<Provisional translation>

Roadmap for
Carbon Recycling Technologies

June 2019
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Cooperation of Cabinet Office,Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology &Ministry of the Environment※ In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents, the original Japanese version is to be the final version.

CCUS/Carbon Recycling
l With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote
capturing and recycling this material. Carbon dioxide (CO2) will be utilized for producing recycled materials and fuelsby mineralization, artificial photosynthesis and methanation and this will also control CO2 emissions to the air.
l Carbon Recycling technology advances research and development of CO2 utilization promoting collaborations
among industries, academia and governments around the world and stimulates disruptive innovation.
l Carbon Recycling is one of key technologies for the society, together with energy saving, renewable energy and CCS.

1. Chemicals

EOR

CCUS

CaptureUtilization

Direct Utilizationof CO2(welding, dry ice, etc.)• Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate,
urethane, etc.)• Biomass-derived chemicals• Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)

2. Fuels• Microalgae biofuels (jet fuel/diesel)• CO2-derived fuels or biofuels (excluding fuels
derived from microalgae) (methanol, ethanol,
diesel, etc.)• Gas fuels (methane)

3. Minerals
Storage

Carbon Recycling• Concrete products, concrete structures• Carbonate, etc.

4. Others• Negative emission technologies (BECCS,
Blue Carbon etc.)1

Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies
Volume of utilized CO2

Phase 3
Ø Pursue further cost reduction

Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.)
Further reduction volume of CO2, for thepolycarbonate.
Liquid Fuels (Bio-jet fuel, etc).
Cost must be reduced to around1/8 -1/16
of current one.
Concrete Products (Road curb blocks, etc.)
Cost must be reduced to 1/3 – 1/5 of current
one

Phase 1
Ø Pursue all potential technologies forcarbon recycling initiatives.
Ø Special effort should focus ontechnologies requiring no hydrogen andproducing high-value added materials,
both of which shall be expected tospread from around 2030 onwards.

Phase 2
Ø Attempt to reduce costs of technologies that are
expected to spread from 2030 onwards.
Ø Special effort should focus on technologies for largevolume commodity, which will be enabled byinexpensive hydrogen supply from 2050 onwards.
Attempts should be made to reach equivalent cost of
existing energy and products from 2050 onward.

Expected to be highly consumed
from 2030
l Chemicals
Polycarbonate, etc.
l Liquid Fuels
Bio-jet fuels, etc.

l Concrete Products
Road curb blocks, etc.

Expected to Spreadfrom 2050

Expected to Spreadfrom 2030

l Chemicals
Commodity (Olefin, BTX, etc.)

l Chemicals

l Fuels

Polycarbonate, etc.
l Liquid Fuelsl Concrete Products

Gas, Liquid
Commodity

Bio-jet fuel, etc.

l Concrete Products
Road curb blocks, etc.

HydrogenCO2 capture technology

Current

JPY20/Nm3 （cost at delivery site）

Reducing costLess than ¼ of current cost

2030

From 2050 onwards<Review process> Be flexible in the addition of technologies based on the state of international technology development obtained through the International
Conference on Carbon Recycling among Industry-Academia-Government, or proposals of new technologies. The roadmap should be reviewed in five years as needed,take into account the revision of the “Long term Strategy for Growth strategy based on the Paris Agreement (provisional translation)” .

2

Summary of
Carbon Recycling Technologies R&D
Category

Basic
Substance

Chemicals

Substance After
CO2 Conversion

Current Status※1

Price of the Existing
Equivalent Product※1

Improvement of conversion
Partially commercialized. Innovative process (light, efficiency and reaction rate,―
improvement in durability of catalyst,
electricity utilization) is at R&D stage
etc.
Reduce the amount of CO2 emission
Approx. JPY 300Partially commercialized (polycarbonates, etc.),
for polycarbonate. Other than
500/kgOxygenated
Others are at R&D stage
polycarbonate, etc. commercialized(polycarbonate
Compounds[Price example] Price of the existing equivalent(Improvement in conversion(domestic sale price))
product (Polycarbonate)rate/selectivity, etc.)
Cost reduction/effective
Biomass-derived
Technical development stage (non-edible
pretreatment technique, etc.
―
Chemicals
biomass)
conversion technologies, etc.
JPY 100/kg
Commodity Chemicals Partially commercialized (Syngas, etc. produced Improvement in conversion(ethylene (domestic(olefin, BTX, etc.)from coal, etc. is utilized)
rate/selectivity, etc.
sale price))

Liquid Fuel (CO2Demonstration stage (E-Fuel, etc.), partiallyderived fuels or biofuelscommercialized for edible biomass-derived(excluding microalgaebioethanol
derived ones))

Gas Fuel (Methane)

Minerals

Challenges

Syngas/Methanol, etc.

