Workshop on Womenin Scientific Careers
Noteworthy Topics and Report fromJapan
October 1, 2006
Nagoya, JAPANMie University

Mariko OGAWA
1

International Workshop on Women and Science/Technology Network in Asia

Member countries of OECD• (1) European Union（19 countries）
the United Kingdom、Germany、France、Italy、Netherlands、Belgium、Luxemburg、Finland、Sweden、Austria、Denmark、Spain、Portugal、Greece、Ireland、Czech Republic、Hungary、Poland、Slovak Republic。

• (2) Others（11 countries）
Korea、the United States、Canada、Mexico、Australia、New Zealand、Switzerland、Norway、Iceland、Turkey、Japan。
21ＣＳＴＰＡｄ ｈｏｃ ＷＧ

Committee for S&T PolicyＮＥＳＴＩＧＳＦ

Objective1

Objective2

Objective3

Fostering a diverseand mobile workforce
for S&T

Improving data on
the development
and mobility of HR
in S&T

Making S&T more
appealing andattractive from theearly stages ofeducation

ＳＦＲＩ

Improving the match between
supply and demand
Improving the attractivenessof research careers

Improving
HRST Data

Increase the participation of
women in S&T educationand in research careers

Survey of Careers
Doctorate Holders

Works on declining
interest in scienceamong youth3

Paris 16-17 November 2005

Joint OECD-French government international
workshop on “women in scientific careers:
unleashing the potential”• １ Conditions of labour market entry andemployment for women in researchestablishment of comparative basis by statistics• ２ Horizontal segregation（segregation of research fields）• ３ Vertical segregation（segregation of career paths）• ４＆５ Instruments for change：
existing policy and programmes
42Session１ Condition of labour market entry andemployment for women in researchestablishment of comparative basis by statistics

5Session１： statistics concerning women andscience
Women and Science Unit, DG Research C. G. Regnier• Production of sex-disaggregated statistics,
Production of yearly recruitment statistics.
• Participation of women in decision making
positions, as a first step, a European averageof 25%.
• Reconciling private and professional life
Appropriate measures for parental leave• Develop gender research
637Ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ２ Horizontal segregation
segregation of research fields

84Session２：horizontal segregation
Mie University Mariko OGAWA• Only 11.6% of researchers in Japan are female.
• 2 levels in horizontal segregation
many female students in Humanities, Education, andSocial Sciencesmore in biology、fewer in physics in Science• Continuation of research or return to the workplace• New trends and new policies in the MEXT
• Problems specific to Japan: Enrollments in S&E
9Horizontal segregation

Historical change in the proportion of female
students in each department and in science

90

95

99

01

03

1919

1920

2003

80
1920701901

Engineering0

Physics

20

1099

20

Mathematics

19Science95

30

Geology

19

Social sciences

90

Agriculture80

Education

40

Chemistry

1950

HealthBiology

1960

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
105070

Humanities

70

1980

105Ghana

Japan

MoroccoMoroccoJapan
Tunisia

NorwayIran

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia
New ZealandAustralia

Chinese Taipei

New ZealandAustralia
Bahrain

United States

Romania
Hong Kong

Macedonia

EnglandSingapore

S & Montenegro
United States

Tunisia

Korea

Moldova

Malaysia
Belgium (Fl)Malaysia

IsraelIsraelHungary
Moldova

Bulgaria

Bulgaria

Slovenia

Lithuania

RussiaRussia0%

TIMSS2003

20%

Math

40%60%

Female80%0%100%

ScienceMale

20%

40%
Female60%

80% 100%
11MaleGraduation from departments of science and engineering does not give
any national licenses. However, in contrast, female students inpharmacy and medicine can enjoy the advantage of a national license. Expectation
This suggests that it is important for female students to know rolefor comeback
models in science and engineering and various career paths.

