Serv Bus (2015) 9:281-295
DOI 10.1007/s11628-013-0227-5
EMPIRICAL ARTICLE

Marketing tradition-bound products throughstorytelling: a case study of a Japanese sake brewery
Yong-sook Lee · Woo-jin Shin

Received: 10 November 2012 / Accepted: 13 December 2013 / Published online: 8 January 2014
© The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com

Abstract This study examines storytelling as a marketing strategy to revitalize thetradition-bound Japanese sake industry. The case analyzed in this study is Kida
Brewery located in Nara Prefecture. This research focuses on sake masters (called“Toji”), who have laid the foundation for the globalization of sake and theirindomitable craftsmanship. This study provides strategic insights on developing
new marketing and production approaches which can help revitalize the sakeindustry in Japan. Kida Brewery has almost 300 years of history and family tradition
as a sake brewery. The storytelling of its tradition and production methods can be an
innovative way to engage customers to achieve their loyalty. Also this study will
provide a new opportunity for traditional Japanese sake masters to learn new
strategies to cope with challenges such as global supply chain, succession of themaster culture and family business, and technology adoption.
Keywords Storytelling · Master culture and tradition ·Customer experience in tourism · The sake industry

1 Introduction
Alcoholic drinks represent a country’s culture. Most cultures have their own myths
or traditions related to alcohol. This is the reason why alcohol is consumed for all
kinds of special human events, including celebrations and funerals, to enhancepeople’s joy or sharing sorrows. A country’s traditional alcoholic drinks, such as
Y. Lee (&)
Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japane-mail: leeyong58@gmail.com
W. Shin
Hongik University, Seoul, Korea
e-mail: ujin8396@daum.net

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Japanese sake, have been handed down throughout the history of the country. The
representative traditional alcoholic drinks, such as Chinese maoutai, Korean rice
wine, German beer, Scotch whisky, French wine, North European vodka, Cubanrum, Mexico’s tequila and the like, are recognized as food, rather than alcoholic
beverages (Korea Agro-Fisheries and Food Trade Corporation 2006). Alcoholic
drinks cannot be separated from the food culture in countries where grains are thestaple food. Countries using similar food ingredients have similar alcoholic
beverages, clothing and shelter (Satoshi 2013). In this regard, the cultural
establishment of humankind is closely related to alcohol (Lee 2011). Alcoholic
beverages have been recognized as important cultural products as they contain manystories, traditions and histories. Businesses related to alcoholic drinks have beendeveloped into an independent industry with high cultural and economic value (Kim
2010; Kim and Jeong 2010). Thus, Japanese sake can integrate products andservices, sake and story-imbedded services, as a marketing strategy for customer
servitization, especially for tourism (Kim and Yoon 2012).
Storytelling and word-of-mouth have been the characteristics of human history(Patterson and Brown 2005). These days, storytelling has been widely used as ameans for content marketing of brands in many countries (Pulizzi 2012). However,there has been no study on storytelling regarding alcoholic drinks. As there is noprecedent study on storytelling as a means to market Japanese sake, this study
explores the story of Kida Brewery in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The researchers had aseries of intensive interviews with the 8th and 9th sake masters of Kida Brewery, in
addition to the examination of old documents and actual observations of the
production processes/facilities, to prepare for this study.
Quality of sake is determined by various factors including smell, taste, color, andthe type of sake. No matter how good the brewery industry is and how long the
tradition is, the value of sake is hard to publicize without a system to deliver thestory. Against this backdrop, this study intends to share the story of Kida Breweryby analyzing and comparing it with other breweries.
The success of sake is attributed to craftsmanship of Toji (sake master) for
hundreds of years, systematic marketing strategies, and improved quality andstandardization policies of the central government, local governments, andbreweries themselves. Consideration of these factors is essential to study the secretof sake’s success and its economic significance. In addition, this research could help
improve the current sake industry in Japan. Kida Brewery has produced sake since1718. The skills of masters who produced alcohol in Buddhist temples in the Edo
period (1603–1867) in Japan have been handed down to today’s sake masters.
This study focuses on the current state of the Japanese sake industry, including
the manufacturing process, economic perspective, comparison between the sakeindustry and other brewery industries, and a focused case study of Kida Brewery.
This study also presents an analysis of restrictions placed on and ways to improve
the Japanese sake industry. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
presents the theoretical background including the current state of the Japanese sakemarket, history of Kida Brewery, and storytelling as a marketing strategy. In Sect. 3,
the research method used is described. Section 4 discusses the results of the study.

