27th Annual Conference of theEuropean Association of Environmental
and Resource Economists
28 June 2022 - 1 July 2022

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EAERE Council Meeting (participation by invitation)
28 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 04:30 PM
Description
EAERE Council Meeting. Please note that participation in this meeting is by invitation only.
This meeting will take place at the Rimini campus of Unibo, Piazzetta Teatini 13, Room Alberti 8.

Registration
28 June 2022, 04:00 PM - 07:00 PM
Description
Registration

Welcome Reception
28 June 2022, 06:00 PM - 08:00 PM
Description
Welcome Reception

Registration
29 June 2022, 08:30 AM - 09:00 AM
Description
Registration

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Environment and Development
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Forecasting the climate-conflict nexus in Africa under SSPs scenarios -- PRESENTER: Valeria Costantini,
DISCUSSANT: Julian Röckert
2. Forecast-based humanitarian assistance in the wake of a weather disaster: Evidence from a randomized
controlled trial -- PRESENTER: Julian Röckert, DISCUSSANT: Jan Steckel
3. Evaluating the impacts of minigrid electrification in sub-Saharan Africa -- PRESENTER: Jan Steckel,
DISCUSSANT: Sidney Michelini
4. Using a Causal Forest to Investigate Treatment Effect Heterogeneity of SPEI Shocks on Conflict -PRESENTER: Sidney Michelini, DISCUSSANT: Valeria Costantini

Speakers
Prof. Costantini, Valeria, Full Professor, Roma Tre University
Mr. Röckert, Julian,
Dr. Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change
Mr. Michelini, Sidney,

Presentations

Forecasting the climate-conflict nexus in Africa under SSPs scenarios
Authors

Prof. Costantini, Valeria, Full Professor, Roma Tre University
Dr. Paglialunga, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Urbino
Prof. Conigliani, Caterina, Associate Professor, Roma Tre University
Prof. Tancredi, Andrea, Full Professor, University of Rome La Sapienza
Presenter

Prof. Costantini, Valeria, Full Professor, Roma Tre University
Abstract

We propose a forecasting analysis to project armed conflicts in Africa by 2050 under
different climate-related scenarios. We adopt a spatial econometric model based on historical
data in the time span 1990-2020 applied to a grid with 2,653 cells covering the entire
continent. We then apply a dynamic recursive forecasting method to different scenarios under
the Shared Socio-economic Pathways framework up to an horizon by 2050. We show thatpredictions are rather improved when dynamic recursive is preferred to simpler plug-in
prediction methods and spatial relations are accounted for. We also reveal the exponential
effects on conflict magnitude played by geographical diffusion processes when climate

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mitigation ambitions are low and the development pattern is based on unequal economic
growth processes.
Forecast-based humanitarian assistance in the wake of a weather disaster: Evidence from arandomized controlled trial
Authors

Mr. Röckert, Julian,
Mr. Mogge, Lukas, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Kraehnert, Kati, postdoc researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Presenter

Mr. Röckert, Julian,
Abstract

Forecast-based assistance is a novel approach in humanitarian aid in the context of natural
disasters. Practitioners utilize meteorological forecasts to act early and assist vulnerable
households before a disaster strikes. Through enabling adaptive behavior, early action is
expected to reduce the impacts of disasters and the costs of relief actions. While humanitarian
stakeholders place high hopes in forecast-based action, few rigorous scientific studies exist
that evaluate its effectiveness. Our study seeks to address this knowledge gap by conducting
an impact evaluation of forecast-based financing, using a randomized controlled trial
approach. Our focus is on Mongolia, a country that is increasingly afflicted by extreme winterevents that threaten the livelihood of pastoralist households. We test whether unconditional
forecast-based cash transfers delivered to pastoralist households in the midst of the extremely
severe winter of 2020/21 have a causal effect on preventing socio-economic damages. Our
study presents first results on the extent to which forecast-based cash transfers enable
households to prevent a reduction in their herd size and well-being, approximated by life
satisfaction, and invest in shock coping strategies.
Evaluating the impacts of minigrid electrification in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors

Dr. Ayhan, Sinem, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Dr. Falchetta, Giacomo, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Dr. Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change
Presenter

Dr. Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change
Abstract

A large share of the population in sub-Sahara African (SSA) lacks access to modern energy
services. To bridge this gap, distributed generation systems such as mini-grids and standalone photovoltaic systems are emerging as attractive options in the power supply solution
space. In this study, we seek to provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of minigrids
in lightening and empowering remote communities among a large set of communities across
SSA countries. We first construct a novel geocoded minigrid database covering 27 countries
and 1,888 single minigrids. Second, we combine site-specific information on labour market
outcomes, appliance ownership and choice of cooking fuels from Demographic and Health
Surveys with satellite-derived nighttime light data and vegetation indicators. We consider
vegetation health indicators as a proxy for potential agricultural productivity growth. We

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design and apply an empirical strategy based on a difference-in-differences technique withpropensity score matching to estimate the impact of minigrid electrification on household
welfare and rural development. Our results indicate that minigrid electrification is positively
associated with households' electricity uptake, ownership of low power home appliances, andagricultural employment and productivity, while being insignificant regarding the probabilityof being employed, earning type, and changing the choice of cooking fuels.
Using a Causal Forest to Investigate Treatment Effect Heterogeneity of SPEI Shocks on
Conflict
AuthorMr. Michelini, Sidney,
Presenter

Mr. Michelini, Sidney,
Abstract

While scholars acknowledge that climate impacts must have heterogeneous effects onconflict dynamics, major empirical debates about the impact of climate change on violent
conflict Burke et al. [2015], Hsiang et al. [2013], Buhaug et al. [2014], Theisen et al. [2013],
Mach et al. [2019] primarily focus on whether or not climate change causes an overall
increase in conflict. Improvements in machine learning [Athey et al., 2019, Wager and Athey,2018], however, now allow us to explicitly test whether the effects of precipitation shocks on
conflict are heterogeneous. And, if so, what are the major sources of heterogeneity? In thispaper, I use a causal forest methodology to estimate the treatment effects of positive andnegative Standardized Evapo-Transpiration Index (SPEI) shocks on state based, non-statebased, and one-sided conflicts at the grid cell level, both monthly and annually. I then takethese estimated effects and test explicitly for heterogeneity using a methodology developedby Wager and Athey [2018]. Then I project these treatment effects onto my set of common
predictors of conflict to characterize which of these are the most important sources ofheterogeneity. Finally, I test whether the places with the highest estimated causal impacts arealso the places with the highest levels of conflict. Overall, I find that positive SPEI shocks on
average have a either no effect, or a slight pacifying effect, on conflict intensity, while theopposite is true of negative SPEI shocks. This average, however, masks a statisticallysignificant amount of heterogeneity across different grid cells and time periods. Interestingly,
the effects of SPEI shocks are greatest in places with the lowest baseline risk of conflict,which directly contradicts the idea that droughts are a 'threat multiplier'. In addition to theseresults, this paper contributes to the literature by laying out a machine learning methodologythat will allow researchers to better understand the scope conditions and mechanisms behindthe climate-conflict link.

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Biodiversity 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Dasgupta Review and the problem of anthropocentrism -- PRESENTER: Nicolas Treich,DISCUSSANT: Bailey Kirkland
2. Ecological entitlements and the wealth of wildlife -- PRESENTER: Bailey Kirkland, DISCUSSANT: Celine
Huber
3. When profitability meets conservation objectives through biodiversity offsets -- PRESENTER: Celine Huber,
DISCUSSANT: Wai Yan Siu
4. (Job Market) Natural Wealth, Externalities and Restitution Pricing -- PRESENTER: Wai Yan Siu,DISCUSSANT: Nicolas Treich

Speakers
Mr. Treich, Nicolas, Senior Researcher in Economics, INRAE - TSE
Mr. Kirkland, Bailey, University of Wyoming
Ms. Huber, Celine,
Ms. Siu (Job Market), Wai Yan, Job Market, -Presentations

The Dasgupta Review and the problem of anthropocentrism
AuthorMr. Treich, Nicolas, Senior Researcher in Economics, INRAE - TSE
Presenter

Mr. Treich, Nicolas, Senior Researcher in Economics, INRAE - TSE
Abstract

As is customary in economics, the Dasgupta Review on the economics of biodiversity adopts
an anthropocentric approach: that is, among the millions of species on Earth, the Review
accords a moral value to only one species; ours. Building on the literature in ethics, I explain
why it is morally problematic to assume that other species -- at least, sentient animals -- only
have an instrumental value for humans. The Review defends its approach, but I advancecounter arguments. I highlight that preserving the diversity of life in ecosystems is not thesame as taking care of the wellbeing of sentient species living in those ecosystems. Somebiodiversity policies, such as protecting the blue whale or reducing meat consumption,
largely satisfy both anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric objectives. Other policies, suchas the reintroduction of wolves or the eradication of invasive species, induce conflicts
between these objectives. I finally discuss why the anthropocentric view remains prevalent in
the research on biodiversity and present some potential non-anthropocentric research
directions.

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Ecological entitlements and the wealth of wildlife
Authors

Mr. Kirkland, Bailey, University of Wyoming
Ms. Siu (Job Market), Wai Yan, Job Market, Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Presenter

Mr. Kirkland, Bailey, University of Wyoming
Abstract

The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation calls for the treatment of wildlife as apublic resource and entrusts states as the primary management authority. Dating back tocolonial law, hunting quotas and license price discrimination have promoted "ecologicalentitlements" to state residents. The implied value of these entitlements to state decision
makers is revealed in the tradeoff between foregone revenue-increasing opportunities from
non-resident hunters and the preservation of access for resident hunters. We present the firstnatural capital valuation of ecological entitlements by recovering shadow values for
Wyoming's iconic Jackson elk herd. Herd population dynamics and the legal and institutional
context surrounding management and hunting behavior reveal four key findings: (i) theJackson herd holds $67.9 million in value of which 78% benefits the State of Wyoming, (ii)the value of resident entitlements are modest and offset by the disproportionate hunting
success of non-residents, (iii) the state's current restitution value for elk poaching reflects theestimated value that is stored in the species as a hunted resource, (iv) a pending policy
proposal to increase "state protectionism of elk" by changing resident hunting quotas from
80% to 90% would leave the overall value of the Jackson elk herd unchanged while
increasing its value to the state.
When profitability meets conservation objectives through biodiversity offsets
Authors

Ms. Huber, Celine,
Dr. Doyen, Luc, -, CNRS
Dr. FERRARI, Sylvie, University of BordeauxPresenter

Ms. Huber, Celine,
Abstract

Biodiversity Offsets (BOs) are increasingly used as economic instruments to manage
biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of economic development. This study
investigates the sustainability conditions of BOs. It focuses especially on both the timing andpricing of BOs in development-offset projects. To address this issue, a minimal time control
model is proposed, allowing a dynamic and multicriteria approach to be combined throughboth ecological and economic targets. We rely here on No Net Loss (NNL) and positive Net
Present Value (NPV) goals. In particular, we focus on an offset marginal price, called Offset
Sustainability Value (OSV), which equalizes the NNL and payback times. We proveanalytically how this OSV corresponds to a win-win solution in terms of ecological-economic
synergy. We also show that this OSV can be very high compared to the project rate of return,
particularly when the biodiversity loss is high. More globally, a sensitivity analysis shows theextent to which the economic (such as the marginal revenue and discount rate) andbiodiversity parameters impact the OSV. Finally, a numerical application related to

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mangroves and aquaculture in Madagascar illustrates the analytical findings. For this casestudy, we argue that the current BO price is underestimated.
Natural Wealth, Externalities and Restitution Pricing (Job Market)
Authors

Ms. Siu (Job Market), Wai Yan, Job Market, Dr. Bennett, Drew, University of Wyoming
Mr. Kirkland, Bailey, University of Wyoming
Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Presenter

Ms. Siu (Job Market), Wai Yan, Job Market, Abstract

Empirical approaches tracking natural wealth have advanced with a primary focus ofmonitoring progress towards sustainability goals. Most applications of natural wealthaccounting and valuation have occurred at the country level because aggregate national
accounts are a natural fit to inspect the evolution of capital stocks (e.g., natural resources,
workforces and built infrastructure) and their contribution to a society's economic production.
While capital stocks are often aggregated at the national level, underlying management
decisions, especially as they relate to natural resources, tend to occur at a local level also
charged with sustainability planning. We display the utility of natural wealth accounting at a
local scale where management behavior and negative externalities reveal tremendous
heterogeneity in the shadow value of a wildlife population. Natural wealth accounting
provides a "fair market price" analogue for a natural resource that is untraded in aconventional marketplace. Local natural wealth accounting has the potential to guide judicial
discretion and support legal precedent that calls for fair market restitution in cases ofpoaching or illegal natural resource consumption.

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Climate Change and Trade 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Trade flows, carbon leakage, and the EU Emissions Trading System -- PRESENTER: Maria Wang,DISCUSSANT: Yang Zheng
2. Carbon Leakage within Firm Ownership Networks: Evidence from China's Regional Carbon Market Pilots -PRESENTER: Yang Zheng, DISCUSSANT: Laura Schürer
3. How gains from trade can turn into gains for climate -- PRESENTER: Laura Schürer, DISCUSSANT: Giulio
Galdi
4. Environmental Degradation and Comparative Advantage Reversal -- PRESENTER: Giulio Galdi,
DISCUSSANT: Maria Wang

Speakers- Wang, Maria,
Mr. Zheng, Yang,- Schürer, Laura,
Dr. Galdi, Giulio,

Presentations

Trade flows, carbon leakage, and the EU Emissions Trading System
Authors- Wang, Maria,
Dr. Kuusi, Tero, Research director, ETLA Economic ResearchPresenter- Wang, Maria,
Abstract

The EU's Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has been shown to have reduced emissions in
the participating countries and industries since its adoption in 2005. However, there is lessevidence on the shifting of production outside EU to avoid emission controls. We study thisso-called carbon leakage with gravity analysis of international trade flows and carbon
intensities of trade. We provide a simple theoretical framework and study its implications
empirically. Our findings with the new OECD data indicate that carbon leakage has in factoccurred due to the EU ETS, resulting in higher CO2 intensity of imports to the EU, andlower CO2 intensity of exports from the EU. The evidence on the value of imports also
shows some increases from non-participating countries due to the ETS. We find that our
results are broadly consistent with the theory.

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Carbon Leakage within Firm Ownership Networks: Evidence from China's Regional Carbon
Market Pilots
Authors

Prof. Cui, Jingbo, Associate Professor, Duke Kunshan University
Dr. Wang, Chunhua, Assistant Professor, Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University
Wang, Zhenxuan, Duke University
Zhang, Junjie, Duke University
Mr. Zheng, Yang,
Presenter

Mr. Zheng, Yang,
Abstract

Utilizing China's regional emission trading scheme (ETS) pilots as a quasi-naturalexperiment, this paper estimates the carbon emission leakage of ETS. By leveraging firms'
ownership networks, we examine whether ETS leads to emissions and production
reallocation from regulated firms to unregulated sibling firms by means of the matcheddifference-in-differences (DID) approach. The data pertain to a unique panel of firm tax
records and their ownership in the manufacturing and public utility sectors during the 20092015 period. Our findings demonstrate unambiguous evidence that China's ETS leads to a 9
percent increase in carbon emissions of non-ETS firms in the same ownership network as
sibling ETS firms. The emission leakage occurs in both the announcement and trading
phases. The mechanism analyses further reveal that the leakage is driven by regulated firms'
relocation of production activities, and only occurs under the mass-based rule. Finally,
accounting for the effects of China's ETS pilots on both regulated firms and their siblings, ourestimated aggregate effect of carbon regulation on firm emissions is positive and statisticallyinsignificant.
How gains from trade can turn into gains for climate
Authors- Schürer, Laura,
Prof. Helm, Carsten, University of Oldenburg
Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, University of Oldenburg
Presenter- Schürer, Laura,
Abstract

International emissions trading (IET) is a promising measure for mitigating climate changewith much untapped potential, but there are some typical challenges or risks that accompany
IET, e.g., that "hot air" might be traded or that the uneven market-based distribution of gains
from trade might appear unfair to some countries and limit their willingness to participate.
Adressing these issues, in this paper we analyze two alternative scenarios of IET that aim toavoid these problems while simultaneously raising the ambition level. In the strategic
scenario, countries choose their permit allocation strategically while accounting for damage
costs and under the constraint that the number of permits must not exceed their NDC
emission levels. In the gains scenario, countries use their gains from trade to raise their
NDCs. We apply game theoretical considerations and a numerical partial equilibrium modelwith data from the EMF36 model comparison study and find that both scenarios lead to a
substantially higher global emissions reduction compared to the no trade and standard trade

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scenario. The strategic scenario leads to the highest global abatement level but some regions
have to bear high costs whereas in the gains scenario, the additional abatement is entirely
financed by the gains from trade and hence potential normative debates about the distributionof these gains or costs can be avoided.
Environmental Degradation and Comparative Advantage Reversal
Authors

Dr. Galdi, Giulio,
Prof. Antoci, Angelo,
Prof. Russu, Paolo, University Professor, University of Sassari
Presenter

Dr. Galdi, Giulio,
Abstract

With the climate rapidly changing and a substantial part of the economy relying on theenvironment for its productivity, can current competitive advantages and trade patterns beassumed to stay the same in the future? In order to tackle this question, we propose a
Comparative Advantage model in which productivity of countries is assumed to be negatively
affected by environmental degradation, with larger impacts on the productivity of developing
countries. We show that comparative advantages may invert if the environment is sufficiently
degraded, leading to a reversal in product specialisation of countries that might make someagents worse off in an open economy.

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Climate and Flood Risk 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. After the Flood: Housing Market Liquidity and House Prices -- PRESENTER: Allan Beltran, DISCUSSANT:Tom McDermott
2. Cities and the Sea Level -- PRESENTER: Tom McDermott, DISCUSSANT: Robin Middelanis
3. Economic losses from hurricanes cannot be nationally offset under unabated warming -- PRESENTER: Robin
Middelanis, DISCUSSANT: Nicola Garbarino
4. Climate Risks and House Prices: The Insurance Channel -- PRESENTER: Nicola Garbarino, DISCUSSANT:
Allan Beltran

Speakers
Dr. Beltran, Allan,
Dr. McDermott, Tom,Mr. Middelanis, Robin,
Mr. Garbarino, Nicola,

Presentations

After the Flood: Housing Market Liquidity and House Prices
Authors

Dr. Beltran, Allan,
Dr. Kuralbayeva, Karlygash, Dr. Tipoe, Eileen, Senior Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London
Presenter

Dr. Beltran, Allan,
Abstract

This study investigates the effect of floods on housing liquidity (ability to transact housing
units) and prices in England and Wales from 2010-2018, by combining data on the universeof residential property transactions from the Land Registry, property listings on Zoopla, andhistorical flood records from the Environment Agency. Using a staggered difference-indifferences approach to nearly-hit postcodes, we find that the sale times for near-missproperties increased by 5-10% on average after a flood, which corresponds to a 15-28-day
delay in transactions. This delay is accompanied by a persistent decline in house prices for up
to 1-2 percentage points, which can last up to 6 years following the event. Exploring
heterogeneity by deprivation of postcode areas, we find that owners of properties in leastdeprived areas lose more on liquidity, with TOM increasing by 9-18% (26-52 days) on
average after a flood. In contrast, owners of properties in most-deprived areas lose more on
price but not on liquidity, with the average selling price decreasing 4.7-6.4% (6,466 - 8,804
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GBP) after a flood. This amount corresponds to 20-28% of the average annual householdincome of the most-deprived areas. Our results have important implications for explaining
regional disparities in economic development in the UK.
Cities and the Sea Level
Authors

Dr. McDermott, Tom,
Dr. Michaels, Guy, LSE
Dr. Lin, Yatang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Presenter

Dr. McDermott, Tom,
Abstract

Construction on low elevation coastal zones is risky for both residents and taxpayers who bailthem out, especially when sea levels are rising. We study this construction using spatiallydisaggregated data on the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We document nine stylized facts,
including a sizeable rise in the share of coastal housing built on flood-prone land from 19902010, which concentrated particularly in densely populated areas. To explain our findings, wedevelop a model of a monocentric coastal city, which we then use to explore theconsequences of sea level rise and government policies.
Economic losses from hurricanes cannot be nationally offset under unabated warming
Authors

Mr. Middelanis, Robin,
Dr. Willner, Sven, Potsdam-Institut für KlimafolgenforschungProf. Levermann, Anders, Potsdam-Institut für KlimafolgenforschungPresenter

Mr. Middelanis, Robin,
Abstract

Tropical cyclones range among the costliest of all meteorological events worldwide andplanetary scale warming provides more energy and moisture to these storms. Modeling thenational and global economic repercussions of 2017's Hurricane Harvey, we find a qualitativechange in the global economic response in an increasingly warmer world. While the UnitedStates were able to balance regional production failures by the original 2017 hurricane, thisoption becomes less viable under future warming. In our simulations of over 7,000 regional
economic sectors with more than 1.8 million supply chain connections, the US are not able tooffset the losses by use of national efforts with intensifying hurricanes under unabatedwarming. At a certain warming level other countries have to step in to supply the necessary
goods for production, which gives US economic sectors a competitive disadvantage. In thehighly localized mining and quarrying sector - which here also comprises the oil and gas
production industry - this disadvantage emerges already with the original Hurricane Harvey
and intensifies under warming. Eventually, also other regions reach their limit of what they
can offset. While we chose the example of a specific hurricane impacting a specific region,
the mechanism is likely applicable to other climate-related events in other regions and othersectors. It is thus likely that the regional economic sectors that are best adapted to climatechange gain significant advantage over their competitors under future warming.

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Climate Risks and House Prices: The Insurance Channel
Authors

Mr. Garbarino, Nicola,
Dr. Lee, Jonathan, University of Bristol
Dr. Guin, Benjamin, Bank of England
Presenter

Mr. Garbarino, Nicola,
Abstract

Can public policies addressing climate risks disrupt the housing market? In this paper, westudy the effects of a UK flood reinsurance scheme in the property market. Leveraging aunique data set on the population of all property transactions in England, we document that
this policy increases the value and transaction volume of flood-prone properties. The effects
on property value are particularly strong in urban areas and areas with wealthier households.
Our findings highlight the transition risk and wealth redistribution caused by the reinsurance
scheme.

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Forestry 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Demand for forest availability– a multiple markets hedonic second-stage analysis -- PRESENTER: Marie
Lautrup, DISCUSSANT: Pedro Junqueira Sartori
2. A Stochastic Production Frontier analysis for loggers in Virginia -- PRESENTER: Pedro Junqueira Sartori,
DISCUSSANT: Nico Osterberg
3. Comparing ecological growth models in optimizing mixed-species forest management -- PRESENTER: Nico
Osterberg, DISCUSSANT: Ewan McTaggart
4. The effect of pests and pathogens on forest harvesting regimes: a bioeconomic model -- PRESENTER: Ewan
McTaggart, DISCUSSANT: Marie Lautrup

Speakers
Ms. Lautrup, Marie, Ph.D.-student, University of Copenhagen
Mr. Junqueira Sartori, Pedro,
Mr. Osterberg, Nico, Doctoral Researcher, University of Helsinki
Mr. McTaggart, Ewan,

Presentations

Demand for forest availability– a multiple markets hedonic second-stage analysis
Authors

Ms. Lautrup, Marie, Ph.D.-student, University of Copenhagen
Prof. Jacobsen, Jette Bredahl, Professor, University of Copenhagen
Mr. Matthiesen, Lasse, Ph.D.-student, University of Copenhagen
Mr. Panduro, Toke Emil, Senior Researcher , Aarhus University
Dr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,Presenter

Ms. Lautrup, Marie, Ph.D.-student, University of Copenhagen
Abstract

Forests provide a range of benefits for neighboring homeowners. Increased focus on forest'srole in climate and biodiversity brings a need for knowing more about the amenity value ofincreased forest area. In this paper, we estimate the demand for forest availability based on
the second-stage multiple market hedonic house method. The second-stage demand function
conforms to expectation. We find that the average consumer surplus for an extra hectare
forest within 1000 meters of their home in addition to the average is 13 EUR/household/year.
Household age and households with children shift demands up for forest availability, whilehouseholds with low education or household consisting of singles shifts demand downwards.
Our findings are based on a rich dataset covering the major urban areas in Denmark. We are

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able to describe the house price schedule with large precision, setting this analysis apart fromprevious attempts of applying the hedonic second-stage with a multiple market approach.
In the analysis, we overcome the inherent problem of endogeneity in the hedonic second
stage approach by constructing three imperfect but applicable instruments for forest
availability. All three instruments are applied in separate second-stage demand estimation andprovide similar model interpretations. Furthermore, we improve in the identification strategy
by handling forest quality heterogeneity using forest-specific fixed effects and a flexible
functional form for forest availability in the first stage. Finally, we contribute to the literatureby proposing a simple way to identify housing markets by exploring price development overspace and time.
A Stochastic Production Frontier analysis for loggers in Virginia
Authors

Mr. Junqueira Sartori, Pedro,
Dr. Schons, Stella,
Dr. Barrett, Scott, Virginia Tech
Presenter

Mr. Junqueira Sartori, Pedro,
Abstract

Understanding the relationship between timber harvesting capital value and labor timedispensed in implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) and logger's productivity isessential for the feasibility and expansion of sustainable forest management and logging. We
develop a sustainable logging Stochastic Production Frontier model that we apply to firmlevel operational data collected with approximately 400 loggers in Virginia, United States, in2014 and 2019. We estimate the marginal contribution of a diversity of firm and logger
characteristics to operational productivity, including BMP implementation effort, which helps
us to understand if and how BMP implementation contributes to logging efficiency. We findthat logging equipment value, harvesting area, region (mountainous versus nonmountainous), and number of loggers in the woods present statistically significant impacts onlogger's productivity, as expected. However, time spent implementing BMPs, along withother logger characteristics (such as education level), does not show a statistically significant
impact on logging productivity. Firm average efficiency rate was 63% and 62% for the 2014
and 2019 years, respectively. These results highlight that there are significant improvement
opportunities for efficiency gains in the logging industry in Virginia, and that such
improvements may be achieved through higher investment and new technology adoption.
Moreover, while BMPs do not contribute to logging firm's efficiency, they also do not reduce
it, which means that efficiency gains may be achieved with and, maybe even through,sustainable harvesting techniques.
Comparing ecological growth models in optimizing mixed-species forest management
Authors

Mr. Osterberg, Nico, Doctoral Researcher, University of Helsinki
Dr. Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki
Presenter

Mr. Osterberg, Nico, Doctoral Researcher, University of Helsinki

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Abstract

We study the effect of ecological models on economically optimal management of boreal
mixed-species forests. The applied size-structured economic-ecological optimization model
includes optimization of harvest timing, harvesting intensities, and the choice between
rotation forestry with clearcuts and continuous cover forestry, where the forest is neverclearcut. We systematically compare economically optimal solutions obtained with threedifferent statistical-empirical ecological models for forest dynamics, studying both singleand mixed-species forests consisting of up to four tree species. Given a 1% interest rate, theoptimal choice between continuous cover and rotation forestry is dependent on the ecologicalmodel applied. Under a 3% interest rate, the optimal management regime in mixed-species
stands is continuous cover forestry independently of the ecological model. The details related
to optimal harvesting intensity, harvest timing, and species composition highly depend on theecological models. Under a 1% interest rate, after intensive harvesting, the dominant species
can change due to the natural regeneration of light-demanding pioneer species. However, themodels for natural regeneration include high uncertainty. Mixed-species stands have higher
bare land values and average net revenues compared to monocultures, although higher
species diversity does not imply this directly. Higher species diversity allows a higher
maximum sustainable yield.
The effect of pests and pathogens on forest harvesting regimes: a bioeconomic model
Authors

Mr. McTaggart, Ewan,
Prof. Kleczkowski, Adam, University of Strathclyde
Dr. Megiddo, Itamar, University of Strathclyde
Presenter

Mr. McTaggart, Ewan,
Abstract

Pests and diseases are an important consideration for forest mangers, with ecological andbioeconomic models informing their management strategies. For example, the incidence ofDothistroma needle blight in the UK has increased rapidly since the 1990s, and it is asignificant threat to the productivity of commercial forestry. Climatic changes are expected tofurther exacerbate this problem. Control of the disease in the UK primarily focuses on goodstand management through pre-commercial thinning; similar practices are widely used incommercial forests throughout the world. Forest managers would benefit from evidence on
the effectiveness of this precautionary strategy (in comparison to its alternatives) to reduce
disease impacts and increase the value extracted from timber. In this paper, we develop abioeconomic model to determine the economically optimal harvesting regime - in terms ofthinning and rotation - of an even-aged plantation under the risk of an invading pest. We
extend a Schaefer-Faustmann model to include a compartmental epidemiological system thatgoverns timber growth and disease spread. We proceed to analyse various management
strategies through a sensitivity analysis of variable disease conditions. We demonstrated thatin the presence of disease thinning can significantly improve the net present value of theplantation if applied correctly. The optimal thinning and rotation strategy is sensitive to theprevalence and severity of damage caused by infection. According to our model, forest
managers need to decide when to thin to balance harvesting before infection destroys thetimber's value and exploiting their forest's density-dependent growth.
Furthermore, if thinning reduces the transmission rate significantly, the priority is to protect
the final harvest, and rotations extend while the thinning time shortens. Our study provides a

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framework to help design appropriate forest management strategies in the presence ofdisease.

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Agriculture and Externalities
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales -- PRESENTER: Sherzod
Akhundjanov, DISCUSSANT: Angels Xabadia
2. Utilizing energy-water-agriculture nexus for groundwater and carbon emissions management -PRESENTER: Angels Xabadia, DISCUSSANT: Maxence Gérard
3. Livestock regulation, land use and greenhouse gas mitigation : an analysis of second-best policies -PRESENTER: Maxence Gérard, DISCUSSANT: Arnold Behrer
4. Earth, Wind, and Fire: The impact of anti-poverty efforts on Indian agriculture and air pollution -PRESENTER: Arnold Behrer, DISCUSSANT: Sherzod Akhundjanov

Speakers
Dr. Akhundjanov, Sherzod, Assistant Professor, Utah State University
Dr. Xabadia, Angels, University of Girona
Mr. Gérard, Maxence,
Dr. Behrer, Arnold,

Presentations

Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales
Authors

Dr. Ge, Muyang, Assistant Professor, Nanjing Audit University
Dr. Akhundjanov, Sherzod, Assistant Professor, Utah State University
Dr. Edwards, Eric, Assistant Professor, North Carolina State University
Dr. Oladi, Reza, Professor, Utah State University
Presenter

Dr. Akhundjanov, Sherzod, Assistant Professor, Utah State University
Abstract

Growing urban populations and shifting precipitation patterns under a changing climate
motivate the flexible use of markets to reallocate water in arid regions. To understand theeffects of these markets, we examine the United States' largest ever agriculture-to-urban
water transfer, from Imperial County to San Diego County, California. A general equilibrium
water trade model is used to illustrate the tradeoff between job preservation andenvironmental protection trade policies. Using a synthetic control and event study
approaches, we find initial declines in agricultural output and labor under fallowing, which
protected environmental water. Policy changes increasing the intensity of agricultural water
use subsequently decreased inflows to the Salton Sea, exposing areas of fine-silted lakebed,

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creating additional dust. Dust-related air pollutants, PM10 and PM2.5, increase during therelevant period while placebo non-dust pollutants, Ozone and NO2, do not.
Utilizing energy-water-agriculture nexus for groundwater and carbon emissions management
Authors

Dr. Xabadia, Angels, University of Girona
Dr. Amjath Babu, Tharayil Shereef , International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Goetz, Renan-Ulrich, Universitat de Girona
Dr. Nuppenau, Ernst-August, JLU Gissen
Dr. Tapia, Javier, Universidad de Zaragoza
Presenter

Dr. Xabadia, Angels, University of Girona
Abstract

India is the largest groundwater user in the world and most of its aquifers are overexploited.
It is estimated that 60 percent of them will be in a critical state in the near future. Normallygroundwater overdraft ceases as soon as the marginal extraction costs exceed marginal
benefits due to the fall of the water table of the aquifer. However, politically motivatedsubsidies for electric power in India led to a continuous decline of groundwater tables far
beyond economic reasoning based on agricultural profits. This paper analyses different farmbased policy options taking into account the dynamics of the aquifer and the well bore andtheir effect on social welfare, private profits and efficiency. The results show that lump-sumtransfers present a win-win situation for farmers, government and environment. Subsidies not
only distort farmers' behaviour but the equity consideration between different types of farms.
Livestock regulation, land use and greenhouse gas mitigation: an analysis of second-best
policies
Authors

Mr. Gérard, Maxence,
Dr. De Cara, Stephane, Senior reserchear, Inrae
Dr. Meunier, Guy, Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Mr. Gérard, Maxence,
Abstract

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the livestock sector may require to act bothat the extensive margin (by reducing the quantity of meat) and at the intensive margin (bychanging animal feeding towards less land-intensive feed). The land area freed by these
options could then possibly be used to sequester carbon. To study this question, we develop astylized partial-equilibrium model of the beef sector that accounts for direct emissions by
animals, as well as for indirect land-use related emissions. We study the welfare impacts ofthe first-best Pigouvian price instrument, which would consist of taxing all emission sources
and rewarding all carbon sinks. We then compare this situation to that obtained under three
more realistic second-best instruments: a tax on meat consumption, a technical standard, anda subsidy to natural reserves. We show that the optimal tax on meat consumption should
integrate the opportunity cost of carbon. This instrument performs well if intensification iscostly on the supply-side. A technical standard does not sufficiently trigger demand
reduction. A subsidy to natural reserves has the advantage to both reduce consumption, and

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trigger intensification. The model is then calibrated on French data to further analyse thecomparison of instruments. The findings indicate that the subsidy to natural reserves
dominates the tax on meat consumption and the technical standard for a large set ofparameter values. By providing GHG mitigation at both extensive and intensive margin, thesubsidy depends less on the level of the price elasticity of beef demand than the tax on meat,and less on the technical flexibility of the production than the standard. However, we findthat the performance of the subsidy is sensitive to the relative level of carbon storage
potential of grassland soils compared to natural reserves.
Earth, Wind, and Fire: The impact of anti-poverty efforts on Indian agriculture and air
pollution
AuthorDr. Behrer, Arnold,
Presenter

Dr. Behrer, Arnold,
Abstract

Income growth from low levels is often correlated with reductions in environmental quality,
but it is unclear if the relationship represents a causal link. I use an exogenous shock to
incomes from the world's largest anti-poverty program (India's NREGA) to show that
increases in income lead to increased air pollution. Using a difference-in-differences
approach on the staggered rollout of NREGA combined with data on nearly one million fires,I show the frequency of cropland fires increases by between 9% and 21% after
implementation of NREGA. The increase in fires is concentrated in districts with high levelsof fires prior to NREGA and in districts with a high index of mechanization. I independently
analyze data from a randomized control trial improving NREGA implementation in one stateand find similar concentration of the impact on fires. NREGA does not appear to change area
planted or tonnage produced in fire intensive crops. Rather, my results are consistent with the
hypothesis that farmers respond to higher agricultural wages by harvesting crops with alabor-saving mechanical process. Fires are used to clear crop residue and existing agronomic
literature indicates that mechanized harvesting leaves more residue, increasing the use offires. I estimate that nationally, NREGA increased the rate of particulate emissions frombiomass burning by 30% to 50%. My results suggest policies raising the opportunity cost oftime for labor may have environmental consequences and policy-makers may wish toencourage producers to internalize environmental costs.

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Circular Economy
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Labour in the Circular Economy: a catalyst towards sustainable development -- PRESENTER: Julie Metta,
DISCUSSANT: Karolina Safarzynska
2. The circular economy mitigates the material rebound due to investments in renewable energy -PRESENTER: Karolina Safarzynska, DISCUSSANT: Etienne Lorang
3. Recycling in a sustainable framework -- PRESENTER: Etienne Lorang, DISCUSSANT: Johan Eyckmans
4. Modelling the Circular Economy: Introducing a Supply Chain Equilibrium Approach -- PRESENTER: Johan
Eyckmans, DISCUSSANT: Julie Metta

Speakers
Ms Metta, Julie, PhD Student, KU Leuven
Safarzynska, Karolina , Warsaw University
Mr. Lorang, Etienne,
Eyckmans, Johan, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, campus Brussels

Presentations

Labour in the Circular Economy: a catalyst towards sustainable development
AuthorMs Metta, Julie, PhD Student, KU Leuven
Presenter

Ms Metta, Julie, PhD Student, KU Leuven
Abstract

This study analyses the circular economy as an alternative to cope with both theexhaustibility of resource and the pollution induced by improper waste management. I shapea two-sector growth model in a simple closed economy. The waste stock is assumed tonegatively affect labour productivity. (e.g. January 2019, in Rome, Italy, a landfill burned
forcing workers to stay home for several days - The Independent, 2019). I investigate theoptimal allocation of labour between the production and the circular sector to sustain
development while limiting environmental impact caused by waste on labour. I modelchanges in economies due to an endogenous choice of labour in the supply and I analyse
under which conditions the circular economy can generate endogenous growth. My approachis innovative as I emphasise the role of the labour in the circular economy, illustrating theimportant role of the circular sector to sustain economic development. Comparing the results
between centralized and decentralized economy settings, I draw policy recommendation toreach a full circular economy model for the management of resources.

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The circular economy mitigates the material rebound due to investments in renewable energy
Authors

Safarzynska, Karolina , Warsaw University
Prof. Raberto, Marco, University of Genoa
Dr. Di Domenico, Lorenzo, University of Warsaw
Presenter

Safarzynska, Karolina , Warsaw University
Abstract

Macroeconomic models play a crucial role in guiding climate and energy policies. They
adopt a linear view on consumption and production, where input use is optimized tomaximize the GDP growth. This approach does not capture feedback loops involved in theprocesses of reusing and recycling of raw materials. We relax these assumptions in a novel
climate-economy agent-based model of the circular economy, where raw materials can berecycled multiple times. Consumers and producers are embedded in co-evolving networks,
with preferences of consumers influencing the direction of technological progress. We findthat the more times materials can be recycled, the greater the reduction in the global
temperature and raw material use is. We identify the policy mix that prevents the temperature
increase beyond 2oC. It involves the combination of large investments in renewable energy,
infinite recycling and the evolution of pro-environmental preferences. Surprisingly, thetransition to renewable energy leads to the material rebound, where more raw materials areused in the manufacturing sector compared to the economy dependent on fossil fuels. The
circular economy can mitigate this effect.
Recycling in a sustainable framework
Author

Mr. Lorang, Etienne,
Presenter

Mr. Lorang, Etienne,
Abstract

The development of recycling, and more generally the concept of a circular economy, has theambition to help developing more sustainable economic paths. However, sustainability
economics also relates to equity issues in terms of consumption and environmental impacts.
On this matter, literature on recycling does not rely on a sustainable criterion: in its vast
majority, it relies on discounted utility, a criterion that does not favour equity. In this paper,
we study a recycling model with the maximin criterion. We characterize an optimal path andits shadow values, and we study a new Hartwick investment rule which now depends on
waste accumulation and the use of recycling in production.

Modelling the Circular Economy: Introducing a Supply Chain Equilibrium Approach
Authors

Mr. Lahcen, Bart,
Eyckmans, Johan, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, campus Brussels
Prof. Rousseau, Sandra, KU Leuven
Ms Dams, Yoko, Researcher, VITO
Dr. Brusselaers, Jan, Professor, VU Amsterdam

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Presenter

Eyckmans, Johan, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, campus Brussels
Abstract

The circular economy (CE) has gained prominence in recent years in government andbusiness policies, as well as academic research. Yet, its alleged wholesomeness isincreasingly questioned and few quantitative studies include both the outer (e.g. recycling)
and inner circles (e.g. reduce or reuse), respectively the ex-ante least and most efficient CE
strategies. By developing a supply chain equilibrium model, based on general equilibrium
theory, this paper presents a modelling framework where a product-service system is
introduced as a circular alternative to conventional products. Through generalised prices thatcover inner and outer circle variables, targeted economic and fiscal policy measures affectoverall price levels and, by consequence, operational levels of the supply chain. The rationale
behind this approach relies on combining material and economic efficiency by integrating
material/product life cycles with market interactions. To illustrate its performance, the model
examines the rollout of a reusable plastic bottle initiative in Belgium. The results show that if
circular products are perceived as substitutes for conventional products, well-targeted policies
can reduce material use substantially. Furthermore, coordinating circular policies along the
supply chain can improve their outcomes. However, the absence of CE data impedes model
development and risks undermining the validity of the results.

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International Agreements 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Domestic Policy Coordination and the Expansion of Customs Unions -- PRESENTER: Paul Missios,DISCUSSANT: Sarah Spycher
2. Elections and Environmental Agreements -- PRESENTER: Sarah Spycher, DISCUSSANT: Marcel
Lumkowsky
3. Determining the credibility of commitments in international climate policy -- PRESENTER: Marcel
Lumkowsky, DISCUSSANT: Margherita Bellanca
4. Too Different to Get Along: Inequality and International Environmental Agreements -- PRESENTER:
Margherita Bellanca, DISCUSSANT: Paul Missios

Speakers
Prof. Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Ms. Spycher, Sarah,
Mr. Lumkowsky, Marcel,
Ms Bellanca, Margherita,

Presentations

Domestic Policy Coordination and the Expansion of Customs Unions
Authors

Prof. Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Dr. Bezmaternykh, Natalia, Lecturer,
Presenter

Prof. Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Abstract

Large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and South America are covered under trade agreements
known as Customs Unions (CUs). In recent years, many CUs have extended beyond simple
trade policy with increasing regulation of domestic policies such as those on the environment,
health, industry, investment and labour. In this paper, we examine how this increasing
harmonization of domestic policy, specifically environmental policy, affects the membershipand potential for expansion of customs unions by comparing endogenous agreements withtrade only restrictions ("shallow" CUs) and trade plus domestic policy restrictions ("deep"CUs). Our model addresses the important issue of whether joint (under deep CU) versus
individual (under shallow CU) optimal domestic policy setting affects the outcomes of tradenegotiations and how those outcomes are affected by the level of pollution spillovers. In
order to find stable equilibria, we find the Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibria (SPNE), and thento lessen the multiple equilibria problem we narrow down the number of equilibria using the

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Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibrium (CPNE) refinement. Without restrictions on externaltariffs, the exclusion incentives lead to free trade not surviving CPNE refinements with bothshallow and deep negotiations, in line with the main literature on the subject. However, withthe restrictions imposed under Article XXIV of the GATT/WTO whereby members cannot
raise external tariffs, we show that negotiation of both domestic policy and trade policy
simultaneously can override standard exclusion incentives and lead to greater CU expansion
and ultimately global free trade.
Elections and Environmental Agreements
AuthorMs. Spycher, Sarah,
Presenter

Ms. Spycher, Sarah,
Abstract

This paper investigates the role that domestic elections play for IEAs and to what extent theymight be an explanatory factor for the modest success of international cooperation on climatechange mitigation currently. Agents involved in international negotiations are often subject todomestic electoral concerns and therefore, policy decisions might affect their chances of reelection in upcoming elections. Secondly, international treaties usually last beyond agovernments' incumbency, which implies that the negotiation and the ratification decision
might be made by two different entities. With these considerations in mind, we formulate a 4stage game modelling a bilateral environmental agreement in order to analyse the arisingstrategic incentives. The preliminary results indicate that the incumbent government might
indeed choose a suboptimal treaty (compared to if there was no election) in order to boost
their chances of re-election. This can happen in three different ways: the incumbent may
negotiate (i) a "consensus treaty", anticipating that they might be replaced in an upcoming
election and devising the agreement such that their successor would still ratify, (ii) a"differentiation treaty" such that the two parties offer differing environmental policies to thevoters in the election, or lastly (iii) a "treaty as a trap", negotiating an agreement unattractive
to the median voter that the challenger would still just ratify, but not the incumbent, therefore
burdening the potential successor with an unpopular policy.
Determining the credibility of commitments in international climate policy
Authors

Mr. Lumkowsky, Marcel,
Dannenberg, Astrid, University of Kassel
Prof. Victor, David, School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego
Presenter

Mr. Lumkowsky, Marcel,
Abstract

The Paris Agreement on climate change aims to improve cooperation by allowing
governments to set their own commitments; its success hinges on trust that commitments
made will be honored. A key challenge for analysts has been assessing the extent to whichthese commitments are credible. We deploy a novel source of data, namely a large sample ofgovernment officials, scientists, and other elites (N=829) with decades of experience inclimate policy, to identify the factors influencing credibility. While economic factors such as
the costs and benefits of controlling emissions are often assumed to explain national attitudes
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towards international cooperation, we find that the quality of political institutions andgeopolitical factors explain most of the variation. Experts from Europe and the rest of world
see the credibility of Europe's pledges as the highest in the world, and this special role also
extends to the much-discussed linkage between climate policy and trade to accompany theParis Agreement. Industrialized nations are generally more open to this linkage thandeveloping countries, but Europeans see it as more legitimate, more useful, and less risky
than all others. These findings set the stage for a new wave in climate policy where Europe
leads not just at home but in using its trade muscle to force others to alter their behavior.
Too Different to Get Along: Inequality and International Environmental Agreements
Authors

Ms Bellanca, Margherita,
Spiganti, Alessandro, University of Venice
Presenter

Ms Bellanca, Margherita,
Abstract

We study how inequality affects international cooperation for the provision of anenvironmental public good in a two-level political economy model. We assume that
preferences for the public good depend on the relative income position of the households (theso-called relative income hypothesis), which links the election of each country's delegate
directly with the inequality level inside the country. At the international level, the twodelegates try to agree on the provision of the environmental public good, under different
international equity rules. We show that increasing inequality, both within and acrosscountries, makes reaching an international agreement more difficult.

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Digitalisation and Energy
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Directed Technological Change and General Purpose Technologies: Can AI Accelerate the Energy
Transition? -- PRESENTER: Pia Andres, DISCUSSANT: Lukas Tomberg
2. Digitization and Energy Efficiency Investments -- PRESENTER: Lukas Tomberg, DISCUSSANT: Janna
Axenbeck
3. What drives the relationship between digitalization and industrial energy demand? -- Exploring firm-level
heterogeneity -- PRESENTER: Janna Axenbeck, DISCUSSANT: Markus Nabernegg
4. The net climate effect of digitalization, differentiating between firms and households -- PRESENTER:
Markus Nabernegg, DISCUSSANT: Pia Andres

Speakers
Ms Andres, Pia,
Mr. Tomberg, Lukas,
Ms Axenbeck, Janna,
Mr. Nabernegg, Markus,

Presentations

Directed Technological Change and General Purpose Technologies: Can AI Accelerate theEnergy Transition?
Authors

Ms Andres, Pia,
Dr. Dumas, Marion, Assistant Professorial Research Fellow, Grantham Research Institute on Climate
Change and the Environment, London School of Economics
Dr. Dugoua, Eugenie, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Environment, London School of
Economics
Presenter

Ms Andres, Pia,
Abstract

Transitioning away from dirty and towards clean technologies is critical to reducing theenvironmental impacts of economic activities. Green and dirty technologies compete in a"race" where their relative costs determine the extent of adoption and emission reductions.
This race is not happening in a vacuum but under the backdrop of improvements in the next
general-purpose technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Will AI create opportunities to lower
costs in green rather than dirty technologies? Are policies needed to help green technologies
best "surf" the AI wave? In this paper, we use an endogenous growth model of directed
technological change to illustrate how differences in absorptive capacity for a general-

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purpose technology can alter the equilibrium outcomes in the race between clean and dirty
technologies. Second, we use patent data to investigate to what extent green technologies rely
more on AI than their dirty counterparts and whether energy patenting firms with a higher AI
knowledge stocks are more likely to absorb AI spillovers for their energy inventions. We findthat (1) green energy patent families are more likely to rely on AI than dirty ones; (2) the
share of citations to AI is about twice as high in transport than in electricity, but low overall;(3) AI-citing patent families generate higher spillovers, especially if they are green; (4) firmlevel spillovers are a key driver of citations to AI in energy families; and (5) firm-level
spillovers are higher for green than for dirty innovation.
Digitization and Energy Efficiency Investments
AuthorMr. Tomberg, Lukas,
Presenter

Mr. Tomberg, Lukas,
Abstract

Based on an incentivized survey experiment, we estimate and compare the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for three types of efficient shower heads: (I) A "digital" shower head that provides
real-time feedback to the person taking a shower. This involves the shower head displaying
light signals whose colors change the more water is used during the shower. This provably
leads to behavioral changes, reducing shower-related water and energy use. (II) A "low-flow"
shower head that reduces water use while showering by mechanically reducing the waterflow and (III) a low-flow shower head that additionally offers the real-time feedback
functionality. The evidence shows that the respondents' WTP is highest for the shower headthat combines real-time feedback and reduced water flow and it is lowest for the low-flow
shower head. Common arguments against the deployment of efficient shower heads, such asa reduced comfort or spoiling of shower enjoyment, are not corroborated by our survey data,as only a minority agrees with such concerns. In contrast, the respondents deem such shower
heads as helpful to their efforts in resource conservation and climate change mitigation.
These results contribute both to the knowledge about the demand side of energy-efficientdevices and to the knowledge about the scalability of behavioral economic interventions.
What drives the relationship between digitalization and industrial energy demand? -Exploring firm-level heterogeneity
AuthorsMs Axenbeck, Janna,
Ms. Berner, Anne, Campus-Instute Data Science and Chair of Statistics, University of Goettingen
Presenter

Ms Axenbeck, Janna,
Abstract

The ongoing digital transformation has sparked hopes for climate protection potentials of
information and communication technologies (ICT) within manufacturing industries, such as
dematerialized products and energy efficiency gains. However, ICT also consume energy andresources, and detrimental effects on the environment are increasingly coming into focus. As
effects may depend on firm and market-specific characteristics, whether trade-offs orsynergies between digital technologies and environmental outcomes exist cannot be answered
unequivocally. Our analysis sheds light on the most important moderators of the relationship
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between ICT and energy use in manufacturing. We apply flexible tree-based machinelearning to an administrative panel data set including more than 25,000 firms. The results
confirm firm-level heterogeneity, but suggest that digital technologies relate more frequently
to an increase in energy use. Multiple characteristics, such as energy prices and structuralcharacteristics, explain effect differences -- insights that are highly useful to align energy anddigitalization policies.
The net climate effect of digitalization, differentiating between firms and households
Authors

Mr. Nabernegg, Markus,
Dr. Kopp, Thomas, Professor, University of Siegen
Dr. Lange, Steffen, Senior Researcher, Institut für ökologische WirtschaftsforschungPresenter

Mr. Nabernegg, Markus,
Abstract

How does increasing digitalization affect carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions? In the publicdebate and in some prominent studies, digitalization is ascribed substantial potential to reduce
environmental pressures. At the same time, research has so far barely been able to identify
environmental improvements due to past digitalization. This inability stems, in part, from thedifficulty of differentiating between effects arising from households and those arising fromcompanies. This paper analyses the relationship between a country's digitalization level andCO2 emissions, using the Group Fixed Effects estimator. We differentiate between emissions
associated with digitalization in firms, measured by companies' investments in digitaltechnologies, and in households, approximated by online shopping behavior. The analysis isbased on two panels: one for the firm analysis with 18 countries over 26 years and one for thehousehold analysis with 31 countries over 15 years. Results indicate an optimal level ofdigitalization for both firms and households, causing the environmental benefits ofdigitalization to be initially above its environmental costs. This ratio changes, however, when
digitalization increases, with its costs eventually outweighing the benefits once a certain
digitalization level is reached. Results show that, at the sample median, a 10% increase infirm level digitalization increases emissions by 0.6%, with the environmental optima for firmlevel digitalization being located at lower digitalization levels in relatively richer countries.
The opposite is true for household level digitalization. At the sample median, a 10% increasein digitalization decreases consumption-based emissions by 0.8% and the optima are athigher levels in higher income countries. These results are robust to alternative econometricapproaches.

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Environmental Valuation: Methods and Applications
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The role of overdispersion on on-site sampling bias corrections -- PRESENTER: Ana Faria Lopes,
DISCUSSANT: Daniel Engler
2. How green is green enough? Landscape preferences and water use in urban parks -- PRESENTER: Claire
Doll, DISCUSSANT: Christian Vossler
3. Does the willingness to pay for sustainable investments differ between stated and incentivized choice
experiments? -- PRESENTER: Daniel Engler, DISCUSSANT: Claire Doll
4. Are we doing more harm than good? Hypothetical bias reduction techniques in potentially consequential
survey settings -- PRESENTER: Christian Vossler, DISCUSSANT: Ana Faria Lopes

Speakers
Dr. Faria Lopes, Ana,
Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Ms. Doll, Claire,
Vossler, Christian, University of Tennessee

Presentations

The role of overdispersion on on-site sampling bias corrections
AuthorDr. Faria Lopes, Ana,
Presenter

Dr. Faria Lopes, Ana,
AbstractOn-site sampling is common practice to collect trip data. It is cheaper and a more effective
way to collect data compared with its household sampling counterpart. However, datacollected on-site suffers from two biases: truncation and endogenous stratification. While
ways to correct these biases are well-known, existing comparisons of welfare measures
between on-site and household data suggest that the existing corrections are not infallible.
The contribution of this paper is to explore the role of (over)dispersion in the data and its
impact on the existing corrections for on-site sampling bias using data simulation. I find thatthe presence of overdispersion in count data helps put into perspective the effectiveness ofexisting corrections for on-site sampling bias. The higher the overdispersion, the more likely
the on-site sampling bias correction will fail. If the practitioner expects high overdispersion,
household sampling should be preferred rather than on-site sampling.

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Does the willingness to pay for sustainable investments differ between stated andincentivized choice experiments?
Authors

Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Presenter

Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Abstract

By comparing individual decisions in pre-registered stated and incentivized choice
experiments on real-world financial products, this paper empirically examines possible
hypothetical biases in the estimated preferences for sustainable investments. The incentivized
choice experiment was based on an incentive compatible probabilistic scheme, whereparticipants were randomly selected and the chosen investment products were actually bought
at the capital market. Based on representative data for overall more than 2,100 individual
investors in Germany and France, our econometric analysis with mixed logit models reveals
that, in contrast to previous studies, the willingness to pay for sustainable investments is on
average not significantly stronger in the hypothetical than in the incentivized treatment.
These estimation results are robust to several explanations of hypothetical bias such as social
desirability, strategic motives, choice certainty, and perceived winning probability, as well as
experimental design choices and country context. In addition, we find that the estimatedeffects of several individual characteristics on the preferences for investment products are
qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the stated and incentivized settings and also very
similar to the corresponding estimation results in previous studies. Our empirical analysis
thus shed light on the reliability of previous stated choice experiments and provide guidance
for future choice experiments. Furthermore, our estimation results improve the understandingof individual investment decisions, which is crucial from a policy perspective given that
individual investors play an important role in financing the transition to a sustainableeconomy.
How green is green enough? Landscape preferences and water use in urban parks
Authors

Ms. Doll, Claire,
Dr. burton, michael,
Dr. Pannell, David, Professor, The University of Western Australia
Mr. Rollins, Curtis, The University of Western Australia
Presenter

Ms. Doll, Claire,
Abstract

Urban parks typically feature large areas of lawns which often require extensive irrigation to
be maintained. With climate change and increased water scarcity, it is becoming morechallenging for municipalities in water-limited regions to sustain historic watering levels inparks. To save water, park managers could introduce many changes to groundcover designs
and management practices, including replacing areas of watered grass with mulch or native
vegetation or leaving grass unwatered. But whether and to what extent the public would valueparks that deviate from conventional designs, and may be less green, remains uncertain. We
use a choice experiment to assess public preferences for different park designs in Perth,

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Western Australia. With a scale-adjusted latent class model, we identify four preferenceclasses and discuss optimal groundcover compositions. We find that while having somewatered grass in urban parks is important, the public value a mix of different groundcovers,
including non-irrigated options. Incorporating at least 40% native vegetation cover canincrease the utility the public derives from parks and conserve water. In addition, we find thatpark managers have a degree of flexibility in designing parks that vary from the optimal
groundcover composition but that still deliver near-optimal benefits to communities.
Are we doing more harm than good? Hypothetical bias reduction techniques in potentiallyconsequential survey settings
Authors

Vossler, Christian, University of Tennessee
Ms. Chopra, Vasudha, University of Tennessee
Presenter

Vossler, Christian, University of Tennessee
Abstract

Proponents and critics of using stated preference surveys to quantify the monetary benefits ofpublic goods have traditionally been concerned that the method suffers from an upward"hypothetical bias". This bias is purported to arise because respondents view their survey
choices as hypothetical, and there is a large experimental literature that documents persistentand often large discrepancies between hypothetical and revealed preference measures ofdemand. More recently accumulated evidence suggests that most field survey respondents
instead perceive that their decisions have consequences (i.e., impact their future welfare), andare not hypothetical, which raises questions about the efficacy of the various hypotheticalbias reduction techniques now in use. To address this question, we test popular bias reduction
procedures in both hypothetical choice and incentive compatible, real payment settings:
cheap talk, solemn oath, and certainty corrections. While on one hand we find that the oath
reduces willingness to pay (WTP) in a hypothetical setting, on the other, it has a positiveeffect in an incentive compatible setting. Applying the common rules for ex post adjustmentof choices based on stated response certainty leads to significant and large decreases in WTP
estimates for both hypothetical and incentive compatible settings. Our results suggest thatsurvey researchers should make use of screening questions to determine how to best target
hypothetical bias reduction techniques to those prone to bias.

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Social Norms
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. On the perils of environmentally friendly alternatives -- PRESENTER: Francisco Alpizar, DISCUSSANT:
Sophia Möller
2. The power of information nudges for individual sustainable investment: Empirical evidence from a framed
field experiment -- PRESENTER: Sophia Möller, DISCUSSANT: Kathrin Kaestner
3. On Home Energy Reports and Boomerangs: Evidence from Austria -- PRESENTER: Kathrin Kaestner,
DISCUSSANT: Esther Schuch
4. The honest (electricity) thief – Experimental evidence on the relationship between electricity theft and social
norms -- PRESENTER: Esther Schuch, DISCUSSANT: Francisco Alpizar

Speakers
Prof. Alpizar, Francisco , Professor, Wagenigen University and Research Center- Möller, Sophia,
Ms. Kaestner, Kathrin,
Dr. Schuch, Esther, Institute for advanced sustainability studies

Presentations

On the perils of environmentally friendly alternatives
Authors

Prof. Alpizar, Francisco , Professor, Wagenigen University and Research Center
Carlsson, Fredrik, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Lanza Castillo, Gracia Maria, CATIE
Presenter

Prof. Alpizar, Francisco , Professor, Wagenigen University and Research Center
Abstract

Environmentally friendly alternatives are touted as a key component of a transition towards
lowering the impact of human activity on the environment. The environmental costs of thesetechnologies are seldom null; they are simply less environmentally damaging than existing
options. In this paper, we investigate consumer behavior when an environmentally friendly
alternative is introduced under different decision contexts. Using a carefully constructed field
experimental design, we look at the use of plastic bags vis-a vis biodegradable bags, when thelater are offered for free versus at a price. Moreover, we explore offering costly
biodegradable bags as part of the default choice. We find that giving away the bio-bags forfree results in a large behavioral rebound effect, resulting in a large increase in the total
number of bags. Setting a small, rather symbolic price offsets this rebound effect completely.
Interestingly, when the bio bag is offered as a default, the behavioral rebound remains. The

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large behavioral rebound effect leads us to conclude against providing these environmentallyfriendly alternatives for free, and caution against the use of subsidies to promote their uptake.
The power of information nudges for individual sustainable investment: Empirical evidence
from a framed field experiment
Authors- Möller, Sophia,
Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Presenter- Möller, Sophia,
Abstract

Based on data from a representative online survey among household financial decision
makers in Germany that comprised an incentivized framed field experiment, this paper
empirically examines whether different information frames can nudge individuals to invest
more sustainably. By distinguishing between financial, impact, and social norm information
frames, our incentive compatible discrete choice experiment refers to revealed decisions
among different bond funds. In line with previous studies, our econometric analysis with
mixed logit models reveals a strong positive willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable
investment products. In particular, our empirical analysis shows that some information
nudges matter: Financial and impact information significantly increase the WTP for
sustainability. These results suggest that investors should be provided with financial andimpact information to foster sustainable investments. Our analysis of heterogeneous
treatment effects reveals that respondents with low financial literacy, low trust in scientists,and high altruism are particularly responsive to some information. These results indicate that
information provision should be adapted for specific groups of investors to increasesustainable investments. The provision of such information can lead to belief updates andreduce investment barriers for sustainable investments.
On Home Energy Reports and Boomerangs: Evidence from Austria
Authors

Ms. Kaestner, Kathrin,
Prof. Vance, Colin, Researcher, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Ms. Kaestner, Kathrin,
Abstract

Home energy reports (HER) have been shown to reduce electricity consumption via peercomparisons, but evidence allowing for treatment heterogeneity remains scant. Using dataelicited from a randomized control trial in Austria, we document a boomerang effect bywhich households below the mean electricity consumption within a zip code increase
consumption, while those above the mean decrease it. These offsetting effects yield a net
effect close to zero, calling into question the cost-effectiveness of HER in the absence ofcomplementary measures like targeting.

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The honest (electricity) thief – Experimental evidence on the relationship between electricity
theft and social norms
Authors

Dr. Schuch, Esther, Institute for advanced sustainability studies
Dr. Apergi, Maria, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies
Mr. Lindarte, Luis, Universidad de Magdalena
Presenter

Dr. Schuch, Esther, Institute for advanced sustainability studies
Abstract

Small scale electricity theft is a major obstacle to sustainable development in many countries
in the Global South. The SDGs aim for universal access to affordable and reliable clean
energy by 2030, but especially in rural areas this has not been achieved yet. Electricity theft isoften linked to lack of affordability, reliability, and trust in providers. This electricity theftrobs local electricity providers of their income which leads to a lack in financial means to
expand their services. As a result, electricity prices remain high and infrastructure lacking.
These problems target whole communities, rather than individual households. Thus, social
norms most likely also play a role. If it is accepted within the social strata that electricity theft
is a necessary means to make ends meet, this will probably increase the problem of electricity
theft and affordability even further. We use experimental methods to establish the prevalenceof cheating behaviour within Puebloviejo, Magdalena, a community in Columbia. We further
use survey-based social norm elicitation to identify the predominant social norms of anindividual's network. By comparing prevalent social norms towards electricity theft tobehaviour in the "die-in-a-cup" game, we are able to disentangle the condonement ofelectricity theft from dishonesty in general.

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Experiments 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Pollution Pictures: Psychological Exposure and Worker Productivity in a Large-scale Field Experiment -PRESENTER: Nikolai Cook, DISCUSSANT: Sabrina Eisenbarth
2. Additionality payments improve group cooperation without damaging it upon removal -- PRESENTER:
Sabrina Eisenbarth, DISCUSSANT: Julia Naime
3. Will peer punishment protect tropical forests? Multi-country evidence from a framed field experiment. -PRESENTER: Julia Naime, DISCUSSANT: Timo Goeschl
4. The Behavioral Economics of Extreme Event Attribution -- PRESENTER: Timo Goeschl, DISCUSSANT:
Nikolai Cook

Speakers
Dr. Cook, Nikolai,
Dr. Eisenbarth, Sabrina ,Ms Naime, Julia ,Goeschl, Timo, University of Heidelberg

Presentations

Pollution Pictures: Psychological Exposure and Worker Productivity in a Large-scale Field
Experiment
Authors

Dr. Cook, Nikolai,
Heyes, Anthony, University of Ottawa
Presenter

Dr. Cook, Nikolai,
Abstract

While contemporaneous exposure to polluted air has been shown to reduce labor supply andworker productivity, little is known about the underlying channels. We present first causal
evidence that psychological exposure to pollution - the "thought of pollution" - can influence
employment performance. Over 2000 recruits on a leading micro-task platform are exposed
to otherwise identical images of polluted (treated) or unpolluted (control) scenes.
Randomization across the geographically dispersed workforce means treatment is orthogonal
to physical pollution exposure. Treated workers are less likely to accept a subsequent offer ofwork (labor supply) despite being offered a piece-rate much higher than is typical for thesetting. Conditional on accepting the offer, treated workers complete between 5.1% to 10.1%
less work depending on the nature of their assigned task. We find no effect on work quality.
Suggestive evidence points to the role of induced negative sentiment. These decrements to

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productivity through psychological mechanisms are plausibly additional to any from physicalexposure to polluted air.
Keywords: Air Pollution - Gig Economy - Randomization - Labor Productivity
JEL Codes: Q53 (Air Pollution) J24 (Labor Productivity)
Additionality payments improve group cooperation without damaging it upon removal
Authors

Dr. Eisenbarth, Sabrina ,Prof. Fonseca, Miguel, Associate Professor , University of Exeter and NIPE, Universidade do Minho
Pfaf, Alexander, Duke University
Presenter

Dr. Eisenbarth, Sabrina ,Abstract

Conservation increasingly is incentivized via external payments, often contracted with groups
rather than individuals. Groups must overcome free-riding to successfully conserve forests orother ecosystems and, thereby, receive these conditional transfers. Overcoming free-riding
requires effective group norms or other collective institutions. We investigate the impact ofexternal group payments on group cooperation in a public goods game with 1,010
participants. Groups receive the payments for additional contributions above their baseline
contribution. On average, these collective payments increase public goods' provision by 11%.
In our experiment, participants have limited information about each other's contributions.
This is a realistic yet understudied departure from existing literature, assuming either noinformation or full information. We also examine whether the impacts of payments depend
upon pre-existing informal and/or formal institutions. Our formal institution is a forum much like community councils observed globally - in which all participants who attend (at acost) can share their information concerning contributions. Our forum raises contributions by
18% - but payments were equally effective at increasing contributions to the public goodwhether the forum was available or not. We find some evidence that the impact frompayments depends upon the pre-existing informal norms of cooperation, as it benefits thegroups with weaker norms more. Finally, we find no evidence that the payments "crowded
out" contributions, which were not lower after payments then before they existed.
Will peer punishment protect tropical forests? Multi-country evidence from a framed field
experiment.
Authors

Ms Naime, Julia ,Dr. Angelsen, Arild, Professor, NMBU
Presenter

Ms Naime, Julia ,Abstract

This paper examines patters and impacts of peer punishment in a framed field experiment
about forest conversion, in situations with either homogeneous or heterogenous agents. The
experiment included 720 forest users in Brazil, Indonesia and Peru. Our first researchquestion is to examine the relationship between first order (the appropriation problem of acommon pool resource) and second order (peer punishment) cooperation, resulting in theclassification of participants into six different behavioural classes. We find that a small share

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(18.2%) of the participants behaved as self-interested payoff maximisers. The largest subgroup (26.1%) cooperates in both the appropriation and enforcement stages. The remaining
participants do not behave consistently across the first order and second order cooperation
dilemmas, and we discuss possible motivations. Second, we examine punishment
effectiveness: does it change the optimal strategy, and does it lead to reductions indeforestation? We find stark differences across the country sites: in Indonesia, the probabilityof receiving punishments is roughly twice that in the Brazilian and Peruvian sites. As a result
there is no incentive for players to deviate from the group average. Receiving prosocial
punishment, defined as the punishment of free riders, effectively reduces deforestation, while
receiving antisocial punishment increases deforestation. Overall, the effect of agent
heterogeneity on peer punishment is small, while important inter-site variation is observed:
inequality increases the frequency of punishments only in Indonesia, and it increases theeffectiveness of the punishments only in Brazil.
The Behavioral Economics of Extreme Event Attribution
Authors

Goeschl, Timo, University of Heidelberg
Diekert, Florian, -, Heidelberg University
Dr. König-Kersting, Christian, University of InnsbruckPresenter

Goeschl, Timo, University of Heidelberg
Abstract

The science of extreme event attribution (EEA) has rapidly established itself as a popular toolfor quantifying - ex post - the anthropogenic contribution to recent adverse events in the
climate system. Yet, whether backward-looking causal attribution can lead to future
behavioral change is conceptually unclear, and evidence that it can reduce anthropogenic
stress on these systems is lacking. Our online economic experiment with 3,031 participants inthree treatment conditions provides a proof of principle. There, adverse events (zero payoffs)
can arise either as a result of excess stress on the system by participants' maximization ofindividual payoffs (anthropogenic cause) or as a result of chance (natural cause). We examine
both the impact on future anthropogenic stress of making past adverse events causally
attributable and the demand for attributability. We find that whether an adverse event can becausally attributed is behaviorally relevant: Attribution to an anthropogenic cause reduces
future anthropogenic stress and leads to fewer adverse events compared to no attributability
and compared to attribution to a natural cause. Joint causation has no effect. There is apositive willingness to pay for ex-post event attribution in the population of participants, evenwhen costly. The conjecture that attribution science can be behaviorally impactful, sociallyvaluable, and in demand therefore rests on promising evidence.

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Discounting
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Pricing Carbon in a Multi-Sector Economy with Social Discounting -- PRESENTER: Sebastian Rausch,
DISCUSSANT: Francis Dennig
2. On differentiated carbon prices and discount rates -- PRESENTER: Francis Dennig, DISCUSSANT: Antony
Millner
3. Non-dogmatic climate policy -- PRESENTER: Antony Millner, DISCUSSANT: Frederic Cherbonnier
4. Stress discounting -- PRESENTER: Frederic Cherbonnier, DISCUSSANT: Sebastian Rausch

Speakers
Mr. Rausch, Sebastian, Faculty, ZEW Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and Heidelberg
University
Dr. Dennig, Francis, -, Prof. Millner, Antony,Prof. Cherbonnier, Frederic, -, -Presentations

Pricing Carbon in a Multi-Sector Economy with Social Discounting
Authors

Mr. Kalsbach, Oliver ,Mr. Rausch, Sebastian, Faculty, ZEW Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and Heidelberg
University
Presenter

Mr. Rausch, Sebastian, Faculty, ZEW Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and Heidelberg
University
Abstract

Economists tend to view a uniform emissions price as the most cost-effective approach to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper offers a different view, focusing on
economies where society values the well-being of future generations more than private
actors. Employing analytical and numerical general equilibrium models, we show that a
uniform carbon price is efficient only under restrictive assumptions about technology
homogeneity and intertemporal decision-making. Non-uniform pricing spurs capital
accumulation and benefits future generations. Depending on sectoral heterogeneity in thesubstitutability between capital and energy inputs, we find that optimal carbon prices differ
widely across sectors and yield substantial welfare gains relative to uniform pricing.

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On differentiated carbon prices and discount rates
Authors

Dr. Dennig, Francis, -, Anthoff, David, University of California, Berkeley
Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Presenter

Dr. Dennig, Francis, -, Abstract

The consensus view amongst economists is that carbon prices, in order to be efficient, must
be the same across the globe. But when there are inefficiencies in the allocation of capital sothat consumers in different countries face different discount rates, we show that efficientcarbon prices must be different across countries. This is a consequence of Hotelling's familiar
argument on the price of a non-renewable resource: it must grow at the rate of the next bestuse of marginal funds, which is equal to the country's discount rate. If different countries
discount at different rates, their carbon prices ought to grow at different rates as well. If theygrow at different rates, they can't be the same all of the time, as first-best carbon prices are.
The computational climate policy literature has so far avoided this conclusion by altering
time preferences in a country specific way through time-varying Negishi weights. We showthat the use of such weights causes inefficient policy prescriptions and, furthermore, has theparticularly undesirable consequence of incorrectly discounting future consumption more incountries with high growth rates. The existence of inefficiencies in the savings process -causing differences in discount rates -- is well-known and should be acknowledged head on
in climate policy analysis. Doing so results in global mitigation policy with carbon pricepaths for different countries growing (efficiently) at different rates.
Non-dogmatic climate policy
Authors

Prof. Millner, Antony,
Jaakkola, Niko, Ifo Institut
Presenter

Prof. Millner, Antony,
Abstract

Disagreements about normative aspects of social time preferences have led to estimates of theSocial Cost of Carbon (SCC) that differ by orders of magnitude. We investigate how
disagreements about the SCC change if planners are non-dogmatic, i.e., they admit thepossibility of a change in their normative views, and internalise the preferences of future
selves. Although non-dogmatic planners may disagree about all the contentious aspects ofsocial time preferences, disagreements about the SCC reduce dramatically. Admitting thepossibility of a change in views once every 40 years results in a five-fold reduction in therange of recommended SCCs.
Stress discounting
Authors

Gollier, Christian, Toulouse School of Economics
Pommeret, Aude, IREGE USMBProf. Cherbonnier, Frederic, -, -EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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Presenter

Prof. Cherbonnier, Frederic, -, Abstract

Standard evaluations of public policies involve discounting the flow of expected net benefits
at a risk free discount rate. Consequently, they systematically ignore the insurance benefits ofpolicies that hedge the aggregate risk, such as enlarging capacities of intensive care andvaccine production, or implementing adaptation investments in the face of climate change. To
solve this problem, asset pricing theory recommends adjusting the discount rate to the risk
profile of the policy, but few countries have attempted to implement this complex solution. In
this paper, we develop an equivalent approach based on the property that the value creation ofa project under uncertainty equals the expected value of its state-contingent NPV, using therelevant state-contingent discount rate. In our "stress discounting" system, projects areevaluated under two polar risk-free economic scenarios, one business-as-usual scenario, andone low-probability catastrophic scenario, in the spirit of the now well-established banking
regulation. Ramsey discounting should be performed in each scenario to estimate thecorresponding scenario-contingent NPV, which is a simple task. The project creates a
positive social value if and only if its expected contingent NPV is positive. This approach
automatically values the insurance benefits of projects whose net benefits are negatively
correlated with economic growth. We hope that this simpler and more intuitive method will
induce more countries to better integrate the key value of risk when shaping optimal public
policies, in particular those with long-lasting consequences.

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Pollution and Health Effects 1
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Long-Run Spillover Effects of Pollution: How Exposure to Lead Affects Everyone in the Classroom -PRESENTER: Ludovica Gazze, DISCUSSANT: Francesco Jacopo Pintus
2. What are households willing to pay to increase drinking water quality? Results from a meta-analysis benefittransfer application to PFAS water pollution in Veneto Region, Italy. -- PRESENTER: Francesco Jacopo Pintus,
DISCUSSANT: Tihitina Andarge
3. Threshold Manipulation and Lead Monitoring in U.S. Drinking Water -- PRESENTER: Tihitina Andarge,
DISCUSSANT: Iva Zvěřinová
4. Would information on environmental or health risks motivate people to change their lifestyles? -PRESENTER: Iva Zvěřinová, DISCUSSANT: Ludovica Gazze

Speakers
Dr. Gazze, Ludovica,
Dr. Pintus, Francesco Jacopo,
Dr. Andarge, Tihitina, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Dr. Zvěřinová, Iva,

Presentations

The Long-Run Spillover Effects of Pollution: How Exposure to Lead Affects Everyone in theClassroom
Authors

Dr. Gazze, Ludovica,
Dr. Persico, Claudia, Assistant Professor, American University
Ms. Spirovska, Sandra, Phd Candidate, University of Madison
Presenter

Dr. Gazze, Ludovica,
Abstract

Children exposed to pollutants like lead have lower achievement in school and are more
likely to engage in risky behavior. However, little is known about whether lead-exposedchildren affect the long-run outcomes of their peers. We estimate these spillover effects using
unique data on preschool blood lead levels (BLLs) matched to education data for all students
in North Carolina public schools. We compare siblings whose school-grade cohorts differ inthe proportion of children with elevated BLLs, holding constant school and peers'demographics. Having more lead-exposed peers is associated with lower high-school
graduation and SAT-taking rates and increased suspensions and absences. Peer effects are

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larger for black students. Based on the lower likelihood of graduating high school alone, weestimate that the spillover effect of lead exposure is $8 billion per birth-year cohort.
What are households willing to pay to increase drinking water quality? Results from a metaanalysis benefit-transfer application to PFAS water pollution in Veneto Region, Italy.
AuthorDr. Pintus, Francesco Jacopo,
Presenter

Dr. Pintus, Francesco Jacopo,
Abstract

In this paper, I perform a meta-analysis benefit transfer exercise (MA-BT), by exploiting thewide existing valuation literature on water quality, to compute the willingness to pay (WTP)
for better drinking water quality of the households living in the portion of Veneto Region(Italy) who experienced direct PFAS exposure over the last decades. The benefit transfer isrealized building a log-level meta regression model (MRM) including both study design andsocio-economic variables, following the WSUT (Weak Structural Utility Theoretic)
approach. The performance of the model in terms of mean transfer errors are evaluated with
out-of-sample predictions following the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) procedure.
Parameters significantly estimated in the MRM are in line with the water quality valuation
literature and lead to an annual households WTP for better drinking water quality (i.e., PFAS
concentration reduction) of around 360 euro. A monetary amount for the potential social
benefits obtainable in case of total PFAS decontamination in Veneto is eventually provided.
Threshold Manipulation and Lead Monitoring in U.S. Drinking Water
Authors

Dr. Andarge, Tihitina, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Prof. Ghanem, Dalia, Associate Professor, University of California, Davis
Prof. Keiser, David, Professor, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Prof. Lade, Gabriel, Assistant Professor, Macalester College
Presenter

Dr. Andarge, Tihitina, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Abstract

Under many environmental regulations, regulatory stringency changes sharply at arbitrary
thresholds. These sharp cut-offs potentially incentivize agents to game. Anecdotal evidence
suggests that some U.S. public water systems (PWSs) regulated under the Lead and Copper
Rule (LCR) engage in improper sampling, monitoring, and reporting practices to lower
reported lead values. After the Flint water crisis, the Environmental Protection Agency issued
guidance discouraging the use of these practices, potentially changing perceptions ofregulatory scrutiny. Using data on reported lead values for 2011-2020, we examine thereporting behavior of U.S. public water systems, developing a new strategy to quantify
manipulation in the presence of rounding, an important feature of our data. Before the Flint
water crisis, we find evidence of manipulation for small and medium-sized PWSs. Thisbehavior drastically decreases after the Flint water crisis, particularly for medium PWSs.
Heterogeneity analysis indicates that our results are primarily driven by PWSs serving areas
with higher poverty rates.

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Would information on environmental or health risks motivate people to change theirlifestyles?
Authors

Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Dr. Zvěřinová, Iva,
Dr. Máca, Vojtěch, Charles University
Presenter

Dr. Zvěřinová, Iva,
Abstract

Consumers preferences for sustainable and healthier lifestyles are examined through statedpreference discrete choice experiments. Specifically, we introduce several choice situations inwhich each respondent was asked to choose the best from three lifestyles presented, including
the respondent's current lifestyle. Each lifestyle alternative is described by a different diet,health risks, and monetary costs. Diet is described by a number of portions of five different
food items eaten per week (fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, legumes, and confectionery, icecream and sugar-sweetened drinks). Using a split-sample treatment, lifestyles are thendescribed by either physical activities or environmental impacts (in kg of CO2 emissions).
We also examine the effect of self-affirmation and information about the environmental
impacts provided separately or in a combination. A non-linear preference is tested forincreasing versus decreasing cost of food expenditures. Preferences are analysed using an
original stated preference survey conducted in five EU countries (the Czech Republic, Latvia,
Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom) in summer 2018, with a dataset consisting of
10,288 observations. We find that the importance of lifestyle attributes varies across thecountries and information treatments. The cost is significant in every country, indicating thatlower costs lead to a higher probability of choosing the alternative lifestyle. Reducing healthrisks and environmental impact motivated respondents to change their lifestyle, even though
reducing 1 kg CO2 due to food consumption a week is valued 3-6 times less than reducing
cardiovascular risk by one percent. Still, the implied WTP for a tone CO2 abatement is in arange of 300-1,200 Euro and VSC of cardiovascular disease lies between 4,000 and 35,000
Euro, depending on country and DCE variant. Increasing physical activity increases thelikelihood of changing lifestyle only in Latvia and Portugal. Most respondents prefer to keepeating meat and eliminating meat or fish from food consumption is associated with large disbenefit. Respondents also prefer to increase portions of health-improving vegetables andfruits, however, this is not the case of pulses.

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Award Session 1: EAERE Award for ERC Grants
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
Presentation by the winner of this year's recipient of the ERC Advanced Grant & by past winners.
2022 ERC Grant Awardee:
Daniel Sturm (London School of Economics and Political Science)"Understanding the Economics of Cities"
This project advances our understanding how firms and residents compete over limited space in cities and how
this competition shapes the productivity and residential amenities of city neighbourhoods and the flow ofcommuters. The project builds on the recent literature that uses quantitative spatial models to capture theseforces. It innovates on this literature in particular by (a) combining the predictions of such models with detailed
Danish register data at a high spatial resolution (b) developing dynamic extensions of the currently largely static
models and estimating their key parameters (c) using these models to address first-order policy questions suchas the provision of green spaces in cities, the effects of new or improved public transport infrastructure or the
optimal level of subsidies for public transport.

Presentation by prior ERC Grant Awardees, "Experience of ERC Grant Winners":
Massimo Tavoni (EIEE and CMCC)
Phoebe Koundouri (EAERE and Athens University of Economics and Business)
Nadia Ameli (UCL)
Ulrich Wagner (University of Mannheim)

Organiser and moderator: Enrica De Cian (University Ca' Foscari Venice and CMCC)

Speakers
Prof. Tavoni, Massimo, -, EIEE
Prof. Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and Business
Dr. Ameli, Nadia,
Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim
De Cian, Enrica, University Ca' Foscari of Venice

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Award Session 2: EAERE Award for Best Doctoral Dissertation
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
Paper presentations by the winner and honorable mentions of the EAERE Award for Best Doctoral Dissertation.
Winner:Marion Leroutier (Paris School of Economics, University Paris 1, CIRED)"Three Essays on Climate and Air Pollution Mitigation Policies"
Honorable Mentions:Théo Konc (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)"Carbon Pricing Meets Social Interactions: Accounting for Endogenous Preferences and Social Influence in
Climate Policy Design"
Madeline Werthschulte (University of Münster)"Integrating Behavioral Economics in Environmental Policy"

Organiser and moderator: Maria Loureiro (University of Santiago de Compostela)

Speakers
Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Ms. Leroutier (Job Market), Marion, Job Market, Werthschulte, Madeline, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research

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Thematic Session 1: Advances in Mechanism Design for theEnvironment
29 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The session puts together four papers that all deal with information economics lessons for designing
environmental policies. The first paper by Fabra and Montero develop a mechanism that contributes, e.g., to thedesign renewable energy procurement auctions. The second by by David Hemous and coauthors propose a novel
screening method for pollution sources that cannot be identified. Inge van der Bijgaart presents a paper onscreening green innovators. Finally, the session organizer tackles the problem of leakage from an information
economics perspective. All papers fit methodologically together and offer solutions to important environmental
policy questions.
Organiser: Matti Liski (Aalto University)

Speakers
Dr. Ahlvik, Lassi, University of Helsinki
Prof. Hemous, David, -, Liski, Matti, Aalto University School of Economics
Montero, Juan Pablo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Chile

Presentations

Screening winners: carbon taxes and green innovation policy under firm heterogeneity
Authors

Dr. van den Bijgaart, Inge,
Dr. Ahlvik, Lassi, University of Helsinki
Presenter

Dr. Ahlvik, Lassi, University of Helsinki
Abstract

A concern with green R&D support schemes is the difficulty to pick winners. This study
analyzes how climate policies can be designed to promote the socially valuable technologies.
We find that considering innovator heterogeneity highlights a previously unidentified benefitof carbon pricing: it works as a screening device for the technologies with largest spillovers.
We show that this screening benefit increases the optimal carbon tax. Our result generalizes
to several alternative and suboptimal intellectual property regimes.
Adverse Selection as a Policy Instrument: Unraveling Climate Change
Authors

Prof. Hemous, David, -, Prof. Olsen, Morten, University of Copenhagen
Prof. Cicala, Steve, Tufts
Presenter

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Prof. Hemous, David, -, Abstract

This paper applies principles of adverse selection to overcome obstacles that prevent theimplementation of Pigouvian policies to internalize externalities. Focusing on negative
externalities from production (such as pollution), we evaluate settings in which aggregate
emissions are known, but individual contributions are unobserved by the government. We
propose giving firms the option to pay a tax on their voluntarily and verifiably disclosed
emissions or pay an output tax based on the average rate of emissions among the undisclosed
firms. The certification of relatively clean firms raises the output-based tax, setting off aprocess of unraveling in favor of disclosure. We derive sufficient statistics formulas tocalculate the welfare gains of such a program relative to mandatory output or emissions taxes.
We find that our mechanism would deliver significant gains over output-based taxation in
two empirical applications: methane emissions from oil and gas fields, and carbon emissions
from imported steel.
Stop the leakage: The optimal emissions-output mechanism
Authors

Liski, Matti, Aalto University School of Economics
Dr. Ahlvik, Lassi, University of Helsinki
Presenter

Liski, Matti, Aalto University School of Economics
Abstract

Using a mechanism design approach, we find the optimal instruments for fighting carbon
leakage embodied in trade of pollution-intensive goods. Optimally, the tax on emissions isaccompanied by a transfer on output: the tax is higher than Pigouvian, if abatement andoutput costs are negatively correlated, as in markets for carbon-free steel; it is lower that
Pigouvian under positive correlation, as in electricity markets. This correlation is novel,
intuitive, and empirically detectable determinant of the optimal sectoral policies, together
with the end-market elasticities for demand and supply for a classical pass-through measure.
The instrument design has the border adjustment interpretation, but the domestic and global
outputs face a different effective emissions price.
Technology Neutral vs. Technology Specific Procurement
Authors

Montero, Juan Pablo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Chile
Dr. Fabra, Natalia, Professor, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Presenter

Montero, Juan Pablo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Chile
Abstract

An imperfectly-informed regulator needs to procure multiple units of some good (e.g., green
energy, market liquidity, pollution reduction, land conservation) that can be produced withheterogeneous technologies at various costs. How should she procure these units? Should she
run technology specific or technology neutral auctions? Should she allow for partial
separation across technologies (technology banding or minimum technology quotas)? Should
she instead post separate prices for each technology? What are the trade-offs involved? Wefind that one size does not fit all: the preferred instrument depends on the nature of the

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available technologies, the extent of information asymmetry regarding their costs, the costs ofpublic funds, and the degree of market power. Using Spanish data on recently deployedrenewable energies across the country, we illustrate how our theory can shed light on how tomore effectively procure these technologies.

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Coffee Break
29 June 2022, 10:45 AM - 11:15 AM
Description
Coffee Break

Address by the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance: Mr. Daniele
Franco29 June 2022, 11:15 AM - 11:45 AM
Description
Address by the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance: Mr. Daniele Franco

Speakers
Mr. Franco, Daniele, Minister of Economy and Finance, Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance

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Plenary Session 1: Keynote - David Pearce Lecture: Prof. Sir Partha
Dasgupta
29 June 2022, 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM
Description
Keynote - David Pearce Lecture"Economic Possibilities in the Anthropocene"
Prof. Sir Partha Dasgupta (University of Cambridge)
Partha Dasgupta is Frank Ramsey Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge, Fellow of
St John's College, Cambridge, and Professorial Research Fellow at the Sustainable Consumption Institute,
University of Manchester. He taught at the London School of Economics during 1971-1984 and moved to the
University of Cambridge in 1985 as Professor of Economics, where he served as Chairman of the Faculty of
Economics in 1997-2001. During 1989-92 he was also Professor of Economics, Professor of Philosophy, andDirector of the Program in Ethics in Society at Stanford University; and during 1991-97 he was Chairman of the(Scientific Advisory) Board of the Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm. Since
1999 he has been a Founder Member of the Management and Advisory Committee of the South Asian Network
for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE), Kathmandu. In 1996 he helped to establish thejournal Environment and Development Economics, published by Cambridge University Press, whose purpose
has been not only to publish original research at the interface of poverty and the environmental-resource base,
but also to provide an opportunity to scholars in developing countries to publish their findings in aninternational journal.
Professor Dasgupta's research interests have covered welfare and development economics, the economics oftechnological change, population, environmental and resource economics, the theory of games, the economics ofundernutrition, and the economics of social capital.

Speakers
Prof. Dasgupta, Sir Partha, Frank Ramsey Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of Cambridge

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Lunch Break
29 June 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
Lunch BreakEAERE POC Meeting (participation by invitation)
29 June 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
Meeting of the members of the EAERE Policy Outreach Committee.
Please note that participation in this meeting is by invitation only.
Lunch is not served in the room, but should be brought from the Catering area.

EDE Board Meeting (participation by invitation)
29 June 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
Meeting of the Editorial Board of the Environment and Development Economics (EDE) journal. Please note thatparticipation in this meeting is by invitation only.

Informal IAERE Meeting
29 June 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
This meeting is intended to present future events of the Italian Association of Environmental and Resource
Economists (IAERE), already planned and in fieri, and to share ideas. It is open both to IAERE members and tonon-members interested in joining the association or in knowing more about our activities.

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Experiments 2
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Self-Nudges, Social Nudges: Cooperative, Selfish, and Self-Determined Defaults Compared -- PRESENTER:
Johannes Diederich, DISCUSSANT: Laura Grant
2. The Efficiency Of Tax Deductions For Charitable Donations Reevaluated: Evidence From Environmental
Groups -- PRESENTER: Laura Grant, DISCUSSANT: Anna Lou Abatayo
3. Governing climate geoengineering: Side-payments are not enough -- PRESENTER: Anna Lou Abatayo,
DISCUSSANT: Thijs Endendijk
4. A Default Nudge in Waste Management: Assessing the Impact of Explicit Consent for Unaddressed Mail -PRESENTER: Thijs Endendijk, DISCUSSANT: Johannes Diederich

Speakers
Dr. Diederich, Johannes,
Prof. Grant, Laura,
Dr. Abatayo, Anna Lou, Assistant Professor, Wageningen University and Research
Mr. Endendijk, Thijs, PhD-candidate, Institute for Environmental Studies - VU Amsterdam

Presentations

Self-Nudges, Social Nudges: Cooperative, Selfish, and Self-Determined Defaults Compared
Authors

Dr. Diederich, Johannes,
Goeschl, Timo, University of Heidelberg
Prof. Waichmann, Israel, Bard College Berlin
Presenter

Dr. Diederich, Johannes,
Abstract

The exogenous manipulation of choice architectures to achieve social or pro-environmental
ends (social nudges, environmental nudges) can raise problems of effectiveness and ethicality
because it favors group outcomes over individual outcomes. One answer is to giveindividuals control over their nudge ('self-nudge'), but the trade-offs involved are poorly
understood. We examine how subjects self-nudge in a paradigmatic social dilemma setting
and whether outcomes differ between the self-nudge and two exogenous nudges in line withperfect free-riding or full cooperation. A non-student sample of 264 subjects play a ten-round
VCM online in fixed groups of four with one daily contribution decision. The nudge takes theshape of a non-participation default contribution, comparing zero, full, and self-determined
levels. We find that the average self-nudge is 44% of the endowment and only 7% of subjects
choose one of the two exogenous defaults. Yet, there is a hard trade-off between ethicality

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and effectiveness: Self-nudging groups do not better than groups under the perfect free-riding
nudge. The reason is that non-defaulting subjects contribute less. Groups under the fullcooperation default exhibit no reactance against the nudge and outperform both alternative
choice architectures.
The Efficiency Of Tax Deductions For Charitable Donations Reevaluated: Evidence From
Environmental Groups
Authors

Prof. Grant, Laura,
Prof. Langpap, Christian, Professor, Oregon State University
Presenter

Prof. Grant, Laura,
Abstract

Tax deductibility of charitable donations makes giving less costly, but comes at theopportunity cost of forgone tax revenue. The deduction is considered efficient if it generates
at least as much in additional donations as the government forgoes in revenue, or if the tax
price elasticity of giving is at least one. However, efficiency depends not only on additional
donations, but also on the value of the public goods produced by those donations. We
reevaluate the efficiency of the tax deduction in the context of environmental nonprofits
producing water quality as a public good. First, we estimate the price elasticity of giving.
Second, we estimate public good provision models to measure to measure the impact ofcontributions on water quality. Third, we use existing estimates of the value of water quality
improvements to calculate the value of the public good generated by each additional dollar
donated. We then calculate the efficiency of the tax deduction in terms of the change in valueof public good produced relative to a change in the price of giving. Our results suggest thatthe contributions generate insufficient public good values to render tax deductions efficient.
Governing climate geoengineering: Side-payments are not enough
Authors

Dr. Abatayo, Anna Lou, Assistant Professor, Wageningen University and Research
Ghidoni, Riccardo, University of Bologna
Bosetti, Valentina, Bocconi University
Prof. Casari, Marco, University of Bologna
Prof. Tavoni, Massimo, Professor,
Presenter

Dr. Abatayo, Anna Lou, Assistant Professor, Wageningen University and Research
Abstract

Climate geoengineering strategies might reduce the economic and ecological impacts ofglobal warming. However, governing geoengineering is challenging: since climate
preferences vary across countries, excessive deployment relative to the socially optimal levelis a likely risk. Through a laboratory experiment on a public good-or-bad game, we study towhich extent side-payments can curb over-deployment and restore efficiency. Although sidepayments are theoretically effective, their impact in the experiment is modest, especially in a
multilateral setup. Replacing unstructured bilateral agreements with a treaty framework
simplifies the action space and performs moderately better.

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A Default Nudge in Waste Management: Assessing the Impact of Explicit Consent for
Unaddressed Mail
Authors

Mr. Endendijk, Thijs, PhD-candidate, Institute for Environmental Studies - VU Amsterdam
Prof. Botzen, Wouter, Full professor, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Mr. Endendijk, Thijs, PhD-candidate, Institute for Environmental Studies - VU Amsterdam
Abstract

On 1 January 2018, the municipality of Amsterdam changed the system for the reception of
unaddressed mail from presumed consent to explicit consent to reduce paper waste. This
policy can be defined as a default nudge. The no-choice population received unaddressed
mail in the presumed consent system but not in the new explicit consent system. Residents
receive unaddressed mail only when they actively decide to put an opt-in sticker on theirmailbox. This study assesses the effectiveness and social benefits of this nudge. The effect on
paper waste is estimated using a difference-in-differences approach in which several otherDutch municipalities function as the control group. Our main finding is that the default nudge
results in a reduction of paper waste between 19.9% and 31.5%. Social benefits of thisreduction include, for example, lower carbon emissions for collection and transport for paper
waste, which are equivalent to yearly benefits between approximately 500,000 and 810,000
euros in Amsterdam. If all Dutch municipalities implement the system of explicit consent for
unaddressed mail, the yearly benefits are approximately between 52 million and 85 million
euros. The default nudge is a low-cost policy to implement and, therefore, offers municipal
policymakers a cost-effective way to reduce waste.

