Advancing Digitalisation with
the Digital Readiness Index in Indonesia:
Implications for Urban and Rural Areas

Alifa Starlika1

1 University of Cambridge

社会全体のデジタル化を進めるには地域の実情を知り、地域ごとに異なるデジタル対応力を向上させる政策努力が必要になる。
地域差の大きいインドネシアを例に、具体的な施策を探った。

Abstract

Maximising digital dividends – potential gains from digitalisation in forms of productivity and economic growth – ispivotal in realising a century-long dream of Indonesia to become one of the top five world economies. Yet, in adiverse country like Indonesia, the process is challenging without strategic tools. Indonesia comprises of 16,056
islands spread across 34 provinces, each with its own distinctive urban-rural characteristics. The exceptional diversity of this archipelago poses a tremendous challenge to tailor appropriate policies in advancing digitalisation. With
every province at a different stage of the digital transition, “one-fits-for-all” strategies - common in the past - havetypically fallen short. Existing indices of digitalisation have failed to account for this subnational diversity and are
only available at a cross-country level. This report proposes, designs and tests a new Digital Readiness Index (DRI)
for Indonesia using more than 200 provincial data. The DRI advances upon country-level indices by identifying thespecific regional barriers within Indonesia that hinder digitalisation progress. In this way, it serves to inform policymakers on regional variation and assist in formulating contextually appropriate policy solutions. The DRI is aweighted index of province-level scores on the four dimensions of digital readiness: (i) infrastructure; (ii) technology
use attitudes; (iii) the progress of provincial governments in providing services online, and (iv) human development.
Based on the scores, provinces are grouped into three categories based on their stage of digitalisation readiness:low, medium, and high. Provinces in each stage will be aided with specific solutions: digital development, digitaltransition, and digital growth, respectively.
Keywords

Indonesia; digitalisation; index; technology; policy

1. Introduction

Following the global trend, Indonesia is thriving in adigitalisation era as the industrial world changes andshifts in line with internet development, automation,and innovation in various sectors. The presence of theinternet creates a rich digital economy ecosystem inmany parts of the world. Indonesia’s digital economy
could reach $130 billion in 2025, and that value has skyrocketed more than three times since 2020. The projectedvalue was derived from the pace of digital economic
growth in Indonesia, which outpaced other industrial

sectors. However, in some indicators, Indonesia is falling behind its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia.
Indonesia’s infrastructure development status is positioned below Thailand and Malaysia. In terms of the 4G
download and upload speeds, Jakarta’s internet connection was among the worst in 12 East Asia cities in 2018
(Fitchard 2018). The development of the Internet environment outside urban areas in Indonesia has been slow,
and the usage rate remains low (Edamadaka and Seike2020). Consequently, Indonesia is facing digital divide
problem - the gap between people who can and cannot

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use information communication technology between
urban and rural areas.
There is as much variation within Indonesia as there
is within the world as a whole. Indeed, each province
could work as if it is a separate country. West Java has apopulation of 50 million people, equal to Colombia. If it
were an independent country, it would be the 29th largest
country in the world. Moreover, in the case of internet
users, West Java accounted for 16.6% (28 million) of
total internet users in Indonesia in 2019 (Soemartono
and Rif’an 2019) – equivalent to the number of internet
users in California, United States (National
Telecommunications and Information Administration2020) – whilst the users in Nusa Tenggara regions only
accounted for 5% (8.5 million) of total internet users inIndonesia, akin to the number of users in Zimbabwe(Internet World Stats 2020).
The inequality within Indonesia is apparent. In Bali,
the download speed is 11.6 Mbps, far exceeding thenational download speed experience at 9.8 Mbps (Khatri2020). A citizen can sign documents digitally and correspond with different instances online within seconds(Pemerintah Provinsi Bali [The Provincial Governmentof Bali] 2020). However, loading a website in remote
South Kalimantan still takes a while.
Digital development has not been inclusive and universal to benefit everyone from its burgeoning growth.
Agglomeration growth - which has been applied extensively in the past - turns out to be deficient in stimulating economic growth and rural areas’ activities. The
relationship between economic growth, poverty andinequality is not linear because economic growth will
not directly and automatically lead to inequality andpoverty reduction (Warda et al. 2018).
Rural blind policymaking overlooks opportunities
for people, firms, and places and limits the capacity ofIndonesia to build resilience against megatrends andglobal shocks (Marshalian 2020). Figure 1 indicates thatthe inequality, measured by the Gini ratio, between
urban-rural areas in Indonesia has increased over the
past few years, signaling a new Rural Lens approach inpolicymaking is crucial to apply.