Liquid Fuel (microalgae Demonstration Stage[Price example] Biojet Fuel: JPY 1600/L
biofuel)Fuels※1 Price researched by secretariat※2 Basic substances, chemicals(excluding some oxygenated compounds), and manytechnologies for fuels require large amounts of inexpensive CO2-free hydrogens. Biomassderived fuels may require hydrogen for hydrogenation treatment, etc.

Demonstration Stage

Partially commercialized. R&D for various
Carbonates/Concrete technologies techniques are underway towards
Products, Concrete cost reduction.
Structures[Price example] order of JPY 100/t (Road curb
block)

CommonTechnology

CO2 Capture

Basic
Substance

Hydrogen

Improvement productivity, cost
reduction/ effective pretreatment
technique, etc.

Improvement in current processes,
system optimization, etc.

JPY 100/L level(bio-jet fuel(domestic sale price))
JPY 50-80/L(alcohol as raw
material (imported
price)In 2030

From 2050 Onwards

Reduction inprocess costs

Further reduction inprocess costs

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Further reduction in costs

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Further reduction in costs―

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products(JPY 100-200/L)

Further reduction in costs―

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Reduction in costs for
CO2–derived CH4

Costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Road curb Blockcosts: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

Other products, except roadcurb block
costs: similar to those ofexisting energy/products

JPY 1000-2000 level/t-CO2 (chemical
absorption, solid
absorption, physicalabsorption, membrane
separation)

JPY 1000/t-CO2 or lower

JPY 30/Nm3

JPY 20/Nm3(cost at delivery site)

JPY approx. 130/L
Industrial alcohol(domestic sale price)
System optimization, scale-up, etc.

JPY 40-50/Nm3(Natural gas(imported price))

Separation of CO2-reactive and CO2JPY 30/kg
unreactive compounds, comminution, (Road curb block(domestic sale price))
etc.

Partially commercialized (chemical absorption).
Other techniques are at research/ demonstration
stage
Reduction in the required energy,[Price example]
etc.
Approx. JPY4000/t-CO2(Chemical absorption)
Technologies have been roughly established(water electrolysis, etc.) R&D for other techniques Cost reduction, etc.
are also underway towards cost reduction.

―

3

Scope : Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies
The carbon recycling technology, where we consider CO2 as a resource, will begin with a smaller recycle volume.
We expect this initiative will continue to expand into different application areas as achieving cost effectiveness. We
set relatively short-term targets in 2030 while 2050 onward is seen as a mid- to long-term target.
2030:

Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization as early stage as possible.
(1) Establish an environment that fosters easy utilization of CO2 (reducing costs for capture andrecycle of CO2)
(2) Processes whose basic technology is established can replace existing products by reducing
costs(Products that do not require inexpensive hydrogen supply, as well as high-value added products
can replace existing products)

2050:

Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization in the mid- to long-term.
○ Early-stage technologies that have greater impacts by using a large amount of CO2(enabled by inexpensive hydrogen)2030 (short-term)

Field

Technologies producing high-value added products
and/or not requiring inexpensive hydrogen will becommercialized first:• Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.)• Liquid fuels (bio-jet fuel, etc.)• Concrete products (road curb blocks, etc.)

2050 onward (mid-to long-term)
Extended to products that have large demand:• Chemicals (commodity: olefin, BTX, etc.)• Fuels (gas, liquid)• Concrete products (commodity)4

Individual technologies

5CCUS/ Carbon Recycling
l With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote
capturing and recycling this material. Carbon dioxide (CO2) will be utilized for producing recycled materials and fuelsby mineralization, artificial photosynthesis and methanation and this will also control CO2 emissions to the air.
EOR※
Emissions etc.

