What is Advocacy for the Persons with Disabilities
In facilities
Doshisha University Graduate School
Kota Kashiwagi【Abstract】
In this study, advocating practice for the rights of persons with disabilities
are regarded as "activities that support people with disabilities live normallyin the society", and I focus on how activities have been done and changed
while changing institution of people with disabilities. Until the new law waspassed in this year. In the recently, “advocacy” has many meanings in Japan,
and the origin of the advocating practice is only used by welfare area. Inaddition, whole concept of the advocating practice is undergoing a gradualchange and expanding from “sue for the rights” to “supporting life”.
Therefore we need to review advocating practices through the position ofsocial work and provide a theoretical framework. This study shows the factsof advocating practice for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Japan bygathering information from previous studies about human rights, rights
violation and advocacy, and also the business report of advocate support
center. At the same time, I conducted fieldwork for sixth month in theN-city’s social welfare council A-en that was nationally-known as daily
institution of advocating practice for the people with severe physicaldisabilities in Japan. I will show the facts and the tasks of advocating
practice for the rights of persons with disabilities in the fieldwork byconducting case studying, analyzing.
In conclusion, this study suggests to future tasks by reviewing advocating
practice that became diverse with changing times from the perspective ofsocial work, and “taking in the facts of "activities that support people withdisabilities live normally in the society" again.
Keyword: advocacy, people with disabilities, social work1

【Trransition ofo policy foor the disa
abled in Ja
apan】

Agrreemennt
Deinsstitutio
onalizaation• 1970~unity Caree
Institution •• Commu
Facilityy destructiion•20000~gime•To Coontract reg
Fromm Safeguard
dsregimme•Mainnstreaming
g ofComm
munity Welfare

al Caare•1945~y•ColonyIn hhistory off social welfare
win japan, Hiden-inH[723][was beginnin
ng ofinstiitutional facility.
fBu
ut, on thiis occasionn, I marsh
haled moddem historry ofsocia
al welfare focus on afterathe wwar.
Posttwar era, the government coonducted institutio
onal care for protecction
waiffs and straays. And, in this erra, most off families were poveerty. So, manympareents of peoople with disability
dhoped tha
at their chhildren liveed at a faccilityof soocial welffare. The governmeent accommodated thattrequuest to buiild alarge facility as colony for peoplee with dissability. And then, iit was sta
art ofInstitutional carecby Saafeguards rregime.
But,, people realized dehuman
nized life conditionn of instiitutional care
graddually. An
nd instituttional car e received
d criticism
m from pu
ublic mind
d. In
para
allel, the governm
ment focu
used the communiity care. People withdisa
ability’s grooup had done
dactionn of Deinsstitutionallization. A
At least, pu
ublic
senttiment shhifted to live in ccommunityy. And, iti began to stream
m ofdeinnstitutiona
alization.
Afteer that, a greatgalterration was “fabric makeover off social weelfare in 20000 ”
in J
Japanese social welfare systtem. The alterationn changedd regime from2

safeguards to contracts. And it made a point that right of self-determinationof clients, and required client capacity to contract.
Before this restructuring, the concept of advocacy was in discussion in japan.
After this restructuring, the concept of advocacy was to be important withadult guardianship as Kenri-Yogo.
【In point of the concept of Kenri-Yogo】
I will touch a concept of Kenri-Yogo. The derivation of “Kenri-Yogo” isAdvocacy. But the concept of “Kenri-yogo” was deferring from Advocacy injapan.
At first, Kenri-Yogo meant Advocacy. But, gradually, Kenri-Yogo has had amean as antonym of “infringement of rights”.
In this study, “Kenri-Yogo” is treated that is different concept from Advocacy.
(Hirata2012; Konishi2007)【Advocacy and Kenri-Yogo / Introduction of previous research】
I will introduce you about discussion of Advocacy and Kenri-Yogo.
“(In point of Kenri-Yogo) From process of conclusion of ‘a contract’ tosatisfaction of contractual coverage are included in content of assistance. ”[Tamikichi Shida2006]“Advocacy is specific expedient to attain empowerment of someone.”#Advocacy : In general, rights protection is speaking for another.
[Reika Fukushima2006]
Narrow definition of Kenri-Yogo is to support for usage of the welfare
services, management property and salvation and prevention from violenceand sexual abuse in facilities.
Broad definition of Kenri-Yogo is, regardless of using welfare services,
assistive integral that is needed by people with disability to achieve own
advisable life as far as possible.
→To achieve broad definition of Kenri-Yogo, we have to creating system of3fields that people with disability can self-advocate about own belief.
[Masakuni Tagaki2006]“Taking all of client’s needs isn’t Kenri-Yogo. It is a only way that process ofco-service by staff and clients to hit the client’s Kenri-Yogo in facilities. ”[Toru Ishiguro2006]“Empowerment is action of recovering that be violated Human Rights for anyreason. ”[Sachiko Kawaura2004]

