PAWR’s “high-speed three-dimensional” observation, and studying the life cycle of isolated cumulonimbus
clouds. The high temporal resolution observation data obtained from the

MP-PAWR describe the life cycle of the

cumulonimbus from the developing to the dissipating stage of the clouds; updraft was predominant in the entire cloud in thedeveloping stage, and the maturity stage wascharacterized when the downdraft began toappear in the lower layer. During the mature
stage, a core with high radar reflectivity wasformed in the upper layer, which fell to theground and produced heavy rain. Wet graupels
were also present in the cores.

Life cycle of an isolated precipitation system with wind field.

Transient aggregation of convection: Observed behavior and underlying processes
Convective self-aggregation is among the most striking feature emerging from radiative-convective equilibrium
simulations; however, its relevance to convective disturbances observed in the real atmosphere remains debatable. This
study examined the observational signals of
convective aggregation intrinsic to the life cycle ofcloud clusters. The statistical evolution obtained
from the satellite imagery showed that cloud clusters
were gathered into fewer members during ±12 h asprecipitation picked up. The high cloud cover per
cluster expanded as the number of clusters
48 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

A series of snapshots of infrared brightness temperature illustrating an
example of transient aggregation.

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decreased, suggesting a transient occurrence of convective aggregation. An additional energy budget analysis was
performed to explore the physical mechanisms of transient aggregation.

Impact of vertical profiles of water vapor in the upstream region of a heavy rainfall event inJuly 2018 in Japan
Vertical profiles of water vapor play a crucial role in rainfall
amounts. A heavy rainfall event occurred in western Japan at the
beginning of July 2018. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
report showed that the convective activity in the upstream region overthe East China Sea, approximately 1000 km away from the heavy
rainfall region, should be moistening the middle troposphere, and a
deep moist air-mass intrusion should have an important role informing the event. This study explored the impact of vertical profilesof water vapor in the upstream region on the rainfall amount inwestern Japan using a Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS)
with a horizontal resolution of 2 km.
The simulation captured the rainfall amount and its horizontal

Schematic illustrations of impacts of vertical profiles of water
vapor in the upstream region (around Okinawa Island)
during the heavy rainfall event in western Japan.

distribution well in western Japan. Trajectory analyses showed that the air mass intruding into western Japan had its
origin in the upstream region around Okinawa Island. Sensitivity experiments that increase (decrease) the amount ofwater vapor in the lower troposphere in the upstream region showed the increasing (decreasing) rainfall amount inwestern Japan. However, no significant change in the rainfall amount in western Japan appeared in the sensitivity
experiments that changed the amount of water vapor in the middle troposphere. In the drier experiment, convective
activities along the trajectory moistened the middle troposphere, whereas in the moister experiments, convective
activities along the trajectory removed water vapor in the middle troposphere by convective precipitation, and rainfall
regions shifted to the upstream side. Therefore, precipitable water amounts in both the drier and moister experiments
were approximately equal in western Japan. The results showed that the water vapor observation, especially in thelower troposphere, in the upstream region is important for forecasting the rainfall distribution and amount.

Observational study on the mesoscale structure inside an eye of a typhoon accompanying
strong winds
Mesoscale structures, such as meso-vortices and polygonal eyes, havebeen observed inside the eye of typhoons in recent years and are an
important topic for disaster prevention. When typhoon Trami (T1824)
passed near Okinawa Island, the detailed structure inside its eye wasobserved using a polarimetric radar and phased-array radar. High wind wasobserved with a decreasing mixing ratio of water vapor in the vicinity of theeyewall clouds inside the eye, and the high wind region was in thepolygonal eyewall clouds. Downward wind was estimated in the vicinity ofthe eyewall clouds inside the eye using Doppler analysis. The dry air above
the inversion layer inside the eye should descend and transport a large
momentum air-mass close to the eyewall clouds, and high wind withdecreasing humidity should be observed inside the eye, and should be one of
the formation mechanisms of high winds around the surface inside the eye.

Visible image of the eye of the typhoon Trami obtainedbythe
Geostationary
Meteorological
Satellite(Himawari-8) at 1120 JST on September 28, 2018. The
shape of the eye is polygonal and a meso-vortex islocated in the west of Okinawa Island.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research498-1. Research Divisions.
Development of a new millimeter-wave superconducting device for multi-line observation inpolar regions
We developed a new millimeter-wave superconducting mixing device for an observation project called“multi-line simultaneous observation of minor atmospheric molecules” in the polar regions via collaborative researchwith the Advanced Technology Center, NAOJ. The tuning circuit in thedevice was designed to match the characteristic impedance between thefeed point and the superconducting tunnel junction in the frequency rangeof 180–250 GHz using an electromagnetic field and electrical circuit
simulators. The devices were fabricated at the Advanced Technology
Center, and their performances were measured in the laboratory at
Nagoya University. The receiver noise temperature was lower than 50 K
and 75 K from 200 to 240 GHz and 170 to 255 GHz, respectively.
Therefore, we successfully developed a low-noise and wide-band device
that was two times wider than previously in this frequency range.

The noise temperature characteristics of the new
millimeter-wave band superconducting receiver.

Observational studies on atmospheric composition changes caused by energetic particle
precipitation in polar regions
To quantitatively understand the effects and mechanisms of the atmospheric composition changes caused by
precipitating energetic charged particles into the middle atmosphere along the magnetic field due to solar activity, theISEE installed millimeter-wave spectral radiometers at Syowa station in Antarctica and the EISCAT Tromsø site in
Norway, and atmospheric minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere were measured. At Syowa station, we
have been conducting monitoring of nitric oxide (NO) and ozone (O3) since January 2012 in collaboration with the
NIPR. In 2020, a multi-frequency millimeter-wave spectral radiometer equipped with a waveguide multiplexer, a new
IF circuit, and a 2-GHz band fast fourier transformation (FFT)

spectrometer were established on-site, andsimultaneous observations of O3, NO, HO2, and CO began in November 2020. This performance was confirmed
adequate for monitoring. In February 2021, two microwave signal generators failed because of a sudden power failure,
and after that, we observed O3, NO, and HO2. For the observations in Norway, in FY2020 we were unable to visit thesite due to COVID-19 and could not conduct observations.

Understanding the relationships among chemical structure, sources, and atmosphericorganic aerosol properties
For a precise understanding of the influences ofatmospheric aerosols on air quality and climate, it isimportant to clarify the behaviors and properties oforganic aerosol components, which have been poorly
characterized to date. Studies focusing on therelationships among the chemical structure, sources,
and atmospheric organic aerosol properties were
performed. The relationship between the hygroscopic
growth factor and the chemical structure of humic-like
substances (HULIS) in aerosols collected in an urban
area was analyzed, and the results suggest an
association of the hygroscopicity parameter of HULIS
50

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Aerosol mass spectrum obtained from the measurement of atomized atmosphericaerosol extract (HULIS) using an aerosol mass spectrometer. Information on
chemical components can be obtained from the mass distribution measurementof ions generated by the collision of electrons with molecules in aerosol extract.
The sample was collected at Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido
University. (The sample was provided by Dr. Miyazaki in Hokkaido University.)

8-1. Research Divisions

with the chemical structure and source. The atmospheric concentrations of respective fractions in organic aerosol
components were calculated based on the aerosol mass spectrometry of three fractions (e.g., HULIS) extracted fromaerosol samples collected in a forest area. Precipitation and atmospheric aerosol samples were collected in an urban
area, and the samples were subjected to excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible
spectroscopy, and the optical properties of the samples were analyzed. From chemical analysis of atmosphericaerosol samples collected in Australia, the atmospheric concentrations of chemical components were calculated, andbasic data to analyze, for example, the properties of organic aerosols from forest fires were obtained. Ozonolysis
experiments for ambient aerosols were performed to understand the aging of organic aerosols in the atmosphere,
which is crucial for elucidating their atmospheric behaviors and properties.

Evaluation of methods to measure BC aerosols in the Arctic
In the Arctic, where the surface temperature increases more
rapidly than the global average, forcing and feedback mechanisms
associated with black carbon (BC) aerosols need to be elucidated.
Most ground-based measurements of BC in the Arctic have been
made using filter-based absorption photometers, such as particle sootabsorption

photometers(PSAP)

andmulti-angle

absorption

photometers (MAAP). These instruments measure the aerosol
absorption coefficient (babs) and convert it to BC mass concentration(MBC) by assuming the value of the mass absorption cross section(MAC). However, the accuracy of the conversion of babsbabs to MBC
has not been adequately assessed. In this study, we evaluated theMAC values at four Arctic sites by comparing babs measured by these
instruments with MBC independently measured by the continuous sootmonitoring system (COSMOS). The accuracy of MBC measured by
the COSMOS has been previously demonstrated to be approximately

Correlation between MBC (COSMOS) and babs (PSAP) at
the observatory at Alert, Canada during 2018–2019. The
slope of the least-squares fitted line represents the MAC
value.

15% in the Arctic. We successfully estimated the MAC values forthese instruments, which can be used to obtain error-constrained estimates of MBC from babs measured at these sites,
even in the past when COSMOS measurements were not made.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research518-1. Research Divisions

Division for Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research Global warming and changes in terrestrial water-material
cycles in the Arctic circumpolar region
 Effects of climate change and anthropogenic forcing on
the terrestrial ecosystem Cloud/rainfall variability in Asian monsoon regions
 Dynamics of phytoplankton in marginal seas and coastal areas
 Climate variability and changing open ocean ecosystem
dynamics and biogeochemical cycle
 Interaction between oceanic waves and climate variations

The Land–Ocean Ecosystem Research Division investigates regional and global energy, water and material cycles,
and physical/biogeochemical processes in the land–ocean ecosystem.
The land research group contributes to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms by which ongoing global
warming and anthropogenic activity influence the terrestrial water cycle and ecosystem. Using field observations, satellite
remote sensing, global meteorological data analysis, laboratory analysis, and model simulation approaches, our group aims
to understand the impact of global warming on hydrological and greenhouse gas cycles in the Arctic region, the dynamics
of the continental scale water cycle, the processes that drive weather and climate over Asia, the interplay between theterrestrial ecosystem and climate, and the detection of early signs of the influence of global warming in Antarctica.
Ocean research was conducted using satellite remote sensing, numerical simulations, and in-situ observations. We
also performed synthesis studies of physical and biogeochemical processes in the ocean and their interactions with theatmosphere and climate. In particular, we are investigating how oceanic heat content, circulation, and surface waves
interact with atmospheric environments and how they are linked to climate and meteorological phenomena such as
tropical cyclones. We are also investigating how variations in ocean circulation, mixing processes, and air–sea fluxes
influence marine ecosystems where phytoplankton are the primary producers. Moreover, we are interested in thepossible impact of the marine ecosystem on physical processes and climate in the ocean and atmosphere.

Main Activities in FY2020
Estimation of clear-sky precipitation over the East Antarctica using the tritium tracer techniqueIn the Antarctic plateau, precipitation falling from clear skies (known as
diamond dust) occurs almost daily; however, a few major synoptic events can
produce a significant fraction of the annual accumulation. Thus, the contributionof clear-sky precipitation to the total accumulation on the plateau is not clear.
Here, we introduced an alternative method for partitioning between synoptic andclear-sky precipitation: tritiated water (3HHO). Tritium (3H) is a cosmogenic
nuclide that is mainly produced in the upper atmosphere of Antarctica. After3

HHO generation, it follows the hydrological cycle pathway, with only small

perturbations owing to the fractionation effect during phase changes.
Consequently, 3HHO concentrations in diamond dust formed by the condensationof local Antarctic water are characterized by higher 3HHO than synoptic
precipitation accompanied by moisture transported from the surrounding ocean.
This is supported by the observations seen: a gradual increasing trend from thecoast to the plateau region and a rapid increase in 3HHO toward inland plateau
52

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Simulated 3HHO of the annual precipitation
over Antarctica. A gradual increasing trend
toward inland was simulated.

8-1. Research Divisions

areas. In this study, an atmospheric circulation model incorporated into 3HHO was developed to quantitatively
understand the observations. A gradual increasing trend of 3HHO toward the inland area was successfully simulated by
the new model. The model showed that the seasonal 3HHO variation was linked to the precipitation amount. The
highest 3HHO corresponded to a month with a weak precipitation flux. In contrast, the months with a large precipitation
flux due to the frequent passage of synoptic systems were characterized by lower 3HHO values.
(Reference: Kurita et al. (2020): Application of tritium tracer technique to the partitioning between clear-sky and synoptic
precipitation over the Antarctic plateau, The 11th Symposium on Polar Science, on-line meeting, Nov. 16–Dec. 18, 2020)

Groundwater age of spring discharges under changing permafrost conditions: A vulnerability
assessment of permafrost in the Khangai Mountains, central Mongolia
To detect the permafrost thaw and ground ice melt in the permafrost zone of Mongolia, groundwater ages of several
spring discharges were determined using two transient tracers: 3H and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Spring water
samples were collected seasonally from 2015 to 2019 at seven spring sites around the Khangai Mountains, central
Mongolia. The sites included two thermokarst landscapes on the northern and southern sides of the mountains. The 3H
and CFC concentrations in the spring water in the thermokarst landscapes were very low, and the estimated mean
groundwater age for these sites was older than that of the other sampled springs. Consequently, the young water ratiosof the thermokarst sites were lower than those of the other springs. However, this ratio gradually increased with time,
indicating that recently recharged rainwater began to contribute to the spring discharge at the thermokarst sites. An
atmospheric water budget analysis indicated that the net recharge from current precipitation to shallow groundwater
during the summer season was almost zero on the southern side of the mountains. Thus, spring water at the thermokarst
sites on the southern side of the mountains contained large amounts of ground ice-melt water. Although long-term
sampling was not performed, evidence was obtained to show that the groundwater in the region is highly vulnerable
because of permafrost thaw and ground ice melt, primarily due to ongoing climate change.
(Reference: Hiyama, T. et al. (2021): Groundwater age of spring discharges under changing permafrost conditions: theKhangai Mountains in central Mongolia. Environmental Research Letters, 16, 015008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd1a1)

Diurnal precipitation cycle in the high-elevation area over the Himalayas
The diurnal precipitation cycle is important for the hydroclimate in the Himalayas
during summer. However, features of the diurnal cycle affecting precipitation from thefoothills to glacierized, high-elevation areas are poorly understood. In this study, weinvestigated the diurnal precipitation cycle in summer using data from three years (2016–2018) of in-situ observations from an automatic weather station, which is close to a glacierat 4809 m asl in the Rolwaling Valley in the eastern Nepal Himalayas. We identified two
daily precipitation maxima, corresponding to daytime and nighttime peaks, in the diurnal
cycle of the three summers. More than 80% of the total precipitation fell with a weakintensity of < 1 mm h–1; however, it had a high occurrence frequency of approximately
50%. The daytime peak resulted from upslope flows driven by the surface heating of theslopes. These upslope flows carry moist air that cools adiabatically as it travels up theThree-year
mean
diurnalprecipitation cycles during summer(June–September) at the automaticwater station.

slope, promoting condensation. However, the surface meteorological variables do not explain why precipitation reached amaximum in the middle of the night, suggesting that a change in large-scale atmospheric circulation might be responsible
for the nighttime precipitation peak, rather than a change in the surface meteorological variables.
(Reference: Fujinami, H. et al. (2021): Twice-daily maxima of summer precipitation in high-altitude areas of theHimalayas: Two contrasting land surface effects, AGU Fall Meeting 2020, online meeting, 1–17 December, 2020)
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research538-1. Research Divisions.
Variation of GCOM-C Remote Sensing Reflectance in Ariake Bay using AERONET-OC data
GlobalChangeObservation

Mission-Climate(GCOM-C) was launched in December 2017, and global
data of visible and infrared radiation, including ocean areas,
with 250 m resolution have been accumulated. The version 2
data around Japan has been disseminated from the JAMSES(https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/gi-bin/jasmes/sgli_nrt/index.cgi)
site from June 2020.

To use ocean color data, it isnecessary to have frequent sea-truthing data, although this isdifficult to obtain. Aerosol Robotic Network-Ocean Color(AERONET-OC) is a global network of spectral radiometers,
which was modified from the radiometer developed toobserve aerosols from land and sea surface radiance. For
GCOM-C

validation,

ISEE

set

a

JAXA-owned

AERONET-OC on the Ariake Tower of Saga University in
April 2018,

and

the

data

were

availableattheRrs of each wavelength from AERONET-OC (left-top) and GCOM-C
version 1 (left-middle) and version 2 (left-bottom), and the scattering
diagrams (version 1: right-top, version 2: right-bottom).

AERONET-OC site (https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/). Versions 1 and 2 GCOM-C remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) data
were verified using AERONET-OC data (see figure). Most of the AERONET-OC Rrs data peaked at 565 nm. GCOM-C
Rrs data had a similar shape, although many of the Version 1 Rrs values in the 380–443 nm range were negativebecause of
the absorptive aerosol in this area, which was confirmed by aerosol observations. Version 2 of Rrs (380), Rrs (412), andRrs (443) were negative, zero, and positive, respectively, after adjustment. Version 2 Rrs was close to AERONE-OC Rrs at
490–670 nm because of this adjustment. Therefore, Version 2 Rrs was reasonably accurate at more than 490 nm, although
an atmospheric correction algorithm is required to improve Rrs for short wavelengths.

Marine wave boundary layer observation using an optical particle counter with 10-Hz
temporal resolution
A sea spray optical particle counter (SSOPC) withhigh temporal resolution and a large sample air flow rate
was developed in this study to investigate the dynamics
and distribution of marine aerosols within a height ofapproximately 10 m from the sea surface. SSOPC
measures the number of particles with eight channels in
the range of 0.3–15 µm. The instrument weighs 2.5 kg
and has an external dimension of 25 (H) × 17.5 (W) × 16(D) cm. It can be mounted on a moored buoy to measure
the vicinity of the sea surface or collocated with anultrasonic anemometer on the tower of an observation
vessel. In the circulation system inside the enclosure,

Mass concentration dM/dD (µgm-3μm-1) of aerosol particles before andafter the passage of tropical cyclone Noru (2017) measured by an
SSOPC set up at 12.5 m above the mean water level of the marine
observation tower in Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan).

sample and sheath air are hermetically separated from ambient air so that water does not accumulate inside the SSOPC
owing to the humidity of the sample air or spray inflow. To estimate the sea salt flux by the eddy covariance, a flag
signal cable to inform the operation status of the SSOPC is connected to the data logger of the ultrasonic anemometer,
considering that the instrument will be installed on observation vessels in the future.
(Reference: Aiki, H., F. Kondo, M. Konda, K. Tanaka, and T. Fujita (2020): Marine wave boundary layer observation using
an optical particle counter with 10-Hz temporal resolution, Earozoru Kenkyu, 35(3), 160–169, doi:10.11203/jar.35.160)
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8-1. Research Divisions

Mesopelagic particulate nitrogen dynamics in the subarctic and subtropical regions of thewestern North Pacific
The dynamics of mesopelagic particulate nitrogen (PN)
were investigated at two time-series stations in the subarctic(K2) and subtropical (S1) regions of the western North Pacific
Ocean. This was undertaken during seven seasonal cruises
between 2010 and 2012, where the nitrogen isotope delta(δ15N) and organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (Corg:N) of
suspended and settling particles were obtained. The
suspended PN concentration was 2.2 times higher on average

Vertical profiles of (a) PN concentrations, (b) Corg:N, and (c)PN-δ15N of suspended particles with respect to the density
anomaly σθ at K2 (47°N, 160°E: black) and S1 (30°N, 145°E:
gray) stations. Open and closed circles indicate data from thesurface and mesopelagic layers, respectively.

at K2 than at S1. Similar vertical increases in δ N by 4–5 per
15

mil and Corg:N by 3–4 were found at 100–500 m at both
stations, attributable to heterotrophic PN degradation. We

applied these increases to a model assuming steady-state conditions for δ15N to assess the degradation of the upper
mesopelagic PN pool and its particle source composition. We assumed that two source particles would enter themesopelagic pool: surface layer suspended particles (SUS0) and fragmented particles from sinking aggregates (SINK0).
The relative contributions from SUS0 were estimated to be 55% and 22% at K2 and S1, respectively. The PN input by
SUS0 particles was seven times greater at K2 than at S1. Efficient SUS0 particle transport at K2 was likely associatedwith deep (> 100 m) convective mixing over four months. In contrast, active particle recycling within the surface layer
at oligotrophic S1 hindered the export of SUS0 particles. The undegraded PN fraction, f, was estimated as 0.26–0.69
and 0.34–0.76 at K2 and S1, respectively. Lower f values were estimated at K2 through the mesopelagic column,
indicating that the source particles underwent greater degradation. Furthermore, 78% of the mesopelagic degradation
occurred between 100 and 200 m at this station. The lower microbial degradation rate at 200–500 m is likely due to alower oxygen concentration than that in the upper column of K2. These estimations of mesopelagic PN degradation
provide insight into biological carbon sequestration in the deep sea.