Direct utilization
Storage

Welding, dry ice

Carbon Recycling
Utilization

CaptureCommonTechnology• Chemical or physicalabsorption/membrane separation, etc.
• Direct Air Capture (DAC)

Carbon-free Hydrogen Production Common
Substances••

Basic substances• CO/H2 Syngas• Methanol, etc.
（Until inexpensive Hydrogen can besupplied, methane (CH4) will be usedinstead of CO2）

Various hydrogen carriers (such as liquidhydrogen, MCH, NH3,, etc.)

Thermal chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)
Electrochemistry (electrochemical reduction,etc.)
Biological synthesis (microorganisms, etc.)
Combination of the above

Chemicals• Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate, urethane, etc.)• Biomass-derived chemicals• Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)

Fuel• Liquid fuel (1) (microalgae biofuels: bio-jet fuel/diesel)• Liquid fuel (2) (CO2-derived fuels or biofuels (excluding fuels
derived from microalgae): methanol, ethanol, etc.)• Gas fuels (methane)

Mineral• Concrete products, concrete structure, carbonate, etc.)

Others• Negative emissions technologies(BECCS, Blue Carbon, etc.)

Water electrolysis
Fossil resource reforming＋CCS, etc.
Domestic surplus renewable energy※EOR：Enhanced Oil Recovery

Common Issues: Overall optimization of heat/pressure/materials (cost reduction, etc.) andLCA (comparison with the current processes)

6Common technology
l CO2 Capture Technology<Technological Challenges>• Reduction in capital and operational costs and in requiredenergyDevelopment of new functional materials (absorbents,
adsorbents, separation membrane)(improvements in selectivity/capacity/durability improvements)
Reduction in production costs of functional materials
Optimization of processes(in terms of heat/substance/power,
etc.)• Selection of the types of CO2 capture technologies based on
the CO2 emission source/application• Establishing CO₂ capture and conversion systems by matching
CO₂ supply and demand with approaching co-production• Transportation and storage<Individual Technologies>• Chemical absorption (temperature swing (current process))
Approx. JPY 4,000/t-CO2
Required energy: Approx.2.5GJ/t-CO2• Physical absorption (pressure swing (demonstration stage))• Solid absorption (temperature swing) (R&D stage)• Physical adsorption (pressure/temperature swing,
less advantages in scale-up, improvements needed inselectivity/capacity/endurance life)• Membrane separation (pressure difference)• Others: cryogenic separation technique, Direct Air Capture, etc.
<Process Technologies to facilitate CO2 Capture>• Oxygen-enriched combustion, closed IGCC
Development of low cost oxygen supply technology• Chemical Looping combustion
Development of low-cost and durable oxygen carriers

Target for 2030

Target from2050 Onwards• For low-pressure gas (CO2 separation fromflue gas, blast furnace gas, etc.)
JPY2,000 level/t-CO2
Required energy 1.5 GJ/t-CO2
Chemical absorption, solid absorption, etc.
• For high-pressure gas (CO2 separation fromchemical process/fuel gas, etc.)
JPY1,000 level/t-CO2
Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO2
Physical absorption, membrane separation, etc.
• Overall review of other processes
Closed IGCC/Chemical looping, etc.
JPY1,000 level/t-CO2
Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO2<Establishing a CO2 capture system>• Realization of an energy-saving, low cost CO2
capture system that is designed for each CO2emission source/usage• Realization of 10,000 hour continuous
operation (to demonstrate the robustness andreliability)<Commercialization of CO2
capture technology>• Achieve JPY1,000/t-CO2 orlower• Improve the robustness andreliability of CO2 capturesystems• Optimize CO2 capturesystems according to theemission source andapplication• Full-fledged spread of
CO2 capture systems

7

Common technology
l Explanations on CO2 capture technologies
Capture technologies

Principle

Application areas

Chemical absorption• Chemical reaction between CO2 and liquid.

thermal power plants, cement
manufacturer, iron and steel
production, petroleum refining,chemical production and fossil fuelextraction

Physical absorption• Dissolution CO2 into liquid. Efficiency depends on
the solubility of CO2 in the absorbent.

thermal power plants(high gaspressure), petroleum refining,chemical production and fossil fuelextraction

Solid absorption• Absorption into solid absorbents.
• Absorbents include porous materials impregnatedwith amines (for low temperature separation) or othersolid absorbents for high temperature separation.

thermal power plants, cement
manufacturer, petroleum refining andchemical production

Physical adsorption• Adsorption onto porous solid such as zeolite.
• Realized by increase and decrease of pressure (i.e.
pressure swing) or temperature (i.e. temperatureswing).

