32. High-Energy Collider Parameters

132. High-Energy Collider Parameters
High-Energy Collider Parameters: e+ e− Colliders (I)
Table 32.1: Updated in March 2024 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders (contact E. Pianori, LBNL). The
table shows the parameter values achieved. Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; unless noted otherwise, energies refer to beamenergy; H and V indicate horizontal and vertical directions; s.c. stands for superconducting. Parameters for the defunct SPEAR,DORIS, PETRA, PEP, TRISTAN, and VEPP-2M colliders may be found in our 1996 edition (Phys. Rev. D54, 1 July 1996, Part I).

VEPP-2000(Novosibirsk)
2010
—
1.0

VEPP-4M(Novosibirsk)
1994—
6BEPC(China)
1989
2005
2.5

BEPC-II(China)
2008—
1.89 (2.474 max)

Delivered integrated
luminosity per exp.
(fb−1 )

0.25

0.05

0.11

48

Luminosity (1030 cm−2 s−1 )50

20Time between collisions (µs)
Full crossing angle (µ rad)Energy spread (units 10−3 )

0.04
00.71

0.6
01Bunch length (cm)45≈51.35125 (round)

H:1000V:30

H:890
V:37±0.5±2continuous
continuous
0.2–1.0
H:150
V:150
H:0.05 - 0.11
V:0.05 - 0.11
H:850
V:850
172
81512

Physics start datePhysics end date
Maximum beam energy (GeV)

Beam radius (10−6 m)
Free space at interaction
point (m)Luminosity lifetime (hr)Turn-around time (min)Injection energy (GeV)
Transverse emittance(10−9 m)β ∗ , amplitude function atinteraction point (m)Beam-beam tune shift
per crossing (units 10−4 )RF frequency (MHz)Particles per bunch(units 1010 )Bunches per ring
per species
Average beam current
per species (mA)
Circumference or length (km)Interaction regions
Magnetic length of dipole (m)Length of standard cell (m)Phase advance per cell (deg)Dipoles in ring
Quadrupoles in ring
Peak magnetic field (T)∗†‡KLOE-2
SIDDHARTINO
SIDDHARTA-2

12.6 at 1.843 GeV
5 at 1.55 GeV
0.8
00.58 at 2.2 GeV

DAΦNE(Frascati)
1999—0.510≈ 4.7 in 2001-2007≈ 2.7 w/crab-waist≈ 6.8 2014-2018∗≈ 0.4 2021-2022†≈ 1.1 2023-2024‡

1096

453

0.006
2.2 × 104
0.52

H:347
V:4.50.0027
5 × 1040.40
low current: 1
at 15mA: 2
H:260
V:4.8

±2.15±0.63±0.295

218
1.8
H:200
V:20
H:0.75
V:0.05

7–1232
1.55
H:660
V:28
H:1.2
V:0.051.5
4 (topping up)
on energy
H:121
V:1.56
H:1.0
V:0.0135

500

350

383

180

199.5320 at 2 GeV
11 at 1.55 GeV

499.8

1119

0.2
2 (topping up)
on energy
H:260
V:2.6
H:0.26
V:0.009440/894(crab-waist run/test)
368.667e− : 3.2
e+ : 2.1
100 to 110(120 buckets)e− : 1250
e+ : 800
0.098
1outer ring: 1.2
inner ring: 1160

80

0.024
20.366140 at 2 GeV
22 at 1.55 GeV
0.2404
2

1.12

1.6

12

7.2

6.6

H:745
V:385
8
24 + 4 s.c.

65

≈ 60

78
150

2.4

0.6

40 + 4 weak68
0.903
at 2.8 GeV

3.89100.237531
outer ring: 1.6
inner ring: 1.41
outer ring: 6.6
inner ring: 6.2
60–90
non-standard cells
84 + 8 weak
134+2 s.c.
outer ring: 0.677
inner ring: 0.766

n/a—8481.2

32. High-Energy Collider Parameters

2High-Energy Collider Parameters: e+ e− Colliders (II)
Table 32.2: Updated in March 2020 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders (contact E. Pianori, LBNL). The tableshows the parameter values achieved. Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; unless noted otherwise, energies refer to beam energy;
H and V indicate horizontal and vertical directions; s.c. stands for superconducting. ILC and CLIC parameters are documented inthe Accelerator physics of colliders review.

