Returning the Past: Repatriationof First Nations Cultural Property
Four Case Studies of First Nations Repatriation

Copyright 2008 UBC Museum of Anthropology,
6393 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2

This resource was produced by the UBC Museum of Anthropology and made possible bygrants from the BC 150 Years Programme and British Columbia Museums Association.
Co-edited by Jill R. Baird, Anjuli Solanki, and Mique’l Askren
Returning the Past is the result of many contributors. Our thanks go to Lyn Daniels(Aboriginal Education Programme Consultant, Burnaby School District), Louisa Smith(Haisla), Kwiaahwah Jones (Haida), Herb Joe (Stó:lō), Dave Schaepe (Stó:lō Research andResource Management), and Mique’l Askren (Tsimshian). Without their experience, support,
and input, this resource would not have been realized. Our thanks also go to the students in
Studies in Museum Anthropology who initially prepared the case studies as part of their course
work, and to Dr. Roberta Kremer, who initiated the project.

Returning the Past: Repatriationof First Nations Cultural Property
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview of Resource & Prescribed Learning OutcomesIntroduction
Initial Inquiry Activities
Case Study Lessons and Research Activities
Glossary
Case Studies:
Stone T’xwelátse: The Road Home
Repatriation of Haida Ancestral Remains
G’psgolox Pole Comes Home to the Haisla
Bringing our Images Home: The Repatriationof Photographs to Metlakatla, Alaska

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

1Overview of Resource & Prescribed Learning OutcomesThis resource provides a unit of study on First Nations repatriations for secondary school students. The case studies
are designed to be used whole or in part. Written in collaboration with First Nations knowledge holders, the casestudies are meant to provide teachers and students with a record of the experiences of repatriation from four diﬀerent
First Nations communities, three in British Columbia and one in Alaska.
Each case study is presented with a map, images and a timeline. Initial inquiry activities, lesson ideas, research
activities, and glossary are also provided. All bolded words are deﬁned in the glossary.
Please note: In this resource, the terms First Nations and Indigenous are used. First Nations is used to designate
the ﬁrst peoples of Canada and the Tsimshian of Alaska. Indigenous is used when referring globally to the original
inhabitants of a place.
This Unit of Study meets the following Prescribed Learning Outcomes:

Social Studies 10

Social Studies 11

Skills and Processes

Skills and Processes

Apply critical thinking skills
such as questioning, comparing,summarizing, drawing conclusions,and defending a position

Apply critical thinking skills
Demonstrate eﬀective research skills
Demonstrate skills and attitudes ofactive citizenship, ethical behaviour,
open-mindedness, respect fordiversity, and collaboration

Demonstrate eﬀective research skills
such as accessing information,assessing information, collecting data,
evaluating data, organizing
information, presenting information,and citing sources

Politics and Government

Demonstrate eﬀective written, oral,
and graphic communication skills
individually and collaboratively

Society and Identity

Identity, Society, and Culture from1814 to1914
Evaluate the impact of interactions
between Aboriginal peoples andEuropean explorers, and settlers in
Canada from 1815 to 1914.

Describe major provisions of theCanadian Constitution (section 25
and 35 outline Aboriginal rights)
Demonstrate knowledge of thechallenges faced by Aboriginal
peoples in Canada during the 20th
century and their responses

British Columbia
First Nations Studies 12
Skills and Processes
Apply critical thinking skills
including questioning, comparing,summarizing, drawing conclusions,hypothesizing, and defending a
position
To make reasoned judgements
about a range of issues, situations,and topics
Demonstrate eﬀective research skills
Demonstrate attitudes of active
citizenship, ethical behaviour, openmindedness, respect for diversity, andcollaboration
Contact, Colonialism and Resistance
Assess the economic, social
political, and cultural impacts ofcontact with Europeans upon BC
First Nations from the period of theland-based fur trade toConfederation
Cultural Expressions
Evaluate the importance for
Aboriginal peoples to determine useof their artistic traditions andhistorical artifacts

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYIntroduction

Repatriation is the return of cultural property to the originating country, community, family, or individual.
Some cultural property may have been taken from its original owners through illegal or unethical ways.
Repatriation of cultural property is an important part of acknowledging and reconciling the unjust ways thatmany First Nations people were treated in the past.
The repatriation of cultural property is an emotional topic for First Nations people in Canada and for
Indigenous peoples around the world. Repatriation also has political and legal importance and must be
understood as part of Indigenous peoples’ historical and current encounters with colonization and its
consequences.
In the past, many museums were involved in the collecting and categorizing of Indigenous cultural property
and knowledge often without the active involvement of Indigenous people. Museums have displayed theseobjects for many years, sometimes misinterpreting or misrepresenting their use and meaning. Recently, somemuseums have started working with First Nations on exhibits, education programmes, and on repatriating
cultural property. Now many Indigenous families and communities are actively engaged in repatriating
objects from museums around the world. The case studies in this resource help us better understand the
Stó:lō, Haisla, Haida, and Tsimshian communities and their individual and collective quests to regain
important cultural property from museums.
Exploring this complex issue means understanding that cultural property may have been either taken,
appropriated, stolen, or sold. The return of wrongfully taken cultural property to their original communities
is important work. Acknowledging the historical events that resulted in First Nations losing their culturalproperty and addressing these issues is an important part of repatriation and reconciliation. It is one way torecognize Indigenous peoples’ history and future.

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Initial Inquiry Activities:
The following are some topics for classroom discussion that can be raised prior to reading the diﬀerent
case studies.
Think of a time when something important to you was taken without your permission.
• How did you feel?
• What was your ﬁrst response?
• What did you do to try to get it back?
• In retrospect, how might you approach the problem of retrieving your property?
In small groups, ask the students to discuss their experiences of having something important to themtaken away without their consent.
• Was the object returned?
• What research is necessary to learn about the loss, the circumstances at the time, and theimpact that the loss had on people involved? Consider the diﬀerent sources you would needto consult.
• If the object was not returned, how was the ﬁnal outcome resolved?
• How could your experiences aid those who may have similar experiences in the future?
Consider the removal, sale or theft of cultural heritage from societies for collection and display inmuseums or private collections.
• How is this situation diﬀerent from an individual’s loss of property?
• What information do you need to know in order to recommend action?
In small groups, develop guidelines for how these items should be returned.
• What will you need to know?
• Who should be consulted? Who should be involved?
• Have each group present their guidelines to the larger group.

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Case Study Lessons and Research Activities:
Assign one case study to small groups of students:• Have each group member read the case study.
• Have each group analyze the steps taken by the First Nations community to repatriate theircultural property.
• Assess the eﬀectiveness of the First Nations strategy in each case study.
• Have students consult additional resources such as the maps, photographs, newspaper andmagazine articles, and websites provided.
• Present their case study analysis to the rest of the class.
• Invite students use the “Questions to Consider” in each case study to structure their presentation.
• Ask students to revisit the initial guidelines (from the Initial Inquiry Exercise) and list any
changes they would make based upon reading the case studies.

Discuss the following questions with the class:• What was the point of controversy or contention, if there was one, in each of the cases?
• How are the cases similar? How are they diﬀerent?
• What do you think the roles and responsibilities of museums, governments, and citizens should
be with regards to repatriating cultural property?
• What do you think the role of oral histories might play in the repatriation process?
• What might some of the costs be to repatriate an object?
• What are some communities doing to raise funds for repatriation projects?
• What are your impressions of the repatriation process?