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Climate Policy and Finance 1
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. “Carbon” Boards and Transition Risk: Explicit and Implicit exposure implications for Total Stock Returns
and Dividends -- PRESENTER: matteo mazzarano, DISCUSSANT: Tobias Kruse
2. Climate policy uncertainty and firms’ and investors’ behavior -- PRESENTER: Tobias Kruse,
DISCUSSANT: Javier Ojea Ferreiro
3. The impact of climate transition risks on financial stability. A systemic risk approach -- PRESENTER: Javier
Ojea Ferreiro, DISCUSSANT: Menglu Neupert-Zhuang
4. Intentionally Holding Potential Stranded Assets in the Portfolio - Policy Uncertainty and Investments in thePower Market -- PRESENTER: Menglu Neupert-Zhuang, DISCUSSANT: matteo mazzarano

Speakers
Mr. Mazzarano, Matteo, -, Dr. Kruse, Tobias, OECD
Dr. Ojea Ferreiro, Javier,Ms. Neupert-zhuang, Menglu,

Presentations“Carbon” Boards and Transition Risk: Explicit and Implicit exposure implications for Total
Stock Returns and Dividends
Authors

Mr. Mazzarano, Matteo, -, Prof. Xepapadeas, Anastasios, University of Bologna
Prof. Pareglio, Stefano, Full Professor, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Prof. Guastella, Giovanni, Assistant Professor, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Prof. Borghesi, Simone, Director FSR Climate, European University Institute
Presenter

Mr. Mazzarano, Matteo, -, Abstract

Carbon disclosure informs investors about the financial risks of a low carbon transition.
Among these, stricter regulations could affect operations costs and revenues, with an impact
proportional to the business carbon intensity, ultimately undermining companies' financial
performances. Disclosure of Transition Risk can take two forms. One is the explicit
declaration of exposure to transition risk in legally binding documents that listed companies
must file. The other is the disclosure of carbon intensity, which is implicitly associated withtransition risk exposure. We empirically assess the impact of transition risk on theshareholder returns and test the "carbon premium" hypothesis using both measures. We

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consider both sources of shareholder returns: capital gain and dividend gain. Evidence
supports the "carbon premium" hypothesis but also suggests such premium is transferred toshareholders via dividend payouts rather than capital gain. That is, board in highly polluting
companies use dividends to attract investors and avoid possible divestment due to low stock
returns and stigmatisation effects. The result holds for both measures of transition risk.
Climate policy uncertainty and firms’ and investors’ behavior
Authors

Dr. Kruse, Tobias, OECD
Carattini, Stefano, Georgia State University
Mx Basaglia, Pier, Universität Hamburg
Dr. Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, Senior Economist, OECD
Presenter

Dr. Kruse, Tobias, OECD
Abstract

Whether and how firms are affected by uncertainty revolving around the implementation ofclimate policy is crucial to understand firms' behavior and short-term versus long-run
planning as well as to shed light on the potential for systemic risk related with thecoordinated implementation of ambitious climate policy. Hence, we develop a new index ofclimate policy uncertainty, covering the United States with monthly-level variation between
1990 and 2018. We analyze the relationship between climate policy uncertainty and firmlevel outcomes such as share price, share price volatility, investments in research anddevelopment, and employment for all publicly-listed firms in the country. We find thatclimate policy uncertainty tends to affect negatively all these outcomes, and often more sothan existing indices of economic policy uncertainty. Further, we leverage the fact thatclimate policy requires the transition from a "dirty" to a low-carbon equilibrium, with
progress and setbacks along the road, which create a promising context to analyze short-term
versus long-run planning and belief revision. Consistently with expectations, we find thatclimate policy uncertainty can lead to positive effects on the abovementioned outcomes inperiods of setbacks, i.e. when uncertainty is driven by failure in the climate policy processrather than success.
The impact of climate transition risks on financial stability. A systemic risk approach
Authors

Dr. Ojea Ferreiro, Javier,Dr. Reboredo, Juan C., Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Prof. Ugolini, Andrea,
Presenter

Dr. Ojea Ferreiro, Javier,
Abstract

Transitioning to a low-carbon economy involves risks for the value of financial assets, withpotential ramifications for financial stability. We quantify the systemic impact on financial
firms arising from changes in the value of financial assets under three climate transition
scenarios that reflect different levels of vulnerability to the transition to a low-carbon
economy, namely, orderly transition, disorderly transition, and no transition (hot house
world). We describe three systemic risk metrics computed from a copula-based model of

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dependence between financial firm returns and financial asset market returns: climatetransition expected returns, climate transition value-at-risk, and climate transition expectedshortfall. Empirical evidence for European financial firms over the period 2013-2020
indicates that the climate transition risk varies across sectors and countries, with banks andreal estate firms experiencing the highest and lowest systemic impacts from a disorderlytransition, respectively. We find that default premium, yield slope and inflation are the main
drivers of climate transition risk, and that, in terms of capital shortfall, the cost of rescuing
more risk-exposed financial firms from climate transition losses is relatively manageable.
Simulation of climate risks over a five-year period shows that disorderly transition can be
expected to imply significant costs for banks, while financial services and real estate firms
remain more sheltered.
Intentionally Holding Potential Stranded Assets in the Portfolio - Policy Uncertainty andInvestments in the Power Market
Authors

Ms. Neupert-zhuang, Menglu,
Dr. Schenker, Oliver,Presenter

Ms. Neupert-zhuang, Menglu,
Abstract

Modern Portfolio Theory tells us that, inter alia, the expected correlation between returns ofdifferent investments options shapes the composition of portfolios. In the transition to a lowcarbon economy, an important determinant of the risk-return profile of energy sector
investments is climate policy - either via direct policy interventions or through market
equilibrium adjustments. Hence, climate policy and in particular the uncertainty around its
stringency and design shape the asset portfolio an investor holds. In this paper, we explore
the consequences of carbon pricing schemes and fixed remuneration renewable energy
support policies for investments into clean and dirty assets under uncertainty and show that it
might be optimal for hedging purposes in certain cases to invest in fossil-fuel plants even if
their relative return is lower due to a more stringent environmental policy but withasymmetric consequences on variances of the returns. Using the European power sector as acase study, we calibrate a stochastic electricity market model to analyse the impact of policy
instruments on investment. We find that uncertainty about the continuation of fixed
remuneration policies for renewable energy deployment leads to more potentially stranded
investments in fossil fuel generation capacities - ranging from 1% to 35% of a risk-averse
investor's investment budget. In comparison, a carbon price instrument is less affected bypolicy discontinuation risk. Moreover, fixed remuneration for clean power generation assets
significantly lowers clean assets' risk and their return correlation with dirty assets - thus
attracting both moderately and highly risk-averse investors. This effect remains when fixed
remuneration policies coexist with carbon pricing schemes.

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Fisheries 1
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) Bioeconomic stock assessment for de-facto open-access fisheries using catch and price data -PRESENTER: Kira Lancker, DISCUSSANT: Ben Vollaard
2. Nautical Patrol and Illegal Fishing Practices -- PRESENTER: Ben Vollaard, DISCUSSANT: Keita Abe
3. Quota consolidation in Norwegian coastal fisheries -- PRESENTER: Keita Abe, DISCUSSANT: Sturla
Kvamsdal
4. An exploratory analysis of warming effects on wealth in the Barents Sea fisheries -- PRESENTER: Sturla
Kvamsdal, DISCUSSANT: Kira Lancker

Speakers
Dr. Lancker (Job Market), Kira, Job Market, Dr. Vollaard, Ben,
Dr. Abe, Keita,
Dr. Kvamsdal, Sturla, SNF - Centre for Applied Research at NHH

Presentations

Bioeconomic stock assessment for de-facto open-access fisheries using catch and price data
(Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Lancker (Job Market), Kira, Job Market, Quaas, Martin, Leipzig University
Dr. Voss, Rüdiger, iDiv
Presenter

Dr. Lancker (Job Market), Kira, Job Market, Abstract

Stock assessments provide prerequisite information to manage fish stocks at sustainablelevels. Methods based on fishery-independent data are costly, which may prevent effective
management and causes geographic inequalities. Current affordable stock assessment
methods routinely use catch data. We propose to use prices as additional data source in a new
bio-economic stock assessment (BESA) approach for currently unmanaged stocks. With thezero-profit condition as measurement equation, we uncover biomass dynamics by use of the
Kalman filter. Biological and economic parameters can be estimated using maximum
likelihood, thus providing a basis for both maximum sustainable and maximum economic
yield management.

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Nautical Patrol and Illegal Fishing Practices
Authors

Dr. Vollaard, Ben,
Dr. Kastoryano, Stephen, Assistant Professor, University of Reading
Presenter

Dr. Vollaard, Ben,
Abstract

Monitoring illegal fishing practices is a formidable task. In-port inspections and nautical
patrolling, the dominant forms of monitoring, are limited in their ability to detect illegal
behavior. We present a novel approach to detect the presence of illegal practices at the levelof the fishing fleet that relies on readily available data on reported fish landings. We focus ona supposedly widespread and particularly harmful practice, the use of nets with illegally small
mesh size. We exploit the fact that using such a net skews the size distribution of landed fish
to display disproportionately more small fish relative to medium and large fish. Using quasirandom variation in nautical patrol as a shock in the incentive to comply, we find that a
sizeable share of the fleet engages in the illegal practice when they are unlikely to be caught.
The resulting additional catch and discard of juvenile fish that have not reached spawning age
is many times higher than the additional catch of adult fish -- and has thus far been largely
ignored in estimates of the total externalities from illegal fishing practices. We also provide
evidence for the economic rationale. Illegal nets seem to be primarily used to reduce the highfuel costs related to the catch of bottom-dwelling species.
Quota consolidation in Norwegian coastal fisheries
Authors

Dr. Abe, Keita,
Dr. Nøstbakken, Linda, Research Director, Statistics Norway
Mr. Fjeld Wold, Mads, Ph.D. scholar, Norwegian School of Economics
Presenter

Dr. Abe, Keita,
Abstract

Balancing the tradeoff between economic efficiency and social objectives has been achallenge for fisheries managers under rights-based management. While the actual
prioritization should be guided by social preferences, the mechanisms and consequences of
the quota transfer system need to be well understood. In this study, we investigate the effects
of several quota transfer schemes implemented in the Norwegian coastal cod fisheries during
the 2000s. This is a small-scale fishery that has traditionally been important for employment
along the coast in the northern part of Norway. Using vessel-level quota registry data, we
describe the development of quota consolidation by regulatory groups by decomposing the
Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Next, we estimate the effect of quota-trading and changes inquota distribution on vessel exit using a difference-in-differences approach that exploits
variation in implementation timing between regulatory groups. Our results confirm that quota
trade increases consolidation and changes the structure of the fishing fleet. In addition, we
find that increased consolidation in quota holdings promotes vessel exit, suggesting that
consolidation facilitates further consolidation. This has implications for policymakers trying
to balance economic efficiency and social objectives.
An exploratory analysis of warming effects on wealth in the Barents Sea fisheries
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AuthorDr. Kvamsdal, Sturla, SNF - Centre for Applied Research at NHH
Presenter

Dr. Kvamsdal, Sturla, SNF - Centre for Applied Research at NHH
Abstract

The Barents Sea and Arctic regions in general are facing significant impacts from climatechange. A major concern is increasing temperatures. I explore four different scenarios oftemperature impacts on the Barents Sea cod, its fishery, and the level of natural capital
wealth that the fish stock represents. My framework incorporates interaction with the main
prey, capelin, under uncertainty in the population dynamics equations and under two relevant
management regimes. One regime is based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and one isbased on ecosystem-based management (EBM). Because of uncertainty over how warming
will impact the Barents Sea cod, the investigated scenarios include both positive and negative
impacts on parameters in the population dynamics. Wealth under MSY is surprisingly robust
to temperature impacts, and only under one scenario with negative impacts is there asignificant wealth effect and then only in the long run. The EBM regime would increase
wealth in all scenarios, but outcomes are more sensitive to the type and significance of thetemperature impact.

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Energy Efficiency 1
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Predictive Counterfactuals for Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Event Studies with Staggered Adoption -PRESENTER: Mateus Souza, DISCUSSANT: Maximiliane Sievert
2. Energy Efficiency and Local Rebound Effects: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Rwanda -PRESENTER: Maximiliane Sievert, DISCUSSANT: Madeline Werthschulte
3. More than just a Price Decrease: Field Experimental Evidence on the Mechanisms of an Energy Efficiency
Subsidy -- PRESENTER: Madeline Werthschulte, DISCUSSANT: Anne Kesselring
4. Willingness-to-Pay for Energy Efficiency: Evidence from the European Common Market -- PRESENTER:
Anne Kesselring, DISCUSSANT: Mateus Souza

Speakers
Dr. Souza, Mateus, Postdoctoral Researcher, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Dr. Sievert, Maximiliane,
Werthschulte, Madeline, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Ms. Kesselring, Anne ,Presentations

Predictive Counterfactuals for Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Event Studies with
Staggered Adoption
AuthorDr. Souza, Mateus, Postdoctoral Researcher, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Presenter

Dr. Souza, Mateus, Postdoctoral Researcher, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Abstract

I propose a method for estimating treatment effect heterogeneity in event studies withstaggered adoption. This method serves as an alternative to two-way fixed effects regressions,which have been shown to be near-term biased in these settings. I build on insights from themachine learning (ML) literature. The first step is to use ML algorithms to predict
counterfactual outcomes in the absence of treatment, which can then be used to estimate a
distribution of treatment effects. From this distribution, it is possible to estimate different
causal parameters, depending on the researcher's objective. With simulations, I show that theML approach is unbiased and recovers treatment effects more efficiently than traditional
methods. I conclude with an application of the method to a large energy efficiency programin the US, revealing patterns of heterogeneity in energy savings that had not yet been
documented.

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Energy Efficiency and Local Rebound Effects: Theory and Experimental Evidence from
RwandaAuthors

Dr. Sievert, Maximiliane,
Dr. Peters, Jörg, RWI-Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Mr. Munyehirwe, Anicet, IB&C Rwanda
Bulte, Erwin, Tilburg University and Wageningen University
Prof. Fiala, Nathan, U Conn
Presenter

Dr. Sievert, Maximiliane,
Abstract

Energy efficiency is a key component of climate policy. We study micro and macro reboundeffects after the introduction of energy-efficient biomass cookstoves (EEBCs). We develop amodel of biomass supply and demand in rural Africa. The impact of EEBCs is empirically
explored in Rwanda where we randomly varied subsidy levels for EEBCs at the village-level.
Demand is price elastic, so we exploit exogenous saturation variation to study local reboundeffects. While adoption of EEBCs reduces household firewood consumption, we find no
meaningful local rebound effects and identify conditions under which this finding generalizes
to other settings -- or not.
More than just a Price Decrease: Field Experimental Evidence on the Mechanisms of an
Energy Efficiency Subsidy
Authors

Werthschulte, Madeline, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Ms Bartels, Lara,
Presenter

Werthschulte, Madeline, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Abstract

Energy conservation plays a decisive role in climate change mitigation. To boost
conservation efforts, policy-makers increasingly rely on energy efficiency subsidies. Yet, it is
not well understood why subsidies affect demand. We conjecture two drivers, (i) the decreasein purchasing price and (ii) the normative recommendation for action implicit in policy
regulation. We use a framed field experiment to test a subsidy on an energy-saving
showerhead, and compare its effectiveness to a pure price decrease. We find that both theprice decrease and subsidy significantly increase demand for the energy-saving showerhead.
Yet, the demand response to the subsidy is 7 percentage-points stronger. An analysis of theunderlying channels suggests that this additional demand response is explained by a shift in
the individual perception of the social desirability of the showerhead. Results imply that anenergy efficiency subsidy gives more value than the money spent.
Willingness-to-Pay for Energy Efficiency: Evidence from the European Common Market
Author

Ms. Kesselring, Anne ,Presenter

Ms. Kesselring, Anne ,Abstract

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This paper explores the willingness-to-pay for energy efficiency by exploiting variation
across products and countries within the EU market for household appliances. Based onscanner data at product-level, I use the hedonic method to estimate implicit prices for energy
efficiency and derive implicit discount rates. The paper argues that the implicit price will be
underestimated when energy consumption is not only a determinant of operating cost but also
is positively associated with other features of a product. The empirical analysis confirms that
estimates of the willingness-to-pay are higher when this effect is accounted for in theestimation. This is especially true of product types for which the heterogeneity of usage
intensity is low. The results thus indicate that the energy efficiency gap is smaller than foundin earlier studies.

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Agriculture
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Impact of Catch Crop Subsidy on Farm Economic and Environmental Performance : Empirical Evidence
from Denmark -- PRESENTER: Abrha Teklay Abay, DISCUSSANT: Chouaib Jouf
2. The stabilization role of CAP direct payments: Some shocking aspects -- PRESENTER: Chouaib Jouf,DISCUSSANT: Emmanuel Paroissien
3. The Costly Impact of Noncompliance with Pest Control -- PRESENTER: Emmanuel Paroissien,
DISCUSSANT: Hanna Lindström
4. Price transmission for organic and conventional milk products in Sweden -- PRESENTER: Hanna Lindström,
DISCUSSANT: Abrha Teklay Abay

Speakers
Dr. Abay, Abrha Teklay,
Dr. Jouf, Chouaib,
Dr. Paroissien, Emmanuel,Dr. Lindström, Hanna, Umeå University

Presentations

The Impact of Catch Crop Subsidy on Farm Economic and Environmental Performance:
Empirical Evidence from Denmark
Authors

Dr. Abay, Abrha Teklay,
Prof. Termansen, Mette, Professor, University of Copenhagen - Department of Food and Resource
Economics
Prof. Elofsson, Katarina, Professor, Aarhus University
Presenter

Dr. Abay, Abrha Teklay,
Abstract

Agri-environmental schemes (AES) are integral components of the EU environmental andagricultural policies. AES pay farmers to encourage them to adopt agricultural practices thatare environmentally sustainable. Here, we study the implementation of the Danish targetedcatch crop program. The objective of the program is to reduce nitrogen losses to coastal andground waters. Program participation is voluntary and a farmer can apply for a subsidy if
she/he plants catch crops, or undertakes alternative measures with a similar effect, in a field
mainly located within a coastal water catchments. We estimate the effect of the program on
farm nitrogen use per hectare and farm total revenue per hectare for a representative sampleof Danish farms using difference-in-difference (DID). Our results for arable farms suggest

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that the program exerts an impact consistent with public policy. Specifically, program
participation reduces total nitrogen use per hectare by about 10 kilograms while it does nothave any effect on total revenue per hectare. Surprisingly, the impact for dairy farms is not as
expected. Program participation has no effect on total nitrogen use per hectare while itsignificantly increases farm total revenue per hectare. However, our results are sensitive tothe number of treatment years included in the estimation.
The stabilization role of CAP direct payments: Some shocking aspects
Authors

Dr. Jouf, Chouaib,
Dr. Couharde, Cécile, University of Paris Nanterre
Dr. Generoso, Rémi, University of Lille
Presenter

Dr. Jouf, Chouaib,
Abstract

We examine how different sources of farm income shocks shape the stabilization roleprovided by direct payments across 122 European regions during 2009-2017. Using an
instrumental variable strategy, we predict farm income instability from three components:
weather shocks by differencing their price effect from their total impact and other priceshocks (non-weather-related price shocks). Our nonlinear IV estimates show an increasingstabilization effect of direct payments as we move upwards in the farm income distribution.
Our analysis highlights the role of asymmetric shocks in explaining the regressive nature of
direct payments. We show that these subsidies don't mitigate the effects of asymmetricshocks in poorer regions mainly exposed to adverse weather shocks.
The Costly Impact of Noncompliance with Pest Control
Authors

Dr. Ay, Jean-Sauveur, INRAE
Dr. Gozlan, Estelle,
Dr. Paroissien, Emmanuel,Presenter

Dr. Paroissien, Emmanuel,
Abstract

Controlling pests and infectious diseases requires coordination through coercive policies.
Self-interested agents facing limited inspections and penalties may not comply on thesepolicies, which generates further infections and potentially large costs. Estimating these costs
is challenging because local pest levels both depend on and drive strategic compliance. This
reverse causality issue impedes the ex-post evaluation of control policies for which only
observational data is available. We estimate the economic costs of noncompliance with apolicy targeting Flavescence doree, an epidemic pest disease plaguing European vineyards.
To identify causal effects, we leverage variations in the incentives to comply generated byhistorically determined earning differences across vineyards. These differences stem from
century-old Appellations d Origine Controlee (AOCs) delineations, so they are unaffected bycurrent infection risk but do correlate with local compliance rates. Our estimates indicate that
increasing average compliance rate by 10 points decreases the average probability of disease
presence by 4.5 points. This corresponds to a discounted cost of noncompliance of 171

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million euros nationally and to an average benefit-cost ratio of 2.45 for more compliance.
Increasing compliance is therefore highly economically desirable for winegrowers, and canincrease social welfare as long as the cost of environmental and health damages from one
insecticide application is below 50 euros/ha.
Price transmission for organic and conventional milk products in Sweden
Author

Dr. Lindström, Hanna, Umeå University
Presenter

Dr. Lindström, Hanna, Umeå University
Abstract

Although much empirical work addresses the efficiency of food supply chains by studying
price transmission, studies on quality-differentiated food are scarce, and particularly fororganic food vis- -vis conventional food. This study adds to this scarce literature by analysing
wholesale to retail price transmission for organic and conventional milk in the Swedish milk
sector, using time-series analysis applied to monthly price data for the period Jan 2007 Nov
2017. Estimations are performed using the non-linear ARDL model which allows forasymmetric cointegration of prices and a simultaneous analysis of short- and long-run
asymmetry, the latter of which has been largely overlooked in previous studies. In the case of
conventional milk, results indicate positive asymmetries both in the short-run and the longrun. For organic milk, the long-run positive asymmetry is smaller and not statisticallysignificant in all specifications. Organic consumers are therefore likely to experience smallerdifferences between surplus losses and gains, following positive and negative wholesale pricechanges, respectively.

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Ecosystem Services
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Estimating the socially optimal stock level: Incorporating society’s prioritization of ecosystem services -PRESENTER: Julide Ceren Ahi, DISCUSSANT: Simon Jean
2. Bioeconomic models for terrestrial social-ecological system management: a review -- PRESENTER: Simon
Jean, DISCUSSANT: Alejandro Caparros
3. Simulated Exchange Values in SEEA EA 2021: Monopolistic competition, non-market valuation methods
and ecosystem accounting -- PRESENTER: Alejandro Caparros, DISCUSSANT: Georges Farina
4. Multi-objective optimization of rainwater infiltration infrastructures along an urban-rural gradient -PRESENTER: Georges Farina, DISCUSSANT: Julide Ceren Ahi

Speakers
Ms AHI, JULIDE CEREN,
Mr. Jean, Simon,
Prof. Caparros, Alejandro, Professor in Economics, University of Durham
Mr. Farina, Georges,

Presentations

Estimating the socially optimal stock level: Incorporating society’s prioritization of
ecosystem services
Authors

Ms AHI, JULIDE CEREN,
Prof. Armstrong, Claire , academic,
Presenter

Ms AHI, JULIDE CEREN,
Abstract

Standard optimization procedures in fisheries management often neglect non-market benefits
and society's prioritization of various ecosystem services (ES), which can lead tounderestimation and overexploitation of resources. Our study expands the commonly appliedbio-economic models by integrating non-market benefits and society's priority weights
associated with a public good in the dynamic optimization process. For our applied analysis,
we examine the case of coastal cod stocks in Arctic Norway, which provides an interestingbackground as the stocks are utilized by multiple stakeholders and face increasing pressure.
We estimate several models, expanding gradually from standard applications to the inclusionof non-market benefits and weighting parameters. The findings indicate that while thesocially optimum stock level does not shift greatly across models, total economic value(TEV) varies significantly, which can significantly influence the policy-making process.

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Keywords: optimization, coastal cod, choice modeling, marine, ecosystem services
JEL codes: C61, Q22, Q26, Q58, C35
Bioeconomic models for terrestrial social-ecological system management: a review
Authors

Mr. Jean, Simon,
Dr. Mouysset, Lauriane, Tenured Researcher, CIRED
Presenter

Mr. Jean, Simon,
Abstract

We provide a cartography of 319 bioeconomic models applied to terrestrial habitats, by
combining a quantitative analysis of methodological criteria and of the narratives underlying
the equations. Based on a Multiple Correspondence Analysis and clustering techniques, ourcartography is organized in 4 groups. Two of them adopt a conservation perspective: while
the first one focuses on how to efficiently preserve species given a limited budget through a
cost-effectiveness approach without any biodiversity monetarization, the second one stands
for a second generation of models tackling habitat-based conservation measures with specificapplications in agriculture and forestry. The last two groups are concerned with the notion of
harvesting. Biodiversity is here monetized and the problem is framed as the maximization of
the utility of agents derived from the flow of the biodiversity variable raising thus a costbenefit problem. While the notion of harvesting is mostly applied to endangered species andinvasive species in one group, a specific interest for forestry characterizes the second one.
The temporal analysis of the database shows that bioeconomic models applied to terrestrialsocial-ecological systems exhibit an overall recent and on-going decline. We discuss thisresult regarding the neighbouring methods, especially the correlative and data-driven models.
Since a diversity of modeling frameworks is needed to investigate the management of socialecological systems, especially to embrace different understandings and decrease uncertainty,
we provide some challenges for the future of the mathematically-based bioeconomic models.
Simulated Exchange Values in SEEA EA 2021: Monopolistic competition, non-market
valuation methods and ecosystem accounting
AuthorProf. Caparros, Alejandro, Professor in Economics, University of Durham
Presenter

Prof. Caparros, Alejandro, Professor in Economics, University of Durham
Abstract

The System of Environmental Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA2021) has been recently adopted by the UN to relate ecosystem services to the System of
National Accounts. The SEEA-EA requires the use of exchange values to ensure consistency
with national accounts. For ecosystem services which are outside of the market, the simulated
exchange value method (SEV), one of the methods considered in SEEA-EA, proposes to use
costs and non-market valuation methods to simulate the entire market (demand, supply andcompetitive environment) to obtain the exchange value that the ecosystems service would
deliver if it were internalized. This paper analyses theoretically the SEV, using nature-based
recreation as an example to fix ideas, although the method can be applied more widely. The
analysis is initially done assuming monopolistic competition in a classic Salop circular

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economy. The discussion is then extended to a Salop economy where the demand for naturebased recreation has been estimated using a travel cost analysis based on count data. Finally,a situation where the demand is estimated using a multi-site travel cost method and amultinomial logit is considered. The use of discrete choice methods based on hypotheticalscenarios (choice experiments and contingent valuation) is also discussed.
Multi-objective optimization of rainwater infiltration infrastructures along an urban-rural
gradient
Authors

Mr. Farina, Georges,
Dr. Le Coënt, Philippe, French Geological Survey (BRGM)
Dr. Neverre, Noémie, French Geological Survey (BRGM)
Presenter

Mr. Farina, Georges,
Abstract

In the last 20 years, cities have developed infiltration infrastructures for stormwater
management with the objective to reduce flood risk. More recently, the objective of using
these infrastructures to retain water in cities, recharge aquifers and reuse this water has
emerged with the concept of "sponge city". In addition, infiltration infrastructures based on
Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), due to their capacity to generate co-benefits, are increasingly
favoured to contribute to the adaptation of cities to climate change. However, choosing the
optimal location for infiltration infrastructures in a context of limited available urban space is
a complex spatial problem. It requires taking into account spatial patterns of infiltration andrecharge potential as well as urban-rural gradients of costs and benefits. To address thisproblem, we apply a multi-objective optimization on a simple monocentric model city, whosecharacteristics are based on the representative case study of Bordeaux, France. We test aseries of hypotheses on the impact of different contexts on the optimal location of infiltration
infrastructures. In addition to a reference situation, we test the impact of the impossibility toinfiltrate rainwater in city centers, the impact of substitution effects due to the presence ofurban parks, and the possibility to mix NBS with grey infrastructures. The solutions acrossexperiments reveal two different strategies: locating NBS in the city center with higher cobenefits and opportunity costs or selecting locations with the highest infiltration potential andlower opportunity costs, generally located in outer suburban areas. Analysis of the Pareto
front shows that compromise solutions are a mix of these two types of locations. The
presence of substitution effects leads to discarding locations in the vicinity of urban parks
especially in centric locations. Finally, mixing NBS and grey infrastructures leads to a
specialization of solutions by area and the potential to reach higher benefits at less
opportunity costs. We conclude by drawing recommendations on how this tool may be
applied to real case-studies in practice.

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International Agreements 2
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Ratcheting up Paris -- PRESENTER: Thomas Stoerk, DISCUSSANT: Charlotte Süring
2. Coalition Stability in International Environmental Matching Agreements -- PRESENTER: Charlotte Süring,
DISCUSSANT: Anna Viktoria Rohrer
3. International Environmental Agreements and the Paradox of Cooperation: Revisiting and Generalizing Some
Previous Results -- PRESENTER: Anna Viktoria Rohrer, DISCUSSANT: Robert Schmidt
4. Climate coalition formation in continuous time -- PRESENTER: Robert Schmidt, DISCUSSANT: Thomas
StoerkSpeakers
Stoerk, Thomas, -, National Bank of Belgium, LSE
Ms. Süring, Charlotte,
Rohrer, Anna Viktoria, University of Graz
Prof. Schmidt, Robert, FernUniversität in Hagen

Presentations

Ratcheting up Paris
Authors

Prof. Llavador, Humberto, Universitat Pompeu Fabra- Roemer, John, Yale
Stoerk, Thomas, -, National Bank of Belgium, LSE
Presenter

Stoerk, Thomas, -, National Bank of Belgium, LSE
Abstract

Parties to the Paris Agreement have committed to limit climate change to 1.5C. Given theabsence of sanctioning mechanisms, many economists believe that this objective is unlikely
to be achieved. In this work, we use the Kantian equilibrium to study what the end result ofratcheting up the Paris Agreement could be for a cooperative approach. According to ourmodel, which we calibrate on RICE data, there exists a plausible equilibrium to whichcountries could credibly commit today through the future taking into account future climate
damage. What we find is that there is room for optimism: in our calibration, ratcheting up of
Paris is realistic. We find that countries would be willing to commit to a global carbon budget
compatible with limiting warming to 1.5C. We further show that a collaborative agreement
would lead to a redistribution of revenues from carbon pricing towards poorer countries that
suffer most from climate change. In particular, we find that poor countries in Africa, in Asia
as well as India would benefit from net financial gains. Net contributions to these financial
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flows come from carbon pricing revenues raised chiefly in the US, China, Russia, and otherhigher-income countries.
Coalition Stability in International Environmental Matching Agreements
Authors

Ms. Süring, Charlotte,
Weikard, Hans-Peter, Wageningen University
Presenter

Ms. Süring, Charlotte,
Abstract

This study presents an empirically calibrated simulation of an environmental matching
agreement between twelve asymmetric players to determine whether a matching mechanism
can produce larger stable coalitions and increase players' abatement contributions and payoffs
as compared to a standard agreement. We also analyze a version of the matching game withemissions trading. The matching model features a uniform, collective payoff maximizing
matching rate by which all coalition members' flat contributions are matched, while nonmembers play the standard Nash game. The simulation considers players with linear
abatement benefit and quadratic cost functions, calibrated based on the STACO 3 model, anduses emissions data from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways database. We find that thematching mechanism significantly increases the abatement and payoff levels beyond the noncooperative Nash baseline when the grand coalition of all players is formed, but that such
matching agreements perform worse in terms of stability than standard agreements. In our
simulation, both the matching games with and without emissions trading fail to produce any
stable coalitions, while the standard coalition formation game produces a stable two-player
coalition.
International Environmental Agreements and the Paradox of Cooperation: Revisiting andGeneralizing Some Previous Results
Authors

Rohrer, Anna Viktoria, University of Graz
Finus, Michael, University of Graz
- Furini, Francesco, Universität Hamburg
Presenter

Rohrer, Anna Viktoria, University of Graz
Abstract

In his seminal paper Barrett (1994) argued that international environmental agreements(IEAs) are typical not successful, which he coined "the paradox of cooperation". Either selfenforcing IEAs are small and, hence, cannot achieve much or, if they are large, then the gains
from cooperation are small. This message has been reiterated by several subsequent papers by
and large. However, the determination of stable agreements and their evaluation have been
predominantly derived for specific payoff functions and many conclusions are based on
simulations. In this paper, we provide analytically solutions for the size of stable agreements,
the paradox of cooperation and the underlying forces. Many of our results are ageneralization of papers by Diamantoudi and Sartzetakis (2006), Rubio and Ulph (2006) andthe recent paper by McGinty (2020).

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Climate coalition formation in continuous time
Authors

Prof. Schmidt, Robert, FernUniversität in Hagen
Dr. Streekstra, Leanne, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Presenter

Prof. Schmidt, Robert, FernUniversität in Hagen
Abstract

We introduce a novel climate coalition formation game in continuous time. The model makes
the negotiation process during which countries join the coalition explicit. This yields a more
realistic description of actual negotiations than previous models, and offers a resolution to theso-called "Paradox of International Agreements" (Kolstad and Toman 2005), according towhich climate cooperation fails to deliver substantial welfare gains when countries'
participation decisions are voluntary. We argue that this paradox builds on an overly
restrictive framework where all participation decisions are taken simultaneously. In ourmodel, countries are free to decide whether and when to join the coalition. This allows for theformation of large coalitions, including the grand coalition, in equilibrium. Using mixed
strategies, our model also offers an explanation for delays in climate negotiations, as well as
for their possible failure on the equilibrium path.

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Transport and Green Transition
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Economy-wide employment and skill demand from a transport and energy transition in Austria -PRESENTER: Stefan Nabernegg, DISCUSSANT: Johannes Brehm
2. Driving Innovation? – Carbon Tax Effects in the Swedish Transport Sector -- PRESENTER: Johannes
Brehm, DISCUSSANT: Rik Rozendaal
3. Policy-Induced Innovation in Clean Technologies: Evidence from the Car Market -- PRESENTER: Rik
Rozendaal, DISCUSSANT: Sai Bravo Melgarejo
4. Adopting hydrogen technology in air transport: An evolutionary game theory approach -- PRESENTER: Sai
Bravo Melgarejo, DISCUSSANT: Stefan Nabernegg

Speakers
Mr. Nabernegg, Stefan,
Mr. Brehm, Johannes, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Mr. Rozendaal, Rik,
Dr. Bravo Melgarejo, Sai , ENAC

Presentations

Economy-wide employment and skill demand from a transport and energy transition inAustria
Authors

Mr. Nabernegg, Stefan,
Steininger, Karl, University of Graz
Presenter

Mr. Nabernegg, Stefan,
Abstract

Tackling the climate crisis and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a major ambition of
governments in the EU and across the globe. At the same time the destruction of jobs bystringent climate policies is one main concern in this political discussion. We analyse atransition of the energy and transport sector towards climate-neutrality in Austria under
different assumptions of labour market responses and rigidities. Using an economy-wide
computable general equilibrium model, we show that GDP and net employment effects are
only slightly negative to positive, depending on the mechanism of the labour market.
Furthermore, excess employment reallocation between sectors of such a transition adds
additional demands for qualification and relocation policies on the labour market. However,estimated reallocation rates across scenarios are below historic numbers of general economic

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growth, indicating a manageable transition when farsighted qualification strategies are
adopted for such a relatively short transition phase until 2050.
Driving Innovation? – Carbon Tax Effects in the Swedish Transport Sector
Authors

Mr. Brehm, Johannes, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Mr. Gruhl, Henri, Phd Candidate, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. aus dem Moore, Nils, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Mr. Brehm, Johannes, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Abstract

This paper examines the impact of a carbon tax on innovation in clean technologies in thetransport sector. Rapid advances in clean technologies are critical to reaching the ambitious
sector climate targets. We contribute to the understanding of the link between carbon pricing
and clean innovation by providing the first empirical estimate in the transport sector using
patent data and applying the synthetic control method (SCM). We estimate the local effect on
clean innovation of the Swedish tax reform in 1990/91 which introduced a carbon tax andexpanded the VAT on the sale of motor fuels. Across various specifications and multiple
robustness checks, we consistently find positive and economically significant effects of the
tax reform on the invention of clean transport technologies between 1990 and 1999. By
disentangling the two components of the tax reform package, we provide indicative evidence
that the salience of the carbon price in terms of innovation effects is larger than that of thepure fuel price, and thereby find that the carbon tax-induced the majority of the overall effect.
These results suggest that a salient carbon price can be an effective instrument to foster thetransition to a decarbonized transport sector by inducing clean innovation. In particular, acarbon tax may be more effective in regard to its innovation effects than previous estimatesusing fuel price elasticities have suggested.
Policy-Induced Innovation in Clean Technologies: Evidence from the Car Market
Authors

Mr. Rozendaal, Rik,
Prof. Vollebergh, Herman, Professor, Tilburg University, PBL
Presenter

Mr. Rozendaal, Rik,
Abstract

This article tests the effects of fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards on the
direction of innovation, in particular on breakthrough technologies in the automotive
industry. We develop an intuitive measure of standard stringency that captures the policy's
most important features for the decision as to whether or not to innovate. To test the role ofthese standards relative to prices and taxes, we construct a firm-level panel of patents in clean
and dirty automotive technologies for the years 2000-2016. Our results indicate that standards
are a very robust driver inducing clean innovation, whereas taxes also seem to play a role but
prices (net of taxes) do not. This effect is driven by patenting for breakthrough technologies,
in particular electric vehicle and hydrogen fuel cell technologies. We find no evidence thatthese policies negatively impact dirty innovation.

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Adopting hydrogen technology in air transport: An evolutionary game theory approach
Authors

Dr. Bravo Melgarejo, Sai , ENAC
Ms. CHEN, Shangrong, ENAC
Mr. MONGEAU, Romain, ENAC
Prof. Malavolti, Estelle, ENAC
Presenter

Dr. Bravo Melgarejo, Sai , ENAC
Abstract

This paper relies on an evolutionary game theory approach to study the introduction ofdifferent hydrogen-based technologies into the air transport system. Our model is extended toconsider uncertainty, as well as government intervention in the form of a subsidy or a tax.
We also model the equilibrium under the "Flight Shame" movement. We retrieve two
equilibrium: all adopt or none. The number of adopting players needs to reach the fixed point
for full adoption of the technology. This is determined by the benefits from switching
technologies, the extra costs, and the ground handling fee. We complement our theoreticalanalysis with a simulation to assess different levels of equipment. At the 2030 horizon, thetechnologies based on direct combustion of hydrogen are adopted, while the ones based on afuel-cell do not. This relates to the significant energy losses from converting hydrogen toelectricity, and the added weight of the fuel cell. Thus, reducing the weight of the fuel-cellsystem, as well as improving its round-trip efficiency will be crucial for the technology to
take-off. Then, subsidies for the research and development phase are crucial to reach zeroemissions in the air transport sector.

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Climate and Migration
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Go where the wind doesn't blow: Climate damages heterogeneity and future migrations -- PRESENTER:
Lesly Cassin, DISCUSSANT: Maria Pilar Martinez-Garcia
2. Pollution-induced migration and environmental policy. No half measures -- PRESENTER: Maria Pilar
Martinez-Garcia, DISCUSSANT: Erik Haustein
3. From Stocks to Flows - Evidence for the Climate-Migration-Nexus -- PRESENTER: Erik Haustein,
DISCUSSANT: Marius Braun
4. A Real-Options Analysis of Climate Change and International Migration -- PRESENTER: Marius Braun,DISCUSSANT: Lesly Cassin

Speakers
Dr. Cassin, Lesly, Post-doctoral researcher, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (UMR CNRS 8174),
Université Paris 1, France
Dr. Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar,
Mr. Haustein, Erik,
Mr. Braun, Marius,

Presentations

Go where the wind doesn't blow: Climate damages heterogeneity and future migrations
Authors

Dr. Cassin, Lesly, Post-doctoral researcher, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (UMR CNRS 8174),
Université Paris 1, France
Dr. Méjean, Aurélie, CNRS Researcher, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et leDéveloppement
Prof. Zuber, Stéphane, CNRS Researcher, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne (UMR 8174, CNRS andUniversité Paris 1)
Presenter

Dr. Cassin, Lesly, Post-doctoral researcher, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (UMR CNRS 8174),
Université Paris 1, France
Abstract

In the literature as well as in the public debate migration is now considered as adaptation
strategy to reduce populations' exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts. Climate
damages are traditionally computed by Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). Yet
demographic dynamics and migration is hardly included in commonly used IAMs. In thispaper, first we study the socio-economic determinants of migration. Second, we introduce the
PRICE model, an IAM model based on the RICE model, with endogenized migration and

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four damages scenarios. This allows us to quantify migration induced by climate change
according to the distribution of damages among the regions. We find that climate induced
migration depends strongly on the heterogeneity of damages among regions close to eachother, i.e. where migration is not too costly. Consequently, if the developing regions are
disproportionately harmed by climate change, we might observe an increase of 30% in
migration flows. In contrast, the climate induced migration remains small when damages arehomogeneous among the regions (less than 1%). The developing regions are
disproportionately harmed by climate change, we might observe migration induced bytemperature increase.
Pollution-induced migration and environmental policy. No half measures
Authors

Dr. Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar,
Dr. Morales, Jose R, University of Valladolid
Dr. Caballero, Maria Victoria, University of Murcia
Presenter

Dr. Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar,
Abstract

This paper develops a New Economic Geography (NEG) model with cumulative local
pollution that hurts population welfare. In the short run, agglomeration externalities makenominal wages higher in the most densely populated region and where environmental tax islower. But in the long-run workers are interested in welfare (real wages and environmental
quality). A dispersion force interacts with the conventional NEG effects: the pollution effect,
whose relative strength determines whether the transition towards the long-run equilibrium
follows a smooth or fluctuating dynamic. We find that if both regions apply the sameemission tax population and wages converge as trade becomes more open. The transition
from agglomeration to dispersion takes place smoothly, whenever the natural absorption rateof pollution is high enough. However, if emission taxes differ then population migration canbe sudden. Moreover, if the tax in one of the regions is high enough, people might be willingto accept a lower wage in exchange for a better quality environment. We prove thatenvironmental policy should be ambitious enough to assure sufficient environmental quality
to offset the cost disadvantage of a higher emission tax.
From Stocks to Flows - Evidence for the Climate-Migration-Nexus
Authors

Mr. Haustein, Erik,
Prof. Berlemann, Michael, -, Prof. Steinhardt, Max, Professor, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies and the FU Berlin
Presenter

Mr. Haustein, Erik,
Abstract

Slow onset climate change has the potential to cause significant migration flows. Scientists
have recently made considerable efforts to quantify these flows based on empirical methods.
However, the literature on international migration has failed to come to a clear conclusion as
many studies found no significant effects of climate, while others did. In this paper, we aim
to uncover a factor which likely contributes to the mixed picture in the literature: how

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migration flow data is obtained from migrant stock data. Using the influential study ofCattaneo and Peri (2016) as a workhorse, we demonstrate that the derived empirical results
depend heavily on the applied method to derive migration flows. Therefore, our study reveals
the necessity for future research on international migration to test the sensitivity of estimatedeffects to changes in the construction of migration flows.
A Real-Options Analysis of Climate Change and International Migration
AuthorMr. Braun, Marius,
Presenter

Mr. Braun, Marius,
Abstract

The potential impact of climate change on international migration patterns has recently
received considerable attention in both the public and academic debate. Yet, much of theempirical literature fails to find increases in international migration due to climate change.
The current paper attempts to resolve this "immobility paradox" by applying a real-options
framework to the relationship between climate change and international migration. This
framework suggests that individuals may postpone their migration response to climate change
in the face of uncertainty and only migrate once impacts of climate change have exceededcertain thresholds. I test this prediction using semiparametric regression methods which allow
me to empirically identify the threshold effects implied by the real-options framework.
However, the findings are generally inconsistent with such threshold effects. Rather, theresults suggest that in low-income countries, individuals' migration response is hampered by
the existence of liquidity constraints. These are likely to become more binding due to climatechange-induced decreases in agricultural productivity.

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Amenities
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Disamenity Impact of Biogas Plants -- PRESENTER: David Maddison, DISCUSSANT: Yacouba
Kassouri
2. Well-being and the Environment: A two-step approach to value multiple, spatially-heterogeneous public
goods -- PRESENTER: Yacouba Kassouri, DISCUSSANT: Tom Gillespie
3. Using 3D Simulation and Natural Language Processing to Estimate the Value of a Sea View -- PRESENTER:
Tom Gillespie, DISCUSSANT: Paul Lehmann
4. The opportunity cost of binary land-use restrictions for renewable energy deployment -- PRESENTER: Paul
Lehmann, DISCUSSANT: David Maddison

Speakers
Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Dr. Kassouri, Yacouba,
Dr. Gillespie, Tom,
Prof. Lehmann, Paul, junior professor,

Presentations

The Disamenity Impact of Biogas Plants
Authors

Dr. Beltran, Allan,
Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Mr. Lloyd, Owen, University of Birmingham
Presenter

Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Abstract

Unlike other forms of renewable energy, biogas is dispatchable and storable. As such, it has
an important role to play in achieving net zero carbon emissions in both the UK andelsewhere. Anaerobic digestion is however not wholly free of disamenity impacts, there areconcerns about the odour from such facilities as well as other forms of impacts. Using a
repeat sales approach, we analyse the effect of anaerobic digestion plants in England andWales on property transactions covering the period January 1995 to March 2020. These
plants vary greatly in terms of scale and the feedstock they utilise. Using detailed informationon the inputs and outputs of such facilities combined with information on prevailing wind
patterns we find that there is a significant difference between the results for anaerobic
digestion plants that utilise exclusively agricultural inputs from those that utilise nonagricultural inputs where the disamenity impacts are much more apparent. These impacts

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depend on both distance from the site and whether a property is immediately downwind. Our
results strongly support the idea that odour is indeed a problem. We believe that whereas
operations utilising agricultural inputs might lessen disamenity impacts, activities involving
non-agricultural inputs worsen localised environmental impacts.
Well-being and the Environment: A two-step approach to value multiple, spatiallyheterogeneous public goods
Authors

Dr. Kassouri, Yacouba,
Meya, Jasper, IDIV
Quaas, Martin, Leipzig University
Presenter

Dr. Kassouri, Yacouba,
Abstract

This study advances the state-of-the-art of integrating welfare analysis models and nontradable valuation models to address the need for the valuation of multiple public goods
subject to substitutability relationships and heterogeneity in their level of provision acrossincome gradients. As a result, we offer a two-step valuation methodology to assess the
shadow price for multiple and spatially heterogeneous environmental goods, including bothbiodiversity and landscape attributes. For an empirical illustration, we use a 10-year panel
data on 294 urban and rural major counties (landkreise) in Germany. Improving upon the
shortcomings of former studies, our identification approach relies on panel fixed effect andinstrumental variable strategies, using spatial patterns of household income belonging to thesame state as exogenous shocks to local income. The results reveal a substantial social
demand for bird species richness as captured by its highest shadow price (5 euro per
population of species) among the underlying attributes. We identify substitutability
relationships among amenities and ecosystem services provided by natural protected areas
and green spaces. Omitting this substitution effect under independent valuation of each
attribute tends to overestimate their social values. Consequently, we establish that non-market
values of both natural protected areas and green spaces could evolve in a decreasing fashion
depending on their level of provision and changes in the evolution of their substitutes.
Furthermore, we demonstrate that there is a much clearer signal for the luxury effect on theprovision of natural protected areas and bird species richness as their shadow prices are
relatively higher in high-income geographic areas. This is reflective of environmental
injustice as social welfare benefits associated with these attributes are not equitably sharedacross German counties.
Using 3D Simulation and Natural Language Processing to Estimate the Value of a Sea View
Authors

Dr. Gillespie, Tom,
Dr. Lyons, Ronan, TCD
Prof. Hynes, Stephen, Economist, SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway
Presenter

Dr. Gillespie, Tom,
Abstract

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Constructing an objective measure of sea views is both a challenging and important scientifictask. Too often are views of the environment lacking as important controls and variables ofinterest in environmental studies. This paper develops a novel measure of sea views based on
a combination GIS 3D simulation and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. It
then uses the measurement to estimate the value of a sea view using a hedonic house pricemodel, based on a sample of 105,000 sales listings in Ireland, 2014-2019. The GIS
methodology outlined in this paper calculates sea views for a given area for a fixedcomputational cost, hence other samples requiring estimates of sea views can be overlayed on
the generated raster file without the need for a re-simulation. NLP techniques are used toanalyse the text of the property advertisements to identify listings that give an indication thatthe property has a sea view. The final measure is therefore the interaction of the twotechniques, NLP identifies the properties that have a sea view, and GIS measures the extent
of the view. The paper finds that the measure of sea views developed is robust to various
specifications and that a sea view can add significant value to a property all else being equal:from 9% on average to 17% for a wide breadth of sea view.
The opportunity cost of binary land-use restrictions for renewable energy deployment
Authors

Lehmann, Paul, Leipzig University
Mr. Tafarte, Philip, Research Fellow, University of Leipzig
Presenter

Lehmann, Paul, Leipzig University
Abstract

Binary land-use restrictions are a common policy to address environmental impacts of humanland-use, including the deployment of renewable energy sources. While binary land-use
restrictions may provide environmental benefits, they may also bring about opportunity costs
if production is shifted to more costly sites. This paper aims to understand and quantify thedrivers determining the opportunity costs related to land-use restrictions. Using a simple
analytical model, we propose that opportunity costs can be decomposed into a scope and astructure effect. The scope effect arises because banning production on some sites may imply
that production is expanded on eligible sites to compensate for the ban. Even if eligible andbanned sites have the same cost structure, opportunity costs will rise because production costs
move up the marginal cost function on eligible sites. In addition, a structure effect will occur
if the structure of cost function varies between banned and eligible sites. If marginal costs are
generally higher (lower) on eligible sites than on banned sites, opportunity costs areaggravated (mitigated). Subsequently, we provide numerical illustration using the example ofbanning wind power deployment from forests in Germany. Our numerical results suggest thata forest ban primarily produces opportunity costs in terms of increased disamenity costs for
local residents as well as higher impacts on wind-power sensitive birds. In contrast,
opportunity costs in terms of generation costs, impacts on landscape aesthetic quality andecological conflict risks are likely small. The main driver behind the opportunity costs
observed in our analysis is the scope effect. The structure effect is negative for all costcriteria considered and therefore mitigates total opportunity costs.

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Firms and Environment
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. What drives Carbon Emissions in German Manufacturing: Scale, Technique or Composition? -PRESENTER: Kathrine von Graevenitz, DISCUSSANT: Kinga Tchorzewska
2. Environmental Investment Tax Credit. How do firms respond? -- PRESENTER: Kinga Tchorzewska,
DISCUSSANT: Corrado Di Maria
3. The effect of climate policy on productivity and cost pass-through in the German manufacturing sector -PRESENTER: Corrado Di Maria, DISCUSSANT: Kathrine von Graevenitz

Speakers
Dr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,Dr. Tchorzewska, Kinga, Post-doctoral Researcher, University of Mannheim & ZEW Mannheim
Di Maria, Corrado, University of East Anglia

Presentations

What drives Carbon Emissions in German Manufacturing: Scale, Technique or Composition?
Authors

Dr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,
Ms Rottner, Elisa,
PresenterDr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,
Abstract

Drastic emission reductions are necessary to combat climate change. However, despite
several climate policies, carbon emissions from German manufacturing have actually
increased between 2005 and 2017. In this paper, we provide evidence of how the policy mix
overall has affected the German manufacturing sector in its entirety. Using detailed
administrative micro-data at the product-level, we decompose changes in carbon emissions
between 2005 and 2017 into scale, composition (changes in the mix of goods produced) andtechnology (emission factors of production) effects. We find that much of the increase incarbon emissions is due to an increase in manufacturing's production scale. Relative to thestrong output growth, our analysis reveals a clean-up of manufacturing of 9%. This clean-up
is exclusively due to a shift towards a cleaner product composition from 2011 onwards, while
production technique has mostly become dirtier. The results display substantial sectoral
heterogeneity and are largely driven by the most energy and emission intensive sectors.
Environmental Investment Tax Credit. How do firms respond?

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AuthorDr. Tchorzewska, Kinga, Post-doctoral Researcher, University of Mannheim & ZEW Mannheim
Presenter

Dr. Tchorzewska, Kinga, Post-doctoral Researcher, University of Mannheim & ZEW Mannheim
Abstract

This paper examines the impact of the Spanish Environmental Investment (EI) tax incentive
between 2008 and 2014 using confidential data on firms' expenditures in environmental
protection (SIEEP). The empirical analysis makes two key contributions. First, it makes useof a sudden re-introduction of the tax incentive in March 2011, that aimed at favouring
energy efficient investment over pollution abating technologies. I exploit this unexpectedchange and perform a difference-in-difference analysis to study its effect on green investment
and employment outcomes. Two, taking advantage of the fact that the treatment variable - tax
incentive - is continuous, I implement an instrumental variable (IV) approach to study thegeneral effectiveness of the tax credit on green investment and employment. I find that anincrease in the EI tax credit did increase both green investment and employment. The effect isparticularly high on the level of employees dedicated to environmental protection activities.
The policy change, aimed at switching financing to energy efficient technologies, is assessed
as semi-effective. While it is true that it has decreased investment in pollution abating
technologies, there is no evidence to support the claim that the investment in energy
consumption reducing technologies has increased. The policy change helped to increase
green investment for small firms (below 50 employees) and but reduced it for large firms(above 200). Lastly, the results from the heterogeneous analysis makes it clear that the policychange induced higher investment levels in cleaner production technologies aimed at air
pollution and energy consumption reduction for firms polluting NO2 and CO2 at least atmedium level.
The effect of climate policy on productivity and cost pass-through in the German
manufacturing sector
Authors

Hintermann, Beat, University of Basel
Di Maria, Corrado, University of East Anglia- Zarkovic, Maja, University of Basel
Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim- Picard, Leo, University of Basel
Presenter

Di Maria, Corrado, University of East Anglia
Abstract

We investigate productivity and cost pass-through of German manufacturing firms using
administrative data from 2001 to 2014. Our framework allows for the estimation of quantitybased production functions for multi-product firms while controlling for unobserved
productivity shocks and unobserved input quality. Using our parameter estimates, we cancompute total factor productivity, markups and marginal costs. We find no effect of the EU
ETS on firm productivity or profits for the whole sector, and a positive effect for someindustries. Firms pass on shocks to materials costs completely, or even more than completely,
whereas pass-through of energy costs is around 35-60%. Although pass-through of energy
costs is incomplete, it nevertheless allowed firms to recover more than their total carbon costs
due to generous free allocation of allowances. Our results add to the recent literature

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concerning the causal effects of climate policy on firms and are relevant for policy makers
when defining the level of free allowance allocation to industry.

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Dynamic Games
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Transboundary pollution and New Economic Geography in a dynamic game framework -- PRESENTER:
Jose R Morales, DISCUSSANT: Florian Wagener
2. Differential games of public investment: Markovian best responses in the general case -- PRESENTER:
Florian Wagener, DISCUSSANT: Cees Withagen
3. An oligopoly-fringe model with HARA preferences -- PRESENTER: Cees Withagen, DISCUSSANT: Juliade Frutos Cachorro
4. Stackelberg competition in groundwater resources with multiple uses -- PRESENTER: Julia de Frutos
Cachorro, DISCUSSANT: Jose R Morales

Speakers
Dr. Morales, Jose R, University of Valladolid
Dr. Wagener, Florian,Prof. Withagen, Cees, Professor of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Dr. de Frutos Cachorro, Julia,

Presentations

Transboundary pollution and New Economic Geography in a dynamic game framework
Authors

Dr. Morales, Jose R, University of Valladolid
Prof. Martín-Herrán, Guiomar, University of Valladolid
Dr. Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar,
Presenter

Dr. Morales, Jose R, University of Valladolid
Abstract

This paper formulates and analyzes a dynamic game that builds on a linear Footloose Capital
Model to examine the strategic and dynamic interaction between two regions that face atransboundary pollution problem, and set emission taxes. In a first stage we study how the
distribution of firms and trade affect the optimal emission decision of governments. In asecond stage, we want to know how the resulting environmental policy would alter the
allocation of the industry between both countries. For the case of fully symmetric regions, wefound that higher transport costs lead to lower industrial production, and lower stock ofpollution at the steady-state. However, while exports shrink, domestic consumption could
increase depending on the importance that the representative consumer gives to thehomogeneous goods and to the environmental damage suffered from the associatedemissions. For the case of regions that differ in their shares of industrial activity, we found

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some preliminary results. Governments alter their production with respect to changes in thestock of pollution in the same way as in the symmetric case, although the optimal emissions
are different in the two cases. In a second stage we observed that the production decisions of
the Governments can generate core-periphery structures, even in the symmetric region case,which is new in this type of linear models.
Differential games of public investment: Markovian best responses in the general case
Authors

Dr. Wagener, Florian,Jaakkola, Niko, Ifo Institut
Presenter

Dr. Wagener, Florian,
Abstract

We define a differential game of public investment with a discontinuous Markovian strategy
space. The best response correspondence for the game is well-behaved: a best response exists
and maps a profile of opponents' strategies back to the strategy space. Our chosen strategy
space thus makes the differential game well-formed as a normal form game, resolving a longstanding open problem in the literature. We provide a user-friendly necessary and sufficientcondition for constructing the best response. Our methods do not require recourse to specificfunctional forms. Our theory has general applications, including to problems of
noncooperative control of stock pollutants, harvesting of natural resources, and joint
investment problems.
An oligopoly-fringe model with HARA preferences
Authors

van der Meijden, Gerard, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Benchekroun, Hassan, McGill University
Prof. Withagen, Cees, Professor of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Prof. Withagen, Cees, Professor of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Abstract

Inspired by empirical evidence from the oil market, we build a model of an oligopoly facing afringe as well as competition from renewable resources. We explore different subclasses of
HARA utility functions (Cobb-Douglas, power and quadratic utility) to check the robustnessof results found in the previous literature. For isoelastic demand, we characterize theequilibrium extraction rates of the fringe and the oligopolists. There always exists a phase ofsimultaneous supply of the oligopolists and the fringe, implying an inefficient order of use ofresources since the oligopolists have smaller unit extraction costs and carbon emissions than
the fringe. We calibrate our model to the oil market to quantify this sequence effect. In ourbenchmark calibration, we find for the three HARA subclasses that the sequence effect is
responsible for almost all of the welfare loss compared to the first-best. It becomes smaller as
market power decreases. Furthermore, we show that climate damage and Green Paradox
effects depend non-monotonically on the degree of market power.
Stackelberg competition in groundwater resources with multiple uses
Authors

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Dr. de Frutos Cachorro, Julia,
Prof. Martín-Herrán, Guiomar, University of Valladolid
Tidball, Mabel,
PresenterDr. de Frutos Cachorro, Julia,
Abstract

We study a problem of exploitation of a groundwater resource, mainly used for one purpose(e.g. drinking water or irrigation), in which a regulator intervention is needed in order tomanage an exceptional extraction of water for an alternative/new use. To this goal, we build atwo-stage discrete Stackelberg game in which the leader (the regulator) just intervenes when
the new use takes place (in the second stage) and the follower is a representative agent of themain use. We study two types of Stackelberg equilibrium, which can arise depending on theagents' commitment behavior, namely open-loop (commitment) equilibrium and feedback(non-commitment) equilibrium. We analyze and compare extraction behaviors of thedifferent agents for the different equilibria and the consequences of these extraction behaviors
for the final state of the resource and the agents' profits. For some hypotheses on theparameters, theoretical results show that commitment strategies lead to higher stock levels
than non-commitment strategies when the leader's weight assigned to the profits from themain groundwater use is lower or equal than the one assigned to the profits from the new use.
However, performing numerical simulations relaxing previous economic assumptions, weshow that there are situations in which non-commitment strategies could be more favorable
than commitment strategies not only in terms of final stock of the resource but also in terms
of users' profits.

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Technical Change and the Environment 1
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Green innovation downturn: the role of imperfect competition -- PRESENTER: Mohamed Bahlali,
DISCUSSANT: Lennart Stern
2. (Job Market) Rewarding countries for public spending on clean energy research: Optimal mechanisms under
exogenous budgets -- PRESENTER: Lennart Stern, DISCUSSANT: Prudence Dato
3. Supporting a Green Technology Transition when Firms Act Strategically -- PRESENTER: Prudence Dato,DISCUSSANT: Natacha Raffin
4. Cooperation in « green » R&D and environmental policy: Taxes versus Standards -- PRESENTER: Natacha
Raffin, DISCUSSANT: Mohamed Bahlali

Speakers
Mr. Bahlali, Mohamed,
Mr. Stern (Job Market), Lennart, Job Market, Dr. Dato, Prudence,- Raffin, Natacha,

Presentations

Rewarding countries for public spending on clean energy research: Optimal mechanisms
under exogenous budgets (Job Market)
AuthorMr. Stern (Job Market), Lennart, Job Market, Presenter

Mr. Stern (Job Market), Lennart, Job Market, Abstract

In 2015, 24 governments created the Mission Innovation Initiative, each pledging to double
its public spending for clean energy RD&D between 2015 and 2020. These pledges have only
been partially fulfilled. This paper studies how a new global institution could use a given
budget to best incentivise countries to expand their clean energy RD&D spending. I develop
a static model where each country faces decreasing marginal returns from clean energy
RD&D spending and a global institution offers reward payments to countries with the aim to
maximize the rate of aggregate research progress. I calibrate the model using the countries'
rates of spending on clean energy RD&D observed in 2019. I consider anonymousmechanisms, where the reward payment that a country receives equals its GDP times afunction that only depends on its clean energy RD&D spending per GDP. The optimal
anonymous mechanism substantially outperforms the Proportional Subsidy Mechanism inwhich countries are simply reimbursed a fixed fraction of their spending.

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Supporting a Green Technology Transition when Firms Act Strategically
Authors

Dr. Dato, Prudence,
Krysiak, Frank, University of Basel
Presenter

Dr. Dato, Prudence,
Abstract

Green technological change is important for solving many environmental problems, including
climate change. However, a green technology transition is the outcome of a complex
interaction of incumbents, who have an incentive to protect their old emission- intensive
technology, and newcomers, who want to capture the market for the green technology.
Furthermore, incentives will change over the course of the transition and this might requiredifferent policies over time. We analyze a dynamic game between an incumbent, who canboth offer the old technology and develop the new one, and a newcomer, who is interested inproviding the new technology but who has an initial disadvantage in the R&D stage of thegame. We show that intertemporal optimization of both firms leads to strategic incentives thathave not been covered in other studies. In particular, the incumbent might either delay (orprevent) the transition or innovate aggressively, depending on market characteristics andR&D costs; both as a means to keep out competition. Furthermore, we show that policies
should mainly address the newcomer, who will often need support to enter the market with asocially desirable level of innovation.
Cooperation in « green » R&D and environmental policy: Taxes versus Standards
Author- Raffin, Natacha,
Presenter- Raffin, Natacha,
Abstract

This article investigates two environmental policies, either taxes or standards in a duopoly
model where production is polluting. In this setup, firms invest in upstream "green" R&D (inthe presence of technological spillovers), either cooperatively or non-cooperatively, to lower
their emissions, and then compete in quantities. The two policies yield the same output whenfirms do not cooperate in R&D; R&D cooperation under taxes always improves social
welfare by increasing abatement efforts and increasing consumer surplus. Conversely, R&D
cooperation under standards pushes firms to reduce production, which is harmful for
consumers but is optimal in terms of environmental performance for low spillovers.
Green innovation downturn: the role of imperfect competition
Authors

Mr. Bahlali, Mohamed,
Prof. Aïd, René, Université Paris Dauphine
Prof. Creti, Anna , Director, Climate Economics Chair , Climate Economics Chair
Presenter

Mr. Bahlali, Mohamed,
Abstract

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We use strategic interactions to analyze the role of China's state-subsidized production
expansion in the recent downturn in solar photovoltaics innovation. To that end, we develop a
dynamic game model in which N solar panel manufacturers compete in price and invest in
cost-reducing research. The resulting Nash equilibrium reveals an inverted U relationshipbetween a manufacturer's market share and her research effort. In the duopoly case, with alocal firm competing against a foreign state-subsidized one, we obtain analytical andnumerical results that are consistent with a set of stylized facts, namely (i) the foreign
manufacturer progressively expands to become the dominant player (ii) competition andinnovation bring marginal costs down to zero (iii) each manufacturer's research effort follows
an increasing-then-decreasing curve. At a policy level, our model shows that national
technology-push policies, such as R&D subsidies, can affect foreign innovation, by changing
the structure of global competition.

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CGE Modelling 1
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Bearing the indirect costs of flood risk: A macroeconomic assessment of different insurance systems in
Europe under climate change -- PRESENTER: Nina Knittel, DISCUSSANT: Paul Malliet
2. Empirical estimates of the elasticity of substitution of a KLEM production function without nesting
constraints: The case of the Variable Output Elasticity-Cobb Douglas -- PRESENTER: Paul Malliet,
DISCUSSANT: Aykut Mert Yakut
3. Good Stick, Bad Carrot: The Impacts of Removing Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Increasing Carbon Taxation in
Ireland -- PRESENTER: Aykut Mert Yakut, DISCUSSANT: Kevin Raj Kaushal
4. The road to a low emission society: Costs of interacting climate regulations -- PRESENTER: Kevin Raj
Kaushal, DISCUSSANT: Nina Knittel

Speakers
Dr. Knittel, Nina, post-doc researcher, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz
Mr. Malliet, Paul,Dr. Yakut, Aykut Mert,
Dr. Kaushal, Kevin Raj, Statistics Norway

Presentations

Bearing the indirect costs of flood risk: A macroeconomic assessment of different insurance
systems in Europe under climate change
Authors

Dr. Knittel, Nina, post-doc researcher, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz
Mr. Tesselaar, Max, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. Botzen, Wouter, Full professor, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Dr. Bachner, Gabriel, Scientist, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz,
Austria
Mr. Tiggeloven, Timothy, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Dr. Knittel, Nina, post-doc researcher, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz
Abstract

Flood risk is expected to increase worldwide. Insurance provides an option to cover this risk,
but its design varies significantly across countries, thereby differently affecting policyholders, insurance providers, and the public household, who often steps in when insurancecompensation is insufficient. This study contributes to the debate on how to design flood
insurance mechanisms, with a special focus on the macroeconomic implications of future
developments in flood risk. We apply a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)

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model entailing a private and a public household and focus on EU regions and the UK for thetime horizon of 2050. We find that under current insurance market systems, which are mostly
private voluntary markets, flood risk leads to GDP losses of up to -0.5% and societal welfare
losses of up to -1% for South-Eastern EU. In the regions at focus, private and public
consumption decrease by up to -0.5% and -2.4%, respectively. Flood risk intensifies pressure
on public budgets due to the combination of a reduced fiscal space for public finances caused
by lower tax bases and the increased expenditure for relief payments for households withinsufficient insurance coverage. Insurance market reforms, such as a higher degree of risksharing, uptake requirements and public reinsurance, can reduce societal welfare costs by up
to 0.2%-points, with higher public consumption by up to 0.8%-points. We thus demonstratethat these reforms alleviate negative welfare effects and the burden on the public budget.
Empirical estimates of the elasticity of substitution of a KLEM production function without
nesting constraints: The case of the Variable Output Elasticity-Cobb Douglas
Authors

Mr. Malliet, Paul,Dr. Reynes, Frederic, Researcher, OFCE SciencesPo - NEO
Presenter

Mr. Malliet, Paul,
Abstract

Computable General Equilibrium models applied to climate change usually rely onelasticities of substitution for which estimations can be crucial in terms of outcome. We use ageneralized production function that overcomes the constraint imposed by a nesting structureof the production function adopted in the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES)
specification, generally adopted in most CGE models. Constructing a panel of 44 countries
and 14 periods from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) tables, we estimate theproduction functions for 54 sectors using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression model. We
compare these results to two famous KLEM nesting structures from the CES specificationand find direct implications on the estimation results, especially for Capital-Energy
substitutability. The more general form of the CES production function on which we rely, the
Variable Output Elasticity-Cobb Douglas (VOE-CB) supports substitution between these two
inputs.
Good Stick, Bad Carrot: The Impacts of Removing Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Increasing
Carbon Taxation in Ireland
Authors

Dr. Yakut, Aykut Mert, Research Officer, Economic and Social Research InstituteDr. de Bruin, Kelly, ESRI
Presenter

Dr. Yakut, Aykut Mert, Research Officer, Economic and Social Research Institute
Abstract

Though the magnitude of fossil fuel subsidies (the "carrot") eclipses that of carbon pricing(the "stick") revenues, the focus of policies and economic literature remains carbon taxation.
This paper aims to fill this gap by evaluating the environmental and economic impacts offossil fuel subsidy removal and carbon taxation. Using a dynamic intertemporal CGE modelof Ireland, we examine removing eight Irish fossil fuel subsidies and increasing the carbon
tax to 100 euros per tonne by 2030. We find that both policies result in similar emission
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reduction. Carbon taxation results in lower negative GDP and investment impacts, however,subsidy removal results in lower negative employment impacts, higher revenues, animproved trade balance and lower debt. The impacts across sectors and households are
distributed more evenly under a carbon tax, where subsidy removal results in extreme
impacts for specific sectors and households. Excluding households' subsidies from removal
can alleviate these household distributional impacts at no cost to emission reduction. With
revenue recycling reducing tax rates, a double-dividend is found at the expense of worsened
income distribution. The economic benefit of revenue recycling is greater when removing
subsidies, limiting emission reduction. Our results confirm the importance of fossil fuelsubsidies in climate policy.
The road to a low emission society: Costs of interacting climate regulations
Authors

Dr. Bye, Brita, Senior Researcher, Statistics Norway
Dr. Kaushal, Kevin Raj, Statistics Norway
Dr. Rosnes, Orvika, Vista Analyse
Dr. Turner, Karen, Centre for Energy Policy, University of Strathclyde
Dr. Yonezawa, Hidemichi, Senior Researcher, Statistics Norway
Presenter

Dr. Kaushal, Kevin Raj, Statistics Norway
Abstract

Transportation is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate
regulations on transportation are often a mix of sector-specific regulations and economy-widemeasures (such as emission pricing). In this paper we analyse the effects on economic
welfare, abatement costs and emissions of such interacting and partly overlapping climate
regulations for private transportation. Our focus is on Norway, a nation where high taxationof conventional fossil-fueled cars has paved the floor for another pillar of climate policies:
promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) in private transport. Our contribution to the literature is
two-fold. First, we analyse the costs and impacts of the partly overlapping climate regulations
in transportation -- the cap on domestic non-ETS emissions and the goal of all new cars forprivate households being EVs -- focusing on the outcome in 2030 in Norway. Second, we
respond to an important gap in the literature through a methodological development ineconomy-wide computable general equilibrium (CGE) approaches for climate policy byintroducing EV technologies as an explicit transport equipment choice for private households.
We find that, for the case of Norway, combining a specific EV target with policy to cap
emissions through a uniform carbon price triples the welfare costs.

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Climate Change and Epidemics
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) Climate concern and policy acceptance before and after COVID-19 -- PRESENTER: Ivan
Savin, DISCUSSANT: Simone Marsiglio
2. Mitigation Policy during COVID-19: Economy, Health and the Environment -- PRESENTER: Simone
Marsiglio, DISCUSSANT: Clément Renoir
3. (Job Market) Misfortunes Never Come Singly: Environmental Risks, Pandemics Diseases, and Economic
Growth -- PRESENTER: Clément Renoir, DISCUSSANT: Anastasios Xepapadeas
4. Emerging infectious diseases and the economy: climate change, natural world preservation, and containment
policies -- PRESENTER: Anastasios Xepapadeas, DISCUSSANT: Ivan Savin

Speakers
Dr. Savin (Job Market), Ivan, Researcher (Job Market), Prof. Marsiglio, Simone, University of Pisa
Mr. Renoir (Job Market), Clément, Job Market, Prof. Xepapadeas, Anastasios, University of Bologna

Presentations

Climate concern and policy acceptance before and after COVID-19 (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Savin (Job Market), Ivan, Researcher (Job Market), Dr. Drews, Stefan, Researcher,van den Bergh, Jeroen, Autonomous University of Barcelona
Dr. Villamayor, Sergio, UAB
Presenter

Dr. Savin (Job Market), Ivan, Researcher (Job Market), Abstract

It remains unclear how COVID-19 has affected public engagement with the climate crisis.
According to the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, concern about climate change should havedecreased after the pandemic, in turn reducing acceptance of climate policy. Here we test
these ideas by using survey data from 1172 Spanish participants who responded before andafter the first wave of COVID-19, allowing for both aggregate and within-person analyses.
We find that on average climate concern has decreased, while for most climate policies
acceptance has increased. At the individual-level, adverse health experiences due to COVID19 are unrelated to these changes. The same holds for negative economic experiences, withthe exception that unemployment is associated with reduced acceptance of some climate
policies. In addition, higher climate concern and policy acceptance are associated with (i) a

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belief that climate change contributed to the COVID-19 outbreak, and (ii) a positive opinion
about how the government addressed the COVID-19 crisis. Finally, citizens show relatively
favorable attitudes to a specific and timely climate policy, namely a carbon tax with the cobenefit of compensating expenditures related to COVID-19. Overall, we conclude that there
is support for addressing the global climate crisis even in times of a global health crisis.
Mitigation Policy during COVID-19: Economy, Health and the Environment
Authors

Prof. Marsiglio, Simone, University of Pisa
Prof. de Frutos, Javier, University of Valladolid,
Prof. La Torre, Davide, SKEMA Business School
Dr. Liuzzi, Danilo , University of Milan
Prof. Martín-Herrán, Guiomar, University of Valladolid
Presenter

Prof. Marsiglio, Simone, University of Pisa
Abstract

The strategies implemented to contain the spread of COVID-19 have clearly shown theexistence of a nontrivial relation between epidemiological and environmental outcomes. On
the one hand, health regulations and recommendations contribute to deteriorate theenvironmental quality through increased waste and emissions. On the other hand, increased
pollution exposes individuals to a higher chance of severe symptoms increasing theirprobability of death due to respiratory diseases. In order to understand how balancing thedifferent economic-environmental-health goals in the design of effective containment policies
we develop a normative approach to account for their consequences on the economy, healthand the environment by analyzing the working mechanisms of social distancing in a
pollution-extended macroeconomic-epidemiological framework with health-environment
feedback effects. By limiting social contacts and thus disease incidence, social distancing
favors health and environmental outcomes at the cost of a deterioration in macroeconomic
conditions. By calibrating the model to the Italian COVID-19 experience during the first
epidemic wave, we characterize how the optimal social distancing policy depends on themain environmental factors, showing that social distancing alone is not enough to reverse thegrowth pattern of both disease prevalence and pollution and thus it is optimal to reduce thedisease spread even if this generates a deterioration in environmental conditions. We also
extend our baseline model to account for the role of strategic interactions between twoneighbor economies in which both pollution and disease prevalence are transboundary. In thiscontext we show that free-riding induces sizeable efficiency losses, quantifiable in about 15%
excess disease prevalence and 5% excess pollution at the end of the epidemic management
program.
Misfortunes Never Come Singly: Environmental Risks, Pandemics Diseases, and Economic
Growth (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Minabutdinov, Aleksei,
Mr. Renoir (Job Market), Clément, Job Market, Bretschger, Lucas, ETH ZurichProf. Brausmann, Alexandra, Assisstant Professor, University of Vienna
Presenter

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Mr. Renoir (Job Market), Clément, Job Market, Abstract

The paper analyses the economic impact of large shocks such as pandemics andenvironmental disasters that are not single events but act as triggers for further disasters.
Negative externalities of economic activity affect the arrival of recurrent primary shocks thatare associated with subsequent disasters. The hazard rate of secondary shocks depends on thetime lag of their occurrence. To study the nature of interrelated shocks, the model uses theconcept of Hawkes process, which is a novelty in this field. We derive analytical solutions forthe optimal growth path and an optimal abatement policy. We find that the existence ofinterrelated shocks makes optimal abatement spending stochastic, which is an unorthodox
result in economics. An efficient abatement policy depends positively on the arrival rate of
the shock and jumps upward when an initial catastrophic event occurs. The example of the
COVID pandemic can be seen as an example of what would happen after a major climate
catastrophe.
Emerging infectious diseases and the economy: climate change, natural world preservation,and containment policies
Authors

Prof. Xepapadeas, Anastasios, University of Bologna
Prof. Brock, William, professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Presenter

Prof. Xepapadeas, Anastasios, University of Bologna
Abstract

Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment such as land usechanges and climate change promote the emergence of infectious diseases in humans. We
develop a two-region epidemic-economic (epi-econ) model which unifies short-run disease
containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severityof infectious diseases. We structure our paper by linking a susceptible-infected-susceptible(SIS) model with an economic model which includes land use choices for agriculture andclimate change. In the SIS model the contact number depends on short-run containment
policies (e.g., lockdown, social distancing, vaccination), and the long-run policies affecting
land use and the preservation of the natural world, and climate change. Utility in each region
is determined by a composite consumption good produced by labor, land devoted toagriculture, and energy. Climate change and land use changes which reduce the natural world
have an additional cost in terms of infectious disease since they might increase the contact
number in the long run. We provide a deterministic solution as a benchmark and we compare
it with outcomes derived under ambiguity associated with important parameters of the epiecon model and ambiguity aversion.

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Monitoring and Enforcement
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) Unintended environmental consequences of anti-corruption strategies -- PRESENTER: Elias
Cisneros, DISCUSSANT: Chiara Lombardini
2. The deterrence effect of criminal sanctions against environmental crime in Finland: An application of therational choice model of crime -- PRESENTER: Chiara Lombardini, DISCUSSANT: Eric Strobl
3. Cloud Cover and its Impact on the Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Program -- PRESENTER: Eric Strobl,
DISCUSSANT: Anca Balietti
4. Environmental Audits and Air Pollution in the US -- PRESENTER: Anca Balietti, DISCUSSANT: Elias
Cisneros

Speakers
Dr. Cisneros (Job Market), Elias, Job Market, Dr. Lombardini, Chiara,
Prof. Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Bern
Dr. Balietti, Anca ,Presentations

Unintended environmental consequences of anti-corruption strategies (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Cisneros (Job Market), Elias, Job Market, Prof. Kis-Katos, Krisztina, Professor,
Presenter

Dr. Cisneros (Job Market), Elias, Job Market, Abstract

Fighting corruption in one sector may improve overall governance but may also shift rent
extraction activities to less scrutinized sectors. This paper highlights such unintended
consequences of a federal anti-corruption strategy in Brazil by documenting the causal effectsof randomized fiscal audits on deforestation dynamics, anon-targeted outcome. Between 2003
and 2011, public audits of federal funds in-creased deforestation by about 10% inmunicipalities of the Brazilian Amazon within the first three years after the audit.
Municipalities seem also to have learned from neighboring audits, which affected
deforestation outcomes in a similar way to own audits. The audit effects doubled among firstterm mayors who managed to win re-elections afterwards, suggesting the potential presenceof electoral benefits to such strategies.

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The deterrence effect of criminal sanctions against environmental crime in Finland: An
application of the rational choice model of crime
Authors

Dr. Lombardini, Chiara,
Ollikainen, Markku, University of Helsinki
Mr. Lindqvist, Riku , Finnish Environmental Crime Monitoring GroupMs. Suvantola, Leila,
Presenter

Dr. Lombardini, Chiara,
Abstract

This study estimates the deterrence effect of sanctions against environmental crimes and the
optimal fine with court data from 327 environmental criminal cases sentenced in the period
2013-2018 in Finland. The theoretical framework is the rational choice model of crime. The
main result is that the deterrence effect was weak and suboptimal in the period underconsideration. For the cases for which there is a court estimate of the economic gain from thecrime, (N =79), the estimated net average private expected gain from an environmental crime
was 88,256 euro using the best estimate of the probability of conviction of 0.071 and theupper bound value of the disutility of one day of conditional prison sentence, set at 100
euro/day. Sensitivity analysis shows that the average expected gain goes to zero for aprobability of being convicted of 0.90. The conclusion of a weak deterrence effect is further
reinforced by the estimation of the optimal fine for those cases for which it is possible toestimate the environmental damage caused by the crime (N = 10). The optimal fine amounts
at 463,762 euro for the best estimate of the probability of conviction of 0.071, a much higher
value compared to the actual average cost of punishment to the perpetrators for these same
crimes, estimated at of 10,654 euro. Even when the constraint to the optimal fine posed by
the perpetrators' wealth are considered, the current punishments remain suboptimal and thedeterrence effect weak. The weak deterrence against environmental crime has been costly to
Finnish society considering that the estimated average social cost of an environmental crimeamounts at 46 283 euro. The main element of the social cost, the environmental damage
caused measured using the proxy of restoration costs, amounts on average at 32,696
euro/crime. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these results for theenforcement of environmental law in Finland.
Keywords: deterrence effect, environmental crime, Finland, law and economics, optimal fine,rational choice model of crime
JEL classification: K14 Criminal law, K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Cloud Cover and its Impact on the Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Program
Authors

Prof. Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Bern
Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Dr. Gonçalves Sales, Vilane, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Bern
Presenter

Prof. Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Bern
Abstract

The creation of a satellite rapid alert programme (DETER-A) in 2004 was a cornerstone of
the Brazilian government's strategy to reduce deforestation. This programme allowed
authorities to detect and respond rapidly to periods of deforestation. Due to the fact that the

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policy instrument was based on multispectral remote radar, weather-related obstacles posed acontinuous impediment to the study of deforestation. This paper investigates to what extent
cloud cover has reduced the effectiveness of the DETER-A program to detect deforestation.
To test this hypothesis, survival model analysis is undertaken on satellite data derived
measures of local deforestation. The emphasis is on the state of Maranhao, that is separated
into two areas by an arbitrary line of demarcation (Legal Amazon delimitation) where theforest on one side is covered by the satellite monitoring program while the other is not. The
results suggest that following the implementation of the satellite monitoring program, there
was more deforestation in those years with more cloud persistence in the area covered by the
program. Counterfactual simulations indicate that the absence of clouds would have
prevented deforestation equivalent to almost 7% of the study region, which is equivalent to
73 million tonnes of CO2 with a value of $366 million USD. If the current monitoring system
was replaced with the experimental policy instrument DETER-C/DETER INTENSO, cloud
cover would be less of an impediment to deforestation detection.
Environmental Audits and Air Pollution in the US
Authors

Dr. Balietti, Anca ,Mr. Chaudhry, Zain, Heidelberg University
Dr. Hussain, Karrar, Friedrich-Alexander-University
Presenter

Dr. Balietti, Anca ,Abstract

Around the world, Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) use environmental inspections
as a key tool to deter firms from breaching legal pollution levels. To date, we lack clear
evidence on the effectiveness of such inspections, despite the large costs. In this paper, we
assess the intensive and extensive margin of environmental auditing on fine particular matter
concentrations in the United States. The analysis relies on a large panel dataset covering
248,296 plants over the 2000-2017. We combine data on inspections, compliance history, andlocation with fine-grained data on air pollution from satellite measurements. First, weleverage the staggered inspection schedule of the EPA to conduct a difference-in-differences
analysis of the dynamic impacts of starting environmental auditing activities in new areas.
Second, we rely on an instrumental variable approach to study the intensive margin ofenvironmental inspections. We find that the US auditing mechanism is effective under boththe extensive and intensive margins, with improvements in air quality reaching highest levels
a few years after a given inspection. Effect sizes are economically significant and justify therequired immense monitoring costs.

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Electric Vehicle Adoption
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Local Incentives and Electric Vehicle Adoption -- PRESENTER: Elisabeth Isaksen, DISCUSSANT: Doina
Radulescu
2. Welfare, Redistributive and Revenue Effects of Policies Promoting Fuel Efficient and Electric Vehicles -PRESENTER: Doina Radulescu, DISCUSSANT: Eric Nævdal
3. Policies for electrification of the car fleet in the short and long run – subsidizing electric vehicles or
subsidizing charging stations? -- PRESENTER: Eric Nævdal, DISCUSSANT: Adrian Santonja di Fonzo
4. Effectiveness and Heterogeneous Effects of Purchase Grants for Electric Vehicles: Evidence from Germany -PRESENTER: Adrian Santonja di Fonzo, DISCUSSANT: Elisabeth Isaksen

Speakers
Dr. Isaksen, Elisabeth,
Prof. Radulescu, Doina, Professor,Nævdal, Eric, Frisch Centre
Mr. Santonja di Fonzo, Adrian, DIW Berlin

Presentations

Local Incentives and Electric Vehicle Adoption
Authors

Dr. Isaksen, Elisabeth,
Dr. Raaum, Oddbjørn, The Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research
Dr. Hauge, Karen, Senior Research Fellow, Frisch Center
Dr. Johansen, Bjørn, Institute of Transport Economics
Dr. Halse, Askill, Institute of Transport Economics
Presenter

Dr. Isaksen, Elisabeth,
Abstract

We study how the adoption of battery electric vehicles - a key technology for decarbonizing
transportation - responds to two local privileges: road toll exemption and bus lane access.
Combining rich Norwegian microdata with a quasi-experimental research design where we
exploit household-level variation in incentives on the work commute, we find sizable andpositive effects on electric vehicle ownership. The increase in electric vehicles from road tolland bus lane to work is offset by a similar decline in conventional vehicles. Road toll also
reduce brown driving, but lower CO2 emissions are largely explained by fewer conventional
cars.

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Welfare, Redistributive and Revenue Effects of Policies Promoting Fuel Efficient andElectric Vehicles
Authors

Prof. Radulescu, Doina, Professor,
Mr. Bigler, Patrick,Presenter

Prof. Radulescu, Doina, Professor,
Abstract

The high and increasing CO2 emissions of the road transport sector represent a large share of
global carbon emissions and call for government action. Electric (EVs) and hybrid vehicles
are thereby considered as a central element on the pathway to decarbonization. Policies that
aim to stimulate electric and fuel efficient vehicles feature however some trade-offs. Whilethey have environmental benefits in terms of reduced emissions, they generate less revenue tofinance the road infrastructure and may raise equity concerns. In this paper we employ a richmicro dataset on around 23,000 newly purchased cars, their attributes and their purchasers'socio-demographic characteristics in the Swiss Canton of Bern to analyse vehicle choice
behaviour as well as welfare implications of policies promoting fuel efficient cars. Our
dataset allows a detailed analysis of the effect of policies across the income distribution. The
discrete choice estimates reveal a more pronounced reaction to car prices than future variable
costs and substantial income heterogeneity in terms of price elasticity and EV adoption rates.
We scrutinise the effects of EV price subsidies and increased fossil fuel taxes in various
counterfactuals. While CO2 levies secure public revenue for road financing, EV uptake andemissions only slightly change. In contrast, subsidies support the uptake of EVs across all
income quartiles, thus reducing CO2 emissions of the new car fleet. Both policies haveredistributive implications. Fuel taxes are regressive and a substantially higher fraction of
overall subsidy payments goes to higher income households. We also compute the optimal
subsidy - fuel tax combination that maximises aggregated consumer surplus subject to (a) apre-specified government environmental target expressed as an EV market share and (b) tosecuring the revenue to finance the road infrastructure in the presence or absence of equity
concerns.
Policies for electrification of the car fleet in the short and long run – subsidizing electricvehicles or subsidizing charging stations?
AuthorsNævdal, Eric, Frisch Centre
Dr. Hagem, Cathrine, Head of Research, Statistics Norway
Dr. Kverndokk, Snorre, Frisch Centre
Rosendahl, Knut Einar, NorwegianUniversity of Life Sciences
PresenterNævdal, Eric, Frisch Centre
Abstract

Abatement can be performed by measures that have an impact on present emissions, but nolasting effect, and by long-lived infrastructure investments. We study the optimal
combination of short and long-lived options for reducing emissions, by specifying abatement
cost functions depending on abatement from these two options. Electrification of thetransport sector is used as an example. A transition from internal combustion engines vehicles(ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs) can be incentivized by both subsidies on purchases of EVs

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and increased density of fast chargers. Subsidizing the purchase of EVs only leads toemissions reductions in the next few years (static option), whereas investment ininfrastructure also will reduce mitigation costs in several years to come (dynamic option). We
find that the present marginal mitigation cost of the dynamic alternative exceeds the costs ofstatic mitigation in optimum, thus the dynamic option may be profitable even if it is more
expensive. A higher expected abatement cost in later periods may make it even more
profitable to use the dynamic policy instrument. This framework is used for a numerical
study on electrification of the transport sector in Norway. The numerical simulations show
that, in the absence of permit trading and intertemporal flexibility, optimal abatement policy
favors dynamic abatement. However, flexibility in the domestic target over time and thepresence of a permit market affects the combination of static and dynamic abatement. This
stresses the importance of early and time consistent plans for regulations of international
GHG emissions.
Effectiveness and Heterogeneous Effects of Purchase Grants for Electric Vehicles: Evidence
from Germany
Authors

Dr. Zaklan, Aleksandar, DIW Berlin
Mr. Santonja di Fonzo, Adrian, DIW Berlin
Prof. Haan, Peter, DIW Berlin/FU Berlin
Presenter

Mr. Santonja di Fonzo, Adrian, DIW Berlin
Abstract

This paper analyzes the effectiveness and heterogeneous effects of the German purchase
grant program for electric mobility using granular registration data at the vehicle model level
covering all of Germany. Pre/post estimations and difference-in-differences analyses
exploiting the tiered structure of the subsidy system show that the purchase program led to achange in the composition of the German car market. It significantly increased the number of
EV models available on the market and the number of purchases per EV model. We further
show that the program caused an offsetting decrease in the number of combustion-engine
vehicles purchased. The policy thus did not affect the overall number of cars. However, theextent of the program's environmental effectiveness is unclear.

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Policy Session 1: Border Carbon Adjustments: Drivers or
Impediments for Climate Ambition?
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
Policy Session 1: Border Carbon Adjustments: Drivers or Impediments for Climate Ambition?
Countries are increasingly pursuing climate plans consistent with reaching climate neutrality but with different
levels of carbon pricing and regulatory effort. Against this backdrop of heterogeneous mitigation incentives,
Border Carbon Adjustments have been proposed to address competitiveness concerns, to deter emission leakage,and to encourage ambition, by ensuring that imports face the same explicit or implicit carbon price faced bydomestic producers in countries with more ambitious climate policies. However, BCAs are institutionallycomplex, the evidence of carbon leakage is limited, and the implications for international cooperation andclimate justice are not clear. The aim of this policy session is to assess the environmental and economic impact
of border carbon adjustments. Panelists will discuss the potential role of BCAs to promote or deter climate
ambition, and to encourage emission reductions effectively and fairly.
Panelists:
Keigo Akimoto (Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth)
Francesco Bosello (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; EIEE)
Jos Delbeke (European University Institute)
Carolyn Fischer (World Bank)
Suzi Kerr (Environmental Defense Fund)
Billy Pizer (Resources for the Future)
Moderation: Massimo Tavoni (Politecnico di Milano, EIEE)
Organised by the RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE) and supported by
the H2020-MSCA-RISE project GEMCLIME-2020

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Thematic Session 2: On the Size of Stable Climate Coalitions
29 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The proposed session's theme is the formation of climate coalitions within different frameworks. Each paper
highlights a set of important issues and examines how these issues affect the size of the stable coalition. The
first paper examines the effect of choosing separately emissions and abatement in the presence of adaptation; thesecond examines the effect of intra-industry trade; and the third the effect of geoengineering.
Organisers:
Eftichios S. Sartzetakis (University of Macedonia)
Santiago J. Rubio (University of Valencia)
Michael Finus (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz)

Speakers
Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia
Rubio , Santiago J. , University of Valencia- Furini, Francesco, Universität Hamburg
Diamantoudi , Faye, Concordia University

Presentations

Climate Clubs, Border Carbon Adjustments and Trade Wars
Authors

Rubio , Santiago J. , University of Valencia
Mr. Borrero Ridaura, Miguel,Presenter

Rubio , Santiago J. , University of Valencia
Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of retaliation on participation in a climatic club when a
BCA mechanism is used to penalize non-members in the framework of a strategic trademodel with imperfect competition and product differentiation. For assessing theses effects afour-stage climatic club formation game with and without retaliation is solved. In the firststage an International Agency (IA) proposes the creation of a club for applying a common
carbon tax and a full BCA to non-members' imports. The common tax proposed is the tax thatmaximizes global welfare and consequently implements the efficient outcome if all countries
are members of the club. In the second stage, countries decide unilaterally on whether to join
or not the club. In the third stage countries decide simultaneously their climate policy. At thisstage members comply with their commitment and apply the carbon tax and the BCA rateannounced by the IA, however non-members select unilaterally only their carbon tax when
there is no retaliation, and the carbon tax and the tariff on members' imports when there isretaliation. Finally, firms compete in quantities in differentiated oligopolies. Our results showthat without retaliation there exists a range of values for marginal damages for which fullparticipation is stable, except when goods are independents. With retaliation a BCA
mechanism to promote participation in a climate club can fail except when goods are

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homogeneous although in this case the range of values for marginal damages for which thisholds shrinks.
Global climate governance in the light of geoengineering: a shot in the dark?
Authors- Furini, Francesco, Universität Hamburg
Finus, Michael, University of Graz
Presenter- Furini, Francesco, Universität Hamburg
Abstract

Due to slow progress in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, geoengineering in theform of solar radiation management has been proposed as a last exit strategy. Even thoughsolar radiation is expected to be a cheap option to fight climate change, it may be associatedwith high collateral damages. In this paper, we analyze how the availability of solar radiation
management affects equilibrium mitigation strategies, the governance architecture of aclimate agreement and whether and how signatories to a climate agreement can avoid that
non-signatories deploy geoengineering. We analyze the conditions regarding benefits andcollateral damages of solar radiation management for which the deployment ofgeoengineering can be avoided. It turns out that the threat to deploy geoengineering canstabilize large climate agreements. Results are derived in a cartel formation game and all
qualitative conclusions are confirmed in a repeated game framework.
International Environmental Agreements with Emission, Abatement and Adaptation choices
Authors

Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia
Diamantoudi , Faye, Concordia University
Dr. Strantza , Stefania , lecturer, Concordia University
Presenter

Diamantoudi , Faye, Concordia University
Abstract

The present paper examines the formation and the size of stable international environmental
agreements on net emission, considering countries' choice of mitigation and adaptation
strategies. We assume that countries, before they decide to join or not the coalition, choose
their level of emission, abatement and adaptation. The standard non cooperative leadershipframework is employed. A coalition is considered stable when no signatories wish towithdraw while no more countries wish to participate. While abatement effort reduces
emissions, adaptation effort reduces damages from emissions. We assume specific functions
for benefits, damages and costs and we model coalition formation as a three-stage game: In
the last stage countries choose independently their level of adaptation activities, after
observing global net emissions. In the second stage, countries choose their levels of emission
and abatement and in the first stage counties choose whether or not to join a coalition thataims at controlling emissions. Within this framework we find that first, assuming adaptation
is not very effective, the size of the stable coalition is always larger than in the case in whichcountries can choose only their emissions level. Second, the size of stable coalition increases
as abatement becomes less costly. Finally, as the effectiveness of adaptation effort increases,
the incentives to join the coalition decrease and for highly effective adaptation the size of the

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stable coalition returns to levels commonly reported in the literature without the abatement
option.