Evaluation of satellite-derived global net ocean surface heat flux
Accurate global estimation of net ocean
surface heat flux is essential for understanding thenature of air–sea interactions in the climate system.
A research project on surface heat flux estimation
based on satellite observation J-OFURO hasreleased global flux data for the past 30 years
using multiple satellite observation data and thedevelopment of advanced estimation technology(J-OFURO3 V1.1). The surface heat flux consistsof four components (latent heat, sensible heat
fluxes, and shortwave and longwave radiation),and the accuracy of each component has been
evaluated so far; however, the evaluation of the net

Comparison of (A) bias, (B) RMS, and correlation coefficient (lines) of J-OFURO3
V1.1 (J3) and old generation data (J2) among 11 in-situ buoys. Bias and RMS are indescending order based on J2.

surface heat flux reliability of was insufficient. In this study, we collected data from 11 in-situ buoy sites by observing all fourheat flux components and comprehensively evaluated the net surface heat flux. It was clarified that the average bias was only
5.8 W/m2, and the bias variation and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were smaller than those of the old generation data.
(Reference: Tomita, H., K. Kutsuwada, M. Kubota, and T. Hihara (2021): Front. Mar. Sci., doi.: 10.3389/fmars.2021.612361)
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research558-1. Research Divisions

Division for Chronological Research









Anthropogenic history and geochronology
Accelerator mass spectrometry
Electron probe microanalysis
Paleoclimate reconstruction and future Earth
Geosphere stability
Isotope geoenvironmental chemistry
CHIME dating
Development of new analytical methods

Short- and long-term forecasts of global environmental changes and their countermeasures are issues of great urgency.
Determining when an event occurred in the past, via “dating,” is important for understanding the present and predicting thefuture state of the Earth. We promote chronological studies on a broad range of subjects from events in Earth’s history,
spanning 4.6 billion years, to archeological materials, cultural properties, and modern cultural assets. The Tandetron datinggroup conducts interdisciplinary research involving radiocarbon (14C) dating using accelerator mass spectrometry tounderstand changes in the Earth’s environment and the cultural history of humankind from approximately 50000 years ago
to the present day. In addition, the group studies near-future forecasts of Earth and space environments, focusing on
spatio-temporal variations in cosmogenic nuclides, such as 14C and 10Be, and conducts research that integrates art andscience through collaborations between researchers in archeology, historical science, and other fields. The microscalespatial dating group uses the chemical U-Th total Pb isochron method (CHIME), which was first developed at Nagoya
University, to shed light on events in Earth’s history from its formation 4.6 billion years ago up to approximately 1 million
years ago. An electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) has been used to perform nondestructive microanalyses of rocks andother materials to reveal records of complex events recorded in zircon, monazite, and other samples.

Main Activities in FY2020
Elucidation of the formation of silica concretions containing petroleum
In collaboration with Dr. Yoshida’s group at the Nagoya
University Museum, this research division studies the formation
mechanisms of spherical concretions made of calcium
carbonate or iron oxide. This research investigated theformation process of spherical silica concretions (SiO2)
containing petroleum from Utah, USA. Silica dissolved ingroundwater precipitated rapidly by the neutralization reactionof alkaline groundwater in the stratum around fish feces(organic matter) acidified through corrosion and the trappedorganic matter was converted into petroleum during subsequentgeological maturation. Until now, the exact cause and formation

Photograph of the cross-cut of spherical silica concretion. The
black area in the center is the organic core containing petroleum(Yoshida et al., 2020).

timing of silica-based concretions have been unknown; however,this study revealed that the corrosion of biogenic organic matter and the associated neutralization reaction are essential forsilica concentration. The results of this study have been published in Scientific Reports (Yoshida et al., 2021).

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8-1. Research Divisions

ICP-MS analysis of trace elements in mantle-derived olivine
Chemical characterization of trace elements in the mantle is important forunderstanding the mantle-crust interactions associated with subduction and igneous
activity. Quantitative analysis of trace elements by laser ablation inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been reported (De Hoog et al., 2010);
however, the number of target elements is limited. In particular, Pb, Th, and U have
low abundance in olivine and are difficult to quantify by LA-ICP-MS; thus, theirconcentration ranges remain unknown. Quantitative analysis of trace elements,
including Pb, Th, and U, in olivine was performed with ICP-MS using the solution
method. Mantle-derived olivine was separated under an optical microscope afterHand-picking of olivine grains from crashedrock-sample under an optical microscope.

rock crushing. The Pb, Th, and U concentrations in olivine were low, ranging from 5 to 61 ng/g, 0.1 to 67 ng/g, and 0.1 to 38
ng/g, respectively, and all olivine contained measurable amounts of these elements. Therefore, U and Pb measurements ofolivine, combined with high-precision analysis of Pb isotope ratios, might allow us to estimate the formation ages of olivine,
the major constituent mineral of the mantle (Kozaka et al., submitted).

Fossil pollen sorting for radiocarbon dating using a newly developed large particle on-chip sorter
Radiocarbon dating of plant remains, such as seeds and wood chips, is effective for building the chronology of lake
sediment cores. However, plant remains used for radiocarbon dating are not preserved in sediment cores (e.g., from Lake
Biwa). A novel on-chip sorting method utilizing traveling vortices
generated by on-demand micro-jet flows was developed in collaboration
with the Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering,
Nagoya University. Using this new sorting method, we succeeded in sorting
pollen particles in sediments. Radiocarbon dates of fossil pollen
concentrates derived from sorting are a good method to enhance building ofchronologies for paleoenvironmental records. The method can also address
the urgent need for high-throughput large particle sorting in genomics,
metabolomics, and regenerative medicine.
.

Photograph of pollen particles sorted by on-chip
sorting method.

Source changes in atmospheric PM2.5 carbon components before and after refraining fromgoing outside due to coronavirus infection spread
Among carbonaceous aerosol particles, which are the main component of atmospheric PM2.5, secondary organic
aerosol particles (secondary OA) have a tremendous environmental impact. However, their sources and formation
mechanisms remain unclear. Because of the complexity of their sources and formation mechanisms, detailed domestic
sources of OA and their contribution to transboundary pollution are not well understood. Carbon-14 analysis is a powerful
method that can divide OA into two origins (biogenic and fossil fuels) and quantify them. In April 2020, the spread of the
new coronavirus infection led to a worldwide request to remain indoors. The transboundary pollution of OA and the impactof regional human activities were reduced. Because the amount of OA has been continuously observed in Nagoya fromapproximately 2017 to the recent refraining from going outside, it is possible to examine in detail the changes in thecontribution rates of biogenic and fossil fuel OA sources before and after the voluntary restraint following the coronavirus
outbreak by measuring the monthly carbon-14 in PM2.5. The carbon analysis results showed that the OA concentration in
Nagoya was lower than usual from January to September 2020. The ratio of fossil to biogenic OA did not change
significantly after March 2020, when the new coronavirus infection spread in Japan. Therefore, there was no significant
decrease in anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research578-1. Research Divisions.
Validation of the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet using geochemical analysis of theAmundsen Sea sediment core
A sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet draining into theAmundsen Sea is experiencing the largest ice loss in Antarctica today,
and there is a serious concern of large-scale ice collapse in this area
caused by global warming. The International Ocean Discovery Program
Expedition 379 drilled two sites in the Amundsen Sea area in theSouthern Ocean using the D/V JOIDES Resolution from January to
March 2019. We reconstructed the melting history of the West Antarctic
ice sheet using the fluctuation of beryllium-10 concentration in thesediment core, and verified the stability of the ice sheet during the pastwarm periods. Further research in the future should clarify the linkage
between the West Antarctic ice sheet changes and climate change.

Iceberg in the Amundsen Sea.

Development of a low-noise X-ray detection system for the EPMA
In the wavelength-dispersive spectrometer of the EPMA, the output of the proportional counter was processed using acharge-sensitive amplifier and waveform shaper. The observed signal is the sum of characteristic X-rays, continuum
X-rays, and noise. According to the manufacturer’s specifications, the noisemust be less than 1 cps. During analysis of trace elements, the characteristic
X-ray intensity might be of the order of 1 cps or less. Under such conditions, therequired signal is buried in the noise and cannot be detected. Therefore, we useda waveform shaper based on a digital circuit to reduce the noise. The original
waveform shaper is a pseudo-Gaussian filter without undershoot compensation
using an R-C circuit with an operational amplifier. In this case, the S/N was
approximately 1.8 times worse than that of an ideal cusp-type filter. We decided
to use a trapezoidal filter to convert the output of the charge-sensitive amplifier
to A/D. With a trapezoidal filter, the S/N can be suppressed to approximately 1.1
times lower than a cusp-type filter. The filter circuit was implemented on an
FPGA. The prototype device was connected to an existing JEOL JCXA-733 andapplied to the FY2020 joint research project. We succeeded in quantitatively
analyzing the aluminum contained in quartz formed near the solidus
temperature of granite magma with sufficient accuracy.

Input signal (upper) and output signal (lower)of the pulse-shaper.

Radiocarbon dating of samples at the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition
The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition dates back to ~40000 years ago, corresponding to the timing of thereplacement of Neanderthals by modern humans. Radiocarbon dating of samples during this period requires ascrupulous pretreatment method because this period is close to the measurement limit of radiocarbon dating (~50,000
years ago). In the framework of the PaleoAsia project, archeological excavations in the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia,
Southern Asia, and Northern Asia have been conducted. We applied cutting-edge radiocarbon dating methods tosamples collected from this project and evaluated the reliability of the radiocarbon dating results. We contribute to a
deeper understanding of the cultural history and migration of modern humans to Asia through the construction of amore reliable chronology.

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8-1. Research Divisions

Establishment of a new method for high-precision carbon-14 analysis of water samples
The carbon-14 concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water samples is an important indicator forunderstanding carbon dynamics in the environment, especially the anthropogenic carbon cycle and for water dating. In
the carbon-14 analysis of DIC in this research division, we used a method in which DIC is precipitated as carbonate andreacted with phosphoric acid to extract CO2. However, this method is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes
fails to produce precipitation, which is easily contaminated by atmospheric CO2. In this study, we improved theheadspace method, which has been widely used in recent years for the δ13C measurement of DIC, to suit the actual
situation and a processing system that can be applied to water samples with a wide range of DIC concentrations to
extract CO2 efficiently without using a carrier gas. Basic experiments were performed to verify the reproducibility of
the analytical values, the change in analytical values due to differences in extraction efficiency, and the background, andestablished a new method that is simple, efficient, and highly reliable with low background and no atmospheric CO2
contamination. This has established a new foundation for the research department for carbon-14 analysis of water
samples (submitted to Radiocarbon).

Multi-Sr isotope analysis of cremated bones reveals food habits and settlement areas
This research group has been conducting research to clarify
the residential area and food habits of buried people using
high-precision analysis of multi-Sr isotope ratios, including
radiogenic Sr isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) and stable Sr isotopes (δ88Sr) of
bioapatite, which is an inorganic component of bones excavatedfrom archeological sites. This year, we conducted research on
cremated bones excavated from the Ishibotoke-dani grave site at
the Binman-ji Temple in Taga Town, Shiga Prefecture (multiple
graves exist in eight research areas from A to G). Based on thetype of pottery excavated and descriptions in ancient documents,
it was estimated that the monks of Binman-ji and local residents
were buried in the Ishibotoke-dani grave site during the 12th–15th
centuries. The results of the multi-Sr isotope analysis of thecremated bones revealed that people who lived around Binman-ji
Temple were buried in the Ishibotoke-dani site, and that people

Sr stable isotope ratio (δ88Sr) of cremated bones excavatedfrom the Ishibotoke-dani grave site.

buried in Sections A and G were more carnivorous than those buried in Section F. Because the 14C ages and grave styles
differed depending on the study area, this difference in diet may indicate age or status differences. The results obtainedin this study suggest that multi-Sr isotope analysis of cremated bone bioapatite is useful as an indicator forreconstructing diet and residential areas. In Japan, where many cremated bones have been excavated from archeologicalsites, multi-Sr isotope analysis of cremated bones will be a powerful tool for reconstructing historical living
environments (Sawada et al., Presentation at the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Geochemical Society of Japan; Minami
and Wakaki, Report on the investigation of cremated bones excavated from the Ishibotoke-dani site, Binman-ji Temple).

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research598-2. Research Centers

Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR)

 Coordinated international programs Ground-based observation networks and satellite
projects
 Hosting international workshops
 International exchange of foreign and Japanese
researchers and students Capacity-building courses and schools in developing
countries
 Observatories

To promote international collaborative studies to understand the physical mechanisms of phenomena occurring inthe space–Sun–Earth environmental system and their interactions, ISEE established the Center for International
Collaborative Research (CICR) in October 2015. The CICR provides leadership to promote internationally coordinatedprograms, such as those undertaken by the Scientific Committee on Solar–Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) and Future
Earth. The CICR encourages programs for developing ground-based observation networks and international satellite
projects, and hosting of international workshops and conferences. It also supports international exchanges of overseas
and Japanese researchers and students, and builds capacity in developing countries through training courses and schools.
The CICR has taken over from the Geospace Research Center of the former Solar–Terrestrial Environment Laboratoryof Nagoya University.
The phenomena contained in solar activity have various timescales, from solar flares and coronal holes, to the 11-year
cycle, and further long-term variations. World scientists are greatly interested in these types of solar activities and theirconsequences on the Earth’s geospace environment and climate change. SCOSTEP, under the International Science Council,
commenced a 5-year international program entitled “Predictability of the variable Solar–Terrestrial Coupling (PRESTO)” for2020–2024. The main objective of this program is to identify the predictability of the variable solar–terrestrial coupling
performance metrics using modeling, measurements, and data analysis while strengthening the communication between
scientists and users. The President of SCOSTEP is also a member of the CICR and is responsible for operating thisinternational program. On January 8, 2021, ISEE and SCOSTEP exchanged a Memorandum of Understanding to define theconditions under which ISEE will contribute to SCOSTEP activities. In agreement with this Memorandum of Understanding,
the CICR publishes the SCOSTEP/PRESTO newsletter every three months, organizes online seminars and capacity-building
lectures, and coordinates international symposiums related to SCOSTEP/PRESTO. The CICR also contributes to otherinternational programs related to the space–Sun–Earth environment, such as Future Earth and the Integrated Land
Ecosystem-atmosphere Processes Study. Since 2016, the CICR has participated in or operates ground-based observation
projects, such as the EISCAT radar project, OMTIs,
the ISEE VLF/ELF and magnetometer network,
SuperDARN

radar

network(includingtheHokkaido HF radars), and the Arctic Challenge for
Sustainability operation office. It also has four
domestic observatories at Moshiri, Rikubetsu, Fuji,
and Kagoshima, which conduct observations of the
solar

wind,

geomagnetic

field,

andupper

atmosphere. Some of these observations have been
conducted for more than 30 years.

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Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Observation sites and foreign collaborative institutions of ISEE.

8-2. Research Centers

Main Activities in FY2020
In FY2020, the CICR conducted the following international collaborative
research programs: 1) Joint Research Program (international, 29 projects); 2)
ISEE International Joint Research Program inviting 16 researchers from overseas;and 3) an ISEE/CICR International Workshop, including two designated professors
from overseas who were hired through a 5-year cross-appointment with US
universities and institutions. However, programs 2) and 3) and the employment of
the designated professors were postponed to FY2021 due to COVID-19. In
collaboration with SCOSTEP, we published four newsletters in FY2020 (April, July,
October, and January). We also published a paper summarizing VarSITI activity as
an output of the VarSITI Workshop in 2019. Two students from Indonesia andEthiopia were invited to ISEE for collaborative research under the SCOSTEPVisiting Scholar program. However, these invitations were postponed to FY2021
due to COVID-19.
The EISCAT radar project was undertaken in collaboration with an NIPR
group, and seven EISCAT special experiments proposed by Japanese colleagues

SCOSTEP/PRESTO Newsletter vol. 26(January 2021).

were conducted. Discussions about the EISCAT_3D radar were organized withforeign EISCAT associate members. The PWING project continued running eight stations around the North Pole at
MLATs of ~60° connecting the OMTIs, ISEE magnetometer, and ELF/VLF networks. A research project entitled“Pan-Arctic Water-Carbon Cycles (PAWCs)” was newly funded for 2019–2024. PAWCs are designed to integrate
atmospheric–terrestrial water and carbon cycles in northern Eurasia, for which very limited data on the fluxes ofgreenhouse gases exist.
The four domestic observatories continued to operate in FY2020. The Moshiri Observatory became an unmanned
observatory in FY2018; however, it continued to run electromagnetic instruments, that is, an auroral photometer,
magnetometers, and VLF receivers. The Rikubetsu Observatory operates several spectrometers for comprehensive
measurements of ozone and other minor constituents in the atmosphere, all-sky imagers and photometers for aurora andairglow monitoring, the SuperDARN Hokkaido radars for ionospheric disturbances, and a new ELF atmospheric receiver.
A new induction magnetometer was installed at Rikubetsu in October 2018.
Multi-station IPS observations using the Fuji, Kiso, andToyokawa antennas were conducted between April and
December 2020. When the Kiso antenna was restored before
the IPS observations started, a fire occurred in theobservatory area. Fortunately, there was no serious damage tothe observation facility owing to quick containment by local
firefighters. The Kiso Observatory opened up to high school
students on December 2, 2020. The Kagoshima Observatory
and Sata Station operate an all-sky camera, a photometer for
airglow detection, VLF/LF radio wave receivers, andinduction magnetomaters in collaboration with Tohoku
University, the University of Electro-Communications, Chiba
University, and Georgia Tech.

Moshiri Observatory.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research618-2. Research Centers

Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS)

 Hinode Science Center ERG Science Center Research and development of advanced simulations(SUSANOO, CReSS, Monte Carlo simulations forhigh-precision age calculations) Construction of various databases (IUGONET,WDS-CR) Operation of CIDAS supercomputer system
 Membership activity of HPCI consortium

The Center for Integrated Data Science (CIDAS) aimed to construct infrastructure and conduct research anddevelopment to perform a cutting-edge scientific study of the space–Earth environmental system through integrated
analyses using various observational data and advanced computer simulations. CIDAS operates many projects incooperation with ISEE research divisions and centers and other universities and institutes.

