目次

Ⅰ． 米国の 流通事情 ·························································

1

１．アメリカの国土と流通機構の発展 ·······································

1

２．アメリカの歴史、国民性と経営の考え方 ·································· 7

Ⅱ． 最近の 米国市場の 動き ··················································· 12
１．消費者の変化 ························································· 12
２．技術革新・情報化の進展 ··············································· 20
３．企業買収（M&A） ····················································· 22
４．マスマーチャンダイザーの躍進 ········································· 23
５．食品流通のパワーシフトと最近の取引慣行 ······························· 25１）取引慣行の変化 ····················································· 25２）メーカーの挑戦 ····················································· 32
３）今後の取引形態 ····················································· 34
６．ECR（Efficient Consumer Response）の動き································ 36
１）ECR の定義と導入の背景 ············································· 36２）ECR の目的 ························································· 37３）ECR 導入の前提条件と問題点 ········································· 37４）その後の ECR ······················································· 37
７．食品・H&BC の流通チャネル············································ 38１）加工食品流通チャネル ··············································· 38
２）H&BC ······························································ 39
８．プライベートブランドの動向 ··········································· 40１）プライベートブランドのシェア ······································· 40２）プライベートブランド成長の背景 ····································· 42
３）最近の PB 市場の特徴 ················································ 43４）欧州各国の PB 比率 ·················································· 45
９．HMR、ミールソリューションの動向 ····································· 47
１）消費者の変化 ······················································· 47
２）米国食品産業の構造変化 ············································· 48３）食品小売業における HMR の展開 ······································ 52
10．データベース・マーケティング ········································· 53１）データベース・マーケティングの背景 ································· 54

２）スーパーマーケットのデータベース・マーケティング···················· 55３）フリークェント・ショッパー・プログラム ····························· 55
11．食品小売業の競争環境と競争への対応 ··································· 58１）食品小売業の競争環境 ··············································· 58２）競争への対応 ······················································· 61
12．Ｅマーケット／ネット・エクスチェンジ ································· 64１）Ｅマーケット ······················································· 64２）B2C 市場 ··························································· 67
３）オンライン・スーパーマーケット ····································· 67

Ⅲ． 米国の 商取引と 法律規制 ················································· 70
１．ロビンソン・パットマン法の概要 ······································· 70１）ロビンソン・パットマン法の対象 ····································· 70２）価格差別による競争阻害 ············································· 71３）価格差別の正当化事由 ··············································· 71
２．ロビンソン・パットマン法の商慣行・制度への影響························ 72
３．割引制度（ディスカウント及びアローワンス）とその法的妥当性············ 73１）数量割引（ボリューム・ディスカウントまたはクオンティティー・
ディスカウント) ··················································· 74
２）取引割引（トレード・ディスカウント） ······························· 75
３）季節割引（シーズナル・ディスカウント） ····························· 76
４）広告及びプロモーショナル・アローワンス ····························· 76
５）現金割引（キャッシュ・ディスカウント） ····························· 77６）バックホール（Backhaul) ············································· 78
７）ブローカレッジ・アローワンス ······································· 78８）その他の割引、アローワンス ········································· 79
４．州法の取引規定 ······················································· 79
５．酒類規制 ····························································· 80
１）酒類販売規制 ······················································· 80２）酒税 ······························································· 83３）流通チャネル ······················································· 84

Ⅳ． 主要小売業の 定義と 概要 ················································ 85
１．デパートメントストア（百貨店） ······································· 85

１）デパートメントストア〈百貨店〉 ····································· 85
２）ゼネラル・マーチャンダイズ・ストア ································· 86３）ディスカウント・デパートメントストア〈ディスカウントストア〉········ 88
２．バラエティストア ····················································· 90
１）バラエティストアの発生と発展 ······································· 90２）バラエティストアの衰退 ············································· 91３）新業態バラエティストア―ダラーストアの躍進 ························· 91
３．ドラッグストア ······················································· 94
１）ドラッグストアの変化 ··············································· 94２）ドラッグストアのタイプ ············································· 95
３）最近のドラッグストアの動向 ········································· 97
４．スーパーマーケット ··················································· 98１）スーパーマーケットの歴史 ··········································· 98
２）出現当初のスーパーマーケットの特徴 ································· 99３）スーパーマーケットのフォーマット ··································· 99４）その他のフォーマット ··············································· 102
５．ホールセールクラブ／ウエアハウスクラブ ······························ 103１）競争の激化 ························································· 104２）Sam s 平均店舗の概要 ················································ 104
６．パワーリテーラー ···················································· 105
１）パワーリテーラーのタイプ ··········································· 106
２）主な専門ディスカウンター ··········································· 107
７．ショッピングセンター ················································· 109
１）ショッピングセンターの定義 ········································ 109
２）ショッピングセンターの種類 ········································ 110