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In Sect. 5, this study concludes with a summary of major findings, limitations, andfuture research needs.

2 Theoretical background
2.1 The current state of the Japanese sake market
Sake, which is known as the Japanese spirit, is a part of the history of Japan. People
began drinking sake around 400 A.D. History, culture and Sakagura (sake brewery)in Japan have changed over time. As is the case with other liquors, the Japanesesake market has been declining. Currently, the alcohol market value in Japan isabout 5.3 trillion yen ($5.3 billion) where sake accounts for 15 % or about
850 billion yen. Japan has bundled sake with sushi which has become a global food.
The sake fever in the US, Europe, and Asian countries became possible due to manycelebrities who are sake manias. As such, sake has become a global drink, going
beyond a traditional alcoholic beverage of Japan.
The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry ofForeign Affairs have utilized sake as a strategic product when they implemented the“Try Japan’s Good Food Project”. They developed a new type of rice dedicated tomaking sake to improve quality and eased regulations to lower entry barriers forsmall and medium-sized businesses. Recently the Japanese government designatedsake as a cultural bridge into the twenty-first century to establish the “Enjoy
Japanese Kokushu Project”. Market exploration and expansion to improveawareness of sake and to promote export through global marketing represent
important initiatives for the Japanese sake industry. In fact, the Japanese Brewery
Association is making great efforts to revitalize the sake market. In 1996 theJapanese Alcohol Export Organization was established under the sponsorship of theJapanese Alcohol Service Research Association and Brewery Masters Association.
The organization created an online site to introduce various sake products so that
customers can search for their preferred products.
2.2 History of Kida sake brewery
In the Toyotomi era (1536–1598), Buddhism flourished resulting in a large numberof temples. Kida Brewery began to make alcohol for memorial ceremonies at
temples. At that time, Nara Prefecture included four areas: Yanagijawa, Takadori,
Koizmi, and Ota. Kida Brewery is located in Takadori.
Kida Brewery is a well-known sake maker (Sakagura) which started its businessin 1718, when the 8th general, Tokugawa Yoshimune, ruled the area. The first
generation Kida began to sell sake and soy sauce, but the soy sauce business
continued for only three generations. Initially, the production volume of sake wasaround 200 gok of rice (1 gok amounts to 30,000 9 180 L bottle). In the Edo era,
where Kida Brewery had a sake business for four generations, there were about 300
breweries in the area. From the 5th to 8th generation, the production volume was