Physics start datePhysics end date
Maximum beam energy (GeV)
Delivered integrated luminosity
per experiment (fb−1 )Luminosity (1030 cm−2 s−1 )Time between collisions (µs)
Full crossing angle (µ rad)Energy spread (units 10−3 )Bunch length (cm)Beam radius (µm)
Free space at interaction
point (m)Luminosity lifetime (hr)Turn-around time (min)Injection energy (GeV)
Transverse emittance(10−9 m)β ∗ , amplitude function atinteraction point (m)Beam-beam tune shift per
crossing (10−4 ) or disruption
RF frequency (MHz)Particles per bunch(units 1010 )Bunches per ring
per species
Average beam current
per species (mA)
Beam polarization (%)
Circumference or length (km)Interaction regions
Magnetic length of dipole (m)Length of standard cell (m)Phase advance per cell (deg)Dipoles in ring
Quadrupoles in ring
Peak magnetic field (T)CESR(Cornell)
1979
2002
6CESR-C(Cornell)
2002
2008
641.5

2.01280 at
5.3 GeV0.014 to 0.22
±2000
0.6 at 5.3 GeV
1.8
H:460
V:4±2.2 (±0.6to REC quads)

76 at
2.08 GeV
0.014 to 0.22±33000.82 at 2.08 GeV
1.2
H:340
V:6.5±2.2 (±0.3to PM quads)

2–3

2–3

5 (topping up)
1.8–6
210
1
1.00.018
250
620
500

1.5 (topping up)
1.5–6
120
3.5
0.94
0.012
e− : 420 (H), 280 (V )e+ : 410 (H), 270 (V )
500

1.15

4.7

9 trainsof 5 bunches

8 trainsof 3 bunches

340

72

——

0.768
1
1.6–6.6
16
45–90 (nostandard cell)86
101 + 4 s.c.
0.3 / 0.8
at 8 GeV

0.768
1
1.6–6.6
16
45–90 (nostandard cell)84
101 + 4 s.c.
0.3 / 0.8 at 8 GeV,
2.1 wigglers at 1.9 GeV

LEP(CERN)
1989
2000
100 - 104.6
0.221 at Z peak
0.501 at 65 − 100 GeV
0.275 at >100 GeV
24 at Z peak
100 at > 90 GeV
2200.7→1.5
1.0
H:200→300
V:2.5→8SLC(SLAC)
1989
1998
50±3.5±2.8

20 at Z peak
10 at > 90 GeV
50
22
H:20–45
V:0.25→1
1.5
0.05
830
352.2
45 in collision
60 in single beam
4 trains of 1 or 2

0.022
2.58300
0
1.2
0.1
H:1.5
V:0.5

—
120 Hz (pulsed)
45.64
H:0.5
V:0.050.00250.00150.75 (H)
2.0 (V )2856
4.014 at Z peak
4→6 at > 90 GeV55 at 45 GeV
5 at 61 GeV
26.66
411.66/pair791.45 +1.47
12.5
5.2102/901083280 + 24 inj. + 64 weak
520 + 288 + 8 s.c.

460+440—0.1350.597

0.0008e− : 80

32. High-Energy Collider Parameters

3High-Energy Collider Parameters: ep, e+ e− Colliders (III)
Table 32.3: Updated in March 2022 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders (contact E. Pianori, LBNL). The
table shows the parameter values achieved. Design parameters for SuperKEKEB may be found in our 2018 edition (Phys. Rev. D98,030001 (2018)) Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; unless noted otherwise, energies refer to beam energy; H and V indicate
horizontal and vertical directions; s.c. stands for superconducting.
HERA(DESY)KEKB(KEK)

PEP-II(SLAC)

SuperKEKB(KEK)

Physics start date

1992

1999

1999

2018

Physics end date

2007

2010

2008

—ep

e+ e−

e+ e−

e+ e−

e: 0.030
p: 0.92e− : 8.33 (8.0 nominal)
e+ : 3.64 (3.5 nominal)e− : 7–12 (9.0 nominal)
e+ : 2.5–4 (3.1 nominal)e− : 7e+ : 4

0.8

1040

557

491
4.71 × 104
4.2

Particles collided
Maximum beamenergy (TeV)
Delivered integrated
luminosity per exp. (fb−1 )Luminosity (1030 cm−2 s−1 )752108312069(design: 3000)

Time between collisions (ns)96

5.9 or 7.86

4.2

Full crossing angle (µ rad)0±11000∗

0±41500

Energy spread (units 10−3 )e: 0.91
p: 0.2e: 0.83
p: 8.5e: 110 (H), 30 (V)p: 111 (H), 30 (V)e− /e+ : 0.67/0.73

e− /e+ : 0.61/0.77

e− /e+ : 0.64/0.81

0.65

e− /e+ : 1.1/1.0

e− /e+ : 0.6/0.6

V: 1.9157
4.7

e− : 16.6 (H), 0.22 (V )Bunch length (cm)Beam radius (µm)