Coffee Break
29 June 2022, 03:45 PM - 04:15 PM
Description
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Food 129 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The effects of environmental information and observability on food choice -- PRESENTER: Eva
Weingaertner, DISCUSSANT: Dora Zsuzsanna Simon
2. To Beef or Not To Beef: Trade, Meat, and the Environment -- PRESENTER: Dora Zsuzsanna Simon,
DISCUSSANT: Simone Piras
3. Food waste between environmental education, peers, and family influence. Insights from primary school
students in Northern Italy -- PRESENTER: Simone Piras, DISCUSSANT: Cristiano Franceschinis
4. Individual preferences for food items within couples: validating choice experiments predictions with realpurchases data -- PRESENTER: Cristiano Franceschinis, DISCUSSANT: Eva Weingaertner

Speakers
Ms. Weingaertner, Eva, University of Kassel
Ms. Simon, Dora Zsuzsanna, University of Stavanger
Dr. Piras, Simone,
Dr. Franceschinis, Cristiano, Researcher, University of Padova

Presentations

The effects of environmental information and observability on food choice
Authors

Dannenberg, Astrid, University of Kassel
Ms. Weingaertner, Eva, University of Kassel
Presenter

Ms. Weingaertner, Eva, University of Kassel
Abstract

Our choice of food has major impacts on the environment. At the same time, it is visible to all
people with whom we spend our daily lives. This raises the question of whether people areadapting their diets to gain a green reputation, as has been observed for other environmentally
relevant consumption choices. Using an experiment in which participants can choose between
vegan, vegetarian, and meat-based food vouchers, we examine how the provision ofenvironmental information and observation by others influence food choices. The results
show that providing information reduces the likelihood of choosing meat by 14 percentage
points. Observation by others reduces the likelihood of choosing meat by 8 percentage points,
though the overall effect is not statistically significant. There is considerable variation in how
different groups within the sample respond to information and observability. Contrary to our
prediction, when participants are informed about environmental consequences and observed,

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they are less inclined to choose one of the more sustainable options. We discuss the reasonsfor the partly surprising results and the implications for policy.
To Beef or Not To Beef: Trade, Meat, and the Environment
AuthorMs. Simon, Dora Zsuzsanna, University of Stavanger
Presenter

Ms. Simon, Dora Zsuzsanna, University of Stavanger
Abstract

The agricultural sector is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. How
can food consumption choices reduce emissions? I estimate a model of meat demand usingpurchasing data of meat and other protein rich products from a European retailer. I combine
the purchasing data with data on production and transport emissions. In several
counterfactual exercises, I analyze the reaction of consumers to some popular, supposedly
eco-friendly food consumption policies. Contrary to popular belief, I find that buying local
increases emissions by around 5% compared to the status quo. While vegetarianism decreases
emissions by around 17%, consuming no beef and cheese yields the highest decrease inemissions of around 34%. My results show that consumer behavior can have a large impact
on the emissions of food consumption.
Food waste between environmental education, peers, and family influence. Insights fromprimary school students in Northern Italy
Authors

Dr. Piras, Simone,
Dr. Righi, Simone, Senior assistant professor in mathematical methods for economics, Ca' Foscari
University of VeniceDr. Banchelli, Federico, Researcher, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna
Dr. Giordano, Claudia, Junior assistant professor in agricultural economics, Alma Mater Studiorum
University of Bologna
Prof. Setti, Marco, Associate professor in agricultural economics, Alma Mater Studiorum University of
Bologna
Presenter

Dr. Piras, Simone,
Abstract

Education plays an important role in the strategy to tackle consumer food waste, calling forearly years awareness building. We implemented a longitudinal study on students in the lastyears of primary school in Italy to assess the impact on food waste behaviour of a lesson
about the environmental impact of food waste, controlling for altruistic concerns and theinfluence of parents and classmates. Our protocol consisted of three questionnaires
administered to students, two administered to parents, and behavioural economic
experiments. The lesson was implemented in half of the classes, randomly selected. We findthat the lesson only reduced self-declared food waste in the short-term, but concerns for theenvironmental implications of food waste increased significantly, and this effect persisted in
the longer-term. Neither parents' approaches to wasting food nor students care for the public
good made a significant difference. Instead, imitation through direct observation of behaviour
played an important role, since students' food waste is in line with that of the students sitting

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nearby in school canteens. These results call policymakers to take advantage of network
effects in social settings to favour the replication of pro-environmental behaviours.
Individual preferences for food items within couples: validating choice experiments
predictions with real purchases data
Authors

Prof. Thiene, Mara,
Scarpa, Riccardo, Durham University
Dr. Franceschinis, Cristiano, Researcher, University of Padova
Dr. Kessels, Roselinde, /,Presenter

Dr. Franceschinis, Cristiano, Researcher, University of Padova
Abstract

Despite the popularity of choice experiment for the valuation of environmental goods andservices, some of its shortcomings have been only partially addressed by the literature.
Among these, of particular saliency are the hypothetical nature of CEs and the lack of
information on joint choices (e.g. choices made by couples) in traditional CEs. In this study
we try to contribute filling these gaps by investigating joint choices concerning cheeses withdifferent features, including aspects related to environmental and social sustainability. We
adopted a two stages approach addressing a sample of 90 couples. At first, each member ofthe couples separately filled in a web-survey including a hypothetical CE. Then, the couples
partake in a field experiment with monetary incentives in which they jointly choose thecheeses to purchase. This approach allows us to both analyse the role of individuals in joint
choices and to investigate whether CE predictions are validated by the data on real purchases.
We modelled CE data via discrete choice models and purchase data via the Multiple DiscreteContinuous Nested Extreme Value model. Our preliminary results suggest that joint choices
may follow a different decision process compared to individual ones

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Air Pollution 1
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Impact of Lead Pollution on Human Capital Formation: Size of Dose Matters -- PRESENTER: Anthony
Higney, DISCUSSANT: Yasemin Karamik
2. Gone with the Wind: The Effect of Air Pollution on Crime - Evidence from Germany -- PRESENTER:
Yasemin Karamik, DISCUSSANT: Nino Abashidze
3. Seasonal Airborne Exposures Shape Birth Outcomes Near Hog Farms -- PRESENTER: Nino Abashidze,
DISCUSSANT: Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena
4. (Job Market) Climatic shocks, air quality, and health at birth in Bogotá -- PRESENTER: Luis Guillermo
Becerra-Valbuena, DISCUSSANT: Anthony Higney

Speakers
Mr. Higney, Anthony,
Ms. Karamik, Yasemin,
Dr. Abashidze, Nino,
Mr. Becerra-Valbuena (Job Market), Luis Guillermo, Job Market, -Presentations

The Impact of Lead Pollution on Human Capital Formation: Size of Dose Matters
Authors

Mr. Higney, Anthony,
Hanley, Nick, University of St Andrews
Dr. Moro, Mirko, Professor, University of Stirling
Presenter

Mr. Higney, Anthony,
Abstract

Does lead pollution harm educational achievement? And are the marginal effects greater at
low or high levels of lead? We use exogenous variation in lead pollution from water
treatment in Glasgow, Scotland, combined with within-household sibling differences, toestimate the effect of lead on education. We compare pre- and post-treatment sibling
differences between treated and control areas with difference-in-differences estimation. We
find a clear dose-response relationship. Treated areas with low prevalence of lead piping
show no change compared to a control group. In contrast, high lead pipe prevalence areas
show improvement in educational outcomes. Our findings indicate that countries and areas
with very high levels of lead can expect large educational gains from even small amounts oflead abatement, while those with already low levels of lead can expect much lower marginal
improvements.

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Gone with the Wind: The Effect of Air Pollution on Crime - Evidence from Germany
Authors

Ms. Karamik, Yasemin,Dr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,Presenter

Ms. Karamik, Yasemin,
Abstract

Recent evidence suggests a positive impact of air pollution on crime in large cities. We
provide first evidence on the potential effect of air pollution on criminal activity using abroader set of geographical regions with lower air pollution levels. We use a unique
combination of daily crime data with weather and emission records for the states of BadenWuerttemberg (BW) and Rhineland-Palatine (RLP) in Germany from 2015 until 2017. We
exploit the variation in air pollution which is attributable to changes in daily wind direction.
We find that an increase of one standard deviation of PM10 leads to an increase in crime of
4.6%.
Seasonal Airborne Exposures Shape Birth Outcomes Near Hog Farms
Authors

Dr. Abashidze, Nino,
Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Dr. Taylor, Laura, Georgia Institute of Technology
Presenter

Dr. Abashidze, Nino,
Abstract

Healthy pregnancies support livelihoods by avoiding early life medical costs, increasing
aptitude, and reducing propensity to develop certain diseases and ailments later in life.
Environmental exposures that disrupt in utero development impose tremendous hardship on
affected families and broader society. Yet, these private and social costs remain poorly
understood because the pathways of environmental exposures are often elusive and difficult
to quantify in a causal way. We estimate the causal effects of hog farm facilities on birthoutcomes in surrounding communities using rich, spatially explicit, individual-level data thatlinks infant births to detailed geographic information on hog farm operations. We apply
variation in daily wind direction relative to prevailing winds, throughout each woman's
pregnancy, to identify the effects of hog farm exposures on birth outcomes. Evidence
suggests that in-utero exposures from hog farm facilities reduce birth weight, shorten
gestation periods and increase the likelihood of preterm birth. These airborne exposures areconcentrated within three miles of these facilities and driven by the season with greatest
sprayfield activity. Taken together, these findings shape a landscape of birth outcomes thatreveal "hotspots" of vulnerable populations where the social costs of environmental
exposures are highest.
Climatic shocks, air quality, and health at birth in Bogotá (Job Market)
Authors

Mr. Becerra-Valbuena (Job Market), Luis Guillermo, Job Market, Mr. Bonilla, Jorge, Assistant Professor, University of Los Andes
Presenter

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Mr. Becerra-Valbuena (Job Market), Luis Guillermo, Job Market, Abstract

We contribute to the literature on air pollution and health by assessing an additional channel,
the effect of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on health. Currently, there is a vast
literature on the effects of urban pollution on health. Our research, unlike other studies,
jointly investigates the effects of pollution, ENSO and local weather on health. On the one
hand, ENSO manifests itself as an extreme climatic shock that follows certain seasonality andinfluences weather. It may also have an impact on floods, droughts and agriculture inducingchanges in food markets or a loss of household income, which also affect health. On the other
hand, health outcomes are affected by other factors which follow separate mechanisms to theprevious ones. Therefore, pollutant impacts on health may be interpreted as separate effects
from other shocks mediated through ENSO. Using a database from 1998 to 2015 on air
quality and vital statistics for Bogota, and ENSO information, we find that across several
specifications, ENSO affects birth weight and the probability of low birth weight after
separating pollution and classical local weather impacts. Interestingly, the effect on birthweight of ENSO are several times larger than the impacts of pollution. Being exposed to
ENSO may decrease birth weight up to 1.3%, while an increase of 1 ppb of SO2 or 1 ug=m3
of PM25 might reduce birth weight up to 0.3% or 0.14%, respectively. From a policy point ofview, these results are relevant because regardless of the measure of pollution that we
employ, the amount of the impacts exhibited by climatic shocks via ENSO events dominate.

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Waste29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Policy evaluation of waste pricing programs using heterogeneous causal effect estimation -- PRESENTER:
Marica Valente, DISCUSSANT: Ida Ferrara
2. Reduce, Reuse or Recycle? Household Decisions over Waste Prevention and Recycling -- PRESENTER: Ida
Ferrara, DISCUSSANT: Keila Meginnis
3. Where are transboundary pollution reductions most valued? Evidence from a US and UK choice experimenton marine plastic reductions -- PRESENTER: Keila Meginnis, DISCUSSANT: Eleonora Mavroeidi
4. Policy scenarios to curb plastic pollution -- PRESENTER: Eleonora Mavroeidi, DISCUSSANT: Marica
ValenteSpeakers
Dr. Valente, Marica, Assistant Professor, University of Innsbruck
Dr. Ferrara, Ida,
Dr. Meginnis, Keila,
Ms Mavroeidi, Eleonora, OECD

Presentations

Policy evaluation of waste pricing programs using heterogeneous causal effect estimation
AuthorDr. Valente, Marica, Assistant Professor, University of InnsbruckPresenter

Dr. Valente, Marica, Assistant Professor, University of Innsbruck
Abstract

Using machine learning methods in a quasi-experimental setting, I study the heterogeneous
effects of introducing waste prices---unit prices on household unsorted waste disposal---on
waste demands, municipal costs and pollution. Using a unique panel of Italian municipalities
with large variation in prices and observables, I show that waste demands are nonlinear. I
find evidence of constant elasticities at low prices, and increasing elasticities at high prices
driven by income effects and waste habits before policy. The policy reduces waste
management costs and pollution in all municipalities after three years of adoption, when
prices cause significant waste avoidance.
Reduce, Reuse or Recycle? Household Decisions over Waste Prevention and Recycling
Authors

Dr. Ferrara, Ida,

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Prof. Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Presenter

Dr. Ferrara, Ida,
Abstract

Households have choices when it comes to reducing waste sent to landfills: reduction of
consumption or packaging, reuse of goods purchased, or recycling. In this paper, we adopt aholistic approach to the analysis of these choices as separate but related facets of households'
waste management behaviour. Theoretically, households produce waste as a by-product of
their consumption and must then deal with it either by curbside disposal or by recycling. To
the extent that managing additional waste is costly even if only in terms of time, households
may also engage in waste prevention, that is, produce less waste by reducing theirconsumption level and/or changing their consumption patterns in favour of less wasteintensive products. As curbside disposal, waste prevention and recycling relate to the sameproblem and are linked via several constraints, we employ a three-equation mixed processestimation strategy which allows for the error terms of the three equations to be correlated.
For the study, we rely on an original data set that permits defining waste prevention
comprehensively from a list of 19 waste prevention activities, that provides for a morebalanced policy representation (in terms of presence versus absence of unit pricing), and thatcovers a wide range of attitudinal elements, values, and norms. Given the richness of the dataset, we also examine individuals' decisions over recyclable items that carry a refundable
deposit in terms of both purchasing and returning habits, with particular attention to theinteraction between a refundable deposit system and unit pricing.
Where are transboundary pollution reductions most valued? Evidence from a US and UK
choice experiment on marine plastic reductions
Authors

Dr. Meginnis, Keila,
Hanley, Nick, University of St Andrews
Dr. Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Prof. Börger, Tobias,
Dr. Ndebele, Tom, Post Doctoral Research Associate, Clark University
Mr. Siyal, Ghamz E Ali, Clark University
Presenter

Dr. Meginnis, Keila,
Abstract

Transboundary pollution occurs when pollutants released into the environment affect not only
the emitting country but also cause damage to other countries' environments. Factors such as
rivers, wind, and ocean currents carry pollution from the emitting country and deposit it into
other countries' territories. We use a highly topical case study of a transboundary pollution
control programme to examine preferences towards, and willingness to pay for, pollution
reductions in various locations. Specifically, we look at individual's preferences for reducing
marine plastic pollution in their home country, and contrast these with preferences forpollution reductions in other countries and in international waters. We administered a discrete
choice experiment to UK and US residents that specifically addresses the transboundary
nature of pollution by including attributes related to where location would be reduced: athome, in a foreign country's waters and/or in international waters. Results show that distinct
classes of individuals exist across the UK and US respondents, with the majority of
respondents preferring to reduce pollution in all three locations (home, abroad and in
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international waters). However, some respondents dislike any programme initiative, whileothers would like a programme, but are indifferent to where, and by how much, the pollution
is reduced.
Policy scenarios to curb plastic pollution
Authors

Ms Mavroeidi, Eleonora, OECD
Dr. Bibas, Ruben, 1, OECD
Dellink, Rob, OECD, Paris
Dr. Lanzi, Elisa, OECD
Presenter

Ms Mavroeidi, Eleonora, OECD
Abstract

Plastics are one of the most commonplace materials on the planet. Mounting evidence showsthat plastics production, use and waste generation will continue to rise to unprecedented
levels in the coming decades, which in turn will increase the leakage into the environment,
both terrestrial and marine. The objective of the paper is to improve knowledge andprojections of the economic drivers of the production and use of plastic to support better
policymaking that aims at sustaining economic growth while improving environmental
quality. This paper presents the environmental and macroeconomic impacts of acomprehensive policy package designed to increase the circularity of plastics used and reduce
plastic pollution, resulting from a scenario analysis based on the OECD ENV-Linkages
model. The policy scenario builds on existing commitments and comprises a mix of taxes,
recycled content target, Extended Producer Responsibility, ecodesign for durability andrepair, and investments for improved recycling and waste collection. The results suggest thatthe circular plastics scenario reduces plastic volumes throughout the plastic lifecycle,
including plastics use (-18% by 2060), waste generation (-18% by 2060) and mismanaged
waste (-55% by 2060). Certain OECD economies will achieve lower leakages compared totheir 2019 levels. The paper also compares the outcomes with the goals of international
commitments including the Osaka Blue Ocean vision and the European Green Deal. Despite
the large gains due to the circular plastics scenario, the net inflows of plastics to ocean will
increase in the coming years and thus more ambitious action is needed to minimise theenvironmental impacts of plastics use and eliminate macro-plastic leakage to the aquatic
environments.

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Electricity Markets 1
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Discriminatory auction design for renewable energy: The case of the German reference yield model -PRESENTER: Mats Kröger, DISCUSSANT: Iivo Vehviläinen
2. Greed is good? Of equilibrium impacts in environmental regulation -- PRESENTER: Iivo Vehviläinen,
DISCUSSANT: Leopold Monjoie
3. Designing efficient capacity mechanisms: Bidding behavior and product definition -- PRESENTER: Leopold
Monjoie, DISCUSSANT: Silvana Tiedemann
4. Bidders’ Experience and Prices in Renewable Energy Auctions -- PRESENTER: Silvana Tiedemann,
DISCUSSANT: Mats Kröger

Speakers
Mr. Kröger, Mats,
Dr. Vehviläinen, Iivo,
Mr. Monjoie, Leopold,
Ms. Tiedemann, Silvana,

Presentations

Discriminatory auction design for renewable energy: The case of the German reference yieldmodel
Authors

Mr. Kröger, Mats,
Prof. Neuhoff, Karsten Neuhoff, Professor, DIW Berlin
Dr. Richstein, Jörn C., Senior Research Associate, DIW Berlin
Presenter

Mr. Kröger, Mats,
Abstract

Avoiding geographic concentration of wind power production is of high importance toprevent local resistance to additional development and to prevent negative externalities forthe power system. At the same time, designing auctions for the support of renewable energy
in a cost-effective manner is crucial to allow for decarbonization and electrification at aminimal burden for consumers. In this paper, we consider the impact of a discriminatory
pricing scheme favoring low-wind-yield locations such as the German reference yield modelfrom a cost-efficiency standpoint. We an analytical framework showing that the impact of thepricing scheme depends on a trade-off between production costs and producer rents. We
explore how factors such as the heterogeneity of production costs, the strength of theadjustment and the regulators knowledge about costs structures influences the results. We test

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our theoretical predictions through a Monte-Carlo simulation and estimate that at current
auction levels the reference yield model leads to a reduction of support costs of around 21.7
million Euro or 7 percent per year.
Greed is good? Of equilibrium impacts in environmental regulation
AuthorDr. Vehviläinen, Iivo,
Presenter

Dr. Vehviläinen, Iivo,
Abstract

Who bears the costs of regulation? Any regulation that changes supply at the margin affects
market prices and quantities, and the allocation of surpluses. Depending on the market
primitives, the producers at large can gain from tighter regulation through equilibrium pricechanges; opening a new channel of leverage to the regulator. This article presents a novel
empirical approach for establishing the cost incidence when bid data is available. An
application to hydropower in the Nordic electricity market uses a dataset of 108.7 million
bids to quantify the impact of more stringent environmental regulation hour-by-hour for theyears 2011-2020. Based on the results, the joint gains for the producers would be on averageover three times larger than the private losses from lost production. This suggest that insteadof lobbying against biodiversity enhancing regulation, agreeing to an industry-wide
implementation of regulation could benefit both the environment and the firms.
Designing efficient capacity mechanisms: Bidding behavior and product definition
Authors

Mr. Monjoie, Leopold,
Dr. Roques, Fabien, University Paris Dauphine
Presenter

Mr. Monjoie, Leopold,
Abstract

In many countries, capacity markets have been put in place to supplement wholesale markets
revenues to ensure an adequate generation capacity to maintain security of supply. This paper
studies the bidding behavior in those markets and how it can be affected by different capacity
product designs. A capacity market allows producers to lock in revenues in advance inexchange for their commitment to being available over a future period on wholesale markets.
Producers' participation depends on the opportunity cost of making the investment available.
When the commitment is made, the profitability of the plant is uncertain. The canonicalframework is based on a net present value model, where the capacity bid is equal to the
expected loss on the energy market. However, this does not recognize managerial flexibility
and assumes that the plant cannot react to future market conditions. Thus, we propose a novel
approach to conceptualize capacity bids using real options theory, where the opportunity costis represented as an option on the spread that drives the profitability of the plant. First, we
define a bid in a one-period capacity market as a European Put Option. Then, we expand to a
multi-period setting in which capacity bids can be evaluated as a modified Basket Option.
Our model provides new insights on the interplay between the product/commitment durationand on capacity bid. Using the real options approach, the model presents a first attempt tountangle the different drivers of the opportunity cost for providing capacity availability. We
analyze the determinants of the option value concomitantly with the length of the
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procurement and deduce some policy implications for the product's design. Finally, we
provide a numerical illustration of this issue using data from the French power system.
Bidders’ Experience and Prices in Renewable Energy Auctions
Authors

Ms. Tiedemann, Silvana,
Mr. Lamp, Stefan , Universidad Carlos III Madrid
Mr. Samano, Mario, ‡HEC Montreal
Presenter

Ms. Tiedemann, Silvana,
Abstract

This paper studies the role of auction design and experience of bidders on equilibriumoutcomes of renewable energy auctions. We make use of unique bid-level data from theGermany renewable energy auctions (2015-2019) and document bidding behavior of new
entrants and incumbents over time. We also recover valuations of bidders by estimating a
structural model of multi-unit auctions. Reduced-form evidence shows that the level ofexperience matters for the magnitude of the bid value and that being a new participant
increases the bid value and therefore, decreases the probability of winning. These behaviors
change depending on whether we study the period when average bidding prices fall or when
they have stagnated suggesting the existence of different rest points over time. We estimate
the structural model for these two periods and perform counterfactual analysis regarding theimplementation of uniform auctions.

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Forests and Development
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Rural Electrification and Deforestation in Côte d'Ivoire: a Pseudo-Panel approach -- PRESENTER: Alpha
LY, DISCUSSANT: Stella Schons
2. Rural Households and the Decision to Plant Trees for Income on Agricultural Lands in India -PRESENTER: Stella Schons, DISCUSSANT: Ujjayant Chakravorty
3. The effect of forest access on the market for fuelwood in India -- PRESENTER: Ujjayant Chakravorty,
DISCUSSANT: Julia Girard
4. Effect of rural electrification on land use and forests in developing countries: Evidence from India -PRESENTER: Julia Girard, DISCUSSANT: Alpha LY

Speakers
Mr. LY, Alpha,
Dr. Schons, Stella,
Chakravorty, Ujjayant, University of Alberta
Ms. Girard, Julia,

Presentations

Rural Electrification and Deforestation in Côte d'Ivoire: a Pseudo-Panel approach
Authors

Mr. LY, Alpha,Prof. Creti, Anna , Director, Climate Economics Chair , Climate Economics Chair
Dr. Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Mr. LY, Alpha,
Abstract

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of rural electrification on deforestation
resulting from Ivorian households' activities (fuelwood collection and forest clearance for
agricultural purposes). First, we develop a theoretical framework, based on Angelsen (1999),
which allows us to highlight the differentiated impacts of electrification on deforestation due
to households' activities. Second, using the last four waves of the household Living Standards
Measurement Surveys (1998, 2002, 2008 and 2015) and a pseudo-panel approach, we
empirically show that the electricity access rate reduce significantly the percentage ofhouseholds that mainly collect firewood as well as average farm size. Finally, we determine
an electrification threshold of 80% beyond which the effect of the electrification would be toincrease the farm size, so that increasing electrification would be to increase deforestation.

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Rural Households and the Decision to Plant Trees for Income on Agricultural Lands in India
Authors

Dr. Schons, Stella,Amacher, Gregory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Dr. Cobourn, Kelly, Associate Professor, Virginia Tech
Mr. Shinde, Nilesh,
Dr. Gudimenda, Haripriya, Professor, Indian Institute of Technology
Presenter

Dr. Schons, Stella,
Abstract

We explore the incentives of farmers to establish forest cover on agricultural land in Andhra
Pradesh, India. based on a large dataset collected using a randomized survey of farmhouseholds in the East and West Godhavari regions. The incentives of farming households indeveloping countries to establish tree plantations on private land is a relatively understudied
topic, with the predominating discussion of plantation establishment happening at a
macroeconomic scale in the forest transitions literature. However, understanding the
incentives at the household level to establish forest cover remains critical in predicting theperformance of afforestation and reforestation programs worldwide. We present a simple
model of decision making by farm households to understand the choice between planting
trees versus maintaining land in agricultural production. Motivated by a random utility
framework, we apply a mixed-effects probit model to a socioeconomic and land use datasetthat contains over 2000 observations. We find that the most important positive drivers in thedecision to plant trees are total land area, years of land tenure, and off-farm labor opportunity.
Factors that lower tree planting incentives are irrigation availability, average travel time to
managed plots, elevation, and belonging to the scheduled tribes social group. Moreover, wefind evidence that the probability of tree planting is not only associated with important fixed
effects but it is also associated with random effects that vary from village to village and with
the number of plots that the household manages.
The effect of forest access on the market for fuelwood in India
AuthorChakravorty, Ujjayant, University of Alberta
Presenter

Chakravorty, Ujjayant, University of Alberta
Abstract

Fuelwood collection by poor people is often cited as the most important cause of
deforestation in developing countries. Using household survey data from India, we show thathouseholds located farther away from the forest spend more time in fuelwood collection.
These households are likely to sell more fuelwood and buy less. That is, reduced access toforests increases fuelwood collection and sale. This counter-intuitive behavior is triggered by
the higher fixed costs of households living farther from the forest arising from larger travel
times. By combining two different datasets, we can quantify net fuelwood sales out of avillage. We show that a fifth of the fuelwood collected is consumed outside of rural areas, innearby towns and cities. Our estimates suggest that fuelwood burning may account forroughly 14-20% of the typical daily PM2.5 load in a city like Delhi.

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Effect of rural electrification on land use and forests in developing countries: Evidence from
India
Authors

Ms. Girard, Julia,
Mr. Wren-Lewis, Liam, Research Fellow, INRAE / Paris School of Economics
Mr. Vanden Eynde, Oliver, Researcher, CNRS / Paris School of Economics
Presenter

Ms. Girard, Julia,
Abstract

Deforestation, ecosystem degradation and land conversion are widespread phenomena indeveloping countries, with important consequences on the environment (biodiversity,
climate) and for local populations. Agricultural expansion and fuelwood harvests are among
the main drivers of these phenomena. Could rural electrification, through its effect on
agriculture and energy source choices, have an impact on land-use change and forest cover?
Theoretically, the effects of electrification on land use and forests are ambiguous, and very
few studies have investigated this issue. To bring more evidence on this question, we study
the effects of the RGGVY electrification program that was deployed in India between 2005
and 2014 in close to 300,000 villages. We found that this program benefited agricultural
production, but we find no evidence that the program had an effect on forests, even when
focusing on districts relying the most on fuelwood for cooking. We do observe some positive
impact of electrification on forests in states most affected by forest cover loss, in particular instates where tree cover loss is linked to agricultural activities, but this result is not robust to
some of our robustness tests, and further investigation is needed to confirm this finding.

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Water and Agriculture
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Water Scarcity and Local Economic Activity: A Global Analysis -- PRESENTER: Alexander Marbler,
DISCUSSANT: Benjamin Ouvrard
2. Distributive preferences and fair water sharing in India -- PRESENTER: Benjamin Ouvrard, DISCUSSANT:
Conrad Landis
3. Modelling the WEF Nexus to support Sustainable Development: An African Case -- PRESENTER: Conrad
Landis, DISCUSSANT: Alexander Marbler

Speakers
Mr. Marbler, Alexander,
Mr. Ouvrard, Benjamin, -, Dr. Landis, Conrad,

Presentations

Water Scarcity and Local Economic Activity: A Global Analysis
AuthorMr. Marbler, Alexander,
Presenter

Mr. Marbler, Alexander,
Abstract

Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a causal link between rainfall and overall
economic activity. However, through which mechanisms these effects operate remains
unknown. By constructing a new global gridded data set of seasonal water availability shocks
and measuring economic activity by nighttime luminosity at the level of 0.25 degree x 0.25
degree grid cells, this paper derives three new key findings on how water availability affects
overall economic activity. First, agriculture is the main channel through which water scarcity
reduces overall economic activity. Second, agricultural water scarcity has negative spatial
spillover effects: the larger the area that is exposed around a grid cell, the worse is the effecton the grid cell's overall economic activity. Third, irrigation mitigates the negative impacts
and the spatial spillover effects, suggesting that the benefits of installing irrigation systems
are not locally constrained. These results are derived based on a global sample covering
almost 100,000 subnational locations in 194 countries. The results suggest that in order tocapture the full economic damages of climate change, impact assessments need to properly
take changes in the water cycle into account.
Distributive preferences and fair water sharing in India
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Authors

Mr. Ouvrard, Benjamin, -, Mr. Reynaud, Arnaud, Researcher, TSE-R, INRAE
Dr. Shivamurthy, Murudaiah, Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, GKVK, UAS
Presenter

Mr. Ouvrard, Benjamin, -, Abstract

We analyse how farmers in India define a fair water allocation. We relate the fair allocation
to two principles: the egalitarian (that implies an equal split of the available resource) andproportionality (that requires a division in proportion to claims) principles. We vary the typeof resource (groundwater or surface water) and control for the accountability principle (i.e.,
whether or not farmers have the choice of the size of their land). We show that, in
homogeneous situations (both farmers have the same land area), farmers are in favor of anegalitarian allocation of water. However, taking into account the context, the egalitarian
allocation is more often preferred when the resource is groundwater compared to surface
water. We moreover find evidence in favor of the accountability principle, but only when the
resource is groundwater. These results can contribute to help policymakers in defining
adapted water policies.
Modelling the WEF Nexus to support Sustainable Development: An African Case
Authors

Dr. Landis, Conrad,Prof. Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and Business
Dr. Akinsete, Ebun, ATHENA RC
Presenter

Dr. Landis, Conrad,
Abstract

In today's world, rising populations and growing economies have led to an ever-increasing
demand for water; for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. This water stress ismore acutely felt in the global south which is experiencing a much more rapid rate ofdevelopment than the rest of the world. Africa, in particular, is the fastest growing region of
the globe as it undergoes a population explosion and an economic boom. In addition, theregion is also one of the most vulnerable in terms of adverse impacts of climate change; sealevel rise, flooding, and drought. This perfect storm of water-related challenges is
exacerbated by poor management, placing the continent in dire need of new and efficientapproaches towards managing its re-source. This chapter examines the WEF-Nexus from an
African perspective, presenting the WEF-Nexus approach as a key driver for Sustainable
Development in the region. Drawing from research carried out as part of the EU Horizon
2020-funded DAFNE project, the chapter goes on to describe a model for Economic
Developments for the WEF Nexus at river basin scale and its incorporation into a Decision
Analytic Framework that integrates environmental, socio-cultural, legal and policy
dimensions of the WEF-Nexus.

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Commuting and Traffic
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Tax and the city: The welfare impact of using second-best uniform taxes to address traffic congestion -PRESENTER: Johanna Arlinghaus, DISCUSSANT: Antonio Avila
2. The effect of Low Emission Zones in local production: The case of German cities -- PRESENTER: Antonio
Avila, DISCUSSANT: Efthymia Kyriakopoulou
3. The Zoom City: Working From Home and Urban Land Structure -- PRESENTER: Efthymia Kyriakopoulou,
DISCUSSANT: Johanna Arlinghaus

Speakers
Ms. Arlinghaus, Johanna,
Mr. Avila, Antonio,
Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Presentations

Tax and the city: The welfare impact of using second-best uniform taxes to address traffic
congestion
Authors

Ms. Arlinghaus, Johanna,
Dr. Koch, Nicolas, Head Policy Evaluation Lab, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons andClimate Change (MCC)
Presenter

Ms. Arlinghaus, Johanna,
Abstract

This paper uses a novel GPS-coded dataset for more than three million car trips in the fourlargest German cities to measure the efficiency losses from using uniform fuel taxes as asecond-best optimal tax to reduce traffic congestion. We estimate the short-run priceelasticity of vehicle-kilometres travelled (VKT) across different hours of the day from a panel
gravity equation. Identification of the price elasticity relies on comparing VKT changes
between granular trip origin and destination pairs within each city. We find that the VKTprice elasticity differs strongly across trips taken at different hours of the day, and that thiselasticity correlates with contributions to the congestion externality. Using a policy
simulation, we show that 50% of the deadweight loss of the congestion externality remains
after levying a uniform fuel tax.
The effect of Low Emission Zones in local production: The case of German cities
Author

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Mr. Avila, Antonio,
Presenter

Mr. Avila, Antonio,
Abstract

More than 400 Low Emission Zones (LEZ) have been adopted in Europe. While LEZ aresometimes criticised for "hurting the economy", especially the Trade and Personal Services
sector, recent literature suggests LEZ could improve economic performance through theirproven reduction of air pollution. This makes it a policy that can both harm and boost
economic growth. To solve this, this paper provides the first estimates of the aggregate
impact of Low Emission Zones on the growth and structure of the local economy by using
their staggered introduction in German cities since 2008. We find that the application of Low
Emission zones permanently reduced local GDP per capita by 2% on average (~280 billion
euros per year for the cities studied). While the aggregate outcome of the Trade and Personal
Services sector was not negatively affected, LEZ slightly changed the structure of the local
economy away from industry (its share of total GVA decreased from 25% to 24.6%) andtowards local commerce and personal services (its share of GVA increased from 19% to19.6%). These results suggest that the application of LEZ, and the substantial capital losses it
generates to sectors that rely on high-polluting vehicles, can produce large and previously
unaccounted costs (and changes) to the local economy.
The Zoom City: Working From Home and Urban Land Structure
Authors

Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Prof. Picard, Pierre, University of Luxembourg
Presenter

Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Abstract

How would cities change if working from home (WFH) persisted in the post-pandemic era?
This paper investigates the impact of WFH in the internal structure of monocentric cities,
where production is characterized by management and employee spillovers. We find thatbusiness land rents decrease, while residential land rents fall close to the business center andincrease in the suburbs. WFH raises urban productivity and average wages only in large
cities. The paper also studies the optimal fraction of WFH from a residents and welfare pointof view. Our results suggest that workers-residents have incentives to adopt an inefficiently
high WFH scheme. We discuss the implementation of remote work in the short run. We showthat WFH implies higher benefits for long distance commuters and lower benefits or evenlosses for firms and short distance commuters. We finally discuss whether WFH is moresustainable from an environmental perspective and we show that the answer is unclear.

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Climate Policy in Latin America
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Beyond progressivity - horizontal and vertical incidence of carbon pricing in Latin America and the Carribean-- PRESENTER: Leonard Missbach, DISCUSSANT: Jose Riascos
2. Energy Transition Metals and Economic Development in Latin America -- PRESENTER: Jose Riascos,
DISCUSSANT: Daniela Miteva
3. The cost of climate change mitigation in Colombia -- PRESENTER: Daniela Miteva, DISCUSSANT:
Jevgenijs Steinbuks
4. Welfare and Environmental Benefits of Electric Vehicle Tax Policies in Developing Countries: Evidence
from Colombia -- PRESENTER: Jevgenijs Steinbuks, DISCUSSANT: Leonard Missbach

Speakers- Missbach, Leonard,
Mr. Riascos, Jose,
Dr. Miteva, Daniela,
Dr. Steinbuks, Jevgenijs , World Bank

Presentations

Beyond progressivity - horizontal and vertical incidence of carbon pricing in Latin America
and the Carribean
Authors- Missbach, Leonard,
Dr. Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change
Dr. Vogt-Schilb, Adrien, IADB
Presenter- Missbach, Leonard,
Abstract

We compare distributional effects of a USD40 carbon price in 16 Latin American countries.
We find carbon pricing to be regressive (progressive) in ten (four) countries, neutral in two.
Differences within quintiles are more pronounced than between quintile differences in 12
countries. We show that total household expenditures are a meaningful factor explaining
carbon incidence, however exacerbated by variance in car ownership, cooking fuel choices,
location of households and socio-demographic factors, such as education and ethnicity. We
identify meaningful gaps between households that face high additional cost by carbon pricing
and those who are targeted by existing governmental transfer programs.

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Energy Transition Metals and Economic Development in Latin America
Authors

Prof. Turcu, Camelia,
Mr. Riascos, Jose,
Presenter

Mr. Riascos, Jose,
Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the role of energy transition metals (ETM) in the development ofregions, in Latin America countries conditional on the quality of institutions in place. As an
increase in the demand of ETM is expected in line with the energy transition needs, several
countries, ETM producers, may profit of the bonanza or, on the contrary, may fall into anatural resources curse. We aim to identify these effects at a disaggregated level. To do this,we construct and use an original dataset on 18 Latin American countries, at regional level,
employing geo-localized data on the ETM mines locations. We also build a new regional
index of the quality of institutions. We find that ETM have a positive impact on regional
growth, under specific conditions.
The cost of climate change mitigation in Colombia
Authors

Dr. Miteva, Daniela,
Dr. Sarmiento, Armando, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Dr. Navarrete, Diego, The Nature Conservancy
Dr. Sohngen, Brent, Ohio State
Dr. Kroeger, Timm, The Nature Conservancy
Mr. O, Nyonho, The Ohio State University
Mr. Zganjar, Chris, The Nature Conservancy
Presenter

Dr. Miteva, Daniela,
Abstract

A growing number of studies have considered the impacts on land use and emissions fromthe introduction a carbon payment. However, these studies provide global estimates or focus
on a developed country: Very limited comparable evidence exists for developing countries
that are of primary importance for climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection, but
are often plagued by the lack of suitable data. Using detailed spatially explicit data on land
use and landcover and a discrete choice framework (mixed panel data logits), we model theimpacts of the introduction of a carbon payment in Colombia. Accounting for generalequilibrium effects, we find that even low payments (e.g., $5/tCO2) can mitigate a substantial
amount of carbon in the Amazon and Andean regions for avoided deforestation, and theAndean and Caribbean regions for reforestation. In addition, we find that the carbon
payments may have additional benefits in terms of creating disincentives to farmers to growcoca, thereby reducing the area under coca cultivation. By modeling the impacts of apotential carbon payment on emissions and land use in Colombia, we present results that canbe used to facilitate the design and implementation of a climate mitigation policy and tailor
efforts to decrease illicit crops in the country.

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Welfare and Environmental Benefits of Electric Vehicle Tax Policies in Developing
Countries: Evidence from Colombia
Authors

Prof. Linn, Joshua,
Dr. Steinbuks, Jevgenijs , World Bank
Mr. Callejas, Jeronimo, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Presenter

Dr. Steinbuks, Jevgenijs , World Bank
Abstract

In developing countries, shifting from gasoline to electric vehicles could substantially reducetransportation sector greenhouse gas emissions. There is little evidence on which policies cancost effectively facilitate that transition in these countries, which are distinguished by having
relatively low-income consumers and highly concentrated markets that distort vehicle
markups. This paper analyzes existing and proposed policies aiming to reduce emissions
from new passenger vehicles in Colombia, which has used preferential sales taxes and importtariffs to stimulate sales of hybrid and electric vehicles. Using highly detailed data on vehicle
purchases and attributes, we estimate an equilibrium model of Colombia's market that
includes a random-coefficients logit demand structure and endogenizes firms' markups. Using
the model to simulate policies, we find that Colombia's sales tax and import tariffs haveincreased hybrid and electric vehicle market shares by 0.9 to 2.7 percentage points at welfare
costs of $120-510 per ton of carbon dioxide reduction. Potentially taxing carbon dioxide
emissions rates of new vehicles would have roughly similar welfare costs. The high welfare
costs of these policies arise from pre-existing distortions caused by market power, whichyields large private welfare costs of shifting from gasoline to hybrid and electric vehicles.

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Climate Change Mitigation: Field Experiments
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Scaling-Up Social Norms? Field Experimental Evidence on the Impact of Institutional Norms on Individual
Behavior -- PRESENTER: Lara Bartels, DISCUSSANT: Christoph Feldhaus
2. Co-benefits motivate individual donations to mitigate climate change -- PRESENTER: Christoph Feldhaus,
DISCUSSANT: Anja Köbrich León
3. Boosting Peer Influence by Gamification? Evidence From a Field Experimental Network Intervention Studywith a Serious Game -- PRESENTER: Anja Köbrich León, DISCUSSANT: Gregor Feine
4. The double dividend of social information in charitable giving: Evidence from a framed field experiment -PRESENTER: Gregor Feine, DISCUSSANT: Lara Bartels

Speakers
Ms Bartels, Lara,
Dr. Feldhaus, Christoph,
Dr. Köbrich León, Anja, University Kassel
Mr. Feine, Gregor,

Presentations

Scaling-Up Social Norms? Field Experimental Evidence on the Impact of Institutional Norms
on Individual Behavior
Authors

Ms Bartels, Lara,
Prof. Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic ResearchPresenter

Ms Bartels, Lara,
Abstract

Non-state actors such as civil society groups, economic actors, and subnational and local
actors (e.g. Municipalities) play a decisive role in achieving the goals set at the Paris
Agreement. A successful integration of non-state actors must happen within the larger
framework of the global climate regime. Literature has already stressed the importance of a"polycentric" or multi-level climate governance as an enabler for a transformation climate
governance. As the role of non-state actors for reaching the climate goals has received little
attention within research, our research focuses on the lowest rungs of the multi-level climate
governance ladder and analyses feedback loops between local non-state actors, heremunicipalities, and individual climate protection activities. With a framed-field experiment
we aim to analyze the relationship between individual commitment to climate protection andthe commitment of other fellow citizens, and the interaction between individual commitment

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and municipal engagement. Special attention is paid on potential crowding in or crowdingout effects. Our first preliminary results indicate that the share of contributors and the meancontributions are the highest in the citizen-reference treatment. The city-treatment values arecompared to the citizen-treatment reference both at the extensive and intensive margin
significantly lower. Additionally, we find that stated personal traits and attitudes predict proenvironmental behavior in form of the contribution very well.
Co-benefits motivate individual donations to mitigate climate change
Authors

Dr. Feldhaus, Christoph,
Mr. Gleue, Marvin, Ruhr-University Bochum
Loeschel, Andreas, RUB
Prof. Werner, Peter, Maastricht University
Presenter

Dr. Feldhaus, Christoph,
Abstract

We study the role of co-benefits -- positive effects of climate protection projects on top of
CO2 reduction -- for people's motivation to donate to these projects. In two artefactual field
experiments conducted with large population samples from Germany, we test if and how theexistence and specific nature of co-benefits affect donations. We do not observe that cobenefits on average crowd out individual donations. Instead, in both experiments, we find thatco-benefits have a positive impact on contributions to climate protection. Contributions
respond to the nature of co-benefits, and these responses are driven by individual preferences
for the respective type of co-benefit. Moreover, we observe that making carbon footprints andthus individual responsibility for environmental externalities more salient increases donations
irrespective of the existence and nature of co-benefits. Finally, when uncertainty about cobenefits is introduced, the majority of potential donors requests information in bothexperiments, and those who choose to be informed about co-benefits provide higher
donations relative to non-informed subjects.
Boosting Peer Influence by Gamification? Evidence From a Field Experimental Network
Intervention Study with a Serious Game
Authors

Dr. Köbrich León, Anja, University Kassel
Dr. Schobin, Janosch, Post-Doc, University of Kassel
Presenter

Dr. Köbrich León, Anja, University Kassel
Abstract

Our study addresses the pressing need for novel instruments to intervene in individual
behaviors in complex social networks that have a high climate-impact. To this purpose, we
designed an interactive multiplayer serious game (Carbonia) that aims at motivating cliquesof friends to reduce their consumption of high climate-impact foods, especially of meat. We
aim at influencing two outcomes: dietary choices and knowledge about the climate-impact ofdifferent dietary choices. The food choices are measures by two instruments: (1) a foodfrequency questionnaire for retrospective food choices and (2) a discrete choice experiment tomeasure prospective (future) food choices. The knowledge about the climate impact of

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different food choices is measured by a specialized instrument, calibrated by item response
theory. We compare the game intervention to a picture log about dietary choices and to acontrol group, that keeps a diary about an unrelated subject. The question of the effectivenessof either intervention is addressed in the context of a network panel intervention study among
university students of a major Chilean university. Here, treatments are randomized on thefriendship group level. The results show that both interventions (game and picture log) have apositive effect impact on the knowledge about the climate impact of different food choices.
However, there is not sufficient evidence to ascertain an impact on prospective food choices.
In contrast, the intervention points to an increase in the of the consumption of animal-based
foods when the diary treatment was assigned. Furthermore, the interventions do not perform
heterogeneously if they are performed with or without friends. We thus cannot show that theyenhance peer-group effects that concern food choices and/or climate related food knowledge.
The double dividend of social information in charitable giving: Evidence from a framed field
experiment
Authors

Mr. Feine, Gregor,
Ms Groh, Elke D., Research associate, University of Kassel
Mr. von Loessl, Victor,
Prof. Wetzel, Heike,Presenter

Mr. Feine, Gregor,
Abstract

Signaling, as well as receiving social information on charitable giving, is known to stimulate
individuals' donation. In this respect, we conduct a framed field experiment to analyze theinterplay between signaling or receiving social information and potential donors' inherent
level of altruism. Overall, we find that having the chance to set a positive example as well as
being exposed to such enhances charitable giving, whereas the opportunity of image
signaling alone does not. Respondents with a high level of altruism donate significantly morethan those with a lower level. Further analysis reveals that respondents with a low level ofaltruism are significantly more likely to contribute when confronted with previous donations
compared to all other treatments. In contrast, setting a positive example yields the highest
donation rate among respondents with a high level of altruism. These results suggest that
adapting the appeal made to potential donors to their inherent levels of altruism has thepotential to significantly enhance charitable giving.

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Public Good Provision: Experiments
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Making and breaking promises: on the voluntary provision of public goods under cost uncertainty -PRESENTER: Juliane Koch, DISCUSSANT: Claes Ek
2. All it takes is one: The effect of weakest-link and summation aggregation on public good provision underthreshold uncertainty -- PRESENTER: Claes Ek, DISCUSSANT: Daniel Heyen
3. On the private provision of public gobs -- PRESENTER: Daniel Heyen, DISCUSSANT: Rongrong Fu
4. Generalized Assurance Mechanism in Threshold Public Goods Provision: Theory and Experiment -PRESENTER: Rongrong Fu, DISCUSSANT: Juliane Koch

Speakers
Ms. Koch, Juliane,
Dr. Ek, Claes,
Prof. Heyen, Daniel , TU Kaiserslautern- Fu, Rongrong,

Presentations

Making and breaking promises: on the voluntary provision of public goods under cost
uncertainty
Authors

Ms. Koch, Juliane,
Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Presenter

Ms. Koch, Juliane,
Abstract

Breaking promises might be easier if one faces unexpectedly high costs for keeping them.
Inspired by the pledge and review mechanisms of the Paris Agreement, we investigate therole of cost uncertainty for the voluntary provision of public goods. We provide experimental
evidence on the importance of pledge and contribution reviews for sustaining high public
good provision levels. We find that cost homogeneity and cost-certainty facilitate compliancewith the initial pledges. Under cost-uncertainty, we further demonstrate the cost pledges
generate larger contributions to the public good than the prevailing quantity pledges.
All it takes is one: The effect of weakest-link and summation aggregation on public good
provision under threshold uncertainty
Authors

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Carlsson, Fredrik, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Ek, Claes,
Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Presenter

Dr. Ek, Claes,
Abstract

We report experimental evidence on the voluntary provision of public goods under threshold
uncertainty. By explicitly comparing two prominent technologies, summation and weakest
link, we show that uncertainty is particularly detrimental to threshold attainment under
weakest link, where low contributions by one subject cannot be compensated by others. In
contrast, threshold uncertainty does not affect contributions under summation. We
demonstrate non-binding pledges as one mechanism to improve chances of thresholdattainment under both technologies, yet in particular under weakest link.
On the private provision of public gobs
Authors

Prof. Heyen, Daniel , TU Kaiserslautern
Tavoni, Alessandro, University of Bologna
Presenter

Prof. Heyen, Daniel , TU Kaiserslautern
Abstract

Gobs are goods for which agents have non-monotonic preferences: more of the good is
welcome only up to some point. Beyond that ideal gob level, one prefers not to have more,even if one can have it for free. We study public gobs, i.e. gobs that are non-excludable andnon-rival. We show that the private provision of public gobs is not efficient. In addition to theusual free-riding motives, public gobs can also suffer from over-provision. Key determinants
are the levels of heterogeneity in both contribution costs and ideal gob level.
Generalized Assurance Mechanism in Threshold Public Goods Provision: Theory andExperiment
Authors

Dr. Li, Zhi,
- Fu, Rongrong,
Prof. Zheng, Jie, Associate Professor, Qinghua University
Presenter- Fu, Rongrong,
Abstract

Recent literature has witnessed a number of mechanisms extended from the provision pointmechanism in funding threshold public goods. Some of these mechanisms were designed toreduce or eliminate non-provision equilibria in public goods games. In this paper, we propose
a generalized assurance mechanism (GAM) that incorporates as special cases three existing
assurance payment schemes: dominant assurance contract (DAC, Tabarrok, 1998), refund
bonus (RBM, Cason and Zubrickas, 2017), and assurance payment (APM, Li et al., 2014).
These three mechanisms were proposed independently in the literature for threshold public
goods provision, all of which significantly reduce or eliminate non-provision equilibria. We
characterize the equilibrium set of GAM and design a unified framework based on our theory

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to experimentally compare the three mechanisms. All three mechanisms encouragecommitments to contribute by offering assurance payments to would-be contributors if thegroup fails to provide the good: DAC specifies an assurance for a take-it-or-leave-it offer
which also includes a predetermined contribution for provision and the minimum number of
acceptance, RBM rewards contributors proportional to their contributions, and APM pays anassurance payment once a minimum offer level is reached, all in case of provision failure.
Although theoretically similar, different implementations result in significantly different
outcomes in the lab. APM and DAC dominate generally in provision rate with bothhomogeneous and heterogeneous agents and RBM performs less favorable withheterogeneous agents. The key insight is: a fixed explicit assurance payment in APM and
DAC plays an effective role in coordinating individual and group contributions to improve
the provision of public goods.

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Energy and Transport: Complexity, Heterogeneity and Distributional
Issues29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Effects of Gasoline Prices on Food Purchases: Quantity, Quality and Heterogeneity -- PRESENTER:
Ondine Berland, DISCUSSANT: Johannes Gessner
2. Can social comparisons and moral suasion increase public transport ridership and decrease car use? -PRESENTER: Johannes Gessner, DISCUSSANT: Anomitro Chatterjee
3. Not Just Income: The Enabling Role of Institutional Confidence and Social Capital in Household Energy
Transitions -- PRESENTER: Anomitro Chatterjee, DISCUSSANT: Laure de Preux
4. Does pollution disrupt sleep? Evidence from a pedestrianisation policy in Paris -- PRESENTER: Laure dePreux, DISCUSSANT: Ondine Berland

Speakers
Ms. Berland, Ondine,
Mr. Gessner, Johannes,
Dr. Chatterjee, Anomitro,Dr. de Preux, Laure, -, Imperial College London

Presentations

The Effects of Gasoline Prices on Food Purchases: Quantity, Quality and Heterogeneity
Authors

Ms. Berland, Ondine,
Dr. Etilé, Fabrice, Senior Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Ms. Berland, Ondine,
Abstract

Carbon taxes can hinder households' welfare as commuting spending is inelastic. Whenfacing increasing gasoline prices, households react by curbing expenditures on non-gas
budget items. In this context, food has been shown to be a key adjustment margin. We use
household scanner data to examine the effects of gasoline prices on the food purchases of arepresentative sample of French households. The estimated elasticity of food spending isapproximately -0.2 with most of the effect coming from an adjustment in the unit price ofgoods. An analysis by food categories reveals that households adjust more on fresh products
than on processed ones, which may have consequences for nutritional health. Wheninvestigating heterogeneity across household characteristics, we find that the demand
response of the poorest income category is stronger than that of the rest of the population.
Taken together, our findings suggest that households, especially poor ones, curb food
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expenditures to preserve gasoline consumption when gasoline prices increase, with
ambiguous but potentially detrimental effects on nutritional quality.
Can social comparisons and moral suasion increase public transport ridership and decrease
car use?
Authors

Mr. Gessner, Johannes,
Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim
Habla, Wolfgang, University of Mannheim and Center for European Economic ResearchPresenter

Mr. Gessner, Johannes,
Abstract

In a randomized field experiment with 461 individuals, we test the effectiveness of e-mailmessages containing either a social comparison or a social comparison in combination with aclimate-related moral appeal, in the context of an employer's mobility budget scheme. This
scheme provides an annual budget to employees that can be used to pay for various modes oftransport for leisure or commuting trips. Although we find no significant (main) treatment
effects, we do find evidence for time and group heterogeneous effects. In particular, thecombined (social comparison plus moral suasion) treatment i) decreased weekly car-related
expenditures during the first half of the treatment period, ii) decreased (increased) public
transport ridership for those individuals who had exhibited above-average (below-average)
public transport use and expenditures in the pre-treatment period, and iii) decreased both carrelated and public transport expenditures for individuals below the age of 40, suggesting thatthese individuals might have switched to climate-friendly modes of transport other thanpublic transport.
Not Just Income: The Enabling Role of Institutional Confidence and Social Capital inHousehold Energy Transitions
Authors

Dr. Soni, Anmol, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Louisiana State University
Dr. Chatterjee, Anomitro,
Presenter

Dr. Chatterjee, Anomitro,
Abstract

Transitioning to cleaner forms of cooking energy is a key facet of sustainable development.
Despite numerous programs, the transition remains slow and sometimes non-existent. Even
when cleaner sources of cooking energy are adopted, their use is often temporary withhouseholds continuing to use traditional energy sources, especially to meet their day-to-day
cooking needs. While literature identifies the importance of affordability and access, factors
such as trust in local institutions, social capital, and networks remain under-explored. We aim
to build evidence on these issues by using household-level panel data to estimate drivers ofclean cooking technology adoption and sustained fuel use in India. We start by taking abroader approach to cooking energy transitions by measuring both the adoption and sustained
use of the new technology. Next, we add to the current scholarship on determinants ofhousehold energy transition by analyzing social and institutional factors. The results indicatethat participation in local community organizations and trust in local government issignificantly associated with both adoption of technology and expenditure on clean cooking
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fuel. Female education and membership in women-led networks also play an important rolein adoption of new cooking technologies. Policies aimed at promoting transitions to cleaner
cooking fuels should, therefore, focus more on providing access and leveraging communityand social networks. Any centrally driven programs should be anchored in local contexts andinvolve local actors.
Does pollution disrupt sleep? Evidence from a pedestrianisation policy in Paris
Authors

Ms. Rizmie, Dheeya,
Dr. de Preux, Laure, -, Imperial College London
Dr. Miraldo, Marisa, Imperial College London
PresenterDr. de Preux, Laure, -, Imperial College London
Abstract

Air pollution hampers our quality of life, posing a large threat to public health and economic
growth worldwide. With road transportation being a large contributor of poor air quality,
assessing its relationship with determinants of health, productivity and wellbeing - such as
sleep - is crucial in further understanding and accounting for its wider societal and economic
implications. To identify the effect of air pollution on sleep, we use unique personalised
health tracker data and exploit a campaign, Paris Respire, in Paris that intends to temporarily
reduce traffic emissions across the city, in a spatial difference-in-differences framework. The
study first evaluates the impact of this policy on traffic flows in Paris. We then exploit asimilar identification strategy to measure its impact on sleep enabling assessing the influenceof short-term pollution shocks on individuals' quality and quantity of sleep across Paris
between 2015 and 2019 (N=938,386). Results show a decrease in vehicular traffic in target
areas by 24.9%, with a decrease in the surrounding areas decaying with distance. Thissuggests that Paris Respire reduces traffic-related air pollution. In turn, the number ofminutes of total sleep among individuals in target areas increases by 2.2%. If the policy were
to be uniformly enforced every weekend over a year, it would result in approximately 2 extra
nights of 7-hour sleep inside a target zone.

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Climate Damages and Impacts 1
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Robust nonlinear effect of daily temperature on hate speech online -- PRESENTER: Annika Stechemesser,
DISCUSSANT: Ilan Noy
2. (Job Market) Social Inequalities in Climate Change-Attributed Impacts of Hurricane Harvey -- PRESENTER:
Ilan Noy, DISCUSSANT: Björn Bos
3. Residential air conditioning and learning -- PRESENTER: Björn Bos, DISCUSSANT: Carmelo J. Leon
4. The Effect of COVID-19 on the Economic Valuation of Climate Change Impacts in Island Tourist
Destinations -- PRESENTER: Carmelo J. Leon, DISCUSSANT: Annika Stechemesser

Speakers
Ms Stechemesser, Annika,
Prof. Noy (Job Market), Ilan, Job Market, Victoria University of Wellington
Mr. Bos, Björn,
Prof. Leon, Carmelo J.,

Presentations

Robust nonlinear effect of daily temperature on hate speech online
Authors

Ms Stechemesser, Annika,
Dr. Wenz, Leonie, Deputy head - PIK research department Complexity science , Potsdam Institute for
Climate Impact Research
Prof. Levermann, Anders, Head of research department Complexity Science at Potsdam Institute for
Climate Impact Research, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPresenter

Ms Stechemesser, Annika,
Abstract

Background
Understanding the effects of climate change on human well-being is essential for developing
effective adaptation strategies and deriving informed mitigation incentives. Relations
between weather and interpersonal conflict in the offline world have been established acrossa variety of societal settings. At the same time, the rapid digitalization of nearly every aspectof everyday life has led to a high frequency of interpersonal conflicts in the online world.
Hate speech online has become a prevalent problem that been shown to aggravate mental
health conditions especially for young people and marginalized groups. Here, we examine a
new aspect in the interlinkage of climate change, human behaviour and mental health. We

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provide evidence that temperature has a robust nonlinear effect on the occurrence of hatespeech on the social media platform Twitter.
Methods
We statistically evaluate about four billion highly resolved geolocated tweets from over 750
US cities between 2014 and 2020 against changes in local temperature. Hate speech is
identified by applying a supervised machine learning approach. The effect of daily maximum
temperature on the number of hate tweets is isolated from confounding factors by means ofbinned fixed-effects panel-regression models, revealing a quasi-quadratic dependence.
Findings
We find a low prevalence of hate tweets in moderate temperatures and observe sharp
increases of up to seven percent for hotter and colder temperatures. Further, we observe not
only that hate speech increases in absolute volume, but that it also increases as a percentage
of total tweeting activity, crowding out non-hate speech. The shape of the curve is robust
across varying climate zones, income groups, religious and political beliefs and both city andstate-level aggregations. However, the placement of the curve along the temperature-axis andthe magnitude of the increase for hot and cold temperatures varies across these splits.
Interpretation
Our results illuminate hate speech online as an impact channel through which temperature
alters interpersonal conflict and societal aggression which in turn may intensify mental healthproblems.
Funding: Volkswagen Foundation
Social Inequalities in Climate Change-Attributed Impacts of Hurricane Harvey (Job Market)
Authors

Prof. Noy (Job Market), Ilan, Job Market, Victoria University of Wellington
Prof. Smiley, Kevin, Louisiana State University
Presenter

Prof. Noy (Job Market), Ilan, Job Market, Victoria University of Wellington
Abstract

Climate change is already increasing the severity of extreme weather events such as with
rainfall during hurricanes. But no research to date investigates if, and to what extent, there aresocial inequalities in current climate change-attributed flood impacts. Here, we use climatechange attribution science paired with hydrological flood models to estimate climate changeattributed flood depths and damages during Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas. We
then combine this information with detailed land-parcel and census tract socio-economic data
to describe the socio-spatial characteristics of these climate change-induced impacts. Ourfindings show that 30 to 50% of the flooded properties would not have flooded without
climate change. These climate change-attributed impacts were particularly felt in Latinx
neighborhoods, and especially so in Latinx neighborhoods that were low-income and among
those located outside of FEMA's 100-year floodplain (and therefore less likely to be insured).
An important implication is the need to focus on pressing climate justice challenges that not
only concern future climate change-induced risks, but are already affecting vulnerable
populations disproportionately now.

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Residential air conditioning and learning
AuthorMr. Bos, Björn,
Presenter

Mr. Bos, Björn,
Abstract

This study explores the benefits of residential air conditioning on cumulative learning
outcomes of children. We use data from the PISA study which contains information on thepresence of air conditioning at students' homes in 17 countries along with their individual
learning outcomes. We find that residential air conditioning improves test scores underincreasing temperatures and that this effect is particularly strong on days hotter than 90 F.
The Effect of COVID-19 on the Economic Valuation of Climate Change Impacts in Island
Tourist Destinations
Authors

Prof. Leon, Carmelo J.,
Dr. Lam González, Yen, University of Las Palmas
Prof. Gonzalez, Matias M., University of Las Palmas
Presenter

Prof. Leon, Carmelo J.,
Abstract

The tourism industry will be impacted by climate change because tourists' have preferences
for key features of the environmental and natural resource attributes of tourist destinations. At
the same time, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major disruption in
the tourism industry potentially having an effect on the preferences of tourists and the valuesof environmental goods and services. This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 on
the preferences of tourists for alternative tourist destinations and the impacts of climatechange. A discrete choice experiment is conducted before and after the COVID-19 pandemic
focusing on the influence on tourists' decision making of the environmental features of tourist
destinations that may potentially affected by climate change in European island destinations.
The results show a significant change in preferences and values, with higher values for the
climate change impact of the emergence of health infectious diseases and the nonenvironmental characteristics of the tourist destinations, and smaller values for thoseenvironmental features that may be changed by climate change such as the heat waves, forest
fires and ecosystem services.

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Climate Politics 1
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Politics of Phasing Out Petroleum Production: Party Positions and Voter Reactions in Norway -PRESENTER: Florian Egli, DISCUSSANT: Adrien Fabre
2. International attitudes on climate change and climate policies -- PRESENTER: Adrien Fabre, DISCUSSANT:
Antonia Schwarz
3. Preaching to the (un)converted: The use of targeted information in strengthening the public acceptance ofcarbon pricing -- PRESENTER: Antonia Schwarz, DISCUSSANT: Jens Ewald
4. Understanding the resistance to carbon taxes: A case study of Sweden -- PRESENTER: Jens Ewald,
DISCUSSANT: Florian Egli

Speakers
Dr. Egli, Florian,Dr. Fabre, Adrien,
Dr. Schwarz, Antonia, PIK
Mr. Ewald, Jens, PhD Student, University of Gothenburg

Presentations

The Politics of Phasing Out Petroleum Production: Party Positions and Voter Reactions in
NorwayAuthors

Dr. Egli, Florian,
Ms. Sigurdsson , Fride, ETH Zurich
Dr. Sewerin, Sebastian, ETH Zurich
Presenter

Dr. Egli, Florian,
Abstract

To mitigate the effects of climate change, fossil fuels need to be phased-out. Yet, necessary
policy action is lagging behind as such phase-outs can be associated with political costs andbacklash, particularly in countries with a sizeable fossil fuel sector. The party politics ofphasing-out fossil fuels in democracies has not received much attention so far, including thequestion of political costs. To overcome this research gap, we empirically investigate theparty politics of the petroleum industry phase-out (production, extraction, or search) in
Norway, an established multi-party democracy reliant on a large petroleum sector. Our
empirical strategy exploits the 2014 oil price shock that resulted in a rapid decline ofpetroleum exports and industry layoffs. In a first step, we investigate how Norway's politicalparties positioned themselves concerning the future of the petroleum industry. To do so, we

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generate systematic data on parties' positions towards the petroleum industry by assessing
manifestos for national elections from 2001 to 2017, distinguishing between pro phase-out,
ambiguous and pro petroleum (i.e. continuation or expansion) positions. In a second step, we
use a difference-in-difference (DiD) estimator to analyse whether parties were punished or
rewarded for their position in areas heavily affected by industry layoffs following the oil
price shock. We find that party positions remained relatively constant over time. The oil priceshock and related industry decline did not trigger a broader party positioning shift. However,in affected municipalities, pro petroleum parties achieved 3.6-5.6pp higher vote shares due tothe oil price shock, which is substantial given that, for example, the Green party only has atotal vote share of 3.6% in 2017. In sum, these findings point to a strong localised voter
response against phase-out positions as a reaction to industry distress. However, party politics
on the national level are not directly affected by this reaction.
International attitudes on climate change and climate policies
Authors

Dr. Fabre, Adrien,Prof. Stantcheva, Stefanie, Professor, Harvard University
Dr. Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, Senior Economist, OECD
Dr. Kruse, Tobias, OECD
Mr. Planterose, Bluebery, Social Economics Lab
Ms. Sanchez Chico, Ana, Harvard University
Presenter

Dr. Fabre, Adrien,
Abstract

Through representative surveys over twenty countries comprising 72% of global CO2
emissions, we assess knowledge and perceptions of climate change as well as beliefs andsupport for climate policies. Using informational videos on the impacts of climate change andthe properties of climate policies, we elicit information that can substantially increase thesupport for major climate policies. We uncover national and global policies supported by alarge majority in every country, as well as major policies that obtain only mixed support.
Beyond the cross-country comparison of descriptive statistics, we study the sociodemographic characteristics and the core beliefs behind support or opposition to the main
climate policies.
Preaching to the (un)converted: The use of targeted information in strengthening the public
acceptance of carbon pricing
Authors

Dr. Stünzi, Anna, Post-doctoral Researcher, University of St. Gallen
Dr. Schwarz, Antonia, PIK
Pahle, Michael, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Prof. Sommer, Stephan, RWI
Ms. Kaestner, Kathrin,
Presenter

Dr. Schwarz, Antonia, PIK
Abstract

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Public support for carbon pricing is generally low which not only threatens the survival ofsuch policy but also prevents the implementation of ambitious price paths necessary to attainclimate targets. The literature suggests various reasons for the low level of public acceptanceof carbon taxation, in particular the fear of high personal cost burden, perceived low
effectiveness and concerns about fairness of such policy. These three main areas of concern
seem to persevere despite that the recycling of revenues can be used to balance adverse costeffects on more vulnerable groups of the population or increase climate impact with green
investments. The literature provides ample theoretical discussion that tailoring and targeting
communication to sub-segments of the population could help reducing such concerns and be
more effective than broad-based information campaigns. However, empirical evidence on theeffectiveness of targeted communication in the context of carbon pricing is missing. Using anovel data set based on a representative sample of the German population, this study exploits
audience segmentation approaches to investigate the effectiveness of tailoring
communication. We show that, overall, tailored information performs better in increasingstated acceptance of the policy. Yet, this effect is driven by the high impact of information
about costs, while fairness and effectiveness communication did not significantly change
acceptance. We discuss the reasons for the inconsistent treatment success along theheterogeneity of the identified segments and the correlation of the concerns.
Understanding the resistance to carbon taxes: A case study of Sweden
Authors

Prof. Sterner, Thomas, Professor of Environmental Economics, EfD Environment for Development
initiative, University of Gothenburg
Mr. Ewald, Jens, PhD Student, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Sterner, Erik, Researcher and pedagogical developer, University of Gothenburg
Presenter

Mr. Ewald, Jens, PhD Student, University of Gothenburg
Abstract

Although carbon taxes are generally well accepted in the countries where they have been
implemented to lower carbon emissions, there is still public resistance to raising them. We
study attitudes toward carbon taxation and other environmental policy instruments in
Sweden. We survey a national sample of the population as well as members of a largeorganization that protests against fuel taxes. Our results show that educational level, rural
versus urban domicile, political orientation, and especially trust in government affectopinions on carbon taxes; household income does not appear to matter. Lack of trust in
government and lack of belief in the Pigouvian mechanism are especially important
motivations for protesters' opposition. When asked about the use of carbon tax revenue, some
respondents support revenue refunding (uniform or progressive), but more people support
using it for climate mitigation investments.

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Climate Macroeconomics: Fiscal Policy 1
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Fiscal Policies for a Sustainable Recovery and a Green Transformation -- PRESENTER: Lorenzo Forni,
DISCUSSANT: Thomas Douenne
2. Optimal fiscal policy in a second-best climate economy model with heterogeneous agents -- PRESENTER:
Thomas Douenne, DISCUSSANT: Mehrab Kiarsi
3. Optimal Climate and Monetary-Fiscal Policy in a Climate-DSGE Framework -- PRESENTER: Mehrab
Kiarsi, DISCUSSANT: Karl Steininger
4. Sharing the effort of the European Green Deal among countries -- PRESENTER: Karl Steininger,
DISCUSSANT: Lorenzo Forni

Speakers
Prof. Forni, Lorenzo, Professor of Political Economy, University of Padua
Dr. Douenne, Thomas, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam
Dr. Kiarsi, Mehrab, Henan University
Steininger, Karl, University of Graz

Presentations

Fiscal Policies for a Sustainable Recovery and a Green Transformation
Authors

Prof. Forni, Lorenzo, Professor of Political Economy, University of Padua
Dr. Catalano, Michele, IIASA
Presenter

Prof. Forni, Lorenzo, Professor of Political Economy, University of Padua
Abstract

This paper compares the effectiveness of different fiscal policy instruments -- carbon pricing,
fiscal incentives for private green investments, and public green investment -- in supporting agreen recovery that is also fiscally sustainable. It argues that relying on carbon pricing or
green investments is not sufficient to achieve the transition to a low-carbon economy in atimely and sustainable way. Carbon pricing alone would result in rapid and significant energy
price increases that would be recessionary. Similarly, the level of public green investment
needed to reach the Paris goals without recourse to carbon pricing would be so great that it
would endanger debt sustainability. The conclusion from our simulations supports the viewthat a mix of supply side policies (carbon pricing) and demand side interventions (deficit
financed green public investment) is necessary to achieve the Paris goals within the specified
period and with a fiscally sustainable outcome. The paper also assesses the costs associatedwith transitioning to a low-carbon economy by geographic area. It finds that deficit financed

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public green investment by high-emitting countries only (typically advanced and emerging),
would have positive growth impacts for those countries and enhance their fiscal
sustainability, while also providing large positive spillovers to other countries, particularly tohighly climate sensitive nations. In turn, the simulations show that wherever fiscally feasible
it is in the best interest of all countries to increase public investment in the green economy.
Optimal fiscal policy in a second-best climate economy model with heterogeneous agents
Authors

Dr. Douenne, Thomas, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam
Dr. Hummel, Albert Jan, University of Amsterdam
Dr. Pedroni, Marcelo, University of Amsterdam
Presenter

Dr. Douenne, Thomas, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam
Abstract

This paper studies optimal fiscal policy in a climate economy model with heterogeneous
agents and distortionary taxes on labor and capital income. We derive optimal tax rules andshow how they are modified relative to first-best and relative to the case without
heterogeneity. We also explore quantitatively the role of heterogeneity for optimal carbon
taxation in a version of the model that is calibrated to the US economy.
Optimal Climate and Monetary-Fiscal Policy in a Climate-DSGE Framework
AuthorDr. Kiarsi, Mehrab, Henan University
Presenter

Dr. Kiarsi, Mehrab, Henan University
Abstract

The Ramsey-optimal long-run and dynamic policy interactions between climate and fiscalmonetary policies in a climate-monetary DSGE model under sticky prices is explored. Under
flexible prices and perfect competition analytically is shown that when climate change affects
production the optimal carbon tax is Pigouvian, fully internalizes the environmental damagesof emissions, only if the abatement cost function is linear in output or profits are fully taxed.
A non-Pigouvian carbon tax results in the non-optimality of the Friedman rule. We show thatto appreciate the macroeconomic consequences of carbon tax policies it is important toconsider climate-specific shocks. Otherwise, typical aggregate macroeconomic shocks do notprovide significant insight in this regard. The larger are climate damage costs, the more
accommodative optimal fiscal and monetary policies are with climate change to reduce its
negative welfare implications. In response to typical TFP or government spending shocks the
optimal response of inflation in the climate-economy model is about three times as large as
their counterparts in the New Keynesian model with no environmental externality. The
optimal responses of other key macro variables also vastly change with climate externalities.
We show that higher market power can result in sharper drops in the optimal abatement rateand larger deviations in the average temperature in response to expansionary policies.
Furthermore, optimal fiscal and monetary policy results, in particular optimal average
inflation and its volatility, are shown to be substantially sensitive to the size of market power.
Sharing the effort of the European Green Deal among countries

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Authors

Steininger, Karl, University of Graz
Mr. Williges, Keith, Scientist, University of Graz, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change
Dr. Riahi, Keywan, IIASA
Mr. Maczek, Florian, Student, Graz University of Technology
Prof. Meyer, Lukas, Professor, University of Graz
Presenter

Steininger, Karl, University of Graz
Abstract

In implementing the Green Deal to align with the Paris Agreement, the EU has increased its
climate ambition and is currently negotiating how the increased mitigation effort should be
distributed among Member States. Such partitioning of targets among subsidiary entities is
be-coming a major challenge for implementation of climate policies around the globe. We
contrast the recent EU Commission proposal - an ad-hoc decision based on a singular country
attribute - with transparent and reproducible methods based on three ethical principles. We go
beyond traditional effort-sharing literature and explore allocations representing an aggregatedleast regret compromise between different country perspectives. While the current EU
proposal represents a nuanced compromise for many countries, for others a further
redistribution could be considered equitable. We demonstrate the applicability of ourapproach for the necessary modifications to the effort sharing targets for 2030 among EU
Member States.

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Weather and Health
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Expecting Mother Nature: Uncertain Hurricane Forecasts Disrupt Prenatal Care and Impair Birth Outcomes -PRESENTER: JAcob Hochard, DISCUSSANT: Benedikt Janzen
2. Temperature and Mental Health: Evidence from Helpline Calls -- PRESENTER: Benedikt Janzen,
DISCUSSANT: Shouro Dasgupta
3. Climate change induced crop yield efficiency loss and the impact on children’s health -- PRESENTER:
Shouro Dasgupta, DISCUSSANT: Veronica Vienne
4. Extreme temperatures and children's socio-emotional development -- PRESENTER: Veronica Vienne,
DISCUSSANT: Jacob Hochard

Speakers
Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Mr. Janzen, Benedikt,Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change
Ms Vienne, Veronica,

Presentations

Expecting Mother Nature: Uncertain Hurricane Forecasts Disrupt Prenatal Care and Impair
Birth Outcomes
Authors

Dr. Abashidze, Nino,
Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Dr. Li, Yuanhao, Norwegian School of Economics
Presenter

Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Abstract

Early forecasts give people in a storm's path time to prepare. Less is known about the cost tosociety when forecasts are incorrect. We examine over 700,000 births in the path of
Hurricane Irene and find exposure led to a decrease in birth weights and increase in preterm
and low birth weight outcomes. Additional warning time decreased preterm birth rates for
women who experienced intense storm exposures documenting a benefit of avoiding a type II
forecasting error. A larger share of this at-risk population experienced a type I forecastingerror where severe physical storm impacts were anticipated but not experienced. Disasteranticipation disrupted healthcare services by delaying and canceling prenatal care leading to
impaired birth outcomes. Recognizing storm damages depend on human responses topredicted storm paths is critical to supporting the next generation's developmental potential

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with judicious forecasts that ensure public warning systems mitigate rather than exacerbate
climate damages.
Temperature and Mental Health: Evidence from Helpline Calls
AuthorMr. Janzen, Benedikt,
Presenter

Mr. Janzen, Benedikt,
Abstract

This paper examines the short-term effects of ambient temperature on mental health using
data on nearly half a million helpline calls in Germany. Leveraging location-based routing of
helpline calls and plausible random day-to-day weather fluctuations, I estimate a negative
effect of temperature extremes on mental health as revealed by an increase in the demand fortelephone counseling services. On days with an average temperature above 25 C and below 1
C, call volume is 4.0 and 4.3 percent higher, respectively, than on days with an averagetemperature in the middle range of the temperature spectrum. On the intensive margin, I findan inverse relationship between duration of counseling and temperature, with decreasing calllength as temperature increases and vice versa.
Climate change induced crop yield efficiency loss and the impact on children’s health
Authors

Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate ChangeProf. Robinson, Elizabeth JZ, Director, Grantham Research Institute, LSE
Presenter

Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change
Abstract

Climate change threatens human health through increased food insecurity in complex ways,
but to date there have been few attempts to make any quantifiable attribution. This paper
makes an important and novel contribution, combining country-level crop yield data with alarge sub-national child health dataset from 130 countries and gridded reanalysed climate
data to investigate the climate-crops-health nexus. First, we provide evidence of loss in
production efficiency for the major crops - maize, wheat, rice, and soybean. Second, using an
instrumental variable approach, we find evidence that climate change measured by anomaly
in growing-degree days and droughts is already affecting the health of children, particularly
through harvest shocks, while inter-annual change in temperature also worsens child health.
Our analysis shows that although both education and economic growth reduce stunting andwasting among children, this impact is outweighed by climate related yield shocks. Finally,
we find that cereal import dependent countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts ofclimate change on food security. Our results suggest that child health can be improved
through both climate change mitigation and targeted adaptation measures.
Extreme temperatures and children's socio-emotional development
Author

Ms Vienne, Veronica,
Presenter

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Ms Vienne, Veronica,
Abstract

The effects of climate change are widespread, but there are groups more vulnerable to them.
Children are disproportionally exposed to the consequences of climate change, despite them
contributing little towards the climate crisis. Furthermore, they are the group who will face its
effects for longer. On this research, I explore the link between ambient temperature patterns
during pregnancy and early in life, and children development. I focus on their socioemotional development, and mental health. The empirical study focuses on Chile. I use alongitudinal survey that follows children born between 2006 and 2017. The study
characterizes the household and includes psychological tests applied to the child and mother.
I use test results and meteorological information (attached based on length of pregnancy,
birth date and place of residence) to analyse the relation between ambient temperature andchildren's socio-emotional development and mental health. Results show that exposure to
extreme temperatures during pregnancy and the first year of life, has a significant impact onchildren's development and mental health later in their childhood. This holds for both very
hot and very cold days. Exposure to weather shocks has a detrimental effect on theperformance on three psychological tests analysed. Being exposed to extreme temperatures
has a negative impact on a child's socio-emotional development, and that it increases his/herchances of developing a clinical syndrome during childhood. Results from this study shedlight on the consequences of climate change on children, and how it can impact theirdevelopment, which can have long-run consequences.

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Technical Change and the Environment 2
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Digging into the Technological Dimension of Environmental Productivity -- PRESENTER: Edilio Valentini,
DISCUSSANT: Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline
2. Progressive Adoption of Cleaner Technologies or Technological Lock-in Due to Environmental Taxation -PRESENTER: Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, DISCUSSANT: Massimiliano Mazzanti
3. Modeling Green Knowledge Production and Environmental Policies with Semiparametric Panel Data
Regression models -- PRESENTER: Massimiliano Mazzanti, DISCUSSANT: Léo Coppens
4. Optimal emissions under exogenous and endogenous learning -- PRESENTER: Léo Coppens,
DISCUSSANT: Edilio Valentini

Speakers
Prof. Valentini, Edilio,
Prof. Chiroleu-Assouline, Mireille, Paris School of Economics
Mazzanti, Massimiliano, University of Ferrara and SEEDS
Mr. Coppens, Léo,

Presentations

Digging into the Technological Dimension of Environmental Productivity
Authors

Prof. Valentini, Edilio,
Prof. Belloc, Filippo, Università degli Studi di Siena
Presenter

Prof. Valentini, Edilio,
Abstract

Productivity differentials across firms have been extensively explored in industrial
economics. Less understood are the differentials in terms of marketed output produced perunit of nonmarketed inputs (i.e. environmental productivity) and the extent to which suchdifferentials are due to the use of different technologies or to the different use of a same
technology. In this paper, we propose a mixture model approach to identify locally optimal
technologies and to dissect environmental productivity into a technological and a managerial
component. For a large sample of plants covered by the EU Emission Trading System, wefind that the share of plants adopting the frontier technology is about 25%. We also find thatthe average output gains, emissions being equal, that plants could reach by adopting the
locally optimal technology and the best managerial practices available in the sector are 162%
and 53% respectively, with systematic cross-plant and cross-sector asymmetries reflecting themarket structure. This data-driven decomposition delivers important insights for industrial

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and environmental policy, as it suggests that existing technologies have large unexploitedpotentials, which could be realized by improving both technology diffusion and managerial
performance.
Progressive Adoption of Cleaner Technologies or Technological Lock-in Due toEnvironmental Taxation
Authors

Prof. Chiroleu-Assouline, Mireille, Paris School of Economics
Mr. Koch, Xavier, PhD, Paris School of Economics
Presenter

Prof. Chiroleu-Assouline, Mireille, Paris School of Economics
Abstract

We study the impact of pollution taxation on the adoption of new, less and less polluting
technologies likely to appear successively with uncertainty. These technologies differ only intheir fixed cost of adoption and emission rate per unit produced. We consider the case of amonopoly controlled by a regulator who pre-commits to a tax level. We show that, dependingon the respective fixed costs of adoption and the respective environmental benefits provided
by each of the two new technologies, in the case the regulator anticipates perfectly the arrivalof the cleanest technology, she is able to push the firm to adopt it but may find it sociallybeneficial to prevent the firm from doing so. Above all, we show that the regulator can
provoke a technological lock-in when she is imperfectly informed, either by a tax level that is
too high if she did not foresee the emergence of the second technology, or, on the contrary,by a tax level that is too low if she was too confident in this arrival.
Modeling Green Knowledge Production and Environmental Policies with Semiparametric
Panel Data Regression models
Authors

Mazzanti, Massimiliano, University of Ferrara and SEEDS
Prof. Musolesi, Antonio, UNIFE SEEDS
Presenter

Mazzanti, Massimiliano, University of Ferrara and SEEDS
Abstract

Innovation is a primary engine of sustainable growth. This paper provides a newsemiparametric econometric policy evaluation framework and estimates a green knowledge
production function for a large, 30-year panel dataset of high-income countries. Because of
the high degree of uncertainty surrounding the data-generating process and the likely
presence of nonlinearities and latent common factors, the paper considers semiparametricpanel specifications that extend interactive fixed effects fully parametric models such as themultifactor error model and the random trend model. It also adopts a recently proposed
information criterion for smooth model selection to compare these semiparametric models
and their parametric counterparts. The results indicate that (1) the semiparametric additive
specification with individual time trends is the preferred model, (2) threshold effects andnonlinearities are relevant features of the data that are obscured in parametric specifications,and (3) the effect of environmental policy is significant and clearly heterogeneous whenmodeled as a nonparametric function of certain knowledge inputs. The evidence shows arelevant nonlinear policy inducement effect occurring through R&D investments.

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Optimal emissions under exogenous and endogenous learning
Authors

Mr. Coppens, Léo,
Dr. Venmans, Frank,
Dietz, Simon, London School of Economics (LSE)
Presenter

Mr. Coppens, Léo,
Abstract

Some abatement technologies become cheaper over time due to spillover effects from othersectors. In a climate cost-benefit analysis, this process is "exogenous", in the sense that it
only depends on time. Other abatement technologies become cheaper only if they are
deployed on a large scale. This "endogenous" process of learning by doing decreases
abatement costs as a function of cumulative abatement. We aim to shed light on the
differentiated impact of endogenous and exogenous learning on the optimal mitigation path.
This is particularly important in a time when many models and scenarios are ignoring the
dynamic characteristic of learning by doing. We develop a cost-benefit integrated assessment
model which includes both types of learning dynamics as well as inertia. Theoretically,
endogenous learning leads to a supplementary term in the optimality condition: the "learning
gains", whereas exogenous learning only creates an incentive to postpone climate action. We
show analytically and numerically that including endogenous and exogenous learning
steepens the abatement path. In a cost-benefit analysis, both types of learning leads to lower
peak warming. Moreover, endogenous learning leads to negative emissions in the long run.
Besides, the common practice of modelling endogenous learning as an exogenous process
underestimates optimal abatement by 9% in 2050.

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Network Effects
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The network effects of carbon pricing -- PRESENTER: Hubert Massoni, DISCUSSANT: Lavan Teja Burra
2. Policy complementarities in the promotion of electric vehicles: Subsidies and charging infrastructure -PRESENTER: Lavan Teja Burra, DISCUSSANT: Nadia Burani
3. Does a green network effect lower global pollution emissions? -- PRESENTER: Nadia Burani,
DISCUSSANT: Marie Gauthier
4. Are Demand Response Aggregators Beneficial ? A Model of Vertical Differentiation with Network Effect. -PRESENTER: Marie Gauthier, DISCUSSANT: Hubert Massoni

Speakers
Mr. Burra, Lavan Teja,
Prof. Burani, Nadia,
Ms. Gauthier, Marie,
Mr. Massoni, Hubert, PhD student, University of Bologna

Presentations

The network effects of carbon pricing
Authors

Dr. Campiglio, Emanuele,
Mr. Massoni, Hubert, PhD student, University of Bologna
Mr. Trsek, Stefan, PhD student, Vienna University of Economics and Business
Presenter

Mr. Massoni, Hubert, PhD student, University of Bologna
Abstract

We develop a macroeconomic model to study how carbon pricing initiatives could affect the
global economy via international production networks. Using sector- and country-specificdata, we estimate the impact of three policies: (i) a global uniform tax; (ii) an EU-only tax;and (iii) an EU-only tax combined with a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Our results
show that the distribution of tax-induced socioeconomic losses across sectors and countries
critically depends on their relative position within global value chains. Negative impacts on
demand triggered by price propagation from downstream sectors appear to be stronger thanthat of direct taxation. We also find carbon pricing policies to reconfigure the structure of theinternational production network, with some countries/sectors becoming more marginal andothers more central. Marginalisation on the intermediate input market is salient for countries
imposing unilateral carbon policies.

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Policy complementarities in the promotion of electric vehicles: Subsidies and charging
infrastructure
Authors

Mr. Burra, Lavan Teja,
Prof. Sommer, Stephan, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Prof. Vance, Colin, Researcher, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Mr. Burra, Lavan Teja,
Abstract

Over the last decade, the development and adoption of electric vehicles have increased
significantly in many countries and are leading the way to a low-carbon future. To facilitate
the acceleration of electric vehicle adoption, governments have implemented various subsidy
programs. This paper explores the promotion of electric mobility via subsidies for electricvehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure as well as their interaction. To this end, we use
German panel data on vehicle registrations spanning from July 2016 to December 2020.
Based on dynamic panel methods, we find that charging infrastructure has a positive impact
on the uptake of electric vehicles and that the magnitude of the effect increases with thesubsidy level. We use our model estimates to calculate the optimal balance of subsidies forcharging infrastructure and EVs, and conclude that policy has over-subsidized the latter by afactor of about 2.5.
Does a green network effect lower global pollution emissions?
Authors

Prof. Burani, Nadia,
Prof. Mantovani, Andrea, TBS Toulouse Business School
Presenter

Prof. Burani, Nadia,
Abstract

Firms are increasingly embracing corporate social responsibility and green strategies,
depending on the type of consumers they want to attract. We consider a duopolistic market inwhich a green firm competes with a brown rival and both firms offer vertically differentiatedproducts. Consumers are heterogeneous in their willingness to pay for intrinsic quality and intheir environmental consciousness. The latter, in turn, is positively related to the market shareof the green firm, capturing the idea that environmentally concerned consumers want to makethe difference with their purchasing behavior. We characterize how consumers with different
valuations for quality sort between the two firms and show that the green firm enjoys a higher
profit and that if often charges a higher price. When considering both pollution fromconsumption and from production, we show that total pollution emissions from the green firm
can be higher than those of the brown firm. This introduces a trade-off for the social plannerand reveals a possible dark side of the green network effect.
Are Demand Response Aggregators Beneficial? A Model of Vertical Differentiation with
Network Effect.
Authors

Ms. Gauthier, Marie,
Prof. Haritchabalet, Carole, Professor, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour

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Prof. Franquet, Erwin, Professor, Polytech Nice Sophia
Presenter

Ms. Gauthier, Marie,
Abstract

In this article we study the effect of the entry of a new retailer on the electricity market usinga model of vertical differentiation. This new retailer, known as an aggregator, offers a lower
quality of service than the existing retailers because he can temporarily and unexpectedly
reduce or increase the electricity consumption of its pool of consumers. Nevertheless, itallows the grid to better manage periods of tension because the aggregator has the possibilityof shifting the demand of its consumers' pool according to the grid needs. Moreover,consumers may not feel a significant difference in quality if enough consumers choose tocontract with this new entrant. Indeed, aggregators have the possibility to spread theconsumption effort among its entire pool of consumers. Thus, we investigate whether it isbeneficial both socially and from the consumer's point of view to bring in a new retailer that
reduces the quality of service for the consumer but increases it for the grid. We find that,from the total surplus, it is clear that the entry of this new player is beneficial. Under
imperfect competition, we find that the market share of the aggregator is always suboptimal.
Two economic policies are considered: an imbalance settlement penalty and a tariffdiscrimination in electricity distribution cost. Both instruments achieve socially desirable
level of aggregator. However, tariff discrimination leads to a higher consumer surplus thanthe penalty.

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Thematic Session 3: Fiscal and Distributional Implications of Climate
Policy Packages
29 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
Having announced ambitious climate targets, many countries now shift attention to the implementation of
measures that deliver the corresponding reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Climate policy packages can
include various instruments, such as taxes, subsidies, transfers and non-price regulatory measures, as well ascarbon border adjustment measures. Importantly, differences in the instrument mix will reflect on the climate
policy consequences for competitiveness, public finances and equity. These consequences, in turn, affect orinhibit the acceptability and feasibility of climate policy. Research that considers multiple fiscal and fairness
dimensions of climate policy, including horizontal versus vertical inequality and national versus supra-national
budgets, can therefore provide valuable insights to support climate policy implementation.
This session brings together four papers that jointly shed light on the interplay between fiscal and distributional
implications of climate policy packages. By looking at different countries and combining modeling work withexpert interviews, this session provides a broad basis for discussing the acceptability of climate policy packages
and their impact on public finances and equity issues.
Chair: Christina Roolfs (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change)
Organizers:
Toon Vandyck (European Commission Joint Research Centre)
Christina Roolfs (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change)

Speakers
Dr. Vandyck, Toon, European Commission, Joint Research Centre
Drupp, Moritz, University Hamburg
Dr. Roolfs, Christina, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC), Berlin, Germany

Presentations

Pricing Carbon
Authors

Drupp, Moritz, University Hamburg
Nesje, Frikk, University of Copenhagen
Prof. Schmidt, Robert, FernUniversität in Hagen
Presenter

Drupp, Moritz, University Hamburg
Abstract

We study carbon price recommendations by more than 400 experts. We quantify the extent of(dis-)agreement and reveal that a majority of experts can agree on some short- and mediumterm global carbon price levels, and on unilateral carbon price levels in most countries. On
aggregate, we find no evidence for free-riding, as experts' unilateral carbon pricerecommendations with border carbon adjustment are, on average, higher than global

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recommendations. Furthermore, border carbon adjustment facilitates higher pricerecommendations and fosters agreement among experts on carbon price levels. We analyze
how carbon prices vary with additional data, such as on revenue use recommendations.
Prices and standards for vertical and horizontal equity in EU climate policy
Authors

Dr. Vandyck, Toon, European Commission, Joint Research Centre
Mr. Temursho, Umed, University of Central Asia
Dr. Landis, Florian, ETH Zurich
Dr. Klenert, David,
Dr. Weitzel, Matthias, European Commission, Joint Research Centre
Presenter

Dr. Vandyck, Toon, European Commission, Joint Research Centre
Abstract

This paper assesses quantitatively the horizontal and vertical equity impacts of price-based
and non-price climate measures in Europe by coupling an economy-wide model with survey
data on expenditure and income patterns. We find that carbon pricing generates sufficient
government revenue to offset regressive effects between income groups via equal-perhousehold transfers, but leaves substantial impact heterogeneity within income groups
unaddressed. Accounting for changes on the income side widens impact variation within
income groups. Standards, by contrast, limit horizontal equity issues by mitigating fuel prices
increases and wage reductions, but lead to regressive effects across income deciles. Results
illustrate how a mixed policy design can reconcile horizontal and vertical equity concerns.
National fiscal incentives for carbon pricing in the European Union
Authors

Dr. Roolfs, Christina, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC), Berlin, Germany
Mr. Kellner, Maximilian, MCC Berlin
Kalkuhl, Matthias, Mercator Institute
Presenter

Dr. Roolfs, Christina, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC), Berlin, Germany
Abstract

We analyze the fiscal incentives for unilateral carbon pricing interventions when both afederal authority (EU) and its subsidiaries (member states) put a price on carbon emissions.
We find that a member state has a fiscal incentive to increase its domestic carbon price if i) alarge proportion of EU ETS revenues accrues as social transfers, ii) the state is a net donor in
the federal transfer scheme (typically large and wealthy states), and iii) the state regards the
EU ETS cap as too tight. By raising the domestic carbon price, the respective member stategets additional domestic revenues. In turn, the vertical fiscal externality passes the cost on toother member states (typically less wealthy states) while yielding welfare gains for the statetaking unilateral action. Promoting climate-friendly technologies through federal green
transfers reduces the unilateral fiscal incentive but comes at the expense of a laxer emissions
cap and lower transfers to low-income member states.

