Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

Double-β Decay
OMITTED FROM SUMMARY TABLE

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-β DECAY
Revised August 2019 by A. Piepke (University of Alabama) and
P. Vogel (Caltech) .
Observation of neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay would
signal violation of total lepton number conservation. The process can be mediated by an exchange of a light Majorana
neutrino, or by an exchange of other particles. However, theexistence of 0νββ-decay requires a nonvanishing Majorana neutrino mass, no matter what the actual mechanism is. As longas only a limit on the lifetime is available, limits on the effective
Majorana neutrino mass, on the lepton-number violating righthanded current or other possible mechanisms mediating 0νββdecay can be obtained, independently of the actual mechanism,by assuming that one of these “new physics” possibilities dominates. These limits are listed in the Double-β Decay Listingsof the experimental measurements.
In the following we assume that the exchange of light
Majorana neutrinos (mνi ≤ 10 MeV) contributes dominantly
to the decay rate. Besides a dependence on the phase space(G0ν ) and the nuclear matrix element (M 0ν ), the observable
0νββ-decay rate is proportional then to the square of the0ν )−1 = G0ν ·|M 0ν |2 ·m2 , witheffective Majorana mass mee , (T1/2
ee
P 2
2
2
mee = | i Uei mνi | . The sum contains, in general, complex
2 , i.e., cancellations may occur. For three
CP-phases in Uei
neutrino flavors there are two physical phases for Majorana
neutrinos (η1 , η2 ) and one for Dirac neutrinos (δCP ). The
relevant Majorana phases affect only processes to which leptonnumber changing amplitudes contribute. Given the general3 × 3 mixing matrix for Majorana neutrinos, one can construct
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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

other analogous lepton number violating quantities, mℓℓ′ =P′i Uℓi Uℓ′ i mνi (ℓ or ℓ 6= e). However, these are currently muchless constrained than mee .
Nuclear structure calculations are needed to deduce mee
from the decay rate. While G0ν can be calculated accurately,
the computation of M 0ν is subject to uncertainty. Comparing different nuclear model evaluations indicates a factor ∼23 spread in the calculated nuclear matrix elements. Nuclear
structure calculation consistently overestimate Gamow-Teller(axial current) matrix elements. This inability of the nuclear models to reproduce Gamow-Teller decay rates is often
parametrized in form of a modified coupling constant gA . Many
nuclear theorists interpret this shortcoming as evidence thatimportant physics is missing in the modeling of weak nuclear
transitions. It is not clear how these observed uncertainties impact 0νββ-matrix elements. Nevertheless, this constitutes anadditional element of uncertainty. Recent work, [1] shows how
the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical axial current matrix elements might be resolved. However, applicationof this approach to the 0νββ decay remains to be accomplished.
The particle physics quantities to be determined are thus nuclear model-dependent, so the half-life measurements are listed
first. Where possible, we reference the nuclear matrix elements
used in the subsequent analysis. Since rates for the conventional 2νββ decay serve to constrain the nuclear theory models,
results for this process are also given.
Oscillation experiments utilizing atmospheric, accelerator,
solar, and reactor produced neutrinos and anti-neutrinos showthat at least some neutrinos are massive. However, so far the
inverted mass ordering (i.e., whether ∆m231 < 0) is disfavored
only by 2-3 σ compared to the normal mass ordering (whenhttps://pdg.lbl.gov

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)∆m231 > 0), while the absolute neutrino mass values or the properties of neutrinos under CPT-conjugation (Dirac or Majorana)
remain undetermined. All confirmed oscillation experiments
can be consistently described using three interacting neutrino
species with two mass splittings and three mixing angles. (Forvalues of the mixing angles and mass square differences see thecorresponding tables.)Based on the 3-neutrino analysis:2mee = | cos2 θ13 cos2 θ12 m1 + e2i(η2 −η1 ) cos2 θ13 sin2 θ12 m2 +e−2i(η1+δCP ) sin2 θ13 m3 |2 , valid for both mass orderings. Given
the present knowledge of the neutrino oscillation parameters one
can derive a relation between the effective Majorana mass andthe mass of the lightest neutrino, as illustrated in Figure 14.11
in the Neutrino Masses, Mixing and Oscillations review. The
three mass orderings allowed by the oscillation data: normal(m1 < m2 ≪ m3 ), inverted (m3 ≪ m1 < m2 ), and degenerate(m1 ≈ m2 ≈ m3 ), result in different projections. The widthof the colored bands reflects the uncertainty introduced by the
unknown Majorana and Dirac phases as well as the experimental errors of the oscillation parameters. The latter causes
only minor broadening of the bands. Because of the overlap of
the different mass scenarios, a measurement of mee would notreveal which mass ordering is applicable, provided the value of
mee is in the overlapping range.
Analogous plots depict the relation of mee with the summed
neutrino mass mtot = m1 + m2 + m3 , constrained by observational cosmology, and mee as a function of the average massf
2 2 1/2 determined through the analysis of themefνe = [Σ|Uei | mνi ]electron energy distribution in low energy beta decays. (SeeFig. 1 of [2]. ) The oscillation data thus allow to test whetherfobserved values of mee and mtot or mef
νe are consistent withinhttps://pdg.lbl.gov

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

the 3 neutrino framework. The rather large intrinsic width ofthe ββ-decay constraints essentially does not allow to positively
identify the mass ordering, and thus the sign of ∆m231 , even in
combination with these other observables. Naturally, if a valueof 0 < mee ≤ 0.01 eV is ever established, then the normal massordering becomes the only possible scenario.
It should be noted that systematic uncertainties of thenuclear matrix elements and possible quenching of the axial
current matrix elements are sometimes not folded into themass limits reported by ββ-decay experiments. Taking thisadditional uncertainty into account would further widen the
projections. The plots are based on a 3-neutrino analysis. If it
turns out that additional, i.e. sterile light neutrinos exist, theallowed regions would be modified substantially.
If neutrinoless double-beta decay is observed, it will bepossible to fix a range of absolute values of the masses mνi .
Unlike the direct neutrino mass measurements, however, a limit
on mee does not allow one to constrain the individual mass
values mνi even when the mass differences ∆m2ij are known.
Neutrino oscillation data imply the existence of a lower limit∼ 0.014 eV for the Majorana neutrino mass for the inverted
mass ordering pattern, while mee could, by fine tuning, vanishin the case of the normal mass ordering. Several new doublebeta searches have been proposed to probe the interesting mee
mass range, with the prospect of full coverage of the inverted
mass ordering region within the next decade.
The 0νββ decay mechanism discussed so far is not the
only way in which the decay can occur. Numerous otherpossible scenarios have been proposed, however, all of themrequiring new physics. It will be a challenging task to decide
which mechanism was responsible once 0νββ decay is observed.
LHC experiments may reveal corresponding signatures for new
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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