Creative responses:
Cultural items carry diﬀerent meanings for diﬀerent people. Choose a cultural item from one of thecase studies and describe its signiﬁcance to the various people who had it in their possession. Create apoem or art piece based on these diverse perspectives.
Using one of the case studies, generate a list of people or groups who had possession of the cultural
item in question. Determine the rightful owner of the item. Include the guidelines that you used tocome to your conclusion. Write an opinion piece for a local paper that outlines your judgment.

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Case Study Lessons and Research Activities continued
Research a cultural object:
Search on the internet for museums which have on-line collections. Individually, in pairs, or in small
groups, choose a First Nations object from a museum collection.
• Was the material unjustly or illegally acquired?
• How can this be determined?
• What are the challenges for First Nations communities in undertaking research in Museums?
What challenges did you face undertaking this research?
• What are the challenges for museums in determining rightful owners of objects in theircollections?
Respond to the issues you have uncovered in your research by writing recommendations for museums
and First Nations communities.

Newspaper articles analysis
Pick a newspaper article from one of the case study’s “Research Resources” and respond to thefollowing questions:• Are there issues with repatriation that are not directly stated in the article?
• What are the assumptions or bias of the writer?
• Does the news article include Aboriginal perspectives?
• Why do you think the repatriation of the cultural property is reported in the “Arts andEntertainment” section as opposed to “Local Canadian News”, or “World News” sections of thenewspaper? Do you agree or disagree with this way of viewing repatriation? Support your answer
with what you have learned from the case studies.
• How does the media shape the way that we view repatriation cases?

MOA Repatriation Guidelines
In small groups, review the Museum of Anthropology’s Repatriation Guidelines
http://www.moa.ubc.ca/pdf/Repatriation_guidelines.pdf• Analyze, discuss and summarize the information provided in the guidelines. Consider what isincluded and what is not included. Assess whether the guidelines are helpful in assisting withrepatriation?
• What are some of the barriers First Nations might face in requesting the repatriation of culturalproperty?
• What are some challenges that museums might face in repatriating items?

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYGlossary:
Ancestral remains: The human remains of an ancestor.
Appropriate: To take without permission or consent; to seize, to use without having proper knowledge orunderstanding of a particular object, property, culture, or right.
Band: A Band is an organizational structure deﬁned under the Canadian Indian Act which represents aparticular group of First Nations people. The term “Nation” is now more commonly used.
Bentwood box: A storage box made of cedar. The term bentwood comes from the fact that the sides of thebox are made from one piece of wood that is scored in three places and then bent using steam. Boxes wereused to store a variety of items such as food and clothing, and could be used for cooking. They were also
used as grave boxes.
Clan: A clan is a group of people that are connected by a common ancestor from either the paternal(father’s) or the maternal (mother’s) line.
Colonization: The term colonization refers to Western European countries’ extension of political,
economic, social, and often religious control over lands with established indigenous societies. Colonizing
powers often impose their ways of life on indigenous societies.
Cultural property: Cultural property is material of importance to the cultural heritage of a group ofpeople. It includes artistic, historical, religious, and cultural objects, as well as songs, stories and dances.
Descendant: An individual who identiﬁes him/herself as belonging to a particular family or cultural group
because s/he shares ancestry.
Ethnography: A form of anthropology where a variety of ﬁeld research methods are used to understand a
speciﬁc group of people or culture through the study of their daily lives.
First Nations: A term that came into common usage in the 1970s to replace the word “Indian” in Canada.
Although the term First Nations is widely used, no legal deﬁnition of it exists.
Glass plate negatives: A form of negatives used in early 20th century photography.
Halq’eméylem (Hal-ko-melem): An Indigenous language and dialect spoken by some First Nations peopleof the lower mainland and southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Heritage: Practices, places, collective memories, traditions, and objects that people individually orcollectively wish to preserve and pass on to the next generation to perpetuate national or cultural identity.
Indian Agent: A representative of the Canadian federal government who was responsible for one or moreFirst Nations groups. Indian Agents were instrumental in enforcing the Potlatch Ban and sending First
Nations children to residential schools.

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Glossary continued
Indigenous: Peoples who have the earliest historical record of living in a particular geographic region.
Missionary: A person sent by a particular religious group or church to convert people to their own faith.
Mortuary boxes: These were often bentwood boxes that would contain the remains of the deceased after
their bodies had been ceremonially prepared.
Mortuary house: Houses built solely for the keeping of the dead.
Mortuary pole: A pole created to commemorate a community member that has died. Mortuary poles
often have a carved-out niche where a mortuary box would be placed. The ﬁgures on the poles represent
the poles’ owners.
NAGPRA: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act is an American Federal law
passed in 1990. NAGPRA provides a process for museums to return certain Native American cultural
items under four categories: human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural
patrimony.
Nation: A culturally and politically organized body of First Nations people under a single government.
Bands or tribes can exist as sub-sects within a Nation.
Native American: A term relating to a tribe, people, or culture that is indigenous to the United States.
Potlatch: A ceremonial occasion and feast where ancestors are honoured, family wealth in the form ofhereditary names, privileges, songs and dances are passed on, marriages witnessed, debts repaid, family
status enhanced. Potlatches are carried out according to the cultural protocols of the host family. Invited
guests have a responsibility to witness and recall what takes place in the potlatch. Guests are given gifts by
the host as payment for taking on this responsibility.
Pre-contact: The time before contact with European traders and colonialists.
Regalia: The ceremonial clothing used by First Nations people.
Repatriation: The transfer of physical custody and ownership back to the originating community, such astribes, bands, or nations.
Shaman: A man or woman who has the ability to work between the natural and supernatural worlds, cureillness, generate miracles, ward oﬀ attacks, and maintain cultural and medicinal knowledge.
S’malgyak: The name of the language shared by the Tsimshian, Gitxsan, and Nisga’a Nations of British
Columbia and Alaska.
Sxwóxwiyám (shwo-kwee-am): A Halq’eméylem (Hal-ko-melem) word meaning ‘history of the
distant past’.

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYTime immemorial: A term meaning the beginning of time.
Totem pole: Large wooden pole with images carved into them to represent the owner’s clan and family
history. These images and the history behind them are the cultural property of a particular individual,family or clan and may not be told or used by anyone else without permission.
Transformer: Supernatural ﬁgures common in many First Nations’ origin stories. Transformers often havea deep concern for human well being and moral conduct.
Tribe: A tribe is a group of First Nations sharing a common language and culture. The term is usedfrequently in the United States, but only in a few areas of Canada.
Tribal Council: It is the primary First Nations organization to govern over the rights and decision-makingof their particular Nation. Also referred to as Band Council.

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9CASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATION

Case Study:
Stone T’xwelátse: The Road Home
This case study is about the return of a stone ancestor to his family, after having
been separated from them for over a hundred years. Through international
cooperation between the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture(Seattle), the Nooksack Tribe (U.S.A.), and the Stó:lō Nation (Canada) thisrepatriation was possible. Words in Halq’eméylem (Hal-ko-melem), thelanguage of the Stó:lō people, are used in this case study with pronunciation
Tutchonehelp provided in parentheses.