Science centers for space missions: Hinode and ERG
The Hinode Science Center is operated as a joint project with the NAOJ and developed a database and analyticalenvironment for the data provided by the Japanese solar observation satellite Hinode, and plays an important role inconsidering the research topics of oncoming solar missions such as Solar-C EUVST. In addition, the ERG Science
Center operates as a joint research center in cooperation with the ISAS/JAXA, which releases data files from ERG(Arase) and ground-based observations. The ERG Science Center also develops the data analysis software. The CIDAS
computer system was used for the data analysis environment for the Hinode and ERG projects.

Cooperative research program for database construction and supercomputing
CIDAS produces various databases for space–Earth environmental research and provides supercomputing facilities
in collaboration with the Information Technology Center of Nagoya University and other universities and institutes.
CIDAS mints DOIs for ISEE research data to ensure permanent accessibility and promote the reusability of the data.
CIDAS has also joined the inter-university network project (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation
NETwork: IUGONET) with Tohoku University, NIPR, Kyoto University, Kyushu University, and Nagoya University todevelop a metadata server and data analysis software. CIDAS is responsible for activities in ISEE as a member of theHigh-Performance Computing Infrastructure Consortium (HPCI) in Japan.

Research and development of advanced simulations
CIDAS plays a leading role in researching and developing the following advanced computer simulation models:Space Weather Forecast Usable System Anchored by Numerical Operations and Observations (SUSANOO), CReSS,
and Monte Carlo simulations for accurate Th-U-Pb dating. The CReSS model was designed for all types of parallel
computers to simulate the detailed structure of clouds and storms. CReSS is free to use for the scientific community. It
has been used for meteorological research and real-time weather forecast experiments, such as simulation experimentsof tropical cyclones, heavy rainfall events, snow clouds, tornados, and downscaling experiments of future tropical
cyclones.

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8-2. Research Centers

Main Activities in FY2020
Development of a data analysis system for the ERG (Arase) project
Scientific data from the ERG (Arase) satellite, ground-network observations, and modeling/simulations were archived
at the ERG Science Center, which is operated by ISAS/JAXA and ISEE/Nagoya University. The format of these data files
is CDF, and includes the metadata of each file. This is a de facto format in the solar–terrestrial physics community. The
Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a commonly used software in the solar–terrestrial physics
community, can easily read and manipulate CDF files. The ERG Science Center has developed CDF files and SPEDAS
plug-in software for the ERG project. We also joined the International Heliosphere Data Environment Alliance to discusscommon data formats in the international framework. The ERG Science Center has organized training sessions for
SPEDAS in Japan and Taiwan, providing important opportunities to learn to use SPEDAS and ERG data. The ERG
Science Center is also developing a data analysis environment for the CIDAS system. Users can access the CIDAS system
via the internet and analyze ERG project data using SPEDAS (https://ergsc.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/research/index.shtml.en).

Energy-consistent finite difference schemes for compressible (magneto-)hydrodynamics
When the magnetic or kinetic energies overwhelm the internal energy of the plasma, numerical simulations of the(magneto-)hydrodynamic equations become strongly unstable, sometimes causing unphysical solutions. Unfortunately, suchsituations can be found all over the universe, for example, in the solar atmosphere above sunspots. A new finite difference
formulation has been proposed to overcome this difficulty, focusing on the consistency among the internal, kinetic, andmagnetic energy equations in the discrete sense. Traditionally, the total energy equation is solved. The time variation of theinternal energy was calculated by subtracting the kinetic and magnetic energies from the total energy. However, theresultant internal energy can be erroneous from the discretization error in stringent situations, such as the solar corona. In
this study, the discrete versions of the product rule were effectively used to implicitly satisfy the internal, magnetic, andkinetic energy equations without directly solving them. The resultant formulation was implemented as spatial second- andfifth-order schemes. The numerical tests showed the extremely high robustness of these schemes for most stringent
problems under high Mach number and low plasma beta conditions (Iijima, 2021, Journal of Computational Physics).

Activity of IUGONETIUGONET has been promoting the use and application of upper atmospheric observation data by providing
database and analysis tools in collaboration with other institutions (e.g., the Research Organization of Information and
Systems (ROIS)) and has been developing a foundation for a universal infrastructure to disclose and cite data.
IUGONET has held several international data analysis workshops in collaboration with several internationalorganizations, such as SCOSTEP and the World Data System (WDS) affiliated with the International Science Council(ISC) and supported the construction of infrastructure for disclosing data and data integrity (http://www.iugonet.org/).

Operation of the CIDAS supercomputer system
A new computer system for integrated data analysis (CIDAS computer system) was installed on April 2021. The
system consists of 16 compute nodes, each of which has two Intel Xeon Gold 6230R CPUs and 384 GiB memory. In
FY2020, 190 researchers/students were registered as users of the CIDAS supercomputer system. Data analyses related
to the Hinode Science Center and ERG/Arase Science Center and computer simulation studies were conducted.

Development of the CReSS model
The CReSS model was developed and improved for physical processes. It is available for scientific research fromCIDAS. The CReSS model was used for the simulation experiments and daily weather forecasts. The simulated daily
forecast data were openly available from the meteorological laboratory website. CIDAS also plans to make available
the simulation output data from the CReSS model.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research638-2. Research Centers

Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations (COSO)
 Establishment of an aircraft observing system
 Aircraft observations of cloud, aerosol and typhoon Promotion of ERG mission
 Solar observation missions using micro satellites
 Study of the simultaneous development ofmultiple satellites for future space science Human resource development for space
applications

Based on ISEE research subjects, which encompass natural phenomena ranging from the Earth’s surface to outerspace, COSO is expected to perform empirical and advanced research through observation, especially by collaboration
among industry, academia, and government, leading to remarkable technological developments for aircraft, balloons,sounding rockets, and spacecraft observations. COSO plays a key role in aircraft observations in Japan, and investigatesand promotes future space exploration missions in collaboration with institutions in Japan and overseas to gain new
insights into physical phenomena. We assist in advancing observation capabilities for future orbital and suborbital
observations by developing an efficient common technological and development environment via interdisciplinary
activities. The Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Laboratory contributes to COSO activities using X- and Ka-bandradars, together with numerical model studies under Virtual Laboratory activities. The Space Exploration and Research
Office (SERO) is undertaking nano-satellite and human resource development programs for space applications.

Main Activities in FY2020
Promotion of aircraft observations
We conducted dropsonde observations targeting typhoons
and stationary linear precipitation systems in cooperation with
DOTSTAR from Taiwan near the Okinawa area. The water
vapor amount from dropsonde data in the FY2019 observations
was utilized to verify the numerical weather prediction
experiment. Joint observations with the United States andTaiwan for the Baiu front and typhoons have been postponed
until 2022; however, ground observation equipment such as
radar has already been installed on Yonaguni Island andcommenced observations. The research results of the United

Flight path for the typhoon Chan-Hom observation.

Arab Emirates Precipitation Enhancement Science Program, which was completed in 2018, have been summarized as
an article. Aircraft observations under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism program were
postponed to 2022 or 2023. In addition, we conducted data analysis of light-absorbing aerosols obtained from aircraft
observations in Greenland in FY2018.
We started to organize the aircraft observation system in COSO based on the aircraft observation proposal by theMeteorological Society of Japan, the Japan Society of Atmospheric Chemistry, and the Japan Society for Aeronautics
and Astronautics, which was selected as a priority theme of the Master Plan 2020 of the Science Council of Japan.

64

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

8-2. Research Centers

Numerical investigations on a simultaneous launch configuration for multiple satellites withweights of 150–200 kg for future space exploration missions
We numerically investigated a simultaneous launch configuration using a single Epsilon rocket for multiple compact
satellites of 150–200 kg weight for future space explorations by cooperating with a domestic manufacturer achieving
space-borne component developments for previous space missions. The quantitative evaluations showed the possibility oflaunch configuration by vertically stacking multiple satellites, which has not yet been realized in Japan in contrast to
overseas heritages, via several improvements on the structures of both satellites and payload attachment fitting systems.

Promotion of international collaborations in micro-satellite exploration missions in theterrestrial upper atmosphereWe have been promoting some possibilities for space observation missions using multiple microsatellites. One
candidate is an integrated observation mission for space plasmas, upper atmospheric particles, plasma waves,electric/magnetic fields, and auroral emissions in the terrestrial magnetosphere/ionosphere/thermosphere incollaboration with the Swedish Research Institute. Based on the heritage and achievements of the Swedish in-situ
scientific instruments for space plasma density and temperature and the past Japan-Sweden collaborations, we
discussed possible collaborative research organizations and expected benefits by email and real-time online meetings.

Solar observation mission using nanosatellites
We are developing a solar neutron and gamma-ray detector intended for nanosatellites weighing less than 10 kg.
Nanosatellites are chosen because they have more launch opportunities than 50-kg satellites, such as ChubuSat. We plan tolaunch an engineering prototype in FY2022 and a satellite with scientific instruments in FY2023 or later, in time for the
next solar maximum. In FY2020, we established signal processing and calibration procedures for the Gd3Al3Ga3O12(GAGG) scintillator used for gamma-ray energy measurements and achieved an energy resolution of 6% (full width at half
maximum, FWHM). We also evaluated the position resolution of the plastic scintillator used for proton tracking scatteredby incident neutrons. The position resolution was less than 3 mm, which satisfies the requirement for the mission.

SERO
The SERO was established as the first step toward forming a research center to consolidate all space-related activities at
the university, and promote hardware development and observational research for space exploration and science. The
development of nanosatellites is one of the most crucial SERO activities. Educational activities are also important at SERO.
We held two weeks of basic and advanced training courses in August/September and February/March. To cope with COVID-19,
we conducted lectures and group-work courses online. Because of this change, we had 51–58 applicants for the basic courses
and 41–47 applicants for the advanced courses. Approximately half of the applicants were from outside Nagoya University inAugust/September, and about 90% of the applicants were from outside Nagoya University in February and March.

Promotion of observations using Earth-observing satellites
A study on the Doppler velocity observation from the space-borne precipitation radar was implemented andparticipated in discussing the future cloud/precipitation observation mission by NASA and JAXA. Validation of JAXA’s
Climate Change Mission (GCOM-C) and the development of a classification algorithm for red tide species wereconducted. The 30-year global data of J-OFURO3, the third-generation dataset of heat, momentum, and freshwater flux
between the atmosphere and ocean, which is important for a more accurate understanding of the energy balance andclimate change of the Earth system, are registered on the DIAS and APDRC systems to obtain the DOI. The J-OFURO
algorithm was improved to handle data around typhoons and bomb cyclones.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research658-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research
Do variations in solar activity influence weather and climate? Researchers specializing in astronomy, solar physics,
meteorology, climatology, paleoclimatology, and oceanography have addressed this question for the past 200 years or
more. Two thousand years ago, astronomers of the Chinese Imperial Court chronicled sunspot activity to explore
variations in solar activity. In 1801, British astronomer William Herschel discovered a significant correlation between
the number of sunspots and the market value of wheat in London and reported his findings in a paper published by theRoyal Society. He concluded that a reduction in the number of sunspots affected a change in climate that altered wheatyields, and influenced the price of wheat. This study is considered the first attempt to examine correlations among theSun, climate, and society (human life). Even now, correctly identifying the characteristic variations of solar activity andinvestigating their effects on climate change and modern society remain important research topics in academia andsociety.
There is much evidence indicating that at least the Atlantic Ocean and surrounding areas, including Europe andNorth America, experienced significantly colder temperatures during the Maunder Minimum (70 years from 1645 to1715) in which very few sunspots were observed, and solar activity appeared nearly stagnant. Historical records showthat New York Harbor froze in the winter of 1780, enabling people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island, and thatsea ice surrounding Iceland extended for miles, closing the harbors and dealing a blow to the fishing industry and tradeover a long period. While it is premature to conclude that the quietening of solar activity leads to a cooling period, many
researchers believe that variations in solar activity influence medium- to long-term climate changes. However, to obtainconclusive evidence, it is necessary to reconstruct climate changes quantitatively and continue accumulating data on
annual variations in solar activity.
Very few sunspots were observed from March 7 to March 20, 2017. The cycle length of the solar magnetic activity
corresponding to the sunspot cycle was estimated to be approximately 14 years during the Maunder Minimum. The
sunspot cycle in solar cycle 24, which began in 2008, has grown to approximately 13 years, similar to that during theMaunder Minimum. Therefore, we are entering a period of low solar activity, where cooling on a global scale could
occur in the near future. To offer a qualified opinion on the likelihood of this prediction, we must examine diverse
viewpoints on how solar activity affects climate.

A scheme of the ISEE project for Solar–Terrestrial Climate Research. The latest developments in solar physics, meteorology andclimatology, environmental studies, paleoclimatology, geomagnetism, and cosmic ray physics are integrated.

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Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

The globally averaged surface temperature showed a clear upward trend after the latter half of the 20th century.
However, it continued to increase in the temperature range of 0.03–0.05°C per10 years from 1998 to 2012, and theglobal warming pause or the global warming slowdown is called the “global warming hiatus.” Nonetheless, theatmospheric greenhouse gas concentration increases yearly; however, a clear rise is not recognized in the surface
temperature observation. The topic “global warming hiatus” was taken up by the internet news and blogs, moved overthe scientific community, and then had a considerable impact on the public. Based on a detailed analysis of themeteorological dataset from the land and ocean temperatures and computer experiments with climate models, the global
warming hiatus was caused by natural characteristics. Although we still cannot provide sufficient explanation, thedecadal-centurial-time scale climate change is indirectly driven by secular variation in solar activity. Encouraging theunderstanding of the characteristics and mechanisms of short-term natural fluctuations appearing in the age of global
warming will predict anthropogenic climate change more reliable. It is extremely important to develop an
environmental policy that influences human society.
Radiocarbon (14C) and Beryllium-10 (10Be), known as cosmogenic isotopes, are produced at a rate that varies
based on the intensity of the incoming CRs to Earth, which in turn are influenced by solar activity. Analyzing 14C in treerings and 10Be in ice cores are effective methods for studying the long-term variations in solar activity going back tensof thousands of years. Analyses of 14C and 10Be suggest that episodes of declining solar activity resembling theMaunder Minimum have occurred repeatedly 12 times throughout the Holocene, which spans the past ten thousand
years. Comparing cosmogenic isotopes with paleoclimate data can improve the understanding of solar-driven climatechange over a long-time scale.
We have accumulated evidence over the past quarter century that will be effective in studying the mechanisms bywhich variations in solar activity affect climate and human society. The interdisciplinary project for Solar–Terrestrial
Climate Research at ISEE integrates the latest knowledge in solar physics, meteorology, climatology, environmental
studies, paleoclimatology, space physics, and CR physics to better understand the variability in solar activity, foster anunderstanding of solar-driven Earth systems, and contribute to predicting future global environments.

Main Activities in FY2020
To reveal the details of the secular change of
14

C content that fluctuates with the CR intensity

affected by solar activity, it is necessary to improve
the accuracy (e.g., ± 0.2% level) and throughput oftheaccelerator

mass

spectrometry.

maintenance of the Tandetron

14

The

C measurement

system of High Voltage Engineering of theNetherlands, which is operated by the ISEE, Nagoya
University, has been performed. With the maximum
performance of this system, it is possible to perform
high-precision 14C measurements of more than 3000
samples per year. In addition, the sample preparation

Tandetron accelerator mass spectrometer (ISEE, Nagoya Univ.).

efficiency was improved. We designed and developed an automatic sample preparation system for graphite preparationand improved the efficiency of separating cellulose from wood samples to undertake 14C measurements of a huge
number of samples.
In 2020, the IntCal20 dataset was reported to contain annual resolution 14C data for the last 5000 years (starting in1950 AD). While improving the accuracy of these data, we plan to reveal the details of secular 14C changes.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research678-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for the Space–Earth Envionmental Prediction
Space exploration has expanded rapidly over the past 50 years and has now gone even outside the heliosphere. The
solar activity and dynamics of the space environment can significantly impact human socio-economic systems and theglobal environment. For example, the giant solar flare observed by the British astronomer Richard Carrington in 1859
caused powerful magnetic storms, called the Carrington event. If such an event occurred in the modern era, power,
satellite, aviation, and communication networks could be damaged globally. Moreover, analyses of the latest stellar
observations and cosmogenic isotopes in tree rings suggest even larger solar flares. However, the onset mechanisms ofsolar flares and their subsequent processes have not yet been fully explained. Thus, modern society is at risk of severe
space weather disturbances caused by such solar explosions, and understanding and predicting variations in the space–
Earth environment is an important scientific subject and a crucial issue for modern society. Because the accurate
prediction of complex phenomena is a common problem in science, prediction is also crucial for various scientificdisciplines. The Project for Space–Earth Environmental Prediction is a new joint research project aimed atsynergistically developing our predictive capability of the space–Earth environment via the cooperation and interactionof solar physics, geomagnetism, space sciences, meteorology, climatology, space engineering, and other related fields.
This project addresses the various issues shown in the figure below, based on ISEE Collaborative Research Programsand the support of a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from MEXT Japan’s “Project for Solar–
Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP).”

Objectives and subjects of the Project for Space–Earth Environmental Prediction.

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Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Main Activities in FY2020
Scientific assessment of the impact of space weather phenomena on Japanese society
As a scientific activity of PSTEP supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from
MEXT/Japan, the report “Assessment of the impact of space weather phenomena on society for scientificrecommendations” was released by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (https:/www2.nict.go.jp/spe/benchmark/).
This report examines the effects of various space weather phenomena shown in the figure on society by making
full use of scientific knowledge. In particular, we summarized the extent to which space weather phenomena anddisasters can occur in Japan in the future, and how they can have a social impact at that time, along with specificexamples. This is the first report in Japan that comprehensively summarizes the direction of research andcountermeasures for future space weather disasters. The table of contents of the report is as follows.
1. Space weather phenomenon
2. Estimating the scale of space weather phenomena (solar flares, CMEs, solar high-energy particles, solar radio
bursts, radiation belts, geomagnetic storms, substorms, ionospheric disturbances)
3. Social impact of space weather phenomenon
4. Social impact of space weather phenomenon in the electric power grid
5. Impact of space weather phenomena on satellite operations
6. Social impact of space weather phenomenon oncommunications and broadcasting
7. Social impact of space weather phenomenon on a positioning system
8. Social impact of space weather phenomena in aviation operations
9. Social impact of space weather phenomena in manned space
operations
10. Social impact of space weather phenomena on ground life
11. Remaining issues
12. Summary

ISEE research meeting “Prospects of model research for solar–terrestrial environment
prediction”
The 2020 ISEE Research Meeting “Prospects for Model Research for Solar–Terrestrial Environment Prediction”
was held online from March 25 to 26, 2021. This research meeting is held every year to broadly discuss the current
status and issues of the solar–terrestrial environment prediction model and its prospects across fields. This year, we
focused on new technologies related to various models, model evaluation efforts, computational methods, and futureplans for model research, centered on invited lectures in related fields. Dr. Muneto Shoda (NAOJ) reviewed theobservation results of NASA’s solar approach mission “Parker Solar Probe” and Dr. Hideyuki Hotta (Chiba Univ.) gavea presentation of his high-resolution simulation of the internal dynamics of the Sun using the supercomputer “Fugaku.”
This were a good opportunity to consider the direction and goals of the future scientific target for the next solar cycle(Cycle 25), which is expected to reach its maximum in 2025.

