WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONTHE ASSOCIATED PROGRAMME ON FLOOD MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENTCASE STUDY1

BANGLADESH: FLOOD MANAGEMENT

September 2003
Edited by

TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT
Note:
Opinions expressed in the case study are those of author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the WMO/GWP
Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM).
Designations employed and presentations of material in the case study do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatever on the part of the Technical Support Unit (TSU), APFM concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

BANGLADESH: FLOOD MANAGEMENT
A.N.H. Akhtar Hossain1

1. Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the mostflood prone countries in the world,which is situated in south Asian
sub-continent. A location map ofBangladesh is given in fig. 1.
Because of its unique geographicallocation and to1pography, flood ofdifferent magnitudes and types
occurs every year. During the last
half century at least 8 nos. of
extreme flood events occurredaffecting 50% of land area. Since
early sixties of the last century thecountry has adopted different kindsof measures for flood managementwith mixed experiences.

Bangladesh

Fig. 1 Location of Bangladesh

2. Physical Features
2.1 Climatic Condition: Bangladesh lies
between 20o 34″ and 26° 38″ north,between 88° 01″, and 92° 41″ east. Its
climate is tropic and humid. It has mainly
four seasons, e.g. Pre-monsoon (March toMay), Monsoon (June to September), Postmonsoon (October to November), Dry(December to February). Its climate is
influenced by the Indian monsoon. Average
rainfall is 2200-2500 mm but the range of
which is between 1200 to 6500 mm. 80%of the rainfall occurs during monsoon i.e.
from June to September. Averagetemperature is around 30 C except during
the dry season.
2.2 Topography: Topography is mostly
flat excepting some part in the northeastand southeast, which are hilly. Entire
country was formed due to sedimentationof the large river systems e.g. Ganges,
Brahmaputra & Meghna. Land Elevation
1

Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)

Fig. 2 Hydrological Regions of Bangladesh

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

ranges from -3m to 60 m in the plains and in the hilly areas land elevation varies from100 to1000 m.
2.3 Hydrology: Bangladesh has uniquehydrological regime. It has been divided into 7hydrological zones. Hydrological zones areshown in fig. 2. It has 230 nos. rivers of which
57 are trans-boundary Rivers. In all most allcases Bangladesh is a lower riparian country.
A picture of its river network is also given in
the fig. 3. Three large rivers systems e.g.
Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna, in theworld covering a combined total catchmentsarea of about 1.7 million sq. km. extending
over Bhutan, China, India and Nepal, flow
through this country. Out of these hugecatchments only 7% lies in Bangladesh.
Rivers are classified into three broad
categories depending on the flow range andare as follows:

MeghnaLower
MeghnaGangesPadma

i)Rivers of different morphologicalcharacteristics e.g. meander, braided,
incise etc. are found in this country.
Major rivers having length of 500 to2500 km and width range from 1km to
20 km can also be found in thiscountry. Water surface slopes of the
major rivers are also very flat e.g. av.
slope of Ganges is 5-6 cm/km, av.
slope of Brahamaputra is 8-9 cm/km
and av. slope of Meghna is 4-3.5
cm/km. Annual flow volume of therivers is to the tune of 1200 billioncum. Rivers of Bangladesh carries
huge sediment annual amount of
which is between 1.8 to 2.0 billion
tons. A picture of annual flow cycle ofthree major rivers at three selected

BayofBengal
Fig. 3 River system of Bangladesh
10-daily Discharge at Hardinge Bridge
Discharge (cumec)

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1998

Fig. 4. 10-daily discharge at Hardinge Bridge on the Ganges

10-daily Discharge at Bahadurabad
10000090000

Discharge (cumec)

Major Rivers: 300 to 120,000
cumec
e.g
Ganges,Brahmaputra,
Padma,
Meghnaii) Semi major Rivers: 100 to
15000
cumec
e.g.
Old
Brahmaputra, Dhaleswari, Gorai,
Arial Khan, Surma, Kushiyara,
Teesta etc.
iii) Minor River: 1 to 1000 cumec
e.g. Sitalakhya, Buriganganga,
Khowai, Manu, Gumti, Dharla,
Dudkumar, Karnafuli, Halda,
Sangu etc.