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Y. Lee, W. Shinabout 500 gok. As the Second World War occurred, the Japanese government
ordered sake production reduced as rice was in short supply. The number ofbreweries shrank from 300 to 80 at that time. Breweries with small production
volume or those with illegal sales activities and false tax filers were ordered to
shutdown their business.
Fortunately, Kida Brewery has continued its business for 295 years without
experiencing business closure or suspension because of its integrity. During the 7th
Kida generation, when sake production was liberalized, it produced about
1,800 gok. During the 8th Kida generation, the sales volume was further reduced
as the number of breweries decreased again from 80 to 24. The reason for the
reduced sales was due to the introduction of other types of alcohol, reduced alcohol
consumption among young people, and control of driving under the influence with
the increased number of cars.
Mr. Kazuyoshi, the 8th Kida master was born in 1941 and he is the father-in-lawof the 9th Kida master, Mr. Hidoshi. The master in family business in Japan usuallytakes the family name. The first master’s name was Kida Rihe and the name of 9th
master is Kida Hidoshi. When the 8th master passes away, the name of the 9th
master will be changed to Kida Rihe.
There are many well-known sound breweries in Japan with 200–300 years ofhistory, including Umeda Brewery with 400 years of history in Nara Prefecture. For
80 years, Nara was the first capital of Japan, where Buddhism was imported fromthe Korean Peninsula, to be transformed into Asuka culture. In particular, Buddhism
flourished during the Muromachi era having a large number of Buddhist temples
and rites where monks made alcohol out of rice for religious rites. The first moldthat made sake fermented from rice was found at Shorakuji temple around 992 A.D.
There were 86 monks who were making alcohol in Shorakuji temple. The
number of monks increased to 120 and the temple became known for the alcohol
made by monks. Based on the experience of making alcohol in this temple, thethree-stage fermentation production method, which generated rice wine starter andfermentation fungi, and heat processing to prevent alcohol from going bad laid thefoundation for the modern brewing method. This was a very innovative method
representing the Muromachi era and included in the old Japanese data called“Koshushinitki” and “Dogashujogi” of the early Edo era. This historical backgroundmade Shorakuji in Nara Prefecture the birth place of sake.
The 9th Kida master Kida Hidoshi is 42 years old. The 8th master Kida
Kazuyoshi has only daughters and thus his son-in-law Hidoshi succeeded the familybusiness. In Japan, if a master has only daughters, a son-in-law changes his familyname to continue his wife’s family business.
Kida Hidoshi was born as the first son of a brewery family in Hukui Prefectureand graduated from the Fermentation Department of Tokyo Agricultural University.
After graduation, he worked at the Japanese Brewing Research Center where he met
his wife who visited the center for training. Hidoshi’s family closed its business as
the first son changed his name to run his wife’s family business. His ambition tolead a bigger brewery with longer history led his own family deciding to terminate
its business. His life is characterized by sake as he was born in a brewery family,
studied brewery and married his wife through sake. He and his wife have a 13-year-123A case study of a Japanese sake brewery285

old son who is already under training for brewing sake to continue the familybusiness. The young sake master Hidoshi has dedicated himself to developing andmanufacturing quality new sake with his passion and creativity.
2.3 Storytelling as a marketing strategy
2.3.1 Storytelling
Storytelling is the most natural form of communication from the beginning of
human history (Patterson and Brown 2005). Simply put, storytelling can be said“telling a story”, but not only in a verbal form. Storytelling refers to acommunication means that takes various forms depending on the medium.
Storytelling in a printed form can be a novel and storytelling in screen becomes amovie or a soap opera. In short, storytelling is a fundamental way for humans toperceive the world and a device for emotional utterance regarding the world aspeople see it (Kim and Jeong 2010). Storytelling is defined as to “share knowledge
or experience through a story and episode to deliver a complicated idea, concept,
and casual relation” (Sole and Wilson 1999). Storytelling can be an effective way
retain existing customers as well as to attract potential customers (Jensen 1999;
Delgadillo and Esealas 2004). In addition, it can even become a new business model(Montoro-Sanchez 2009).
All stories in storytelling can identify people and create emotional fellowship(Herskovitz and Crystal 2010). Studies on the development of a brand indicate theimportance of developing a compelling story as one element of the brand icon (Boje
1995; Holt 2003; Woodside et al. 2008). Studies on the storytelling of wine argue
that storytelling can differentiate a product from others in a competitive market,
strengthening the identity of the product, create value, and have an influence on theprice and image of the product (Mora and Moscarola 2012; Pierre and Florine2013). These studies also argued that storytelling helps people get familiar with aproduct.
2.3.2 Effects of storytelling
Storytelling is valuable in that history of cultural heritage can be spread through it
and thus historical facts can be experienced in the reproduction of the pastenvironment. March (1995) explained the value of storytelling, especially theexperience one gets which can influence the person’s behavior.
We feel closer to people who frequently listen to our stories. Elis and Brewster(1991) stated that the effect of storytelling is to make storytellers exercise their
imagination and develop creativity and make listeners empathize with characters inthe story and immerse into the story by making an effort to interpret stories andillustrations. According to Kolumbus (1979), storytelling boosts people’s confidence, excites their imagination and gives a sense of emotional satisfaction.

