66

The Verb Forms Hath and Has in The Gentleman’s
Magazine : With Special Reference to the Issues for
January, February and March 1731
Hiroyuki Sakauchi*
Abstract

This paper made a linguistic analysis of the third-person singular present indicative verb forms
hath and has in The Gentleman’s Magazine published in 1731. The examples analysed include thosefunctioning as auxiliaries and those as full verbs. In the statistical analysis of the forms, I have observedthat has is the predominant form and hath is the minor variant form used in the text regardless of theirgrammatical functions. In the contextual analysis of the forms I have mainly dealt with the instances of
the archaic form hath and explored the stylistic effects achieved by them.
Keywords: the third-person singular present, hath, has, the eighteenth century, The Gentleman’s

Magazine

1. Introduction
My study aims to make a linguistic exploration into the third-person singular present indicative
verb forms hath and has found in the ordinary written English in an early eighteenth-century
journal. As a background, Section 1.1 outlines the history of the third-person present-tense
indicative singular endings of English verbs and reviews some preceding studies on this matter.
Section 1.2 offers an introduction to The Gentleman’s Magazine, the text used for analysis.
Section 2 presents a statistical analysis of the forms hath and has, functioning as auxiliaries andfull verbs. Section 3 is a contextual analysis of the forms.

1.1 Background

In Old English the third-person singular present indicative suffix used in the South of England
was -þ (later replaced by -th) and that used in the North was -s. After the two forms competedwith each other in Middle and Modern English periods, -s came to be the standard suffix in theSouth as well.
As for spoken English, -(e)s is presumed to have become the universal third-person singularpresent ending in the first half of the seventeenth century (Jespersen 1982, Haraguchi 2005). As
for written English, -(e)s had come to predominate over -(e)th in the seventeenth century andpresumably became the universal ending by the end of the eighteenth century (Haraguchi 2003a,
2003b, 2005). Today, the form -(e)th is regarded as archaic and not normally found in Standard
English. However, it is sometimes used in the press deliberately, as in the humorous example
below, which is a headline at the top of a British newspaper article:
Cometh the day, Cometh the UK?
online)(written by Mark Ravenhill in The Guardian, 11 June 2007:

The history of the -(e)th and -(e)s forms is complex and has drawn academic interest. Scholars
point out that the distribution of the two forms differs from century to century, from text type to*Department of General Education

Received September 30th, 2011

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text type and that the preference for one ending over the other varies from author to author(Jespersen 1982:188-192, Görlach 1991:88-89, Haraguchi 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2005, Nevalainen2010). The distribution of the use of the two endings differs from verb to verb. Haraguchi (2002,
2003a, 2003b, 2005) demonstrates that in certain texts some verbs occur with either -(e)th alone or-(e)s alone and the others occur with both -(e)th and -(e)s. From historical sociolinguistic points ofview, Nevalainen (2010) suggests that there may be connections between the choice of the suffixes
and the differences in gender and social ranks.
The third-person verbal forms, hath and doth, the old forms of has and does, call for special
attention. Jespersen (1982:190) explains that ‘the frequency of occurrence protected the old forms
from being modified analogically, so that they were prevalent till about the middle of the eighteenth
century.’ Nevalainen (2010:14) comments that ‘When most of the other verbs have more than 90
per cent of -s in the [Helsinki] corpus in the latter half of the 17th century, do takes it in half of thecases and have in less than one third.’ Based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (theCEEC), she states the point more clearly:
In that period [1660-1681], the CEEC contains data from a total of some 100 writers, who used
the incoming form [- s ] in about 90% of the cases with verbs other than have and do. As far as
most verbs are concerned, the change was then as good as completed. However, the situation
looks rather different when the diffusion of -s to have is considered, which applied to only 27% of
the cases, indicating that, with have, the process had barely reached the new and vigorous stage
by this time. (2010:17)
As Jespersen and Nevalainen state above, the forms hath and doth occur much more frequently
than the -(e)th forms of other verbs even after the seventeenth century. A good deal of work should
be done on them in comparison with their standard counterparts has and does in the eighteenthcentury English texts. As such, this paper analyses the forms hath and has in an early eighteenthcentury journal and presents their features from linguistic points of view.