H: 124 (e− ), 117 (e+ )e+ : 17.9 (H), 0.22 (V )e− : +1.20/ − 1.28
e+ : +0.78/ − 0.73(+300/−500) mrad cone

Free space at interaction
point (m)±2+0.75/−0.58(+300/−500) mrad cone

±0.2,±300 mrad cone

Initial luminosity decay
time, −L/(dL/dt) (hr)10continuous

continuous

continuous

Turn-around time (min)e: 75, p: 135

continuous

continuous

9.0/3.1 (nominal)e− /e+ : 7/4

Particles per bunch(units 1010 )Bunches per ring
per species
Average beam current
per species (mA)

e: 12
p: 40
e: 20 (H), 3.5 (V)p: 5 (H), 5 (V)e: 0.6 (H), 0.26 (V)
p: 2.45 (H), 0.18 (V)e:190 (H), 450 (V)p: 12 (H), 9 (V)e:499.7
p: 208.2/52.05
e:3
p:7
e: 189p: 180e:40
p:90

Beam polarization (%)

Injection energy (GeV)
Transverse emittance(10−9 m)β ∗ , amplitude function atinteraction point (m)Beam-beam tune shift
per crossing (units 10−4 )RF frequency (MHz)Circumference orlength (km)Interaction regions
Magnetic length of dipole(m)Length of standard cell(m)Phase advance per cell(deg)Dipoles in ring
Quadrupoles in ring
Peak magnetic field (T)∗†continuous
e− /e+ :8.0/3.5 (nominal)e− : 24 (57† ) (H), 0.61 (V )e+ : 18 (55† ) (H), 0.56 (V )e− : 1.2 (0.27† ) (H), 0.0059 (V )e+ : 1.2 (0.23† ) (H), 0.0059 (V )e− : 1020 (H), 900 (V )e+ : 1270 (H), 1290 (V )e− /e+ :e− : 48 (H), 1.8 (V )e+ : 24 (H), 1.8 (V )e− : 0.50 (H), 0.012 (V )e+ : 0.50 (H), 0.012 (V )e− : 703 (H), 498 (V )e+ : 510 (H), 727 (V )e− : 4.6 (H), 0.05 (V )e+ : 4.0 (H), 0.05 (V )e− : 0.060 (H), 1 × 10−3 (V )e+ : 0.080 (H), 1 × 10−3 (V )e− : 15 (H), 278 (V )e+ : 27 (H), 398 (V )508.887476

508.887e− /e+ : 4.7/6.4

e− /e+ : 5.2/8.0

e− /e+ : 3.12/3.81

1585

1732

2249

e− /e+ : 1188/1637

e− /e+ : 1960/3026

e− /e+ : 1118/1393

————

6.336

3.016

2.2

3.016

1

1

1

e− /e+ : 5.86/0.915

e− /e+ : 5.4/0.45

e− /e+ : 5.9/4.0

e− /e+ : 75.7/76.1

15.2

e− /e+ : 75.7/76.1

450

e− /e+ : 60/90

450

e− /e+ : 116/112

e− /e+ : 192/192

e− /e+ : 116/112

e− /e+ : 452/452

e− /e+ : 290/326

e− /e+ : 466/460

e− /e+ : 0.25/0.72

e− /e+ : 0.18/0.75e− /e+ : 0.22/0.19

2 colliding beams
1 fixed target (e beam)
e:9.185;
p: 8.82
e:23.5
p:47
e:60
p:90
e: 396
p: 416
e:580
p:280
e: 0.274;

p: 5

KEKB was operated with crab crossing from 2007 to 2010.
With dynamic beam-beam effect.

32. High-Energy Collider Parameters

4High-Energy Collider Parameters: pp, pp Colliders
Table 32.4: Updated in March 2024 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders (contact E. Pianori, LBNL). The
table shows the parameter values achieved. Parameters for the defunct SppS collider may be found in our 2002 edition (Phys. Rev.
D66, 010001 (2002)). Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; unless noted otherwise, energies refer to beam energy; H and V
indicate horizontal and vertical directions; s.c. stands for superconducting.