“ I was T’xwelátse, and that it was my responsibility to findTagishInlandLingítKaska, Denaout Lingít
all that I could about thisname and the man who
carried the name before me.”TahltanDene-thah

Nisga'a---Sekani--Xaadas
Haida--

Prince Rupert

Dunne-zaNat'ooten

Gitxsan-- - - - -- - --Lax Kwalaams���������

-HaislaWet'suwet'en

Tsimshian

Dakelhne1) Homalco2) Klahoose3) Sliammon
4) Comox5) Qualicum6) Se'shalt7) Sne-Nay-Mux w
8) Squamish
9) Quwutsun'10) Sto:lo11) Semiahmoo
12) Tsleil-Waututh
13) Musqueam
14) Tsawwassen
15) T'Sou-ke16) Esquimalt
17) Songhees
18) Saanich19) Coquitlam

Saulteaux, Cree

NuxalkHeiltsuk
Georgia Straits Region:

Georg
ge
Prince George

Tsilhqot'in

Oweekeno
Kwakwaka’wakw

1

StoneywepemcSecwepemc

10) Stó:lō Nation

2
3
Nuu-chah-nulth

4

5

6

7

15
16
17
18

akaa’
Nlaka’
am
mux
pamux

8

Kamloops

Vancouver9

Ditidaht

Stl'atl'imx

10

Okanagan

19
11
12
13
14

Ktunaxa,K
inbasketKalispell

Photo: Georgia Joe, age 3, visiting the Stone T’xwelátse at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Seattle WA, 2006. © David Campion

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATION

T’xwelátse Stone Ancestor Repatriation Time LineTime Immemorial - Transformation of T’xwelátse by Xá:ls1858

Establishment of the border between Canada and the United States.

1884

The Stó:lō temporarily leave the Sumas Prairie area in fear of
violence from American settlers. T’xwelátse is left behind.

1892

T’xwelátse found by the Ward brothers in the Sumas area.

1899

T’xwelátse is purchased by the Young Naturalist
Society, founders of the Burke Museum.

1992

Herb Joe is told that T’xwelátse is in the Burke Museum’s collection.
Herb Joe contacts the Burke Museum about the possible repatriation ofT’xwelátse using NAGPRA legislation which was passed in 1990.

1996

Nooksack Tribe agree to sponsor the Stó:lō repatriation claim.

2005

Oﬃcial repatriation claim submitted.

2006

Repatriation application accepted by the Burke Museum andT’xwelátse returns to Stó:lō territory.

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CASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATION

How Stone T’xwelátse came to be:
In Stó:lō oral history, in the distant past, what today is called time immemorial, the world was ‘notquite right’. Animals could speak with people; people could be transformed into animals. According to asxwóxwiyám (shwo-kwee-am), a man called T’xwelátse (Tix-WIL-aht-sah) was born into this chaotic world
in a village along the lower Chilliwack River. This man became the ancestor of the Ts’elxwéyeqw (Ch-ihlkway-uhk) Tribe. Following Stó:lō tradition, the name T’xwelátse was passed down through the family overmany generations. The following sxwóxwiyám is about one of these men named T’xwelátse:T’xwelátse and his wife were on the river bank arguing when Xá:ls (H-alls) happened
upon them. Xá:ls, the great Transformer being given the responsibility by Chíchelh
Siy:ám (Cheech-el See-am) for making things right as he traveled through our lands,
asked this man and woman if they would consider not arguing and that there were betterways of resolving conﬂict and resolving problems. As a result of his interventions Xá:lsand T’xwelátse, who was a shaman, decided to have a contest. They tried to transform
each other into various things – a salmon, a mink, a twig. Finally, Xá:ls was successful intransforming T’xwelátse into stone. Xá:ls then gave the responsibility of caring for Stone
T’xwelátse to T’xwelátse’s wife. Stone T’xwelátse was to be brought home and placed in
front of their house as a reminder to all of the family that we have to learn to live together
in a good way. And the family’s responsibility from that point in time was caring for Stone
T’xwelátse – given to one of the women of our family. They were to be the caretaker ofStone T’xwelátse throughout their lifetime and would pass it on to one of their daughtersor grand daughters who would then be responsible for caring for Stone T’xwelátse for thatgeneration. As told by T’xwelátse -Herb Joe (Schaepe, p. 10, 2007).

The History of Stone T’xwelátse:After his transformation, Stone T’xwelátse became a 4 foot tall, 600 pound granite sculpture.
He was moved up and down the Chilliwack River Valley by his caretakers, who were elder women of
the T’xwelátse family. However, the way of life for the Stó:lō people changed greatly after the arrival of
Europeans. In 1858, the creation of the border between Canada and the United States divided the Stó:lō’s
traditional territory between two countries. Around this same time, one of the female caretakers married
into the Semá:th (Sumas) Nation, which is located close to the Washington State border. As a caretaker she
took Stone T’xwelátse with her when she moved to her new home.
In 1884, a large group of white settlers from Washington rode into the village, accused a young Stó:lō boyof crimes he did not commit, and hung him. Not long after, another hanging was attempted. Fearing more
violence, the Stó:lō villagers ﬂed their homes. Because the move was supposed to be temporary, and because
he was so heavy, Stone T’xwelátse was left behind.

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATIONA curiously carved Indian image
was found by Messrs, Ward Bros.
on the Sumas Prairie. The image isabout four feet high, and weighs
about 600 lbs. It is evidently veryancient; and is quite intact, every
feature being clearly dﬁ eﬁfiﬁ ned.

The Chilliwack Progress, September 15, 1892. Courtesy Chilliwack Museum and Archives.

According to Stó:lō culture, an object belongs to its owner as long as it remains in their territory.
Colonizing cultures often viewed an object as being abandoned when it was not physically withits keeper. In 1892, the Ward brothers found Stone T’xwelátse in a ﬁeld and assumed he had beenabandoned. The discovery of Stone T’xwelátse was reported in The Chilliwack Progress, as a “curiously
carved Indian image.” Soon after, Stone T’xwelátse was sold to a small ‘dime store museum’ in Sumas,
Washington. In 1899, a group of scientists were in the area and came across Stone T’xwelátse. Theylater donated him to the Washington State Museum (now named the Burke Museum of Natural
History and Cultural) in Seattle, Washington. T’xwelátse stayed at the Museum until 2006.

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CASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATION
Stone T’xwelátse’s importance to his people did not disappear
when he did. His name and sxwóxwiyám continued to be passed
down and caretakers continued to be appointed over subsequent
generations. In the early 1970s, Herb Joe was given the name ofT’xwelátse when he became a Chief. At his naming ceremony, Herb
Joe remembers that “from this night on…I was T’xwelátse, and that
it was my responsibility to ﬁnd out all that I could about this nameand the man who carried the name before me…”(Gough, p. 91,
2004). In 1992, a Stó:lō Nation archaeologist re-discovered Stone
T’xwelátse at the Burke Museum and told Herb Joe.
Finding Stone T’xwelátse was just the beginning of his journey
home. The Burke Museum was a state museum and all of theobjects in its collection belonged to the people of Washington
State. Because of this, the Burke Museum could not simply return
Stone T’xwelátse, they needed legal consent. The repatriation ofStone T’xwelátse had to go through the Native American Graves
Georgia Joe, age 3, visiting the Stone T’xwelátse atProtection and Repatriation Act or NAGPRA, a U.S. law thatthe Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture.
allows for certain cultural property to be repatriated. The only
Georgia’s grandfather Herb Joe carries the nameT’xwelátse. Seattle WA, 2006. © David Campion
problem was that under NAGPRA, cultural property could only
be returned to tribes living in the United States. Since Herb Joe
and the rest of Stone T’xwelátse’s descendants live in Canada, the Burke Museum could not return Stone
T’xwelátse directly to them. For the next 14 years, Herb Joe and many others worked to ﬁnd a way tobring Stone T’xwelátse home.
There has always been a close relationship between First Nations and Native American groups living
near the border. For example, Herb Joe was part of both the Stó:lō Nation in Canada and the Nooksack
Tribe in the United States. Both ofthese groups are a part of the larger
Stó:lō community. Because theNooksack Tribe was a recognised
U.S. tribe, the Stó:lō Nation
asked if they would help in therepatriation request. In 2005, theNooksack Tribe made a formal
request to the Burke Museum
under NAGPRA to repatriate Stone
T’xwelátse. The Nooksack Tribe
would then return it to Herb Joe’s
family. Proving Stone T’xwelátse’scase under NAGPRA was not easy,
Community members greet T’xwelátse at the Nooksack Reserve, Washington, 2006.
and took many years of research© David Campion
and collecting historical evidence.