1.2

Text Used

The text used is The Gentleman’s Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer, founded by Edward Cave
(1691-1754) under the pseudonym of Sylvanus Urban in London in January 1731 and publishedmonthly. It was the first to use the word magazine (meaning storehouse) for a periodical
publication. It ran for nearly 200 years until 1914. Each issue consists of a monthly digest ofvarious news and topics such as political debates, foreign affairs, commodity prices, marriages,
deaths, poetry and so on.
According to Harada (2006), one of the distinctive characteristics of The Gentleman’s Magazine(hereafter The GM ) is that it includes not only its own original contributions but also extensive
extracts from other periodicals. After the selection of appropriate extracts was made by Cave,most of them were rewritten by his young anonymous staff and printed in The GM at his printing
house at St John’s Gate. In such sections as Monthly Intelligencer in The GM, the extracts fromother publications would have been reproduced faithfully without being rewritten. Each time oneyear issues of The GM were published, they were bound together in one volume and reprinted withconsecutive page numbers.
In this research I use a hardcover copy of Volume I of The GM. Printed in 1732, it contains all
the issues for the year 1731. The general condition of the copy is satisfactory for reading the pages.
However, I occasionally encounter words or letters blurred. In such cases I double-check the correctspellings by getting access to the digital texts of The GM in the Internet Library of Early Journals
run by the Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and Oxford.

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The scope of my analysis is restricted to the first three-month issues of the volume. In terms ofpages, the data has been collected from a page of introduction to the volume and the articles on pages 1 to
136 (January pp.1-42, February pp.49-92, March pp.93-136).

2. Statistical Analysis of the Forms has and hath
In the data examined there are a total of 124 uses of the third-person singular present forms of have, namely
110 uses of has and 14 uses of hath. Of the total, I exclude 9 uses (7 of has and 2 of hath) found in the verse
parts of the articles. That exclusion is necessary for me to focus on the examples found only in the prose
passages that reflect the ordinary forms of written English without metrical structure. As a result, there
remain 115 examples for investigation, including the uses functioning as auxiliary verbs and the ones
functioning as full verbs.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the forms has and hath, the uses of auxiliaries and those of full verbs
combined. Table 2 shows the distribution of each form functioning as auxiliary verbs. Table 3 shows the
distribution of each form functioning as full verbs. According to the OED, the spelling hath is used from thefourteenth century and it has been archaic since the eighteenth century (s.v. have, v. A.2.c.).
Table 1 Auxiliaries & Full Verbs Combined

Table 2 Auxiliaries

Table 3 Full Verbs

has
hath

has
hath

has
hath

Total

115

(100.00%)

103(89.56%)12(10.44%)

Total

80

(100.00%)

71(88.75%)9(11.25%)

Total

35

(100.00%)

32(91.43%)

3(8.57%)

In each of the tables has occurs in about 90% of the cases and hath in about 10%. It is demonstrated that has
is the predominant form and hath is the minor variant in the first three-month issues of the magazine
published in 1731. In order to explore the implications of the statistical findings, here I attempt to compare
the distributions shown above with those shown in the two preceding studies.
In the eighteenth-century texts analysed by Haraguchi (2005:63-64) that cover nine different genres(biographies, drama, essays, fiction, journals & reports, letters, linguistics, official documents and poetry), theauxiliary has occurs 83.5% of the time, while the auxiliary hath occupies 16.5%. The full verb has occurs
61.7% of the time, whereas the full verb hath occurs 38.3%.
According to Araki and Ukaji (1984:200), in Volume 1 of The Covent-Garden Journal edited by Henry
Fielding and published in 1752, the spellings has and hath appear 17 times (11.4%) and 132 times(88.6%) respectively. In short, Fielding’s volume shows the distribution to be quite the oppositeof that in the issues of The GM investigated.
Since Haraguchi’s analysis differs greatly from mine in terms of the amounts and the types of data, any faircomparison cannot be made between the two. However, it is suggested that the GM text examined is moreprogressive in making use of the standard form has than Fielding’s journal.