Physics start datePhysics end dateParticles collided
Maximum beamenergy (TeV)Max. delivered integrated
luminosity per exp. (fb−1 )Luminosity(1030 cm−2 s−1 )Time between collisions (ns)Full crossing angle (µ rad)Energy spread (units 10−3 )Bunch length (cm)TEVATRON∗(Fermilab)
1987
2011pp
0.980
12431
396
00.14
p: 50
p̄: 45
p: 28
p̄: 16

RHIC
Brookhaven
2001
2009 (Run 1)—
pp (polarized)
0.255
4.0
55% polarization
0.38 at 100 GeV 23.3 at 4.0 TeV
1.3 at 250/255 GeV 6.1 at 3.5 TeV
245 (pk)
7.7 × 103
160 (avg)
107
49.90
0290
0.15
0.1445

LHC(CERN)
2015 (Run 2)2022 (Run 3)—
pp2029 (HL-LHC)

6.5

6.8

7.0

160

70

250/y

2.1 ×104

2 ×104 (leveled) 5.0 × 104 (leveled)

24.95
320 → 260†
0.11

24.95
320 → 270†
0.11

24.95
500
0.11609.48

9.7

7.6

85

18.8

8.5‡

9.3‡

7‡

±6.5

1638

38

38

38

6 (avg)

7.5

≈68.4

12 §≈ 7.5 (leveled)900.15
p: 3p̄: 1

25
0.023

180
0.450

150
0.450

180¶
0.450

150
0.450

11

0.59

0.29

0.29

0.33

0.28

0.65

0.6

0.3 → 0.25k

1.2 → 0.3k

1 → 0.15k

p: 120 p̄: 120

73

72

4557§

104

RF frequency (MHz)53

accel: 9store: 28

400.8

400.8

400.8

400.8

Particles per bunch(units 1010 )Bunches per ring
per species
Average beam current
per species (mA)
Circumference (km)Interaction regions
Magnetic length of dipole (m)Length of standard cell (m)Phase advance per cell (deg)p:26
p̄:918.5

161116

22

36111

1380

257

400

Beam radius(10−6 m)Free space at interaction
point (m)Initial luminosity decay
time, −L/(dL/dt) (hr)Turn-around time (min)Injection energy (TeV)
Transverse emittance(10−9 m)β ∗ , ampl. function atinteraction point (m)Beam-beam tune shift
per crossing (units 10−4 )Dipoles in ring
Quadrupoles in ring
Magnet types
Peak magnetic field (T)∗p:70
p̄:246.28
2 high L
6.12
59.5
67.8
774

3.834
6 total, 2 high L
9.45
29.7
84
192 per ring
+ 12 common

216

246 per rings.c., cos θwarm iron4.4s.c., cos θcold iron
3.5

2556
2464
2760
2544 (i.r. 1/5∗∗ ) 2452 (i.r. 1/5∗∗ ) 2748 (i.r. 1/5∗∗ )510

710
26.6594 total, 2 high L
14.3
106.9090
1232
main dipoles482 2-in-1
24 1-in-1
s.c., 2-in-1
cold iron
8.3††

Other TEVATRON parameters: p source accum. rate: 25×1010 hr−1 ; max. no. of p stored: 3.4×1012 (Accumulator), 6.1×1012 (Recycler).
Variable crossing angle decreasing during the fill with the reduction in bunch population‡Minimum beam radius during levelling§Value at start of levelling¶
Most likely value as observed in 2023
k ∗β levelling∗∗Number of bunches colliding at the interaction regions (i.r.) 1 (ATLAS) and 5 (CMS).
††Value for design beam energy of 7 TeV.
†1094

32. High-Energy Collider Parameters

5High-Energy Collider Parameters: Heavy Ion Colliders
Table 32.5: Updated in March 2024 with numbers received from representatives of the collider (contact E. Pianori, LBNL) The
table shows the parameter values achieved. For the LHC, only maximum values for the ATLAS and CMS experiments are provided(ALICE and LHCb have different requirements for energy and luminosity). Design values for a high-luminosity upgrade are also given.
Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; unless noted otherwise, energies refer to beam energy; s.c. stands for superconducting. pkand avg denote peak and average values.