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATIONIn March 2006, the Burke Museum approved the NAGPRA application for repatriation. Stone T’xwelátse
was going home! On October 6, 2006, staﬀ at the Burke Museum repatriated Stone T’xwelátse to the
Nooksack Tribe, and on October 14, after 114 years of separation, Stone T’xwelátse travelled back acrossthe border to be welcomed by over 500 people.
Stone T’xwelátse has always been an important example of what the Stó:lō see as ‘living together in a goodway’. Through the repatriation of Stone T’xwelátse important relationships have been made between the
Burke Museum, the Stó:lō Nation, and the Nooksack Tribe. As one Stó:lō elder put it,

To celebrate [Stone T’xwelátse’s homecoming], leaders from here, Nooksack andneighbouring tribes and chiefs will all come to celebrate and share. Sxwó:yxwey (Sh-whykway) mask dances will be used to welcome him home, which is very sacred. People haven’t
seen this type of ceremony in a long time, even ever, so the welcome home celebration will
be part of the revival (Gough, p. 89, 2004).
Though Stone T’xwelátse was separated from his family for over a century, his homecoming helped restore
balance in a chaotic world and brought many diﬀerent communities together. Stone T’xwelátse’s asks us all
to live together in a good way.

Questions to Consider:• How are objects connected to community history?
• How does oral history play a role in remembering and passing on one’s culture?
• In what ways do political borders impact cultural borders?

Research Resources:
T’xwelátse me t’ókw’ telos qáys (T’xwelátse is ﬁnally home), Film by Herb Joe & Stó:lō Research andResource Management Centre, 2007. Bear Image Productions. 30 minutes. (Contact 604-824-5124
to purchase a copy)
Stó:lō website: http://www.stolonation.bc.ca
Nooksack website: http://www.nooksack-tribe.org/“National NAGPRA” (January 24, 2006). Available From: The National Park Services
http://www.nps.gov/history/nagpra/fed_notices/nagpradir/nir0342.html

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CASE STUDY OF STÓ:LŌ REPATRIATION

Newspapers reports“T’xwelátse comes home: in stone a legend lives again” The Seattle Times. January 28, 2007.
The Seattle Times Archives. By Sandra Shields
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/paciﬁcnw01282007/2003541043_paciﬁcpstone28.html

Museums sites
Burke Museum of Natural and Cultural History website:
http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/events/stone/index.php
The UBC Museum of Anthropology’s Calendar of Events
http://www.moa.ubc.ca/pdf/calendars/MOACalendarJan08.pdf

This case study was initially prepared by Kathleen Bertrand, Joanna Hayman, Danielle MacKenzie
and Marika Wiggan as part of the course Studies in Museum Anthropology, 2008, at the Universityof British Columbia.

Cited sources:
Gough, M. E. (2004). Repatriation as a Reﬂection of Stó:lō Cultural Values: Tset Tháyeltxwem Te lálém
S’olhetawtxw (We are Building a House of Respect). Unpublished M.A.Thesis, Carleton University.
Schaepe, D. (2007). Learning to live together in a good way: Lessons on repatriation from Stone
T’xwelátse. The Midden, 39(2), 9-17.

16

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATION

Case Study:
Repatriation of Haida Ancestral Remains
This case study focuses on the repatriation of the remains of Haida
ancestors from North American museums. Yahgudangang (Yaa goo
dawn guung) means To Pay Respect in the Haida language. It is theterm the Haida use for repatriation. Working towards the return of
all their ancestors and their reburial is important to the Haida andTutchoneshows respect for those ancestors.
TagishInlandLingít“ Our journey has been long, but alsorich in learning and healing.”
Kaska, Dena

LingítTahltanne-thahhDene-thah

Nisga'a---Sekani--Xaadas
Haida

Gitxsan---- - - - -- - --Lax Kwalaams

Prince Rupert

Dunne-zaNat'ooten-

HaislaWet'suwet'en

Tsimshian

Dakelhne1) Homalco2) Klahoose3) Sliammon
4) Comox5) Qualicum6) Se'shalt7) Sne-Nay-Mux w
8) Squamish
9) Quwutsun'10) Sto:lo11) Semiahmoo
12) Tsleil-Waututh
13) Musqueam
14) Tsawwassen
15) T'Sou-ke16) Esquimalt
17) Songhees
18) Saanich19) Coquitlam

Saulteaux, Cree

NuxalkHeiltsuk
Georgia Straits Region:

Prince George

Tsilhqot'in

Oweekeno
Kwakwaka’wakw

1

StoneySecwepemc
2
3

Nuu-chah-nulth

4

5

6

7

15
16
17
18

Nlaka’
pamux

8

Kamloops

Vancouver9

Ditidaht

Haida Gwaii

Stl'atl'imx

10

19
11
12
13
14

Okanagan

Ktunaxa,K
inbasketKalispell

Photo: Eagle Dancer performing at the end of the mourning ceremony, Haida Gwaii, BC, 2005. Courtesy of the Haida Gwaii Museum at Kaay Llnagaay.
UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

17

CASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATION

Haida Ancestral Remains Repatriation Time LineTime Immemorial - the Haida originate on Haida Gwaii

1990

23 ancestors repatriated from the Royal BC Museum.

1998

7 ancestors repatriated from the Royal BC Museum.

1999

6 ancestors repatriated from the UBC Laboratory of Archaeology.

2000

1 ancestor repatriated from the Royal BC Museum.
148 ancestors repatriated from the Canadian Museum of Civilization.

2001

3 ancestors returned to Haida Gwaii on long term loan from the CanadianMuseum of Civilization.

2002

48 ancestors repatriated from the American Museum of Natural History.
1 ancestor repatriated from the Oakland Museum of California.

2003

160 ancestors repatriated from the Field Museum in Chicago.

2004

4 ancestors repatriated from the Simon Fraser University Laboratoryof Archaeology.
Haida host the Aboriginal Repatriation Conference May, 2004.

2005

2 ancestors repatriated from the University of Oregon Museum of
Natural History.
End of Mourning Ceremonies June 20 -22, 2005. Haida rebury theirancestors in Skidegate and Massett.

18

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATIONOur journey has been long, but also richin learning and healing. In the Museum
communities of North America many
individuals have had their lives changed
by what they have experienced throughrepatriation….We approach repatriation
with mutual respect and understanding
and are seeing new understandings
based in respect for our past, and a more
knowledgeable regard for our present as
Haida people today. (Haida repatriation
website – www.repatriation.ca)
Raven dancer performing at the end of the mourning
ceremony, Haida Gwaii, BC, 2005. Courtesy of the Haida
Gwaii Museum at Kaay Llnagaay.

The Haida Nation:
Haida Gwaii is the homeland of the Haida people. Haida Gwaii (also known as the Queen Charlotte
Islands) is a group of islands in northern British Columbia.

Our culture is born of respect, and intimacy with the land and sea and the air aroundus. Like the forests, the roots of our people are intertwined such that the greatest troubles
cannot overcome us. We owe our existence to Haida Gwaii. The living generation
accepts the responsibility to ensure that our heritage is passed on to following generations(Council of Haida Nation website – www.haidanation.ca).
Before European contact, tens of thousands of Haida people lived in villages on Haida Gwaii. When
Europeans came to this area they brought smallpox with them, a disease to which the Haida had neverbeen exposed. Smallpox killed many Haida, and only a few hundred people survived. Many of thesurviving Haida moved to Skidegate and Old Massett. Today approximately 5,000 Haida, live both on
and oﬀ the islands.