Solar–Terrestrial Environment Prediction Open Textbook (PSTEP Open Textbook)
We produced the PSTEP Open Textbook, which comprehensively summarizes the current status and issues ofresearch on predicting the solar–terrestrial environment. This textbook will be released free during the first half of 2021 asa Nagoya University repository for reference by graduate students and young researchers who will study related fields.
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research698-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for the Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Atmospheres
The ionosphere is part of the Earth’s upper atmosphere and is partly ionized by solar ultraviolet emissions.
The peak altitudes of plasma density in the ionosphere are 300–400 km, where most low-altitude space vehicles
fly. Thus, ionospheric plasma significantly affects human activities in space, such as radio communications andpositioning by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The consequences of climate change are significant in
the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. As shown in the figure below, neutral–plasma interaction processes in theupper atmosphere and ionosphere can be observed as various phenomena occurring from high to low latitudes.
The aurora in the polar regions is caused by the precipitation of high-energy plasma, which heats the upper
atmosphere and generates atmospheric waves and disturbances that propagate toward low latitudes. However,ionospheric plasma instabilities, known as plasma bubbles, occur in the equatorial upper atmosphere, interferingwith satellite–ground communication and GNSS positioning. These phenomena can be measured using various
ground-based remote-sensing instruments, such as airglow imagers, magnetometers, radars, lidars, andmillimeter-wave telescopes. This interdisciplinary project investigates the interactions between the neutral andplasma components of the Earth’s atmosphere, using various ground remote-sensing techniques and in-situ
satellite measurements, and global and regional high-resolution modeling of neutral–plasma interactions. The
project contributes to the reliable use of space by humans and our understanding of possible plasma effects on
Earth’s climate change.

Research topics of the project for the interaction of neutral and plasma atmospheres.

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Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Main Activities in FY2020
In

FY2020,we

conducted

14international

collaborative studies, 13 domestic collaborative projects,
and 22 domestic meetings for the ISEE. Various scientificresults have been obtained from these collaborative
projects.
The interaction of neutral and plasma components
is an essential and important issue for understanding thepartially

ionizedatmosphere,

ionosphere,

andPolar aurora as an indicator of plasma–atmosphereinteractions (photo taken at Athabasca, Canada on October 4,
2019, during an ERG-ground campaign observation).

thermosphere. We expect a dramatic improvement inground-based ionospheric measurement accuracy with
the initiation of EISCAT_3D in Scandinavia in 2022.
However, as the measurement of neutral components inthethermosphere

EISCAT_3D,

istheoretically

preparationfor

impossible

diagnosingforPolar aurora as an indicator of plasma–atmosphere interactions(after Shiokawa et al., 2020).

neutralcomponents or the thermosphere is an urgent issue. The international project team (SDI-3D: established in 2018 by
Japan, the US, Finland, Sweden, and Norway) has made budget requests to deploy three SDIs that are capable ofmeasuring thermospheric wind vectors and temperatures within 1000 × 1000 km2. This proposal was approved by the
National Science Foundation in the USA in the summer of 2020. Collaboration between the EISCAT_3D and the three
SDIs in Scandinavia will create an ideal environment for studying coupled polar ionosphere–thermosphere systems withstate-of-the-art ground-based instruments. We developed a multi-frequency millimeter-wave spectrometer tosimultaneously observe spectral lines of O3, CO, NO, NO2, and HO2 within a 230–255 GHz range. At the end of
FY2020, the new spectrometer was shipped and is now being re-assembled at Syowa station to steadily monitor these
atmospheric molecules.
The new scientific satellite Arase (ERG) was launched by
ISAS/JAXA in December 2016 to investigate wave–particle
interactions between high-energy electrons and ions in the innermagnetosphere. We have conducted several ERG-ground campaign
observations in FY2020. From the combined ground–satellite
measurements, including EISCAT and newly installed high-speed
EMCCD cameras, interesting results, especially concerning stable
auroral red arcs and wave–particle interactions, have been reported invarious scientific journals. Collaborative researches have been madewith University of Oulu in Finland through a cross-appointment
related to this interdisciplinary project.
Using multi-point airglow imaging measurements, exciting
scientific outputs were obtained in FY2020. As an example,
collaborative measurements of an airglow imager and a sodium lidar
were conducted in Tromsø, Norway. The formation of a sporadic
sodium layer was observed to be associated with the passage ofmesospheric tidal bores in airglow images.

OH airglow images obtained at Tromsø, Norway, on
December 19, 2014. North is upward and east is to theright. Northward-propagating east-west tidal bore (F3and F4) and eastward-propagating gravity waves (GW)
are simultaneously observed associated with a sporadic
sodium layer appearance measured by a collocatedsodium lidar (after Narayanan et al., 2021).

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research718-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Project for Aerosol and Cloud Formation
Hydrometeors and aerosols interact closely in their generation and dissipation, and play important roles inatmospheric water circulation, the formation of convective clouds and typhoons, and the Earth’s radiation budget.
However, they are some of the most unknown quantities in the atmosphere. Thus far, hydrometeors andcloud-precipitation systems have been studied at the Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, and aerosols andrelated processes have been studied at the Solar–Terrestrial Environmental Laboratory. In a joint research program,
researchers from both centers will cooperate to study the interaction between aerosols and hydrometeors, theirvariations in the formation of precipitation, and cloud-aerosol-radiation interactions by field observations and numericalsimulations. On the basis of field observations, the numerical model will be improved for the quantitative simulation ofcloud and aerosol processes. In cooperation with the Center for Orbital and Suborbital Observations, we will conduct
in-situ observations of typhoons using aircraft, balloons, and drones. This research will improve CReSS and study the
impact of aerosols on typhoon clouds.

Upper:
Lower:

72

A mesoscale convective system and hydrometeors simulated by the CReSS model.
The superimposed images show hydrometeors expected to be present in the convective system. Balloon observation of
typhoon clouds. Launching balloon (left) and observed hydrometeors (right).

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research8-3. Interdisciplinary Researches

Main Activities in FY2020
Cloud and aerosol observations in the United ArabEmirates and modeling of aerosol-cloud interaction
We have developed CReSS-4ICE-AEROSOL, which implements
aerosol-cloud-precipitation integrated microphysics parameterization
with various aerosols (sea salt, mineral dust, sulfate, organic carbon(OC), black carbon (BC), and so on) in the atmosphere and inhydrometeors as prognostic variables. Idealized experiments ofcumulonimbus clouds with strong updrafts were conducted toinvestigate the effect of the amount of anthropogenic aerosols (sulfate,
OC, BC) on the microphysical structure of the cloud (Fig. 1). It has
been shown that increasing anthropogenic aerosols by an order ofmagnitude increases the number concentration and mixing ratio ofcloud ice in the anvil associated with the cumulonimbus cloud by

Figure 1: Results of idealized experiments investigating
the effect of aerosols on convective precipitating clouds(vertical cross-sections that pass through the center of theclouds except for the horizontal cross-section at analtitude of 5 km in the upper left panel). From the upper
left to lower right, vertical velocity, cloud water, rainwater,
cloud ice number concentrations, vertical velocity, snow,
graupel, hail number concentrations (/ kg).

several times (Fig. 2). In the future, we plan to incorporate aerosol
information from the global aerosol model SPRINTARS as initial andboundary conditions to investigate the effects of atmospheric aerosols
over the UAE on the formation of diurnal convective clouds andsubsequent precipitation formation processes.

Observation of aerosol particles in Okinawa
Observations were conducted in collaboration with the Universityof Ryukyus and Nagasaki University from 2018 to 2020. The size

Figure 2: Vertical distribution of cloud water number
concentration (left) and cloud ice number concentration(right) averaged over the model domain. HIGH is theresult of a sensitivity experiment in which the number
concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols are 10 times
that of CTL, and LOW is 1/10.

distribution of the aerosol particles was measured from June to October
2020 using an optical particle analyzer. Figure 3 (left panel) shows the relationship between average wind speed and massconcentration of aerosol particles with diametrs between 0.3 and 10 μm during the 11 typhoons passing near theobservation. In most cases, a similar relationship between wind speed and mass concentration of aerosol particles wasobserved. Therefore, wind speed plays a critical role in determining the number of sea salt particles around typhoons. In
addition, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was used to analyze sea salt collected when
two typhoons (Typhoon No. 24, 2018 and Typhoon No. 13, 2019) approached Okinawa. As shown in Figure 3 (a) and (b),the colored particles overlap with Na and Cl, that is, sea salt. Typhoon No. 24, with a maximum wind speed of 53 m/s andsea salt of 32 µg/m3, contained many fine square-shaped particles. In contrast, Typhoon No.13, with a maximum wind speedof 27 m/s and sea salt of 10 µg/m3 contained relatively large (ca. 300 µm) complex-shaped particles but few smaller particles.

Figure 3 Left: Relation of mass concentration of aerosol particles with diameters between 0.3 and 10 μm and wind speed during the passage of 11
typhoons. Right: Electron microscope images for aerosol particles collected during approaching of the Typhoons (a) No. 24, 2018 and (b) No. 13, 2019.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research739. Publications and Presentations

9. Publications and Presentations
Papers (in refereed Journals, April 2020–March 2021)
Abe, K., Y. Chen, K. Hiraide, K. Ichimura, S. Imaizumi, N. Kato, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata etal. (Y. Itow, K. Kanzawa), Search for exotic neutrino-electron interactions using solar neutrinos in XMASS-I. Phys.
Lett. B, 80, 135741, Oct. 10, 2010 (10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135741).
Abe, K., Y. Chen, K. Hiraide, K. Ichimura, S. Imaizumi, N. Kato, Y. Kishimoto, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Moriyama etal. (R. Ishii, Y. Itow, K. Kanzawa, K. Masuda), Development of low-background photomultiplier tubes for liquid
xenon detectors. J. Instrum., 15(9), P09027, Sep. 18, 2020 (10.1088/1748-0221/15/09/P09027).
Abe, K., C. Bronner, Y. Haga, Y. Hayato, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, H. Ito, K. Iyogi, J. Kameda, Y. Kataoka et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, G. Mitsuka, M. Murase, F. Muto, T. Niwa, K. Sato, T. Suzuki, M. Taani, M. Tsukada), Indirect
search for dark matter from the Galactic Center and halo with the Super-Kamiokande detector. Phys. Rev. D, 102(7),072002, Oct. 9, 2020 (10.1103/PhysRevD.102.072002).
Abe, K., C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, H. Ito, J. Kameda, Y. Kataoka, M. Miura, S. Moriyama et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, T. Niwa, K. Sato, M. Tsukada), Neutron-antineutron oscillation search using a 0.37 megaton-years
exposure of Super-Kamiokande. Phys. Rev. D, 103(1), 012008, Jan. 21, 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevD.103.012008).
Abe, K., Y. Chen, K. Hiraide, K. Ichimura, S. Imaizumi, N. Kato, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata etal. (Y. Itow, K. Kanzawa, K. Masuda), Search for event bursts in XMASS-I associated with gravitational-wave
events. Astropart. Phys., in press (10.1016/j.astropartphys.2021.102568).
Acharyya, A., R. Adam, C. Adams, I. Agudo, A. Aguirre-Santaella, R. Alfaro, J. Alfaro, C. Alispach, R. Aloisio,
R. Alves Batista et al. (A. Okumura), Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to a dark matter signal fromthe Galactic centre. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 2021(01), 57, Jan. 2021 (10.1088/1475-7516/2021/01/057).
Adachi, K., N. Oshima, S. Ohata, A. Yoshida, N. Moteki, and M. Koike, Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles
by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(5), 3607–3626, Mar. 9, 2021
(10.5194/acp-21-3607-2021).
Adams, C., G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontá
et al. (A. Okumura), Status of the development of NUV SiPMs for INFN optical modules for the SCT medium
sized telescope proposed for the CTA observatory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom.
Dect. Assoc. Equip., 982, 164486, Dec. 1, 2020 (10.1016/j.nima.2020.164486).
Adams, C., G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontá
et al. (A. Okumura), Verification of the optical system of the 9.7-m prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope.
Proc. SPIE, 11488, 1148805, Aug. 20, 2020 (10.1117/12.2568134).
Adams, C., R. Alfaro, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, T. Arlen, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi et al.
(A. Okumura, H. Tajima), Detection of the Crab Nebula with the 9.7 m prototype Schwarzschild-Couder
telescope. Astropart. Phys., 128, 102562, Mar. 2021 (10.1016/j.astropartphys.2021.102562).
Adithya, H. N., R. Kariyappa, S. Imada, K. Kusano, J. Zender, L. Damé, G. Gabriel, E. DeLuca, and M. Weber, Solar soft
X-ray irradiance variability, I: Segmentation of Hinode/XRT full-disk images and comparison with GOES (1 – 8 Å)
X-ray flux. Sol. Phys., in press (10.1007/s11207-021-01785-6).
Adriani, O., E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D’Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, H. Menjo,
Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi et al. (K. Sato, M. Ueno), Measurement of energy flow, cross section and average
inelasticity of forward neutrons produced in √s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the LHCf Arm2 detector. J.
High Energy Phys., 2020(7), 16, Jul. 2, 2020 (10.1007/JHEP07(2020)016).
Ahmed, N., N. Kurita, M. A. M. Chowdhury, J. Gao, S. M. Q. Hassan, M. A. Mannan, M. A. K. Mallik, S. A. Choudhury,
M. A. Q. Bhuiyan, and M. M. Karim, Atmospheric factors controlling stable isotope variations in modern
precipitation of the tropical region of Bangladesh. Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 56(3), 220–237, Jun. 1, 2020
74

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations(10.1080/10256016.2020.1770245).
Aiki, H., F. Kondo, M. Konda, K. Tanaka, and T. Fujita, Marine wave boundary layer observation using an optical particle
counter with 10-Hz temporal resolution. Earozoru Kenkyu, 35(3), 160–169, Sep. 20, 2020 (10.11203/jar.35.160). [inJapanese]
Ajello, M., W. B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, G. Barbiellini, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, R. Bellazzini, A. Berretta,
E. Bissaldi et al. (H. Tajima), High-energy emission from a magnetar giant flare in the Sculptor galaxy. Nat. Astron.,in press (10.1038/s41550-020-01287-8).
Amory-Mazaudier, C., S. Radicella, P. Doherty, S. Gadimova, R. Fleury, B. Nava, E. Anas, M. Petitdidier, Y. Migoya-Orué,K. Alazo, and K. Shiokawa, Development of research capacities in space weather: A successful international
cooperation. J. Space Weather Space Clim., Mar. 31, 2021 (10.1051/swsc/2021006).
Anzorena, M., R. Garcia, J. F. Valdes-Galicia, Y. Matsubara, Y. Itow, T. Sako, T. Kawabata, E. Ortiz, R. Taylor, A. Hurdo etal., Simulation and experimental validation of optimum read-out electronics design for scintillator bar cosmic raytelescope. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 991, 165019, Mar. 1,
2021 (10.1016/j.nima.2021.165019).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare,
F. Arneodo et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama), Excess electronic recoil events in XENON1T. Phys. Rev. D, 102(7), 072004,
Oct. 12, 2020 (10.1103/PhysRevD.102.072004).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare,
F. Arneodo et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), Projected WIMP sensitivity of the XENONnT dark matter
experiment. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 11, 031, Nov. 2020 (10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/031).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, S. Andaloro, V. C. Antochi,
E. Angelino et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), Search for coherent elastic scattering of solar B-8 neutrinos
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Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, S. Andaloro, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare,
V. C. Antochi et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), Search for inelastic scattering of WIMP dark matter in
XENON1T. Phys. Rev. D, 103, 063028, Mar. 19, 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063028).
Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare,
F. Arneodo et al. (Y. Itow, S. Kazama, M. Yamashita), 222Rn emanation measurements for the XENON1T
experiment. Eur. Phys. J. C., in press (10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08777-z).
Ariunsaikhan, A., S. Chonokhuu, and Y. Matsumi, Mobile measurement of PM2.5 based on an individual in Ulaanbaatar city.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(8), 2701, Apr. 15, 2020 ( 10.3390/ijerph17082701).
Asaoka. S., S. Nakada, A. Umehara, J. Ishizaka, and W. Nishijima, Estimation of spatial distribution of coastal ocean primary
production in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, with a geostationary ocean color satellite. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 244,
106897, Oct. 5, 2020 (10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106897).
Azizi, H, Y. Asahara, M. Minami, and R. Anma, Sequential magma injection with a wide range of mixing and mingling in Late
Jurassic plutons, southern Ghorveh western Iran. J. Asian Earth Sci., 200, 104469, Sep. 15, 2020
(10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104469).
Azizi, H., A. Maghsoudloo, F. Nouri, Y. Asahara, K. Yamamoto, M. Minami, and M. Tsuboi, Investigation of rare earth
elements (REEs) as exploration potential in Intrusive bodies in the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (Kurdistan area),
western Iran. Geochem. J., 54(4), 221–232, Aug. 27, 2020 (10.2343/geochemj.2.0584).
Azizi, H., N. Daneshvar, A. Mohammadi, Y. Asahara, S. A. Wattam, M. Tsuboi, and M. Minami, Early Miocene post-collision
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Bamba, Y., S. Inoue, and S. Imada, Intrusion of magnetic peninsula toward the neighboring opposite-polarity region that triggers
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9. Publications and Presentations

