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Table. 3-2 indicates each disaster damages of each member country.
Armenia is located on Alpen-Himalayan and Balkan-Carpathian seismic zone that becomes aplate-boundary, and therefore hit by earthquakes frequently.

Especially the Spitak earthquake in 1988

caused a devastating damage to the country, claiming 25,000 lives.
Bangladesh is a path of cyclones spawned at Bay of Bengal and it makes Bangladesh the most affected
country by windstorms.

The figure in P.64 shows the devastating damage by cyclones to this country interms of the number of disasters and the damages.

Bangladesh is located in flat land with less than 20

meters above sea-level except the North and the steep range of hills in the southeast, and accordingly
monsoon floods cause damage.
China owns a vast land and large number of population, and also has been hit by various natural
disasters.

Above all, floods cause the most massive impact on the country (P.78), and then followed bydroughts and earthquakes. The numbers of people killed and affected people caused by natural disasaters
are the largest in the world. As in the figure of P.75, the number of natural disasters has been increasing,but then the number of people killed has been positively decreasing.
Earthquakes affect Indonesia because there are seismic belts running through the country, andmoreover there are 129 active volcanoes and accordingly volcanic eruptions often happen in the country(P.104)

Floods tend to occur in rainy season and drought in dry season.

India is geographically located in a natural disaster-prone area, affected by windstorms such ascyclones spawned at Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, earthquakes caused by active crustal activity of
Himalayan Mountains, floods brought by monsoon and drought happening in arid/semiarid areas, etc.
Historically drought damages are the largest in the country (P.122)
Japan is located not only in typhoon prone area, but also on Pacific earthquake belt and the volcaniczone that are on very active plate boundaries.

Accordingly, Japan is attacked by various natural disasters

such as earthquakes, typhoons, heavy rains, heavy snowfalls, debris flow, landslides, volcanic eruptions andetc. every year and the ecnomic damage is the largest in the world.

The number of people killed byearthquake disasters are vast (P.142). Moreover, it is significant that the number of natural disasters
occurred has been increasing; on the other hand, the number of people killed has been decreasing (P.139)
Kazakhstan is a new country, and therefore there are not enough disaster data before the independence.
As its characteristics, it is located at the foot of Tian Shan and Altai Mountains and often has an impact ofearthquakes caused by crustal deformation and natural disasters such as debris flow and floods.
The land of Kyrgyz is covered with 94 % of mountain range that is over 1,000 meters above sea level
and the 40 % of the range is alpine area with over 3,000 meters high.

They inherit distinctive natural

disasters of mountainous range such as earthquakes accompanied with active crustal deformation, floods
caused by meltwater of snow and landslides.

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Cambodia used to also have a period of political anarchy and accordingly there are not enough disasterdata left.

But we can say that Cambodia is one of disaster-prone countries. Natural disasters are seensuch as floods of the Mekong River caused by monsoon, landslides and paddy field damage by drought.
Korea’s natural disasters are characterized by floods in rainy season and landslides caused by rainfall
such as typhoons.

Especially damages caused by floods and typhoons are outstanding (P.168).

Laos is covered 85 % of the land with mountains and it is shown that it owns environmentally muchsound natural forest compared to the other areas of Asian region.

35 % of the Mekong River runs

through this country, hence floods and drought in dry season becomes major disasters for them.
Sri Lanka’s major disasters are cyclones rising out of Bay of Bengal, floods in monsoon season,landslides causing from rainfall. In addition to these, drought in dry season becomes concern in thecountry.

The damages caused by cyclones and floods are the heaviest (P.184) and especially cyclones

cause massive number of people killed per a disaster occured.
Myanmar is hit by cyclones spawned at Bay of Bengal, floods in monsoon season and landslides
triggered by rainfall.

Especially cyclones have great impact on the country in terms of the numbers ofdisasters occurred and people killed.(P.194)
In Mongolila, major disasters are Zud, heavy snowfalls, sandstorms, floods and so on.
they are characterized by livestock damages caused by snow related disasters.

Especially

Scales of disasters don’t

look very big because of low population density and small ecnomic scale of the country. However,natural disasters have enormous impact on the national economy as shown in the Fig.1-22(P15).
Malaysia is geographically located out of the Pacific Rim of Fire and therefore there are not muchdamage by earthquakes, typhoons and volcanic eruptions.

Floods and landslides caused by rainfall during

monsoon season, and rainstorms triggered by tropical low pressure often hit the nation.
In the Himalayan area of Nepal, there is Indian plate getting under Tibetan plate and in accordancewith the crustal deformation, earthquakes happen frequently.
Moreover, natural disaster characteristics are shown as floods, landslides and debris flow in mountainareas, and also floods triggered by bank collapses of gracier lakes and drought. Damages don’t look somuch since the economic scale is small, but it stands in the way of development.

Moreover, both of thenumbers of natural disasters occurred and people killed have been increasing as seen in P.210, and therefore
it is requisite to reinforce disaster reduction countermeasures.
Philippines is located on the Pacific Rim of Fire and it makes vulneberable to natural disasters such as
earthquakes, tsunami, volcano eruptions, typhoons and floods.

Above all, typhoon damage is the mostnoticeable (P.226).
Papua New Guinea is also vulnerable to many kinds of natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunami,
volcanic eruptions, floods and drought. The tsunami disaster in 1998 that caused more than 2,000 people

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killed, is still fresh in our memory.
natural disasters in PNG (P.242).

Chapter 3

Earthquakes, Volcanic eruputions and tsunami are the most affecting

Furthermore, both of the numbers of disaster occurred and people killed

have been increasing (P.240), and accordingly reinforcement of the disaster reduction countermeasures areindispensable.
Russia owns a vast land and damages caused by natural disasters especially such as earthquakes andfloods are increasing.
Singapore is luckly located in the less disaster-prone area. There is almost no natural disasterdamages recorded with CRED.
Thailand is prone to natural disasters because of the location and terrain.

The northeastern area

tends to be affected by floods and drought and the South is by floods, tropical rainstorms, landslides andwildfires.

Particularly floods and rainstorms cause significant damages (P.270)

Tajikistan is covered 93 % of the land with mountains and hit by earthquakes coming along withactive crustal activitiy and floods/landslides triggerd by rainfall.
In Uzbekistan, its characteristic of natural disasters is seen as earthquakes, floods, landslides andfloods caused by bank collapses of gracier lakes.
Viet Nam is located in Southeast Asia monsoon climate area and 80 % of the total rainfall (2,000mm)
in a year concentrates in the rainy season of May-October.
and landslides every year.

Hence there are many people killed by floods

Furthermore, there are 4-6 numbers of typhoons coming in a year and leaves

devastating damages on the country.

The number of disasters occurred and people killed have been

increasing, therefore it is essential to strengthen disaster reduction measures.