3. Contextual Analysis of the Forms has and hathThis section examines linguistic features of the forms has and hath in context. In the examples
presented below, the stretches of language under discussion are highlighted in bold. Someeighteenth-century English characters such as the long 
 (ſ) are modernised for ease of reference.
However, most of the period-specific conventions including italics, capitalisations and punctuations
follow the original text unless otherwise stated.
The round bracket after each instance shows the page number and the month of issue for The GM.
In most cases, the following square bracket denotes the source material from which the article was
extracted by Edward Cave and rewritten (or in certain cases reproduced faithfully) by his young

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anonymous staff and printed in The GM. It represents the title of the periodical, the month andday of publication and the issue number for the source. In the sections Foreign Advices andForeign Affairs that report on overseas news, The GM does not mention the source materials. In
some sections that report the domestic news, it also provides no source information. On suchoccasions the square bracket indicates the title of the section only.

3.1

Has as Auxiliary Verbs (71 examples)

There are 71 examples of the pattern where has functions as an auxiliary to form the present
perfect tense or the present perfect progressive tense, as in (1) and (2). This type is prevalent in
Present-Day English:(1) IN this Journal Mr D’anvers resumes the topick which he has often treated of, namely, theliberty of the press. (70, Feb.) [Craftsman, Feb. 27. No.243](2) Happiness is the Butt or Point, at which human Wit has, thro’ all Ages, been levelling its
Arrows, but the Marksman never found. (117, March) [Weekly Register, March 27. No.50]

In the page of introduction to The GM, the writer, who is perhaps the founding editor Edward
Cave himself, consistently uses has in this pattern 4 times, not using hath at all, as in (3):(3) IT has been unexceptionably advanced , … // This Consideration has induced … // … thisUndertaking has met with … // … it has been our Endeavour … (INTRODUCTION)

3.2

Has as Full Verbs (32 examples)

There occur 32 cases in the pattern where has functions as a full verb, mostly signifying ‘topossess,’ as in (4) and (5). This usage is also common in Today’s English:(4) Belliza has Wit and Beauty, accompanied with a solid Judgment.
Spectator, Jan. 2. No.117](14, Jan.) [Universal(5) An island has no business with the affairs of the continent, only as a friendly neighbour, and afair trader. (53, Feb.) [Craftsman, Feb. 6. No.240]

3.3

Hath as Auxiliary Verbs (9 examples)I have found a total of 9 examples where the auxiliary hath serves to form the present perfecttense, as in (6):(6) … the Majority of Men cannot distinguish glittering Tinsel from Sterling Worth, and aredelighted with neither, but as it glares in their Eyes; that such is the Depravity of human
Nature, that Men hate the best Characters, meerly because they are so; and so surprizing is
the Itch of Scandal, that the Infirmities, Slips, and Errors of every Man, whose Merit or
Fortune hath raised him to Notice, are narrowly watched. (97, March) [Free Briton, March 4.
No.66]In reading The GM published in the early eighteenth century, we cannot make an immediatelinguistic response to the social and stylistic nuances introduced into the text, because the period islinguistically more removed from us than it may appear. Nevertheless, on the supposition that thearchaic spelling hath is often associated with a formal or dignified style of language, in what follows

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I present each example in context and attempt to explore the stylistic effects achieved by thespelling.
(7) is a part of the article cited from the section Foreign Affairs. It concerns the politicalsituation as of 1731, one year before the Colony of Georgia was established in America. The
phrase His Majesty is used as an honorific for King George II. The phrase graciously pleased toincreases politeness. The dignified form hath, co-occurring with these phrases, seems to be asuitable choice in the context referring to the king:(7) His Majesty hath been graciously pleased to order the attorney general to prepare a charter toincorporate the petitioners who intend to establish Colonies in the manner of the old Romans,
viz. in liberty and property. (88, Feb.) [Foreign Affairs]
However, the form hath was not a regular choice in the phrase His [Her] Majesty … been graciously
pleased to at the turn of the eighteenth century. The OED records a total of 3 citations of this typeof phrase that suggest fluctuations in choice. They are all taken from the articles in The London
Gazette. While has appears in the examples for the years 1684 and 1686, perhaps referringrespectively to kings Charles II and James II, the conservative hath occurs in the one for 1709,
referring perhaps to Queen Anne:
1684 Lond. Gaz.
1.†b.)
1686 Lond. Gaz.
1709 Lond. Gaz.