・support to infringement of right. (Fighting advocacy)・support for usage of welfare services to consist of self-decision.（Supportingadvocacy)“Do not ignore first-person’s self-decision. It is absolutely important thingthat advocate on the basis of first-person’s resolve or mind. ”[Atsushi Hirata2011]
Put simply, both Kenri-Yogo that is protection of livelihoods such as supportofusing

welfareserviceandsalvation

fromabuse

andAdvocacy/Self-Advocacy that support to indicate of first-person’s will arevery important and needed. Also, I think that Indicating of first-person’s willby the Advocacy/Self-Advocacy give a new innovative change to society andexpansion of Human Rights, and have an influence on Kenri-Yogo.
【Qualitative study】
I researched an ambulatory facility for people with severe physicaldisabilities surveyed that is famed for Kenri-Yogo, and that policy is reflected
their program.
And so, I conducted The Ethnographic Interview to know that how clients dofeel about environment of this facility, and whether client can indicate theirwill.

4

[The general of research]Term2012, May,5~Nomemver,1

Research Participant observation, Interview
MethodThe Ethnographic Interview

AnalysisAnalyzing field notes and interview stand on the ethnographicinterview.

[Time schedule and content of interposition]
Time shift

Content

Content of Interposition

AM 8:45~Morning assembly by ・ Assistance of elimination, meal,
staff

AM 10:30~

AM 11:00~

passage.
Morning assembly by ・ Participation to activity,
evaluation meetingclient・ Participation to Group Work,
Morning activity
Facilitation of Group WorkPM 0:00~

Lunch

PM 2:00~

Postmeridian activity

PM 3:00~

Breakup

PM 5:00~

Evaluation meeting bystaff

PM

Closed research

7:00~8:00[Research attitude]
・ Attitude of almost complete ignorance.
・ Attitude of collecting cultural information from people.
・ Attitude of consulting with informants to determine urgent research
topics.
[Spradley1979.]5

[Analysis method]
I used The Ethnographic Interview as a reference for analysis protocol.
１Cultural meaning systems are encoded in symbols.
２Language is the primary symbol system that encodes cultural meaning inever society. Language can be used to talk about all other encoded symbols.
３The meaning of any symbols is its relationship to other symbols in aparticular culture.
4 The task of ethnography is to decode cultural symbols and identify theunderlying coding rules. This can be accomplished by discovering therelationships among cultural symbols.
[Spradley1979.P99][Interviews]
Interviewee : Male 34years oldQ．What do you think about daily life at this facility?
A．I miss old the days. A good staff person worked here before. But he died.
I want to go out more and more.
I’m tired of doing something in facility.
Q．Why don’t you express your mind to the staff?
A．Of course, I want to express. But, I don’t have any chance to express myfeelings.
Personal support meeting is for talking about care.
I can speak anything at Group meeting, but I can’t speak only about me
because this is group.
At Noma-Net, my parents are there, so I get in to a lot of trouble to talk.
This is the task.
Interviewee ：female about 50years oldQ. Could you tell me your daily life?
Miss. S：I have things I want to say. But, It is difficult. So, I can’t change mydaily life. This is my task.
Miss. M：Of course, I have things I can’t express clearly to the staff. I set aboundary between me and the staff.
6