Brahmaputra

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1998

Fig. 5. 10-daily discharge at Bahadurabad on Brahmaputra

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10-daily Discharge at Bhairab Bazar
16000

Discharge (cumec)

locations e.g. Ganges at Hardinge
Bridge, Brahmaputra at Bahdurabad
and Meghna at Bhairab Bazar arepresented in the fig. 4, fig. 5, fig. 6
respectively.

14000
12000
10000
8000

2.3 Soils: A total of 483 soil series
6000
was identified and described in the
4000
2000
Soil Reconnaissance Survey of0
Bangladesh. It does not include
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Sunderban, a mangrove forest, and1987-88
Chittagong Hill tracts. General soilFig.
6.
10-dailydischargeat
Bhairab Bazar on Meghna
types are differentiated into threephysiographic groups, e.g. floodplain
soils, Terrace soils and Hill soils. Floodplain soils have been formed in alluvial sedimentsfrom a few months to several thousand years. General pattern of floodplain soils is of sandy
or loamy soils on higher parts of floodplain ridges into clay in the adjoining basins. Terracesoils comprises of a wide range of soils formed over the Modhupur Clay. Soil differences are
due to differences in drainage and in depth and degree of weathering. Hill soils include awide range of soils formed over consolidated and unconsolidated sandstones, siltstones andshale.
2.4 Land Types: In order to understand the flooding and flood management, it is better
have look into the land types. Seasonal flooding regime has been characterized by means ofinundation land types. Usually, it is classified into 5 categories and detailed description ofland type with the area coverage is given in Table 1.
Table 1: Land Types, Description & Area

Land Type

Description

Area in ha% AreaHigh Land
Med. High Land
Med. Low Land

Land above normal inundation
Land normally inundated up to 90 cm deep
Land normally inundated up to 90-180 cm
deep
Land normally inundated up to 180-300 cm
deep
Land normally inundated deeper than 300
cm

4 199 952
5 039 724
1 771 102

29
35
12

1 101 5608

193 2431

12 305 581
2 178 045

85
15

Low LandVery Low Land
Total Soil Area
River, Urban etc.

From the land types it is evident that except high lands all other land types are subjected toflood inundation to different degrees. Normally, 20-25% of the country is inundated during
every monsoon from June to September. In case extreme flood events 40-70% area can beinundated which was amply proved during the extreme flood events of 1954-55, 1974, 198788 and 1998. All kinds of land type are distributed all over the country. High lands are
situated in some parts of the western, south central, northeastern and southeastern regionsof the country. Excepting very low lands, human settlements can be found in all other land
categories. Of course population density is high in the Medium High and Medium Low Lands.
People live in the Low Lands building earthen mounds.