His Majesty has been graciously pleased to constitute …

(s.v. Rear-ˈAdmiral

His Majesty . . . has been Graciously pleased to bestow … (s.v. consulship b.)
Her Majesty hath been graciously pleased‥to Grant …
(s.v. flask, n.2 6.)

Extract (8) appears in the DEATHS section of The GM reporting that Lady Catherine Howard
died on January 22 and has left her estate to her daughter and a grandchild. The solemnity incontext and a respect for the lady of high rank might call for the choice of hath:(8)

22. The Lady Catherine Howard, Widow and Relict of the late Lord Frederick Howard,
and formerly of Sir Richard Kennedy, of Mount Kennedy, in Ireland, Baronet. She left Issue
only a Daughter by Sir Richard, Elizabeth, married to Sir William Dudley, of Clapton, inNorthampton, Baronet, to whom and her Issue by Sir William, she hath left the Bulk of her
Estate. (34, Jan.) [Jan. 22. DEATHS ]Both (9) and (10) are quoted from the same article where we find 2 examples of hath, with noexample of has attested. The elevated form hath arises in the contexts referring to socially highclass people and place such as Ministry, Court and Emperor :(9) … the fluctuation of Affairs hath oblig’d the Ministry to go from Court to Court ; (4, Jan.)[Craftsman, Jan. 9. No.236](10) Hath not the Emperor shewn that he does not fear us?

(4, Jan.) [Craftsman, Jan. 9. No.236]

In The GM, political controversies that have arisen among different publishers are reported insummary. (11) is the opening paragraph of an article that reports on the refutation by the authorof Free Briton against a falsity advanced by Caleb D'Anvers, the pen name of the editor of The
Craftsman. In the statement made by Mr D’anvers in the inverted commas, the archaic spelling
hath occurs in the religious context referring to the event of an Election of Church-wardens,

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accompanied with the legal expression putting this Law in Execution:(11)

THE Author refutes a Falsity advanced by Mr D’anvers in the Craftsman of the 13th of
Dec. wherein speaking of the Riot Act, he says, “That an Election of Church-wardens hathbeen already made a Handle for putting this Law in Execution. … (15, Jan.) [Free Briton,
Jan. 7. No.51](12) is quoted in full from the section FOREIGN ADVICES. It is devoted to the news about The
Hague. The large portion in italics is the contents of a letter addressed from ‘their High
Mightinesses’ to ‘the United Provinces’ to celebrate ‘a Day of solemn Thanksgiving, Fasting, andPrayer.’ The language of the letter seems rather formal, considering that each clause is quite longand complex due to the frequent use of subordinators, adverbial parentheses, abstract nouns andadjectives. In this letter, we encounter the two similar constructions ( it hath pleas’d God that … //it hath pleased God to …) in which the pronoun it is the impersonal subject of the verb please, thereal subject being a following that clause or to infinitive. The dignified spelling hath seems wellmatched in the context referring to God, here the dative object of the verb. This sort ofconstruction was ‘Formerly usual in deferential phrases of address’ (OED s.v. please, v. 3):(12)