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Fig. 1. Inequality by Region, 2005 - 2017

2. Problem Definition

2.1 Methodological Gap
Methodological gaps relate to what existing indicators measure and how they capture and assess digital
readiness. Two relevant indices – Digital Adoption
Index (DAI) and E-Government Development Index(EGDI) – introduced by the World Bank (WB) andUnited Nations (UN) are insufficient in guiding policymakers to formulate inclusive digitalisation policy due to
exceptional diversity in the subnational level of Indonesia.
(1) DAI measures countries’ digital adoption acrossthree dimensions of the economy: people, government, and business. Each sub-indicator comprises oftechnologies necessary for the respective agent topromote digital development (World Bank 2016).
(2) EGDI is a weighted average of normalised scores on
the three most important dimensions of e-government: scope and quality of online services, the statusof the development of telecommunication infrastructure and inherent human capital (United Nations
2018).
EGDI coverage is also limited at a cross-country
level. Besides this, critics asserted that both indices had
not incorporated sufficient qualitative aspects comparedto the quantitative element to build the index. For
instance, EGDI only assesses whether a digital ID isavailable in a country, forgoing the quality of the provided digital ID.

6th AFC Best Papers

2.2 Risks
Keeping the status quo of blind spatial digitalisation
policies possess at least two risks for Indonesia:• G rowing inequalities. The concept of economies
of agglomeration has failed to even out economic
gain beyond metropolitan areas. Instead, there
was an increasing inequality gap between ruraland urban areas in Indonesia from 2005 to 2017
(FIGURE 1).
• E
 conomic growth. Without a well-tailored digitalpolicy for different regions in Indonesia, it is difficult to unleash digital economy potentials andtackle the associated challenges along the way.
Hence, overlooking digital inclusion policies canhamper Indonesia’s efforts to become a high-income country in 2045 through a consistent annual
growth rate of 5%.

3. Proposal

3.1. The Construction of the Digital Readiness Index
The Digital Readiness Index (DRI) is a weighted
average of the four most important dimensions of digital
readiness: (i) infrastructure, (ii) attitudes to technology
adoption, (iii) the scope of online services provided by
the provincial government, and (iv) human development.
Infrastructure status and development of communication infrastructure measures three pillars: access andinfrastructure, usage, and digital skills.
Attitudes to Technology Adoption refers to attitude
and perception of technology influence on user
behaviour in technology diffusion. The public’s perceived value of disruptive technology determines thelikelihood of the associated technologies’ continuous
use intention (El-Haddadeh et al. 2019). Given this, DRI
incorporates attitude to technology adoption extracted
from the World Values Survey (WVS) study inIndonesia, using three technological-related questions
as follows:
1.	More emphasis on the development of technology
2.	
Science and technology are making our lives
healthier, easier, and more comfortable
3.	You say the world is better off or worse off
because of science and technology

Fig. 2. DRI Construction Path

Scope of Online Services/E-Government is the use of
information technology by government departments toimplement business processes and service delivery(World Bank 2016). E-government development is associated with the level of digital development of a nation.
This implies that government can be the primary forceof the digital economy and can play a proactive measure
rather than a reactive role in the transition and development of the digital economy.
To get the scope of online services values, 34 provincial government websites were assessed and scoredbased on four main pillars: technology, content provision, service provision, and participation and engagement (United Nations 2018).
1. Technology.
Evaluation includes the ease of finding the portal,
availability of mobile services, and foreign language on the website.