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

19

CASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATION

Removal and Repatriation of Ancestral Human Remains:
Traditionally, the Haida would put the remains of their deceased in bentwood boxes in mortuary
houses, or in mortuary boxes on top of trees or mortuary poles. After the arrival of missionaries, thesepractices were forbidden and much of this cultural property was destroyed or collected by archaeologists,
anthropologists, and other collectors.
The Haida Repatriation Committee is made up of two branches: the Skidegate Repatriation Committee
and the Massett Repatriation Committee. The committees were created to help bring home their ancestors,
treasures, and grave materials from museums and universities around the world which had been removed
from Haida Gwaii over the past one hundred and ﬁfty years.
The importance of ancestral remains repatriation for the Haida can be shown in the quote below:
Our ancestors are our relatives and we have a deep connection to them. We are who we aretoday because of them. We believe that as long as the remains of our ancestors are stored inmuseums and other unnatural locations far from home, that the souls of these people are
wandering and unhappy. Once they are returned to their homeland of Haida Gwaii andare laid to rest with honour, the souls can rest and our communities may heal a bit more
(Skidegate Repatriation & Culture Committee website - www.repatriation.ca).

Elders provide leadership and direction at a community consultation, Haida
Gwaii, BC, 1998. Courtesy of the Haida Gwaii Museum at Kaay Llnagaay.

Successful Repatriation in BC:
The Haida have been successful in repatriating all of their ancestors from museums in British Columbia.
In many cases, a Haida delegation made up of Haida elders, chiefs, artists, and researchers would visit
the place where the remains were held. These delegations were important because they made sure that thelarger Haida community was represented and that Haida cultural and legal rules were followed.
The process of repatriation formed many new relationships between the Haida and the museums
repatriating Haida ancestors.

We include museum staﬀ in our work and ceremonies where appropriate and together
we build and foster relationships. By the end of each repatriation, the employees of themuseum are always so thrilled to have been a part of the process and you can see they
understand and are involved from their hearts (Skidegate Repatriation & Culture
Committee website - http://www.repatriation.ca/Pages/Our%20Learning.html).
20

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATION

Haida Repatriations outside of BC:
Even though the Haida have been successful inrepatriating all known ancestors from all North American
museums, they are still working on repatriating theirancestors from European museums and private citizens.
Many museums in the United States and Europe havebeen involved in helping the Haida repatriate theirancestral remains. A major obstacle in international
repatriations is the amount of money it costs to visit
Elders and Youth pose at the Field Museum, Chicago, 2003. Photo
Credit Nika Collison. Courtesy of the Haida Gw aii Museum atthese museums and later bring the ancestral remains back
Kaay Llnagaay.
home. Often museums need repatriations to go througha legal process because their collections belong to a city or country. When this happens, the repatriation
is expensive and can take a long time. For example, in 2002, the American Museum of Natural History
repatriated 34 Haida ancestral remains. The remains had been taken from graves in Haida Gwaii between
1897 and 1901 by anthropologist Charles F. Newcombe. It took the Haida two years to negotiate andfundraise approximately $50,000 to cover the costs of repatriating their ancestors.

Repatriations from private citizens:
Many people have contacted the Haida and oﬀered to return the remains of their ancestors in theirpossession. There have also been a few repatriations from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
Ancestors are often transferred to the RCMP when they are found after a natural disaster such as a ﬂood,
or during construction work. In the 1990’s, it was discovered that an unethical anthropologist had stolen
44 Haida ancestors from their graves in the 1970s and 1980s. When he was unwilling to return them, the
RCMP became involved and eventually the ancestors were repatriatedto the Haida.
Currently, any Haida archaeological excavations or environmental
disruptions which uncover skeletal remains on Haida Gwaii require
those who ﬁnd them to leave them undisturbed, make a note of theirlocation, and alert theCouncil of the Haida
Nation or the RCMP.

Raven dancer performing at the end of themourning ceremony, Haida Gwaii, BC,2005. Courtesy of the Haida Gwaii Museum
at Kaay Llnagaay.
UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Chiefs waiting at the beach as part of End of Mourning Ceremony.
2005. Photo credit J. McGuire. Courtesy of the Haida Gwaii
Museum at Kaay Llnagaay.

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

21

CASE STUDY OF HAIDA REPATRIATION

Questions to Consider:• Why would museums or individuals take possession of ancestral remains?
• Do you think that this practice still occurs?
• How might repatriation of ancestors aﬀect First Nations’ communities?
• How might international repatriations be diﬀerent from local or national repatriations?
• How was the community involved in the repatriation process and the End of
Mourning ceremonies? Review Haida repatriation website to ﬁnd more information.

Research Resources:
Stolen Spirits of Haida Gwaii. Toronto: Primitive Entertainment Company, 2004.
by Kevin McMahon. 74 minutes.
Skidegate Repatriation and Cultural Committee: www.repatriation.ca
Council of the Haida Nation: www.haidanation.ca

News reports
Indian Burial and Sacred Grounds Watch Website: Haida First Nations repatriate
human remains from USA
www.ibsgwatch.imagedjinn.com/learn/2002sept12haida.htm
National Public Radio – audio documentary Parts one and two
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1599694

Museums sites
UBC Museum of Anthropology – repatriation policy:
http://moa.ubc.ca/collections/repatriation.php
Canadian Museum of Civilization repatriation policy:
http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/repat/repat00e.html
This case study was initially prepared by Jenna Walsh, Jeﬀ Harris, Nick Waber, and Genevieve Adamek
as part of the course Studies in Museum Anthropology, 2008, at the University of British Columbia

22

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAISLA REPATRIATION

Case Study:
G’psgolox returns home to the Haisla
This case study looks at the events that led to the creation of
the G’psgolox (gup skol locks) Pole in 1872, how the Museumof Ethnography in Sweden acquired the pole in 1929, and its
Tutchone
repatriation to the Haisla people in 2006. The G’psgolox Pole
Tagish the important connection between cultural property and theshows
InlandcommunityLingít
history of the Haisla people.
Kaska, Dena

LingítTahltanne-thahDene-thah

Nisga'a---Sekani--Xaadas
Haida

Gitxsan---- - - - -- - --Lax Kwalaams

Prince Rupert

Dunne-zaNat'ooten-

HaislaWet'suwet'en

Tsimshian

Dakelhne1) Homalco2) Klahoose3) Sliammon
4) Comox5) Qualicum6) Se'shalt7) Sne-Nay-Mux w
8) Squamish
9) Quwutsun'10) Sto:lo11) Semiahmoo
12) Tsleil-Waututh
13) Musqueam
14) Tsawwassen
15) T'Sou-ke16) Esquimalt
17) Songhees
18) Saanich19) Coquitlam

Saulteaux,, Cree

HaislaNuxalkHeiltsuk
Georgia Straits Region:

Prince George

Tsilhqot'in

Oweekeno
Kwakwaka’wakw

1

StoneySecwepemc
2
3

Nuu-chah-nulth

4

5

6

7

Nlaka’
pamux

8

Kamloops

Vancouver9

Ditidaht

Stl'atl'imx

15
16
17
18

10

19
11
12
13
14

Okanagan

Ktunaxa,K
inbasketKalispell

Photo: Detail G’psgolox Pole. Courtesy of the Na Na Kila Institute
UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

23

CASE STUDY OF HAISLA REPATRIATION

G’psgolox Pole Repatriation Time LineTime Immemorial

1872

G’psgolox Pole erected by Xenaksiala people in the Kitlope Valley.