Physics start dateRHIC(Brookhaven)2012 / 2018 / 2018 / 2012 / 20042010
2021 / 2014 / 2002 / 2015 / 2015
—U U / Zr Zr / Ru Ru / Cu Au / Cu Cu
Pb Pb
O O / h Au / d Au / p Au / p Al

2000

Physics end dateParticles collided
Max. beam energy (TeV/n)√sN N (TeV)

0.1

Max. delivered int. nucleonpair lumin. per exp. (pb−1 )2639(at 100 GeV/n)

Luminosity(1027 cm−2 s−1 )Time between
collisions (ns)Full crossing angle (µ rad)Energy spread (units 10−3 )Bunch length (cm)Beam radius(10−6 m)Free space at inter. point (m)Initial luminosity decay
time, −L/(dL/dt) (hr)0.2

pk: 15.5
avg: 8.7
107
00.75
30
114‡
161

Turn-around time (min)30

Injection energy (TeV/n)
Transverse emittance(10−9 m)β ∗ , ampl. function atinteraction point (m)Beam-beam tune shift
per crosssing (units 10−4 )RF frequency (MHz)Particles per bunch(units 1010 )Bunches per ring
per species
Average beam current
per species (mA)
Circumference (km)Interaction regions
Magnetic length of dipole (m)Length of standard cell (m)0.011

Phase advance per cell (deg)93

Dipoles in ring
Quadrupoles in ring
Magnet Type
Peak magnetic field (T)∗Au Au

19‡
0.7
39‡

0.20
111
224

0.120122017≥ 2029(high lum.)∗

Xe Xe

Pb Pb

2.72

2.76

—p Pb
p:6.5
Pb:2.56
8.16

0.2
5.36
5.44
5.5
21 / 36 / 36.9 / 167 / 60
8.2 / 43 / 169 / 124 / 63
84.8
194
0.05
≈ 121/y(all at 100 GeV/n)
pk: 0.4 / 4.8 / 3.8 / 12 / 21
450 / 170 / 850 / 880 / 7600
6.4†
900
0.4
6.4 (leveled)avg: 0.6 / 2.2 / 2.1 / 10 / 8230 / 100 / 500 / 450 / 3800
107 / 107 / 107/ 107 / 321
49.9
99.8 / 149.7≈ 550049.9
107 / 107 / 107 / 107 / 107
0200
280
300
340
0.75
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.11
30
9.1
p / Pb: 9 / 11.5
117.9
123‡ / 87‡ / 88‡ / 163‡ / 145‡
20
191217100‡ / 136‡ / 124‡ / 147‡ / 128‡
1638
38
38
38
-0.35§ / ∞¶ / ∞¶ / ∞§ / 1.8
k
2.8
≈2
≈6∞
∞ / 0.6 / ∞§ / 0.5 / 0.2560∗∗ / 40∗∗ / 40∗∗ / 160∗∗ / 90∗∗
144
150
180
≈ 200
45∗∗ / 45∗∗ / 90∗∗ / 60∗∗ / 50∗∗
0.011
0.177 p / Pb: 0.45 / 0.177 0.188
0.177
22‡ /10.7‡ / 11.2‡ / 38‡ / 23‡
0.80
0.29
0.3
0.5
12 ‡ / 19‡ / 22‡ / 26‡ / 21‡
0.7 / 0.7 /0.7 / 0.7 / 0.9
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.7 / 1.0 / 0.7 / 0.8 / 0.8‡
6 / 18‡ /21‡ / 14‡ , 14‡ / 30‡ / 34‡
3.1
15≈ 104.342‡ , 22‡ / 40‡ , 27‡ / 53‡ , 41‡ / 80‡ , 59‡
accel: 28, store: 197
400.8
400.8
400.8
400.8
0.03 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.4, 0.13 / 0.45 / 0.85 0.018p:2.6
Pb:0.022 0.027
0.018
4.5, 0.13 / 13, 0.20 / 22.5, 0.16 / 24, 1.1 (r.m.s.)
111 / 111 / 111/ 111 / 37
p:540
960††
161240106 / 111 /111 / 111 / 111
Pb:68438 / 56 / 61 / 160,138 / 60 / 95
p:16
25.5
0.54
33
125,143 / 181,213 / 313,176 / 334,199
Pb:15
3.834
26.6596 total, 2 high L
4 total, 3 high L
9.45
14.3
29.7
106.9084 /84 / 84 / 84 / 84 / 8490
93 / 84(d), 93 / 84(p), 93 / 84(p), 93
192 per ring, + 12 common
1232, main dipoles
246 per ring482 2-in-1, 24 1-in-1
s.c. cos θ, cold irons.c., 2 in 1, cold iron
3.5
8.3

For HL-LHC. Conservative estimates.
Highest value achieved in ALICE.
‡Initial value, increases (descreases) without (with) cooling.
§Negative or infinite decay time is effect of cooling.
¶luminosity leveled to flat after set to target value, with cooling.
kfor a typical good fill without luminosity levelling.
∗∗measured minimum, not theoretical.
††1240 bunches per ring were also used, but with lower peak performance due to lower bunch intensity.
†2.68

LHC(CERN)