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Informal Social Event
29 June 2022, 07:00 PM - 09:00 PM
Description
Informal Social Event

Registration
30 June 2022, 08:30 AM - 09:00 AM
Description
Registration

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Labour and Green Technology
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Clean Technology Adoption and Skill Sorting -- PRESENTER: Sacha den Nijs, DISCUSSANT: Ceren
Ozgen
2. Eco-innovation and (green) employment: A task-based approach to measuring the composition of work infirms -- PRESENTER: Ceren Ozgen, DISCUSSANT: Elena Paglialunga
3. Knowledge spillovers through skilled-workers migration network: evidence from OECD countries -PRESENTER: Elena Paglialunga, DISCUSSANT: Tobias Stucki
4. Sustainable And Flexible? How Workforce Flexibility Influences The Adoption Of Environmental
Management Systems And Green Process Adoption -- PRESENTER: Tobias Stucki, DISCUSSANT: Sacha den
Nijs

Speakers
Ms den Nijs, Sacha, PhD Candidate , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Dr. Ozgen, Ceren,
Dr. Paglialunga, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Urbino
Prof. Stucki, Tobias,

Presentations

Clean Technology Adoption and Skill Sorting
Authors

Ms den Nijs, Sacha, PhD Candidate , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Mr. Tyros, Stefanos, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Ms den Nijs, Sacha, PhD Candidate , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Abstract

For the transition to a carbon neutral economy investing in new, clean technologies isrequired. Often, these require different sets of skills from employees to be operated than theirdirtier predecessors. We study whether imperfect skill sorting affects the pace of
decarbonisation, but also how a faster pace affects labour market transitions. We model theclean technology investment decision of firms in a labour market with search frictions andfirm-worker skill mismatches. The adoption decision with a potential skill mismatch leads toa two-way effect: (i) the presence of skill mismatches negatively affects the productivity of
the new, green, technologies, reducing the pace of decarbonisation, and (ii) the greening of
the economy leads to a larger labour market transitions as firms require workers with skills
that match the new technologies. We find that more specialisation and thus larger skill
mismatches result in a lock-in effect of workers in brown jobs, slowing down green

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technology adoption. When technological progress or energy efficiency improvement is slow,
this can lead to a significant extended use of the technology compared to the competitive
equilibrium case. Finally, we investigate the effects of several policies aimed at solving thedual problem of increasing the pace of green technology adoption while smoothing thetransition for incumbent workers.
Eco-innovation and (green) employment: A task-based approach to measuring thecomposition of work in firms
Authors

Dr. Ozgen, Ceren,
Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Dr. Kuai, Wenjing, Assistant Professor, Hunan University
Presenter

Dr. Ozgen, Ceren,
Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between eco-innovation and the changing employment
patterns of firms. Using a linked employee employer administrative dataset for the
Netherlands we take an individual task-based approach to differentiate between green andnon-green jobs. Our results show that while eco-innovation had no impact on overall
employment, compared to non-eco-innovators, we find that eco-innovators experienced a
17.4% increase in the number of green jobs (equivalent to 10 new green workers for the
average firm) and an average increase in the share of green workers of around 2.73%. The
increase in the share of green jobs is driven by a reduction in non-green workers and asmaller but still significant increase in the number of green workers. Subsequent analysis
indicates that eco-product innovation drives the decision to hire green workers. We further
show that subsidy-driven innovation policies, rather than regulation-driven policies,
positively correlate with the number of green workers.
Knowledge spillovers through skilled-workers migration network: evidence from OECD
countries
Authors

Dr. Paglialunga, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Urbino
Prof. Costantini, Valeria, Full Professor, Roma Tre University
Dr. Leone Sciabolazza, Valerio, Researcher, University of Naples Parthenope- Barabuffi, Saverio, PhD candidate, Roma Tre University
Presenter

Dr. Paglialunga, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Urbino
Abstract

We study the spillover effects generated from foreign National Innovation Systems andmediated by the international migration flows of high-skilled workers. We investigate
whether the external knowledge, made available to the country by migrants, magnifies thedomestic efforts, represented by innovation policies, and improves national innovative
performances. Our analysis makes the knowledge spillover effects explicit by adopting a
network methodology according to which the capacity to gain from such spillovers depends
on the relative position of countries in the international migration network. We control for

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endogeneity issue according to which skilled migrants will self-select into host countries
accounting for 20 OECD countries in the timespan 1987-2016.
Sustainable And Flexible? How Workforce Flexibility Influences The Adoption Of
Environmental Management Systems And Green Process Adoption
Authors

Prof. Stucki, Tobias,
Prof. Risi, David, Bern University of Applied Sciences
Presenter

Prof. Stucki, Tobias,
Abstract

While research suggests strong linkages between workforce flexibility, the adoption ofenvironmental management systems (EMS), and green process innovation, those factors have
hardly ever been studied together. Consequently, we lack theoretical and practical knowledgeof organizing the workforce to promote corporate sustainability efforts. We examine how two
forms of workforce flexibility associated with absorptive capacity building and organizational
learning -- i.e., job rotation and temporary employment -- influence green process innovationand EMS implementation, that is, the effect of EMS adoption on green process innovation.
We hypothesize that EMS adoption positively influences green process innovation. We also
expect that job rotation and temporary work positively affect green process innovation
because both forms of workforce flexibility positively influence the absorptive capacity and,
therefore, organizational innovation activities. For temporary employment, we hypothesize anegative effect on implementation, as the required knowledge to successfully implement
EMS is incomplete. For job rotation, we expect an inverted U-shaped relationship with EMS
implementation, as the knowledge necessary to successfully implement the practice diffuses
at a low degree of job rotation while at a higher degree, the exchange of needed knowledge
breaks down. We test our hypotheses empirically with two representative firm-level datasets
and find support for our premises. We develop a model that unpacks how and why arespective degree of workforce flexibility, i.e., temporary employment and job rotation,
influences absorptive capacity building needed for green process innovation and theexchange of knowledge required for EMS implementation. Our model allows soundconclusions about the environmental sustainability of companies, which are of boththeoretical and practical relevance.

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Natural Disasters
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Top Income Shares: A Synthetic Control Analysis -- PRESENTER:
Niklas Uliczka, DISCUSSANT: Michele Moretti
2. On the (Ir)relevance of Heatwaves in Climate Change impacts on European Agriculture -- PRESENTER:
Michele Moretti, DISCUSSANT: Lukas Mogge
3. Allocation of humanitarian aid after a weather disaster -- PRESENTER: Lukas Mogge, DISCUSSANT:Claudia Schwirplies
4. Does additional demand for charitable aid increase giving? Evidence from Hurricane Sandy -- PRESENTER:
Claudia Schwirplies, DISCUSSANT: Niklas Uliczka

Speakers
Mr. Uliczka, Niklas,
Dr. Moretti, Michele, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Antwerp, University of Pisa
Mr. Mogge, Lukas, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Schwirplies, Claudia, University of Hamburg

Presentations

The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Top Income Shares: A Synthetic Control Analysis
Authors

Mr. Uliczka, Niklas,
Dr. Fuentes Cordoba, Gabriel, Ass. Professor, Sophia University
Presenter

Mr. Uliczka, Niklas,
Abstract

Hurricane Katrina devastated the state of Louisiana in 2005. Using the synthetic control
method, we evaluate the effect of this disaster on top income shares and other measures ofinequality in Louisiana. The findings suggest that Katrina has an inequality-increasing impact
on top income shares at the top 0.1% and top 1% level in the year following its occurrence.
We find evidence of heterogeneous effects among income earners within the top decile thatare positive and statistically significant for the top 1% income share, but negative andinsignificant for the income share of the next 9%. Our empirical exercise also indicates thatthe short-term effect is not persistent but rather evolves into a highly volatile pattern in themedium-term. We also find that Hurricane Katrina has a negligible effect on inequality in thelong-term. Our results are robust across a rich set of applied inequality measures and tovarious sensitivity checks.

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On the (Ir)relevance of Heatwaves in Climate Change impacts on European Agriculture
Authors

Ms. Fabri, Charlotte,
Dr. Moretti, Michele, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Antwerp, University of Pisa
Prof. Van Passel, Steven, Professor Environmental Economics, University of AntweroPresenter

Dr. Moretti, Michele, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Antwerp, University of Pisa
Abstract

This research investigates the impact of heatwaves on European agriculture, additional to theimpact of average climate change. Using a dataset of more than 60,000 European farms, thestudy examines whether adding a measure for heatwaves to the Ricardian model influences
its results. The study finds that the marginal impact of heatwave frequency, i.e. thepercentage change in agricultural land values caused by one more heatwave day per year, issmall in comparison to the effect of average temperature increases. Non-marginal effects arefound to be relevant, but only in the unlikely case of increased heatwave frequency.
Allocation of humanitarian aid after a weather disaster
Authors

Mr. Mogge, Lukas, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Kraehnert, Kati, postdoc researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Presenter

Mr. Mogge, Lukas, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Abstract

While climate change increases the volume of humanitarian aid responding to weather
disasters, little is known about how such humanitarian aid is allocated within the recipient
countries. This paper tests whether need or domestic political factors determine the allocationof humanitarian aid following a weather disaster in Mongolia. Our district-level analysis
focuses on the extremely harsh winter of 2015/16 that caused high livestock mortality insome areas of the country. Both the Mongolian Government and international donors
delivered humanitarian assistance to pastoralist households. We exploit the exogenous natureof the weather disaster, its spatial variation, the timing of legislative elections taking place
just months after the disaster, and the fact that the government defined clear criteria of needbased on meteorological risk projections at the district level. Results show that need is thestrongest factor determining the allocation of international humanitarian aid across districts,
while it is less relevant for the allocation of governmental humanitarian aid. We do not findevidence that political alignment or core voter considerations matter either for the likelihoodof providing aid to districts or for the intensive margin of aid allocation.
Does additional demand for charitable aid increase giving? Evidence from Hurricane Sandy
AuthorDr. Schwirplies, Claudia, University of Hamburg
Presenter

Dr. Schwirplies, Claudia, University of Hamburg
Abstract

This paper re-opens the discussion whether new demand for charitable aid generates
additional giving or is in the end a zero-sum game. I employ the exogenous variation in
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donations provided by Hurricane Sandy and a unique data set from a large crowdfunding
platform to analyze giving patters around the disaster. The study focuses on two importantresearch questions: (i) Does a major disaster like Hurricane Sandy increases the altruism
budget of donors and how do donors substitute donations for disaster victims with otherprojects? (ii) Does disaster experience affect giving and substitution? The findings indicatethat the altruism budget increases in line with earlier studies, but also reveal substitution
within and between charitable causes. In addition, the experience of Hurricane Sandy does
not seem to impact total donations allocated to the platform, but highly affected regions give
more for disaster recovery projects and less for children in some weeks in the immediate
aftermath of the disaster.

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Corporate Social Responsibility
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Hidden Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility -- PRESENTER: Manuel Grieder, DISCUSSANT:
Martin Kesternich
2. The unintended consequences of pro-environmental signaling: Field evidence from a voluntary carbon
offsetting program among firms -- PRESENTER: Martin Kesternich, DISCUSSANT: Andreas Lange
3. Market structure, evolution and regulation with prosocially motivated firms -- PRESENTER: Andreas Lange,
DISCUSSANT: Alexandre Volle
4. Championing and Shaming Strategies in a Credence Good Market: Which One to Use? -- PRESENTER:
Alexandre Volle, DISCUSSANT: Manuel Grieder

Speakers
Prof. Grieder, Manuel, Assistant Professor, ZHAW/ FernUni Schweiz
Prof. Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Dr. Volle, Alexandre, Assistant Professor, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour

Presentations

The Hidden Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors

Dr. Grieder, Manuel, UniDistance Suisse
Dr. Kistler, Deborah, ETH Zurich
Dr. Schmitz, Jan, Assistant Professor, Radboud University
Presenter

Dr. Grieder, Manuel, UniDistance Suisse
Abstract

Companies' pro-environmental activities are an important part of Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR). This paper studies how an employer's environmental CSR activities
affect the personal pro-environmental behavior of its employees. To do so, we conducted alarge-scale field experiment on a crowd-working platform in which the employer's
environmental CSR level varied exogenously. We find that environmental CSR positively
influenced workers' personal pro-environmental behavior. Workers who received informationthat their employer engaged in environmental CSR were more likely to contribute, andcontributed higher amounts, to an environmental charity in a personal donation decision. Ourfindings have important implications for managers of organizations engaging (or planning toengage) in environmental CSR, as they indicate that the impact of CSR may be farther

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reaching than directly observable by firm activities alone. By using CSR, employers have thepotential to influence the personal behavior of their employees.
The unintended consequences of pro-environmental signaling: Field evidence from avoluntary carbon offsetting program among firms
Authors

Prof. Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic ResearchDr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,
Dr. Fugger, Carina , Zurich Insurance Company Ltd- Price, Michael, -,Presenter

Prof. Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Abstract

A growing literature explores the purchase of carbon offsets and carbon neutral products byindividual consumers. However, it is not clear whether these findings are informative aboutfirm behavior in such settings. We provide field-experimental evidence on the motives forvoluntary carbon offsets among firms. We collaborate with a courier service provider from
Poland that offers business-to-business shipments. In our experiment, the sender of a delivery
can offset the related carbon dioxide emissions by paying a price add-on. Treatments vary theopportunity to signal this pro-environmental act to the receiver. Based on more than 5,600
orders from 124 unique business clients, we find that senders are less likely to enroll in the
carbon offsetting program if they are required to signal the pro-environmental behavior.
Moreover, when senders have a choice whether to send the signal, more than half of those
who enroll in the offsetting program elect not to and hide their decision to offset. To
understand the observed data patterns, we provide evidence from an additional survey among
Polish citizens showing heterogeneity in WTP for carbon offsetting along political lines.
Moreover, we show that this heterogeneity influences both offsetting and signaling decisionof a sender. Hence, a firm's decision to offset depends on both their own preferences andthose of their business partners. As such, programs that require firms to disclosure offsetting
behavior may backfire and lead to fewer carbon neutral shipments. Rather such programs
should allow the firm to determine whether and when to disclose if they offset.
Market structure, evolution and regulation with prosocially motivated firms
Authors

Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Prof. Chan, Nathan,Presenter

Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Abstract

Social enterprises serve stakeholder interests that extend beyond pure shareholder value. The
prevalence of such activity has grown in recent years, especially with respect toenvironmentally-friendly and socially-responsible product offerings. We construct a richmodel to understand how social enterprises affect the structure, evolution, and regulation ofmarkets where externalities are an important component of product quality. We solve for
equilibrium configurations and identify a unique role for social enterprises: they can

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discover latent consumer preferences and spur product innovation. We further show how
regulations (i.e., quality standards and price policies on externalities) impact the choice of
product characteristics both directly and indirectly by altering incentives for productdifferentiation. These multiple channels of influence are important to understanding both thepositive and normative ramifications of regulatory action.
Championing and Shaming Strategies in a Credence Good Market: Which One to Use?
Authors

Dr. Volle, Alexandre, Assistant Professor, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour
Prof. González, Patrick, Professor, Université Laval
Presenter

Dr. Volle, Alexandre, Assistant Professor, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour
Abstract

We analyze the performance of the championing and shaming information collecting
strategies in a credence good market. Championing (Shaming) means certifying (uncovering)firms that sell high (low) quality products. A benevolent NGO imperfectly investigates a firm
to inform the consumer. It must decide between these strategies that have roughly the samechance of success. This is a choice of experiment problem in the context of a market
hampered by asymmetric information. The shaming strategy prevents greenwashing
temptation from the brown firm and gives confidence to the consumer when asymmetric
information persists. The championing strategy helps the green firm solve asymmetric
information and make the consumer pessimistic if it fails to restore perfect information. We
show that which one is better depends on the kind of equilibrium that is played (pooling or
separating) and the timing of the game.

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Political Economy
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Network Regulation under Electoral Competition -- PRESENTER: Anke Leroux, DISCUSSANT: Michela
Limardi2. Recall Bias of Environmental Campaigns -- PRESENTER: Michela Limardi, DISCUSSANT: Alexandra
Brausmann
3. Resource Discoveries and the Political Survival of Dictators -- PRESENTER: Alexandra Brausmann,
DISCUSSANT: Sven Kunze
4. Disastrous Discretion - Ambiguous Decision Situations Foster Political Favoritism -- PRESENTER: Sven
Kunze, DISCUSSANT: Anke Leroux

Speakers
Prof. Leroux, Anke,
Ms. Limardi, Michela,
Prof. Brausmann, Alexandra, Assisstant Professor, University of Vienna
Dr. Kunze, Sven,

Presentations

Network Regulation under Electoral Competition
Authors

Prof. Leroux, Anke,
Prof. Soderberg, Magnus, Professor, Halmstad University
Presenter

Prof. Leroux, Anke,
Abstract

Academics and policymakers generally agree that energy infrastructure should be subject toprice regulation. However, modern regulatory approaches have been subject to increasing
criticism for their apparent failure to achieve competitive pricing in practice. Some havesuggested that customers ought to be involved in the regulatory process, but it is uncertain
how customers' perspectives can best be incorporated. In this study, we evaluate how
electoral competition influences monopoly pricing by extending well-known regulatorylaboratory experiments. We show that electoral competition has a significant and negative
impact on prices. When implemented jointly with incentive regulation our results indicatethat electoral competition pushes the price down quicker to the welfare maximising level.
Recall Bias of Environmental Campaigns

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AuthorMs. Limardi, Michela,
Presenter

Ms. Limardi, Michela,
Abstract

Environmental campaigns aim to increase the environmental awareness and to induce a proenvironmental behaviour of individuals. One of the criteria used to assess the effectiveness ofa campaign is to ask people if they recall the campaign. However, it may exist a bias inrecalling campaigns according to the environmental behavior of individuals. We want tomeasure this potential recall bias. We use an original survey conducted by a French NGO in
the region of Paris to assess the effectiveness of its drug recycle campaigns. We conduct firsta probit analysis of the probability that an individual remember the campaign and then weapply the difference-in-difference method. We find that there is a systematic recall bias of thecampaigns according to the environmental behavior of the respondent. This recall bias might
be related to the type of message delivered. This implies that a deeper reflection is needed inorder to find the right message to reach the target group of environmental campaigns, i.e.
individuals with low environmental awareness.
Resource Discoveries and the Political Survival of Dictators
Authors

Prof. Brausmann, Alexandra, Assisstant Professor, University of Vienna
Dr. Grieg, Elise, ETH Zürich
Presenter

Prof. Brausmann, Alexandra, Assisstant Professor, University of Vienna
Abstract

We study the effect of resource discoveries on dictator failure. We extend existing conflict
literature by developing a dynamic stochastic model where timing of attack and probability ofsuccess are endogenous. Incumbent and opposition invest in military arsenals which
determine success probability, while opposition also chooses when to stage a coup. A
resource discovery delays the attack and reduces the probability of overthrow. We test thesehypotheses using duration models and timing of giant oil and gas discoveries, finding thatlarge discoveries more than double remaining time until failure and reduce hazard faced byan autocrat by 30 - 50%
Disastrous Discretion - Ambiguous Decision Situations Foster Political Favoritism
Authors

Dr. Kunze, Sven,
Mr. Schneider, Stephan, ETH Zurich
Presenter

Dr. Kunze, Sven,
Abstract

Allocation decisions are vulnerable to political influence, but it is unclear in which situations
politicians use their discretionary power in a partisan manner. We analyze the allocation ofpresidential disaster declarations in the United States, exploiting the spatiotemporal
randomness of hurricane strikes from 1965-2018 along with changes in political alignment.
We show that decisions are not biased when disasters are either very strong or weak, when

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relief provision is clearly necessary or not. Only in ambiguous situations, after mediumintensity hurricanes, do areas governed by presidents' co-partisans receive favorable
treatment. This hump-shaped political bias explains 10 percent of total relief spending.

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Air Pollution 2
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. From opening to closing: China's plastic waste imports and the effects on air pollution -- PRESENTER:
Kerstin Unfried, DISCUSSANT: Luis Sarmiento
2. The Air Quality Effects of Uber -- PRESENTER: Luis Sarmiento, DISCUSSANT: Christine Le Thi
3. Social inequalities in exposure to air pollution in France -- PRESENTER: Christine Le Thi, DISCUSSANT:
Ridhima Gupta
4. Does Traffic Congestion pose Health Hazards? Evidence from a Highly Congested and Polluted City -PRESENTER: Ridhima Gupta, DISCUSSANT: Kerstin Unfried

Speakers
Dr. Unfried, Kerstin, University of Göttingen
Dr. Sarmiento, Luis, Researcher,
Ms. Le Thi, Christine,
Ms. Gupta, Ridhima,

Presentations

From opening to closing: China's plastic waste imports and the effects on air pollution
Authors

Dr. Unfried, Kerstin, University of Göttingen
Dr. Wang, Feicheng,
Presenter

Dr. Unfried, Kerstin, University of Göttingen
Abstract

Plastic waste trade has been growing substantially in the last decades, which has caused
severe environmental problems in recipient countries. Since 2018, China has permanently
banned the imports of plastic waste. This paper examines the causal effects of plastic waste
imports on air pollution in China. Combining prefectural city-level data on plastic waste
imports and PM2.5 for the years 2000-2011 and using an instrumental variable approach, wefind that plastic waste imports increased PM2.5 density significantly. This is linked to the
expansion of the waste processing sector and an increased number of incineration. Employing
data between 2015 and 2020, we also evaluate the impacts of the plastic waste import ban on
air quality. Our difference-in-differences results show that affected cities experienced asignificant improvement in air quality following the ban relative to other cities. Thesefindings suggest potential gains in the environmental quality of banning plastic waste imports
in other countries.

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The Air Quality Effects of Uber
Authors

Dr. Sarmiento, Luis, Researcher,
Dr. Kim, Yeong Jae, RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment
Presenter

Dr. Sarmiento, Luis, Researcher,
Abstract

This study looks at the air quality effects of Uber in the United States. For this, we estimate
Uber's impact on the air quality index with state-of-the-art difference-in-difference estimators
accounting for Uber's staggered implementation and dynamic treatment effects. Results showthat Uber improves air quality. The value of the air quality index and the number of
unhealthy air quality episodes decrease after its introduction. We provide evidence that thebulk of the improvement comes from declining ozone levels during the summer. Notably,
results hold for a plethora of different specifications, samples, and robustness exercises. To
the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to estimate the air quality effects of ridehailing technologies empirically. However, further research is needed to identify themechanisms driving the relationship between ride-hailing technologies, the transportation
sector, and air quality.
Social inequalities in exposure to air pollution in France
Authors

Ms. Le Thi, Christine,
Ms. Suarez Castillo, Milena, Economist, Insee
Presenter

Ms. Le Thi, Christine,
Abstract

Do some populations experience a disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution? In
this work, we aim to evaluate the existing inequalities in exposure by living standards andtheir evolution over 2001 to 2016 for the French metropolitan population. We distinguish therole of spatial sorting within and between urban areas by living standards, as a large
determinant of exposure. We explore the hypothesis of selective migration as a contributor to
the sustained inequalities. To this end, we study a 1% sample of the French Population
extracted from the Echantillon Demographique Permanent for which we infer yearly
residential trajectories over 1999 to 2017 from multiple sources, at the municipality level. To
estimate particulate matter exposure at the municipality level consistently over the territoryand over time, we take advantage of yearly satellite-based PM2.5 data product (Van
Donkelaar et al., 2019) in its European version, starting from 2001. Consistently over theperiod and while PM2.5 concentrations have strongly been falling, we find a U-shaped
relationship between living standards and exposure of individuals: the lowest decile and thehighest decile of living standards are the most exposed and this finding is stable over years.
However, different explanations underlie the overexposure at each hands to the living
standards scale. For the highest decile, overexposure is driven by an over-representation in
the largest urban areas, which are more polluted. For the lowest decile, while underrepresented in the largest urban areas, they tend to be located within urban areas in the mostpolluted municipalities. Absent municipality changes from 1999 to 2017, the population
would have been more exposed than it is at the end of the period. Mobilities are therefore
biased toward less exposure over the long run, in particular for the intermediate deciles.

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Mobilities lead to a similar reduction in exposure for the lowest and highest deciles of living
standards. However, for the highest decile, this reduction is obtained primarily from within
urban area mobilities. This suggests that within urban areas inequalities are partiallymaintained by selective migration within urban areas whereby destinations for highest decile
movers are less polluted than destinations of lowest decile movers. In addition, it may suggestthat the highest decile reduction in exposure attributable to mobilities is not obtained at theexpense of proximity to the largest cities.
Does Traffic Congestion pose Health Hazards? Evidence from a Highly Congested and
Polluted City
Authors

Ms. Gupta, Ridhima,
Dr. Kacker , Kanishka , Indian Statistical Institute Delhi
Mr. Ali , Saif , Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi
Presenter

Ms. Gupta, Ridhima,
Abstract

Will reducing traffic congestion bring health benefits? We use high frequency data from Uberfor Delhi -- a city that experiences high levels of air pollution and traffic congestion -- toanswer this question. Exploiting information by time of day for every day of 2018 at theneighborhood level that covers over 16000 possible trips during each of these time periods,
we employ an instrumental variables strategy that uses unanticipated temporary shocks tocommutes as an instrument for congestion. These shocks are defined using machine learningtechniques on the Delhi Traffic Police's Twitter account. Day, month, time-of-day and trip
fixed effects remove additional sources of unobserved heterogeneity. Congestion has aheavily localized non-linear, dynamic impact on pollution raising it sharply by over a
standard deviation during and after extreme congestion events. Simulations suggest
congestion may be responsible for up to 40% of all premature deaths from pulmonary andheart disease in Delhi.

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Electricity Demand
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Do manufacturing plants respond to exogenous changes in electricity prices? Evidence from administrative
micro-data -- PRESENTER: Elisa Rottner, DISCUSSANT: Salim Turdaliev
2. (Job Market) The Elasticity of Electricity Demand and Carbon Emissions Reductions in the Residential
Sector: Evidence from a tariff shift in Russia -- PRESENTER: Salim Turdaliev, DISCUSSANT: Racine Diatta
3. The effects of demand response game on the optimal sizing of off-grid microgrids -- PRESENTER: Racine
Diatta, DISCUSSANT: Joachim Schleich
4. Renewable rebound: Empirical evidence from household electricity tariff switching -- PRESENTER:
Joachim Schleich, DISCUSSANT: Elisa Rottner

Speakers
Ms Rottner, Elisa,
Mr. Turdaliev (Job Market), Salim, Ph.D Candidate (Job Market), Institute of Economic Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Mr. Diatta, Racine, -, Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management

Presentations

Do manufacturing plants respond to exogenous changes in electricity prices? Evidence fromadministrative micro-data
Authors

Ms Rottner, Elisa,
Dr. von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,Presenter

Ms Rottner, Elisa,
Abstract

Climate policy often implies increasing energy prices. Due to incomplete regulation acrossthe globe, concerns about competitiveness and employment effects play an important role in
the policy debate. Using micro-data on electricity network charges and the official plant
census data for Germany, we study the impact of rising electricity costs on plant performancein German Manufacturing. Electricity network charges are determined through regulation inGermany and therefore exogenous to each individual manufacturing plant, while making up a
substantial share of final electricity prices. We find evidence of negative own-priceelasticities for electricity both in the long- and in the short-run. A one cent increase inaverage network charges leads to a decrease in electricity procurement of roughly 6-7% in the

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short-run and 3-4% in the long-run. Electricity procurement is more sensitive to network
charges than electricity consumption, as are multi-plant firms.
The Elasticity of Electricity Demand and Carbon Emissions Reductions in the Residential
Sector: Evidence from a tariff shift in Russia (Job Market)
AuthorMr. Turdaliev (Job Market), Salim, Ph.D Candidate (Job Market), Institute of Economic Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Presenter

Mr. Turdaliev (Job Market), Salim, Ph.D Candidate (Job Market), Institute of Economic Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Abstract

In this paper, I estimate the price elasticity of residential electricity demand using householdlevel panel data for Russia. The study takes advantage of the variation in tariffs acrossregions and over time, as well as the introduction of increasing block rate (IBR) tariff
schemes in a number of regions. I show that in those regions consumers appear to be aware of
the block cut-offs, even though the latter are household and dwelling-specific, to the pointthat there are a total of 35 different tier cut-offs. Based on these results, I estimate the priceelasticity of electricity demand to be around -0.09. I also predict the associated changes inelectricity consumption, CO2 emissions, and revenues if similar IBR policies are
implemented countrywide.
The effects of demand response game on the optimal sizing of off-grid microgrids
Authors

Mr. Diatta, Racine, -, Dr. LOISEL, Rodica,
Dr. Richefort, Lionel , Université de Nantes
Presenter

Mr. Diatta, Racine, -, Abstract

This paper aims to develop a methodology for sizing an urban off-grid-based PV/Battery
generating system located in Gombe State, Nigeria, which minimizes the total annualized
cost of the system using non-linear programming and bi-level programming problem. The
first result has shown that the estimated electricity tariff (i.e. LCOE of 0.31 euro/kWh) forthe base case, namely the Historical Sizing scenario (HS), is not affordable, particularly forpoor end-users, since it is 69 % higher than that of the grid tariff (i.e. at around 0.095
euro/kWh). Further, Under Sizing scenario (US) based on the Demand Response (DR)program of load curtailment has been suggested and modeled with the aims to reduce the offgrid system sizing as well as the LCOE. Two DR programs without and with game-theory
tools were considered and optimized for 5% and 10% annual load curtailment to ensure thereliability of the power supply. In each case, the impact of the report effect is also taken into
account. For the US scenario without game (US-NG), it has been found that implementing a
DR program without report effect enables to save 8,564 euro in the total cost and 0.065 euro
per kWh in LCOE (for 5% annual load curtailment) in comparison to the DR program with
report. In contrast, for the US scenario with game (US-G), DR program with report effecthas demonstrated its effectiveness with regards to the HS scenario, since 13% and 19% of

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savings in total investment costs are obtained when 5% and 10% annual load curtailment is
set as a target, respectively.
Renewable rebound: Empirical evidence from household electricity tariff switching
Authors

Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Dr. Schuler, Johannes, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
Dr. Pfaff, Matthias, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research- Frank, Regine, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation ResearchPresenter

Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Abstract

Potential environmental benefits of green tariffs may be mitigated if households increaseelectricity consumption after they subscribe to green tariffs. Using metered data of household
electricity consumption from a large provider of green electricity in Germany, our quasiexperimental analysis finds that household switching to a green tariff leads to a non-monetary
renewable rebound effect of around 8.5%. Further, our findings imply that this renewablerebound effect is persistent over at least four years. These findings may be explained bymoral licensing effects which induce households to permanently change their habitual
behaviours and/or to acquire additional electricity-consuming technologies. Thus, failure toaccount for a renewable rebound in policy evaluation may lead to systematicallyunderestimate the costs of achieving energy and climate targets.

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Fisheries 2
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Are environmental provisions of RTA agreements effective in mitigating natural resource depletion?
Evidence from fisheries -- PRESENTER: Clément Nedoncelle, DISCUSSANT: Luc Doyen
2. Resilience management for coastal fisheries facing with global changes and uncertainties -- PRESENTER:
Luc Doyen, DISCUSSANT: Lars Persson
3. Benefits and Costs of Two Temporary No-take Zones -- PRESENTER: Lars Persson, DISCUSSANT:
Clément Nedoncelle

Speakers
Dr. Nedoncelle, Clément, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Doyen, Luc, -, CNRS
Prof. Persson, Lars, Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)

Presentations

Are environmental provisions of RTA agreements effective in mitigating natural resource
depletion? Evidence from fisheries
Authors

Dr. Nedoncelle, Clément, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Bayramoglu, Basak, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Gozlan, Estelle,
Mr. Tarabbia, Thibaut, ENPC
Presenter

Dr. Nedoncelle, Clément, Researcher, INRAE
Abstract

The last decades have witnessed an increase in both the number of Regional Trade
Agreements (RTAs) and in their depth, as their reach has extended far beyond trade policy. In
particular, post-NAFTA agreements tend to include provisions related to various
environmental objectives. The effectiveness of such provisions on environmental outcomes issometimes questioned because many of them are not binding. Recent advances in theinventory and typology of existing provisions have allowed the economic literature to assess
their impact on the level of polluting emissions or on deforestation. This article aims at
measuring the impact of environmental provisions on the state of fish stocks. The potential
endogeneity of fishery-related provisions is controlled with a difference-in-differences (DID)
propensity score matching method. Using data on the state of fish stocks, and a recent
database of environmental provisions included in all trade agreements signed since 1947, weestimate the impact of both signing a free trade agreement, and of the fishery-related

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provisions on the state of fish stocks for 726 RTAs signed in the period 1947-2018. Our
results suggest that while trade agreements tend to worsen the state of fish stocks, thepresence of fishery-related provisions tends to offset this negative outcome among thesignatory countries. We explore the type of provisions driving this effect and discuss
potential mechanisms.
Resilience management for coastal fisheries facing with global changes and uncertainties
Authors

Mr. Cuilleret, Mathieu, CNRS GREThA
Dr. Doyen, Luc, -, CNRS
Presenter

Dr. Doyen, Luc, -, CNRS
Abstract

Operationalizing resilience in fisheries management is a challenging issue in the face of
global changes. In this perspective, Grafton et al. (2019) propose a heuristic based on the"3Rs" of resilience, namely resistance, recovery, and robustness. The work presented here
applies this generic framework to the coastal fishery of French Guiana, which is underpressure because of both climate change, energy costs and demographic growth. To this end,a dynamic multi-species, resource-based and multi-fleet model accounting for climate andsocio-economic uncertainties is developed and calibrated using catch and effort time series.
The search for a more resilient management leads us to compare different fishingmanagement strategies and projections including 'Business as usual' (bau), 'Multispecies
Maximum Sustainable Yield' (mmsy) and 'Multispecies Maximum Economic Yield' (mmey)
strategies. The comparison between the strategies relies on ecological-economic viability
goals and thresholds. The two normative strategies mmsy and mmey turn out to provide
major gains in terms of the 3Rs and ecological-economic resilience as compared to bau. Theyboth suggest major redistributions in the fishing effort of the different fleets.
Benefits and Costs of Two Temporary No-take Zones
Authors

Dr. Bostedt, Göran,Dr. Berkström, Charlotte, Associate professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Prof. Brännlund, Runar, Professor emeritus, Umeå University
Mr. Carlén, Ola, Senior lecturer, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Dr. Florin, Ann-Britt, Senior researcher, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Dr. Persson, Lars, Associate professor, Umeå University
Dr. Bergström, Ulf, Associate professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Presenter

Dr. Persson, Lars, Associate professor, Umeå University
Abstract

Temporary no-take zones (NTZ) are increasingly introduced in Sweden as a fisheries
management tool to restore populations of specific target species. This paper presents a costbenefit analysis of two temporary NTZs in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, using scenario
analysis to account for uncertainty in both the biological and economic effects. A sensitivity
analysis was added for certain key parameters. The results of the cost-benefit analyses for thetwo NTZs are positive in all scenarios relating to the most realistic case of no opportunity

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costs, i.e., assuming that all fishing activity could be relocated to adjacent areas without cost
during the closed period. As an extreme case comparison full opportunity costs were
included, assuming that no fishing activity could be relocated to other areas during the closed
period. Then one of the NTZs exhibits a negative net result for most scenarios. For the otherarea the net result was positive even when the maximum opportunity costs of temporary lost
fishing opportunities were included, largely depending on the strong positive change in thevalue of commercial fishing. By demonstrating potential costs and benefits of using
temporary no-take zones in fisheries management this study may contribute to policy making,as well as to creating acceptance from stakeholder groups that incur short-term costs fromclosing areas to fishing.

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Agriculture and Climate
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Livestock farmers’ climate risk exposure and risk management depend on their farm type -- PRESENTER:
Sergei Schaub, DISCUSSANT: Eva Preinfalk
2. An analysis of agro-food system transitions in Austria: Mitigation potentials and macroeconomic costs -PRESENTER: Eva Preinfalk, DISCUSSANT: Raja Chakir
3. Food, Climate and biodiversity: a trilemma of mineral nitrogen use in European agriculture -- PRESENTER:
Raja Chakir, DISCUSSANT: Sanna Lötjönen
4. Carbon farming: Climate integrity and economic feasibility -- PRESENTER: Sanna Lötjönen,DISCUSSANT: Sergei Schaub

Speakers
Dr. Schaub, Sergei,
Ms Preinfalk, Eva,
Dr. Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Lötjönen, Sanna,Presentations

Livestock farmers’ climate risk exposure and risk management depend on their farm type
Authors

Dr. Schaub, Sergei,
Prof. Buchmann, Nina, Grassland Sciences Group, ETH Zürich
Prof. Lüscher, Andreas, Forage Production and Grassland Systems, Agroscope
Prof. Finger, Robert, Agricultural Economics and Policy Group, ETH Zürich
Presenter

Dr. Schaub, Sergei,
Abstract

Increasing drought risks due to climate change are predicted to adversely impact farmers'
income and income risk. Here, we theoretically and empirically investigate how livestock
farmers' farm type influences the effects of increasing drought risks and how increasing
drought risks and farm type influences farmers risk management decisions. We distinguishfarm types by their net position (i.e., how much forage are bought or sold relative to own
forage production) and risk management by the level and choice of risk management
instrument (i.e., production- vs. market-oriented). We show that increasing drought risks
reduces farmers' expected income and increases income risk. Farmers with higher net
positions are more severely affected by increasing drought risks. Moreover, the marginalvalue of risk management instruments increases under increasing drought risk, even more so

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for farmers with higher net positions. Additionally, compared to market-, production-oriented
risk management instruments become more valuable with increasing drought risks. We
illustrate the theoretical findings with farm-level simulations calibrated to German grasslandbased milk production. We conclude that our results i) reveal crucial heterogeneities ofclimate risk exposure and risk management choice depending on farm type and ii) are
important for farm management and designing future agricultural policies.
An analysis of agro-food system transitions in Austria: Mitigation potentials andmacroeconomic costs
Authors

Ms Preinfalk, Eva,
Bednar-Friedl, Birgit, University Graz
Dr. Mayer, Jakob, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Dr. Mayer, Andreas, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Dr. Lauk, Christian, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Presenter

Ms Preinfalk, Eva,
Abstract

Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) play a two-fold role in achieving the Paris
goal of maintaining global warming well below 2 C GWL. On the one hand, the sector
currently acts as the source of a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and on theother hand, it is a provider of a number of mitigation options, enabling negative emission
potentials through afforestation or soil carbon sequestration. This paper assesses thebiophysical effectiveness and economic feasibility of a set of demand- and supply-side driven
transitions of the Austrian agro-food system, by combining biophysical accounting with acomparative-static multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The
scenarios considered exhibit distinct GHG mitigation potentials, with measures implemented
on the supply-side effectively reducing emission intensities from agricultural practices, anddemand-side changes reducing the overall size of the agricultural sector, freeing up negativeemission potentials through afforestation. Macroeconomic modelling shows that agro-foodsystem transitions trigger gross domestic product effects between -1% and +0.2%, dependingon the scenario choice. We find that supply-side options are comparatively costly, whereas
domestic demand-side changes increase overall economic output. While the scenario
combining demand- and supply-side measures achieves the highest mitigation potential, ademand-side driven transition is preferable from a macroeconomic perspective. Decomposing
sectoral effects, crop production and the production of plant-based foods gain in three out offour scenarios (+2% to +21%), whereas livestock, dairy and meat producing sectors produce
less in all scenarios analysed (-11% to -34%). This implies stronger economic losses inregions with relatively high shares of gross value added from conventional agricultural
practices and a stronger focus on livestock farming. Despite triggering reductions in final
consumption in two out of four scenarios, we find that all agro-food system transitions
investigated are welfare-enhancing when accounting for the inclusion of global mitigation
benefits quantified by the social cost of carbon, as well as for a range of societal andenvironmental co-benefits.
Food, Climate and biodiversity: a trilemma of mineral nitrogen use in European agriculture
Authors

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Dr. Prudhomme, Remi, CIRAD, UMR CIRED
Dr. Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Lungarska, Anna, INRAE
Dr. Brunelle, Thierry, CIRAD
Dr. de Noblet, Nathalie, LSCE
Dr. Devaraju, Narayanappa, LSCE
Dr. Jayet, Pierre-Alain, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Bureau, Jean-Christophe, AgroParisTech
Presenter

Dr. Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Abstract

Mineral nitrogen (N) application in agriculture has significantly increased food production
over the past century. The intensive use of N-fertilizers is nevertheless the source ofnumerous negative environmental impacts (biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions) andremains a major challenge for policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of a public
policy aiming at halving agricultural mineral nitrogen use across the European Union. We
investigate the impacts on food security, climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation andwe analyse the potential trade-offs and synergies between them. Acknowledging theuncertainties associated with any monetary valuation, our results show that halving nitrogenuse in EU agriculture will decrease agricultural benefits, but it will also reduce costs on
carbon and ecosystems and that the overall social impacts at EU scale are positive.
Carbon farming: Climate integrity and economic feasibility
Authors

Dr. Lötjönen, Sanna,Prof. Kulovesi, Kati, University of Eastern Finland
Prof. Lång, Kristiina, Natural Resources Institute Finland
Ollikainen, Markku, University of Helsinki
Presenter

Dr. Lötjönen, Sanna,
Abstract

We examine economic incentives for carbon farming under the requirement of climate
integrity. The identified key requirements for climate integrity comprise measurement andverification, permanence, and additionality at farm, market and national levels. Farmers makecarbon contracts for a finite time either in voluntary markets or with the government.
Agricultural practices are multiple requiring thus detailed calculations of GHG emissions andC sequestration when making carbon contracts. Temporary contracts can be made climateproof by using offset ratios indicating the share of one emissions unit that one unit ofsequestered carbon replaces. Offset ratio is a function of contract length, discount rate anduncertainty. Carbon leakage at farm level (slippage) is prevented by contracts that cover thewhole farm production. Leakage at market level must be accounted for when designing
voluntary market or government policy. Carbon farming is profitable for farmers provided
that practices reducing GHG emissions and sequestering carbon on arable soils are efficient,carbon contracts long enough and credit prices high enough.

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Climate Damages and Impacts 2
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The impact of Hydro-geological hazards on Italian firms -- PRESENTER: Francesco David, DISCUSSANT:
Manuel Linsenmeier
2. Seasonal temperature variability and economic cycles -- PRESENTER: Manuel Linsenmeier, DISCUSSANT:
Simon Dietz
3. Economic impacts of melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet -- PRESENTER: Simon Dietz, DISCUSSANT:
Berkay Akyapi
4. (Job Market) Estimating macro-fiscal effects of climate shocks from billions of geospatial weather
observations -- PRESENTER: Berkay Akyapi, DISCUSSANT: Francesco David

Speakers
Dr. David, Francesco, Banca d'Italia
Mr. Linsenmeier, Manuel,Dietz, Simon, London School of Economics (LSE)
Mr. Akyapi (Job Market), Berkay, Job Market, University of Florida

Presentations

The impact of Hydro-geological hazards on Italian firms
Authors

Prof. Clo, Stefano,Prof. Segoni, Samuele, University of Florence
Dr. David, Francesco, Banca d'Italia
Presenter

Dr. David, Francesco, Banca d'Italia
Abstract

Climate-related disasters, among which floods are the most frequent type of events, areresponsible for casualties and economic losses around the world. Apart from direct costs,
mainly deriving from destruction of physical capital, their effects on economies are less wellunderstood. Using a novel dataset on natural disasters affecting Italy from 2010 onward, westudy the impact of floods and landslides on firms' activity in a country prone to hydrogeological risk. Our results show that natural disasters affect both the survival probability andthe performance of survivor firms, especially the smaller ones. The impact on firm
performance is heterogeneous both across sectors, with a negative effect on services andnegligible consequences on the others, and across areas, hitting rural and suburban towns andzones with a lower exante risk of experiencing such events.

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Seasonal temperature variability and economic cycles
Author

Mr. Linsenmeier, Manuel,Presenter

Mr. Linsenmeier, Manuel,
Abstract

In this paper, I examine to what extent temperature variability can explain seasonal economic
cycles. To this aim, I first construct a novel dataset of seasonal temperature and seasonaleconomic production for a sample of 98 countries. This dataset reveals a much larger
diversity of seasonal economic cycles around the world than previously reported. I thenattribute these economic cycles to seasonal variation in temperature. For identification, I
propose and apply a novel econometric approach based on seasonal differences that accounts
for expectations. The results suggest that seasonal temperature has a statistically significantly
positive effect on seasonal production. Using data on GVA for different industry groups I
attribute this effect to industries that are relatively exposed to ambient temperature.
Furthermore, the results suggest that economic development makes countries more resilient
to temperature fluctuations. Overall, the effect of temperature on seasonal economic cycles
appears large, as in many countries the effect of temperature is strong enough to explain
almost all of the observed seasonal economic cycle. Regarding future anthropogenic climatechange, the results suggest that changes to seasonal temperatures will lead to a reallocation of
economic activity from one season to another of up to several percentage points of annual
GDP, pointing to a new channel through which climate change will affect economic
production that has so far been overlooked.
Economic impacts of melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors

Dietz, Simon, London School of Economics (LSE)
Mr. Koninx, Felix, Arup
Presenter

Dietz, Simon, London School of Economics (LSE)
Abstract

Melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) could contribute metres to global sea level rise
(SLR) in the long run, threatening coastal economies, ecosystems and populations,amplifying the need to adapt, and adding to the social value of carbon emissions reductions.
We build a coupled model of Antarctic melting due to rising temperatures, SLR, andeconomic impacts of SLR on coastlines worldwide. It reproduces the ice sheet dynamics ofmore complex models, and coastlines are modelled at a high spatial resolution. It can also beplaced within a larger, modular Integrated Assessment Model (IAM), so that the contributionof Antarctic melting to the social cost of carbon can be studied. We report SLR projections
close to the latest literature. Our analysis of coastal impacts reveals large heterogeneity: costs
are large relative to the projected size of national economies in around one to two dozen
countries, primarily Small Island Developing States. Costs can be reduced dramatically byefficient protection of coastlines: moving from a no protection scenario to a least-cost/optimal
adaptation scenario reduces total costs by roughly an order of magnitude. AIS melting
contributes large uncertainty to estimates of the cost of SLR. AIS melting typically adds
several dollars to the social cost of carbon and there is a tail risk of very large increases,

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particularly on a high emissions scenario, where a doubling is feasible, and the expected
increase is more than 50%.
Estimating macro-fiscal effects of climate shocks from billions of geospatial weather
observations (Job Market)
Authors

Massetti, Emanuele , Georgia Institute of Technology
Dr. Bellon, Matthieu, International Monetary Fund
Mr. Akyapi (Job Market), Berkay, Job Market, University of Florida
Presenter

Mr. Akyapi (Job Market), Berkay, Job Market, University of Florida
Abstract

A growing literature estimates the effect of weather on GDP per capita using variations ofannual country-level averages of temperature and precipitation. However, averages may notreveal effects from extreme events that occur at higher time frequency or at higher spatial
resolution. To address these issues, we rely on daily temperature and precipitation global data
between 1979 and 2019 with a spatial resolution of 30km. We construct 45 weather variables
and select the most relevant ones using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO). We expand the literature by analyzing short- and medium-run weather impacts on
expenditure, debt and deficit, in addition to GDP per capita. We find that nighttime heatwaves, droughts, deviations from moderate and occasional rainfall, periods with extreme wet
conditions, and the duration of the longest dry spell have significant and permanent level
effects. Average temperature is instead almost never significant. The share of GDP variations
explained by our model improves by 2 percent when introducing our climate variables, andby up to 4.5 percent for poor or agricultural countries. This still underestimates the relevanceof climate as we also find that public expenditure rises to counter-balance adverse weather
shocks, even as public revenue remains unaffected.

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Climate Politics 2
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The international diffusion of policies for climate change mitigation -- PRESENTER: Gregor Schwerhoff,DISCUSSANT: Andreas Pondorfer
2. Public support for more ambitious climate policies -- PRESENTER: Andreas Pondorfer, DISCUSSANT:
Raphaela Kotsch
3. Who supports stringent carbon markets and why? A machine learning approach to measuring support forsound market rules -- PRESENTER: Raphaela Kotsch, DISCUSSANT: Asa Löfgren
4. Leading by example - Do EU citizens want their countries to take the lead? -- PRESENTER: Asa Löfgren,
DISCUSSANT: Gregor Schwerhoff

Speakers
Dr. Schwerhoff, Gregor, International Monetary Fund
Prof. Pondorfer, Andreas,
Ms Kotsch, Raphaela,
Löfgren, Asa, University of Gothenburg

Presentations

The international diffusion of policies for climate change mitigation
Authors

Mr. Linsenmeier, Manuel,Dr. Mohommad, Adil, International Monetary Fund
Dr. Schwerhoff, Gregor, International Monetary Fund
Presenter

Dr. Schwerhoff, Gregor, International Monetary Fund
Abstract

In this paper, we examine the international diffusion of carbon pricing policies. In the firstpart of the paper, we empirically examine to what extent the adoption of carbon pricing in
one country can causally be attributed to prior adoption of the same policy elsewhere. In thesecond part, we quantify the emission reductions due to international policy diffusion. To doso, we combine a large international dataset on carbon pricing with several other datasets. For
causal identification, we estimate semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard models. We findrobust and statistically significant evidence for an international diffusion of carbon pricing
policies. The global benefits of policy diffusion are substantial. For two neighbouring
countries, policy adoption in one country tends to increase the probability of subsequent
adoption in the other country by several percentage points. Motivated by this result, we use
Monte Carlo simulations based on our empirical estimates to quantify both direct domestic

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and indirect foreign emission reductions of policy adoption and subsequent diffusion. The
results based on our central empirical estimates suggest that for many countries indirectemission reductions of carbon pricing can exceed direct emission reductions. In the last part,
we use these indirect emission reductions as proxies for the international leverage of acountry's domestic climate policy and discuss its variation across countries. Overall, ourresults provide additional support for the adoption of stringent climate policies, especially incountries where climate policies might so far have been considered as being of relatively little
importance.
Public support for more ambitious climate policies
Authors

Prof. Pondorfer, Andreas,
Prof. Goerg, Sebastian, Technical University of Munich
Ms. Stöhr, Valentina, Technical University of Munich
Presenter

Prof. Pondorfer, Andreas,
Abstract

To reach the goal of the Paris agreement more ambitious climate policies will need to be
implemented worldwide. Here we use a representative experimental survey to investigate
how different description for more ambitious climate policies drive public support. In
general, more ambitious policies reduce public support and the effect is stronger if the focus
is on an increase of carbon prices compared to a mix of polices with a stronger focus on the
reduction of greenhouse gases. Economic preferences (reciprocity, trust, risk and patience)and other individual characteristics (e.g., experience of recent hazards, belief in climatechange) are strong predictors for the support. The influence of regional characteristics (e.g.,
GDP, employment sectors, presence of EU cohesion polices) is weaker and less consistent.
Our results show that personal experience with hazards drives public support, but predicted
future impacts of climate change on regions does not have an impact.
Who supports stringent carbon markets and why? A machine learning approach to measuring
support for sound market rules
Authors

Dr. Castro, Paula, ZHAW
Ms Kotsch, Raphaela,
Presenter

Ms Kotsch, Raphaela,
Abstract

Carbon markets are a key policy tool to enable effective and cost-efficient greenhouse gas
emission reductions. Sound regulations are crucial since poor market design bears the danger
that low-quality certificates will be created, which could water down the emission reduction
efforts. To ensure the implementation of well-designed carbon markets, it is important tounderstand who supports stringent carbon market regulation and why. Applying quantitative
text analysis methods, we propose a novel approach to measure and analyse countries'
positions on the introduction of carbon markets and their support for sound regulation. To doso, we collect and analyse written position papers related to carbon markets submitted bycountries to the UNFCCC between 1995 and 2020 and derive positions from 235 such
submissions. We employ two machine learning methods -- structural topic modelling and
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word embeddings -- to automatise the process of classification of countries' positions on therequired level of stringency of carbon market regulations. We use network techniques toanalyse which countries have similar positions on carbon markets.
Leading by example - Do EU citizens want their countries to take the lead?
Authors

Löfgren, Asa, University of Gothenburg
Prof. Sterner, Thomas, Professor of Environmental Economics, EfD Environment for Development
initiative, University of Gothenburg
Carlsson, Fredrik, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Lampi, Elina, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Kataria, Mitesh, University of Gothenburg
Presenter

Löfgren, Asa, University of Gothenburg
Abstract

We study climate leadership in seven European countries by investigating whether citizens
want their country to take the lead and reduce carbon emissions in excess of current EU
agreements. We are especially studying countries willingness to act as leaders on climatechange, conditioned on their beliefs about other EU member states reactions. We find thatmost people do not expect that taking the lead will result in other countries following suit. A
non-negligible share even expects that such leadership will be counterproductive: othercountries will increase their emissions instead. The more optimistic view that other countries
will follow the lead is more common among females and people with more left-wing politicalviews. Our survey experiments also show that a large share of respondents behave as
conditional leaders: they are clearly more positive towards their country taking the lead anddecreasing emissions if assured that other countries will follow suit. These preferences areagain stronger among left-wing political supporters. Peoples' support is also sensitive to thecost of leading by example. Finally, using the conditional probability to take the lead andexpectations of other countries' reactions, we estimate the population share that would
support their country taking the lead. Even a relatively moderate annual cost of 110 euros perhousehold makes a majority of people in all the surveyed countries oppose their country
taking the lead. Our results highlight the significance of expectations of followers' reactions
and the importance of multilateral agreements in climate policies.

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Water Pollution
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Seasonality Hides Groundwater Contamination Risks Near Swine Lagoons -- PRESENTER: Ranjit Bawa,
DISCUSSANT: Klaus Moeltner
2. Locally-weighted meta-regression and benefit transfer -- PRESENTER: Klaus Moeltner, DISCUSSANT:
Claire Lepault
3. Is urban wastewater treatment effective in India? -- PRESENTER: Claire Lepault, DISCUSSANT: Irène Hu
4. MiningLeaks: Water Pollution and Child Mortality in Africa -- PRESENTER: Irène Hu, DISCUSSANT:
Ranjit Bawa

Speakers
Dr. Bawa, Ranjit,
Prof. Moeltner, Klaus,
Ms. Lepault, Claire, PhD Student, Paris School of Economics
Ms. Hu, Irène, PhD Candidate, Paris School of Economics

Presentations

Seasonality Hides Groundwater Contamination Risks Near Swine Lagoons
Authors

Dr. Abashidze, Nino,
Dr. Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Dr. Etheridge, Randall , East Carolina University
Dr. Li, Yuanhao, Norwegian School of Economics
Dr. Peralta, Ariane, East Carolina University
Dr. Sims, Charles, University of Tennessee
Mr. Vogel, Tom, East Carolina University
Dr. Bawa, Ranjit,
Presenter

Dr. Bawa, Ranjit,
Abstract

More than 44 million United States residents depend on private drinking water wells that arefederally unregulated. Maintaining a clean groundwater supply for populations without
access to a public water system is essential to supporting public health and falls to state
regulators and private well owners. Yet, monitoring practices do not reflect the fact thatgroundwater pollution risk varies seasonally and with proximity to nearby surfacecontaminated sites. We focus on North Carolina that requires one-time bacteria testing of all

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newly constructed wells and ranks second nationally in domestic well dependence and swine
production. Examination of nearly 50,000 well water samples from 2013-2018 reveals a
uniform sampling schedule but a variable risk of bacterial contamination within each calendar
year. We document a threshold of 90-degrees Fahrenheit where total coliform and E.coli
detection spikes near swine lagoons. The high-temperature bacterial contamination is absent
during cooler temperatures suggesting that "cold-weather sampling" is unlikely to reflect
year-round groundwater contamination risk. The annual gap between sampling and maximum
air temperatures implies that annual total coliform and E. coli contamination rates near swine
lagoons are 25% and 103% higher than previously thought. Alternative contamination
sources cannot explain the contamination spike that is also absent in nearby wells upstream
from swine lagoons. State regulations and federal guidelines that coordinate domestic well
water sampling with a seasonally fluctuating risk of groundwater contamination have thepotential to improve public health by closing a gap between perceived and actual risks ofdrinking water contamination.
Locally-weighted meta-regression and benefit transfer
Authors

Prof. Moeltner, Klaus,
Mr. Puri, Roshan, PhD student, Virginia Tech
Dr. Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Dr. Besedin, Elena, ICF
Ms. Balukas, Jessica, Senior Economic Analyst, ICF Consulting
Ms. Le, Alyssa, Manager, Environmental Policy, ICF Consulting
Presenter

Prof. Moeltner, Klaus,
Abstract

We propose a locally-weighted regression approach to analyze meta-data and generate
benefit transfer predictions in an environmental valuation context. We introduce the conceptof locally-weighted meta-regression, provide econometric underpinnings, and discuss theconstruction of weight functions. We illustrate the use of cross-validation to decide between
weight functions, and show how this framework can be applied in a benefit transfer setting.
For our application on willingness-to-pay for water quality improvements we find that the
proposed approach brings substantial gains in predictive accuracy in a leave-one-out setting,and vast improvements in predictive efficiency for benefit transfer. These gains are relatively
robust to the choice of weight function, suggesting strong potential of this method togeneralize to other meta-regression contexts.
Is urban wastewater treatment effective in India?
Author

Ms. Lepault, Claire, PhD Student, Paris School of Economics
Presenter

Ms. Lepault, Claire, PhD Student, Paris School of Economics
Abstract

Wastewater treatment is a major challenge in developing countries. In this paper, I study theeffect of municipal sewerage infrastructure on ambient river water quality and health in India.
I use the 2020-21 national inventory of sewage treatment plants that I match to in situ

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measures of water quality spanning 1991-2019 using a geo-referenced network of Indian
rivers and to child births using watershed boundaries. Preliminary results indicate that, while
pollution by coliform bacteria far exceeds the national standards for bathing, the constructionof wastewater treatment plants led up to now to a significant but temporary decrease in waterpollution in downstream areas in the year of plant commissioning and the following year.
This decrease is estimated to be around 30% of faecal coliform levels in downstream areasand could be as high as 50% in areas closest downstream of the plants. In ongoing work, I
find suggestive evidence that under five mortality from diarrhea decreased according to fecal
coliforms levels and mainly through neonatal mortality. I further discuss why the effect oflarge-scale wastewater infrastructures does not last over time, due to urbanization anddemographic growth but also lack of funding for operation and maintenance costs and noncompliance with the prescribed environmental standards.
MiningLeaks: Water Pollution and Child Mortality in Africa
Authors

Ms. Hu, Irène, PhD Candidate, Paris School of Economics
Gittard, Mélanie, -, Paris School of Economics (PSE) and CIRED
Presenter

Ms. Hu, Irène, PhD Candidate, Paris School of Economics
Abstract

Industrial mining can be a boon or a bane for communities living in the vicinity of production
sites. We assess the environmental and health impacts of industrial mining in Africa using
micro-data from 1986 to 2018 in 26 countries matched with geocoded data of industrial
mining sites. Through a staggered difference-in-difference strategy, we exploit the variationof the opening of a mine and the relative topographic position of surrounding villages.
Relying on an upstream-downstream topographic treatment, we show that opening an
industrial mining site increases infant mortality, and that this effect driven by mining-induced
water pollution. We find that being downstream when a mine opens increases by 2.3
percentage points the 24-month mortality rate, which corresponds to an increase of 27%. To
our knowledge, we are the first to isolate the channel of water pollution by comparing
households living upstream and downstream water sub-basins from industrial mining sites inAfrica and contribute to the literature by exhibiting the heterogeneous effects of industrial
mining activity by taking into account the topography and not only the geographic distance of
exposure.

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Energy 1
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Still your grandfather’s boiler: Estimating the effects of the Clean Air Act’s grandfathering provisions -PRESENTER: Sylwia Bialek, DISCUSSANT: Jonas Bender
2. Acceptance of demand-side flexibility in the residential heating sector - Evidence from a stated choice
experiment in Germany -- PRESENTER: Jonas Bender, DISCUSSANT: Mads Greaker
3. Directed technical change and the resource curse -- PRESENTER: Mads Greaker, DISCUSSANT: Thi Hoa
Nguyen4. Firms’ Bribery, Energy Intensity and Government Inspection: Evidence from an Emerging Economy -PRESENTER: Thi Hoa Nguyen, DISCUSSANT: Sylwia Bialek

Speakers
Dr. Bialek, Sylwia, Economist, German Council of Economic Experts, New York University
Mr. Bender, Jonas, University of Kassel
Greaker, Mads, OsloMet University
Ms. Nguyen, Thi Hoa,

Presentations

Still your grandfather’s boiler: Estimating the effects of the Clean Air Act’s grandfathering
provisions
Authors

Dr. Bialek, Sylwia, Economist, German Council of Economic Experts, New York University
Prof. Revesz, Richard, New York University
Ms. Pals, Bridget, Attorney, New York University, Institute for Policy Integrity
Dr. Gregory, Jack, researcher, University of California Davis
Presenter

Dr. Bialek, Sylwia, Economist, German Council of Economic Experts, New York University
Abstract

Vintage differentiation is a highly prominent feature of various. It can, however, induce
significant biases. We study them by looking at how New Source Review a set of U.S.
regulations from 1977 imposing strict and costly sulfur dioxide abatement requirements on
new units but not on the existing ones shaped the local generation landscape. In particular, we
empirically investigate how the differential treatment of coal boilers affected their utilization,
retirement, and emissions. Leveraging a novel dataset covering state-level sulfur dioxide
regulations for power plants, we show that the differentiation continued to have a strong
effect on the operations of the coal boilers even 30 years after its passage, raising theirprobability of surviving another year by 1.5 percentage points for grandfathered boilers and

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increasing their operations by around 700 hours annually. It also allowed the exempted units
to keep very high emission levels. We run back-of-the-envelope calculations to assess thesocietal damages from the additional SO2 emissions associated with the delayed retirements,
higher utilization and higher emission rates of the grandfathered boilers.
Acceptance of demand-side flexibility in the residential heating sector - Evidence from astated choice experiment in Germany
Authors

Mr. Bender, Jonas, University of Kassel
Ms. Fait, Larissa,
Prof. Wetzel, Heike,Presenter

Mr. Bender, Jonas, University of Kassel
Abstract

The growing share of renewables and electrification of the transport and heating sectors isincreasingly leading to an imbalance of energy supply and demand in the distribution grids at
the regional and local level. While the supply side is becoming increasingly flexible andvolatile, the demand side is largely rigid and inflexible, especially at the household level.
However, households have great potential to provide flexibility for grid stability by matching
their energy demand to supply. In this paper, we investigate whether and under which
conditions households are willing to participate in so-called regional flexibility markets andadapt their energy heating demand. For this purpose, a subsample of 541 observations from alarge-scale online survey of private households in Germany is used that includes a statedchoice experiment. Our results indicate that the acceptance of demand-side flexibility in theresidential heating sector is limited and mainly constrained by interventions in the own homeand loss of comfort. Nevertheless, a large number of households are willing to offer
flexibility, and additional information on climate and grid benefits could even increasedemand-side flexibility.
Directed technical change and the resource curse
Authors

Greaker, Mads, OsloMet University
Rosendahl, Knut Einar, NorwegianUniversity of Life Sciences
Dr. Heggedal, Tom-Reiel, Associate Professor, BI
PresenterGreaker, Mads, OsloMet University
Abstract

The "resource curse" is a treat to all countries relying on export income from abundantnatural resources such as fossil fuels. The early literature hypothesized that easily accessible
natural resources would lead to lack of technological progress. In this article we instead
propose that abundance of fossil fuels can lead to the wrong type of technological progress.
In order to inquire into our research question, we build a model of a small, open economy
having specialized in petroleum export. R&D in petroleum technology competes with R&D
in clean technology. Moreover, technological progress is path dependent as current R&D
within a technology type depends on past R&D within the same type. Finally, global climate
policy may reduce the future value of petroleum export. Surprisingly, we find that global

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climate policy may both lead to a resource curse or help the country escaping a potential
resource curse. The ripeness of the clean technology is essential for the outcomes: If the clean
technology is not too far beyond the dirty technology, a shift to this technology is optimal
independent of global climate policy and climate policy can accelerate this shift. While if theclean technology is underdeveloped, a shift should only happen as a response to global
climate policy, and the government must intervene to make it happen.
Firms’ Bribery, Energy Intensity and Government Inspection: Evidence from an Emerging
EconomyAuthorMs. Nguyen, Thi Hoa,
Presenter

Ms. Nguyen, Thi Hoa,
Abstract

Bribery may grease a variety of firms' activities including those that may cause
environmental deterioration. Government inspection is to ensure that firms fulfill theirenvironmental responsibilities and environmental quality is to be protected, yet corruption
may limit inspection's effectiveness. This study is the first empirical work investigating thenexus of firms' bribes, energy intensity, and government inspection. By analysing theVietnamese Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Survey data between 2005 and 2015, wedocument three important findings. First, bribery is associated with more intensive use ofenergy. Specifically, a 1 percentage point increase in bribery rate leads to 1.2 percentage
points increase in energy intensity. Second, government inspection is effective in reducing
firms' energy intensity, but the effect is not found for firms that bribe. Finally, firms bribe on
the purpose of avoiding future inspections from the government. An increment of 2.16
percentage points in bribery intensity cut down an inspection in two years' time.

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Forestry 2
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Stability of an unregulated forest bio-economic equilibrium under natural disturbances -- PRESENTER: Félix
Bastit, DISCUSSANT: Bahre Gebru Kiros
2. The role of forest status in households’ fuel choice in Uganda -- PRESENTER: Bahre Gebru Kiros,
DISCUSSANT: Jessica Meyer
3. How Do Forests Contribute to Food Security Following a Weather Shock? Evidence from Malawi -PRESENTER: Jessica Meyer, DISCUSSANT: Olli Tahvonen
4. Fighting against the curse of dimensionality: reinforcement learning in optimizing stochastic individual-treesystems -- PRESENTER: Olli Tahvonen, DISCUSSANT: Félix Bastit

Speakers
Mr. BASTIT, Félix,Mr. Kiros, Bahre Gebru,
Ms. Meyer, Jessica ,Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki

Presentations

Stability of an unregulated forest bio-economic equilibrium under natural disturbances
AuthorMr. BASTIT, Félix,Presenter

Mr. BASTIT, Félix,Abstract

Natural disturbances play a key role in the long term evolution of a forest but are by essence
unforeseeable. So that if a sustainable management is set in a forest, where the harvest isequal to the forest growth, natural disturbances could impact a share of the forest and thus
jeopardise the established equilibrium by modifying the future forest growth and possibility
to harvest timber. This paper aims at studying the stability of a bio-economic equilibrium,
where a forest is first managed in a sustainable way and has reached an equilibrium between
the timber market and biological timber production. So far sustainable management schemes
do not appropriately integrate disturbance regimes. To overcome this issue, a bio-economic
equilibrium is described as an equilibrium between a forest inventory, logistically growing,
and a local unregulated timber market, whose variations are defined by an equilibrium
displacement model. The forest is hit by a disturbance and the paper investigates the longterm aftereffect on the bio-economic equilibrium. For reasonable descriptions of both forest
evolution and timber market equilibrium, it is shown that there exists a critical forest

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inventory under which it is impossible to find a stable state. For an inventory larger than thiscritical inventory, the equilibrium is meta-stable, because there always exists a certain levelof natural disturbance able to exhaust the forest inventory. However, this threshold is often
too large to threaten real forests.
The role of forest status in households’ fuel choice in Uganda
Authors

Mr. Kiros, Bahre Gebru,
Prof. Elofsson, Katarina, Professor, Aarhus University
Presenter

Mr. Kiros, Bahre Gebru,
Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the role of local forest resource status in households' choice ofenergy sources. We assume households choose between clean fuels (e.g., kerosene, LPG,
solar, and electricity), dirty biobased fuels (e.g., firewood, animal dung, crop residues, andcharcoal), and a mix thereof. To this end, we combine socio-economic data and highresolution satellite data on forest status from the Ugandan National Panel Survey. The
relationship between fuel choice and forest status is modeled using a random-effects
multinomial logit model. Results show that households in sparsely and densely vegetatedareas have a 6-7% lower probability of relying on only dirty biobased fuels compared tohouseholds in non-vegetated areas. Simultaneously, this entails a 6-8% higher likelihood ofusing mixed energy sources. The negative effect of a higher forest stock on the use of
firewood is larger than on the use of charcoal. Strong property rights for forests, which
enhance stocks but limit accessibility to forest firewood, may explain our findings. Policies
that encourage participatory forest conservation interventions are important to jointly secure
ecosystems and the wellbeing of rural households.
JEL classifications: C26, C33, Q23, Q41, Q42
Keywords: fuel choice; forest status; random-effects multinomial logit; satellite data; Uganda
How Do Forests Contribute to Food Security Following a Weather Shock? Evidence from
Malawi
Author

Ms. Meyer, Jessica ,Presenter

Ms. Meyer, Jessica ,Abstract

Rural residents in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to shocks related toweather events. In this context, forests are frequently presented as safety nets, especially forhouseholds with limited risk-management options. Yet, evidence on the effectiveness of such
safety nets is scarce. This work contributes to the literature by analyzing the extent to which
forests serve as an effective safety net for food security when other risk-management optionsare (or not) available in rural areas. Focusing on agricultural households in Malawi, we
combine several rounds of observations from the World Bank's Living Standards
Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) with geospatial data on
forest cover and a drought index based on both precipitation and temperature. Our results
show that forests play an important role in protecting households' diets in the aftermath of a

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weather shock, especially amongst those who have limited risk-management alternatives, or
who may rely on strategies that can be characterized as options of last resort. These findings
shed light on the need to preserve forest access to forest-dependent communities, andstrengthen the sustainable management of forest resources.
Fighting against the curse of dimensionality: reinforcement learning in optimizing stochastic
individual-tree systems
Authors

Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki- Suominen, Antti, -, - Malo, Pekka, -, Dr. Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Prof. Viitasaari, Lauri, professor, Department of mathematics, University of Uppsala
Presenter

Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki
Abstract

In proceeding beyond the generic optimal rotation model, forest economic research has
applied various specifications that aim to circumvent the problems of high dimensionality.
We specify a mixed-species model with individual-tree structure, binary variables for optimal
harvest timing, stochastic stand growth, and stochastic prices. Reinforcement learningalgorithms allow solving this high-dimensional model without simplifications. In addition topresenting new stochastic results, our setup allows evaluating the simplifications in theexisting research. We find that the commonly applied stage-structured matrix model
overestimates economic profitability, yields deviations in harvest timing, including optimalrotation, and dilutes the effects of stochasticity. Reinforcement learning is found to be an
efficient and promising method for detailed economic-ecological optimization models inforestry.

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Transportation
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Mode Choice, Emissions and Carbon Taxes -- PRESENTER: Misak Avetisyan, DISCUSSANT: Julius
Berger
2. Fuel Economy Standards and Public Transport -- PRESENTER: Julius Berger, DISCUSSANT: Trang Tran
3. Green Infrastructure and Air Pollution: Evidence from Highways Connecting Two Megacities in China -PRESENTER: Trang Tran, DISCUSSANT: Beat Hintermann
4. Pigovian Transport Pricing in Practice -- PRESENTER: Beat Hintermann, DISCUSSANT: Misak Avetisyan

Speakers
Dr. Avetisyan, Misak,
Mr. Berger, Julius,
Dr. Tran, Trang,
Hintermann, Beat, University of Basel

Presentations

Mode Choice, Emissions and Carbon Taxes
Authors

Dr. Avetisyan, Misak,
Dr. Wilson, Wesley, University of Oregon
Presenter

Dr. Avetisyan, Misak,
Abstract

Transportation is one of the major sources of anthropogenic emissions. However, mostenvironmental regulations target production emissions rather than transportation emissions.
And, within the transport sector, there are considerable differences in emissions intensities
across modes. In this paper, we develop and estimate a multinomial logit model of consumer
mode choices for non-local travel using the 2017 Household Travel Survey. The model is
specified as a function of trip cost, travel time, and a variety of household characteristics. We
then use the estimates to assess the impacts of incremental carbon taxes from none to$150/tCO2 on modal choices and emissions. We find that there are mode shifts to more fuelefficient modes along with reductions in emissions as taxes increase. We also find almost
linear relationship between carbon prices and abatement of non-local transport emissions
with the largest reduction observed under $150/tCO2.
Fuel Economy Standards and Public Transport

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Authors

Mr. Berger, Julius,
Dr. Marz, Waldemar,
Presenter

Mr. Berger, Julius,
Abstract

We identify and examine a novel welfare channel of fuel economy standards in a
monocentric city model. A stricter emission standard for cars decreases the marginal cost ofdriving and triggers a shift in modal choice from public to private transport and a rise incarbon emissions in the medium run. In the long run, the modal shift exacerbates the increasein the average commute length that results from lower driving costs. The resulting welfare
cost for a 50 percent emission reduction goal turns out 36.5 percent higher than in a scenario
without public transport. An alternative fuel tax policy, by contrast, induces a modal shift
towards public transport and reduces the average commute and the welfare cost of emission
reductions. The numerical model is calibrated with U.S. data.
JEL codes: H23, Q48, R13, R48
Green Infrastructure and Air Pollution: Evidence from Highways Connecting Two
Megacities in China
Authors

Dr. Yu, Bo, City University of Macau
Dr. Tran, Trang,
Dr. Lee, Wang-Sheng, Monash University
Presenter

Dr. Tran, Trang,
Abstract

Following market liberalisation, the vehicle population in China has increased dramaticallyover the past few decades. This paper examines the causal impact of the opening of a heavily
used high speed rail line connecting two megacities in China in 2015, Chengdu andChongqing, on air pollution. We use high-frequency and high spatial resolution data to track
pollution along major highways linking the two cities. Our approach involves the use of anaugmented regression discontinuity in time approach applied on data that have been througha meteorological normalisation process. This deweathering process involves applying
machine learning techniques to account for change in meteorology in air quality time series
data. Our estimates show that air pollution is reduced by 7.6% along the main affected
highway. We simultaneously find increased levels of ozone pollution which is likely due tothe reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels that occurred. These findings are supported using a
difference-in-difference approach.
Pigovian Transport Pricing in Practice
Authors

Hintermann, Beat, University of BaselDr. Schoeman, Beaumont, Postdoc, University of Basel
Dr. Molloy, Joseph, ETH Zurich
Dr. Götschi, Thomas, University of Oregon
Mr. Tchervenkov, Christopher, ETH Zurich

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Mr. Tomic, Uros, ZHAW
Dr. Castro, Alberto, University of Basel
Prof. Axhausen, Kay, ETH Zurich
Presenter

Hintermann, Beat, University of Basel
Abstract

Pigovian transport pricing was implemented in a large-scale field experiment in urban areasof Switzerland. The pricing varied across time, space and mode of transport. One third of theparticipants were given a financial incentive to reduce their external costs of transport,
whereas others were provided information only or served as a control group. The pricing
treatment caused a significant reduction in the external costs of transport. This reduction is aconsequence of mode substitution and a shift of departure times. The effect of providing
information in the absence of pricing was statistically significant only for subgroups of thesample.

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Climate Policy: Carbon Tariffs
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The effects of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism for one of the main importer and exporter
worldwide: the case of Italy -- PRESENTER: Carlo Orecchia, DISCUSSANT: Stefan Ambec
2. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Free Allowances -- PRESENTER: Stefan Ambec,
DISCUSSANT: Robin Sogalla
3. Limiting Carbon Leakage or increasing the emission intensity? Carbon Border Adjustments in the presence ofheterogeneous firms -- PRESENTER: Robin Sogalla, DISCUSSANT: Sigit Perdana
4. Making the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Acceptable and Climate Friendly for Least Developed
Countries -- PRESENTER: Sigit Perdana, DISCUSSANT: Carlo Orecchia

Speakers
Dr. Orecchia, Carlo, Official, Ministry of Economy and FinanceAmbec, Stefan, Toulouse School of Economics
Mr. Sogalla, Robin,
Dr. Perdana, Sigit, Post Doc Researcher, EPFL

Presentations

The effects of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism for one of the main importerand exporter worldwide: the case of Italy
Authors

Dr. Orecchia, Carlo,
Dr. Castaldi, Gionata,
Presenter

Dr. Orecchia, Carlo,
Abstract

One instrument to reach the 55% GHG reduction by 2030 at the EU level is to reinforce theeffectiveness of the EU-ETS by reaching in time higher carbon prices. This should bepossible through the phase out of current carbon leakage provisions of the ETS and theauctioning of all emission allowances. This reform might increase the risk of carbon leakage
in EU countries, i.e. the relocation of investments in countries with no or little carbon pricing
or the replacement of foreign products coming from countries with less stringent climate
policy action. The introduction of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on EU
imports of Energy intensive and trade exposed (EITE) goods should contrast carbon leakage
while encouraging foreign countries to increase their level of ambition in climate policies.
This paper explores the effect of CBAM on EITE goods/materials in Italy, a country that has
significant share on both exports and imports of these materials, using a suitably built global

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computable general equilibrium model (CGE). Preliminary results suggest that CBAM
reduces competitiveness issues, improving its effect on carbon leakage with respect to thecurrent EU-ETS system.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Free Allowances
Authors

Ambec, Stefan, Toulouse School of Economics
Ms. Pacelli, Antonia,
Dr. Esposito, Frederico, Tufts University
Presenter

Ambec, Stefan, Toulouse School of Economics
Abstract

Carbon leakage is an obstacle to the implementation of carbon pricing such as emission
permit markets in a world open to trade. The greenhouse gas emission reduction induced
domestically can be offset by a growing share of imported products with higher a carbon
footprint. We investigate two policy instruments that aim at mitigating carbon leakage: freeallowances and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). We show that both
instruments impact differently trade, emissions and welfare. Free allowances give acomparative advantage to the domestic firms whose abatement cost is lower than the revenue
from their net position of the permit market. As a consequence, those firms are able to export
which reverses the leakage problem. In contrast, the CBAM makes imported products more
expensive, which reduces trade. We identify the determinants of the economic outcomes with
one of the two instruments or both under perfect and imperfect competition. We alsocharacterize the optimal share of free allowances and optimal carbon price under the CBAM.
Limiting Carbon Leakage or increasing the emission intensity? Carbon Border Adjustmentsin the presence of heterogeneous firms
AuthorMr. Sogalla, Robin,
Presenter

Mr. Sogalla, Robin,
Abstract

In the absence of globally coordinated action to combat climate change, governments areconcerned that ambitious carbon pricing could harm the competitiveness of emissionintensive industries. A prominent tool to prevent that manufacturing producers relocate tocountries with laxer environmental regulation are border carbon adjustments often referred toas carbon tariffs. Several studies have discussed this policy tool, but mostly neglected an
important fact: firms are not homogeneous but differ along several dimensions. To
investigate the importance of firm heterogeneity for the impact of carbon tariffs on emissions,scale of production and welfare, I develop a general equilibrium quantitative trade modelwith non-parametric firm heterogeneity. I illustrate the qualitative and quantitative
importance of this departure from the standard parametric approaches. I show that in thepresence of firm heterogeneity carbon tariffs can have an adverse impact on the emission
intensity of manufacturing by muting international competition. I apply the model to quantify
the impact of several different carbon tariff designs.

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Making the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Acceptable and Climate Friendly for
Least Developed Countries
Authors

Vielle, Marc, EPFL - LEURE
Dr. Perdana, Sigit, Post Doc Researcher, EPFL
Presenter

Dr. Perdana, Sigit, Post Doc Researcher, EPFL
Abstract

Implementation of CBAM to support EU climate neutrality by 2050 has raised several
concerns. As the mechanism aims to minimise leakage through equal fairness in global
mitigation, imposing carbon tariffs on the EU's imports of energy-intensive goods could
curtail the export of EU trading partners. This might be detrimental, especially to the LDCs,
due to their high exposures and vulnerability risks. This paper assesses and quantifies theimplication of EU CBAM and analyses eight complementary measures to mitigate theimpacts on LDCs. Scenario developments are constructed by projecting the EU's new climate
targets relative to the reference scenario of the EU's current policies. A more stringent climate
target results in positive leakage, and implementing CBAM will reduce the rate by one-thirdby 2040. The analysis also confirms significant welfare loss for LDCs through declining
exports. Exempting LDCs from EU CBAM is less justifiable, as this measure results ingreater leakage than other options. A further assessment confirms that policy
recommendation for CBAM complementary measures should focus on the climatetransformation pathway for LDCs. EU CBAM implementation with revenue-redistribution
targeted to promote clean and efficient use of energy in LDCs has improved the welfare ofrecipient countries, substantially reduced leakage, and proven cost-efficient for the EU.

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Climate Change: Adaptation 1
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Do subjective perceptions shape adaptation to climate change? Evidence from Bangladesh -- PRESENTER:
Guglielmo Zappalà, DISCUSSANT: Daniel Osberghaus
2. The intention-behavior gap in climate change adaptation -- PRESENTER: Daniel Osberghaus,
DISCUSSANT: Filippo Pavanello
3. Adaptation to climate change: air-conditioning and the role of remittances -- PRESENTER: Filippo
Pavanello, DISCUSSANT: Guglielmo Zappalà

Speakers
Mr. Zappalà, Guglielmo,
Dr. Osberghaus, Daniel, Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Mr. Pavanello, Filippo, PhD Student, University of Bologna, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, CMCC

Presentations

Do subjective perceptions shape adaptation to climate change? Evidence from Bangladesh
AuthorMr. Zappalà, Guglielmo,
Presenter

Mr. Zappalà, Guglielmo,
Abstract

Mounting evidence that climate is changing requires a better understanding of how
individuals adapt, particularly among agricultural communities in developing countries,
which may most suffer the consequences. Combining a survey of rural households in
Bangladesh with a meteorological measure of dryness, I study the role of subjective
perceptions of climate change on irrigation use. I formalize a theoretical framework of
behavioral inattention to examine how farmers' beliefs differentially shape their
responsiveness to dryness exposure. I empirically test the implications and document that theeffect is stronger for more severe environmental conditions, with heterogeneous responses by
growing seasons, types of irrigation and socio-demographic characteristics. I further explore
three cognitive mechanisms, exploiting the intensity and the frequency of drought events andcomparing self-reported and objective records. In a counterfactual analysis with beliefs basedon meteorological conditions, I document that farmers underuse irrigation and incur insubstantial monetary losses as a result of inaccurate beliefs, generating a belief gap.
The intention-behavior gap in climate change adaptation

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Authors

Dr. Osberghaus, Daniel, Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Prof. Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Prof. Botzen, Wouter, Full professor, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Ms. Iurkova, Ekaterina, University of Kassel
Presenter

Dr. Osberghaus, Daniel, Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Abstract

The empirical literature on private climate change adaptation mostly relies on self-reported
intentions which often fail to translate into real actions. Consequently, policy
recommendations for stimulating adaptation behavior can so far only insufficiently accountfor the intention behavior gap (IBG) in climate change adaptation. Using a large unique
longitudinal survey data set from Germany covering more than 5,000 households, our study
offers extensive insights into the IBG in climate change adaptation by analyzing intentions
and actual implementations of both flood-proofing and heat stress reduction measures. Our
results do not only reveal a substantial IBG for most stated intentions but also show that
intentions can rarely serve as good predictors for realized actions. At the same time, the IBG
can hardly be explained by observable household data characteristics which in turn again
makes it difficult to reveal information on realized actions out of stated intentions only.
However, we also find that drivers of adaptation intentions are often reasonable proxies forassessing the drivers of behavior: similar explanatory variables affect both intentions andimplementations. In line with regret theory, the IBG in our data can be partly explained by
anticipated regret caused by a feeling of having invested in vain in cases where adaptation
measures are installed but extreme weather events do not occur for the time being.
Adaptation to climate change: air-conditioning and the role of remittances
Authors

Mr. Pavanello, Filippo, PhD Student, University of Bologna, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, CMCC
Dr. Randazzo, Teresa, Junior Assistant Professor, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, CMCC
Prof. DE CIAN, ENRICA,
Presenter

Mr. Pavanello, Filippo, PhD Student, University of Bologna, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, CMCC
Abstract

Do remittances improve the ability of households to adapt to global warming? We try toanswer this question by studying the behaviours of households in Mexico, a country thatexperiences a large and stable flow of remittances. Using an instrumental variable approach,
we find an important role of remittances in the climate adaptation process: remittances areused to adopt air-conditioning which is an important cooling device to respond to hightemperatures and maintain thermal comfort at home. We exploit climate and income
heterogeneity showing that large differences in the use of remittances for climate adaptation
between coastal and inland regions, as well as among different income groups exist. We
conclude by quantifying the overall increase in welfare households attain by adopting airconditioning.

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Environmental Policy: Theory and Simulation
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Optimal Patent Lengths in Polluting Industries -- PRESENTER: Felix Munoz-Garcia, DISCUSSANT:
Jonathan Meinhof
2. (Job Market) Emission Taxes vs. Emission Trading: Does learning about greener technologies make adifference? -- PRESENTER: Jonathan Meinhof, DISCUSSANT: Carmen Arguedas
3. Environmental Taxes Under Economies of Scale -- PRESENTER: Carmen Arguedas, DISCUSSANT: Manon
Desjardins
4. Environmental Regulation and Global Value Chains: The Role of Transfer Pricing -- PRESENTER: Manon
Desjardins, DISCUSSANT: Felix Munoz-Garcia

Speakers
Dr. Munoz-Garcia, Felix,
Mr. Meinhof (Job Market), Jonathan, Job Market, Arguedas, Carmen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Ms. Desjardins, Manon,

Presentations

Optimal Patent Lengths in Polluting Industries
Authors

Dr. Munoz-Garcia, Felix,
Dr. Espinola-Arredondo, Ana, Professor, Washington State University
Dr. Choi, Pak-Sing, Assistant Professor, National Central University
Dr. Diaz-Farina, Eugenio, Assistant Professor, Universidad de La Laguna
Presenter

Dr. Munoz-Garcia, Felix,
Abstract

This paper examines the setting of optimal patent length in polluting industries. We find thatin the absence of environmental regulation, the patent office offers longer patents when theindustry is polluting than otherwise that helps mitigate pollution. In the presence ofenvironmental regulation, however, the patent office sets shorter (longer) patents thanotherwise if it assigns similar (different) weights on pollution than the environmental agency
does. In each setting, we evaluate the patent inefficiency that arises from the patent officeignoring the environmental damages from pollution and/or the presence of environmental
regulation. Finally, we extend our model to other contexts, allowing for green innovations, aPigouvian environmental agency, and inflexible regulations, analyzing how optimal patents
are affected.

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Emission Taxes vs. Emission Trading: Does learning about greener technologies make adifference? (Job Market)
AuthorMr. Meinhof (Job Market), Jonathan, Job Market, Presenter

Mr. Meinhof (Job Market), Jonathan, Job Market, Abstract

Emission trading systems (ETS) as well as emission taxes are argued to be the two efficientmechanisms to lower greenhouse gas emissions of economies and reach climate goals. Whileboth mechanisms would return the identical market outcome under some strong economic
assumptions (e.g. full rationality of all individuals), this agent-based simulation shall deliverinsights about difference of both mechanisms' effectiveness if firms hold only incomplete
information. In the model, a number of firms produces commodities causing greenhouse gas
emissions. Firms need to either pay taxes or purchase certificates by auction to cover theiremissions - however, they can also invest into abatement technologies to reduce theiremission intensity. The focus of the simulation lies on the effectiveness of emission tradingand emission taxing under different learning behavior: Firms either follow simple heuristics,
learn from their neighbors, or apply sophisticated learning algorithms to form their strategies.
The results show that ETS reach the desired emission reduction at slightly lower (emission
and consumption good) prices compared to taxes. However, this comes at the risk of cyclic
prices, investment patterns, and potential overshooting of investments.
Environmental Taxes Under Economies of Scale
Authors

Arguedas, Carmen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid- Pang, Yu, Associate Professor, Macau University of Science and Technology
Presenter

Arguedas, Carmen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Abstract

Regulating polluters in a monopolistically competitive framework involves a trade-off
between exploiting scale economies and mitigating environmental impacts. This paper
extends the Dixit-Stiglitz-Krugman model of monopolistic competition by considering thatfirms generate environmental externalities to consumers. While the conventional solution
method relies on the key assumption that the number of firms is so large that each firm's pricechoice has a negligible effect on its rivals, we instead consider that firms take into accountthat their price choices affects rivals' payoffs and vice versa. Our modification improves theconsistency of the laissez-faire solution with empirical evidence. Within this context, we findthat the socially optimal output level may be higher than that under laissez-faire, which
implies that polluting production should not be taxed under certain circumstances. In
addition, we show that imposing an emissions tax does not constitute an entry impediment,
and a single tax can yield the first-best outcome. Our comparative static analysis shows thatthe optimal emissions tax increases with population size and marginal environmental
damages, while we find a non-monotonic relationship with business startup costs, marginal
production costs, and pollution intensity.
Environmental Regulation and Global Value Chains: The Role of Transfer Pricing

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Authors

Ms. Desjardins, Manon,
Dr. Ebrahimi, Pouya, HEC MontréalProf. Sinclair-Desgagné, Bernard, SKEMA Business School
Presenter

Ms. Desjardins, Manon,
Abstract

Environmental economists traditionally blame the misallocation of resources to market
failures. While this certainly points to undeniable remedies (putting proper prices on negative
externalities, notably), it remains that, alongside markets, organizations are also key players
in resource allocation. Nowadays, large businesses, multinational enterprises (MNEs) andglobal value chains (GVCs), for instance, hold their own 'internal markets', which operate
through so-called 'transfer prices'. In response to environmental regulation and publicpressure, several firms have recently started to adjust their transfer prices. This paper firstinvestigates this phenomenon, using a GVC model involving two vertically related
subsidiaries located in different jurisdictions. We find that, in a decentralized (as opposed to acentralized) GVC, the effect of an emission tax on pollution actually depends on whichtransfer pricing method (cost-plus vs. resale-price) is used. Moreover, because of transfer
prices, subjecting the downstream subsidiary to an emission tax can impact the whole GVC's
emissions, whereas imposing an emission tax on the upstream subsidiary will only affectemissions in the latter's jurisdiction. Implications of these results for international climate
negotiations are discussed.

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Commons and Institutions
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Protecting the commons in a polycentric system: six centuries of institutional change -- PRESENTER:
Marco Casari, DISCUSSANT: Goytom Abraha Kahsay
2. Community-Based Forest Management, Monitoring and Conservation: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia-- PRESENTER: Goytom Abraha Kahsay, DISCUSSANT: Michael Tanner
3. Deforestation, Institutions, and Property Rights: Evidence from land titling to indigenous peoples and local
communities in Ecuador -- PRESENTER: Michael Tanner, DISCUSSANT: Snorre Kverndokk
4. Why people oppose trade institutions – On morality, fairness and risky actions -- PRESENTER: Snorre
Kverndokk, DISCUSSANT: Marco Casari

Speakers
Prof. Casari, Marco, University of Bologna
Dr. Kahsay, Goytom Abraha,
Mr. Tanner, Michael, University of Hamburg
Dr. Kverndokk, Snorre, Frisch Centre

Presentations

Protecting the commons in a polycentric system: six centuries of institutional change
Authors

Prof. Casari, Marco, University of Bologna- Lisciandra, Maurizio, -, Presenter

Prof. Casari, Marco, University of Bologna
Abstract

We provide a model that describes the progressive closure of more affluent societies toimmigration to protect the wealth of insiders. This closure took the institutional form of
patrilineal property rights. We show how this institutional change can emerge locally, spreadby contagion, and generate a situation where societies are locked into a gender-biased system.
Only a centralized, top-down intervention could restore gender equality in property rights.
This pattern is exemplified through evidence of institutional change in communities in the
Italian Alps, where inheritance institutions over common property resources evolved over six
centuries (1200-1800). Through historical data and a computational model, we uncover themechanisms for a path of gradual transition from an egalitarian to a patrilineal institutional
regime, followed by the sudden reinstatement of an egalitarian regime via a centralized
decision.

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Community-Based Forest Management, Monitoring and Conservation: Experimental
evidence from Ethiopia
Authors

Dr. Kahsay, Goytom Abraha,
Bulte, Erwin, Tilburg University and Wageningen University
Presenter

Dr. Kahsay, Goytom Abraha,
Abstract

Community-based forest management is a popular approach to promote forest conservationand improve the livelihoods of households living close to forests. Evidence of its impact,
however, remains inconclusive, partly due to elite capture. We use an experimental design toevaluate the conservation impacts of alternative "monitoring" interventions that aim to
improve the governance of community forest management in Ethiopia. Two variants basedon "top-down" monitoring by government officials promote forest conservation, relative to acontrol group. In contrast, "bottom-up" monitoring, where group members monitor their own
leaders (and forest use by fellow group members) does not improve forest outcomes. The
mechanism in the top-down monitoring arms is an increase in effort by group leaders andmembers to patrol and protect the forest.
Deforestation, Institutions, and Property Rights: Evidence from land titling to indigenous
peoples and local communities in Ecuador
Authors

Mr. Tanner, Michael , University of Hamburg
Ms Ratzke, Leonie,
Presenter

Mr. Tanner, Michael , University of Hamburg
Abstract

Deforestation is a matter of pressing global concern, contributing to declining ecosystemservices, biodiversity loss, and climate change. In this paper, we evaluate the effect ofassigning property rights to local and indigenous peoples in coastal Ecuador on mangrove
deforestation and the role external institutions play in policy effectiveness. Informed by atheoretical model, we develop an instrumental variable approach and a regression
discontinuity design to 1) evaluate changes in mangrove coverage for the first 12 years ofpolicy adoption, and 2) evaluate the effect of the presence of non-governmental organizations(NGOs) on policy permanence. We find that assigning property rights to local and indigenous
peoples significantly decreases mangrove deforestation and that the presence of NGOs
funded by foreign aid significantly increases the probability of policy adoption andpermanence. We assess the positive development implications of the policy concerning
fisheries provisioning for local communities and the role of international aid in achieving
environmental outcomes. Our work highlights the importance of local and indigenous peoples
and civil society as actors for sustainable land stewardship in future climate policy.
Why people oppose trade institutions – On morality, fairness and risky actions
Authors

Dr. Kverndokk, Snorre, Frisch Centre
Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg

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Dr. Hauge, Karen, Senior Research Fellow, Frisch Center
Presenter

Dr. Kverndokk, Snorre, Frisch Centre
Abstract

We investigate how moral considerations, background conditions and risk can trigger
resistance to implement trading institutions. We provide survey results on moral opposition to
trade on several goods and services like body organs, sex services, surrogate mothers, tradewith developing nations, and trade with carbon emissions. Complementary experimental
evidence allows identifying reasons for opposing trade going beyond pure moral
considerations. We relate the opposition to trade in experimental and field contexts to anaversion to imposing risks on others. We then vary both background conditions and theriskiness from engaging in actual trade in the experiment. We show that distributional
concerns primarily drive opposition to trade. Providing less information about individual
background conditions and distributing gains from trade more equally alleviates opposition to
trade.

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Thematic Session 4: Rebates and Exemptions: the Consequences ofPreferential Treatment in Emissions Pricing Policies
30 June 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
Several jurisdictions use free or output-based allocation to firms in industries exposed to leakage; many also
exempt small firms from regulation. More recently, some jurisdictions are leveraging emissions tax relief,
conditional on meeting performance targets, in order to get deeper reductions and also reduce cost burdens onfirms. The environmental economics literature has yet to really grapple with the full effects of such different
rebating choices on emission reductions, particularly in the context of heterogeneous firms. Zeni evaluates theUK’s Climate Change Agreements in terms of their effectiveness for preventing firm exit and relocation,
explaining why information asymmetries may lead subsidies to favor more emissions intensive industries. Kurz
shows how small-firm exemptions based on productivity or emissions thresholds (as in the EU ETS) can
exacerbate within-country leakage, while free allocation biased toward clean firms can mitigate the problem.
Fischer et al. work through the incentives created by different rebating design choices in a systematic way,
showing how certain ones may backfire in a context with heterogeneous firms, and suggesting some more robust
design improvements.
External discussants:
Thomas Sterner, Gothenburg University for Fischer, Boehringer, and Rivers
Knut-Einar Rosendahl, NMBU for Kurz
Ulrich Wagner, Mannheim U for Zeni
Organiser: Carolyn Fischer (World Bank & Resources for the Future)

Speakers
Professor Fischer, Carolyn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Ms. Kurz, Antonia,
Ms. Zeni, Federica, -, -Presentations

Rebating emissions pricing revenues with heterogeneous firms
Authors

Professor Fischer, Carolyn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Prof. Rivers, Nic, University of Ottawa
Presenter

Professor Fischer, Carolyn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Abstract

Emissions revenue rebating is emerging as an important aspect of climate and industrial
policy. While output-based rebating is a common choice to avoid carbon leakage andcompetitive issues, some jurisdictions offer conditional emissions-based rebating: emissions
tax refunds to firms that meet performance or improvement standards. We compare multiple
output- and emissions-based rebating options with different conditioning mechanisms, suchas by emissions intensity or improvement relative to a benchmark. In a context with

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heterogeneous firms, we devise a novel way to compare design choices by considering
rebates with equal ability to protect the median firm. Conditioning output-based rebates on
better performance can deepen industrial emissions reductions, and performance measures
are likely to tilt the playing field toward clean firms more than improvement measures.
Conditional emissions-based rebating is more likely to backfire when firms areheterogeneous; while the rebate may give dirtier firms stronger abatement incentives, cleaner
firms may be disincentivized, and the field is tilted toward dirtier players. The results
highlight the need to take careful account of carbon pricing design details and industry
characteristics.
Within-Country Leakage due to the Exemption of Small-Source Emitters from Emissions
Pricing
Author

Ms. Kurz, Antonia,
Presenter

Ms. Kurz, Antonia,
Abstract

I show how the exemption of small-source emitting firms from emissions pricing leads towithin-country emissions leakage --- an emissions price increase for the regulated firms
prompts an increase in the emissions of the unregulated. I use a heterogeneous firm model inwhich a fixed share of the most productive firms are subject to emissions pricing. Thus,
profits are affected asymmetrically along the productivity distribution such that more anddirtier firms can survive in the domestic market. In contrast, if firms are exempted only ifthey emit less than a fixed threshold, as under the EU Emission Trading System, leakage isstronger because some firms strategically self-select into the group of non-regulated firms.
Finally, I show that leakage is weaker if firms get free permits via a regressive grandfathering
scheme, and stronger in an open economy.
Mitigating leakage risk under imperfect information: evidence from the United Kingdom.
AuthorMs. Zeni, Federica, -, Presenter

Ms. Zeni, Federica, -, Abstract

This paper uses a model and data from a large-scale corporate climate regulation in the
United Kingdom to study the cost-effectiveness of carbon tax policies subject to carbon
leakage risk and asymmetric information. The model shows that when regulated firms canrelocate to unregulated jurisdictions, a standard carbon tax is sub-optimal in that it generates
carbon leakage losses that can be alleviated by subsidizing firms at risk of relocation.
However, in presence of a binding budget constraint on the pollution subsidies, costefficiency requires the regulator's knowledge of carbon leakage propensities across firms. Inline with evidence collected from the UK climate policy, the model shows that when theregulator is asymmetrically informed about firms' emissions abatement cost, subsidies aremost likely to favour emissions intensive industries. A quantitative exercise suggests that,
under the same government budget allocated for the actual policy, counterfactual costefficient subsidies that include financial constraints and a latent factor in firms' emissions
abatement could improve welfare of 20% in expectation.