3. Floods
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Bangladesh generally experiences fourtypes of flood and those are as follows:i) Flash Floodii) Rain fed Floodiii) River Floodiv) Flood due Cyclonic Storm
SurgesArea affected by these four types offlood is shown in fig. 7.
3.1 Flash Flood: This type of flood ischaracterized by rapid rise and fall inwater levels. Flash flood can occur
within a time-period between few
minutes to few hours. This type of flood
occurs mostly in some northern mostarea, north-central part, northeasternpart and southeastern part of theFig.7: Areas of Four flood types
country. Northern most, north-central
and northeastern parts land areas arelying mostly at foothills but most of the hilly catchments in India. If it rains heavily in the
Indian parts of the catchments the run-off quickly accumulates and flow to Bangladesh.
Flash flood starts occurring in these areas from mid-April i.e. before the on-set of thesouthwesterly monsoon. Whereas, in the southeastern areas it starts with the on-set of thesouthwesterly monsoon.
3.2 Rain-fed Flood: This kind of flood generally occurs in the moribund Gangetic deltas in
the south-western part of the country where most of natural drainage systems are being
deteriorated due to fall in up-land inflow from the main river Ganges. It also occurs in theflood plains where natural drainage systems have been disturbed due to humaninterferences mainly due construction of unplanned rural roads and illegal occupation of rivercourses. When intense rainfall takes place in those areas, natural drainage system cannot
carry the run-off generated by the rain and causes
temporary inundation in many localities. This kind rain
induced flood has on increase in the urban areas also.
Urban population is increasing very fast and to create
their new habitats low lying areas and natural drainage
systems are being filled up continuously. More over,while new settlements are constructed, the issue ofdrainage is not always considered judiciously. As aresult, in the urban areas flood has become very
common phenomenon.
3.3 River Flood: The word flood is generally
synonymous with the river flood. River flood is a mostcommon phenomenon in the country from time
immemorial. Normally, 25-30% of the area is inundated
during monsoon season along the river. In case of
extreme flood events 50-70% of the country are
inundated extending the areas far beyond theriverbanks. The worst floods experienced by thecountry in last 14 years in 1987, ’88 and ’98. Flood of

4

Fig.8 Area affected by 1998 flood

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

1998 was the severest one in terms of magnitude and duration. The area affected by flood in1998 is shown in fig. 8.
3.4 Flood due to Storm Surges: This kind of flood mostly occurs along the coastal areasof Bangladesh which has a coast line of about 800 km along the northern part of Bay of
Bengal. Continental self in this part of the Bay is shallow and extended to about 20-50 km.
More over, the coastline in the eastern portion is conical in shape. Because of these two
factors, storm surges generated due to any cyclonic storm is comparatively high comparedto the same kind of storm in other parts of the world. . In case of super cyclones hitting coastof Bangladesh maximum height of the surges were fond to be 10-15 m, which causes
flooding in the entire coastal belt. Worst kind of flooding occurred on 10 Nov. 1970 and 30
April 1991 caused loss of 300,000 and 130,000 human lives respectively. Apart from theeffect of cyclone, coastal areas are also subjected to tidal flooding during the months from
June to September when the sea is in spate due to southwesterly monsoon wind. Incidenceof this kind of flooding is now on increase.
3.5 Incidence of Extreme Eventsand Cause: It was observed that
extreme flood events occurred due toexcessive rainfall in the catchments.
When WLs in the three major rivers
systems rises simultaneously andcrosses the danger marks extreme
flood situation usually occurs all overthe country.
This was observed
during the three flood events occurredin 1987, 1988 and 1998. Water Levels
crossing the danger marks starts
occurring from mid-July and continue
till mid-September. Inundated area
during 1987, 1988 and 1998 are 66%,
68% and 70% respectively. Durationof the extreme flood events usuallyextends from 15 days to 45 days, thelongest one occurred during 1998.
A picture of water level hydrographsof three major rivers at selected points
e.g. Ganges at Hardinge Bridge,
Brahmaputra at Bahadurabad andMeghna at Bhairab Bazar arepresented in fig. 9, fig. 10 and fig. 11
respectively. A picture of cumulative
rainfall hyetographs for June, July,
August and September at selected
stations within the catchments of thesethree major river systems for 1987,
1988, 1998 are presented in figs. 12,
13 & 14. Sometimes, Individual River
may also experiences extreme flood
events due to excessive rainfall in therespective
river
catchments
independently.

