Varying Environmental andPsychological States in Human Life
Satoru Kuno
Nagoya University
Oct 31, 2016
ICHES2016Nagoya
Special LectureIntroduction
We experience so many and various unsteadystates.
 The surroundings themselves may vary andthey relatively change when we move.
 Here, let us consider 3 aspects concerning
the relations between humans andsurroundings; thermal, visual, and social.
 This lecture is also the summary of mystudies for 40 years.
At the first

In the world of social psychology…..
For example, an analysis of chain
structure of dissatisfaction (a part ofmy doctoral thesis, Dec. 1980)

1978, 79
Edogawadai

Generalresidential area

Takashimadaira

Kichijoji

NishiIkebukuro

Tokyo Survey

SumidaApartment
houses areaOhjima

One area was within 1km2.
The number of samples was
about 500 in each area.
Housewives were selected.
The collection rate was morethan 80%.
Fifty environmental items
were analyzed.

MSA (Multiple Scalogram analysis)
Items

Guttman scale
A chain structure ofdissatisfaction was analyzed.

Indivisuals

In the ideal state, if a lower
rank item is ‘yes,’ all higher
rank items must be ‘yes,’
and if a higher rank item is‘no,’ all lower items must be‘no.’Chain structure of dissatisfaction
Disaster related items
Medical care in daily life
is higher than disaster

Risk
Emergency
medicalsystem
Open space

Here,1)

2)

3)

The human mind is not always one –dimensional;
Differences of terms are very
important, because the human mind
thinks of various things in words andlanguage;
The human mind is not binary but
somewhat fuzzy.

Thermal sensation scale usually used
暑い＋３

hot

暖かい
やや暖かい
どちらでもない
やや涼しい
涼しい
寒い＋２＋１０－１－２－３

warmslightly warm
neutralslightly cool
cool
cold

The cases hard to explain by onedimensional continuumImagine the case when we start coolingin summer because the room temperature
is high.
Similarly, imagine the case when we start
warming in winter because the room
temperature is low.

Variation of environmental state
Hightemp.
気温が高い

Starting
cooling
冷房を入れる

Neutral
ちょうどいいtime
時間

Environmentalstate
環境状態

Low
temp.
気温が低い
暖房を入れる
Starting
warming

Consider the values of clo and met are
the same in the both cases, here.

How does physiological state change?
Beingheated
身体が熱い

Neutral
ちょうどいいBeing
cooled
身体が冷たいPhysiologicalstate
生理状態
Physiological change
delays against ambientchange

How does thermal sensation change?
Hot 暑い暖かいWarm
S. warm
どちらでもないNeutral
S. Cool
Cool 涼しいCold 寒い

Thermal
温冷感 sensation
Evaluation reverses

Comfortable? Uncomfortable?
Comfortable
快適不快
Uncomfortable

Comfort
快適感 feeling
Physiological state does not recover,but comfortable state occurs, andthen comfort feeling decreases.

Experimental results： Globe Temperature (Kuno,1987)

14

Mean skin temperature

15

Kan-Sho (Cold-Hot) sensation16

Ryo-Dan (Cool-Warm) sensation

17

Comfort feeling18

Two-dimensional Thermal Sensation Model(Kuno, 1987)
AFATALZONELIFE
ZONEPNEUTRALZONE

A: Ambient condition
P: Phyisiological condition
The dashed line indicates steady state.

A-P planeVariation of ambient and physiological states
A
(c)
(b)

(a)

S

The point S represents certain ambient andphysiological conditions.
(a): Very slow change(b): Quick change(c): Discontinuous changePLanguage: L planeA

暖A

DanShoRyou

寒comfortablywarm

暑KanPcool涼hotwarm
comfortably
cool

coldJapaneseAmerican
日本語
英語English
Chinese and Korean students in Nagoya University said
their languages were the same as Japanese.