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Coffee Break
30 June 2022, 10:45 AM - 11:15 AM
Description
Coffee BreakEAERE Awards Announcements
30 June 2022, 11:15 AM - 11:45 AM
Description
EAERE Awards Announcements

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Plenary Session 2: Keynote: Prof. Lars Peter Hansen
30 June 2022, 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM
Description
Keynote"How Should Climate Change Uncertainty Impact Social Valuation and Policy?"
Prof. Lars Peter Hansen (Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at the University of Chicago)
Lars Peter Hansen is a leading expert in economic dynamics who works at the forefront of economic thinking
and modeling, drawing approaches from macroeconomics, finance, and statistics. He is a recipient of the 2013
Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Hansen has made fundamental
advances in our understanding of how economic agents cope with changing and risky environments. He has
contributed to the development of statistical methods designed to explore the interconnections between
macroeconomic indicators and assets in financial markets. These methods are widely used in empirical researchin financial economics today.

Speakers
Prof. Hansen, Lars Peter, David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of
Chicago

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Lunch Break
30 June 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
Lunch BreakEAERE General Assembly of Members
30 June 2022, 01:00 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
All members are invited to attend. It is possible to participate in presence or online. Instructions about the online
participation will be distributed by the EAERE Secretariat in the week before the event.
Please take your lunch before joining the meeting.

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Climate: Tipping Points and Geoengineering
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Carbon Dioxide Removal in a Global Analytic Climate Economy -- PRESENTER: Felix Meier,
DISCUSSANT: Romain Fillon
2. Optimal climate policy under tipping risk and temporal risk aversion -- PRESENTER: Romain Fillon,
DISCUSSANT: Svenn Jensen
3. Pricing an Unknown Climate -- PRESENTER: Svenn Jensen, DISCUSSANT: Felix Meier

Speakers
Dr. Meier, Felix, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Mr. Fillon, Romain,
Dr. Jensen, Svenn,

Presentations

Carbon Dioxide Removal in a Global Analytic Climate Economy
AuthorDr. Meier, Felix, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Presenter

Dr. Meier, Felix, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Abstract

This paper investigates the option of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage in different
reservoir types in an analytic climate-economy model, and derives implications for optimal
mitigation efforts and CDR deployment. I show that the introduction of CDR lowers net
energy input and net emissions over the entire time path. Furthermore, CDR affects the Social
Cost of Carbon (SCC) via changes in total economic output but leaves the analytic structureof the SCC unchanged. In the first years after CDR becomes available the SCC is lower andin later years it is higher compared to a standard climate-economy model. Carbon dioxide
emissions are first higher and then lower relative to a world without CDR. The quantitative
analysis shows that the effect of CDR on the SCC is minor and only accounts for an increaseof 3 USD/tCO2 by the year 2100.
Optimal climate policy under tipping risk and temporal risk aversion
Authors

Mr. Fillon, Romain,
Mr. Taconet, Nicolas,
Guivarch, Celine, CIRED

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Presenter

Mr. Fillon, Romain,
Abstract

We analyse the policy implications of temporal risk aversion under the potentiality of an
abrupt and irreversible climate tipping point. A social planner is said to be temporally riskaverse if she prefers the welfare of different generations to be negatively rather thanpositively correlated. While the results are similar to the discounted expected utility model
for low risks, temporal risk aversion calls for more stringent climate action for larger risks.
Temporal risk aversion affects a traditional self-protection motive that aims to reduce theprobability of the hazard.

Pricing an Unknown Climate
Authors

Dr. Jensen, Svenn,
Prof. Traeger, Christian, Economist, Department of Economics, the University of Oslo
Presenter

Dr. Jensen, Svenn,
Abstract

Anthropogenic climate change is subject to a multitude of highly uncertain feedback
processes making the long-run impact of current emissions also highly uncertain. At present,
we cannot reliably quantify the likelihood of differing global warming scenarios. Decision
theory distinguishes between known, quantifiable risks and situations of ambiguity or deep
uncertainty. A fully rational decision maker can respond differently to ambiguity and to risk,
and real-world decision makers frequently do. We show how aversion to ambiguity affects
optimal climate policy in an integrated assessment of climate change. We derive an analytic
social cost of carbon formula for an ambiguity averse decision maker in a generic integrated
assessment model. We also quantify the impact of recursive smooth ambiguity aversion for astochastic dynamic programming implementation of DICE. Previous and parallelingapproaches suggest substantial ambiguity premia on the optimal carbon tax. Our results showthat the ambiguity premium is very small and optimal policy deriving from the standard
Bayesian model is robust to ambiguity concerns under moderately large ambiguity aversion if
climate policy is endogenous and policy maker's have rational foresight.

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Agriculture and Ecosystem Services
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Designing Payments for Ecosystem Services under Imperfect Information -- PRESENTER: Fanny Claise,
DISCUSSANT: Kristin Limbach
2. Coordinating farms in collective Agri-Environmental Schemes: the role of conditional incentives -PRESENTER: Kristin Limbach, DISCUSSANT: David Wuepper
3. The Political Economy of Global Pesticide Pollution -- PRESENTER: David Wuepper, DISCUSSANT:
Arnaud Reynaud
4. The effect of norm misperception on French farmers' behavior: Evidence for the reform of the Common
Agricultural Policy -- PRESENTER: Arnaud Reynaud, DISCUSSANT: Fanny Claise

Speakers
Ms. Claise, Fanny, -, Ms Limbach, Kristin, Job Market, Dr. Wuepper, David, -, ETH Zurich
Mr. Reynaud, Arnaud, Researcher, TSE-R, INRAE

Presentations

Designing Payments for Ecosystem Services under Imperfect Information
Authors

Ms. Claise, Fanny, -, Dr. Nicolaï, Jean-Philippe, GAEL and Grenoble INP - Génie Industriel
Prof. Etner, Johanna, EconomiX-CNRS, University of Paris Nanterre
Presenter

Ms. Claise, Fanny, -, Abstract

This paper examines the implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), which
are monetary incentives given to volunteer farmers to change their farming practices topreserve the environment. The paper highlights the importance of informational problems
related to agents' decisions, particularly by focusing on reputational issues and on theinability to observe the implementation of some environmentally friendly practices. The
adoption of environmentally friendly practices by a farmer is linked to intrinsic motivations(environmental sensitivity of the agent), monetary incentives, and the reputation of the agent.
We propose a model, based on the one developed by Benabou and Tirole (2006), to study
under which condition PES are efficient.

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Coordinating farms in collective Agri-Environmental Schemes: the role of conditional
incentives
Authors

Ms Limbach, Kristin, Job Market, Prof. Rozan, Anne, Professor, ENGEES, University of Strasbourg
Presenter

Ms Limbach, Kristin, Job Market, Abstract

This paper presents novel collective agri-environmental scheme (cAES) data from abiodiversity protection measure that has been put in place in Alsace, France to preserve thelocal European hamster population. A collectively conditional subsidy mechanism
recompenses farmers' collective effort if they provide sufficient favorable farmland habitat tomeet an exogenous contribution threshold. Using cross sectional Mills' ratios in panel
estimation, we analyze the coordination of contribution efforts within groups of farmers. Boththe degree of territorial influence a farm has over the protection perimeter and group size
seem to positively influence participation under the cAES, with larger groups producing
slightly more contractors. Territorial influence is identified as the main driver for the size of a
farm's surface contributions to the collective contract. Based on individual contribution
patterns within collective zones, a typology for contributions to collective contracts withconditional incentives is proposed.
The Political Economy of Global Pesticide Pollution
Authors

Dr. Wuepper, David, -, ETH Zurich
Dr. Tang, Fiona, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Presenter

Dr. Wuepper, David, -, ETH Zurich
Abstract

There is an urgent need to reduce the environmental risk of pesticide pollution worldwide.
We here assess the role of countries' agricultural systems, and policies, in decreasing
pesticide risk exposure, using a dataset of 21.4 million georeferenced 1km2 pixels. We use aspatial regression discontinuity design for causal inference, allowing us to identify how evenunder the same environmental conditions, countries produce differences in pesticide
pollution. We estimate that crossing the average international border, the risk of pesticide
pollution changes by 33%. The main explanations and thus entry points for policies aredifferences in pesticide regulations, share of organic farming, and importance of perennial
crops. Moreover, we find a trade-off between pesticide risks and soil erosion in the Americas
and Asia, but not elsewhere, and, interestingly, we find no significant trade-off between
pesticide risk and crop yields. Overall, our results suggest a vast potential for national andinternational action plans and the need for technical and management solutions to eliminate
identified trade-offs.
The effect of norm misperception on French farmers' behavior: Evidence for the reform of
the Common Agricultural Policy
Authors

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Mr. Reynaud, Arnaud, Researcher, TSE-R, INRAE
Presenter

Mr. Reynaud, Arnaud, Researcher, TSE-R, INRAE
Abstract

People often form beliefs about how prevalent a behavior is in a social group. Considering
the eco-schemes - ES (i.e., monetary measures to foster the voluntary adoption by farmers ofenvironmentally friendly practices) proposed in the current Common Agricultural Policy
reform, we assess to what extent farmers' willingness to adopt these new measures depends
on their beliefs about their peers' participation. We propose two ES currently underdiscussion in the CAP reform: i) an ES on Ecological Focus Areas, and ii) an ES on the
reduction of the Treatment Frequency Index (that measures the use of pesticides). We first
demonstrate that farmers systematically underestimate the share of other farmers in theirregion who would adopt the two proposed ES. Through additional analyses, we further showthat farmers' misperceptions are not measurement errors. Finally, our results highlight that
farmers who misperceive the adoption of ES by their peers are less likely to adopt the ESthemselves, and more likely to ask for higher monetary compensations.

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Pollution and Health Effects 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Early warning systems, mobile technology, and cholera aversion: Evidence from rural Bangladesh -PRESENTER: Sonia Aziz, DISCUSSANT: Beatriz Manotas Hidalgo
2. (Job Market) Addressing Oil Spills and Agricultural Productivity. Evidence of Pollution in Nigeria -PRESENTER: Beatriz Manotas Hidalgo, DISCUSSANT: Aurélie Slechten
3. Tiebout Sorting and Toxic Releases -- PRESENTER: Aurélie Slechten, DISCUSSANT: Sonia Aziz

Speakers
Dr. Aziz, Sonia, -, Moravian University
Ms. Manotas Hidalgo (Job Market), Beatriz, Job Market, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Dr. Slechten, Aurélie,Presentations

Early warning systems, mobile technology, and cholera aversion: Evidence from rural
Bangladesh
Authors

Dr. Pakhtigian, Emily,
Dr. Akanda, Ali, University of Rhode Island
Boyle, Kevin, Virginia Tech
Dr. Hanifi, MA, icddr,bDr. Aziz, Sonia, -, Moravian University
Presenter

Dr. Aziz, Sonia, -, Moravian University
Abstract

In Bangladesh, cholera poses a significant health risk. Yet, information about the nature andseverity of cholera risk is limited as risk varies over time and by location. In this paper, we
examine how households use geographically and temporally personalized cholera risk
predictions to inform their water use behaviors. Using data from an 8-month randomized
trial, we estimate how access to a smartphone application containing monthly cholera risk
predictions changes household water use practices. We find that households with access tothis application increase their hand washing practices and shift to groundwater sources forwater used for bathing and washing. They do not, however, invest additional time andresources into drinking water treatment, nor do we find reductions in self-reported cholera
incidence.

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Addressing Oil Spills and Agricultural Productivity. Evidence of Pollution in Nigeria (Job
Market)Author

Ms. Manotas Hidalgo (Job Market), Beatriz, Job Market, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Presenter

Ms. Manotas Hidalgo (Job Market), Beatriz, Job Market, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Abstract

This paper examines how the pollution generated by oil operations in Nigeria can affectagricultural total factor productivity. I analyze oil spills, which are the main ecologicaldisaster in Nigeria and lead to major environmental, economic, and social problems.
Following a consumer-producer household framework, and applying a difference-anddifference approach, I estimate an agricultural production function. I find that farmers locatedless than 10 kilometers from oil spills suffer a relative reduction in agricultural output ofaround 2.73%. I also examine alternative mechanisms and find that oil-spill pollution can
explain my results. I detect less owner-occupied land and a drop in labor income in urban
areas close to oil spills, which could also be explained by a decrease in the labor productivity
component. This study highlights an externality through which the oil industry affects living
conditions in rural areas and stresses the importance of clean-up in areas close to oil spills.
Tiebout Sorting and Toxic Releases
Authors

Dr. Slechten, Aurélie,Prof. De Silva, Dakshina, Professor, Lancaster University
Dr. Schiller, Anita, Lecturer, Lancaster University
Dr. Wolk, Leonard, Assistant professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Dr. Slechten, Aurélie,Abstract

Combining detailed county-to-county migration data with Toxic Release Inventory data, andfine-scale PM 2.5 concentration estimates, we investigate how migration between US
counties is affected by local pollution. We find that differences in environmental quality
between home and destination counties matter for households' moving decisions. We also
show that households moving to "cleaner" counties are "richer" than households staying back.
We interpret those results as evidence of pollution-driven sorting by income in the spirit ofTiebout (1956).

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Fossil Energy Resources
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. ’Bad’ Oil, ’Worse’ Oil and Carbon Misallocation -- PRESENTER: Léo Reitzmann, DISCUSSANT: Ara Jo
2. How Constant is Constant Elasticity of Substitution? Endogenous Substitution between Clean and Dirty
Energy -- PRESENTER: Ara Jo, DISCUSSANT: Daniel Haerle
3. Factor-eliminating technical change in a resource economy -- PRESENTER: Daniel Haerle, DISCUSSANT:
Nikita Lyssenko
4. Climate Policy in a Distorted World -- PRESENTER: Nikita Lyssenko, DISCUSSANT: Léo Reitzmann

Speakers
Mr. Reitzmann, Léo,
Dr. Jo, Ara,
Mr. Haerle, Daniel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Dr. Lyssenko, Nikita,

Presentations'Bad' Oil, 'Worse' Oil and Carbon Misallocation
Authors

Coulomb, Renaud, University of Melbourne
Fanny, Henriet, PSE-CNRS
Mr. Reitzmann, Léo,
Presenter

Mr. Reitzmann, Léo,
Abstract

Not all barrels of oil are created equal: their extraction varies in both private cost and carbon
intensity. Using a rich micro-dataset on World oil fields and estimates of their carbon
intensities and private extraction costs, this paper quantifies the additional emissions andcosts from having extracted the 'wrong' deposits. We do so by comparing historic depositlevel supplies to counterfactuals that factor in pollution costs, while keeping annual global
consumption unchanged. Between 1992 and 2018, carbon misallocation amounted to at least
10.02 Gt CO2 with an environmental cost evaluated at US$ 2 trillion (US$ 2018). Thistranslates into a significant supply-side ecological debt for major producers of dirty oil.
Looking towards the future, we estimate the gains from making deposit-level extractionsocially-optimal, and document the very unequal distribution of the subsequent stranded oil
reserves across countries.

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How Constant is Constant Elasticity of Substitution? Endogenous Substitution between Clean
and Dirty Energy
Authors

Dr. Jo, Ara,
Dr. Miftakhova, Alena, ETH Zurich
Presenter

Dr. Jo, Ara,
Abstract

The degree of substitutability between clean and dirty energy plays a central role in leading
economic analyses of optimal environmental policy. Despite the importance, a constant andexogenous elasticity of substitution has been a dominant theoretical approach. We challenge
this assumption by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model with an endogenous
elasticity of substitution that interacts with the relative share of clean inputs in the economy.
We find strong dynamic feedback effects arising from endogenous substitution capacity that
amplifies the impact of directed technical change and accelerates the transition to a green
economy.
Factor-eliminating technical change in a resource economy
Authors

Mr. Haerle, Daniel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
van der Meijden, Gerard, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Presenter

Mr. Haerle, Daniel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Abstract

The discovery of breakthrough technologies for renewable energy use in an increasing
number of sectors brings about a type of technical change that decreases the output elasticity
of fossil energy sources at the aggregate level. We propose a model of a resource economy
constrained by a carbon budget that accounts for the invention of sector-specific clean
backstop technologies. We find that that such innovation leads to factor-eliminating technicalchange, which boosts renewable capital investments. Additionally, with factor-eliminating
technical change the economy converges to the neoclassical growth model in the long run,
while in the short run carbon emissions and output growth are higher than with factoraugmenting technical change. Our model generalizes existing models of technical change in aresource economy.
Climate Policy in a Distorted World
Authors

Dr. Lyssenko, Nikita,
Dr. Shiell, Leslie, Professor, University of Ottawa
Presenter

Dr. Lyssenko, Nikita,
Abstract

Climate policy interacts with multiple market failures and imperfections, amplifying preexisting distortions and complicating decision making. We focus on (i) distortions in fossil
fuel markets, including a discount rate premium, a capital cost premium, and the OPEC cartel
in crude oil, and (ii) pre-existing distortionary taxes across the economy. We construct an
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aggregated world model of growth, climate, and taxation, with a disaggregated energy sector
including coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, and a clean backstop substitute for fossil
fuels. We assume differentiated end uses resulting in simultaneous exploitation of coal, oil,natural gas, and hydroelectricity at the outset, despite price differentials. Policy makers relyon three corrective policy interventions: a carbon tax, severance taxes on coal, oil and naturalgas, and economy-wide tax reform. We estimate the optimal time paths of severance andcarbon taxes in the first-best setting as well as a variety of second-best scenarios (different
stages of tax reform). Our results show that governments should rationalize the existing
toolkit of taxation in the energy sector royalties, end-user (excise) taxes, emissions tax,
severance taxes, rent taxes to rely on an economy-wide emission tax, plus a common
resource rent tax and sector-specific severance taxes. Royalties and end-user taxes should be
removed, including excise taxes on gasoline. Due to the inefficient, ad hoc array of preexisting resource taxes, combined with market power in the global oil market, we arepresently locked into an inefficient production pattern based on the wrong mix of fuels in thefossil-energy sector. We need much less coal and much more oil as we transition to an
eventual fossil-free energy future.

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Energy Efficiency 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Quality defects in building energy efficiency: Intentional or residual? -- PRESENTER: Louis-Gaëtan
Giraudet, DISCUSSANT: Xiaoying Li
2. Energy savings and renovation of multi-apartment buildings -- PRESENTER: Xiaoying Li, DISCUSSANT:
Beatriz Gaitan
3. Climate Policy & Residential Housing: Investing in Abatement with split Incentives -- PRESENTER: Beatriz
Gaitan, DISCUSSANT: Jurate Jaraite
4. Supercharging social comparison information: Experimental evidence on residential energy and water use -PRESENTER: Jurate Jaraite, DISCUSSANT: Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet

Speakers
Mr. Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan,Ms. Li, Xiaoying, PhD student, Södertörn University
Dr. Gaitan, Beatriz, Researcher,
Dr. Jaraite, Jurate, Researcher, Vilnius University

Presentations

Quality defects in building energy efficiency: Intentional or residual?
Authors

Ms. Voia, Anca,
Mr. Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan,Mr. El Beze, Jérémy, CSTB
Mr. Laprie, Valentin, CSTB
Presenter

Mr. Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan,Abstract

We examine an increasingly discussed explanation for the performance gap in building
energy efficiency: quality defects. We specifically ask whether they result from hidden
actions or skills shortage. The question has important implications for striking the rightbalance between monitoring & verification (M&V) and training policies. Using data from
1,340 ex-post building audits, we find suggestive evidence that defects are more frequent, andof a higher severity, for those energy efficiency measures that cannot easily be verified by anon-expert than for those that can. The problem is equally affecting new construction projects
and renovation projects. While bottom-line defects are substantial enough to motivate
training policies, our results call for additional M&V policies aimed at reducing information
asymmetries between building owners and retrofit contractors. Our analysis complements the

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existing literature focused on how the performance gap varies with the informational context,
implicitly assuming quality defects in between, by providing evidence of the missing link
between the informational context and quality defects.
Energy savings and renovation of multi-apartment buildings
Authors

Ms. Li, Xiaoying, PhD student, Södertörn University
Dr. Kazukauskas, Andrius, Researcher, Vilnius University
Presenter

Ms. Li, Xiaoying, PhD student, Södertörn University
Abstract

Retrofit programs of old and very energy inefficient housing stock from the Soviet era arewidely believed to be a rear win-win opportunity for mitigating climate change and tacklingacute energy poverty issues in poor Eastern European city neighborhoods. Still, many people
do not undertake them regardless of the government subsidization and the push for moreenergy efficiency. This begs question - are these retrofits really deliver promised energy
savings? The paper aims to study the effect of the retrofit program of the old Soviet era multiapartment buildings on the realized dynamic energy savings in Lithuania by analyzing
monthly energy bills. Our findings suggest that retrofit is associated with a 50% to 59%
reduction in average space heating consumption across different post-retrofit periods.
Moreover, the retrofit also has a spillover effect on electricity consumption, which decreases
by 3% - 3.6% in early-year periods after the retrofit. However, our cost-benefit calculations
indicate that energy savings are not sufficiently large to cover the initial investment costs.
Climate Policy & Residential Housing: Investing in Abatement with split Incentives
Authors

Mr. Blanz, Alkis,
Dr. Gaitan, Beatriz, Researcher,Presenter

Dr. Gaitan, Beatriz, Researcher,
Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of carbon pricing in the presence of the landlordtenant problem. In contrast to home owners, landlords calculate their energy efficiency
investments independently of the energy savings on the utility bills. Empirical evidence
suggests that in the presence of these split incentives landlords invest inefficiently into energy
intensity. We consider the role of imperfect discounting of landlords for achieving the longterm climate targets. We use a general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences
and an elaborate setup of the residential housing and energy production sector. We calibrate
the model to Germany. The results indicate that imperfect discounting for abatement
investment into rental housing units can affect the optimal carbon price path. In the presenceof imperfect discounting it may be optimal to start earlier with a higher level of ambition.
Supercharging social comparison information: Experimental evidence on residential energy
and water use
Authors

Dr. Jaraite, Jurate, Researcher, Vilnius University

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Dr. Kazukauskas, Andrius, Researcher, Vilnius University
Dr. Broberg, Thomas, Department of Economics, Umeå University- Asmare, Fissha, PhD candidate, Vilnius University
Presenter

Dr. Jaraite, Jurate, Researcher, Vilnius University
Abstract

We use unique experimental data to study spillover effects of electricity and water social
comparisons on the use of energy and water in the residential sector. We find that electricity
social comparison induces conservation beyond electricity, leading to reductions in hot waterand heating energy use. Water social comparison induces only short-lived reductions in theuse of heating energy but have no effect on other resource domains. We argue that thedifference in direct and spillover effects from the electricity and water treatments might be
explained by differences in pre-existing social norms of resource use and moral dissonance.
The analysis of heterogeneity and persistency of spillover effects reveals that these effects are
more pronounced among households at the higher percentiles of resource use, and that thespillover effects tend to decay over time.

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Green Consumption
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Cognitive Dissonance and Sustainable Consumption: Empirical Evidence on Avoiding Conflicting
Cognitions -- PRESENTER: Jana Eßer, DISCUSSANT: Luisa Giallonardo
2. Green Consumerism and Firms’ Environmental Behaviour under Monopolistic Competition: A Two-sector
Model -- PRESENTER: Luisa Giallonardo, DISCUSSANT: David Bilén
3. Do carbon labels cause consumers to reduce their emissions? Evidence from a large scale natural experiment-- PRESENTER: David Bilén, DISCUSSANT: Jana Eßer

Speakers
Ms. Eßer, Jana, RWI – Leibniz-Institut für WirtschaftsforschungDr. Giallonardo, Luisa,
Mr. Bilén, David,

Presentations

Cognitive Dissonance and Sustainable Consumption: Empirical Evidence on Avoiding
Conflicting Cognitions
Authors

Ms. Eßer, Jana, RWI – Leibniz-Institut für WirtschaftsforschungMs. Flörchinger, Daniela, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Prof. Frondel, Manuel, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Prof. Sommer, Stephan, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Ms. Eßer, Jana, RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Abstract

Investigating whether individuals exhibit moral behavior to establish a positive self-image
and whether compliance with own moral standards can be achieved through arousing
cognitive dissonance, this paper's aims are threefold: We empirically explore (a) pro-social
behavior as a means of self-signaling, as well as the issue of cognitive dissonance avoidanceby (b) a change in behavior to comply with own moral principles and by (c) a change inattitudes or the denial of knowledge. To this end, we employ the answers of roughly 3,000
respondents of a survey conducted in summer 2021. In this survey, we elicited theparticipants' attitudes towards sustainable production and embedded an incentivized discretechoice task, in which respondents could decide on whether they would prefer to win avoucher from either a conventional or a sustainable online marketplace. To induce incentivecompatible response behavior, one out of 20 respondents could win the voucher. In an
experimental setting, we aroused cognitive dissonance by either randomly reminding

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participants of their previously stated attitude towards sustainable production or by informing
them about the negative aspects of conventional online shopping. Our empirical results
indicate that male individuals tend to adapt their behavior to their attitudes when they arereminded of their previously stated positive attitudes towards sustainable production.
Moreover, individuals are likely to change their behavior when they are informed about thenegative aspects of conventional online shopping. Yet, respondents do not deceive
themselves by aligning their attitudes with their behavior or by denying to have been
informed about negative aspects of conventional online shopping.
Green Consumerism and Firms’ Environmental Behaviour under Monopolistic Competition:
A Two-sector Model
Authors

Dr. Giallonardo, Luisa,
Prof. Mulino, Marcella, Professor, University of L'Aquila
Presenter

Dr. Giallonardo, Luisa,
Abstract

We investigate the pro-environmental behavior of green firms in a context where consumers
value the eco-quality features embodied in the goods consumed. We present a two-sector
monopolistic competition model with green and brown goods displaying both horizontal andvertical differentiation. By means of analytical and quantitative techniques, we derive a
relationship between the environmental qualities of the goods produced in the two sectors andstudy the influence of policy interventions on both the optimal eco-quality level selected bygreen firms and the industry structure. We find that the imposition of a minimum quality
standard (MQS) on brown products increases the optimal eco-quality level chosen by green
firms, albeit it reduces the green sector's market share. In addition, green firms respondpositively to both a subsidy on green fixed investments and an increase in consumers'
environmental awareness. Moreover, we get that the impact of policy interventions on the
total level of greenness in the economy is strengthened when different policy tools are
simultaneously undertaken.
Do carbon labels cause consumers to reduce their emissions? Evidence from a large scale
natural experiment
AuthorMr. Bilén, David,
Presenter

Mr. Bilén, David,
Abstract

In this paper I use individual consumer data from two online supermarkets to study if carbon
footprint labels on food items cause consumers to reduce their grocery carbon emissions. I
exploit a difference-in-difference setting where one supermarket unexpectedly, from one day
to the next, introduced labels on around 3000 products with their carbon footprint, while
another similar supermarket did not. I find an average reduction in emissions of around 2
percent from carbon labeling, which is significantly smaller than found in most previous
studies based on lab or field experiments.

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Biodiversity 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Flexibility of policy instruments for cost-effective biodiversity conservation under climate change: landpurchase versus conservation contracts -- PRESENTER: Charlotte Gerling, DISCUSSANT: Elettra Agliardi
2. The Economic Value of Biodiversity Preservation -- PRESENTER: Elettra Agliardi, DISCUSSANT: Sjak
Smulders
3. The invisible limits to growth from biodiversity -- PRESENTER: Sjak Smulders, DISCUSSANT: Oliver
Schöttker
4. Keep it or leave it - the role of reversible conservation investments in optimal reserve design under climatechange -- PRESENTER: Oliver Schöttker, DISCUSSANT: Charlotte Gerling

Speakers
Ms Gerling, Charlotte,
Agliardi, Elettra, University of Bologna
Smulders, Sjak, Tilburg University
Dr. Schöttker, Oliver, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg

Presentations

Flexibility of policy instruments for cost-effective biodiversity conservation under climatechange: land purchase versus conservation contracts
Authors

Ms Gerling, Charlotte,Prof. Drechsler, Martin,
Dr. Keuler, Klaus, Senior scientist, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
Mr. Leins, Johannes, PhD student, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ
Dr. Sturm, Astrid, Researcher, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus
Prof. Wätzold, Frank, Chair of Environmental Economics, Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus-Senftenberg
Presenter

Ms Gerling, Charlotte,
Abstract

Under climate change, current conservation efforts may become less cost-effective as boththe effectiveness and costs of conservation sites and measures may change. Flexible
conservation policy instruments that allow for the adaptation of conservation measures("local flexibility") and sites ("spatial flexibility") may therefore improve the costeffectiveness of conservation under climate change. However, trade-offs between local andspatial flexibility may exist depending on the policy instrument. Here, we analyse land

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purchase (high degree of local flexibility, limited spatial flexibility) and long-term individual
conservation contracts (medium degree of local and spatial flexibility). We develop a
climate-ecological-economic model further by considering the different degrees of flexibilityof the two policy instruments and myopic decision-making based on imperfect information.
We apply the model to the conservation of the large marsh grasshopper on agricultural
grasslands in a case study area and consider climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. In thecase study, land purchase has a higher cost-effectiveness than conservation contracts if theconservation agency is able to generate profits from extensive land use. However, when theagency is not able to generate full profits, transfers to farmers under land purchase makeconservation contracts more cost-effective. Local flexibility only plays a small role in thecase study, but spatial flexibility is important when the available budget is small and only
allows for small extensions of the conservation network to adapt to climate change.
Ecological spillover effects increase with the size of the conservation network. Finally, we
find that conservation contracts based on myopic decision-making may lead to unexpectedtransfers but may also represent an "insurance" against increasing harvest volatility under
uncertain climate change.
The Economic Value of Biodiversity Preservation
Authors

Agliardi, Elettra, University of Bologna
Prof. Agliardi, Rossella, Full Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna
Dr. Spanjers, Willem, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-ThamesPresenter

Agliardi, Elettra, University of Bologna
Abstract

We study the decision to preserve diverse species when the value of biodiversity is uncertain,
or even affected by ambiguity. The optimal decision is adopted based on a real option
framework. The major findings are that while calculated risk creates a scope for biodiversity
preservation, the presence of ambiguity reduces it, thus accelerating the extinction of species
with lower value.
The invisible limits to growth from biodiversity
AuthorSmulders, Sjak, Tilburg University
Presenter

Smulders, Sjak, Tilburg University
Abstract

The Dasgupta report on Biodiversity has a very clear message on economic growth: there arelimits to growth. We argue that, while in a second-best long-run perspective this might be asafe summary message, there are conceptual problems with the statement and potentiallyadverse effects on effective policy towards biodiversity conservation. We build an alternativemodel for the model in chapter 4 of the report, using exactly the key concepts that the reportstresses -- embeddedness of the economy in nature and social life, and invisibility ofecoservices. We merge this to Paul Romer's economics of ideas. Our results suggest bigger
implications for Green Accounting and less severe implications for (limits to) growth than thereport claims. The benchmark scenario of "overshoot and collapse" may need to be replacedby "restrain and grow modestly".
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Keep it or leave it - the role of reversible conservation investments in optimal reserve design
under climate change
Authors

Dr. Schöttker, Oliver, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
Ms Gerling, Charlotte,Prof. Hearne, John, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne
Presenter

Dr. Schöttker, Oliver, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
Abstract

Climate change causes range shifts of species and habitats, thus making existing reserve
networks less suitable in the future. In principle, reserve networks may be adapted to climatechange in two ways: by providing additional funds and / or by allowing for the sale of sites toliquidate funds for new purchases. However, due to general negative ecologicalconsequences, selling is often strongly regulated, thus rendering the optimal reserve site
selection a problem of irreversible investment decisions. On the other hand, allowing for sale
may be interpreted as an investment with costly reversibility, as involved transaction costs do
not allow for full recovery of the initial investment. Whether allowing for the sale of sites toincrease flexibility under climate change outweighs the costs of this increased flexibility
remains an open question. We develop a conceptual climate-ecological-economic model tofind the optimal solution for the reserve site selection problem under changing climaticconditions and different policy scenarios. These scenarios differ in terms of whether andwhen additional funds are provided, and whether selling of reserve sites is allowed. Our
results show that the advantage of allowing for sales is large when no additional funds areavailable and decreases as the amount of additional capital provided for adaptation increases.
Finally, providing a one-off payment initially instead of regular payments throughout theruntime of the model leads to higher habitat protection.

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Climate Change and Trade 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Temperatures, Firm Size and Exports in Developing Countries -- PRESENTER: Julien Wolfersberger,
DISCUSSANT: Joschka Wanner
2. The Carbon Footprint of Global Trade Imbalances -- PRESENTER: Joschka Wanner, DISCUSSANT: Simon
Johannes Bolz
3. Offshoring and Environmental Policy: Firm Selection and Distributional Effects -- PRESENTER: Simon
Johannes Bolz, DISCUSSANT: Natalia Bezmaternykh
4. Free Trade Agreements and the Environment -- PRESENTER: Natalia Bezmaternykh, DISCUSSANT: Julien
Wolfersberger

Speakers
Dr. Wolfersberger, Julien, AgroParisTech, University Paris Saclay- Wanner, Joschka,
Mr. Bolz, Simon Johannes,
Dr. Bezmaternykh, Natalia, Lecturer,

Presentations

Temperatures, Firm Size and Exports in Developing Countries
Authors

Dr. Wolfersberger, Julien, AgroParisTech, University Paris Saclay
Dr. Nedoncelle, Clément, Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Dr. Wolfersberger, Julien, AgroParisTech, University Paris Saclay
Abstract

We study how temperature shocks affect exports in developing countries both at the firm- andaggregate-level. We find that while the average effect of temperature rise on exports isnegative, small firms are disproportionately harmed compared with others. This feature isrobust across subsamples, specifications and confounding factors. We show that thisheterogeneity across firms has aggregate implications. In particular, we find that the overall
trade deterring effect of temperatures would be 35% larger in absence of the largest-exporting
firms. We also show that firm structure matters for exports under future climate change
scenarios, with large firms reducing the costs of predicted temperature rise. We conclude thatthe existing firm distribution in developing countries may increase the cost of climate change.
The Carbon Footprint of Global Trade Imbalances

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Authors- Wanner, Joschka,
Mr. Malhkow, Hendrik, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Presenter- Wanner, Joschka,
Abstract

A large share of global carbon emissions arises in the production of goods that are consumed
in a different country and from burning fossil fuels that have been extracted yet elsewhere.
The flows of carbon embodied in trade are highly asymmetrical, decoupling territorial
emissions (or what we will call production footprints) from consumption footprints and fromwhat we call extraction or supply footprints. At the same time, trade is highly and persistently
unbalanced in value terms, too, allowing this decoupling to be even more pronounced --- witha priori ambiguous environmental consequences. Prominently, the two countries with thelargest net ex- and imports of carbon (China and the US) have at the same time consistently
been among the countries with the largest trade surplus and deficit, respectively, and manylarge fossil fuel exporters have been running persistent trade surpluses. We investigate theeffects of global value trade imbalances on carbon emissions around the world. To this end,
we use a Ricardian quantitative trade model including sectoral input-output linkages, tradeimbalances, and carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion. For every individual country,
the emission effect of removing its trade imbalance depends on the carbon intensities of its
production and consumption patterns, as well as on its fossil resource abundance. The
simultaneous removal of all global trade imbalances is found to lower world carbon
emissions by 0.62 percent or 184 million tons of carbon dioxide. Out of all individual
countries' imbalances, eliminating the Qatari trade surplus and the US trade deficit would
lead to the largest environmental benefits in terms of lower global emissions.
Offshoring and Environmental Policy: Firm Selection and Distributional Effects
Authors

Mr. Bolz, Simon Johannes,
Mr. Naumann, Fabrice, PhD Candidate, Technische Universität Dresden
Dr. Richter, Philipp,Presenter

Mr. Bolz, Simon Johannes,
Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the impacts of a unilateral environmental policy reform on
emissions and income inequality in the context of offshoring. To this end, we set up a generalequilibrium model of offshoring with heterogeneous firms. Each individual firm can allocate
labor to different production tasks and to the abatement of emissions. Moreover, each firm
can decide whether to offshore an emissions-intensive part of the production in order tobenefit from lower labor and/or emissions costs abroad. We focus on policy-induced effects
on firm self-selection into offshoring, on the factor allocation, aggregate emissions as well as
on income inequality. We identify as key driver the marginal costs savings factor of
offshoring that results from a combination of endogenous labor cost and exogenous emission
costs differentials. We use the model framework to analyse the introduction of a CBAM.
Free Trade Agreements and the Environment
Authors

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Dr. Bezmaternykh, Natalia, Lecturer,
Prof. Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Presenter

Dr. Bezmaternykh, Natalia, Lecturer,
Abstract

We explore the relationship between Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and environmental
policy, and the implications of negotiating environmental policy in trade agreements. Without
inclusion of domestic instrument restrictions in trade agreements on border policies, countries
can choose suboptimal environmental policy in order to affect their terms-of-trade. Suchunilateral policy manipulation lowers world welfare and limits or could potentially eliminate
the gains from free trade agreements. In addition, free trade agreements are often blamed for
promoting trade at the expense of the environment, and pure environmental agreements are
difficult to negotiate due to strong free-riding incentives. In a model with multiple
asymmetric countries and different levels of pollution spillovers, we examine the equilibrium
agreements and determine how FTAs that cover both border instruments and environmental
policy (deep FTAs) differ from the cases where border policies alone are negotiated (shallow
FTAs). In order to find stable equilibria, in each game, we find the Subgame Perfect Nash
Equilibria (SPNE), and then to lessen the multiple equilibria problem we narrow down thenumber of equilibria using Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibria (CPNE). Productivity gaps
generate the possibility of self-exclusion from agreements as countries with the comparativeadvantage in the production of dirty goods balance the gains from improved trade and greater
externalities from increased production, while countries with the comparative disadvantage inthe production of the polluting good attempt to push externalities to foreign countries throughagreements (depending on whether pollution has local or global effects). In most cases, thesize of the stable coalition is not affected by the policy depth of the FTA.

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Climate Policy and Finance 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Climate Policies, Macroprudential Regulation and the Welfare Cost of Business Cycles -- PRESENTER:
Barbara Annicchiarico, DISCUSSANT: Veronika Stolbova
2. "How much is too much?": monitoring financial stability under climate risk -- PRESENTER: Veronika
Stolbova, DISCUSSANT: Francesco Giovanardi
3. The Preferential Treatment of Green Bonds -- PRESENTER: Francesco Giovanardi, DISCUSSANT: Barbara
Annicchiarico

Speakers
Prof. Annicchiarico, Barbara, -, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Dr. Stolbova, Veronika, Postdoctoral Researcher, ETH Zurich
Dr. Giovanardi, Francesco,

Presentations

Climate Policies, Macroprudential Regulation and the Welfare Cost of Business Cycles
Authors

Mr. Carli, Marco, PhD Student, University of Rome Tor Vergata
Prof. Annicchiarico, Barbara, -, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Dr. Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Presenter

Prof. Annicchiarico, Barbara, -, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Abstract

We study the performance of alternative climate policies in a dynamic stochastic generalequilibrium model that includes an environmental externality and agency problems associatedwith financial intermediation. Heterogeneous polluting producers, who finance their capitalacquisition by combining their own resources with loans from banks, are subject toenvironmental regulation, are hit by idiosyncratic shocks, and can default. The welfare
analysis suggests that a quantity restriction on emissions entails substantially lower costs ofthe business cycle than a carbon tax as long as firm leverage is high, agents are sufficiently
risk-averse, and the available abatement cost function is not too convex. Simple
macroprudential policy rules can go a long way in reining in business cycle fluctuations so toalign the performance of price and quantity pollution policies and reduce the uncertainty
inherent to the chosen climate policy tool.
"How much is too much?": monitoring financial stability under climate risk

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AuthorDr. Stolbova, Veronika, Postdoctoral Researcher, ETH Zurich
Presenter

Dr. Stolbova, Veronika, Postdoctoral Researcher, ETH Zurich
Abstract

Financial system (in)stability plays a prominent role in the consideration of the costs ofclimate change. As it can be prevented and controlled by managers and regulators, it is
crucial to provide them with appropriate tools to assess the need for timely intervention.
Here, we introduce a novel model for monitoring macro-level financial stability in the context
of climate change, which could help to prevent potentially large financial losses resulting
from abrupt climate policy introduction or unexpected climate-related extreme events. We
calibrate the model for the Euro Area and estimate the monetary value of potential financial
contagion losses of banks, investment funds, insurance & pension funds, households,
government and firms of the real economy as a result of stringent climate policy introduction
or extreme climate-related events affecting the value of fossil-fuel assets. We find that
insurance & pension funds is the most vulnerable sector, while households is the most
exposed sector in monetary terms. The findings suggest that during the introduction ofstringent climate policies in times when the financial system stability is under pressure,policymakers need to take into account the impact of fossil-fuel assets devaluation on all
sectors, but specifically, on the insurance & pension funds sector of the Euro Area.
The Preferential Treatment of Green Bonds
Authors

Mr. Kaldorf, Matthias,
Dr. Giovanardi, Francesco,
Presenter

Dr. Giovanardi, Francesco,
Abstract

We study the preferential treatment of green bonds in the Central Bank collateral frameworkas an environmental policy instrument within a DSGE model with environmental andfinancial frictions. Green and conventional entrepreneurs issue bonds to banks that use themas collateral. The associated collateral premium induce entrepreneurs to increase bondissuance, investment, leverage, and default risk. Collateral policy solves a trade-off between
increasing collateral supply, adverse effects on entrepreneur risk-taking, and subsidizing
green investment. Due to these adverse side effects, optimal collateral policy is characterizedby modest preferential treatment, thereby increasing the green bond share and, to a smaller
extent, the green investment share, which in turn reduces pollution. The limited response ofgreen investment is directly related to higher risk-taking of green entrepreneurs. Furthermore,
we show that preferential treatment is an imperfect substitute of Pigouvian taxation on
pollution: only if the optimal tax can not be implemented, optimal collateral policy features
preferential treatment of green bonds.

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CGE Modelling 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Estimating Elasticity of Substitution in CES Production Function: Examining Different Nesting Structuresand EU Regions -- PRESENTER: Milan Scasny, DISCUSSANT: Jakob Mayer
2. Application of the Concept of “Functionalities” in Macroeconomic Modelling Frameworks - Insights forAustria and Methodological Lessons Learned -- PRESENTER: Jakob Mayer, DISCUSSANT: GabrieleStandardi
3. Assessing macro-economic effects of climate impacts on energy demand in EU sub-national regions -PRESENTER: Gabriele Standardi, DISCUSSANT: Adam Rose
4. Macroeconomic Impacts of the Los Angeles 100% Renewable Energy Transition -- PRESENTER: Adam
Rose, DISCUSSANT: Milan Scasny

Speakers
Dr. Mayer, Jakob, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Dr. Standardi, Gabriele, Researcher,Rose, Adam, University of Southern California
Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague

Presentations

Estimating Elasticity of Substitution in CES Production Function: Examining Different
Nesting Structures and EU Regions
Authors

Ms Kopecna, Vedunka,
Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Dr. Recka, Lukas, researcher, Charles Univesity
Presenter

Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Abstract

Despite a wide use of general equilibrium models in policy analysis, there are only few
empirical estimates of elasticity of production factor substitutions, one of the key parametersin this model class. Thus, using non-linear least squares estimation technique, we identify themost appropriate production function nesting structure and estimate the elasticity of
substitution between capital, labour, energy and materials in the constant elasticity of
substitution framework on both economy and aggregated sectoral level, as we identify its
magnitude varies across sectors. We reject the hypothesis of equality of estimates on aregional level and provide separate estimates for EU27, Central and Eastern European
countries and old EU member states since traditionally the research attention has been

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directed towards western countries. We identify KL-EM nesting structure as the best fit forthe data and reject the hypothesis of appropriateness of widely used Cobb Douglas andLeontief forms.
Application of the Concept of “Functionalities” in Macroeconomic Modelling Frameworks Insights for Austria and Methodological Lessons Learned
Authors

Dr. Mayer, Jakob, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Dr. Bachner, Gabriel, Scientist, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz,
Austria
Ms. Fischer, Laura, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Ms. Frei, Elisabeth, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Steininger, Karl, University of Graz
Dr. Sommer, Mark, WIFO - Austrian Institute of Economic Research
Dr. Köppl, Angela, WIFO - Austrian Institute of Economic Research
Dr. Schleicher, Stefan, WIFO - Austrian Institute of Economic ResearchPresenter

Dr. Mayer, Jakob, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Abstract

In order to meet the climate targets as set out in the Paris agreement -- i.e. to stay "well below
2 C" of global warming -- a transformation of the socioeconomic system towards climate
neutrality is required. This transformation is connected to radical changes in most aspects ofour daily lives, especially with respect to mobility and housing. This poses the questions of
how well-being might change due to these changes and ultimately how to quantitatively
measure such changes. In the present paper we make first steps towards answering thesefundamental questions. We do so by making use of the concept of energy services, or"functionalities", which take a demand and sufficiency perspective. To quantify effects weoperationalize this concept by using and extending existing macroeconomic models (InputOutput and Computable General Equilibrium). In terms of results we provide standard
economic indicators, but contrast them with -- in our view -- more relevant indicators, such asa more comprehensive measure for well-being, as well as distributional effects and cobenefits. Our results clearly show increases in well-being emerging from the climate neutraltransformation, whereas conventional indicators such as GDP are declining. We thus
demonstrate the importance of looking at the "right" indicators, when assessing socioeconomic effects of climate policy and at the same time provide a concrete alternative tostate-of-the-art modelling approaches.
Assessing macro-economic effects of climate impacts on energy demand in EU sub-national
regions
Authors

Dr. Standardi, Gabriele, Researcher,
Dr. Parrado, Ramiro,Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change
De Cian, Enrica, University Ca' Foscari of VeniceDr. Bosello, Francesco, Professor, Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change (CMCC)
Presenter

Dr. Standardi, Gabriele, Researcher,

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Abstract

European policy makers are increasingly interested in having a more detailed spatial
representation about the future macro-economic consequences coming from climate-induced
shifts in the energy consumption patterns. In this paper, we conduct a macro-economic
assessment of the climate change impacts on energy demand at the EU sub-national level byconsidering twelve types of energy demand impacts which have been estimated using
climatic data at high spatial resolution. These impacts refer to three carriers (petroleum, gas
and electricity) and four sectors (agriculture, industry, service and residential) across nine
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)
combinations. The impacts feed a neoclassical Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)model whose regional coverage has been extended to the sub-county NUTS2 and NUTS1 EU
spatial level. Results show that negative macroeconomic effects may not be negligible inregions located in Southern Europe mainly because of increased cooling energy requirements.
By 2070 these negative effects can be bigger than 1% of GDP especially in SSP5-RCP8.5
and SSP3-RCP4.5 with a peak of -7.5% in Cyprus. A winner/looser economic pattern
between North and South Europe is identified. Mitigation can reduce the adverse macroeconomic effects for Europe as whole up to tenfold in 2070 from 0.4% of GDP in SSP5RCP8.5 to 0.04% in SSP2-RCP2.6.
Macroeconomic Impacts of the Los Angeles 100% Renewable Energy Transition
Authors

Rose, Adam, University of Southern California
Prof. Cutler, Harvey, CSU
Prof. Shields, Martin, CSU
Prof. Wei, Dan, USC
Mr. Keyser, David, NREL
Presenter

Rose, Adam, University of Southern California
Abstract

In 2019, the City of Los Angeles committed to converting its electricity portfolio to 100
percent renewable sources by 2045. The transition is a significant undertaking, and achieving
this goal involves substantial changes to the City's generation and distribution network. As aresult, the City will need significant investments in renewable generation and changes inoperations and maintenance spending. These expenditures will have both immediate andongoing impacts on the Los Angeles economy. As part of this transition, electricity prices
may also change, reflecting both the financing of expenditures related to new investment andchanges in marginal production costs that arise when switching sources (e.g., coal versuswind). The Los Angeles renewable electricity plan is one of the most ambitious in the country
in terms of its size and timing. Moreover, it encompasses the extent of importantconsiderations that are relevant to economic impacts of an RPS, some or all of which are
likely to be present in other locations.
In this paper we estimate the economic output and employment impacts of the Los Angeles
plan to achieve 100% reliable renewable electricity by 2045 through the implementation ofnine potential alternative scenarios. The analysis is undertaken on the basis of extensive dataon the constituent elements of the scenarios as inputs into an economic model capable ofanalyzing the breadth of relevant considerations that influence the bottom-line outcome on
jobs. The data are provided by several modeling and analysis groups of the National

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Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The modeling approach--computable generalequilibrium (CGE) analysis--is that of a specially-designed version that conforms to City of
Los Angeles boundaries and incorporates features capable of estimating the implications of
the various causal factors.
We formulate and apply a CGE model built specifically for the City of Los Angeles toestimate the economic impacts of the proposed transition under a variety of scenarios, relative
to a reference case. We use expenditures that are disaggregated into specific energy
technologies, as well as estimates of changes in average electricity costs, and subsequently
rates, for each scenario.
Overall, we find that there are significant differences in economic impacts across potential
scenarios, which depend on: the level and timing of investment and O&M expenditures, anddifference in the relative rate schedules across scenarios. Expectedly, employment and output
effects are positively correlated with greater expenditures on capital and O&M. Similarly,
higher electricity rates under some scenarios have a dampening effect on economic activity.
Interestingly, several scenarios generate positive impacts relative to the reference case. One
important result is that, even in the most negatively impactful case, the effects are quite small
when taken in the context of the overall size of the economy, suggesting that the economic
effects of the transition will be neither boon nor bane. Our results do not consider, however,the direct benefit (such as emission reductions) of transitioning to clean energy and other cobenefits (such as positive impacts to either human or eco-system health) associated with thetransition

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Electricity Markets 2
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Rising electricity prices in Europe: The impact of gas and carbon prices -- PRESENTER: Mirjam Kosch,DISCUSSANT: Marten Ovaere
2. The effect of flow-based market coupling on cross-border exchange volumes and price convergence inCentral-Western European electricity markets -- PRESENTER: Marten Ovaere, DISCUSSANT: Angelika vonDulong
3. Asset stranding in the power sector: Assessing the risk carried by companies and their ultimate owners -PRESENTER: Angelika von Dulong, DISCUSSANT: Francesco Colelli
4. Intensive and extensive margins of the peak load: measuring adaptation with mixed frequency panel data -PRESENTER: Francesco Colelli, DISCUSSANT: Mirjam Kosch

Speakers
Dr. Kosch, Mirjam,
Dr. Ovaere, Marten, Doctor Assistant, Ghent University
von Dulong, Angelika, -, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Mr. Colelli, Francesco, CMCC

Presentations

Rising electricity prices in Europe: The impact of gas and carbon prices
Authors

Dr. Kosch, Mirjam,
Ms. Blech, Katharina, TU Berlin
Presenter

Dr. Kosch, Mirjam,
Abstract

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the impact of rising gas and carbon prices on
European electricity prices. Using a comprehensive data set of hourly power market data of
24 European countries, we estimate the impact of gas and carbon prices on electricity prices
for the years 2015 to 2021. We find that a gas price increase of 1 EUR/MWh leads to anelectricity price increase of 0.3-2.2 EUR/MWh. Correspondingly, a carbon price increase of 1
EUR/tCO2 leads to an electricity price increase of 0.2-1.0 EUR/MWh. The magnitude ofthese impacts mainly depends on a country's production portfolio: Countries with a gas-based
power market are more heavily affected by increasing gas prices; whereas the carbon priceimpact is higher for countries with a high coal share. Finally, we find that the rising gas price
was mostly responsible for the electricity price increase between 2019 and 2021. We showthat the gas price lead to an increase in yearly average electricity prices of up to 70

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EUR/MWh; whereas the increase attributed to the carbon price only amounted to a maximumof 25 EUR/MWh. Thus, our analysis contributes to the current policy debate on reasons andconsequences of rising energy and carbon prices across Europe.
The effect of flow-based market coupling on cross-border exchange volumes and priceconvergence in Central-Western European electricity markets
Authors

Dr. Ovaere, Marten, Doctor Assistant, Ghent University
Mr. Kenis, Michiel, KULeuven
Dr. Bruninx, Kenneth, KULeuvenProf. Delarue, Erik, KULeuven
Presenter

Dr. Ovaere, Marten, Doctor Assistant, Ghent University
Abstract

Since 2015 cross-border transmission capacity is allocated using flow-based market coupling(FBMC) in the day-ahead electricity markets of Central Western Europe. This paper
empirically estimates the effect of introducing FBMC on electricity price convergence andcross-border exchange volumes. In the month following the introduction of FBMC, hourly
cross-border exchange volumes increased by 1,700 MWh, while prices between countries
converged by 12.2 euro/MWh. Since then, observed cross-border exchange volumes
decreased to 400 MWh below the introduction of FBMC by the end of 2017. However, whencontrolling for changing market conditions in the years following the introduction, we findthat FBMC still has a persistent positive effect of around 1,000 MWh on hourly cross-borderexchange volumes and of 2 euro/MWh on price convergence. Finally, we provide subjective
evidence that a more risk-averse attitude when setting the grid constraints in the market might
have contributed to the decline of the benefits over time. This paper is useful forpolicymakers, regulators, TSOs, and other stakeholders in light of the extension of FBMC to
the CORE region.
Asset stranding in the power sector: Assessing the risk carried by companies and theirultimate owners
Authorvon Dulong, Angelika, -, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Presentervon Dulong, Angelika, -, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Abstract

Reaching the Paris goal requires stranding fossil-fuel related assets. A thoroughunderstanding of individual stakeholders' exposure to asset stranding is essential for realistic
policy advice. We present a novel data set suitable for assessing stranded assets at thecompany level and we employ it to quantify and analyze asset stranding risk in the power
sector worldwide. There are strong variations in asset stranding exposure between subnational regions and companies. Listed companies predominantly in OECD countries may
face stranded assets as high as 27% of their share price. Finally, some companies exposed toasset stranding own portfolios diversified with renewable energy assets and engage in climate
initiatives supporting their climate targets. These results have important implications for thepolitical feasibility of climate policies and they unveil the direct concern of power sector
asset stranding for financial assets.
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Intensive and extensive margins of the peak load: measuring adaptation with mixed
frequency panel data
Authors

Mr. Colelli, Francesco, CMCC
Prof. DE CIAN, ENRICA,
Prof. Sue Wing, Ian, Boston University
Presenter

Mr. Colelli, Francesco, CMCC
Abstract

In this work we examine how the peak load responds to daily maximum temperatures acrossstates in Europe and India. We propose a method that decomposes short- from medium/longrun effects, retains the high frequency nature of the load-weather covariation and treats
economic growth as a modulating factor. By simultaneously exploiting variation in
unexpected weather anomalies and decade-long climatic changes in each location we
decompose transitory - intensive margin - adjustments from permanent - extensive margin adjustments. We find that the shocks over the long-run differ substantially from the short-run
dynamics. Furthermore, we find evidence that per capita income modulates the adjustments
over the short- and long-run. We project that in response to climate change around 2050 thepeak load may increase by up to 20%-30% in Southern Europe and in several states in India,
depending on the SSP and RCP. Future weather anomalies contribute to amplify the relative
increase associated to the shift in the climate norm, doubling the impacts of climate change
during the summer in Europe. Even with a limited scope to two world regions, we identify
that the structure of the economy and differences in future income growth matter in shaping
the adaptation to climate change. Our results have important policy implications for powersystems' generation capacity, transmission and storage, as we show that the challenges toaccommodate the peak load in days with extreme temperatures may substantially increase
already around mid-century.

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Water Management 1
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Spatial Dimensions of Water Quality Value: New Insights from Dynamic Map Interactions -- PRESENTER:
Robert Johnston, DISCUSSANT: Andrea Pronti
2. The impact of volumetric water tariffs in the irrigated agriculture in Northern Italy. -- PRESENTER: Andrea
Pronti, DISCUSSANT: Ben Balmford
3. At what price? The effects of a pricing rule change on outcomes in a PES auction -- PRESENTER: Ben
Balmford, DISCUSSANT: Raphael Filippelli
4. Integrated ecological economic modelling for cross sectoral water policy evaluation -- PRESENTER:
Raphael Filippelli, DISCUSSANT: Robert Johnston

Speakers
Dr. Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Dr. Pronti, Andrea,
Dr. Balmford, Ben, Postdoctoral researcher, LEEP Institute, Economics Department, University of Exeter
Business School
Mr. Filippelli, Raphael,

Presentations

Spatial Dimensions of Water Quality Value: New Insights from Dynamic Map Interactions
Authors

Dr. Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Prof. Moeltner, Klaus,
Mr. Peery, Seth, Virginia Tech
Dr. Ndebele, Tom, Post Doctoral Research Associate, Clark University
Mr. Yao, Zhenyu,
Mr. Crema, Stefano, Clark University
Dr. Wollheim, Wilfred, University of New Hampshire
Dr. Besedin, Elena, ICF
Presenter

Dr. Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Abstract

Households' willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvements frequently depends on
spatial dimensions. For example, households often hold higher values for improvements close
to their homes or iconic areas. But are there other areas where improvements might hold highvalue to individual households, do effects on WTP vary by type of improvement, and canthese areas be identified even if they are not anticipated by researchers? To answer these
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questions, we integrated a water quality model and novel map-based, interactive choice
experiment to estimate households' WTP for water quality improvements throughout a large
river network covering six New England (USA) states. Spatially explicit choice experimentscenarios included interactive GIS maps that illustrated three water quality measures atvarious zoom levels across the study domain. We captured data on how respondents
maneuvered through these interactive maps prior to answering the value-eliciting questions.
The discrete-choice model was estimated in WTP-space using Bayesian model search andaveraging. Results show that WTP was influenced by region-wide quality improvements andimprovements surrounding each respondent's home, as anticipated, but also by improvements
in individualized locations identifiable solely via each respondent's individual map
interactions. The study shows that dynamic map interactions can convey salient information
for WTP estimation and that predicting spatial welfare heterogeneity based primarily onhome or other predetermined locations, as typically done, may overlook important spatial
dimensions of WTP.
The impact of volumetric water tariffs in the irrigated agriculture in Northern Italy.
Authors

Dr. Pronti, Andrea,
Prof. Berbel, Julio, Full Professor, University of Cordoba
Presenter

Dr. Pronti, Andrea,
Abstract

The impact of water-pricing policy in irrigated agriculture in Emilia Romagna (Italy) isevaluated through the analysis of farmers' water use, whereby a flat-rate tariff (2013-2015) is
replaced by a volumetric tariff (2016-2018). The policy assessment is performed by anapplication of the Difference in Differences (DID) method, which considers the period ofpolicy intervention in a reversed form. The results indicate that farmers reacted to volumetricpricing by reducing water use per hectare (average 51% reduced water use). The highresponsiveness may be explained by the combined impact of volumetric metering itself andthe small price increase from the previous flat rate (zero marginal price) to a moderate
volumetric tariff (from 0.025 to 0.044 euro/m3).
At what price? The effects of a pricing rule change on outcomes in a PES auction
Authors

Dr. Balmford, Ben, Postdoctoral researcher, LEEP Institute, Economics Department, University of Exeter
Business School
Prof. Day, Brett, Professor, LEEP Institute, University of Exeter
Dr. Lindsay, Luke, Senior Lecturer, Economics Department, University of Exeter Business School
Mr. Peacock, James, EnTrade Product Manager, EnTrade
Dr. Collins, Joseph, Commercial manager, Wessex Water
Presenter

Dr. Balmford, Ben, Postdoctoral researcher, LEEP Institute, Economics Department, University of Exeter
Business School
Abstract

Payments for Ecosystem Service (PES) schemes increasingly use auctions to target funds to
low-cost providers and increase value-for-money. To date, these PES auctions have almost
universally employed "Pay-as-Bid" (PaB) pricing, in which successful participants are paid
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the amount stipulated in their bid(s). Alternative pricing rules exist - such as the "Uniform
Price" (UP) rule, in which successful bids receive the same per unit payment, determined by
the marginal bid - and have been applied to good effect in other settings. This paper focuses
on a near ubiquitous PES application: agri-environment schemes. We conjecture that suchsettings are better served by UP pricing, and test this prediction through a field experiment inwhich the auction pricing rule is experimentally switched from PaB to UP. Our regression
results are clear: UP pricing reduced mean bids by 40% and mean payments by a similar
amount, compared to PaB auctions. Moreover, the UP format reduces the incidence of costly
bidding behaviours: bid-updating by over a half, sniping by ~30%. These results arecorroborated by a differences-in-differences (DiD) approach, supporting our postulation thatthe identifying variation we exploit is indeed exogenous, and that our results are not theconsequence of confounding effects.
Integrated ecological economic modelling for cross sectoral water policy evaluation
Authors

Mr. Filippelli, Raphael,Prof. Termansen, Mette, Professor, University of Copenhagen - Department of Food and Resource
Economics
Prof. Hasler, Berit, Professor,
Dr. Holbach, Andreas, Tenure Track Researcher, Aarhus University - Institute for Ecoscience
Dr. Timmermann, Karen, Professor, Technical University of Denmark - National Institute of Aquatic
Resources
Dr. Konrad, Maria Theresia, Researcher, Aarhus University
Dr. Levin, Gregor, Senior advisor, Aarhus University
Presenter

Mr. Filippelli, Raphael,
Abstract

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) has set a deadline for 2027 to reach good ecologicalstatus in coastal and marine waters in the EU. Cost-effectiveness analyses have been applied
to identify a range of effective measures to reduce agricultural non-point source (NPS)
emissions and their optimal spatial distribution. In this paper, we take an integrated
ecological-economic modelling approach to assess alternative strategies to mitigate NPS
pollution. The model, TargetEconN, implemented at the Danish national scale, is extended toinclude mussel production as a marine mitigation measure to recycle nutrients. Different
mitigation strategies investigated in the model are characterized by where in the nitrogen
cycle the management intervention is implemented, from source to sink. We run scenarios
exploring the uncertainty in baseline load scenarios and variations in mussel utilization
options. The results show that the potential for marine measures is highly influenced by thebaseline load scenarios. Furthermore, that including marine measures in the portfolio of
measures has an influence on the spatial distribution of implementation of other measures,
but a limited impact of the overall costs of meeting good ecological status. The different
types of measures have implications for progress on other agricultural policy targets, and we
discuss the implications for potential spillover effects on other policy targets such as
groundwater protection, climate change mitigation, nutrient recycling and biodiversity
outcomes. We conclude that including mussel farming in policy initiatives to meet WFD
targets has potential, but that the distributional effects across sectors and spillover effects toother policy targets should be a central part of the ex-ante policy discussions. Furthermore,
the potential of mussel farming does not entirely match the location where mitigation is in

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highest demand. Therefore, mussel farming has a smaller impact on the costs of reaching the
WFD than would have been predicted from an aspatial analysis. We argue therefore thatspatially explicit integrated modelling, as the model developed for this paper, can offer useful
insights to the unescapable trade-offs in effective policy design to meet the WFD.

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Environmental Valuation: Choice Modelling
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Testing the stability of preferences over time: evidence from a three-wave, cross-country choice experiment
for sustainable chocolate bars during the Covid-19 pandemic -- PRESENTER: Gaetano Grilli, DISCUSSANT:
Simone Cerroni
2. An adaptation of choice matching approach for discrete choice experiments -- PRESENTER: Simone
Cerroni, DISCUSSANT: Curtis Rollins
3. Non-market costs of earthquakes to mental health, cultural heritage, and disruption: Estimates from a choice
experiment accounting for cost non-attendance -- PRESENTER: Curtis Rollins, DISCUSSANT: Anna Bartczak
4. Distributive Justice In Payments For Air Quality Improvement: A Study Combining Factorial Survey And
Choice Experiment Data -- PRESENTER: Anna Bartczak, DISCUSSANT: Gaetano Grilli

Speakers
Grilli, Gaetano, University of East Anglia
Prof. Cerroni, Simone, Associate Professor, University of Trento
Mr. Rollins, Curtis,
Bartczak, Anna, Warsaw University

Presentations

Testing the stability of preferences over time: evidence from a three-wave, cross-country
choice experiment for sustainable chocolate bars during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors

Grilli, Gaetano, University of East Anglia
Ferrini, Silvia, University of Siena & CSERGE (University of East Anglia)
Di Maria, Corrado, University of East Anglia
Turner, R. Kerry, University of East Anglia
Presenter

Grilli, Gaetano, University of East Anglia
Abstract

Choice experiment studies and generally stated preferences applications are widely used to
inform a range of real-world decisions, from policy design to marketing strategies. The
validity and reliability of their results, however, have been challenged multiple times. One
aspect that has often been under scrutiny is the crucial assumption that preferences remain
sufficiently stable over time. The ongoing pandemic and health crisis offer an unprecedented
opportunity to test this aspect and to add to the choice experiment reliability and stability
debate. The main objective of this paper is to explore whether the Covid-19 pandemic and theresulting health crisis have had any impact on individual preferences over time, in particular

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referring to the pro-social and pro-self components associated with food consumption. As
case study, we use the results from three waves of a choice experiment aimed at evaluating
the decision of purchasing sustainably sourced chocolate bars in the UK and in Colombia. To
test the reliability and stability of preferences and welfare values, we administered identicalchoice experiment surveys at three points in time during 2020-2021 to representative samples
of consumers in the UK and in Colombia. We perform an in-sample analysis on the potential
impact on preferences of changes in individual conditions (changes in income, consumption,
anxiety) and a matched sample analysis over the three waves using a propensity scoreapproach. Overall, our initial results echo the findings in the literature and support thesubstantial stability of preferences and welfare values in choice experiments, providing areassuring message to practitioners and policy decision makers. However, these conclusions
are not unambiguous, and caution is needed in designing discrete choice experiments toaccount for a wider range of potential sources of instability.
An adaptation of choice matching approach for discrete choice experiments
Authors

Prof. Cerroni, Simone, Associate Professor, University of Trento
Dr. Derbyshire, Daniel , University of Exeter
Hutchinson, George, Queen's University Belfast
Prof. Nayga Jr., Rodolfo M., Texas A%M University
Presenter

Prof. Cerroni, Simone, Associate Professor, University of Trento
Abstract

This paper is the first empirical application of the choice matching (CMa) method in discrete
choice experiments (DCE). An artefactual field experiment was conducted to test whether the
CMa applied to a DCE survey improves the validity and reliability of estimated preferenceswith respect to standard hypothetical DCE. Two experimental treatments were developed. In
the first, subjects were exposed to the CMa-based DCE; in the second, to a standard
hypothetical DCE survey. Results suggest that while the CMa-based DCE does not improvevalidity, it can increase the reliability of estimated preferences.
Non-market costs of earthquakes to mental health, cultural heritage, and disruption: Estimatesfrom a choice experiment accounting for cost non-attendance
Authors

Mr. Rollins, Curtis,
Dr. Rogers, Abbie, Senior Research Fellow, The University of Western Australia
Dr. burton, michael,
Dr. Pannell, David, Professor, The University of Western Australia
Presenter

Mr. Rollins, Curtis,
Abstract

Little is known regarding the non-market costs to mental health, cultural or historic assets, ordisruption to daily life in communities impacted by natural hazards. Using a choice
experiment, we estimate Western Australians' willingness to pay to avoid cases of mental
illness, the destruction of heritage-listed buildings, and social disruption because ofearthquakes in a historic town in an earthquake-prone region. We propose a choice model

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that combines a mixed logit and latent class specification to account for cost preference
heterogeneity and non-attendance. The public placed high importance on safeguarding mental
health, heritage buildings, and critical utilities and services from natural hazards. Our analysis
also demonstrated that failing to account for cost non-attendance and unobserved
heterogeneity in cost preferences can result in inaccurate welfare estimates.
Distributive Justice In Payments For Air Quality Improvement: A Study Combining Factorial
Survey And Choice Experiment Data
Authors

Bartczak, Anna, Warsaw University
Mr. Budziński, Wiktor, PhD student,
Prof. Liebe, Ulf, Professor, University of Warwick
Meyerhoff, Jürgen, Technische Universität Berlin
Presenter

Bartczak, Anna, Warsaw University
Abstract

From a policy perspective, it is crucial to allocate public resources for environmental
interventions effectively and socially acceptable. However, most economic evaluation
approaches used to help decision-makers tend to maximize the efficiency of proposedchanges disregards fairness aspects. The main objective of this study is to examine thepotential impact of concerns regarding distributive justice in payments on willingness to pay(WTP) for the health risk reductions resulting from air quality improvement. As a novelty, we
linked stated choice experiment (CE) data with data on fairness concerns related to air
pollution, which were measured in a Factorial Survey Experiment (FSE). Both surveys wereconducted on the same group of respondents, with a time gap between each survey from one
up to two weeks. Therefore, both the fairness concerns and stated preferences were obtainedin a multifactorial survey experiment, allowing to estimate causal effects of air pollution
program attributes on both fairness concerns and preferences. Yet, as in a two-pave panel, we
surveyed the fairness concerns prior to the preferences in a separate survey; we were alsoable to estimate the causal effects of fairness concerns on stated preferences for air pollution
programs. This approach has advantages over using cross-sectional surveys and measuring
fairness concerns using single survey items. We employed a hybrid choice model to uncover
relationships between fairness concerns and stated preferences. The model results indicate asubstantial effect of the FSE based fairness concerns on stated preferences.

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Climate Policy and Distribution
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Climate Change and long-run Inequality: The Case of Food prices in the Developing World -- PRESENTER:
Alkis Blanz, DISCUSSANT: Hide-Fumi Yokoo
2. The asymmetry of intergenerational fairness preferences: Evidence from a randomized survey experiment -PRESENTER: Hide-Fumi Yokoo, DISCUSSANT: Jamie Rickman
3. The Unequal Distribution of International Climate Finance Flows and Its Underlying Drivers -PRESENTER: Jamie Rickman, DISCUSSANT: Ben Groom
4. Pricing carbon with intra-generational inequality -- PRESENTER: Ben Groom, DISCUSSANT: Alkis Blanz

Speakers
Mr. Blanz, Alkis,
Profff Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, Prof., Hitotsubashi University
Dr. Rickman, Jamie,
Prof. Groom, Ben, -, University of Exeter

Presentations

Climate Change and long-run Inequality: The Case of Food prices in the Developing World
Authors

Mr. Blanz, Alkis,
Kalkuhl, Matthias, Mercator Institute
Presenter

Mr. Blanz, Alkis,
Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the long-term distributive impact of climate change through risingfood prices. The results indicate that the short-term and long-term impact of climate change
on inequality differ. Existing work estimated mainly short-term welfare effects based onhousehold data. By focusing on the heterogeneous impact on saving behavior of households,
we aim to understand how climate change affects wealth inequality in the long-run. We use ageneral equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and non-homothetic preferences. For
the calibration of our model, we rely on household data from 92 developing countries,
representing 4.5 billion people. We find that including general equilibrium effects change thewelfare outcome especially for the poorest quintile. Furthermore, we find a heterogeneous
impact on saving behavior. While households seek to increase their savings due to a stronger
precautionary saving motive, only richer households are able to increase their asset holdings
due to the increased cost of living. Our results indicate that future climate impact could
through food prices increase wealth inequality in the long run.

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The asymmetry of intergenerational fairness preferences: Evidence from a randomized survey
experiment
Authors

Profff Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, Prof., Hitotsubashi University
Dr. Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES
Presenter

Profff Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, Prof., Hitotsubashi University
Abstract

Intergenerational concerns underlie various economic decisions, such as coping with climatechange. In this study, we present the concept of a discount factor for other generations andembed it into a model of fairness preferences. Using a randomized online survey experimentwith 11,100 Japanese respondents born in the 1970s, we elicit their discount factors for thegenerations born 20 years before and after. The results of our analysis show that the
respondents, on average, discount the welfare (income) of the generation born in the 1990s
with a factor of about 0.935; this is significantly less than 1, implying that the respondents
tend to undervalue the next generation over their own in fairness considerations. In contrast,
the discount factor for the generation born in the 1950s is 0.963 if their earnings are
determined by luck but not significantly different from 1 if determined by individual
productivity. These results indicate a pluralism and asymmetry of fairness preferences forother generations.
The Unequal Distribution of International Climate Finance Flows and Its Underlying Drivers
Authors

Dr. Rickman, Jamie,
Mr. Kothari, Sumit, Researcher, University College London
Dr. Larosa, Francesca, Research Fellow, University College London
Dr. Ameli, Nadia,
Presenter

Dr. Rickman, Jamie,
Abstract

Developed country pledges to provide finance to developing countries for their mitigation
actions and adaptation needs sit at the heart of international climate cooperation. Present
commitments are deficient both in terms of their quantity and their distribution amongdeveloping countries. Using wind and solar energy financing data we highlight the unequal
distribution of international climate finance among developing countries and identify thedeterminants of investment suitability that drives the flows of non-aid climate finance moregenerally. Economic capabilities, business environment, climate policy environment andelectricity access levels are significant drivers of private finance flows, whereas publicfinance is driven chiefly by domestic climate policy ambition since the Paris Agreement.
Climate-vulnerable countries however struggle to access finance, with path dependency ininvestment flows further reinforcing existing inequalities. Forthcoming deliberations on
quantifying long-term finance targets should thus incorporate mechanisms to distribute
finance more equitably to meet country-specific needs and priorities.
Pricing carbon with intra-generational inequality
Authors

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Groom, Ben, University of Exeter
van der Ploeg, Rick, University of Oxford
Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Presenter

Groom, Ben, University of Exeter
Abstract

We show how the social discount rate can be adjusted separately for intra-generational andintergenerational inequality aversion and for risk aversion, and how this affects thecalculation of the social cost of carbon. Based on two different welfare specifications, weshow that inequality over time affects the discount rate and hence the SCC (based on theequally distributed equivalent (EDE) agent), while assuming instead individual" and equal
impacts both of costs and benefits adds a further impact of inequality. We show that if growthis associated with rising (falling) intra-generational inequality, the social discount rate islower (higher) and the cost of carbon higher (lower) than it would be compared to growth that
does not change inequality over time. These effects are higher the higher the coefficients of
intra-generational and intergenerational inequality aversion. Under our base caseassumptions, we find a Social Cost of Carbon for 2020 of 70$/tCO2 compared to a value of
85$/tCO2 without the effect of inequality.

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Climate and Labour Economics: Empirical Approaches
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Climate change damages on labor and capital, inequality, and the social cost of carbon -- PRESENTER:
Marie Young Brun, DISCUSSANT: Jeanne Tschopp
2. The Long-Term Effects of Unexpected Interruptions in Compulsory Schooling -- PRESENTER: Jeanne
Tschopp, DISCUSSANT: Steven Poelhekke
3. Labor Reallocation, Human Capital Investment, and ``Stranded Careers'': Evidence from an Oil Boom andBust -- PRESENTER: Steven Poelhekke, DISCUSSANT: Nikita Sangwan
4. The Gendered Effects of Droughts: Production Shocks and Labor Response in Agriculture -- PRESENTER:
Nikita Sangwan, DISCUSSANT: Marie Young Brun

Speakers
Young Brun, Marie, PSE
Dr. Tschopp, Jeanne,
Prof. Poelhekke, Steven,
Ms. Sangwan, Nikita,

Presentations

Climate change damages on labor and capital, inequality, and the social cost of carbon
Authors

Young Brun, Marie, PSE
Feindt, Simon, Ph.D. student and researcher, MCC Berlin (Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change)
Presenter

Young Brun, Marie, PSE
Abstract

Climate change is poised to generate economic damages through many channels, in particularthrough shocks to the factors of production. We modify an integrated assessment model with
sub-regional inequality and introduce direct impacts on capital and productive labor stocks,
resulting in endogenously persistent damages. We capture the role played by income
composition heterogeneity in within-region inequality, through the joint distribution of laborand capital income. For future inequality, consumption, and optimal policy, the incomeelasticity of damages has a stronger impact than their persistence. When taking the nonproportionality of damages into account, inequality increases with labor and capital damages.
In the most affected regions, these factor-specific damages can lead to dramatic consumption
losses at the bottom of the distribution, resulting in a large increase in the social cost ofcarbon.

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The Long-Term Effects of Unexpected Interruptions in Compulsory Schooling
Authors

Dr. Tschopp, Jeanne,
Dr. Bernabe, Angelique, Analysis group
Mr. Diop, Boubacar, PhD student, University of Sherbrooke
Prof. Pelli, Martino, University of Sherbrooke
Presenter

Dr. Tschopp, Jeanne,
Abstract

In this paper we quantify the long-run impacts of childhood exposure to storms on educationand labor market activities in urban and rural India. The identification strategy relies on an
original continuous measure of exposure to storms during compulsory schooling that varies
by birth-year cohort and district. Our results suggest that storms have substantial disruptive
impacts on education and labor market prospects, causing a deskilling of the affected regions.
The estimates are particularly sizable in the case of severe cyclonic storms which, because ofclimate change, have surged over the past few years. In this case, our findings imply an
increase of 18 percentage points of the probability of accumulating an educational delay of atlast one year, a 4.8 percentage points increase in the probability of no formal schooling and afall of 8.1 percentage points in the probability of completing post-secondary education. In thelong run, childhood exposure to storms has an impact on the type of labor market activity
performed, causing a reduction in the probability of accessing regular salaried jobs while
increasing the odds of performing domestic duties as primary activity.
Labor Reallocation, Human Capital Investment, and "Stranded Careers": Evidence from an
Oil Boom and Bust
Authors

Mr. KATOVICH, ERIK, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Dr. Parker, Dominic, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Prof. Poelhekke, Steven,
Presenter

Prof. Poelhekke, Steven,
Abstract

Sectoral expansions and contractions have significant worker-level and distributional
consequences. Using linked employer-employee panel data from Brazil--a country thatexperienced oil booms and busts during the 2000s and 2010s--we estimate dynamic effects ofbeing hired into the volatile oil and gas sector on workers' subsequent wages, employment,
and earnings. We find that oil generates inequality both between and within worker cohorts.
Highly-educated early entrants capture nearly all the earnings benefits of the oil boom and are
insulated from downturns by seniority and accumulation of institutional knowledge inprofessional roles within firms. Later high-education entrants must compete with a glut of
new graduates from oil-specific degree programs, and suffer from "stranded careers" after oilbusts. Low-education workers never enjoy earnings premiums during booms and lose theirjobs during busts. Our findings contribute evidence on the job-creation potential of energy
sectors and the distributional consequences of energy transitions.
The Gendered Effects of Droughts: Production Shocks and Labor Response in Agriculture

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Authors

Ms. Sangwan, Nikita,
Prof. Afridi, Farzana, Professor, Indian Statistical InstituteDr. Mahajan, Kanika, Assistant Professor, Ashoka University
Presenter

Ms. Sangwan, Nikita,
Abstract

Climate change has increased rainfall uncertainty, leading to greater production risks inagriculture. We examine the gender-differentiated labor impacts of droughts resulting fromlower precipitation using unique individual-level panel data for agricultural households in
India over half a decade. Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in individual responses,
we find that women's workdays fall by 19% more than men's when a drought occurs, driven
by the former's lack of diversification to the non-farm sector. Women are less likely to workoutside their village and migrate relative to men in response to droughts and are consequently
unable to cope fully with the adverse agricultural productivity shock. Our findings can be
explained by social costs emanating from gender norms that constrain women's access tonon-farm work opportunities. The results highlight the gendered impact of climate change,potentially exacerbating extant gender gaps in the labor market.

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Egg-timer Session 1: Policies and Firms
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
Volumetric pricing in rural areas of Central America: adoption and potential effects on water delivery -Presenter: Roger Madrigal
Export participation and environmental performance: Firm-level evidence from Indian manufacturing -Presenter: Rumi Azim
Price Transmission in Biofuels-Related Global Networks: Minimum Spanning Trees Approach -- Presenter:
Karel Janda(Job Market) Peer effects on photovoltaics (PV) adoption and its impact on air quality in Poland -- Presenter:
Jakub Sokołowski
Policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic: Understanding the role of natural resources and Sovereign WealthFunds -- Presenter: Stella Tsani

Speakers
Dr. Madrigal, Roger,
Ms. Azim, Rumi,
Janda, Karel, Charles University and University of Economics, Prague
Mr. Sokołowski (Job Market), Jakub, Job Market, Dr. Tsani, Stella, Assistant Professor, University of Ioannina

Presentations

Volumetric pricing in rural areas of Central America: adoption and potential effects on water
delivery
Authors

Dr. Madrigal, Roger,
Mr. Pacay, Eduardo, EfD-CATIE
Dr. Pattanayak, Subhrendu , Duke University
Dr. Mullan, Katrina, University of Montana
Presenter

Dr. Madrigal, Roger,
Abstract

In rural and peri-urban areas of Central America, community-based drinking waterorganizations provide water to 60% of the population, thereby playing a key role in theachievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals. Previous studies from urban areas
and developed countries have suggested that volumetric pricing can be a key institutionalinnovation for effective water provision under conditions of water scarcity. In this paper, we

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address two questions. First, we test whether this finding holds in a rural and peri-urban
setting, drawing on a rare multi-country sample of community-based water supply in Costa
Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. We find that volumetric pricing is associated with
substantially more successful water delivery, even when conditioned on institutional capacity,
scale of operation, socioeconomic, environmental and, climatic conditions, as well as country
fixed effects. Despite this strong relationship, it is not widely adopted, particularly in
Nicaragua and Guatemala. Therefore, second, we try to identify the institutional and socioecological conditions in which the adoption of volumetric pricing occurs. We find thatvolumetric pricing is more likely when communities (1) experience ecological and climaticconditions related to water scarcity, and (2) have greater institutional capacity. We conclude
that communities will have greater incentives to develop effective pricing strategies in theface of ecological conditions that are predicted to occur in the near future (by climate
modelers), but that communities' institutional capacity will determine the degree to which
they can successfully respond.
Export participation and environmental performance: Firm-level evidence from Indian
manufacturing
Authors

Ms. Azim, Rumi,
Prof. Sawhney, Aparna, Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University
Presenter

Ms. Azim, Rumi,
Abstract

We examine the role of imported technology in firm-level carbon emissions in the Indian
manufacturing sector, especially among the export-oriented firms. Recent literature showsthat the changes in firm-level emission intensity is determined by the changes in firm's scale,technology adoption and product-mix. Using data on Indian manufacturing firms from 19942014, we explore the within-firm mechanisms which affected their CO2 emission intensity.
In particular, we test whether imported intermediate inputs and capital goods enhanced theenvironmental performance of firms. To control for firm heterogeneity, we begin with a fixed
effects regression analysis, and then estimate a dynamic regression model using a two-step
Generalized Methods of Moments estimation to control for endogeneity. Consistent with theexisting literature, we find a robust result that exporting firms are cleaner than non-exporters,
conditional on firm productivity and other characteristics. Firms that are more productive,
younger, and invest in R&D are cleaner with lower emission intensity. We also find thatimport of raw materials is significant in reducing the emission intensity among exporting
firms, particularly for single-product firms.
Price Transmission in Biofuels-Related Global Networks: Minimum Spanning Trees
Approach
Authors

Janda, Karel, Charles University and University of Economics, PragueProf. Kristoufek, Ladislav, Charles University
Zilberman, David, University of California, Berkeley
Presenter

Janda, Karel, Charles University and University of Economics, Prague
Abstract

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This article investigates the connections between the prices of biofuels and many tradedcommodities and other relevant assets in Europe, USA and Brazil. The analysis uses acomprehensive dataset covering price data for 38 traded titles over the period 2003-2020. We
utilize the minimum spanning tree approach to identify price connections in a complex
trading system. Our analysis of mutual price connections discovers the major defining
features of world leading biofuels markets during the period since the ground-breaking policy
initiatives of the 2003 EU Transport Fuel Directive and Energy Taxation Directive. We
provide characteristics of main bioethanol and biodiesel markets with respect to government
policies and technical and local features of the production and consumption of particular
biofuels. Despite a relatively long and dynamically evolving history of biofuels, we find thatthe biofuels systems in USA, Brazil and Europe do not converge towards the same pattern ofrelations among fossil fuels, biofuels, agricultural commodities and financial assets.
Peer effects on photovoltaics (PV) adoption and its impact on air quality in Poland (Job
Market)AuthorMr. Sokołowski (Job Market), Jakub, Job Market, Presenter

Mr. Sokołowski (Job Market), Jakub, Job Market, Abstract

The article studies the patterns of diffusion of residential rooftop photovoltaics (PV) systems
in Poland and the effects of such technology on local air quality. First, I apply a panel
econometric analysis to estimate the impact of peer effects. I lag the difference in time
between a submitted PV installation request and installation completion, and I control for
endogenous group formation and correlated unobserved variables with a set of fixed effects.
Second, I use the difference-in-differences method to analyse the variability in exposure totreatment, i.e. an installed base in a particular area, to observe the effects of PV diffusion on
air quality. I find that peer effects are important for the diffusion of PV systems, as adding
one installation in the previous month increases the probability of a new PV adoption in thesame area by an average of 0.06 pp. Next, I demonstrate that areas with PV installations
present saw a decreased number of days in which PM10 emissions exceeded daily limits by
1.3 - 1.8 days per month, on average. My study has relevant policy implications as peer
effects (1) allow for the creation of local networks of stakeholders that would enhance thediffusion of clean energy sources, and (2) create clusters of installations in well-developed
regions, showing the need to intensify support efforts in underdeveloped areas.
Policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic: Understanding the role of natural resources andSovereign Wealth Funds
Authors

Dr. Tsani, Stella, Assistant Professor, University of Ioannina
Dr. Koh, Wee Chian, Researcher, Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies
Presenter

Dr. Tsani, Stella, Assistant Professor, University of Ioannina
Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic has put pressure on governments to deploy significant public capital toaddress the unforeseen shock induced to the healthcare systems and to economic activity
because of stringent measures. Countries with better fiscal positions, ease of access to
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international capital markets or those sitting in accumulated assets, e.g., revenues fromnatural resource exploitation, should be able to employ strong economic stimulus to ease theimpact of the pandemic on the domestic economy. At the same time, commodity exporters
should be in a worse position to take strong policy responses against the pandemic, as they
are faced with a dual challenge of dependence on (falling fast) commodity revenues on one
side and increasing pressure on the expenditure side to address the pandemic effects. COVID19 as a global external shock to commodity exporters, raises the following questions: Does
resource-dependence relate to the magnitude of the policy responses to the pandemic? Do
explicit tools of fiscal policy, like resource-based Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), link topolicy responses to the pandemic? We provide empirical evidence on the determinants of the
COVID-19 policy responses with focus on resource rich countries and on the role of SWFs.
We find a negative relationship between natural resources and fiscal responses to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Oil exporters record lower on-budget fiscal responses as compared to
non-oil exporting countries. SWFs are not identified to support stronger fiscal responses. The
results are nuanced when we consider the differentials in the stabilization, saving andfinancing imperatives of the SWFs. We find weak evidence that savings and stabilization
funds link to lower fiscal response to the pandemic corroborating the argument inability tomobilize funds immediately, may impede SWFs from supporting the economy against
unforeseen shocks in the short run. The results remain important for their policy implications
suggesting that: i) SWFs may not always offer a fast support against the unexpected socioeconomic shocks, and ii) a thorough understanding and potential design update is required toturn SWFs supportive against unexpected socio-economic shocks.

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Egg-timer Session 4: Preferences and Information
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
Fungicide Resistance and Misinformation: A Game Theoretic Approach -- Presenter: Ana Espinola-Arredondo
Riding together: eliciting travelers' preferences for long-distance carpooling -- Presenter: Nicolas AstierSocial Identities Make Fragile Tipping Points -- Presenter: Sara Constantino
Temporal Dynamics of Willingness-to-pay and Environmental Preferences: Oil Spill Prevention in the Oslo
Fjord -- Presenter: Martin Ørbeck
Understanding Soft Commitment: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Recycling -- Presenter: Iñigo
Hernandez-Arenaz

Speakers
Dr. Espinola-Arredondo, Ana, Professor, Washington State University
Dr. Astier, Nicolas, -, Stanford
Ms. Constantino, Sara,
Mr. Ørbeck, Martin, Vista Analyse
Mr. Hernandez-Arenaz, Iñigo, Universidad Pública de Navarra

Presentations

Fungicide Resistance and Misinformation: A Game Theoretic Approach
Authors

Dr. Espinola-Arredondo, Ana, Professor, Washington State University
Dr. Pardini, Chelsea, Economic Fellow, New York University - Institute for Policy Integrity
Presenter

Dr. Espinola-Arredondo, Ana, Professor, Washington State University
Abstract

Fungicide resistance is becoming a serious problem for agricultural activities today. We
provide further insight into the strategic behavior of farmers when their choices of fungicidelevels generate a negative intertemporal production externality in the form of fungicide
resistance. We find that when farmers encounter this type of externality, they choose afungicide level that exacerbates fungicide resistance. We examine a compensation
mechanism in which a farmer's reduction of fungicide usage is compensated by theirneighboring farmer. This mechanism ameliorates pesticide resistance and we show that it
induces the socially optimal level; however, misinformation about the severity of thefungicide resistance generates distortions. We show that the information available to farmer
about fungicide resistance severity is essential for its mitigation. In particular, we find that if
a misinformed farmer holds pessimistic beliefs, transfers become less necessary. Similarly, if

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all farmers are misinformed and they hold very asymmetric beliefs, transfers are higher than acontext of complete information.
Riding together: eliciting travelers' preferences for long-distance carpooling
Authors

Dr. Astier, Nicolas, -, Stanford
Prof. Lambin, Xavier, Assistant Professor, ESSEC
Mr. Bouquet, Pierre-François, Blablacar
Presenter

Dr. Astier, Nicolas, -, Stanford
Abstract

Most seats in private cars are empty when drivers hit the road. With a global fleet of personalvehicles exceeding a billion units, carpooling could represent a low-cost strategy to reducecarbon emissions in the transportation sector. This paper estimates passengers' preferences
for the different characteristics of a carpool ride. Using revealed preference data from actual
long-distance carpooling trips in France, we find that prospective passengers are highly priceelastic and value significantly the convenience of pick-up and drop-off locations. In contrast,
they seem to be somewhat less sensitive to the time they spend in the car than what typicalestimates would suggest. Finally, we derive a number of counterfactual scenarios to study the
impact of various public policies on the attractiveness of carpooling.
Social Identities Make Fragile Tipping Points
Author

Ms. Constantino, Sara,
Presenter

Ms. Constantino, Sara,
Abstract

The need for widespread social change along intersecting dimensions is increasingly
apparent. Despite this growing recognition and pressure for change on many fronts,
policymakers and politicians have made little progress on these issues in part because oflegislative gridlock, bureaucratic hurdles, and misaligned incentives, as well as powerfulconstituencies that resist change. The failure of formal institutions to substantively respond toclimate change and other pressing social issues has brought increased attention to thepotential for small "bottom-up" changes to trigger tipping points, spurring rapid shifts insocial norms and collective action. In applied domains, they also suggests that circumscribedpolicy initiatives can spark sweeping beneficial changes in behavior. Hypothetically,
however, group identities might undermine tipping in ways policy makers do not anticipate.
To examine this, we implemented an experiment around the 2020 U.S. elections. Participants
played coordination games in homogeneous political groups. Repeated play allowed groups
to develop local coordination norms. Once a group had established a norm, we exposed a
subset of group members to an intervention designed to promote beneficial changes inbehavior. In our control group, choice options were labelled with neutral symbols, while inour treatment group they were labelled with partisan political images. This simple payoffirrelevant relabelling generated extreme differences. Whereas the control group was
relatively slow to coordinate before the intervention, they quickly transitioned to coordinatingon the new socially beneficial norm after the intervention. In comparison, the identity group
was relatively fast to establish a norm before the intervention, but persisted in a state of
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chronic disagreement following the intervention, resulting in large welfare loss. Tipping was
powerful but fragile. It supported striking cultural changes when choices and identity were
unlinked, but even a trivial link destroyed tipping entirely. These findings temper enthusiasm
around social tipping, and emphasize the importance of considering social identities inbehavioral interventions.
Temporal Dynamics of Willingness-to-pay and Environmental Preferences: Oil Spill
Prevention in the Oslo Fjord
Authors

Mr. Ørbeck, Martin, Vista Analyse
Lindhjem, Henrik, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Prof. Kipperberg, Gorm, Associate Professor, University of Stavanger
PresenterMr. Ørbeck, Martin, Vista Analyse
Abstract

Temporal aspects of environmental preferences and values have not yet received the attention
the subject deserves within environmental economics, although interest has recently
increased. This paper investigates how willingness-to-pay (WTP) values and environmental
preferences for protecting the Oslo fjord against oil spills has evolved over a five-year period.
For this purpose, data generated by two identical contingent valuation surveys on a highquality internet panel applied to a population of Norwegian households in 2015 and 2020 are
analyzed. The 2020 respondents consisted of both new participants and people whocompleted the survey in 2015, allowing an empirical strategy that leverages the strengths ofboth the test-retest and independent samples approaches. This data structure has only beenfound in two previous papers in the SP literature. Additionally, the size of our test-retest
sample is larger than any other papers studying WTP stability over more than 1-2 years. We
find a significant increase in mean WTP when comparing full samples of all individuals inboth years, while an insignificant decrease is found among the subsample of retesters.
Estimated preference functions are temporally stable when controlling for WTP determinants
such as recreational activity and attitudes towards oil spill protection and the environment ingeneral. This is evident in full samples and among test-retest respondents. For our third
analytical method we decompose observed changes in mean WTP and try to isolate whether
they are driven by changes in observable covariates or unobserved preferences. These results
indicate that the decrease among test-retest respondents is caused by a negative shift in
preferences. We are, however, unable to firmly conclude on causality, as it may be resulting
from some unobserved factors not captured by the estimated models. A hypothesis that thecircumstances caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, though relatively mildly affecting Norway
at the time of data collection, were significantly affecting answers in 2020 is discussed andtested with a sensitivity analysis where various pandemic controls are introduced inestimation of WTP. Results of this procedure suggest that the pandemic circumstances likely
did cause a negative effect on estimated preference parameters, in both full and test-retest
samples.
Understanding Soft Commitment: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Recycling
Authors

Mr. Hernandez-Arenaz, Iñigo, Universidad Pública de Navarra

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Mr. Alonso-Pauli, Eduard, Universitat de les Illes Balears
Mr. Balart, Pau, Universitat de les Illes Balears
Ms. Ezquerra, Lara, Universitat de les Illes Balears
Presenter

Mr. Hernandez-Arenaz, Iñigo, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Abstract

Taking advantage of a card-scanning system that records individual, real-time data on the useof bio-waste sorting bins, we run a randomized field experiment to analyze the effectivenessof soft commitments in promoting participation in waste sorting. Being given the offer to signa soft commitment increased participation in waste sorting by 7 percentage points (0.21 s.d.).
This represents a 23-28% increase relative to the control group of households thatparticipated in the study but were not given the opportunity to sign a soft commitment. This
positive effect of the soft commitment operates exclusively through the extensive margin(households start to sort their waste); it does not affect the intensive margin (householdadherence to waste sorting). This implies that soft commitments can improve theeffectiveness of environmental campaigns in cities or areas where a large part of the
population has never participated in waste sorting, while they would have little impact inplaces where a majority of households have already participated in recycling. We also showthat the positive effect of the soft commitment remains constant 35 weeks after being offered.
Although the effect is reduced by one-half, it also persists after 36-47 weeks.