physics of lepton number violation. If lepton-number violatingright-handed weak current interactions exist, its strength canbe characterized by the phenomenological coupling constants ηand λ (η describes the coupling between the right-handed lepton
current and left-handed quark current while λ describes the coupling when both currents are right-handed). The 0νββ decayPP
rate then depends on hηi = η i Uei Vei and hλi = λ i Uei Vei
that vanish for massless or unmixed neutrinos (Vℓj is a matrix
analogous to Uℓj but describing the mixing with the hypothetical right-handed neutrinos). The observation of the single
electron spectra could, in principle, allow to distinguish thismechanism of 0νββ from the light Majorana neutrino exchange
driven mode. The limits on hηi and hλi are listed in a separate table. The reader is cautioned that a number of earlier
experiments did not distinguish between η and λ. In addition,
see the section on Majoron searches for additional limits set bythese experiments.
References
1. P. Gysbers et al., Nature Phys. 15, 5 (2019);[arXiv:1903.00047].
2. M.J. Dolinski,
A.W.P. Poon and W. Rodejohann, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49, 219 (2019);[arXiv:1902.04097].
Half-life 0ν double-β decay

In most cases the transitions (Z,A) → (Z+2,A) + 2e − to the 0+ ground state of
the final nucleus are listed. We also list transitions that decrease the nuclear charge(2e + , e + CC and double EC) and transitions to an excited state of the final nucleus(0+ , 2+ , and 2+ ). In the following Listings only the best or comparable limits foriithe half-lives of each transition are reported and only those with about T1/2 > 1023
years that are relevant for particle physics.

t1/2 (1023 yr)

CL% ISOTOPE

TRANSITION METHODDOCUMENT ID• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
1 ABE
>2300
90 136 Xe
KamLAND-Zen

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

> 830
>
2.1
>

1.2

90 76 Ge90 100 Mo
90 100 Mo
136 Xe130 Te128 Te136 Xe100 Mo
82 Se
82 Se

> 13
> 220
> 36
> 12
> 18
> 46
>
1.8

90
90
90
90
90
90
90

>

3.0

>

3.2

90 82 Se90 82 Se

>

59

>
>

15
39.9

>

21.2

>

9.7

> 320
>1800
> 14
>
0.95
> 350
>
2.4
> 150
>
2.5
>
2.2
>
1.1
>
1
> 40
> 260
> 260
> 240
>
>

11
9.4

>
>

0.58
0.89

90 130 Te
90 100 Mo
90 76 Ge
90 76 Ge
90 76 Ge
90 130 Te
90 76 Ge
90 130 Te
90 100 Mo
90 136 Xe
90 136 Xe
90 130 Te
90 82 Se90 116 Cd
90 134 Xe
90 116 Cd
90 130 Te
90 136 Xe
90 136 Xe
90 136 Xe
90 100 Mo
90 130 Te
90 48 Ca90 100 Mo

2 ARNQUISTMAJORANA
23+
3 AUGIER
g.s. → 2 CUPID-Mo
23
1+
3
g.s. → 0 CUPID-Mo
AUGIER
23
1
4
NEXT
NOVELLA
23
5 ADAMS
CUORE
22A
6 ADAMS
CUORE
22B
7XENON1T
APRILE
22A
8 AUGIER
CUPID-Mo
22
9 AZZOLINICUPID-0
22
10 AZZOLINI
g.s. → 0+ CUPID-0
22
1+
11 AZZOLINI
g.s. → 2 CUPID-0
22
1+
12 AZZOLINI
g.s. → 2 CUPID-0
22
2+
13 ADAMS
g.s. → 0 CUORE
21A
1
14CUPID-Mo
ARMENGAUD 21+
15
g.s. → 0 MAJORANA-Dem
ARNQUIST
21
1+
16
g.s. → 2 MAJORANA-Dem
ARNQUIST
21
1+
17
g.s. → 2 MAJORANA-Dem
ARNQUIST
21
218 ADAMS
CUORE
20A
19 AGOSTINI
GERDA
20B
+
20 ALDUINO
g.s. → 0 CUORE-0
19
1
21 ALENKOV
AMoRE
19
22
EXO-200
ANTON
19
23 NI
PANDAX-II
19
24 ALDUINO
CUORE
18
25 ARNOLDNEMO-3
18
26
AURORABARABASH
1827 ALBERT
EXO-200
17C
28
NEMO-3
ARNOLD17
29 ALDUINOCUORICINO
1630 ASAKURA
g.s.→ 2+ KamLAND-Zen
16
1
+
31
g.s.→ 2
KamLAND-Zen
ASAKURA16
2+
32
KamLAND-Zen
ASAKURA
16
g.s.→ 0
1
33
NEMO-3
ARNOLD15
34 ANDREOTTI 12
g.s. → 0+ CUORICINO
1
35 UMEHARA
CaF2 scint.
08+
36
g.s. → 0 NEMO-3
ARNOLD07
1
37 ARNOLD
g.s. → 2+ NEMO-3
07
38
Cryog. det.
ARNABOLDI 03
116 CdWO scint. 39 DANEVICH
03
4
40 AALSETH
Enriched HPGe
02B

>
1.6
90 100 Mo>
1.1
90 128 Te>
1.7
90 116 Cd> 157
90 76 Ge
1 ABE 23 use the combined data set of the KamLAND-Zen 400 and 800 experiments, utilizing 745 kg of isotopically enriched xenon (90.9% 136 Xe), dissolved in liquid scintillator
and an exposure of 970 kg·yr of 136 Xe, to derive this limit on 0νβ β decay. A half-life
sensitivity of 1.5 × 1026 yr is reported.