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2.3.3 Marketing a product through storytelling
Identifying a story to tell means having an attractive story that people would beinterested in listening to. The initial stage of story identification is to make a list of
stories related to a certain place. Stories can be classified into those related to
culture, nature, industry, and the facility (Bae 2006; Wi and Park 2011). Amongthem, stories related to culture are very symbolic. From the traditional perspective,
cultural stories are composed of myth, legend, and folklore.
A myth is a story where activities of sacred beings are recognized. Legend meansa fictitious and secular story of a person under a special circumstance. Recently,
however, manipulated myths or parallel myths have emerged with the decline of
traditional concept of myth (Hong 2007). Description in a myth or a story is thereporting of more than one event delivered by more than one narrator. Stories unfold
in various forms to deliver the core elements of the story. A storyteller and a listenershare the same experience through the same event and subject, and the message ofthe story becomes real. An event in the story should be something special which isdifferent from daily routines. In this regard, a myth can be regarded as a story that is
worth delivering.
The next process is to find a representative story, which is the most suitable
among those on the list, and to explore the best way to deliver it. A representative
story encompasses a landscape and geography that are visible, where uniqueactivities are available only at the place with certain symbolic values. In a casewhere the place is well-known through mass media, the contents can be used as arepresentative story. If there is no special story to deliver, new stories can becreated. The next step is to identify the theme of the place. Theme is a symbolic
system that represents the place that can stimulate a visitor’s emotion to understandor remember the place. Various ways of delivering the story can be developed only
after the theme is determined. The theme is composed of the flow of time, specificsubjects, daily routines of the place, etc. (Korea Tourism Organization 2006).
What is important in experiencing a story is to provide a specific entity organizedunder the theme. Experiencing a story involves providing the visitors with anexperience and environment for information. In this process, visitors can feel theplace by experiencing the story and symbolic image of the place throughparticipation. Lee (2005) stated that the establishment of symbolic places including
buildings, structure, and space as a landmark.
Sharing a story is related to the development of feelings about the place. Morgan
and Prichard (2004) also suggested that a place becomes popularized through thesharing of experience among visitors. Sharing a story is the process of active
exchanges between host-created contents and guest-created contents. A representative way of sharing a story is a community created voluntarily by visitors. In thecommunity, visitors to the same place share their experiences. Most of theiractivities are conducted online and the community takes the form of club activity
service provided by a major portal.
Another type of sharing a story is a community created and promoted by amarketing organization including the local government. Usually, the marketingorganization provides a space to create an online community or listens to the123A case study of a Japanese sake brewery287

opinions of visitors through a survey. Sharing a story can be done through mutualcommunication between a local entity or residents and visitors. A local entity
usually produces promotional material or operates a website to provide informationon the place.