the largest solar flare in solar cycle 24. Astrophys. J., 894(1), 29, May 1, 2020 (10.3847/1538-4357/ab85ca).
Belakhovsky, V. B., K. Shiokawa, A. Matsuoka, Y. Kasahara, I. Shinohara, Y. Miyoshi, S.-Y. Wang, Y. Kazama, S. Kasahara,
and S. Yokota, The long-lasting QP emissions observed on Arase satellite and Lovozero station. in Conference
Proceedings: 2021 XXXIIIrd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio
Science, IEEE, 9232442, 1–4, Oct. 20, 2020 (10.23919/URSIGASS49373.2020.9232442).
Bennett, D. P., A. Udalski, I. A. Bond, F. Abe, R. K. Barry, A. Bhattacharya, M. Donachie, H. Fujii, A. Fukui, Y. Hirao, Y. Itowet al. (Y. Matsubara, Y. Muraki), A gas giant planet in the OGLE-2006-BLG-284L stellar binary system. Astron. J.,
160(2), 72, Jul. 17, 2020 (10.3847/1538-3881/ab9cb9).
Bhaskar, A., H. Hayakawa, D. M. Oliveira, S. Blake, S. M. Silverman, and Y. Ebihara, An analysis of Trouvelot’s auroral
drawing on 1/2 March 1872: Plausible evidence for recurrent geomagnetic storms. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.,
125(10), e2020JA028227, Oct. 10, 2020 (10.1029/2020JA028227).
Blumenstock, T., F. Hase, A. Keens, D. Czurlok, O. Colebatch, O. Garcia, D. W. T. Griffith, M. Grutter, J. W. Hannigan,
P. Heikkinen et al. (T. Nagahama), Characterization and potential for reducing optical resonances in Fouriertransform infrared spectrometers of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC).
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14(2), 1239–1252, Feb. 17, 2021 (10.5194/amt-14-1239-2021).
Boocock, C., K. Kusano, and D. Tsiklauri, The effects of oscillations and collisions of emerging bipolar regions on thetriggering of solar flares. Astrophys. J., 900(1), 65, Sep. 1, 2020 (10.3847/1538-4357/aba61a).
Carter, B. A., J. Retterer, T. Dao, R. Pradipta, R. Caton, K. Groves, Y. Otsuka, T. Yokoyama, K. Hozumi, T. Le Truong, and
M. Terkildsen, On the generation of an unseasonal EPB over South East Asia. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(2),e2020JA028724, Feb. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA028724).
Case, N. A., D. P. Hartley, A. Grocott, Y. Miyoshi, A. Matsuoka, S. Imajo, S. Kurita, I. Shinohara, and M. Teramoto, Inner
magnetospheric response to the interplanetary magnetic field By component: Van Allen Probes and Araseobservations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(1), e2020JA028765, Jan. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA028765).
Chakraborty, S., J. M. Ruohoniemi, J. B. H. Baker, R. Fiori, K. Zawdie, S. Bailey, N. Nishitani, and D. Drob, Sluggishness of
the ionosphere: Characteristic time-lag in response to solar flares. in Conference Proceedings: 2021 XXXIIIrd
General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science, IEEE, 9232206, 1–4, Oct.
20, 2020 (10.23919/URSIGASS49373.2020.9232206).
Chashei, I. V., V. R. Lukmanov, S. A. Tyulbashev, and M. Tokumaru, Comparison of solar wind speed estimates from nearly
simultaneous IPS observations at 327 and 111 MHz. Sol. Phys. in press (10.1007/s11207-021-01804-6).
Chian, A. C. L., S. S. A. Silva, E. L. Rempel, L. R. Bellot Rubio, M. Gošić, K. Kusano, and S.-H. Park, Lagrangian chaotic
saddles and objective vortices in solar plasmas. Phys. Rev. E, 102(6), 060201(R), Dec. 3, 2020
(10.1103/PhysRevE.102.060201).
Cliver, E. W., H. Hayakawa, J. J. Love, and D. F. Neidig, On the size of the flare associated with the solar proton event in 774
AD. Astrophys. J., 903(1), 41, Nov. 1, 2020 (10.3847/1538-4357/abad93).
Collins, D. S., V. L. Nguyen, T. K. O. Ta, L. Mao, Y. Ishii, H. Kitagawa, R. Nakashima, T. H. Q. Vo, and T. Tamura,
Sedimentary evolution of a delta-margin mangrove in Can Gio, northeastern Mekong River delta, Vietnam, Mar.
Geol., 443, 106417, Mar. 2021 (10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106417).
Colpitts, C., Y. Miyoshi, Y. Kasahara, G. L. Delzanno, J. R. Wygant, C. A. Cattell, A. Breneman, C. Kletzing, G. Cunningham,
M. Hikishima et al., First direct observations of propagation of discrete chorus elements from the equatorial source
to higher latitudes, using the Van Allen Probes and Arase satellites. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(10),e2020JA028315, Oct. 2020 (10.1029/2020JA028315).
Crosta, X., S. K. Shukla, O. Ther, M. Ikehara, M. Yamane, and Y. Yokoyama, Last Abundant Appearance Datum of Hemidiscus
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Dao, T., M. L. Huy, B. Carter, Q. Le, T. T. Trinh, B. N. Phan, and Y. Otsuka, New observations of the total electron content andionospheric scintillations over Ho Chi Minh city. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 42(4), 320–333, Jul. 13 2020
(10.15625/0866-7187/42/4/15281).
Dhaka, S. K., Chetna, V. Kumar, V. Panwar, A. P. Dimri, N. Singh, P. K. Patra, Y. Matsumi, M. Takigawa, T. Nakayama etal., PM2.5 diminution and haze events over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period: an interplay between
the baseline pollution and meteorology. Sci Rep., 10(1), 13442, Aug. 10, 2020 (10.1038/s41598-020-70179-8).
Enami, M., S. Huang, M. Tsuboi, and Y. Wakasugi, Petrological and mineralogical contrasts of basic lithologies between
eclogite and non-eclogite units along the Kokuryo River of the Sanbagawa belt, Central Shikoku, Japan. J. Mineral.
Petrol. Sci., 115(6), 457–470, Dec. 2020 (10.2465/jmps.181107a).
Ezoe, Y., R. Funase, H. Nagata, Y. Miyoshi, S. Kasahara, H. Nakajima, I. Mitsuishi, K. Ishikawa, J. Hiraga, K. Mitsuda et al.,GEO-X (GEOspace x-ray imager). Proc. SPIE, 11444, 1144428, Dec.13, 2020 (10.1117/12.2560780).
Fan, Y., W. Li, N. Chen, J.-H. Ahn, Y.-J. Park, S. Kratzer, T. Schroeder, J. Ishizaka, R. Chang, and K. Stamnes, OC-SMAR:
A machine learning based data analysis platform for satellite ocean color sensor. Remote Sens. nviron., 253,
112236, Feb. 2021 (10.1016/j.rse.2020.112236).
Feng, C., J. Ishizaka, K. Saitoh, T. Mine, and H. Yamashita, A novel method based on backscattering for Discriminating
Summer blooms of the raphidophyte (Chattonella spp.) and the diatom (Skeletonema spp.) using MODIS images in
Ariake Sea, Japan. Remote Sens., 12(9), 1504, May 8, 2020 (10.3390/rs12091504).
Fujiki, T., R. Inoue, M. C. Honda, M. Wakita, Y. Mino, C. Sukigara, and O. Abe, Time-series observations of photosynthetic
oxygen production in the subtropical western North Pacific by an underwater profiling buoy system. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 65(5), 1072–1084, May 2020 (10.1002/lno.11372).
Fukizawa, M., T. Sakanoi, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Kazama, Y. Katoh, Y. Kasahara, S. Matsuda, A. Matsuoka, S. Kurita, M. Shoji,
M. Teramoto, S. Imajo et al., Pitch-angle scattering of inner magnetospheric electrons caused by ECH waves
obtained

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Ghosh, P., Y. Otsuka, S. Mani, and H. Shinagawa, Day-to-day variation of pre-reversal enhancement in the equatorial
ionosphere based on GAIA model simulations. Earth Planets Space, 72, 93, Jul. 6, 2020 (10.1186/s40623020-01228-9).
Goldstein S. L., Y. Kiro, A. Torfstein, H. Kitagawa, J. Tierney, and M. Stein, Revised chronology of the ICDP Dead Sea deep
drill core relates drier-wetter-drier climate cycles to insolation over the past 220 kyr. Quat. Sci. Rev., 244, 106460,
Sep. 15, 2020 (10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106460).
Goodwin, L. V., Y. Nishimura, A. J. Coster, S. Zhang, N. Nishitani, J. M. Ruohoniemi, B. J. Anderson, and Q.-H. Zhang,Dayside polar cap density enhancements formed during substorms. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(10),e2020JA028101, Oct. 2020 (10.1029/2020JA028101).
Gordovskyy, M., P. K. Browning, S. Inoue, E. P. Kontar, K. Kusano, and G. E. Vekstein, Forward modelling of particle
acceleration and transport in an individual solar flare. Astrophys. J., 902(2), 147, Oct. 23, 2020 (10.3847/15384357/abb60e).
Hagino, K., H. Odaka, G. Sato, T. Sato, H. Suzuki, T. Mizuno, M. Kawaharada, M. Ohno, K. Nakazawa, S. B. Kobayashi et al.
(H. Tajima, K. Yamaoka), Origin of the in-orbit instrumental background of the Hard X-ray Imager onboard
Hitomi. J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst., 6(4), 046003, Oct. 2020 (10.1117/1.JATIS.6.4.046003).
Han, B., J. Niang, H. Rao, N. Lyu, H. Oda, S. Sakamoto, Y. Yang, and M. Sablier, Paper fragments from the Tibetan SamyeMonastery: Clues for an unusual sizing recipe implying wheat starch and milk in early Tibetan papermaking.
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Leipe, C., E. Endo, S. Kuramochi, M. Wagner, and P. E. Tarasov, Crop cultivation of Middle Yayoi culture communities (fourth
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Mori, T., Y. Kondo, S. Ohata, Y. Zhao, P. R. Sinha, N. Oshima, H. Matsui, N. Moteki, and M. Koike, Seasonal variation of wet
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Naemura, K., C. Erdenejargal, T. O. Javkhlan, T. Kato, and T. Hirajima, Geochronology and tectonic implications of the Urgamal
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Naito, Y. I., M. Yamane, and H. Kitagawa, A protocol for using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared
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Nakagawa, M., T. Nakayama, H. Sasago, Y. Kuruma, H. Yai, S. Ogawa, Y. Deng, M. Mochida, and Y. Matsumi,
Assessment of the sphericity characteristics of submicron particles using a single-particle polar nephelometer at an
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Nakano, Y., K. Ichimura, H. Ito, T. Okada, H. Sekiya, Y. Takeuchi, S. Tasaka, and M. Yamashita, Evaluation of radon
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Nishimura, Y., E. F. Donovan, V. Angelopoulos, and N. Nishitani, Dynamics of auroral precipitation boundaries associated withSTEVE and SAID. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(8), e2020JA028067, Aug. 2020 (10.1029/2020JA028067).
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Nishitani, N., Y. Hamaguchi, and T. Hori, Development of remote HF wave receiver in the backlobe direction of theSuperDARN Hokkaido East radar: Initial observations. Polar Sci., in press (10.1016/j.polar.2021.100669).
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Nobashi, D., K. Yamaoka, H. Tajima, and K. Ito, Performance evaluation of GAGG(Ce)/LFS scintillator plus MPPC array
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Ohashi, K., H. Menjo, Y. Itow, T. Sako, and K. Kasahara, Simulation study on the effects of diffractive collisions on theprediction of the observables in ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray experiments. Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys., 2021(3),033F01, Mar. 2021 (10.1093/ptep/ptab013).
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Oliveira, D. M., H. Hayakawa, A. Bhaskar, E. Zesta, and G. Vichare, A possible case of sporadic aurora observed at Rio deJaneiro. Earth Planets Space, 72, 82, Jun. 6, 2020 (10.1186/s40623-020-01208-z).
Orikasa, N., M. Murakami, T. Tajiri, Y. Zaizen, and T. Shinoda, In situ measurements of cloud and aerosol microphysicalproperties in summertime convective clouds over eastern United Arab Emirates. SOLA, 16, 185–191, Oct. 17, 2020
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Orikasa, N., A. Saito, K. Yamashita, T. Tajiri, Y. Zaizen, Y. T. H. Kuo, W. C. Kuo, and M. Murakami, Seasonal variations ofatmospheric aerosol particles focused on cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles from ground-based
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Park, J. H., T. Inamori, R. Hamaguchi, K. Otsuki, J. E. Kim, and K. Yamaoka, RGB image prioritization using convolutional
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Park, S. H., An observational test of solar plasma heating by magnetic flux cancellation. Astrophys. J., 897(1), 49, Jul. 1, 2020
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Park, S. H., K. D. Leka, and K. Kusano, Magnetic helicity flux across solar active region photospheres. I. hemispheric signpreference in solar cycle 24. Astrophys. J., 904(1), 6, Nov. 2020 (10.3847/1538-4357/abbb93).
Park, S. H., K. D. Leka, and K. Kusano,Magnetic helicity flux across solar active region photospheres. II. association ofhemispheric sign preference with flaring activity during solar cycle 24. Astrophys. J., in press (10.3847/15384357/abea13).
Person, M. J., A. S. Bosh, C. A. Zuluaga, A. A. Sickafoose, S. E. Levine, J. M. Pasachoff, B. A. Babcock, E. W. Dunham,
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Pevtsov, A. A., Y. Liu, I. Virtanen, L. Bertello, K. Mursula, K. D. Leka, and A. L. H. Hughes, On a limitation of Zeeman
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Rees-Crockford, T., D. S. Bloomfield, E. Scullion, and S.-H. Park, 2D and 3D analysis of a torus-unstable quiet-Sun
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Robertson, F. R., J. B. Roberts, M. Bosilovich, A. Bentamy, C. A. Clayson, K. Fennig, M. Schröder, H. Tomita, G. P. Compo,
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Sasaki, H., S. Kida, R. Furue, H. Aiki, N. Komori, Y. Masumoto, T. Miyama, M. Nonaka, Y. Sasai, and B. Taguchi, A global
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Sato, K., M. Yamashita, K. Ichimura, Y. Itow, S. Kazama, S. Moriyama, K. Ozaki, T. Suzuki, and R. Yamazaki,
Development of a dual-phase xenon TPC with a quartz chamber for direct dark matter searches. Prog. Theor. Exp.
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Sato, K., M. Minami, and T. Nakamura, 14C ages of wood fragments found in drill cores from two sites in Takasaki City andtheir bearing on the history of Late Pleistocene strata in Takasaki-Maebashi area, central Japan. Bull.Gunma
Mus.Natu.Hist., 25, 81–90, Mar. 31, 2021. [in Japanese]
Sato, K., M. Minami, H. Abe, T. Nakamura, and I. Musha, 14C ages of wood blocks from the Maebashi mudflow deposits in ariverbed of theTone River in Maebashi, central Japan. Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist., 25, 75–80, Mar. 31, 2021. [inJapanese]
Sato, K., M. Minami, H. Abe, T. Nakamura, and I. Musha, 14C ages of wood blocks buried in the volcanic debris avalanche
deposits in the upper reaches of the Agatsuma River, north of Asama volcano, central Japan: A preliminary study.
Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist., 25, 91–100, Mar. 31, 2021.
Sato, K., M. Minami, S. Ikeda, H. Abe, I. Musha, and T. Nakamura, Origin of Oenga-iwa, a large block of andesitic
pyroclastic rock in Shikishima Park in Maebashi, central Japan. Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist., 25, 65–74, Mar. 31,
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9. Publications and Presentations

2021. [in Japanese]
Sato, N., T. Ogawa, H. Yamagishi, A. S. Yukimatu, N. Nishitani, T. Kikuchi, K. Nozaki, K. Igarashi, and T. Nagatsuma, Historyof Japanese SuperDARN: Initiation of SENSU Syowa radars and progress of Japanese radar project. Polar Sci., inpress (10.1016/j.polar.2021.100671).
Seto, S., T. Iguchi, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, T. Kubota, T. Masaki, and N. Takahashi, The precipitation rate retrieval algorithms for
the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., in press (10.2151/jmsj.2021-011).
Schubert, A., S. Lauterbach, C. Leipe, V. Scholz, A. Brauer, and P. E. Tarasov, Anthropogenic and climate controls on
vegetation changes between 1500 BCE and 500 CE reconstructed from a high-resolution pollen record fromvarved sediments of Lake Mondsee, Austria. Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol., 559, 109976, Dec. 1, 2020
(10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109976).
Scourfield, M., S. García-Burillo, A. Saintonge, F. Combes, A. Fuente, C. Henkel, A. Alonso-Herrero, N. Harada, S. Takano,
T. Nakajima et al., ALMA observations of CS in NGC 1068: chemistry and excitation. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.,
496(4), 5308–5329, Aug. 2020 (10.1093/mnras/staa1891).
Shimizu, T., S. Imada, T. Kawate, Y. Suematsu, H. Hara, T. Tsuzuki, Y. Katsukawa, M. Kubo, R. Ishikawa, T. Watanabe et al.,Solar-C (EUVST) mission: the latest status. Proc. SPIE, 11444, 114440N, Dec. 4, 2020 (10.1117/12.2560887).
Shinbori, A., Y. Otsuka, T. Sori, T. Tsugawa, and M. Nishioka, Temporal and spatial variations of total electron content
enhancements during a geomagnetic storm on 27 and 28 September 2017. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(7),e2019JA026873, Jul. 2020 (10.1029/2019JA026873).
Shiokawa, K., and K. Georgieva, A review of the SCOSTEP’s 5-year Scientific program VarSITI - Variability of the Sun and
Its Terrestrial Impact. Prog. Earth. Planet. Sci., 8, 21, Mar. 9, 2021 (10.1186/s40645-021-00410-1).
Shiokawa, K., M. Nosé, S. Imajo, Y.-M. Tanaka, Y. Miyoshi, K. Hosokawa, M. Connors, M. Engebretson, Y. Kazama,
S.-Y. Wang et al. (T. Hori, M. Shoji), Arase observation of the source region of auroral arcs and diffuse
auroras in the inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(8), e2019JA027310, Aug. 2020
(10.1029/2019JA027310).
Silverman, S. M., and H. Hayakawa, The Dalton Minimum and John Dalton’s auroral observations. J. Space Weather Space
Clim., 11, 17, Feb. 18, 2021 (10.1051/swsc/2020082).
Sivakandan, M., S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, P. Pavan Chaitanya, A. K. Patra,
R. K. Choudhary, T. K. Pant, A. K. Upadhayaya, and T. Sori, Mid-latitude spread-F structures over the geomagnetic
low-mid latitude transition region: An observational evidence. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(5),e2019JA027531, May 2020 (10.1029/2019JA027531).
Sivakandan, M., Y. Otsuka, P. Ghosh, H. Shinagawa, A. Shinbori, and Y. Miyoshi, Comparison of seasonal and longitudinalvariation of daytime MSTID activity using GPS observation and GAIA simulations. Earth Planets Space, 73, 35,
Feb. 4, 2021 (10.1186/s40623-021-01369-5).
Sokół, J. M., D. J. McComas, M. Bzowski, and M. Tokumaru, Sun–Heliosphere Observation-based Ionization Rates Model.
Astrophys. J., 897(2), 179, Jul. 16, 2020 (10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a4 ).
St.-Maurice, J.-P., and N. Nishitani, On the origin of far-aspect angle irregularity regions seen by HF radars at 100-km altitude.
J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(6), e2019JA027473, Jun. 2020 (10.1029/2019JA027473).
Suematsu, Y., T. Shimizu, H. Hara, T. Kawate, Y. Katsukawa, K. Ichimoto, S. Imada, K. Nagae, A. Yamazaki, and T. Hattori, Thermal
design of the solar-C (EUVST) telescope. Proc. SPIE, 11444, 114443K, Dec. 13, 2020 (10.1117/12.2560941).
Sugo, S., O. Kawashima, S. Kasahara, K. Asamura, R. Nomura, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Ogawa, K. Hosokawa, T. Mitani, T. Namekawa
et al. (T. Hori), Energy-resolved detection of precipitating electrons of 30–100 keV by a sounding rocket associatedwithdaysidechoruswaves.