[Froom the reseearch]
I ressearched ambulator
ary facility for people
e with sev
vere physiccal disabillities
thatt they hav
ve totally awesome
ap
policy for Keri-Yogo. But cliennts feel th
hat “Ican’tt express mym mind enough.”eA
And so, clients can’t solve a prroblem of daily
dlife. I think th
his researcch reveals it.
Andd, through a Group work, it rrealized mem importa
ance of sceene for tallking
and relationshhip.
【 Thhrough a field wo
ork at Am
mbulatory facility forfpeoplee with seevere
physsical disabbilities: froom Qualita
ative study】

Clien
nt’swilll• Relatio
Ronshipp• SpaceSto hav
ve a saay• Indepe
Iendencce

LLive
elihhoodds• Rights toLife• Socia
al Righhts【Reelationshipp diagramm of Kenri--Yogo and Advocacy
A】
Thiss is a grap
phic repressentation of needs ofo client fo
or daily liffe throughh theintrooduction ofo previouss research and the qualitativeqe research..
At fiirst, proteection of riight to lifee and sociaal right arre written clearly onn theconsstitution asa fundam
mental humman rights. I think that it caan be phrrased
prottection of livelihoods
ls. These prrotections of liveliho
oods are coorresponded toactioon of Kenrri-Yogo in japan.
jNextt I think it
i is imporrtant apprroach suchh as respeccting to cllient’s willl andhopee. For succh occasio
ons, clientt’s indepen
ndence, sp
pace to hhave a sayy for7

brin
nging out independe
ience and rrelationsh
hip for suppporting thhese ideass areneedded by clieents.

ThinnkWill

HopeHFu
unction of A
Advocacy

Speaking
g for anoth er, Take acction
for Rights[HashRhimoto1996
6]EX]Sellf Advocacyy, Advocaccy,

Exteend, Chaange（Empowermment）

Support too LivelihooddsSupport forf indepen
ndenceKeenri-Yoggo
Managementt of property,
Saalvation/Pr
revention Abuse,
SSupport to using services

Affffirmation

EX] Adult guardianship,

Prrofession

Ombudssman systemmAs n
noted prev
viously at introductiion of prev
vious reseearch, I thhink protecction
for livelihoodds and advocacy/sa
self-advoca
acy as support too indicate offirstt-person’s willw are immportant.
I feeel demannd of arra
angement for compplex concept of Keenri-Yogo andAdvoocacy. Andd I show a considera
ation for th
hat comple
ex conceptt by a diaggram.
【Coonclusion : Throughh this study
y and futu
ure tasks】
I woould arguee that following signiificance.
8•

Needs for promoting advocacy at facilities•

Importance of Communication and Relationships

Advocacy is social work of micro. But I feel a need to expand at mezzo leveland fatten out. On this occasion, I deal with the possibility of social welfarecorporation’s advantage of advocating. But validating the evidence for thishypothesis is future studies.
At the end, I argue for the need to protect client’s will as the human rights.
Because, I think that one cannot be human without having his/her will orindependence.
And now, a social worker forgets that principle thing and does care withoutclient’s will or independence.

[References][Literature]伊藤周平著『障害者自立支援法と権利保障 : 高齢者・障害者総合福祉法に向けて 』明石書店 , 2009
福島大学権利擁護システム研究所編著 ; 新村繁文 [ほか] 『「社会的弱者」の支援にむけて : 地域における権利擁護実践講座』明石書店 , 2010
志田民吉編『臨床に必要な人権と権利擁護ー人権・権利擁護論』平成１８年弘文堂
大井玄『痴呆老人は何を見ているか』2008新潮社
橋本義郎(1996)「権利と行為の社会学」エルピス社
橋本義郎(2012)「人間の福祉とバリアフリー」相川書房
エンパワメント研究所(2000)「権利としての自己決定」筒井書房
社会福祉士養成講座編集委員会(2009)「権利擁護と成年後見制度」中央法規
柏木哲夫『「死にざま」こそ人生ー「ありがとう」と言って逝くための１０のヒント』2011朝日新聞出版
小西加保留『ソーシャルワークにおけるアドボカシーーHIV／AIDS患者支援と環境アセスメントの視点からー』2007ミネルヴァ書房
平田厚『権利擁護と福祉実践活動-概念と制度を問い直す-』明石書店20129