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2. Content Provision.
	The existence of essential information is examined according to statistics and studies provision,
link to governmental agencies, and news or issue
information.
3. Service Provision.
	The delivery of fundamental electronic services
is evaluated based on e-procurement services,e-payment, and online vacancies.
4. Participation and Engagement.
	The existence of relevant participation, engagement mechanisms, and initiatives through realtime communication, feedback submission, andsocial networking feature.
Human Development uses Human Development
Index (HDI) - a summary measure for assessing longterm progress in three basic dimensions of human development (United Nations Development Programme n.d.).
It should be noted that this dataset is subject to several limitations:
1. The most recent data used to construct the index was
2018. Any changes in 2019 are not captured.
2. The WVS recorded missing data in 15 provinces.
The data were corrected by matching the mean of thejoint sample, which was then adjusted for the sample
to correct any bias.
3.2 Place-Based Digitalisation Policy Interventions
3.2.1 Target Group
Proposed digitalisation policies should consider
place and dimension aspects, tailoring custom policies
suitable for urban and rural areas based on the DRI in
the following section.
3.2.2 Classification
Referring to the UN Index classification methodology, we identify four groups to classify provinces basedon their stage of development:• Very High, for DRI ≥ 80
• High, for 70 ≤ DRI < 80
• Medium, for 55 ≤ DRI < 70
• Low, for DRI < 55

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4. Findings

4.1 Digital Readiness at the Subnational Level• Very high (7): Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Riau Islands,
East Kalimantan, Bali, South Sulawesi, and North
Kalimantan.
• High (3): Aceh, West Java, and East Java• Medium (5): West Sumatera, Riau, Bengkulu,
Central Java, and Banten• Low (19): The rest of the provinces (Annex A)

Fig. 3. DRI by Provinces in Indonesia

Referring to the digitalisation stages of developmentfrom the World Bank, three typologies of digitalisation
stage (World Bank 2016) are generated and mapped in
Figure 4:• Transforming provinces, coloured in green, scorevery high and high.
• Transitioning provinces, coloured in orange, score
medium.
• Emerging provinces, coloured in red, score low.

5. Policy Analysis

5.1 Approach
The report used a multi-criteria analysis and High,
Medium, and Low status to assess each policy package.
These approaches were selected for two reasons: ariation in interventions. The DRI comprises of
1. V
sub-indicators that are highly intertwined. Policy
recommendations are likely to improve each
sub-indicator in parallel to the changes in theaggregate DRI index. A multi-criteria analysis
supports a more robust comparison between these6th AFC Best Papers

Fig. 4. Typologies of Digital Readiness

sub-indicators.
2. Local context. This approach allows one to factor
in policy challenges at the provincial level.
Any intervention should consider five additional general policy considerations: lign with the objective to advance each sub-indi1. A
cator that constructs DRI.
2. Politically feasible to ensure the acceptability ofthe policy alternatives to relevant stakeholders
that hold political power. The policy should alsoalign with the mandate and authority of eachstakeholder responsible for carrying out the policy– taking into account the coordination among
stakeholders and the segregation role between thecentral and local government.
3. Financially feasible to achieve cost-effectiveness.
4. Be time-bounded. Potential to have tangible success within a foreseen timeframe (five years/one
administration period).

5. 
Avoid heavy-handed
development.

regulationor

directHigh, medium, and low status for each policy is outlined against the general policy considerations above.
The results are summarised in Table 1.
• High (3) – high satisfaction to fulfill the criteria;• Medium (2) – moderate satisfaction;• Low (1) – low satisfaction.

6. Policy Recommendations

6.1 Emerging Provinces
The emerging group consists of 19 provinces. Overall,
the average score of each sub-indicator in emerging
provinces is lagging behind the national average.