thermal power plants, cement
manufacturer, iron and steel
production, petroleum refining andchemical production

Membrane separation• Permeation through a membrane, which has
selective permeability for different gas species

thermal power plants(high gaspressure), petroleum refining,chemical production and fossil fuelextraction

8

Basic substancesl Methane Chemistry, etc.
(Until inexpensive Hydrogen can be supplied, methane (CH4) will be used instead of CO2.)[CH4→Syngas (1)]• Established as a commercial process• Partial oxidation/ATR, dry reforming: There is a room for
improvement, such as making the reaction temperature
lower, searching suitable catalysts, improving durability,
etc.
[CH4→Others]• Separation under high temperature conditions (hydrogenand benzene, etc.)• Direct synthesis of methanol(2) and of ethylene (3) are stillat R& D stage.
• Methane thermal cracking where CO2-free hydrogen canbe obtained is still at R& D stage (catalyst development,
carbon removal/utilization technology)[Wastes→Useful Substances]• Sophisticate a recycling technology that utilizes waste
plastics(physical selection of plastics, removal of impurities,
halogen-resistant catalysts, etc.)• Establishment of industrialized process

Target from2050 Onwards

Target for 2030

<Technological Goal>• CH4→Syngas Reaction temperature: 600°C or lower(Catalyst: life of approx. 8000hr)• Development a hydrogen separation membranethat is usable even at 600°C<Costs>• Costs are similar to those for existing energy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than the CO2 emission intensity fromthe current process<Other Challenges>• Heat management, equipment costs, development of
low-cost oxygenation (such as the utilization of oxygen
concurrently produced during electrolysis)<Costs>• Raw materials are replaced with CO2(Slide 10and11) and the costs are
similar to those for existingenergy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• Further reduction

P.9

(3)
(2)

Natural Gas

CH4

P.9

(1)
Syngas

CO2、H2

CO,H2
P.10

P.11

Methanol
CH3OH
Ethanol

C2H5OH

Chemicals
P.12

Fuels

P.12

9

Basic substancesl Technologies to produce syngas containing Carbon Mono-oxide and Hydrogen
Thermal Chemistry (catalysts, etc.)<Technological Challenges>• Further improvement in current processes (reverse-shift reaction)<Other Challenges>• Capture and reuse of the CO2 produced as a byproduct in reaction system<Example of specific efforts>• Thermal cracking of CO2 utilizing solar heat

Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)
Artificial Photosynthesis (photocatalysts)<Technological Challenges>• Catalyst Development
Hydrogen synthesis (photocatalysts) → Reverse shift reaction
Direct synthesis of CO
Improvement in conversion efficiency and separation of gas generated<Other Challenges>• System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable• Examination and comparison with the current CO production process(methane-derived)

Target for 2030
<Conversion Efficiency(Photochemistry)>•

Solar energy conversion efficiency:
10% achievement<Reaction Rate (Current Density)>• CO2 processing speed 6t/yr/m2(Achievement of current density 500mA/cm2 atordinary temperature/normal pressure, electrolytic
efficiency50%) (Electrochemistry) Note 1 )<Catalysts>
Electrochemistry (electrochemical reduction, etc.)
Artificial Photosynthesis (PV-electrochemical cell)<Technological Challenges>• Development of a catalyst electrode that is suitable for high current
density (improve reaction rate)• Development of integration technology for catalyst electrodes (improvethe current density per unit volume)• Production of syngas through co-electrolysis (respond to load change,
equipment scale)<Other Challenges>• System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable• Examination and comparison with the current CO production process(methane-derived)• Securing reasonable and stable, large amounts of power derived fromrenewable energy

Synthesis utilizing organisms (such as microorganisms)•

Implement various types of R&D• Further improvement in durability and Reduction
in costs

Target from2050 Onwards<Conversion Efficiency(Photochemistry)>
Further improvement of
conversion efficiency<Reaction Rate (Current Density)>
CO2 processing speed 11 t/yr/m2(Achievement of current density
1000mA/cm2 at ordinary temperature/normalpressure, electrolytic efficiency 50%)
(Electrochemistry) Note 1)(Others)(Others)• Development of renewable energy combined
systems• Development of hybrid systems (Photo ＋
Electricity, etc.)• Sector coupling: Demonstrate a case where
CO is used as a reducing agent for steelmaking• Synthesis that utilizes thermal
chemistry/photochemistry/electrochemistry/organisms isthe best mix of various
reactions/technologies.