PPsychologicalarchitecture

L planeLinguistic plane

SocietyE plane
Brain

Evaluation(Psychological)
plane

A

A-P plane

Ambient andPhysiological plane

Environmentand bodyPPositive and negative thermal pleasure

Psychological state ‘lead to’ or ‘is anticipatory
to’ physiological state in thermal transients.
(anticipation: Gagge, 1967)
However, it is a seeming phenomenon.
(Kuno, 1987)
Positive/negative thermal pleasure(McIntyre, 1980)

Two kinds of thermal comfort:■Pleasant zone

Discomfort bysudden shock

Positive pleasure「快」Pleasantness■Neutral zone
Negative pleasure「適」

ComfortableA

NeutralNo discomfort
Uncomfortable

and■Discomfort by sudden shock

PleasantzonePWell, what is comfort?
「快」：pleasantness/positive pleasure 「適」：neutrality/negative pleasureCombining the both, 「快適」：comfort
Because positive pleasure is special, however, there
are many cases where only negative pleasure iscalled comfort.

Pleasantness on thermal environment:
3 points

It occurs when discomfort
disappears;
 It does not continue for a long time;and It may accompany sudden shock.
Cabanac’s pleasantness（joy; 1996）
The body temperature was controlled by bathing, anda hand was immersed in a washbowl.

Neutral temp of a hand does not affect wholethermal feeling, because its area is small.

(Chatonnet & Cabanac, 1965)(Cabanac, 1981)

Hyperthermia:
Normothermia:
Hypothermia:

P: pleasant
I: indifferent
U: unpleasant

高温状態
中温状態
低温状態

Private letter from Cabanac (23 IX 1996)……..
Obviously we have followed parallel paths. Like the Indian
blind wise men, we are studying the same elephant, you,from the environmental point of view, and I from theintrospective point of view.
…….
…….
… because you are the only person I have met in my (nowlong) career who has originally recognized the necessity tothink of comfort in several dimensions and thus, has
followed a path similar to mine.
Very sincerely yours,

Determining the set temperature by
occupants’ voting
Ｎetwork forＳet point ofbuilding management
air temperatureHVAC controller
ServerOffice network

Feedbacks
Requests

Clients
30

Comfort mode and Energy saving mode
Zone2 of keeping ST
Zone3 of setting down ST80%▲

60%

U=35/65D

U=65/35D40%

■

20%

▼10%
■

40%
60%
80%
10% 20%Percentage of the occupants who want cooler[%]

Percentage of the occupants who want warmer[%]

Percentage of the occupants who want warmer[%]

Zone1 of raising set point(ST)
80%

60%

▲

U=D

40%

U=4/7D-15/7■

U=1/4D

20%10%

▼40%
60%
80%
10% 20%Percentage of the subjects who want cooler[%]Experimental result
No particular complaints were madeduring each experiment, but occupants’impressions after all the experiments
were not so favorable toward theenergy-saving mode.
 Moreover, the higher the outside airtemperature was, the more dissatisfied
the occupants felt
So, a ‘cool room’ is needed.
It is needed to prepare ‘cool room.’People enter this room first to eliminate their thermal
strain, and then begin to work in their own office space.

notbut33

The border between neutral and warm
I expressed the borders as fuzzy zones.
 The border between neutral and warm
has two aspects.
A

暖A
hot

comfortablywarm

暑warm

P

寒cool

涼cold

日本語

英語

comfortablycool

PNatural ventilation in housing (Ko, 2009)

Model house, Tokyo Electric Power, Urayasu

Plan
窓⑦

窓⑥
2,047.5

倉庫

1,137.5

測⑦

測⑥ 場④ × 場⑤（立位）

測⑨

測⑤

窓⑤_ホール東側

窓④

場③（座位）
場⑥
測④ (立位)

測⑪

場⑦

中庭

窓⑤_リビング東側

3,185

リビング

測①

窓③

1,365

窓⑪_西側

× 測②
◎ 場②(床座)測⑩

場⑧（座位）

N

場①（座位）
窓⑪_東側

窓②
3,185

窓⑨

測③（座位）
ダイニング

測⑧窓⑤_リビング西側
玄関

窓⑧(床座) キッチン

ホール

窓⑤_ホール西側

2,730

10,465

EV

窓①
1,365

3,640

1,365

3,185

12,740Subject’s positions：被験者心理評価位置および向き：温熱環測定位置

Measuring positions ofthermal environment◎・× ：風速計・グローブ温度測定位置：開閉させる 窓位置
Windows to be opened or shut

Super sonic anemometer◎and globe temp×

SET* and comfort feeling during 4 seasons
Comf.
Comfort feeling

Uncomf.

