論 文 の 英 文 要 旨

論文題目A contrastive study of the adnominal Content
Complex in Japanese and German

氏名Mohamed Fathy

This study deals with adnominal content clauses, examples of which are hikouki-ga

chakuriku-shita (toiu) jujitsu (the fact that the plane has landed) in Japanese and die
Tatsache, dass das Flugzeug gelandet ist (the fact that the plane has landed) inGerman, in which the clauses modify their HNs by supplementing the HNs (HNs)
with content.
Studies of such clauses have treated it as a problem in grammatical theory,
focusing mainly on form and structure. However, the number of studies focusing on
the semantic and functional aspects and the expressive functions of the wholecomplex consisting of the content clause and the HN (here called “CC”) are few.
Therefore, in this study, the CC is approached mainly from the semantic andfunctional aspects of the HN and discussed from the viewpoint of how thesupplement (the underlined part in the example above) and the HN interact. To bespecific, this study focuses on the effect the HN has on the supplement. In addition,by contrasting the CC in Japanese and German, and by considering its expressivefunction as seen from the typological point of view of mono (thing) oriented
expressions and koto (affair) oriented expressions, Japaneseness and Germanness as1

seen in the use of the CC are discussed.
Viewing the expressive function of the CC from the viewpoint of mono (thing)oriented expressions and koto (affair) oriented expressions, the HN is seen as being
integrated with its supplement and functioning as a single noun (thing) at thesentence level and the discourse level and, therefore, the CC can be considered amono (thing) oriented expression. However, in Japanese, it became clear that there isa group of nouns that bring about the effect of koto (affair) oriented expressions(hereinafter called “koto-effect”) upon the CC. Nouns that can bring about the“koto-effect” are nouns with a relatively weak meaning, such as hanashi (talk),

kimochi (feeling), and sugata (appearance), which can be seen as extensions of theformal noun koto (following Halliday & Hasan (1976), I will call such nouns “generalnouns”). The data show that in Japanese, which is rich in “general nouns”, a CC witha “general noun” as its HN (a so-called noun modification construction) is used.
However, in German, a predicative construction in the form of subject–predicate isused.
This thesis is structured as follows.
Chapter 1 provides an outline of the previous literature with regard to CCs, while
Chapter 2 provides details of the methodology. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 present ourfindings. Finally, Chapter 6 provides a summary of the findings, as well as a
discussion of the “koto-effect.”
In Chapter 1, we outline the classifications and descriptions of CCs found inprevious studies. In previous studies, including both single-language and contrastivestudies, there are many descriptions that address CCs from a grammatical point ofview, focusing on form and structure. However, there are few descriptions thataddress CCs from the point of view of semantics or function. Previous
single-language (single-language) studies of Japanese and German mainly describe
CCs by semantically classifying the CC and the HNs, although some references are
made to the relationship between the supplement and the HN. The primary studies
that mention the relationship between the supplement and the HN are Teramura(1993b) and Takahashi (1979), who suggest two primary ways of categorizing thisrelationship. The first is Teramura’s (1993b) “futsū no naiyouhojū (ordinary contentsupplementation)” or Takahashi’s (1979) “naiyoutzuke no kakawari (contentsupplement relationship).” This relationship can be seen in the example, kūki-ga