3 Case analysis
3.1 Story of Kida Brewery
The nine types of sake produced by Kida Brewery include Ginjo, Junmai, Rihe,
Hathkoi, Tokubetsu Junmai, and winter special products. Rihe is Junmai Ginjo with
20 % of alcohol, which is rare in Japan. Generally sake has 15 to 16 % alcohol
content. Making sake with 20 % alcohol is very difficult. The sake master selects
yeast with special properties and a longer starter fermentation period and controlledtemperature. Thanks to this innovative process, 20 % alcohol content Ginjo sakewas born to attract new customers who prefer a higher level of alcohol like Soju (aKorean drink) or Whisky.
Hathkoi, which means first love, is intended to break the prejudice that sake is
only for the old generation. To attract young customers, this sake has low alcohol
content and looks fresh, attracting university students or females. It tastes like nonalcoholic beverage and it is in a 300-ml small white bottle with a pink label.
There are other stories related to brand name. For 80 years, Ukiboshi (Star ofSnow), Kashiwara Musume (Daughter of Kashiwara Temple), and Miyokiku (Clean
Chrysanthemum) had been produced and sold. When a daughter of 7th Kida masterdied of diphtheria about 70 years ago, the master decided to stop producing
Ukiboshi (Star of Snow) and Kashiwara Musume as these brands symbolized his
daughter. After that, Kida Brewery focused on making Hakuju, Yamato, Yamatono
Kaori, Askagawa, and Miyokiku. Among them Miyokiku became the representative
sake of Kida Brewery. Miyokiku comes from the Japanese literature and wasincluded in a song written by a monk. Currently, there are two high-end Dai Ginjo
products made by Kida Brewery: Hakuju (white wine) and Koju (yellow wine).
White wine is presented as 白寿, meaning 99 years of age. The number 100 is 百and 白 means 99 as it does not have a stroke on the top. In addition, Koju isdescribed as 皇酒 and means 111 years of age with the following formula: 白
99 + 一 + 十 + 一 = 111. As such every single meaning and story hidden in sakebrand makes people immersed in finding deeper meanings and more stories.
Hakuju and Koju are sold at three to four times higher in price than the general
grade sake but the products made every year are in short supply. In particular, only
50 bottles of Koju are produced a year and sold only by order. The reason for thissmall production volume of Koju can be found in the manufacturing method. Koju
is a luxury sake product which uses Yamada Nishiki, special rice dedicated tomaking sake with the polishing rate of 35 %. The unique characteristic of Koju isfound in the last squeezing phase (called Shibori).
In general, after the squeezing phase of liquor, constant pressure is maintained ina huge tank containing fermented rice. In the case of Koju, however, thick sake is

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Y. Lee, W. Shinput into large fabric bags and hung. This process is called Hukuro Shibori. One or
two drops of sake would drop from the large bag at a time and these drops aregathered into a ceramic bottle called “a dove” which has a narrow neck and wide
body. The first few drops from the bag are called Arabashiri and the interim process
is called Nakadori and the final process is called Seme. Sake extracted only bynatural force has a clearer and deeper taste than by other methods. The sake made in
the interim process called Nakadori is exhibited at the National New AlcoholContest, conducted annually by the Hiroshima Alcohol Research Center. The Koju
brand has won this contest many times, making it a popular New Year’s Holiday
gift sold in Japanese luxury department stores.
Kida Brewery is located near Kashiwara Jingu (shrine) in Nara Prefecture.
Kashiwara Jingu was established in 1899 and one of the 17 shrines recognized inJapan. This shrine honors the first Japanese emperor (Jimu). Kashiwara Jingu uses agreat quantity of sake every year for rituals and ceremonies, including the New
Year’s greetings. Kida Brewery receives rice called Hinohikari from Kashiwara
Jingu and offers 300 bottles of 1.8 L sake every year. In early February when the last
Shibori process is underway, Kannushi of Kashiwara Jingu (director of the shrine)
visits the brewery to hold a congratulatory ceremony. This ceremony is to wish forgood sake production without any problem as its products will be used in the
ceremonies at the shrine.
As explained earlier, the 8th Sake master of Kida Brewery had no son but two
daughters and was determined to have his first daughter continue his family business
when she was 16. At first, she was not interested in taking over the family business
responsibility. One day when her elementary school teacher asked Mr. Kazuyoshi tovisit his daughter’s school, he saw his daughter’s diary with a drawing. The diaryand the picture in it showed her willingness to become a sake master and continue
her family tradition. Unlike other high school students who made money fromworking part-time jobs, she helped her father with shipping sake. She entered auniversity dedicated to alcohol making to study more about sake brewing. After
graduation, she got her first job at the Dakara Brewery, a large firm, to learn andexperience more about making and distributing sake. When she was in training at
the Tokyo Alcohol Test Research Institute to become a sake expert, she met her
husband Mr. Kida Hidoshi. As Kida Brewery has the family house and sakeproduction plant contained in one location, she could balance her life as a motherand businesswomen (dealing with accounting, tax, import and export, customer
relationship management, delivery, etc.). In the environment where her grandparents and parents have kept their family business based on dedication andcooperation, she naturally learned how to strike a balance between work andfamily. This case shows that continuing family business of sake brewery is not thebusiness for only man.
There are two types of sake masters in Japanese breweries. One is the sake master(called “Toji”) with skills and the other is the one who succeeds his or her familybusiness. Sake masters running the family business run their business by making
close relationship with Toji. Running the brewery business, including sales,
marketing and promotion, falls under the responsibility of masters who run a familybusiness and production of sake falls under the responsibility of Toji. The 9th Kida123