Note1) Estimate under the following conditions: 100MW plant, availability factor:16.3%, and JPY 2/kWh.
Source of the available factor: Materials owned by ANRE (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
Note2) Supplying inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important10Basic Substancesl Technologies to produce Methanol, etc.
Thermal Chemistry(catalysts, etc.)[ CO2 → Methanol]<Technological Challenges>• Reaction at low temperature
Catalyst development/improvement in catalyst’s conversion
rate/selectivity• Separation/removal of the water arising from the reaction• Direct utilization of low quality exhaust gas (at a research stage)
Measures against deterioration/improvements of durability of catalysts<Other Challenges>• Examination and comparison with the current practical process (reaction
through syngas)• Utilization of CO2 in existing methanol production equipment[Syngas → Methanol (or DME)]<Technological Challenges>• Improvement of yields in methanol production• A system for concurrent production of methanol and DME where syngas
is used as a raw material(production adjustment technique)Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)
Electrochemistry (electrochemical oxidation/reduction, etc.)
Synthesis utilizing organisms(such as microorganisms)
Implement various types of R&D<Technological Challenges>• Direct synthesis of formic acid/methanol(by utilizing the protons in water)• Improvement in reaction rate and efficiency<Other Challenges>• Securing reasonable and stable, large amounts of power derived fromrenewable energy (in the case of utilizing electricity)

Target from2050 Onwards

Target for 2030

<Common Challenges>• Reduction in process cost
<Others>• Development of renewable energy
combined systems• Development of hybrid systems (Photo＋Electricity, etc.)• Considering large-scale methanol
supply chain• Apply the technology to existingproduction systems/secure affinity<Challenges to be taken up whenmethanol is utilized as a raw material>• Demonstrate the technology formethanol to be used in an actual
environment• Expand mixed utilization of existing
fuels and methanol as well as themixed ratio<Common Challenges>• Further reduction in process cost
<Expected Cost>• The expected costs are roughly
equal to those incurred forthe product synthesized fromnatural gas-derived methanol<Specific Practical Example>• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol production from syngas (derived
from waste incineration facilities) using microorganisms (The technology
to be established by 2023: Goal 500〜1,000kL/y scale demonstration to
be implemented)※ some processes require no further hydrogen

Supplying inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important11

Chemicals
l Technologies to produce commodity chemicals (Olefins, BTX, etc.)
Target for 2030
<Technological Challenges>[MTO-olefin] (production plants exist)• Developing catalysts (improvement in conversion
rate/selectivity)
E.g., Controlling generation ratio of Ethylene,
propylene, butane, etc.
• Countermeasures against catalyst poisoning(controlling carbon precipitation)[MTA-BTX] (R&D projects exist)• Developing catalysts (improvement in conversion
rate/selectivity)
E.g., Controlling generation ratio of Benzene,
toluene, xylene, etc.
Regarding MTO and MTA, methanol derived from coal
is implemented or under implemented in China.
[Syngas→olefin, BTX]
Basic research level• Developing catalysts (improvement in conversion
rate/selectivity)
E.g., Controlling generation ration of Benzene,
toluene, xylene, etc.
• Suppression of the generation of CO2 and methane

Target from2050 Onwards[MTO-olefin]<Catalyst>
Establish C2-C4 selective synthesis technology• Further improvement in yield and Control of
selectivity• Establish a small-pilot-scale process[MTA-BTX]<Catalyst>• Further improvement of yield and control of
selectivity[Syngas -> Olefin, BTX]
<Catalyst>• Further improvement of yield and control of
selectivity<Expected Cost>• The costs are similar to those forexisting energy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must
be equal to or lower than half of
the CO2 emission intensity from thecurrent process<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than the CO2 emission
intensity from the current process

Supplying inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important12

Chemicals
l Technologies to produce oxygenated compounds

Target for 2030
<Technological Challenges>• Reduce cost in the current process orfor commercialization (polycarbonate
synthesis, etc.)• Further reduction of CO2 emissions• Reduction in production costs
Basic research level, under low TRL Process(acrylic acid synthesis, etc.)• Catalyst development (improvement inconversion rate/selectivity)• Realization of low LCA for reaction partners(such as utilizing biomass/waste plastics,
etc.)