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network expansion in 2,300 villages across 3T regions(Isna 2018).

Fig. 5. Emerging Provinces vs National Average Comparison

The concept of digital development for emerging
provinces - adapted from the economic development –is the key to address this. Emerging provinces areundergoing significant structural changes while concurrently progressing their DRI. Thus, policy recommendations would center on laying a solid foundation (WorldBank 2016).
6.1.1 Infrastructure: Attract more investment to accelerate cellular network expansion through financial loans and subsidies from central government.
Telecommunication infrastructure is facing investment uncertainty in emerging provinces due to higher
costs caused by geographical barriers and low commercial gains.
Advantagesa) All-levels political support and commitment
The proposal can potentially close the long-standing
infrastructure investment gap in the foremost, outermost dan underdeveloped regions (3T), fueled byimmense government support in the past couple ofyears to achieve “Signal for All” in 2020.
b) Strong institutional capacity
The newly-formed institution named BAKTI, whichemphasizes
corporation
management
style(KOMINFO 2019), gives an excellent service level tobridge the digital divide in Indonesia. This positive
outlook and professionalism – if maintained – canattract more investment to flow in.
Risks
A shortfall in government funding. Currently, theIndonesian Government is experiencing a staggering
financial gap of Rp4.5 trillion (~$70 million) to expedite

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Recommendations
The private sector and government can have capital
expense joint for constructing cellular towers and BaseTransceiver Stations (BTS) equipment. Cases in Norway
and Portugal show that strategic management of funding or co-funding mechanisms helped promote digitaldevelopment (OECD 2018).
6.1.2 Attitude to Technology Adoption: Appoint digitalcommunity leaders and add the necessary skills
Several emerging provinces – Central Sulawesi,
Central Kalimantan, and North Sumatra - lag in technology adoption. Policymakers need to consider engaging the community leader through a culturally richdialogue emphasizing the benefits of going digital. Since
leaders are the life-blood of rural communities, the success or failure of community development projects often
rests with the leadership community leaders are willingto provide (Center for Rural Affairs 2009).
Advantages
Appointing local leaders with shared values and norms
with the rural community is advantageous, adding to
the diversity of ideas, resources, and local development
powers. The proposed policy also covers two main
determinants of technology adoption – individual perceptions and social structure (norms and social context)(Correa and Pavez 2016) – attaining high satisfaction toadvance the sub-indicator.
Risksa) The history of political unrest in certain provinces.
Care must be taken as this policy could be either
very successful or create undue impact, particularly
in Papua, which has had political tension.
b) Time risk. Shifting the attitude of a community takes
time.
Recommendations
Central government should actively consult with the6th AFC Best Papers

local political representatives to make decisions related
to technology adoption to improve policy effectiveness.

they can opt for mobile phones to call government’s digital assistance services.

6.1.3 The Scope of Online Services: Set clear legal,
institutional, and accountability framework toensure the successful application of e-governance.
The frameworks underpinning the application of
e-governance are still vague. Evidence shows that evenafter the autonomy law regulation has been enacted for
20 years, certain provinces, such as Papua, still lackregional regulatory frameworks that should be derived
from it (Elisabeth 2020).

Advantages
The cost of deploying thin clients is low and it is easy to
set up (Remer 2017). By using simplified operating systems, local communities can adopt technology universally and inclusively.

Advantages
By establishing the three elements above, the government can deliver citizen-centric services, convince businesses, consolidate its political support, and realise its
political promise into impactful programmes (Nugroho
and Hikmat 2017).

Recommendations
Kick-starting digital assistance office at a certain pointof locations, preferably local government premises
where both internet speed and latency are much better

Risks
Political complexities surrounding the setup of threeframeworks push this policy aside from short-term consideration to a longer time.

Risks
In rural areas with sparse populations, weak 4G could
slow down thin client devices’ performance.