SET* and comfort feeling in summer
Empirically always air
conditioning begins.

Comf.

快適

2

評価
どちらでもない10

エアコン使用時-1

Air conditioning

不快Uncomf.

ｙ＝-0.1901ｘ + 6.5316

自然通風時

８月自然通風時
８月エアコン使用時

Natural ventilation-22627282930
気温(℃)

Air temperature

31323334

Air velocity and comfort feeling in summer
Not uncomfortable if over 0.6m/s

Comf.

快適2

評価
どちらでもない10Uncomf.

不快-1

-2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

風速(m/s)1

1.2

Air velocity

1.4

1.6

Other model houses
We continued experiments.
 Results were the same.
 We thought it was a psychological effect.
 However…..
Measurement of skin temperaturesmeasured mean skin temperatures were lower thanthose calculated by the two-node model (Saito et al.,2014). So, next………

A COUPLED ANALYSIS OF CFD AND HUMAN
THERMAL MODEL (Matsui et al., 2016)
OutletWindow
2.4 m
Human body

Window

Inlet
7.0 mz y

Nx
3.6 m

S

1

Face

2

Head

3

Neck (front)

4

Neck (back)5

Right chest

6

Left chest

7

Right back8

Left back9

Right waist (front)

10 Left waist (front)

11

Right waist (back)12 Left waist (back)13

Right upper arm (front)

14 Right upper arm (back)15

Right forearm (front)

16 Right forearm (back)17

Right hand

18

Left upper arm (front)

19 Left upper arm (back)

20

Left forearm (front)

21 Left forearm (back)

22

Left hand

23

Right thigh (front)

24 Right thigh (back)25

Right lower leg (front)

26 Right lower leg (back)27

Right foot28

Left thigh (front)

29 Left thigh (back)

30

Left lower leg (front)

31 Left lower log (back)

32

Left footIt seems to be allowed up to be 32.6℃.

Gagge’s worries
Psychological change in thermaltransients:
He was not satisfied with the expression of‘anticipation.’ Treatment of air movement:
Convective thermal transfer coefficients aredifferent among each part of the body. Itcauses the problem of asymmetry.
A “cat-like life style”







Cats:
They do not work.
They can not change their surroundings.
Humans’ house is so large for them.
So, they move, look for the most comfortable place and staythere.
Humans:
They have always something to work. Relaxing is also one of
their works.
They can change their surroundings in some extent.
They require both comfort and workability.
Moreover, they may think economic and/or global issues.
So, humans also should choose places and move like cats.

Choice changes by season
Sofa in living room has always
high score.

8

うたた寝をする

Snoozing

何もせずリラックスする(a) 第１因子の『リラックス』の休憩行為

Relaxing

1

Stairs has occasionallyhigh score.

0

考え事をするThinking

本を読む(c) 第１因子の『集中』の思考行為と視作業行為

10月通風

10月通風

9月通風

8月通風

1月窓閉鎖

12月窓閉鎖

10月窓閉鎖1月エアコン

8月エアコン

10月通風

9月通風

8月通風

1月窓閉鎖

12月窓閉鎖

10月窓閉鎖1月エアコン

0

場⑧
場⑦
場④

場①
場③
場②

2

8月通風

1

場⑧
場⑦
場④

1月窓閉鎖

場①
場③
場②

12月窓閉鎖

29月通風

38月通風

31月窓閉鎖

412月窓閉鎖

410月窓閉鎖

51月エアコン

58月エアコン

610月通風69月通風

7

全然したくない

710月窓閉鎖

891月エアコン

9108月エアコン

ぜひしたい

108月エアコン

全然したくない

ぜひしたい

Scores change by conditions.