定藤丈弘・岡本榮一・北野誠一編『自立生活の思想と展望』ミネルヴァ書房1993
礒部潮『発達障害かもしれないー見た目は普通の、ちょっと変わった子ー』光文社2005ヴォルフェンスベルガー著 ; 中園康夫, 清水貞夫編訳『ノーマリゼーション :社会福祉サービスの本質』学苑社 , 1982
田中千枝子『ソーシャルワークと権利擁護(学会企画テーマセッション:福祉現場における人権とアドボカシー)』社会福祉学50[2],98-102,2009
若穂井透『社会福祉と権利擁護(学会企画テーマセッション:福祉現場における人権とアドボカシー)』社会福祉学50[2],107-108,2009
米本秀仁『権利擁護実践の理論構築(学会企画テーマセッション:福祉現場における人権とアドボカシー)』社会福祉学50[2],109-110,2009[DVD資料](2009)特定非営利活動法人PASネット「権利擁護で暮らしを支える～PASネッ
ト・地域をつなぐネットワーク～」特定非営利活動法人PASネット「ひろがれ！！権利擁護の「支援の輪」」(2011)
全国権利擁護支援ネットワーク「地域の人と共に生きる～久万高原町社会福祉協議会の権利擁護支援～」(2010)[にしのみや権利擁護推進フォーラム資料]

社会福祉法人西宮市社会福祉協議会、特定非営利活動法人PASネット 「西宮市高齢者・障害者権利擁護支援センターの活動報告」(2012)
桑村忠延「権利擁護支援センターの成果と課題」(2012)
細井洋海「芦屋市における権利擁護支援の展開を考える」(2012)
北野誠一「権利擁護支援センターと権利擁護支援者の役割」(2012)[Statistics]
厚生労働省：障害福祉サービスの実施状況等についてー障害福祉サービス利用の実態把握調査の集計結果（速報）－平成１７年１０月５日
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2005/10/s1005-8l.html
内閣府：平成23年度障害者白書

10http://www8.cao.go.jp/shougai/whitepaper/h24hakusho/gaiyou/index-pdf.html

ジャン・ダパン著／水波郎訳『権利論』創文社

昭和52年

棟居快行・赤坂正浩・松井茂記・笹田栄司・常本照樹・市川正人『基本的人権の事件簿』有斐閣1997
鈴木安蔵『基本的人権』実教出版
長谷部恭男『憲法昭和２６年第５版』2011新世社

小川政亮『障害者の人権』時事通信社

昭和４９年

小室豊允『福祉施設と社会福祉法人の環境分析』筒井書房2007
金子保『ホスピタリズムの研究』川島書店

1994.6

ジョン・ボウルビー/黒田実朗訳『乳幼児の精神衛生』岩崎学術出版社 1967.3
Wallgren,A.J.『Staff meeting at the Karolinska University Hospital』
J.Pediat1955
Rothman,P.E『A note on Hospitalism』J.Pediat1962
エミール・シュマールオア/西谷謙堂監訳『子にとって母とはなにか―サルとヒトとの比較心理学―』慶応通信1975
石坂巌『知の定点』木鐸社 1975
ロバート・ブラウナー/佐藤慶幸監訳 『労働における疎外と自由』 神泉社 1971
森脇要「24時間保育の研究」愛育研究所 『児童研究号叢書Ⅴ

幼児保育研究』

金子書房1956
マルセル・ルロン/山本高次郎訳『育児学』クセジュ文庫/白水社 1960
小山武夫 「わが乳児院の回想」『小児保健研究』第22巻第4号 日本小児保健協会
マーガレット.A.リッブル(M.A.Ribble)/津守真, 野田雅子訳『乳児の精神衛生』
法政大学出版局

1943/1975

谷川貞夫 『ホスピタリズムの研究ーその究明過程における諸契機について』 全
国社会福祉協議会連合会 1953
高木隆朗「ホスピタリズムとは何か」『教育と医学』22-2 1973