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Sun, Y.-H., and O. M. Sun, Inertia and diurnal oscillations of Ekman layers in atmosphere and ocean. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 90,
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Jun. 2020 (101144, 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2020.101144).
Sun, Y., C. Liu, L. Zhang, M. Palm, J. Notholt, H. Yin, C. Vigouroux, E. Lutsch, W. Wang, C. Shan, T. Blumenstock, T. Nagahama etal., Fourier transform infrared time series of tropospheric HCN in eastern China: seasonality, interannual variability, andsource attribution. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 20(9), 5437–5456, May 11, 2020 (10.5194/acp-20-5437-2020).
Suzuki, K., T. Hiyama, K. Matsuo, K. Ichii, Y. Iijima, and D. Yamazaki, Accelerated continental-scale snowmelt andecohydrological impacts in the four largest Siberian river basins in response to spring warming. Hydrol. Process.,
34(19), 3867–3881, Sep. 15, 2020 (10.1002/hyp.13844).
Takahashi, H., M. Lebsock, Z. J. Luo, H. Masunaga, and C. Wang, Detection and tracking of tropical convective storms basedon globally gridded precipitation measurements: Algorithm and Survey over the Tropics. J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 60(3), 403–421, Mar. 2021 (10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0171.1).
Takahashi, H., C. M. Wrasse, C. A. O. B. Figueiredo, D. Barros, I. Paulino, P. Essien, M. A. Abdu, Y. Otsuka, and K. Shiokawa,
Equatorial plasma bubble occurrence under propagation of MSTID and MLT gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. Space
Phys., 125(9), e2019JA027566, Sep. 2020 (10.1029/2019JA027566).
Takahashi, H., N. Hirade, N. Uchida, K. Hirose, T. Mizuno, Y. Fukazawa, K. Yamaoka, H. Tajima, and M. Ohno, Silicon
photomultiplier (Si-PM) comparisons for low-energy gamma ray readouts with BGO and CsI (Tl) scintillators. Nucl.
Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 989, 164945, Feb. 11, 2021
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Takahashi, N., Analysis of surface cross-sectional data taken during the 90° yaw experiment of the TRMM precipitation radar.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 58(8), 5729–5738, Aug. 2020 (10.1109/TGRS.2020.2969192).
Takenaka, A., K. Abe, C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, M. Ikeda, S. Imaizumi, H. Ito, J. Kameda, Y. Kataoka, Y. Kato et al. (Y. Itow,
H. Menjo, T. Niwa, K. Sato, M. Taani, M. Tsukada), Search for proton decay via p → e+π0 and p →μ+π0 with anenlarged fiducial volume in Super-Kamiokande I-IV. Phys. Rev. D, 102(11), 112011, Dec. 22, 2020
(10.1103/PhysRevD.102.112011).
Takeshita Y., K. Shiokawa, Y. Miyoshi, M. Ozaki, Y. Kasahara, S. Oyama, M. Connors, J. Manninen, V. K. Jordanova,
D. Baishev et al., Study of spatiotemporal development of global distribution of magnetospheric ELF/VLF waves
using ground-based and satellite observations, and RAM-SCB simulations, for the March and November 2017storms. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(2) , 2020JA028216, Feb. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA028216).
Takigawa, M., P. K. Patra, Y. Matsumi, S. K. Dhaka, T. Nakayama, K. Yamaji, M. Kajino, and S. Hayashida, Can Delhi’s
pollution be affected by crop fires in the Punjab region?. SOLA, 16, 86–91, Apr. 6, 2020 (10.2151/sola.2020-015).
Thomas, N., K. Shiokawa, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Kasahara, I. Shinohara, A. Kumamoto, F. Tsuchiya, A. Matsuoka, S. Kasahara,
S. Yokota, K. Keika, T. Hori et al., Investigation of small-scale electron density irregularities observed by the Arase and
Van Allen Probes satellites inside and outside the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(3), e2020JA027917,
Mar. 2021 (10.1029/2020JA027917).
Tian, H. Z., K. Xu, J. I. Goes, Q. Liu, H. R. Gomes, and M. Yang, Shoreline changes along the coast of mainland China-time topause and reflect? ISPRS Int. Geo-Inf., 9(10), 572, Oct. 2020 (10.3390/ijgi9100572).
Tokumaru, M., K. Tawara, K. Takefuji, M. Sekido, and T. Terasawa, Radio sounding measurements of the solar corona using
Giant Pulses of the Crab pulsar in 2018. Sol. Phys., 295(6), 80, Jun. 19, 2020 (10.1007/s11207-020-01644-w).
Tolstikov, M. V., A. V. Oinats, I. V. Medvedeva, and N. Nishitani, Method for estimating neutral wind azimuth using 2D TID
propagation parameters. Proc. IEEE, 9232189, Aug. 2020 (10.23919/URSIGASS49373.2020.9232189).
Tomita, H., M. F. Cronin, and S. Ohishi, Asymmetric air-sea heat flux response and ocean impact to synoptic-scale atmosphericdisturbances observed at JKEO and KEO buoys. Sci Rep., 11(1), 469, Jan. 11, 2021 (10.1038/s41598-020-80665-8).
Toyoda, T., H. Nakano, H. Aiki, T. Ogata, Y. Fukutomi, Y. Kanno, L. Urakawa, K. Sakamoto, G. Yamanaka, and M. Nagura,
Energy flow diagnosis of ENSO from an ocean reanalysis. J. Clim., in press (10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0704.1).
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Tsuda, T. T., C. Li, S. Hamada, K. Hosokawa, S.-I. Oyama, S. Nozawa, T. Kawabata, A. Mizuno, J. Kurihara, T. Nishiyama,and M. J. Kosch, OI 630.0 nm and N2 1PG emissions in pulsating aurora events observed by an optical
spectrograph at Tromsø, Norway. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(12), e2020JA028250, Dec. 2020
(10.1029/2020JA028250).
Tsujino, S., and K. Tsuboki, Intensity change of Typhoon Nancy (1961) during landfall in a moist environment over Japan: Anumerical simulation with spectral nudging. J. Atmos. Sci., 77(4), 1429–1454, Apr. 1, 2020 (10.1175/JAS-D-19-0119.1).
Tsujino, S., K. Tsuboki, H. Yamada, T. Ohigashi, K. Ito, and N. Nagahama, Intensification and maintenance of a double warmcore structure in Typhoon Lan (2017) simulated by a cloud-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 78(2), 595–617, Feb. 1,
2021 (10.1175/JAS-D-20-0049.1).
Tsujino, S., T. Horinouchi, T. Tsukada, H.-C. Kuo, H. Yamada, and K. Tsuboki, Inner-core wind field in a concentric eyewall
replacement of Typhoon Trami (2018): A quantitative analysis based on the Himawari-8 satellite. J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., in press (10.1029/2020JD034434).
Tulasi Ram, S., K. K. Ajith, T. Yokoyama, M. Yamamoto, K. Hozumi, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, and G. Li, Dilatory anddownward development of 3-m scale irregularities in the funnel-like region of a rapidly rising equatorial plasma
bubble. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47(13), e2020GL087256, Jul. 16, 2020 (10.1029/2020GL087256).
Uchida, H. A., R. Kataoka, A. Kadokura, K. Murase, A. S. Yukimatu, Y. Miyoshi, K. Shiokawa, Y. Ebihara, K. Hosokawa,
A. Matsuoka et al., Asymmetric development of auroral surges in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 47(13), e2020GL088750, Jul. 16, 2020 (10.1029/2020GL088750).
Uchikawa, Y., L. Cowley, H. Hayakawa, D. M. Willis, and F. R. Stephenson, Provenance of the cross sign of 806 in the AngloSaxon Chronicle: A possible lunar halo over continental Europe? Hist. Geo- Space Sci., 11(1), 81–92, Apr. 20, 2020
(10.5194/hgss-11-81-2020).
Umeda, T., Paradigm shift in program structure of particle-in-Cell simulations. Advances in Parallel Computing, 36, 455–464,
Apr. 2020 (10.3233/APC200072).
Vigouroux, C., B. Langerock, C. A. B. Aquino, T. Blumenstock, Z. Cheng, M. De Mazière, I. De Smedt, M. Grutter,
J. W. Hannigan, N. Jones et al. (T. Nagahama), TROPOMI–Sentinel-5 Precursor formaldehyde validation using an
extensive network of ground-based Fourier-transform infrared stations. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13(7), 3751–3767, Jul.
10, 2020 (10.5194/amt-13-3751-2020).
Vissers, G. J. M., S. Danilovic, J. de la Cruz Rodriguez, J. Leenaarts, R. Morosin, C. J. Diaz Baso, A. Reid, J. Pomoell,
D. J. Price, and S. Inoue, Non-LTE inversions of a confined X2.2 flare: I. The vector magnetic field in thephotosphere and chromosphere. Astron. Astrophys., 645, A1, Dec. 21, 2020 (10.1051/0004-6361/202038900).
Wacker, L., E. M. Scott, A. Bayliss, D. Brown, E. Bard, S. Bollhalder, M Friedrich, M. Capano, A. Cherkinsky, D. Chivall et al.
(F. Miyake, T. Nakamura), Findings from an in-depth annual tree-ring radiocarbon intercomparison. Radiocarbon,
62(4), 873–882, Sep. 4, 2020 (10.1017/RDC.2020.49).
Wada, A., H. Tomita, and S. Kako, Comparison of the third-generation Japanese ocean flux data set J-OFURO3 with numericalsimulations of Typhoon Dujuan (2015) traveling south of Okinawa. J. Oceanogr., 76, 419–437, Dec. 2020
(10.1007/s10872-020-00554-6).
Wada, R., K. Tonokura, S. Koba, T. Imamura, K. Nakai, H. Ushiyama, K. Yamashita, Y. Matsumi, S. Enami, and P. W. Seakin,
Theoretical study on the enthalpies of adduct formation between alkyl iodides and chlorine atoms. Chem. Phys. Lett.,
762, 138140, Jan. 2021 (10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138140).
Wada, Y., T. Enoto, M. Kubo, K. Nakazawa, T. Shinoda, D. Yonetoku, T. Sawano, T. Yuasa, T. Ushio, Y. Sato, G. S. Diniz, and
H. Tsuchiya, Meteorological aspects of gamma-ray glows in winter thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press(10.1029/2020GL091910).
Wakasugi, Y., S. Wakaki, Y. Tanioka, K. Ichino, M. Tsuboi, Y. Asahara, and A. Noda, A chronological and geochemical studyof the Tadamigawa older-stage granites: Igneous activity in the west of the Tanakura Tectonic Line (TTL) of
90

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northeastern Japan. Geochem. J., 54(4), 203–220, Aug. 27, 2020 (10.2343/geochemj.2.0603 2020/8/27).
Wang, C.-C., K.-Y. Lin, C. A. Davis, S.-Y. Huang, S. C.-S. Liu, K. Tsuboki, and B. J.-D. Jou, A modeling study on the impactsof Typhoon Morakot’s (2009) vortex structure on rainfall in Taiwan using piecewise potential vorticity inversion. J.
Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 98(4), 707–733, Aug. 18, 2020 (10.2151/jmsj.2020-036).
Wang, C.-C., Y.-H. Chen, M.-C. Li, H.-C. Kuo, and K. Tsuboki, On the separation of upper and low-level centres of tropicalstorm Kong-Rey (2013) near Taiwan in association with asymmetric latent heating. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 147(735),
1135–1149, Jan. 2021 (10.1002/qj.3963).
Wang, Y. B., L. M. Kistler, C. G. Mouikis, J. C. Zhang, J. Y. Lu, D. Welling, L. Rastaetter, S. Bingham, Y. W. Jin, L. Wang, and
Y. Miyoshi, Formation of the low-energy “Finger” ion spectral structure near the inner edge of the plasma sheet.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47(22), e2020GL089875, Nov. 28, 2020 (10.1029/2020GL089875).
Wang, Y., Z. Cao, Z.-Y. Xing, Q.-H. Zhang, P. T. Jayachandran, K. Oksavik, N. Balan, and K. Shiokawa, GPS scintillations and
TEC variations in association with a polar cap arc. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(3), e2020JA028968, Mar.
2021 (10.1029/2020JA028968).
Watanabe, K., H. Jin, S. Nishimoto, S. Imada, T. Kawai, T. Kawate, Y. Otsuka, A. Shinbori, T. Tsugawa, and M. Nishioka,
Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global
environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017. Earth Planets Space, in press (10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6).
Watanabe, T., N. Tsuchiya, S. Yamasaki, Y. Sawai, N. Hosoda, F. W. Nara, T. Nakamura, and T. Komai, A geochemical
approach for identifying marine incursions: Implications for tsunami geology on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan.
Appl. Geochem., 118, 104644, Jul. 2020 (10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104644).
Xia, Y., S. Nozawa, J. Jiao, J. Wang, F. Li, X. Cheng, Y. Yang, L. Du, and G. Yang, Statistical study on sporadic sodium layers(SSLs) based on diurnal sodium lidar observations at Beijing, China (40.5 °N, 116 °E). J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys.,212, 105512, Jan. 2021 (10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105512).
Xu, H., and K. Shiokawa, Severe magnetic fluctuations in the near-Earth magnetotail: Spectral analysis and dependence on
solar activity. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(7), e2020JA027834, Jul. 2020 (10.1029/2020JA027834).
Yadav, S., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, M. Connors, and J.-P. St Maurice, Multi-wavelength imaging observations of STEVE at
Athabasca, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 126(2), e2020JA028622, Feb. 2, 2021 (10.1029/2020JA028622).
Yadav, S., R. K. Choudhary, J. Kumari, S. Sunda, P. R. Shreedevi, and T. K. Pant, Reverse fountain and the nighttimeenhancement in the ionospheric electron density over the equatorial region: A case study. J. Geophys. Res. Space
Phys., 125(5), e2019JA027286 , May 2020 (10.1029/2019JA027286).
Yamakawa, T., K. Seki, T. Amano, N. Takahashi, and Y. Miyoshi, Excitation of internally driven ULF waves by the driftbounce resonance with ring current ions based on the drift-kinetic simulation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 125(11),e2020JA028231, Nov. 2020 (10.1029/2020JA028231).
Yamamoto, K., T. Kubota, N. Takahashi, K. Kanemaru, T. Masaki, and K. Furukawa, A feasibility study on wide swath
observation by spaceborne precipitation radar. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., 13, 3047–3057,
Jun. 1, 2020 (10.1109/JSTARS.2020.2998724).
Yamasaki, D., S. Inoue, S. Nagata, and K. Ichimoto, Evolution of the nonpotential magnetic field in the solar active region 12673
based on a nonlinear force-free modeling. Astrophys. J., 908(2), 132, Feb. 18, 2021 (10.3847/1538-4357/abcfbb).
Yang, M. M., F. A. Khan, H. Tian, and Q. Liu, Analysis of the monthly and spring-neap tidal variability of satellite chlorophyll-a
and total suspended matter in a turbid coastal ocean using the DINEOF method. Remote Sens., 13(4), 632, Feb. 10,2021 (10.3390/rs13040632).
Yang, M. M., J. I. Goes, H. Tian, E. D. Maúre, and J. Ishizaka, Effects of spring–neap tidal cycle on spatial and temporalvariability of satellite chlorophyll-a in a macrotidal embayment, Ariake Sea, Japan. Remote Sens, 12(11), 1859, Jun.
2020 (10.3390/rs12111859).
Yoshida, A., N. Moteki, S. Ohata, T. Mori, M. Koike, Y. Kondo, H. Matsui, N. Oshima, A. Takami, and K. Kita, Abundances
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9. Publications and Presentations

and microphysical properties of light-absorbing iron oxide and black carbon aerosols over East Asia and the Arctic. J.
Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125(15), e2019JD032301, Aug. 16, 2020 (10.1029/2019JD032301).
Yoshida, H., R. Kuma, H. Hasegawa, N. Katsuta, S. Sirono, M. Minami, S. Nishimoto, N. Takagi, S. Kadowaki, and
R. Metcalfe, Syngenetic rapid growth of ellipsoidal silica concretions with bitumen cores. Sci Rep., 11(1), 4230, Feb.
19, 2021 (10.1038/s41598-021-83651-w).
Yoshioka, K., Y. Miyoshi, S. Kurita, M. Teramoto, F. Tsuchiya, A. Yamazaki, G. Murakami, T. Kimura, H. Kita, I. Yoshikawa,and Y. Kasaba, Long-term monitoring of energetic protons at the bottom of Earth’s radiation belt. Space Weather,19(1), e2020SW002611, Jan. 2021 (10.1029/2020SW002611).
Yue, C., Q. Ma, C.-W. Jun, J. Bortnik, Q. Zong, X. Zhou, E. Jang, Ge. D. Reeves, H. E. Spence, and J. R. Wygant, The
modulation of plasma and waves by background electron density irregularities in the inner magnetosphere. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 47(15), e2020GL088855, Aug. 16, 2020 (10.1029/2020GL0888559).
Yuguchi, T., Y. Ogita, T. Kato, R. Yokota, E. Sasao, and T. Nishiyama, Crystallization processes of quartz in a granitic magma:
Cathodoluminescence zonation pattern controlled by temperature and titanium diffusivity. J. Asian Earth Sci., 192,
104289, May 2020 (10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104289).
Zharkova, S., S. Matthews, V. Zharkov, M. Druett, S. Inoue, I. E. Dammasch, and C. Macrae, Sunquake with a second bounce,
other sunquakes, and emission associated with the X9.3 flare of 6 September 2017: I. Observations. Astron.
Astrophys., 639, A78, Jul. 10, 2020 (10.1051/0004-6361/201936755).
Zharkova, V., S. Zharkov, M. Druett, S. Matthews, and S. Inoue, Sunquake with a second bounce, other sunquakes, andemission associated with the X9.3 flare of 6 September 2017: II. Proposed interpretation. Astron. Astrophys., 639,
A79, Jul. 10, 2020 (10.1051/0004-6361/202037885).

Books (April 2020–March 2021)
Hiyama T., D. Yang, and D. L. Kane, Permafrost Hydrology: Linkages and Feedbacks. 471–491, in Arctic Hydrology,
Permafrost and Ecosystems, edited by D. Yang, and D. L. Kane, 914pp, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, Aug. 29, 2020
(10.1007/978-3-030-50930-9_16).
Kummerow, C. D., S. Tanelli, N. Takahashi, K. Furukawa, M. Klein, and V. Levizzan, Plans for Future Missions. 99–119, inSatellite Precipitation Measuremen: vol. 1 (Advances in Global Change Research, vol. 67), edited by V. Levizzani, C. Kidd,
D. Kirschbaum, C. Kummerow, K. Nakamura, and F. Turk, 521pp, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, Apr. 11, 2020
(10.1007/978-3-030-24568-9_6).
Two more books were published in Japanese.

Publication of Proceedings (April 2020–March 2021)
Title

Date of Publication

The Nagoya University bulletin of chronological research Vol. 4

Jun. 19, 2020

The 25th Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry: Book of Abstracts

Nov. 2020

The Nagoya University bulletin of chronological research Vol. 5

92Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

Mar. 31, 2021

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Conference Presentations (April 2020–March 2021)
 International Conferences＊Session Conveners

Title

Venue

Date

Number of
Presentations

Organizers

Staffsand
PDs

Students

Total

InvitedEGU General Assembly 2020

OnlineMay 4–8, 2020

0

3

0

3

0

JpGU – AGU Joint Meeting 2020－Virtual

OnlineJul.12–16, 2020

1
9*

56

31

87

8

Goldschmidt Virtual 2020

OnlineJul. 21–26, 2020

0

0

1

1

0

IBS and KMI Joint Workshop 2020

OnlineAug. 24–26, 2020

0

1

0

1

0

OnlineAug. 24–26, 2020

1

4

0

4

2

Convection-Permitting Modeling for Climate Research
OnlineCurrent and Future Challenges

Sep. 2–4, 2020

0

1

0

1

1

XI International Conference “Solar-Terrestrial Relations
Paratunka, Russia/ Online
and Physics of Earthquakes Precursors”

Sep. 22–25, 2020

1

1

0

1

0

International Symposium on Data Science 2020

Sep. 23–25, 2020

1

0

0

0

0

4th Workshop of WESTPAC WG06: A framework forcooperative studies in the Western Pacific Marginal Seas: Online
Energy and materials exchange between land and open ocean

Oct. 6–7, 2020

0

1

0

1

0

NASA PMM Science team meeting

OnlineOct. 19–23, 2020

0

1

0

1

0

CHAMOS workshop 2020

OnlineOct. 20–22, 2020

0

1

0

1

0

4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Plasma Physics

OnlineOct. 26–31, 2020

0

2

1

3

1

The 29th International Toki Conference on Plasma andOnlineFusion Research

Oct. 27–30, 2020

0

2

0

2

1

UJI Reconnection Workshop (URW) 2020

OnlineNov. 5, 2020

0

2

0

2

1

Kashiwa Dark Matter symposium 2020

OnlineNov. 16–19, 2020

1

0

0

0

0

The 9th VERSIM Workshop

OnlineNov. 16–20, 2020

5

9

1

10

2

The 11th Symposium on Polar Science

OnlineNov. 16–Dec.18,
2020

0

6

3

9

0

The 21st EA Sub-mm-wave Receiver Technology
OnlineWorkshopNov. 24–25, 2020

0

1

0

1

0

AGU Fall Meeting

OnlineDec. 1–17, 2020

0

19

11

30

0

The extreme Universe viewed in very-high-energy
Onlinegamma rays 2020

Dec. 3–4, 2020

1

0

0

0

0

YITP workshop “Connecting high-energy astroparticle
physics for origins of cosmic rays and future Kyoto, Japan/Online
perspectives”

Dec. 7–10, 2020

1

0

1

1

0

ApproachesforHydrospheric-Atmospheric
OnlineEnvironmental Studies in Asia-Oceania