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master, Hidoshi, performs both roles: making and selling sake. Of course there are
Toji masters working for him but Mr. Hidoshi leads all processes of making sake, as
well as running the family business. Most sake masters are seniors with long yearsof training and experience, usually in their late 70 or 80s. They make sake based on
their experience and skills including rice washing, mixing time in the brewing
process, fermenting process, the amount of rice wine starter to use, and frequency ofplanting yeast, etc. However, Mr. Hidoshi has reduced the chance of failure byadding statistical data to his experience.
In the sake master’s research lab, a daily processes are charted in a graph in the
database. The annual plan is established so that the sake making process can be seen
at a glance. This approach has made the brewing process very systematic at Kita
Brewey. In addition, daily data is inputted into the computer. The same method isapplied to making sake every year, but taste is evaluated mathematically. In
addition, continuous efforts are made to make better quality products that taste
better. About 40 complex processes are involved in sake making but the basic
manufacturing process can be summarized as shown in Fig. 1.
Quality of sake is determined by water, rice, technology, and wind. Among themwater and rice are the most important elements as ingredients of alcohol. About
80 % of alcohol is made of water so water is the major determinant for the quality ofsake. Water, which amounts 20–30 times of rice used, is required for making sake.
Sake masters use water that flows from mountains, streams or rivers. However, sakemasters at the Kida Brewery of Nara Prefecture must use underground water as
there is no river or mountain nearby. Thus, they had a deep well dug at home tosecure water for sake. Water in the well shows the least temperature change with
only 1–2 degrees higher or lower than annual average temperature. The water in thewell contains minerals as the water comes through various channels. However, thewell water may contain iron, so Kida Brewery has a dual filtering system. The
brewery prepares water suitable for sake by removing iron, organic matters,
pigments, ammonia, chrome, etc., using a charcoal filter system (active carbon).
The well water contains such ingredients as potassium, phosphoric acid,magnesium, calcium, and sodium. Potassium, phosphoric acid, and magnesium areimportant ingredients for growing sake starter and yeast. Lack of these ingredientswould delay the growth of yeast and sake starter, thus resulting in a bad taste. The
technology of preparing the water with the most suitable ingredients is the secret ofToji. The second important factor is rice. Nara prefecture produces the best quality
rice for sake in Japan. The region has rivers, mountains and the plain in harmony.
The prefecture is known as the place of god. That is the reason why Nara prefecture
was the old imperial city and has led the Japanese culture.
About 30 years ago, a special type of rice dedicated to high-end sake began to be
produced. This dedicated rice for sake has been improved for easy polishing. As aresult, the rice has a round shape compared to general rice, and also big and hard toprevent the rice from being broken during polishing. Compared to general rice, it
has less moisture that is suitable for making high-end sake. The rice dedicated tosake is produced at the foothills of the mountain where water drains well when
it rains rather than produced in regular rice paddies that contain a pool of water.

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Y. Lee, W. ShinFig. 1 The manufacturing process of sakeHigh-end sake uses deeply polished rice. The lower the usage rate of rice, the higher
the degree of polishing.