6.2 Transitioning Provinces
Five provinces in the transitioning category - West
Sumatera, Riau, Bengkulu, Central Java, and Banten are slightly ahead of the national average in all sub-indicators. However, two provinces still fail to meet thenational average score for infrastructure and one province for online services.

Recommendations
Solving small portions of a bigger ‘wicked’ problem
might be the solution. Strong commitment from political leaders is the first step to streamline the three frameworks mentioned above.
6.1.4 Human Development: Establish a digital assistance premise in rural areas to support the growthand development of voice/data network
connectivity.
To make sure everyone can and does access internet,
the focus needs to broaden from increasing the supply ofinternet access to boosting demand. If the marginalised
population is not uptaking the services, policy objectives should be questioned.
Since users in emerging provinces are still relying on
relatively poor infrastructures to connect, entry to digital services can be adjusted. Instead of starting with 4G,

Fig. 6. Transitioning Provinces vs National Average
Comparison

Using Rostow’s five stages of growth, they are in-between steps 3 and 4: take off and drive to maturity.
These provinces have the prerequisite conditions to takeoff – political, social, and institutional frameworks that
underpin the development of the provincial government’s online services.
At this stage, demand-side intervention, rather than
supply-side, may be the decisive element to break-209

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through (Rostow 1991).
6.2.1 Infrastructure: Expand data network connectivity
to rural areas to enable greater economic integration with urban centres
Government has a vital role as an enabler and been
supporting infrastructure to boost the status and development of infrastructure in Central Java – the lowest
among others. One of the considerations government
needs to factor in is Central Java’s strong potential
despite having the most rural areas in Indonesia,
amounting to 8,559 villages(Badan Pusat Statistik[Statistics Indonesia] n.d.).
Advantages
Investment to expand network would be well justified
with potential demand, proxied by high population density in Central Java (1,060/km²) and Banten (1,300/
km2). The initiative could be funneled as part of thegovernment strategic plan to build 3,500 additional BTS
in 2020 (Jemadu 2019) - if only the local government
could proactively facilitate policy discourse, highlighting the potential of blank spots in their rural areas tocentral government.
Risks
The cost of constructing one tower and BTS equipment
in a remote area is around $90,000 – $120,000 (Gadi etal. 2014).
Recommendations
A bottom-up policy approach from local governmentand coordination with incumbent network operators tocover the network’s blank spots is encouraged.
6.2.2 Attitude to Technology Adoption: Raise technological awareness and provide residents withadditional digital skills, supported by the telecommunication network of cellular infrastructures(2G/3G/4G).
Transitioning provinces are uniquely placed, having
a mix of rural and urban areas with proximity to transforming regions, such as Banten, close to Jakarta.

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However, a significant portion of rural areas can only
access 2G or 3G, unlike urban areas with 4G.
Given this, policymakers should factor in flexibilityof choosing different technologies to promote technological awareness and upskill Indonesians in rural areas.
Advantagesa) Flexibility in skills attainment
Recently, Indonesian villagers who work as farmers
by day have alternately switched to logo designers
for the web-based graphic design company by night(Pangestu and Dewi 2017). A simple 2G/3G/4G website interface could facilitate villagers accessing theknowledge they need whenever it suits them best.
b) Cost-competitive
The cost of mobile connectivity is far cheaper – only
1.67% of GNI per capita – compared to broadband
access (12.44%) (Zambrano and Seward 2013).
Risks
Changing the behavior and perception of technology inrural communities requires tremendous effort and time.
Recommendations
Develop simple dial-in-training with a phone call forrural areas. The case of web-based education for farmers in Austria is exemplary to replicate (Papakonstatinou2019).
6.2.3 The Scope of Online Services: Promote the provision of compelling and locally available online
content and services
Banten is still weak in its Content Provision pillar,
missing issues information on the website, while Central
Java does not feature statistics and studies on its website. These contradict citizens’ expectations of personalised and responsive public services. Adopting a
citizen-centric culture and mind is the key to enhancethe end-to-end experience of public services to bolster
demand and digital adoption (Bertrand 2019).
Advantages
The initiative is aligned with KOMINFO’s national6th AFC Best Papers

programme “One Million Domain” which serves as thefundamental regulatory and legal framework to support
more local content creation.
Risks
Creative ecosystems often revolve around educational
institutions and areas with inexpensive connectivity(OECD 2013), but fostering an innovative environment
for content creation needs time.