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

2 ARNQUIST 23 use the final data set of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR experiment,
operating enriched in 76 Ge detectors, to set this limit on the 0νβ β half-life of 76 Ge.
The exposure is 64.5 kg·yr. A median sensitivity of 8.1 × 1025 yr is reported.
3 AUGIER 23 utilize the complete data, set collected by the CUPID-Mo bolometriccalorimeter with particle ID and located at the LSM, to study various double beta decaysof 100 Mo to excited states of the daughter nucleus. An exposure of 1.47 kg·yr of 100 Mo
is available.
4 NOVELLA 23 use data collected by the NEXT-White experiment to limit the 0ν β β
half-life of 136 Xe. The experiment contains 3.5 kg of enriched Xe and is based on ahigh-pressure gas TPC. Two different limits are reported, based on different data analysis
approaches, > 5.5 × 1023 yr and > 13 × 1023 yr.
5 ADAMS 22A use the CUORE TeO experiment with an exposure of 288.8 kg·yr of 130 Te
2
to place a limit on its 0ν β β decay. The median sensitivity is reported as 280 × 1023 yr.
Superseeds ADAMS 20A.
6 ADAMS 22B use the CUORE bolometric calorimeter to place a limit on the 0νβ β decay
half-life of 128 Te.
7 APRILE 22A use 36.16 kg·yr of 136 Xe exposure of the XENON1T not enriched detector
to establish the stated limit.
8 AUGIER 22 use the final data set of the CUPID-Mo cryogenic calorimeter, utilizing
enriched Li2 100 MoO4 and an isotope exposure of 1.47 kg·y, to place a limit on the0νβ β decay half-life.
9 AZZOLINI 22 use the CUPID-0 scintillating cryogenic bolometer to set a limit on the0ν β β half-life of 82 Se. The analyzed isotope exposure is 8.82 kg·yr. A median sensitivityof 7 × 1024 yr is reported. Supersedes AZZOLINI 19.
10 AZZOLINI 22 use CUPID-0 data with an isotope exposure of 8.82 kg·yr to set a limiton the 0ν β β decay to the first excited 0+ state.
11 AZZOLINI 22 use CUPID-0 data with an isotope exposure of 8.82 kg·yr to set a limiton the 0ν β β decay to the first excited 2+ state.
12 AZZOLINI 22 use CUPID-0 data with an isotope exposure of 8.82 kg·yr to set a limiton the 0ν β β decay to the second excited 2+ state.
13 ADAMS 21A et al. used 101.76 kg yr of 130 Te exposure of the CUORE (LNGS) bolometric detector to place a limit on the decay to the first excited state of 130 Xe, superseding
ALDUINO 19 as the most restrictive bound on this particular decay.
14 ARMENGAUD 21 use the CUPID-Mo 4.2 kg array of enriched Li 100 MoO scintillating
2
4bolometers, with 1.17 kg·yr exposure, to set this limit.
15 ARNQUIST 21 use the MAJORANA demonstrator to set this limit for the 0ν β β decay
to the first excited 0+ state, with a 41.9 kg yr isotopic exposure. The median sensitivity
is 39.9 × 1023 yr.
16 ARNQUIST 21 use the MAJORANA demonstrator to set this limit for the 0ν β β decay
to the first excited 2+ state, with a 41.9 kg yr isotopic exposure. The median sensitivity
is 21.2 × 1023 yr.
17 ARNQUIST 21 use the MAJORANA demonstrator to set this limit for the 0ν β β decay tothe second excited 2+ state, with a 41.9 kg yr isotopic exposure. The median sensitivity
is 18.6 × 1023 yr.
18 ADAMS 20A use the CUORE detector to search for the 0ν β β decay of 130 Te. The
exposure was 372.5 kg·yr of TeO2 corresponding to 103.6 kg·yr of 130 Te. The exclusion
sensitivity is 1.7 × 1025 yr. Supersedes ALDUINO 18.
19 AGOSTINI 20B present the final data set of the GERDA experiment, searching for 0ν β β
decay of 76 Ge with isotopically enriched, high resolution Ge detectors. A final exposure of
127.2 kg·yr is reported. The experiment reports the lowest background and longest halflife limit ever achieved by any double beta decay experiment. The reported experimentsensitivity equals the limit. Supersedes AGOSTINI 19.