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Policy Session 2: How to Integrate Environmental Risks into Central
Banks’ Macroeconomic Analysis and Operations?
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
Policy Session 2: How to integrate environmental risks into central banks’ macroeconomic analysis andoperations?
This session will focus on the rapidly growing interest that central banks have paid to climate change over the
past few years. Such interest has raised many questions, including: which role can and should these institutions
play with regard to climate change? Are the models developed in environmental and climate economics adapted
to central banks’ priorities and operations? Are there specific methodologies (e.g. climate stress tests) and otherenvironmental topics (e.g. biodiversity loss) that central bankers should also focus on? This session will provide
insights into such questions from the perspective of a leading scholar and several central bankers.
Panelists:
Ivan Faiella (Banca d’Italia)
Lars Peter Hansen (University of Chicago)
Laura Parisi (European Central Bank)
Mathilde Salin (Banque de France)
Moderation: Emanuele Campiglio (University of Bologna)
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Thematic Session 5: Public Economics of Carbon Dioxide Removal(CDR)
30 June 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
To achieve net-zero emissions globally, residual emissions must be offset by carbon dioxide removal (CDR).
Most of the current projections for climate policy strategies rely substantially on the use of various CDR
technologies. The extensive literature on CDR, however, is strongly biased towards technical aspects,
deployment potentials, costs and environmental impacts. Little attention has been paid to the regulatory
implementation or the design of policy instruments to set sufficient incentives for removal and to ensure an
efficient trade-off between abating versus removing emissions. In this thematic session, we bring together
pioneering research that takes a public economics perspective on abatement and carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
options.
Organisers:
Kai Lessmann (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)
Max Franks (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)
Matthias Kalkuhl (Mercator Research Institut on Global Commons and Climate Change, University of Potsdam)

Speakers
Dr. Lessmann, Kai, Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Venmans, Frank,
Dr. Franks, Max, -, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Technical University of Berlin
Mr. Andreoni, Pietro, Politecnico di Milano; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and theEnvironment

Presentations

The social value of offsets
Authors

Dr. Venmans, Frank,
Prof. Groom, Ben, -, University of Exeter
Presenter

Dr. Venmans, Frank,
Abstract

How much carbon should be stored in temporary and risky offsets to compensate an emissionof 1 tonne of CO2? We show how the Social Value of an Offset (SVO) is a well-defined
fraction of the Social Cost of Carbon which depends on the offset's expected lifetime, risk of
non-additionality and risk of failure. The key insight is that the SVO can be positive becausedelaying emissions is socially valuable. Offset projects could therefore be part of an efficient
net-zero portfolio if their SVO to cost ratio exceeds the benefit-cost ratio of alternative
projects. Since many offset projects are not riskless or perpetual, offset suppliers should
supply transparent information about their permanence, risks and permanence of theirofferings, so that the SVO can be calculated and offsets easily compared. We provide amatrix of risk correction factors to calculate the SVO for this purpose.

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Optimal Carbon Pricing when Carbon Removal is not Permanent
Authors

Kalkuhl, Matthias, Mercator Institute
Dr. Franks, Max, -, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Technical University of Berlin
Dr. Lessmann, Kai, Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Mr. Gruner, Friedemann,
Prof. Edenhofer, Ottmar , Director of MCC and PIK,
Presenter

Dr. Franks, Max, -, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Technical University of Berlin
Abstract

Carbon pricing can reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by taxing
new emissions, but also by subsidizing carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphereto some storage. We investigate CDR policies in a dynamic model of carbon emissions andatmospheric carbon removal with storage into permanent or non-permanent sinks. We findthat utilizing removal is efficient even when storage is not permanent. However, CDR does
not affect optimal temperature targets in the long-run steady state which are determined bymarginal costs of the backstop technology and marginal climate damages. In a decentralized
economy, a uniform carbon price is optimal only if leaked emission are also priced. We
develop a discount factor for subsidizing removals when leaked emissions are not priced.
This may reduce transaction costs as monitoring of diffuse land-based emissions is notnecessary. We further show that CDR technologies with half-life carbon storage below 50
years should receive low subsidy rates. We calibrate our analytical model to derive numericalestimates of subsidies and removal quantities for various CDR technologies.
On the distributional effects of financing negative emission technologies
Authors

Mr. Andreoni, Pietro, Politecnico di Milano; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and theEnvironment
Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Prof. Tavoni, Massimo, -, EIEE
Presenter

Mr. Andreoni, Pietro, Politecnico di Milano; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and theEnvironment
Abstract

Most stringent climate scenarios require the large-scale deployment of negative emissions
technologies. Negative emission could be financed with carbon tax revenues and, after netzero, by increasing other taxes. This poses a challenge to public budgets and entails
distributional effects because if DAC are privately owned their profits will benefit
disproportionately the rich that own most equity assets, while the carbon tax that will financethem has regressive outcomes. We quantify this effect and find that ownership schemes ofnegative emission technologies can significantly impact future inequality, highlighting
important governance issues regarding the design of CDR projects.

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Coffee Break
30 June 2022, 03:45 PM - 04:15 PM
Description
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Water Management 2
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. An economic optimal control model of land subsidence -- PRESENTER: Dewy Verhoeven, DISCUSSANT:
Daniel Crespo
2. Hydroeconomic analysis of droughts in the Ebro basin using copulas for streamflow simulation -PRESENTER: Daniel Crespo, DISCUSSANT: Hubert Stahn
3. Externality and common-pool resources : the case of artesian aquifers -- PRESENTER: Hubert Stahn,
DISCUSSANT: Dewy Verhoeven

Speakers
Mr. Verhoeven, Dewy,
Mr. Crespo, Daniel, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre (CITA) and University of Zaragoza
Prof. Stahn, Hubert, Aix-Marseille School of economics

Presentations

An economic optimal control model of land subsidence
Authors

Mr. Verhoeven, Dewy,
Dr. Sen, Suphi, Wageningen university
Weikard, Hans-Peter, Wageningen University
Presenter

Mr. Verhoeven, Dewy,
Abstract

Land subsidence is a common problem in delta regions due to soft soils and it is accelerated
by human activity. Deltaic subsidence threatens the liveability of roughly half a billion people
worldwide. To keep the subsiding land dry enough for human activity, groundwater levels arelowered. This in turn speeds up subsidence, depleting the soil and causing damage.
Maintaining higher water levels would slow down subsidence but also reduce land
productivity. To analyse this intertemporal trade-off, this paper is the first that develops an
optimal control model that integrates the dynamics of land subsidence and groundwater
management to derive socially optimal paths for water level control. The model focuses on
agricultural land, but could be amended to account for other effects of subsidence or apply tourban areas. The objective is to find the optimal path of water pumping that maximises thetotal discounted production value of the land minus the cost of water pumping over time. We
find that, without taking into account the external damage costs of subsidence, the optimal
water pumping volume increases over time, but at a decreasing rate, while the surface of thesoil continuously declines at a reducing rate over time. The optimal path reflects the fact that

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larger harvests in the near future come at the cost of reduced harvests later on. We provide
sensitivity analyses with respect to pumping cost, agricultural prices and the discount rate.
The novelty of our paper is the integrated geophysical-economic model that captures theinteraction between economic drivers and geophysical processes.
Hydroeconomic analysis of droughts in the Ebro basin using copulas for streamflow
simulation
Authors

Mr. Crespo, Daniel, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre (CITA) and University of Zaragoza
Albiac, José, CITA-University of Zaragoza
Dr. Kahil, Taher, Researcher, IIASADr. Esteban, Encarna, Economist, University of Zaragoza
Dr. Gaupp, Franziska , Food System Economics Commission
Presenter

Mr. Crespo, Daniel, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre (CITA) and University of Zaragoza
Abstract

Climate change intensifies water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions where pressures onwater resources are significant, further compromising the sustainability of water systems.
Climate change triggers more frequent, longer and intense droughts that bring about serious
challenges for management. Hydroeconomic analysis provides a modeling framework forpolicy design at basin scale, taking into consideration the spatial and temporal relationships
between water sectors. In this study, an integrated hydroeconomic model of the Ebro basin isused to analyze the economic impacts of climate change under several water management
alternatives. An innovative approach, the Copula procedure, is used to generate longer, andmore intense and frequent drought events. Several policy scenarios are simulated by
combining two water allocation rules, proportional share or water markets, with thepossibility of investments in advanced irrigation systems. The sustainability of the Ebro water
system is evaluated by looking at its reliability, resilience and vulnerability under each policy
alternative. The risk assessment of the benefit losses informs on the water system exposure to
extreme drought events, and the contribution of management options in reducing potential
losses. The results highlight that climate change exacerbates the likelihood of substantial
economic losses from droughts, which compromise the sustainability of the water system.
Water markets and irrigation efficiency enhancements reduce uncertainty and losses fromdroughts, although there is a trade-off between irrigation benefits and damages to aquatic
ecosystems. However, the effectiveness of this policy combination decreases for longer andintense droughts.
Externality and common-pool resources: the case of artesian aquifers
Authors

Prof. Stahn, Hubert, Aix-Marseille School of economics
Ms. Tomini, Agnes,
Presenter

Prof. Stahn, Hubert, Aix-Marseille School of economics
Abstract

This paper studies a specific class of common-pool resources whereby rivalry is notcharacterized by competition for the resource stock. Artesian aquifers have been identified as

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a typical example, since the stock is never depleted, even when part of the resource isextracted. We first propose a dynamic model to account for relevant features of such aquifers- like water pressure, or well yield - and to characterize the corresponding dynamics. We thencompare the social optimum and the private exploitation of an open-access aquifer. The
comparison of these two equilibria allows us to highlight the existence of a new source of
inefficiency. We refer to this as pressure externality. This externality results in the long run inan additional number of wells for the same water consumption, and hence additional costs.
Finally, we characterize a specific stock-depend tax to neutralize the pressure externality.
JEL Classification: H21, H23, Q15, Q25, C61

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Regulation and Regulators
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Preference Congruence of Citizens and Decision-Makers on Nuclear Power -- PRESENTER: Piia Remes,
DISCUSSANT: Alan Krupnick
2. Should the Value of Statistical Life Be Revisited? -- PRESENTER: Alan Krupnick, DISCUSSANT: Henrik
Andersson
3. Do the distributional preferences of national infrastructure planners diverge from those of the public? -PRESENTER: Henrik Andersson, DISCUSSANT: Levan Elbakidze
4. Stated and Revealed Financial Assistance Priorities: Evidence from the Clean Water State Revolving Fund -PRESENTER: Levan Elbakidze, DISCUSSANT: Piia Remes

Speakers
Dr. Remes, Piia,
Dr. Krupnick, Alan,
Andersson, Henrik, Toulouse School of Economics
Dr. Elbakidze, Levan, -, -Presentations

Preference Congruence of Citizens and Decision-Makers on Nuclear Power
AuthorDr. Remes, Piia,
Presenter

Dr. Remes, Piia,
Abstract

Nuclear power is a controversial energy policy issue and thus a challenge to politicalacceptance. In this paper we study preference congruence between public and decisionmakers
on a nuclear power extension. We measure congruence as distance between voters' and policy
makers' preferences. Surveys eliciting preferences of Finnish MPs and citizens on a vote on
nuclear reactor licenses were conducted. Using pooled cross-section data from four random
sample surveys, we measure the level of congruence at constituency level controlling forsocio-demographic and district variables. Our survey respondents represent the Finnish MPs
and population well. Using identical wording in the surveys we are able to compare thevoting decision and risk preferences among citizens and MPs. We find substantial differencesin the voting and risk preferences. The degree of congruence varies e.g. across gender, age
and income level as well as by issue salience. MPs are in general more pro-nuclear andunderline the economic risks in their decision whereas the majority of citizens oppose nuclear

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power and regard accident and nuclear waste risks high. Moreover, women differ more fromfemale MPs than men from male MPs.
Should the Value of Statistical Life Be Revisited?
Authors

Dr. Krupnick, Alan,
Dr. Cropper, Maureen, Senior Fellow and Professor, UMD, Resources for the Future and University of
Maryland
Ms. Joiner, Emily, Research Associate, Resources for the Future
Presenter

Dr. Krupnick, Alan,
Abstract

Reductions in premature mortality are an important category of benefits provided byenvironmental regulations, constituting the majority of monetized benefits in most air
pollution regulations. Benefits are estimated by linking reductions in exposure delivered by aregulation to changes in mortality -- using the epidemiological literature -- and then valuing
the statistical lives saved using a Value per Statistical Life (VSL) -- the sum of what people
would pay for small risk reductions that sum to one statistical life.
There is a need to revisit the VSLs used in many countries. Some countries use a single"made-to-order" study for their VSL and all we examine have not been revised for a decadeor more. For instance, EPA's current estimate of the VSL is based on 22 studies conducted
between 1974 and 1991 -- 17 hedonic wage studies and five contingent valuation studies.
Simply put: these studies are out of date. The hedonic wage studies predate the availability ofdatasets that characterize risk of death on the job by occupation as well as by industry -- arequirement for a valid hedonic wage study -- and they do not use modern econometricmethods. They also omit averting behavior and self protection studies and other revealed
preference studies that rely on medical data. The contingent valuation studies do not reflect
post-1991 updates to the state of the art in survey design and VSL estimation for statedpreference studies. The literature has evolved considerably in the three decades since the 22
studies were chosen, and EPA's estimates of the VSL should reflect these improvements.
Our paper summarizes advances in the mortality risk valuation literature since the 22 studies
were published, focusing on revealed preference studies that value risks to adults and wereconducted in the United States and on stated preference studies from both European countries
and the U.S. We begin with a review of VSL practices within other United States agencies aswell as other high-income countries such as Australia, Canada, and the U.K. We review
hedonic wage studies, other revealed preference studies beyond those focused on the labormarket, and stated preference studies. We develop criteria for what constitutes a valid study
and then apply these criteria to studies identified in a 2016 EPA White Paper and to studies
identified in a more recent review of the VSL literature (ICF, 2021).
We conclude that the recent literature on the VSL for adults is sufficiently rich to initiate aprocess to revise EPA's estimate as well as VSLs used by other countries. Indeed, theliterature better targets the causes of death relevant to EPA regulations than do studies
underlying the current EPA VSL. Importantly, VSL estimates from both the averting
behavior and stated preference studies we review are based on the preferences of a wider
range of demographic groups than the current VSL. We suggest ways in which recent

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estimates could be combined to produce new VSL estimates, including traditional metaanalysis and other benefit transfer approaches.
Do the distributional preferences of national infrastructure planners diverge from those of the
public?
Authors

Andersson, Henrik, Toulouse School of Economics
Dr. Bondemark, Anders, VTI
Prof. Brundell-Freij, Karin, Lund University
Presenter

Andersson, Henrik, Toulouse School of Economics
Abstract

In this paper, we study how the distributional preferences of planners and the public diverge
in the context of national infrastructure planning. To do so, we surveyed a sample of 323
planners working at the Swedish Transport Administration and 2,108 members of theSwedish public. The most striking difference is that planners place a higher value on
aggregate benefits than the public. Planners also place a significantly higher value on
infrastructure plans that benefit rail transport. It is our contention that planners value
aggregate benefits more highly because they have a better understanding of the attribute andbecause they have internalised the long-standing goal of an economically efficient Swedishtransport sector.
Stated and Revealed Financial Assistance Priorities: Evidence from the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund
Authors

Dr. Elbakidze, Levan, -, Ms. Anica, Sharaban, Ph.D. Student, West Virginia University
Presenter

Dr. Elbakidze, Levan, -, Abstract

Adequate investment in wastewater infrastructure remains a critical challenge forenvironmental protection in the US. We examine states' prioritization of investment in
wastewater treatment facilities using the Clean Water State Revolving Funds (CWSRF)
allocation and wastewater treatment plant data from 2010 to 2019 from nine states. We
document discrepancies and consistencies between regulators' stated and revealed funding
priorities based on the records of intended and observed allocation of CWSRF support. We
find that states intend to and provide CWSRF assistance to wastewater treatment plants withpoorer Clean Water Act compliance records in the previous years. We also find that larger
facilities are prioritized in intended as well as observed allocation of assistance. Althoughimpairment of discharge receiving streams is not a significant factor in assistance distributionplans, the observed allocation of funds is positively correlated with receiving stream's
impairment. Poorer communities are prioritized in intended as well as observed assistanceallocation. However, income-based prioritization is weaker in states with greater corruption.

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Time, Risk, and Inequality: Empirics
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Ambiguity attitudes and Surprises: Evidence from a large population sample -- PRESENTER: Aljoscha
Minnich, DISCUSSANT: Mark Andor
2. Fairness and the Support of Redistributive Environmental Policies -- PRESENTER: Mark Andor,
DISCUSSANT: Matej Opatrny
3. The Inequality Aversion in the Europe: The Absolute Equal-Sacrifice Approach -- PRESENTER: Matej
Opatrny, DISCUSSANT: Aljoscha Minnich

Speakers
Mr. Minnich, Aljoscha, University of Hamburg
Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Opatrny, Matej,

Presentations

Ambiguity attitudes and Surprises: Evidence from a large population sample
Authors

Mr. Minnich, Aljoscha, University of Hamburg
Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Mr. Roggenkamp, Hauke, Faculty of Economics & Social Sciences, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg
Presenter

Mr. Minnich, Aljoscha, University of Hamburg
Abstract

This paper investigates ambiguity attitudes for natural events (temperatures) and how they are
updated following new information. Using a general population sample, we first obtainbaseline ambiguity attitudes for future weather events based on realized temperatures over
several past days. Second, we study the influence of different communication types on belief
updating: participants are given either point estimators, interval estimators, or the
combination of both as weather forecasts. We further vary whether the forecast is surprisingor in line with the initially received information. In contrast to claims that ambiguity aversion
may increase in response to surprising news, we find that ambiguity attitudes are rather
robust to new information and variants of their communication. Yet, the different variants ofcommunicating new information leads to significant differences of matching probabilities
given to specific events. Our sample allows to analyze socio-demographic correlates ofambiguity attitudes and responses to new information.
Fairness and the Support of Redistributive Environmental Policies
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Authors

Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Sommer, Stephan,Prof. Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Presenter

Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Abstract

Exemptions from costly policy measures are frequently applied to alleviate financial burdens
to specific market participants. Using a stated-choice experiment with around 6,000 Germanhousehold heads, we test how exemptions for low-income households and energy-intensive
companies influence the political acceptability of additional cost for the promotion ofrenewable energies. We find that the support for the policy is substantially higher when lowincome households are exempt rather than the industry. Introducing exemptions for lowincome households on top of existing exemptions for the industry increases the acceptabilityof the policy. We show that the support for exemptions as one example of distributional
policy design is associated with individual behavioral measures like inequality aversion andfairness perceptions.
The Inequality Aversion in the Europe: The Absolute Equal-Sacrifice Approach
Authors

Dr. Opatrny, Matej,
Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Presenter

Dr. Opatrny, Matej,
Abstract

We provide the first estimate of the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, mu, for awhole European region using the individual-level data. The parameter mu is a crucialcomponent of the social discount rate (SDR), which determines the inter-temporal allocations
that are acceptable to society. We use the revealed preference approach through acceptance oftax schedule to elicit the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, mu, for thirty European
countries. Our central estimate of mu for covered countries equals to 1.42 with standard errorof 0.007. With few exceptional cases, all estimates for countries in our sample exceed unity
with the range of 1.2 to 1.90. Our results implicate the values of SDR between 3-6 percent forcost--benefit analysis of medium- and long-term projects in the European region.

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Climate Macroeconomics: Fiscal Policy 2
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Pollution versus Inequality: Tradeoffs for Fiscal Policy -- PRESENTER: Camille Hainnaux, DISCUSSANT:
Nahid Masoudi
2. Optimal Carbon Taxes in DSGE Models under Distortionary Fiscal Policy -- PRESENTER: Nahid Masoudi,
DISCUSSANT: Loic Henry
3. Have economists really "let down the world''? A quantitative overview of the economic literature on climatechange -- PRESENTER: Loic Henry, DISCUSSANT: Armon Rezai
4. Carbon taxation and redistribution: Role of nonlinear Engel curves -- PRESENTER: Armon Rezai,
DISCUSSANT: Camille Hainnaux

Speakers
Ms. Hainnaux, Camille,
Dr. Masoudi, Nahid, Associate professor, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Dr. Henry, Loic,
Rezai, Armon, Vienna University of Economics and Business

Presentations

Pollution versus Inequality: Tradeoffs for Fiscal Policy
Authors

Ms. Hainnaux, Camille,
Prof. Seegmuller, Thomas,
Presenter

Ms. Hainnaux, Camille,
Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution and taxation on inequality andpollution in a dynamic setting. We build a two-sector Ramsey model with a green and apolluting good. Households are heterogeneous, which allows for income inequality, and have
non-homothetic preferences: they must consume a positive amount of the polluting
commodity. We find that playing on redistribution has no impact on pollution. Increasing theenvironmental tax under a high level of subsistence consumption leads to lower inequalities
when coupled with high redistribution, but increases pollution. Therefore, there exists a
tradeoff between inequality reduction and pollution mitigation. On the contrary, a low levelof subsistence consumption allows to reduce both inequality and pollution. Looking at thestability properties of the economy, we find that the level of subsistence consumption and theexternality matter. A high subsistence level of polluting consumption leads to unstability or
indeterminacy of the steady-state, while the environmental externality plays a stabilizing role

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in the economy. This leaves room for taxation and redistribution: increasing the tax rate andredistributing more towards the worker play a key role in the occurrence of indeterminacy
and instability. Hence, policymakers must take into account both subsistence consumption
and the importance of the externality when it comes to the efficiency in the long-run and the(de)stabilizing role in the shorter run of environmental fiscal reforms.
Optimal Carbon Taxes in DSGE Models under Distortionary Fiscal Policy
Authors

Dr. Masoudi, Nahid, Associate professor, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Dr. Kiarsi, Mehrab, Henan University
Presenter

Dr. Masoudi, Nahid, Associate professor, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Abstract

This paper seeks to analyze the joint determination of optimal carbon tax and distortionary
fiscal policy in dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, both analytically andquantitatively. We develop welfare-relevant stochastic aspects of efficiency and distortions
based on environmental externalities. By characterizing the intertemporal optimality
condition, we find a closed-form solution for the optimal dynamic path and the steady-statevalues of the first-best social cost of carbon (SCC) and the Ramsey-optimal carbon taxes. Our
analytical results suggest that the Ramsey-optimal long-run carbon tax fully internalizes the
production damages, while the utility damages could be under, over or just optimally taxed
depending on the consumers preferences and their relative risk aversion. An analyticalreexamining of the optimality of tax smoothing shows that the Ramsey-optimal policy calls
for labor tax rate volatility if the government does not have access to a carbon tax policy. Our
comparison of the Ramsey dynamics for the baseline model with the no-carbon-policy casesuggests that the presence of carbon policy reduces the fluctuations of all the key economic
variables in response to an environmental shock. Since emission becomes more expensive inthe presence of higher pollution, the Ramsey planner with access to environmental policy
responds by increasing the carbon tax and inducing higher abatement. In contrast, a positive
government spending or productivity shock makes abatement more expensive, leading tolower carbon taxes.
Have economists really "let down the world''? A quantitative overview of the economic
literature on climate change
AuthorDr. Henry, Loic,
Presenter

Dr. Henry, Loic,
Abstract

I analyse the production of scientific articles related to climate change published in economic
journals. Using an iterative selection protocol, I identifiy a corpus of about 14,000 articles
published between 1974 and 2020. I analyse in what journals these articles were published,
the number of citations they have received, and the topics they address. The latter is based ona textual categorization of the content of abstracts using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA).
The findings indicate that (1) economic articles related to climate change remain
predominantly published in journals in the field of energy and environmental economics, andvery few are published in top-5 economic journals, (2) the share of climate change-related
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articles in journals in other fields of the discipline has increased over the past decade, (3) the
share of articles dealing with climate change in a journal is positively correlated with theimpact factor of the journal, (4) articles dealing with climate change tend to be cited morethan any other articles published in the same journal. Until 2005, the corpus is dominated byarticles examining mitigation policy instruments, as well as how long-term, and possibly
catastrophic and/or irreversible implications of climate change can be included in welfare
analyses. The last decade has seen an increase in empirical analyses of the sectoral
implications of climate change (e.g., agriculture, transportation) as well as the links between
growth, trade and CO2 emissions.
Carbon taxation and redistribution: Role of nonlinear Engel curves
Authors

Rezai, Armon, Vienna University of Economics and Businessvan der Ploeg, Rick, University of Oxford
Dr. Tovar Reaños, Miguel Angel, Research Officer,
Presenter

Rezai, Armon, Vienna University of Economics and Business
Abstract

It is not optimal to recycle the revenue of a carbon tax entirely in the form of lump-sumtransfers as this curbs labour supply and the income tax base. Optimal recycling requires thatpart of revenue must also be used to lower income taxes, since this ensures the right balance
between efficiency, equity, and environmental objectives. The optimal second-best level ofthe carbon tax deviates more from the Pigouvian tax even without Corlett-Hague effects if
Engel curves are nonlinear. A higher coefficient of relative inequality aversion implies ahigher income tax, a higher transfer, and a higher carbon tax. Results are illustrated with
policy simulations for Germany using estimates of a Frischian labour supply function and ofboth an EASI demand system with nonlinear Engel curves and a LES demand system withlinear Engel curves. Non-linear Engle curves lead to lower carbon taxes and higher income
taxes and transfers. The demand system allows for carbon-intensive commodities such as
electricity, heating, and transport.

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Food 230 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Using True Cost Accounting principles to design food policies for climate and health -- PRESENTER:
Michela Faccioli, DISCUSSANT: Henrike Schwickert
2. Pity the pig over cushioning climate change - A referendum choice experiment on meat taxation -PRESENTER: Henrike Schwickert, DISCUSSANT: Elvia Rufo
3. Towards An Improved Understanding of the Drivers Behind Consumers’ and Farmers’ Valuation of Pesticide
Risks Using Meta-Analysis -- PRESENTER: Elvia Rufo, DISCUSSANT: Ralph Winkler
4. Rational Consumer Choice? The Case of Household Food Wast -- PRESENTER: Ralph Winkler,
DISCUSSANT: Michela Faccioli

Speakers
Dr. Faccioli, Michela, -, University of Exeter & University of Trento
Ms. Schwickert, Henrike,
Ms. Rufo, Elvia,
Winkler, Ralph, University of Bern

Presentations

Using True Cost Accounting principles to design food policies for climate and health
Authors

Dr. Faccioli, Michela, -, University of Exeter & University of Trento
Dr. Law, Cherry, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Dr. Caine, Catherine, University of Exeter
Dr. Berger, Nicolas, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Dr. Yan, Xiaoyu, University of Exeter
Mr. Weninger, Federico, Boxergy Ltd
Dr. Guell, Cornelia, University of Exeter
Prof. Day, Brett, Professor, LEEP Institute, University of Exeter
Prof. Smith, Richard, University of Exeter
Prof. Bateman, Ian, Director: Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute (LEEP), University of
ExeterPresenter

Dr. Faccioli, Michela, -, University of Exeter & University of Trento
Abstract

Reducing carbon emissions requires changing patterns of food consumption, ideally also
improving dietary quality. Using a randomised-controlled survey of a representative sampleof nearly 6,000 UK respondents we used True Cost Accounting principles to evaluate the
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impact of carbon and/or health taxes upon food-related greenhouse gas emissions andexpected health outcomes. Tax impacts are contrasted with the effects of information
provision through food labelling and the impact of combined information and taxation
strategies. Results show a cost-effective impact from information provision but more
substantial responses to tax imposition. Scaling up suggests that such fiscal policies could
significantly contribute to the total emission reductions required to achieve UK 2050 net zerotargets, while also enhancing population health which is another critical policy goal.
Pity the pig over cushioning climate change - A referendum choice experiment on meat
taxation
Authors

Ms. Schwickert, Henrike,
Perino, Grisha, University Hamburg
Presenter

Ms. Schwickert, Henrike,
Abstract

Externalities from the production and consumption of meat could be addressed by a meat tax.
In a referendum choice experiment with 3,169 participants, we elicited support varying thefollowing characteristics: tax level, justification of the tax, degree of differentiation andsalience of behavioral effects. Only for the lowest tax level tested (on average 0.19 euro/kg),
the tax received support from a majority of voters. Across all tax levels, support is larger if
the charge is justified by animal welfare rather than climate change mitigation. Only small
differences can be found for differentiated vs. flat taxes. Making the potential behavioral
effect of a meat tax salient to participants before voting increases support rates, but equallyfor flat and differentiated tax schemes. While the introduction of a meat tax remains
politically challenging, we recommend policy makers to clearly communicate underlying
reasons for the tax and its intended effect on behavior to the public.
Towards An Improved Understanding of the Drivers Behind Consumers’ and Farmers’
Valuation of Pesticide Risks Using Meta-Analysis
Authors

Ms. Rufo, Elvia,
Brouwer, Roy, University of Waterloo
Prof. van Beukering, Pieter, Professor, Institute for environmental studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam
Presenter

Ms. Rufo, Elvia,
Abstract

Pesticide use for pest and disease control in agriculture poses major public health risks, andraises food safety and environmental concerns world-wide. In order to support policy anddecision-making based on benefit-cost analysis, we present a global, quantitative review ofthe existing stated preference (SP) literature eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) of farmers
and consumers for reductions or eliminations of different adverse health effects, to humans aswell as the environment, associated with pesticide use and exposure. The meta-analysis
updates the results of a previous review published more than 15 years ago. New in this study
is the introduction of additional explanatory factors, in particular baseline risk and changes inrisk levels, to assess variations in farmers' and consumers' WTP over space and time, and
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evaluate the predictive power of the estimated global valuation functions for use in practicaldecision-making. The contribution of different categories of underlying drivers, such as risks,
illness symptoms, populations at risk, study characteristics, in explaining the observed
variation in WTP values is investigated stepwise, and related to the estimated meta-regression
models' predictive power. We furthermore account for the impact of the use of fear factors inhealth-related SP research like 'cancer', and umbrella terms like 'biodiversity' inenvironmental SP applications. Relevant socio-economic characteristics such as income andage are also accounted for. Significant non-linear effects are found for the latter. Generalized
least squares (GLS) meta-regression models are developed and compared to mixed effects
models to identify the determining factors for consumers' and farmers' WTP to reduce or
avoid risks from pesticides. On average, WTP increases over time, suggesting increasing
public awareness of the risks involved, whilst controlling for a wide variety of explanatory
factors. Baseline and changes in risk exposure levels are significant drivers behind WTP, aswell as illness symptoms. The latter depend, however, on the specific population sample. The
results of the meta-analysis are deemed suitable to inform decision-making processes given
the limited prediction errors. However, there is an urgent need to harmonize SP research,both in design and reporting, focusing on the public health and environmental risks associatedwith pesticide use.
Rational Consumer Choice? The Case of Household Food Waste
Authors

Winkler, Ralph, University of Bern
Dr. Sipos, Gala, University of Bern
Presenter

Winkler, Ralph, University of Bern
Abstract

Recent advances in behaviorial economics raise serious doubts about the rationality of
consumers' behaviour in consumption decisions. Food consumption looks like a primeexample: food purchased by consumers that ultimately goes to waste increases rapidly indeveloped countries and amounts to sizeable monetary losses. Yet, we argue that observed
food waste patterns may be an efficient by-product of food consumption. To this end, we firstdevelop a simple household model of food and non-food consumption, in which food waste
occurs due to the interplay of three characteristics: (i) households experience satiation in foodconsumption and can discard any excess food at no cost. (ii) At the time of food purchase,they are uncertain about their near future food needs. (iii) They can invest effort into an
information technology to reduce this uncertainty. In particular, our model predicts that
expected food waste increases in the opportunity costs of effort. Second, we test ourtheoretical model empirically using 2016 food consumption data of approximately 57,800
U.S. households obtained from the Nielsen Homescan database. In particular, we analyze therelationship between shopping frequency and purchased food quantities. Employing an
instrumental variable approach to circumvent possible issues of endogeneity, we find that anincrease in the frequency of grocery shopping reduces the quantity of food purchased, whichis in line with our theory of rational food waste and contradicts behavioral explanations offood waste like impulsive shopping. Our findings have important consequences for the designof anti food waste policies.

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Biodiversity 3
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Urbanization in Europe: Do Protected Areas Protect? -- PRESENTER: Arijit Ghosh, DISCUSSANT:
Saudamini Das
2. Economics of Conserving Endangered Birds: The Case for Gyps Vultures in India -- PRESENTER:
Saudamini Das, DISCUSSANT: Florian Diekert
3. Constraints and incentives predict citizen science data -- PRESENTER: Florian Diekert, DISCUSSANT:
Diana Margaret Quispe Roque
4. Environmental valuation of elements of biodiversity in the Titicaca National Reserve -- PRESENTER: Diana
Margaret Quispe Roque, DISCUSSANT: Arijit Ghosh

Speakers
Mr. Ghosh, Arijit,Prof. Das, Saudamini,
Diekert, Florian, -, Heidelberg University
Dr. Quispe Roque, Diana Margaret, -Presentations

Urbanization in Europe: Do Protected Areas Protect?
Authors

Mr. Ghosh, Arijit,
Dr. Sommer, Stephan,Prof. Vance, Colin, Researcher, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Mr. Ghosh, Arijit,
Abstract

The establishment of protected areas (PAs) is an increasingly used policy instrument toconserve ecologically fragile landscapes and to abate urbanized land take. This paper draws
on PA shapefiles and a panel of four landcover satellite images spanning 2000 to 2018 foranalyzing the impact of PAs in the EU-15, one of the most urbanized regions of the globe andhome to one of the largest expanses of terrestrial protected areas. Exploiting the temporal andspatial variation in PA establishments and employing panel fixed effects approaches, we
identify two treatment effects: designation as a PA and proximity to a PA. Our findings
suggest that designation hinders urban conversion, an effect that is partially offset byincreased urbanization on the periphery of the PA. A back-of-the-envelope calculation
indicates an ambiguous net effect of the PA on urbanization, pointing to the importance of

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examining spatial spillover effects in the siting of PAs and recognizing that urbanization on
the borders can potentially undermine their effectiveness.
Economics of Conserving Endangered Birds: The Case for Gyps Vultures in India
Authors

Prof. Das, Saudamini,
Dr. Ishwar, N M, Consultant, UNEP
Presenter

Prof. Das, Saudamini,
Abstract

The use of the Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug diclofenac to treat livestock and theconsequent sharp decline in the population of Gyps species of vultures across South Asia has
been well documented. This has often led to the lack of ecological services like scavenging,triggering of the population of secondary scavengers like feral dogs and have posed serious
implications for human and wildlife health in the region. Though the veterinary use of
diclofenac has been banned, captive breeding initiatives needs to be further strengthened forthese endangered vulture populations to revive in the wild. This study does a cost benefit
analysis of the vulture captive breeding programs in India. In absence of vultures, thescavenging services are being provided anthropogenically through the establishment ofcarcass rendering plants and we assume this cost to the society to be the benefits that vultures
traditionally provided. We compare this benefit to the cost associated with the ex-situ
conservation and reintroduction of vultures into the wild which is the cost of captive
breeding, release and in the creation and maintenance of Vulture Safe Zones (VSZ). This
cost benefit analysis support captive breeding and reintroduction to augment wild populations
to derive carcass disposal service.
Constraints and incentives predict citizen science data
Authors

Diekert, Florian, -, Heidelberg University- Munzinger, Stefan, naturgucker.de- Schulemann-Maier, Gaby, naturgucker.de- Städtler, Laura, Heidelberg University
Presenter

Diekert, Florian, -, Heidelberg University
Abstract

Citizen Science has become a cornerstone in tracking global biological change. This paper
analyzes the "data generating process" of citizen science recordings through the lens of abehavioral model that focusses on the incentives of volunteers. By the nature of its
generation, citizen science data is often non-systematic and potentially biased. Better
understanding how the producers of citizen science data react to observable and predictablefactors is essential to make good use of such data. We combine data from the largest German
online platform for volunteer ecological observations with weather data and document fewer
recordings on rainy days than on sunny days, as well as fewer recordings on working days
compared to weekends or holidays. Importantly, we explore the explicit incentives created bya large-scale prize competition on the online platform, providing evidence on the interactionof extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of volunteers. There are about 17% more recordings

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during the period of the prize competition. Moreover, the negative effects of bad weather andworking days are attenuated during the competition period. Finally, we compare the datafrom naturgucker.de to data from iNaturalist.org for the same dates and the same weather
stations and show that the difference in the number of recordings doubles during the prize
competition.
Environmental valuation of elements of biodiversity in the Titicaca National Reserve
Authors

Dr. Quispe Roque, Diana Margaret, Aravena-Novielli (Job Market), Claudia, Job Market, Heriot Watt University
Presenter

Dr. Quispe Roque, Diana Margaret, Abstract

Biodiversity conservation is one of the main policy targets in Peru, where the natural
ecosystems sustain the life of communities and the local economy. This paper studies
whether there are significant differences in the valuation of elements of biodiversity in the
Titicaca's National Reserve, Peru, using a monetary and non-monetary approach in different
population groups (urban and rural). We used choice experiments to estimate the implicit
prices associated with each of the biodiversity's attributes. Our results show that in themonetary approach, the willingness to pay (WTP) for elements of biodiversity is higher in theurban compared to the rural areas while in the non-monetary approach, this WTP is higher inrural areas compared to urban areas. This seems to be correlated with the direct us of theresources by the communities and the degree of market development. Finally, we find that thevalues for biodiversity's elements obtained in the non-monetary approach within each subsample are significantly higher in both populations compared with those obtained in themonetary approach. The preferred attribute in both preferred approaches was the transparencyof the water, while the least preferred attribute was the repopulation of vulnerable species(fish and amphibians).

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Weather Shocks
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) Climate variability impacts on agricultural output in East Africa -- PRESENTER: Jean-Luc
Mubenga-Tshitaka, DISCUSSANT: Yonas Alem
2. Drought, Livestock Holding and Milk Production: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis -- PRESENTER:
Yonas Alem, DISCUSSANT: Andrea Otero Cortés
3. Blame it on the Rain: The Effects of Weather Shocks on Formal Rural Employment in Colombia -PRESENTER: Andrea Otero Cortés, DISCUSSANT: Martino Pelli
4. The Short-Run, Dynamic Employment Effects of Natural Disasters: New Insights -- PRESENTER: Martino
Pelli, DISCUSSANT: Jean-Luc Mubenga-Tshitaka

Speakers
Mr. Mubenga-Tshitaka (Job Market), Jean-Luc, Job Market, Alem, Yonas, EfD Environment for Development Initiative, University of Gothenburg
Dr. Otero Cortés, Andrea,
Prof. Pelli, Martino, University of Sherbrooke

Presentations

Climate variability impacts on agricultural output in East Africa (Job Market)
Authors

Mr. Mubenga-Tshitaka (Job Market), Jean-Luc, Job Market, Prof. Dikgang, Johane, Professor , University of WitwatersrandProf. Muteba Mwamba, John W., Professor , University of Johannesburg
Dr. Gelo Kutela, Dambala, Senior Lecturer, University of WitwatersrandPresenter

Mr. Mubenga-Tshitaka (Job Market), Jean-Luc, Job Market, Abstract

This paper investigates whether the effects of weather variability in temperature andprecipitation on agricultural output are short- or long-run. In fact, the study addresses two
policy-relevant questions: (1) Does temperature or precipitation variability affect agricultural
output, and if so, is the effect short- or long-term? (2) Is the effect of weather variability on
agricultural output homogenous across East Africa? However, there is clear evidence ofcross-country dependency. If cross-sectional dependency exists among the cross-sectionalcountries under investigation, the first generation of panel data techniques is not applicable.
We use data from the FAOSTAT for 1961 to 2016 for East African countries, while climaterelated variables (temperature and precipitation) are from the Climate Research Unit (CRU).
We find that variability in temperature has a long-run impact on agricultural output, while

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variability in precipitation has a short-run effect. However, after considering theheterogeneity among countries, there is evidence of the long-run effect of precipitation
variability in some countries.
Drought, Livestock Holding and Milk Production: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis
Authors

Alem, Yonas, EfD Environment for Development Initiative, University of Gothenburg
Mr. Abebe, Meseret Berhane, Lecturer/PhD Candidate, Addis Ababa University/University of Gothenburg
Presenter

Alem, Yonas, EfD Environment for Development Initiative, University of Gothenburg
Abstract

The 2015/16 large scale El Nino-induced drought affected the livelihood of over 60 million
people globally. We investigate the impact of the drought on livestock holding and milk
production using a large-scale panel data from rural Ethiopia collected before and after the
drought. Difference-in-differences regression results combined with alternative matching
methods robustly suggest that the drought reduced milk production and livestock holding
over 80% and 9% percent respectively. The results also suggest that households lost cattle,
the most important asset in a smallholder farming context, more proportionately than otherlivestock. Our findings are important implication for formulation of safety net programs andadaptation strategies in a changing climate.
Blame it on the Rain: The Effects of Weather Shocks on Formal Rural Employment in
Colombia
Authors

Dr. Otero Cortés, Andrea,
Dr. Bohorquez Penuela, Camilo, Researcher, Central Bank of Colombia
Presenter

Dr. Otero Cortés, Andrea,
Abstract

Episodes of excessive or low rainfall have not only become more frequent, but also more
severe. These events can affect agricultural production and local labor markets. By
combining social security records, that allow us to measure formal employment in rural areas
and average earnings, with administrative data from weather stations, we estimate the effects
of municipality-level precipitation shocks on formal rural employment in Colombia and theheterogeneous effects of having access to irrigation technologies for mitigating these shocks.
Fixed effect estimates show that monthly episodes of excessive rainfall, measured as thosethat are above the 90th percentile of historical mean precipitation in the last 30 years for eachmunicipality, have a negative impact on formal employment in rural areas for both theagricultural and non-agricultural sector. On the other hand, episodes of lack of rainfall (i.e.,
below the 10th percentile) affect the formal rural labor market in the opposite direction.
These results vary depending on the crop type. Additionally, we explore if such weather
shocks translate into productivity shocks by looking at price changes in wholesale markets inthe absence of production data, finding that episodes of lack of rainfall act as a negative
productivity shock.
The Short-Run, Dynamic Employment Effects of Natural Disasters: New Insights

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Authors

Prof. Pelli, Martino, University of Sherbrooke
Dr. Tschopp, Jeanne,
Prof. Barattieri, Alessandro, Associate professor, Université du Québec à Montréal
Dr. Borda, Patrice, Assistant professor, Université des Antilles
Prof. Brugnoli, Alberto, Professor, Università di Bologna
Presenter

Prof. Pelli, Martino, University of Sherbrooke
Abstract

We study the short-run, dynamic employment effects of natural disasters. We exploit monthly
data for over 90 3-digits NAICS industries and 78 Puerto Rican counties over the period
1995-2017. Our exogenous measure of exposure to natural disasters is computed using the
maximum wind speed recorded in each county during each hurricane. Using panel local
projections, we find that after the "average" hurricane, employment and wages fall by 1% on
average. The effects peak after six months and disappear within two years. Across industries,
we find substantial heterogeneity in the employment responses. This heterogeneity can be
partly explained by input-output linkages.

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Forests and Climate
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Optimizing timber production and carbon sinks -- PRESENTER: Vesa-Pekka Parkatti, DISCUSSANT: Aino
Assmuth
2. Climate economics of boreal deforestation: the case of Finland -- PRESENTER: Aino Assmuth,
DISCUSSANT: Frankie Cho
3. The right trees for the uncertain places: how uncertainty changes optimal decisions for national land usechange -- PRESENTER: Frankie Cho, DISCUSSANT: Aapo Rautiainen
4. Technological carbon removal and the optimal role of forests in climate change mitigation -- PRESENTER:
Aapo Rautiainen, DISCUSSANT: Vesa-Pekka Parkatti

Speakers
Dr. Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Dr. Assmuth, Aino, Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKE
Mr. Cho, Frankie,
Dr. Rautiainen, Aapo, Researcher, Finnish Meteorological Institute

Presentations

Optimizing timber production and carbon sinks
Authors

Dr. Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki
Prof. Liski, Jari, Finnish Meteorological Institute
Dr. Viskari, Toni, Finnish Meteorological Institute
Presenter

Dr. Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Abstract

We study the economics of simultaneous timber production and carbon sequestration in
boreal pure spruce forests. Carbon is included in living trees, products, and forest soil. Forest
dynamics are described using discrete-time statistical-empirical size-structured ecologicalmodels while the soil carbon module is described using a continuous-time process-basedmodel. The developed economic-ecological optimization model includes optimization ofrotation length, harvest timing, harvesting intensities, and the choice between continuous
cover and rotation forestry. Increasing carbon price increases optimal solution carbon storage
mainly in living trees and forest soil while the effect on product carbon storage remains
negligible. Under 3% interest rate, increasing carbon price from 0 euro/tCO2 to 40 euro/tCO2
increases the total steady-state carbon storage by 231%. In the economically optimal

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solutions, soil carbon accounts for between 64% and 69% of the steady-state carbon storage.
Omitting soil carbon or even parts of it noticeably underestimates the value of forest carbon
sinks, causes economic losses and significantly decreases the discounted CO2 sequestration.
While the sum of physical carbon flows in a forest over a steady-state are zero, due todiscounting, the carbon module still produces economic benefits.
Climate economics of boreal deforestation: the case of Finland
Authors

Dr. Assmuth, Aino, Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKE
Dr. Lintunen, Jussi, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke
Mr. Wejberg, Henrik, Natural Resources Institute Finland
Mr. Miettinen, Antti, Research Scientist, Natural Resources Institute Finland
Presenter

Dr. Assmuth, Aino, Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKE
Abstract

Deforestation, mostly driven by agricultural expansion, is a global problem that leads to lossof biodiversity and increase of greenhouse gas net emissions. This paper presents atheoretical framework for analyzing the deforestation decision, and a comprehensive methodfor determining the magnitude of the climate externality of deforestation in a boreal context.
We show that an optimal deforestation fee internalizes the climate externality consisting of
the loss of current and future carbon storage in biomass and changes in soil net emission
profiles over time. We demonstrate that deforestation on peat soil causes a much larger
climate harm than that on mineral soil, and that the effect of discount rate and the differences
between Finnish biogeographical regions are much more subtle. Further, we show that thesocial optimality of deforesting one hectare depends on the profitability of agriculture, on
total private deforestation costs (including the opportunity cost of forgone forestry revenues),
and on the climate harm of deforestation. Based on data on agricultural land prices inFinland, we show that a deforestation fee would make deforestation widely suboptimal onpeat soil. We argue that boreal deforestation causes a significant, currently unpriced
externality that often greatly outweighs the private benefits of converting the forest to
agricultural use.
The right trees for the uncertain places: how uncertainty changes optimal decisions fornational land use change
Authors

Mr. Cho, Frankie,
Prof. Day, Brett, Professor, LEEP Institute, University of Exeter
Prof. Agnolucci, Paolo, University College London
Dr. Chrysanthi, Rapti, University College London
Dr. Lee, Christopher, LEEP Institute, University of Exeter
Prof. Lovett, Andrew, University of East Anglia
Dr. Mancini, Mattia, LEEP Institute, University of Exeter
Presenter

Mr. Cho, Frankie,
Abstract

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Decision making for long term land use change is inherently confounded by uncertainty overfuture conditions. To tame that complexity, integrated environment-economy models are
frequently used to identify welfare-optimising patterns of land use change. The
recommendations such models provide, however, depends on how it accommodates
uncertainty. In this paper we contrast three possible strategies that handle uncertainty withincreasing sophistication; (1) optimise outcome under the median uncertain future (2)optimise the expected outcome across uncertain futures (3) minimise down-side risk acrossuncertain futures. We pursue that comparison in the context of a search for optimal forest
planting strategies to meet the UK government's "Net Zero" pledges. We find that how
uncertainty is treated in such an exercise is critical to the recommendations it delivers, notonly with regards to where to plant trees but also with regards to which species to plant.
Explicit consideration of uncertainty, as per (2) and (3), delivers planting strategies that still
provides a superior 580 to 697 GBP/hectare/year of benefits respectively in the worst-casescenario, compared to (1) which provides only 398 GBP/hectare/year benefits in the worstcase. In the context of public decision making, adopting land use change strategies thatminimise downside risk, as per (3), leads to a diversified planting strategy that hedges against
scenarios with climate that do not support optimal tree growth.
Technological carbon removal and the optimal role of forests in climate change mitigation
AuthorDr. Rautiainen, Aapo, Researcher, Finnish Meteorological Institute
Presenter

Dr. Rautiainen, Aapo, Researcher, Finnish Meteorological Institute
Abstract

We examine how the optimal role of global forests in a welfare-maximizing climate policy
depends on two carbon removal technologies: Direct Air Capture (DAC) and Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS). Forests may be used to produce wood and/or to remove and store
carbon from the atmosphere. There is a trade-off between these services: maximizing
harvests means settling for low storage, whereas maximizing storage means forgoingharvests. Both wood and forest carbon storage have substitutes. Wood competes with clean
energy (as an energy source) and fossil resources (as an energy source and material
feedstock). Carbon sequestration in forests (as a removal technology) competes with DAC
and the combination of wood use and CCS. Determining the optimal role of forests means
determining when, where, and how much to harvest. The analysis is conducted using ICICLE-- a new stylized intertemporal integrated assessment model comprising the global economy,
forests, and the climate system. The objective is to maximize consumption welfare over time(accounting for the damage caused by climate change). Optimized features include theextraction of fossil fuels, the allocation of wood harvests across three biomes, investments inclean and dirty energy technologies, other capital investments, the deployment of DAC and
CCS, and the produced and consumed quantities of energy and materials. The results suggestthat -- in a welfare-maximizing policy -- forests are initially used for carbon removal but
wood use is increased when fossil resources are phased out. Harvests primarily target
secondary forests in the tropics. Optimal forest utilization is strongly affected by theavailability DAC and CCS. Estimates of the cumulative sink in global forests 2020-2100
range from -77 to +115 PgC. Generally, the better availability of DAC and CCS is associatedwith greater fossil resource use and lesser harvests. Extensive technological carbon removal
lowers the SCC, which (1) incentivizes smaller reductions in fossil resource use, and (2) anddecreases carbon removal by the combination of wood use and CCS (which is less effective,

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and -- in totality -- a more expensive technology than DAC). If DAC is not available, harvests
are notably larger, as the combination wood use and CCS is used for carbon removal.

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Electricity Markets 3
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) Electricity Market Design and Market-Based Environmental Policy in India -- PRESENTER:
Shefali Khanna, DISCUSSANT: Jonas Savelsberg
2. How heat waves affect electricity markets - mutual reinforcements and spillovers -- PRESENTER: Jonas
Savelsberg, DISCUSSANT: Grant Jacobsen
3. How Do Consumers Respond to Price Complexity? Experimental Evidence from the Power Sector -PRESENTER: Grant Jacobsen, DISCUSSANT: François Salanié
4. When electricity provision becomes unreliable -- PRESENTER: François Salanié, DISCUSSANT: Shefali
KhannaSpeakers
Dr. Khanna (Job Market), Shefali, Research Associate in Energy and Environmental Economics, Imperial
College London
Dr. Savelsberg, Jonas, ETH Zürich
Dr. Jacobsen, Grant,
Salanié, François, Toulouse School of Economics

Presentations

Electricity Market Design and Market-Based Environmental Policy in India (Job Market)
AuthorDr. Khanna (Job Market), Shefali, Research Associate in Energy and Environmental Economics, Imperial
College London
Presenter

Dr. Khanna (Job Market), Shefali, Research Associate in Energy and Environmental Economics, Imperial
College London
Abstract

How do market-based environmental policy instruments perform in non-market-based
electricity systems? I explore this question in the context of the electric power sector in India,
where electricity is transacted primarily via long-term bilateral contracts and state-owned
distribution utilities self-schedule contracted power plants to meet their demand. The absenceof a centralized and dynamic market-based economic dispatch mechanism generates shortrun misallocation in electricity dispatch and distorts long-run investment decisions, such as
the incentive to invest in flexible generation capacity and energy storage to complement
renewable-based capacity. Using detailed data on power plant operations and the network oflong-term bilateral contracts, I find that the demand for electricity from coal-fired power
plants with a higher share of capacity allocated under long-term contract(s) is less sensitive to

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changes in coal prices, implying that the existing market design could erode some of theenvironmental benefits of carbon pricing.
How heat waves affect electricity markets - mutual reinforcements and spillovers
Authors

Dr. Savelsberg, Jonas, ETH Zürich
Dr. Schillinger, Moritz, University of Basel
Presenter

Dr. Savelsberg, Jonas, ETH Zürich
Abstract

Heat waves are expected to become more frequent and more severe in the future due toanthropogenic climate change. The electricity sector is not only one of the major emitters ofgreenhouse gases, but is also vulnerable to climate change impacts. In particular, heat waves
have been observed to have significant impacts on the electricity sector. They can result inincreases in electricity demand and decreases in the availability of supply and transmission
infrastructures. In this paper, we discuss the economic implications of heat waves on aninterconnected electricity system. To this end, we combine a numerical model of theEuropean electricity system with empirical estimates on heat wave effects. We show that thehigh degree of interconnectedness of the European system leads to spillover effects tocountries not directly affected by a heat wave. Furthermore, our results show that the effectsof heat waves on electricity demand, supply and transmission are mutually reinforcing.
Increasing the system's interconnectedness, i.e., expanding the transmission network, canhelp to mitigate such heat wave effects.
How Do Consumers Respond to Price Complexity? Experimental Evidence from the Power
SectorAuthors

Dr. Jacobsen, Grant,
Dr. Stewart, James, The Cadmus Group
Presenter

Dr. Jacobsen, Grant,
Abstract

Spurred in part by growing production from renewable sources and adoption of electricvehicles, time-variant pricing programs for electricity are increasingly being used to influence
the shape of residential demand. The most common time-variant prices are time-of-use(TOU) prices, which vary by hour of day, and event-based prices, which take effect duringidiosyncratic "critical" events. We present evidence on the effects of TOU prices and eventbased prices when implemented in isolation versus simultaneously. The key finding is thattime-variant prices reduce demand during critical events by 19% when event-based pricing is
implemented in isolation, but only 5% when TOU and event-based prices are implemented
together, despite both price schemes creating similar financial incentives. The results suggestthat price complexity may dull consumer responsiveness to price signals.
When electricity provision becomes unreliable
Authors

Salanié, François, Toulouse School of Economics

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Dr. Bobtcheff, Catherine, Paris School of Economics
Dr. De Donder, Philippe, Toulouse School of Economics
Presenter

Salanié, François, Toulouse School of Economics
Abstract

We set up a model of electricity provision in which delivery to consumer is only imperfectly
reliable, depending in particular on excess capacity with respect to demand. We show how
this impacts optimal regulations based on the Value of Lost Loads. We also discuss changes
associated to more extreme climatic events, the development of intermittent energy sources,and how the preeminence of electricity as the almost unique source of energy may lead tohazardous situations.

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Land Use
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Structural transformation, land use and agglomeration: the introduction of GM soy in Brazil -- PRESENTER:
Jaime Fialkow, DISCUSSANT: Randall Bluffstone
2. Labor Outmigration, Farmland Fallowing, Livelihood Diversification and Technology Adoption in Nepal -PRESENTER: Randall Bluffstone, DISCUSSANT: Lysander Fockaert
3. Optimization of production intensity in Flemish apple orchards for income, production and insect biodiversity
objectives under different agri-environmental policy scenarios -- PRESENTER: Lysander Fockaert,
DISCUSSANT: Göran Bostedt
4. Unravelling the Pastoralist Paradox – Preferences for Land-Tenure Security and Flexibility in Kenya -PRESENTER: Göran Bostedt, DISCUSSANT: Jaime Fialkow

Speakers
Mr. Fialkow, Jaime,
Bluffstone, Randall, Portland State University
Dr. Bostedt, Göran,Mr. Fockaert, Lysander,

Presentations

Structural transformation, land use and agglomeration: the introduction of GM soy in Brazil
AuthorMr. Fialkow, Jaime,
Presenter

Mr. Fialkow, Jaime,
Abstract

We study the relationship between agricultural productivity and manufacturing dynamics,
focusing on how local productivity shocks in agriculture shape sectoral employment
dynamics, where the shocks stems from the introduction of genetically engineered soy in
Brazil in 2003. We illustrate our hypothesis with a three-sector model with factor specifictechnological change, allowing for endogenous land supply and agglomeration economies,
using Agricultural and Demographic Census data to empirically test our hypothesis. The
productivity shock creates more manufacturing jobs in municipalities with larger populations
and higher schooling levels and with relatively small initial manufacturing employment.
Moreover, evidence suggests that when agricultural land supply is not constrained
agricultural employment may not fall, while manufacturing employment grows anyway, due
to migration.

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Labor Outmigration, Farmland Fallowing, Livelihood Diversification and Technology
Adoption in Nepal
Authors

Bluffstone, Randall, Portland State University
Dr. Nepal, Mani, ICIMOD
Dr. Karki, Apsara, ICIMOD
Presenter

Bluffstone, Randall, Portland State University
Abstract

Temporary international labor migration from rural areas of low-income countries is an
important international phenomenon, which causes agricultural labor to be diverted fromfarming to other activities. In labor-intensive agricultural systems, such as in much of rural
Nepal, loss of labor can lead to an increase in the opportunity cost of farm labor, which cancreate incentives to change the mix of livelihood strategies, farm inputs and investments. At
the same time, short-term international migration may generate remittances, which canfinance agricultural intensification and business investments. Using nationally representative
data from Nepal, combined with empirical methods that allow causal inference, weinvestigate the effect of labor out-migration on farmland fallowing, adoption of agriculturalintensification technologies and livelihood diversification. We find that the probability offarm households keeping farmland fallow is 7 to 24 percentage points higher for households
who have had international migrants, compared with other households. These results arerobust to alternative specifications and estimation techniques. We also find that temporaryinternational migration promotes adoption of some technologies that intensify agriculture andcauses rural households to diversify their livelihoods.
Optimization of production intensity in Flemish apple orchards for income, production andinsect biodiversity objectives under different agri-environmental policy scenarios
Authors

Mr. Fockaert, Lysander,
Ms. Hulsmans, Eva, KU Leuven
Mr. Daelemans, Robin, KU LeuvenProf. Mathijs, Erik, KU LeuvenProf. Honnay, Olivier, KU LeuvenProf. Vranken, Liesbet, Professor,
Presenter

Mr. Fockaert, Lysander,
Abstract

Agri-environmental policies aspire to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem service
provisioning, without compromising food production and income of those who manage theland. Whether this can be achieved by land sparing (intensive farming and conservation ofnatural areas), land sharing (extensive agriculture across the entire landscape), or anintermediate solution is subject to intense debate. In this study, policy scenarios
encompassing different combinations of land sharing and sparing are evaluated on theirpotential to increase production, income and biodiversity in apple orchards for a Flemish
study area with intensive agriculture and low environmental quality. Trade-off functions,based on sampling of bees, Heteroptera and estimation of yields in orchards and semi-natural
grasslands, and economic analysis of organic and conventional fruit farms were applied to

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maximization models of production, income and Hill-Shannon diversity. Results suggest that
scenarios that include the Biodiversity Strategy target of 30% nature in the landscape havethe highest potential to maximize biodiversity, while at the same time achieving income gains
in an optimal configuration of intensity in the set of orchards. Incorporating the Farm to Fork
objective of 25% organic farming did not result in substantial gains in either economic or
ecological indicators. However, the decision on the most suitable strategy depends strongly
on the preference for specific objectives and selection of evaluation criteria.
Unravelling the Pastoralist Paradox – Preferences for Land-Tenure Security and Flexibility
in Kenya
Authors

Dr. Bostedt, Göran,Dr. Sandorf, Erlend Dancke, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Dr. Mureithi, Stephen, Senior lecturer, University of Nairobi
Ms. Muricho, Deborah, Graduate student, University of Nairobi
Presenter

Dr. Bostedt, Göran,Abstract

In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment conducted among pastoralists in four
different semi-arid counties in Kenya characterized by different land tenure regimes toanalyze how pastoralists make tradeoffs between tenure security and grazing flexibility, theso-called pastoralist paradox. We also investigate whether index-based livestock insurance
could be a solution by reducing uninsured, drought related risk. Results show thatwillingness-to-pay (WTP) for different tenure arrangements depend strongly on the
respondent's current tenure status and suggest a "tenure ladder", where the landless
pastoralists want to join a group ranch, while those with group title deeds want private tenurerights. WTP for livestock insurance are low, relative to current premiums, which can explain
the observed low participation rates. The worry about climate change is high but does nottranslate to increased WTP for more secure tenure or formal livestock insurance.

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Wind Power
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Social Costs of Setback Distances for Wind Turbines -- PRESENTER: Felix Reutter, DISCUSSANT: JanNiklas Meier
2. Wind Power Deployment and the Impact of Spatial Planning Policies -- PRESENTER: Jan-Niklas Meier,
DISCUSSANT: Jamie Jenkins
3. Regionally Extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for the Offshore Wind Industry in Finland -PRESENTER: Jamie Jenkins, DISCUSSANT: Cathrine Hagem
4. Internalizing negative environmental impacts from wind power production: Offsetting schemes versus
environmental taxes -- PRESENTER: Cathrine Hagem, DISCUSSANT: Felix Reutter

Speakers- Reutter, Felix,
Mr. Meier, Jan-Niklas,
Mr. Jenkins, Jamie, University of Helsinki
Hagem, Cathrine, University of Oslo

Presentations

Social Costs of Setback Distances for Wind Turbines
Authors- Reutter, Felix,Prof. Drechsler, Martin,
Prof. Gawel, Erik, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ
Lehmann, Paul, Leipzig University
Presenter- Reutter, Felix,
Abstract

Wind power is a key for decarbonizing economies. Yet, wind turbines can produce negativeenvironmental externalities. These include bird collisions and disamenities for residents.
Setback distances for wind turbines to settlements and bird nests are a common policy
instrument to address these externalities. In this paper, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of
setback distances. We use a spatially-explicit model to investigate the social costs of different
options for setbacks to settlements and red kite nests. In terms of social costs, we consider
production costs and external costs associated with residents' disamenities and red kite
impacts given an exogenously set wind energy production target. The model is applied using
data for the German State of Saxony. Three key results are: (1) More restrictive setbacks may
increase social costs. (2) Uniform red kite setbacks reduce social costs rather than uniform

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settlement setbacks. (3) Differentiated settlement setbacks for different settlement types leadto substantially lower social costs than uniform setbacks.
Wind Power Deployment and the Impact of Spatial Planning Policies
Authors

Mr. Meier, Jan-Niklas,
Prof. Lehmann, Paul, junior professor,
Prof. Suessmuth, Bernd, Professor of Economics/Econometrics, University of Leipzig
Mr. Wedekind, Stephan, University of Leipzig
Presenter

Mr. Meier, Jan-Niklas,
Abstract

Understanding the driving forces of wind power expansion is crucial for policymakers inorder to regulate wind power allocation and deliver expansion targets. The two driving
factors are profitability and land availability. In Germany, land availability is controlled
through spatial planning policies at the state, regional and local level. How influential is
subnational spatial planning in steering wind power deployment? Our answer is drawn from acomprehensive panel dataset with georeferenced data of regional spatial plans("Regionalplane") and of wind turbine locations for all years from 2000 to 2016. We showthat spatial planning policies at the state and regional level are powerful in governing wind
power deployment and its spatial allocation. Especially designating specific areas for wind
power usage proves highly effective. Besides quantifying the policy effects of spatialplanning, our analysis also reveals the length of time lags until policies take effect.
Regionally Extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for the Offshore Wind Industry in
Finland
Authors

Mr. Jenkins, Jamie, University of Helsinki
Prof. Hyytiäinen, Kari,
Mx. Malho, Maria, Demos Helsinki
Presenter

Mr. Jenkins, Jamie, University of Helsinki
Abstract

Offshore wind energy is increasingly becoming an important part of European and global
low-emission power systems. The aims of this paper are to create a shared understanding on
the major drivers of offshore wind development in Finland and to explore how these drivers,
and opportunities for the entire industry, may develop over the 21st century, under different
global futures. This research develops extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)
narratives for the offshore wind industry by using a virtual participatory workshop withexpert stakeholders. According to our results, the five key drivers shaping the prospects ofoffshore wind development are public acceptability of offshore energy, global and national
demand for low-emission energy, technological development and relative competitiveness ofoffshore energy, availability of space and wind resources, and energy markets andtransmission infrastructure. Nationally extended SSP narratives, building on these key
drivers, describe a wide range of alternative future risks and opportunities for developing
offshore energy. Under sustainable development (SSP1), offshore wind is likely to soon

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become a major source of energy in the area, if developed in a balanced manner alongsideother uses of the marine space. Under fossil-fuelled development (SSP5), offshore windgrows slower and may experience rapid uptake only in the latter half of the century. Underthe regional rivalry scenario (SSP3), the need for local energy sources drives the nationalenergy policies and may create new opportunities for offshore wind. Under the inequality
scenario (SSP4), local municipalities and the residents decide on locations of new windturbines and the overall magnitude of future offshore wind.
Internalizing negative environmental impacts from wind power production: Offsetting
schemes versus environmental taxes
Authors

Hagem, Cathrine, University of Oslo
Greaker, Mads, OsloMet University
Presenter

Hagem, Cathrine, University of Oslo
Abstract

On the one hand, wind power production is necessary for decarbonizing the electricity sector.
On the other hand, we run the risk of replacing one environmental problem with otherenvironmental problems, that is, stopping climate change in exchange with increased loss ofpristine land and biodiversity. The present paper provides a novel contribution to theliterature on how to regulate developments of wind power plants (WPPs). Current regulationis largely based on a concession system, and both environmental taxes and offset schemes areleft unexplored. We develop a theoretical model of WPP development with offsets andenvironmental taxes. We show that if additional loss of pristine nature and biodiversity is
acceptable at some monetary price, establishing an offset market for WPP development andcombining it with an environmental tax will be socially desirable. In fact, this solution ispreferable to both only having an environmental tax or only having a compulsory offset
market. However, if no more loss of pristine land and biodiversity can be tolerated,compulsory and complete offsetting should be the norm. We look at two restoration projects
in Norway and evaluate to what extent they could have been used as offsets for a recent WPPdevelopment in Norway. We conclude with a qualified yes.

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Environmental Taxation
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. To abate, or not to abate? The arising of the win-win solution under time consistent emission taxation -PRESENTER: Luca Lambertini, DISCUSSANT: Anna Alberini
2. “Wild” Tariff Schemes: Evidence from the Republic of Georgia -- PRESENTER: Anna Alberini,
DISCUSSANT: Julien Sauvagnat
3. Corporate Taxation and Carbon Emissions -- PRESENTER: Julien Sauvagnat, DISCUSSANT: Eftichios
Sartzetakis
4. Environmental Regulation with Preferences for Social Status -- PRESENTER: Eftichios Sartzetakis,
DISCUSSANT: Luca Lambertini

Speakers
Prof. Lambertini, Luca, Full Professor, University of Bologna
Alberini, Anna , University of Maryland
Mr. Sauvagnat, Julien, -, Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia

Presentations

To abate, or not to abate? The arising of the win-win solution under time consistent emission
taxation
Authors

Agliardi, Elettra, University of Bologna
Prof. Lambertini, Luca, Full Professor, University of Bologna
Presenter

Prof. Lambertini, Luca, Full Professor, University of Bologna
Abstract

We analyse a model of environmental regulation where two firms can optimally decide toinvest in an emission abatement technology and the regulator taxes firms' emissions in atime-consistent manner. Depending on the values of the parameters measuring the extent ofemission abatement that firms may achieve and the degree of product differentiation, wecharacterize the subgame perfect equilibria, developing all admissible scenarios where either
both firms invest in abatement technologies, none of them do, or just one does, and show theconditions under which a win-win solution emerges, validating a strong form of Porter
hypothesis.
"Wild" Tariff Schemes: Evidence from the Republic of Georgia

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Authors

Alberini, Anna , University of Maryland
Mr. Bezhanishvili, Levan, PhD Student, Charles University Prague
Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Presenter

Alberini, Anna , University of Maryland
Abstract

Consumers often struggle to grasp complicated pricing plans, including increasing block rate(IBR) schemes, which have been used for decades by utilities in many parts of the world. The
assumption that they encourage conservation has, however, recently been challenged (Ito,2014). We take advantage of the unique IBR tariffs for electricity in the Republic of Georgia
where "overage" is penalized more heavily than in conventional IBRs to ask whether
consumers respond to price, and to which price specifically. Based on the data from several
waves of the Georgia Household Budget Survey, we find evidence of "notches", namely
missing probability mass on the right of the lowest block cutoff and a spike in the frequency
of monthly consumption to the left of it. This is in contrast with the "bunching" pattern
predicted by Borenstein (2009) when demand is not completely inelastic, and with theempirical evidence in Borenstein (2009) and Ito (2014). During our study period (20122019), the tariffs were revised -- both downwards and upwards -- to a different extent indifferent blocks and at different times across the regions of the country. We devise
difference-in-difference study designs that exploit such natural experiments, finding that
consumption did increase when the tariffs were reduced and fell when they were raised. Ours
is one of the few studies that exploits quasi experimental conditions to examine whether the
response to price changes is symmetric. We find that it is, in that the implied price elasticity
of electricity demand is in both cases -0.3. Finally, we fit an electricity demand function,
which results in an even stronger price elasticity (-0.5). Households seem to respond to theactual, average price (here equal to the marginal price) rather than to expected price. Ourestimates of the price elasticity bode well for a carbon tax, an energy tax, or simple tariffincreases to help curb imports of gas-fired electricity from neighboring countries.
Corporate Taxation and Carbon Emissions
Authors

Mr. Sauvagnat, Julien, -, Dr. martin, thorsten, Bocconi University
Dr. Iovino, Luigi, Bocconi University
Presenter

Mr. Sauvagnat, Julien, -, Abstract

We study the relationship between corporate taxation and carbon emissions in the U.S. We
find that dirty firms pay lower profit taxes the opposite of what optimal taxation of negative
externalities prescribes. This relationship is driven by dirty firms benefiting
disproportionately more from the tax shield of debt due to their higher leverage. In turn, weshow that the higher leverage of dirty firms is explained by their higher asset tangibility. We
embed our estimates into a general equilibrium framework and show that eliminating the taxadvantage of debt reduces carbon emissions by about 3.9%, while aggregate output falls by
roughly 2.2%.

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Environmental Regulation with Preferences for Social Status
Authors

Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia
Xepapadeas, Anastasios, Athens University of Economics and BusinessProf. Yannacopoulos, Athanasios, professor, Athens University of Economics and Business
Presenter

Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia
Abstract

Continuously increasing consumption of material goods drives current resource andenvironmental crises, including climate change and loss of biodiversity. Technology offers
solutions, the development and the adoption of which though is not at the speed required toaddress the crises. Therefore, demand side responses have to be triggered using policies witheconomists suggesting the use of price signals. Increases in fuel prices during the last decadein both Europe and North America though, have not yielded the expected reductions in thefuel economy. Furthermore, ambitious increases in fuel prices have resulted in considerable
opposition, especially by low-income people. The present paper offers an explanation for the
reduced effectiveness of environmental taxation by focusing on relatively high-income
individuals whose consumption of highly polluting material goods is driven by motivations toimprove their social status. Furthermore, the paper shows that complementing the tax withinformation provision aiming at moderating status seeking overconsumption improves social
welfare. Decoupling consumption of highly polluting material goods from social status in
individuals' well-being, through information campaigns and/or advertisement, could have asubstantial environmental effect directly and also indirectly by improving the effectiveness oftaxation.

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Agriculture: Sustainability
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Dealing with a non-convexity caused by soil acidification in an applied general equilibrium model -PRESENTER: Xueqin Zhu, DISCUSSANT: Phoebe Koundouri
2. A general framework for the generation of probabilistic socioeconomic scenarios and risk quantification
concerning food security with application in the Upper Nile river basin -- PRESENTER: Phoebe Koundouri,
DISCUSSANT: Xiaojie Wen
3. Shadow prices and abatement cost of soil erosion in Shaanxi Province, China: Convex expectile regression
approach -- PRESENTER: Xiaojie Wen, DISCUSSANT: Nicholas Tyack
4. An Experimental Approach to Farmer Valuation of African Rice Genetic Resource Conservation -PRESENTER: Nicholas Tyack, DISCUSSANT: Xueqin Zhu

Speakers
Dr. Zhu, Xueqin,
Prof. Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and Business
Ms. Wen, Xiaojie, Technical University of Munich
Mr. Tyack, Nicholas,

Presentations

Dealing with a non-convexity caused by soil acidification in an applied general equilibrium
model
AuthorDr. Zhu, Xueqin,
Presenter

Dr. Zhu, Xueqin,
Abstract

Considering the general convexity assumption in applied general equilibrium models, we
specify a model for the case of livestock-crop interactions, in which ammonia emissions from
intensive livestock production impact the soil fertility of a crop producer according to a nonconvex relationship. We find the optimal solution by parametrisation of the non-convex
constraint combined with a graphical analysis. We discuss the possibilities fordecentralisation of the optimal solution. For intervention, a per-unit subsidy to crop
production combined with a quota on or permits for meat production would support theequilibrium; if quotas are not an option the required per-unit subsidy must be increased sothat the crop producer would be willing to produce sufficient crops needed by the societyfacing soil acidification.

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Shadow prices and abatement cost of soil erosion in Shaanxi Province, China: Convex
expectile regression approach
Authors

Ms. Wen, Xiaojie, Technical University of Munich
Prof. Sauer, Johannes, Professor, TUM
Presenter

Ms. Wen, Xiaojie, Technical University of Munich
Abstract

Since 1999, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) in China, regarded as one of thelargest payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs worldwide, was carried out for the
alleviation of soil erosion. The high economic cost of the SLCP has attracted considerable
attention to related ecological and economic effects during the past decades. However,reliable evidence about abatement alternatives and abatement costs of soil erosion remains
scant. Using panel data of 83 counties observed in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015, themarginal abatement cost (MAC) of soil erosion is accurately evaluated by a directional
distance function with convex expectile regression. Besides, we explore how externalvariables affect shadow prices and the choice of abatement solutions. Our main findings are
the following: First, this novel data-driven approach could alleviate the bias from theinterference of noise and inefficiency; second, incorporating the investment of the SLCP into
the production process allows to find the most cost-efficient abatement solution from both the
input side (i.e., increasing the SLCP investment) and the output side (i.e., downscaling the
primary industry or downscaling the non-primary industries); third, the temporal-spatial
distribution of abatement costs shows that the abatement potential from the SLCP has shrunk
gradually, which implies that there might be cost-inefficiency in some counties if the SLCP
continues; finally, we recognize that natural conditions, like wind speed and vegetation
quality, could influence the input-side abatement cost and output-side abatement costdifferently. These results have profound policy implications, asking for more cost-efficientabatement strategies in the future.
An Experimental Approach to Farmer Valuation of African Rice Genetic Resource
Conservation
Authors

Mr. Tyack, Nicholas,
Dr. Arouna, Aminou, AfricaRice
Mr. Aboudou, Rachidi, Economist, AfricaRice
Dr. Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle, AfricaRice
Presenter

Mr. Tyack, Nicholas,
Abstract

Genebanks serve as both providers of valuable traits to breeding programs as well as
repositories of diverse crop genetic material representing society's agricultural heritage.
Using a lab-in-the-field experiment, we investigate how smallholder rice farmers in Coted'Ivoire value h'aving access to both new, advanced rice varieties containing genebank
materials as well as landraces or farmers' varieties of African rice (Oryza glaberrima)
maintained in the genebank of the Rice Biodiversity Center for Africa. We use a BeckerDegroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism to elicit farmer willingness-to-pay for small amountsof seed of advanced rice varieties developed by AfricaRice as well as African rice landraces

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conserved in the AfricaRice genebank. In addition, we investigate whether farmers appreciate
option and bequest values provided by the conservation of rice genetic diversity. We find that
farmers generally value having access to African rice landraces at roughly the same level as
for advanced rice varieties, and that most farmers are willing to pay something to maintainfuture option and bequest values associated with the conservation of rice varietal diversity.
These findings demonstrate the value provided by the conservation of African rice landrace
varieties in terms of safeguarding the ability of farmers to cultivate them in the future, andnot just through the provision of inputs to the breeding process.
A general framework for the generation of probabilistic socioeconomic scenarios and risk
quantification concerning food security with application in the Upper Nile river basin
Authors

Prof. Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and BusinessProf. Papayiannis, George, Lecturer in Mathematics, Hellenic Naval Academy
Prof. Vasilopoulos, Achileas, Assistant Professor in Economics, University of Ioannina
Prof. Yannacopoulos, Athanasios, professor, Athens University of Economics and Business
Presenter

Prof. Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and Business
Abstract

Food security is a key issue in sustainability studies. In this paper we propose a generalframework for providing detailed probabilistic socioeconomic scenarios as well as
predictions across scenarios, concerning food security. Our methodology is based on theBayesian probabilistic prediction model of world population and on data driven prediction
models for food demand and supply and its dependence on key drivers such as populationand other socioeconomic and climate indicators(e.g. GDP, temperature, etc). For the purposeof risk quantification, concerning food security, we integrate the use of recently developed
convex risk measures involving model uncertainty and propose a methodology for providing
estimates and predictions across scenarios, i.e. when there is uncertainty as to which scenario
is to be realized. Our methodology is illustrated by studying food security for the 2020-2050
horizon in the context of the SSP-RCP scenarios, for Egypt and Ethiopia.

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Environmental Policy: Empirics
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The Effect of EU Carbon Tariffs on the UK Food Trade Market and Emissions: a Micro-Simulation with a
Structural Gravity Model -- PRESENTER: Elena Benedetti, DISCUSSANT: Quentin Hoarau
2. Pass-through of Environmental Policies in Second-Hand Markets -- PRESENTER: Quentin Hoarau,
DISCUSSANT: Cian Angerpointner
3. The effect of energy prices on employment: Evidence from a developing country -- PRESENTER: Cian
Angerpointner, DISCUSSANT: Francesco Bellelli
4. How do environmental policies affect green innovation and trade? Evidence from the WTO Environmental
Database (EDB) -- PRESENTER: Francesco Bellelli, DISCUSSANT: Elena Benedetti

Speakers
Dr. Benedetti, Elena, Lecturer in Accounting and Finance, Newcastle Business School - Northumbria
University
Dr. Hoarau, Quentin, -, CentraleSupelec
Mr. Angerpointner, Cian,
Dr. Bellelli, Francesco,

Presentations

The Effect of EU Carbon Tariffs on the UK Food Trade Market and Emissions: a MicroSimulation with a Structural Gravity Model
Authors

Dr. Benedetti, Elena, Lecturer in Accounting and Finance, Newcastle Business School - Northumbria
University
Dr. Panzone, Luca, Senior Lecturer in Consumer Behaviour, School of Natural and Environmental
Sciences, Newcastle University
Prof. Wildman, John, Professor of Health Economics, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle
University
Prof. Seal, Chris, Emeritus Professor, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences
Institute, Newcastle University
Presenter

Dr. Benedetti, Elena, Lecturer in Accounting and Finance, Newcastle Business School - Northumbria
University
Abstract

The world's economy has changed radically in recent years, becoming much more integrated.
This integration is particularly relevant in the generation and management of global public
goods, and global environmental threats like greenhouse gases. In fact, despite thecontribution of trade in reducing poverty levels around the world, concerns remain regarding
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the impact of trade on the environment. To this extent, carbon tariffs can be a very important
tool to reduce global carbon emissions. In this chapter, the ex-ante effects of an (hypothetical)
carbon tax on the prices of imported food products on trade flows and carbon emissions aremodelled. To analyse the effects of carbon taxes on the UK trade market, a structural gravity
model was developed, which models trade flows by country size, distance, import prices anda multilateral resistance term that captures the level of integration of a country into the world
economy. This study shows that the imposition of EU carbon tariffs would reduce UK
emissions derived from the European import of dairy and meat products by more than 30.4
Mt CO2 eq. This reduction comes at the cost of lower trade flows, especially related to meatproducts. The analysis requires further investigation in order to accurately estimate theenvironmental outcomes related to the entire food sector.
Pass-through of Environmental Policies in Second-Hand Markets
AuthorDr. Hoarau, Quentin, -, CentraleSupelec
Presenter

Dr. Hoarau, Quentin, -, CentraleSupelec
Abstract

Fuel taxes being very unpopular, most environmental policies in the automobile sector
consists in subsidies, standards or feebates. A major drawback for the effectiveness of suchpolicies is that they only affect new cars. However, the interaction between first-hand andsecond-hand market has not been documented yet. This paper investigates how
environmental taxes on new car affect prices in the used-car market. Focusing on the Frenchfeebate on new car, I use a unique data set from about the French leading car selling platform.
I find a statistically significant effect of taxes on prices of used cars. This pass-through toused car prices fades after one to two years. On the contrary, I do not find any effect ofsubsidies on low-emission cars on used car prices. These results indicate that sellers ofrelatively young polluting cars manage to pass the taxes they paid at registration to buyers in
the used car markets. They also indicate that subsidies do not significantly decrease prices insecond-hand markets. More generally, this preliminary finding brings new perspective in theevaluation of the effectiveness and distributive effects of environmental policies in theautomobile sector.
The effect of energy prices on employment: Evidence from a developing country
Authors

Mr. Angerpointner, Cian,Dr. Hille (Job Market), Erik, Job Market, Presenter

Mr. Angerpointner, Cian,
Abstract

While research has considered the labor market consequences of environmental and climate
policies in developed countries, empirical evidence for developing countries is largely
missing. This paper uses rich firm-level data for all economic sectors in Vietnam to analyze
the employment effect of energy prices, which have been under relatively strong state
control. Thereby, we specify regulation-induced structural changes, and utilize an
instrumental variable approach that exploits geographic variation in sectoral energy prices.
We find robust evidence that energy price increases did not reduce overall employment, both
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in manufacturing and in the whole economy. This result is striking as Vietnam has been
associated with a comparative advantage in relatively labor- and pollution-intensive
production. A decomposition of the regulatory effect shows that it can be explained bymostly positive cost and factor-shift effects that offsetted negative demand effects.
Nonetheless, the employment effects are considerably heterogeneous across sectors and tend
to be more detrimental for firms that are large, trade-exposed or energy-intensive. We alsofind spillovers from manufacturing firms to firms in service sectors, indicating that risingenergy prices entail structural changes, which complements the evidence on developed
economies.
How do environmental policies affect green innovation and trade? Evidence from the WTO
Environmental Database (EDB)
Authors

Dr. Bellelli, Francesco,
Dr. Xu, Ankai, Research economist, WTO
Presenter

Dr. Bellelli, Francesco,
Abstract

This study investigates how environmental policies impact trade and innovation inenvironmental goods. We make two major contributions to the economic debate. First, we
extract a set of information from the WTO Environmental Database (EDB) through natural
language processing techniques that could be useful for future research and policy analysis.
Second, we use this data to test a set of economic hypotheses on how environmental
measures impact environmental innovation and trade. Our findings show that environmental
measures can be an effective tool for stimulating green innovation and trade in green goods.
However, policy design matters. Green innovation is most sensitive to R&D expenditure andmeasures on intellectual property protection and enforcement, whereas trade in green goods
increases with environmental subsidies and support measures. Conversely, we find that nontariff barriers --- such as quarantine requirements, import quotas, regulation affecting
movement or transit --- reduce both imports and exports of environmental goods. Ourfindings also highlight that there is strong path dependency in innovation. Hence, the earlier
the intervention, the greater the accumulated benefits from green innovation. Conversely,
delays in intervention increase the cost of transition by further "locking-in" the economy ondirtier exports and technologies. Finally, our result highlight that there is a clear linkage
between innovation and trade. Past patents are a strong predictor of future exports, andnations tend to innovate more in technologies related to their exports. We also find evidenceof strong technological spillovers across countries and sectors integrated in Global Value
Chains (GVC). Hence, integration in environmental goods' GVCs could provide further
channels of green technology diffusion and development.

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Technical Change and the Environment 3
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Who's doing clean tech innovation? Evidence from Swedish firms -- PRESENTER: Polina Ustyuzhanina,
DISCUSSANT: Sugandha Srivastav
2. Bringing Breakthrough Technologies to Market Evidence from Renewable Energy Projects -- PRESENTER:
Sugandha Srivastav, DISCUSSANT: Julie Lochard
3. Does environmental regulation drive specialisation in green innovation? -- PRESENTER: Julie Lochard,
DISCUSSANT: Erik Hille
4. (Job Market) International expansion of renewable energy capacities: The role of innovation and choice ofpolicy instruments -- PRESENTER: Erik Hille, DISCUSSANT: Polina Ustyuzhanina

Speakers
Ms Ustyuzhanina, Polina,
Ms Srivastav, Sugandha,
Prof. Lochard, Julie,
Dr. Hille (Job Market), Erik, Job Market, -Presentations

Who's doing clean tech innovation? Evidence from Swedish firms
Authors

Ms Ustyuzhanina, Polina,
Dr. Ferguson, Shon, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Research Institute ofIndustrial Economics (IFN)Prof. Persson, Lars, Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
Dr. Norbäck, Pehr-Johan, Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
Presenter

Ms Ustyuzhanina, Polina,
Abstract

Using historical data on patents and firm-level characteristics, we provide a set of stylized
facts about how clean technology innovation correlates with firm size, firm age, as well as
ownership and industry characteristics. We find that patents in clean technologies by Swedish
firms tend to be dominated by larger firms, older firms, and firms in corporate groups,
compared to other types of patents. We also find that clean tech patents are moreconcentrated in a small number of firms compared to other types of patents. We discuss how
the characteristics of clean technology innovation in general, and the economic conditions in
Sweden, may give rise to this pattern of innovation.

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International expansion of renewable energy capacities: The role of innovation and choice ofpolicy instruments (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Hille (Job Market), Erik, Job Market, Mr. Oelker, Thomas, PhD student,
Presenter

Dr. Hille (Job Market), Erik, Job Market, Abstract

Which renewable energy (RE) policy instrument is most effective for the international
diffusion of RE and what is the role of innovation? We consider rich policy and patent datafor 189 countries and territories to investigate these diversely-debated questions for wind andsolar photovoltaic capacities. This allows us, firstly, to contribute to the limited evidence on
the effect of RE innovation on RE diffusion and its interrelated influence with RE support
policies. Secondly, we can evaluate the disentangled individual policies' effectiveness in a
broad instrument-country context. Thirdly, we control for the inherent endogeneity of policy
instruments and innovation. We find that RE innovation, which appears to be largely policyinduced, is among the most promising ways to increase RE capacities. The most effective
policy instruments tend to be quotas with certificate trading, tendering, and fiscal instrumentsthat provide specific investment support, i.e. investment tax credits and capital subsidies.
Less tangible and projectable measures, such as the most commonly implemented salesrelated tax reductions and RE targets, are least effective. While there are differences in thepolicies' effectiveness and role of innovation depending on the countries' level ofdevelopment, omitting simultaneity concerns can severely change the estimated effects of thepolicy instruments.
Bringing Breakthrough Technologies to Market Evidence from Renewable Energy Projects
AuthorMs Srivastav, Sugandha,
Presenter

Ms Srivastav, Sugandha,
Abstract

Firms often have a "rational reluctance" to invest immediately in risky technologies.
However, this is sub-optimal if the technologies generate large positive externalities. I
develop a model of firm entry and investment which shows that, if investment costs increasein the volatility of revenues, risk reduction policies may be more efficient than Pigouvian
subsidies in incentivizing optimal levels of investment. I exploit the presence of bunchingaround the UK's renewable energy feed-in tariff eligibility threshold to estimate the value of
price volatility reduction to firms. Results confirm that firms significantly value riskreduction: 20% of the UK's solar PV projects exist because of the feed-in-tariff and thescheme has added 2500 MW of solar capacity.
Does environmental regulation drive specialisation in green innovation?
Authors

Prof. Lochard, Julie,Prof. Bagayev, Igor, Université Paris Est Créteil
Prof. Kogler, Dieter, UCD

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Presenter

Prof. Lochard, Julie,
Abstract

We examine the response of technological change to one of the major environmental
regulations in the European Union (EU) - the Ambient Air Quality Directive (AAQD). Our
identification strategy exploits the structure of this directive, which imposes air quality
measures in regions exceeding pollutant concentration limits. We implement a quasi
difference-in-differences strategy and test for the effect of environmental measures oninnovation in 654 technology classes at the EU region (NUTS-2) level over the 1999-2015
period. We show that AAQD environmental measures drive the specialisation of regions ingreen technologies. We find a positive effect for patents in the two most prevailing green
technology classes, i.e., clean energy and industrial processes, as well as evidence of spatial
leakage.

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Energy 2
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Changes in household demand and greenhouse gas footprints over time: Evidence from German microdata forthe period 1998 to 2018 -- PRESENTER: Anke Jacksohn, DISCUSSANT: Valeria Fanghella
2. What’s in it for me? Self-interest and preferences for distribution of costs and benefits of energy efficiency
policies -- PRESENTER: Valeria Fanghella, DISCUSSANT: Martín Bordón
3. Estimation of the of the rebound effect using energy source-service system modeling to account for the
relationship between energy services -- PRESENTER: Martín Bordón, DISCUSSANT: Moritz Tarach
4. Trend Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potentials: A Bootstrap-Based Nonparametric
Efficiency Analysis -- PRESENTER: Moritz Tarach, DISCUSSANT: Anke Jacksohn

Speakers
Ms. Jacksohn, Anke,
Dr. Fanghella, Valeria ,Mr. Bordón, Martín,
Mr. Tarach, Moritz, TU Darmstadt

Presentations

Changes in household demand and greenhouse gas footprints over time: Evidence from
German microdata for the period 1998 to 2018
Authors

Ms. Jacksohn, Anke,
Dr. Tovar Reaños, Miguel Angel, Research Officer,
Prof. Pothen, Frank, University of Applied Science, Jena, Germany
Rehdanz, Katrin, Department of Economics, Kiel University
Presenter

Ms. Jacksohn, Anke,
Abstract

This paper provides a dynamic representation of changes in GHG footprints associated with
consumption of different commodities. We combine GHG emissions related with the supply
chain (indirect) and consumption (direct) with households' consumption expenditures fromthe sample survey of income and expenditure (EVS) and present the first comprehensive
study on GHG footprints of German households covering a period of 20 years. Unlike mostearlier studies, we estimate cross-price elasticities in addition to expenditure and own-priceelasticities. This is particularly relevant for a study on long-term changes in GHG footprints
but also of major importance for policy analysis. Further, comparing results of the more

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advanced EASI demand system with the results of the more widely used QUAIDS approach,
we find sizable differences.
What’s in it for me? Self-interest and preferences for distribution of costs and benefits ofenergy efficiency policies
Authors

Dr. Fanghella, Valeria ,Prof. Corine , Faure, Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Prof. Guetlein , Marie-Charlotte , Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Presenter

Dr. Fanghella, Valeria ,Abstract

Public acceptability appears an essential condition for the success of low-carbon transition
policies. In this paper, we investigate the role of self-interest on citizens' preferences for the
distribution of costs and of environmental benefits of energy efficiency policies. Using a
discrete choice experiment on nationally representative household samples of Italy, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom, we first investigate preferences for specific burden-sharing rules
and for the distribution of policy environmental benefits accruing primarily in rural and/or
urban areas. We examine the role of self-interest in a correlation manner by looking at theeffects of income and of location of residency on preferences for these policy attributes.
Moreover, we investigate the effect of self-interest on preferences for burden-sharing rules ina causal manner by exogenously priming subsets of participants to feel either rich or poor.
Our results suggest that the polluter-pays rule is the most popular burden-sharing rule and an
equal-amount rule the least popular and that policies with environmental benefits accruing
primarily in rural areas are less preferred, with some heterogeneity in preferences across thethree countries. We also find evidence for self-interest, both through correlational andthrough causal approaches.
Estimation of the rebound effect using energy source-service system modeling to account for
the relationship between energy services
Authors

Mr. Bordón, Martín,Prof. Padilla Rosa, Emilio, Professor, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona
Dr. Freire-González, Jaume, Research Scientist, Institute for Economic Analysis (IAE - CSIC)
Presenter

Mr. Bordón, Martín,
Abstract

We propose a new method to estimate the rebound effect for households, considering therelationship between energy source-service systems (ESSSs). We define an ESSS as the
combination of the amount of tons oil equivalent of one or more energy sources and theservice it provides through an energy system (energy conversion device). Thus, an ESSS canbe classified depending on the useful work it provides and on the energy source it requires todeliver that useful work. We provide a novel methodological proposal for the estimation of
the microeconomic sources of rebound, using econometric approaches, testing how an
improvement in the energy efficiency of an ESSS can affect its own energy service

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consumption (direct rebound effect), as well as the energy service consumption of other/s
ESSS/s, which is a source of indirect rebound effect. Through this approach, it is possible toaccount for how crisscrossed the sources of the secondary effects (indirect rebound effect) tothe direct rebound effect are. We apply this new methodology to estimate the microeconomic
sources of rebound for Spain considering the household ESSSs that require electricity andnatural gas. Given our approach, we find a complementary relationship between ESSSs ofelectricity and natural gas.
Trend Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potentials: A Bootstrap-BasedNonparametric Efficiency Analysis
Authors

Mr. Tarach, Moritz, TU Darmstadt
Ms. Fait, Larissa,
Prof. Wetzel, Heike,Prof. Krüger, Jens, TU Darmstadt
Presenter

Mr. Tarach, Moritz, TU Darmstadt
Abstract

We use nonparametric methods to compute the environmental inefficiency of 100 countries
over the period 1990-2017 on the macro-level. The inefficiency is expressed as the potential
reduction of GHG emissions, holding economic output constant. Based on that we estimate
different trend functions and project the trends further until 2050. Confidence intervals to
indicate the uncertainty inherent in the long-run projections are established by bootstrapping.
We compare the efficient emissions remaining after subtracting the potential reductions withthe official climate targets set by the EU. It becomes apparent that a sizable contribution
could be made by reducing inefficiency. However, even after removing the entire inefficiency
the results also indicate that this alone is probably not sufficient to break the increasing trendof GHG (and especially CO2) emissions. Thus, further policy measures are required forbreaking the trend.