Ⅴ． 主な 卸売業の 概要 ······················································· 115
１．商業センサスに見る卸売業の定義 ······································· 115
２．ボランタリーチェーン（VC） ··········································· 115
１）ボランタリーチェーンの発生 ········································· 115
２）IGA（Independent Grocer s Alliance）の設立 ····························· 116
３）変貌するボランタリーチェーン ······································· 117４）食品卸売業の買収 ··················································· 118
３．コーオペラティブチェーン ············································ 119

４．食品卸売業のリテール・サポート ······································· 120
１）リテール・サポートの変化 ··········································· 120
２）スーパーバリューのリテール・サポート ······························· 121
５．食品卸売業の収益構造の変化 ·········································· 123
１）スーパーバリューのアドバンテッジ・プログラム ······················· 123
６．フードブローカー ····················································· 126
７．医薬品卸売業 ························································ 126１）医薬品卸売業界の寡占化 ············································· 127
２）粗利益率の低下 ····················································· 127

Ⅵ． 米国の 医療制度と 医薬品流通 ············································· 130
１．日本と米国の医療制度の基本的な違い ··································· 131
１）保険制度 ··························································· 131２）医薬分業 ··························································· 131３）薬価 ······························································· 132
４）国民医療費 ························································· 132
２．米国医療制度の変化 ··················································· 132
１）公的保険制度 ······················································· 132
２）医療費の高騰 ······················································· 133
３）民間保険機関の成長 ················································· 135
４）医療保険の支払い額 ················································· 137５）医療形態の変化 ····················································· 137
６）病院の経営努力 ····················································· 138
３．米国の処方医薬品流通チャネル ········································· 139

Ⅶ． 米国流通関連統計資料 ··················································· 141
１．米国小売業の業種別事業所数、年間販売額、雇用従業者数― 2007年商業統計 ···················································· 141
２．米国卸売業の業種別形態別事業所数、年間販売額、雇用従業者数― 2007年商業統計 ···················································· 143
３．米国企業売上高上位50社（2011年） ····································· 145
４．産業別売上高上位企業（2011年） ······································· 147
５．ホールセールクラブの店舗数及び売上高（2011年）························ 150
６．ドラッグストア売上高上位50社（2010年） ······························· 151

７．大手小売業50社の米国内、全世界売上高及び店舗数（2011年）·············· 152
８．スーパーマーケットチェーン売上高上位50社（2011年）···················· 153
９．食品小売業売上高（規模別、業態別）（2011年） ·························· 154
10．食品卸売業売上高上位40社（2010年） ··································· 155
11．飲食業チェーン売上高上位20社（2009年） ······························· 156
12．コンビニエンス・ストア向け卸売業売上高上位25社（2010年）·············· 157
13．コンビニエンス・ストア上位企業の店舗数及び売上高（2011年）············ 158
14‑1．2011年度 PB インフォスキャン・データ（売上高） ······················ 159
14‑2．2011年度 PB インフォスキャン・データ（販売数量） ···················· 161