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

20 ALDUINO 19 use the combined data of the CUORICINO and CUORE-0 experiments toplace a lower limit on the half life of the 0ν β β decay of 130 Te to the first excited 0+
state of 130 Xe. Supersedes ANDREOTTI 12.
21 ALENKOV 19 report the 0ν β β decay half-life limit based on the 52.1 kg·d exposureof 100 Mo, of a a cryogenic dual heat and light detector in the Yangyang undergroundlaboratory. The median sensitivity is 1.1 × 1023 years.
22 ANTON 19 uses he complete dataset of the EXO-200 detector to search for the 0ν β β
decay. The exposure is 234.1 kg yr. The median sensitivity is 5.0 × 1025 yr. Supersedes
ALBERT 18 and ALBERT 14B.
23 NI 19 use the PandaX-II dual phase TPC at CJPL to search for the 0ν β β decay of
136 Xe. The half-life limit 2.4 × 1023 yr is obtained from 22.2 kg yr exposure with asensitivity of 1.9 × 1023 yr.
24 ALDUINO 18 uses the CUORE detector to search for the 0ν β β decay of 130 Te. The
exposure is 86.3 kg·year of natural TeO2 corresponding to 24.0 kg·year for 130 Te. The
median sensitivity is 0.7 × 1025 yr. The limit is obtained combining the new data from
CUORE with those of CUORE0 (9.8 kg·year of 130 Te) and Cuoricino (19.8 kg·year of
130 Te).
25 ARNOLD 18 use the NEMO-3 tracking detector to place a limit on the 0ν β β decay of
82 Se. This is a slightly weaker limit than in BARABASH 11A, using the same detector.
Supersedes ARNOLD 05A.
26 BARABASH 18 use 1.162 kg of 116 CdWO scintillating crystals to obtain this limit.
4
Supersedes DANEVICH 03 with analogous source and is more sensitive than ARNOLD 17.
27 ALBERT 17C uses the EXO-200 detector that contains 19.098 ± 0.014% admixture of
134 Xe to search for the 0ν and 2ν β β decay modes. The exposure is 29.6 kg·year. The
median sensitivity is 1.9 × 1021 years.
28 ARNOLD 17 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter, containing 410 g of enriched 116 Cd
exposed for 5.26 yr, to determine the half-life limit. Supersedes BARABASH 11A.
29 ALDUINO 16 report result obtained with 9.8 kg·y of data collected with the CUORE-0
bolometer, combined with data from the CUORICINO. Supersedes ALFONSO 15.
30 ASAKURA 16 use the KamLAND-Zen liquid scintillator calorimeter (136 Xe 89.5 kg yr)
to place a limit on the 0νββ-decay into the first excited state of the daughter nuclide.
31 ASAKURA 16 use the KamLAND-Zen liquid scintillator calorimeter (136 Xe 89.5 kg yr)
to place a limit on the 0νββ-decay into the second excited state of the daughter nuclide.
32 ASAKURA 16 use the KamLAND-Zen liquid scintillator calorimeter (136 Xe 89.5 kg yr)
to place a limit on the 0νββ-decay into the third excited state of the daughter nuclide.
33 ARNOLD 15 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter with 34.3 kg yr exposure to determine
the limit of 0νββ-half life of 100 Mo. Supersedes ARNOLD 2005A and BARABASH 11A.
34 ANDREOTTI 12 use high resolution TeO bolometric calorimeter to search for the 0νββ2decay of 130 Te leading to the excited 01 state at 1793.5 keV.
+
35 UMEHARA 08 use CaF scintillation calorimeter to search for double beta decay of
2
48 Ca. Limit is significantly more stringent than quoted sensitivity: 18 × 1021 years.
36 Limit on 0ν-decay to the first excited 0+ -state of daughter nucleus using NEMO-3
1
tracking calorimeter. Supersedes DASSIE 95.
37 Limit on 0ν-decay to the first excited 2+ -state of daughter nucleus using NEMO-3
tracking calorimeter.
38 Supersedes ALESSANDRELLO 00. Array of TeO crystals in high resolution cryogenic
2
calorimeter. Some enriched in 128 Te. Ground state to ground state decay.
39 Limit on 0νββ decay of 116 Cd using enriched CdWO scintillators. Supersedes
4
DANEVICH 00.
40 AALSETH 02B limit is based on 117 mol·yr of data using enriched Ge detectors. Background reduction by means of pulse shape analysis is applied to parthttps://pdg.lbl.gov

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)of the data set. Reported limit is slightly less restrictive than that in KLAPDORKLEINGROTHAUS 01 However, it excludes part of the allowed half-life range reported
in KLAPDOR-KLEINGROTHAUS 01B for the same nuclide. The analysis has been criticized in KLAPDOR-KLEINGROTHAUS 04B. The criticism was addressed and disputedin AALSETH 04.

Half-life measurements of the two-neutrino double-β decay
The measured half-life values for the transitions (Z,A) → (Z+2,A) + 2e − + 2ν e to
the 0+ ground state of the final nucleus are listed. We also list the transitions to an
excited state of the final nucleus (0+ , etc.). We report only the measuremetnts withithe smallest (or comparable) uncertainty for each transition.
t1/2 (1020 yr)

ISOTOPE TRANSITIONMETHODDOCUMENT ID• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •76 Ge
1 AGOSTINI
20.22 ± 0.18 ± 0.38
GERDA

23
+
0.17
+
150
+
2
1.11
Nd 0 → 0 NEMO-3
AGUERRE
23− 0.151+ 0.4
100 Mo 0+ → 0+ CUPID-Mo
3 AUGIER
7.5
± 0.8
23
− 0.3
1
100
4
0.0707± 0.0002 ± 0.0011
Mo
CUPID-Mo
AUGIER
23A
+
0.009
82
5
0.869 ± 0.005 − 0.006
Se
CUPID-0
AZZOLINI
23A
+ 6.2
+ 4.0
136 Xe6 NOVELLA
21.6
NEXT
23
− 4.0
− 2.9
128 Te
7 ADAMS
21900
± 700
CUORE
22B
124
8 APRILE
110
± 20
± 10
Xe
XENON1T
22A
124 Xe9 APRILE
118
± 13
± 14
XENONnT
22B
+
0.8
+
3.0
136 Xe10 NOVELLA
23.4
NEXT
22
− 4.6
− 1.7
+ 0.09 + 0.14
130 Te11 ADAMS
8.76 −
CUORE
21
0.07 − 0.17
124
12
180
± 50
± 10
Xe 2νDECXENON1T
APRILE
19E+
0.0038100
130.0680± 0.0001 − 0.0040
Mo
NEMO-3
ARNOLD
19
82 Se
14 ARNOLD
0.939 ± 0.017 ± 0.058
NEMO-3
18
+
0.011
116
15
0.263 − 0.012
Cd
AURORABARABASH18134
16> 0.87
Xe
EXO-200
ALBERT
17C
130 Te17 ALDUINO
8.2
± 0.2
± 0.6
CUORE-0
17
18 ARNOLD
0.274 ± 0.004 ± 0.018 116 Cd
NEMO-3
17
+
0.07
+
0.12
48
19
0.64 − 0.06 − 0.09
Ca
NEMO-3
ARNOLD
16
0.0062 150 Nd
20 ARNOLD
0.0934± 0.0022 +NEMO-316A− 0.0060
76 Ge
21 AGOSTINI
19.26 ± 0.94
GERDA
15A
100
22
0.0693± 0.0004
Mo
NEMO-3
ARNOLD15
136 Xe23 ALBERT
21.65 ± 0.16 ± 0.59
EXO-200
14
+
55
78
24
92
± 13
Kr
BAKSANGAVRILYAK
13− 26
136 Xe
23.8
± 0.2
± 1.4
KamLAND-Z 25 GANDO
12A
130
26 ARNOLD
7.0
± 0.9
± 1.1
Te
NEMO-3
11
96 Zr
27 ARGYRIADES 10
0.235 ± 0.014 ± 0.016
NEMO-3
+
−

0.19
0.14

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

6.9
5.7
0.96
0.29

+
−
+
−
±
+
−

1.0
0.8
1.3
0.9
0.03
0.04
0.03

± 0.7
± 0.8
± 0.10100 Mo 0+ → 0+ Ge coinc.
1
100 Mo 0+ → 0+ NEMO-3
1
82 Se
NEMO-3116 CdCdWO4 sc.