Target from2050 Onwards<Expected Cost>• The costs are similar to those for existingenergy/products<Expected Cost>• Further reduction in costs<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than the CO2 emission
intensity from the current process<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must
be equal to or lower than half of theCO2 emission intensity from the current
process<Other Challenges>• Considering another CO2 storage techniquebased on chemicals (such as oxalic acid,etc.)

Oxygenated compounds include (in alphabetical order):acetic acid, acetic acid ester, acrylic acid, ethanol, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester,
salicylic acid, urethane, etc.

13Chemicals
l Technologies to produce biomass-derived chemicals<Technological Challenges>(Cellulose-type biomass)• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique (separation of cellulose,lignin, etc.)• Establish the related techniques such as dehydration/drying,removal of impurities, etc.
• Production process of high-value added chemicals from non-ediblebiomass• Screening and culture techniques for new microorganisms
resources• Utilization of biotechnology (Genome editing/synthesis),establishment of separation/purification/reaction process techniques• Fermentation technology and catalyst technology that are notsusceptible to impurities• Development of effective materials conversion technologies forbiomass materials• High functionality in biomass-derived chemicals (adding marine
biodegradable functions, etc.)<Other Challenges>• Establishing integrated production processes (securing production
scale, stability in quality, etc.)• Expanding the scope of target products including derivatives(oxygenated compounds→olefin, etc.)• Expanding the scope of application of biomass-derived chemicals
and verify their economic performance• Establishing an effective collection system for biomass materials• Standardization of biomass-derived chemicals/intermediates

Image ofexpansion

Target for 2030
<Expected Cost>• The costs are similar to those forexisting energy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, as compared to alternative
petrochemical products (such as
oxygenated compounds, etc.), theamount of emissions must be equal toor lower than half of the CO2 emission
intensity from the current process<Others>• Diversification and high functionalityof biomass-derived chemicals(Controlling marine biodegradable
functions, etc.)• Hydrogen is necessary inhydrogenation treatment• Utilize edible biomass (mainly, ethanol and amino acid)• Utilize oils and fats
• Bio and waste power generation• Synthesize high-value added chemicals (functional chemicals)※ Such technological development is also common to that in fuel sector (bioethanol, etc.)※ Cultivation and capturing biomass technologies include marine use as well (fuel sector as well)

Target from2050 Onwards• Large-scale production(geographically-distributed
chemicals production that utilizes
papermaking infrastructure/
agriculture and forestry/wastes,
etc.)<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, as compared toalternative petrochemical
products (such as olefin, etc.), theamount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than half of theCO2 emission intensity from thecurrent process•

Introduction into global markets(Marine biodegradable plastics :JPY 850 billion (Global market
share of Japan: 25%))• Utilize non-edible biomass/microalgae• Bio power generation (ultimately, BECCS)• Diversification of biomass chemicals/fuels

14Fuelsl Technologies to produce liquid fuel (1) *Microalgae Biofuel (Jet Fuel/Diesel)
Target for 2030

<Technological Challenges>(Microalgae→Biojet fuel/Biodiesel)• Improve productivity (culture system/ gene recombination)• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique• Establish the related techniques such as dehydration/drying,oil extraction, removal of impurities, etc.
• Develop the technology for utilizing oils/fats residues• Scale-up (from bench-scale to pilot-scale, followed bydemonstration level)• Large-scale technological demonstration• Pursuit of cost reduction<Other Challenges>• Expanding the scope of application and verify economic
performance• Establishing an effective collection system for raw materials

Target from2050 Onwards<Expected Cost>• Bio-jet Fuel: costs: similar to those for existingenergy/products, JPY 100-200/L (Currently,
JPY1600/L)<Production Rate>• 75 L-oil/day・ha (Currently, 35 L-oil/day∙ha)<CO2 Emission Intensity>• With regard to biojet fuels, in LCA, as compared toexisting jet fuels, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than half of the CO2 emission
intensity from the current process<Others>• Compliance with fuel standards• Scale up to the demonstration level andestablish the supply chain• Expand mixed utilization of the liquid fuel andan existing fuel as well as the mixed ratio• Since hydrogen is used in relatively small amounts
for oil reforming, the presence of CO2 free hydrogen
increases the GHG reduction impact*Such technological development is also common to that in the chemicals sector(High value added products, such as cosmetics and supplements derived from microalgae are partially commercialized)<Expected Cost>• Further reductions in costs<CO2 Reduction Amount>• Must contribute to 50% CO2 reduction relative
to that for 2005 in aviation sectors(FYI) If a biojet fuel with a greenhouse gas emission
reduction rate of 50% continues to be introduced at
100 thousand kL/yr, a CO2 reduction of 123 thousand t/yr
will be achieved.