justify an increase in the budget allocation for training.
6.3 Transforming Provinces
The transforming category consisting of 10 provinces has a high DRI. These provinces have surpassed
the national average score for each sub-indicator.
However, East Kalimantan and Bali have not met thenational average score for online services in individual
evaluation, and Aceh is falling behind in infrastructure.

Recommendations
To accelerate policy implementation, preparing a specific set of tools and skills to tackle complexities surrounding high-quality local content design is highly
recommended.
6.2.4 Human Development: Increase the budget allocation for digital capacity-building within local
government.
In 2019, HDI of Indonesia was positioned at 111th outof 189 countries (Lanvin and Monteiro 2019), highlighting the pressing need for major transformation. Policy
proposal would suggest increasing a considerable budget
allocation directed to strengthen subnational government’s institutional capacity as they are shifting from a
traditional to a digitised way of work.
Advantages
Well-resonated with the vision of President Joko Widodo
to focus on human development. This policy could gain
immense traction, and potentially, an immediateapproval from the state budget allocation meeting.
Risks
In 2019, the Ministry of Finance allocated hefty spending of £14 million for digitalisation training and education (Indonesia Ministry of Finance 2019), surpassing
the UK Government Digital Service spending of £8.5
million (National Audit Office 2017).
Recommendations
Complementing the budget increase proposal with arobust training plan and evaluation framework would

Fig. 7. Transforming Provinces vs National Average
Comparison

To sustain the high DRI and stay competitive, digital
growth strategies are deemed fit for this group withgreat technologies, platforms, and demographics but
need to finetune its quality of infrastructure and services by improving its operational models.
6.3.1 Infrastructure: Urge cellular network operators toenhance network quality and configuration (network reliability, availability, and optimisation)and continuously improve network service level.
Aceh needs to catch up with other Transforming
provinces, but the geographical characteristics of Aceh
– largely mountainous – pose challenges to progress its
infrastructure to be on par with others. The more dispersed the population in one area, the more network
coverage needed to be deployed.
Aside from Aceh, other transforming provinces witha widespread 4G network need to continually re-evaluate their network reliability and ensure serviceability
with the deployed infrastructure configuration to staycompetitive.
Advantages
Improvement is likely to occur quickly, considering the211

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flexibility of policy adjustment to the scale of theintervention.
Risks
For a relatively small province like Aceh, a more significant proportion of its budget allocation needs to be prioritised to implement the policy.
Recommendations
Urge operators to enhance network quality and continually improve network service levels in sync with otherinfrastructure projects – transportation and businesses– to unleash digital economy potentials.
6.3.2 Attitude to Technology Adoption: Continually
updating technological knowledge on firms
Advantages
This policy is quick to execute and politically feasible.
Risks
One shortcoming of the policy is its weak alignment
with the objective to advance the sub-indicator. The attitude to technology adoption is constructed from asurvey at an individual level in which the respondent isa member of a family in a household (World Values
Survey n.d.) – instead of firms – so the suggested policy
is mistargeted.
Recommendations
Technology update can be done through inter-dialogue
forums with IT vendors and technology centres to showcase the value of technology and bridge the information
gap that hinders technology adoption among individuals
and firms (Asian Development Bank and Indonesia
Ministry of Finance 2020).
6.3.3 The Scope of Online Services: Initiate more integration of government digital services nationally
Advantages
The proposed policy aligns well with the objective.
Showing long-standing commitments to facilitate amyriad of public services and broaden citizen accessthrough multiple channels on top of a single online and212