Hague. About the latter End of this Month their High Mightinesses wrote a Letter to theUnited Provinces, for the Celebration of the 28th of Feb. as a Day of solemn Thanksgiving,
Fasting, and Prayer, importing in Substance, That altho’ it hath pleas’d God, in his infinite
Patience and Clemency, that we have enjoyed Peace last Year, this Peace was neverthelessattended with so much Uneasiness and Difficulty, in relation to the small Success of the
Negotiations set on foot for terminating amicably the Differences in Europe, and establishinga general Tranquility, that we are still in a very uncertain and difficult Situation, and havegreat reason to fear that a War may at last happen, wherein this State may be engag’d,contrary to its Inclinations: That our Apprehension in this Respect increases so much themore when we consider, that notwithstanding all the blessings which it hath pleased God toshower down upon our dear Country, the Sins and Iniquities thereof, far from diminishing,increase daily, to such a Degree, that last Year horrible, abominable Sins appear’d, almost
unknown before in this Country ; and that we ought to fear, that the Patience of the Lord,
justly provok’d, ceasing, his Judgments may at last fall upon our dear Country, unless weendeavour to prevent them, by an unfeigned Repentance and Conversion. (39, Jan.)[FOREIGN ADVICES ]In the OED the earliest example of the construction with the casual form has is quoted from thenineteenth century. By way of comparison, see below:
1836 Pusey in Liddon, etc. Life (1893) I. xvii. 401 The Ministerialness of the act consists in that it
has pleased God that the absolution should be conveyed through a minister.
(s.v.
miniˈsterialness)
Example (13) occurs in the essay titled ‘REMARKS on the BILL depending in PARLIAMENT, toprevent SUITS for TYTHES, where none, or any Composition for the Same , have been paid in acertain Number of Years . ’ Although the italicised part below is claimed to be the representationof ‘the Statute of Edward the 6th’ enacted in the sixteenth century, it might possibly be a somewhat
modernised translation in terms of spelling. For instance, the spelling praedial is used from theseventeenth century in the OED (s.v. predial ). Despite this possibility, the presence of hath in the弓削商船高等専門学校

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text seems to contribute to a tinge of archaism and formality associated with the legal language:(13) The Statute of Edward the 6th, on which this Bill seems to be grounded, says, That all

praedial Tythes shall be paid in such Manner and Form as hath been of Right yielded andpaid within forty Years next before the making this Act, [or of Right or Custom ought to havebeen paid. ] (109, March) [REMARKS on the BILL depending in PARLIAMENT]In the remaining parts of the essay, the writer exclusively uses the casual form has.
with (14):Compare (13)(14) … the Proof of Tythe being paid in a certain Number of Years, is to rest upon the Incumbent;
who coming a Stranger to the Parish, may not know what has been done, and may easily
defrauded where Tythe has not been taken in Kind, but paid in Money, … (109, March)[REMARKS on the BILL depending in PARLIAMENT]

3.4

Hath as Full Verbs (3 examples)

A total of 3 uses are found in the pattern where hath serves as a full verb chiefly in the sense of ‘topossess.’(15) is the opening paragraphs of an article on legal topics. In the first paragraph theunexpressed subject of the verb OBserves is interpreted as The Universal Spectator. In thesubordinate clause that follows, the standard form has arises as an auxiliary in the phrase has beenlong wished for. Renewing the paragraph, the writer switches to the formal form hath, here
functioning as a full verb after the subject no Law :(15)

OBserves that the Regulation of the Law is a point of the greatest consequence to the
publick, and has been long wished for. See p.19. N. I.
That no Law hath, or can have, juster or better principles than the Common Law ofEngland [as it is dictated by reason, settled by wise men, and confirmed by custom ;] … (98,
March) [Universal Spectator, March 6. No.126](16) is the opening three paragraphs of an article. In the first paragraph the unexpressedsubject of the verb Maintains is the writer of The Craftsman who is referred to as he and his in thearticle. Mr Osbone, mentioned in the second paragraph, is the writer of The London Journal. Mr
Walsingham, mentioned in the third paragraph, is the writer of The Free Briton. This article
summarises The Craftsman’s counterargument against those two writers:(16)