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Contributed Policy Session: Money to the People
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
Contributed Policy Session:
Money to the people: How to implement per-capita transfers for cushioning the distributional impacts of carbon
pricing
Returning part of the carbon pricing revenues directly to households as per-capita transfers (also referred to as"climate dividend" or “climate income”) has many academic and political advocates. Its greatest strengths lie in
relieving the carbon price burden on poor households and promoting public acceptance and support.
Switzerland, for example, has implemented the climate dividend while it is well underway in Austria and being
actively discussed in Germany. Additionally, plans for the second European emission trading system (EU ETSII) on housing and transport include a “Social Climate Fund” which aims at social transfers not only between
member states but also on a household-level within countries. Hence, transfers and relief measures have entered
the multinational arena.
This policy session sheds light on institutional, administrative and political challenges related to theimplementation of transfers. Different channels are being used or discussed to pass funds to households, e.g.,
payments via the health insurance system, direct bank transfers, or consumer vouchers. This session discusses
existing scientific evidence, and first-hand experience from policy-advisors and scientists, to address questions
like:● How to increase the visibility and transparency of transfers related to carbon pricing?
● What are optimal transfer frequencies (monthly or yearly payments)?
● How to avoid adverse behavioral incentives, e.g., related to energy-intensive consumption?
● Should transfers be universal or targeted to specific groups?
● What are country-specific needs and lessons-learned?
The invited panelists will discuss these pressing questions from their respective political and academic
backgrounds.
Confirmed Panelists:● Matthias Kalkuhl (MCC Berlin and University of Potsdam)● Claudia Kettner (WIFO Vienna)● Jan Christoph Nill (European Commission)● Katheline Schubert (Paris School of Economics)● Jakub Sokołowski (Institute for Structural Research and University of Warsaw)
Moderators: Maximilian Kellner & Christina Roolfs (MCC Berlin, Germany)
Acknowledgments: Funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research within the ARIADNE
research project (FKZ 03SFK5J0) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Egg-timer Session 2: Climate Policy
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
Diverging beliefs on climate change and climate policy – The role of political orientation -- Presenter: Stephan
SommerTargeting vertical and horizontal impacts of carbon pricing in Indonesia -- Presenter: Sebastian Renner
Optimal Taxation and Redistribution in the Face of Effective Climate Policy -- Presenter: Martin Hänsel
Net economic benefits of well-below 2C scenarios and associated uncertainties -- Presenter: Laurent Drouet
Attractiveness of Chinese Bonds Financing Climate and Environmental Projects. -- Presenter: Binyi Zhang

Speakers
Dr. Sommer, Stephan,
Dr. Renner, Sebastian, researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC)
Dr. Hänsel, Martin,
Dr. Drouet, Laurent, -, RFF-CMCC EIEE
Mr. Zhang, Binyi,

Presentations

Diverging beliefs on climate change and climate policy – The role of political orientation
Authors

Dr. Sommer, Stephan,
Mr. Knollenborg, Leonard, RWI
Presenter

Dr. Sommer, Stephan,
Abstract

Using longitudinal data from two household surveys in 2017 and 2019, we analyze climate
skepticism in Germany. We find that nearly 20% of respondents state that they do not believe
in climate change, and more than 30% are doubtful that climate change is mainly caused byhuman action. Both shares have increased over time. Moreover, we detect that politicalorientation is strongly correlated with climate skepticism, as respondents inclined toGermany's right-wing populist party AfD are substantially more climate-skeptical and object
to climate policies more frequently. Even though our results show that climate change
skepticism increased between 2017 and 2019, coinciding with the rise of the Fridays for
Future movement, AfD voters did not move further away from the average respondent during
this period. Moreover, fixed-effects estimations show that the climate attitudes of voters who
switch to the AfD during the study period hardly change, indicating that the orientation

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towards the AfD does not change climate attitudes, but that rather the AfD attracts people
who were already climate skeptical.
Targeting vertical and horizontal impacts of carbon pricing in Indonesia
Authors

Dr. Renner, Sebastian, researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC)
Dr. Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate ChangeProf. Anshory Yusuf, Arief, Professor , Padjadjaran University
Prof. Hartono, Djoni, Professor, University of Indonesia
Presenter

Dr. Renner, Sebastian, researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC)
Abstract

In this study we explore the short-run distributional incidence of a stylized carbon pricing
mechanism in Indonesia. We explore the full range of the vertical and horizontal income
dimension of stylized carbon price scenarios, drawing on an input-output based pricetransmission model in combination with a recent, large and detailed household survey. We
identify various revenue recycling scenarios, drawing both on hypothetical and existing socialtransfer schemes in Indonesia, including unconditional cash transfers based on the Unified
Database (UDB) as the major social transfer registry. We find that welfare effects inIndonesia would be progressive, however showing a large variation within income groups.
Decomposing the welfare losses reveals that both the vertical and horizontal variation ismainly driven by direct household energy use. While all revenue recycling schemes
significantly reduce the average burden, available targeting mechanisms are imperfect andexclude a substantial share of poor and vulnerable households
Optimal Taxation and Redistribution in the Face of Effective Climate Policy
Authors

Dr. Hänsel, Martin,
Dr. Franks, Max, -, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Technical University of Berlin
Kalkuhl, Matthias, Mercator InstituteProf. Edenhofer, Ottmar , Director of MCC and PIK,
Presenter

Dr. Hänsel, Martin,
Abstract

We develop a model of optimal taxation and redistribution under ambitious climate policy.
Not only we take into account vertical income differences, but also explicitly capture
horizontal equity concerns by considering heterogeneous energy efficiencies. By deriving
first- and second-best rules for policy instruments including carbon and labor taxes, transfersand energy subsidies, we then investigate analytically how vertical and horizontal inequality
is considered in the social welfare maximizing tax structure. We calibrate the model toGerman household data and a 30 percent emission reduction goal. Our results show that
under plausible assumptions on inequality aversion energy intensive households should
receive more redistributive resources than energy-efficient households. We further find that
redistribution of carbon tax revenue via household-specific transfers is the first-best policy.

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Equal per-capita transfers do not suffer from informational problems, but increase mitigation
costs by around 5 percent compared to the first-best for unity inequality aversion. Optimallinear taxation combined with renewable energy subsidies further limits the mitigation costs
increase without relying on observability of households' energy efficiency.
Net economic benefits of well-below 2C scenarios and associated uncertainties
Authors

Dr. Drouet, Laurent, -, RFF-CMCC EIEE
Bosetti, Valentina, Bocconi University
Prof. Tavoni, Massimo, Professor,
Presenter

Dr. Drouet, Laurent, -, RFF-CMCC EIEE
Abstract

Climate stabilization pathways reviewed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) depict the transformation challenges and opportunities of a low carbon world. The
scenarios provide information about the transition, including its economic repercussions.
However, these calculations do not account for the economic benefits of lowering global
temperature; thus, only gross policy costs are reported and discussed. Here, we show how to
combine low carbon pathways mitigation costs with the growing but complex literature
quantifying the economic damages of climate change. We apply the framework to thescenarios reviewed in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5C. Under a probabilistic damage
function and climate uncertainty, we show that Paris-compliant trajectories have net present
economic benefits but are not statistically different from zero. After mid-century, mostscenarios have higher benefits than costs; these net benefits are most prominent in developing
countries. We explore the robustness of results to an extensive set of damage functions
published in the literature, and for most of the specifications examined, we cannot reject thenull hypothesis of net benefits. However, given that most of the damage functions cover only
market impact, we show that increasing the coverage of the damage function, as integrating
non-market and catastrophic damages, raises the likelihood of higher net benefits.
Attractiveness of Chinese Bonds Financing Climate and Environmental Projects.
Authors

Mr. Zhang, Binyi,
Janda, Karel, Charles University and University of Economics, Prague
Presenter

Mr. Zhang, Binyi,
Abstract

As facilitated by governmental authorities promising sustainable economic growth, green
bonds have gained prominence in China's capital market to scale up the transition to a climate
resilient economy. Although the issuance volume of the Chinese green bond market has been
growing rapidly in recent years, the impact of green label on bond pricing is not adequately
studied. Thus, this paper aims to investigate whether this newly developed financial
instrument offers investors in China an attractive yield compared to other equivalent
conventional bonds. By applying a matching method and subsequently a fixed-effects
estimation, our empirical results reveal a significant negative yield premium of green bonds
on average -1.8 bps lower than their conventional counterparts in the Chinese secondary
market. In addition to that, the yield premium is found to vary across issuers' business sectors
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mainly due to the public reputation of bond issuers. Moreover, our empirical results reveal aninsignificant relationship between the green certification and the yield premium, reflecting an
inconsistent green definition in the Chinese market. Our results point to some practical
implications for policymakers and investors.

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Thematic Session 6: Pollution, Monitoring, and Political Economy
30 June 2022, 04:15 PM - 06:00 PM
Description
This thematic session brings together four papers focusing on air pollution and its measurement. All four papers
consider political-economy forces and incentives that lead to strategic behavior by firms as well as regulators. I
believe each paper by itself is interesting and innovative, and when put together as a thematic session there will
be synergies, a lively discussion, and hopefully new research ideas and collaborations.
Organiser: Corbett Grainger (University of Wisconsin – Madison)

Speakers
Dr. Rubin, Edward,
Prof. Grainger, Corbett,
Mr. Morehouse, John,

Presentations

What’s Missing in Environmental (Self-)Monitoring: Evidence from Strategic Shutdowns of
Pollution Monitors
Authors

Ms. Mu, Yingfei, University of Oregon
Dr. Rubin, Edward,
Dr. Zou, Eric, University of Oregon
Presenter

Dr. Rubin, Edward,
Abstract

Regulators often rely on regulated entities to self-monitor compliance, potentially creating
strategic incentives for endogenous monitoring. This paper builds a framework to detect
whether local governments skip air pollution monitoring when they expect air quality todeteriorate. The core of our method tests whether the timing of monitor shutdowns coincides
with the counties' air quality alerts -- public advisories based on local governments' own
pollution forecasts. Applying the method to a monitor in Jersey City, NJ, suspected of adeliberate shutdown during the 2013 "Bridgegate" traffic jam, we find a 33% reduction ofthis monitor's sampling rate on pollution-alert days. Building on large-scale inference tools,
we then apply the method to test more than 1,300 monitors across the U.S., finding 14 metro
areas with clusters of monitors showing similar strategic behavior. We assess geometric
imputation and remote-sensing technologies as potential solutions to deter future strategic
monitoring.
Grandfathering with Anticipation
Authors

Costello, Christopher, University of California, Santa Barbara

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Prof. Grainger, Corbett,Presenter

Prof. Grainger, Corbett,
Abstract

Natural resources such as carbon, water, and fish are increasingly managed with markets that
require an initial allocation of property rights. For example, pollution rights are often
allocated to firms via auctions and fishing rights are often grandfathered to firms based on
historical extraction. Taking the perspective of a currently unregulated firm, we ask how theanticipation of a future market affects extraction incentives, environmental quality, andwelfare prior to the implementation of the market. We show that this anticipation has firstorder welfare implications, seemingly contradicting the widely held belief that the allocationof rights has no aggregate welfare consequences. The most egregious case involves
anticipation of a traditional grandfathering rule, which induces a race for allocation before themarket goes into effect, causing over-extraction or over-emissions, even relative to thecompletely unregulated baseline. We derive an alternative allocation rule called ``ReverseGrandfathering'' that still provides a free allocation of rights but reverses the marginalincentive to emit or extract. We show that this new approach, which manipulates incentives
purely via anticipation, can replicate welfare-maximizing firm behavior, even in the complete
absence of regulation. To illustrate the potential magnitude of anticipation effects, wedevelop and parameterize a structural model of a hypothetical market among nearly 5,000
large fishing firms on the high seas. Relative to traditional grandfathering and auctioning ofrights, Reverse-Grandfathering substantially increases natural resource stocks and welfare.
Downwind and out: The strategic dispersion of power plants and their pollution
Authors

Mr. Morehouse, John,
Dr. Rubin, Edward,
Presenter

Mr. Morehouse, John,
Abstract

In federalist systems, local governments can maximize local welfare by exporting locally
produced negative externalities. We empirically substantiate this externality-export strategy
for air pollution using historical power-plant sitings, administrative borders, and prevailingwind directions. Using a simple, non-parametric test, we show that decision-makers
disproportionately sited coal-fueled plants to reduce counties'/states' downwind pollution
exposure. Natural-gas-fueled plants -- lower polluters -- did not follow this strategy. We thenillustrate the extreme exportability of coal plants' pollution: within 6 hours, 50% of coalplants' emissions leave their source states -- and 99% depart source counties. These results
highlight how local strategic responses challenge federalist systems.

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Conference Dinner
30 June 2022, 08:00 PM - 10:00 PM
Description
Conference DinnerRegistration
1 July 2022, 08:30 AM - 09:00 AM
Description
Registration

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Forestry 3
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Droughts and deforestation: does seasonality matter? -- PRESENTER: Giulia Vaglietti, DISCUSSANT:Francis Didier Tatoutchoup
2. Do we Recycle too much? Evidence from the U.S. -- PRESENTER: Francis Didier Tatoutchoup,
DISCUSSANT: Jussi Lintunen
3. Mechanisms for Additional Forest Management Carbon Sequestration -- PRESENTER: Jussi Lintunen,
DISCUSSANT: Maria Loureiro
4. A Bayesian Adaptative Choice Design Approach for Valuing Post-Fire Interventions -- PRESENTER: Maria
Loureiro, DISCUSSANT: Giulia Vaglietti

Speakers
Ms. Vaglietti, Giulia,
Dr. Tatoutchoup, Francis Didier,
Dr. Lintunen, Jussi, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke
Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Presentations

Droughts and deforestation: does seasonality matter?
Authors

Ms. Vaglietti, Giulia,
Mr. Delacote, Philippe, Senior Research, INRAE
Dr. Leblois, Antoine, Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Ms. Vaglietti, Giulia,
Abstract

Extreme weather events, particularly droughts, have strong impacts on the livelihoods of
populations in rural areas. In a context of low access to insurance and credit markets,
households respond to those shocks by implementing different adaptation and coping
strategies. Those are likely to have a feedback on the environment, in particular through landuse change and deforestation. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on the links
between droughts and deforestation in two directions: (1) distinguishing the response topreviously experienced droughts versus present droughts, and (2) disentangling the time of
the agricultural season at which droughts occur. We show that deforestation is negatively
related to droughts that occur during the growing season, while it is positively related to theones occurring during the harvesting season. These relations are mitigated within protectedareas but are exacerbated for more accessible locations, i.e. nearby main cities (less than 4

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hours of travel time). Instead, deforestation outcomes following droughts occurring during
the planting season depend on the crop considered, either maize or cassava.
Do we Recycle too much? Evidence from the U.S.
Authors

Dr. Tatoutchoup, Francis Didier,Dr. Nguimkeu, Pierre, Associate Professor, Georgia State University
Presenter

Dr. Tatoutchoup, Francis Didier,
Abstract

Interest in recycling forest products such as paper has grown intensively in recent years, withthe primary goal being to save or possibly increase the number of trees because of theirpositive externalities on the environment. This paper develops a model illustrating a dynamic
relationship between the logging industry that produces virgin wood and the paper
manufacturing industry that uses this wood to produce a recyclable good (paper). We derived
theoretically the socially optimal recycling path. We show that the recycling rate beyond the
optimal path would result in less land area being devoted to forestry (fewer trees). Using themodel predictions and the USDA forests Service data over the period 1965-2015, we
empirically estimate the model parameters under private market and external benefits andcosts associated with recycling or not. These parameters enable us to quantify the optimal
recycling path. The optimal path converges to a recycling rate of 54.2%. The observed
recovery rates suggest that the US has been recycling too much for the past fifteen years.
Mechanisms for Additional Forest Management Carbon Sequestration
Authors

Lappi, Pauli, University of Helsinki
Dr. Lintunen, Jussi, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke
Presenter

Dr. Lintunen, Jussi, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke
Abstract

In this study we investigate an optimal contract to incentivise additional public good
provision by a landowners under asymmetric information over public good valuations when
the funds for the regulator are limited. We propose a contract consisting of type-dependent
quantities and transfers, and characterize the contract under various assumptions about the
distribution of valuations. We characterize first the optimal quantities and transfers under the
typical monotone hazard rate assumption, and show that the optimal quantities and transfers
increase in valuations. Second, we analyse bunching, and show that bunching becomes
optimal in a special case, where the valuations are packed around zero. Third, we discuss thepossible implications the type-dependent reservation utility of the landowners has on the
optimal contract. We also perform a quantitative assessment for additional carbon
sequestration in a boreal forest conditions and different budgets.
A Bayesian Adaptative Choice Design Approach for Valuing Post-Fire Interventions
Authors

Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

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Ms. Castro Atanes, Ana, University of Santiago de Compostela
Presenter

Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Abstract

This paper estimates the social preferences to support decision-making in the context ofrestoration of recently burnt areas. An innovation of the present work is the use of anindividually adaptive Bayesian choice design for the estimation of the discrete choice
experiments (DCE). Individually adaptive Bayesian conjoint-choice design questionnaires
represent a substantial improvement over non-adaptive questionnaire design techniques bytaking into account the individual heterogeneity of each respondent and providing choice
scenarios based on prior individual choices. We take advantage of this improvement byconsidering individual heterogeneity to define a more accurately the geographical distributionof social preferences. In terms of post fire interventions to protect ecosystem services atstake, elicited preferences reveal a strong preference for restoration of the environmental
amenities at risk, and in particular, the protected areas. The mean WTP estimates confirm thatconcerns related to restoration of environmental ecosystem services are more important thancultural ecosystem services and other direct economic losses.

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Climate Change: Adaptation 2
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Knowledge for a warmer world: A patent analysis of climate change adaptation technologies -PRESENTER: Su Jung Jee, DISCUSSANT: Antonio Bento
2. Regulation Induced adaptation -- PRESENTER: Antonio Bento, DISCUSSANT: Andrea Petrella
3. Entry, exit and market structure in a changing climate -- PRESENTER: Andrea Petrella, DISCUSSANT:
Alistair Munro
4. Integrating a choice experiment into an agent-based model to simulate climate-change induced migration thecase of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam -- PRESENTER: Alistair Munro, DISCUSSANT: Su Jung Jee

Speakers
Dr. Jee, Su Jung, University of Bradford
Bento, Antonio, University of Southern California
Mr. Petrella, Andrea, Bank of Italy
Munro, Alistair, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)

Presentations

Knowledge for a warmer world: A patent analysis of climate change adaptation technologies
Authors

Dr. Hötte, Kerstin, -, University of Oxford
Dr. Jee, Su Jung, University of Bradford
Presenter

Dr. Jee, Su Jung, University of Bradford
Abstract

Technologies can help strengthen the resilience of our economy against existential climaterisks. We investigate climate change adaptation technologies (CCATs) in US patents tounderstand (1) historical patterns and drivers of innovation; (2) scientific and technologicalrequirements to develop and use CCATs; and (3) CCATs' potential technological synergies
with mitigation. First, in contrast to mitigation, innovation in CCATs only slowly takes off,
indicating a relatively low awareness of investors for solutions to cope with climate risks.
Historical trends in environmental regulation, energy prices, and public support can beassociated with patenting in CCATs. Second, CCATs form two main clusters: scienceintensive ones in agriculture, health, and monitoring technologies; and engineering-intensive
ones in coastal, water, and infrastructure technologies. Analyses of technology-specificscientific and technological knowledge bases inform directions for how to facilitate
advancement, transfer and use of CCATs. Lastly, CCATs show strong technologicalcomplementarities with mitigation as more than 25% of CCATs bear mitigation benefits.

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While not judging about the complementarity of mitigation and adaptation in general, ourresults suggest how policymakers can harness these technological synergies to achieve bothgoals simultaneously.
Regulation Induced Adaptation
AuthorBento, Antonio, University of Southern California
Presenter

Bento, Antonio, University of Southern California
Abstract

When a non-climate institution, policy, or regulation corrects a pre-existing market failurethat would be exacerbated by climate change, it may also incidentally induce climate
adaptation. This regulation-induced adaptation can have large positive welfare effects. We
develop a tractable analytical framework of a corrective regulation where the market failure
interacts with climate, highlighting the mechanism of regulation-induced adaptation: further
reductions of the market failure in response to climatic change, reducing climate impacts. We
demonstrate this empirically for the US from 1980-2013, showing that ambient ozone
concentrations would increase with rising temperatures, but that such increase is attenuated incounties that are out of attainment with the Clean Air Act's ozone standards. Adaptation in
nonattainment counties reduced the impact of a 1C increase in climate normal temperature on
ozone concentration by 0.64 parts per billion, or about one-third of the total impact. Over halfof that effect was induced by the standard, implying a regulation-induced welfare benefit of$412-471 million per year by mid-century under current warming projections.
Entry, exit and market structure in a changing climate
Authors

Mr. Natoli, Filippo,
Mr. Petrella, Andrea, Bank of Italy
Mr. Cascarano, Michele, Bank of Italy
Presenter

Mr. Petrella, Andrea, Bank of Italy
Abstract

Climate change has long run effects on the size and composition of a country's corporate
sector. Using administrative data on the universe of Italian firms, we find that an increase in
the incidence of very hot days over a multiyear period persistently reduces the growth rate ofactive firms in the market. This is due to a drop in firm entry and an increase in firm exit,
with relocation playing a minor role. A firm-level investigation reveals a dichotomy between
smaller firms, which suffer from high temperatures, and larger firms that successfully adapt
increasing production and net revenues. According to an average climatic scenario, theprojected evolution of local temperatures will impact corporate demography further, also
exacerbating the divergent effects across warmer and colder areas over the current decade.
Integrating a choice experiment into an agent-based model to simulate climate-change
induced migration the case of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
Authors

Dr. Trinh, Tra Thi,

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Munro, Alistair, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Presenter

Munro, Alistair, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Abstract

Forecasting the future impact of climate change on migration is difficult, for many reasons,
including the interactive and dynamic nature of many decisions. Agent-based models (ABM)
can cope with dynamics, complexity and heterogeneity but often lack rigorous foundations interms of individual behavior. Moreover, given limited exposure to actual climate change, it
can be a challenge to build adequate behavioral models of migration choice based on
historical data. To tackle this issue, this study builds an ABM of future migration using abespoke choice experiment (CE) designed to examine intention to migrate among farmers
living in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, one of the areas in the world most significantly
affected by climate change. The simulation runs to 2050 and is based on Representative
Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. In the CE, respondents are asked to makemigration choices for scenarios constructed using six attributes: drought intensity, flood
frequency, income gain from migration, migration networks, neighbors' choice, and crop
choice restriction. The results suggest potentially high levels of migration given climatechange and the particular importance of positive feedback from pre-existing migration andneighbor's choices. The results also suggest the additional impact on migration from RCP 8.5
relative to RCP 4.5 is relatively small and that crop-restrictions regulations have significant
impact. Overall, the study demonstrates the usefulness of integrating CE into ABM models.

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Valuation
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Evaluation of Railroad Noise – The Proximity to Railroads and Its Effect on House Prices -- PRESENTER:
Patrick Thiel, DISCUSSANT: Endre Kildal Iversen
2. Mountains of trouble: Accounting for national environmental costs in local benefit-driven tourism
development -- PRESENTER: Endre Kildal Iversen, DISCUSSANT: Søren Bøye Olsen
3. How consequential is consequentiality? Testing impacts of survey consequentiality in an environmental
Stated Choice Experiment -- PRESENTER: Søren Bøye Olsen, DISCUSSANT: Adan L. Martinez-Cruz
4. Value of co-benefits from energy saving ventilation systems – Contingent valuations on Swiss home owners - PRESENTER: Adan L. Martinez-Cruz, DISCUSSANT: Patrick Thiel

Speakers
Mr. Thiel, Patrick,
Mr. Iversen, Endre Kildal,
Prof. Olsen, Søren Bøye, University of Copenhagen
Prof. Martinez-Cruz, Adan L., Professor, Department of Forest Economics and Centre for Environmental
and Resource Economics (CERE), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Presentations

Evaluation of Railroad Noise – The Proximity to Railroads and Its Effect on House Prices
AuthorMr. Thiel, Patrick,Presenter

Mr. Thiel, Patrick,
Abstract

In 2017, the German federal government passed the Railroad Noise Protection Act intending
to reduce noise emitted by freight trains. Using individual house price data and applying ahedonic framework, I investigate the impact of railroad noise reduction on house prices inGermany. The baseline setting suggests an increase in house prices by 0.5% to 2.5% forobjects close to the tracks considering different time periods for the act being announced andfor its implementation. The total effect of the Railroad Noise Protection Act amounts to 0.7%
which is positive and highly significant, where the magnitude is driven down by theannouncement period. I conduct several robustness checks to substantiate the findings. The
heterogeneity analysis reveals the greatest effects when disregarding the largest cities andincreasing effects by closeness to tracks.

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Mountains of trouble: Accounting for national environmental costs in local benefit-driven
tourism development
Authors

Mr. Iversen, Endre Kildal,
Navrud, Stale, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Dr. Lindhjem, Henrik, Partner, Menon
Dr. Grimsrud, Kristine, Senior Researcher, Statistics Norway
Presenter

Mr. Iversen, Endre Kildal,
Abstract

Extensive tourism development may create negative nonmarket externalities for threestakeholder groups: the local community, existing recreational homes owners and theregional population outside of the destination. We perform a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) ofdifferent expansion plans for cabin developments in the NR-Reinsjoefjell (NR) mountain areain Southern Norway. The CBA is performed both at the local and national level for small (S),medium (M), and large (L) developments; the latter being the Business-As-Usual (BAU)
option. Stated Preference (SP) surveys of these three stakeholder groups, economic impact
analysis and geospatial analysis of impacts are combined in a CBA framework. The Ldevelopment is the optimal tourism management locally as profits from property sales,
construction and tourism consumption outweigh the nonmarket externalities the local citizens
and existing owners of cabins experience. However, at the national scale, considering theadditional market and non-market impacts outside the destination, only small and medium
developments are socially profitable. This shows that to achieve social optimal tourism
development, non-market externalities also outside of the destination should be accountedfor. Only then will CBA reflect the overall welfare gains and losses from tourism
developments. The geospatial analysis of impacts further improves CBA as a decision
support tool for tourism developments as it illustrates the geographical distribution of
externalities.
How consequential is consequentiality? Testing impacts of survey consequentiality in anenvironmental Stated Choice Experiment
Authors

Dr. Alemu, Mohammed Hussen,
Prof. Olsen, Søren Bøye, University of Copenhagen
Dr. Schou, Jesper Sølver, Associate Professor , University of Copenhagen
Presenter

Prof. Olsen, Søren Bøye, University of Copenhagen
Abstract

We contribute to the literature on consequentiality by testing three different consequentiality
scripts, designed to induce different degrees of consequentiality. We use data obtained froman online stated choice experiment (CE) aimed at eliciting Danish citizens' WTP for reducing
the negative effects of new motorways on nature and outdoor recreational activities. A
treatment-control design with three sample splits is used. In the first sample split, no
particular efforts are made to induce consequentiality (Control). Respondents are essentiallyonly instructed to be realistic and answer the questions carefully and honestly in order toensure that results can be used for research purposes, whereas any linkage to actual decisionmaking is not mentioned. In the second sample split, respondents are additionally instructed

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that the researchers will present findings to the Danish Road Directorate, and, thus, it could
potentially affect future planning of motorways in Denmark (Standard Consequentiality
Treatment). This treatment is largely in line with current guidelines for SP studies. In thethird sample split, along with the invitation to the online survey, respondents also receive a
letter from the Danish Road Directorate stating that the results of the research will be
instrumental for future planning of motorways in Denmark (Enhanced Consequentiality
Treatment). Data was collected from 3756 respondents in total, each respondent randomly
allocated to one of the three sample splits. Each sample split thus has about 1,200
respondents. Each respondent evaluated 8 choice sets, altogether providing a very solid basis
for comparisons between sample splits. The data was analyzed using random parameter logit
model based on WTP space specification allowing for correlation between the randomparameters. As expected, given an assumption that hypothetical bias is present to someextent, we find lower WTPs in the Standard Consequentiality treatment compared to theControl, though only for three out of six attributes. Contrary to expectations, we find no
significant differences in WTP estimates when comparing the Enhanced Consequentiality
treatment to the Control. While we of course cannot generalize based on a single study, ourfindings are partly in line with, and arguably expands on, previous studies finding limited
effects of measures to induce consequentiality.
Value of co-benefits from energy saving ventilation systems – Contingent valuations on
Swiss home owners
Authors

Dr. Boogen, Nina,
Prof. Filippini, Massimo, Professor, ETH Zürich and USI LuganoProf. Martinez-Cruz, Adan L., Professor, Department of Forest Economics and Centre for Environmental
and Resource Economics (CERE), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Presenter

Prof. Martinez-Cruz, Adan L., Professor, Department of Forest Economics and Centre for Environmental
and Resource Economics (CERE), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Abstract

Previous efforts exploring options to increase residential sector's energy efficiency havepartially overlooked that highlighting co-benefits associated with energy efficiency may
represent an interesting strategy to draw attention from household decision makers. For
instance, in addition to savings in energy costs, energy efficient buildings offer, thanks to theenergy saving and comfort ventilation system (ESV) (which is an important characteristics ofthese buildings), co-benefits such as improved indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, andnoise reduction. This paper estimates values of these co-benefits by inquiring willingness toaccept (WTA) compensation to hold off on using ESV. Respondents to this WTA question
have experienced those co-benefits as they are owners of dwellings with ESV (Minergiehouses) in Zurich, Switzerland. We choose to use the WTA approach because we think thatthe energy saving and comfort ventilation system is an experience good. Therefore, to be able
to value it, it is important to have experienced the good. Average monthly WTA is estimatedat CHF 181 -- value attached to all three co-benefits, with IAQ dominating most of it. A
drawback of WTA estimates is the potential for overestimation. Consequently, this paper also
reports willingness to pay (WTP) for those co-benefits, estimated on a sample of owners ofconventional (non-Minergie) dwellings -- i.e. on responses from people that have notexperienced ESV. Average monthly WTP is estimated at CHF 163. Findings suggest thatpolicy makers may want to highlight ESV's co-benefits to draw homeowners' attention
toward ESV.
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Fisheries 3
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Testing the sensitivity of stated environmental preferences to variations in choice architecture -PRESENTER: Gorm Kipperberg, DISCUSSANT: Agustin Perez Barahona
2. The Effectiveness of Boating Speed Limits as a Conservation Tool for the Florida Manatee -- PRESENTER:
Agustin Perez Barahona, DISCUSSANT: Hanna Schenk
3. The economics of evolutionary overexploitation -- PRESENTER: Hanna Schenk, DISCUSSANT: Kentaka
Aruga
4. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tokyo Wholesale Tuna Market -- PRESENTER: Kentaka Aruga,
DISCUSSANT: Gorm Kipperberg

Speakers
Prof. Kipperberg, Gorm, Associate Professor, University of Stavanger
Dr. Perez Barahona, Agustin,
Dr. Schenk, Hanna,
Dr. Aruga, Kentaka,

Presentations

Testing the sensitivity of stated environmental preferences to variations in choice architecture
Authors

Ms AHI, JULIDE CEREN,
Prof. Aanesen, Margrethe, Professor, SNF
Prof. Kipperberg, Gorm, Associate Professor, University of Stavanger
Presenter

Prof. Kipperberg, Gorm, Associate Professor, University of Stavanger
Abstract

We conduct a three-way split sample discrete choice experiment (DCE) to investigate welfare
estimates for attributes related to the management of coastal cod stocks in Arctic Norway. Ina base DCE design, respondents face three core attributes: (1) coastal cod spawning biomass
as an indicator of the sustainability of the cod stocks, (2) stricter regulations on primary usergroups (commercial fishers, local recreational anglers, the marine fishing tourism industry),and (3) annual household cost. In two experimentally varied DCE designs, respondents
receive a fourth attribute that explicitly describes the expansion of the marine fishing tourism
industry in the region. In treatment 1, the expansion is represented by the number of coastal
cod caught by marine fishing tourists as an indicator of the industry's environmental impact.
In treatment 2, the expansion is represented by the number of new jobs as an indicator of theindustry's socio-economic impact. These two attribute translations, designed to be perfectly

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correlated, serve as an instrument for testing a choice architecture framework recently
proposed in the management science literature. Results from mixed logit estimation indicatethat the mean welfare estimates associated with sustainable management of the coastal codstocks are statistically indistinguishable across DCE versions, while preferences for specificregulatory configurations are design-dependent. Additional regression analyses of conditional
willingness-to-pay estimates and the respondents' propensity to choose the status quo option
uncover further choice architecture impacts and provide mixed evidence of value activation.
Overall, our findings suggest that DCE researchers should recognize their role as choicearchitects when offering advice to public resource managers and policymakers.
The Effectiveness of Boating Speed Limits as a Conservation Tool for the Florida Manatee
Authors

Dr. Perez Barahona, Agustin,
Prof. Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Bern
Presenter

Dr. Perez Barahona, Agustin,
Abstract

After fifty years of being classified as endangered the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus
latirostris) was downlisted to the status of threatened in 2017. While it is generally believedthat setting boating speed limits in manatee protection zones has been an important factor
behind this success, direct quantitative evidence is limited. This study undertakes acomprehensive analysis of whether speed regulations intended to reduce boating related
manatee deaths have indeed been effective. To this end a county level annual data set ofmanatee boating related deaths was combined with geo-referenced measures of the evolutionof boating speed restriction zones over nearly 20 years. Regression analysis shows thatsetting maximum speed limits reduced manatee deaths in a non-linear manner, with greater
effects at lower speed limits. Using a stochastic age-structured population model the impact
on manatee population dynamics is explored under different scenarios. This suggests that
regulating boating speed significantly reduces the risk of extinction but with some regional
differences. Using existing economic valuation measures for manatee conservation
demonstrates that boaters could be more than monetarily compensated to accept a speed limitthat would be marginally most effective.
The economics of evolutionary overexploitation
Authors

Dr. Schenk, Hanna,
Dr. Zimmermann, Fabian, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR)
Quaas, Martin, Leipzig University
Presenter

Dr. Schenk, Hanna,
Abstract

Fisheries typically target large fish, putting strong selection pressure on fish to mature atsmaller sizes. Due to life-history trade-offs, fish grow more slowly after maturation, reducing
maximum size. Because large fish contribute more to reproduction and are economicallymore valuable than small fish, fisheries-induced evolution can reduce sustainability andeconomic benefits of fisheries. We include these processes in an economic-ecologicalevolutionary fishery model to study economic implications of fisheries-induced evolution and
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to derive optimal management strategies. Revenues of fishing depend on the size structure ofcatches, as prices depend on the size of the fish caught. Costs of fishing depend on the size ofthe fish population and the gear. We apply the model to the North Sea cod fishery and findthat the socially optimal fishing strategy is sensitive to discounting. It is known that underhigh discount rates it can be optimal to exploit a natural population until extinction. We findthat whereas for a low discount rate the optimal strategy is to rebuild the population andreverse evolution, the optimal strategy for an intermediate discount rate is to rebuild the stock
but to overexploit the beneficial genes and continue to fish on the evolved population. Our
results highlight the importance of including evolutionary and economic dynamics infisheries management.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tokyo Wholesale Tuna Market
AuthorDr. Aruga, Kentaka,
Presenter

Dr. Aruga, Kentaka,
Abstract

The study investigated how the changes in the hours spent at home during the COVID-19
affected the Tokyo Toyosu bluefin, bigeye, and yellowfin tuna markets. Applying thenonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) price models for the three tuna products
during the four state of emergency (SOE) periods between 2020-2021 in Tokyo, the study
reveals that an increase in the hours of stay at home during the first SOE had an adverse
impact on all three tuna prices in the long run. The study also finds that for the bluefin tuna,
an increase in the hours of stay at home had a positive impact on price in the short run whenhours of stay at home was increasing during the first SOE. This suggests that there weretimes where household demand for bluefin tuna increased while people spent longer in theirhomes during the SOE period.

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Sustainability and Growth
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The impact of changing GDP accounting conventions on evidence for decoupling -- PRESENTER: Gregor
Semieniuk, DISCUSSANT: Michael Sureth
2. A Welfare Economic Approach to Planetary Boundaries -- PRESENTER: Michael Sureth, DISCUSSANT:
Reyer Gerlagh
3. Climate, technology, family size; on the crossroad between two ultimate externalities -- PRESENTER: Reyer
Gerlagh, DISCUSSANT: Geir Asheim
4. Sustainable per capita consumption under population growth -- PRESENTER: Geir Asheim, DISCUSSANT:
Gregor Semieniuk

Speakers
Dr. Semieniuk, Gregor, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Mr. Sureth, Michael, PhD Candidate, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate
ChangeGerlagh, Reyer, Tilburg University
Asheim, Geir, University of Oslo

Presentations

The impact of changing GDP accounting conventions on evidence for decoupling
AuthorDr. Semieniuk, Gregor, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Presenter

Dr. Semieniuk, Gregor, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Abstract

Decoupling economic growth from resources, energy and pollution is hotly debated but
results are inconclusive. Part of the problem is ambiguity about the numerator of intensities,
e.g. whether to use territorial or consumption-based measures of environmental impact. This
paper explores the hypothesis that ambiguity may also come from definitional changes to thedenominator, GDP, which is an accounting convention, not a physical quantity. I review
historical national structural revisions of GDP by national accountants as well international
ones due to purchasing power parities, compare decoupling results using various vintages of
GDP on the same environmental indicator and demonstrate that changing the GDP vintage
does impact decoupling results in qualitatively important ways, with and without purchasing
power parity. Economic measurement introduces an additional layer of ambiguity into
historical decoupling evidence and model projection into the future. To advance debate and

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be clear about scenario assumptions, rigorous reporting of GDP definitions used and thesharing of data vintage for subsequent comparison and replication is urgently needed.
A Welfare Economic Approach to Planetary Boundaries
Authors

Mr. Sureth, Michael, PhD Candidate, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate
ChangeKalkuhl, Matthias, Mercator InstituteProf. Edenhofer, Ottmar , Director of MCC and PIK,
Prof. Rockström, Johan, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Presenter

Mr. Sureth, Michael, PhD Candidate, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate
ChangeAbstract

The crises of both the climate and the biosphere are manifestations of the imbalance between
human extractive, and polluting activities and the Earth's regenerative capacity. Planetary
boundaries define limits for biophysical systems and processes that regulate the stability andlife support capacity of the Earth system, and thereby also define a safe operating space forhumanity on Earth. Budgets associated to planetary boundaries can be understood as global
commons: common pool resources that can be utilized within finite limits. Despite theanalytical interpretation of planetary boundaries as global commons, the planetary boundaries
framework is missing a thorough integration into economic theory. We aim to bridge the gap
between welfare economic theory and planetary boundaries as derived in the natural sciencesby presenting a unified theory of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Our pragmatic
approach aims to overcome shortcomings of the practical applications of CEA and CBA toenvironmental problems of a planetary scale. To do so, we develop a model framework andexplore decision paradigms that give guidance to setting limits on human activities. This
conceptual framework is then applied to planetary boundaries. We conclude by using therealized insights to derive a research agenda that builds on the understanding of planetary
boundaries as global commons.
Climate, technology, family size; on the crossroad between two ultimate externalities
AuthorGerlagh, Reyer, Tilburg University
Presenter

Gerlagh, Reyer, Tilburg University
Abstract

We extend the Brock-Mirman model with endogenous growth through variety expansion,
temperature rise affecting both the level and build up of TFP, human capital, and endogenous
fertility. We derive closed-form solutions for capital investments, research, and the Social
Cost of Carbon. Calibration of the fundamentals show that the social costs of carbon
associated with reduced TFP growth are very large compared to previous SCC estimates
based on climate change TFP-level effects. We also compare the contribution of population
growth to welfare through its effects on knowledge creation versus its effect on accelerated
climate change. We find in most cases a net positive externality of children on average
welfare for other dynasties.

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Sustainable per capita consumption under population growth
Authors

Dr. Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES
Asheim, Geir, University of Oslo
Hartwick, John, Queen's University
Presenter

Asheim, Geir, University of Oslo
Abstract

We establish two investment rules for maximal constant per capita consumption under
exogenous population growth, one in terms of total stocks and the other in terms of per capita
stocks. Both rules show the importance of the development of future population growth. The
investment rules are illustrated in the one-sector model of capital accumulation, the DHSS
model of capital accumulation and resource depletion, and the Stollery--d'Autume--Schubertmodel in which natural capital provides amenities.

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Climate Macroeconomics: Distribution
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. How to Redistribute the Revenues from Climate Policy? A Dynamic Perspective with HeterogeneousHouseholds -- PRESENTER: Ulrich Eydam, DISCUSSANT: Emilien Ravigné
2. Backfire and marginal efficiency of carbon taxation and redistribution to households -- PRESENTER:
Emilien Ravigné, DISCUSSANT: Xaquin Garcia-Muros
3. Toward a Just Energy Transition: A Distributional Analysis of Low-Carbon Policies in the USA -PRESENTER: Xaquin Garcia-Muros, DISCUSSANT: Johannes Emmerling
4. The impact of climate change, policies, and redistribution on within-country inequality -- PRESENTER:
Johannes Emmerling, DISCUSSANT: Ulrich Eydam

Speakers
Dr. Eydam, Ulrich, University of Potsdam
Mr. Ravigné, Emilien, PhD Candidate, CIRED & Univ. Paris-Saclay
Dr. Garcia-Muros, Xaquin, -, BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change and MIT Joint Program on the
Science and Policy of Global Change
Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE

Presentations

How to Redistribute the Revenues from Climate Policy? A Dynamic Perspective with
Heterogeneous Households
Authors

Dr. Eydam, Ulrich, University of Potsdam
Dr. Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Presenter

Dr. Eydam, Ulrich, University of Potsdam
Abstract

In light of climate change mitigation efforts, revenues from climate policies are growing,with no consensus yet on how they should be used. Potential efficiency gains from reducing
distortionary taxes and the distributional implications of different revenue recycling schemes
are being debated. This paper examines the double dividend hypothesis within a Two-Agent
New-Keynesian model. We calibrate the model on the German economy and compare themacroeconomic performance of different revenue recycling schemes. Our results suggest apotential weak double dividend from budget-neutral labor income and capital gains tax
reductions. All households prefer labor tax reductions over lump-sum transfers but only
financially unconstrained households are better off under a capital gains tax reduction. In the

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transition period relevant to meet short-medium run climate targets, labor tax cuts are themost efficient and equitable instrument.
Backfire and marginal efficiency of carbon taxation and redistribution to households
Authors

Mr. Ravigné, Emilien, PhD Candidate, CIRED & Univ. Paris-Saclay
Dr. Nadaud, Franck, Research, CNRS
Presenter

Mr. Ravigné, Emilien, PhD Candidate, CIRED & Univ. Paris-Saclay
Abstract

Recycling carbon taxes revenues to households mitigate the distributional impacts andincrease public support for environmental policies. In contrast to the rebound effect on energy
consumption resulting from energy efficiency investments, the backfire effect ofredistributing the carbon tax has been little studied. This article investigates the theoreticalconditions for a recycled carbon-tax to reduce aggregated emissions and quantifies the
responses of household consumption to carbon pricing and the backfire effect of theredistribution of carbon tax revenues on emissions. We show that under certain conditions, it
is optimal in terms of emission reductions to recycle carbon taxes in full to either the richestor the poorest households. Too low a carbon tax might also lead to an increase in emissions.
We build a cross-section of 40 cells of households -- using income deciles and a mixed
typology of pre-committed expenditure and income structure -- on French household budget
surveys from 1979 to 2010. We estimate long-term price and income elasticities for 14 goods(including 4 energy goods) with an Engel curve for each good. The full recycling through alump-sum of a carbon tax generates a backfire effect amounting to half the reduction inemissions due to the carbon tax. Backfire effect is larger for low-income, rural and working
households especially due to gasoline and domestic fuel consumption. Nevertheless, theabsolute backfire effect of the bottom 30% of the income distribution is ten times smaller
than the emissions of the top 10% after the implementation of the carbon tax. Restricting
recycling to the first 7 income deciles would thus reduce the backfire by almost a quarter andmitigate equity-efficiency trade-off of recycling carbon taxes. Our study supports theconsistency between reducing inequalities and reducing emissions.
Toward a Just Energy Transition: A Distributional Analysis of Low-Carbon Policies in theUSA
Authors

Dr. Garcia-Muros, Xaquin, -, BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change and MIT Joint Program on the
Science and Policy of Global Change
Dr. Morris, Jennifer, MIT
Dr. Paltsev, Sergey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Presenter

Dr. Garcia-Muros, Xaquin, -, BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change and MIT Joint Program on the
Science and Policy of Global Change
Abstract

Distributional impacts of environmental policies have become an increasingly importantconsideration in policymaking. To evaluate the distributional impacts of carbon pricing withdifferent revenue recycling schemes for the USA, we integrate national economic model for
the USA with household microdata that provides consumption patterns and other socio-

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economic characteristics for thousands of households. Using this combined model, we
explore the distributional impacts and the possible trade-offs between equity and efficiency ofdifferent revenue recycling schemes. We find that the choice of revenue recycling scheme has
a limited effect on efficiency of the policy, but significant distributional impacts. Our analysis
indicates that policy makers can mitigate negative distributional impacts with positivesynergies on efficiency.
The impact of climate change, policies, and redistribution on within-country inequality
Authors

Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Mr. Andreoni, Pietro, Politecnico di Milano; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and theEnvironmentProf. Tavoni, Massimo, -, EIEE
Presenter

Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Abstract

We assess the role of within-country inequality in a IAM based on (almost) country levelwith calibrated mitigation cost functions, recent climate-econometric impact functions, anddifferent carbon tax revenue recycling schemes. We show for different carbon prices, theshare of global population becoming better or worse of, based on different redistribution
schemes. Socioeconomic drivers of inequality lead to very different pathways for thedifferent SSPs, but also climate impacts lead to a significant increase in inequality, of around
2-5 point of the Gini index. Moreover, redistribution schemes can counteract and evenovercompensate this regressive impact leading to improvements in inequality withincountries. The regressive expected nature on the other hand leads to even stronger negative
impacts in particular for the poorest 20% of the population, which only in a few countries canbe compensated by carbon tax revenues. Linking redistribution within countries and burden
sharing or transfers between nations thus seems an important step forward to foster broad
support for climate action.

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Sustainable Finance
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Are preferences for sustainable investments universal? A large scale experiment in five European countries - PRESENTER: Gunnar Gutsche, DISCUSSANT: Tobias Wekhof
2. Sustainable Finance Literacy and the Determinants of Sustainable Investing -- PRESENTER: Tobias Wekhof,
DISCUSSANT: Leonardo Bortolan
3. Nailing Down Volatile Temperatures: Examining their Effects on Asset Prices -- PRESENTER: Leonardo
Bortolan, DISCUSSANT: Mathilde Salin
4. A “Silent Spring” for the Financial System? Exploring Biodiversity-Related Financial Risks in France -PRESENTER: Mathilde Salin, DISCUSSANT: Gunnar Gutsche

Speakers
Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Mr. Wekhof, Tobias,
Dr. Bortolan, Leonardo,
Salin, Mathilde, CIRED - AgroParisTech

Presentations

Are preferences for sustainable investments universal? A large scale experiment in fiveEuropean countries
Authors

Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Prof. Smeets, Paul, Researcher, Maastricht University
Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Presenter

Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Abstract

Sustainable investments have become increasingly important in recent years. So far, it has
been unclear to what extent preferences for sustainable investments are universal acrossEurope or vary widely across countries. We conduct a large scale online experiment withbroad samples of individual investors in five countries. We find that individual preferences
for sustainable investments vary slightly across Europe, but are rather universal. Preferences
for sustainable investments are slightly stronger for a sustainable investment strategy with afocus on climate change than a broad ESG strategy that takes many sustainability dimensions
into account. Yet, investors throughout Europe differ significantly in their sensitivities torising fees for sustainable investments. Consistent with previous single-country studies, social
preferences play an important role in individual sustainable investment behavior.

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Sustainable Finance Literacy and the Determinants of Sustainable Investing
Authors

Mr. Wekhof, Tobias,
Filippini, Massimo, ETH ZurichProf. Leippold, Markus, Professor of Financial Engineering, University of Zurich
Presenter

Mr. Wekhof, Tobias,
Abstract

This paper introduces the concept of sustainable finance literacy, which refers to retailinvestors' knowledge of regulations, norms, and standards for financial products withsustainable characteristics. We survey a large sample of Swiss households and measuredifferent literacy concepts using two complementary approaches. First, we use traditional
multiple-choice questions, and second, a novel approach based on open-ended questions thatask respondents to write a text response. We find that Swiss households, which typicallyshow high financial literacy by international standards, exhibit a low level of sustainablefinance literacy. Interestingly, multiple-choice questions lead to a gender gap, with women
performing worse than men. However, this difference disappears when open-ended questions
are used. Moreover, despite its low level, sustainable finance literacy is a highly significant
factor for sustainable product ownership. Therefore, our results reveal an urgent need toestablish transparent regulatory standards and strengthen information campaigns onsustainable financial products.
Nailing Down Volatile Temperatures: Examining their Effects on Asset Prices
Authors

Dr. Bortolan, Leonardo,
Taschini, Luca, London School of Economics
Mr. Dey, Atreya, PhD Candidate, University of Edinburgh Business School
Presenter

Dr. Bortolan, Leonardo,
Abstract

We present a statistic to generally represent extremes in the distribution of temperature
anomalies and demonstrate its consequences on financial markets. The diverse shocks that
our measure portrays are established to be primary drivers of electricity consumption and theweather futures market. We find that this metric is a significant factor in the cross-section ofequity returns in specific industries. A spatial hedging strategy is developed to account fordifferentially exposed firms to temperature extremes, resulting in a large market-adjustedalpha for the least vulnerable firms. We end by explicitly investigating whether the pricereaction to extreme temperatures results from firm operations or investor attention. In eachstep of our exercise, we contrast our measure with average temperature anomalies anddemonstrate that our metric is the first-order feature.
A “Silent Spring” for the Financial System? Exploring Biodiversity-Related Financial Risks
in France
Authors

Salin, Mathilde, CIRED - AgroParisTech
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- Svartzman, Romain, Banque de France- Hadji-Lazaro, Paul, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre d’économie et de gestion de Paris Nord
(CEPN)
Dr. Godin, Antoine, Senior Economist , French Agency for Development- Calas, Julien, Agence française de développement (AFD)- Gauthey, Julien, Office français de la biodiversité (OFB)- Berger, Joshua, CDC Biodiversité- Vallier, Antoine, CDC Biodiversité
Presenter

Salin, Mathilde, CIRED - AgroParisTech
Abstract

This paper contributes to an emerging literature aimed at uncovering the linkages between
biodiversity loss and financial instability, by exploring biodiversity-related financial risks(BRFR) in France. We first build on previous studies and propose an analytical framework tounderstand BRFR, emphasizing the complexity involved and the limited substitutability ofnatural capital. We then provide quantitative estimates of dependencies and impacts of theFrench financial system on biodiversity. We find that 42% of the value of securities held byFrench financial institutions comes from issuers that are highly or very highly dependent on
one or more ecosystem services. We also find that the accumulated terrestrial biodiversity
footprint of these securities is comparable to the loss of at least 130,000 sq-km of "pristine"
nature, which corresponds to the complete artificialization of 24% of the area of metropolitan
France. Finally, we suggest avenues for future research through which these estimates could
feed into future assessments of physical and transition risks.

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Climate Politics 3
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. An effective transition to renewable energy in Europe: Carbon markets, interest rates, and political backlash - PRESENTER: Bjarne Steffen, DISCUSSANT: Viet Nguyen-Tien
2. (Job Market) For Whom Senators Vote? Climate-related Natural Disasters and Environmental Legislation in
the US -- PRESENTER: Viet Nguyen-Tien, DISCUSSANT: Klaus Eisenack
3. Why city governments set climate mitigation targets: Effects of city size, vulnerability and political costs -PRESENTER: Klaus Eisenack, DISCUSSANT: Bjarne Steffen

Speakers
Prof. Steffen, Bjarne,
Dr. Nguyen-Tien (Job Market), Viet, Job Market, Prof. Eisenack, Klaus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Presentations

An effective transition to renewable energy in Europe: Carbon markets, interest rates, andpolitical backlash
Authors

Prof. Steffen, Bjarne,
Pahle, Michael, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Egli, Florian,Prof. Schmidt, Tobias, Professor,
Edenhofer, Ottmar, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Tietjen, Oliver, BMWi
Dr. Osorio, Sebastian, PIK Potsdam
Presenter

Prof. Steffen, Bjarne,
Abstract

Substantial renewable energy (RE) cost reductions have raised the prospect of a RE subsidyfree era of the energy transition. The envisaged policy cornerstones of this era are carbon
markets like the EU emissions trading system (ETS), which create economic incentives forsustaining further RE deployment. However, this overlooks that exposing RE to market risks
and rising general interest rates would result in substantially higher financing cost, which inturn lead to much steeper carbon price paths. The resulting political pressure may provoke a
price-depressing regulatory intervention, disrupting further RE expansion. In this paper, wefirst conceptualize this feedback building on theoretical work from environmental economics
and political science, and infer indicators for the risk of regulatory interventions. We then

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quantifying these indicators for the European Union, using the long-term cost optimization
model LIMES-EU. We find that increased financing cost could double EU ETS carbon prices
in the long-term, half the rate of renewable capacity deployment in the next 15 years, andconsiderably increase fossil fuel plants' profits. This implies a substantial risk of pushbackthat policy makers should safeguard against.
For Whom Senators Vote? Climate-related Natural Disasters and Environmental Legislationin the US (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Nguyen-Tien (Job Market), Viet, Job Market, Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Prof. Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Bern
Presenter

Dr. Nguyen-Tien (Job Market), Viet, Job Market, Abstract

This paper investigates whether United States Senators are more likely to vote in favour ofenvironmentally-friendly legislation following devastating damages by climate-related
natural disasters. We combine senatorial scores of roll call votes on environmental legislation
with modelled state-level human and economic natural disaster losses over a 44-year period.
Our empirical results show that support for environmental legislation increases in response tounusual human losses but does not respond to unusual economic losses. We also find that the
documented response to natural disasters is two years and short-lived. Geography, constituent
partisanship, local economic condition and senatorial experience seem to affect themagnitude and precision of the treatment effect.
Why city governments set climate mitigation targets: Effects of city size, vulnerability andpolitical costs
AuthorProf. Eisenack, Klaus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Presenter

Prof. Eisenack, Klaus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Abstract

Cities are rising as actors in addressing climate change, e.g. by pledging emission reductions.
This raises several questions, e.g. about city governments' reasons for doing so, and about
whether such pledges actually translate into emission reductions. Empirical studies on urban
climate action have produced a set of stylized facts on such questions, but also a lot of mixed
evidence. What is still pending is an overarching theoretical framework to explain thosefindings, one that goes beyond ad-hoc plausibility. This paper contributes with a cost-benefit
model and a reduced-form public choice model of urban climate governance. The models
feature economies of scale and distinguish urban climate targets (ambition) from actual
emission reductions (mitigation). They are able to support some stylized facts and to resolve
some mixed evidence as special cases. The analysis shows, for instance, that more vulnerable
cities are more ambitious in both models, while the effect of abatement costs is not unique. Itis crucial whether marginal net benefits of mitigation rise with city size. Then, larger cities
more likely set climate targets (one exception case is characterized). The public choice model
deduces two city types. One type does not achieve its target, but contributes to the public
good beyond city-level welfare. The other contributes less than the city-level optimum, but
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mitigates more than promised. A third type is impossible. The model can thus guide further
empirical work and refinement of the cases with more detailed theoretical models.

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Air Pollution 3
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. (Job Market) The Cost of Air Pollution for Workers and Firms: Evidence from Sickness Leave Episodes -PRESENTER: Marion Leroutier, DISCUSSANT: Prachi Singh
2. Stubble Burning and Forest Fires: Effect on Child Health in India -- PRESENTER: Prachi Singh,
DISCUSSANT: Benjamin Krebs
3. (Job Market) Air Pollution, Cognitive Performance, and the Role of Task Proficiency -- PRESENTER:
Benjamin Krebs, DISCUSSANT: Eswaran Somanathan
4. Electric stoves as a solution for household air pollution: Evidence from rural India -- PRESENTER: Eswaran
Somanathan, DISCUSSANT: Marion Leroutier

Speakers
Ms. Leroutier (Job Market), Marion, Job Market, Dr. Singh, Prachi, -, Dr. Krebs (Job Market), Benjamin, Job Market, Somanathan, Eswaran, Indian Statistical Institute

Presentations

The Cost of Air Pollution for Workers and Firms: Evidence from Sickness Leave Episodes(Job Market)
Authors

Ms. Leroutier (Job Market), Marion, Job Market, Dr. Ollivier, Helene,
Presenter

Ms. Leroutier (Job Market), Marion, Job Market, Abstract

Poor air quality is known to be bad for health. How do air pollution's health effects on
workers translate into economic costs? And do firms adapt via their payroll decisions? Weanswer these questions by combining French administrative data on sickness leave episodes
and workers' flows with fine-grained pollution and weather data. We exploit short-term
variations in wind direction as an instrument for exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5)
pollution. A one standard deviation increase in weekly PM2.5 increases the share of workers
starting a sickness leave that week by 4.5%. Respecting the pollution thresholds
recommended by the World Health Organization - which implies decreasing pollution by
18% on average over the study period - would have avoided 3 million days of sickness leave
every year. This would have saved an annual e88 million in publicly-funded benefits, e110
million in employer-funded benefits, and e391 million in foregone production valued at the

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wage level. According to preliminary analyses at the establishment level, a one standard
deviation increase in monthly PM2.5 decreases new workers' inflow rate in the current andfollowing two months by 20%. The effect is driven by a decrease in the transfer of workers
from other establishments of the same firm.
Stubble Burning and Forest Fires: Effect on Child Health in India
Authors

Dr. Singh, Prachi, -, Dr. Dey, Sagnik, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Dr. Chowdhury, Sourangsu, Max Plank Institute
Mr. Bali, Kunal, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Presenter

Dr. Singh, Prachi, -, Abstract

This paper explores the impact of early-life exposure to biomass burning events on childhealth outcomes in India. Air quality is affected by biomass burning: crop burning and forest
fires, specifically these fire events affect pollution levels in the downwind locations. We
combine satellite data on fire events with geo-coded Demographic and Health Survey ofIndia (2015-16) and use exogenous changes in daily wind direction to identify the effect of
upwind fires on child health. Our results indicate that a 10-unit monthly increase in exposure
to upwind fires during 0 to 2 months before birth period lowers Height-for-age (by 2 percent),
increases the likelihood of stunting and severe stunting by 0.7 and 0.4 percent respectively
and preterm births increase by 4.5 percent. Children belonging to poor households, born tomothers with low education levels and low access to antenatal care are found to be especiallyvulnerable.
Air Pollution, Cognitive Performance, and the Role of Task Proficiency (Job Market)
Authors

Dr. Krebs (Job Market), Benjamin, Job Market, Dr. Luechinger, Simon, University of Lucerne
Presenter

Dr. Krebs (Job Market), Benjamin, Job Market, Abstract

We estimate the acute effect of air pollution on cognitive performance and how the effectvaries with task proficiency using data of over 25,000 individuals and 927,000 plays of a
popular online arithmetic training game. To isolate exogenous pollution fluctuation, weinteract spatial variation in NOx emissions with thermal inversion episodes. This exogenous
variation negatively affects cognitive performance of proficient players, but not of beginners.
Instrumenting NO2 pollution with the emissions inversion interaction, we find that a 1 ppb
concentration increase lowers the number of correct answers of proficient individuals by 0.6
percent and by 0.3 percent overall.
Electric stoves as a solution for household air pollution: Evidence from rural India
Authors

Somanathan, Eswaran, Indian Statistical Institute

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Dr. Jeuland, Marc, Associate Professor, Duke University
Prof. Pattanayak, Subhrendu, Professor, Duke University
Dr. Gupta, Eshita, Senior Economist, KPMG India
Dr. Fetter, T. Robert, Duke University
Ms. Chowdhury, Vidisha, Carnegie Mellon University
Mr. Ninan, T. V., University of Washington
Mr. Kamdar, Rachit, University of Maryland
Mr. Kumar, Utkarsh, Columbia University
Mr. Chandna, Suvir, UNDP
Prof. Bergin, Michael H., Duke University
Dr. Barkjohn, Karoline, US EPA and Duke University
Ms. Norris, Christina, Duke University
Presenter

Somanathan, Eswaran, Indian Statistical Institute
Abstract

Air pollution from cooking with solid fuels is one of the most important public healthproblems in the developing world. We examine the effect of electric power reliability on
household air pollution in a sample of households in rural India who owned electric induction
stoves. We collected minute-by-minute data on electricity availability, induction stove use,and PM2.5 in 50 households in rural north India for one year. Using day-to-day variation foreach hour of the day within households, we show that electricity availability reduces PM2.5
in kitchens by up to 50 mu g/m^3 which is between 10 and 20 percent of peak concentrations
during cooking hours. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in electricity availability
stemming from outages, we show that induction stove use reduces PM2.5 in kitchens by 200550 mu g/m^3 during cooking hours. Our findings provide support for policies that improve
electricity reliability in order to tackle the household air pollution crisis, contributing to theliterature on the role of electricity in development.

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Climate Policy: Emission Trading
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The EU ETS’s time-varying impact on Competitiveness and Investments: Evidence from Dutch
Manufacturing -- PRESENTER: Leon Bremer, DISCUSSANT: Christoph Böhringer
2. Sector coupling and negative leakage – Unilateral climate policies in the presence of an ETS -- PRESENTER:
Christoph Böhringer, DISCUSSANT: R.J.R.K. Heijmans
3. Time Horizons And Emissions Trading -- PRESENTER: R.J.R.K. Heijmans, DISCUSSANT: Leon Bremer

Speakers
Mr. Bremer, Leon,
Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Dr. Heijmans, R.J.R.K., -, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Presentations

The EU ETS’s time-varying impact on Competitiveness and Investments: Evidence from
Dutch Manufacturing
Authors

Mr. Bremer, Leon,
Mr. Sommer, Konstantin,
Presenter

Mr. Bremer, Leon,
Abstract

We study the effects of the EU ETS on competitiveness and investment decisions of Dutch
manufacturing firms. We pay close attention to treatment effect heterogeneity by studying theheterogeneous effects for firms starting in different ETS phases. We use microdata from
Statistics Netherlands (CBS) to apply two difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators. We
employ both a two-way fixed effects regression, as well as a newer and more flexible DiD
method that allows for multiple treatment periods, aligning with the phases of the EU ETS.
We find no reduction in competitiveness in regulated firms, but in fact observe thatcompanies that start in phase 1 both become larger and invest more. While the positive effecton competitiveness peaks in the mid 2010s, the effect on investments increases over time. For
firms starting in later phases, we do not find any statistically significant effect of ETS
participation.
Sector coupling and negative leakage – Unilateral climate policies in the presence of an ETS
Authors

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Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Helm, Carsten, University of Oldenburg
Presenter

Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Abstract

It is widely accepted that the transition towards a zero emissions economy requires toelectrify all energy-related processes. In this article, we consider a group of countries forwhich the electricity sector is governed by an emissions trading system (like the EU-ETS).
We then examine unilateral action by a group of environmentally more ambitious countries tosupport this so-called sector-coupling via a tax on CO2 emissions in the sectors transport andbuildings (heating and cooling). The tax induces a switch to electricity-based technologies(e.g., electric vehicles and heat pumps), raises electricity demand and, thus, leads to a higher
permit price in the ETS. This raises the costs of CO2 intensive electricity generation
technologies, especially coal, in all countries under the ETS. As a result, some of theemission reductions that are triggered by the unilateral tax take place in the other group ofcountries, i.e., we have negative leakage. We examine this in a stylized analytical model and,
thereafter, in a substantially more complex CGE model. We find that a unilateral tax of 125
euros of countries with targets above 25 percent under the EU effort sharing regulation (ESR)
results in emission reductions of 3.2 percent in the other group of countries.
Time Horizons And Emissions Trading
AuthorDr. Heijmans, R.J.R.K., -, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Presenter

Dr. Heijmans, R.J.R.K., -, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Abstract

The economic environment of this paper is a cap and trade scheme in which the cap on
emissions is determined, at least in part, by conditions prevailing in the market for emissions
allowances. Under a quantity rule, the cap depends on the surplus of unused allowances; theEU ETS uses a quantity rule. Under a price rule, the cap instead depends on the market pricefor allowances; California and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative use a price rule. I
show the following. Given a future ban on emissions in the form of a commonly known final
period beyond which emissions are not allowed (even if firms have unused allowances left),total emissions may be higher when the final period is set earlier and the supply ofallowances is governed by a quantity rule. This somewhat paradoxical result does not obtainwhen the supply of allowances is governed by a price rule, in which case total emissions willbe less if the final period is set earlier. My results show that quantity rules are hard tocombine with zero emissions pledges and thus favor price-based over quantity-based supply
mechanisms.

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Climate Change and Agriculture
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Weather Shocks and Variabilities in the Agricultural Production Economy in the U.S. -- PRESENTER:
Beomseok Yoon, DISCUSSANT: Francois Bareille
2. The impact of Climate Change on Farmland Prices: a Repeat-Ricardian analysis -- PRESENTER: Francois
Bareille, DISCUSSANT: Maxime Ollier
3. (Job Market) Distributional impacts of farm-level autonomous adaptation of European agriculture to climatechange -- PRESENTER: Maxime Ollier, DISCUSSANT: Beomseok Yoon

Speakers
Dr. Yoon, Beomseok, University of Georgia
Dr. Bareille, Francois, Researcher, INRAE
Mr. Ollier (Job Market), Maxime, Job Market, -Presentations

Weather Shocks and Variabilities in the Agricultural Production Economy in the U.S.
AuthorDr. Yoon, Beomseok, University of Georgia
Presenter

Dr. Yoon, Beomseok, University of Georgia
Abstract

How much do the main variables in agricultural production respond to weather shocks? To
answer this question, we construct an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium(DSGE) model with multi-sectors on the U.S. data, building on Gallic and Vermandel(2020)'s model. In our model, the Palmer drought index, which can measure longer-term
drought, is used as a weather index to better capture the effects of the weather events'
persistence. We find that the contribution of weather shocks can be significant for the main
variables in agricultural production (output, investment, worked hours, land cost, andproductivity) even in the short term. We show that the technological progress (possibly
through the public R&D) can lead to a more rapid recovery of output losses caused byextreme weather events, which can be linked to the agricultural loan rates for more climateresilient agriculture.
The impact of Climate Change on Farmland Prices: a Repeat-Ricardian analysis
Authors

Dr. Bareille, Francois, Researcher, INRAE

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Dr. Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Presenter

Dr. Bareille, Francois, Researcher, INRAE
Abstract

Ricardian analyses of farmland values have become a cornerstone of the literature valuing theimpacts of climate change on agriculture. However, concerns about the lack of a formal
econometric strategy to deal with omitted farmland characteristics have raised doubts about
the identification of such impacts. This paper proposes an original method for estimating
Ricardian models with plot fixed effects to control for confounding omitted variables.
Specifically, we use plot-level repeat-sale data to investigate how differences in farmland
prices are explained by differences in climate conditions between two sale dates in France
from 1996 to 2019. We show that, in comparison to our repeat-Ricardian estimates, standard
Ricardian analyses result in artificially low benefits of climate change. In particular, ourrepeat-Ricardian estimates indicate that hotter summers should benefit French agriculture, incomplete opposition to our pooled Ricardian estimates or to the remainder of the literature.
Our repeat-Ricardian results are robust to several specifications, length-definitions of climate
and sub-samples. Our simulations suggest that the omitted variable bias in standard Ricardian
analyses leads to an underestimation of the impacts of future climate changes of between
56% and 96%.
Distributional impacts of farm-level autonomous adaptation of European agriculture toclimate change (Job Market)
Authors

Mr. Ollier (Job Market), Maxime, Job Market, Dr. Jayet, Pierre-Alain, Researcher, INRAE
Dr. Humblot, Pierre, INRAE
Presenter

Mr. Ollier (Job Market), Maxime, Job Market, Abstract

Farmers facing a durable change in climate conditions may autonomously adapt through theintensive margin, the extensive margin, or through the adoption of new practices. Relying ona soft-coupling between a micro-economic model of European agriculture (AROPAj) and acrop model (STICS), this article investigates the potential distributional impacts of farm-level
autonomous adaptation to climate change within European Union (EU-27). Considering the
RCP 4.5 from SRES AR5, we implement two levels of autonomous adaptation for farmers,
and two time horizons. The findings indicate that, ceteris paribus, climate change may lead toa worse situation than the present one, in terms of social welfare, in the short-term horizon
but to a better situation in the long-term horizon due to (i) a stable income share for bottom
quantiles and (ii) an increase in total income. Applying an inequality decomposition method
based on the Shapley value, we show that income inequality is largely explained by farmers
region and type of farming. Climate change does not significantly change marginalcontribution of these two individual characteristics to overall income inequality.

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Aviation Taxes
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Did the German Aviation Tax Affect Passenger Numbers? New Evidence Employing Difference-indifferences -- PRESENTER: Viola Helmers, DISCUSSANT: Charles Collet
2. The effect of air passenger taxes on traffic: evidence from Europe -- PRESENTER: Charles Collet,
DISCUSSANT: Jonathan Stråle
3. The Effects of the Swedish Aviation Tax on the Demand and Price of International Air Travel -PRESENTER: Jonathan Stråle, DISCUSSANT: Kelly de Bruin
4. The Impacts of Aviation Taxation in Ireland -- PRESENTER: Kelly de Bruin, DISCUSSANT: Viola Helmers

Speakers
Ms. Helmers, Viola,
Mr. Collet, Charles,
Mr. Stråle, Jonathan,Dr. de Bruin, Kelly, ESRI

Presentations

Did the German Aviation Tax Affect Passenger Numbers? New Evidence Employing
Difference-in-differences
Authors

Ms. Helmers, Viola,van der Werf, Edwin, University Wageningen
Presenter

Ms. Helmers, Viola,
Abstract

The taxation of aviation has emerged as a key component of the European Union's efforts tomitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study examines the impact of the German Aviation
Tax, levied on a per-passenger basis, in the time since its implementation in 2011. Eurostat
data on annual numbers of departing passengers for 27 German and 198 non-German EU
airports between 2005 and 2019 is used in a dynamic differences-in-differences approach.
Special consideration is given to the passenger composition at hub airports, potential
spillover effects to neighboring airports, and correlation of air fare price development and tax
implementation and its consequences. Our main specifications show that among thosepassengers subject to the tax, its implementation induced a reduction in the numbers ofpassengers of 8 % to 10.5 % in the first year, after which passenger numbers recovercompletely, rendering the tax virtually ineffective as a climate change mitigation policy. In
the sensitivity analysis we present the results of 196 regressions by means of Specification

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Curve Analysis. This shows a slightly wider range of passenger reductions for the first year
(6.8-13%) and suggests that the impact of the tax is zero after that. The Specification Curve
Analysis confirms the robustness of the main results to the choice of data subset and ticket
variable, while also revealing some sensitivity to the inclusion of a lagged dependent
variable.
The effect of air passenger taxes on traffic: evidence from Europe
Authors

Mr. Collet, Charles,
Quirion, Philippe , CIRED
Mr. Taconet, Nicolas,
Presenter

Mr. Collet, Charles,
Abstract

Air travel and the associated greenhouse gas emissions have been rapidly increasing over the
past decade. To contain this growth, many European countries have implemented passenger
taxes on flight tickets. In this article, we analyse empirically the effect of these taxes in
Europe for the period 2000-2019. We use a dynamic panel difference-in-differences approachat the route-level. Our preliminary results show that passenger taxes have had a negative
effect on air travel, with an increase of 1 euro being associated with a 0.3% reduction intraffic in the short run and 1.5% in the long run. We show that the effect is heterogeneous
across countries. Overall, our results suggest that passenger taxes can have a significant
impact on traffic.
The Effects of the Swedish Aviation Tax on the Demand and Price of International Air
TravelAuthorMr. Stråle, Jonathan,Presenter

Mr. Stråle, Jonathan,
Abstract

This paper evaluates the effects of the Swedish aviation tax, which was introduced in April
2018, on the price and demand for international air travel using the synthetic control groupmethod. No significant effect on the price index of international air travel is found, but theeffect on the number of international passengers from Sweden is large, significant and robust.
The effect starts at a decrease in passengers, when compared to the synthetic control group,of almost 6 percent in the first quarter after the tax. The effect becomes stronger over time,ending at a decrease of almost 13 percent in the last quarter of 2019. Using web-scraped routelevel price data together with an estimated price elasticity of international air travel, it isshown that the expected passenger effects ought to be a decrease by around 1-2 percent if thedemand response is only due to increases in prices from the tax. This suggests that the tax inaddition to a potential price effect has a strong signal effect, likely stemming from the media
attention surrounding the tax, which adds to the budding literature that shows thatenvironmental taxes can have larger effects than what pure price effects would suggest.
The Impacts of Aviation Taxation in Ireland

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Authors

Dr. de Bruin, Kelly, ESRI
Dr. Yakut, Aykut Mert,
PresenterDr. de Bruin, Kelly, ESRI
Abstract

The EU Green Deal sets a 90% reduction target in transport emissions by 2050. Aviation
emissions constitute 13.9% of EU transport emissions, however, aviation emissions continue
to rise and aviation benefits from several tax exemptions. Taxation of aviation has received
increasing public and political support, where the recent EU 'Fit for 55' package includes
increased aviation taxation. In Ireland (an island state), aviation plays an important economicrole. This paper explores sectoral, economic, environmental and distributional impacts ofseveral aviation taxation options by using an intertemporal general equilibrium model. The
results reveal that, depending on the level and method of taxation, real value added of theaviation sector decreases by between 0.5% and 4.4% by 2030, compared to no policy change,
whereas real GDP impacts are negligible. However, if taxation is accompanied by an increasein the EU ETS price, the real value added and GDP impacts reach 13.7% and 0.6% by 2030.
Real disposable income of households decreases minimally and impacts are progressive. The
economy-wide emissions decrease between 2% and 15% by 2030. Overall, we find that the
taxation options will have limited impacts and more policies are needed to ensure the needed
reduction in aviation emissions.

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Electricity Markets 4
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Dynamic electricity tariffs: Designing reasonable pricing schemes for private households -- PRESENTER:
Victor von Loessl, DISCUSSANT: Davide Bazzana
2. Charging the macroeconomy with an energy sector: an agent-based model -- PRESENTER: Davide Bazzana,
DISCUSSANT: Heike Wetzel
3. Distributed Generation and Cost Efficiency of German Electricity Distribution Network Operators -PRESENTER: Heike Wetzel, DISCUSSANT: Mattias Vesterberg
4. Revenue-cap regulation of monopolistic utilities when demand is uncertain - Electricity distribution in
Sweden -- PRESENTER: Mattias Vesterberg, DISCUSSANT: Victor von Loessl

Speakers
Mr. von Loessl, Victor,
Dr. Bazzana, Davide,
Prof. Wetzel, Heike,Dr. Vesterberg, Mattias,

Presentations

Dynamic electricity tariffs: Designing reasonable pricing schemes for private households
Authors

Mr. von Loessl, Victor,
Dr. Freier, Julia, University of Kassel
PresenterMr. von Loessl, Victor,
Abstract

As a central mechanism for promoting demand-side management, dynamic electricity tariffs
are associated with several advantages. On the one hand, they support the integration ofrenewable energy generation in the electricity grid and thereby reduce CO2 emissions. On theother hand, they limit the skyrocketing costs of grid stability and allow residential cost
reductions. Despite the monetary savings potential, consumer preferences for dynamic tariffs
remain relatively low. Taking into account households' heterogeneity, we design and analyze
dynamic tariffs that aim to create cost savings sufficient to overcome adoption barriers. We
demonstrate that EEX spot market prices are inferior to the forecasted share of renewableenergy production and the forecasted residual load as a basis for price signals in terms oftypical German households' monetary savings and CO2 emission reductions. Considering

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general principles of tariff design, we identify the average short-term price spread as the key
tariff characteristic.
Charging the macroeconomy with an energy sector: an agent-based model
Authors

Dr. Bazzana, Davide,
Dr. Ciola, Emanuele, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
Dr. Turco, Enrico, Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei
Dr. Gurgone, Andrea, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
Prof. Vergalli, Sergio, University of Brescia - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
Prof. Menoncin, Francesco, Università degli Studi di Brescia
Presenter

Dr. Bazzana, Davide,
Abstract

In this paper, we develop a macroeconomic agent-based model with an energy sector toevaluate the likelihood that insufficient investments, supply shortages, and coordination
failures in the latter may generate recessions in the business cycle. The model is populated byhouseholds, financial, and public sectors. At the same time, the corporate sector consists ofconsumption, capital, and energy firms with interlocked input demands. Accordingly, theenergy sector is endogenous to the economic system as it combines labour and capital togenerate energy services that are functional to the production of consumption and capital
goods. Our model allows addressing the effects on the real economy of possible energy
shortages which may arise endogenously as a consequence of suboptimal investment
decisions. Second, it introduces a financial accelerator to investigate the direct and indirect
effects of corporate defaults (also in the energy sector) on banks, addressing the propagation
channel to the whole system. The model, calibrated on US quarterly macroeconomic data,
can account for a wide ensemble of micro and macro empirical regularities.
Distributed Generation and Cost Efficiency of German Electricity Distribution Network
Operators
Authors

Prof. Wetzel, Heike,Dr. Just, Lisa, Senior Research Consultant, Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne
Presenter

Prof. Wetzel, Heike,
Abstract

In this paper, we use a comprehensive and unique data set of financial, technical andstructural characteristics of German distribution network operators from 2011 to 2017 to
estimate both the transient and persistent cost efficiency of German distribution network
operators. In addition, we analyze the effect of an increasing capacity of distributed
generation from renewable energy sources on the total costs of distribution network
operators. Our results indicate an average cost reduction potential of approximately 12
percent in the short term and approximately 18 percent in the long term for German
electricity distribution network operators. Furthermore, we find that distributed generationfrom renewable energy sources is a significant cost driver in the production process of
network operators. Our study thus contributes to the ongoing debate on incentive regulation

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and efficiency benchmarking in electricity distribution industries and provides valuable
insights for policymakers and regulators.
Revenue-cap regulation of monopolistic utilities when demand is uncertain - Electricity
distribution in Sweden
AuthorDr. Vesterberg, Mattias,
Presenter

Dr. Vesterberg, Mattias,
Abstract

In this paper, I show that uncertainty in demand affects the price-setting behavior ofmonopoly firms that are regulated through a revenue cap. Using a simple economic model, I
show that the profit-maximizing price is a decreasing function of the variability in demand
and the penalty fee for exceeding the revenue cap. Furthermore, I show that theseassociations are present in real-world data, using electricity distribution in Sweden as anempirical illustration. In particular, I show that Swedish electricity distribution firms withmore variable demand set lower per-unit prices.

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Award Session 3: EAERE Award for Outstanding Publication in theEnvironmental and Resource Economics Journal
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
Presentations by the winning paper and the commended papers of this year's Award for Outstanding Publicationin the Environmental and Resource Economics (ERE) Journal:
Winning Paper:
Presenting: Emmanuel Asane-Otoo (University of Oldenburg)
Christoph Böhringer, Jan Schneider, and Emmanuel Asane-Otoo, "Trade in Carbon and Carbon Tariffs",
Environmental and Resource Economics, 78, 669–708 (2021).
Commended Papers:
Presenting: Linda Tesauro (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)
Andrea Baranzini, Stefano Carattini, and Linda Tesauro, "Designing Effective and Acceptable Road Pricing
Schemes: Evidence from the Geneva Congestion Charge", Environmental and Resource Economics 79, 417–
482 (2021).
Presenting: Maria-Jose Gutiérrez (University of the Basque Country)
Jose Maria Da Rocha, Javier García-Cutrín, Maria-Jose Gutiérrez, Raul Prellezo, and Eduardo Sanchez,"Dynamic Integrated Model for Assessing Fisheries: Discard Bans as an Implicit Value-Added Tax",
Environmental and Resource Economics 80, 1–20 (2021).
Presenting: Ralph Winkler (University of Bern)
Hans Gersbach, Noemi Hummel, and Ralph Winkler, "Long-Term Climate Treaties with a Refunding Club",
Environmental and Resource Economics 80, 511–552 (2021).
Organiser and moderator: Simone Borghesi (University of Siena and European University Institute)

Speakers
Prof. Borghesi, Simone, Director FSR Climate, European University InstituteWinkler, Ralph, University of Bern

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Egg-timer Session 3: Biodiversity, Renewables, and Amenities
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
With limited power comes limited responsibility: a novel dynamic measure of causation and its implications -Presenter: Stefan Baumgaertner
Regulating demand: Tourism and the conservation of marine resources -- Presenter: Robbert-Jan Schaap
Attributing changes in food insecurity to a changing climate -- Presenter: Elizabeth JZ Robinson
Love of Variety and the Long-Term Welfare Effects ofTrade in Open-access Renewable Resources -- Presenter:
Isha Dube
Rewilding with the beaver in the Iberian Peninsula - Economic Potential for River Restoration -- Presenter:
Daniel Verissimo

Speakers
Prof. Baumgaertner, Stefan, University of Freiburg
Dr. Schaap, Robbert-Jan,
Robinson, Elizabeth, University of Reading
Ms. Dube, Isha, University of Leipzig and German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)
Halle-Jena-Leipzig
Mr. Verissimo, Daniel, Rewilding Portugal

Presentations

With limited power comes limited responsibility: a novel dynamic measure of causation andits implications
Authors

Stecher, Michael,Prof. Baumgaertner, Stefan, University of Freiburg
Presenter

Prof. Baumgaertner, Stefan, University of Freiburg
Abstract

Sustainability puts moral obligations on currently living generations to preserve natural
systems in a good state for future generations. Since it is a generally accepted ethicalprinciple that one can only be obligated to do what one is able to do, an important question iswhether present generations actually have the capacity to cause desired system states over theinherently uncertain long-term future. In addition to the potentially infinite time horizon
characteristic for sustainability policy, agents' causal efficacy is limited by complex andstochastic dynamics of many relevant systems. For instance, many ecosystems exhibit tipping
points which enable small changes in external forcing or stochastic perturbations to cause

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dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and functioning that are often difficult or impossible
to reverse due to hysteresis effects. To gauge how far causal efficacy extends into the future,
we develop quantitative measures for the degree of causation of the state of dynamicalsystems by different actions. In particular, we generalise the concept of partial causal
responsibility to deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems. We find that the time pathof causal responsibility varies substantially both across different types of systems forcomparable actions and across different types of actions within the same system. Our results
indicate that some norms may be inconsistent with actors' capacity to cause a particularsystem state in the future, which has important implications for sustainability policy.
Regulating demand: Tourism and the conservation of marine resources
Authors

Dr. Schaap, Robbert-Jan,
Mr. Tanner, Michael, University of Hamburg
Mr. Ramirez, Jorge, Charles Darwin Foundation
Dr. Viteri Mejia, César, Charles Darwin Foundation
Presenter

Dr. Schaap, Robbert-Jan,
Abstract

Ecotourism is put forward as a sustainable alternative to natural resource exploitation forcoastal communities. Ideally, tourism acts as a substitute economic activity for resource
exploitation, reducing harvesting effort. However, tourism can increase demand for natural
resources, such as locally caught fish. Subsequent increases in resource prices can motivate
resource users to increase harvesting effort. We exploit a negative shock on tourism
exogenous to environmental quality, to estimate the causal effect of ecotourism on natural
resource exploitation in the Galapagos Islands. We find that tourism has a positive effect on
fishers' revenue by substantially increasing resource prices. Total fishing effort is unaffectedby the presence of tourists, however tourism shifts effort to higher value species. This has anegative effect on environmental quality as the higher value species are more susceptible tooverfishing. Our results suggest that conservation goals could be negatively impacted byecotourism.
Attributing changes in food insecurity to a changing climate
Authors

Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change
Robinson, Elizabeth, University of Reading
Presenter

Robinson, Elizabeth, University of Reading
Abstract

It is generally accepted that climate change is having a negative impact on food security.
However, most of the literature variously focuses on the complex and many mechanisms
linking climate stressors; the links with food production or productivity rather than foodsecurity; and future rather than current effects. In contrast, we investigate the extent to whichcurrent changes in food insecurity can be plausibly attributed to climate change. We combine
food insecurity data for 83 countries from the FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)
with reanalysed climate data from ERA5-Land, and use a panel data regression with time-

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varying coefficients. This framework allows us to estimate whether the relationship between
food insecurity and temperature anomaly is changing over time. We also control for Human
Development Index, and drought measured by six-month Standardized Precipitation Index.
Our empirical findings suggests that for every 1C of temperature anomaly, severe global foodinsecurity has increased by 1.4% (95% CI: 1.3-1.47) in 2014 but by 1.64% (95% CI: 1.61.65) in 2019. This impact is higher in the case of moderate to severe food insecurity, with a
1 degree C increase in temperature anomaly resulting in a 1.58% (95% CI: 1.48-1.68)
increase in 2014 but a 2.14% (95% CI: 2.08-2.20) increase in 2019. Thus, the results showthat temperature anomaly has not only increased the probability of food insecurity, but themagnitude of this impact has increased over time. Our counterfactual analysis suggests thatclimate change has been responsible for reversing some of the improvements in food security
that would otherwise have been realised, with the highest impact in Africa. Our analysis bothprovides more evidence of the costs of climate change, and as such the benefits of mitigation,
but also highlights the importance of targeted and efficient policies to reduce food insecurity.
These are likely to need to take into account local contexts, and might include efforts toincrease crop yields, targeted safety nets, and behavioural programs to promote households'
resilience.
Love of Variety and the Long-Term Welfare Effects of Trade in Open-access Renewable
Resources
Authors

Ms. Dube, Isha, University of Leipzig and German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)
Halle-Jena-Leipzig
Quaas, Martin, Leipzig University
Presenter

Ms. Dube, Isha, University of Leipzig and German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)
Halle-Jena-Leipzig
Abstract

We analyze welfare effects of trade in open-access renewable resources, which is induced byconsumer love of variety in resource consumption. We consider two countries that areheterogeneous in incomes -- high and low income -- and symmetric in all other respects. We
show that increasing trade freeness benefits the high-income country, as it improves accessto a larger variety of resources and also increases the high-income country's resource stock.
Welfare in the low-income country may depend on trade freeness in a non-monotonic
fashion. We derive conditions such that welfare first decreases and then increases when trade
freeness varies from autarky to costless trade. In direct comparison, autarky may generatehigher welfare than costless trade only if the love of variety effect is sufficiently weak.
Rewilding with the beaver in the Iberian Peninsula - Economic Potential for River
Restoration
Authors

Roseta-Palma, Catarina, ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Mr. Verissimo, Daniel, Rewilding Portugal
Presenter

Mr. Verissimo, Daniel, Rewilding Portugal
Abstract

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Nature restoration is essential to tackle the loss of biodiversity and to adapt and mitigate theeffects of climate change. Recently the United Nations declared 2021-2030 the decade for the
Restoration of Ecosystems, while the European Union 2030 Biodiversity Strategy includes
restoration as a core pillar. Rivers and streams are a key component of ecosystems, yet manyare in poor ecological condition. The Portuguese Environmental Agency (APA) ran a
program from 2018 to 2020 to restore degraded watercourses through bioengineeringinterventions. Yet these do not restore missing ecological processes, while additional funding
would be required to expand their range. Thus long-term improvement is not assured.
Beavers used to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula and they have already been brought back toother areas, as a means to restore freshwater ecosystems. Beavers are ecosystem engineers,building dams, digging canals and cutting shrubs and trees. As a keystone species, beavers
allow many others to thrive, delivering significant environmental and economic benefits. In
this work we select, among the actions listed in the APA river restoration guide, those thatbeavers might perform. We value these actions in monetary terms as avoided costs, taking
into consideration price intervals and expected beaver colony activity. We conclude thatbeavers have the potential to replicate many commonly-used river restoration actions,
possibly saving millions of euros in interventions. Bringing back the beaver therefore seems aworthwhile endeavour, not only in Portugal but in the main river basins of the Iberian
Peninsula. Furthermore, beavers could provide a boost to wildlife, increase landscaperesilience to climate change and bring hope in the face of environmental challenges.

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Thematic Session 10: The Bioeconomy, Agriculture, and theEnvironment
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
The recent UN World food system summit (UNFSS) identified basic disagreement about the future and role ofagriculture and its ability to contribute to address concerns about food security, climate change and preservationof biodiversity. The first paper by David Zilberman (member of the science advisory board of the UNFSS), will
present three emerging agricultural paradigms - the green agriculture, Food+ and the bioeconomy. The paper
suggests that the bioeconomy paradigm allows agriculture contribute to reduction of greenhouse gases andcontrol of climate change but will require significant policy change with respect to use of modern biotechnology
and regulation of greenhouse gasses.
The second paper by Justus, asks whether Europe is set to become part of an efficient bioeconomy, or whether ittakes another path. The paper present some of the current policies and criticize some of their shortcomings. The
third paper by Franziska Schuenemann looks at the EU biofuel policies of the REDII and whether the ILUC
regulations function as a technical barrier to trade (TBT) for palm oil producing countries. The discussant by
Katrin Millock will cover all papers. We expect each of the papers to take about 20 minutes. The discussion willtake about 15 minutes and we will have 30 minutes for questions and discussion.
Organiser: David Zilberman (University of California, Berkeley)

Speakers
Prof. Schuenemann, Franziska, Scientist, University of Hohenheim
Prof. Drabik, Dusan, Associate Professor, Wageningen University
Zilberman, David, University of California, Berkeley

Presentations

Who benefits really from phasing out palm oil based biodiesel in the EU?
Authors

Prof. Schuenemann, Franziska, Scientist, University of Hohenheim
Prof. Delzeit, Ruth, University of Basel
Mr. Heimann, Tobias,
Dr. Söder, Mareike, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut
Presenter

Prof. Schuenemann, Franziska, Scientist, University of Hohenheim
Abstract

The EU has recast its Renewable Energy Directive for the period 2020-2030 (REDII) tocorrect for apparent tradeoffs with respect to food security and biodiversity because of direct
and indirect land use change (ILUC). The new legislation limits the amount of biofuels
produced from food crops counting towards the mandate and bans palm oil based biodiesel
from the EU biofuel market from 2022 onwards, which has been criticized by palm oil
exporters as a technical barrier to trade (TBT). The goal of our study is therefore to quantify
the impacts of the REDII on global land use and agricultural production and to show whether
the current high ILUC-risk classification rather acts as a TBT. We employ the computable

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general equilibrium (CGE) model DART-BIO with a detailed representation of thebioeconomy for a scenario-based policy analysis and evaluate different possible futures of
biofuel use within the specification of the REDII. We find that the REDII will lead tocontinuous high demand for food-based biofuels from the EU. Consequently, there is highdemand for all vegetable oils, starch crops and sugarcane that affects agricultural markets
globally. The ban on palm oil-based biodiesel leads to substitution effects with othervegetable oils, which benefit exporters of other vegetable oils and especially EU-domestic
producers of rapeseed oil. We find that this phase-out has only a relatively small impact on
global palm fruit production. Moreover, this study shows that the regulation acts as atechnical barrier to trade, discriminating palm oil producing countries in favor of European
rapeseed producers.
The impact of the EU farm to fork policies on agriculture and the environment
Authors

Wesseler, Justus, Wageningen University
Prof. Drabik, Dusan, Associate Professor, Wageningen University
Presenter

Prof. Drabik, Dusan, Associate Professor, Wageningen University
Abstract

The EU Farm to Fork (F2F) strategy includes a number of policy objectives that have
implications for agricultural production in the EU and beyond. This contribution discusses
the possible implications from an economic perspective. We draw on economic assessments
by other authors and discuss their wider implications by considering only partially quantified
benefits and costs. Overall, the assessments indicate a decline in EU agricultural productionin quantitative terms. The F2F strategy negatively affects aggregate consumer surplus anddepending on the assumption made a net increase or decrease in producer surplus, thereby
inducing an overall net welfare loss. Partially quantified benefits and costs include theenvironmental benefits and costs linked to the F2F strategy, such as implications forgreenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, or the landscape. Therefore, by launching thestrategy, policy makers have implicitly concluded that the additional net benefits outweighthe losses in consumer surplus. The economic studies combined with studies on the impact ofagricultural practices on biodiversity and the emission of greenhouse gases do not support
this claim without further technological and institutional changes, such as supporting theapplication of modern biotechnology by reducing regulatory hurdles. Also, whether mostconsumers will share this view remains to be seen. EU policy makers have it in their hands toimplement the necessary institutional changes.
Alternative Visions of Agriculture
Authors

Zilberman, David, University of California, Berkeley
Wesseler, Justus, Wageningen University
Presenter

Zilberman, David, University of California, Berkeley
Abstract

Society is facing challenges of food security, control of climate change, and the preservationof biodiversity. What will be the role of agriculture in addressing these challenges? One
emerging paradigm is the "green paradigm", which emphasizes organic farming,
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agroecology, and no reliance on genetic engineering techniques. Another approach is "foodplus", where agriculture is producing food and some biofuel with limited use of
biotechnology, mostly to grains and fibers. The bioeconomy is emphasizing using tools ofmodern biology and agricultural resources to produce food, Tber, fuel, chemicals, andsequestration of carbon. We will present an overview of the literature that makes a case forthe bioeconomy as a major contributor to addressing climate change and the preservation of
biodiversity while meeting food security objectives. We will present policies that would leadto the introduction of the bioeconomy. In particular, a regulation that will consider benefits
and costs of new technologies adjusted for risk considerations.