Dec. 17–18, 2020

1

1

0

1

0

The 8th Asian/17th Korea-Japan Workshop on Ocean
OnlineColor 2020

Dec. 21–23, 2020

0

1

3

4

0

2nd Workshop for Atmospheric Neutrino Production in
Onlinethe MeV to PeV range

Jan.12–13, 2021

3

1

0

1

0

43rd COSPAR Scientific AssemblyJan. 28–Feb. 4, 2021

0

10

1

11

6

Technology for Next Generation
Environmental Radio Science

Space-Earth

OnlineOnlineInstitute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 93

9. Publications and Presentations

Title

Venue

Date

Number of
Presentations

Organizers

Staffsand
PDs

Students

Total

InvitedNew perspective of inner heliosphere studies ~ Toward
OnlineSolar Cycle 25 ~Feb. 15–16, 2021

1

1

0

1

1

ISEE International Joint Research Program “Modelingthe transport and deposition of cosmogenic isotopes of Online
historical MIYAKE Events and recent decades”

Mar. 2–3, 2021

0

1

0

1

0

International conference and school on dynamic
variation of particles and waves in the innermagnetosphere and ionosphere using satellite and Online
ground-network observations and modeling (PWINGERG conference and school)

Mar. 8–12, 2021

2

7

0

7

2

The 44th annual apatity seminar, Physics of Auroral
OnlinePhenomena

Mar. 15–19, 2021

0

3

0

3

1

1st Workshop for Interplay of Neutrino and Dark matter
OnlineExperiments and Exotics Searches (INDEES 2021)

Mar. 18–19, 2021

1

2

0

2

2

20
9*

137

53

190

28

Total

 Domestic Coferences＊Session Conveners

Number of Conferences

Organizers

52

33
8*

Number of Presentations
Staffs and PDs

Students

Total

Invited

151

67

217

5

 Lectures for Researchers
Date

Title

Number of
Paticipants

May 26, 2020
Jul. 20, 2020
Sep. 10, 2020
Nov. 17, 2020
Jan. 14, 2021
Jan. 19, 2021

SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar (1st–6th)

83
168
19
96
100
65

Jan. 22, 2021
Mar. 5, 2021
Mar. 29, 2021

SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture (1st–3rd)

40
47
50

Feb. 3, 2021

CICR colloquium

27

Mar. 8, 2021
Mar. 9, 2021

PWING school on the inner magnetosphere and data analysis tool

100

94

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9. Publications and Presentations

Awards Staffs and PDs
Award Winners
Yuichi Otsuka

DateApr. 2020

AwardsTitle

Advances in Space Research Top
Reviewer 2019

One of the 10 Top Reviewers in 2019 by the journal“Advances in Space Research”

Shoya Matsuda

Aug. 3, 2020

The 2019 Earth, Planets and Space(EPS) Young Researcher Award

Matsuda et al., Onboard software of Plasma Wave
Experiment aboard Arase: instrument management andsignal processing of Waveform Capture/Onboard
Frequency Analyzer. Earth Planets Space, 70, 75,
10.1186/s40623-018-0838-0a, 2018

Fumio Abe
(F.A. Masaomi Tanaka)

Sep. 9, 2020

PASJ Excellent Paper Award

Tanaka et al., Kilonova from post-merger ejecta as an
optical and near-Infrared counterpart of GW170817.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 69(6),102, 10.1093/pasj/psx121, 2017

Kazumasa Iwai

Nov. 3, 2020

Obayashi Early Career Scientist
Award, SGEPPS

Studies on solar atmosphere and heliosphere based on thedevelopment of leading-edge radio telescopes

Masafumi Hirahara(F.A. Satoshi Kasahara)

Nov. 3, 2020

SGEPSS Outstanding Paper Award

Medium-energy
particleexperiments-electron
analyzer (MEP-e) for the exploration of energization
and radiation in geospace (ERG) mission, Earth,Planets and Space, 70, 69, 10.1186/s40623-0180847-z, 2018

Yuichi Otsuka

Jan. 2021

Excellent Reviewer 2020, Earth
Planets and Space

Important contribution as a reviewer of Earth Planets
and Space

Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Feb. 4, 2021

Inoue Prize for Sceince

Study on accelerations and scattering of the energetic
electrons in Geospace as an elementary process ofspace weather

Additionally, one domestic award StudentsAward Winners

DateAwardsMay 28, 2020Society of Geomagnetism and Earth,Planetary and Space Sciences(SGEPSS) Student Presentation
Award (Aurora Medal)

Hiroki Ito

Yudai Inaba

Yuichiro Asakura(F.A. Masaomi Tanaka)

Yudai Inaba

Title
Flux decrease of outer radiation belt electrons
associated with solar wind pressure pulse: A code
coupling simulation
First plasma and field observations in themagnetospheric source region of Stable Auroral Red(SAR) arc by the Arase satellite

Sep. 9, 2020

PASJ Excellent Paper Award

Tanaka et al., Kilonova from post-merger ejecta as an
optical and near-Infrared counterpart of GW170817.
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 69(6),102, 10.1093/pasj/psx121, 2017

Feb. 21, 2021

Outstanding Student Presentation
Award (OSPA), AGU Fall Meeting
2020

Multi-event analysis of plasma and field variations inthe source of Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arcs in the
inner magnetosphere during non-storm time
substorms

Additionally, two domestic awards

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 95

10. Education

10. Education
The Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research (ISEE) primarily offers graduate programs in the Science,
Engineering, and Environmental Studies schools of Nagoya University. The ISEE has its own graduate course for Heliosphericand Geospace Physics in the Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science of the Graduate School of Science. ISEE also
cooperates with the Department of Electrical Engineering, through the Space Electromagnetic Environment group in the
Graduate School of Engineering, and the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, through the Chronology and Natural
History, and Global Water Cycle groups, in the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, by teaching / training graduate
students in disciplines related to space–earth environmental research.
Our graduate students use various methodologies and techniques, including ground observation, fieldwork, laboratory
experiments, radioactive dating, numerical simulations and modeling, and theoretical research. Their work includes thedevelopment of satellite, balloon, and aircraft instruments—and the analysis of observational data. As ISEE members conduct
research that involves analyzing data captured by both domestic and international instrument platforms, and / or by collaborative
research with foreign researchers, our students are actively pioneering new research fields, through their involvement with other
scholars in international collaborations, and in interdisciplinary research. Their studies mature as MSc or PhD theses, which arepresented at international workshops and conferences, and published in academic journals. We nurture researchers who canapply their knowledge to benefit society, who have a broad perspective, and who demonstrate an international perspective.

Staff association between the research divisions in the ISEE and the graduate schools

●

●

●

●

●

●

Land–Ocean
Ecosystem
Research●

ChronologicalResearchCenter for Orbitaland Suborbital
Observations●●

Ionospheric andMagnetosphericResearchCenter for International
Collaborative
Research

Oceanography●

Hydroclimatology

Atmospheric
Chemistry

Environmental
History

Geochronology

Cloud andPrecipitation
Sciences

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research●●

HeliosphericResearch●●Center forIntergrated Data
Science

96

Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences Course
Global Water Cycle●

Cosmic-Ray
Research

Meteorological andAtmosphericResearch

Earth and Planetary
Sciences Course
Chronology andNatural History

Meteorology●

Integrated
Studies

Information
Engineering

Electrical Engineering
Course SpaceElectromagnetic
Environment

Space
Observation

Heliospheric and Geospace Physics

Heliospheric
PlasmaPhysics (SW)

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

Cosmic-Ray
Physics(CR)

Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science

Solar and Space
Physics - Theory(SST)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies

Department ofElectrical EngineeringandComputer Science

Space Science –Experiment(SSE)

Graduate School ofEngineering

Atmospheric andEnvironmental
Science (AM)

Graduate School of Science

●
●

●

●

●
●

●

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

●

●

●
●

●

●

●

●
●

●

10. Education

Number of Students supervised by ISEE Staff(April 1, 2020–March 31, 2021)

M1

M2

D1

D2

D3

Undergraduate
Students

Non-regularstudents

Total

Graduate School of Science

11

9

3

2

6

-

0

31

Graduate School of Engineering

11

8

0

0

0

-

0

19

Graduate School ofEnvironmental Studies

11

18

3

1

7

-

6 *1 *2

46

School of Science

-

-

-

-

-

7

0

7

School of Engineering

-

-

-

-

-

11

2*2

13

ISEE

-

-

-

-

-

-

2*2

2

Total

33

35

6

3

13

18

10

118

Cumulative total in FY 2020 *1 Special Research Student, *2 Research Student

Faculty Members(April 1, 2020–March 31, 2021)

 Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science
Field/Topics

Professor

Associate Professor

Solar-Terrestrial Environmental
ScienceAkira Mizuno

Tomoo Nagahama

Masafumi Hirahara

Satonori Nozawa

Solar-Terrestrial Interrelation
Science

Solar-Terrestrial Physics

Lecturer

Assistant Professor

Shin-ichiro Oyama

Yuichi Otsuka
Kanya Kusano

Satoshi Masuda

Yoshitaka Itow

Yutaka Matsubara

Hiroyasu Tajima

Fusa Miyake

Munetoshi Tokumaru

Kazumasa Iwai

Akimasa Ieda
Akira Okumura

Hiroaki Menjo
Ken-ichi Fujiki Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering
Field/Topics

Professor

Associate Professor

Kazuo Shiokawa

Nozomu Nishitani

Lecturer

Assistant Professor
Taku Nakajima

Masahito NoséSpace Electromagnetic
Environment

Martinez-Calderon Claudia
Yoshizumi Miyoshi

Takayuki Umeda

Shinsuke Imada Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Field/Topics

Professor
Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Taro Shinoda

Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences Course
Global Water Cycle

Nobuhiro Takahashi

Hirohiko Masunaga

Earth and Planetary Sciences Course
Chronology and Natural History

Associate Professor

Lecturer

Sho Ohata

Michihiro Mochida
Tetsuya Hiyama

Naoyuki Kurita

Joji Ishizaka

Hidenori Aiki

Masayo Minami

Takenori Kato

Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Assistant Professor

Hatsuki Fujinami
Yoshihisa Mino
Hirotaka Oda

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9710. Education

Undergraduate Education
Based on demand, the faculty of the institute offers numerous undergraduate courses in the School of Science, the Schoolof Engineering, and in other departments and at other universities in the adjacent area.

 During the 2020 Academic Year, The Following Courses were offered;98Astrophysics and Space Science

Astrophysics III

Earth and Planetary Science Seminar I

Electric Circuits with Exercise

Electromagnetic Wave EngineeringElectronic and Information EngineeringElectronic and Information Engineering for Automobiles



Environmental Chemistry

Experimental Physics

Experiments in Physics - Advanced CourseFirst Year Seminar AFrontier of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Geochemical Analysis II and Experiments

Geology Experiments

Graduation Thesis A・BIntroduction to Electrical

Introduction to Electrical Electronic and Information EngineeringIntroduction to Physics I

Introduction to Physics IIIsotope Geochemistry

Laboratory in Physics

Mathematics I and Tutorial A

Mathematics I and Tutorial BMathematics II and Tutorial

MeteorologyPhysics Experiments IPhysics Experiments IIProbability Theory and Numerical Analysis with ExercisesRemote sensingScience of Atmospheric-Hydrospehric EnvironmentSolar System ScienceTopics in Advanced Physics

View of Advanced Electrical

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

11. International Relations
Academic Exchange(29 in total)
Institution

Country/Region

Establishment

Indonesia

May 31,1988

Pukyong National University, College of Fisheries Sciences

Korea

October 2, 2006

Korean Space Weather Center

Korea

December 24, 2012

Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Ocean Satellite Center

Korea

April 17, 2014

Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

China

February 20, 2001

Polar Research Institute of China

China

November 11, 2005

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University

TaiwanOctober 30, 2009

Center for Weather Climate and Disaster Research, National Taiwan University

TaiwanSeptember 3, 2014

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Department of Physics

Bangladesh

March 4, 2008

National Institute of Water andAtmospheric Research

New Zealand

July 26, 1989

Centre for Geophysical Research, University of Auckland

New Zealand

December 7, 1992

Faculty of Science, University of Canterbury

New Zealand

July 30, 1998

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks

U.S.A.

July 16, 1990

Space Environment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S.A.

December 15, 1992

National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S.A.

January 5, 1993

Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

U.S.A.

October 24, 1994

Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California at San Diego.

U.S.A.

December 22, 1997

Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University

U.S.A.

January 23, 2013

Chacaltaya Cosmic Ray Observatory, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor de San
Andres, La Paz

Bolivia

February 20, 1992

National Institute for Space Research

BrazilMarch 5, 1997

Yerevan Physics InstituteArmenia

October 18, 1996

Swedish Institute of Space Physics

SwedenSeptember 1, 2005
(since March 25, 1993)

Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

NorwayMay 3, 2019
(since October 8, 1993)

Department of Geophysics, Finnish Meteorological Institute

FinlandOctober 21, 1994

Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radiowave Propagation, Far Eastern Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences

RussiaApril 14, 2007

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

RussiaOctober 28, 2008

Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of theRussian Academy of Sciences

RussiaNovember 28, 2012

The Polar Geophysical Institute, Murmansk

RussiaMarch 13, 2017

International Science
CouncilJuly 30, 2019

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP)

Visitor : 1／Going Abroad : 0
Note: The List includes the academic exchanges established in the former organizations before ISEE.

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research9911. International Relations

Research Projects
 Major International Collaborative Projects
Research Project

ISEE
Representative(85 in total)
Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

Study of the Onset Mechanism of Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

Germany

1

University of Potsdam

Observational Study of the Onset Mechanism of
Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

U.S.A.
China

2

New Jersey Institute of Technology
University of Science and Technology of
China

Study of Modeling of Solar Eruptions

K. Kusano

U.S.A.

1

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics

Study of Triggering Mechanism of Solar Flares

K. Kusano

U.K.

1

UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory

Study of Magnetic Reconnection

K. Kusano

U.K.

1

University of Manchester

Radiation Belt Storm Probes Project

Y. Miyoshi

U.S.A.

1

NASA, JHUAPL

Modeling Study of Inner Magnetosphere

Y. Miyoshi

U.S.A.

1

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Collaborative Study on ERG Project

Y. Miyoshi

Taiwan1

Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy
and Astrophysics

23

NASA (SPDF, SDAC, HPDE, SPASE,
CCMC)
European Space Agency (ESA), Centre
National d’Études Spatiales

2

National Astronomical Observatory of China
KASI

6NASA, UCB, University of Minnesota,
University of Colorado, New Jersey
Institute of Technology, Southwest
Research Institute, Princeton University
Northumbria University, University ofGlasgow
University of Applied Sciences and Arts
Northwestern Switzerland
Eötvös Loránd University
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
Austrian Academy of Sciences

7

China
PolandBoston University, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, UCI, Duke University, George
Mason University, University of Hawaii,
Indiana University, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of Maryland, State
University of New York, University ofWashington
University of British Columbia, Universityof Toronto, TRIUMF
Queen Mary University of London, Imperial
College London, University of Liverpool,
University of Oxford, University of
Sheffield
Complutense University of Madrid
Chonnam National University, Seoul
National University, Sungkyunkwan
University
Tsinghua University
University of Warsaw

Italy
FranceSwitzerland
U.S.A.

4

University of Florence, Catania University
École Polytechnique
CERN
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

U.S.A.

International Heliophysics Data Environment
Alliance

Y. Miyoshi

Collaborative Researches Based on Solar Radio
Observations with MUSER

S. Masuda

Europe (Member
States of ESA)
China
Korea
U.S.A.

Physics of Energetic and Non-Thermal Plasmas in
the X (= magnetic reconnection) Region(PhoENiX) Mission

S. Masuda

U.K.
Switzerland
Hungary
Germany
Austria
U.S.A.

CanadaStudy in Cosmic Neutrinos by using a Large Water
Cherenkov Detector

Y. Itow

U.K.

Spain
Korea

Study in Interaction of Very High Energy Cosmic
Rays by using Large Hadron Collider

Y. Itow

100 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Study of Dark Matter and Solar Neutrinos using a
Liquid Xenon Detector

Y. Itow

Korea

1Seoul National University, Sejong University,
Korea Research Institute of standards andScience

Study in Interaction of Very High Energy Cosmic
Rays by using Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Y. Itow

Italy
U.S.A.

2

University of Florence, Catania University
Brookhaven National Laboratory

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.

Korea

Research and Development for the Next Generation
Water Cherenkov Detector, Hyper-Kamiokande

China
U.K.
13

Y. Itow
Italy
FranceSwitzerland
Spain
PolandBrazilCanada, Russia
Portugal
Germany

Study of Dark Matter and Solar Neutrinos using a
2-Phase Liquid Xenon TPC Detector

Y. Itow

Italy
Switzerland
U.S.A.

10

SwedenIsraelPortugal
France, UAE, Netherlands
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
U.K.
Research on Origin of Cosmic Rays with CTA(Cherenkov Telescope Array)

H. Tajima

U.S.A.

22

Brazil, Argentina,
Poland, Armenia,
Australia, Czech,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Finland, Greece,
Sweden Slovenia, India,
Ireland, South Africa

Boston University, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, UCI, Duke University, George
Mason University, Indiana University,
University of Hawaii, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of Maryland, State
University of New York, University ofWashington
Chonnam National University, Seoul
National University, Sungkyunkwan
University
Tsinghua University
Imperial College London, Lancaster
University, University of Oxford, Queen
Mary University of London, University of
Sheffield, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
INFN Sezione di Bari, INFN Sezione diNapoli, INFN Sezione di Padova, INFN
Sezione di Roma
CEA Saclay, École Polytechnique
University of Bern, Swiss Federal Instituteof Technology ZurichAutonomous University of Madrid
University of Warsaw
University of São Pauloand other Institutions
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron,
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Max-Planck-Institut
INFN, Università di Bologna
University of Zurich
Columbia University, University of
Chicago, Purdue University, UCSD
Stockholm University
Weizmann Institute of Science
University of Coimbra
and other institutions
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron,
Max-Planck-Institut, Heidelberg University
CENS, École Polytechnique, University of Paris
INFN, IFSI
University of Barcelona, Complutense
University of Madrid
University of Zürich
Durham University, University of Leicester,
University of Leeds
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,
Argonne National Laboratory, Universityof Washington, Iowa State University,
UCLA, UCSC, University of Chicago,
Smithsonian Observatory
and other institutions

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 101

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.

Research on Origin of Cosmic Rays with Fermi
Satellite

H. Tajima

Solar Flare Research with Hard X-Ray Spectral
Imaging Observations

H. Tajima

Solar Flare Research with Gamma-Ray Spectral
Imaging Observations with Polarimetry

H. Tajima

4

Stanford University, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, GSFC/NASA,
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, UCSC,
Sonoma State University, University ofWashington, Purdue University, Universityof Denver
CENS, CNRS, École Polytechnique
INFN, Italian Space Agency, IFSIRoyal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
University

U.S.A.

1

UCB, MSFC/NASA, Air Force ResearchLaboratory

U.S.A.

1

UCB, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, GSFC/NASA

4

Research Institute of Physics, University of
San Andrés
Yerevan Physics Institute
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
National Autonomous University of
Mexico2

The University of Arizona
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich

2
U.S.A.

University of Auckland, University ofCanterbury, Victoria University of
Wellington, Massey University
University of Maryland, NASA

5

LOFAR-UK
Lebedev Physical Institute
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Murchison Widefield ArrayFrance
Italy
SwedenBolivia
Study of Solar Neutrons

Y. Matsubara

Armenia
China
MexicoSearch for Cosmic-Ray Excursions in the Past bySingle-Year Measurements of 14C in Tree Rings
A Search for Dark Objects using the Gravitational
Microlensing EffectF. Miyake

U.S.A.
Switzerland
New ZealandF. AbeObservations of Interplanetary Disturbances using
the International IPS Network

M. Tokumaru

U.K.
RussiaIndia
MexicoAustralia

Study of 3-D Solar Wind Structure and Dynamics
Using Heliospheric Tomography

M. Tokumaru

U.S.A.