mobile access point is crucial (Steiner et al. 2018). For
instance, the Government can integrate the current silo
services – Online Service for People’s Aspirations andComplaints (LAPOR), One Data, and One Map – into
an online one-stop-shop.
Risksa) Cost intensive
The cost to undertake an integration project could
start from $1,500 per municipality or $1 million
nationally (Candra 2020).
b) Interoperability as a major bottleneck
Most e-government projects face the problem during
integration with external service, coupled with a lackof collaboration and information exchange among
different public administration e-service (Pamungkas
et al., 2019).
Recommendationsa) Phase the national integration project to multiple
stages. A multiyear project can accelerate budget
absorption as it will eliminate any need to retender
the same project in the following years (Lestari 2012).
b) Launch an independent task force to integrate services could resolve cross-institutional clashes thathinder integration.
6.3.4 Human Development: Promote better remuneration to attract ICT talents in the public sector torefrain from the civil service brain drain.
The lack of skilled engineers and developers continues to be the primary constraint voiced by businesses(Pangestu and Dewi 2017). The public sector has notalways been an employer of choice for top talents.
Hence, governments need new plans to attract, retainand develop people with the required skills. Otherwise,
they will look for jobs abroad.
Advantagesa) Close cooperation with stakeholders and alignment
with an existing government program on upskilling
civil services – the Smart Civil Services programme(Tumangger 2020) – will ensure its political feasibil-6th AFC Best Papers

ity for its future continuity.
b) A province attains higher HDI when the grossnational income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher.

Indonesia. The DRI serves as a transformational tool that
local governments can use to help set their digitalisation
agenda in three typologies of provinces: emerging, transitioning, and transforming. The recommendations
drawn based on the score attained in Table 1 include:

Risks
High cost. The average annual salary of an IT professional in Singapore with less than seven years of experience is $39,883, four times higher than an average of$8,673 in Indonesia(Tan 2017).

Emerging Provinces➢ Laying solid foundations in terms of infrastructure and setting up digital assistance premises to get the
population onboard on digitalisation ladder.

Recommendations
Increasing remuneration and building a more dynamic
and responsive environment concurrently to attract
young talents in search of purpose-led roles where they
can bring changes to society (Bertrand 2019).

Transitioning Provinces➢ Accelerating DRI and its sub-indicators to be far
ahead of the national level average by boosting infrastructure development and upskilling communities withcellular network infrastructures to support the dynamicof economic activity with increasing integration within
urban-rural areas.

7. Conclusion

The current digitalisation ecosystem demands a new
innovative tool due to the exceptional diversity of

Table 1: Multicriteria Analysis of Policy Interventions using General Policy Consideration
1. Emerging
Intervention/Criteria
Sub-indicator Advancement

Infrastructure

Attitude to Technology
Adoption

The Scope of Online
Services

Human Development

High

High

High

High

Financial Feasibility

Medium

High

High

High

Political Feasibility

HighMediumMediumHigh

Time BoundHigh

Medium

Low

High

Total

11

10

9

12

Infrastructure

Attitude to Technology
Adoption

The Scope of Online
Services

Human Development

2. Transitioning
Intervention/Criteria

High

High

High

MediumFinancial Feasibility

Sub-indicator Advancement

MediumHigh

High

MediumPolitical Feasibility

High

High

MediumMediumTime BoundHigh

MediumMedium

High

Total

11

11

10

9

Intervention/Criteria

Infrastructure

Attitude to Technology
Adoption

The Scope of Online
Services

Human Development

Sub-indicator Advancement

High

Low

High

High

3. Transforming

Financial Feasibility

MediumHigh

MediumMediumPolitical Feasibility

High

High

MediumHigh

Time Bound

High

High

Medium

High

Total

11

10

9

11

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Transforming Provinces➢ Improving competitiveness by continually enhancing cellular network quality and promoting better financial incentives to attract ICT talents to tackle more
complex digitalisation problems in the future.

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