28 BELLI

1029 ARNOLD

07

30 ARNOLD

05A

31 DANEVICH

03

1 AGOSTINI 23 report an updated value for the 2ν β β half-life of 76 Ge; the final resultof the GERDA Phase II experiment. A subset of the data, corresponding to an exposureof exposure is 11.8 kg·yr, is utilized. This is one of the most precise measurements of 2ν
β β decay reported in the literature. An effective nuclear matrix element of 0.101 ± 0.001
is derived from this result.
2 AGUERRE 23 report the results of a 5.25 yr search for the 2ν β β decay to the exited
0+ → 0+ state of the daughter nucleus, using the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter. 36.6g
1
of 150 Nd isotope were available for the measurement of this decay rate.
3 AUGIER 23 utilize the complete data, set collected by the CUPID-Mo bolometriccalorimeter with particle ID and located at the LSM, to measure the 100 Mo 2ν β β
half-life to excited 0+ state of the daughter nucleus. An exposure of 1.47 kg·yr of
1
100 Mo is available.
4 AUGIER 23A use full data set collected by the CUPID-Mo experiment to derive an
improved 2ν β β g.s. to g.s. half-life of 100 Mo. An exposure of 1.48 kg·yr of 100 Mo isutilized. Supersedes ARMENGAUD 20 .
5 AZZOLINI 23A report an improved measurement of the 2ν β β decay with an exposureof 8.82 kg·yr of 82 Se, collected with the CUPID-0 detector. Superseded AZZOLINI 19B.
6 NOVELLA 23 used the NEXT-White experiment, with a fiducial mass of 3.5 kg ofenriched xenon, to measure the 2ν β β g.s. to g.s. half-life of 136 Xe. The experiment isbased on a high-pressure gas TPC. Supersedes NOVELLA 22.
7 ADAMS 22B derive the 2ν β β half-life of 128 Te from data of the CUORE bolometriccalorimeter and the half-live ratio for 130 Te / 128 Te reported in BERNATOWICZ 92.
8 APRILE 22A report an improved 124 Xe 2νDEC half-life measurement for 124 Xe, using
data collected by the XENON1T detector with an isotopically not enriched Xe target.
The analyzed 124 Xe exposure is 0.87 kg·yr. The statistical significance of the signal is
7.0 sigma. The stated half-life considers captures from the K shell up to the N5 shell.This
result supersedes APRILE 19E, which exclusively considered captures from the K shell.
9 APRILE 22B use data collected by the XENONnT dark matter experiment to derive
an improved 124 Xe 2νDEC half-life measurement for 124 Xe. This result supersedes
APRILE 22A.
10 NOVELLA 22 report on a high-pressure gas TPC at Canfranc underground laboratory,
filled with 3.5 kg (fiducial) xenon gas, used to measure the 2ν β β decay of 136 Xe. Topological track reconstruction is utilized in the data analysis. The measurement is basedon comparing runs with isotopically enriched and depleted xenon. Other measurementswith smaller error exist.
11 ADAMS 21 use 102.7 kg yr of 130 Te exposure, collected by the CUORE bolometricdetector at LNGS, to perform a measurement of the 2ν β β decay of 130 Te. The dataset
is more than 10-times that collected by the CUORE-0 experiment. The result has beenrevised in ADAMS 23A. Supersedes ALDUINO 17.
12 APRILE 19E report first measurement of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124 Xeusing the XENON1T detector with a 0.73 t-yr exposure. An q
excess of 126 ± 29 events
is observed at 64.3 ± 0.6 keV decay energy, corresponding to ∆χ2 = 4.4 with respect
to the background-only hypothesis.
13 ARNOLD 19 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter with 34.3 kg y exposure to determine
the 2ν β β half-life of 100 Mo. Supersedes ARNOLD 15.

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14 ARNOLD 18 use the NEMO-3 tracking detector to determine the 2ν β β half-life of 82 Se.
0.93 kg of 82 Se was observed for 5.25 y. The half-life value was obtained based on the
single-state-dominance (SSD) hypothesis, preferred in this case by about 2 σ. Supersedes
ARNOLD 05A.
15 BARABASH 18 use 1.162 kg of 116 CdWO scintillating crystals to obtain this value.
4
Supersedes DANEVICH 03 with analogous source and agrees with ARNOLD 17 with the
NEMO-3 detector.
16 ALBERT 17C uses the EXO-200 detector that contains 19.098 ± 0.014% admixture of
134 Xe to search for the 2ν β β decay mode. The exposure is 29.6 kg·year. The mediansensitivity is 1.2 × 1021 years.
17 ALDUINO 17 use the CUORE-0 detector containing 10.8 kg of 130 Te in 52 crystals of
TeO2 . The exposure was 9.3 kg yr of 130 Te. This is a more accurate rate determination
than in ARNOLD 11 and BARABASH 11A.
18 ARNOLD 17 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter, containing 410 grams of enriched
116 Cd exposed for 5.26 years, to determine the half-life value.
19 ARNOLD 16 use the NEMO-3 detector and a source of 6.99 g of 48 Ca. The half-life
is based on 36.7 g year exposure. It is consistent, although somewhat longer, than theprevious determinations of the half-life. Supersedes BARABASH 11A.
20 ARNOLD 16A use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter, containing 36.6 g of 150 Nd exposedfor 1918.5 days, to determine the half-life. Supersedes ARGYRIADES 09.
21 AGOSTINI 15A use 17.9 kg yr exposure of the GERDA calorimeter to derive an improved
measurement of the 2νββ decay half life of 76 Ge.
22 ARNOLD 15 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter with 34.3 kg yr exposure to determine
the 2νββ-half life of 100 Mo. Supersedes ARNOLD 05A and ARNOLD 04.
23 ALBERT 14 use the EXO-200 tracking detector for a re-measurement of the 2νββ-halflife of 136 Xe. A nuclear matrix element of 0.0218 ± 0.0003 MeV−1 is derived from thisdata. Supersedes ACKERMAN 11.
24 GAVRILYAK 13 use a proportional counter filled with Kr gas to search for the 2ν2K
decay of 78 Kr. Data with the enriched and depleted Kr were used to determine signal
and background. A 2.5σ excess of events obtained with the enriched sample is interpreted
as an indication for the presence of this decay.
25 GANDO 12A use a modification of the existing KamLAND detector. The ββ decay
source/detector is 13 tons of enriched 136 Xe-loaded scintillator contained in an innerballoon. The 2νββ decay rate is derived from the fit to the spectrum between 0.5 and
4.8 MeV. This result is in agreement with ACKERMAN 11.
26 ARNOLD 11 use enriched 130 Te in the NEMO-3 detector to measure the 2ν ββ decayrate. This result is in agreement with, but more accurate than ARNABOLDI 03.
27 ARGYRIADES 10 use 9.4 ± 0.2 g of 96 Zr in NEMO-3 detector and identify its 2νββdecay. The result is in agreement and supersedes ARNOLD 99.
28 BELLI 10 use enriched 100 Mo with 4 HP Ge detectors to record the 590.8 and 539.5 keV
γ rays from the decay of the 0+ state in 100 Ru both in singles and coincidences. This1
result confirms the measurement of KIDD 09 and ARNOLD 07 and supersedes them.
29 First exclusive measurement of 2ν-decay to the first excited 0+ -state of daughter nucleus.
1
ARNOLD 07 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter to detect all particles emitted in decay.
Result agrees with the inclusive (0ν + 2ν) measurement of DEBRAECKELEER 01.
30 ARNOLD 05A use the NEMO-3 tracking detector to determine the 2ν β β half-life of
82 Se with high statistics and low background (389 days of data taking). Supersedes
ARNOLD 04.
31 DANEVICH 03 is calorimetric measurement of 2νββ ground state decay of 116 Cd using enrichedCdWO4 scintillators. Agrees with EJIRI 95 and ARNOLD 96. Supersedes
DANEVICH 00.