Fig. 9 Water level at Hardinge Bridge (Ganges)

Fig. 10 Water level at Bahadurabad (Brahmaputra)

Fig. 11 Water level at Bhairab Bazar (Meghna)

5WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

Rainfall Chart O F G anges Basin
Rainfall in mm/month

8 0 0 .0
6 0 0 .0
4 0 0 .0
2 0 0 .0
0 .0

J une

J uly

A ugus t

Sept em ber

N o rm al

345.0

428.0

351.0

283.0

1987

331.0

589.0

672.0

286.0

1988

500.0

391.0

515.0

178.0

1998

189.0

512.0

381.0

330.0

M onthN o rm a l

1987

1988

1998

Fig.12 Rainfall hyetograph of Ganges basin

Rainfall Chart O F Brahmaputra Basin
Rainfall in mm/month

1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0

J une

J uly

A ugus t

Septem ber

N o rm al

441.0

488.0

338.0

310.0

1987

415.0

844.0

505.0

370.0

1988

472.0

488.0

456.0

299.0

1998

334.0

645.0

562.0

329.0

N o rm a l

Mo n th
1 98 81987

Fig.13 Rainfall hyetograph of Brahmaputra basin

6

1998

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

Rainf all Chart OF Meghna Bas in
1000.0
900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0

J une

J uly

A ugus t

Sept em ber

N o rm al

662.0

541.0

555.0

439.0

1987

641.0

811.0

452.0

633.0

1988

686.0

695.0

862.0

449.0

1998

538.0

929.0

644.0

286.0

M o nt h
N o rm al

1987

1988

1998

Fig.14 Rainfall hyetograph of Meghna basin

4. Flood Management Strategies
4.1 Flood Management Strategy has been under continuous change since early sixties ofthe last century. Flood Management strategies can be divided into three distinct phases of
its development, which are as follow:i) Phase-I: 1960 to 1978
ii) Phase-II: 1978 to 1996iii) Phase III: 1996 to 2000 onwards
4.1.1 Phase-I: Just after the two consecutive disastrous floods of 1954 & 1955, United
Nations commissioned a Mission led by Mr. Krugg to look into the problems of flood in thiscountry and to suggest remedial measures. In 1956 the Krugg Mission finalized its Reportand submitted it to the then Government of Pakistan. Principal recommendations of Krugg
Mission were following:i) To formulate a Master Plan for Water and Power Development;ii) To constitute a statutory body to deal with water and power development;iii) To conduct intensive hydrological survey and investigations.
Krugg Mission mainly focused on protecting the agricultural lands from the flood because of
the fact that at that time agriculture was the mainstay of economy. More over, self-sufficiency
in food was the cornerstone of the Government policy. As a result, a Water Development
Master Plan was prepared in 1964 where structural options having large project portfolios
were given priority. Accordingly, Government started implementing large projects with theobjectives of providing flood protection, improving drainage and providing irrigation.
Implementation of large and medium FCD projects were time consuming and during theimplementation of these projects some medium scale flood occurred specially one in 1968
which caused lots of suffering to the people. As a result the Government realized that only
through structural measures flood problems couldn’t be solved or mitigated. In 1972 theGovernment decided to also go for non-structural measures also developing e.g. flood
forecasting and warning system to mitigate flood problems.
4.1.2 Phase-II:

7

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

With the implementation of some large Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI)
projects, the Government came to realize that the implementation of large projects involves
large investments as well as longer duration; as a result it takes long time to derive benefits.
Government then opted for implementation of small and medium scale FCD projects toprovide early benefits. While all these projects were implemented the Government came torealize that water resources development should not be focused only on agriculture rather itshould take into account other sectors related to water resources utilization anddevelopment for economic as well public goods. Environmental protection also came to thefore. As a result the issue of formulation of a National Water Plan (NWP) came to the noticeof the Government. The Government took initiative in 1982 to formulate a NWP looking into
various aspects of water use and the demand and interest of different stakeholders involvedin the water sector. NWP was finalized in 1986 but it did not receive Govt.’s approval due tosome of its drawbacks. After disastrous floods of 1987 & 88, formulation of a National Water
and Flood Management Strategy came to forefront again for obvious reasons. All theinternational Development Partners supported a project entitled Flood Action Plan (FAP)
from 1990 to 1996 to formulate a national Flood and Water Management Strategy. FAP was
mainly a study project involving 26 components. On the basis of FAP activities theGovernment formulated Bangladesh Flood and Water Management Strategy (BWFMS) in
1996. In BFWMS some policy guidelines for water resources development and management
were envisaged i.e. Peoples Participation, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), MultiCriteria Analysis during planning process were made mandatory in all future water sector
projects.
4.1.3 Phase-III:
At the end of FAP studies, Government realized that all the issues concerning the water
resources development and utilization have not been addressed in the light of Integrated
Water Resources Management (IWRM) in these studies. Then the Government again
embarked on formulating a National Water Management Plan (NWMP) cross cutting
different sectors of national economy in the light of IWRM in 1998.In order to guide thepreparation of NWMP, the Government formulated a National Water Policy (NWPo) in 1999.
NWMP was prepared in 2001 with 25 yr projection. Program period was divided into threephases e.g. short term for 5 yrs., medium term with 10 yrs. And long term with 25 yrs period.
It was formulated with a program approach, not with a project approach. This is no doubt ashift in the Government policy. It identified various conflicting water needs and to ensure
equitable water use and balanced economic growth. NWMP has 84 programs cross cutting
11 different sectors of economy. Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation has been
given topmost priority. In the NWMP the issue of poverty reduction has not been addressed
explicitly, but the Government wants to put it as a top most economic goal. NWMP is now
awaiting Governments approval.
4.2 Efficacies of Strategies:
Structural options being the principal strategy in all the above phases provided somebenefits, specially increase in agricultural production at earlier period but some adverse
effects were observed latter on. Specially, the construction of high embankment along theboth banks of the rivers in some cases resulted in rise in bed levels and obstruction todrainage. In the coastal areas, although the construction of polders prevented salinity
intrusion, but resulted in restriction of the movement of the tidal prism, sedimentation of tidal
rivers and obstruction to the gravity drainage. Another important impact on agriculture wasfound to be that the crop diversification was seriously rather the farmers in most cases opted
for production of cereal crops, especially HYV rice enjoying a flood free situation. Structural
measure caused many adverse effects on the aquatic lives especially on open water
fisheries. Fish resources have been depleted rapidly. Introduction of non-structural option i.e.
Flood Forecasting and Warning System as a secondary strategy started from early ‘70s and8

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

contributed to the improvement of the capacity for flood preparedness and mitigation of flood
losses. The importance of this strategy has been realized after the floods of 1987, ’88, ’98.
4.3 Flood Mitigation Strategies
4.3.1 Structural Measures:
Considering the issues of securing peoples’
life and property, livelihood, food etc. theGovt. put emphasis on protecting Medium
High and Medium Low Lands from floods
through construction of embankments. Since
1960s Bangladesh has implemented about
628 nos. of large, medium and small-scale
FCDI projects. Total investment was to thetune of US$ 4.0 billion. It provided flood
protection to 5.37 million ha of land, which isabout 35% of area. A picture flooded, nonflooded and flood protected area is shown infig. 14. A picture structural measures works
are given in table 2.

13%

Non Flooded
Flood Protected
Flood Unprotected

52%

35%

Fig. 14 Present flood status

Table 2: Picture of Structural Measures for Flood Management
Item
Embankment
Drainage Channel Imp.
Drainage Structure
Dam
Barrage
Pump House
River closure

Quantity
10,000 km
3500 km
5000 nos.
1 no.
4 no.
100 nos.
1250 nos.

4.3.2 Non-Structural Measures:
In spite of all the structural activities, it was found that the people living in the Medium Highand Medium Low Lands are not immune to flooding during moderate to extreme flood events.
Government considered that the minimizing flood loss through non-structural means is also
very important. Earl warning on flood can save life and property. With this end in view, Flood
Forecasting and Warning System (FFWS) was established in 1972 with 10 Flood Monitoring
Stations on the major river systems. After disastrous floods of 1987 & ‘88 the Government
realized the importance of FFWS and took steps to modernize the system. New FF model
was developed on the basis of Mike-II hydrodynamic model and flood-monitoring stations
were increased to 30 in1996. In 1998 flood FFWS was found to be very useful providing theearly warning and information on the flood. With the experience of 1998 flood theGovernment decided to improve it further to cover all the flood prone areas of the country
under real time flood monitoring. A project was under taken from Jan., 2000 to improve the
FFWS further. It now covers the entire country with 85 Flood Monitoring Stations andprovides real time flood information with early warning for lead-time of 24 and 48 hours.
FFWS currently, helping the Government, the disaster mangers and the communities livingin the flood prone areas in matters of flood preparedness, preparation of emergency
mitigation plan, agricultural planning and rehabilitations etc.