11R.A.Spitz『Hospitalism:An inqurity into the genesis of psychiatricconditions in early childhood』 Psychoanalitic Study of the Child 1945.1
ビクトール・フランクル/霜山徳爾訳 『夜と霧』みすず書房1951
ヴァン・デン・ベルク/足立叡・田中一彦訳『疑わしき母性愛』川島書店

1977

L.I.ガードナー/小林登訳「幼児の発育と愛情」『サイエンス』日本経済新聞社
1974
J.ボウルビー/黒田実郎他訳 『母子関係の理論ⅠⅡⅢ』 岩崎学術出版社

1981

M.Rutter 『Maternal Deprivation』Penguin Books LTD 1972
伊藤嘉余子『施設擁護におけるレジデンシャルソーシャルワークの再考』 埼玉大学紀要, 教育学部 56(1), 83-94 2007
国立コロニーのぞみの園、田中資料センター(編) わが国精神薄弱施設体系の形成過程―精神薄弱コロニーをめぐって 特殊法人会

心身障害者福祉協1982.12

小林恒夫 人間回復の砦―「コロニー」建設の軌跡 日本放送出版協会 1985.11津田祐次 社会福祉研究選書

精神薄弱者施設史論

浦辺史、積惟勝、秦安雄(編) 新版

誠真書房 1981.11

施設養護論 ミネルヴァ書房

1977.12

著者名 著書名 出版社 出版日
Gillian Wagner, Residential Care : A Positive Choice, ,Crown 1988
ジリアン・ワグナー著／山縣文治監 「社会福祉施設のとるべき道—英国ワグナーレポート」 雄山閣 1992
高橋種昭,畠山龍郎編. 施設処遇と社会資源 : 施設処遇の社会化をめざして/ (社会福祉施設実践講座 ; 3)

東京書籍 1985

石井哲夫, 吉沢英子編. 施設における人間関係 : 施設生活の活性化を求めて/(社会福祉施設実践講座 ; 2).

東京書籍 1985

今村理一編 「新しい時代の社会福祉施設論」 ミネルヴァ書房

2001「新版・社会福祉学習双書」編集委員会編 「社会福祉施設運営(経営)論」

2008

土井洋一(研究者代表) 「日本における社会福祉施設の歴史的研究」 大阪府立大学社会福祉学部内社会福祉施設史研究会 2001
秦安雄、白井和江 「心身障害者のコミュニティ・ケアをめぐる諸問題―愛知県における障害者福祉対策の動向から―」 社会福祉学第18号 1977

12蛯江紀雄 「入所施設における人権―プライバシーの関係から―」 社会福祉研
究no.22 1978
三浦文夫 「社会福祉における在宅サービスの若干の問題―在宅福祉サービスの概念を中心に―」 社会福祉研究no.23, 1978
西村秀夫 「福祉施設における処遇とは何か―「人」とかかわることの意味―」 社
会福祉研究no.23, 1978
秋山智久 「「施設の社会化」とは何か―その概念・歴史・発展段階―」 社会福祉研究no.23, 1978
滝口桂子 「「施設の社会化」の限所と問題点―地域社会に機能する養護施設の実態―」 社会福祉研究no.23 1978
吉沢英子 「「施設の社会化」の課題と展望」 社会福祉研究no.23 1978
斉藤邦雄 「現場レポート：「施設の社会化」を推進する上での問題点―老人福祉施設を中心として―」 社会福祉研究no.23, 1978
奥田道大 「都市構造の変容と福祉―現代化をめぐる状況―」 社会福祉研究no.25, 1979
嶋田敬一郎 「不確実性の時代と社会福祉―80年代をいかに迎えるべきか―」 社
会福祉研究no.25, 1979
根本博司 「福祉実践―施設処遇の基本的課題をみなおす―」 社会福祉研究no.25, 1979
大橋 謙策 施設の社会化と福祉実践 : 老人福祉施設を中心に

社会福祉学(19), 49-59 1978
小田博志『エスノグラフィー入門

現場を質的調査する』2010 春秋社

James P.Spradley『PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION』Wadsworth,Cengage Learning1980
James P.Spradley『THE ETHNOGRAPHIC INTERVIEW』Wadsworth,Cengage
Learning1979

13