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m ee , The Effective Weighted Sum of Majorana Neutrino Masses
Contributing to Neutrinoless Double-β Decaym ee = ΣU2 m ν , i = 1,2,3. It is assumed that νi are Majorana particles andei ithat the transition is dominated by the known (light) neutrinos. Note that U2 andei
not Uei 2 occur in the sum, and that consequently cancellations are possible. The
experiments obtain the limits on m ν from the measured ones on T1/2 using a rangeof nuclear matrix elements (NME), which is reflected in the spread of m ν . Different
experiments may choose different NME. All assume gA = 1.27. In the following
Listings, only the best or comparable limits for each isotope are reported. When notmentioned explicitly the transition is between ground states, but transitions between
excited states are also reported.
VALUE (eV)ISOTOPEMETHOD

DOCUMENT ID• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •136 Xe1 ABE< 0.036–0.156
KamLAND-Zen
23
76
2 ARNQUIST< 0.113–0.269
Ge
MAJORANA23
136 Xe3 NOVELLA< 0.48–3.19
NEXT
23
130 Te
4 ADAMS< 0.09–0.305
CUORE
22A
136
5
< 0.8–2.5
Xe
XENON1T
APRILE
22A
100 Mo CUPID-Mo
6 AUGIER< 0.28–0.49
22
82 Se
7 AZZOLINI< 0.263–0.545
CUPID-0
22
100 Mo CUPID-Mo
8 ARMENGAUD 21< 0.31–0.54
130
9< 0.075–0.35
Te
CUORE
ADAMS
20A
76 Ge
10 AGOSTINI< 0.079–0.180
GERDA
20B
100 Mo AMoRE
11 ALENKOV< 1.2–2.1
19
136 Xe12 ANTON< 0.093–0.286
EXO-200
19
136
13< 1.3–3.5
Xe
PANDAX-II
NI
19
130 Te14 ALDUINO< 0.11–0.52
CUORE
18
82 Se
15 ARNOLD< 1.2–3.0
NEMO-318
116
16< 1.0–1.7
Cd
AURORABARABASH
18
116 Cd17 ARNOLD< 1.4–2.5
NEMO-317
130 Te18 ALDUINO< 0.27–0.76
CUORICINO
16150
19< 1.6–5.3
Nd
NEMO-3
ARNOLD
16A
100 Mo NEMO-3
20 ARNOLD< 0.33–0.62
1596
21 ARGYRIADES 10< 7.2–19.5
Zr
NEMO-348 Ca
22 UMEHARA< 3.5–22
CaF2 scint.
08
116 Cd116 CdWO scint.
23 DANEVICH< 1.5–1.7
03
4
1 ABE 23 utilize 745 kg of 136 Xe isotope exposure from the combined data set of the
KamLAND-Zen 400 and 800 to derive a limit on m β β . The range reflects the author’s
assessment of the variability of the theoretically calculated nuclear matrix elements.
2 ARNQUIST 23 use the final data set of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR experiment,with 64.5 kg·yr of isotop exposure, to derive an upper limit for m β β . The range reflects
the author’s assessment of the variability of the theoretically calculated nuclear matrix
elements.
3 NOVELLA 23 use data collected with the NEXT-White experiment to derive a range ofupper limits for m β β . The range reflects the author’s assessment of the variabilityof the theoretically calculated nuclear matrix elements and both half-life limits stated in
NOVELLA 23.