MAintains the Liberty of the Press, in opposition to those who argue for the necessity ofsome restraint, which, if granted, he says, might be made use of to destroy all News-papers
whatsoever, except the Gazette.
After repeating most of the points in debate, he defends his Hague Letter, (for which theGovernment thought fit to call him to an Account) in asmuch as there was nothing in it
asserted, but only supposed; and adds, he has as much right to reason upon Suppositions as
Mr Osborne ; and to censure the Conduct of Ministers, as he hath to approve it ; for unlessthe right is reciprocal, the Liberty of the Press is no Liberty at all.
As to what Mr Walsingham had allowed, that we have a right to reason upon Political
Affairs, tho’ not to lay down false Facts ; he replies, that he has asserted no Falshoods, andonly exercised the natural right of every Free Briton, to offer his Opinion on affairs. (5,Jan.) [Craftsman, Jan. 30. No.239]

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It is noted that the writer uses the two variant forms has and hath in the second paragraph. The
omitted object of hath would be interpreted as much right. According to Haraguchi (2005:66), ‘In
order to make the contrast between two things clearer, some authors use the -(e)th ending with one
subject and employ the -(e)s ending with the other subject.’ Since the subjects of both has and hathare identified as the identical pronoun he in the article examined, the grammatical situation isdifferent. Nevertheless, a contrast in meaning is pointed out between the verb phrases to censure
the Conduct of Ministers and to approve it as below:[The writer of The Craftsman] adds, he has as much right to reason upon Suppositions as Mr
Osborne ; and to censure the Conduct of Ministers, as he hath to approve it ; for unless theright is reciprocal, the Liberty of the Press is no Liberty at all.
It is difficult to estimate the extent to which the distinct endings in has and hath here contribute tobringing out the contrast, but it is interesting to meet the two variants in close proximity to eachother in one paragraph. In the third paragraph the writer switches again to the standard hasthough functioning as an auxiliary.
(17) is a whole paragraph that deals with the observation made in a letter by a correspondent of
Fog’s Journal. Introduced by the reporting verb saith, the archaic spelling of says, the observation
centres on a series of biblical allusions that compare the life of the world to that of man:
(17)

The second letter is an observation which the author made from a French astrologer, thatthe world was near at an end. Man, saith he, is a little world, and the world a great Man,and is subject to various distempers, hath it’s Infancy, childhood, youth, middle-age, old-age
and dotage ; that from Adam to Noah was the world’s infancy, from Noah to Abraham, hischildhood, from Abraham to David his youth, from David to the captivity of Babylon, his
middle-age, from thence unto Christ his old age, from Christ to the treaty of Seville, his
dotage, and goes now, as it were, upon Crutches, and has an ugly hosket cough, and ismilt-grown. (99, March) [Fog’s Journal, March 6. No.128]

In this paragraph the two variant forms hath and has appear. The phrase the world put in bold isinterpreted as the subject of both forms though they occur far apart from each other. This
interpretation is supported by the following citation in the OED :1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 101 [The world] has an ugly hoskey cough, and is *milt-grown. (s.v. milt, n.
1.b.)While the objects of hath indicate the stages of life (it’s Infancy, childhood, youth, middle-age,
old-age and dotage) that the world has already passed, the object of has indicates the stage of thedisease that the world suffers now. The archaic form hath refers to the past stages of life for theworld and the standard form has refers to the present stage of life for the world. In short we find acontrast in time between the past and the present. It is suggested that the distinct spellings hathand has are exploited to enhance the contrast.

4. Final Remarks
This paper has made a linguistic investigation into the third-person singular present indicative
verb forms hath and has in The Gentleman’s Magazine with special reference to the issues for
January, February, and March 1731. The examples analysed include those functioning as auxiliary弓削商船高等専門学校

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verbs and those functioning as full verbs.
The statistical analysis has demonstrated that has is the predominant form and hath is the minor
variant form in the text used regardless of their grammatical functions. In the contextual analysis I havefocused chiefly on the instances of the archaic spelling hath and explored the stylistic effects achievedby them.
What I have done in this study serves as a preliminary survey of hath and has found in Volume Iof The GM. As a next step to improve the accuracy of the linguistic observations I will extend thescope of my analysis to the whole volume.

Text
Urban, Sylvanus. (ed.) (1732)
the Year M.DCC.XXXI.

The Gentleman’s Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer. Vol. I. For

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