7060
5040

pharmacy
medicine

30
20

2003

2001

1999

1995

1990

1980

1970

100
126

Enrolment in scienceand engineering as
a % of total enrolment,
2002OECD Education
Database, 2004

13Session３ Vertical Segregation
segregation for career paths

147

Session３： segregation in career paths
research director, CHR-IRPPSD Dr. R. Palomba
Why vertical segregation in relevant?
¾ Women’s share of top positions in scientific careers indicatesthe level of female participation at the highest decisionmaking levels.
¾ The measurement of vertical segregation reflects a country’s
ability to optimize human resources.
¾ It measures the “waste of talents” because, if gendersegregation exists, men and women are evaluated on thebasis of their sex and not of their merit.
¾ The under-representation of women compromises theattainment of excellence in scientific work.
15

Session３： segregation in career paths
research director, CHR-IRPPSD Dr. R. Palomba
How long will it takes to reach equality?
¾ In France it will require to wait for 5980 full professors to retire.
¾ In all the European countries more than 30% of male fullprofessors would need leave their seats to women.
¾ In Belgium it will take 40 years to reach equality in the Cgrade, and 140 years in the B grade and 211 in the A grade.
¾ In Italy it will take 179 years to reach equality in the A grade,equality will never be reached in the C grade.

168

The rate of female staffs in the Nagoya
University
添付資料１ー１ 女性教員比率（全学）線形予測
20

教授
助教授

18

講師
助手

16

女性教員比率（含助手）
女性教員比率14

線形 (女性教員比率（含助手）)

女性 12
教員
比 10率

線形 (女性教員比率)︵ ︶％ 864

2年度（全学）

20
10
年

2009
年

20
08
年

20
07
年

20
06
年

20
05
年

20
04
年

20
03
年

2002
年

20
01
年

2000
年

1999
年

1998
年

1997
年

1996
年

1995
年

1994
年

1993
年

1992
年

1991
年

1990
年

017
Prof. Atsuko KANAI of the Nagoya University

Session３： segregation in career paths
research director, CHR-IRPPSD Dr. R. Palomba

Conclusion¾ We have demonstrated the pointlessness andwastefulness of “waiting for equality” and theimpossibility of a “natural” recovery.
¾ The low female presence at the highest levels of thescientific hierarchy highlights the dysfunction of asystem for the evaluation of scientific excellence.
¾ The final effect is that of discouragement,selfexclusion, mortification of the weakest subjects ofthe system, women.
18

9Session ４＆５ Instruments for change：
existing policy and programmes

19Session ４＆５ Instruments for change Dr.
W. van Donselaar

Dutch Research Council
Consists of 8 councils: Humanities, Social Sci.,
Medical Sci., Chemical Sci., Physical Sci.,
Physics, Life Sci., Technical Sci..
Estimated annual budget 450 million Euro4300 Researchers employed thanks to NWO
Great contribution toward improving the conditionsof female researchers in the Netherlands
2010

The Policy of ＮＷＯ• No age limits for grants• Representation of women in committees andboard• Special programmes for women（１） Aspasia（２） Meervoud（３） FOm/v（４） Veni/Vidi/Vici Plan
21

Aspasia

promotion of female assistant professor to associate
professor level (all fields)Meervoud appointment of female post-doc researchers asassistant professor (life sci., physical sci., and chemical sci.)
FOm/v

promote female physicists（physics）

Veni/Vidi/Vicigive the opportunity to excellent male/female
researchers in various career stages
Every year since 2001

Veni 0-3 yr after PhD
125 grants (200 kilo euro)

Vidi 3-8 yr after PhD
７５ grants (600 kilo euro)

Vici 8-15 yr after PhD
25 grants (1250 kilo euro) 22

11

Joint OECD-French government
international workshop on“women in scientific careers:
unleashing the potential”

BACKGROUND PAPER

23

Germany

USA2412International comparisonof percentage of female researchers(%)
0.0
LatviaLithuania
Portugal
Bulgaria
Estonia
Romania
GreecePolandSlovenia
Spain
Iceland
Hungary
United States
Ireland
CyprusFinland
Norw ay
Denmark
Italy
FranceCzech Republic
United Kingdom
Slovakia
Sw itzerland
Austria
Germany
Japan

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0
52.7

47.0
46.6
45.5
43.3
42.8
40.9
38.1
36.8
35.4
34.6
33.0
32.5
29.4
29.3
29.1
28.3
28.0
27.9
27.5
26.8
26.0
24.0
21.2
18.8
11.6

15.5

25European Commission Key Figures 2003-2004

For the future• Maintenance and renewal of data
continuous monitoring, developing new index• m/f are part of Nature. Women are integral tounderstanding nature sufficiently.
ScientificExcellence• Impossible to attain gender mainstreaming only bynatural increase！
• Set up a network of woman researchers in Asia
• Promote gender studies in S&T2613