kannsoushita toiu genin (the cause being that the air was dry). The second
categorization is Teramura’s (1993b) “soutaiteki naiyouhojū (relational contentsupplementation)” or Takahashi’s (1979) “joukyou no kakawari (situational2relationship)” as in kaji-ga hirogatta genin (the cause of the fire spreading). In thisthesis, the first category is referred to as “integrated supplementation,” and thesecond is referred to as “relational supplementation.” In addition to these twocategories, Takahashi (1979) advocates a third category, “tokushuka no kakawari(relation of specialization),” in which the HN is a superordinate of the supplement, asin doujousuru kimochi (feeling of sympathy). We consider this relationship as asubset of “integrated supplementation.” The effect of the HN upon its supplement isdescribed in Ōshima (1990) as Labelling, and in Brinkmann (1969) as “formuliertbegrifflich (abstractly summarized).” There are indications that effects of the HN
upon its supplement are in fact observed; however, there are no specific definitions orexplanations of this effect in the literature.
In Chapter 2, methodological details are given. In the first section, answers will beprovided to the central methodological questions of how the noun list was created andhow the material was collected (15,358 total instances: 9,710 instances in Japaneseand 5,648 instances in German). In the second section of Chapter 2, oursub-classification of HNs is explained. While referring to the classification systems
used in previous studies, HNs were divided into three groups based on theirmeaning: “language activity nouns,” “mental and emotional nouns,” and “kotogara(affair) nouns.” The first two groups are recognized in most previous studies. The
remaining group, after excluding the first two groups, includes a large number ofnouns with a wide variety of meanings, making it difficult to find a common meaning
among them. In trying to find some common semantic features among those nouns,
we found that they all represent states of affairs or elements related to this, so thisgroup is called “kotogara (affair) nouns.”
In the third section of Chapter 2, our method of analyzing CCs is presented. In thisstudy, we focus on the effect the HN has on its supplement, which is referred to inprevious studies as “Labelling” (e.g. Ōshima 1990). No concrete definition of“Labelling” is found in previous studies, but the understood definition for this thesis
is sticking different labels on the same content. For example,: kusai mono ni futa wosuru/shita (toiu) hanashi, itsuwa, kotowaza, tsūhou (talk, anecdote, proverb, reportabout covering smelly things or in which smelly things is to be covered). We focus
here on the possibility of “Labelling” by the HN. The study has two primary goals.
The first is to investigate the effect of the HN. The second is to examine theexpressive function and effect of the whole CC from a typological point of view,
considering mono (thing) oriented expressions and koto (affair) oriented expressions.

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In this study we think that, depending on its nature, the effect of the HN can beviewed in at least two ways. First, as the two elements (the HN and the supplement)
are combined, they exert mutual influence on each other; the supplement gives
content to the HN and the HN casts some meaning on the supplement. In this thesis,
this mutual influence is called “imi no huka (cast of meaning).” Second, in addition to“cast of meaning,” the HN classifies the content of the supplement into one of thethree

categories

mentioned

above.

Thisiscalled

here“tokuchoutzuke(characterization).” The possibility of “characterization” will be investigated fromthree aspects: 1. the semantic relationship between the HN and the supplement; 2.
predicates occur with the HN and the HN functions in the sentence; 3. the semanticsof the HN.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 discuss the “characterization” of CCs by HNs into the threegroups mentioned above (“language activity nouns,” “mental and emotional nouns,”and “kotogara (affair) nouns”). This “characterization” is examined from each of thethree aspects presented in the final section of Chapter 2.
Chapter 6 is divided into two sections according to the two goals of this study. The
first section is a summary of the findings of Chapters 3, 4 and 5 regarding thepossibility of “characterization” by the HN. These findings are presented in order of
the three aspects of investigation. The possibility of “characterization” is consideredweak or non-existent in several cases. These include: “relational supplement” or“tokushuka no kakawari (relation of specialization)”; when the HN is used withfunctional verbs, as in meirei wo kudasu (give order), kyoka ga deru (obtainpermission), die Frage aufwerfen (ask question), and das Erlaubnis geben (givepermission); or when it is accompanied by “de (in)” as in choushi de (in a way)
expressing manner in Japanese and by a preposition in German as in mit derDrohung (while threatening/ with the threat). Outside of these cases, the possibilityof “characterization” by the HN is considered strong. In the second section of Chapter
6, the “koto-effect” is further discussed. In this study, the “koto-effect” is advocated to
be an effect brought by “general nouns” in Japanese to convert CCs which are mono(thing) oriented expressions, into koto (affair) oriented expressions.

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