4.3.3 Relative Importance of Structural and Non-Structural Measures:

9WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

Structural measures provide direct protection against flood for varying degrees. Major
embankments are designed for 1 in 25 years and other embankments are constructed for 1
in 10 years flood frequency. Some time floods of higher frequency levels may also hit but
protection against those kinds of flood may not be economically viable. FFWS provides early
information on the flood so that the vulnerable communities can have the time for advance
preparation to face it. FFWS is also important for operation and maintenance of flood control
facilities, e.g. monitoring of embankments and operation of pump houses etc. before andduring the flood. Besides, FFWS is essential for near real time flood management in theareas where flood protection is already in place but in case of extreme events exceeding thefrequency limit for which it was designed. Both the structural and non-structural measures
are necessary for flood management.
4.3.4 Modification in Flood Management Strategies:
After the disastrous floods of 1987 & ’88 the Government brought many changes in the flood
management strategies. Most important change was in the development policy for different
infrastructures. The Government decided to build all structures of strategic importance above
the flood level of 100 yr frequency. Government also decided to construct school building in
the flood prone areas with the provision of using them as temporary flood shelters. As aresult all the national high ways were raised to meet the new standards. The Government
also decided to stop encroachments on the flood plains and passed legislation controllingthe developments in the flood plains and wet lands. In spite of legislation the Government
could not effectively control the encroachments in the flood plains. Recently, theGovernment has taken very strong measures to implement the legislation especially in andaround the capital Dhaka city as a result of strong citizens movement to protect theenvironment. Government is also seriously considering further legal instruments toimplement the legislation effectively all over the country. The Govt. decided to strengthen the
FFWS also. Besides the Govt. introduced a new concept of control flooding as per desire of
the stakeholders instead of making some areas completely flood free. A pilot project wasconstructed on the basis of this concept, which is known as Compartmental Pilot Project(CPP), Tangail. The project is divided in to several units on the basis of land topography andmicro-hydrological zoning. In this pilot project flooding is allowed in each unit as decided by
the stakeholders through consultation among themselves in the Water User Groups (WUG).
WUG is responsible for operating FCD facilities by themselves. It is being thoroughly studied
for its replication in all future projects and in other areas. After 1998 flood the Government
adopted a policy of IWRM in NWPo and NWMP. Government is now putting more emphasis
on non-structural means for flood mitigation. Specially, the Govt. adopted a policy of
involving communities in flood management. Flood management is now considered as an
indispensable component of poverty reduction strategy.

5. Flood and Water Management Instruments
5.1 Since ancient time legal instruments were used for flood management in the country.
During middle part of the British Rule, i.e. latter part of 19th century, the then colonial Govt.
introduced many acts and rules for flood management e.g. Embankment Act, Drainage Act,and Canal Act etc. From the early sixties the Govt. introduced some more acts to manage
flood. Recently, the Govt. has taken an integrated approach for flood management andintroduced National Water Policy (NWPo). In the light of NWPo the Govt. has prepared adraft National Water Management Plan in July 2001 for ensuring proper flood and water
management in the country.
5.2 Bangladesh has developed a good system of hydrological data collection all over thecountry. It has also developed an integrated hydrological database with about 40 yrs of data.
It has the system of real time Water Level and Rainfall data collection from a selected nos. of

10WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

stations all over the country for FFWS during monsoon months. All these data are used for
NWMP, planning and design of different types of hydraulic structures, construction ofdifferent infrastructures.
5.3 During last 40 years the Govt. has invested approximately Tk 200 billion (US$ 4 bllion)in the water sector mainly for FCDI projects. Annually the Govt. spends about Tk. 10 billion(US$ 200 million) in the water and flood management. IWRM is a very new concept inmanaging water resources. Proposed NWMP has been prepared in this setting where all thewater related sectors e.g. flood management, river development, navigation, environment,water supply & sanitation, fisheries. Water induced disaster management etc were taken into
account. In the NWMP allocation for IWRM is about Tk. 840 billion (US$ 17 billion) overperiod of 25 years. Bulk amount will go to water and sanitation sector. Water and flood
management sector will receive 23% of total allocation.
5.4 Mechanism for Effective Use of Flood Waters and Flood Plains:
It has already been mentioned that annual surface water volume is to the tune of about 1200
billion cum and 80% of them flow during the period from June to September. Country being aflood plains having a low topography, it is difficult to conserve such a huge volume of water
anywhere in the country. Flood has some positive contributions apart from its detrimental
effects, e.g. it improves the ground water recharge, soil-moisture and washes toxic materials,
which is built up due to use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. It has already been
mentioned that a pilot project on controlled flooding, an innovative project, to make best useof the floodwater instead of completely restricting its entry to the flood plains.
5.5 Enforcement of Relevant Laws for Flood Plain Management:
Bangladesh has many laws enforced at different times for flood plain and flood management.
There are some inconsistencies found in these laws. Considering the importance of brining
harmony and consistencies among the laws the Govt. has decided to promulgate a unified
law and work is now going on in this direction. Work is now going on framing a National
Water Code.

6. Policy
Government of Bangladesh has introduced National Water Policy (NWPo), which guides all
the activities in the water sector. Moreover, Govt. has prepared a National Water
Management Plan (NWMP), which has been prepared considering long term need,management and utilization of water resources cross cutting all the sectors. NWMP includes
the issue of management of water induced disasters e.g. flood, erosion, drought etc. also.
Government has recently prepared a Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan (CDMP).
Earlier, Govt. also circulated Disaster Management Guide lines in which the responsibilities
different agencies involved in disaster mitigation activities are delineated during pre-disaster
preparedness, rescue & evacuation operation during disaster and post-disaster relief &rehabilitation. Since 1987 & ‘88 and after the devastating flood of 1998, the Government is
putting more emphasis on Flood Management issues especially on the early warning,
preparedness and response activities. In NWMP flood management issues have been
focused in the light of IWRM.

7. Institution Responsible for Flood Management:
7.1 About 53 central government organizations and 13 ministries are identified to be
involved in flood and water management. Principal national institution involved in the flood
management is the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). Besides BWDB, many11

WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

organizations are also involved in the flood management activities involved at different
stages of flood management. Organizations and their responsibilities as regards flood
management is given below:• Water Resources Planning Organization: Macro planning of water resourcesmanagement;• Bangladesh Water Development Board: Feasibility Studies, Implementation, Operationand Maintenance of Flood Management Projects, Real Time Data Collection for Flood
Forecasting and Warning Services, Dissemination of Flood information at national andregional levels;• Joint River Commission: To conduct negotiation for data and information exchange on
Trans-boundary rivers;• Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD): Long, medium and short range weather
forecasting and dissemination.
• Local Government Engineering Department: Implementation. O&M of Small Scale FCD
projects;• Disaster Management Bureau (DMB): Dissemination of all information on natural
disaster including flood information at community level, Flood Preparedness awarenessbuilding etc.
• Directorate of Relief: Conducting Relief and Rehabilitation operation in flood hit areas;• Local Government Institutions (LGI): Implementation and O&M of small scale flood
management project, Flood Information Dissemination, Relief and Rehabilitation of flood
victims;• Non-Government Organizations (NGO): Advocacy for flood management, Relief andRehabilitation of flood victims.
7.2 The JRC and BWDB carry out International and Regional data and informationexchange. BWDB disseminate all kinds of flood information to all related Govt. Departments,
Organization. Over all coordination during the flood event is the responsibility of the Ministryof Disaster Management and Relief and Inter-Ministerial Disaster Management Committee.
7.3 The changes as regards the organizational policies and behavior are very much
spectacular after the floods of 1987 & ‘88. For better flood information dissemination Flood
Forecasting and Warning Center of BWDB has updated its Flood forecast model andopened a web page. FFWC is trying to disseminate the flood information in user-friendly
manner. DMB is now putting more emphasis on the community level dissemination of flood
information and preparedness. Both the print and electronic media are very keen on
publishing and broadcasting flood information almost every day during flood season. With
the experience the Govt. has realized that complete flood control may not be possible andhas taken policy of near real time flood management incase of extreme events where someareas will be allowed to be flooded to save areas of high investments and large population.
7.4
Flood Management has two different aspects, one relating to national water
management and the other relating to national disaster management. Flood Management
relating to Water Management at national level is co-coordinated by the National Water
Council and particularly by the Ministry of Water Resources. Flood Management relating toDisaster Management is co-coordinated by National Disaster Management Council
particularly by Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief. Both activities are also
coordinated at local levels by appropriate bodies.

12WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

7.5 The Government has made flood management as a participatory one. To involve allkinds of stakeholders both at national and local levels Govt. has recently up-dated Guide
Lines For Participatory Water Management. From now on public consultation has been
made compulsory for any flood management project. Some pilot studies have recently been
completed to ensure effective peoples’ participation in dissemination as well as in flood
preparedness activities at the community level. Three Pilot thanas (sub-district) wereselected in the flood prone of the country, Sudeganj in the northern part, Chouhali at the
middle part of Brahmaputra and the Louhajang at lower part of the combined flow of Ganges
and Brahmaputra. In these areas initially base line surveys were conducted to understandthe perception of the people regarding the flood, flood information and preparedness. On thebasis of baseline surveys methodologies were developed for constituting Community Based
Organization (CBO) for flood management. Intensive consultation and training wereconducted for the local people to develop their capacity for dissemination of flood informationand preparedness. It was found that pilot area studies are very useful to develop nationwide
flood preparedness program.
7.6 All the project activities in the water sector are supposed to be co-coordinated under
NWMP. National Water Council (NWC) was set up by the Government to coordinate all thevarious activities of the Agencies and Departments involved in the water sector. WARPO
has been designated to act as the Secretariat for the NWC. WARPO, BWDB, RRI and JRC
are the line Agencies under the Ministry of Water Resources. Coordination at district levelare conducted both bilaterally and muti-laterally. The same is the case at the national level.
All these co ordinations are usually guided by the Guidelines for Participatory Water
Management (GPWM).

8. Lessons Learned
Bangladesh has learnt many lessons from its experiences of last 50 years in flood
management. Firstly, flood management activities should not be standalone approach rather
an integrated approach in line with IWRM. Secondly, flood management should acombination of both structural and non-structural measures. Thirdly, the process of flood
management should be participatory especially community should be pro-actively involved.
Fourthly, flood management activities should be sustainable. Fifthly, technical considerations
should not preclude socio-economic considerations. Finally, flood management should
directly contribute to poverty reduction or alleviation in the developing countries.

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WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

References:
1. Water and Power Development Master Plan, EPWAPDA, 1964
2. Water Sector Study Report, IBRD, 1972
3. National Water Plan, MPO, 1986
4. Flood and Water Management Strategy, FPCO, 1996
5. National Water Policy, Ministry of Water Resources, 1999
6. Draft Development Strategy, National Water Management Plan, WARPO, 2001
7. Inception Report on Consolidation and Strengthening of Flood Forecasting andWarning Services Project, March 2000.
8. Information for Flood Management in Bangladesh: Main Report, Riverside
Technologies Inc. and Environment and GIS Support Project for Water Sector, Dec.,
2000
9. Summary Report Based on Studies carried out under the Flood Action Plan, FPCO,
December, 1995

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