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4 ADAMS 22A use 1038.4 kg·yr of TeO exposure collected by the CUORE experiment2
to determine this range of limits. The range reflects the uncertainty of nuclear matrix
element calculations needed for the conversion of half-life to neutrino mass.
5 APRILE 22A use data taken with the XENON1T detector to limit the Majorana neutrino
mass. 36.16 kg·yr of 136 Xe exposure were utilized. The reported range of limits is due
to uncertainties in the nuclear matrix elements.
6 AUGIER 22 use the final data set of the CUPID-Mo cryogenic calorimeter with an isotop
exposure of 1.47 kg·y to derive a range of neutrino mass limits. The range reflects theauthors’ estimate of the spread of nuclear matrix element calculations.
7 AZZOLINI 22 use 8.82 kg·yr of isotopic exposure of the CPID-0 scintillating cryogenic
bolometer to set this range of neutrino mass limits. The range reflects the authors’estimate of the spread of nuclear matrix element calculations.
8 ARMENGAUD 21 use the CUPID-Mo demonstrator, with 1.17 kg·yr exposure of 100 Mo,
to set this limit. The range reflects the estimated uncertainty of the calculated nuclear
matrix elements.
9 ADAMS 20A use the data of CUORE (372.5 kg·yr exposure of TeO ) to obtain this limit.
2
10 AGOSTINI 20B use the final data set of the GERDA experiment, representing an exposureof 127.2 kg·yr to derive an upper limit for m β β . Isotopically enriched Ge detectors
were used. The range reflects the variability of the theoretically calculated nuclear matrix
elements. Supersedes AGOSTINI 19.
11 ALENKOV 19 report the range of the effective masses m
β β corresponding to the 0ν
β β decay half-life limit. It is based on the 52.1 kg·d exposure of 100 Mo, in the Yangyang
underground laboratory. The median sensitivity is 1.1×1023 years. The range of m β βreflects the uncertainty of nuclear matrix elements.
12 ANTON 19 uses the complete dataset of the EXO-200 experiment to obtain these limits. The spread reflect the uncertainty in the nuclear matrix elements. Supersedes
ALBERT 18 and ALBERT 14B.
13 NI 19 use the PandaX-II dual phase TPC at CJPL to search for the 0ν β β decay of
136 Xe with 22.2 kg yr exposure. The range in the m
β β limit of 1.3–3.5 eV reflects therange of the calculated nuclear matrix elements. The sensitivity is 1.9 × 1023 yr.
14 ALDUINO 18 use the combined data of CUORE, CUORE0, and Cuoricino to obtain thislimit.
15 ARNOLD 18 use the NEMO-3 tracking detector to constrain the 0ν β β decay of 82 Se.
The limit on m β β is obtained assuming light neutrino exchange; the range reflects
different calculations of the nuclear matrix elements. This is a somewhat weaker limit
than in BARABASH 11A using the same detector.
16 BARABASH 18 use 1.162 kg of 116 CdWO scintillating crystals to obtain these limits.
4
The spread reflects the estimated uncertainty in the nuclear matrix element. Supersedes
DANEVICH 03.
17 ARNOLD 17 utilize NEMO-3 data, taken with enriched 116 Cd to limit the effective
Majorana neutrino mass. The reported range results from the use of different nuclear
matrix elements. Supersedes BARABASH 11A.
18 ALDUINO 16 place a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass using the combined
data of the CUORE-0 and CUORICINO experiments. The range reflects the authors’evaluation of the variability of the nuclear matrix elements. Supersededs ALFONSO 15.
19 ARNOLD 16A limit is derived from data taken with the NEMO-3 detector and 150 Nd.
A range of nuclear matrix elements that include the effect of nuclear deformation havebeen used. Supersedes ARGYRIADES 09.
20 ARNOLD 15 use the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter with 34.3 kg yr exposure to determine
the neutrino mass limit based on the 0νββ-half life of 100 Mo. The spread range reflects
different nuclear matrix elements. Supersedes ARNOLD 14 and BARABASH 11A.
21 ARGYRIADES 10 use 96 Zr and the NEMO-3 tracking detector to obtain the reported
mass limit. The range reflects the fluctuation of the nuclear matrix elements considered.

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22 Limit was obtained using CaF scintillation calorimeter to search for double beta decay2of 48 Ca. Reported range of limits reflects spread of QRPA and SM matrix element
calculations used. Supersedes OGAWA 04.
23 Limit for m is based on the nuclear matrix elements of STAUDT 90 and ARNOLD 96.
νSupersedes DANEVICH 00.

Limits on Lepton-Number Violating (V +A) Current Admixture
For reasons given in the discussion at the beginning of this section, we list only results
PPfrom 1989 and later. λ = λ Uej Vej and η = η Uej Vej , where the sum isover the number of neutrino generations. This sum vanishes for massless or unmixed
neutrinos. In the following Listings, only best or comparable limits or lifetimes for eachisotope are reported.
D E
λ (10−6 )CL%D E
η (10−8 )CL%ISOTOPEMETHOD

DOCUMENT ID• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •1 ARNOLD< 2.2–2.6
90 < 1.7–2.1
90 82 Se
NEMO-318
116
2< 1.8–22
90 < 1.6–21
90
Cd
AURORABARABASH
18
3 ARNOLD< 0.9–1.3
90 < 0.5–0.8
90 100 Mo
NEMO-314100 Mo4 ARNOLD<120
90
0+ → 2+
07
+
0.058
+
0.026
5 KLAPDOR-K... 06A
0.692 − 0.056 68 0.305 − 0.025 68 76 Ge
Enriched HPGe
100 Mo6 ARNOLD< 2.5
900ν, NEMO-3
05A
82
7
< 3.8
90
Se
0ν, NEMO-3
ARNOLD
05A
100 Mo8 ARNOLD< 1.5–2.0
900ν, NEMO-3
04
82 Se
9 ARNOLD< 3.2–3.8
900ν, NEMO-3
04
10 ARNABOLDI 03< 1.6–2.4
90 < 0.9–5.3
90 130 Te
Cryog. det.
116 CdWO scint. 11 DANEVICH< 2.2
90 <2.5
90 116 Cd
03
4100
12 EJIRI< 3.2–4.7
90 < 2.4–2.7
90
Mo
ELEGANT V01< 1.1
90 <0.64
90 76 Ge
Enriched HPGe 13 GUENTHER 97
14 VUILLEUMIER 93< 4.4
90 <2.3
90 136 Xe
TPC
128
15 BERNATOW... 92<5.3
TeGeochem
1 ARNOLD 18 use the NEMO03 tracking detector, with 0.93 kg of 82 Se mass and 5.25
y exposure to obtain the limits for the hypothetical right-handed currents. Supersedes
ARNOLD 05A.
2 BARABASH 18 use 1.162 kg of 116 CdWO scintillating crystals to obtain this limits for4
the hypothetical right-handed currents in the 0ν β β decay of 116 Cd.
3 ARNOLD 14 is based on 34.7 kg yr of exposure of the NEMO-3 tracking calorimeter.
The reported range limit on λ and η reflects the nuclear matrix element uncertainty
in 100 Mo.
4 ARNOLD 07 use NEMO-3 half life limit for 0ν-decay of 100 Mo to the first excited 2+ state of daughter nucleus to limit the right-right handed admixture of weak currents λ .
This limit is not competitive when compared to the decay to the ground state.
5 Re-analysis of data originally published in KLAPDOR-KLEINGROTHAUS 04A. Modified
pulse shape analysis leads the authors to claim 6σ statistical evidence for observationof 0ν-decay. Authors use matrix element of MUTO 89 to determine λ and η .
Uncertainty of nuclear matrix element is not reflected in stated errors.
6 ARNOLD 05A derive limit for λ based on 100 Mo data collected with NEMO-3 detector.
No limit for η is given. Supersedes ARNOLD 04.
7 ARNOLD 05A derive limit for λ based on 82 Se data collected with NEMO-3 detector.
No limit for η is given. Supersedes ARNOLD 04.