1900

After a smallpox epidemic and avalanche nearly destroys their village,
the Xenaksiala are forced to abandon the Kitlope Valley.

1927

Swedish Consul Olof Hanson asks to purchase a totem pole.
Without the consent of the Xenaksiala, permission to sell the pole is given
to Indian Agent Ivan Fougner by the Department of Indian Aﬀairs.

24

1929

The G’psgolox Pole is cut down and shipped to Sweden.

1950

Haisla Nation is formed when the Xenaksiala community joins with
the Haisla in Kitamaat.

1981

The G’psgolox Pole is placed on display at the new Museum of
Ethnography in Stockholm after being in storage for 46 years.

1991

Members of the Haisla Nation visit Sweden to request return of theG’psgolox Pole.

1994

Swedish government decides to give the Pole back to the Haisla asa gift. The Museum of Ethnography negotiates with the Haisla for
return of the G’psgolox Pole.

2000

Two replicas of the G’psgolox Pole are made by Haisla carvers. One
stays in Sweden to replace the pole that is repatriated, the other is raised
where the original G’psgolox Pole once stood in the Kitlope Valley.

2006

The G’psgolox Pole is repatriated to the Haisla and currently resides inthe village of Kitamaat.

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAISLA REPATRIATION

Haisla Xenaksiala Community:
On March 12, 1948 the Xenaksiala people joined the Kitamaat Band, becoming part of the Haisla Nation.
The Xenaksiala peoples’ traditional homelands are located in the Kitlope Valley on the central coast of
British Columbia. In the late 1700’s, Europeans came into contact with the Xenaksiala people. With theEuropeans came smallpox, a disease that the Haisla had not been exposed to before. The introduction ofthis disease, followed by a large avalanche in the Kitlope village forced the Xenaksiala to move to Kemano
Bay, and later to Kitamaat. These two events are important to the history of the G’psgolox Pole.

The Story behind the G’psgolox Pole:In the early 1870s, Chief G’psgolox of the Eagle clan in the Kitlope Valley lost allof his children and tribe members, except for his wife, to smallpox. Stricken withgrief at his loss, he went to the forest where he saw the spirit Tsooda. Tsooda asked
G’psgolox why he was sad. G’psgolox told him about the loss of his children
and his tribe. Tsooda gave G’psgolox a piece of crystal and told him to go to hisdead and bite the crystal in their presence. After following Tsooda’s instructions,G’psgolox saw his dead family members and tribe come to life.

The History of the G’psgolox Pole:
After G’psgolox’s experiences with Tsooda, he decided to create a mortuary polein memory of his children and people. He commissioned members of the Ravenclan to carve a pole for him. The ﬁgures on the pole represent Tsooda, Asoalget (amythical Grizzly Bear), and another mythical male Grizzly Bear that lives underwater. The pole was 9 meters tall and was raised in the Kitlope Valley in 1872.
After the avalanche, the Xenaksiala people moved to Kemano Bay and later
to Kitamaat village, leaving the G’psgolox Pole behind. In 1927, a Swedish
government representative expressed interest in acquiring a First Nations totem
pole to bring back to Sweden. An Indian Agent named Ivan Fougner knew about
the G’psgolox Pole and was given permission by the Canadian government tosell it to Sweden. It was thought that the village was abandoned and no longer
important to the Xenaksiala. This was not true, although the people had moved;
they were still very connected to the place where the pole stood.

Replica of G’psgolox pole raisedin the Kitlope Valley, BC, carved
2000. Courtesy of Na Na Kila
Institute.
UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYThe G’psgolox Pole arrived in Sweden in 1929, and was sent to the Museum of
Ethnography in Stockholm. From 1929-1975, the pole was housed in temporary
quarters because the museum did not have space to display it. After 46 years instorage, the G’psgolox Pole was ﬁnally displayed in the Museum’s new central hallin 1980.

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

25

CASE STUDY OF HAISLA REPATRIATION
Cecil Paul’s grandmother had told him the story of the disappearance of the old pole, and requested that
he keep his eyes open as to its whereabouts. Cecil had not forgotten about the G’psgolox Pole. It was, andcontinues to be, important to his family. In 1991, the Haisla learned of the pole’s location at the National
Museum of Ethnography in Sweden. Haisla Chief Councilor Gerald Amos and Louisa Smith, a descendentof Chief G’psgolox, planned a trip to Sweden to see the pole. After seeing the G’psgolox Pole they requested
its return because it had been wrongfully taken from their land.
It took the Haisla several years to get the Swedish government to agree to return the G’psgolox Pole. Aspart of the negotiations the Haisla agreed to create a replica of the pole for the Museum of Ethnography.
In 2000, two replica poles were carved: one was given as a gift to Sweden from the Haisla; the other was
raised in ceremony in the pole’s original location. Even though the Swedish government agreed to return theG’psgolox Pole in 1994, more than ten years passed before it was returned to the Haisla.
In April 2006, after a year of planning, the G’psgolox Pole left Sweden and arrived in Vancouver at the UBCMuseum of Anthropology. When the pole arrived, it was welcomed by Haisla chiefs, elders, community
members and the general public. It was on display for two months before it completed its journey home to
Haisla territory.
Finally, on July 1, 2006, a traditional Haisla welcome ceremony was held for the G’psgolox Pole in Kitamaat.
Community members, Swedish representatives, and others were present to witness its return to Kitamaat,
where it remains today. Its ﬁnal resting place is still under discussion in the community.

Chief G’psgolox Dan Paul Sr. and Anders Bjorklund of Sweden,
signing oﬃcial documents of ownership on April 26, at the Museumof Anthropology at UBC. Courtesy UBC Museum of Anthropology,
Vancouver, BC, 2006.

26

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF HAISLA REPATRIATION

Questions to Consider:• How can history be told without words? What role do objects play in telling history?
• In your opinion, what are the most interesting aspects of the G’psgolox Pole repatriation?
• Why might the history of the G’psgolox Pole be important to the Haisla?

Research Resources:
Totem: the Return of the G’psgolox Pole, National Film Board of Canada, 2003. By Gil Cardinal.
70 minutes
http://www.nfb.ca/enclasse/doclens/visau/index.php?mode=view&language=english&ﬁlmId=51162
Na Na Kila Institute website www.nanakila.ca
Haisla First Nation website www.haisla.ca
Turtle Island Native Network website
http://www.turtleisland.org/culture/culture-haisla.htm

News Reports:“BC Totem Comes Home From Sweden.” The Globe and Mail, April 27, 2006. By Mark Hume.
http://www.ecotrust.ca/communities/bc-totem-comes-home-sweden-museum-returns-haisla-artifactafter-band-agreed-craft-replic“B.C. Totem-pole saga has Swede ending.” The Globe and Mail, March 14, 2006. By Jonathan
Woodward.

Museum sites:
UBC Museum of Anthropology – calendar of events on G’psgolox Pole:
http://www.moa.ubc.ca/pdf/calendars/MOAMay_Aug06.pdf
Etnograﬁska Museet – Sweden National Ethnography Museum
http://www.etnograﬁska.se/smvk/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1675&l=en_US

This case study was initially prepared by Jonathan Pringle, Laura Rock and Christine Selzler as part ofthe course Studies in Museum Anthropology, 2008, at the University of British Columbia.