4 Results
4.1 Storytelling strategy of Kida Brewery
In general, sake distribution goes through the wholesaler, retailer and eventually tothe consumer. The sales structure of Kida Brewery showed that wholesalers accountfor 10 %, retailers 55 % and direct sales to general consumers 35 %. Recently, theshare of direct sales to general consumers has increased, primarily due to thedevelopment of the Internet and tourism development. General consumers living in
the vicinity of Nara Prefecture visit the brewery, after obtaining relevant
information online, to taste and buy sake at the brewery shop.
In addition, Nara Prefecture is a well-known historical and cultural tourist
destination as it was the capital of Japan. The increased number of tourists visiting
Japanese breweries is primarily due to designating 2010 as the year that marks“1300 Years of Nara Prefecture as Capital of Japan”. Kida Brewery took this as anopportunity to attract visitors and promote its products. To expand its customer
equity (Roofthooft 2010), Kida Brewery is providing the following programs tovisitors.

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1.

291

Visitors can touch, watch, and compare different types of rice and the polishingprocess.

Differentiation and reliability of rice, the most important ingredient of sake, areemphasized. The kind of rice used by Kida Brewery is 1.5 times bigger than generalrice. Seedling space should be wider than that of general rice as the rice plant is easy
to be blown down by wind. With a wide space between rice plants, the plants growshorter and thicker, and can withstand strong wind. In addition, the rice is grownorganically without using fertilizer or pesticide. Natural enemies are used to prevent
harmful insects. A harmful insect, called Danishira that harms the rice plant, iscountered by natural enemies like small shrimp, sparrow, and bat. As such, Kida
Brewery produces sake made of organic rice by establishing an ecosystem based onlong-time research and development.
2.

Visitors can watch rice-washing, steaming and fermentation processes.

In general, a sieve or net is used to scoop up rice when washing. However, fineresidue on the water surface becomes attached to the rice when the rice is drawn fromthe water. To remove this fine residue, the brewery developed an automatic washer thatmakes this fine-residue overflow. With this machine, it is possible to wash rice clean
while preventing breakage through friction. In addition, this machine has a time
control function to accurately control the moisture content in rice.
Steaming rice influences the taste of sake significantly. When rice is steamed in bulk, it
sticks to the side and the bottom of the steamer, and the state of steamed rice differs
according to the heat transition amount. Therefore, the artificial rice made of plastic
should be put into a bag and the bag should cover the bottom to make rice steamed evenly.
3.

Visitors can taste various brands and pour sake into empty bottles.

Kida Brewery makes various kinds of sake products. Visitors can taste these productsin the brewery. In addition, a customer can select the sake he likes and pour necessaryamount into a bottle and then purchase it. The customer can even put a private label on
the bottle. It is customized sake, which is the preferred way of purchasing sake for gift.
4.

In the museum, visitors can experience the history and tradition of Kida
Brewery.

Kida Brewery has 300 years of history. The brewery has kept traditional tools
and facilities (Fig. 2). Visitors can experience the traditional process of making
sake. By touching and feeling the wisdom of ancestors, visitors can experience theactual taste of sake in a historic place.
4.2 Ways to improve storytelling as a promotion strategy(1)

Brand storytelling

Each region of Japan can form a task force dedicated to the development of sakebrand storytelling, dealing with identifying and upgrading history, processes,
characteristics of ingredients, technological features and characteristics of brand so

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Y. Lee, W. ShinFig. 2 Traditional tools used at Kida Brewerythat the information can become a marketing tool for tourism (Jimenez-Zarco et al.
2011). Contents of storytelling should be linked with success factors of tourism. In
addition, cooperation with the sake brewery association of each region, universities,
NGOs, local governments, and commissions on traditional culture is important toestablish local brands of sake as tourism attractions.
(2)