Reading a bookCognition of places
In the early 1990s, super high-rise buildings
exceeding 1,000 m in height, ultra-deepunderground architecture, and various
atriums were discussed in Japan.
What are the differences from usualarchitectural spaces?

Spaciousness and stablenessThe safest place is under the clear
sky and directly on the Earth.
We never trust artificial structures.

When we imagine beyond
the walls, we notice wherewe are.

Shanghai International Financial CenterIn the sky

Prospects floor and visual cliff
卒業生：Dr.李小平

51

The Gateway Arch, St. LouisThe statue of Mr. Saigo and the Plaza, Ueno, Tokyo

Cognition gap

The statue gives affordance
to the plaza.

Under reconstruction

The plaza became
narrow due to AC units.

Affordance varied.

Railway platform, Nishinippori, Tokyo

It is a bridge.

Unexpectedness
It looks white.

Beinecke Rare Book &Manuscript Library,Yale Univ., New HavenMarble wall: orange and blackVarious situations in and aroundan atrium

officebridge

Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum,
NYNew England Aquarium, BostonIt shows shallow, intermediate,and deep layers in a spiral.
It became a model of manyaquariums in the world.

Toba Aquarium

Bottom of the sea

Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa

In the sea: a tube

Sydney Aquarium

Asahiyama Zoo
A seal in the tube

A bridge over an atrium

Shinjuku NS Building, Tokyo

When we look up, there is a bridge.
It tempts us to go there.
However, it is strong and not pleasant.

Another example
Seavans,Tokyo

Slender and delicate, it may be appropriate.

One property of pleasantness

It looks dangerous but is safe, whichcreates pleasantness.
Open air spa is very pleasant for
healthy people, but very dangerous forsick people.

Finally, inhabitants’ awareness, again.
The data collection continued until 2005, covering 48
areas in total, including plural surveys of the sameareas.

The next example is secular changes.
 The data of three surveys in the Nishi-Ikebukuro andKichijoji areas in 1979, 1992, and 1997 and threesurveys in the Meito and Mizuho areas in Nagoya in
1991, 1997, 2003 were analyzed.
Meito

NagoyaMizuho

Hayashi Quantification Method Type IIIItems
Xitj

ITj

1 1 111 111 111 1
111 1111 11 1 1 11 111
1111 11 11
11……..
INi …….. (0,1) data
……..

R→max

Individuals

Yini

1 11 1
11 1 1 1
11 11 1 1 11 11111 111 111
1111 111 1 1 111 11 1 1111 111 1111 1111 11 1 111111111 111 1111
1111 11111111 111 1 1 11 11 11 1111111 1111 111
11111 1111 111
1 1 1 1 11111 111 111 1 11

Meito (Nagoya), 1991,1997,2003

Nishi-Ikebukuro (Tokyo), 1979,1992,1997

Stable and transient tendencies

TransientStable

One more,Hewitt, 1967
 Lighting has gone through the firststage, useful lighting, and the secondstage, comfortable lighting, and ispassing into the third stage, pleasantlighting.
 Acceptable glare?
Usual lighting design
We can see either rather bright or darkscene, but cannot see the bothsimultaneously.
 So sufficient visibility and no glare areneeded, that is uniform luminancedistribution.
 It is plane and monotonous.
 However,…….
Acceptable glare
Direct sunlight into a room in the morningcauses not only glare but also pleasantness.
The scene at a seashore in the evening has
silhouettes of palm trees, yachts, and lovers
and the sun glitter of sea’s surface. We
cannot see all of them simultaneously thus
the contrast brings pleasantness.
83Conclusion
Three aspects of the relations between
humans and the surroundings werepresented: thermal, visual, and social.
 There are both stable and transient
properties.
 We live in such a situation.
 There must be ways to use thoserelations effectively.
Thank you so much foryour listening to my lecture.