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8 ARNOLD 04 use the matrix elements of SUHONEN 94 to obtain a limit for λ , no limit
for η is given. This limit is more stringent than the limit in EJIRI 01 for the same
nucleus.
9 ARNOLD 04 use the matrix elements of TOMODA 91 and SUHONEN 91 to obtain alimit for λ , no limit for η is given.
10 Supersedes ALESSANDRELLO 00. Cryogenic calorimeter search. Reported a range
reflecting uncertainty in nuclear matrix element calculations.
11 Limits for λ and η are based on nuclear matrix elements of STAUDT 90. Supersedes
DANEVICH 00.
12 The range of the reported λ and η values reflects the spread of the nuclear matrix
elements. On axis value assuming m ν =0 and λ = η =0, respectively.
13 GUENTHER 97 limits use the matrix elements of STAUDT 90. Supersedes BALYSH 95
and BALYSH 92.
14 VUILLEUMIER 93 uses the matrix elements of MUTO 89. Based on a half-life limit
2.6 × 1023 y at 90%CL.
15 BERNATOWICZ 92 takes the measured geochemical decay width as a limit on the 0ν
width, and uses the SUHONEN 91 coefficients to obtain the least restrictive limit on η.
Further details of the experiment are given in BERNATOWICZ 93.

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Page 15(KamLAND-Zen Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(GERDA Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(MAJORANA Collab.)(CUPID-Mo Collab.)(CUPID-Mo Collab.)(CUPID-0 Collab.)(NEXT Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(XENON1T Collab.)(XENONnT Collab.)(CUPID-Mo Collab.)(CUPID-0 Collab.)(NEXT Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(CUPID-Mo Collab.)(MAJORANA Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(GERDA Collab.)(CUPID-Mo Collab.)(GERDA Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(AMoRE Collab.)(EXO-200 Collab.)(XENON1T Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(CUPID-0 Collab.)(CUPID-0 Collab.)(PandaX-II Collab.)(EXO-200 Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(AURORA Collab.)(EXO-200 Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(CUORE Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(NEMO-3 Collab.)(KamLAND-Zen Collab.)

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Citation: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)

AGOSTINIALFONSO
ARNOLDALBERTALBERTARNOLDGAVRILYAKANDREOTTIGANDOACKERMANARNOLDBARABASH

15A
15
15
14
14B
14
13
12
12A
11
11
11A

ARGYRIADES 10BELLI
10ARGYRIADES 09
KIDD
09
UMEHARA08
ARNOLD07
KLAPDOR-K... 06A
ARNOLD
05A
AALSETH04
ARNOLD04
KLAPDOR-K... 04A
KLAPDOR-K... 04B
OGAWA
04
ARNABOLDI 03
DANEVICH
03
AALSETH
02B
DEBRAECKEL...01
EJIRI
01
KLAPDOR-K... 01
KLAPDOR-K... 01B
ALESSAND... 00
DANEVICH
00
ARNOLD99
GUENTHER
97
ARNOLD
96
BALYSH95
DASSIE95
EJIRI
95
SUHONEN
94
BERNATOW... 93
VUILLEUMIER 93
BALYSH92
BERNATOW... 92
SUHONEN
91
TOMODA91
STAUDT
90
MUTO
89

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H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, I.V. Krivosheina
PRL 95 182302
R. Arnold et al.
(NEMO-3 Collab.)
PR D70 078302
C.E. Aalseth et al.
JETPL 80 377
R. Arnold et al.
(NEMO-3 Collab.)
Translated from ZETFP 80 429.
PL B586 198
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.
PR D70 078301
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, A. Dietz, I.V. Krivosheina
NP A730 215
I. Ogawa et al.
PL B557 167
C. Arnaboldi et al.
PR C68 035501
F.A. Danevich et al.
PR D65 092007
C.E. Aalseth et al.
(IGEX Collab.)
PRL 86 3510
L. De Braeckeleer et al.
PR C63 065501
H. Ejiri et al.
EPJ A12 147
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.
MPL A16 2409
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.
PL B486 13
A. Alessandrello et al.
PR C62 045501
F.A. Danevich et al.
NP A658 299
R. Arnold et al.
(NEMO Collab.)
PR D55 54
M. Gunther et al.
(Heidelberg-Moscow Collab.)
ZPHY C72 239
R. Arnold et al.
(BCEN, CAEN, JINR+)
PL B356 450
A. Balysh et al.
(Heidelberg-Moscow Collab.)
PR D51 2090
D. Dassie et al.
(NEMO Collab.)
JPSJ 64 339
H. Ejiri et al.
(OSAK, KIEV)PR C49 3055
J. Suhonen, O. Civitarese
PR C47 806
T. Bernatowicz et al.
(WUSL, TATA)PR D48 1009
J.C. Vuilleumier et al.
(NEUC, CIT, VILL)
PL B283 32
A. Balysh et al.
(MPIK, KIAE, SASSO)
PRL 69 2341
T. Bernatowicz et al.
(WUSL, TATA)NP A535 509
J. Suhonen, S.B. Khadkikar, A. Faessler(JYV+)
RPP 54 53
T. Tomoda
EPL 13 31
A. Staudt, K. Muto, H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus
ZPHY A334 187
K. Muto, E. Bender, H.V. Klapdor(TINT, MPIK)

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