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Thematic Session 7: Citizen and Community Energy
1 July 2022, 09:00 AM - 10:45 AM
Description
Citizen and community energy are forms of social innovation that come in various facets. Local citizen energy
communities that jointly invest in renewable energy capacity, peer-to-peer electricity trading communities aswell as citizens’ investments in renewable energy more generally can all support the energy transition from thebottom up. These forms of citizen engagement share the common characteristic that they involve individuals
that decide to either invest in renewable energy capacity to become a prosumer, to contribute to a collective
clean energy investment or to trade electricity with other community members. At the same time, such energyrelated interaction with other citizens and members of the community may induce a stronger awareness forenergy conservation activities and influence community members’ daily energy use.
From a behavioural economics point of view, these new forms of citizen engagement raise interesting researchquestions. What drives citizens’ willingness to (jointly) invest in renewable energy capacity and to participate inpeer-to-peer electricity trading? Which trade-offs do individuals make when considering different features ofpeer-to-peer platforms and clean energy investment opportunities? And how does membership in an energy
community impact on citizens’ willingness to engage in energy conservation behaviours?
This session explores these questions from various angles, using a joint approach: all papers submitted in thisthematic session use experimental methods. The first two papers in the session are based on discrete choice
experiments conducted among large samples of European citizens. The third and fourth paper present results ofa field experiment among 300 customers of a Slovenian energy provider. While the first two papers focus on
citizens´ motivation to engage in renewable energy investments and peer-to-peer energy trading, the third paper
explores whether being a member of an energy community raises the awareness of daily energy use andincreases the willingness to conserve energy. The fourth paper investigates the effectiveness of different
behavioural interventions in combination with energy community membership. Presenting these papers jointly
in one thematic session will allow a holistic view on the opportunities and challenges of citizen and community
energy initiatives.
Organisers:
Mark A. Andor (RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Essen, Germany)
Julia Blasch (TH Ingolstadt, Germany and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Speakers
Dr. Wu, Hangjian, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Aberdeen
Prof. Guetlein , Marie-Charlotte , Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Blasch, Julia, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Presentations

Towards Energy Decentralisation – Preferences for Peer-To-Peer Energy Trading
Authors

Dr. Wu, Hangjian, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Aberdeen
Dr. Petrov, Ivan, Research Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Dr. Carroll, James, Research Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Prof. Denny, Eleanor, Professor, Trinity College Dublin
Presenter

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Dr. Wu, Hangjian, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Aberdeen
Abstract

Peer-to-peer energy trading is a fast-growing business model allowing for online trading ofexcess energy produced by household-level prosumers, yet the general public's willingness toadopt this innovative platform is rarely investigated. This paper evaluates individuals'
willingness-to-participate in peer-to-peer energy trading platforms, and how trade-offs
between various platform characteristics are considered using a large-scale discrete choice
experiment (DCE). Broadly speaking, the results indicate that households hold positive
attitudes towards peer-to-peer energy trading platforms. Energy bill savings, carbon
emissions reduction, and a number of specific service characteristics are important attributes
which influence the decision to participate in such platforms.
Understanding citizen investment in renewable energy cooperatives
Authors

Prof. Guetlein , Marie-Charlotte , Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Presenter

Prof. Guetlein , Marie-Charlotte , Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Abstract

This research investigates factors driving citizen participation in renewable energy
cooperatives (RECs) using demographically representative surveys including identical
discrete choice experiments (DCEs) in France, Germany and Poland. We analyze, inparticular, whether municipalities can incentivize participation in RECs by offering to match
citizens' investments. We also examine the effect of small probabilities of losing the entire
investment. Further, we analyze the role of individual preferences, capabilities, and social
factors that have not or only scarcely been studied in the context of RECs. We find thatparticipants' propensity to invest in RECs increases significantly if the investment is matchedby the municipality and if even small risks of a total loss of the investment can be ruled out.
While risk aversion appears to impede participation in RECs, we get a no result for loss
aversion. We further find that individual capabilities (i.e. financial literacy, experience withsustainable investments), social norms and place identity seem to play an important role forinvestment decisions in RECs. Higher satisfaction with national governments'
implementation of a sustainable energy transition also appears to spur participation in RECs,
suggesting motivational "crowding in".
Energy Communities and Energy Conservation
Authors

Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Blasch, Julia, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. Götte, Lorenz, National University of Singapore and University of Bonn
Ms. Niehues, Delia, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Sommer, Stephan,
Mr. Tomberg, Lukas,
Presenter

Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Abstract

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Clean energy communities, aiming to promote renewable energy as well as energy efficiency,
can be social networks entailing interaction between community members. Previous studies
analysing the potential of energy community membership on energy conservation do notaccount for self-selection of individuals into these communities. Furthermore, the effect of
behavioural interventions on electricity conservation among regular customers of energy
suppliers has been widely investigated. Yet, energy communities have distinct features that
render the application of behavioural interventions to stimulate conservation behaviour very
promising. They allow for testing the combination of new technologies with interventions
that harness the potential of the new social network. This paper investigates to what extent
the membership in an energy community can induce electricity conservation. It is the firststudy to explore this relationship in a field experiment, in which random assignment of 300
participants to treatment groups allows for the estimation of causal effects. Half of theparticipants are assigned to a virtual energy community. During a period of three months, thecommunity receives monthly newsletters with energy saving tips, testimonials, comparison
reports of electricity use within and outside the community, and members have access to aninteractive virtual portal. Random assignment as well as access to quarter-hourly electricity
data allow us to estimate the causal effect of energy community membership on household
electricity use. We do not find any considerable effect of energy community membership onenergy conservation. One possible explanation is that group identity among community
members did not evolve as expected.
Behavioural interventions to stimulate energy conservation and load shifting in energy
communities
Authors

Dr. Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Blasch, Julia, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. Götte, Lorenz, National University of Singapore and University of Bonn
Ms. Niehues, Delia, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Sommer, Stephan,
Mr. Tomberg, Lukas,
Presenter

Dr. Blasch, Julia, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Abstract

Energy communities (EC) may lead to increased effectiveness of behavioural interventions
that target energy conservation or load-shifting in households. To investigate whether
membership in an EC affects the reaction to behavioural interventions, we conduct two
experiments with an exogenously created EC (N=300). We first introduce real-time feedback(RTF) while showering and second, we pose a load shifting challenge to the participants.
While we find a substantial effect of RTF on showering, the effect is not significantly
different for EC members. The results of the second experiment reveal that EC membership(in particular in combination with RTF) induces load shifting behaviour.

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Coffee Break
1 July 2022, 10:45 AM - 11:15 AM
Description
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Plenary Session 3: Keynote: Prof. Catherine L. Kling
1 July 2022, 11:15 AM - 12:15 PM
Description
Keynote"The Social Cost of Nutrient Pollution"
Prof. Catherine L. Kling (Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Atkinson Center for a
Sustainable Future at Cornell University)
Catherine L. Kling is a Tisch University Professor in the Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management
and Faculty Director at the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. She is past Director of the Center for
Agricultural and Rural Development at Iowa State University where she also held the President's Chair inEnvironmental Economics. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2015. Kling has publishednearly 100 refereed journal articles and books chapters which have received over 8000 (google scholar) citations
and is the editor of the Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. She specializes in the economic
valuation of ecosystem services and integrated assessment modeling for water quality modeling. Her research
program has received over $7 million in funding from the National Science Foundation, the US Department ofAgriculture, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the US Environmental Protection Agency, among
others. Kling chairs the Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences and has
been a member of six National Research Council studies. She served as president of the Association ofEnvironmental and Resource Economists, has held editorial positions at ten economics journals, and hasreceived seven awards from professional associations for her research. She is an elected Fellow of the
Association of Environmental and Resources Economists, the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association,
and a University Fellow at Resources for the Future. She served for ten years on EPA’s Science Advisory
Board.

Speakers
Prof. Kling, Catherine L., Tisch University Professor of Environmental, Energy, and Resource Economics,
Cornell University

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Closing Session
1 July 2022, 12:15 PM - 12:45 PM
Description
Closing Session

Lunch Break
1 July 2022, 12:45 PM - 02:00 PM
Description
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Vehicle Purchases
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Scrapping earlier, greening earlier? Evidence from a vehicle retirement acceleration programme in the
Netherlands -- PRESENTER: Alexandros Dimitropoulos, DISCUSSANT: Anna Sahari
2. Vehicle scrappage subsidies as a climate policy tool: program effects on new car emission intensity -PRESENTER: Anna Sahari, DISCUSSANT: Terje Andreas Mathisen
3. Determinants of car choice. A comparison between Italy and Norway -- PRESENTER: Terje Andreas
Mathisen, DISCUSSANT: Andreas Ziegler
4. The relevance of life-cycle CO2 emissions for vehicle purchase decisions: A stated choice experiment forGermany -- PRESENTER: Andreas Ziegler, DISCUSSANT: Alexandros Dimitropoulos

Speakers
Dr. Dimitropoulos, Alexandros, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Ms. Sahari, Anna, -, VATT Institute for Economic Research
Prof. Mathisen, Terje Andreas, Nord University
Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel

Presentations

Scrapping earlier, greening earlier? Evidence from a vehicle retirement acceleration
programme in the Netherlands
Authors

Dr. Dimitropoulos, Alexandros, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Dr. Vrijburg, Hendrik, University of Leiden
Presenter

Dr. Dimitropoulos, Alexandros, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Abstract

Car scrappage subsidy schemes are often viewed as an effective policy instrument tostimulate the market during periods of recession and to massively replace more polluting
vehicles with cleaner and more energy efficient ones. However, the effectiveness of such
schemes is frequently hampered by free-riding behaviour from consumers who would havemade the same decisions also in the absence of the policy. We study Dutch vehicle owners'
behavioural responses to a nationwide programme offering a subsidy to those scrapping an
old light-duty vehicle and replacing it with a newer and cleaner one. Using a unique dataset
on all vehicle registrations and retirements in a six-year period, we empirically estimate theeffects of the policy. We find that it induced an increase in scrappage and replacement and ashift towards younger, cleaner and more fuel-efficient vehicles. The effects of the policy varywith fuel type: behavioural responses are larger for gasoline cars than for diesel ones, likely

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owing to the stricter conditions that a replacement diesel vehicle should meet. While only asmall share of participants can be characterised as pure free-riders, a substantial share onlyoffered a functional vehicle for scrap instead of selling it on the second-hand market.
Vehicle scrappage subsidies as a climate policy tool: program effects on new car emission
intensity
Authors

Ms. Sahari, Anna, -, VATT Institute for Economic Research
Laukkanen, Marita, VATT Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Ms. Sahari, Anna, -, VATT Institute for Economic Research
Abstract

In order to reduce CO2 emissions from road transport, many governments have introduced
vehicle scrappage programs that seek to encourage consumers to retire older vehicles andpurchase lower emission-intensity new vehicles. Through an evaluation of Finland's 2018vehicle scrappage subsidy program, this study analyzes the environmental impacts of such
subsidies. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in subsidy eligibility and richadministrative data on vehicles, vehicle owners, new vehicle registrations and scrappage
subsidy recipients in a differences-in-differences framework to estimate program impact on
new car emission intensity. The detailed data allow studying whether program impacts
differed between rural and urban areas or across income groups. We find that rather thanincreasing new car purchases, the program mainly shifted purchases from pre-programmonths to the program months. The program induced consumers to purchase lower-emission
intensity vehicles, but the average reduction was small at about 3 percent. We find noevidence of heterogeneous effects.
Determinants of car choice. A comparison between Italy and Norway
Authors

Prof. Scorrano, Mariangela, University of Trieste
Prof. Mathisen, Terje Andreas, Nord University
Prof. Danielis, Romeo, University of Trieste
Prof. Simsekoglu Nordfjaern , Ozlem , Nord University
Prof. Marinelli, Giuseppe , Nord University
Presenter

Prof. Mathisen, Terje Andreas, Nord University
Abstract

Norwegian and Italian car drivers make very different car choices. Norway is the leading
country in electric vehicle (EV) adoption in the world, with a recent share of about 90% of
new registrations, most of which battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Italian car drivers havelong preferred fossil fuel-based engine technologies and, only recently, EVs are gaining someground (less than 10%). In the paper, we compare car drivers' choices in the two countries
highlighting commonalities and differences in the car choice determinants, distinguishing
between the small and the large car segment. Thanks to a survey recently carried out in thetwo countries with more than a thousand respondents, we analyzed the actual (revealed)
choices made under the real world conditions and the stated choices in hypothetical choice
scenarios. A multinomial logit model estimated on the actual choices showed some

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differences in the socio-economic determinants. In the small car segment in Norway youngage, higher education and charging availability are significantly associated with BEV
ownership. In Italy, men buy significantly more BEVs than women do, while gender plays norole in Norway. Income and nonurban residency is associated to high BEV ownership in bothcountries. In the large car segment, we found similarities only with reference to theimportance of income, although the comparison is somewhat impaired due to the limited
number of owners of large BEVs in the Italian sample. Estimating a mixed logit model in thewillingness-to-pay space, we then compared the preference structures in the two countries ineach car segment based on the stated choice data. We found that the monetary variables (netpurchase price and fuel economy) are the most relevant vehicle attributes in both countries,
while the BEV driving range is valued differently. Italians respondents assigned a larger
value to this vehicle attribute than Norwegians do. Another interesting finding is that
Norwegian BEV owners strongly confirmed their preference for BEVs relative to otherpowertrains, while the Italian BEV owner did not show a statistically different evaluationfrom non-BEV owners.
The relevance of life-cycle CO2 emissions for vehicle purchase decisions: A stated choice
experiment for Germany
Authors

Ms Groh, Elke D., Research associate, University of Kassel
Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Presenter

Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Abstract

This paper examines the individual preferences for a reduction of life-cycle CO2 emissions in
vehicle purchase decisions. The empirical analysis is based on data from a stated choice
experiment with more than 1,100 citizens in Germany that refers to decisions between three
types of electric vehicles and a conventional (i.e. gasoline or diesel) vehicle that arecharacterized by several attributes like purchase price or fuel costs. With respect to CO2emissions, we specifically examine emissions in vehicle production besides the commonly
considered emissions in vehicle use. Our econometric analysis with flexible mixed logit
models reveals a strong stated preference for the reduction of CO2 emissions in both vehicle
use and production, whereby the estimated willingness to pay for CO2 emission reductions isclearly higher for vehicle production. Furthermore, we find that conventional vehicles are
significantly preferred over plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and particularly strongly
significantly preferred over extended-range and pure electric vehicles. Surprisingly,
environmental attitudes, i.e. environmental awareness and ecological policy identification,
have no significant effects on the reduction of CO2 emissions in both vehicle use and production. These results suggest that citizens in Germany with strong environmental identity do
not consider reductions of CO2 emissions in vehicle purchase decisions as an important
direction for climate protection. Instead, this group rather tends to avoid the purchase of
conventional vehicles since environmental attitudes have a significantly positive effect on thestated choice of electric vehicles, whereby this estimated effect is dominated by an ecologicalpolicy orientation instead of general environmental awareness. The latter result suggests thestrong relevance of the controversial political discussion about the transition toelectromobility in Germany. By considering economic preferences, the econometric analysis
additionally reveals that individual trust is relevant for the purchase of plug-in hybrid electricvehicles.

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Co-benefits
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Distributional Impacts of Carbon Capture in the Power Sector -- PRESENTER: Burcin Unel, DISCUSSANT:
Ulrich Wagner
2. The Co-Pollution Impacts of Climate Policy: Evidence from the EU Emissions Trading Scheme -PRESENTER: Ulirhc Wagner, DISCUSSANT: Laura Onofri
3. A Note on Computing the Social Costs of Carbon through Coase Bargaining in the Context of an Offsetting
Program in the Venetian Lagoon -- PRESENTER: Laura Onofri, DISCUSSANT: Renan-Ulrich Goetz
4. Policy design in the context of multiple pollutants and regulators -- PRESENTER: Renan-Ulrich Goetz,
DISCUSSANT: Burcin Unel

Speakers
Dr. Unel, Burcin, economist,
Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim
Dr. Onofri, Laura, -, University of Padova
Goetz, Renan-Ulrich, Universitat de Girona

Presentations

Distributional Impacts of Carbon Capture in the Power Sector
Authors

Dr. Varela Varela, Ana, University of Amsterdam
Mr. Funke, Christoph, Resources for the Future
Dr. Domeshek, Maya, Resources for the Future
Mr. Witkin, Steven, Resources for the Future
Dr. Shawhan, Daniel, Resources for the Future
Dr. Unel, Burcin, economist,
Burtraw, Dallas, Resources for the Future
Presenter

Dr. Unel, Burcin, economist,
Abstract

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is seen as a crucial component of costeffective decarbonization of the power sector. However, because CCUS technologies might
not eliminate pollutants such as NOx, SO2, or PM2.5, some environmental justice advocatesargue that a widespread adoption of these technologies would increase pollution and harmgroups who are already overburdened by pollution. In this paper, we evaluate the potential
distributional effects of deploying CCUS under different plausible designs of a national clean
electricity standard (CES). To do so, we first use state-of-the-art models to evaluate whether
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deploying CCUS leads to additional pollution exposure to disadvantaged communities
compared to an alternative in which CCUS is not available. Then, we look at the bill impactsof deploying CCUS to be able to discuss the total welfare effects of the technology.
Preliminary results show that, under certain CES design parameters, allowing CCUS could
actually reduce both CO2 and other pollutants in 2035, by making building new retrofitted,
more efficient natural gas plants cost-effective relative to continuing to use more inefficientand higher polluting power plants. Our results further show that extending policies such as
the Sequestration Tax Credit 45Q could increase these benefits. In future analyses, we will
explore how sensitive these results are to alternative CES design parameters.
The Co-Pollution Impacts of Climate Policy: Evidence from the EU Emissions Trading
SchemeAuthors

Dr. de Preux, Laure,
Dr. Kassem, Dana, University of Mannheim
Prof. Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim
PresenterDr. de Preux, Laure,
Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are known to cause global climate change but no damage tothe local environment. However, because CO2 is often jointly produced with other substancesthat pollute the environment, CO2 abatement may generate ancillary benefits, especially forhuman health. Previous research suggests that these co-benefits can offset a substantial shareof the economic costs of mitigation policies. This paper lays the groundwork for testing thishypothesis in the context of the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for CO2. We
compile a new dataset on discharges of more than 90 different pollutants into air, water andsoil, at more than 6,000 ETS regulated installations in 29 European countries. We track
installation-level changes in emissions of major air pollutants between 2001 and 2013. We
compare those to changes at more than 23,000 unregulated installations and explore causal
attribution. We derive stylized facts for the spatial redistribution of air pollution acrossEuropean countries and explore correlations with income and demographics. Some
implications for the efficiency and environmental justice of the EU ETS are discussed.
A Note on Computing the Social Costs of Carbon through Coase Bargaining in the Context
of an Offsetting Program in the Venetian Lagoon
Authors

Dr. Onofri, Laura, -, University of Padova
Markandya, Anil, BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, University of BathPresenter

Dr. Onofri, Laura, -, University of Padova
Abstract

Climate change is a negative externality and a global bad, but not necessarily the impacts(and related) social costs are the same globally. In the application presented in the paper,
Murano artistic glass producers emit CO2 (generating social costs through the polluting
externality) and are confronted with the possibility to bargain with the local administration(representing the local community) and pay for internalizing the externality through therestoration of natural capital that sequestrates and stocks CO2: the venetian "barena"
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(saltmarsh). The Murano glass producers' stated WTP for barena reconstruction andconservation is interpreted as a WTP for internalizing the CO2 externality and a value
attributed by polluters to that. This value is also interpreted as a social cost of carbon (SCC),
computed within a Coase bargaining framework. The Coase bargaining (when property rights
are clearly allocated and transaction costs are very low) between affected parties could be
more efficient (for both redistributive and methodological issues to capture the "true" valueof social costs, if any) to overcome the problem of externalities (and related social cost) than
the Pigouvian tax (or other policy interventions).
Policy design in the context of multiple pollutants and regulators
Authors

Goetz, Renan-Ulrich, Universitat de Girona
Dr. Xabadia, Angels, University of Girona
Zilberman, David, University of California, Berkeley
Presenter

Goetz, Renan-Ulrich, Universitat de Girona
Abstract

Different regulatory bodies tend to develop policies not recognizing the interdependencies
between externalities. Based on a two-phase optimization approach, the paper demonstrates
that the presence of one externality magnifies the efficiency losses of the other. Therefore,
taxation of one externality without considering the tax on the other leads to inefficient overtaxation. Given the interdependence of global warming and local air pollution resulting fromCO2 emissions, we find that the overall tax burden of taxing these externalities independently
leads to a tax overburden of 9-12%. Moreover, metropolitan areas that consider an existing
national climate tax when controlling for local air pollution may have a saving potential in
the two-digit percent range.

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Norms and Prosociality
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Social norms and individual climate protection activities: A framed field experiment for Germany -PRESENTER: Amantia Simixhiu, DISCUSSANT: Daniela Flörchinger
2. Pro-environmental Behavior as a Means of Self-Signaling: Theory and Evidence -- PRESENTER: Daniela
Flörchinger, DISCUSSANT: Ruediger Pethig
3. Kantians defy the economists' mantra of uniform Pigovian emissions -- PRESENTER: Ruediger Pethig,
DISCUSSANT: Andries Richter
4. Framing effects in threshold public good games - The role of "warm glow" and beliefs -- PRESENTER:
Andries Richter, DISCUSSANT: Amantia Simixhiu

Speakers
Ms. Simixhiu, Amantia, University of Kassel
Ms. Flörchinger, Daniela, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Pethig, Ruediger, Universitat GH Siegen
Richter, Andries, Wageningen University

Presentations

Social norms and individual climate protection activities: A framed field experiment forGermany
Authors

Ms. Simixhiu, Amantia, University of Kassel
Prof. Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Mr. Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Dr. Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Presenter

Ms. Simixhiu, Amantia, University of Kassel
Abstract

Based on data from a representative survey among 1,614 individuals in Germany, this paper
empirically examines the causal effect of information interventions framed as social norms on
revealed climate protection activities, measured through incentivized donations. In our
experimental setting, we differentiate between descriptive social norms by providing
information about individual climate protection activities in Germany, injunctive social
norms by providing information about what people in Germany think about the need forclimate protection activities, and a combination of both social norms. In a first step, oureconometric analysis confirms the results of previous studies on the main determinants forindividual climate protection activities like environmental attitudes, altruism, or income.

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However, in contrast to similar studies in the past, we do not find that any of the informationinterventions significantly increase climate protection activities on average across all
respondents. But we identify some population groups for whom the provision of information
matters. For example, the presence of strong environmental attitudes leads to significantly
positive effects on participation in climate protection activities under the influence ofdescriptive and injunctive social norms. With respect to policy identification, social (liberal)policy identification leads to a significantly positive (negative) effect under the influence ofthe descriptive social norm information intervention. Last, when looking at the economic
preferences, high trust and altruism lead to significantly positive information effects only in
the groups with information about the descriptive social norm. Our study provides strong
evidence of the superiority of descriptive social norm information interventions compared toother normative interventions for different population groups for participation in climate
protection activities.
Pro-environmental Behavior as a Means of Self-Signaling: Theory and Evidence
Authors

Ms. Flörchinger, Daniela, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Andor, Mark, -, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research Essen
Prof. Frondel, Manuel, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Prof. Sommer, Stephan, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic ResearchPresenter

Ms. Flörchinger, Daniela, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Abstract

Recent research indicates that pro-environmental behavior may be driven by concerns about
one's moral identity. Using identification with the environmentalist movement Fridays for
Future, this paper develops and empirically tests a straightforward model of self-signaling.
We assume that pro-environmental behavior, here taking the train rather than the plane for ajourney, serves as a means of self-signaling. On the basis of a large-scale survey experimentwith an incentivized choice, we find evidence that respondents who receive an identity primein the form of a reminder of their previously stated attitude towards Fridays for Future are
more likely to behave in line with the movement's moral principles in that they take the train.
Our explanation of this outcome is that individuals attempt to avoid cognitive dissonance bychoosing the more environmentally benign alternative. Our results suggest that proenvironmental behavior may be enhanced by appealing to an individual's self-image so that
costly interventions that are designed to convince subjects of new moral principles may beunnecessary.
Kantians defy the economists' mantra of uniform Pigovian emissions
Authors

Eichner, Thomas, FernUniversität Hagen
Pethig, Ruediger, Universitat GH Siegen
Presenter

Pethig, Ruediger, Universitat GH Siegen
Abstract

This paper investigates the efficiency-restoring taxation of emissions in economies with
pollution damage and consumers who are morally motivated to reduce their emissions

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footprint. Consumers may be heterogeneous with respect to their degree of morality and otherpreference parameters. We show that the Pigovian tax, defined as the tax which maximizes
the utilitarian (materialistic) welfare in these economies, is consumer-type specific andsmaller than the conventional uniform Pigovian tax, which is the tax that restores efficiency
in economies with homo-oeconomicus consumers. We obtain analogous results for firms that
deliberately reduce their emissions footprint in accordance with the concept of corporatesocial responsibility. Since 'optimally personalized' Pigovian taxes cannot be implemented inpractice due to informational infeasibility, we also characterize the second-best uniform
emissions tax.
Framing effects in threshold public good games - The role of "warm glow" and beliefs
Authors

Richter, Andries, Wageningen University
Dr. Schuch, Esther, Institute for advanced sustainability studies
Mr. Nhim, Tum, PhD candidate, Wageningen University
Presenter

Richter, Andries, Wageningen University
Abstract

Natural resource management has mainly been studied in linear public good games whilst
many resources show nonlinear dynamics. Hence, we perform a threshold public good gameto analyse cooperative behaviour when a threshold has to be reached before cooperation pays
off. In particular, we are interested whether we can see framing effects when presenting thegame as a public good or a public bad game. We design a stepwise threshold public goodgame which allows us a more nuanced analysis of cooperative behaviour than in the previous
framed threshold games which rely on binary settings. Given that the optimal contribution
strategy in threshold games depends on the contributions of the partners, we also elicit
beliefs. We find that the level of cooperation is higher in a public good than a public bad
framing confirming the framing effect. We find that the believed contributions in the public
good are lower than in the public bad treatment which is contrary to the existing literature.
We identify a "warm glow" effect in the public good treatment since, conditional on beliefs,
people contribute more in the public good than in the public bad treatment. We see that moregroups in the public good treatment are successful in reaching the threshold than in the public
bad treatment. This is due to a combination of overestimating the contributions of the groupmembers in the public bad, and the warm glow effect in the public good treatment.

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Forests: Amazon
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Who benefits from PADDD in the Brazilian Amazon? -- PRESENTER: Derya Keles, DISCUSSANT: Yannic
Rudá Damm
2. Incentivizing commodity traders for sustainable production in the Brazilian Amazon -- PRESENTER: Yannic
Rudá Damm, DISCUSSANT: Léa Crepin
3. Do forest conservation policies undermine the soybean sector in the Brazilian Amazon? Evidence from theblacklisting of municipalities -- PRESENTER: Léa Crepin, DISCUSSANT: Cauê D. Carrilho
4. (Job Market) Forest conservation and agricultural intensification outcomes of a REDD+ initiative: A quasiexperimental assessment in the Brazilian Amazon -- PRESENTER: Cauê D. Carrilho, DISCUSSANT: Derya
Keles

Speakers
Dr. Keles, Derya,- Damm, Yannic Rudá,
Ms. Crepin, Léa,
Dr. Carrilho (Job Market), Cauê D., Pos-doctoral researcher , 1)Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades(EACH) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo - SP,
Brasil; 2)CEE-M, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France

Presentations

Who benefits from PADDD in the Brazilian Amazon?
Authors

Dr. Keles, Derya,
Dr. Masson, Solène, Economic consultant, FAO
Presenter

Dr. Keles, Derya,
Abstract

When Protected Areas (PAs) avoid deforestation, they prevent the development of economic
activities and intensify poverty. Rollbacks against PAs designations, (PA downgrading,downsizing and degazettement) have been rising during the last decades to accommodate,mostly, industrial scale resource extraction and development. In this paper, we assess an issue
that has been overlooked until now: whether and to what extent PADDD influenced income
distribution of households in the Brazilian Amazon, from 2000 to 2010. We use matching anddifference-in-differences according to road distance and PADDD events influence on the
final size of protection in order to control for location bias and spatial heterogeneities in
impact. We find the higher-middle income class increased in profitable land following strict

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reductions in protection. The development of off-farm opportunities near existing markets
could have enriched middle-income class households or could have spurred higher-middle
income class households' in-migrations. In lower profitability land, inequalities decreased
following stabilization or increase of protection due to downgradings and new PA
designations. Better PA management and new economic activities such as tourism might
have enhanced the livelihood of poorest households and spurred in-migration of lowermiddle income class households.
Incentivizing commodity traders for sustainable production in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors- Damm, Yannic Rudá,
Prof. Börner, Jan, Professor, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Center for Development
Research, University of Bonn
Dr. Cisneros (Job Market), Elias, Job Market, Presenter- Damm, Yannic Rudá,
Abstract

In view of climate change and environmental degradation, sustainability in commodity
supply chains is becoming increasingly important. Transparency in supply chains increases
public scrutiny and puts pressure on actors along the supply chain to deliver on sustainability.
In this paper, we analyze the effects of Brazil's Amazon deforestation blacklist on
deforestation, agricultural expansion and potential adjustments in sourcing patterns and tradeflows. The publicly available blacklist puts local stakeholders under additional scrutiny tochange their behavior. To analyze these effects, we use Trase's detailed soy trading statistics
across 15 years and remotely sensed land use data on the Generalized Synthetic Control
Method. Results show that deforestation decreased drastically at almost the exact sameamount as reduced pasture expansion. Soy expansion instead increased significantly,
replacing mostly prior pastures and other cropland. In view of this sustainable transformation,
there are only small changes with regard to traders' sourcing patterns and the shares of export
destinations.
Do forest conservation policies undermine the soybean sector in the Brazilian Amazon?
Evidence from the blacklisting of municipalities
Author

Ms. Crepin, Léa,
Presenter

Ms. Crepin, Léa,
Abstract

Minimizing the trade-offs between agricultural production, development and forest
conservation is key to insure that conservation policies can achieve long-term impacts.
Taking the case of the Brazilian Amazon in the context of the Action Plan for the Prevention
and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon, we estimate the impact of the blacklistingof municipalities with high deforestation risk on soybean production (a major driver of
deforestation), exports and land-use changes. Difference-in-difference regressions andgeneralised synthetic control method are first used to determine the impacts of the policy.
Triple differences are then applied to explore heterogeneity in the production and exportchanges across municipalities. We find that, although effective to reduce deforestation, the

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policy is unlikely to have undermined the soybean production and exports. On the contrary,
our results suggest that the soybean sector benefited from the changes in land use following
the implementation of the blacklist. However, we do not find evidence that land restriction
entailed triggered intensification of soybean, which suggest that the soybean sector benefited
from intra-crops reallocation.
Forest conservation and agricultural intensification outcomes of a REDD+ initiative: A quasiexperimental assessment in the Brazilian Amazon (Job Market)
AuthorDr. Carrilho (Job Market), Cauê D., Pos-doctoral researcher , 1)Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades(EACH) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo - SP,
Brasil; 2)CEE-M, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Presenter

Dr. Carrilho (Job Market), Cauê D., Pos-doctoral researcher , 1)Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades(EACH) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo - SP,
Brasil; 2)CEE-M, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Abstract

Transitioning extensive farming to more intensive production is often addressed as a REDD+
strategy to reduce deforestation and to achieve human co-benefits such as improvement offood security and poverty alleviation. However, intensification may lead to a rebound effectby generating more financial incentives to expand cultivated areas, therefore jeopardizing
deforestation reduction. By quasi-experimental methods, we investigated: (i) whether a
REDD+ initiative in the Brazilian Amazon promoted agricultural intensification, while
reducing deforestation and increasing farm income; and (ii) if intensification was associatedwith land sparing or a rebound effect. The initiative combined Payments for Environmental
Services (PES), technical assistance, and free agricultural inputs to reduce smallholders'
deforestation and to increase agricultural productivity. Data came from face-to-faceinterviews to 98 households (treatment: 46; control: 52) in a panel design (2010, 2014 and2019). Results indicate the REDD+ initiative reduced deforestation in the early stage, butneither increases in farm income, nor in agricultural productivity were achieved. However, inthe long-term, after all REDD+ incentives were suspended, PES included, higher farmincome and yields per hectare were detected, as well as forest loss rebounded. Although theseresults could have suggested that a rebound effect had occurred, we instead found acorrelation between higher yields per hectare and more forest cover, though only marginally.
On aggregate, we found no sufficient evidence neither for the rebound effect nor for land
sparing.

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Climate and Flood Risk 2
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Fiscal policy response of local governments to floods in Italy -- PRESENTER: Chiara Lodi, DISCUSSANT:
Bjørnar Karlsen Kivedal
2. Natural disasters, extreme weather and the housing market: An analysis using Norwegian insurance claims
data -- PRESENTER: Bjørnar Karlsen Kivedal, DISCUSSANT: Stefan Leeffers
3. (Job Market) Preparing for Urban Floods in Mozambique: The Impact of Risk Communication -PRESENTER: Stefan Leeffers, DISCUSSANT: Dino Collalti
4. Flash Flood Hazard: an Economic Analysis for Central America and the Caribbean -- PRESENTER: Dino
Collalti, DISCUSSANT: Chiara Lodi

Speakers
Dr. Lodi, Chiara, Post Doc Fellow, University of Urbino Carlo Bo - Department of Economics, Society,
Politics
Dr. Kivedal, Bjørnar Karlsen,
Mr. Leeffers (Job Market), Stefan, Job Market, Mr. Collalti, Dino,

Presentations

Fiscal policy response of local governments to floods in Italy
Authors

Dr. Lodi, Chiara, Post Doc Fellow, University of Urbino Carlo Bo - Department of Economics, Society,
Politics
Prof. Marin, Giovanni,Prof. Modica, Marco, Professor, Gran Sasso Science Institute GSSI
Presenter

Dr. Lodi, Chiara, Post Doc Fellow, University of Urbino Carlo Bo - Department of Economics, Society,
Politics
Abstract

Climate change is accelerating and turns out to have growing negative effects on local areas
which are non-homogeneously distributed in space. This paper aims at empirically testing the
dynamics of Italian municipalities fiscal outcomes in the aftermath of floods, by accounting
for heterogeneous levels of resilience, vulnerability and exposure. Through a dynamic
difference-in-difference with fixed effects model, we have found that the level of resilienceand vulnerability of a municipality is highly relevant in determining the trends of total
expenditures, total revenues and net surplus per capita. Less vulnerable municipalities are
already prepared for extreme events, because they constantly invest in mitigation and

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adaptation of the risk. Otherwise, less resilient or more vulnerable municipalities show animmediate shock in expenditures after the flood. Through our analysis we account for
multiple aspects of risk so we can support policy decisions related to both ex-ante and ex-post
disaster occurrence management.
Natural disasters, extreme weather and the housing market: An analysis using Norwegian
insurance claims data
AuthorDr. Kivedal, Bjørnar Karlsen,
Presenter

Dr. Kivedal, Bjørnar Karlsen,
Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the effect of natural disasters and extreme weather on house
prices and the housing market. We use data on insurance claims at the municipality level forall 356 Norwegian municipalities from 1980-2020, providing a measurement of the severityof the natural disasters damage on a daily basis. This is combined with monthly data on the
housing market and related regional economic data, where we use local projection andcointegration methods to analyze the dynamic effect of damages on the housing market in the
short, medium and long run. The results indicate both positive and negative effects on the
housing market for various horizons. However, the risk from more severe damages may havelong run implications for the housing market even if the insurance market seems to provide
financial security for homeowners as it stabilizes house prices.
Preparing for Urban Floods in Mozambique: The Impact of Risk Communication (Job
Market)Author

Mr. Leeffers (Job Market), Stefan, Job Market, Presenter

Mr. Leeffers (Job Market), Stefan, Job Market, Abstract

Accurate forecasts and risk information do not always bring about the desired preparedness
actions from communities at risk of natural disasters. This paper provides evidence on theeffectiveness of two video interventions aimed at increasing flood risk awareness andpreparedness of households in a Mozambican coastal city. Awareness and the intention toprepare increase after watching the video in which public officials disseminate theinformation. The video featuring flood victims is less effective, but recent flooding
experience matters for the results. Finally, I demonstrate that the information disseminates
among neighbors.
Flash Flood Hazard: an Economic Analysis for Central America and the Caribbean
AuthorMr. Collalti, Dino,
Presenter

Mr. Collalti, Dino,
Abstract

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Do small scale but high frequency natural disasters have a lasting impact on economic
activity? I examine this question in the context of flash floods, which are triggered byextreme rainfall events. The impact of these floods is studied by constructing a highresolution, physically based index on flash flood occurrence. The economic response isestimated in aggregate terms via changes in night lights from satellite data and on the firmlevel via establishment surveys for Central America and the Caribbean. I find that flash
floods have a short-term negative dynamic effect on economic activity that fades out after
one year. Additionally, there is no subsequent catching-up for a location that experienced aflood. Establishment investments are generally lower and diverted from productive capital toinvestments in land and buildings when hit by a flood. Firms report also more disruptions totheir operations, for instance via power outages, but no reduction in sales or employment.

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Climate Policy and Finance 3
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Climate Actions, Market Beliefs, and Monetary Policy -- PRESENTER: Francesca Diluiso, DISCUSSANT:
Emanuele Campiglio
2. Believe me when I say green! Heterogeneous expectations and climate policy uncertainty -- PRESENTER:
Emanuele Campiglio, DISCUSSANT: Simon Quemin
3. Financials threaten to undermine the functioning of emissions markets -- PRESENTER: Simon Quemin,
DISCUSSANT: Volker Meier
4. Sustainable finance and climate change: wasteful but a political commitment device? -- PRESENTER: Volker
Meier, DISCUSSANT: Francesca Diluiso

Speakers
Dr. Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Dr. Quemin, Simon, Senior Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Reseearch (PIK)Prof. Meier, Volker,
Dr. Campiglio, Emanuele,

Presentations

Climate Actions, Market Beliefs, and Monetary Policy
Authors

Dr. Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate ChangeProf. Annicchiarico, Barbara, -, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Dr. Di Dio, Fabio, IGDORE
Presenter

Dr. Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Abstract

This paper studies the role of expectations and monetary policy on the economy's response to
climate actions. We show that in a stochastic environment and without the standard
assumption of perfect rationality of agents, there is more uncertainty regarding the path andthe economic impact of a climate policy, with a potential threat to the ability of central banks
to maintain price stability. Market beliefs and behavioral agents increase the trade-offs
inherent to the chosen mitigation tool, with a carbon tax entailing more emissions uncertainty
than in a rational expectations model and a cap-and-trade scheme implying a more
pronounced pressure on allowances prices and inflation. The impact on price stability isworsened by delays in the implementation of stringent climate policies, by the lack ofconfidence in the ability of central banks to keep inflation under control, and by the adoptionof monetary rules tied to expectations rather than current macroeconomic conditions. Central

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banks can implement successful stabilization policies that reduce the uncertainty surrounding
the impact of climate actions and support the greening process while staying within theirmandate.
Believe me when I say green! Heterogeneous expectations and climate policy uncertainty
Authors

Ms. Terranova, Roberta,
Dr. Campiglio, Emanuele,
Mr. Lamperti, Francesco, Institute of Economics and EMbeDS, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna & RFFCMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE)
Presenter

Dr. Campiglio, Emanuele,
Abstract

Announcing a forward-looking carbon pricing schedule will trigger a shift of investment
towards low-carbon technologies only if firms believe the government will actually go
through with its plan. A sceptical attitude could lead to larger high-carbon investments,
eventually making it costlier for governments to actually implement stringent policies, thus
confirming initial policy pessimism and further delaying the decarbonisation process. We
develop a model where firms take investment decisions depending on their beliefs on thecredibility of climate policy announcements, and policy-makers can partly default on theircommitments due to transition cost considerations. We show that firms' belief and investment
dynamics interact with policy choices affecting the low-carbon transition and eventually
preventing it. A negative feedback-loop between the policy-maker's credibility and firms'
clean investment might emerge, hampering the transition. Also, a continuous downward
revision of policy targets significantly reduces policy-maker's operating space to induce atransition, due to belief dynamics.
Financials threaten to undermine the functioning of emissions markets
Authors

Pahle, Michael, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Dr. Quemin, Simon, Senior Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Reseearch (PIK)
Presenter

Dr. Quemin, Simon, Senior Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Reseearch (PIK)
Abstract

The participation of financial actors is a key design issue in all emissions allowance markets.
While financials perform several necessary market functions, excessive speculation may
undermine market functioning. The potential for harm is gaining prominence as tighter
emissions limits attract an increasing number of speculators and investors into allowancemarkets worldwide. Yet, regulators are currently ill-equipped to appraise the beneficial anddetrimental facets of speculation, and proper warning systems are wanting. We develop thefirst elements of a diagnostic toolbox to assess the scale and impacts of speculation for the
EU emissions trading system, where financialization can already be witnessed at scale. Our
work is a first step towards informing current policy debates and invites further research toestablish speculation-monitoring systems for allowance markets in the EU and beyond.
Sustainable finance and climate change: wasteful but a political commitment device?

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Authors

Prof. Meier, Volker,
Prof. Fuest, Clemens, ifo Institute
Presenter

Prof. Meier, Volker,
Abstract

Promoting investment in low carbon "clean" sectors has gained popularity over the last years
under the heading of sustainable finance, at the same time raising concerns about adverse
welfare effects of such policies. We analyze the economic impact of subsidizing investment
in "clean" industries in a stylized two-sector small open economy model. Such a reform
increases gross wages, but reduces national income due to the distortion of capital. At given
national emissions cap, worldwide emissions rise because imports of the high-carbon good
will increase. When adapting the emissions cap, the environmental policy becomes laxer if it
is dominated by income effects or by mitigating losses arising from the distortion of theallocation of capital. At the same time, the shrinking high carbon sector reduces income gains
from a higher cap and thus works toward a stricter policy. Results are similar if capital in"dirty" industries is taxed. Though sustainable finance policies do seem wasteful, we provide
a rationalization in a setting with irreversible investment, where a "green" government uses
such a policy to induce stricter environmental measures after a possible switch to a"conservative" government.

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Energy Efficiency 3
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. The energy efficiency rebound effect in general equilibrium: a reader’s guide -- PRESENTER: Lukas
Riesenbeck, DISCUSSANT: Stef Schildermans
2. Split incentives, imperfect information and energy-efficiency subsidies -- PRESENTER: Stef Schildermans,
DISCUSSANT: Vincent Roberdel
3. Do energy-efficiency renovations reduce energy poverty? -- PRESENTER: Vincent Roberdel,
DISCUSSANT: Niall Farrell
4. Energy subsidy cost-recovery -- PRESENTER: Niall Farrell, DISCUSSANT: Lukas Riesenbeck

Speakers
Mr. Riesenbeck, Lukas,- Schildermans, Stef,
Mr. Roberdel, Vincent,Dr. Farrell, Niall,

Presentations

The energy efficiency rebound effect in general equilibrium: a reader’s guide
Authors

Mr. Riesenbeck, Lukas,Prof. Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Prof. Rivers, Nic, Canada Research Chair, University of Ottawa
Presenter

Mr. Riesenbeck, Lukas,
Abstract

Energy efficiency improvements are seen as key to reducing the demand for fossil fuels anddrastically curbing greenhouse gas emissions. However, their effectiveness in terms of actualenergy savings has been doubted due to behavioral rebound effects. Energy efficiency
improvements imply price and income changes for economic agents which may offset (part)of the potential energy savings. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have been
widely used to quantify the energy efficiency rebound (EER). However, the evidence is quite
mixed. Estimates range from negative rebounds where behavioral responses trigger additionalenergy savings (so-called super-conservation) to positive rebounds of more than 100% (socalled backfiring). The myriad of results which differ not only in magnitude but even in sign
is puzzling for the general audience. In this paper, we use a standard CGE model todisentangle key drivers of the EER in a systematic manner. We show that the magnitude andsign of the EER crucially depends on three dimensions: (i) the underlying empirical data such
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as cost shares and elasticities, (ii) structural assumptions on markets such as international
price responses, and (iii) the nature of exogenous policy shocks such as efficiency mandates
or autonomous energy efficiency improvements with their respective sectoral and regional
coverage. Our analysis reconciles diverging estimates in a single coherent framework andthereby provides an insightful reader's guide to the EER literature putting researchers anddecisions makers on a better informed basis.
Split incentives, imperfect information and energy-efficiency subsidies
Authors- Schildermans, Stef,
Prof. Damen, Sven, Assistent Professor, University of Antwerp
Dr. Goeyvaerts, Geert, Postdoc, KU Leuven
Presenter- Schildermans, Stef,
Abstract

We examine how the principal-agent problem due to imperfect information affects the costeffectiveness of a subsidy program for energy efficiency investments. Homeowners received
a reduction in their property tax of 20% to 40% for ten years if the efficiency level of theirdwelling reached a specific threshold. Using the universe of EPB declarations, we exploit thisnotch to credibly identify the number of bunching housing units and the average reduction in
their energy efficiency level. The results show that 89% of all housing units were
inframarginal. The cost per kilowatt-hour energy use saved ranges from 0.65 to 0.36 euro,
depending on the lifespan of the efficiency investments. The share of inframarginal units is
ten percentage points higher in the sample of developer built units (97%) than in the ownerbuilt sample (87%). This difference in inframarginal use leads to a cost per kWh which ismore than seven times larger for developer built units. The program's cost-effectivenesswould improve by 33% if the response in developer built units would have been as large as
the response in owner built units.
Do energy-efficiency renovations reduce energy poverty?
Authors

Mr. Roberdel, Vincent,Dr. Ossokina, Ioulia,
Prof. Arentze, Theo, Eindhoven University of Technology
Presenter

Mr. Roberdel, Vincent,
Abstract

Energy poverty - inability to afford adequately heating one's house - is especially urgent for
low-income households living in poorly insulated houses. This paper evaluates the effects ofabout 1,000 insulation renovations performed by 5 Dutch public housing providers in 20172019, on gas consumption and energy burden of tenants. Due to the compulsory character ofthe renovations, we are able to obtain insights for the whole distribution of households at riskof energy poverty. We use longitudinal dwelling and household data, and exploit a
combination of a difference-in-difference estimator and machine learning. Results show large
heterogeneity in renovation effects, which seems mainly to be driven by the size of gas

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consumption before renovation. Large gas users experience up to 30% energy savings,
against 8% for small gas users.
Energy subsidy cost-recovery
AuthorDr. Farrell, Niall,
Presenter

Dr. Farrell, Niall,
Abstract

Second-best energy subsidies are common. This letter establishes that the method of costrecovery is important. In a bilateral comparison of three common cost-recovery methods, weshow that household-level welfare effects are determined by the relative balance of budget
shares, income, and price effects. We characterise this relationship formally. We establish an
ordinal ranking of distributional effects. A uniform consumer levy is the most regressive
policy, followed by an energy price surcharge. A linear tax increase is progressive.

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Risk and Uncertainty
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Common pool resource management and risk perceptions -- PRESENTER: Nicolas Querou, DISCUSSANT:
Luca Di Corato
2. Emission Control Policies and Endogenous Market Structure under Uncertainty: the Price vs. Quantity
dilemma -- PRESENTER: Luca Di Corato, DISCUSSANT: Christian Mittelstaedt
3. Attribution of collective causal responsibility to individual actors in a stochastic system -- PRESENTER:
Christian Mittelstaedt, DISCUSSANT: Nicolas Querou

Speakers
Mr. Querou, Nicolas, -, Dr. Di Corato, Luca, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Mr. Mittelstaedt, Christian,Presentations

Common pool resource management and risk perceptions
Authors

Mr. Querou, Nicolas, -, Dr. Mavi, Can, INRAE
Presenter

Mr. Querou, Nicolas, -, Abstract

Motivated by recent discussions about the issue of risk perceptions for climate change related
events, we introduce a non-cooperative game setting where agents manage a common pool
resource under a potential risk, and agents exhibit different risk perception biases. Focusing
on the effect of the polarization level and other population features, we show that the type ofbias (overestimation versus underestimation biases) and the resource quality level before andafter the occurrence of the shift have first-order importance on the qualitative nature of
behavioral adjustments and on the pattern of resource conservation. When there are nonuniform biases within the population, the intra-group structure of the population qualitatively
affects the degree of resource conservation. Moreover, unbiased agents may react innonmonotone ways to changes in the polarization level when faced with agents exhibiting
different types of bias. The size of the unbiased agents' sub-population does not qualitatively
affect how an increase in the polarization level impacts individual behavioral adjustments,
even though it affects the magnitude of this change. Finally, it is shown how perception
biases affect the comparison between centralized and decentralized management.

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Emission Control Policies and Endogenous Market Structure under Uncertainty: the Price vs.
Quantity dilemma
Authors

Dr. Maoz, Yishay,
Dr. Di Corato, Luca, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Presenter

Dr. Di Corato, Luca, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Abstract

In a competitive industry where production entails pollution, a welfare-maximizing policy
maker considers, as control instruments, setting a cap on market output or levying anemission tax. We embed this scenario within a dynamic setup where market demand isstochastic and entry is irreversible. We firstly determine the industry equilibrium under both
policies and then the cap level and the tax rate maximizing welfare. Our main findings are: (i)the optimal tax policy dominates the optimal cap policy; (ii) the optimal tax policy
implements the first-best outcome.
Attribution of collective causal responsibility to individual actors in a stochastic system
Authors

Mr. Mittelstaedt, Christian,Prof. Baumgaertner, Stefan, University of Freiburg
Presenter

Mr. Mittelstaedt, Christian,Abstract

We propose an attribution measure of collective causal responsibility to individual actors instochastic nonlinear systems, i.e. managed ecosystems such as shallow lakes, rangelands or
fisheries. To this end, we take an existing measure of collective causal responsibility fromVallentyne (2008) and Baumgartner (2020), and adopt Shapley's (1953) fundamental conceptof how to divide a collective effect into individual marginal contributions. Our generic setting
is a system with a potential regime shift, where actions affect the regime-shift probability.
This paper closes a gap in the literature on responsibility attribution: our concept has cardinal
properties and allows for multiple actors with simultaneous actions. This is relevant for
implementing efficient incentive schemes and liability for managers of stochastic systems.

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Sustainable Development
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Lithium-ion Batteries and Fertility in Africa -- PRESENTER: Maurizio Malpede, DISCUSSANT: Patrick
Jochem
2. The demand for potentially scarce minerals for the German energy transition -- PRESENTER: Patrick
Jochem, DISCUSSANT: Rintaro Yamaguchi
3. Impact Inequality, Ecological Footprint, and Wealth Accounting -- PRESENTER: Rintaro Yamaguchi,
DISCUSSANT: Maurizio Malpede

Speakers
Dr. Malpede, Maurizio, Postdoctoral researcher, Bocconi University
Dr. Jochem, Patrick,Dr. Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES

Presentations

Lithium-ion Batteries and Fertility in Africa
AuthorDr. Malpede, Maurizio, Postdoctoral researcher, Bocconi University
Presenter

Dr. Malpede, Maurizio, Postdoctoral researcher, Bocconi University
Abstract

This paper explores the effects of the worldwide adoption of modern lithium-ion electricalbatteries on women's fertility rates. Identification relies on the geographic variations of cobalt
deposits, an essential mineral for the production of electric batteries, in the DRC. Unlike anyother mining activity, cobalt mining primarily employs children (Faber et al., 2017). The useof children in the workforce decreases the opportunity cost of raising a child, altering parental
fertility decisions (Doepke, 2004). I find that, as opposed to other mineral activities, women
living in cobalt-rich areas exhibit higher fertility rates. Results are robust to assumptions
about trends, distance, endogenous migration, presence of armed groups, and the number ofschools, and provide novel evidence on the relationship between child labor and fertility rates
in mineral-rich communities.
The demand for potentially scarce minerals for the German energy transition
Authors

Dr. Jochem, Patrick,
Mr. Schlichenmaier, Simon, Student, DLR-VE

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Dr. Naegler, Tobias, Postdoc, DLR-VE
Dr. Siala, Kais, Postdoc, PIK
Dr. Dirnaichner, Alois, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPresenter

Dr. Jochem, Patrick,
Abstract

While impacts from energy scenarios on greenhouse gas emissions are well understood inliterature, the resulting impact on critical resources are still vague. We develop acomprehensive approach for considering these effects by applying an integrated assessment
model, REMIND, and couple it with a comprehensive resource database for accounting theeffect on critical resources. This approach is applied to eight carbon-neutral scenarios which
are focusing on the resulting resource demand of Germany. Finally, this resource demand iscompared with the "German share" of global resources of 25 materials. Six materials (i.e.
cobalt, dysprosium, iridium, lithium, nickel, and vanadium) are identified as potentiallycritical.
Impact Inequality, Ecological Footprint, and Wealth Accounting
AuthorDr. Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES
Presenter

Dr. Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES
Abstract

One of the bedrocks of the Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review is the impact
inequality between the demand for and supply of Nature's services. Using both ecologicalfootprint and natural capital accounting, the Review demonstrates that the efficiency withwhich Nature's goods and services can be converted into produced goods and services needan annual increase of 10%, as opposed to the historical rate of 3.5%, if global impact equality
is to be achieved by 2030. Following the Review's assumption that this alpha-efficiency is anincreasing function of knowledge capital, we argue that it can be seen as another capital or
enabling asset in inclusive wealth accounting to reduce ecological footprint. First, we derive
the shadow price for alpha-efficiency as a capital asset. Then, by combining ecologicalfootprint and natural capital accounting data across countries, we show that while alphaefficiency has accumulated at a substantial rate over decades, except for oil-producing
countries, it plays only a minimal role in compensating for the erosion in natural capital andwealth in many countries. By incorporating alpha-efficiency as a capital asset, this study links
ecological footprint, impact inequality, natural capital and wealth accounting, and therefore
embeds a country's contribution to global sustainability into the index of nationalsustainability.

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Climate Policy: Carbon Pricing
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Confronting the carbon pricing gap: Second best climate policy -- PRESENTER: Katheline Schubert,
DISCUSSANT: Marius Paschen
2. Accounting for terrestrial and marine carbon sink enhancement -- PRESENTER: Marius Paschen,
DISCUSSANT: Katheline Schubert

Speakers
Schubert, Katheline, University of Paris
Dr. Paschen, Marius, Institut für Weltwirtschaft

Presentations

Confronting the carbon pricing gap: Second best climate policy
Authors

Schubert, Katheline, University of Paris
Pommeret, Aude, IREGE USMBProf. Ricci, Francesco, CEE-M, University of Montpellier
Presenter

Schubert, Katheline, University of Paris
Abstract

Confronted with political opposition to the implementation of efficient direct carbon pricing,climate policy relies on alternative policy interventions, such as subsidies to renewables. This
paper uses a dynamic macroeconomic model under a carbon budget to study climate policies
constrained to keeping a constant level of the carbon tax. We find that it is possible toimplement the optimal trajectory by combing an increasing tax on electricity consumption
with a feed-in-premium paid to electricity produced from renewable sources. Otherwise,
when the climate policy relies on the second instrument only, the subsidy to renewables
should be so large to foster rapid build up of specialized capital, that it would imply large
investment costs and financial burden on the public budget, unless the carbon tax level could
be initially set at a high level. Unfortunately, the two solutions with no or low welfare losses
raise concerns on their political acceptability too.
Accounting for terrestrial and marine carbon sink enhancement
Authors

Dr. Paschen, Marius, Institut für Weltwirtschaft
Dr. Rickels, Wilfried, -, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Dr. Meier, Felix, Kiel Institute for the World Economy

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Presenter

Dr. Paschen, Marius, Institut für Weltwirtschaft
Abstract

Any integration of extra carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via terrestrial or marine sinkenhancement into climate policies requires accounting for their effectiveness in reducing
atmospheric carbon concentration and translating this information into the amount of carbon
credits (to be used in official and voluntary emission trading schemes). Here, we assess
accounting schemes in their appropriateness of assigning carbon credits. We discuss the roleof temporary carbon storage and present the various accounting methods for carbon credit
assignment. We explain how we have implemented the methods numerically and analysecarbon assignments across the different accounting schemes, using stylized, model-based
ocean sink enhancement experiments.

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Air Pollution 4
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
The titles of the papers to be presented appear below. Please click on "Presentations" to see detailed information
about each paper.
1. Housing ventilation and air pollution from biomass cooking -- PRESENTER: Gunther Bensch,DISCUSSANT: Phindile Nkosi
2. Women Bargaining Power and the energy ladder hypothesis -- PRESENTER: Phindile Nkosi,
DISCUSSANT: Gregor Singer
3. Clean Identification? The Effects of the Clean Air Act on Air Pollution, Exposure Disparities and House
Prices -- PRESENTER: Gregor Singer, DISCUSSANT: Carlos Chavez Rebolledo
4. Private Benefits from Air Pollution Reduction Policies: Evidence from Across the Chilean Income
Distribution -- PRESENTER: Carlos Chavez Rebolledo, DISCUSSANT: Gunther Bensch

Speakers
Dr. Bensch, Gunther,Ms. Nkosi, Phindile ,Dr. Singer, Gregor,
Chavez Rebolledo, Carlos, Universidad de Talca

Presentations

Housing ventilation and air pollution from biomass cooking
Authors

Dr. Lenz, Luciane, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Bensch, Gunther,Mr. Chartier, Ryan, RTI
Ms. Eßer, Jana, RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Mr. Kane, Moustapha, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar
Dr. Peters, Jörg, RWI-Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Dr. Jeuland, Marc, Associate Professor, Duke University
Presenter

Dr. Bensch, Gunther,
Abstract

Policy and international organizations encounter substantive challenges in promoting clean
cooking fuels and stoves in developing countries to combat the adverse health effects ofhousehold air pollution. Transitional solutions to reduce household's effective exposure toharmful smoke include improved biomass stoves, but also cooking behavior and the cooking
environment. In this article, we use detailed household information from a sample from rural
Senegal to examine the correlation between stove use, kitchen ventilation, and cooking
practices and two distinct measures related to the burdens imposed by household air
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pollution: the kitchen concentration of particulate matter, and the main cooks' effective 24hour exposure to those particles. We embed this analysis in a systematic review of literaturethat assesses the relationship between housing ventilation and cooking-related air pollution indeveloping and emerging countries. Our comprehensive data and analytical framework
enable us to compare the relative importance of the household's cooking environment,
individuals' cooking behavior, and differences in cooking technology, i.e. stove types andfuels. Our findings provide new insight on the potential of cooking environment interventions
as a potential complement to the distribution of improved cooking technologies.
Women Bargaining Power and the energy ladder hypothesis
Authors

Ms. Nkosi, Phindile ,Dr. Gelo Kutela, Dambala, Senior Lecturer, University of WitwatersrandProf. Dikgang, Johane, Professor , University of WitwatersrandPresenter

Ms. Nkosi, Phindile ,Abstract

Improving access to affordable modern energy is critical to improving living standards indeveloping countries. However, there are also serious implications for climate change policyin the use of 'dirty' fuels and inefficient energy assets. Policies that are geared towards
addressing indoor pollution exist; however, not much effort has been put on understanding
the behavioural aspect thereof in the household like bargaining power, focusing on women.
Recognising the key roles played by women in domestic energy use has the potential tocontribute to innovative approaches to formulate more effective energy policies. To assess
this we use a multinomial logit model to model the gendered aspects of household fuelchoices and the drivers of household fuel choices for cooking, heating and lighting. The
results show that when it comes to cooking, women have an impact in choosing to cook withelectricity or solar and gas unlike other electricity services. Income and education were also
found to be a determinant household fuel use. The results show that recognising the key roles
played by women in domestic energy use has the potential to contribute to innovative
approaches to formulate more effective energy policies.
Clean Identification? The Effects of the Clean Air Act on Air Pollution, Exposure Disparities
and House Prices
Authors

Dr. Singer, Gregor,
Dr. Sager, Lutz,
Presenter

Dr. Singer, Gregor,
Abstract

We analyze the effect of the U.S. Clean Air Act standards for fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
Using high-resolution air pollution data, we find that nonattainment designations in 2005 led
to reductions in PM2.5 levels by -0.4ug/m-3 over five years, with larger effects in morepolluted areas. Standard difference-in-differences would overstate these effects by a factor ofthree due to time trends that differ by baseline pollution. We propose three alternative
approaches which respectively control for baseline pollution levels, match similar attainment
and nonattainment areas, and exploit the discontinuous regulatory nonattainment cutoff. We
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show that nonattainment designations contributed to narrowing Urban-Rural and BlackWhite PM2.5 exposure disparities, but less than in a difference-in-differences framework.
Pollution damages capitalized into house prices, however, are understated by difference-indifferences when using nonattainment as instrument and thus larger than previously thought.
Private Benefits from Air Pollution Reduction Policies: Evidence from Across the Chilean
Income Distribution
Authors

Chavez Rebolledo, Carlos, Universidad de Talca
Mr. Uribe, Adolfo, Universidad de Talca
Dr. Jaime, Marcela, Universidad de Concepcion
Dr. Gomez, Walter, Universidad de La Frontera
Bluffstone, Randall, Portland State University
Presenter

Chavez Rebolledo, Carlos, Universidad de Talca
Abstract

We design and implement a field experiment to estimate the key private benefits from a
program to replace inefficient wood-fired heating stoves with more efficient pellet stoves incentral Chile. Combining electronic stove surface temperature and air pollution monitoringmeasurements along with household surveys, we estimate the effects of adoption on fuelexpenditures, indoor temperatures and indoor air pollution concentrations (PM2.5). We also
explore heterogeneous effects of the program by income group and energy poverty status.
Our results suggest that, after controlling for observable characteristics of individuals anddwellings, users of pellet stoves enjoy 13% lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations comparedwith those who have traditional stoves. While they have more stable indoor temperatures(lower variance), there is no difference in mean temperatures. We find that lower-income
households receive greater improvements in indoor air pollution than those with higherincomes, which suggests that the program may be progressive in this dimension. However,
we also find that the improved heating stove is significantly more costly to operate regardlessof income category. The improved biomass heating technology therefore does not appear to
improve the cost dimension of energy poverty.

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Policy Session 3: The Proposed ETS for Buildings and Road
Transport in the EC’s Fit-for-55 Package: Getting Prices Right andEnsuring Equity
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
Policy Session 3: The proposed ETS for buildings and road transport in the EC’s Fit-for-55 package: getting
prices right and ensuring equity
As part of its Fit-for-55 package, the European Commission proposed the strengthening of emission trading andthe creation of a separate ETS for buildings and road transport (BRT ETS), combined with a new Social Climate
Fund to address its social impacts. While extending carbon pricing to sectors not yet covered is an obvious
choice from an economic point of view, it is very contentious politically. Particularly important open questionsare (a) how high and volatile the price in the new system will be, and related (b) what the distributional
implications between households and Member States will be. The aim of this session is to shed light on theseissues drawing on new economic analysis, and based on this to discuss the mechanisms proposed by the EC tostabilize prices and balance distributional impacts. To that end, the session will bring together (national and EU)
policy makers and academics, including members of EAERE's Policy Outreach Committee (POC). More
broadly, the session will also reflect on insights for policy outreach.
Panelists:
Aldo Ravazzi Douvan (Chief Economist of the Italian Ministry of Ecological Transition)
Benjamin Görlach (Ecologic Institute)
Mirjam Kosch (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)
Jan Nill (European Commission)Moderation: Simone Borghesi (European University Institute) and Michael Pahle (PIK)
Organised by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the EAERE Policy OutreachCommittee (POC)

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Thematic Session 8: Jobs and Skills in the Low Carbon Economy
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
Building a carbon-neutral economy involves a substantial reallocation of workers towards low carbon activities.
Previous literature finds that net effect of environmental policies on employment is small, especially whengeneral equilibrium effects and offsetting mechanisms are accounted for. However, recent empirical studies
using detailed data are revealing a more nuanced patterns with particular groups within the labour force facing
greater challenges than others.
Our thematic session on Jobs and skills in the low carbon economy combines 5 papers that use unique datasetsand contribute vital evidence on the changing demand for skills and broader labour market implications of the
low carbon transition. Saussay, Vona and Sato explores the skill content, geography and wages of low carbon
jobs vis-à-vis high carbon or other jobs using data on online job vacancies published between 2010-2019 in the
U.S.. Elliott, Kuai, Maddison and Ozgen analyse how Dutch environmental taxes affect the number of total jobs
and green jobs. The contribution by Alacevich and Verdolini explores technological nexus between two global
trends - digitisation and decarbonisation – and assess how technologies are likely to impact labour market
outcomes. Janser and Lehmer use German worker-level and administrative firm level data to examine the effectof the climate polices on employment structure and task content. De Sario, Marin and Vona considers the link
between the occupational exposure to climate policies, both in terms of emission intensity and green skills
content, and the support to stringent policies for European citizens.
Taken together, the 5 papers take complementary empirical perspective on job creation and losses in thetransition to a low carbon economy. Thus they contribute to a sound understanding of implications of thetransition on labour markets transitions which is vital to remove potential delivery bottlenecks and ensure
structural adjustment costs are minimized for workers in a just transition. These insights are vital for ensuring
the political acceptability of climate policy and interesting also for policy makers as well as for a broader
economic audience.
Organisers:
Giovanni Marin (University of Urbino Carlo Bo and SEEDS, Italy)
Misato Sato (Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK)
Aurelien Saussay (Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK)
Francesco Vona (University Statale of Milan, Italy, and OFCE, Sciences Po, France)

Speakers
Dr. Saussay, Aurelien, -, London School of Economics
Prof. Marin, Giovanni,Prof. Verdolini, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Brescia
Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham

Presentations

Measuring skill gaps in the green economy using online job-ads data
Authors

Dr. Saussay, Aurelien, -, London School of Economics
Vona, Francesco, OFCE Sciences-Po
Sato, Misato, London School of Economics
Presenter

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Dr. Saussay, Aurelien, -, London School of Economics
Abstract

The transition to a carbon-neutral economy involves a substantial growth and reallocation of
employment in so-called green sectors, such as energy-efficient building, electric mobility
and clean energy. Retraining the workforce is a key, but still under-explored, aspect of suchtransition. Using a large dataset of nearly 200 million job ads published in the U.S. over the
past decade, we examine the skill requirements of green job ads in very specific occupations.
Our result underscores highly heterogeneous patterns across occupations in terms of the set ofskills needed in low-carbon activities. While the skill gaps between green and non-green job
ads are large also within the same occupation, we do not find systematic evidence of a wage
premium for green skills.
Citizens’ attitudes towards climate mitigation policies: the role of occupational exposure
Authors

Prof. Marin, Giovanni,
Ms. De Sario, Gabriella, Ministry of Economics and Finance; University of Rome La Sapienza
Prof. Sacchi, Agnese, University of Urbino Carlo Bo
Presenter

Prof. Marin, Giovanni,
Abstract

Climate mitigation policies contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with net
benefits for the society. However, those policies might create winners and losers. Focusing on
microdata from the 2016 release of the European Social Survey we investigate the citizens'support towards the implementation of different climate mitigation policies, considering theirpersonal attitudes and beliefs on climate change and the likely impact of those policies
through labour markets. We focus on the extent to which carbon intensity of occupations andthe green skills requirement of occupations contributes to the support (or lack thereof)
towards stringent climate policies. Our results suggest that people in emission-intensive
occupations tend to be against stringent climate policies, whereas people in occupations that
require high levels of green skills support stringent climate policies.
Digital industrial technologies and decarbonization pathways: energy and labor market
impacts
Authors

Dr. Alacevich, Caterina,
Prof. Verdolini, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Brescia
Presenter

Prof. Verdolini, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Brescia
Abstract

Does digitalization of the industrial sector imply trade-offs between energy efficiency, energy
savings, and employment? The impact of digital technologies on each of these outcomes hasreceived increasing attention, but their joint implication is less studied. Digitalization of theindustrial sector could increase our chances of meeting stringent climate targets throughincreased efficiency while also having positive impacts on labour market outcomes.
Conversely, it may increase energy demand and make human-performed labour redundant.
Our perspective paper bridges the gap between these two aspects of the technological and

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environmental transition. We identify five key classes of digital technologies with thepotential to impact energy efficiency and demand in the industrial sector and review evidenceof their labour market effects from the microeconomic literature.
How does decarbonization affect workers? Climate policies and their effects on low- andhigh-carbon tasks, occupations and individual employment biographies
Authors

Dr. Janser, Markus,
Dr. Lehmer, Florian, IAB
Presenter

Dr. Janser, Markus,
Abstract

Whereas there is an increasing number of studies about economic effects of climate policy ingeneral, it is still an open question to what extent the transformation of the economy affects
workers directly. This paper is the first that shows by means of two new indices how
decarbonization is reflected by changes at occupational level both in terms of climate-friendly
and climate-harmful tasks and how this relates to the worker level. We deliver an in-depth
analysis of task contents, employment and wage growth, job stability, and occupational
mobility. First preliminary results show that occupations with low-carbon tasks go along withhigher job stability and higher wage growth. These analyses are based on a threefold record
linkage between administrative worker-level data of the German Federal Employment
Agency, administrative firm-level data of European and German climate policy institutions,and a new index at occupational level, the Climate-Impact-of-Jobs Index (CIMJI) for 20122020. These data will also be used in the next months to extent the scope of the paper by
econometric analyses of labor market impacts of the EU ETS and the German RenewableEnergy-Act at worker level.
Environmental Taxes and Employment
Authors

Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Dr. Ozgen, Ceren,
Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Dr. Kuai, Wenjing, Assistant Professor, Hunan University
Presenter

Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Abstract

In recent years environmental taxes have become a central pillar of green growth policies.
Opponents of these polices claim that environmental taxes have destroyed jobs while
proponents believe that such taxes help to create more high quality, cleaner and greener jobs.
We examine the impact of environmental taxes on total employment, the number of green
jobs, and the share of green jobs using an O*NET based task approach in the Dutch labour
market between 2000 and 2016 in a panel data setting. The results from our sector level
analysis indicates that there is a negative relationship between environmental taxes and thetotal number of jobs but there is a positive impact on the number of green jobs and share ofgreen jobs. Our 3SLS estimates show that a 10% increase in environmental taxes lead to a
1.65% decrease in total number of jobs, but a 2.58% increase in the number of green jobs,

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equivalent to 254 additional green jobs. The creation of high skilled green jobs in nonindustrial sectors drive our baseline findings.

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Thematic Session 9: The Financing of Green Innovation
1 July 2022, 02:00 PM - 03:45 PM
Description
Limiting global warming to well below 2°C, as agreed under the Paris Agreement, will require extensive
development and improvement of carbon-free technologies over the next decades. However, certain market
failures existing in financial systems might translate into inadequate incentives to mobilize low carbon
investments at the scale and pace required. Indeed, access to finance is one of the major barriers to firms’
innovative activity, and financial constraints are even more relevant in the context of green innovations.
Whereas empirical evidence exists, the literature on the topic is scarce and many relevant questions remain. Thisthematic session aims at analyzing the issue of financing green innovation from different perspectives and using
a variety of methods, and continues a tradition of papers and sessions within EAERE conferences focusing on
how to unlock innovation in clean technologies.
Organiser: Dr Alessandro Spiganti (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and RFF-CMCC European Institute on
Economics and the Environment)

Speakers
Ms Nowzohour, Laura, PhD Student, IHEID
Spiganti, Alessandro, University of VeniceDr. Haas, Christian,Presentations

Does Environmental Policy Uncertainty Hinder Investments Towards a Low-Carbon
Economy?
Authors

Ms Nowzohour, Laura, PhD Student, IHEID
Noailly, Joelle, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva
Mr. van den Heuvel, Matthias, PhD Student, EPFL
Presenter

Ms Nowzohour, Laura, PhD Student, IHEID
Abstract

We use text-as-data methods relying on supervised machine learning algorithms applied tonewspapers to construct a new index of policy uncertainty in US environmental and climate
regulations over the 1990-2019 period. We find that policy uncertainty is pervasive in thehistory of US environmental policy and tends to rise around salient events and election
cycles. We further examine how our environmental policy uncertainty index -- the EnvPU
index -- relates to investments in the low-carbon economy, which are by nature more
dependent on policy support. In firm-level estimations, we find that our index is associatedwith a reduced probability for cleantech startups to receive venture capital (VC) funding, inparticular for clean energy startups characterized by capital-intensive investments that are
difficult to reverse. In financial markets, a rise in our EnvPU index is associated with higher
stock volatility for firms with above-average green revenue shares. At the macro level,
shocks in our index lead to declines in the number of cleantech VC deals and higher volatilityof the main benchmark clean energy exchange-traded fund. Overall, our results are consistent
EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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with the notion that policy uncertainty delays investments for the low-carbon economy,
thereby representing a key bottleneck in addressing the urgency of climate action.
Green innovation and financing constraints
Authors

Dr. Campiglio, Emanuele,
Spiganti, Alessandro, University of VeniceDr. Wiskich, Anthony, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Australian National University
Presenter

Spiganti, Alessandro, University of Venice
Abstract

Financing constraints are a major barrier to the conduct of green innovative projects. We
incorporate credit constraints in an endogenous growth model, where research can be directed
to clean and dirty projects. We show that heterogeneous credit constraints are a threat to thetransition as they stifle innovation in green technologies. However, with endogenous credit
constraints depending on the market share of each technology, climate policy not only shifts
innovation towards the green sector but also indirectly reduces the reluctance of the credit
market to finance clean innovations, further facilitating the transition.
Low-Carbon Investment and Credit Rationing
Authors

Dr. Haas, Christian,Dr. Kempa, Karol,
Presenter

Dr. Haas, Christian,Abstract

This paper offers a novel theoretical approach to analyse the impacts of emission externalities
and credit market failures on low-carbon investments. We use a principal-agent model withinformation asymmetries between borrowing firms and lenders. Firms can choose between an
existing carbon-intensive technology and a new low-carbon technology requiring an
externally funded initial investment. We find that an emission tax alone is not sufficient toachieve the first-best outcome due to credit rationing if the low-carbon technology isimmature and risky. Combining the emission tax with interest subsidies or loan guarantees
can eliminate credit rationing. If a carbon price is (politically) not feasible, intervention on
the credit market alone can promote low-carbon development. However, such a policy yields
a second-best outcome. Our dynamic analysis shows that any intervention on credit markets
is finite, as knowledge spillovers reduce the risk of low-carbon technologies. Without suchintervention, there are social costs of delay.

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List of Speakers
Abashidze, Nino,
Abatayo, Anna Lou, Assistant Professor, Wageningen University and Research
Abay, Abrha Teklay,Abe, Keita,
Agliardi, Elettra, University of Bologna
AHI, JULIDE CEREN,
Ahlvik, Lassi, University of Helsinki
Akhundjanov, Sherzod, Assistant Professor, Utah State University
Akyapi (Job Market), Berkay, Job Market, University of Florida
Alberini, Anna , University of Maryland
Alem, Yonas, EfD Environment for Development Initiative, University of Gothenburg
Alpizar, Francisco , Professor, Wagenigen University and Research Center
Ambec, Stefan, Toulouse School of Economics
Ameli, Nadia,
Andarge, Tihitina, Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Andersson, Henrik, Toulouse School of Economics
Andor, Mark, Economist, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Andreoni, Pietro, Politecnico di Milano; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and theEnvironment
Andres, Pia,
Angerpointner, Cian,
Annicchiarico, Barbara, -, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Arguedas, Carmen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Arlinghaus, Johanna,
Aruga, Kentaka,
Asheim, Geir, University of Oslo
Assmuth, Aino, Natural Resources Institute Finland LUKE
Astier, Nicolas, -, Stanford
Avetisyan, Misak,
Avila, Antonio,
Axenbeck, Janna,Azim, Rumi,
Aziz, Sonia, -, Moravian University
Bahlali, Mohamed,
Balietti, Anca ,Balmford, Ben, Postdoctoral researcher, LEEP Institute, Economics Department, University of Exeter
Business School
Bareille, Francois, Researcher, INRAE
Bartczak, Anna, Warsaw University
Bartels, Lara,

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BASTIT, Félix,Baumgaertner, Stefan, University of Freiburg
Bawa, Ranjit,
Bazzana, Davide,
Becerra-Valbuena (Job Market), Luis Guillermo, Job Market, Behrer, Arnold,
Bellanca, Margherita,
Bellelli, Francesco,
Beltran, Allan,
Bender, Jonas, University of Kassel
Benedetti, Elena, Lecturer in Accounting and Finance, Newcastle Business School - Northumbria
University
Bensch, Gunther,
Bento, Antonio, University of Southern California
Berger, Julius,
Berland, Ondine,
Bezmaternykh, Natalia, Lecturer,
Bialek, Sylwia, Economist, German Council of Economic Experts, New York University
Bilén, David,
Blanz, Alkis,
Blasch, Julia, Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Bluffstone, Randall, Portland State University
Bolz, Simon Johannes,
Bordón, Martín,
Borghesi, Simone, Director FSR Climate, European University InstituteBortolan, Leonardo,
Bos, Björn,
Bostedt, Göran,Braun, Marius,
Brausmann, Alexandra, Assisstant Professor, University of Vienna
Bravo Melgarejo, Sai , ENAC
Brehm, Johannes, RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Bremer, Leon,
Burani, Nadia,
Burra, Lavan Teja,
Böhringer, Christoph, Researcher, University of Oldenburg
Campiglio, Emanuele,
Caparros, Alejandro, Professor in Economics, University of Durham
Carrilho (Job Market), Cauê D., Pos-doctoral researcher , 1)Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades(EACH) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo - SP,
Brasil; 2)CEE-M, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Casari, Marco, University of Bologna

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Cassin, Lesly, Post-doctoral researcher, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (UMR CNRS 8174), Université
Paris 1, France
Cerroni, Simone, Associate Professor, University of Trento
Chakir, Raja, Researcher, INRAE
Chakravorty, Ujjayant, University of Alberta
Chatterjee, Anomitro,
Chavez Rebolledo, Carlos, Universidad de Talca
Cherbonnier, Frederic, -, Chiroleu-Assouline, Mireille, Paris School of Economics
Cho, Frankie,
Cisneros (Job Market), Elias, Job Market, Claise, Fanny, -, Colelli, Francesco, CMCC
Collalti, Dino,
Collet, Charles,
Constantino, Sara,
Cook, Nikolai,
Coppens, Léo,
Costantini, Valeria, Full Professor, Roma Tre University
Crepin, Léa,
Crespo, Daniel, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre (CITA) and University of Zaragoza
Damm, Yannic Rudá,Das, Saudamini,
Dasgupta, Shouro, Fondazione CMCC - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change
Dasgupta, Sir Partha, Frank Ramsey Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of Cambridge
Dato, Prudence,David, Francesco, Banca d'Italia
de Bruin, Kelly, ESRIDe Cian, Enrica, University Ca' Foscari of Venicede Frutos Cachorro, Julia,de Preux, Laure, -, Imperial College London
den Nijs, Sacha, PhD Candidate , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Dennig, Francis, -, Desjardins, Manon,
Di Corato, Luca, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Di Maria, Corrado, University of East Anglia
Diamantoudi , Faye, Concordia University
Diatta, Racine, -, Diederich, Johannes,
Diekert, Florian, -, Heidelberg University
Dietz, Simon, London School of Economics (LSE)

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Diluiso, Francesca, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Dimitropoulos, Alexandros, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Doll, Claire,
Douenne, Thomas, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam
Doyen, Luc, -, CNRS
Drabik, Dusan, Associate Professor, Wageningen University
Drouet, Laurent, -, RFF-CMCC EIEE
Drupp, Moritz, University Hamburg
Dube, Isha, University of Leipzig and German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) HalleJena-Leipzig
Egli, Florian,
Eisenack, Klaus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Eisenbarth, Sabrina ,Ek, Claes,
Elbakidze, Levan, -, Elliott, Robert, University of Birmingham
Emmerling, Johannes, EIEE
Endendijk, Thijs, PhD-candidate, Institute for Environmental Studies - VU Amsterdam
Engler, Daniel, Research associate, University of Kassel
Espinola-Arredondo, Ana, Professor, Washington State University
Eßer, Jana, RWI – Leibniz-Institut für WirtschaftsforschungEwald, Jens, PhD Student, University of Gothenburg
Eyckmans, Johan, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, campus Brussels
Eydam, Ulrich, University of Potsdam
Fabre, Adrien,
Faccioli, Michela, -, University of Exeter & University of Trento
Fanghella, Valeria ,Faria Lopes, Ana,
Farina, Georges,
Farrell, Niall,
Feine, Gregor,
Feldhaus, Christoph,
Ferrara, Ida,
Fialkow, Jaime,
Filippelli, Raphael,
Fillon, Romain,Fischer, Carolyn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Flörchinger, Daniela, RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
Fockaert, Lysander,
Forni, Lorenzo, Professor of Political Economy, University of Padua
Franceschinis, Cristiano, Researcher, University of Padova

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Franco, Daniele, Minister of Economy and Finance, Italian Ministry of Economy and FinanceFranks, Max, -, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Technical University of Berlin
Fu, Rongrong,
Furini, Francesco, Universität Hamburg
Gaitan, Beatriz, Researcher,
Galdi, Giulio,
Garbarino, Nicola,
Garcia-Muros, Xaquin, -, BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change and MIT Joint Program on the Scienceand Policy of Global Change
Gauthier, Marie,
Gazze, Ludovica,
Gerlagh, Reyer, Tilburg University
Gerling, Charlotte,
Gessner, Johannes,
Ghosh, Arijit,
Giallonardo, Luisa,
Gillespie, Tom,
Giovanardi, Francesco,
Girard, Julia,
Giraudet, Louis-Gaëtan,Goeschl, Timo, University of Heidelberg
Goetz, Renan-Ulrich, Universitat de Girona
Grainger, Corbett,
Grant, Laura,
Greaker, Mads, OsloMet University
Grieder, Manuel, Assistant Professor, ZHAW/ FernUni Schweiz
Grilli, Gaetano, University of East Anglia
Groom, Ben, -, University of Exeter
Guetlein , Marie-Charlotte , Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Gupta, Ridhima,
Gutsche, Gunnar, University of Kassel
Gérard, Maxence,
Haas, Christian,Haerle, Daniel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Hagem, Cathrine, University of Oslo
Hainnaux, Camille,
Hansen, Lars Peter, David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of
ChicagoHaustein, Erik,
Heijmans, R.J.R.K., -, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Helmers, Viola,

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Hemous, David, -, Henry, Loic,
Hernandez-Arenaz, Iñigo, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Heyen, Daniel , TU Kaiserslautern
Higney, Anthony,
Hille (Job Market), Erik, Job Market, Hintermann, Beat, University of Basel
Hoarau, Quentin, -, CentraleSupelec
Hochard, Jacob, -, University of Wyoming
Hu, Irène, PhD Candidate, Paris School of Economics
Huber, Celine,
Hänsel, Martin,
Isaksen, Elisabeth,
Iversen, Endre Kildal,
Jacksohn, Anke,
Jacobsen, Grant,
Janda, Karel, Charles University and University of Economics, Prague
Janzen, Benedikt,Jaraite, Jurate, Researcher, Vilnius University
Jean, Simon,
Jee, Su Jung, University of Bradford
Jenkins, Jamie, University of Helsinki
Jensen, Svenn,
Jo, Ara,Jochem, Patrick,Johnston, Robert, Professor of Economics, Clark University
Jouf, Chouaib,
Junqueira Sartori, Pedro,
Kaestner, Kathrin,
Kahsay, Goytom Abraha,
Karamik, Yasemin,Kassouri, Yacouba,
Kaushal, Kevin Raj, Statistics Norway
Keles, Derya,
Kesselring, Anne ,Kesternich, Martin, Researcher, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Khanna (Job Market), Shefali, Research Associate in Energy and Environmental Economics, Imperial
College London
Kiarsi, Mehrab, Henan University
Kipperberg, Gorm, Associate Professor, University of Stavanger
Kirkland, Bailey, University of Wyoming

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Kiros, Bahre Gebru,
Kivedal, Bjørnar Karlsen,
Kling, Catherine L., Tisch University Professor of Environmental, Energy, and Resource Economics,
Cornell University
Knittel, Nina, post-doc researcher, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz
Koch, Juliane,
Kosch, Mirjam,
Kotsch, Raphaela,
Koundouri, Phoebe, Professor in Economics, Athens University of Economics and Business
Krebs (Job Market), Benjamin, Job Market, Krupnick, Alan,
Kruse, Tobias, OECD
Kröger, Mats,
Kunze, Sven,Kurz, Antonia,
Kvamsdal, Sturla, SNF - Centre for Applied Research at NHH
Kverndokk, Snorre, Frisch Centre
Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Köbrich León, Anja, University Kassel
Lambertini, Luca, Full Professor, University of Bologna
Lancker (Job Market), Kira, Job Market, Landis, Conrad,
Lange, Andreas, University of Hamburg
Lautrup, Marie, Ph.D.-student, University of Copenhagen
Le Thi, Christine,
Leeffers (Job Market), Stefan, Job Market, Lehmann, Paul, junior professor,
Leon, Carmelo J.,
Lepault, Claire, PhD Student, Paris School of Economics
Leroutier (Job Market), Marion, Job Market, Leroux, Anke,
Lessmann, Kai, Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Li, Xiaoying, PhD student, Södertörn University
Limardi, Michela,
Limbach, Kristin, Job Market, Lindström, Hanna, Umeå University
Linsenmeier, Manuel,Lintunen, Jussi, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke
Liski, Matti, Aalto University School of Economics
Lochard, Julie,

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Lodi, Chiara, Post Doc Fellow, University of Urbino Carlo Bo - Department of Economics, Society,
Politics
Lombardini, Chiara,
Lorang, Etienne,
Loureiro, Maria, Professor, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Lumkowsky, Marcel,
LY, Alpha,
Lyssenko, Nikita,
Löfgren, Asa, University of Gothenburg
Lötjönen, Sanna,
Maddison, David, University of Birmingham
Madrigal, Roger,
Malliet, Paul,
Malpede, Maurizio, Postdoctoral researcher, Bocconi University
Manotas Hidalgo (Job Market), Beatriz, Job Market, Universidad Pública de Navarra
Marbler, Alexander,
Marin, Giovanni,
Marsiglio, Simone, University of Pisa
Martinez-Cruz, Adan L., Professor, Department of Forest Economics and Centre for Environmental andResource Economics (CERE), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar,
Masoudi, Nahid, Associate professor, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Massoni, Hubert, PhD student, University of Bologna
Mathisen, Terje Andreas, Nord University
Mavroeidi, Eleonora, OECD
Mayer, Jakob, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Mazzanti, Massimiliano, University of Ferrara and SEEDS
Mazzarano, Matteo, -, McDermott, Tom,McTaggart, Ewan,
Meginnis, Keila,
Meier, Volker,
Meier, Felix, Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Meier, Jan-Niklas,
Meinhof (Job Market), Jonathan, Job Market, Metta, Julie, PhD Student, KU Leuven
Meyer, Jessica ,Michelini, Sidney,
Middelanis, Robin,
Millner, Antony,
Minnich, Aljoscha, University of Hamburg

EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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updated: 28/06/22

Missbach, Leonard,
Missios, Paul, Professor, Ryerson University
Miteva, Daniela,
Mittelstaedt, Christian,
Moeltner, Klaus,
Mogge, Lukas, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Monjoie, Leopold,
Montero, Juan Pablo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Chile
Morales, Jose R, University of Valladolid
Morehouse, John,
Moretti, Michele, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Antwerp, University of Pisa
Mubenga-Tshitaka (Job Market), Jean-Luc, Job Market, Munoz-Garcia, Felix,
Munro, Alistair, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Möller, Sophia,
Nabernegg, Stefan,
Nabernegg, Markus,
Naime, Julia ,Nedoncelle, Clément, Researcher, INRAE
Neupert-zhuang, Menglu,
Nguyen, Thi Hoa,
Nguyen-Tien (Job Market), Viet, Job Market, Nkosi, Phindile ,Nowzohour, Laura, PhD Student, IHEID
Noy (Job Market), Ilan, Job Market, Victoria University of WellingtonNævdal, Eric, Frisch Centre
Ojea Ferreiro, Javier,
Ollier (Job Market), Maxime, Job Market, Olsen, Søren Bøye, University of Copenhagen
Onofri, Laura, -, University of Padova
Opatrny, Matej,
Orecchia, Carlo, Official, Ministry of Economy and FinanceOsberghaus, Daniel, Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Osterberg, Nico, Doctoral Researcher, University of Helsinki
Otero Cortés, Andrea,
Ouvrard, Benjamin, -, Ovaere, Marten, Doctor Assistant, Ghent University
Ozgen, Ceren,
Paglialunga, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Urbino
Parkatti, Vesa-Pekka, University of Helsinki
Paroissien, Emmanuel,

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Paschen, Marius, Institut für Weltwirtschaft
Pavanello, Filippo, PhD Student, University of Bologna, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, CMCC
Pelli, Martino, University of Sherbrooke
Perdana, Sigit, Post Doc Researcher, EPFL
Perez Barahona, Agustin,
Persson, Lars, Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
Pethig, Ruediger, Universitat GH Siegen
Petrella, Andrea, Bank of Italy
Pintus, Francesco Jacopo,
Piras, Simone,
Poelhekke, Steven,
Pondorfer, Andreas,
Preinfalk, Eva,
Pronti, Andrea,
Quemin, Simon, Senior Researcher, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Reseearch (PIK)
Querou, Nicolas, -, Quispe Roque, Diana Margaret, Radulescu, Doina, Professor,
Raffin, Natacha,
Rausch, Sebastian, Faculty, ZEW Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and Heidelberg
University
Rautiainen, Aapo, Researcher, Finnish Meteorological InstituteRavigné, Emilien, PhD Candidate, CIRED & Univ. Paris-Saclay
Reitzmann, Léo,
Remes, Piia,
Renner, Sebastian, researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC)
Renoir (Job Market), Clément, Job Market, Reutter, Felix,
Reynaud, Arnaud, Researcher, TSE-R, INRAE
Rezai, Armon, Vienna University of Economics and Business
Riascos, Jose,
Richter, Andries, Wageningen University
Rickman, Jamie,
Riesenbeck, Lukas,
Roberdel, Vincent,Robinson, Elizabeth, University of Reading
Rohrer, Anna Viktoria, University of Graz
Rollins, Curtis,
Roolfs, Christina, Researcher, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change(MCC), Berlin, Germany
Rose, Adam, University of Southern California

EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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updated: 28/06/22

Rottner, Elisa,
Rozendaal, Rik,
Rubin, Edward,
Rubio , Santiago J. , University of Valencia
Rufo, Elvia,
Röckert, Julian,
Safarzynska, Karolina , Warsaw University
Sahari, Anna, -, VATT Institute for Economic Research
Salanié, François, Toulouse School of Economics
Salin, Mathilde, CIRED - AgroParisTech
Sangwan, Nikita,
Santonja di Fonzo, Adrian, DIW Berlin
Sarmiento, Luis, Researcher,Sartzetakis, Eftichios, University of Macedonia
Saussay, Aurelien, -, London School of Economics
Sauvagnat, Julien, -, Savelsberg, Jonas, ETH Zürich
Savin (Job Market), Ivan, Researcher (Job Market), Scasny, Milan, Charles University in Prague
Schaap, Robbert-Jan,
Schaub, Sergei,
Schenk, Hanna,
Schildermans, Stef,
Schleich, Joachim, Grenoble Ecole de Management
Schmidt, Robert, FernUniversität in Hagen
Schons, Stella,
Schubert, Katheline, University of Paris
Schuch, Esther, Institute for advanced sustainability studies
Schuenemann, Franziska, Scientist, University of Hohenheim
Schwarz, Antonia, PIK
Schwerhoff, Gregor, International Monetary Fund
Schwickert, Henrike,
Schwirplies, Claudia, University of Hamburg
Schöttker, Oliver, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
Schürer, Laura,
Semieniuk, Gregor, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Sievert, Maximiliane,
Simixhiu, Amantia, University of Kassel
Simon, Dora Zsuzsanna, University of Stavanger
Singer, Gregor,
Singh, Prachi, -, -EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

428

updated: 28/06/22

Siu (Job Market), Wai Yan, Job Market, Slechten, Aurélie,Smulders, Sjak, Tilburg University
Sogalla, Robin,
Sokołowski (Job Market), Jakub, Job Market, Somanathan, Eswaran, Indian Statistical InstituteSommer, Stephan,Souza, Mateus, Postdoctoral Researcher, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Spiganti, Alessandro, University of Venice
Spycher, Sarah,
Srivastav, Sugandha,Stahn, Hubert, Aix-Marseille School of economics
Standardi, Gabriele, Researcher,
Stechemesser, Annika,
Steckel, Jan, Head, Climate and Development Working Group, Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change
Steffen, Bjarne,
Steinbuks, Jevgenijs , World Bank
Steininger, Karl, University of Graz
Stern (Job Market), Lennart, Job Market, Stoerk, Thomas, -, National Bank of Belgium, LSE
Stolbova, Veronika, Postdoctoral Researcher, ETH Zurich
Strobl, Eric, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of BernStråle, Jonathan,
Stucki, Tobias,
Sureth, Michael, PhD Candidate, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
Süring, Charlotte,
Tahvonen, Olli, University of Helsinki
Tanner, Michael, University of Hamburg
Tarach, Moritz, TU Darmstadt
Tatoutchoup, Francis Didier,
Tavoni, Massimo, -, EIEE
Tchorzewska, Kinga, Post-doctoral Researcher, University of Mannheim & ZEW Mannheim
Thiel, Patrick,Tiedemann, Silvana,Tomberg, Lukas,Tran, Trang,
Treich, Nicolas, Senior Researcher in Economics, INRAE - TSE
Tsani, Stella, Assistant Professor, University of Ioannina
Tschopp, Jeanne,

EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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updated: 28/06/22

Turdaliev (Job Market), Salim, Ph.D Candidate (Job Market), Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty ofSocial Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Tyack, Nicholas,
Uliczka, Niklas,
Unel, Burcin, economist,
Unfried, Kerstin, University of Göttingen
Ustyuzhanina, Polina,
Vaglietti, Giulia,
Valente, Marica, Assistant Professor, University of Innsbruck
Valentini, Edilio,
Vandyck, Toon, European Commission, Joint Research Centre
Vehviläinen, Iivo,
Venmans, Frank,
Verdolini, Elena, Assistant Professor, University of Brescia
Verhoeven, Dewy,
Verissimo, Daniel, Rewilding Portugal
Vesterberg, Mattias,
Vienne, Veronica,
Vollaard, Ben,
Volle, Alexandre, Assistant Professor, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adourvon Dulong, Angelika, -, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
von Graevenitz, Kathrine, Researcher,von Loessl, Victor,
Vossler, Christian, University of Tennessee
Wagener, Florian,
Wagner, Ulrich, University of Mannheim
Wang, Maria,
Wanner, Joschka,
Weingaertner, Eva, University of Kassel
Wekhof, Tobias,
Wen, Xiaojie, Technical University of Munich
Werthschulte, Madeline, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research
Wetzel, Heike,
Winkler, Ralph, University of Bern
Withagen, Cees, Professor of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Wolfersberger, Julien, AgroParisTech, University Paris Saclay
Wu, Hangjian, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Aberdeen
Wuepper, David, -, ETH Zurich
Xabadia, Angels, University of Girona
Xepapadeas, Anastasios, University of Bologna
Yakut, Aykut Mert,

EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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updated: 28/06/22

Yamaguchi, Rintaro, NIES
Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, Prof., Hitotsubashi University
Yoon, Beomseok, University of Georgia
Young Brun, Marie, PSE
Zappalà, Guglielmo,
Zeni, Federica, -, Zhang, Binyi,
Zheng, Yang,
Zhu, Xueqin,
Ziegler, Andreas, Professor, University of Kassel
Zilberman, David, University of California, BerkeleyZvěřinová, Iva,
Ørbeck, Martin, Vista Analyse

EAERE 2022 Annual Conference

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updated: 28/06/22