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

27

CASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION

Case Study: Bringing ourimages home to Metlakatla, Alaska
Bringing Our Images Home oﬀers students an opportunity to learn about theTsimshian people of Metlakatla, Alaska and introduces them to the historicphotographs of B.A. Haldane (1874-1941). B.A. Haldane was a Tsimshian
and a professional photographer who took many photographs of First Nations
Tutchonepeoples and communities from 1890 to 1941. Haldane’s photographs haverecently
been brought back to Metlakatla, Alaska as a form of repatriation.
TagishInlandWe learn thishistory from Tsimshian scholar Mique’l Askren.
LingítKaska, Dena

LingítTahltanDene-thahPrince Rupert

Nisga'a---Sekani--XaadasHaida--

Lax Kwalaams

Prince Rupert

Dunne-zaNat'ooten

Gitxsan-- - - - -- - --Lax Kwalaams-

HaislaWet'
Wet'suwet'en

Tsimshian

Dakelhne1) Homalco2) Klahoose3) Sliammon
4) Comox5) Qualicum6) Se'shalt7) Sne-Nay-Mux w
8) Squamish
9) Quwutsun'10) Sto:lo11) Semiahmoo
12) Tsleil-Waututh
13) Musqueam
14) Tsawwassen
15) T'Sou-ke16) Esquimalt
17) Songhees
18) Saanich19) Coquitlam

Saulteaux, Cree

NuxalkHeiltsuk
Georgia Straits Region:

Prince George

Tsimshian

Tsilhqot'in

Oweekeno
Kwakwaka’wakw

1

StoneySecwepemc
2
3

Nuu-chah-nulth

4

5

6

7

15
16
17
18

Nlaka’
pamux

8

Kamloops

Vancouver9

Ditidaht

Stl'atl'imx

10

Okanagan

19
11
12
13
14

Ktunaxa,K
inbasketKalispell

Photo: B.A self-portrait inside his studio, circa 1900, Metlakatla, Alaska. #88.1.71.2, Tongass Historical Museum, Ketchikan Alaska.

28

RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION

Tsimshian Photograph Repatriation Timeline
Time Immemorial

1834

Establishment of Fort Simpson by the Hudson’ Bay Company
in the area of Tsimshian Territory known as Lax Kwalaams.

1857

Missionary William Duncan sent by the Church Missionary Society ofEngland (CMS) to work with the 2,300 Tsimshian at Fort Simpson.

1862

Duncan moved with a group of ﬁfty of his converts to Metlakatla, an
abandoned winter village. Soon after, the population tripled with people
seeking refuge from smallpox.

1874

Benjamin Alfred (B.A.) Haldane was born to Matthew and Ada
Haldane in Metlakatla, British Columbia.

1887

1891

1899

After Chief Justice Matthew Begbie’s verdict denied the Tsimshian Nation’s
claim to land ownership in Metlakatla, 823 Tsimshians including B.A.
Haldane moved to an island in Alaska to build a new Christian communityand continue to petition for land rights.
After years of negotiation, Metlakatla, Alaska, was established as theAnnette Island Indian Reserve by the United States Congress.
B.A. Haldane opens Haldane Studio in Metlakatla, Alaska. He begins
to travel throughout Southeast Alaska and British Columbia to takephotographs and teach music in First Nations Communities.

1941

B.A. Haldane passes away.

2003

Dennis Dunne discovery of one hundred and sixty-three of B.A.’s
original glass plate negatives in Metlakatla.

2004

Mique’l Askren receives permission from B.A.’s family and Metlakatla’s
Tribal Council to research B.A.’s photography for her Master’s thesis at UBC.

2007

B.A.’s photographs are repatriated to Metlakatla upon theirrequest from the exhibit “Looking to Our Past to Inspire Our
Future: A Photographic Exhibit of Metlakatla’s History.”

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

29

CASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATIONThe History of Tsimshian Nation of Metlakatla, Alaska
Since time immemorial, the traditional territory of the Tsimshian Nation has been 3.4 million hectares ofland around the lower Skeena River and nearby islands on the Northern British Columbia coastline (seemap). Metlakatla, Alaska is a new Tsimshian village. It is only 120 years old. Metlakatla’s history involves
a series of events that began in 1834 when the Hudson’s Bay Company established a trading post in
Tsimshian territory at Lax K’walaams (luck-wil-laams), also known as Port Simpson. For many centuries,
Lax K’walaams had been an important place for Tsimshian people to meet and trade with others. When
the Hudson’s Bay Company built the trading post, nine Tsimshian tribes from villages on the lower
Skeena River moved to Lax K’walaams to protect their trade interests.
In 1857, the Church Missionary Society of England sent a missionary, named William Duncan, to bring
Christianity to Lax K’walaams and convince the Tsimshian to abandon their cultural traditions. In 1862,
Duncan moved with ﬁfty of his converts to an abandoned winter village further down the coast of British
Columbia called Metlakatla. Duncan wanted to keep his new converts away from the inﬂuences of theirrelatives who practiced Tsimshian traditions, and from alcohol introduced by traders. Duncan establishedrules that outlawed potlatching and other ceremonial practices. His goal was to eradicate all Tsimshiantraditions and replace them with Christian beliefs. He was unsuccessful, as the Tsimshian continued topractice their culture, but in secret.

Family Portrait taken in B.A’s studio in Metlakatla, Alaska ca.
1900. ACR# 297620, Wellcome Collection.

In 1880, Duncan was dismissed from his post in Metlakatla
after a number of disagreements with the Church Missionary
Society. He continued to live with and support thecommunity’s eﬀort to resolve land ownership. In 1886,
the Tsimshian land ownership claim was denied. In hopesof getting land rights in the United States 823 Tsimshians
moved from British Columbia in 1887 to an island insoutheast Alaska. This area now known as Metlakatla, Alaska,
was declared Annette Island Indian Reserve in 1891. Duncan
continued unsuccessfully to stop Tsimshian participation in
potlatches and other ceremonies.

Benjamin Alfred Haldane (Tsimshian),
19th Century Photographer
Benjamin Alfred (B.A.) Haldane was born to Matthew and Ada Haldane at the time of the massmigration that established Metlakatla, Alaska. His family and community referred to him as B.A. Whenhe was ﬁfteen years old, B.A. was expelled from school by Duncan after completing grade three. B.A.
was an avid reader with remarkable capacity for learning. There was no reason for B.A.’s expulsion,other than Duncan’s argument that “there was nothing more for him to learn.” Like other missionaries
at this time, Duncan tried to keep his First Nations converts at a low level of education so they would
not threaten his authority.

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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION
B.A. did not allow his lack of schooling to discourage him from continuing his education on his own. He
taught himself both music composition and photography from books that he purchased using wages heearned working at the salmon cannery. A talented musician, B.A. played many instruments, taught music,
and directed bands and choirs. He also transcribed Tsimshian songs to sheet music.
Around 1890, B.A. began his career as a photographer by taking individual and family portraits in
Metlakatla, Alaska. Nine years later, he opened a portrait studio with props, backdrops, and décor of theperiod. B.A. was the only professional First Nations photographer on the Northwest Coast, and many
people traveled great distances to have their portraits taken by him. It was considered prestigious to have aportrait made in a photography studio.

B.A self-portrait inside his studio, circa 1900,#88.1.71.2, Tongass Historical Museum, Ketchikan Alaska.

B.A. took photographs until his death inMetlakatla, Alaska in 1941. He documented thedevelopment of the community, its events, and thelives of First Nations people along the Northwest
Coast. Many of his photographs were collected andlater donated to the United States National Archives
in Anchorage, Alaska. His photographs are also partof the collections at the University of Washington
in Seattle, the Alaska State Library in Juneau,
and the Royal BC Museum in Victoria. Very few
of his photographs remain in his community ofMetlakatla, Alaska.