15

Fuelsl Technologies to produce liquid fuel (2)*CO2-derived fuel or Biofuel (excluding microalgae-derived fuels) (such as methanol, ethanol,
diesel, jet, DMC, OME, etc.)
Target for 2030
<Technological Challenges>• Improvement in FT Synthesis (current
process) (Improvement in conversion
rate/selectivity )• Improvement in other synthetic reaction(current process)<Other Challenges>• System’s optimization(Renewable energy introduction (E-Fuel))<Specific Practical Example>• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol
production from syngas (derived fromwaste incineration facilities) using
microorganisms (The technology to beestablished by 2023: Goal 500-1,000kL/yscale demonstration to be implemented)<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must
be equal to or lower than the CO2
emission intensity from the current
process<Other Challenges>• Wondering what impact a CO2-derived
fuel may have on the regulations/device/equipment on which naphtha/crude oil-derived fuels had no effect• Demonstrate the technology in an
actual environment• Expand mixed utilization of the liquid
fuel and existing fuels as well as themixed ratio

Target from2050 Onwards<Expected Cost>• The costs are similar to those forexisting energy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions
must be equal to or lower thanhalf of the CO2 emission intensityfrom the current process※ some processes require no further hydrogen

Costs for biofuels and target for CO2 emissions, the same as biomass derived chemicals and microalgae biofuels attempt to reduce the cost equivalent to those existing energy/products in 2030 as well as in
LCA the amount of emissions must be lower than half of the CO2 emissions intensity from the current process.
Supplying inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important16

Fuelsl Technologies to produce gas fuel (Methane)<Technological Challenges>
Existing Techniques (Sabatier Reaction)• Long lasting of catalysts• Thermal management (utilizing the generation of heat)• Activity management• Considering scale-up
R&D of Innovative Technology (co-electrolysis, etc.)[Power to Methane]• Production of electrolytic methane through coelectrolysis (utilization as city gas, etc.)• Integrate the synthesis/power generation of electrolytic
methane that utilizes CO2• Improvement of efficiency<Other Challenges>• System’s optimization (introducing renewable energy)• Upsizing/cost reduction• Equipment cost
<Specific Practical Example>• Commercial scale (125Nm3/h) demonstration thatutilizes CO2 contained in exhaust gas from a cleaningplant• Development of basic technology towards practicalscale (60 thousand Nm3/h) demonstration of
introducing city gas that utilizes CO2 emission fromcoal fired thermal power plants

Target for 2030

Target from2050 Onwards<Expected Cost>• Reduction in costs for CO2 derived CH4<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than the CO2 emission
intensity from the current process<Others>• Demonstrate injection into gas
introduction pipes• Develop sales channel/use application• Expand mixed utilization of the gas fueland an existing fuel as well as the mixed
ratio<Expected Cost>• The costs are similar to those for existingenergy/products<CO2 Emission Intensity>• In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
equal to or lower than half of the CO2
emission intensity from the current process

Supplying inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important17

Mineralsl Technologies to produce carbonates, concrete products and concrete structures, etc.
<Technological Challenges>• Separation of effective components (Ca or Mg compounds)
from industrial byproducts (such as iron and steel slag, waste
concrete, coal ash, etc.) and/or mine tailings, produced water(e.g., brine) etc. (including the treatment of byproducts arisingfrom the separation process)• Energy-saving of the pretreatment (for example, comminution ofeffective components) that helps to enhance the reactivity with
CO2 (dry process)• Energy-saving in wet process (inexpensive treatment for waste
water containing heavy metals, etc.)• Development of inexpensive aggregates, admixtures, etc.
• Scale up<Energy required to mineralize 1 ton of CO2 >• 500 kWh/t-CO2 (utilizing iron and steel slag, dry process)<Other Challenges>• Establish a supply system from CO2 emission sources tomineralization process (optimized to net CO2-fixiation andeconomic performance)• Expand the scope of application and verify economic
performance (development and demonstration of thetechnologies designed to utilize carbonates – verify the scope of
application to concrete products, develop high-value added
articles such as luminous materials, etc.)• Long-term evaluate the performance as a civil-engineering/building material as well as organize standards/guidelines<Specific Practical Example>• Development of a technology that is used to convert unused
highly reactive industrial byproducts into carbonates (e.g., coalash), which pretreated by energy saving process