Ⅷ． 索

引 ································································· 163

◆本文図表目次(Ⅰ〜Ⅵ)
図表-１

人口の推移 ······················································ 12

図表-２

国民１人当たりの所得、可処分所得、消費支出および伸び率··········· 12

図表-３

収入別世帯構成比 ················································ 13

図表-４

伝統的家族世帯の崩壊 ············································ 13

図表-５

人口構成比の変化 ················································ 14

図表-６

主な世帯消費支出（世代別） ······································ 15

図表-７

消費者の変化と企業の対応 ········································ 19

図表-８

技術革新の動向 ·················································· 21

図表-９

M&A の構図 ······················································ 23

図表-10

各種業態小売業の経営指標−１ ···································· 24

図表-11

各種業態小売業の経営指標−２（価格差の分析）····················· 25

図表-12ウォルマート、コストコ、クローガーの業績比較····················· 36

図表-13

米国の加工食品流通チャネル ······································ 38

図表-14

米国の H&BC 製品主要流通チャネル ································ 39

図表-15

最寄品小売業の全カテゴリー売上高、PB 売上高及びシェア ············ 40

図表-16

最寄品小売業の全カテゴリー販売数量、PB 販売量及びシェア ·········· 40

図表-17

商品別プライベートブランドのシェア ······························ 41

図表-18

小売業の業態別 PB シェア（消費者パッケージ製品） ················· 42

図表-19

PB の NB との価格差 ·············································· 44

図表-20

欧州各国の PB 比率（金額ベース） ································· 45

図表-21

北米大手食品流通業の売上高及び PB 比率 ··························· 46

図表-22

食品産業の構成 ·················································· 49

図表-23

食品産業の産業別販売額の推移 ···································· 49

図表-24

小売業の食品販売とフードサービスの成長率························· 50

図表-25

ファストフードとフルサービスレストランの成長率··················· 50

図表-26

世帯当たり食品支出額の推移 ······································ 51

図表-27

ミールソリューションと HMR の位置づけ（概念図） ················· 52

図表-28

サイネテックス社のデシル・レポート ······························ 57

図表-29

米国食品小売業の上位集中化 ······································ 59

図表-30

小売業の業態別、部門別販売額及びシェア ·························· 59

図表-31

米国食品流通業トップ20社と市場シェア ···························· 60

図表-32

スーパーマーケットとスーパーセンターの商品別シェアの変化········· 61

図表-33

業態別店舗数の変化と買物頻度の変化 ······························ 62

図表-34

スーパーマーケットのカテゴリー別売上高・構成比··················· 63

図表-35

オンライン販売額及びシェア ······································ 69

図表-36

米国の酒類流通チャネル（カリフォルニア州の場合、ビールを除く）··· 84

図表-37

GMS 系チェーン百貨店の売上高、店舗数 ···························· 87

図表-38

ダラーストア、ホールセールクラブ、スーパーマーケットの対前年成長率 ···················································· 92

図表-39

ダラーストア／クローズアウト／バラエティの上位売上高············· 93

図表-40

各種医薬品小売業の店舗数の推移 ·································· 95

図表-41

需要者別処方医薬品売上高 ········································ 96

図表-42

上位ドラッグストアの薬局売上高、小売売上高、店舗数··············· 98

図表-43

スーパーセンターの部門別売上構成比、粗利益貢献度················· 102

図表-44

主なスーパーセンターの売上高、店舗数 ···························· 102

図表-45

ホールセールクラブの店舗数、売上高の推移························· 104

図表-46

規模別ショッピングセンター数の変化 ······························ 114

図表-47

食品卸売業の営業収入の内訳 ······································ 123

図表-48

スーパーバリュー社の ABS 移行前と移行後の請求金額事例 ············ 125

図表-49

医薬品卸売業の企業数、流通センター数 ···························· 127

図表-50

医薬品卸売業の売上高推移 ········································ 127

図表-51

医薬品卸売業 DC の経営指標 ······································· 128

図表-52

医薬品卸売業のカテゴリー別売上高及び在庫品目数··················· 128

図表-53

医薬品卸売業の販売先別売上高・構成比 ···························· 129

図表-54

国民医療費と対 GDＰ比 ··········································· 133

図表-55

総医療費に占めるメディケア及びメディケイド支出の割合············· 134

図表-56

一人当たり医療費に占める病院費の割合 ···························· 134

図表-57

病院数の推移 ···················································· 134

図表-58

一人当たり医療費の支出費目別割合 ································ 135

図表-59

HMO 数と加入者数 ··············································· 136

図表-60

消費者世帯当たり医療費 ·········································· 137

図表-61

入院日数の変化 ·················································· 138

図表-62

処方医薬品の流通チャネル ········································ 139

図表-63

メーカーの処方医薬品販売：流通チャネル別割合····················· 140

図表-64

処方医薬品の顧客別店舗数、売上高、市場シェア····················· 140