1

CASS/UCSD

Study on the Application of Interplanetary
Scintillation Observations to Space Weather Forecast

M. Tokumaru

Korea

1

Korean Space Weather Center

Study of the Heliospheric Boundary Region using
Observations of Interplanetary Scintillation

M. Tokumaru

U.S.A.

1

Interstellar Boundary Explorer, IMAP5

CESR-CNRS, CETP-IPSL
Institute for Solar Physics of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Boston University
University of BernFranceSwedenResearch and Development of the Plasma/Particle
Instrument Suite for the Mercury Magnetospheric
Exploration Mission

M. Hirahara

Future Satellite Mission for the Terrestrial
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere
Explorations by Formation Flight Observations and
its Feasibility Study and Collaboration of theSatellite and Ground-Based Observations

M. Hirahara

Sweden1

Swedish Institute of Space Physics,
Swedish National Space Board

Study on Science Subjects and Developmental
Techniques of Observational Instruments toward
Future Spacecraft Exploration Missions for theSpace-Earth Coupling System

M. Hirahara

U.S.A.
CanadaSweden3

University of Colorado Boulder, UCB
University of Calgary
Swedish Institute of Space Physics

K. Shiokawa

U.S.A., France,
Germany, U.K., Italy,
Canada, Australia,
India, China, andother countries

30

SCOSTEPPRESTO（Predictability of Variable Solar-Terrestrial
Coupling）

102 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

U.K.
U.S.A.
Switzerland

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

High-Sensitive Imaging Measurements of Airglow
and Aurora and Electromagnetic Waves in
Canadian Arctic

K. Shiokawa

Magnetic Conjugate Observations of Midlatitude
Thermospheric Disturbances

K. Shiokawa

Comparison of Dynamical Variations of the
Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere between
Asian and Brazilian Longitudes

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.
2

University of California, Augsburg
College, Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University
University of Calgary, Athabasca University

Australia

1

IPS Radio and Space Service

K. Shiokawa

Brazil1

INPE

Ground and Satellite Measurements of Geospace
Environment in the Far-Eastern Russia

K. Shiokawa

Russia1

Institute of Cosmophysical Research andRadiowave Propagation, Far Eastern
Branch, RAS

Observations of the Equatorial Ionosphere in
South-East Asia and West Africa

K. Shiokawa

Nigeria1

National Space Research and Development
Agency, Federal University of Technology
Akure, Tai Solarin University of Education

Observations of Waves and Particles in the Inner
Magnetosphere in the Siberian Region of Russia

K. Shiokawa

Russia1

Institute of Cosmophysical Research andAeronomy/SB RAS, ISTP/SB RAS

Collaborative Research and Operation in the Fieldof Space Weather Observations

Y. Otsuka

Indonesia

1

LAPAN

Observations and Researches of Ionosphere andUpper Atmosphere in Thailand

Y. Otsuka

Thailand1

Chiang Mai University, King Mongkut’s
Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

3

Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese
Academy of Sciences
LAPAN
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang

CanadaChina

Study on the Occurrence Characteristics ofIonospheric Irregularity and its Day-to-Day
Variability over Southern China and Southeast Asia
Regions

Y. Otsuka

Study of the Polar Upper Atmosphere using the
EISCAT Radars and Other Instruments

S. Nozawa

NorwaySweden, Finland,
Germany, U.K., China

M. NoséAustralia
TurkeyGermany
Spain
Denmark
U.S.A.

Derivation of Substorm Index from Low-Latitude
Geomagnetic Field Data

Indonesia
Thailand6

6

Geoscience AustraliaBoğaziçi University
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Universitat Ramon Llull
Technical University of Denmark
United States Geological Survey

9

JHUAPL, Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University
University of Leicester
LPC2E/CNRS
University of KwaZulu-Natal
La Trobe University
University of Saskatchewan
IFSI
ISTP/SB RAS
Polar Research Institute of China

3

Geophysical Institute of the University of
Alaska Fairbanks
University of Oulu, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Sodankylä GeophysicalObservatory, Lappeenranta-Lahti
University of Technology
The Swedish Institute of Space Physics,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology

5

University of Oulu, Finnish Meteorological
Institute
University of Otago
British Antarctic Survey
University Centre in Svalbard
University of Alaska Fairbanks

U.S.A.

Study of the Polar/Midlatitude Ionosphere andMagnetosphere using the SuparDARN HF Radar
NetworkN. Nishitani

U.K.
FranceSouth Africa
Australia
Canada
Italy
RussiaChina
U.S.A.
FinlandSDI-3D Project: Development of SDI

S. Oyama
SwedenFinlandStudy of Auroral Energetic Electron Precipitation(EEP) Impacts on the Upper/Middle Atmosphere

S. Oyama

New Zealand
U.K.
NorwayU.S.A.

UiT The Arctic University of Norway
EISCAT Scientific Association

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 103

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Study of Aerosols and Atmospheric Trace Gases byusing SAVER-Net Observation Network in SouthAmerica

A. Mizuno

High Energy Particles in Geospace: theAcceleration Mechanism and the Role in Earth’s
ClimateA. Mizuno

Source Apportionment of Organic Aerosols in
Beijing

M. Mochida

Collaborating
Country/Region
Argentina
Chile
Bolivia

Collaborating Organization

3

CEILAP, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
University of Magallanes, Dirección
Meteorológica de Chile
University of La Frontera, Universidad
Mayor de San Andrés

3

University of Colorado Boulder, UCLA,
University of Arizona
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
EISCAT Scientific Association

1

Tianjin University

3

University of Wollongong,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation,
NSW Department of Planning, Industry
and Environment
Georgia Institute of Technology, UCI
Lancaster University

U.S.A.
NorwaySwedenChina
Australia

Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading overAustralia (COALA)

M. Mochida
S. Ohata
U.S.A.
U.K.

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

N. Takahashi

U.S.A.

1

NASA

Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM)

H. Masunaga
N. Takahashi

U.S.A.

1

NASA

Tropical Cyclones-Pacific Asian ResearchCampaign for Improvement of Intensity
Estimations/Forecasts (T-PARCII)

K. Tsuboki
T. Shinoda

Taiwan1

National Taiwan University Atmospheric
Sciences

Advanced Study on Precipitation Enhancement inArid and Semi-Arid Regions

M. Murakami

United Arab Emirates

1

National Centre of Meteorology, Khalifa
University

Study on Tropical Convective-radiative Interactions

H. Masunaga

France1

Laboratoire de Meteorology Dynamique/
CNRS

Study on Topical-subtropical Atmospheric Dynamics

H. Masunaga

U.S.A.

1

University of Miami

Observational Study on Convective Self-Aggregation

H. Masunaga

U.K.

1

City University of New York

Satellite Algorithm Development for Tracking
Precipitating Clouds

H. Masunaga

U.S.A.

1

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Development and Validation of a Satellite-Based
Scheme to Estimate In-Cloud Vertical Velocity

H. Masunaga

U.S.A.

1

City University of New York

4

Norwegian Polar InstituteNational Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Government of Canada
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute

NorwayU.S.A.

Long-Term Observation of Black Carbon Aerosolsin the Arctic

S. Ohata

Continuous Observation of Methane at a Paddy
Field in Northern India

Y. Matsumi

India

1

University of Delhi

Observation of PM2.5 in Ulan Bator

Y. Matsumi

Mongolia

1

National University of Mongolia

Observation of PM2.5 in Hanoi

Y. Matsumi

Vietnam1

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

Validation of GOCI Products and Application toEnvironmental Monitoring of Japanese Coastal
WatersJ. Ishizuka

Korea

1

Korea Institute of Ocean Science andTechnology

Sea Surface Nitrate and Nitrate Based New
Production - Two Innovative Research Products
from SGLI on board GCOM-C

J. Ishizaka

U.S.A.

1

Columbia University

104 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

CanadaRussia11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Collaborating Organization

6

Korea Institute of Ocean Science andTechnology
Columbia University, East Carolina University
National Cheng Kung University
Burapha University
First Institute of Oceanography, Nanjing,
University of Science and Technology
University of Tartu

30

European Organisation for the Exploitationof Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)

Korea
Collection of Validation Dataset of GCOM-C
Coastal Products

J. Ishizaka

U.S.A.
TaiwanThailand
China
Estonia

Validation of Ocean Color Products in the Western
North Pacific and Japanese Coastal Waters:
Collaboration with JAXA GCOM-C Project

J. Ishizaka

Member States of
EUMETSAT:
Germany, U.K.,
France, Italy, Spain,
Netherlands and others
countries

Investigating the Optical Characteristics of Red
Tides in the Upper Gulf of Thailand

J. Ishizaka

Thailand1

University of Burapa, Kasetsart University

Integrated Land Ecosystem - Atmosphere Processes
Study (iLEAPS), one of the Global Research
Projects (GRPs) of the Future Earth

T. Hiyama

U.K., India, Finland,
New Zealand, China,
Koria and others
countries

6iLEAPS/Future Earth

Observational Study of Vegetation, Energy andWater in Eastern Siberia Towards Elucidation of
Climate and Carbon Cycle Changes

T. Hiyama

Russia1

Institute for Biological Problems of
Cryolithozone/SB RAS

Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II)
Project

T. Hiyama

U.S.A.

1

International Arctic Research Center of the
University of Alaska Fairbanks

Estimating Permafrost Groundwater Age in Central
Mongolia

T. Hiyama

Mongol1

Institute of Geography and Geoecology of
the Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Study of Methane Flux Observation in Eastern
Siberia and the Obtained Data Analysis

T. Hiyama

Russia1

Institute for Natural Science, North
Eastern Federal University

Study of Equatorial Waves in the Atmosphere andOcean

H. AikiGermany

1

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean
Research Kiel

1

Kathmandu University, Nepal Academy of
Science and Technology, International
Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development

5

India Meteorological Department, Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology,
University of RajasthanInternational Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development, Nepal Academyof Science and Technology, Kathmandu
University
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua
University
Pusan National University
and other institutions

3

Geological Survey of Israel, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem
Columbia University, University of
Minnesota Twin Cities
GFZ Helmholtz Centre Potsdam,
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
University of Geneva

An International Study on Precipitation Variability
in High-Altitude Areas of the Himalayas in Nepal

H. Fujinami

Nepal
India
Nepal

Asian Precipitation Experiment (AsiaPEX)

H. Fujinami
China
Korea
Bangladesh
IsraelInternational Continental Scientific Drilling
Program - Dead Sea Deep Drilling Project(ICDP-DSDDP)

H. Kitagawa

U.S.A.
Germany
Switzerland

Climate Change Reconstruction of the Central
Highlands in Vietnam

H. Kitagawa

Vietnam1

Vietnam Academy of Science andTechnology

Climate Reconstruction using Travertine from
Takht-e-Soleyman Area in Kurdistan, Iran

M. Minami

Iran

1

University of Kurdistan

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 105

11. International Relations

Research Project

ISEE
Representative

Collaborating
Country/Region

Study of Grand-Water Circulation Based on 14C
Ages of Underground Water and Hot-Spring Water
Samples from Korea

M. Minami

Korea

1

Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources

Establishment of Master Dendrochronological
Calibration Curve Around 660 BC using Annual
Tree Ring Samples from Poland

M. Minami

Poland1

Silesian University of Technology

Measurements of Cosmic-Ray-Produced 14C in Iron
Meteorites

M. Minami

U.S.A.

1

UCB

Geochronological Research on the Basement Rocksin Japan and Korea

T. KatoKorea

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources

Development of New Analytical Techniques andAccurate Quantification of Electron Microprobe
Analysis

T. KatoKorea

1Pusan National University

10

University of Houston, Texas A&M
University, Appalachian State University,
U.S. Army Engineer Research andDevelopment Center, University of
Massachusetts, University of South
Florida, Montclair State University,
University of Florida, Northern Illinois
University, Colorado College
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar andMarine Research, University of Bremen,
University of Kiel, Museum fürNaturkunde
University of Southampton, University ofBirmingham, British Antarctic Survey
Université de Perpignan
Stockholm University
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
China University of Geosciences, Tongji
University
Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
Research
GNS Science

Collaborating Organization

U.S.A.

Germany
International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)
Expedition 379: Amundsen Sea West Antarctic Ice
Sheet History

M. Yamane

U.K.
FranceSwedenNorway
China
Korea
India
New Zealand

106 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

11. International Relations

Visitors from Foreign Institutes(April 1, 2020–March 31, 2021)

Country/Region

Asia (3)Europe (2)(Including New
Independent States)

India

1

Korea

2

China

2

England1

Sweden

1

Total

5

5

2
7

Funding Source
Government-funding

2

Nagoya University

1

Self-funding

4

Total

7

Purpose
Joint Research
Total

7
7

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 107

11. International Relations

Online Seminars by Foreign Scientists
Date
July 20, 2020

Name
Ilya Usoskin

September 10,
2020

Joe Borovsky

September 28,
2020

Abraham Chian

November 17,
2020

Thomas Immel

January 14, 2021 Qiugang Zong

January 18, 2021 KD Leka*(14 in total)
Number of

Affiliation

Title

University of Oulu, Finland

2nd SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Extreme solar events: A
new paradigm

Space Science
U.S.A.

Participant

Institute, 3rd SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Developing a highly
predictable geomagnetic index to gauge magnetospheric activity
and space weather

University of Adelaide, Australia Solar Seminar/ Nonlinear dynamics of space plasmas
INPE, Brazil
UCB, U.S.A.

Peking University, China

168

19

15

4th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ The ionosphericconnection explorer - Results from the first year on orbit
5th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Magnetospheric
response to interplanetary shocks: ULF wave-particle interaction
perspective

96

100

NorthWest
Research Solar Seminar/ Improving the inputs (and outputs) for MHD
Associates, U.S.A.
models: how do we know what we know?

20

January 19, 2021 Mateja Dumbović University of Zagreb, Croatia 6th SCOSTEP/PRESTO Online Seminar/ Utilizing galactic
cosmic rays as signatures of interplanetary transients

65

January 22, 2021 David G. Sibeck

GSFC/ NASA, U.S.A.

1st SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Motivation forsoft X-ray imaging and plans for the STORM global imaging
missionFebruary 3, 2021 Chio Zong Cheng* Princeton University, U.S.A. 62nd ISEE/CICR colloquium (online)/ Physics of magnetic
reconnection
March 5, 2021

March 8, 2021

March 8, 2021

March 9, 2021

March 29, 2021

40

27

UlrichTaubenschuss

Institute of Atmospheric 2nd SCOSTEP Online Capacity Building Lecture/ Processing ofPhysics, AS CR, Czechia
electric and magnetic signals onboard the THEMIS spacecraft andapplications of polarization analysis

47

Ondrej Santolik

Institute of Atmospheric PWING School on the inner magnetosphere/ Spacecraft
Physics, AS CR, Czechia
measurements of whistler mode waves as a tool for investigation of
the inner magnetosphere107

Esa Turunen

Vania Jordanova

Jacob Bortnik

Director
Emeritusof PWING School on the inner magnetosphere/ High-energy particles
Sodankylä
Geophysical - atmosphere interaction
Observatory, University ofOulu, Finland
Los
AlamosNational PWING School on the inner magnetosphere/ Inner MagnetosphereLaboratory, U.S.A.
Plasma and Field Dynamics
UCLA, U.S.A.

3rd
SCOSTEP
OnlineCapacity
Building
Lecture/Machine-learning based reconstruction of the inner magnetosphere✱

108 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research

107

100

50

Foreign Visiting Staff

11. International Relations＜Abbreviations＞
AS CR:

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

CASS:

Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences

CCMC:

Community Coordinated Modeling Center

CEILAP:

Laser and Applications Research Center

CENS:

Centre d’Etudes Nucleaire de Saclay France

CERN:

European Organization for Nuclear Research

CESR:

Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements

CETP:

Centre d’étude des environnements terrestres et planétaires

CNRS:

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

EISCAT:

European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association

GSFC:

Goddard Space Flight Center

HPDE:

Heliophysics Data Environment

IBEX:

Interstellar Boundary Explorer

IFSI:

Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio InterplanetarioiLEAPS:

Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study

IMAP:Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe

INFN:

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

INPE:

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazilian Institute of Space Research

IPS:

Ionospheric Prediction Services

IPSL:

Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace

ISTP:

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics

JHUAPL:

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

KASI:

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

LAPAN:

Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, National Institute of Aeronautics and SpaceLOFAR:

Low Frequency Array

LPC2E:

Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace

MSFC:

Marshall Space Flight Center

MWA:

Murchison Widefield ArrayNASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

RAS

Russian Academy of Sciences

SB RAS:

Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of sciences

SCOSTEP:

Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics

SDAC:

Solar Data Analysis Center

SLAC:

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

SPASE:Space Physics Archive Search and Extract

SPDF:

Space Physics Data Facility

TRIUMF:

Canada’s Particle Accelerator Centre

UCB:

University of California, Berkeley

UCI:

University of California, Irvine

UCL:

University College London

UCLA:

University of California, Los Angeles

UCSC:

University of California, Santa Cruz

UCSD:

University of California, San Diego

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research 109

12. Outreach

12. Outreach
Public Lectures, Open Labs, and School Visits
ISEE contributed to the public through various means, including nine visiting lectures, 18 online lectures, six online
workshops, four online training courses for young researchers, and one virtual tour for college students. We had tocancel some annual outreach events and activities or hold these online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example,
one of the popular events, special lectures, and open laboratory to the public during the Nagoya University Festival wascalled off. ISEE and the former STEL have maintained a close relationship with the town of Rikubetsu in Hokkaido
since 2003, after which we held visiting lectures for students of Rikubetsu Elementary School and Rikubetsu JuniorHigh School. However, these annual visiting lectures were canceled.
We distributed a series of booklets in Japanese that answered 50 questions on various topics and informative comic(manga) brochures. They are related to space–Earth subjects for science education and are suitable for the public andschool children. They can also be browsed and downloaded from the ISEE website (https://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/).
A promotional video of our research activity to young people is also available at this site.

Left: Promotional video of ISEE. Right: Latest issue of the Japanese booklet series “50 questions”.

110 Institute for Space–Earth Environmental ResearchAddresses of Facilities
Location

Name
ISEE Research Institutes

Address

Nagoya①

Toyokawa②

Toyokawa Branch

3-13 Honohara, Toyokawa-shi, Aichi 442-8507③

Moshiri Observatory

Moshiri, Horokanai, Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741

Buildings I/II

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601

Uenbetsu, Rikubetsu-cho, Ashoro-gun,
Hokkaido④

Rikubetsu
Observatory

Hokkaido 089-4301
58-1, 78-1, 78-5, 129-1, 129-4 Pontomamu,
Rikubetsu-cho, Ashoro-gun, Hokkaido 089-4300

Yamanashi⑤

Kagoshima⑥

Fuji Observatory

1347-2 Fujigane, Fujikawaguchiko-machi,
Minamitsuru-gun, Yamanashi 401-0338

Kagoshima

3860-1 ShimoHonjo Honjo, Tarumizu-shi,

Observatory

Kagoshima 891-2112

TEL/FAX
TEL:+81-52-747-6303
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FAX:+81-533-86-3154
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FAX:+81-165-38-2345
TEL:+81-156-27-8103

TEL:+81-156-27-4011

TEL:+81-555-89-2829

TEL:+81-994-32-0730