Mique’l Askren (Tsimshian),Community Curator for Metlakatla, Alaska:
I am a direct descendant of the Tsimshians who moved to Metlakatla, Alaska with William Duncan
in 1887. My great-great grandparents were married by Duncan and my great-grandmother attended
Duncan’s school. My grandmother handed down many stories about the migration of our family andother Tsimshians from British Columbia and about building our community in Alaska. Her stories
made our history come alive and were very important to me. At a young age, I began practicing ourpeoples’ traditions through dancing, singing, regalia making, and wood carving. These experiences
have given me a sense of responsibility to keep my culture alive and preserve our history for future
generations. Today, I am a PhD student focusing on First Nations Art History at the University of
British Columbia. I also work for my community as the Curator of the Healing Art Collection.
My interest in B.A. Haldane’s work began after a discovery was made by one of our community members
named Dennis Dunne in 2003. While he was at the garbage dump in Metlakatla, Dennis came acrossboxes ﬁlled with glass plate negatives that someone had thrown out. There were 163 glass plate negatives
in total. Dennis quickly brought the negatives to a nearby museum to make sure they were properly
cared for. After learning that the negatives were from B.A.’s studio, I asked our Tribal Council and

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYRETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTY

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CASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION
B.A.’s family if I could research and write about his photography
for my Master’s thesis. They gave me permission and I worked
very closely with them so I that could share my discoveries as I
researched.

Sidney Campbell posed with his totem pole inMetlakatla, Alaska, ca. 1905. Image from glass plate
negative, William Duncan Memorial Church Archives,
Metlakatla, Alaska.

Men in regalia, Metlakatla, Alaska circa 1925. Left to
Right: Paul Mather, unknown, George Eaton, Sidney
Campbell, unknown, B. Simpson. Image fromglass plate negative, William Duncan Memorial
Church Archives, Metlakatla, Alaska.

For our community, the most important part of B.A.’s workis that his images document the continuation of Tsimshiantraditions in our community after our conversion to Christianity.
Perfect examples of this are the photographs that B.A. took of
Sidney Campbell. One photograph shows Sidney as a young man
carving a totem pole in Metlakatla in 1905 and the other shows
him standing with ﬁve other men from our community wearing
their regalia around 1925. Sidney Campbell (ca. 1849-1934) was
one of the men who migrated to Metlakatla, Alaska in 1887. Hecontinued to carve and practice our ceremonies in our community
even though they were outlawed by Duncan. Duncan also forced
people to give him their regalia when they were baptized, in orderto prove their faith in Christianity. However, Sidney Campbell
and many others in our community secretly kept their regalia
after the move to Alaska. These images are especially importantbecause most history books on First Nations people portray ourcommunity as having abandoned our cultural traditions when
we converted to Christianity. B.A.’s photographs support ouroral history in Metlakatla, Alaska about the ways in which ourancestors continued to practice our traditions.

I presented selections of B.A.’s photographs to his family and our community many times throughout
my research. For many, it was the ﬁrst time they had seen the photographs and pictures of their ancestors
from this time period. Among the ﬁfty men, women, and children who attended each presentation, there
was a strong reaction of pride and amazement in B.A.’s career as a photographer. In response to one of thepresentations, Tsimshian artist Wayne Hewson stated:“It made me proud of the fact that my grandfather helped record history, not just ours
but all the people he traveled to, and that he continued to attend potlatches…These
photographs show that our people were proud and that we didn’t give up our culture.”(Personal communication with author)

Photograph Repatriation:
Since the majority of B.A.’s photographs are in museums, it is very diﬃcult for people in our community
to see or own copies of his work. As a part of my eﬀorts to give our people more opportunities to viewhis photographs, I created an exhibit called Looking to Our Past to Inspire Our Future: a Photographic
Exhibit of Metlakatla’s History. The exhibit opened in August 2007. Because we do not have a museum in
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RETURNING THE PAST: REPATRIATION OF FIRST NATIONS CULTURAL PROPERTYUBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGYCASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION
Metlakatla, the exhibit was presented at our medical facility, the Annette Island Service Unit (AISU), aspart of the Healing Art Collection. As part of the exhibit, I organized a photograph repatriation program
so community members could simply request copies of the photographs that were meaningful to them. To
make the process even less complicated, I provided the electronic images and AISU paid for the printing so
the photographs would be free for our people. Over 500 photograph requests were placed by community
members ranging from elders to children.
Elder and cultural leader, Barbara Fawcett felt thatthe exhibit

Looking to the Past to Inspire Our Future Exhibit,
Annette Island Service Unit, Metlakatla, Alaska, 2007.
Courtesy M. Askren.

“…opened up sleeping history that touches us all.” For
Barbara, having copies of these photographs in her homemeans that, “My great-grand parents are no longer
invisible. My family members of years ago were there andsome played an integral part of that history. They matterjust like the others!”(Written communication with author)
Nine-year-old Collin Williams, a descendant of B.A., was the
youngest person in our community to request images from theexhibit. Sharing his feeling about the photographs he states,

Aidan Winter (11 years old) writing down his order forthe photograph repatriation, Annette Island Service
Unit, Metlakatla, Alaska, 2007. Courtesy M. Askren.

“I realized what happen[ed] in the olden day[s] andwhat can happen now…I wanted the pictures to remind
me of everything they [our ancestors] did because it
makes me feel safe.” (Personal communication withauthor)Collin Williams requested a 1910 photograph of children
working in a salmon cannery.

“I chose this picture because they all had to work together
to stay alive and to have the food people went out forwhen they went ﬁshing.”(Personal communication with author)

Collin William (9 years old) with the photograph of children
working in our salmon cannery that he requested in our
photograph repatriation program, Annette Island Service
Unit, Metlakatla, Alaska, 2007. Courtesy M. Askren.

UBC MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Through the creation of the exhibit, and witnessing the responses
to the photographs by my community, I have come to truly realize
how important and meaningful repatriating the photographs was toall generations of my community. It is really important to have ourpast close to us so it can guide us in the future.

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CASE STUDY OF TSIMSHIAN REPATRIATION

Questions to Consider:• How would you feel if photographs of your family members were owned by museums?
• What steps would you take to get access to these images?
• Using one of your own photos, or one that you accessed from the internet, describe howa single image can be used to tell two diﬀerent stories.
• What do photographs convey about 1) the photographer who made the image,2) the people in the image, 3) the time period in which the photograph was made?
• Could a photograph returned to a community be considered repatriation?
If so, why? If not, why not?

Research Resources:
Mique’l Askren, 2007. “Benjamin Haldane (Tsmishian 1874-1941)”, pp. 2-4. In Our People, Our Land,
Our Images: International Indigenous Photographers. Hulleah J. Tshinhnahjinnie & Veronica Passalacqua(Eds.) Heyday Books.
Metlakatla, Alaska: http://www.metlakatla.com/index.html
University of Washington Photographic Archive Collection:
http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=haldane&CISOFIE
LD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=all
Alaska Digital Archives:
http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CIS
OROOT=all&CISOBOX1=Metlakatla%20%20Alaska&CISOSTART=1,1
William Duncan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)Museum sites:
Tongass Historical Museum:
http://www.city.ketchikan.ak.us/departments/museums/Metlakatla.htm

Cited sources:
Wayne Hewson, Personal Interview. Metlakatla, Alaska, 28 February 2006
Barbara Fawcett, Written Correspondence. Metlakatla, Alaska, 28 May 2008
Collin Williams, Personal Interview. Metlakatla, Alaska, 23 May, 2008

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