Development of an experimental program for storytelling

There are many regions in Japan with sake museums or sake tasting places. These
places can be utilized as a venue where visitors can learn about the history of sakemaking, development of different types of rice, as well as tasting different sakeproducts. In addition, a sake village can be established so that visitors can see
differences in regional products.
It is suggested to establish food museums and traditional event pavilions to
introduce the culture and history of Japanese food along with sake. This approach
can promote the history, uniqueness and tradition of sake business. These facilities
can serve as attractive tourist destinations, especially for foreign visitors.
“Shushinkwan” located in Kobe organizes a special event by opening an old
building of a brewery as a concert hall where customers can enjoy music along withsake and dining. The event is very popular among customers.
(3)

Globalization of sake through storytelling

Humorous stories related to food, touching stories that involve traditional drinks,
or folklore should be collected and used as cultural contents.
A systematic approach to expose the story of sake to the outside world is requiredfor its globalization. One way of globalizing sake is to organize a special event withworld’s famous wine sommeliers and sake sommeliers, harmonizing Japaneseculture with sake. Stories related to sake are various as each region has different
sake. Therefore, it is important to attach interesting stories to each sake product. It isalso proposed to hold a contest where foreign sake lovers evaluate sake products
from their own perspectives in a global sake fest.

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(4)

293

Online and offline branding

A new approach to sake storytelling can utilize online promotions and social
network services. Taking advantage of various promotion strategies that can spread
across the online medium, the image of sake can be presented as a noble cultural
drink. Bloggers and Tweeters can provide many stories of their experiences winning
trust from other customers. In addition, appealing to the emotion of customers canbe done offline by providing various experiences of sake making and tasting.
Recently, it was found that the storytelling of tourism by power bloggers had asignificant impact on customers’ motivation for tourism. It seems that the same
approach can be used online as a way to deliver deep information about the traditionof sake.

5 Conclusion
5.1 Summary and implications
This study examined the issue of revitalizing the sake brewery industry in Japanthrough storytelling. The case selected for this study is Kida Brewery located in
Nara Prefecture. This research examined the tradition of sake making by Toji, wholaid the foundation for the globalization of sake, with their indomitable craftsmanship. This study is based on a qualitative case study. This study found that Kida
Brewery can reinvent the sake industry using a marketing strategy based onstorytelling of Kida Brewery’s 300 years of history and tradition. This study also
explored innovative ways to win trust from customers by utilizing the brewery’s
facility as part of experience for tourism. In addition, it provides a new strategy andopportunity related to global marketing in response to challenges of the masterculture and family business.
5.2 Limitation and future research needs
The scope of this study is limited as it focused on a case study of Kida Brewery.
Thus, a general theoretical discussion of storytelling as a marketing strategy was not
attempted. The future research should explore the success factors of the sakestorytelling strategy by conducting an empirical study of a large enough sample ofsake breweries in Japan. The storytelling strategy can be used as a way to market
sake on the global stage that can generate benefits in a greater scale. What should be
noted is that storytelling method should be responsive to the changes in the global
market that include ever increasing customer demand and expectations.
In Japan, the concept of craftsmanship, technology, and succession of familybusiness is called “Shinise”. The sake industry is in the first place among the top 10
Shinise industries created before the Edo ear in Japan. Nevertheless, the global
market environment provides many new challenges to the Japanese sake industry.
First, is it possible for the sake industry to withstand fierce grobal competition-based
solely on its tradition and family business? Second, is it possible for the Japanese

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Y. Lee, W. Shinsake industry to continue running its business only with the capability of the secondor third generation family entrepreneur in the environment where CEOs must
develop strategies to meet the challenges of the global market? Third, how can thesake industry keep up the value of traditional sake in competition with otheralcoholic beverages that pursue mass production using modern technologies?
Fourth, how can the sake industry recruit talented young people to preserve
traditional technology in a family business envermment while respond to changing
customer tastes?
The future research should address these questions. The 8th sake master of Kida
Brewery told his son-in-law, who is the 9th sake master, “I hope that you will
always remain as a sake master who keeps the family tradition rather than you
become a business man who turns 295 years old Kida Brewery into just a company”.
Kida Brewery is dedicated to providing quality sake products to its customers basedon the integrity of its long tradition.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) andthe source are credited.

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