Target for 2030

Target from2050 Onwards<Expected Cost>• Road curb blocks: costs are similar to those for existingenergy/products<Energy required to mineralize 1 ton of CO2>• 200 kWh/t-CO2 (regardless of a raw material andreaction process)<CO2 Utilization>• CO2 mineralization must be applied to ~10% of iron &steel slag and coal ash<Others>• Large-scale demonstration• Pursuit of cost reduction• Survey on appropriate sites within/outside the country• Promotion of demands by providing some incentive(such as procurement for a public work project, etc. )<Expected Cost>• Other products: The
costs are similar to
those for existingenergy/products<CO2 Utilization>• CO2 mineralizationmust be applied to~50% of iron & steelslag and coal ash•
steel slag and coal ash<Specific Practical Example>• Expand raw materials (Coal ash, biomass mixed
combustion ash, waste concrete, etc. → Iron and steelslag, mine tailings, produced water (e.g., brine)
utilization (lye water), etc.)※ Even now, iron and steel slags and coal ash are used as materials forconcrete but not in the form of carbonates

18Important points for Carbon Recycling Technologiesl In order to effectively progress R&D in Carbon Recycling technologies to address climatechange and security of natural resources, the following points need to be considered.

ü Inexpensive CO2 free Hydrogen is important for many technologies
ü

Under the hydrogen and fuel cells strategy roadmap in ‘Hydrogen Basic Strategy’, thetarget at costs at delivery site for 2050 is JPY 20/Nm3

ü

While the problem of hydrogen supply remains, 1) R&D for biomass and othertechnologies not dependent on hydrogen should be continue, 2) CH4 (methane) should
be used in place of hydrogen until the establishment of a cheap hydrogen.

ü Using zero emission power supply is important for Carbon RecyclingüConversion of a stable substance, CO2, into other useful substance will require a large
amount of energy.

ü Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) perspective is critical to evaluate Carbon Recycling
technologies.
ü Reducing the costs for capturing CO2 will positively feedback into Carbon
Recycling.
19

Reference

20

Flowchart for CO2 Utilization (for chemicals/fuels/carbonates)
Methanation

Methane CH4

Natural Gas

Adding CO2
H2O,O2

Syngas CO＋H2

reduction

CO2

Fuels（diesel, etc.）
FT Syntesis

H2
Gasoline

MTG

BTX

MTA

DME（Gas Fuel）
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol C2H5OH

Ethylene/propylene

Various Chemicals

MTO/MTP
Ethylene

Propylene

Butadiene, etc.

DMC（Liquid Fuel）

Polymerizaion Reaction

Polycarbonate, etc.
Carbonates（Utilized as concrete materials, etc.）21

Flowchart: CO2 Utilization (for Bio-derived fuels/chemicals)
CO2

Gasification

FT Synthesis

Syngas CO＋H2
Fermentation/Chemical
Conversion

Cellulose-type
Biomass, etc.

FT Synthetic Oil

Alcohols

Dehydration/polymerization/hydroprocessing (ATJ)

Hydroprocessing
H2
H2

Hydrocarbon
Fuels

Bioethanol
Saccharification

C6 SugarFermentation w/catalyst

Polymer Intermediates

Hemi-cellulose

Hydrocracking

H2

C5 Sugar
Cellulose

Component
Separation

Fermentation w/catalyst

Nanofiberization

Cellulose Nano Fiber(CNF)

Chemicals/Polymers/Composite materials

Aromatic Monomer

LigninLignification

LMW Lignins

Catalyst

Vegetable oil,waste cooking oil, etc.

Organic Acid

Monomers of Fats and Oils

Fats and Oils

Hydroprocessing
H2

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Microalgae

Hydrocracking

Hydrocarbon (Crude Oil)
※Reduction reaction or hydrocracking during the process to produce "chemicals, polymer products or composite materials", may require hydrogen.

22